WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:02.566 [National Archives www.archives.gov] 00:00:02.566 --> 00:00:06.499 [330.DVIC.27489 Source: BetacamSP (I Copy)] 00:00:06.500 --> 00:00:09.733 [United States Air Force Training Film TF1-5375] 00:00:09.733 --> 00:00:17.866 [ Music ] 00:00:17.866 --> 00:00:24.166 [The United States Air Force presents] 00:00:24.166 --> 00:00:32.366 [Survival Stresses] 00:00:32.366 --> 00:00:44.032 [ Jet engine noise ] 00:00:44.033 --> 00:00:45.933 [Pilot:] Mayday! Mayday! 00:00:45.933 --> 00:00:47.966 This is Wingate 1-6. 00:00:47.966 --> 00:00:49.499 Flameout at Angel 40. 00:00:49.500 --> 00:00:51.766 [Operator:] Two hundred miles southwest of Greenville. 00:00:51.766 --> 00:00:54.166 Proceeding on course to Mackland. 00:00:54.166 --> 00:00:56.699 [Pilot:] Will attempt to air start. 00:00:56.700 --> 00:01:02.700 [Narrator:] This is the emergency. It can happen in many ways. But one thing is certain. 00:01:02.700 --> 00:01:08.866 How well you've learned to expect the unexpected may determine the course of events that follow. 00:01:08.866 --> 00:01:12.632 [Pilot:] Mayday! Mayday! This is Wingate 1-6. 00:01:12.633 --> 00:01:17.266 [Operator:] Air start efforts failed. I'm ejecting at Angel's 10. 00:01:17.266 --> 00:01:25.266 [ Music ] 00:01:25.266 --> 00:01:33.399 [Narrator:] This is the beginning of survival. The problem now, stay alive. 00:01:33.400 --> 00:01:41.800 [Pilot:] The second night was the toughest. I had no feeling in my right foot. 00:01:41.800 --> 00:01:46.466 I kept thinking they'd amputate if they ever got me back. 00:01:46.466 --> 00:01:49.199 Every time I loosened the bandage, blood gushed out. 00:01:49.200 --> 00:01:53.266 I thought of letting it freeze, but decided against it. 00:01:53.266 --> 00:01:56.899 It was just one of those ideas you get at a time like that. 00:01:56.900 --> 00:02:01.033 [ Music ] 00:02:01.033 --> 00:02:04.999 Then at dawn of the third day the weather began to close in. 00:02:05.000 --> 00:02:07.633 To me this meant one thing. 00:02:07.633 --> 00:02:13.799 They wouldn't be able to continue the search. I'll admit I was scared. 00:02:13.800 --> 00:02:17.933 It was the way I felt when I realized I'd lost my survival gear. 00:02:17.933 --> 00:02:22.733 I fought it off somehow.And told myself to relax. 00:02:22.733 --> 00:02:25.633 I had to go on believing they'd find me. 00:02:25.633 --> 00:02:29.699 With my fouled-up leg I knew I couldn't find them. 00:02:29.700 --> 00:02:32.266 Then I heard the sound of the chopper. 00:02:32.266 --> 00:02:35.066 [ helicopter rotor blades whirring ] 00:02:35.066 --> 00:02:37.799 At first I thought my mind was playing tricks on me. 00:02:37.800 --> 00:02:40.000 I'd been afraid of this all along. 00:02:40.000 --> 00:02:44.300 But it was up there all right, and heading right for me. 00:02:44.300 --> 00:02:50.733 I tried to wave and yell. 00:02:50.733 --> 00:02:52.833 The effort was too much for me. 00:02:52.833 --> 00:02:54.999 I felt myself blacking out. 00:02:55.000 --> 00:02:57.266 But they saw me. 00:02:57.266 --> 00:03:04.699 The next thing I remember was Sergeant Kerry coming down the hoist. 00:03:04.700 --> 00:03:15.900 [Commander:] Lieutenant Edward Stewart, Air Defense Command, flameout, ejection and 45 hours of raw survival, alone. 00:03:15.900 --> 00:03:17.566 Forty-five hours. 00:03:17.566 --> 00:03:19.966 Not a very long interval of time. 00:03:19.966 --> 00:03:28.732 But, for Lieutenant Stewart, long enough to suffer shock and pain from severe injury, 00:03:28.733 --> 00:03:38.166 long enough to know the meaning of hunger, thirst, cold, fatigue, isolation, remoteness and fear. 00:03:38.166 --> 00:03:42.766 From a technical point of view, these are survival stresses. 