WEBVTT 00:00.000 --> 00:02.766 [Pictures of Nursing: the Zwerdling Postcard Collection] 00:02.766 --> 00:05.532 [Jeffrey S. Reznick, Ph.D.] Before we proceed, I'd like to mention 00:05.533 --> 00:09.599 that our next History of Medicine Lecture will be held on Wednesday, 00:09.600 --> 00:15.400 October 8th here in Lister Hill Auditorium. In recognition of Hispanic Heritage Month, 00:15.400 --> 00:20.400 our own Michael North, who's head of NLM's Rare books and early manuscript section, 00:20.400 --> 00:25.600 will be speaking on early Latin American medicine in the NLM's collections. 00:25.600 --> 00:30.233 As I mentioned, this is a very special occasion as we celebrate the opening of our newest exhibition, 00:30.233 --> 00:35.499 Pictures of Nursing, this Zwerdling postcard collection at the National Library of Medicine. 00:35.500 --> 00:41.066 This project encompasses a special display open here at the NLM until next August, 00:41.066 --> 00:46.799 a future traveling banner exhibition, a rich online presence with education resources, 00:46.800 --> 00:52.666 and a digital gallery highlighting 585 postcards from NLM Zwerdling collection 00:52.666 --> 00:57.332 of postcards about nurses and nursing. Before I introduce our speaker, 00:57.333 --> 01:02.233 I'd like to acknowledge the presence of a few individuals in the audience 01:02.233 --> 01:06.533 this afternoon. Doctor and Mrs. Lindbergh, welcome. Thank you for making time in your schedules. 01:06.533 --> 01:11.233 Also would like to welcome Lieutenant Colonel retired Judy Harger and 01:11.233 --> 01:15.466 Lieutenant Colonel retired Donna Owen. Welcome. Thank you very much for making 01:15.466 --> 01:21.599 time in your schedules. Tours of Pictures of Nursing will follow this lecture, 01:21.600 --> 01:26.833 as will a modest reception in the main lobby of the library. This is in the adjacent building. 01:26.833 --> 01:30.533 For those of you who aren't familiar with our facility, everyone is welcome. 01:30.533 --> 01:35.033 And if you're not familiar with our facility, please look for our colleagues from 01:35.033 --> 01:39.666 the division who will will direct you accordingly through the hallways. One additional note please. 01:39.666 --> 01:43.699 We ask that you not eat or drink here in the auditorium due to the very 01:43.700 --> 01:48.266 sensitive equipment in front of you. Thanks very much. And when we do enter the question 01:48.266 --> 01:52.732 and answer period after our lecture, we ask please that you use the microphones in front of you. 01:52.733 --> 01:56.466 The button will indicate the microphone being on or off. When it's on, 01:56.466 --> 02:01.066 the little red light will appear. So our speaker for today, Doctor Julia Hallam, 02:01.066 --> 02:05.066 who studied at the universities of Glasgow and Manchester before receiving 02:05.066 --> 02:09.966 her doctorate from Kings College, the University of London. Currently she teaches in the 02:09.966 --> 02:15.366 Department of Communication and Media at the University of Liverpool, a place that by definition has 02:15.366 --> 02:18.299 to be cooler and less humid than where we are today. [laughter] 02:18.300 --> 02:21.233 [Julia Hallam:] That's absolutely true, right? 02:21.233 --> 02:27.133 Doctor Hallam's research interests focus on issues of cultural representation and identity and film, 02:27.133 --> 02:31.466 television and popular culture, with a particular emphasis in recent 02:31.466 --> 02:37.499 years on issues of film and place, she has led three arts and Humanities Research Council funded 02:37.500 --> 02:41.866 city and film related projects, and she's contributed to the development 02:41.866 --> 02:47.166 of the history detectives gallery at the New Museum of Liverpool. Based on this work, 02:47.166 --> 02:52.032 she's published widely as an author, co-author, editor and a co-editor of many books, 02:52.033 --> 02:55.733 and among these is her monograph entitled Nursing The Image, Media, 02:55.733 --> 03:00.033 Culture and Professional Identity, published by Rutledge. Doctor Hallam is also a 03:00.033 --> 03:03.633 contributor to several journals, from the Journal of British Cinema 03:03.633 --> 03:08.266 and Television to the European Journal of Cultural Studies and the Journal 03:08.266 --> 03:13.232 of Organizational Change Management. Most recently, she has co-editor of a book 03:13.233 --> 03:19.133 entitled Toward Spatial Humanities, Historical GIS, and Spatial History, which is. 03:19.133 --> 03:25.599 Published by University of Indiana Press just this year, Doctor Hallam is the guest curator 03:25.600 --> 03:30.600 for the wonderful exhibition that we are celebrating today, which is itself largely based on 03:30.600 --> 03:35.900 Doctor Hallam's work on professional identity and popular culture. Please join me in thanking Doctor Hallam 03:35.900 --> 03:41.166 for working with us here at the National Library of Medicine and for welcoming her here today 03:41.166 --> 03:45.366 to offer us her presentation, Pictures of Nursing : the Zwerdling Postcard Collection, 03:45.366 --> 03:49.199 and introduction to the collection. Thank you very much. Pleasure. 03:49.200 --> 03:53.400 [applause] 03:55.233 --> 04:00.333 [Dr. Hallam:] Hello everyone, a very warm welcome. Thank you for coming to this opening 04:00.333 --> 04:07.199 celebration of an exhibition of postcards of images of nurses collected by Michael Zwerdling over 04:07.200 --> 04:12.300 many years of effort and acquired by the National Library of Medicine, 04:12.300 --> 04:17.866 where they're going to be available for you to explore for many years to come. 04:17.866 --> 04:23.966 Today, I want to explore with you some of the delights in insights this exhibition has to offer us. 04:23.966 --> 04:29.199 With a particular focus on popular culture and the ways in which, what I call 04:29.200 --> 04:35.500 "the popular imagination" has visualized nursing and nurses from ancient times. 04:35.500 --> 04:41.100 Reflecting the breadth of images and the collection and the ways in which particular historical 04:41.100 --> 04:48.466 events such as epidemics, wars and important milestones in nursing's professional history. 04:48.466 --> 04:53.732 Are commemorated and celebrated in popular art. 04:53.733 --> 04:57.799 Before I do that though, I want to thank those who have made this 04:57.800 --> 05:02.400 wonderful collection available for us. Michael Zwerdling , of course, 05:02.400 --> 05:06.433 whose vision created it initially. But from my perspective, 05:06.433 --> 05:11.899 it is Patricia Tuohy and her team in the National Library of Medicine who 05:11.900 --> 05:17.700 invited me to create the exhibition, and her colleagues Dan [?] and Jiwon Kim 05:17.700 --> 05:24.233 will offer particular support during our long distance curatorial activities. 05:24.233 --> 05:30.099 All of this curating activity has been done online and through e-mail, 05:30.100 --> 05:35.666 and I've had a great experience, the first I've ever worked so extensively 05:35.666 --> 05:41.832 electronically with this team from the National Library of Medicine. So I do hope that you're very 05:41.833 --> 05:48.433 proud of the people that work here and the kind of work they're doing for the history of medicine. 05:48.433 --> 05:54.199 I would also like to thank everyone who's contributed to creating the resource, translators, 05:54.200 --> 06:00.333 educators and last but not least, of course the designers who've 06:00.333 --> 06:04.333 realised our vision in creating an exhibition which shows off the 06:04.333 --> 06:13.266 postcards often deemed unimportant. Ephemeral art objects at their very best. During the talk, 06:13.266 --> 06:17.766 I will be referring to postcards from the exhibitions throughout, 06:17.766 --> 06:23.366 alongside some additional material to illustrate particular ideas. 06:23.366 --> 06:29.432 I'm not attributing academic references to particular ideas as I go along, 06:29.433 --> 06:34.666 but if anyone would like further information on the research underlying the paper, 06:34.666 --> 06:40.866 please use the website and check out the bibliography under educational resources. 