WEBVTT 00:00:01.166 --> 00:00:08.966 [The U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service Presents] 00:00:08.966 --> 00:00:15.266 [A production of The Communicable Disease Center, Public Health Service] 00:00:15.266 --> 00:00:21.832 [For The Nation's Health] 00:00:21.833 --> 00:00:26.466 [Narrator:] This is the story of the United States Public Health Service. 00:00:26.466 --> 00:00:28.966 It's a story of many parts. 00:00:28.966 --> 00:00:35.232 It's a story of hospitals like this one in New Orleans and this one in Norfolk, Virginia. 00:00:35.233 --> 00:00:38.766 It's a story of the leprosarium in Carville, Louisiana, 00:00:38.766 --> 00:00:45.099 the hospital for study and treatment of drug addiction in Lexington, Kentucky, 00:00:45.100 --> 00:00:53.233 the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, and the Clinical Center there. 00:00:53.233 --> 00:00:58.766 It's the story of quarantine stations at our major ports of entry like this one at Miami, 00:00:58.766 --> 00:01:01.732 and this one at New Orleans. 00:01:01.733 --> 00:01:06.933 As a matter of fact, the story of the Public Health Service can be found in many places 00:01:06.933 --> 00:01:09.733 throughout the United States and its territories. 00:01:09.733 --> 00:01:13.133 [ Music ] 00:01:13.133 --> 00:01:17.666 The story began with President John Adams in 1798, when he signed the Act 00:01:17.666 --> 00:01:23.966 establishing the Marine Hospital Service, forerunner of the Public Health Service today. 00:01:23.966 --> 00:01:28.032 Many people have helped establish the Service's distinguished traditions. 00:01:28.033 --> 00:01:31.833 People like Joseph Goldberger who pioneered in studies of pellagra, 00:01:31.833 --> 00:01:35.633 a once wide-spread dietary disease. 00:01:35.633 --> 00:01:40.933 Leslie Lumsden, whose work in typhoid epidemiology and rural sanitation 00:01:40.933 --> 00:01:45.699 is a cornerstone of modern public health practice. 00:01:45.700 --> 00:01:50.400 Joseph Mountain who stimulated nationwide interest in many fields of public health practice 00:01:50.400 --> 00:01:56.433 and administration such as chronic disease control and the health problems of the aging. 00:01:56.433 --> 00:02:03.166 Charles Armstrong whose adaptation of poliomyelitis to rodents speeded up polio research, 00:02:03.166 --> 00:02:07.832 and Edward Francis, whose studies of the origin and causes of tularemia have done much 00:02:07.833 --> 00:02:11.466 to improve our knowledge of this disease. 00:02:11.466 --> 00:02:16.632 Other Public Health Service scientists developed vaccines against Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 00:02:16.633 --> 00:02:21.266 and typhus, and perfected many others. 00:02:21.266 --> 00:02:29.432 The Service was also instrumental in the virtual eradication of malaria in the United States. 00:02:29.433 --> 00:02:32.599 Today, the Public Health Service employs over 21,000 people 00:02:32.600 --> 00:02:36.733 in about 250 occupational specialties. 00:02:36.733 --> 00:02:38.633 These include physicians, 00:02:38.633 --> 00:02:40.166 nurses, 00:02:40.166 --> 00:02:42.399 sanitary engineers, 00:02:42.400 --> 00:02:44.833 dentists, 00:02:44.833 --> 00:02:47.233 scientists, 00:02:47.233 --> 00:02:49.666 dieticians, 00:02:49.666 --> 00:02:52.266 veterinarians, 00:02:52.266 --> 00:02:54.132 physical therapists, 00:02:54.133 --> 00:02:56.466 pharmacists, 00:02:56.466 --> 00:02:59.332 social workers, 00:02:59.333 --> 00:03:01.499 administrative specialists, 00:03:01.500 --> 00:03:03.833 instrument-makers, 00:03:03.833 --> 00:03:06.233 animal caretakers, 00:03:06.233 --> 00:03:08.799 nursing assistants, 00:03:08.800 --> 00:03:11.700 clerical personnel, 00:03:11.700 --> 00:03:18.766 and a host of other specialists necessary to the effective operation of the Service. 00:03:18.766 --> 00:03:23.632 Civil Service personnel comprise the largest number of these employees. 00:03:23.633 --> 00:03:29.699 About one-fifth of the Service's employees are regular and reserve officers of the Commissioned Corp, 00:03:29.700 --> 00:03:34.633 a long-established career organization of professional medical and health personnel, 00:03:34.633 --> 00:03:37.833 and one of the uniformed services of our country. 00:03:37.833 --> 00:03:41.566 Because of the professional nature of the Service's activities, 00:03:41.566 --> 00:03:45.632 many of its major programs are directed by commissioned officers. 