00:03:42.766 --> 00:03:49.932 From your point of view, they are obstacles you must avoid, overcome, or be prepared to withstand if you want to live. 00:03:49.933 --> 00:03:54.199 And to complicate matters, here are a few more. 00:03:54.200 --> 00:03:59.633 These stresses can occur in all environments to a greater or lesser degree. 00:03:59.633 --> 00:04:03.999 The Arctic, the desert, in the tropics, and on water. 00:04:04.000 --> 00:04:09.833 How these stresses might develop, and how they might affect you, are the big questions. 00:04:09.833 --> 00:04:12.933 You can wait, and find the answers the hard way. 00:04:12.933 --> 00:04:19.699 Or you could profit right now from the experience of the thousands who've faced survival, and lived. 00:04:19.700 --> 00:04:28.066 From what they faced, and from what they learned, have come methods for recognizing, understanding, and combating survival stresses. 00:04:28.066 --> 00:04:34.599 To pass this knowledge along to you is one purpose of our discussion. 00:04:34.600 --> 00:04:37.900 And the other purpose is to make you think about yourself. 00:04:37.900 --> 00:04:52.566 And for this very important reason, if you find yourself in a survival situation, the chances are you'll find yourself alone. 00:04:52.566 --> 00:05:01.399 So let's take a look at you, the individual. A very complex creation. 00:05:01.400 --> 00:05:07.800 [Narrator:] You are different from all others mentally and emotionally, but physically just about the same. 00:05:07.800 --> 00:05:13.266 When your body is supplied with the essentials of life, growth and repair processes 00:05:13.266 --> 00:05:19.999 function normally, and sufficient energy is created to enable you to perform efficiently. 00:05:20.000 --> 00:05:28.600 But when the body is deprived of even one of the essentials, water, for example, your physical and mental capabilities decrease. 00:05:28.600 --> 00:05:34.366 And eventually, if corrective measures are not taken, this. 00:05:34.366 --> 00:05:38.099 [Commander:] Something to consider, isn't it? 00:05:38.100 --> 00:05:46.400 But perhaps you're not concerned right now, because you're fairly well-off, and that where you are, life is pretty good. 00:05:46.400 --> 00:05:55.166 So let's take you from your comfortable environment to another one, one not so comfortable, and try to make the point that way. 00:05:55.166 --> 00:06:00.532 [Narrator:] This is the desert. No one can deny its fantastic beauty. 00:06:00.533 --> 00:06:06.666 And no one can deny that men have died here, alone, through ignorance. 00:06:06.666 --> 00:06:13.732 Ignorance not only of practical measures to take, but ignorance of how much stress their bodies could endure. 00:06:13.733 --> 00:06:18.933 Sometimes they discovered this too late. 00:06:18.933 --> 00:06:23.133 About one-fifth of the land area of the world is desert. 00:06:23.133 --> 00:06:28.033 The odds against an emergency over desert terrain are in your favor. 00:06:28.033 --> 00:06:30.366 But it could happen. 00:06:30.366 --> 00:06:34.432 [ Music ] 00:06:34.433 --> 00:06:36.366 What then will you be up against? 00:06:36.366 --> 00:06:42.599 Mainly two things...an excess of heat, and a scarcity of water. 00:06:42.600 --> 00:06:46.300 And without water you cannot survive for long. 00:06:46.300 --> 00:06:52.966 For a simple explanation of this, let's take a look at you, simplified. 00:06:52.966 --> 00:06:58.599 Your normal body temperature is 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. 00:06:58.600 --> 00:07:07.266 To maintain this temperature, your body has an effective and efficient cooling mechanism, the evaporation of sweat on the skin's surface. 00:07:07.266 --> 00:07:14.832 By this process, excess heat absorbed or generated by the body is dissipated. 00:07:14.833 --> 00:07:24.466 And you will continue to sweat as long as the need exists to hold body temperature down. 00:07:24.466 --> 00:07:28.732 In desert areas, the amount of sweat produced can be considerable. 