06:40.866 --> 06:47.732 And feel free to get in touch and ask me any questions that may come to you after this talk. 06:47.733 --> 06:50.733 And I've put my email there on the slide, 06:50.733 --> 06:56.233 so please, please do feel free to contact me. If you have any questions. 07:00.400 --> 07:05.133 Just going to go live online now and use the exhibition digital 07:05.133 --> 07:11.099 display just to start us off so you can see what exactly is on offer. 07:11.100 --> 07:16.866 [screen navigation] 07:16.866 --> 07:22.266 I'm just going to scroll it down a bit so we get it central right. 07:22.266 --> 07:26.366 OK, so you can see how we've organized the 07:26.366 --> 07:31.366 exhibition around a set of particular themes. I'm going to now scroll it, 07:31.366 --> 07:36.199 which I think is a great feature of the digital galleries. 07:36.200 --> 07:42.933 So it's going to scroll so you get a sense of these images as I'm talking. The postcard, of course, 07:42.933 --> 07:48.099 is a very fleeting art form, and one that in the age of electronic communication, 07:48.100 --> 07:54.800 e-mail, Twitter, selfies, Flicker and Instagram looks ever more anachronistic. 07:54.800 --> 08:00.600 Who amongst us still sends postcards? Anyone that can't see you now, 08:00.600 --> 08:05.766 I can see a couple of hands. So I'm cheered by that and I still like to send a postcard. 08:05.766 --> 08:10.499 But for much of the 20th century, the postcard actually enabled a form 08:10.500 --> 08:14.700 of personal communication that kept people in touch with each other. 08:14.700 --> 08:20.533 It was quick and easy to say hello without having to write a full length letter. 08:20.533 --> 08:25.866 In the US, this funding of postcards can be traced back to 1841, 08:25.866 --> 08:32.332 but it's not until the 1870s that pictures were used. And it was another 20 years before 08:32.333 --> 08:37.499 a private companies were allowed to print images on the postcards. Thus, 08:37.500 --> 08:42.800 it is the late 19th century that sees a huge rise in the popularity 08:42.800 --> 08:47.933 of sending postcards, with what is often termed the Golden Age of Postcards 08:47.933 --> 08:54.599 lasting until the 1920s. The collection consists of cards 08:54.600 --> 08:57.800 from the 1980s through to the 2000s, 08:57.800 --> 09:02.466 covering over a century of art images and of photographs of 09:02.466 --> 09:08.299 nurses in almost equal measure. Graphic images with nurses and nursing 09:08.300 --> 09:13.433 were produced commercially for a range of purposes to advertise commercial 09:13.433 --> 09:20.933 products and give them healthy credentials. You can see a couple here as we're scrolling along, 09:20.933 --> 09:24.266 not one there at the moment, but advertising commercial products, 09:24.266 --> 09:30.932 certainly you can see when we move to the digital gallery that we've sectioned off, in fact, 09:30.933 --> 09:37.699 let's do that. The ways in which you can explore the exhibition. 09:37.700 --> 09:44.200 So if you go into browse and the digital gallery. 09:44.200 --> 09:47.233 And then search refine by topic. 09:47.233 --> 09:53.733 It gives you first of all showing the 09:53.733 --> 09:59.333 images from advertising and you can see some of the range of images that were used 09:59.333 --> 10:03.766 to advertise particular goods and services, most of them of course, health related. 10:03.766 --> 10:10.299 So the nurse is a symbol of health, good health. And this dates back to 10:10.300 --> 10:16.666 nurses in ancient times, and I'll say a bit more about that in a minute. 10:16.666 --> 10:22.332 In selecting the cards then I've wanted to communicate a history of nursing. 10:22.333 --> 10:27.299 That placed it in the context of rapid changes in society and gave 10:27.300 --> 10:32.200 birth to modern professional nursing and the gendering of the profession 10:32.200 --> 10:37.500 in these early years as female. I want foreground the influence of 19th 10:37.500 --> 10:42.166 century white middle class Christian women. The ways in which they took their 10:42.166 --> 10:47.099 vocational mission to many corners of the world and the effects of this image 10:47.100 --> 10:52.833 of modern nursing had on men and on non European women and men in terms of 10:52.833 --> 10:59.899 their professional status and identity. Today I want to take the opportunity to 10:59.900 --> 11:04.300 embellish the stories on the banners with a little more historical detail. 11:04.300 --> 11:09.733 Our time is limited and I've had to be selective and talk about nursing in general, 11:09.733 --> 11:15.199 giving too little attention to particular areas of nursing such 11:15.200 --> 11:22.066 as public health nursing, private duty nursing, and particular groups within nursing 11:22.066 --> 11:26.766 such as African-American and male nurses who have often pioneered, 11:26.766 --> 11:32.832 changes in the profession. Please forgive me, I hope you will all be inspired to use 11:32.833 --> 11:38.466 the collection to explore all these areas in more depth using the gallery 11:38.466 --> 11:44.699 to browse and explore the images. 11:44.700 --> 11:50.133 I want to turn now to my own involvement in this process. 11:50.133 --> 11:56.099 My perspective on nursing is unavoidably coloured by my own identity as a white 11:56.100 --> 12:00.766 British woman from an aspirational working class background who trained 12:00.766 --> 12:04.332 as a nurse as a teenager in the early 12:04.333 --> 12:11.666 1970s at Liverpool Royal Infirmary. The training school at the Infirmary 12:11.666 --> 12:16.066 was the first provincial training school in the United Kingdom. 12:16.066 --> 12:21.699 It was founded in 1865, two years after St. Thomas' School in London, 12:21.700 --> 12:27.900 by one of Florence Nightingale's first pupils, Agnes Jones. As you can see, 12:27.900 --> 12:33.166 Agnes Jones in fact died of typhus at the age of 35, 12:33.166 --> 12:38.599 demonstrating just how difficult and dangerous it was to become a nurse. 12:38.600 --> 12:45.200 In the 19th century. Our training as nurses was very traditional. 12:45.200 --> 12:50.666 We worked long hours on these wards and these wards were actually built 12:50.666 --> 12:53.699 in the 1890s as a replacement for 12:53.700 --> 13:00.100 the old infirmary and in part were built as a testament to Agnes Jones 13:00.100 --> 13:05.166 and her work in establishing the School of Nursing in Liverpool. 13:05.166 --> 13:08.432 This was female medical ward in my day, 13:08.433 --> 13:11.999 which is only 1972 believe it or not. 13:12.000 --> 13:17.500 It's not not back in 1911 and I'm not a wonder of medical science. 13:17.500 --> 13:24.500 It's in 1911, so in 1972 and we lived in an all female nurses home. 13:24.500 --> 13:29.900 We were discouraged from marriage until we qualified and studying was undertaken 13:29.900 --> 13:34.933 in annual study blocks on the wards. The rest of the time we trained 13:34.933 --> 13:39.699 in practices and procedures under the watchful eyes of the sister tutor, 13:39.700 --> 13:43.166 sister tutors were the name given 13:43.166 --> 13:49.999 to our educational supervisors. If you look carefully at the images here, 13:50.000 --> 13:56.500 you'll notice the work nurses are wearing particular kind of hat and you look at their uniforms, 13:56.500 --> 14:00.766 well, I thought it would amuse you just to see me in the early 1970s. 14:00.766 --> 14:06.399 The only difference in the uniform is it's got shorter sleeves and shorter hems. 14:06.400 --> 14:11.033 Other than that, we were still wearing basically the same uniform that nurses 14:11.033 --> 14:17.133 were wearing many years previously. And of course, we were very proud of our uniform. 14:17.133 --> 14:21.833 The history of nursing in nursing schools at this time 14:21.833 --> 14:27.533 was a history focused on Florence Nightingale and her inspirational, 14:27.533 --> 14:31.533 vocational approach to nursing. 14:31.533 --> 14:36.099 But 1970s Britain was in many 14:36.100 --> 14:41.233 ways in turmoil. And part of the turmoil was being 14:41.233 --> 14:46.733 caused by a strike within the NHS by nurses and nurses were striking 14:46.733 --> 14:52.733 for better pay and conditions, and we were thrown into the turmoil of nursing politics, 14:52.733 --> 14:57.899 debates about vocationalism versus professionalism and influence by 14:57.900 --> 15:04.000 second wave feminist campaigns for equal rights and status in society. 