Some reg. ner. are said to be tonic & nervine one is viz. ambrosia elation (ragweed) bitter [Leonarus] cardiaca gone into disease, but is a valuable article Coffee is a pure nervine tea a nervine & narcotic 1st Nervines of an. origin 1st vol. ess. ol. of [mephitis] amer. skunk There are said to 5 spec. by some others 2 doubtful but all are the same called also m. [chirca] for other sp. vid. ed. encyc. IT is a generic character of the whole genus that they have glands [illegible] the [illegible] Called also viverra & mustala Polecat of Europe is a different an. viz. [illegible] (Name Poule chat) Two small sacs between the anus & tail Probably the skunk cannot project the liquor 2 feet, or even on perhaps Probably it defends the an. by blinding the eyes. The two sacs are about the size of a nutmeg both contain from zii [illegible] to [illegible To obtain the liquor shoot the an. through the head or neck or heart. Take out the sacs with their Ammoniacum 8 Materia Medica Nervines Obviate languor and lassitude allay morbid irritability and irritation, mobility and [??ctitation] and watchfulness, sensibility & sensation, when connected with atony or a non phlogistic state of the system They are different from stim. & narcotics Many of them exhilirate as a part of their nervine operation but the weaker do not. They [like] the latter produce a peculiar calm [euphoria] and pleasurable sensation & a wakefulness. Perhaps the exhiliration may be the first stage of the cerebral irritation of narcotics and (stimulants?) This ehxil. is sometimes produced by the states of the disease sometimes in conjunction with this by nervines & without any effect upon the pulse. One sort of such exhiliration is called vapours The term antispasmodic seems objectionable because they do not obviate spasm but allay irritability & obviate languor Narcotics when pure do not produce all the effects of nervines e.g. [strychnus] etc. An article which relieves non-phlogostic restlessness, irritability etc. must be nervine or narcotic or both If a narcotic, it will when pushed produce epigastric uneasiness nausea etc. The obviation of languor and lassitude, does not indicate stimulation, necessarily, any more than exhiliration does Nervines first relieve irritation etc. & when pushed produce wakefulness calm placid & pleasurable sensation & perhaps exhiliration Nervines will tranquillize an irritated pulse often, and hence are sometimes mistaken for refrigerants Neither do they when continued act as tonics The inhalation of ether & such things does not relieve exhaustion, but prostration merely Nervines will not aggravate phlogistic disease Prof. T. has known the freest use of nitrous oxide, vapour of ether, etc. utterly fail of relieving exhaustion merely relieving the nervous affection The commencement of intoxication is a nervine effect i.e. those things which are visible Intoxication is exhil. followed by delirium & inability to regulate voluntary motion followed by come hence no articles but fermented & spiritous liquors, produce intoxication it is a nervine and nar Recap 4 states 1st an antirritant stage as above described 2nd calm 3d watchfulness 4th exhiliration sometimes amounting to delirium Still you may give so much of an article Perhaps also the power of producing a degree of cerebral irrit. under which the muscular strength is increased Diff. nervines vary much in the degree in which they produce different of these state Pure nervines may be pushed to any degree without stimulation or narcosis Prof T. has often seen a high degree of a nervine effect in the lowest states of the system In their usual doses they appear to produce no effect In books they are recommended chiefly for mild spasmodic diseases Protox. nitrogen appears to be a powerful nervine so chlor carburet of hydrogen or hydrochloride of carbon (chloric ether) taken into the stomach also sulph. & nit. eth. by inhalation virus of rattlesnake, is said to be the most pure & powerful nervine known virus of the skunk is next but stinks too much Musk is next in efficacy & is the most powerful of the articles commonly used It is said also that cobweb Castor is rather a weak & inefficient nervine Coffee is a nervine of considerable power Saffron (crocus) is also nervine Croculus [pl?kenetic] & suberoses ([illegible]) is nervine but also narcot. deob. emm. & cath Castorum [opapinex] asafoetida etc. have no effect on health, but have considerable effect upon what Cullen called the mobility of the system. Most of the fetids however Prof. T. thinks owe their efficacy to [illegible] they having so medicinal an appearance. The state of the mind influences the operation