WEBVTT 00:00.066 --> 00:00.499 [...] 00:00.500 --> 00:01.433 [Viking Films Inc. presents] 00:01.433 --> 00:02.399 [Music] 00:02.400 --> 00:03.933 [With Roland Tirat as Pasteur] 00:03.933 --> 00:05.599 [Music by Guy Bernard] 00:05.600 --> 00:07.700 [Production by Cine France] 00:07.700 --> 00:11.633 [Director of Photography, Marcel Fradetal] 00:11.633 --> 00:14.533 [Micro-photography by, Jean Painleve' and Daniel Sarrade] 00:14.533 --> 00:16.933 [Narrated by John Carradine] 00:16.933 --> 00:19.799 [American version by Israel Berman] 00:19.800 --> 00:22.966 [...] 00:22.966 --> 00:26.732 [Narrator:] This is the world of the microbe. 00:26.733 --> 00:31.466 A world discovered in a drop of water under the lens 00:31.466 --> 00:32.899 of the first microscope. 00:32.900 --> 00:34.733 [Music continues] 00:34.733 --> 00:36.066 [...] 00:36.066 --> 00:39.099 The man who first brought this world into focus 00:39.100 --> 00:42.633 wondered what it meant and where its creatures came from. 00:42.633 --> 00:45.066 [...] 00:45.066 --> 00:48.366 But the only result of their speculations 00:48.366 --> 00:51.099 was a catalog of strange monsters. 00:51.100 --> 00:54.400 [Soft tense music] 00:54.400 --> 00:57.933 And to explain their appearance, they revived the theory 00:57.933 --> 01:02.366 that primitive forms of life were generated spontaneously 01:02.366 --> 01:05.899 out of air and decaying matter. 01:05.900 --> 01:09.833 For nearly two centuries, until 1857, 01:09.833 --> 01:12.266 science came no closer to an understanding 01:12.266 --> 01:14.566 of the microscopic world. 01:14.566 --> 01:17.799 But in that year, chemist Louis Pasteur 01:17.800 --> 01:20.600 proved that microbes were the sole cause 01:20.600 --> 01:22.266 of the fermentation process. 01:22.266 --> 01:25.299 [...] 01:25.300 --> 01:28.500 That ferments were living organisms 01:28.500 --> 01:31.266 which decomposed matters that fed on it. 01:31.266 --> 01:35.432 [Whimsical music] 01:35.433 --> 01:38.766 Multiplying by budding till they had chemically 01:38.766 --> 01:40.866 transformed what they fed on. 01:40.866 --> 01:43.599 [...] 01:43.600 --> 01:47.866 It was a revolutionary concept, the first major clue 01:47.866 --> 01:50.266 to the riddle of the microscopic world. 01:50.266 --> 02:13.366 [Sinister tone] 02:13.366 --> 02:16.499 [...] 02:16.500 --> 02:21.000 But where did these beings come from? 02:21.000 --> 02:22.800 Pasteur believed they were transported 02:22.800 --> 02:25.033 by the dust in the air. 02:25.033 --> 02:28.433 When they landed amid conditions favorable to their growth, 02:28.433 --> 02:32.366 they began to feed and multiply, increasing their own kind 02:32.366 --> 02:33.932 a billion fold. 02:33.933 --> 02:36.166 [Music] 02:36.166 --> 02:47.799 [Eerie music] 02:47.800 --> 02:52.533 [...] 02:52.533 --> 02:54.566 To test this theory, 02:54.566 --> 02:57.399 Pasteur devised a simple experiment. 02:57.400 --> 02:59.433 He pumped air from outside his window 02:59.433 --> 03:00.999 through a filter of cotton. 03:01.000 --> 03:04.300 [...] 03:04.300 --> 03:06.933 Then he dissolved the cotton in alcohol, 03:06.933 --> 03:09.466 leaving only the dust particles that were trapped in it. 03:09.466 --> 03:12.332 [Music] 03:12.333 --> 03:17.066 [Suspenseful music] 03:17.066 --> 03:20.132 These he suspended in a drop of distilled water 03:20.133 --> 03:24.399 and examined under a microscope. 03:24.400 --> 03:28.366 And there, amid the scattered particles of dust, 03:28.366 --> 03:31.899 were, indeed, the remains of living organisms. 03:31.900 --> 03:33.966 [...] 