WEBVTT

00:00.000 --> 00:23.616
[Hammering and sawing]

00:23.616 --> 00:28.400
[Narrator, Joseph Julian:] In a village in
Latin America, a child is dead.

00:28.400 --> 00:29.600
Two months old.

00:29.600 --> 00:31.530
The youngest of eight children.

00:31.530 --> 00:33.360
He was a casualty of poverty.

00:33.360 --> 00:35.960
Another mouth to feed and a
family where already there

00:35.960 --> 00:37.580
was too little to eat.

00:37.580 --> 00:40.970
She died of protein
deficiency and malnutrition.

00:40.970 --> 00:43.130
And her father who
worked in another town

00:43.130 --> 00:45.080
did not come to her funeral.

00:45.080 --> 00:46.700
He could not afford
to make the trip.

00:46.700 --> 01:21.940
[Low singing]

01:21.940 --> 01:24.640
This infant's death
is not unique.

01:24.640 --> 01:27.160
In countries throughout
the developing world,

01:27.160 --> 01:28.840
the death of little
children is one

01:28.840 --> 01:31.993
of the daily tragedies of life.

01:31.993 --> 01:48.920
[Singing, crying]

01:48.920 --> 01:51.680
Though we usually think of
the problem of an exploding

01:51.680 --> 01:55.430
population in terms such
as economic development,

01:55.430 --> 01:59.700
overcrowding, underemployment,
ecology, education,

01:59.700 --> 02:02.690
maternal health, and
personal freedom,

02:02.690 --> 02:06.470
it has come down for
these people, on this day,

02:06.470 --> 02:08.180
to a matter of life and death.

02:08.180 --> 02:17.623
[Sounds of singing, crying, wailing]

02:17.623 --> 02:20.160
[Dr. Vernon Madrigal:] Children
dying from starvation

02:20.160 --> 02:26.140
in underdeveloped countries
and children dying in the wars.

02:26.140 --> 02:27.900
There is not much difference.

02:27.900 --> 02:29.550
They are both murder.

02:29.550 --> 02:32.620
I'm scared about the
population of the whole world.

02:32.620 --> 02:37.500
But especially in El Salvador,
which is a place where I live,

02:37.500 --> 02:41.940
where my children are, my
wife, my work, everything.

02:41.940 --> 02:43.210
And it's scary.

02:43.210 --> 02:43.710
Of course.

02:43.710 --> 02:45.450
And that's why I'm working here.

02:45.450 --> 02:46.710
[Interviewer:] Is it desperate?

02:46.710 --> 02:48.210
[Dr. Madrigal:] Yes.

02:48.210 --> 02:49.200
I think it's desperate,

02:49.200 --> 02:50.310
the situation.

02:50.310 --> 02:53.820
But somebody has to,

02:53.820 --> 02:55.890
somebody has to do something.

02:55.890 --> 02:57.960
We have to do something.

02:57.960 --> 03:01.890
And when I say something,
I am complaining,

03:01.890 --> 03:06.870
because I want a very
strong and aggressive policy

03:06.870 --> 03:07.920
in population.

03:07.920 --> 03:13.200
If this country is going to be
a country, a liberal country,

03:13.200 --> 03:14.220
within 20 years.

03:14.220 --> 03:20.629
[Music]

03:20.629 --> 03:24.190
[Joseph Julian:] El Salvador has
the highest population density

03:24.190 --> 03:25.700
in Latin America.

03:25.700 --> 03:27.610
and one of the highest
population growth rates

03:27.610 --> 03:29.530
in the world.

03:29.530 --> 03:32.690
There are three and a half
million people here now.

03:32.690 --> 03:35.740
And if something is not
done, there will be seven million

03:35.740 --> 03:36.520
in 20 years.

03:36.520 --> 03:39.060
[Music]

03:39.060 --> 03:40.980
Already, one can see
what this might mean

03:40.980 --> 03:42.720
in terms of human degradation.

03:42.720 --> 03:48.290
[Music]

03:48.290 --> 03:51.440
Although El Salvador does not
have an official population

03:51.440 --> 03:54.350
policy, people like
Dr. Madrigal are

03:54.350 --> 03:56.840
working to meet the challenge.

03:56.840 --> 04:00.566
But in the meantime,
human tragedies occur.

04:00.566 --> 04:03.350
[Speaker 1:] I can't tell you what my name is,

04:03.350 --> 04:05.930
or show you my face,
or tell you the name

04:05.930 --> 04:07.760
of the hospital we are in.

04:07.760 --> 04:09.560
But I really want
you to see this.

04:09.560 --> 04:10.610
It's terrible.

