WEBVTT 00:03.833 --> 00:08.733 [Announcer:] Wyeth Laboratories is privileged to present Out of Darkness, 00:08.733 --> 00:12.966 produced in consultation with the American Psychiatric Association 00:12.966 --> 00:16.299 and the National Association for Mental Health, 00:16.300 --> 00:22.566 with Dr. William C. Menninger as Medical Narrator and starring Orson Welles as The Reader. 00:36.133 --> 00:44.266 [Reader:] A tree, as it stands isolated on the plain, no companion like thousands in the forest, 00:44.266 --> 00:48.932 bears within its bark all the materials for rapid combustion. 00:48.933 --> 00:54.733 For all so cool and green as it looks, the elements of its destruction are circling through it, 00:54.733 --> 00:58.499 through branch and trunk, leaf and roots. 00:58.500 --> 01:08.400 Between the tree and the fire, and man and madness, a close analogy exists, 01:08.400 --> 01:10.433 and then they part. 01:10.433 --> 01:13.166 The fire must come to the tree. 01:13.166 --> 01:19.432 Man can go and seek madness, can toil and pray and suffer, 01:19.433 --> 01:25.366 and, as it were, go a-courting this fearful bride. 01:25.366 --> 01:32.599 And numberless are the paths which lead to the region of darkness in which he dwells. 01:34.733 --> 01:40.566 [Music: Mournful female vocal rendition of "Greensleeves" Out of Darkness] 01:40.566 --> 01:45.266 [The Reader: Orson Welles] 01:45.266 --> 01:50.566 [Medical Narrator: Dr. William C. Menniger] 01:50.566 --> 01:55.832 [A CBS Public Affairs Program] 01:55.833 --> 02:00.399 [Produced in consultation with the American Psychiatric Association 02:00.400 --> 02:05.600 and the National Association for Mental Health] 02:05.600 --> 02:14.833 [Out of Darkness is an actual filmed record of three months in the life of Doris L., 02:14.833 --> 02:19.266 a patient in a mental hospital largely photographed through one-way glass. 02:19.266 --> 02:25.932 It is a story of new hope and promise for the mentally ill.] 02:31.433 --> 02:35.599 [Reader:] On the program you're about to see, there will be no actors, 02:35.600 --> 02:39.866 with the possible exception of myself, and I'm not going to do any acting. 02:39.866 --> 02:44.366 I'm just going to read to you a few pages from a book now and then. 02:44.366 --> 02:49.966 We're going to make a journey through the world of mental disorder. 02:49.966 --> 02:55.166 It's a world which is unknown and feared by most of us, 02:55.166 --> 02:59.832 but not nearly so desolate of hope as we might imagine. 02:59.833 --> 03:03.066 One of our guides will be this book that I'm going to read from. 03:03.066 --> 03:08.132 It's quite a remarkable book, written over a hundred years ago by an unknown man, 03:08.133 --> 03:12.433 a former patient in a mental hospital in Glasgow, Scotland. 03:12.433 --> 03:16.999 Our other guide will be a doctor, Dr. William Menninger, 03:17.000 --> 03:21.333 one of America's foremost psychiatrists. 03:21.333 --> 03:29.266 Through these two voices, one from the present, one from the past, 03:29.266 --> 03:37.332 perhaps we'll be able to gain some measure of insight into one of the most urgent health problems of our time, 03:37.333 --> 03:45.499 into that vast and greatly misunderstood portion of humanity, the mentally ill. 03:45.500 --> 03:47.500 And now from the book. 03:56.000 --> 03:59.766 I am not a medical man. 03:59.766 --> 04:05.766 My claim to be heard is founded not upon education or position, 04:05.766 --> 04:11.166 but solely upon what I've seen and what I've suffered. 04:11.166 --> 04:16.099 For seventeen years, I have been in communication with insanity, 04:16.100 --> 04:21.533 and for a long time I've been impressed with the idea that could this disease be rendered more familiar 04:21.533 --> 04:25.666 and of course less repulsive to the public mind, 04:25.666 --> 04:32.199 its chance of being checked and subdued in the first stage would be much greater. 04:32.200 --> 04:39.866 In the hope of dissipating this dread and freeing the bright spirit of hope from the talons of despair, 04:39.866 --> 04:42.632 I've written this little book. 04:42.633 --> 04:51.233 And while keeping truth in view, I've endeavored to strip lunatic asylums of all imaginary terrors 04:51.233 --> 04:56.333 and to render them familiar to the public view. 05:08.700 --> 05:17.533 [Sign: Metropolitan State Hospital] 05:20.566 --> 05:26.666 Lunacy, like rain, falls alike upon the evil and the good. 05:26.666 --> 05:30.699 And although it must forever be a fearful misfortune, 05:30.700 --> 05:37.800 yet there is no more sin or shame in it than there is in rheumatism or a fever. 