03:33.966 --> 03:36.699 Pasteur presented his findings before the French Academy 03:36.700 --> 03:38.166 of Sciences. 03:38.166 --> 03:41.266 Spontaneous generation is a mere illusion. 03:41.266 --> 03:43.899 The microbes which appear to come out of nowhere 03:43.900 --> 03:48.300 were, in reality, carried there by the atmospheric dust. 03:48.300 --> 03:51.400 But Pasteur's opponents were unconvinced. 03:51.400 --> 03:54.300 They regarded the theory as preposterous. 03:54.300 --> 03:59.400 The experiments as vague and inconclusive. 03:59.400 --> 04:01.833 Back in his tiny laboratory, Pasteur 04:01.833 --> 04:03.733 determined to settle for all time 04:03.733 --> 04:06.366 the question of where germs originate. 04:06.366 --> 04:09.632 [...] 04:09.633 --> 04:12.766 Preparing a liquid suitable to the growth of microbes, 04:12.766 --> 04:16.232 he boiled it thoroughly to destroy all life within it. 04:16.233 --> 04:20.066 [...] 04:20.066 --> 04:22.166 A platinum tube, which was attached 04:22.166 --> 04:23.699 to the neck of the flask, was then 04:23.700 --> 04:26.133 heated to a very high temperature. 04:26.133 --> 04:29.566 [...] 04:29.566 --> 04:33.499 When the air had been driven from the flask by the boiling, 04:33.500 --> 04:37.300 he turned off the flame to allow it to cool. 04:37.300 --> 04:41.333 There upon, air began to flow back into the flask. 04:41.333 --> 04:44.933 But as it passed through the red hot platinum tube, 04:44.933 --> 04:50.266 all the microbes carried by the air were instantly burned up, 04:50.266 --> 04:53.366 thus both the air and the liquid in the flask 04:53.366 --> 04:57.266 were entirely free of living matter. 04:57.266 --> 04:59.666 Pasteur immediately sealed it with a flame 04:59.666 --> 05:02.199 and allowed it to stand at a temperature most favorable 05:02.200 --> 05:05.366 to the growth of microbes. 05:05.366 --> 05:08.299 [...] 05:08.300 --> 05:11.266 Yet no life appeared in the flask. 05:11.266 --> 05:12.999 It was entirely sterile. 05:13.000 --> 05:15.833 [...] 05:15.833 --> 05:20.299 Pasteur then performed the experiment in reverse. 05:20.300 --> 05:22.533 Using the filter of noninflammable material 05:22.533 --> 05:26.166 this time, he sterilized it, then pumped air through it 05:26.166 --> 05:27.732 by the same method as before. 05:27.733 --> 05:31.366 [...] 05:31.366 --> 05:33.466 This filter, which was completely sterile 05:33.466 --> 05:37.266 except for the dust particles drawn out of the air, 05:37.266 --> 05:38.932 Pasteur placed in the flask that was 05:38.933 --> 05:42.299 used in the previous experiment and had shown no sign of life. 05:42.300 --> 05:46.500 [...] 05:46.500 --> 05:49.033 The flask was immediately resealed and allowed 05:49.033 --> 05:51.799 to stand at the same temperature as before. 05:51.800 --> 05:53.200 to stand at the same temperature as before. 05:53.200 --> 05:57.533 This time, the liquid began to cloud up. 05:57.533 --> 06:00.433 Out of the dust particles, imprisoned in the filter, 06:00.433 --> 06:05.999 a mold comprising billions of organisms emerged. 06:06.000 --> 06:09.966 Soon it was a swarm with living matter. 06:09.966 --> 06:36.066 [Whimsical music] 06:36.066 --> 06:40.766 [...] 06:40.766 --> 06:43.666 To show that the filter itself could not 06:43.666 --> 06:47.099 have produced this growth, he repeated the experiment, 06:47.100 --> 06:50.800 leaving out the dust particles. 06:50.800 --> 06:53.800 Again, the liquid was unchanged. 06:53.800 --> 06:57.433 But Pasteur's opponents now found a new objection. 