04:10.610 --> 04:12.440
This girl is Ann
Marie, and she's

04:12.440 --> 04:14.420
been here for about six weeks.

04:14.420 --> 04:17.720
Laying very close to death
from an illegal abortion.

04:17.720 --> 04:19.950
This is not a unique case.

04:19.950 --> 04:23.090
We have more than 60,000
cases like this a year

04:23.090 --> 04:24.830
in this small country alone.

04:24.830 --> 04:28.790
As a doctor, I feel that if
family planning services were

04:28.790 --> 04:32.420
more widely available, tragedies
like this would never happen.

04:32.420 --> 04:34.910
[Joseph Julian:] The great
number of illegal abortions

04:34.910 --> 04:36.980
throughout Latin
America, and the risks

04:36.980 --> 04:39.770
taken by women who seek
them, is powerful proof

04:39.770 --> 04:42.440
of the desire by these
women for a way to control

04:42.440 --> 04:44.510
the size of their families.

04:44.510 --> 04:47.450
Dr. Vernon Madrigal wants
them to have an alternative

04:47.450 --> 04:48.710
to butchery.

04:48.710 --> 04:52.446
Among his many interests
is female sterilization.

04:52.446 --> 04:56.120
[Dr. Madrigal:] This lady
is a 32 years old lady.

04:56.120 --> 05:01.310
She has had six
children, ages from 11

05:01.310 --> 05:03.680
I think to five years old.

05:03.680 --> 05:08.300
And she has been taking
pills in the last five years.

05:08.300 --> 05:10.730
But she's so nervous.

05:10.730 --> 05:15.950
She's so anxious, too,
about the problem

05:15.950 --> 05:19.970
that she decided to ask
us to sterilize her.

05:19.970 --> 05:26.720
And we're doing it with
a new method called

05:26.720 --> 05:30.560
laparoscopic tubal ligation.

05:30.560 --> 05:33.200
I am the grantee of
Pathfinder, so we

05:33.200 --> 05:37.640
are working for the [?] and Pathfinder

05:37.640 --> 05:42.590
will provide the funds to
do 300 tubal ligations

05:42.590 --> 05:44.900
in one year.

05:44.900 --> 05:46.020
OK.

05:46.020 --> 05:51.380
[Dr. Madrigal switches between Spanish and English:] She is
under local anesthesia.

05:51.380 --> 05:53.400
She's not under
general anesthesia,

05:53.400 --> 05:56.540
which represents
a great advantage,

05:56.540 --> 05:59.913
because the lady can be
operated with local anesthesia

05:59.913 --> 06:01.205
and then go home in four hours.

06:01.205 --> 06:03.410
[Joseph Julian:] Dr. Madrigal
got his laparoscope

06:03.410 --> 06:06.710
from the Pathfinder fund, an
American foundation concerned

06:06.710 --> 06:09.110
with population in
developing countries.

06:09.110 --> 06:11.360
Along with Pathfinder
and other groups,

06:11.360 --> 06:13.580
the Agency for
International Development,

06:13.580 --> 06:16.280
AID, the largest
source of assistance

06:16.280 --> 06:18.290
in funding in the
field, is helping

06:18.290 --> 06:21.050
in an international assault
upon the most pressing problem

06:21.050 --> 06:22.060
of the 20th century.

06:22.060 --> 06:22.893
[Dr. Madrigal:] OK.

06:22.893 --> 06:25.350
[People walking and conversing in Spanish]

06:25.350 --> 06:27.320
[People walking and conversing in Spanish]

06:27.320 --> 06:44.844
[People walking and conversing in Spanish]

06:44.844 --> 06:46.600
[Bill Flexner:] Some
places in El Salvador

06:46.600 --> 06:48.430
are very difficult to get to.

06:48.430 --> 06:50.650
But getting there is part
of winning the battle

06:50.650 --> 06:52.510
in health and family planning.

06:52.510 --> 06:54.550
The nurse that I came
with came because there's

06:54.550 --> 06:56.740
a problem of health
in the family.

06:56.740 --> 06:59.572
After she tries to
resolve this problem,

06:59.572 --> 07:01.780
she will talk to the family
about preventive medicine

07:01.780 --> 07:03.110
and family planning.

07:03.110 --> 07:05.664
AID is supporting
her in this effort.

07:05.664 --> 07:07.292
[Nurse presents to a group of children, speaking Spanish]

07:07.292 --> 07:11.770
[Nurse presents to a group of children, speaking Spanish]

07:11.770 --> 07:14.200
[Joseph Julian:] Sex education
is an important part

07:14.200 --> 07:17.170
of the population
program in El Salvador.