15:04.000 --> 15:09.333 We began to question the gendered nature of nursing. As a profession, 15:09.333 --> 15:13.766 there was one man in my training group and our own lowly position 15:13.766 --> 15:20.299 in the healthcare hierarchy. Years later, armed with an undergraduate 15:20.300 --> 15:25.900 degree and offered a PhD bursary to study for my doctorate, 15:25.900 --> 15:32.533 and I wrote my thesis on image identity and nursing. And it's this book, in fact, 15:32.533 --> 15:38.566 which led me here today because it was this book that Patty found and 15:38.566 --> 15:44.532 used as the basis for her invitation. So thank you "book" because "book" 15:44.533 --> 15:49.599 you brought me here today. And this book's available is ecopy, I should say. 15:49.600 --> 15:54.600 If anybody wants to look at it or get hold of it, it is available in ecopy from Routledge. 15:54.600 --> 15:58.933 You don't have to actually buy it anymore. 15:58.933 --> 16:04.633 OK, today then, we know that the nexus of social class, 16:04.633 --> 16:09.833 race and gender formations that structure our everyday lives affect 16:09.833 --> 16:15.433 the life chances of every one of us, which is what calls sociologists call 16:15.433 --> 16:21.533 our cultural and educational capital. For women and men becoming nurses at 16:21.533 --> 16:25.566 the beginning of the last century, the structuring forces of 16:25.566 --> 16:32.499 inequality in society were far more extreme than they are today. In Britain, for example, 16:32.500 --> 16:38.800 only men with property rights and money could vote, a situation that was addressed here 16:38.800 --> 16:44.933 by the 15th amendment of 1870, although I think again, it only affected some 16:44.933 --> 16:49.666 members of the community, and in both countries women were denied 16:49.666 --> 16:56.499 voting rights and becoming increasingly vocal in their demand for representation. 16:56.500 --> 17:01.433 So nursing then is very much caught up with this period of change 17:01.433 --> 17:06.266 at the turn of the 19th century and the beginning of the 29th. 17:06.266 --> 17:10.899 And if we just look at some of the achievements of nurses during that 17:10.900 --> 17:13.600 period and what we might think of as 17:13.600 --> 17:18.666 the first phase of professionalization. 17:18.666 --> 17:24.232 Mrs. Bedford Fenwick in Britain was advocating the registration of 17:24.233 --> 17:28.633 trained nurses and legislation that would enshrine nursing's professional 17:28.633 --> 17:31.699 status in law. Activities more adhered 17:31.700 --> 17:34.866 by the Association of Nursing [?] 17:34.866 --> 17:40.766 formed in 1897 and the Association of Superintendents of Training Schools 17:40.766 --> 17:45.899 for Nurses and at that time Nurses of the United States and Canada, 17:45.900 --> 17:50.600 founded in 1893. And I've given you some key names 17:50.600 --> 17:57.500 of people that were involved in finding these organizations. In the 40 years since the opening 17:57.500 --> 18:03.033 of the first sorry in the 1st 40 years since the opening of the first 18:03.033 --> 18:07.999 Nightingale training school in London, modern nursing had made remarkable 18:08.000 --> 18:13.566 progress worldwide. By the 1900s, nurses were being formally admitted 18:13.566 --> 18:18.332 to the armed forces in Britain and the US and playing an important 18:18.333 --> 18:23.566 role in the Red Cross. And there are some very interesting images 18:23.566 --> 18:30.166 of military nurses in the collection. And I'm pretty sure that these are the earliest ones. 18:32.800 --> 18:38.500 Led by pioneering women such as Florence Nightingale, 18:38.500 --> 18:41.966 Dorothea Dix and Jane Delano, 18:41.966 --> 18:47.432 the idea of nursing as a professional vocation captivated the imaginations 18:47.433 --> 18:53.166 of young women not only in Britain but around the world. Prior to 18:53.166 --> 18:57.932 Knightingales intervention, most nursing care being undertaken by members 18:57.933 --> 19:02.499 of religious orders such as the Alexian Brothers, yes a group, 19:02.500 --> 19:08.233 a male nursing order founded in the low countries in the 13th century. 19:08.233 --> 19:14.533 So we actually have a much more established history of male nurses than we do of female nurses. 19:14.533 --> 19:19.466 The Sisters of Charity, the other religious order known to look 19:19.466 --> 19:24.332 after the poor and give them nursing care. The first trace I could find 19:24.333 --> 19:30.799 of that was around 1600. 19:30.800 --> 19:37.066 There's a commemorative window to the Sisters of Charity at this particular 19:37.066 --> 19:41.499 church in Gettysburg because, like other nursing orders, 19:41.500 --> 19:47.466 they served both sides in the Civil War. 19:47.466 --> 19:51.799 Male nurses, of course, were found undertaking duties in prisons, 19:51.800 --> 19:57.700 asylums and the armed forces, but little is known about their early history. 19:57.700 --> 20:01.766 Ancient Mediterranean classical texts talk of 20:01.766 --> 20:08.199 care attendance without reference to gender, although the goddess Hygeia, 20:08.200 --> 20:14.800 daughter of Asclepius, the Doctor of Medicine, is often regarded as a mythological 20:14.800 --> 20:20.733 forerunner of the female nurse. Because of her associations with physical and 20:20.733 --> 20:26.433 mental health and the prevention of disease. There's some very interesting collection 20:26.433 --> 20:32.233 of slides of Hygeia in the collection, and some of these she holds the serpent. 20:32.233 --> 20:35.399 This one here she's heard holding a serpent, 20:35.400 --> 20:39.333 and this particular card is for a hygiene 20:39.333 --> 20:46.499 convention in Vienna around 1900. The second card I think is a 20:46.500 --> 20:51.800 little bit more ambiguous. Some people interpret this as a lamp, 20:51.800 --> 20:55.133 and we can see here it looks slightly like a 20:55.133 --> 20:58.366 magic lamp and actually could be rubbing it. 20:58.366 --> 21:03.632 But perhaps this is the serpent and certainly this nurse combined this. 21:03.633 --> 21:09.066 I'm calling her a nurse and I'm calling her a nurse, actually, partly because she's wearing wings. 21:09.066 --> 21:14.066 She's presented to us as a ministering Angel as well as Hygeia. 21:14.066 --> 21:20.066 And the card is actually to support a campaign against tuberculosis, 21:20.066 --> 21:23.766 for which this particular cross becomes 21:23.766 --> 21:27.199 the symbol of the tuberculosis campaigns. 21:27.200 --> 21:32.000 Tuberculosis was rife in cities across all 21:32.000 --> 21:37.133 all industrial cities around the world. It was a major this is one of the kind of 21:37.133 --> 21:41.466 first World Health Organization problems where there was some coordination around 21:41.466 --> 21:46.766 the world to try and tackle tuberculosis. 21:46.766 --> 21:52.932 By the 19th century, many Protestant orders had founded hospitals to care for the sick, 21:52.933 --> 21:58.833 such as the influential Lutheran Deaconess Institute at Kaiser Worth in Germany, 21:58.833 --> 22:03.833 where Nightingale and other notable 19th century nurses such as Dorothea 22:03.833 --> 22:08.566 Dix spent time in training. Although Nightingale is remembered for today 22:08.566 --> 22:14.866 for her contributions to nurse training, it was, as I'm sure everybody here knows, 22:14.866 --> 22:19.599 her journey to the Crimea, in 1854, and her attempts to reform the 22:19.600 --> 22:25.166 care of the injured and improve the sanitary conditions in the British 22:25.166 --> 22:30.199 Army which made her famous in her day. Nightingale was a prolific letter 22:30.200 --> 22:35.133 writer and I've just been looking at a couple of letters held here 22:35.133 --> 22:41.533 in the collection where she wrote letters constantly, the equivalent of an email lobbyist 22:41.533 --> 22:46.866 I think today. She lobbied members of Parliament in Britain about the appalling sanitary 22:46.866 --> 22:53.399 conditions in the British Army and used the power of the press to get public support behind her. 22:53.400 --> 22:59.200 It was a Times' journalist who first refers to her as her as the lady with the lamp, 22:59.200 --> 23:03.166 which is of course the other common name given to Florence Nightingale. 