06:57.433 --> 07:00.599 [...] 07:00.600 --> 07:03.633 [Speaker 1:] When you heated the air, you killed its creative force. 07:03.633 --> 07:07.066 [...] 07:07.066 --> 07:13.699 [Narrator:] Pasteur's reply was a flask with a long, twisted neck, 07:13.700 --> 07:18.666 which he filled with the usual liquid and brought to a boil. 07:18.666 --> 07:21.666 But this time, instead of sealing the flask, 07:21.666 --> 07:24.866 he let the air flow back. 07:24.866 --> 07:26.532 And when the dust particles attempted 07:26.533 --> 07:29.099 to return with the air, they were stopped 07:29.100 --> 07:32.233 by the curve of the neck. 07:32.233 --> 07:34.599 So that the unheated, dust free air 07:34.600 --> 07:40.000 could now mix freely with the liquid, yet remain clear. 07:40.000 --> 07:42.466 Pasteur then turned the flask upside down, 07:42.466 --> 07:44.466 allowing the liquid to gather up the dust particles 07:44.466 --> 07:46.099 deposited in the neck. 07:46.100 --> 07:49.966 [...] 07:49.966 --> 07:54.266 And overnight, it clouded up with living matter. 07:54.266 --> 07:57.299 But Pasteur's opponents were still unconvinced. 07:57.300 --> 08:00.533 [...] 08:00.533 --> 08:03.266 [Speaker 2:] Ah, but if there were so many germs in the air, 08:03.266 --> 08:07.166 they would form a fog in the atmosphere as dense as fire. 08:07.166 --> 08:13.066 [...] 08:13.066 --> 08:15.966 [Narrator:] To answer this argument, Pasteur decided 08:15.966 --> 08:18.899 to show that the number of germs in the air 08:18.900 --> 08:21.033 varied with the locality. 08:21.033 --> 08:23.766 He filled hundreds of thin, straight-necked flasks 08:23.766 --> 08:28.032 with identical liquids, boiled them thoroughly, then sealed them, 08:28.033 --> 08:30.199 leaving a vacuum in each. 08:30.200 --> 08:33.566 [...] 08:33.566 --> 08:34.632 [Gentle music] 08:34.633 --> 08:36.999 The first location chosen for the experiment 08:37.000 --> 08:40.266 was the dusty courtyard of the Paris Observatory. 08:40.266 --> 08:41.832 Here, a number of the flasks were 08:41.833 --> 08:47.633 snapped open with carefully sterilized instruments. 08:47.633 --> 08:49.666 And quickly resealed. 08:49.666 --> 08:51.466 [Gentle music] 08:51.466 --> 08:55.332 And in every case, the flasks were invaded by microbes. 08:55.333 --> 09:03.499 [Musical chime when each flask was highlighted] 09:03.500 --> 09:05.966 But in the cellar of the observatory, 09:05.966 --> 09:08.732 where the air, being motionless, carried little dust 09:08.733 --> 09:11.899 in suspension, just two clouded up. 09:11.900 --> 09:16.700 [Musical chime when two flasks were highlighted] 09:16.700 --> 09:20.500 Finally, to show that the number of microbes in the air 09:20.500 --> 09:24.766 decreases with the altitude, he climbed a high peak in the alps 09:24.766 --> 09:26.632 and repeated the experiment there. 09:26.633 --> 09:29.666 [...] 09:29.666 --> 09:33.699 And of 20 flasks opened, only one clouded up. 09:33.700 --> 09:37.000 [Musical chime when one flask was highlighted] 09:37.000 --> 09:38.833 [...] 09:38.833 --> 09:42.366 Yet, the debate went on, unresolved. 09:42.366 --> 09:44.299 And Pasteur continued to press home 09:44.300 --> 09:48.766 his attacks against the unyielding opposition. 09:48.766 --> 09:52.699 [Pasteur:] Spontaneous generation is a myth! 09:52.700 --> 09:57.133 In 20 years of research, I have never found a trace of it. 09:57.133 --> 09:59.433 The air by itself cannot produce life. 09:59.433 --> 10:01.666 It is the germs in the air, the germs 10:01.666 --> 10:06.166 transported by the air that reproduce it. 10:06.166 --> 10:09.666 [Narrator:] But while the scientists argued over his discoveries, 10:09.666 --> 10:11.566 Pasteur was using them to revolutionize 10:11.566 --> 10:15.032 the production of French wines, beer, and vinegar. 