WEBVTT

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[music]

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[babies crying]

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-Almost 100 million babies
will come into the world this year.

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The rate increases.

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More babies mean
finally still more babies.

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When these have reached the age of 40,
the world will have doubled its numbers.

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Helpless, harmless infants
but by their numbers and by their needs,

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part of a possible danger for mankind.

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Danger from a child,

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from new life,

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something cherished
by all people everywhere,

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yes,

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because ours is a hungry world.

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One-half of humanity
has less than enough to eat.

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How are we to feed the new millions

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who arrive each year?

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Population and food supply,

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a subject that haunts the minds
of thoughtful men and women everywhere.

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By many, it's considered
the major crisis of our time

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next to the threat of atomic war.

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Some think it's an even greater danger.

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I've spoken to one authority
at the United Nations who says,

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in the end, the womb may prove
more dangerous than the bomb.

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These are harsh words.

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They serve to describe the coming crisis
in population and food supply

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that's aptly called
the population explosion.

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The heart of the problem is the fact

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that the rate of human growth
can be truly fantastic.

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One expert has illustrated
this human multiplication

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in a striking illustration.

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Let's assume that the human race
began with Adam and Eve

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in the year 4004 BC.

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If their descendants increased
at the rate of 1% annually,

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the population would have increased

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by the year 1900 BC to 4 billion people.

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At the beginning of the Christian era,

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there would have been standing room only

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on the entire land surface of the Earth.

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Humanity didn't explode then,

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but it's begun to do so in our time.

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We're increasing right now
at the rate of 1.6% annually.

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In the last 60 years,
we've doubled our numbers.

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We'll double that again,

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not in 60 years,

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but in 40.

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Double that population again
in approximately 25 years,

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and so on.

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More people mean even more people.

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Obviously, the explosion is underway.

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Standing room only
in this world of ours is possible.

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Some experts say
it could happen in 200 to 300 years,

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a more conservative opinion,

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in 600 years.

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Now, the state of the world in 600 years

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or even 100 years is something that

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people living today may
not feel too alarmed about,

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but they should.

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The population explosion
has immediate dangers for us

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and for our children.

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How has this sudden acceleration
in human growth happened?

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It's not so much a matter
of more births as fewer early deaths.

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More people are living longer.

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This is because we've changed
nature's control of human numbers.

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In the past, up to fairly recent times,

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natural controls limited
the rate of human increase.

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[music]

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-Nature killed in many ways,

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by flood.

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Through all human memory,
water, the giver of life,

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has also been a destroyer,

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taking life and the means of life.

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[music]

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-Those who survived death by drowning

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usually faced death by starvation

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because the fields and crops were ruined.

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If not by flood,

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possibly by drought,

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in one corner of the world,
too much water,

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in another, too little.

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[music]

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-The end was the same,

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devastation,

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ruined crops,

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no food for man or for beast,

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famine.

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[music]

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-When the soil died, man died.

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[music]

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-Long before the airplane and the bomb,

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death came from the sky,

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plagues of locusts,

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winged killers in their millions,

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sweeping in on the trees and plants,

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devouring everything in their path.

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The armies of locusts
were instruments of divine wrath,

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primitive people thought,

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some still do.

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The gods have been angered,

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and so punish the people

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by sending locusts
to sweep the earth clean,

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or perhaps the angel of death would come,

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bearing disease.

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The dread plagues,

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the black death,

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aided and abetted by superstition,
ignorance, and primitive filth,

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these frightful epidemics
swept away towns,

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cities,

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whole regions.

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People died in hundreds, in thousands,
in tens of thousands,

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in all ages, in all regions,

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through all the known world.

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There was no escape,

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no protection,

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no cure.

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In the year 1665 in London,

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a small town then,

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there were 97,306 deaths.

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68,000 of these deaths
were attributed to bubonic plague.

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[music]

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-Death triumphed,

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the symbol most people thought
of divine retribution,

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something to be met only
by prayer and incantation.

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Always throughout all civilizations,

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there were a few who thought otherwise,

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who looked to natural causes
for the source of disease.

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Of course,
there were quacks and charlatans,

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false doctors who killed far more often
than they cured.

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There were also the true doctors,

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and they slowly learned more and more
about the human body and its workings.

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Though science and medicine were starting
to come to grips with disease and death,

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ignorance was still dominant.

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Medicine was irrational
rather than rational.

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Public attitudes toward medical care
in theory were also irrational.

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New ideas were met
with fear and hostility.

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Louis Pasteur and his methods
of immunization were ridiculed

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and attacked on religious grounds
as unnatural and evil.

