WEBVTT

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This tape was transferred from a 16mm film original by Colorlab for the

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National Library of Medicine, September 2011, NLM call number HF 5962]

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[LSD: Insight or Insanity?]

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[Narrator:] Teenagers. All teenagers are different.

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They come in all different shapes and sizes.

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And range in age from teenyboppers to 19 year olds.

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But just like in the old days,

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teenagers have always shared one thing in common.

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They've always found a unique way to express themselves as individuals.

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[Shows teen swallowing a goldfish]

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[Teens piling into a phone booth]

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And this, of course, would be called group self-expression.

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Today, just like always, clothes have been the groovy way

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of really expressing yourself.

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And teenagers can always be counted on to do something very original, and very self-expressive.

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There are some girls who express themselves in the more simple look.

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Others do so in highly feminized slacks.

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And for hemlines, well, this may be the long and short of it.

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But how much shorter can a skirt get?

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[Stop sign]

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[Drum music playing]

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[Narrator:] Hair has always been very important.

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Yes, even with boys.

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It's been very short, and even longer than the Beatles.

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But girls have always had a lot more ways

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to express themselves through their hair.

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They can change its color completely.

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And they can even simplify the entire thing and just go out to a store

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and buy some hair in any color they like.

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They can curl it.

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They can wave it.

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And they can even iron it so it comes out nice and straight.

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Split ends and all.

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Certain hairstyles may make it necessary to take a good look to see

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which is the girl and which is the boy.

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That's not true for all boys.

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Especially for those who are trying so desperately to prove their manhood.

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[Groups of boys come together in slow-motion with fists and clubs, fighting one another.]

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However, the more personal, the more individual, way

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to prove your manhood was to play chicken.

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[Two young men in cars driving straight at each other]

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And at one time, a chicken run was considered the best way to prove manhood,

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dead or alive.

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[Young man in car closes his eyes and drives straight toward

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another young man, while a group of girls screams from the sidewalk.]

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For girls, the matter of being chicken and proving yourself as a

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woman is still frequently based on accepting this kind of dare

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from a so-called friend.

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[Convertible full of boys]

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[Two girls face off, one shaking her head no]

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Even adults admit it, growing up isn't easy.

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Especially if you're trying to  keep up with the dares

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and fads of some of your more advanced friends.

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Two of the more advanced fads have to do with drugs.

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[Older boy in car with a girl, holding a pill:] So why do you want to be down when you can be up?

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Come on, just try it once, okay?

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[Narrator:] Now there is a brilliant argument for you.

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Why, with the help of a good, kind friend you can be turned on,

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make the scene, blow grass, smoke reefers, or pot, joints, or mary janes.

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Those are just a few of the cool, groovy names for marijuana.

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And if grass doesn't make if for you baby,

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and especially if you need to be in,

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well, you can always drop a cap of acid.

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And that's the real stuff.

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Very, very cool, very, very groovy.

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Now, everybody who takes it admits that there is always the risk

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of a bad trip, a bummer, a freak-out, even a flip-out.

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But why be lame, baby?

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Give yourself a real kick.

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Yes, a kick in the head.

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[A young woman holds her head, screaming.]

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[Narrator:] Is LSD merely another fad?

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Another dare?

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Another kick?

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Is it insight or insanity?

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What do America's leading scientists, doctors, and

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psychiatrists working with people taking LSD say?

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[Dr. Thomas Ungerleider:] As we see it from a typical psychiatric ward,

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LSD is certainly much more than a mere fad.

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Right now we have over a dozen people hospitalized

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because of acute symptoms resulting directly from their taking LSD.

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Bizarre fatal accidents and suicides have also occurred in LSD's users.

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Because of this we say that LSD is not just a fad.

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People are seriously disturbed,

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some even dead.

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What is LSD?

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How does it work?

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When did it all begin?

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[Dr. W. Ross Adey:] It all begin in a laboratory very much like this one.

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In 1938, Dr. Albert Hoffman in Switzerland was looking for new drugs

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in the treatment of migraine headaches.

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He had been studying substances that came from the mold that grows on rye plants.

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Now it turned out that these substances were of no use

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in the treatment of migraine headaches.

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But subsequent investigation showed that they are very fascinating indeed

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in the changes that they produce in our mental state.