10:15.033 --> 10:18.766 And his process of using heat to destroy harmful germs 10:18.766 --> 10:22.799 was adopted the world over under the name of pasteurization. 10:22.800 --> 10:26.400 [...] 10:26.400 --> 10:29.366 Then a ruinous silkworm epidemic summoned Pasteur 10:29.366 --> 10:31.232 to the south of France. 10:31.233 --> 10:33.699 [...] 10:33.700 --> 10:37.266 He knew almost nothing about silkworms at the time, 10:37.266 --> 10:40.166 but he set up his headquarters in a silkworm nursery 10:40.166 --> 10:43.632 and proceeded to prove that the epidemic was a combination 10:43.633 --> 10:45.666 of two different diseases. 10:45.666 --> 10:48.532 [...] 10:48.533 --> 10:50.566 And that each was caused by a separate 10:50.566 --> 10:52.666 characteristic microbe. 10:52.666 --> 10:58.432 [...] 10:58.433 --> 11:00.633 Pasteur and his colleagues then undertook 11:00.633 --> 11:02.833 to fight the epidemic in the field. 11:02.833 --> 11:06.566 Armed with microscopes, they toured the silkworm areas, 11:06.566 --> 11:08.699 pointing out to the incredulous growers 11:08.700 --> 11:11.400 the agents of the disease. 11:11.400 --> 11:13.266 And outlining techniques 11:13.266 --> 11:16.566 for stamping out the epidemic. 11:16.566 --> 11:19.199 When the silkworms changed to moths, 11:19.200 --> 11:22.366 they were made to lay their eggs on separate pieces of cloth. 11:22.366 --> 11:24.266 [...] 11:24.266 --> 11:27.199 Each moth was then crushed into a paste 11:27.200 --> 11:30.800 and examined under a microscope. 11:30.800 --> 11:33.166 If harmful microbes were detected, 11:33.166 --> 11:36.299 all the eggs laid by that moth were to be destroyed. 11:36.300 --> 11:42.100 [...] 11:42.100 --> 11:42.666 [Music] 11:42.666 --> 11:44.766 The unraveling of the silkworm epidemic 11:44.766 --> 11:50.332 and the campaign in the field took six exhausting years. 11:50.333 --> 11:53.466 Before it was finished, he suffered a stroke 11:53.466 --> 11:55.666 that left him partially paralyzed for the rest 11:55.666 --> 11:56.899 of his life. 11:56.900 --> 11:59.300 Yet he continued to work, convinced 11:59.300 --> 12:02.133 that in these studies of the microscopic world 12:02.133 --> 12:05.533 he was approaching the secret of all infectious disease. 12:05.533 --> 12:14.433 [Music] 12:14.433 --> 12:16.899 [...] 12:16.900 --> 12:20.733 By 1873, Pasteur was the acknowledged leader 12:20.733 --> 12:25.633 of the two new sciences of microbiology and biochemistry. 12:25.633 --> 12:29.633 And now his success in stamping out the silkworm epidemic 12:29.633 --> 12:32.433 won him a place on the Academy of Medicine. 12:32.433 --> 12:35.633 [...] 12:35.633 --> 12:38.099 As a chemist untrained in medicine, 12:38.100 --> 12:41.066 Pasteur had up to now hesitated to invade the province 12:41.066 --> 12:42.766 of the medical man. 12:42.766 --> 12:45.132 Now he resolved to make known his views 12:45.133 --> 12:47.533 on the causes of infectious disease 12:47.533 --> 12:50.066 and to campaign for reforms in controlling them. 12:50.066 --> 12:52.866 [Music] 12:52.866 --> 12:56.432 [Suspenseful music] 12:56.433 --> 12:59.366 He began, therefore, to visit the hospitals 12:59.366 --> 13:01.199 and investigate their practices. 