05:44.433 --> 05:51.366 [Sign: Ward 29] 05:52.300 --> 06:00.600 Had I the certainty of an attack of insanity before me and the power to prescribe for myself, 06:00.600 --> 06:07.266 I'd say, "Put me in a place where I can do no harm to myself or any other person. 06:07.266 --> 06:15.232 And let that place not be a prison in which penance must be undergone and punishment suffered, 06:15.233 --> 06:19.766 but let it be a place of refuge, an asylum." 06:19.766 --> 07:11.799 [Patients and healthcare workers murmuring] 07:11.800 --> 07:17.300 [Intake nurse:] I'm glad you came in because I've been wanting to talk to you about your wife's illness. 07:17.300 --> 07:20.066 Did you notice when her illness started? 07:20.066 --> 07:23.766 [Patient's husband:] Yes, I did, about three months before I'd taken her to the hospital. 07:23.766 --> 07:27.499 I noticed strange things happening around her and, uh, I... 07:27.500 --> 07:32.500 It got so bad that I was afraid to leave her by herself while I was working, you know. 07:32.500 --> 07:39.000 [Intake nurse:] What did your wife do when you first noticed she was getting upset? 07:39.000 --> 07:42.633 [Patient's husband:] I noticed her doing strange... uh... strange things such as, uh... 07:42.633 --> 07:48.466 sitting at the window from morning till night and not dressing, uh, at all. 07:48.466 --> 07:52.532 And, uh, I would talk to her, and she wouldn't answer, 07:52.533 --> 07:58.999 and then in fact, one day, that, uh, the neighbors told me that she went out in the nude. 07:59.000 --> 08:03.866 And one of the neighbors caught her just in time as she was crossing the street and brought her back in, 08:03.866 --> 08:09.066 and they, uh, was kinda ashamed to let me know anything about it, and uh... 08:09.066 --> 08:13.032 When I went to the pay the rent to my landlady, why, she told me about it. 08:13.033 --> 08:16.066 And that's when I really began worrying. 08:16.066 --> 08:20.399 And another thing that, uh, made it seem strange that she was... 08:20.400 --> 08:24.466 had the Bible in her hand from morning till night, which she never did do before, 08:24.466 --> 08:27.999 and I would come home at night, and she'd point out verses to me. 08:28.000 --> 08:34.000 And she would write notes, you know, and lay in the... uh, different pages of the Bible that she'd written down. 08:34.000 --> 08:40.366 And she would, uh... She was always talking about the stars and moon and stuff like that, you know. 08:40.366 --> 08:46.132 And, uh, I knew then that something was wrong, but I didn't... couldn't catch it right away. 08:46.133 --> 08:51.533 [Intake nurse:] I understand Doris is mute now, that she won't talk to anyone. 08:51.533 --> 08:55.199 Was she a talkative person before her illness? 08:55.200 --> 08:56.266 [Patient's husband:] Very talkative. 08:56.266 --> 09:04.066 She used to be pleasant and... and, uh, joyful, you know, and... and always singing around the house, you know, and, uh... 09:04.066 --> 09:07.899 Well, she always done something to occupy her mind. She could make friends with anybody. 09:07.900 --> 09:14.133 She had some friends that, uh, came to the house quite often, and she would just sit there and have a wonderful time with them. 09:14.133 --> 09:18.033 And, uh, when I noticed her getting into this stage, 09:18.033 --> 09:25.666 uh, she didn't recognize these same people that she had had a lot of fun with and talked to earlier. 09:25.666 --> 09:30.966 [Intake nurse:] It was a hard decision to decide on sending her to this hospital. [Patient's husband:] I'll say it was. 09:30.966 --> 09:37.166 And I was just wondering if that should, uh... if that will be held against me when she does come home. 09:37.166 --> 09:42.266 [Intake nurse:] Many patients when they come here have some resentment about coming, 09:42.266 --> 09:49.299 but as they begin to feel better, quite often they realize that coming here was for their own good 09:49.300 --> 09:51.500 and their own happiness in the long run. 09:51.500 --> 09:52.866 [Patient's husband:] Yes, ma'am. 09:52.866 --> 09:55.866 [Intake nurse:] I know you'll worry about it, though, until that time comes. 