00:07:28.733 --> 00:07:37.233 This is also true in humid environments where incomplete evaporation interferes with heat dissipation. 00:07:37.233 --> 00:07:39.666 But the bulk of sweat is water, 00:07:39.666 --> 00:07:48.366 and every bit of it must be replaced, because every bit of it is needed for normal bodily functions. 00:07:48.366 --> 00:07:56.032 If it is not replaced, your body will go into debt for water by withdrawing water from vital parts. 00:07:56.033 --> 00:08:02.966 When the bloodstream gives up water, the blood becomes thicker and less in volume. 00:08:02.966 --> 00:08:08.132 The heart has to work faster to pump the thickened blood through the arteries and veins... 00:08:08.133 --> 00:08:16.866 and as water loss continues, it becomes increasingly difficult for your body to function. 00:08:16.866 --> 00:08:20.466 [Commander:] What you have just seen on the screen is the process of dehydration. 00:08:20.466 --> 00:08:23.532 Understanding its effect on you is important. 00:08:23.533 --> 00:08:26.366 But important, too, is knowing how to recognize it. 00:08:26.366 --> 00:08:29.366 Let's investigate this further. 00:08:29.366 --> 00:08:33.499 [Narrator:] Approximately two-thirds of the human body is water. 00:08:33.500 --> 00:08:39.966 This level must be maintained if you are to live, work and think at peak efficiency. 00:08:39.966 --> 00:08:45.832 When this water level begins to drop, you become thirsty and uncomfortable. 00:08:45.833 --> 00:08:49.666 You begin to move in a kind of slow motion. 00:08:49.666 --> 00:08:51.232 You have no appetite. 00:08:51.233 --> 00:08:55.733 As you lose more water you get sleepy. 00:08:55.733 --> 00:08:59.033 Your temperature goes up. You get irritable. 00:08:59.033 --> 00:09:03.933 Eventually you become nauseous. 00:09:03.933 --> 00:09:11.199 Dizziness, difficulty in breathing, and a tingling sensation in the arms and legs follow. 00:09:11.200 --> 00:09:18.866 When your body has lost only 10 percent of its body weight in water, you can't move about normally. 00:09:18.866 --> 00:09:23.066 At this point, locating a water source may be impossible. 00:09:23.066 --> 00:09:29.999 And when water loss continues, death is inevitable. 00:09:30.000 --> 00:09:32.066 [Commander:] Not a very happy thought, is it? 00:09:32.066 --> 00:09:38.266 Well, let's see what you can do to keep the worst from happening. 00:09:38.266 --> 00:09:45.899 Conserve your sweat, not your water. 00:09:45.900 --> 00:09:54.766 Drink all you want, as long as it's available. 00:09:54.766 --> 00:09:57.832 Stay in the shade, off the ground. 00:09:57.833 --> 00:10:05.533 Ground temperature may be 150 degrees or higher. Even here. 00:10:05.533 --> 00:10:13.233 Travel only at night. Move slowly. Take it easy. 00:10:13.233 --> 00:10:16.333 Those were a few hints on water conservation. 00:10:16.333 --> 00:10:25.999 But they represent only a fraction of the information you must know in order to survive in the desert. 00:10:26.000 --> 00:10:31.866 Demonstrating how to locate water, how to find food, how to orient yourself in the desert, 00:10:31.866 --> 00:10:36.466 or anyplace else, is beyond the scope of this discussion. 00:10:36.466 --> 00:10:43.599 But you have access to this information through survival manuals, by undergoing courses in survival, 00:10:43.600 --> 00:10:47.133 and by viewing Air Force training films. 00:10:47.133 --> 00:10:50.099 "Sun, Sand, Survival" is one such film. 00:10:50.100 --> 00:10:53.033 You saw a clip from it a moment ago. 00:10:53.033 --> 00:10:55.866 Make a point to see it in its entirety. 00:10:55.866 --> 00:10:59.866 And make a point to investigate other approved sources of information. 00:10:59.866 --> 00:11:03.066 Army and Navy material, for example. 00:11:03.066 --> 00:11:07.066 You might be surprised at how many misconceptions you have about survival. 