07:17.170 --> 07:18.910
In a few years,
these children will

07:18.910 --> 07:21.520
be in the prime
reproductive age group.

07:21.520 --> 07:24.370
And then will have the knowledge
to make intelligent decisions

07:24.370 --> 07:26.382
about family size.

07:26.382 --> 07:28.360
[Spanish conversation]

07:28.360 --> 07:31.573
[Man speaking Tagalog]

07:31.573 --> 07:33.490
[Joseph Julian:] On the
other side of the world,

07:33.490 --> 07:35.620
the governor of a
Philippine province

07:35.620 --> 07:39.850
spends 30 percent of his time
talking about family planning.

07:39.850 --> 07:42.040
Like Dr. Madrigal,
Governor San Luis

07:42.040 --> 07:44.410
is convinced that
unchecked population growth

07:44.410 --> 07:46.180
is the greatest
threat to his country.

07:46.180 --> 07:50.630
[Music]

07:50.630 --> 07:52.750
In the Philippines,
one finds the problems

07:52.750 --> 07:56.050
of El Salvador reflected
on a huge scale.

07:56.050 --> 07:58.960
In 1970, the government
established

07:58.960 --> 07:59.890
a population policy.

07:59.890 --> 08:01.030
The result?

08:01.030 --> 08:02.590
In the short time,
the Philippines

08:02.590 --> 08:05.560
has developed a diverse,
far-reaching

08:05.560 --> 08:06.460
family planning program,

08:06.460 --> 08:09.760
potentially one of the most
effective in Southeast Asia.

08:09.760 --> 08:12.070
With help from
international agencies,

08:12.070 --> 08:15.460
a large input from AID,
and the energetic efforts

08:15.460 --> 08:17.960
of Philippine officials
and volunteers,

08:17.960 --> 08:20.590
the challenge is
finally being faced.

08:20.590 --> 08:22.000
Is it too late?

08:22.000 --> 08:24.310
No one can say for sure.

08:24.310 --> 08:26.410
A traditional
agricultural economy

08:26.410 --> 08:28.900
is giving way to
industrialization.

08:28.900 --> 08:31.270
The country is in the
throes of a vast migration

08:31.270 --> 08:33.130
from farms to cities.

08:33.130 --> 08:36.309
Manila is overcrowded
and mired in smog.

08:36.309 --> 08:41.094
And its Tondo slums are
among the worst in the world.

08:41.094 --> 08:42.850
[Estefenia Aldaba-Lim:]
Our statistics

08:42.850 --> 08:47.080
show today that more
than 70 percent of our people

08:47.080 --> 08:49.870
belong to the poverty line,

08:49.870 --> 08:51.910
live within the poverty line.

08:51.910 --> 08:55.960
I know for a fact that there
are 1.5 million families

08:55.960 --> 09:00.100
in the Philippines who live
below the subsistence level.

09:00.100 --> 09:04.420
And with the present
growth rate of 3.1

09:04.420 --> 09:08.790
of Philippine
population, you can just

09:08.790 --> 09:10.440
imagine how
disastrous this would

09:10.440 --> 09:14.530
be for the future of our social
and economic development.

09:14.530 --> 09:16.500
[Doug Larson:] As a Peace
Corps volunteer here in

09:16.500 --> 09:19.740
the Philippines, you see
many different developmental

09:19.740 --> 09:20.940
projects.

09:20.940 --> 09:24.780
And there are projects in
agriculture, education,

09:24.780 --> 09:26.220
infrastructure.

09:26.220 --> 09:27.960
And yet all of
these projects are

09:27.960 --> 09:30.660
diminished because of
the vast population

09:30.660 --> 09:32.260
problem in this country.

09:32.260 --> 09:34.170
So I feel as a
volunteer working here,

09:34.170 --> 09:37.110
it's been very rewarding to be
in this kind of program that's

09:37.110 --> 09:38.710
at the crux of the matter.

09:38.710 --> 09:43.836
[Children singing]

09:43.836 --> 09:47.850
[Joseph Julian:] Children too
are at the crux of the matter.

09:47.850 --> 09:50.040
In a class on
population awareness

09:50.040 --> 09:52.890
in elementary school
in Cabanatuan City,

09:52.890 --> 09:55.510
second-grade
students play a game.

09:55.510 --> 09:58.200
How many of them can
fit into a limited space

09:58.200 --> 10:01.090
before the overcrowding
becomes unbearable?

10:01.090 --> 10:03.880
How far can they be pressed
before the game suddenly

10:03.880 --> 10:04.625
becomes unfunny?