23:03.166 --> 23:08.866 In an article about the Crimean War, an image which captivated Victorian middle 23:08.866 --> 23:14.332 class readers and led to Nightingale establishing a training school for 23:14.333 --> 23:19.633 nurses funded by public subscription. She really raised an enormous 23:19.633 --> 23:25.466 amount of money for the her day. And this next image, I think, is interesting. 23:25.466 --> 23:31.799 We can see part of the way in which she's envisaged as looking like Hygeia, 23:31.800 --> 23:37.466 rather than looking like the more traditional of the nurse that we're accompanied, accustomed to. 23:37.466 --> 23:43.132 And it's accompanied by a poem from Longfellow, which has become a famous 23:43.133 --> 23:50.199 poem about the joy of service. 23:50.200 --> 23:56.166 Let's fated in her day than Nightingale, but no less indefatigable in her work to improve the lot 23:56.166 --> 24:01.866 of soldiers fighting in the American Civil War. Clara Barton 24:01.866 --> 24:07.366 improved Army supply trains and coordinated volunteers to nurse wounded. 24:07.366 --> 24:13.366 But perhaps Clara Barton's greatest gift to the American public was her 24:13.366 --> 24:19.532 efforts to fund the American Red Cross, which she achieved in 1881. 24:19.533 --> 24:23.966 The International Red Cross had a major influence on attitudes 24:23.966 --> 24:29.199 towards soldiers injured in battle, so I'm sure many of you here know. 24:29.200 --> 24:35.033 Inspired by Henry Dunant, a businessman, horrified at the human cost of war that he 24:35.033 --> 24:41.199 witnessed at the Battle of Solferino in 1859, a committee was set up in Geneva, 24:41.200 --> 24:47.233 Switzerland, that led to the creation of the Red Cross in 1863. 24:47.233 --> 24:53.933 Dunant advocated a network of national relief organizations staffed by trained 24:53.933 --> 24:59.533 volunteers that were provide neutral and impartial help to those affected 24:59.533 --> 25:05.033 in times of war. From the outset influential nurses such as Nightingale 25:05.033 --> 25:11.533 were instrumental in lobbying for support for the Red Cross. The training of volunteer nurses 25:11.533 --> 25:18.533 was fundamental to its success, and this cause was avidly taken up by wives and daughters around 25:18.533 --> 25:23.366 the royal houses of Europe. And I've just selected just a couple 25:23.366 --> 25:29.966 of the many images of European royalty dressed as nurses at this time. Worse, I think, 25:29.966 --> 25:36.299 more research in terms of their effect on the Red Cross and the development of the Red Cross. 25:36.300 --> 25:42.733 I was particularly interested in this one. This is the Czarina of Russia. This one here, 25:42.733 --> 25:49.399 according to the postcard with her, the princesses, Tatiana and it is Tatiana, 25:49.400 --> 25:55.833 not Titatio on the postcard. This postcard has actually misspelled her name. 25:55.833 --> 26:02.666 And Olga. And these three women worked serving the Red Cross, serving soldiers in war, 26:02.666 --> 26:07.132 and one of their relatives actually gave up all her possessions and 26:07.133 --> 26:13.633 entered cloisters to serve as a nurse. Of course, they all lost their heads just 26:13.633 --> 26:20.266 a couple of years later as part of the Russian Revolution. So some very interesting 26:20.266 --> 26:25.766 research materials here. I was also particularly interested in the Japans 26:25.766 --> 26:31.699 involvement in the Red Cross at this time. The Red Cross in Japan was supported 26:31.700 --> 26:38.600 initially by a count of one of the Japanese provinces who founded a relief organization in 1877, 26:38.600 --> 26:41.766 and Japan became four members of 26:41.766 --> 26:45.032 the Red Cross ten years later. 26:45.033 --> 26:50.733 The idea of nursing as a spiritual patriotic duty had a great resonance 26:50.733 --> 26:53.866 in Japan and led to the introduction 26:53.866 --> 27:00.132 of western medicine and arguably the modernization of Japanese society. And again, 27:00.133 --> 27:04.999 there's some work now being done in this area, but it's a area that's rich, I think, 27:05.000 --> 27:11.600 for further research and exploration. By the end of the 19th century, 27:11.600 --> 27:17.833 modern nursing had become a worldwide movement, and nurses formed the First 27:17.833 --> 27:21.799 International Association of Health Professions in the world. 27:21.800 --> 27:26.933 the International Council of Nurses, in 1899. 27:26.933 --> 27:32.066 So I think these were huge achievements and I think just 27:32.066 --> 27:36.699 looking at what was achieved in that really short period of 40 years 27:36.700 --> 27:39.433 by women who were determined to create change 27:39.433 --> 27:43.799 in society is really quite inspiring. 27:43.800 --> 27:49.766 OK. So I'm going to move on now to look at what underlies my approach to 27:49.766 --> 27:55.499 this exhibition and I want to talk about the idea of nursing and it's 27:55.500 --> 28:00.933 inspirational force at this time because without that inspirational force, 28:00.933 --> 28:07.099 so much could not have been done. 28:07.100 --> 28:12.333 You've probably, I think, come across something called The Cult of 28:12.333 --> 28:17.299 True Womanhood in 19th century society. And at the core of The Cult of True 28:17.300 --> 28:21.733 Womanhood, as it became known, is an image of femininity based on a 28:21.733 --> 28:24.999 white middle class idea of respectability, 28:25.000 --> 28:29.433 which had a huge impact on the way women of 28:29.433 --> 28:34.366 that era thought about nurses and nursing. This, of course, 28:34.366 --> 28:41.599 is an idealized notion of femininity. And it germinated in the nexus of social circumstances, 28:41.600 --> 28:45.666 social relations, and social practices that accompanied 28:45.666 --> 28:50.332 changing roles of women in the rapidly industrializing societies 28:50.333 --> 28:57.233 of the US and Europe in particular. Industrialization created a new class 28:57.233 --> 29:03.299 of wealthy women who were eager to aspire to the condition of ladies, 29:03.300 --> 29:09.133 a mode of behavior and appearance designed to show off their financial status. 29:09.133 --> 29:12.299 And define them as better and 29:12.300 --> 29:17.400 more respectable than those of a lesser economic means and less 29:17.400 --> 29:23.066 educational and social capital. 19th century popular culture was awash 29:23.066 --> 29:29.199 with conduct books and magazines. They were like the celebrity journals of the day, if you like. 29:29.200 --> 29:33.966 Instead of looking at "Hello," "People", or "Cosmo", or whatever your favorite 29:33.966 --> 29:40.132 woman's magazine is, these conduct books were everywhere. 29:40.133 --> 29:45.533 And ideas around the kind of poetry inspired by ideas about 29:45.533 --> 29:50.066 womanhood were published. This poem from Coventry Patmore at the 29:50.066 --> 29:56.599 "The Angel in the House," was published in 1854, and it's actually extremely long. 29:56.600 --> 30:00.500 It's a short book, so I'm certainly not recommending 30:00.500 --> 30:05.233 you read it unless you have a fascination for the language in 30:05.233 --> 30:10.233 which it's worship of a particular kind of femininity is put, 30:10.233 --> 30:15.466 but I've put it there so you can have a look and get the flavour of it. As you see, 30:15.466 --> 30:21.799 the housewife here is envisaged as passive, meek, charming, graceful, 30:21.800 --> 30:25.500 sympathetic, self sacrificing, 30:25.500 --> 30:30.900 pious and above all morally and spiritually pure. 30:30.900 --> 30:37.566 She was expected to be a devoted companion and submissive and obedient to her husband. 30:37.566 --> 30:44.566 I think we all like the early bit, we're maybe not quite so keen these days on the later bit. 30:44.566 --> 30:49.299 Queen Victoria of England in both a public and private life was 30:49.300 --> 30:55.333 regarded as a model of this idea, adding to its popularity. In the US 30:55.333 --> 30:59.966 this image of white female middle class respectability was known as 30:59.966 --> 31:06.532 the Cult of True Womanhood and was promoted in magazines and books. And one of the most famous ones 31:06.533 --> 31:10.266 and my understanding of American popular culture is this one called 31:10.266 --> 31:14.432 Godey's Magazine and Lady's Book, which was published for a long period 31:14.433 --> 31:19.866 1830 to 1878 by somebody called 31:19.866 --> 31:24.499 Louis A. Godey in Philadelphia. 