09:55.866 --> 09:56.899 [Patient's husband:] I do. 09:59.500 --> 10:08.666 [Murmuring] 10:08.666 --> 10:19.432 [Typewriter keys click as someone types: "9-2 PATIENT CONTINUES TO BE MUTE AND WITHDRAWN"] 10:19.433 --> 10:35.366 [Murmuring] 10:35.366 --> 10:44.932 [Conversation and sounds of pots and dishes in the kitchen as staff prepare food] 10:44.933 --> 10:49.666 [Woman 1:] All right, you girls just stand and just wait until I find a place for you. 10:49.666 --> 10:51.266 The rest of you, sit down. 10:51.266 --> 11:02.199 [Murmuring, conversation] 11:02.200 --> 11:15.833 [Typing: "9-12 INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOTHERAPY RECOMMENDED"] 11:29.533 --> 11:33.299 [Mrs. Murphy:] There's nothing to be afraid of in here. Let's just look around. 11:41.433 --> 11:43.833 Would you like to look at some of the books? 11:48.633 --> 11:50.833 Why don't you just sit down and be comfortable? 12:00.000 --> 12:02.600 Does it make you feel better to hold my hand? 12:02.600 --> 12:04.166 You can if you want. 12:13.600 --> 12:15.566 Don't be so frightened. 12:55.666 --> 12:59.932 [Dr. Cholden:] Doris, I'm Dr. Cholden. 12:59.933 --> 13:01.433 I'm your doctor. 13:06.100 --> 13:11.066 And you and I will meet together three times a week. 13:23.266 --> 13:26.299 This is your time. 13:26.300 --> 13:29.800 You can do whatever you want during this time. 13:33.766 --> 13:37.766 If you want to be quiet, that's fine with me. 13:40.866 --> 13:45.132 If you want to talk, that's fine with me. 13:49.400 --> 13:56.333 I'm perfectly satisfied to spend this time in any way that you want to spend it, 13:56.333 --> 14:00.933 because I'm your doctor, and I want to help you. 14:49.633 --> 14:56.133 [Dr. Cholden:] Doris, would it be all right if Mrs. Murphy waited for you in the hall? 15:16.966 --> 15:19.866 [Mrs. Murphy:] I'll give you a cigarette before I leave. 15:32.433 --> 15:35.533 I'll be right out in the hall. I'll wait for you there. 15:46.633 --> 16:14.033 [Doris nervously smokes her cigarette] 16:15.333 --> 16:20.266 [Dr. Cholden:] You're wondering, "What does he want to do to me?" 16:36.433 --> 16:44.066 I only want to understand you and to help you while you try to understand yourself. 17:07.000 --> 17:14.000 And this is a place where you can't hurt anyone, and no one can hurt you. 17:14.000 --> 17:17.466 A safe place. 17:17.466 --> 17:24.432 A place where you can do what you want, and I will understand. 17:24.433 --> 17:27.699 Try very hard to understand, that is. 17:51.800 --> 17:58.166 Doris, we'll meet again on Monday, in three days. 18:13.200 --> 18:17.033 [Reader:] There is a root from which these symptoms spring, 18:17.033 --> 18:26.433 a reason so powerful in its irrationality as to shake the sufferer almost beyond endurance. 18:26.433 --> 18:34.999 And there is a long chapter in the book of human nature, unread by one who would judge an insane person 18:35.000 --> 18:37.466 solely by her behavior. 18:40.833 --> 18:45.733 [Dr. Menninger:] From a technical point of view, we know that all of us do have mental devices, 18:45.733 --> 18:54.266 tricks in a sense, that work automatically to try and relieve us when we have a feeling of fear or anxiety or tension. 18:54.266 --> 18:57.932 We all of them you... We all of us use these tools. 18:57.933 --> 19:04.699 When the road going gets rough for many of us, we at times all use one or two major 19:04.700 --> 19:07.566 methods of combatting the situation. 19:07.566 --> 19:09.632 One of them is flight. 19:09.633 --> 19:16.033 We take flight from it in one way or another by procrastination or forgetting, or neglect, 19:16.033 --> 19:21.766 or perhaps going to sleep, or running off physically, sometimes maybe getting sick. 19:21.766 --> 19:24.899 Or the other reaction is the fight reaction, 19:24.900 --> 19:32.433 a reaction in which sometimes we threaten and even destroy the situation that we want so much to save. 19:32.433 --> 19:35.399 We get angry. We blow our top. 19:35.400 --> 19:41.033 We get so mad that we don't think what we're doing when we destroy the situation. 19:41.033 --> 19:43.766 All of us do that sometimes. 19:43.766 --> 19:47.266 Life's full of stress for all of us. 19:47.266 --> 19:50.199 But for some people, it goes on too long and there's too heavy, 19:50.200 --> 19:52.700 they begin to bend, and they break. 19:54.966 --> 19:57.832 And that's what happened to these patients. 19:57.833 --> 20:03.533 As we see them here, their action and behavior seems bizarre and strange to us. 20:03.533 --> 20:08.966 But really, it's just their attempt at solution, using the same devices that we use, 20:08.966 --> 20:15.932 to find a happy way out, but it's so unhappy. 