10:04.625 --> 10:08.715
[Teacher speaking]

10:08.715 --> 10:14.530
[Governor San Luis:] God created man and
all the beings in this Earth.

10:14.530 --> 10:16.750
And by nature,
we're all selfish.

10:16.750 --> 10:18.670
God has created us.

10:18.670 --> 10:21.280
And it is one of
the things that God

10:21.280 --> 10:24.800
has given us in order that
we should be able to survive.

10:24.800 --> 10:27.850
So every man, by
nature is selfish.

10:27.850 --> 10:31.760
And in our family
planning program,

10:31.760 --> 10:35.780
we are exploiting the
selfishness of man in order

10:35.780 --> 10:38.420
that we can push through
our family planning program.

10:38.420 --> 10:39.260
Why?

10:39.260 --> 10:43.640
Because we know very
well that over and above,

10:43.640 --> 10:48.620
the laws of God, the
laws of a society,

10:48.620 --> 10:50.570
is they love the stomach.

10:50.570 --> 10:57.380
Which is one of the expressions
of selfishness of man.

10:57.380 --> 10:59.180
They love the stomach.

10:59.180 --> 11:03.110
So if you go to the barrios
and tell the people there

11:03.110 --> 11:04.730
in the barrios
about, oh, you can

11:04.730 --> 11:11.000
help the world, your country
by embracing family planning,

11:11.000 --> 11:13.020
they would not listen to you.

11:13.020 --> 11:16.340
But you tell them you help,
if you embrace this family

11:16.340 --> 11:19.400
planning program, you'd
be helping your children,

11:19.400 --> 11:21.530
in order that they will
not be undernourished.

11:21.530 --> 11:24.620
In order that they will
be able to go to school

11:24.620 --> 11:29.810
so that you can give them a
higher degree of education.

11:29.810 --> 11:32.210
It would be a very
effective way.

11:32.210 --> 11:33.860
Much more effective.

11:33.860 --> 11:35.900
And that is what
we are learning.

11:35.900 --> 11:42.361
[People walking and calling out to others]

11:42.361 --> 11:45.690
[Joseph Julian:] When Governor San
Luis began his family planning

11:45.690 --> 11:48.030
programs in Laguna,
he met resistance

11:48.030 --> 11:49.530
from the Catholic Church.

11:49.530 --> 11:51.760
Now the Responsible
Parenthood Council,

11:51.760 --> 11:55.170
a Catholic organization,
is working on population.

11:55.170 --> 11:57.570
Volunteer couples visit
people in their homes

11:57.570 --> 11:59.220
to discuss the rhythm method.

11:59.220 --> 12:02.070
In Kavita province,
Commander Borgia and his wife

12:02.070 --> 12:04.020
have made more than
50 such visits.

12:04.020 --> 12:05.220
How are they doing?

12:05.220 --> 12:06.780
Pretty good, says the commander.

12:06.780 --> 12:10.228
So far, nobody's pregnant.

12:10.228 --> 12:11.460
[Woman speaking Tagalog]

12:11.460 --> 12:17.250
[Background conversation]

12:17.250 --> 12:19.860
[Joseph Julian:] The home visit
approach to family planning

12:19.860 --> 12:21.510
has no national boundaries.

12:21.510 --> 12:25.170
[Background conversation]

12:25.170 --> 12:28.710
In the mining town of
Bomi Hills in Liberia,

12:28.710 --> 12:31.650
Phillip Quoiquoi has been
a professional visitor

12:31.650 --> 12:33.790
for four years.

12:33.790 --> 12:35.460
In that time, he's
called at house

12:35.460 --> 12:38.250
after house on behalf of the
Family Planning Association

12:38.250 --> 12:40.560
of Liberia,
explaining to parents

12:40.560 --> 12:43.410
how they can restrict the
size of their families.

12:43.410 --> 12:45.180
Later, many of these
people have shown up

12:45.180 --> 12:48.480
at the Bomi Hills Clinic, which
dispenses a large assortment

12:48.480 --> 12:49.650
of birth prevention devices.

12:49.650 --> 13:03.480
[Music]

13:03.480 --> 13:06.150
Liberia has a relatively
small population

13:06.150 --> 13:09.270
and is not yet embroiled
in a population crisis.

13:09.270 --> 13:11.220
But the infant
mortality rate here

13:11.220 --> 13:14.430
is high, and mother-
child health care is

13:14.430 --> 13:15.810
below an acceptable standard.