of nervines Prof. T. thinks the fetids are the most uncertain & vague & doubtful class of remedies which we have, & that they might be altogether omitted without injury even including asafoetida Coffee made strong, as directed in medicine, is preferable to them all indeed it is an efficient article So also hydrate of bismuth Prof. T. has given in dram doses without any perceptible effect Iron also he has sometimes apparently found [inert] just as Bigelow declares it inert. All this may be owing to peculiarity of diathesis [Mother] wort, asafoetida & other nervines, should not be used to tantalize for hours patients in distress, who may be speedily and effectually relieved by opium Still we are to consider that women are apt to get a habit of resorting to op. camph. musk cinnamon etc. and fall into a habit of intemperance Nervines are 1st chemical, as protox. nit. eminently nervine Hydric ether (Sulph. eth) moderately nervine when inhaled is neither narcotic nor stimulant, but nervine when taken Oleum ethereum or empyereumatic Chloro carburet of hydrogen a pure nervine. [Luquichloride] of carbon a liquid but solid at common temperatures odorous Spritus (or aether) pyroceties 2nd nervina animalia 1st musk 2nd civet castoreum web of taegenurea medicinalis virus of rattlesnake oil of skunk 3d vegetable nervines coffee [cyprideium] pubes. humile, spectabile pure nervines used from time immemorial by irregular practitioners & by the Thompsons. Aplectrum hyemale (Adam & Eve) Corallorhiza odontorrhiza both pure nervines the latter has considerable nervine power [Stigmas] of crocus sativus Seeds of vanilla aromatic Pulp around the seeds of bixa orellane called arnotto Dipterix odorata ([illegible] used to scent snuff) the proximate principle is [cormsorine] a [concrete] ess. opil Root or essential oil of valerian neither narcotic nor stimulant Polynisis graveolus nervine Root of paeonxa off. (palony) Fruit of Amer. spec. of [pavia] [rubrate] (Ohio buckeye) Aerobion fragrans ([Angricum] fragr.) probably valuable Senecia [anorus] & balsimatae & [illegible] Inspiss. [descundin?] [saps] of roots vide Prof. I. Ferula asafoetidia & opoponax & Persica (called sagepinum) [Dorema] ammoniacum (called ammoniac) (called heracleum gummifoerum but this is the h. pyrenaicum) Galbanum (referred to [illegible] galbanum) but is from the galbanum offic.) All these are inspissated saps Root of goodyera pubescens might be expected to prove nervine but there is the best testimony to its being deobstruent Some reg. ner. are said to be tonic & nervine one is viz. ambrosia elation (ragweed) bitter [Leonarus] cardiaca gone into disease, but is a valuable article Coffee is a pure nervine tea a nervine & narcotic 1st Nervines of an. origin 1st vol. ess. ol. of [mephitis] amer. skunk There are said to 5 spec. by some others 2 doubtful but all are the same called also m. [chirca] for other sp. vid. ed. encyc. IT is a generic character of the whole genus that they have glands [illegible] the [illegible] Called also viverra & mustala Polecat of Europe is a different an. viz. [illegible] (Name Poule chat) Two small sacs between the anus & tail Probably the skunk cannot project the liquor 2 feet, or even on perhaps Probably it defends the an. by blinding the eyes. The two sacs are about the size of a nutmeg both contain from zii [illegible] to [illegible To obtain the liquor shoot the an. through the head or neck or heart. Take out the sacs with their ducts squeeze out the liquor into a vial without letting it touch the neck of the vial stop close yet it will penetrate the envelopes in damp weather It is a light amber col. liquid always liquid in our climate as tasteless as olive oil said to be Taken internally a drop or two 2 or 3 times a day it is a powerful antirritant & nervine though it has never been made to produce an exhiliration It is also a pure nervine Prof. I. considers it very nearly allied to musk but far stronger. It is best to keep it in every small vials of ½ a dram The inconvenience is that the least [???tation] produces the most powerful stench! Probably no dangerous consequences could result from an inordinate dose. When a very little of the liquid oil falls upon broad cloth it appears like a grease spot covered with dust & the scent cannot be eradicated Dyspnoea exacerbans (called asthma) has been much relieved better by this than by any other article taken during an exacerbation to relieve it & between them to keep them off. vide Prof’s I & Beers Even the inhalation of the vapor has relieved the disease. Dr Conklin was relieved for two years in consequence of the killing of a skunk near the house & the vapour