13:01.200 --> 13:03.900 [Music] 13:03.900 --> 13:08.666 [Gentle music] 13:08.666 --> 13:11.366 He denounced as myths the medical theories 13:11.366 --> 13:12.999 of the day which blamed epidemics 13:13.000 --> 13:16.566 on mysterious mists, putrid airs, and the like. 13:16.566 --> 13:20.499 [...] 13:20.500 --> 13:23.533 He scolded the medical staffs for permitting infections 13:23.533 --> 13:26.766 to be spread through unsanitary hospital beds and dressings. 13:26.766 --> 13:31.966 [...] 13:31.966 --> 13:33.432 But above all, 13:33.433 --> 13:37.966 he strove to establish that standard hospital practices, 13:37.966 --> 13:43.599 absolute cleanliness, flaming of instruments, 13:43.600 --> 13:47.233 sterilization of dressings, and the unfailing use 13:47.233 --> 13:48.666 of antiseptics. 13:48.666 --> 13:50.566 [...] 13:50.566 --> 13:52.832 While his opponents sneered that he 13:52.833 --> 13:55.499 was beginning to see microbes in everything, 13:55.500 --> 13:57.366 he brought to light the microbe which causes 13:57.366 --> 13:59.432 many of the common illnesses. 13:59.433 --> 14:01.266 The staphylococcus. 14:01.266 --> 14:02.966 And when a childbed fever epidemic 14:02.966 --> 14:06.599 broke out from the hospitals, he took the floor at the Academy. 14:06.600 --> 14:09.600 [...] 14:09.600 --> 14:12.800 [Pasteur:] The real cause of this epidemic is lack of sanitation. 14:12.800 --> 14:14.933 The doctors themselves carry this disease 14:14.933 --> 14:18.233 from the sick to the healthy. 14:18.233 --> 14:20.666 [Speaker 3:] Maybe you're right, but I doubt if any of us 14:20.666 --> 14:22.766 will live to see this microbe. 14:22.766 --> 14:25.966 [...] 14:25.966 --> 14:28.232 [Narrator:] But Pasteur had found it. 14:28.233 --> 14:29.433 [...] 14:29.433 --> 14:32.566 [Pasteur walks to a chalkboard and begins drawing] 14:32.566 --> 14:35.632 [Pasteur walks to a chalkboard and begins drawing] 14:35.633 --> 14:37.999 [Narrator:] There, there is your microbe. 14:38.000 --> 14:39.200 [...] 14:39.200 --> 14:42.633 This organism, which resembled a string of tiny beads, 14:42.633 --> 14:44.833 was the deadly streptococcus. 14:44.833 --> 14:47.033 [...] 14:47.033 --> 14:49.299 [Music] 14:49.300 --> 14:51.633 [Narrator:] Pasteur turned to animal diseases 14:51.633 --> 14:53.899 to learn more about how infections are spread. 14:53.900 --> 14:56.533 [...] 14:56.533 --> 14:59.833 And his first choice was sheep anthrax. 14:59.833 --> 15:02.699 A disease then ravaging flocks throughout Europe. 15:02.700 --> 15:05.833 [Gentle music] 15:05.833 --> 15:09.233 He found these rod-like microbes in the bloodstream. 15:09.233 --> 15:11.566 Then proceeded to track down, step by step, 15:11.566 --> 15:13.899 the path of the infection. 15:13.900 --> 15:17.866 [Whimsical music] 15:17.866 --> 15:20.666 When a sheep died of anthrax, the bacteria 15:20.666 --> 15:26.866 survived by forming hard internal seeds called spores. 15:26.866 --> 15:29.332 And as the bacteria disintegrated, 15:29.333 --> 15:30.666 the spores were set free. 15:30.666 --> 15:35.732 [Music] 15:35.733 --> 15:39.466 [Dramatic music] 15:39.466 --> 15:43.199 Though buried underground with the carcass of the dead animal, 15:43.200 --> 15:45.366 the spores were sometimes brought back to the surface 15:45.366 --> 15:46.432 by earthworms. 15:46.433 --> 15:49.766 [Dramatic music] 15:49.766 --> 15:52.499 There, they were picked up by healthy sheep. 15:52.500 --> 15:56.133 And returning to the blood, they spread the disease anew. 15:56.133 --> 16:12.533 [Music] 16:12.533 --> 16:13.299 [...] 