13:15.810 --> 13:20.020
[Music]

13:20.020 --> 13:23.410
Though the government has no
official population policy,

13:23.410 --> 13:26.240
the Family Planning
Association of Liberia,

13:26.240 --> 13:28.880
a private group supported
by the International Planned

13:28.880 --> 13:32.810
Parenthood Federation, supplies
family planning services

13:32.810 --> 13:35.690
for those who wish them,
emphasizes the health

13:35.690 --> 13:38.150
and welfare of
mothers and babies,

13:38.150 --> 13:40.760
and instructs women on the
proper spacing of children.

13:40.760 --> 13:50.127
[Music]

13:50.127 --> 13:52.261
[Health worker at desk speaks to a mother about infant formula]

13:52.261 --> 13:56.360
[Health worker:] Three scoops
of [?] in here.

13:56.360 --> 13:57.740
You fill it up.

13:57.740 --> 13:59.900
Water up to six ounces.

13:59.900 --> 14:04.040
That's how much a
baby's supposed to have.

14:04.040 --> 14:07.220
Now make sure the
water is boiled.

14:07.220 --> 14:10.275
And before you come to feed
the baby, you wash your hands.

14:10.275 --> 14:14.250
[...]

14:14.250 --> 14:17.740
[Joseph Julian:] Mr William
Hill, Administrative Secretary

14:17.740 --> 14:20.530
of the Family Planning
Association of Liberia,

14:20.530 --> 14:22.360
came to the
University of Chicago

14:22.360 --> 14:26.230
to study advanced techniques
in population communications.

14:26.230 --> 14:28.090
Mr. Hill's training
in Chicago is

14:28.090 --> 14:30.760
part of a huge effort
in manpower development

14:30.760 --> 14:34.120
essential to the worldwide
population movement.

14:34.120 --> 14:36.280
Over the next 10
years, the movement

14:36.280 --> 14:41.380
needs more than 50,000
physicians, 150,000 nurses,

14:41.380 --> 14:45.510
100,000 health and family
planning home visitors,

14:45.510 --> 14:48.410
thousands more medical
and social workers,

14:48.410 --> 14:51.430
health and family life
educators, demographers,

14:51.430 --> 14:54.640
behavioral scientists,

14:54.640 --> 14:56.410
and communications and training experts.

14:56.410 --> 15:00.700
[Man holding camera: If it's a face,
if it is a front-face,

15:00.700 --> 15:02.650
you should have the
eyes in the middle.

15:02.650 --> 15:07.370
[...]

15:07.370 --> 15:09.340
[Joseph Julian:] India.

15:09.340 --> 15:13.370
After mainland China, the most
populous country on Earth.

15:13.370 --> 15:16.120
Over half a billion people.

15:16.120 --> 15:18.113
If the growth rate
is not checked,

15:18.113 --> 15:19.780
there will be more
than a billion people

15:19.780 --> 15:22.120
by the year 2000.

15:22.120 --> 15:24.160
The effort here
has been enormous.

15:24.160 --> 15:26.620
The oldest and one of the
largest official

15:26.620 --> 15:28.750
family planning programs in the world.

15:28.750 --> 15:33.400
20 years of labor by hundreds
of thousands of people.

15:33.400 --> 15:34.540
The goal?

15:34.540 --> 15:38.410
Lower the birthrate by 40 percent
over the next 10 years.

15:38.410 --> 15:41.440
In India, they use the
cafeteria approach,

15:41.440 --> 15:43.780
making a wide range of
birth prevention methods

15:43.780 --> 15:45.280
easily available.

15:45.280 --> 15:48.070
Sterilization, intrauterine
devices, condoms,

15:48.070 --> 15:50.530
and other conventional
contraceptives,

15:50.530 --> 15:52.550
including pills in selected projects.

15:52.550 --> 15:56.470
However, sterilization is
the mainstay of the program.

15:56.470 --> 15:59.320
In the city of Cannanore
in Kerala state,

15:59.320 --> 16:01.930
one of the great innovations
of the Indian effort:

16:01.930 --> 16:04.450
a vasectomy camp, an
intensive campaign

16:04.450 --> 16:07.718
to perform more than 15,000
operations in 30 days.

16:07.718 --> 16:09.760
[Bernard Coehlo:] This is
where all the people come

16:09.760 --> 16:14.010
for the vasectomy operation.

16:14.010 --> 16:17.260
[People talking]

16:17.260 --> 16:20.050
[Coehlo:] Now we
go to the control room.

16:25.690 --> 16:27.880
This is the control room
where all the activities

16:27.880 --> 16:29.860
are controlled.

16:29.860 --> 16:32.940
Actually, this is the
nerve center of the camp.

16:32.940 --> 16:35.680
These are the officials
responsible for the camp.