remaining in the house during that time. Prof. B. has used it for 8 or 9 patients one of them kept it by him all the while. It keeps off but does not eradicate the disease Woolen cloths upon which a mere drop of this liquid had fallen have retained the odour for years & their use been entirely abandoned. The best way to eradicate the odour is to wash alternately in alcohol & soap suds. Perhaps sulphuric ether might do. Venom of Candisena horrida This was the original hat. hist. name Called cretalus horridus by Linnaeus Distinguished by dark coloured transverse bands. Its fetid odour is readily perceived by horses and cattle In a rainy and wet season the crepitaculum is softened and emits no noise. It is not certain that a new rattle is formed with every renewal of the skin & many are left off by accident hence, we cannot reckon the age by means of the rattles There is but one other species viz. C. durissima The upper jaws have only the two poisonous fangs at the base of which are the crumena or bags which contain the [virus], are situated There are under the eye two clusters of glands which secrete the virus The virus of the viper is a transparent yellowish fluid The virus of any venomous serpent is perfectly bland to the taste The medicinal effects of the virus of the viper have not bee investigated The virus of the rattlesnake has been experimented on by Dr James Wallace & [illegible] friends in Virgin. (1924) A delightful exhiliration is said to be produced a slight flush etc. in short it seems to be a powerful nervine. Like the nervines it removes the coma of typhus A slight anasarca of the feet & ankles & a reopening of old ulcers, and a tenderness of the old scars was produced by an excessive use Said not to increase the animal heat nor to act on the [illegible] nor to affect the pulse Others have found similar affects It appears to differ from skunk virus more in the quality than in the strength of its operation Disease 1st typh. nervosus accompanied with coma delir. 7 subsultus Arthritis rheumatalgia greatly relieved & perhaps cured Ecphronia melancholia insanity on one point Carus paralysis, also Forms dry powder or oil of the virus and bag Tinct wd probably be better Web of Tegeneria medicinalis Used almost time immemorial but the old writers did not discriminate, or at least did not inform us what kind of spider was used This species is said to be new eyes 8 upper row curves 1st pair of legs longest 4th pair next 3d next 2nd shortest. Inhabits cellars abdomen has All the species of the gen. form a horizontal web with a cylindrical tube in the form of a funnel Other species are supposed to answer as well The geometric spiders are not medicinal Spider’s web is s standing article in old dispensatories but in modern times has gone out of use Its effect is curing intermittents have been attributed to imagination Dr Chapman quotes R. Jackson who though it as an anodyne & antirritant superior to opium. He, Dr Dewees etc. tried it exclusively Med. eff. “Obviation in non phlog. diath if tremors spasms, subsulta delirium, irritability, restlessness abatement of vomiting tormina & pain obviation of languor & lassitude exhiliration tranquility followed by calm sleep irritation of pulse removed skin made soft etc. etc.” Dr Chapman. He says also that these effects follow immediately. HE does not mention the duration of the effects HE considers 10 gr equal to 1 ½ gr of opium According to Dr Jackson no effects are produced in “true inflammation” i.e. in phlogistic diathesis. So all the nervine, produce no effect in phlogistic diseases & many of them little or none in health. Dr Jackson says he has not been able to discover much difference between 10 & 20 gr in operation hence, says he, it is not a poison. The only inconvenient effects is said to be this rendering the pulse when slow, quick small & irregular Externally and topically applied to an bleeding surface it first produces a sharp & transient pain then the bleeding ceases & the wound rapidly heals Dr Chap. having no class of nervines was obliged to rank it among narcotics though he himself says it has not narcotic qualities How it cures intermittents Prof. T. is unable to explain Prof. T. has rubbed it up with chalk in order to give it. Dr [illegible] gave 4 or 5 gr. every Diseases 1st idiopathic cough 5 gr. every 4th or 5th hour (i.e every 3 or 4 hours) Asthma (dyspn. exac.) Intermittents more effectual than any other remedy given after bleeding parking & purging (according to the routine practice though of late years a majority of cases are protracted by bl. [illegible] & pur. simple intermittent is never phlogistic & is always cured if