16:13.300 --> 16:16.100 When the veterinarians refused to believe that a microbe could 16:16.100 --> 16:18.433 cause anthrax, insisting that it was 16:18.433 --> 16:20.233 a disease of the blood itself, 16:20.233 --> 16:22.733 Pasteur offered this remarkable experiment. 16:22.733 --> 16:25.233 [Music] 16:25.233 --> 16:28.499 Taking one drop of blood from a sick sheep, 16:28.500 --> 16:30.700 he mixed it with a broth favorable to the growth 16:30.700 --> 16:31.800 of bacteria. 16:31.800 --> 16:42.200 [Music] 16:42.200 --> 16:43.766 [Dramatic music] 16:43.766 --> 16:48.466 Slowly, a poisonous growth invaded the flask. 16:48.466 --> 16:51.199 [Music] 16:51.200 --> 17:03.700 [Dramatic music] 17:03.700 --> 17:05.166 [...] 17:05.166 --> 17:09.566 24 hours later, he withdrew a single drop from this culture 17:09.566 --> 17:11.566 and mixed it with a fresh one. 17:11.566 --> 17:24.266 [Music] 17:24.266 --> 17:34.932 [Dramatic music] 17:34.933 --> 17:36.166 [...] 17:36.166 --> 17:39.866 The process was repeated over and over again 17:39.866 --> 17:42.266 until the original drop of blood had 17:42.266 --> 17:44.466 been diluted to the vanishing point, 17:44.466 --> 17:48.766 yet its virulence was undiminished. 17:48.766 --> 17:52.032 Proof that it was not 17:52.033 --> 17:54.966 the blood that caused death, but a microbe 17:54.966 --> 17:56.966 reproducing within the blood. 17:56.966 --> 18:00.799 [Music] 18:00.800 --> 18:03.600 At the same time, Pasteur was experimenting 18:03.600 --> 18:08.066 with many other animal diseases, among them chicken cholera. 18:08.066 --> 18:11.299 He had isolated the tiny microbe of this disease 18:11.300 --> 18:14.833 and found it to be invariably fatal to chickens. 18:14.833 --> 18:17.799 Then an inspired guess led him on to one 18:17.800 --> 18:20.533 of the greatest scientific discoveries of all time. 18:20.533 --> 18:23.999 [...] 18:24.000 --> 18:27.433 Having found by chance an old culture of chicken cholera 18:27.433 --> 18:30.633 bacilli in his incubator, it occurred to Pasteur 18:30.633 --> 18:34.433 to experiment with these weak, outdated microbes. 18:34.433 --> 18:41.799 [Pasteur examins the flask in curious, inquisitive manner] 18:41.800 --> 18:43.633 He inoculated the birds. 18:43.633 --> 18:49.466 But after becoming mildly ill, they recovered completely. 18:49.466 --> 18:52.266 Thereupon, he ordered a second inoculation, 18:52.266 --> 18:55.266 this one fresh and full strength. 18:55.266 --> 18:57.699 But to his amazement, these deadly microbes 18:57.700 --> 18:59.266 had no effect whatever. 18:59.266 --> 19:02.832 The chickens had been immunized by the weakened organisms. 19:02.833 --> 19:05.199 It was the first experimental vaccine. 19:05.200 --> 19:08.533 [Music] 19:08.533 --> 19:10.899 Following the same principle, Pasteur 19:10.900 --> 19:13.300 tried to develop a vaccine for anthrax. 19:13.300 --> 19:16.800 But here a difficulty occurred, for these bacteria 19:16.800 --> 19:19.500 when aged turned to spores. 19:19.500 --> 19:22.166 [Whimsical music] 19:22.166 --> 19:24.132 Pasteur finally solved this problem 19:24.133 --> 19:26.266 by finding a temperature at which the spores were 19:26.266 --> 19:27.866 unable to form. 19:27.866 --> 19:30.266 Then having fully tested the vaccine, 19:30.266 --> 19:33.699 he decided to demonstrate it publicly on a dramatic scale. 19:33.700 --> 19:35.666 [Sheep bleating] 19:35.666 --> 19:38.599 At a farm called Pouilly-le-Fort, 19:38.600 --> 19:42.233 he gathered 50 sheep and a number of cows. 19:42.233 --> 19:46.066 Half were vaccinated, the other half remained unvaccinated. 19:46.066 --> 19:48.999 Then all were to be inoculated with a deadly bacteria 19:49.000 --> 19:50.200 of anthrax. 