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It was found that these substances could produce a change in mental states

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closely resembling some forms of insanity,

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in particular, schizophrenia.

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However, more interest has centered on the very peculiar symptoms

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that the drug produces in the subject who is otherwise normal.

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Normal people react to LSD

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by seeing strange patterns of wildly moving colors.

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[Random colors and patterns morph into one another.]

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Time may appear to stand completely still.

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Faces may appear and then melt away.

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And at other times, the subject may recall with terrifying detail

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incidents that are long, long forgotten.

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[Little girl is at the top of the steps on her tricyle, then hurtles down.]

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At the same time, there is often a loss of the normal cause-and-effect

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relationships of things going on in the environment.

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And this leads to distortion of judgment.

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[Girl touches finger to gas flame on stove, which appears as a flower to her.]

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One ounce of of LSD makes 300,000 doses.

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An amount of LSD the size of an aspirin tablet can make 3,000 doses.

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The normal dose is 100 micrograms.

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An experienced chemist has no difficulty in making it at home.

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However, we have found that this amateur stuff contains many other substances,

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dangerous and often deadly.

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The strength of this amateur stuff is always uncertain.

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It may contain none, or 10, or 100, or 300 or maybe 3,000 micrograms.

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We have produced convulsions and death in animals

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with large doses of LSD.

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[Dr. Ungerleider:] Nevertheless, in spite of the risk, the word was out.

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LSD was it.

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One pill and all unhappiness would vanish.

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The real meaning of existence would become quickly clear.

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Such nonsense!

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Parents, deprived of LSD, did not understand.

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Soon there was a great public outcry.

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Lysergic acid diethylamide was tossed out into the street

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amidst emerging controversy.

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Because of this, the only legitimate company manufacturing pure LSD stopped.

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Many scientists felt that good scientific work

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was impossible in such a frantic mess.

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This is unfortunate, because there are many basic questions about LSD

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which remain unanswered.

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What are the long-term effects in the brain of LSD?

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Does it cause permanent damage?

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Some doctors are afraid that it does cause permanent damage,

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but at this time the facts remain unknown.

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Many wild and very unscientific claims have been made about LSD.

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[Sidney Cohen, M.D.:] I've spoken to a large number of young people,

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asking them, "Why do take LSD?"

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They have given me a variety of answers.

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The most frequent are the following:

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[Girl:] I took it the first time because I was curious.

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[Boy with shades:] Under LSD, God is not a faraway idea.

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He's something that's right inside you that you're experiencing now.

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[Girl with books:] I took LSD for a kick.

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[Boy:] Man, LSD is like a vitamin for the brain.

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I mean, to expand your mind.

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[Man with mustache:] LSD stimulates creativity in the brain.

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In other words, it expands your thought processes so that you can take in more.

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[Dr. Cohen:] We gave a series of 50 tests to people before and after LSD.

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We found that at the end of six months following their LSD-taking,

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that they were no more creative when we measured them

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than they were before they took the LSD.

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However, their feeling, their inner feeling of subjective creativity was there.

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This means, perhaps, that they may have an impression of creativity,

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but not creativity itself.

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Creativity is 90 percent perspiration and only 10 percent inspiration.

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And LSD doesn't enhance one's desire to perspire.

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[Boy with shades:] LSD is a really groovy way to find out more about the things around you.

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[Girl with books:] LSD helps me understand the whole world better.

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[Man with mustache:] LSD helps you to understand your own mind.

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It releases your mind to you.

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[Boy:] LSD is a way about finding out about yourself.

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About your own problems.

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[Dr. Cohen:] What about the question of self-insight and self-awareness?

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Is it enhanced under LSD?

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Well, in over a dozen years of my own research,

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speaking with hundreds of young people, and old,

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I've found that their feeling that they had an increased awareness following LSD

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is not often borne out by their subsequent behaviour.

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They do not seem to have changed their lifestyle for the better.

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Indeed, unfortunately, sometimes it is for the worse.

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On rare occasions, they may obtain valid insights.

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So often though, all too often, they do not.

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[Dr. Ungerleider:] While there are many things that we don't know about LSD,

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there are a few that we do know.

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And perhaps the most important one we do know,

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is that it is absolutely unpredictable who will have a bad experience from LSD

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or when they will have it.

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Some people have a bad experience the first time they take the drug.