20:15.933 --> 20:19.599 And now the job is to help them find a better solution. 20:19.600 --> 20:25.633 And that's the assignment that the doctor and the hospital takes on when they come to us. 20:42.900 --> 20:50.200 [Reader:] As a flood of fire from the bosom of a living volcano sweeps down the verdant slope, 20:50.200 --> 20:55.433 turning flower and fruit into smoke and ashes, 20:55.433 --> 21:02.966 so does insanity sweep over laughter and happiness. 21:02.966 --> 21:07.432 And where those glorious attributes once flourished, 21:07.433 --> 21:13.899 we find only desolation and darkness. 21:13.900 --> 21:20.933 Yet I may add, for the consolation of the afflicted and their friends, 21:20.933 --> 21:28.933 that the coming of insanity need not permanently injure either the feelings or the intelligence. 21:28.933 --> 21:37.766 In a great majority of cases, provided proper treatment is resorted to at the outset, 21:37.766 --> 21:39.566 it is curable. 21:42.633 --> 21:46.466 [Dr. Menninger:] If there was room for optimism a hundred years ago, 21:46.466 --> 21:50.632 there's room for much more optimism now about the cure of mental illness. 21:50.633 --> 21:56.966 I don't beleive any group of illnesses have the potential recovery rate that mental illness does. 21:56.966 --> 22:01.566 The tragedy is that because of the lack of doctors and facilities, 22:01.566 --> 22:06.599 that many patients don't have a chance to have the right treatment. 22:06.600 --> 22:08.733 What do I mean by the right treatment? 22:08.733 --> 22:15.366 Well, those that know a little about it have heard of shock, electric, and insulin. 22:15.366 --> 22:20.232 These are applicable in perhaps five to ten percent of cases. 22:20.233 --> 22:27.666 And then a new door has been opened with the advent of drugs, the so-called tranquilizing drugs. 22:27.666 --> 22:31.499 Pray, they hold much promise too, but they're not a cure-all. 22:31.500 --> 22:38.933 They're not going to radically change the situation, because at best, they just help the patient become accessible to help. 22:38.933 --> 22:46.199 Help him able to talk, help him participate in the program at the hospital. 22:46.200 --> 22:52.200 Actually, they're... Both the drugs and the shock treatment are comparatively unimportant 22:52.200 --> 22:56.266 to the role of the hospital as a whole. 22:56.266 --> 23:02.932 The hospital has to provide, in a sense, protection for a patient, protection sometimes from himself, 23:02.933 --> 23:07.966 certainly protection from those waves that have engulfed him. 23:07.966 --> 23:11.732 It has to do this in various ways in its physical setup. 23:11.733 --> 23:17.866 It has to do it in a program of activities, opportunities where the patient can express his interests 23:17.866 --> 23:20.166 and perhaps learn new interests. 23:20.166 --> 23:23.099 And that's why in psychiatric institutions, 23:23.100 --> 23:28.933 we have to have a program that includes classes, perhaps in music and art, 23:28.933 --> 23:37.833 and maybe even typewriting, social events, games of all kinds, lots of different crafts. 23:37.833 --> 23:40.866 Quite apart, though, from the hospital in its physical setup, 23:40.866 --> 23:45.366 the most important thing are the people that work in that hospital. 23:45.366 --> 23:47.766 Those people have to be trained. 23:47.766 --> 23:51.266 They have to be taught the meaning of mental illness 23:51.266 --> 23:57.299 so that they have a rationale to be patient and tolerant and helpful. 23:57.300 --> 24:03.333 Most of all, if the patient gets well in the mental institution, it's because of personalities that surround him, 24:03.333 --> 24:05.899 the people that will help him. 24:05.900 --> 24:09.500 The doctor is kind of the captain of the crew. 24:09.500 --> 24:13.133 He's the fellow that's got to find out what's wrong with the individual 24:13.133 --> 24:19.266 and what ought to be done about it, what ought to be prescribed for the patient, and plan the program in the hospital. 24:19.266 --> 24:23.932 More important perhaps are his personal contacts with the patient. 24:23.933 --> 24:27.733 His contacts as a guide, as an interpreter, 24:27.733 --> 24:31.966 as a person who understands and will help the patient understand. 24:31.966 --> 24:37.366 The individual who has got to guide the patient, if he can, back to health. 