19:50.200 --> 19:51.600 [Indiscriminate chatter] 19:51.600 --> 19:54.500 This sensational experiment attracted a skeptical audience 19:54.500 --> 19:56.233 from all parts of France. 19:56.233 --> 19:57.266 Most prominent of whom 19:57.266 --> 20:00.132 were the opponents of Pasteur. 20:00.133 --> 20:02.966 Certain this time that he had overreached himself, 20:02.966 --> 20:04.766 they turned out in a body. 20:04.766 --> 20:09.766 [Indiscriminate chatter] 20:09.766 --> 20:10.999 [Sheep bleating] 20:11.000 --> 20:14.300 But most skeptical of all were the veterinarians 20:14.300 --> 20:18.033 who watched every move with suspicion, anticipating a hoax. 20:18.033 --> 20:24.499 [Sheep bleating] 20:24.500 --> 20:27.166 Pasteur, however, was unruffled, confident 20:27.166 --> 20:29.632 that the vaccine already proved in the laboratory 20:29.633 --> 20:32.033 would work as well in the field. 20:32.033 --> 20:33.266 [Speaker 4:] Will you permit me? 20:33.266 --> 20:36.766 [...] 20:36.766 --> 20:37.966 [Speaker 4:] Voilà. There you are. 20:37.966 --> 20:39.899 [Sheep bleating] 20:39.900 --> 20:44.500 [...] 20:44.500 --> 20:48.000 [Speaker 4:] Would you mind giving this one a triple dose? 20:48.000 --> 20:49.633 [Pasteur:] Not at all. 20:49.633 --> 20:56.233 [...] 20:56.233 --> 21:01.799 [Speaker 5:] Monsieur, would it be possible to inoculate in turn 21:01.800 --> 21:04.866 a vaccinated and an unvaccinated animal? 21:04.866 --> 21:07.032 [Pasteur:] Certainly, if you wish. 21:07.033 --> 21:10.099 [...] 21:10.100 --> 21:12.166 [Narrator:] After the inoculations, the animals 21:12.166 --> 21:14.566 hovered for days between life and death. 21:14.566 --> 21:16.832 Finally, a pattern emerged. 21:16.833 --> 21:22.833 One by one, the unvaccinated ones died. 21:22.833 --> 21:25.933 Those who were vaccinated recovered. 21:25.933 --> 21:27.766 [...] 21:27.766 --> 21:29.232 [Sheep bleating] 21:29.233 --> 21:30.933 [Indiscriminate chatter] 21:30.933 --> 21:34.399 It was a stunning victory for the principle of vaccination 21:34.400 --> 21:37.566 and a triumphant vindication of the germ theory of disease. 21:37.566 --> 21:38.799 [Men cheering] 21:38.800 --> 21:41.466 Pasteur returned to Paris a national hero. 21:41.466 --> 21:43.966 [Men cheering] 21:43.966 --> 21:47.332 [Music] 21:47.333 --> 21:49.133 [...] 21:49.133 --> 21:51.533 [Narrator:] Though rapidly failing in health, 21:51.533 --> 21:53.899 Pasteur now plunged into a study of the dreaded 21:53.900 --> 21:57.166 disease of rabies. 21:57.166 --> 21:59.132 Because the disease is communicated 21:59.133 --> 22:01.666 through the saliva, he began by hunting 22:01.666 --> 22:05.166 for a microbe in the mouths of rabid dogs. 22:05.166 --> 22:09.032 But though the search failed, Pasteur refused to give up, 22:09.033 --> 22:10.899 surmising that the organism might simply 22:10.900 --> 22:15.666 be too small to be detected even under a microscope. 22:15.666 --> 22:18.632 He stocked his laboratory with rabid dogs. 22:18.633 --> 22:21.766 And by studying the effect of this disease on living tissue, 22:21.766 --> 22:23.299 [Music, sinister tone] 22:23.300 --> 22:26.333 tracked the invisible virus to the nervous system. 22:26.333 --> 22:27.933 [...] 22:27.933 --> 22:30.066 [Music continues] 22:30.066 --> 22:32.732 Then removing a diseased spinal cord, 22:32.733 --> 22:35.233 he placed it in a dried jar to age 22:35.233 --> 22:38.266 till its virulence was reduced to that of a vaccine. 