00:03:45.633 --> 00:03:50.566 Officers of the Commissioned Corp serve either in the regular corp, or career service, 00:03:50.566 --> 00:03:54.866 or in the reserve corp on active or inactive duty. 00:03:54.866 --> 00:03:58.766 Officers on inactive duty belong to a component of the Reserve Corp 00:03:58.766 --> 00:04:02.199 known as the Commissioned Reserve. 00:04:02.200 --> 00:04:09.133 The Commissioned Reserve is a readily available personnel held in reserve for grave national emergencies, 00:04:09.133 --> 00:04:16.599 and trained to meet critical situations affecting the health and well-being of large numbers of people. 00:04:16.600 --> 00:04:21.733 Such emergencies might involve the destruction of our cities, 00:04:21.733 --> 00:04:25.733 extensive illness and death from disease epidemics, 00:04:25.733 --> 00:04:30.799 or the unusual health problems associated with major natural disasters. 00:04:30.800 --> 00:04:35.800 The Public Health Service is the oldest and largest of the five operating agencies that comprise 00:04:35.800 --> 00:04:41.200 the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. 00:04:41.200 --> 00:04:46.433 The Public Health Service is organized to work closely with state and national organizations 00:04:46.433 --> 00:04:51.166 through national conferences and advisory groups of private citizens, 00:04:51.166 --> 00:04:55.666 to give meaning and direction to its many programs. 00:04:55.666 --> 00:05:01.332 The actual work of the Service is carried on by four major bureaus. 00:05:01.333 --> 00:05:04.966 One of these bureaus is the Office of the Surgeon General. 00:05:04.966 --> 00:05:10.132 This is not an operating bureau, but is responsible for coordinating activities 00:05:10.133 --> 00:05:14.799 and providing administrative services for the three other bureaus. 00:05:14.800 --> 00:05:20.666 The three other bureaus, known as operating bureaus, are the Bureau of Medical Services, 00:05:20.666 --> 00:05:25.266 The Bureau of State Services and the National Institutes of Health. 00:05:25.266 --> 00:05:30.332 Let's examine these bureaus and their activities one at a time. 00:05:30.333 --> 00:05:33.633 First, the Bureau of Medical Services. 00:05:33.633 --> 00:05:37.033 This bureau operates foreign quarantine programs. 00:05:37.033 --> 00:05:43.066 It administers grants for construction of hospitals and medical facilities, operates numerous hospitals 00:05:43.066 --> 00:05:46.932 and outpatient clinics, and the Indian Health Program. 00:05:46.933 --> 00:05:50.566 It conducts dental and nursing studies of personnel needs, 00:05:50.566 --> 00:05:56.032 and makes professional personnel available upon request to other federal agencies. 00:05:56.033 --> 00:06:00.433 Personnel in the Bureau of Medical Services work in Public Health Service hospitals 00:06:00.433 --> 00:06:06.499 from Massachusetts to California, and in outpatient clinics providing medical care to seamen 00:06:06.500 --> 00:06:12.433 of the United States Merchant Marine, the United States Coast Guard, and the families 00:06:12.433 --> 00:06:16.333 of Coast Guard officers and enlisted personnel. 00:06:16.333 --> 00:06:21.099 They serve in Public Health Service hospitals and clinics on Indian reservations in the United States 00:06:21.100 --> 00:06:25.733 and Alaska, in federal prisons, 00:06:25.733 --> 00:06:28.866 with the Coast Guard in Alaska 00:06:28.866 --> 00:06:32.399 and with the Coast Guard on the high seas. 00:06:32.400 --> 00:06:36.700 Personnel from the Bureau of Medical Services are also assigned to quarantine duty 00:06:36.700 --> 00:06:40.600 with United States Embassies in foreign countries. 00:06:40.600 --> 00:06:45.466 In this country, quarantined personnel are on duty at our major seaports, 00:06:45.466 --> 00:06:50.299 and at our international airports, where they determine the health status of passengers 00:06:50.300 --> 00:06:53.733 entering the United States from abroad 00:06:53.733 --> 00:07:00.599 and keep daily surveillance for disease-bearing insects that may find their way into this country. 00:07:00.600 --> 00:07:05.033 The Bureau of Medical Services is also responsible for the Hospital Construction Program, 00:07:05.033 --> 00:07:11.666 under which the federal government matches state and local funds for the construction of hospitals 00:07:11.666 --> 00:07:15.932 and other medical facilities in communities where there are no such facilities, 00:07:15.933 --> 00:07:20.199 or where existing facilities are inadequate. 