24:37.366 --> 24:41.732 And very often, this occurs in frequent, regular sessions with a patient 24:41.733 --> 24:44.666 that technically we call psychotherapy. 24:49.400 --> 24:54.366 [Dr. Cholden:] Doris, you may sit down whenever you like. 25:20.000 --> 25:24.000 I really can't help you to decide. 25:24.000 --> 25:29.800 When you're a little less afraid in here, it will be easier to decide. 25:35.633 --> 25:43.666 At the moment, it seems to me, Doris, you're feeling tight, frozen, 25:43.666 --> 25:47.566 holding yourself in so you won't get hurt anymore. 25:50.766 --> 25:54.432 I think you know, Doris, 25:54.433 --> 25:56.399 that I want to help. 25:58.366 --> 26:04.499 But I think you can't be sure if you can trust me. 26:04.500 --> 26:09.866 If I'll stand by you when you need me 26:09.866 --> 26:14.032 and if I'll remain with you, to help. I will. 26:23.466 --> 26:24.966 [Sign: "Visiting To-Day"] 26:24.966 --> 26:28.832 [Reader:] During the whole period of my residence in the asylum, 26:28.833 --> 26:34.033 my wife visited me upon a stated day each week. 26:34.033 --> 26:37.666 And no week passed without her seeing me. 26:37.666 --> 26:44.432 Though I was often unable to let her know at the time, these visits gave me something to think upon. 26:44.433 --> 26:53.366 Being, as it were, a solid spot in a troubled ocean whereon the spirit could occasionally rest. 26:53.366 --> 27:05.399 [Background conversation] 27:05.400 --> 27:10.866 [Doris' husband:] Doris, did you like the magazines I brought you? 27:10.866 --> 27:14.032 Will you read some more if I bring you some? 27:14.033 --> 27:18.999 [Murmuring] 27:19.000 --> 27:55.533 [Background conversation] 27:55.533 --> 27:59.799 [Doris' husband:] Won't you talk to me, honey? Huh? 27:59.800 --> 28:02.500 How do you think I feel when I hear your voice talking? 28:02.500 --> 28:05.666 Don't you think it makes me happy? 28:05.666 --> 28:07.332 Don't it? 28:07.333 --> 28:13.499 Don't you think it makes me happy to hear your voice? 28:13.500 --> 28:16.133 You gotta make up your mind, Doris. 28:16.133 --> 28:24.266 You gotta make up your mind, angel, to get your mind off these other people, and you've got your life to live. Don't forget that. 28:24.266 --> 28:27.166 Haven't you? 28:27.166 --> 28:29.432 Now, whose life are you living? 28:29.433 --> 28:33.966 Maybe that's the trouble. You're not living your life, you're living somebody else's life. 28:33.966 --> 28:37.099 Doris, I'm gonna ask you and I'm gonna tell you something now. 28:37.100 --> 28:44.000 You oughtta see the little place I got now. It's the only damn reason in the world I got it, Doris. 28:44.000 --> 28:49.866 You could come home with me, and I'd fix it up so nice. 28:49.866 --> 28:52.799 I got a nice old living room, 28:52.800 --> 28:55.800 and I've got a bedroom, twin beds, 28:55.800 --> 28:59.900 and I got a nice bathroom and a nice kitchen. 28:59.900 --> 29:02.500 And I bought a television set. 29:05.100 --> 29:08.833 Who do you think I'm doing that for? Not for me, honey. 29:08.833 --> 29:13.066 I'm not doing it for me. I don't give a damn, well, I'd just have a... 29:13.066 --> 29:16.432 a floor to sleep on. 29:16.433 --> 29:19.066 I want you to get well and come home. 29:21.933 --> 29:26.066 Will you get well? Will you get well? 29:35.733 --> 29:39.533 [Dr. Cholden:] Sometimes, Doris, 29:39.533 --> 29:42.966 I get the feeling that you're very angry with me. 29:42.966 --> 29:44.599 And that's all right. 29:47.300 --> 29:51.500 And part of that anger is because you're not sure you want to come here. 29:51.500 --> 29:54.700 Sometimes you feel I'm forcing you. 29:58.100 --> 30:04.000 It's as though you decided to take a rest from the world, a retreat. 30:04.000 --> 30:08.133 And somebody is trying to pull you out of that retreat, and I am that somebody. 30:10.300 --> 30:14.566 But I'm not pulling you. It's your decision. 30:17.300 --> 30:23.000 But if you decide to come out of your retreat, maybe I can be of some help. 30:40.866 --> 30:44.299 Doris, would you like to use my comb? 31:03.166 --> 31:07.999 It must be very hard to decide whether you want a doctor 31:08.000 --> 31:12.900 and whether you want me to be that doctor. 31:12.900 --> 31:17.566 All I can do is to offer my help, 31:17.566 --> 31:21.566 put it on the table, so to speak. 31:21.566 --> 31:27.532 And you can decide whether to take it or not. 31:27.533 --> 31:34.533 Like the comb, I'm available and my help is available. 