22:38.266 --> 22:45.766 [Soft dramatic music] 22:45.766 --> 22:48.899 [Dramatic music] 22:48.900 --> 22:50.733 [...] 22:50.733 --> 22:52.933 In the outskirts of Paris, Pasteur 22:52.933 --> 22:55.299 managed to obtain the use of a vacant estate 22:55.300 --> 22:56.866 for another mass experiment. 22:56.866 --> 23:01.766 [Dogs barking] 23:01.766 --> 23:05.099 Here, in improvised kennels, techniques for immunization 23:05.100 --> 23:06.566 were perfected. 23:06.566 --> 23:09.866 Under Pasteur's humane care, hundreds of dogs 23:09.866 --> 23:13.299 were vaccinated and rendered safely immune to rabies. 23:13.300 --> 23:25.800 [Dogs barking] 23:25.800 --> 23:28.133 [...] 23:28.133 --> 23:31.666 But could the vaccine prevent hydrophobia in a human being? 23:31.666 --> 23:33.499 [...] 23:33.500 --> 23:35.033 [Music] 23:35.033 --> 23:37.099 The decision to experiment was forced upon him 23:37.100 --> 23:40.333 one day by a mother and child in distress. 23:40.333 --> 23:42.233 For the boy had been severely attacked 23:42.233 --> 23:44.633 some days before by a mad dog. 23:44.633 --> 23:47.066 [Music] 23:47.066 --> 23:57.799 [Soft dramatic music] 23:57.800 --> 23:58.866 [...] 23:58.866 --> 24:01.732 The thought of injecting a rabid virus into the boy 24:01.733 --> 24:03.866 was terrifying to Pasteur. 24:03.866 --> 24:06.632 Still, judging from the severity of the bites 24:06.633 --> 24:10.233 that hydrophobia and death were almost inevitable, 24:10.233 --> 24:11.199 he agreed to vaccinate. 24:11.200 --> 24:13.400 [Music] 24:13.400 --> 24:18.566 [Dramatic music] 24:18.566 --> 24:21.832 With most of the medical world standing by, 24:21.833 --> 24:23.666 Pasteur made a series of injections 24:23.666 --> 24:24.866 of the untried vaccine. 24:24.866 --> 24:25.699 [Soft uplifting music] 24:25.700 --> 24:28.166 The dose was stepped up continuously 24:28.166 --> 24:31.899 till, on the 14th day, 24:31.900 --> 24:35.966 he could pronounce the boy cured. 24:35.966 --> 24:40.532 Hydrophobia, one of the most dreaded of all human diseases, 24:40.533 --> 24:41.766 had been conquered. 24:41.766 --> 24:44.599 [Music] 24:44.600 --> 24:48.600 [Emotional music] 24:48.600 --> 24:51.533 Pasteur died in 1895. 24:51.533 --> 24:54.366 Exhausted by a lifelong struggle 24:54.366 --> 24:57.299 against the microorganisms of disease 24:57.300 --> 24:59.333 and the prejudice of his time. 24:59.333 --> 25:10.099 [Music] 25:10.100 --> 25:19.333 [Intense musical buildup] 25:19.333 --> 25:22.866 But he had lived to see his name and work perpetuated 25:22.866 --> 25:25.532 by a great institute of research, [Institut Pasteur sign] 25:25.533 --> 25:29.299 the entire course of medicine recharted by his discoveries 25:29.300 --> 25:31.733 in the world of the infinitely small. 25:31.733 --> 25:34.299 [...] 25:34.300 --> 25:36.933 The life-saving vaccines and antibiotics 25:36.933 --> 25:40.533 that succeeding generations of scientists are giving the world 25:40.533 --> 25:44.666 were pioneered by these studies of ferments, silkworms, 25:44.666 --> 25:48.332 anthrax, chicken cholera, and rabies. 25:48.333 --> 25:58.299 [Music] 25:58.300 --> 26:03.533 But Pasteur left to science a legacy surpassing even these. 26:03.533 --> 26:08.833 It was a system, a logic, and a scientific method 26:08.833 --> 26:12.166 which are the basis of medical research 26:12.166 --> 26:17.899 and which promised to secure for us the miracles of the future. 26:17.900 --> 26:20.600 [Music] 26:20.600 --> 26:23.366 [Uplifting music] 26:23.366 --> 26:26.632 [The End] 26:26.633 --> 26:29.899 [Uplifting music continues] 26:29.900 --> 26:42.200 [...]