16:35.680 --> 16:43.102
This is family planning ofificer [?], this is [?],
and deputy [?]...

16:43.102 --> 16:46.510
Here we find all the people
lined up for the operation.

16:46.510 --> 16:49.810
You see, they're coming
from all over the district.

16:49.810 --> 16:52.930
And not only from this district,
from other places also.

16:52.930 --> 16:56.470
[Conversation in background]

16:56.470 --> 16:59.047
[Coehlo asks question of man in line]

16:59.047 --> 17:00.755
[Coehlo:] His name is [?].

17:00.755 --> 17:03.366
He is 38 years old.

17:03.366 --> 17:05.270
[Speaking to one another in Malayalam]

17:05.270 --> 17:07.209
[Coehlo:] He says he has three children.

17:07.209 --> 17:09.350
[Chatter in Malayalam]

17:09.350 --> 17:11.740
[Coehlo:] His
wife is 30 years old.

17:11.740 --> 17:12.990
Why do you come here?

17:12.990 --> 17:17.513
[Man replies in Malayalam]

17:17.513 --> 17:19.930
[Coehlo:] He said he
doesn't want any more children.

17:19.930 --> 17:23.109
He has three already.

17:23.109 --> 17:26.016
[Conversation continues]

17:26.016 --> 17:28.990
[Coehlo:] He says
his wife is willing.

17:28.990 --> 17:31.630
And he has no
objections, nor does

17:31.630 --> 17:34.155
his wife has any objection
for the operation.

17:37.065 --> 17:39.700
[Joseph Julian:] The operation
takes less than 10 minutes,

17:39.700 --> 17:41.590
can be performed with
scarcely the loss

17:41.590 --> 17:43.720
of a single drop of blood.

17:43.720 --> 17:46.510
One camp in Gujarat
state,

17:46.510 --> 17:50.740
doctors performed the incredible
number of 223,000 vasectomies

17:50.740 --> 17:52.684
in 60 days.

17:52.684 --> 17:58.370
[Singing and dancing]

17:58.370 --> 18:00.430
[Joseph Julian:] There's
a carnival atmosphere

18:00.430 --> 18:02.440
at the massive camps.

18:02.440 --> 18:05.560
Programs of live entertainment,
songs, and dances

18:05.560 --> 18:07.750
about the need for
family planning.

18:07.750 --> 18:10.930
Prizes, inducements, awards.

18:10.930 --> 18:14.440
One feels here that a whole
people is behind this effort.

18:14.440 --> 18:18.090
That Indians regard family
planning as a patriotic duty.

18:18.090 --> 18:20.440
[Singing and dancing]

18:25.805 --> 18:28.810
[Joseph Julian:] In 1971,
the Indian parliament

18:28.810 --> 18:31.900
legalized abortion as a
maternal health measure,

18:31.900 --> 18:35.320
part of a pattern of changing
laws throughout the world.

18:35.320 --> 18:38.380
In Bombay, the world's first
hospital devoted solely

18:38.380 --> 18:40.420
to family planning,
surgeons have

18:40.420 --> 18:43.570
devised a method of performing
an abortion and a tubectomy

18:43.570 --> 18:45.070
at the same time.

18:45.070 --> 18:48.340
The Bombay program is the
brainchild of Dr. Datta Pai.

18:48.340 --> 18:51.190
[Dr. Pai:] You know, this
is a fantastic station

18:51.190 --> 18:55.720
wherein more than 700,000
people pass every day.

18:55.720 --> 19:00.130
And it is here that the family
planning history was made.

19:00.130 --> 19:04.090
In a city where there was only
one sterilization per day,

19:04.090 --> 19:07.300
after setting up an
operating theater here,

19:07.300 --> 19:11.710
we started doing 100, 200,
300 operations every day.

19:24.062 --> 19:26.810
[Joseph Julian:] Centuries
ago, Arab tribesmen

19:26.810 --> 19:29.000
discovered that if a
small pebble is placed

19:29.000 --> 19:32.540
in the uterus of a female
camel, that camel will not

19:32.540 --> 19:34.250
become pregnant.

19:34.250 --> 19:37.820
The Tunisian Institute of Family
Planning and Maternal Child

19:37.820 --> 19:41.930
Health has chosen the camel, the
first animal to practice

19:41.930 --> 19:45.020
family planning, as the
symbol of its program

19:45.020 --> 19:48.120
and the bearer of an important
message to the Tunisian people.

19:54.390 --> 19:56.370
Tunisian family
planning officials

19:56.370 --> 19:58.980
meet with representatives of
foreign agencies concerned

19:58.980 --> 20:00.150
with population.