00:11:07.066 --> 00:11:12.466 Perhaps you have the impression that water is a prime requirement only in the desert. 00:11:12.466 --> 00:11:16.599 It isn't. 00:11:16.600 --> 00:11:26.100 In order to maintain your water balance, in any environment, you need approximately two quarts of water a day. 00:11:26.100 --> 00:11:29.733 Yes, even here. 00:11:29.733 --> 00:11:33.633 But this environment presents another serious threat. Cold. 00:11:33.633 --> 00:11:36.566 Cold, intensified by wind. 00:11:36.566 --> 00:11:44.632 The two are a deadly combination of elements, which increases the rate of cooling of the body, sometimes drastically. 00:11:44.633 --> 00:11:48.266 Scientists have a name for it: wind-chill. 00:11:48.266 --> 00:11:51.899 But it's more than a word of technical jargon. 00:11:51.900 --> 00:11:55.500 It's a fact you can't ignore. 00:11:55.500 --> 00:12:01.533 It's a fact, for example, that exposed flesh will freeze when the temperature is minus 40 degrees Fahrenheit, 00:12:01.533 --> 00:12:04.033 and there is little or no wind. 00:12:04.033 --> 00:12:06.699 Now, this doesn't surprise you, does it? 00:12:06.700 --> 00:12:10.666 But wait. Let's raise the temperature to 15 degrees. 00:12:10.666 --> 00:12:12.566 Not too uncomfortable. 00:12:12.566 --> 00:12:20.566 You've all experienced this. But increase the wind velocity to 26 miles an hour, and the same result is produced. 00:12:20.566 --> 00:12:29.766 Raise the temperature to 20 degrees, increase the wind to 43 miles an hour, and, again, exposed flesh will freeze. 00:12:29.766 --> 00:12:40.766 And what about the time for these and other combinations to do the job? One hour? Two hours? Possibly. 00:12:40.766 --> 00:12:48.299 But it could be only 30 seconds under more extreme conditions such as these. 00:12:48.300 --> 00:12:53.133 Cold is an enemy of survival, a killer. 00:12:53.133 --> 00:13:02.666 It has a way of slipping up on you, numbing mind and body, taking away efficiency, and most of your will, except that part which says, 00:13:02.666 --> 00:13:11.632 "Get warm. Get warm." 00:13:11.633 --> 00:13:14.933 "Yes, get warm and stay warm." 00:13:14.933 --> 00:13:20.099 The most sensible idea you could have. But it takes more than an idea. 00:13:20.100 --> 00:13:24.333 It takes know-how. Knowing how to conserve body heat. 00:13:24.333 --> 00:13:29.366 This in turn involves an understanding of your body's heat system. 00:13:29.366 --> 00:13:36.799 It is a complicated system. So, again, a simplification. 00:13:36.800 --> 00:13:42.900 [Narrator:] Blood, with absorbed food and oxygen, is circulated to the different parts of the body. 00:13:42.900 --> 00:13:47.733 Every living cell has the ability to burn food in the presence of oxygen. 00:13:47.733 --> 00:13:50.999 In the process, energy is created. 00:13:51.000 --> 00:13:54.400 Part of this energy is used in doing work. 00:13:54.400 --> 00:13:58.700 But most of it is liberated as heat, at the surface of the body. 00:13:58.700 --> 00:14:04.833 When you exercise or do work you burn up more food stored in the muscles. 00:14:04.833 --> 00:14:10.699 This requires more oxygen. To get it, you breathe faster and faster. 00:14:10.700 --> 00:14:17.000 More heat is then generated, and the smaller blood vessels near the skin open wider. 00:14:17.000 --> 00:14:19.833 Circulation in the skin is increased, 00:14:19.833 --> 00:14:23.599 and heat loss is faster. 00:14:23.600 --> 00:14:28.833 In cold weather, when the normal rate of heat loss would result in excessive cooling, 00:14:28.833 --> 00:14:34.966 the circulation of the blood through the skin is decreased by constriction of the smaller blood vessels. 00:14:34.966 --> 00:14:42.666 This reduces the rate of heat loss, and preserves the heat for the vital organs. 00:14:42.666 --> 00:14:44.799 [Commander:] Rather ingenious, don't you think? 