00:07:20.200 --> 00:07:25.833 Public Health Practice, the control of disease in the community as a whole, is the responsibility of the 00:07:25.833 --> 00:07:30.366 second major operating bureau, the Bureau of State Services. 00:07:30.366 --> 00:07:36.332 Through research, demonstration, training, and consultation, the personnel of this bureau 00:07:36.333 --> 00:07:43.199 work closely with state and local health agencies on many different health problems. 00:07:43.200 --> 00:07:47.600 The bureau coordinates the activities of regional staffs located in eight of the nine 00:07:47.600 --> 00:07:51.400 regional headquarters of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. 00:07:51.400 --> 00:07:56.366 It is through these regional staffs that many of the Public Health Service's cooperative federal, state, 00:07:56.366 --> 00:08:01.732 and interstate programs reach the people of this country. 00:08:01.733 --> 00:08:06.466 The Bureau of State Services assists state and community health officials on such problems 00:08:06.466 --> 00:08:09.066 as mosquito and fly control, 00:08:09.066 --> 00:08:11.466 animal-borne diseases, 00:08:11.466 --> 00:08:14.299 safety of public water supplies, 00:08:14.300 --> 00:08:16.500 water pollution control, 00:08:16.500 --> 00:08:22.966 standards of sanitation governing the preparation and serving of food and milk. 00:08:22.966 --> 00:08:26.999 Personnel of the Bureau of State Services study, develop, and demonstrate 00:08:27.000 --> 00:08:29.800 methods of community refuse disposal. 00:08:29.800 --> 00:08:35.366 They train local health personnel in effective methods of sewage treatment, 00:08:35.366 --> 00:08:40.899 in rodent control, and in housing hygiene. 00:08:40.900 --> 00:08:45.966 They study the relationship between air quality and community health 00:08:45.966 --> 00:08:51.166 and conduct research to improve the working environment of the industrial worker. 00:08:51.166 --> 00:08:57.699 They also work on Indian reservations to eliminate health problems caused by insanitary conditions. 00:08:57.700 --> 00:09:03.100 The Bureau of State Services provides grants to states to help them finance health programs, 00:09:03.100 --> 00:09:07.233 such as the establishment of new county and local health services. 00:09:07.233 --> 00:09:12.899 In addition, there are grants to states for specific health problems. 00:09:12.900 --> 00:09:21.900 These include tuberculosis, diabetes, heart disease, venereal disease, cancer, 00:09:21.900 --> 00:09:25.300 and dental decay. 00:09:25.300 --> 00:09:29.766 Grants are also made to support studies of the special problems of the older citizens 00:09:29.766 --> 00:09:33.732 in our communities. 00:09:33.733 --> 00:09:38.866 Specially trained epidemic intelligence officers of The Bureau of State Services provide disaster aid 00:09:38.866 --> 00:09:44.732 to states in the form of prompt investigation of disease outbreaks. 00:09:44.733 --> 00:09:50.899 Another unit of this bureau, The National Office of Vital Statistics, compiles, analyzes, and publishes 00:09:50.900 --> 00:09:56.700 national reports on births, deaths, and disease outbreaks. 00:09:56.700 --> 00:09:59.666 To augment its field activities and the research programs of the service, 00:09:59.666 --> 00:10:06.099 the Bureau of State Services operates the Communicable Disease Center in Atlanta, Georgia, 00:10:06.100 --> 00:10:10.866 the Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center in Cincinnati, Ohio, 00:10:10.866 --> 00:10:15.832 and the Arctic Health Research Center in Anchorage, Alaska. 00:10:15.833 --> 00:10:20.766 The global scope of the bureau's activities is indicated by its international health programs 00:10:20.766 --> 00:10:26.132 in approximately 60 foreign countries where the service provides technical assistance 00:10:26.133 --> 00:10:30.466 in the development of health services. 00:10:30.466 --> 00:10:33.066 Here are some nurses in Iran. 00:10:33.066 --> 00:10:36.332 This is a physician in Formosa 00:10:36.333 --> 00:10:39.533 and this is a sanitary engineer in Iraq. 00:10:39.533 --> 00:10:44.766 The third major operating bureau in the Public Health Service is the National Institutes of Health 00:10:44.766 --> 00:10:46.932 in Bethesda, Maryland. 00:10:46.933 --> 00:10:54.733 This bureau referred to for brevity as NIH, consists of seven research institutes, a clinical center, 00:10:54.733 --> 00:10:58.966 and four independent divisions. 