31:24.500 --> 31:29.900 Of course, this ethos of devotion to 31:29.900 --> 31:36.066 home and family life was enshrined in ideas about woman's service to society. 31:36.066 --> 31:41.099 Middle class evangelical Christian women were encouraged to extend the domestic 31:41.100 --> 31:46.300 virtues of physical and moral cleanliness from the home into the public sphere 31:46.300 --> 31:51.766 by volunteering to care for the sick in their own homes and offering their 31:51.766 --> 31:56.399 services as nurses in charitable hospitals and institutions. 31:56.400 --> 32:02.300 This work becomes known as "Women's Mission." Nightingale's ideas 32:02.300 --> 32:05.966 were therefore part of what the British cultural critic Raymond Williams 32:05.966 --> 32:10.332 refers to as a structure of feeling in society at the time. 32:10.333 --> 32:15.866 Today what we might think of as a "zeitgeist." It was a particular idea and people 32:15.866 --> 32:21.399 really latched onto it and Nightingale exploited this feeling in her 32:21.400 --> 32:27.066 entrepreneurial and fund raising activities. But this new image of modern nursing 32:27.066 --> 32:34.432 also made visible of binary opposite an image of unreformed private duty nursing 32:34.433 --> 32:37.633 and an image of the private duty nurse 32:37.633 --> 32:41.233 as a drunken woman of slack morals. 32:41.233 --> 32:46.533 A drunken lower class woman we should add. Sairey Gamp, 32:46.533 --> 32:53.066 characterized by Charles Dickens in his serial Martin Chuzzlewit, is perhaps the best known, 32:53.066 --> 32:58.866 and this is from an addition of not the cereal, but the novel published rival 32:58.866 --> 33:06.499 later on in 1867, which I think gives us a wonderful picture of Sairey Gamp, here she is here, see. 33:10.966 --> 33:14.099 These images appeared in various forms all 33:14.100 --> 33:20.233 across 19th century British society. Cartoons, Toby Jugs and it's an image that 33:20.233 --> 33:26.333 represents a fear of disease, contagion and a fear of the knowledge of 33:26.333 --> 33:31.799 the physical work associated with nursing. In the collection we can see this 33:31.800 --> 33:38.200 image was also applied to young women. Particularly young lower class women. 33:38.200 --> 33:43.566 And this is the kind of cartoon image that would have circulated not only on 33:43.566 --> 33:50.032 postcards but in magazines, newspapers, magazines like Punch in the UK. 33:50.033 --> 33:55.266 In contrast, the idea of the nurse as a ministering angel emerges from 33:55.266 --> 34:00.732 the cultural and social milieu of the cult of true womanhood. Nightingale's 34:00.733 --> 34:03.133 pupils such as Agnes Jones, 34:03.133 --> 34:08.533 who founded School of Nursing at Liverpool. 34:08.533 --> 34:13.099 Oh, we've missed a slide, sorry. Trained nurses, 34:13.100 --> 34:19.000 but also taught Christian morals and values to her pupils and patience. 34:19.000 --> 34:25.533 By the end of the 19th century, the image of the nurse the Ministering Angel is found across all manner 34:25.533 --> 34:31.433 of popular art and entertainment, including stories, images and paintings, 34:31.433 --> 34:36.833 poems as we've seen, and drawings. Angels become particularly associated 34:36.833 --> 34:42.666 with nursing on the battlefields. Accomplished complex nexus of imagery. 34:42.666 --> 34:47.932 That combines Christian symbolism and secular protection and martyrdom, 34:47.933 --> 34:52.533 apparent in many images of army and Red Cross nurses attending the wounded on 34:52.533 --> 34:58.866 the battlefields of the First World War. I've just selected 3 images 34:58.866 --> 35:05.732 here which we haven't gone into depth with on the exhibition, but The Angel of Mons arises from 35:05.733 --> 35:09.899 a British fable about nurses, sorry about angels on the 35:09.900 --> 35:17.300 battlefields in France and angels were seen to appear to dying 35:17.300 --> 35:22.100 soldiers and this term becomes attributed to the nurses that 35:22.100 --> 35:28.600 are caring for the soldiers. The second card. 35:28.600 --> 35:34.533 Mary Somers, the Angel of Antwerp. She suffered bayonet injuries as a 35:34.533 --> 35:39.566 consequence of helping British soldiers to escape during the occupation of Belgium, 35:39.566 --> 35:45.999 and these were severe injuries. She was really severely injured. Edith Cavell, perhaps will be 35:46.000 --> 35:52.133 known to some of you. Edith Cavell, British nurse serving in Belgium, was killed by the Germans for 35:52.133 --> 35:59.599 aiding Allied soldiers and buried with full military honours by the British state when that was later 35:59.600 --> 36:05.200 on when they managed to find her body and rebury her on British soil. 36:05.200 --> 36:10.300 I think this is a wonderful image of Edith Cavell. An angel, a martyr. 36:10.300 --> 36:16.933 Queen Victoria was a patron of the British 36:16.933 --> 36:22.599 Red Cross and related through intermarriage to royal families throughout Europe. 36:22.600 --> 36:28.066 The ties between nationalism, the state figurehead of a woman, nursing, 36:28.066 --> 36:33.299 and the image of a mother are aptly summarized in this quotation 36:33.300 --> 36:38.000 from Princess Maria from Romania, who, like many female Royals, 36:38.000 --> 36:44.000 served in the Red Cross in wartime. And I'm actually going to read this one. 36:44.000 --> 36:49.300 Many a dying soldier whispered to me with his last breath that it was for 36:49.300 --> 36:55.500 me he was fighting. For was I not his home, his mother, his belief, his hope? 36:55.500 --> 36:58.233 So perhaps these sentiments underline 36:58.233 --> 37:02.633 the many images of the Red Cross as a 37:02.633 --> 37:06.099 mother that we find in their collection. 37:06.100 --> 37:12.466 In fact, the Red Cross in its promotional postcards often 37:12.466 --> 37:17.532 announces itself as the world's greatest mother. So the image of the mother, 37:17.533 --> 37:23.033 along with the ministering Angel, becomes one of the most common images 37:23.033 --> 37:26.899 around in these early 19th century, 37:26.900 --> 37:32.900 early 20th century images of nursing on the postcards. 37:32.900 --> 37:36.266 So images then of feminine duty, 37:36.266 --> 37:41.366 self sacrifice and the notion of a spiritual vocational mission 37:41.366 --> 37:46.166 are harnessed to serve colonial expansion by all Western powers at 37:46.166 --> 37:51.832 this time. Before the First World War and arguably what caused the 37:51.833 --> 37:57.233 First World War was the race to colonize territories in Africa, 37:57.233 --> 38:02.966 and this led to the militarization of European societies. 38:02.966 --> 38:08.766 Along with this militarization, Christian missionaries were sent to all parts of the world, 38:08.766 --> 38:14.032 the missionaries combining teaching of the gospel with the founding of schools, hospitals, 38:14.033 --> 38:20.866 and the training of nursing. This is 2 images, one of a European group of Belgian 38:20.866 --> 38:25.666 instructors with students at a school in what is now known as the 38:25.666 --> 38:33.132 Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the other of a group from what is 38:33.133 --> 38:39.199 what's actually called the SPCK Foundation, a British Missionary Society whose 38:39.200 --> 38:44.800 full name there is The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts 38:44.800 --> 38:48.300 It's a bit of a mouthful, to say, 38:48.300 --> 38:52.166 and this mission was very active in 38:52.166 --> 38:57.832 China and a number of missions led in China. 39:03.400 --> 39:09.966 The feminine ideal also had implications for the relationship between medicine and nursing. 39:09.966 --> 39:15.532 19th century ideas of femininity permitted women to be active in the public sphere. 