00:14:44.800 --> 00:14:46.966 But the system has a flaw in it. 00:14:46.966 --> 00:14:48.832 And, for you, a serious one. 00:14:48.833 --> 00:14:55.166 When nature cuts down circulation at skin surfaces to conserve heat for your vital organs, 00:14:55.166 --> 00:15:03.132 she sacrifices other parts of the body--the hands, feet, toes, nose, ears, face, for example. 00:15:03.133 --> 00:15:06.833 As a consequence these are the first to become frostbitten. 00:15:06.833 --> 00:15:11.666 And, remember, this situation and danger is not confined to the Arctic. 00:15:11.666 --> 00:15:17.466 It exists right here in the United States. Some have failed to consider this and die. 00:15:17.466 --> 00:15:25.999 But wherever you are, no matter how cold you are, the situation is far from hopeless if you're willing to help yourself. 00:15:26.000 --> 00:15:29.166 Here's how. 00:15:29.166 --> 00:15:30.599 Improvise. 00:15:30.600 --> 00:15:33.233 Use materials you have available. 00:15:33.233 --> 00:15:36.033 Above all, conserve your body heat. 00:15:36.033 --> 00:15:41.366 If you must exercise, or move about, avoid sweating. 00:15:41.366 --> 00:15:44.966 Sweating increases loss of body heat. 00:15:44.966 --> 00:15:49.999 If you sweat, or get warm, ventilate your garments. 00:15:50.000 --> 00:15:53.466 And keep your mind on survival. 00:15:53.466 --> 00:15:59.932 This is good advice anywhere, anytime. 00:15:59.933 --> 00:16:07.833 When you're facing survival, the things you've always taken for granted have a way of becoming terribly important, 00:16:07.833 --> 00:16:13.266 and sometimes out of proportion. 00:16:13.266 --> 00:16:16.832 When you're cold, you can't think of anything but warmth. 00:16:16.833 --> 00:16:20.266 When you're thirsty, you can't think of anything but water. 00:16:20.266 --> 00:16:23.266 And when you're hungry, you can't think of anything but food. 00:16:23.266 --> 00:16:27.232 But food is less important than water or shelter. 00:16:27.233 --> 00:16:30.599 Being hungry doesn't mean that you're on the verge of starvation. 00:16:30.600 --> 00:16:33.466 You can live for quite a while without food. 00:16:33.466 --> 00:16:42.532 But the time might come when a little self-diagnosis will reveal these symptoms. 00:16:42.533 --> 00:16:47.433 You feel tired and weak. 00:16:47.433 --> 00:16:54.433 You don't think you have the strength to go on. You get cold easily. 00:16:54.433 --> 00:16:57.466 You become annoyed, short-tempered. 00:16:57.466 --> 00:17:02.866 And eventually you just don't care. 00:17:02.866 --> 00:17:08.166 When you feel that way, mentally and physically you're in a precarious position. 00:17:08.166 --> 00:17:12.366 But let's go back a bit. How can this happen? 00:17:12.366 --> 00:17:17.632 There are three possibilities. 00:17:17.633 --> 00:17:22.833 Illness or serious injury might prevent you from foraging for food. 00:17:22.833 --> 00:17:26.699 You might lack the knowledge of how to live off the land. 00:17:26.700 --> 00:17:30.900 Or you find things to eat, but you just can't stomach them. 00:17:30.900 --> 00:17:35.233 This last is called "food aversion" or "food prejudice." 00:17:35.233 --> 00:17:38.666 For some, it isn't easy to overcome. 00:17:38.666 --> 00:17:42.399 But when it's a matter of life or death, you'll have to try. 00:17:42.400 --> 00:17:45.500 You may have to try mighty hard. 00:17:45.500 --> 00:17:51.000 This is a sequence from another Air Force training film, "Jungle Survival." 00:17:51.000 --> 00:18:16.800 [ Music ] 00:18:16.800 --> 00:18:24.433 Obviously, food aversion is not an obstacle here. If it was, it's been surmounted. 