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Others take it 30, 60, or even 100 times before their bad trip.

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And the bad trip: instant insanity, often a never-never land of no return.

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[Ambulance attendants bring a babbling young woman to the hospital on a stretcher.]

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[Young woman:] No get away, get away from me, call my mother, I gotta get out of here, I didn't take much, somebody help me!

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[She continues, incoherently]

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[Duke Fisher, M.D.:] This girl is obviously acutely disturbed.

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She will be in the hospital for a few weeks or a few months.

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The chances are that she will get well again.

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At least well enough to leave the ward.

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Whether she will ever be the same again,

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have the same personality,

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same ambition,

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same abilitites to work,

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to love,

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to get along with other people...

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that we won't know for a long time.

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Some others who take LSD will have even more tragic freak-outs.

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And there's no way to tell which ones these will be.

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Many lose all contact with reality.

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For instance, some forget what height means,

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and in a turned-on or euphoric state,

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step or attempt to fly from cliffs and high windows,

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with real-life, permanent, non-psychedelic results.

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Other trippers attempt to merge their beings with large, fast automobiles.

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[Girl screaming]

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[Dr. Ungerleider:] There is much conflicting opinion

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as to why LSD should prove so popular with so many teenagers.

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Psychiatrists do have some ideas.

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One is that the teen age is a time of life that's full of conflict.

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It's a time when people are struggling with who they are

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and what they want to become.

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A time when they are dealing with their own sexual and angry feelings.

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It's a time for rebellion.

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A time for experimentation.

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A time for dares.

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A time for fads.

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It's unfortunate, however, that LSD has proven to be such an in fad.

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Unfortunate not because LSD is wicked or sinful of itself,

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but because it is such an extremely dangerous drug.

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A drug whose effects are so unpredictable.

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A drug which so often causes severe, long-lasting damage.

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[Girl on stretcher with electrodes hooked to her head]

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[Narrator:] Well, so much for the brain and psychological results.

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Now what about the effects on your body when taking LSD?

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[Newspaper clippings about effects of LSD]

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[Dr. James Goddard:] The study of LSD-25 continues in laboratories and hospitals throughout the United States.

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LSD-25 has been found by several investigators to cause breakage

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in human chromosomes in studies carried out on peripheral blood

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of persons who have taken this drug.

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What does this mean?

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Well, we at least have to begin to become concerned

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about possible damage to unborn children.

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And this is a very real concern of the scientists involved

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and of the federal agency, the FDA.

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[Dr. Legator:] The Food and Drug Administration for many years has

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been involved in testing drugs that could cause genetic damage.

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Genetic damage such as we are now beginning to see with LSD.

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Let me illustrate on the board the various factors, the various things

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that we think about when we say genetic damage.

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First, we have an irreversible effect.

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That is, when we do have genetic damage,

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once it is set in motion,

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we don't know how to stop it.

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It's just like driving a car without brakes.

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Point number two, we have a time factor.

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That is, it may take as long as 10, 15 or even 20 years

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before we see the harmful effects after exposure to a chemical

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that causes genetic damage.

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Number three, and perhaps one of the most important points,

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is the age factor.

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The younger the person is, the more harmful the effects are.

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Now what do we mean when we say genetic damage?

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What kind of conditions can we identify in you and me

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as a consequence of genetic damage?

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Number one, we see teratogenicity.

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This is a rather big word.

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It only means that we have abnormal fetuses.

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We have children that are born without legs or arms,

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the kind of thing we've seen after a thalidomide exposure.

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Number two, it can be carcinogenic.

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That is, it can induce cancer.

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And number three, and perhaps one of the most important things,

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is the fact that after genetic damage we may have a mutagenic event.

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By this we mean an affect not only for our present generation,

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but something that is carried over into succeeding generations.

00:19:03.790 --> 00:19:09.270
LSD, as far as we now know, may be put in the category

00:19:09.270 --> 00:19:15.370
of the type of compound or chemical that causes these types of damage.

00:19:15.370 --> 00:19:18.320
If we think of radiation,

00:19:18.320 --> 00:19:22.020
and of course we all know the harmful effects of radiation exposure,

00:19:22.020 --> 00:19:26.050
we can find we get all three types of damage, the cancer,

00:19:26.050 --> 00:19:29.160
the teratogenic effects, and the mutagenic effect.