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An American doctor inoculated his son
and touched off a storm of criticism.

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There were riots, beatings,
and violent denunciations in the press.

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Cartoons were used
to condemn the new ideas.

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One showed people with animal heads
springing from their bodies

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because they'd been inoculated
with serum taken from animals.

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The progressive doctor was held up

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as a vicious lunatic experimenter
who deserved to be treated by animals

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as he was thought to treat them.

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Of course, the ridicule
and hostility eventually vanished.

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Immunization was proven effective,

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and inoculation became
a standard practice,

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not only as a measure
of personal protection,

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but also as a social duty
to prevent the spread of disease.

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This concept of social responsibility
and acceptance of health regulation

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took solid root in more recent years.

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A graphic example of organized action
in the face of an epidemic

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can be seen in this record of
a Manchurian outbreak of plague in 1911.

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[music]

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-There were 60,000 deaths,

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but there could have been
many times that number.

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Houses were burned,

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bodies were burned.

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The methods were crude
by contemporary standards

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but comparatively effective,

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and a far cry from despair
or hysteria or superstition.

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Death no longer triumphant,

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no longer the symbol of unknown
and uncontrollable disease.

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We now know a great deal about disease
and that knowledge is spreading.

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The student nurse in South America
learns how to stamp out infections

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that would and perhaps
did kill her grandfather.

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Medical colleges now exist
in almost every corner of the globe.

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Still far too few,

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many, many more are needed,

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but the numbers grow slowly

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and the knowledge spreads.

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Knowledge of hygiene
and sanitation acquired by social workers,

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district nurses,

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health inspectors,

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all working with the doctor and the nurse

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to hold back death prolonged life.

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Baby clinics
to find disease to prevent disease,

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spearheading the worldwide spread
of medical skills

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of the specialists
of the World Health Organization.

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They and their students
are people of all races and tongues.

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In the years that WHO has been at work,

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millions of children and adults
have been saved from blindness,

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deformity, malaria, cholera,

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yellow fever.

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These new frontiers of healing

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are often crude
in appearance and facilities,

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but they represent something new
in human experience,

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an expanding worldwide structure
of clinics and health systems,

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local, national,
and through WHO, international,

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in effect the foundations of
a worldwide health system.

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[music]

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-In less than one generation,

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great victories over disease
and death have been won.

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A single injection
of penicillin will cure yaws,

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a fowl disease suffered
by 50 million people just 10 years ago.

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Today, the end of yaws is in sight.

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X-ray detection of tuberculosis,

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so familiar in Western societies

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is spreading to almost every country
in the world.

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Insect control in Africa,

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workers collect specimens
of the Tsetse fly,

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carrier of sleeping sickness.

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When enough is known about this fly,
the disease it carries may be eradicated,

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or at least controlled.

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This is now the case
with the malaria-carrying mosquito.

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Since 1945,

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malaria areas have been sprayed
with DDT and other chemicals.

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The result,

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nearly 300 million people
now protected from malaria,

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once the greatest of all killer diseases.

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[music]

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-Water tests for typhoid,

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another great killer
that can be brought under control.

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In field tests, in rice paddies,
in clinics and hospitals, in laboratories,

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research,

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treatment,

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cure.

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Still so much remains to be done.

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World health workers have found
that there are even greater shortages

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and more problems than was realized
only a few years ago.

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They now know the extent
of world facilities for medical care,

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and these are terribly limited.

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Burma, for instance, has one hospital bed
for every 10,000 people.

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Canada, by comparison,
has a bed for every 77 people.

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Indonesia,
one doctor for every 70,000 people,

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United States
a doctor for every 800 people,

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and so on.

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Nevertheless,
a tremendous volume of human life

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is now being saved
and prolonged to a natural span of years.

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Unquestionably a magnificent achievement,

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but it helps create the new problem,

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the population explosion
most acute in the older countries,

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but now affecting the new countries.

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For example, New York City,

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a metropolis of 10 million people,

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the buildings grow higher

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and the city canyons deeper,

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and New York has become
the most crowded center

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on the North American continent.

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Every daylight hour,

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the streets are filled with torrents
of people jostling, crowding,

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living in a welter
of noise and congestion.

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Population pressure
in North America's large cities

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is not yet truly critical in terms
of living space and food supply.

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Their people are fairly prosperous.

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They're housed fairly well.

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They eat fairly well.

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By Asian standards,
they're immensely rich.

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Urban crowding has created many problems.

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Juvenile crime,
shortage of schools and classrooms,

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and, of course,
the insane tangles of traffic.

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[background noise]

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-These really are problems of abundance,
of privilege.