31:34.533 --> 31:38.866 You must decide whether you want that help. 32:56.266 --> 33:00.199 [Announcer:] Wyeth Laboratories is presenting Out of Darkness, 33:00.200 --> 33:06.966 produced in consultation with the American Psychiatric Association and the National Association for Mental Health, 33:06.966 --> 33:12.432 with Dr. William C. Menninger as Medical Narrator and starring Orson Welles as The Reader. 33:15.966 --> 33:20.099 We continue now with part two of Out of Darkness. 33:23.833 --> 33:29.633 [Reader:] No position can be more honorable than that of a conscientious and humane physician 33:29.633 --> 33:34.699 who devotes his time and talents to the treatment of the insane. 33:34.700 --> 33:41.100 And what a fearful responsibility clings to the office which he has assumed. 33:41.100 --> 33:44.500 For in many cases, it rides with him 33:44.500 --> 33:46.766 whether the patient be saved or lost. 33:49.533 --> 33:54.933 [Clicking sounds as a reel-to-reel tape recorder is set up] 33:57.666 --> 34:02.332 [Dr. Cholden:] Progress Summary, Doris L., third week of treatment. 34:02.333 --> 34:09.333 The patient's acceptance of my comb and her desire to take it back to the ward with her 34:09.333 --> 34:15.833 are clear indications that she accepts the idea of help and of a doctor. 34:15.833 --> 34:23.266 Her previous terror is gone and in general she seems to be much more relaxed and comfortable. 34:29.033 --> 34:35.633 However, there is still a considerable amount of anxiety present. 34:35.633 --> 34:42.266 Each effort of mine to achieve closer contact presents a new threat to her. 34:42.266 --> 34:46.832 And in this formative stage of our relationship, 34:46.833 --> 34:51.999 there are still many things which she is not yet prepared to accept. 34:54.266 --> 34:58.166 Would you be less frightened if I held your hand? 35:03.300 --> 35:10.166 Don't take my hand if it will make you uncomfortable. 35:57.966 --> 36:02.032 It's too hard now. I understand. 36:02.033 --> 36:07.333 [Sign: "Ward 29"] 36:07.333 --> 36:08.833 [Music] 36:08.833 --> 36:10.099 [Man:] Here we go! 36:10.100 --> 36:17.133 [Singing:] Oh, give me a home/ Where the buffalo roam/ 36:17.133 --> 36:23.599 Where the deer and the antelope play/ 36:23.600 --> 36:30.000 Where seldom is heard/ A discouraging word/ 36:30.000 --> 36:35.700 And the skies are not cloudy all day/ 36:35.700 --> 36:40.866 Home, home on the range/ 36:40.866 --> 36:46.499 Where the deer and the antelope play/ 36:46.500 --> 36:52.300 Where seldom is heard/ A discouraging word/ 36:52.300 --> 36:58.200 And the skies are not cloudy all day 37:06.900 --> 37:13.100 [Dr. Cholden:] Progress Summary, Doris L., sixth week of treatment. 37:13.100 --> 37:17.933 Well, the most significant development over the last few interviews 37:17.933 --> 37:22.266 has been an increase in the patient's response to the external environment. 37:28.300 --> 37:31.600 Doris, the other side of the cigarette. 37:35.500 --> 37:38.766 Doris, the other side of the cigarette. 37:46.533 --> 37:50.466 As Doris becomes more alert to her surroundings, 37:50.466 --> 37:56.399 I find that I am beginningto get a clearer sense of the woman beneath the illness. 38:09.466 --> 39:11.899 [Music: Guitar/ukelele rendition of "Greensleeves"] 39:11.900 --> 39:19.300 [Reader:] There are people here enjoying the twilight and the beauty, and the fragrance of the trees, 39:19.300 --> 39:25.466 who in other places would still be lying in bonds and darkness. 39:59.466 --> 40:01.866 [Dr. Cholden:] Doris? 40:46.766 --> 40:49.599 And now we are friends. 40:49.600 --> 40:52.266 [Woman 2:] Oh you did get one! 40:54.933 --> 41:01.266 [Reader:] Activity of almost any kind cannot fail at being beneficial, 41:01.266 --> 41:05.966 especially if attendants or other sane people can be involved in the enterprise. 41:05.966 --> 41:11.666 It breaks up that stagnation of the mind, consequent upon the monotony 41:11.666 --> 41:15.566 which must ever reign within these walls. 41:15.566 --> 42:24.099 [Overlapping conversations] 42:24.100 --> 42:25.966 [Nurse:] Almost. 42:28.200 --> 42:34.433 Hundred... You've got a hundred and fifty. Two hundred. Two fifty. 42:34.433 --> 42:37.266 Mary! Three hundred. [Woman 3:] Oh, marvelous! 42:37.266 --> 42:42.399 [Reader:] Activity soothes the excited, cheers the desponding, 42:42.400 --> 42:50.200 and turns the mind aside for the time from the corroding task of contemplating its own sorrows. 