00:19:29.160 --> 00:19:31.680
There always has been a problem with testing chemicals

00:19:31.680 --> 00:19:33.480
for chromosome damage in man.

00:19:33.480 --> 00:19:37.800
We have 46 chromosomes, they are small.

00:19:37.800 --> 00:19:40.940
This animal, a South American woolly oppossum,

00:19:40.940 --> 00:19:44.350
has 14 chromosomes, as compared to our 46,

00:19:44.350 --> 00:19:46.450
and they are a great deal larger.

00:19:46.450 --> 00:19:49.200
This should enable us to see more subtle effects

00:19:49.200 --> 00:19:52.820
than we have been able to see heretofore.

00:19:52.820 --> 00:19:55.140
[Dr. Maimon Cohen:] One of more recent areas of investigation

00:19:55.140 --> 00:20:01.340
concerning LSD has been the effect of the drug on human chromosomes.

00:20:01.340 --> 00:20:05.110
The chromosomes are those tiny little structures of various shapes and sizes

00:20:05.110 --> 00:20:08.670
which are responsible for the transmission of our traits

00:20:08.670 --> 00:20:12.210
from one generation to the next.

00:20:12.210 --> 00:20:17.670
When we added LSD to the blood of normal individuals in test groups,

00:20:17.670 --> 00:20:22.850
we saw a large amount of chromosomal breakage and damage.

00:20:22.850 --> 00:20:26.150
This made us go out to investigate whether or not similar damage was

00:20:26.150 --> 00:20:31.240
occurring in the blood cells of individuals using LSD.

00:20:31.240 --> 00:20:36.010
Upon examination of their blood cells, identical damage was observed.

00:20:36.010 --> 00:20:40.970
This type of damage was reflected as either single breaks in the chromosome,

00:20:40.970 --> 00:20:44.640
or fragments which have been broken off of the chromosome,

00:20:44.640 --> 00:20:49.580
to rearrangements and bizarre configurations of the chromosomes,

00:20:49.580 --> 00:20:52.680
not in their normal fashion.

00:20:52.680 --> 00:20:57.740
These types of abnormalities are potentionally dangerous

00:20:57.740 --> 00:21:00.520
to the individuals carrying them.

00:21:00.520 --> 00:21:03.610
What are these dangers,

00:21:03.610 --> 00:21:07.960
and what is the significance of this particular type of damage?

00:21:07.960 --> 00:21:12.960
It has long been an established fact that chromosomal investigation of cells

00:21:12.960 --> 00:21:15.850
which are derived from tumors,

00:21:15.850 --> 00:21:19.060
or certain types of individuals with cancer,

00:21:19.060 --> 00:21:22.070
show identical chromosomal damage.

00:21:22.070 --> 00:21:25.980
This is not to say that LSD is going to cause cancer

00:21:25.980 --> 00:21:28.220
in the individuals taking it.

00:21:28.220 --> 00:21:32.810
The association of chromosomal damage and cancer is an established fact.

00:21:32.810 --> 00:21:37.860
Whether one causes the other or vice versa is as yet unknown.

00:21:37.860 --> 00:21:41.200
And much more research will be necessary

00:21:41.200 --> 00:21:44.690
before we can answer this problem adequately.

00:21:44.690 --> 00:21:47.500
The second area of concern is,

00:21:47.500 --> 00:21:51.370
what is the effect of LSD on an unborn child?

00:21:51.370 --> 00:21:57.660
What is the possible danger to a child whose mother takes LSD during her pregnancy?

00:21:57.660 --> 00:22:00.620
There have been several reports recently of malformed children

00:22:00.620 --> 00:22:04.340
born to mothers who took LSD during pregnancy.

00:22:04.340 --> 00:22:07.550
However, there has not been enough time yet,

00:22:07.550 --> 00:22:09.780
nor enough pregnancies of this type,

00:22:09.780 --> 00:22:12.620
to fully answer the problem in man.

00:22:12.620 --> 00:22:17.650
But, data from animal studies with experimental animals

00:22:17.650 --> 00:22:19.400
under controlled conditions,

00:22:19.400 --> 00:22:22.020
where we do have large litter sizes,

00:22:22.020 --> 00:22:24.930
and do have the proper scientific controls,

00:22:24.930 --> 00:22:28.070
have given us an answer.