39:15.533 --> 39:22.199 In areas designated as women's work. The hospital mirrored the organization of the home, 39:22.200 --> 39:26.200 with the head nurse or matron looking after the housekeeping and ensuring that 39:26.200 --> 39:33.266 patients were often treated as children --often treated as children, 39:33.266 --> 39:38.832 were kept fed clean and nursed in a hygienic environment. 39:38.833 --> 39:45.333 The idea of nursing as a white, middle class feminine idea had implications though for those who 39:45.333 --> 39:51.099 could no fault of their own meet it. Although in theory anyone could be a nurse, 39:51.100 --> 39:57.200 in practice if we look at the images of women in need across all countries 39:57.200 --> 39:59.900 at this time in the collection, 39:59.900 --> 40:02.966 it becomes very clear that actually it's 40:02.966 --> 40:11.399 primarily white women that can be nurses. As medicine develops as a profession, 40:11.400 --> 40:17.300 nurses are regarded as a potential threat to the autonomy of medicine. 40:17.300 --> 40:23.600 Letters in the American Journal of Medicine, sorry, the Journal of the American Medical Association, 40:23.600 --> 40:30.300 favorable and supportive of nursing in 1900 show a marked change in attitude towards nursing 40:30.300 --> 40:36.166 by the 1920s. Doctors become keen to curb the role of the nurse, 40:36.166 --> 40:41.099 not least because the cost of a private duty nurse was proving 40:41.100 --> 40:46.700 very expensive for patients and eating into the doctor's fees. 40:46.700 --> 40:52.466 Nurses were regarded at best as doctors helpers and doctors were keen to ensure 40:52.466 --> 40:58.299 that the nursing field of operation was strictly restricted to non medical tutors. 40:58.300 --> 41:02.700 This relationship of subordination to what was predominantly 41:02.700 --> 41:07.833 at this time male medical power, was reinforced by social conditioning 41:07.833 --> 41:11.766 and mirrored the views of society more generally. 41:11.766 --> 41:17.132 In children's books, games, stories and photographs, 41:17.133 --> 41:20.599 the message is constantly reinforced. 41:20.600 --> 41:24.066 In children's games, boys play doctors 41:24.066 --> 41:30.099 or soldiers and girls play nurses. The message is repeated in popular 41:30.100 --> 41:34.166 entertainment aimed at young people. 41:36.500 --> 41:39.800 Female stars of stage and screen play 41:39.800 --> 41:43.266 nurses while men are courageous soldiers 41:43.266 --> 41:49.199 or handsome doctors. In films, plays, career books for girls, and romance novels 41:49.200 --> 41:54.766 of the first half of the 20th century. The idea about nursing is communicated 41:54.766 --> 41:58.932 across all these entertainment forms is that 41:58.933 --> 42:02.799 it's a role for well educated white girls. 42:05.233 --> 42:09.966 I want to move on now then to the 1940s. 42:09.966 --> 42:13.299 By the 1940s, the heroic work of 42:13.300 --> 42:16.933 nurses and World War Two has created 42:16.933 --> 42:19.866 a new awareness about nursing work in 42:19.866 --> 42:26.266 a society sorry, I've slipped out of. 42:26.266 --> 42:29.799 I think from my slides there, we're doing well to that point. 42:29.800 --> 42:36.000 [organizing slide show] 42:36.000 --> 42:39.733 I've got a slide that's not translated, 42:39.733 --> 42:43.566 unfortunately, to the slide show, 42:43.566 --> 42:47.599 which is another slide of military nursing. 42:52.566 --> 42:58.132 Sorry about that flip, which hasn't transferred. We had some problems with the PowerPoint, 42:58.133 --> 43:03.066 so I do apologize for this. But by 1940s, the heroic work of nurses 43:03.066 --> 43:09.132 killed in World War Two has created a new awareness about nursing in society 43:09.133 --> 43:14.566 and begins to change attitudes amongst the American public and the ways in 43:14.566 --> 43:20.932 which nursing is valued as a profession. And these changes happened in both the UK and Britain, 43:20.933 --> 43:25.733 and of course reinforced ideas of nurses of angels in the 43:25.733 --> 43:30.866 UK the foundation of the National Health Service was founded primarily 43:30.866 --> 43:36.499 on the provision of nursing labour. Our nurses are still the main employees 43:36.500 --> 43:41.233 in the British National Health Service. 43:41.233 --> 43:46.599 In the US, nurses win their battles for commissioned officers status. 43:46.600 --> 43:51.566 In the US Army Nurse Corps, amid post war struggles for 43:51.566 --> 43:57.932 equality within the profession itself. As we move into the 1960s, 43:57.933 --> 44:02.299 television has become the most important source of information 44:02.300 --> 44:09.333 and entertainment about nursing, and postcards are already declining in use. 44:09.333 --> 44:13.766 Programs such as Doctor Kildare in the US and Emergency Ward 10 44:13.766 --> 44:21.399 in Britain perpetuate romantic, sexy stereotypes about nursing. By the 1980s, 44:21.400 --> 44:28.300 nurses began to lobby for better and more informed representation, with some results. 44:28.300 --> 44:35.000 In the UK, a male nurse becomes a principal advisor on the BBC Drama Casualty and 44:35.000 --> 44:41.433 a male nurse plays the leading role. Recruitment and male nurses in the UK rose dramatically, 44:41.433 --> 44:46.799 over 10% within the first month of the program being broadcast. 44:46.800 --> 44:51.566 So the power of the media should never be underestimated when it comes 44:51.566 --> 44:58.332 to thinking about how it alters our perception of our public selves. 44:58.333 --> 45:03.099 By the 1990s, nurses have made substantial inroads into 45:03.100 --> 45:08.800 changing public perceptions of their image. Although the postcard is no longer 45:08.800 --> 45:14.733 a major player it continues to play a role in recruitment campaigns. 45:14.733 --> 45:19.499 And also in certain kinds of health campaigns. 45:19.500 --> 45:25.133 Postcard stamps tend to be used along with postcards to commemorate the work of nurses. 45:25.133 --> 45:29.766 We've got a number in the collection, but I've just included the most recent one here. 45:29.766 --> 45:36.032 This is a British post office Millennium Tribute to the NHS to the nurses of the NHS, 45:36.033 --> 45:41.899 which you'll find at the bottom of the slide. Other cards on the slide show that 45:41.900 --> 45:46.933 the image of nursing has changed considerably in the last 30 years. 45:46.933 --> 45:52.033 Nurses are no longer regarded just as angels and handmaidens 45:52.033 --> 45:56.666 today recruitment images and many other images in popular culture. 45:56.666 --> 46:01.999 I think [?] had a bit of a role here. Shows men and women of all classes 46:02.000 --> 46:04.700 and races working together as equal 46:04.700 --> 46:11.300 members of the health care team. Thank you for your attention. 46:11.300 --> 46:16.533 I hope you've enjoyed the presentation and that I've encouraged you to 46:16.533 --> 46:21.733 explore this very rich collection. And I'd like to open the floor to questions. 46:21.733 --> 46:27.833 So perhaps we could have some lights and I can see people's faces. It's very odd speaking to you all 46:27.833 --> 46:31.966 in the dark. I'm used to seeing people when I speak to them. 46:31.966 --> 46:35.299 So thank you. Well, thank you. 46:35.300 --> 46:39.200 [applause] 46:39.200 --> 46:50.600 [silence] 46:50.600 --> 46:53.000 [?] 46:53.000 --> 46:56.633 [Ken Koyle:] Thank you Dr. Hallam. I really enjoyed your presentation 46:56.633 --> 47:02.499 [Julia Hallam:] Could we add that volume a bit? [Ken Koyle:] Patrick, have you got OK, there we go. So thank you, 47:02.500 --> 47:07.766 enjoyed the presentation very much. My question is about the the transition of the, 47:07.766 --> 47:14.732 the perceptions of nursing you mentioned that with the kind of the the the advent of television. 47:14.733 --> 47:21.166 The image of the wholesome handmaiden uh kind of devolved 47:21.166 --> 47:25.899 into in some cases comedic or less 47:25.900 --> 47:31.200 wholesome perceptions of nursing. Was that just crass commercialism 47:31.200 --> 47:37.000 or was there something, something in of a deeper social nature 47:37.000 --> 47:41.600 do you think that was driving that that change and then the the subsequent change where 47:41.600 --> 47:45.466 the nursing profession gained more respectability in more recent years? 