42:50.200 --> 43:07.733 [Background conversation] 43:07.733 --> 43:13.666 [Dr. Cholden:] Progress Summary, Doris L., 43:13.666 --> 43:15.966 tenth week of treatment. 43:18.266 --> 43:22.432 Non-verbal contact has been firmly established. 43:26.400 --> 43:31.100 It is now time to encourage her to talk. 43:31.100 --> 43:37.733 And now, this attack on the defense of muteness will undoubtedly increase her anxiety, 43:37.733 --> 43:40.399 and it may lead to a setback. 43:40.400 --> 43:43.733 However, I feel it's a risk worth taking. 43:46.366 --> 43:48.899 I'm trying to understand. 43:48.900 --> 43:53.633 But sometimes I can't understand unless you tell me in words. 43:56.833 --> 44:02.866 I want to help answer your questions, if you feel that you can ask them now. 44:05.300 --> 44:11.300 Questions that you may have about being in a hospital. 44:11.300 --> 44:14.400 You know you're in a hospital, Doris. 44:14.400 --> 44:18.033 This is a hospital. 44:18.033 --> 44:20.566 And I'm your doctor. 44:41.733 --> 44:48.566 It's not easy when you decide to remove yourself from people. 44:48.566 --> 44:54.299 But once it's done, it's even harder to get close to them again, isn't it? 45:04.033 --> 45:10.066 I somehow feel that there are things you would like to let me know. 45:10.066 --> 45:12.332 But you don't know how. 45:14.600 --> 45:17.433 You still have to prevent yourself. 46:01.600 --> 46:05.033 Do you remember why they brought you here, Doris? 46:41.400 --> 46:48.300 Doris, would you feel more comfortable if you whispered in my ear? 47:35.633 --> 47:38.566 Maybe you're fearful about saying things. 47:50.933 --> 47:54.766 You're afraid of what might happen if you talk. 48:01.933 --> 48:04.833 Are you afraid of all that? 48:04.833 --> 48:05.566 Hmm? 48:20.933 --> 48:22.299 Take it. 48:31.766 --> 48:35.799 [Doris:] Pretty pearl. Is that a real pearl? 48:35.800 --> 48:37.733 [Dr. Cholden:] I don't know. 48:45.900 --> 48:47.500 Do you like pretty things, hmm? 48:50.533 --> 48:53.999 [Doris:] Mm-hmm. I had some pearls at one time. 49:08.466 --> 49:11.266 [Dr. Cholden:] Where did you get the pearls? 49:11.266 --> 49:13.866 [Doris:] They were a present. 49:13.866 --> 49:15.666 [Dr. Cholden:] From whom? 49:25.166 --> 49:26.432 Hmm? 49:50.033 --> 49:52.566 Who gave you the pearls? 49:52.566 --> 49:54.599 [Doris:] Oh... 49:54.600 --> 49:56.133 [Doris:] A friend of mine. 49:56.133 --> 49:58.799 [Dr. Cholden:] What happened to the pearls? 49:58.800 --> 50:01.066 [Doris:] [Gasps] I lost them. 50:07.866 --> 50:08.932 [Gasp] 50:25.966 --> 50:27.266 [Blowing her nose] 50:31.100 --> 50:34.300 [Dr. Cholden:] It makes you want to cry to think about the things you've lost. 50:38.966 --> 50:42.199 [Doris:] [Sigh] I've lost quite a bit. 50:50.666 --> 50:52.366 [Dr. Cholden:] Is it hard to remember? 50:56.700 --> 50:59.100 You took a rest. 50:59.100 --> 51:00.333 And you kind of... 51:02.933 --> 51:07.233 went inside yourself and held yourself quiet. 51:13.700 --> 51:18.300 I get the feeling now that you're ready for a change. 51:21.900 --> 51:26.033 Ready to finish your rest 51:26.033 --> 51:28.366 and talk to people. 51:40.600 --> 51:45.000 Thirteenth week of treatment. 51:45.000 --> 51:51.933 With the emergence of the patient into reality, the first major stage of treatment is over. 51:56.033 --> 52:02.566 We're ready now to utilize our relationship in order to help her understand herself and her illness, 52:02.566 --> 52:10.532 and also to give her support as she moves into new areas of experience. 52:10.533 --> 52:26.466 [Music: Guitar/ukelele rendition of "Greensleeves"] 52:26.466 --> 52:31.599 [Reader:] I know some who will say, "Though she appears pretty well now, 52:31.600 --> 52:36.800 were she to leave this, who knows, but she might relapse. 52:36.800 --> 52:44.100 No doubt she would like to return to the world, but many there would distrust and despise her. 52:44.100 --> 52:48.233 No one does so here. 52:48.233 --> 52:54.766 However, it is in the busy avenues of men, not in the solitude and shelter of the asylum, 52:54.766 --> 52:56.799 that the cure must be perfected. 