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They're not life-and-death problems,

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at least not yet.

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North Americans still
have some element of choice.

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Most or many don't need
to crowd into the big centers.

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People can live and for that matter,
work outside the cities.

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They still have space,

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vastly more livable living space
than almost any other part of the world.

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[music]

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-Europe has less space.

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It has more cities,

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more urban sprawls,
more dwellings and factories,

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and, of course, more people.

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Their places of work and homes
radiate out from every city.

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The countryside is
being blotted out by the cities.

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London has now spread some 25 miles
in almost every direction from its center.

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There too, the cities team
with people jostling and crowding.

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Europe has all the problems of congestion,

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including the space devouring automobile,

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overcrowding in homes, streets,
colleges, and schools.

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Most European countries have
a lower rate of population increase

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than the world average of 1.6%.

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Even so population growth is outstripping
facilities needed to keep up with it.

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The greatest human concentration is
in Asia in such cities as Hong Kong,

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Singapore, Kolkata, and dozens of others.

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All the coastal areas of China, Indonesia,
and India are packed with people,

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more than 400 to the square mile.

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In North America,
in the most crowded eastern areas,

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there are only 180 to the square mile.

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[music]

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-The rate of increase for Asia
is less than one would expect,

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about the same rate as North America,

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and India has an even lower rate
than Europe,

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but the increase in numbers is enormous.

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More people mean more people.

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The compound interest to the human race.

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[music]

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-The multitudes of Asia have filled
the cities and the lands are overflowing.

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There's intense competition
for living space and food,

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competition for work for the means
to buy living space and food.

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Many millions lack these means,
have no homes of any kind.

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They live in the streets.

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Many were born there.

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Many have and will continue to die there.

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[music]

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-This intense and explosive
population pressure

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is rapidly building up
in the western hemisphere.

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Latin America now has the greatest rate
of population increase of all.

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In the next 40 years,

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this region will more
than double its numbers.

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[music]

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-In Latin America,
in Asia, in Africa, in Europe,

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everywhere in the world,

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more and yet more human beings.

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[music]

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-Can people go elsewhere?

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Is migration one answer
to the population pressure?

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It has been in the past for some people.

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Europeans have migrated
to the newer countries in numbers,

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but the flow has lessened
through the years.

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What about India and China?

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Even if the new countries
would accept mass migration

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from non-white countries,

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this would not begin
to solve the population explosion.

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[music]

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-Nature was never completely
in control of population,

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man assisted nature.

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He very often decimated his kind in war.

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War accomplished two things,

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a chance of acquiring new wealth,
new resources,

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and also a reduction
of population pressure

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through the destruction of human beings.

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This ancient method
is as old as man himself,

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and while he deplores it,
he's still capable of using it.

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We've experienced
the method quite recently.

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Remember?

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-[cheers]

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They called it destiny
or national right,

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or [?]

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but by any name,
it was deliberate war of aggression

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with all the fine phrases,
with all the propaganda,

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with all the pretense
of justice and moral right,

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the true purpose was quite simply

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to take living space
and resources from someone else by force.

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[music]

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-War has always meant suffering
and death for other than soldiers.

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Civilians have always been uprooted,
displaced by war.

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War devastates town and countryside,

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and the people scatter and flee.

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[music]

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-33 million people died
through war between 1939 and 1945.

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Not many people died
by violence compared to those

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who died in the war that followed the war,

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the battle for food.

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Starvation killed
far more people than bombs,

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but the bombs created the starvation.

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[music]

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-If not war, if not mass migration,
if not disaster and pestilence,

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then what?

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What can avert the looming crisis
in population and food supply?

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Well,

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a great many solutions or part solutions
have been offered by many people,

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including some of the best minds
in the world.

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Mainly, they propose steps
to secure more food and less people.

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Biologists, chemists,
and many other scientists

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believe that we can develop new sources
of food and new kinds of food.

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They say the sea can give us more food,

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that we can develop
large areas of new land.

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Many among these experts warn us

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that there are limits
to the world's resources.

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There's only so much land mass,
so much fresh water,

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so much timber, coal, oil,
minerals of all kinds.

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As to less people, well,

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there we encounter one
of the most contentious issues

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of our time.

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Many authorities and some whole nations
are in favor of direct population control.

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Birth control.

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These advocates say we have no choice,

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that we must sooner
or later limit world population.

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A wide range of opponents
to birth control say

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that this is impossible, immoral,

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or irreligious.

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All these questions are vast and complex,
difficult to understand, and judge.

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We invite you to make your judgment
as we discuss them on coming programs.

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Thank you.

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[music]