00:18:24.433 --> 00:18:28.166 And this is what you'll have to do. No one can do it for you. 00:18:28.166 --> 00:18:43.499 [ Music ] 00:18:43.500 --> 00:18:45.966 Food resources in different environments vary. 00:18:45.966 --> 00:18:54.132 But, remember, anything that creeps, walks, swims or flies is a possible source of food. 00:18:54.133 --> 00:18:58.133 And if this makes a vegetarian out of you, there's always this. 00:18:58.133 --> 00:19:02.433 [ Music ] 00:19:02.433 --> 00:19:04.566 Learn to live off the land. 00:19:04.566 --> 00:19:08.466 Begin right now by experimenting with new foods. 00:19:08.466 --> 00:19:11.732 Practice eating foods which are not your favorites, 00:19:11.733 --> 00:19:16.166 and learn to appreciate them. 00:19:16.166 --> 00:19:22.566 Controlling hunger is one of the easier problems to solve in survival if you can adjust to discomfort, 00:19:22.566 --> 00:19:25.199 and adapt to primitive conditions. 00:19:25.200 --> 00:19:29.066 And to make it still easier, here are a few practical suggestions. 00:19:29.066 --> 00:19:35.466 Procure both water and food when you can still think clearly. 00:19:35.466 --> 00:19:37.466 Forage for food. 00:19:37.466 --> 00:19:40.532 Save your rations for emergency. 00:19:40.533 --> 00:19:46.199 Take stock of what you have, and plan accordingly. 00:19:46.200 --> 00:19:47.833 Don't waste your energy. 00:19:47.833 --> 00:19:51.033 Stop and prepare your food whenever you can. 00:19:51.033 --> 00:19:58.233 The rest you get is beneficial. 00:19:58.233 --> 00:20:03.266 I don't think we have to worry about him. 00:20:03.266 --> 00:20:07.266 Knowing the effects of different stresses is essential. 00:20:07.266 --> 00:20:12.832 But often it's not a simple matter to pinpoint the exact stress causing the trouble. 00:20:12.833 --> 00:20:18.599 Stresses have a way of interacting, producing symptoms which are almost identical. 00:20:18.600 --> 00:20:25.633 And to complicate your problem further, stresses, physical in nature, have very definite psychological implications. 00:20:25.633 --> 00:20:31.399 You just can't define a stress, and say, "Here's where it begins, here's where it ends." 00:20:31.400 --> 00:20:38.066 As a matter of fact, there's one stress for which no single definition is adequate--fatigue. 00:20:38.066 --> 00:20:43.466 The number and variety of activities which might produce fatigue are countless. 00:20:43.466 --> 00:20:59.299 It might even be the result of trying to avoid a situation too difficult to face. 00:20:59.300 --> 00:21:01.333 Fatigue is cumulative. 00:21:01.333 --> 00:21:12.999 It is evidenced by a lack of staying power, a short temper, impatience, and a tendency to magnify minor troubles. 00:21:13.000 --> 00:21:16.700 Whether fatigue is mental or physical is debatable. 00:21:16.700 --> 00:21:19.733 But its effects are essentially the same. 00:21:19.733 --> 00:21:23.966 And, as far as you're concerned, it's something else you'll have to combat. 00:21:23.966 --> 00:21:32.032 So, again, here are a few suggestions that might help. 00:21:32.033 --> 00:21:35.666 Assess the situation. 00:21:35.666 --> 00:21:38.432 Have a plan and follow it. 00:21:38.433 --> 00:21:40.599 This is always the best idea. 00:21:40.600 --> 00:21:47.033 Channel your activities in the most useful direction. 00:21:47.033 --> 00:21:50.533 Don't overestimate your strength. 00:21:50.533 --> 00:21:53.566 Set up a program of rest, if possible. 00:21:53.566 --> 00:22:01.966 And, whatever you do, concentrate on the positive, not the negative. 00:22:01.966 --> 00:22:07.066 Yes, concentrate on the positive, not the negative. 00:22:07.066 --> 00:22:10.199 Don't let your imagination run away with you. 00:22:10.200 --> 00:22:15.200 To accomplish this, you must be able to separate the real from the unreal. 00:22:15.200 --> 00:22:18.766 Sounds easy enough, but often difficult to do. 00:22:18.766 --> 00:22:22.532 Even for those with the strongest kind of emotional fiber. 00:22:22.533 --> 00:22:27.233 Even for those in the best physical condition. 00:22:27.233 --> 00:22:33.599 A good physical condition, and emotional stability, are two of the best advantages you can have. 00:22:33.600 --> 00:22:37.566 But sometimes the challenge is too great. 