a phlogistic diath. is brough on hence cured by tonics & stimulants. The al. can. likewise needs no purging in pat. is not costive Some practitioners give a large dose of sulph. quin. & call it cal. & then pretend the next day to be surprised to find the pat. cured) When this article cures intermittents it does so effectually no relapse. Prof. T. however has produced all these effects by Sulph. quin. given freely enough. He has cured parabisma also by giving sulph. quin. & calling it calomel. Dr Jackson thinks tageneria better than sulph. quin. but it appears from the effects ascribed to it to be no better Prof. T. gives sal. quin. in any stage of intermittent just as Dr Jackson gave spiders web. Dr Jackson gives no reason for premising venes. em. & cath. Idiopathic hectic 5 gr. every 3 or 4 hours suspended the exacerbations eyes sparkled etc. & more respite was obtained than from wine or opium (Dr Chapm.) Irritable & ill conditioned ulcers at first the pain was sharp but they healed speedily though of month standing Cephalea hemicrania breaks it up The web is said to be inert when old when new it is said to be silken 7 viscid Musk Muschus muschiferous (Linn.) inhabits the alpine mountains of Thibet & [illegible] Hind legs longest weight 25 or 30 pounds lively. The musk is found in a bag 2 or 3 inches in diameter between the prepuce and nave. of the male. They feed on lichens arbuti vaccinii etc. During the breeding season (November) the males fight for their mates Musk is brough in its own hairy bags solid granular, dark brown or reddish like coagulated blood (somewhat) taste slightly bitter odour ambrosial etc. etc. partially soluble in water & alcohol You cannot give enough of the tinct. without giving too much alcohol. Ether is said to be a better solvent Musk has been many times analysed It contains an ess. vol. oil, cholesterine streatine, gelatine potassa, calcii, carb. amm. etc. etc. Probably the oil is the ess. principle The medicinal properties of cholesterine have not been investigated The incompatible are said to be mercurials. infusion of cinchona, copperas nit. silv. etc. etc. No regard should be paid to these assertions without explanations In an efficient dose it produces a sensation of warmth and a glow in the stomach. Next it obviates languor & lassitude, irritabil. mobil. wakefulness (of irrit.) singultus irritative affection of al. can. such as vom. & diarrh. It produces the placed & pleasurable sensation, but not the exhiliration of nervines. Prof T does not know that it produces wakefulness. Prof T. has never seen it increase animal heat in low cases nor give real increase of vital energy. A pat. may be enabled to walk or ride, from the obviation of languor & lassitude, & het not be stimulated Musk appears to produce no inconvenient effects Prof. T. objects to the term antispasmodic, as one including a great variety of remedies Musk would probably be inefficacious in most spasmodic diseases e.g. tetanus, rabies, epilepsy etc. Ordinary slight convulsions it will probably palliate Musk has been said to be diapohoretic & diuretic & aphrodisial It is merely antirritant & produces these effects merely as such Dose 6 to 20 gr. (Murray) 5 to 40 (Swediaur) 2 to 60 gr. (A. T. Thomp) Prof. T. has found zfs the medium dose generally as much as this is necessary & for single doses often zi N.B. ipecac. sulph. quin. etc. produce no Proper period of repetition 5 or 6 hours (Murray) 3 or 4 (A. T. T.) about 3 hours Prof. Tully N.B. In a powerful disease the effects of remedies pass off sooner Given in form of bolus (Murray) Prof. T. objects to the form bolus in general Pharmaceut. prep. 1st powder, & given in sugar & water (It may be ground up alone or with sugar) It may be given in pill made with a veg. extr. e.g. ext. gent. or ext. con. OR in tinct. zjj to 1 pt alc. (Dublin & U.S.) A person would need a gallon of the tinct.! z4 to pt. (Paris Ph.) Given in enema to teething children in convulsions (Murray) An improper remedy for dentition Proper in all irritative atonic or non phlogistic diseases to obviate restlessness irrit. mobil. etc. Musk is recommended for all convulsions & spasms It can however be considered as no more than a palliative in some of them One of Prof. T’s friends has found it the best ant emetic in typhoid cases, that he has ever tried. Epigastric sinking is also admirably relieved by musk Life is apparently prolonged by it in desperate cases for days. It would he thinks be admirably adapted for cases of poisoning by narcotics? snakes? fish? The symptoms mentioned Diseases dentition, cholera, typhus, gangrene, convulsions The diseases in which it is recommended for