00:22:28.070 --> 00:22:30.310
[William F. Geber, Ph.D.:] For the past 10 years I and other scientists

00:22:30.310 --> 00:22:32.100
throughout the world have been interested

00:22:32.100 --> 00:22:34.510
in the effect of drugs on the pregnant animal

00:22:34.510 --> 00:22:36.810
and their babies.

00:22:36.810 --> 00:22:42.050
In a series of experiments utilizing over 200 pregnant hamsters

00:22:42.050 --> 00:22:44.780
and 2,000 of their babies,

00:22:44.780 --> 00:22:51.620
LSD and mescaline were injected into the pregnant animals.

00:22:51.620 --> 00:22:57.070
A number of very serious defects reoccurred in each of the experiments.

00:22:57.070 --> 00:23:02.430
I would like to now show you some of the results of these experiments.

00:23:02.430 --> 00:23:07.370
This is a fetus from a mother not receiving LSD, a normal fetus.

00:23:07.370 --> 00:23:10.890
This is a fetus from the mother receiving LSD.

00:23:10.890 --> 00:23:13.270
Note the abnormal face,

00:23:13.270 --> 00:23:15.360
the characteristics of the skull,

00:23:15.360 --> 00:23:19.920
and the brain which is extended to the outside.

00:23:19.920 --> 00:23:26.120
Note this control fetus from a mother not receiving LSD.

00:23:26.120 --> 00:23:30.630
This is another fetus from a mother receiving LSD during her pregnancy.

00:23:30.630 --> 00:23:34.590
Note the brain outside of the skull again.

00:23:34.590 --> 00:23:39.240
Note also the hemorrhage in this brain.

00:23:39.240 --> 00:23:44.960
Note the two control fetuses from mothers not receiving LSD.

00:23:44.960 --> 00:23:48.090
The middle fetus represents one from a mother receiving LSD

00:23:48.090 --> 00:23:51.460
during her pregnancy.

00:23:51.460 --> 00:23:58.050
The spinal cord is exposed and the spine is deformed.

00:23:58.050 --> 00:24:00.520
Again we have a control fetus from a mother

00:24:00.520 --> 00:24:03.850
not receiving LSD during her pregnancy.

00:24:03.850 --> 00:24:08.220
This is a fetus of a mother receiving the drug during her pregnancy.

00:24:08.220 --> 00:24:12.130
The liver is external, not within the body cavity.

00:24:12.130 --> 00:24:16.820
There is a hemorrhage in the brain also.

00:24:16.820 --> 00:24:21.320
Here again is a control fetus from a mother not receiving LSD.

00:24:21.320 --> 00:24:23.550
Here is an experimental fetus from a mother

00:24:23.550 --> 00:24:26.110
receiving LSD during her pregnancy.

00:24:26.110 --> 00:24:30.560
Note the fluid accumulation across the spinal area.

00:24:30.560 --> 00:24:34.890
Note also the hemorrhage within the body cavity.

00:24:34.890 --> 00:24:37.520
Here again is a control fetus from a mother

00:24:37.520 --> 00:24:41.110
not receiving LSD during her pregnancy.

00:24:41.110 --> 00:24:44.130
Here is an interesting fetus from a mother

00:24:44.130 --> 00:24:46.780
who had received LSD during her pregnancy.

00:24:46.780 --> 00:24:50.580
Note the many malformations present of the brain,

00:24:50.580 --> 00:24:55.860
the spinal cord, and the limbs.

00:24:55.860 --> 00:24:59.060
Obviously the results which we have just seen

00:24:59.060 --> 00:25:01.420
were those obtained on animals.

00:25:01.420 --> 00:25:05.710
However, these results should make us consider very seriously

00:25:05.710 --> 00:25:12.420
potential hazards of LSD and other hallucinogenic drugs in the human.

00:25:12.420 --> 00:25:14.670
[Dr. Roger Meyer, NIMH:] We at the National Institute of Mental Health

00:25:14.670 --> 00:25:20.310
provide much of the research money for investigations with LSD.

00:25:20.310 --> 00:25:24.520
In addition, we are the sole legitimate supplier of LSD

00:25:24.520 --> 00:25:27.110
to research investigators.