00:10:58.966 --> 00:11:05.132 Although the service conducts research programs in many places, NIH is the largest installation for 00:11:05.133 --> 00:11:09.033 this type of work. 00:11:09.033 --> 00:11:14.233 In modern, well-equipped laboratories, NIH scientists are making important progress in many 00:11:14.233 --> 00:11:16.666 areas of research. 00:11:16.666 --> 00:11:19.166 In areas such as heart disease, 00:11:19.166 --> 00:11:20.932 cancer, 00:11:20.933 --> 00:11:23.266 mental illness, 00:11:23.266 --> 00:11:26.399 arthritis and the metabolic disorders, 00:11:26.400 --> 00:11:29.433 the neurological and sensory disorders, 00:11:29.433 --> 00:11:32.333 allergies and infectious diseases, 00:11:32.333 --> 00:11:35.266 and diseases of the mouth and teeth. 00:11:35.266 --> 00:11:40.299 At the clinical center, the findings of the laboratory scientists and the experience of the physician 00:11:40.300 --> 00:11:47.033 are brought together in a concentrated attack on disease to accelerate man's knowledge of some of 00:11:47.033 --> 00:11:51.099 our most stubborn disease problems. 00:11:51.100 --> 00:11:55.933 NIH scientists also work at the Public Health Services Rocky Mountain Laboratory in Hamilton, 00:11:55.933 --> 00:12:01.933 Montana, where they study diseases that are transmissible from animals to man. 00:12:01.933 --> 00:12:07.933 NIH has also the responsibility of certifying the safety, purity and potency of biologics used 00:12:07.933 --> 00:12:12.266 in the treatment of disease. 00:12:12.266 --> 00:12:17.832 Over 2/3 of all the funds appropriated to the National Institutes of Health by the congress are 00:12:17.833 --> 00:12:23.633 awarded to scientists in the nation's medical schools, universities and other research centers. 00:12:23.633 --> 00:12:27.633 These federal funds are helping to expand medical research and research training 00:12:27.633 --> 00:12:29.266 throughout the country. 00:12:29.266 --> 00:12:35.999 As a result, our knowledge of the major diseases of man is rapidly increasing, bringing us closer to the day 00:12:36.000 --> 00:12:41.433 when the main causes of disability and early death can be reduced to a minimum. 00:12:41.433 --> 00:12:47.699 One type of award granted by NIH helps medical schools expand their training facilities, 00:12:47.700 --> 00:12:52.466 such as laboratories and classrooms which permit modern methods of instruction. 00:12:52.466 --> 00:12:57.066 Another type of award is the Research Fellowship which helps talented young scientists 00:12:57.066 --> 00:12:59.732 enter research careers. 00:12:59.733 --> 00:13:03.166 Still other funds are granted to non-profit institutions for the construction 00:13:03.166 --> 00:13:12.032 of essential research facilities in many parts of the country. 00:13:12.033 --> 00:13:16.966 [Music] 00:13:16.966 --> 00:13:21.999 Now let's look once again, but briefly, at the organization of the Public Health Service. 00:13:22.000 --> 00:13:27.333 It is part of the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. 00:13:27.333 --> 00:13:32.099 Under the direction of the Surgeon General, the Service administers programs 00:13:32.100 --> 00:13:35.100 in three major areas of activity. 00:13:35.100 --> 00:13:39.700 These are research into the causes of disease, 00:13:39.700 --> 00:13:44.700 the prevention of disease and promotion of health, 00:13:44.700 --> 00:13:51.633 and the care and treatment of patients who look to us for this kind of service. 00:13:51.633 --> 00:13:58.533 Through its 21,000 employees, the Public Health Service today brings benefits to every American, 00:13:58.533 --> 00:14:06.099 not so much as a direct dispenser of services, but as a leader and guiding influence. 00:14:06.100 --> 00:14:10.866 The Service's work is reflected in an increasing store of professional information, 00:14:10.866 --> 00:14:14.899 [ Music ] 00:14:14.900 --> 00:14:18.433 in popular knowledge of medical developments, 00:14:18.433 --> 00:14:24.333 in improved local health programs throughout the United States and its territories. 00:14:24.333 --> 00:14:30.799 The Public Health Service, as it has for more than 150 years, is dedicating its energies 00:14:30.800 --> 00:14:37.033 and resources to increasing man's knowledge of the cause, prevention, treatment, and control 00:14:37.033 --> 00:14:42.966 of disease as the people of this nation and their children are more adequately protected than 00:14:42.966 --> 00:14:51.032 ever before from the suffering and hardships produced by disease.