the entire cure are convulsive cough, tetanus, rabies etc. etc. But little dependence is to be placed in these Musk must ever be scarce, costly and liable to adulteration. Unless the animal can be domesticated & the musk extracted without kill. the an. musk cannot be much used Medicinal substances nearly allied to musk 1st civet (from the viverra found near the anus a whitish The article called musk is perfumery in civet This animal is reared in Holland & the civet is extracted without killing the animal The musk rate (muschus or castor munchatus) furnishes a substance of similar properties [Catodom] or physeter macrocephalus produces ambergrise which is found in the caecum and also floating on the sea near China etc. In irregular masses etc. Prof T. thinks it probably a fixed greasy oil It has been called a stimulant (Swed. Coxe. Ed. & Vav.) Called a corroborant of the nerves an aphrodisiac etc. It is a nervine and a valuable one. Prof. T. is inclined to think it one of the most powerful of the nervines not exceeded by any unless it be by vir. or rattlesnake & skunk & by musk. it has been omitted in the Eng. pharmacop. but has continued in use on the cont. Powder doses 6 gr. to zfs. Prof. T. would give at least zfs generally. Paris tinct. in z8 to 1 pt. alc. dose f zfs to f zi Castoreum Castor fiber common beaver ([glives]) the only medicinal species Castoreum is a peculiar substance somewhat analogous to musk secreted in cells near the anus Found in commerce in its two natural sacs connected together one of them containing the true castoreum the other merely a fatty matter The Russian cast. is the only one used in Europe & is superior with us the American is sold under the name of Russian Said to contain castoreum a peculiar principle & the active ingredient Russian castor is reddish brown, bitter etc. Castoreum is very little soluble in water but is dissolved in alc. & eth. It is a nervine & destitute of stimulant properties. Murray is wrong in considering it a weak article, because it produces little effect upon a robust healthy man. For instance a healthy man may take zi of sil. quin. without any effect whatever Diseases spasmod. aff. generally (Ed. & V) It will not cure one of them 1st Nervous asthma (which does not exist) Castor is certainly too feeble for common asthma. Indeed most English prescriptions for asthma are utterly inefficient So also in dyspn. exac. Prof. T. has seen it tried Clonus singultus (convulsive hiccough) Prof. T. has found this also too formidable a disease. Prof. T. cured one very formidable case (a feeble slender man) by a full bleeding to increase susceptibility & then by Fowler’s sol. & opium Hysteria likewise (a hysteric fit) is too formidable a disease. So also epilepsy. So also amenorrhoea Castor is useful like other weak nervines, not for curing any particular disease, but for obviating particular symptoms of irr. etc. Pharmaceutic prep. Powder in warm water seems to be the best Giving the tincture, gives too much alcohol. Pills are not dissolved, speedily enough Dose 10 or 20 gr. is too small use at least zfs Tinct. zii to 2 pts off. alc. (U.S.) is altogether too weak. So the ED. tinct. is too weak. The Paris gives z4 to `1 pt. but even this is too weak. The ether is too weak Compd tinct. zi off. cast. zjfs asafoet. 1 pt spt. amm. This is efficient Oleum animale empyreumaticum Called also dippeli & etheriae am. ol. Made by distilling bones & horns in a close & dry vessel At first black afterwards white turining brown on exposure to air very fetid acrid to the taste. Muscle, roasted in a coffee roaster, gives off this empyr. oil causing the intolerable stench & produces what has been called am. charc. & has been said to be an efficacious article The an. oil is nervine said to be poisonous (E. & V.) Dose 15 to 20 gtts E. & V. The article is said to be more powerful than most nervines. Recommended in dyspnoea exacerb. etrc. & also recommended to break up intermittents. Much used on the cont. of Europe even for intermittents Syspasia hysteria, convulsia, & epileptica (E. & V. Scutellaria lateriflora First employed for lyssa in 1773 by Dr Vandermeer of N. Jersey & by others (mechanics & others not physicians) who received the knowledge of it from him First publication was in 1809 by Walter [Bowne] Advocated by Coleman of the Evening post Dr Lyman Spalding & others N.B A large proportion of cases of rabies reported are drawn up by unprofessional persons & are not rabies The only two physicians who have believed in this article are Drs Spalding & Thatcher. It is also employed for tetanus and chorea. In many reported cases other articles have been used by