00:22:37.566 --> 00:22:43.132 In a matter of minutes this pilot passed through two major crises. 00:22:43.133 --> 00:22:47.166 First, the aircraft emergency leading to the survival situation. 00:22:47.166 --> 00:22:50.699 Second, the survival situation itself. 00:22:50.700 --> 00:22:56.900 Then a third crisis was superimposed--injury upon ejection. 00:22:56.900 --> 00:23:05.433 Now he could do only two things: try to keep his face out of the water, and hope that help comes. 00:23:05.433 --> 00:23:10.233 And it's going to take all the stamina and guts he's got. 00:23:10.233 --> 00:23:15.866 That pilot's desperate problem was complicated, as yours might be, by injury. 00:23:15.866 --> 00:23:19.166 Suffering injury is unfortunate enough. 00:23:19.166 --> 00:23:24.966 But whether the injury is minor or severe, shock is bound to accompany it. 00:23:24.966 --> 00:23:28.499 Sometimes it's the most serious consequence of the injury. 00:23:28.500 --> 00:23:35.600 It can also be a serious aftermath of the emergency experience itself, without any injury being present. 00:23:35.600 --> 00:23:40.266 This makes spending a moment on the subject of shock worthwhile. 00:23:40.266 --> 00:23:45.166 Let's take a look then at shock, its symptoms and treatment. 00:23:45.166 --> 00:23:47.866 You must be familiar with both. 00:23:47.866 --> 00:23:50.566 These are some of the signs. 00:23:50.566 --> 00:23:58.632 Pulse, weak and rapid. Respiration, rapid. Skin, pale, cold, and moist. 00:23:58.633 --> 00:24:07.433 And if the patient is conscious, he may feel faint or dizzy, and he may be frightened, restless or anxious. 00:24:07.433 --> 00:24:10.466 Now, what do you do about it? 00:24:10.466 --> 00:24:13.866 Let's take a look. 00:24:13.866 --> 00:24:17.932 If the patient is injured, don't wait for symptoms to develop. 00:24:17.933 --> 00:24:22.499 Make him comfortable. Conserve his body heat. 00:24:22.500 --> 00:24:24.333 But don't overdo it. 00:24:24.333 --> 00:24:30.733 Don't give him fluids if he's unconscious, or if he's injured internally. 00:24:30.733 --> 00:24:33.533 Him? That's the other fellow. 00:24:33.533 --> 00:24:35.566 The fellow you're going to help. 00:24:35.566 --> 00:24:38.532 But what about you? You alone? 00:24:38.533 --> 00:24:43.099 How can you help yourself? 00:24:43.100 --> 00:24:47.033 If you have an injury, you can expect shock. 00:24:47.033 --> 00:24:49.866 Therefore, try to anticipate it. 00:24:49.866 --> 00:24:53.866 If you're able, do for yourself what you would do for others. 00:24:53.866 --> 00:24:56.166 Now, here's something else. 00:24:56.166 --> 00:25:03.432 The word "shock" is used in another way, to describe the mental state of a victim immediately following an accident. 00:25:03.433 --> 00:25:06.766 Apathy and irrational behavior are common. 00:25:06.766 --> 00:25:08.766 You can expect this to happen. 00:25:08.766 --> 00:25:12.699 But even when you're alone, you have a good chance of shaking it. 00:25:12.700 --> 00:25:15.966 Your training is a ready cure. 00:25:15.966 --> 00:25:22.699 A man well-indoctrinated in emergency procedures will usually be guided by them, even when dazed. 00:25:22.700 --> 00:25:24.933 Training imparts knowledge. 00:25:24.933 --> 00:25:31.433 Knowledge is the most effective antidote for the ills, real and imaginary, inflicted on the survivor. 00:25:31.433 --> 00:25:38.466 And this includes one of the most common, fear. 00:25:38.466 --> 00:25:43.932 Fear is a natural response to danger and nothing to be ashamed of. 00:25:43.933 --> 00:25:51.933 Everyone who faces an emergency which threatens any of his important needs experiences fear. 00:25:51.933 --> 00:26:00.066 In a survival emergency, you may be constantly threatened with the loss of water, food, shelter, companionship. 