47:45.466 --> 47:51.599 [Julia Hallam:] I think a lot of it has been crass commercialization actually, particularly in relation to 47:51.600 --> 47:57.166 some of the films about nursing. If we look at the 1930s, for example, 47:57.166 --> 48:03.032 we can see there's a whole rash of films that are very complementary about nursing. 48:03.033 --> 48:09.299 And as we move into the period after the Second World War, these continue with our censorship 48:09.300 --> 48:15.033 relaxes in general and we enter a more permissive society in the 1960s. 48:15.033 --> 48:19.699 The images certainly get racier on the innuendo that 48:19.700 --> 48:24.933 we see on cards from an earlier period becomes more explicit, 48:24.933 --> 48:27.999 and I think that goes along with a 48:28.000 --> 48:34.466 general shift in society as a whole towards a greater sexualized image. 48:34.466 --> 48:39.266 Sexualization of women's image, which certainly becomes more apparent 48:39.266 --> 48:44.966 in British and American societies in the 50s with the start of Playboy 48:44.966 --> 48:49.966 and these kind of pinup magazines. Marilyn Monroe Classic pinup 48:49.966 --> 48:56.132 before she becomes a film star, but never, to my knowledge, a nurse. 48:56.133 --> 49:02.333 But of course many of these people are continue. This is not an image that's gone away. 49:02.333 --> 49:08.033 I was looking at an image the other day. I don't know if people here have heard of Kate Moss, 49:08.033 --> 49:13.199 the supermodel, but if you look online and put Kate Moss 49:13.200 --> 49:17.566 and Richard Prince into your Google. 49:17.566 --> 49:23.432 You'll find an image of Kate Moss dressed as a sexy nurse against 49:23.433 --> 49:29.433 a background of a Richard Prince painting from I think the 1980s, 49:29.433 --> 49:35.299 where Richard Prince took images from the fronts of novels and created 49:35.300 --> 49:38.366 this collection of paintings based on 49:38.366 --> 49:44.366 images of nurses from what were at the time, medical romance books, those sort of things. 49:44.366 --> 49:48.432 Another huge influence in popular culture along with the kind of 49:48.433 --> 49:53.666 Doctor Kildare effect was this whole image in romance stories of nurses 49:53.666 --> 49:58.432 marrying doctors and they were again, it was always their gendered 49:58.433 --> 50:04.966 relationship and this pattern, I think continues pretty 50:04.966 --> 50:09.132 much until the 1980s. It was very prevalent in the UK, 50:09.133 --> 50:15.133 certainly when I was nursing in the 70s. So yeah, I think crass commercialization 50:15.133 --> 50:19.933 and it's another thing that nurses have had to work very hard and I 50:19.933 --> 50:25.199 think to some degree being quite successful at beginning to combat and 50:25.200 --> 50:28.466 challenge by presenting alternative voices, 50:28.466 --> 50:35.099 making sure they have nurses on to staff TV shows, to advise on medical 50:35.100 --> 50:41.066 serials and medical programmes. Our nurses, I think have become much more proactive in making 50:41.066 --> 50:44.399 sure their voice gets out there. But they, you know, 50:44.400 --> 50:50.333 they need to take that tip I think from their their nursing forbearers 50:50.333 --> 50:55.533 back in 1900 at the kind of power of the media and what you can do 50:55.533 --> 51:00.566 if you get the media on your side. Sorry, that was a bit lengthy. 51:00.566 --> 51:05.466 [laughter] 51:05.466 --> 51:10.032 [Audience member:] Thank you for coming all the way across town to NIH for this talk. 51:10.033 --> 51:13.966 You mentioned that the use of postcards has been declining and understandably with 51:13.966 --> 51:19.399 the electronic media that is that the case. But in the past has it been mainly campaigns 51:19.400 --> 51:24.966 such as in public health awareness? Sorry, I can't quite hear you. 51:24.966 --> 51:30.766 For the use of postcards in the past, I guess the use has been tied to 51:30.766 --> 51:33.832 campaigns of some sort of nature, yeah. 51:33.833 --> 51:38.233 Has there been any recent sort of movement 51:38.233 --> 51:41.299 or a sort of a revitalization or has 51:41.300 --> 51:47.266 that just been following the use of just transitioning to electronic medium, 51:47.266 --> 51:53.132 the use of a postcard with nursing as a focus? Has that just kind of is that 51:53.133 --> 51:54.599 continuing to be so? 51:54.600 --> 51:58.933 [Julia Hallam:] I think others here who've been involved in more recent campaigns 51:58.933 --> 52:03.766 would know more about that than I do. But I do think there's much more 52:03.766 --> 52:08.466 emphasis today on the medical team so that they're much less likely to 52:08.466 --> 52:11.732 focus on a particular individual. And of course, 52:11.733 --> 52:18.066 the changes in uniform where in a lot of general publicity people would just 52:18.066 --> 52:24.299 wear scrubs and they they're a medical, medical personnel, I think is much more a term 52:24.300 --> 52:30.700 that you're likely to see. In those sort of campaign images, a bit like the one I showed 52:30.700 --> 52:36.433 of the British NHS, you wouldn't really know around the that trolley who's who. But you know, 52:36.433 --> 52:40.399 some of them are nurses and some of them are going to be doctors and some 52:40.400 --> 52:46.333 of them are going to be perhaps other professional members of the team as well. 52:46.333 --> 52:51.699 Does that, yeah, yeah. 52:51.700 --> 52:56.900 [Audience member:] I was interested in your comment about the NHS and the role of nurses 52:56.900 --> 53:02.466 in the NHS and I was wondering if you could expand on that a little. 53:02.466 --> 53:06.899 [Julia Hallam:] And the NHS, when it was formed in the post war period in Britain, 53:06.900 --> 53:13.600 was primarily formed because a group of young doctors, 53:13.600 --> 53:20.500 junior doctors as we call them in the UK, were in favour of a system. They were all quite liberal 53:20.500 --> 53:25.800 rather than left wing. And the NHS was of course a liberal manifesto. 53:25.800 --> 53:32.500 It was never a socialist manifesto. It was brought in by a liberal, it was imagined 53:32.500 --> 53:36.700 initially by a liberal government and it was brought in by the 53:36.700 --> 53:44.433 labor government and so that the junior doctors supported this. But there was quite a battle about 53:44.433 --> 53:49.699 the roles in the NHS and who would do what and who would be what. 53:49.700 --> 53:54.166 And the NHS did agree in the end to employ doctors. 53:54.166 --> 53:59.532 But of course doctors are not the biggest employment group within the NHS. 53:59.533 --> 54:04.699 There was a huge staff in municipal and charitable hospitals across the 54:04.700 --> 54:11.433 UK that were already, as it were, in place who just became absorbed into the NHS. 54:11.433 --> 54:16.433 But in the reality, looking back at history, for a lot of people working in 54:16.433 --> 54:22.766 the hospitals and in the kind of associated district nursing services, those sorts of things, 54:22.766 --> 54:27.966 very little actually changed apart from the fact that they discovered 54:27.966 --> 54:33.066 that health was an unending need and so they employed more and more nurses. 54:33.066 --> 54:38.532 Because they're cheaper than doctors to try and meet this need. And the role of the nurse then 54:38.533 --> 54:44.999 expanded in Britain under the NHS in a way that perhaps it hasn't done in other countries, 54:45.000 --> 54:50.700 but I wouldn't like to be too generalised on that. Does that give you sufficient? 54:50.700 --> 54:57.200 [Audience member:] It's very helpful just a follow on questions. So do you have nurse practitioners as 54:57.200 --> 55:00.366 well as registered nurses in the UK? 55:00.366 --> 55:05.132 --Yeah. -- And I just to. Expand a little bit, 55:05.133 --> 55:11.366 the focus on health and the outcomes with the NHS seem to be better than 55:11.366 --> 55:17.099 most other countries and so I'm curious about your thoughts of the 55:17.100 --> 55:19.933 role of nurses in those outcomes? 55:19.933 --> 55:22.766 [Julia Hallam:] Nurses within the NHS today perform a 55:22.766 --> 55:26.066 whole range of expert nurse functions 55:26.066 --> 55:29.132 or nurse practitioner functions which 55:29.133 --> 55:34.966 some of which are diagnostic so you can, but if you are that kind of person 55:34.966 --> 55:40.699 you're what's called an expert nurse and other nurses are practitioners in their own right. 