20:00.150 --> 20:03.110
A doctor from the United Nations
World Health Organization,

20:03.110 --> 20:06.300
a nurse-midwife from the Swedish
International Development

20:06.300 --> 20:09.990
Authority, a demographer
from the Population Council,

20:09.990 --> 20:12.840
representatives of
AID, and doctors,

20:12.840 --> 20:15.837
communicators, and
demographers from other groups.

20:15.837 --> 20:18.420
There are meetings such as this
in all the countries committed

20:18.420 --> 20:20.070
to population action.

20:20.070 --> 20:21.810
The challenge is worldwide.

20:21.810 --> 20:24.150
The response is international.

20:24.150 --> 20:25.390
[Meeting participants speaking]

20:28.122 --> 20:30.330
[Joseph Julian:] Standing in
the courtyard of the

20:30.330 --> 20:33.840
Great Mosque of Kairouan,
Imam Mohamed Ali Trad

20:33.840 --> 20:37.170
says that family planning
is not contrary to Islam

20:37.170 --> 20:39.570
and that it is necessary
for the economic development

20:39.570 --> 20:41.580
of the Tunisian nation.

20:41.580 --> 20:43.470
Religious leaders
throughout the world

20:43.470 --> 20:45.970
are conscious of the
population problem.

20:45.970 --> 20:48.930
And many of them have found
that the idea of family planning

20:48.930 --> 20:51.660
is consistent with their
religious principles.

20:51.660 --> 20:53.540
[Doctor speaking Arabic]

21:02.770 --> 21:06.720
[Joseph Julian:] The role of women
in Arab society is changing.

21:06.720 --> 21:09.150
Many have rejected their
traditional role and now

21:09.150 --> 21:10.920
practice family planning.

21:10.920 --> 21:14.130
Dr. Bin-Sheikh, a leader in the
struggle for women's rights,

21:14.130 --> 21:16.470
and the first female
doctor in Tunisia,

21:16.470 --> 21:19.170
devotes all of her time to
family planning counseling

21:19.170 --> 21:21.456
and clinical work.

21:21.456 --> 21:31.875
[Provider speaking to women in the hospital ward]

21:31.875 --> 21:34.770
[Joseph Julian:] In Tunisia,
as in many other countries,

21:34.770 --> 21:38.610
the postpartum approach has
been extremely successful.

21:38.610 --> 21:41.370
Immediately following
the delivery of a child,

21:41.370 --> 21:43.830
women are especially
responsive to a visit

21:43.830 --> 21:46.860
by a family planning worker
providing information

21:46.860 --> 21:48.150
on contraceptive methods.

21:53.410 --> 21:56.830
But it is not enough to
confine the work to clinics

21:56.830 --> 21:59.170
or to wait for people to appear.

21:59.170 --> 22:02.230
Family planning workers
must visit remote areas,

22:02.230 --> 22:05.650
bringing information and
services and a special kind

22:05.650 --> 22:07.840
of human understanding.

22:07.840 --> 22:11.020
The key to all family
planning programs

22:11.020 --> 22:13.150
is the winning of acceptance.

22:13.150 --> 22:15.580
Will the women who
are contacted accept

22:15.580 --> 22:17.470
the methods that are available?

22:17.470 --> 22:19.660
The approach is the
same everywhere.

22:19.660 --> 22:23.770
In Tunisia, in South Korea,
and every country in the world.

22:23.770 --> 22:25.990
One woman must talk to another.

22:25.990 --> 22:27.640
She must be sympathetic
and friendly.

22:37.170 --> 22:41.240
The home visit in a rural
area is like a ritual.

22:41.240 --> 22:46.880
A lonely walk, greeting, the
establishment of rapport,

22:46.880 --> 22:49.400
the opening of a
briefcase, the display

22:49.400 --> 22:52.284
an explanation of
available devices.

22:52.284 --> 23:01.400
[Visiting provider speaks to woman at her home]

23:01.400 --> 23:03.650
[Joseph Julian:] The women
who do this work are

23:03.650 --> 23:05.900
a new breed of missionary.

23:05.900 --> 23:08.000
They often speak
of their reward.

23:08.000 --> 23:10.130
A sense of personal
accomplishment when

23:10.130 --> 23:12.290
they win another woman over.

23:12.290 --> 23:15.590
When they achieve the
breakthrough called acceptance.

23:18.140 --> 23:22.160
South Korea, more than
32 million people,

23:22.160 --> 23:25.340
a rapidly developing nation,
has reduced its growth rate

23:25.340 --> 23:27.830
by one third in 10 years.

23:27.830 --> 23:32.840
The goal for 1976, another
one-quarter decrease.