52:56.800 --> 53:04.700 [Music] 53:05.666 --> 53:06.999 [Music] 53:07.000 --> 53:12.166 [Out of Darkness] 53:12.166 --> 53:16.599 [The Reader: Orson Welles] 53:16.600 --> 53:22.666 [Medical Narrator: Dr. William C. Menninger] 53:22.666 --> 53:27.632 [A CBS Public Affairs Program] 53:27.633 --> 53:31.366 [Produced in consultation with the American Psychiatric Association] 53:31.366 --> 53:39.566 [and the National Association for Mental Health] 53:39.566 --> 53:46.766 [With the cooperation of the Department of Mental Hygiene, State of California] 53:46.766 --> 53:55.566 [and the patients and staff of Metropolitan State Hospital, Norwalk, California] 53:55.566 --> 54:04.032 [Therapist: Dr. Louis Cholden, Department of Psychiatry, U.C.L.A. Medical School] 54:04.033 --> 54:07.766 [Cameraman: Fred Dieterich; Mr. Welles' Photography: Arthur Ornitz] 54:07.766 --> 54:10.166 [Editors: Arthur Swerdloff, John Hoffman; Associated in Production: Lewis Jacobs] 54:10.166 --> 54:14.466 [Production Manager: Harry Robin; Production Coordinator: Arthur Swerdloff] 54:14.466 --> 54:23.432 [Executive Producer: Irving Gitlin] 54:23.433 --> 54:34.333 [Produced, Directed, and Written by Al Wasserman] 54:37.533 --> 54:40.299 [Dr. Menninger:] This was an amazing experience. 54:40.300 --> 54:48.366 We watched a real patient with a real doctor in a real hospital with a real husband get well, 54:48.366 --> 54:52.932 a seriously mentally ill patient. 54:52.933 --> 54:57.966 But in a sense, this has created an illusion maybe, 54:57.966 --> 55:02.832 an illusion that I'd like to try to correct if I can, 55:02.833 --> 55:07.599 because I feel so deeply in my heart the suffering and the unhappiness 55:07.600 --> 55:18.833 of 750,000 patients in our hospitals in this country, and not a handful of them are getting the treatmen that this patient did. 55:18.833 --> 55:24.899 Why? Because in that big population, the size of the city of Pittsburgh, 55:24.900 --> 55:29.066 there's only one doctor for every 311 patients. 55:29.066 --> 55:33.366 What chance would Doris have had if she was one patient 55:33.366 --> 55:38.232 among 310 others with one doctor? 55:38.233 --> 55:44.366 We're trying to run these hospitals on the ridiculous sum of two dollars and a half a day, per patient. 55:44.366 --> 55:50.032 And that includes the board and the room and the clothing and the medical attention. 55:50.033 --> 55:56.233 You and I know that it costs ten times this amount, fifteen times this amount to go to a general hospital. 55:56.233 --> 56:00.799 What we can... What can we expect in this field of mental health 56:00.800 --> 56:05.900 if we're going to try to do that kind of a job at two and a half a day? 56:05.900 --> 56:11.933 And furthermore, we're starving to death in our field of psychiatry for more knowledge. 56:11.933 --> 56:15.333 We ought to be able to help these people more quickly. 56:15.333 --> 56:19.599 We ought to be going much further in how do we prevent mental illness? 56:19.600 --> 56:25.200 And yet research in psychiatry's a drop in the bucket to the needs. 56:25.200 --> 56:31.366 It's the biggest cost of all the health problems, a billion two hundred million dollars a year. 56:31.366 --> 56:37.066 And we don't spend one-half of one percent learning how to do our job better. 56:37.066 --> 56:41.766 In this rich land across the country, 56:41.766 --> 56:46.732 would that we could enlist people's understanding of how big this problem is, 56:46.733 --> 56:52.499 how neglected, how backward we are, in our knowledge of what ought to be done 56:52.500 --> 56:57.266 so that many, many girls like this could get well. 56:57.266 --> 57:03.466 The facts are that six out of every ten people that go to a mental hospital never leave it. 57:03.466 --> 57:05.766 And that doesn't have to be. 57:05.766 --> 57:11.866 We've got proof now and can show it, that at least eight out of every ten could go home 57:11.866 --> 57:15.999 and again be happy and useful citizens. 57:16.000 --> 57:18.233 This is a universal problem. 57:18.233 --> 57:20.366 It affects us all. 57:20.366 --> 57:26.366 It ought to be a concern of every individual as to what can we do about it. 57:26.366 --> 57:28.666 So many places need help. 57:28.666 --> 57:34.166 They need financial support. They need clear and better understanding. 57:34.166 --> 57:38.666 And only as more people do understand is there going to be change. 57:38.666 --> 57:45.132 I have a deep conviction that when people know and understand, it will be changed. 57:49.766 --> 57:54.632 [Announcer:] Wyeth Laboratories has been privileged to present Out of Darkness, 57:54.633 --> 58:01.266 a CBS Public Affairs Program, produced in consultation with the American Psychiatric Association 58:01.266 --> 58:04.032 and the National Association for Mental Health. 58:05.766 --> 58:10.632 [The End MCMLVI Columbia Broadcasting System Inc. All rights reserved]