00:25:27.110 --> 00:25:32.780
Of late we have been concerned about the biological hazards of LSD.

00:25:32.780 --> 00:25:36.120
Specifically, chromosomal damage

00:25:36.120 --> 00:25:40.170
that has been reported in various biological laboratories.

00:25:40.170 --> 00:25:44.390
We've been concerned enough and we feel this is serious enough

00:25:44.390 --> 00:25:47.970
to spend a good bit of time and money and effort

00:25:47.970 --> 00:25:53.040
to find out what the significance of these findings really is.

00:25:53.040 --> 00:25:56.640
[Dr. Goddard:] I know of no drug that we've studied that

00:25:56.640 --> 00:26:00.780
has as many frightening potentials as this one.

00:26:00.780 --> 00:26:07.700
Yes, LSD-25 is truly a dangerous drug to fool around with.

00:26:07.700 --> 00:26:10.700
It is playing Russian roulette.

00:26:10.700 --> 00:26:15.720
[A man spins the barrel of a gun and points it at his head.]

00:26:15.720 --> 00:26:22.910
[Narrator:] Yes, taking LSD is like playing Russian roulette.

00:26:22.910 --> 00:26:28.150
Not with one, but with three bullets in the chamber.

00:26:28.150 --> 00:26:34.010
One bullet is for the risk to yourself.

00:26:34.010 --> 00:26:39.880
Another for the risk to your children.

00:26:39.880 --> 00:26:46.430
And another for the risk to your children's children.

00:26:46.430 --> 00:26:50.190
Now it's up to you.

00:26:50.190 --> 00:26:53.990
It's your brain.

00:26:53.990 --> 00:26:58.900
Your chromosomes.

00:26:58.900 --> 00:27:00.970
It's your life.

00:27:00.970 --> 00:27:12.010
[Man points the gun at his head and fires.]

00:27:12.010 --> 00:27:15.890
[Music]

00:27:15.890 --> 00:27:19.350
[Narrated by Sal Mineo]

00:27:19.350 --> 00:27:23.240
[Produced and Directed by Max Miller]

00:27:23.240 --> 00:27:27.640
[Written by Max Miller and Richard S. Scott, M.D.]

00:27:27.640 --> 00:27:30.630
[Production Associate: Sam Altonian]

00:27:30.630 --> 00:27:34.110
[Editor: Paul Jasiukonis]

00:27:34.110 --> 00:27:37.670
[Music Composed by Roy Norman]

00:27:37.670 --> 00:27:40.050
[Medical Consultants: W. Ross Adey, M. D., Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, UCLA,

00:27:40.050 --> 00:27:42.770
Director Space Biology Laboratory, Brain Research Institute, UCLA]

00:27:42.770 --> 00:27:44.530
[Sidney Cohen, M.D. , Chief of Psychiatry, Wadsworth V.A. Hospital,

00:27:44.530 --> 00:27:47.350
Los Angeles, author of: "The Beyond Within: The LSD Story"]

00:27:47.350 --> 00:27:50.790
[J. Thomas Ungerleider, M.D., Asst. Prof. of Psychiatry, UCLA]

00:27:50.790 --> 00:27:54.070
[Duke D. Fisher, M.D., Resident in Psychiatry, UCLA]

00:27:54.070 --> 00:27:58.760
[Dr. James L. Goddard, Commissioner, Food and Drug Administration]

00:27:58.760 --> 00:28:03.060
[Dr. Marvin S. Legator, Chief of Cell Biology Branch, Bureau of Science, Food and Drug Administration]

00:28:03.060 --> 00:28:05.360
[Dr. Maimon M. Cohen, Director of Cytogenetics, Children's Hospital,

00:28:05.360 --> 00:28:07.780
State University of New York at Buffalo]

00:28:07.780 --> 00:28:12.170
[William F. Gerber, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Pharmacology, Medical College of Georgia]

00:28:12.170 --> 00:28:14.620
[Dr. Roger E. Meyer, Acting Chief, Center for Studies of Narcotic and Drug Abuse,

00:28:14.620 --> 00:28:16.750
National Institute of Mental Health]

00:28:16.750 --> 00:28:20.520
[Portions of this film included dramtic re-creations based on factual material.]

00:28:20.520 --> 00:29:32.671
[Bailey Films, Hollywood, California, Distributors]