23:32.840 --> 23:34.640
On the streets of
Seoul, one senses

23:34.640 --> 23:37.130
the dynamism and discipline
of a people whose country

23:37.130 --> 23:40.670
has been transformed from
rural to urban, from farming

23:40.670 --> 23:43.910
to an industrial power,
in a few short years.

23:43.910 --> 23:45.800
South Korea is one
of the few success

23:45.800 --> 23:49.460
stories in the battle against
an exploding population.

23:49.460 --> 23:52.280
And the Korean accomplishment
is a valid inspiration

23:52.280 --> 23:56.792
to the developing world, where
it was not easily achieved.

23:56.792 --> 24:02.532
[People speaking Korean]

24:02.532 --> 24:06.350
[Joseph Julian:] The first year
birthday party of a male child.

24:06.350 --> 24:08.840
This is a traditional
ceremony in Korea,

24:08.840 --> 24:11.900
where the preference for sons
was long a barrier

24:11.900 --> 24:12.950
to family planning.

24:12.950 --> 24:14.960
But the country is changing.

24:14.960 --> 24:18.620
Urbanization is leading to a
desire for smaller families.

24:18.620 --> 24:20.840
Women are becoming
better educated.

24:20.840 --> 24:22.850
But the key factor
is the commitment

24:22.850 --> 24:24.500
of the Korean government.

24:24.500 --> 24:26.510
It has taken 10
years of hard work

24:26.510 --> 24:28.730
to turn the growth
rate statistics around.

24:38.490 --> 24:41.520
Faced by population
disaster a decade ago,

24:41.520 --> 24:44.220
Korea has mounted an
extensive program.

24:44.220 --> 24:47.100
Training, communication,
collection and use

24:47.100 --> 24:50.250
of demographic data, a
network of mothers' clubs

24:50.250 --> 24:52.860
for family planning
promotion, and even

24:52.860 --> 24:56.460
the manufacture of condoms
as in this factory at Anyang.

25:01.060 --> 25:04.018
[Dr. R. T. Ravenholt:] Since
1965, the United States,

25:04.018 --> 25:06.060
through the Agency for
International Development,

25:06.060 --> 25:09.510
has provided rapidly increasing
support for population

25:09.510 --> 25:11.820
and family planning programs
throughout the

25:11.820 --> 25:12.930
developing world.

25:12.930 --> 25:16.050
These funds, channeled through
many organizations,

25:16.050 --> 25:18.840
now especially the
United Nations, have

25:18.840 --> 25:20.710
have gone for a broad
scope of action,

25:20.710 --> 25:23.970
including research and the
provision of contraceptives,

25:23.970 --> 25:25.500
such as these.

25:25.500 --> 25:27.900
Especially oral contraceptives.

25:27.900 --> 25:32.040
Provided so that poor women
and couples in the developing

25:32.040 --> 25:34.530
countries can control
their fertility

25:34.530 --> 25:38.065
as they wish to improve
their health and well-being.

25:40.855 --> 25:44.410
[Joseph Julian:] The birth of
a child is always a miracle.

25:44.410 --> 25:47.650
Even to those who have
seen it many times.

25:47.650 --> 25:51.820
In South Korea today, a birth
is a more joyous miracle

25:51.820 --> 25:53.830
than in most
developing countries.

25:53.830 --> 25:56.230
Because as a result of
an intensive program

25:56.230 --> 26:00.930
of family planning, the future
of a child is far brighter.

26:00.930 --> 26:03.760
There should be no starvation
for this Korean baby.

26:03.760 --> 26:05.260
The chance is good
that he will have

26:05.260 --> 26:10.210
an education, a job in a dynamic
economy, a decent environment,

26:10.210 --> 26:13.690
and perhaps most importantly,
a sense of dignity.

26:13.690 --> 26:16.570
If such things can
happen in Korea,

26:16.570 --> 26:19.300
then they can be made
to happen everywhere.

26:22.060 --> 26:24.880
In Latin America, a child dies.

26:24.880 --> 26:27.670
In Korea, a child is born.

26:27.670 --> 26:29.980
Children are the future.

26:29.980 --> 26:32.800
And their destiny
is in our hands.

26:32.800 --> 26:34.960
If the population
challenge is met,

26:34.960 --> 26:37.060
then the future
holds great promise.

26:37.060 --> 26:38.890
If it is not met...

26:38.890 --> 26:40.990
well, it must be met.

26:40.990 --> 26:43.330
Because when we
speak of population,

26:43.330 --> 26:46.950
we are speaking of the
future of the human race.

26:46.950 --> 27:19.000
[Music]