55:40.700 --> 55:45.700 We have teams and nurses now attached to general practice, 55:45.700 --> 55:50.766 and those practice nurses actually give and monitor, 55:50.766 --> 55:55.766 give injections to a whole range of minor medical activities. 55:55.766 --> 56:01.432 And nurses have been responsible as well for NHS Direct. But maybe we could talk a 56:01.433 --> 56:04.633 bit more about that later. I know the director had a 56:04.633 --> 56:08.133 question he wanted to ask me so, 56:08.133 --> 56:10.599 but we could talk at the reception. 56:10.600 --> 56:14.300 [low audio] [Donald Lindberg:] Quiet and very trivial. 56:14.300 --> 56:19.800 I heard in the UK, did the early airplane people claim that some of the folks on 56:19.800 --> 56:24.766 the airplane were nurses? [?]. Passengers? 56:24.766 --> 56:31.132 [Julia Hallam:] Umm, now you've got me trivial, but I'm not absolutely sure. 56:31.133 --> 56:37.199 I know that many of the people that are on early airlines, 56:37.200 --> 56:42.666 there was a lot of overlap in the role and those of us that aspired 56:42.666 --> 56:48.032 to be nurses sometimes also thought we could easily be air hostesses. 56:48.033 --> 56:54.766 And so there was a a good chance, and I'm talking 70s before air traffic was popular 56:54.766 --> 57:01.066 to the extent it is today. Though, you had a much better chance of becoming an air hostess if you 57:01.066 --> 57:07.966 had a nursing qualification. That was absolutely true. And and so some of us had that little notion, 57:07.966 --> 57:13.332 ohh, when we qualify, you know, we'll become Flyers. So you're not wrong. 57:13.333 --> 57:18.999 But it wasn't a specific requirement. It wasn't one of those kind of spelt out requirements, 57:19.000 --> 57:23.066 but it was definitely something that helped you get the job at a time when 57:23.066 --> 57:29.266 the job was much scarcer than today. [Donald Lindberg:] Advertising. [low audio level] 57:29.266 --> 57:33.499 [Milton Corn, MD:] As this evolution occurred in the one you're described here today, 57:33.500 --> 57:38.433 what were the major changes in the education and training of nurses period? [low audio] 57:38.433 --> 57:43.733 [Julia Hallam:] I think the major changes again, I'm going to have to talk from a UK perspective here because I'm 57:43.733 --> 57:48.599 not totally familiar with the US context. 57:48.600 --> 57:51.833 I don't think the major changes 57:51.833 --> 57:57.466 came in until it was decided 57:57.466 --> 58:02.799 probably about 1990. I'm not, don't quote me on the dates here 58:02.800 --> 58:07.600 because I'm not 100% sure and I haven't looked at this for a while, 58:07.600 --> 58:13.333 but the major change would be the introduction of a more college based 58:13.333 --> 58:20.266 education and that happened I think. No, I'm wrong. It would have been in the probably early 80s. 58:20.266 --> 58:23.532 I think I was one of the last groups of people to go through a 58:23.533 --> 58:31.999 nursing education that was primarily based in practice and based on the wards and not in a college. 58:32.000 --> 58:38.766 And then after that nursing degree started to become popular and my sister, for example, 58:38.766 --> 58:44.799 did a combined practice nursing degree and spent two years training in a hospital, 58:44.800 --> 58:49.000 two years with the university. Doing a degree. 58:49.000 --> 58:53.800 But these were not integrated courses. Integrated college courses tended 58:53.800 --> 58:57.500 to focus more more time in college, 58:57.500 --> 59:02.233 less time on the wards and then slowly we move towards something called 59:02.233 --> 59:06.833 Project 2000. And Project 2000 aimed 59:06.833 --> 59:09.633 to have nursing education become 59:09.633 --> 59:17.299 completely university based and and now we've just entered that phase I think, 59:17.300 --> 59:22.066 where nursing for the first time is a completely university based 59:22.066 --> 59:26.799 profession so you won't be able to practice as a nurse from about 59:26.800 --> 59:33.366 now unless you have a degree. But again my dates on that are not not 100% secure. 59:33.366 --> 59:38.699 Sorry, I'm going to connect you. I can't quite. 59:38.700 --> 59:41.800 [Audience member:] [low audio] Yeah, I do. As a comparison 59:41.800 --> 59:44.900 [Lieutenant Colonel retired Judy Harger:] Yeah, I do. As a comparison 59:44.900 --> 59:49.600 between the UK and US, I first went to nursing school at the University of San Francisco. 59:49.600 --> 59:53.766 Now mind you, it was a Mercy Hospital nurse based program. 59:53.766 --> 59:56.899 Diploma program. They started their 59:56.900 --> 01:00:03.400 program for the baccalaureate in 1958. So when I got there into 1960, 01:00:03.400 --> 01:00:08.633 you had the entire diploma program from the nursing aspect, from the Mercy Nuns, 01:00:08.633 --> 01:00:12.599 and then they dumped the Jesuit university education on top of it. 01:00:12.600 --> 01:00:16.933 So we were in the hospital like 5:30 in the morning doing the Mercy nun, 01:00:16.933 --> 01:00:21.366 end of the diploma, and we were in school all the rest of the week. 01:00:21.366 --> 01:00:25.932 And then I ended up in 1964, so a bit ahead of you, in that. 01:00:25.933 --> 01:00:30.866 OK, I'm I'm an old nurse. 01:00:30.866 --> 01:00:37.232 I'll go back to my OK. But it sounds like it was a bit earlier in the university system for the US. 01:00:37.233 --> 01:00:40.233 [Julia Hallam:] I think the Diploma program preceded 01:00:40.233 --> 01:00:47.166 the degree program and was taken up by certain universities across the UK. 01:00:47.166 --> 01:00:52.399 But it wasn't everywhere. And again it was only those privileged 01:00:52.400 --> 01:00:57.200 kind of universities, probably like kings, that had nursing traditions. 01:00:57.200 --> 01:01:01.666 Edinburgh, I think was another one, Manchester, another one that actually began 01:01:01.666 --> 01:01:07.532 that program and it was quite slow I think to develop and catch on and 01:01:07.533 --> 01:01:13.499 again it was seen as something that you wouldn't really do or know about. 01:01:13.500 --> 01:01:18.866 It wasn't pushed from school to my knowledge or given that kind of, 01:01:18.866 --> 01:01:23.399 but whereas in the US it was quite different. I think it was introduced much earlier 01:01:23.400 --> 01:01:28.166 and there was an expectation and it was introduced as a science subject 01:01:28.166 --> 01:01:32.666 rather than a social science subject, which again is a big difference between 01:01:32.666 --> 01:01:36.032 the way it was introduced into universities I think. 01:01:36.033 --> 01:01:38.033 [LTC (Ret) Judy Harger:] We were talking about the cultural, 01:01:38.033 --> 01:01:43.399 cultural view of nursing. Just as an aside on that, there were 200 nurses at the University 01:01:43.400 --> 01:01:48.533 of San Francisco in a male school, which was male at the time. Entirely male. --Yeah. 01:01:48.533 --> 01:01:53.533 --So it where did the dating center come straight down to the nursing program 01:01:53.533 --> 01:01:58.866 where we lived in nurses residence halls. You know, it was, it was quite interesting and fits a 01:01:58.866 --> 01:02:03.199 lot of what you were saying about the UK and the perspective of nursing and, you know, 01:02:03.200 --> 01:02:05.833 that's where the best girls were kind of thing. 01:02:05.833 --> 01:02:08.999 [laughter] 01:02:09.000 --> 01:02:12.033 [Dr. Reznick:] Doctor Hallam, thank you very, very much. 01:02:12.033 --> 01:02:15.966 On behalf of the NLM, we really appreciate all that you've done, especially your curation 01:02:15.966 --> 01:02:19.566 of our great exhibition. I'd like to invite all of you to join 01:02:19.566 --> 01:02:23.766 us for a modest reception in the main lobby. Look for our colleague Jeremy 01:02:23.766 --> 01:02:27.199 Withnell and just outside the doors here and he'll guide you. 01:02:27.200 --> 01:02:30.800 If you're not familiar with the building, doctor Helen, thank you very much. 01:02:30.800 --> 01:02:32.500 Thank you everybody for coming. 01:02:32.500 --> 01:02:34.233 [applause]