00:26:00.066 --> 00:26:02.699 Yes, even of life itself. 00:26:02.700 --> 00:26:09.566 Your fear will greatly influence your behavior. And your behavior, your chances of survival. 00:26:09.566 --> 00:26:16.566 You must recognize it, live with it, and if possible, use it to your advantage. 00:26:16.566 --> 00:26:20.666 Recognizing fear in yourself shouldn't be too difficult. 00:26:20.666 --> 00:26:23.699 You've met it before, and you've overcome it. 00:26:23.700 --> 00:26:32.833 But as you face survival, fear, isolation, remoteness, loneliness, and the other psychological stresses, are greatly magnified. 00:26:32.833 --> 00:26:36.466 Coping with them requires a greater effort. 00:26:36.466 --> 00:26:38.966 But you can do it. 00:26:38.966 --> 00:26:43.166 This man did for 20 long days. 00:26:43.166 --> 00:26:45.632 How was he able to do it alone? 00:26:45.633 --> 00:26:49.099 Because he was endowed with some kind of supreme wisdom? 00:26:49.100 --> 00:26:53.700 Because he had courage far beyond that allotted to the ordinary human being? 00:26:53.700 --> 00:26:55.033 No. 00:26:55.033 --> 00:27:00.666 He had only the resources you have. But he used them to his advantage. 00:27:00.666 --> 00:27:03.699 He was afraid, and he admitted it. 00:27:03.700 --> 00:27:10.066 He accepted his lot, and he tried to improve it. 00:27:10.066 --> 00:27:15.899 He kept busy. He foraged for food to maintain his physical condition. 00:27:15.900 --> 00:27:23.000 [Music] 00:27:23.000 --> 00:27:28.700 And when he wasn't looking for food, he kept his mind alert by doing mathematical problems, 00:27:28.700 --> 00:27:33.300 and by singing all the songs he could remember. 00:27:33.300 --> 00:27:37.333 In order to conserve his energy, he exercised only lightly. 00:27:37.333 --> 00:27:39.966 But he exercised regularly. 00:27:39.966 --> 00:27:42.466 He was in an alien environment, 00:27:42.466 --> 00:27:46.899 and he was afraid, but he didn't let fear take away his will to live. 00:27:46.900 --> 00:28:01.633 [Music] 00:28:01.633 --> 00:28:07.099 He recognized the real dangers, and he took practical measures to eliminate them. 00:28:07.100 --> 00:28:09.266 And, he hacked it. 00:28:09.266 --> 00:28:17.832 [ Music ] 00:28:17.833 --> 00:28:21.866 That was a sequence from the Air Force training film "Deep Sea Survival." 00:28:21.866 --> 00:28:25.066 It doesn't tell you everything you must know. 00:28:25.066 --> 00:28:26.632 No film can. 00:28:26.633 --> 00:28:29.399 It was designed primarily to make you think. 00:28:29.400 --> 00:28:33.800 And, as I said, that was the purpose of this discussion. 00:28:33.800 --> 00:28:38.833 To make you think about these things, and how they might affect you. 00:28:38.833 --> 00:28:45.799 How much do you know right now about survival, and its physiological and psychological stresses? 00:28:45.800 --> 00:28:49.133 Let's hope you know more than this fellow. 00:28:49.133 --> 00:28:59.633 [Music] 00:28:59.633 --> 00:29:03.166 But what is his affliction? Fear? Panic? 00:29:03.166 --> 00:29:07.632 No. He was suffering from thirst and dehydration. 00:29:07.633 --> 00:29:12.033 Then he sneaked drinks of sea water at night, compounding his problem. 00:29:12.033 --> 00:29:14.699 The result? Mental deterioration. 00:29:14.700 --> 00:29:22.366 [ Music ] 00:29:22.366 --> 00:29:27.932 Mental deterioration. 00:29:27.933 --> 00:29:33.233 If he had taken the trouble to find out, he would have known that it might kill him. 00:29:33.233 --> 00:29:38.666 Don't let ignorance of survival stresses be your mistake. 00:29:38.666 --> 00:29:41.266 It's the biggest one you can make. 00:29:41.266 --> 00:29:45.299 [Music] 00:29:45.300 --> 00:29:52.700 [The End, United States Air Force Air Photographic and Charting Service (MATS)] 00:29:52.700 --> 00:29:56.600 [End of Recording] 00:29:56.600 --> 00:30:13.833 [Screen dark] 00:30:13.833 --> 00:30:31.099