mistake e.g. verbena urticifolia which will puke & purge Scutellaria produces no appreciable operative properties It has no taste nor smell Chenopodium vulvaria Stinking orache. Much valued in the cont. of Europe. One of the weaker nervines as strong as asafoetida but not deobstruent like that. Has a hircine odor Leonurus Cardiaca Motherwort It held a place in all the pharm. until within 30 years. Taste slightly bitterish. It is universally used by the people & once was by the physicians In some instances it has proved speedily and actively emmenagogue probably by its antirritant powers. It is scarcely bitter enough to be ranked among the nervine bitter tonics, viz. ballota nigra marrubium vulg. humulus lupulus & syncopus virginica which last is not narcotic, as is supposed, for they produce no effect on the brain and nerves of a healthy person & no narcosis upon the sick. Lycopus virg. is a valuable nerv. like Leonurus. Cases of experiments which proved it to be utterly unable to produce a narcotic effect. quarts taken Pharmac. prep. are infus. or dec. made as strong as convenient & taken freely In large quantities & long continued it is laxative Diseases Lim. dyspep. a variety in which there is excessive irritability, nervousness, languor (not debility) pat. easily shocked and frightened etc. thought by the friends to be an imaginary aff. etc. Prof. T. has cured by tonics etc. but many of them he has been able to make an impression on by such articles as this only. The stom. is likewise very irritable vom. mus. dislike to food & without atony or debility Colica flatulenta Dysphoria simplex (Good) or simple restlessness often a troublesome affection Lyspaxia hysteria. Prof. T. has employed this article in hysteric diath. & is inclined to try it in a paroxysm in preference to opium in large quantities large enough to relieve the parox. Prof. T. generally employs datura Leucorrhea attended with pains in the loins & hips etc. without much general exhaustion cases in which tonics often irritate Paramania obstructionis var. irritativa Ambrosia elatior [Roman] wormwood, ragweed, iron weed etc. Very bitter, yet not tonic (not all bitter art. are tonic) Nervine & nearest allied to leonurus. It effects the uterine system in females considerably Diseases. It has been much used in hysteria, dysphoria simplex etc. It relieves after pains if not too violent Aerobium fragrans (Sprengel) Commonly called angraecum fragrans Called [illegible] or [illegible] An orchideous plant from Bourbon & Isle of France (Mascara islands) also from the borders of the Red Sea. 24 sp. have been ascertained within half a dozen years 14 in Masc. isl. 3 in Madag. 1 in Brazil etc. Grows upon the trunks of shaded trees Used by the African natives to make a pleasant beverage. Gives a pleasant odour in drying. The leaves are used. Vide Revue Medicale It is now considerably used in Paris & has been distributed over the world Called by its investigator ([Gerody]) narcotic etc. but his account carefully considered seems to describe a nervine merely & one destitute of stimulant powers, as he thinks it contraindicated in debility (probably because it will not relieve it. It cannot be tonic because he also gives it in phlogistic cases It is not considered as a very powerful article & may be used ad. lib. Used in infusion mixed with milk Recommended in bex simplex & convulsiva Dyspepsia Paroxysms of asthma & all cases of irrit. of lungs. Acute & chronic pleuralgia catarrh, for the cough. Phthisis (probably the tubercular) Senecio Aureus The whole plant has been used but Prof. T. thinks the root the only part which is medicinal. Called American valerian & supposed to resemble the off. val. Given in infusion It is moderately nervine Prof. T. thinks more so than castoreum Senecio hieracifolius Fire weed. Employed in some parts of N.Y. Prof. T. thinks weaker than the preceding. Called demulcent & astringent & popular in dysentery but it has scarcely any sensible properties Paeonia Officinalis Common paeony Tastes & smells like valerian Root most active Said to be narcotic antispasmodic & astringent Prof. T. thinks it neither narcotic nor astringent, but moderately nervine stronger however than castoreum. Much has been said about this as well as other nervines in intermittents Palliative in epilepsy etc. Crocus Sativus Common saffron (not what is so called as viz the cantharus tinct.) True saffron belongs to the nat. ord. irideae. The pistils or stigmas are the parts used Taste aromatic & bitter No accurate chemical analysis has been made. If the tinct. is given too much alc. will be taken. So of the wine & the vinegar. Probably the substance is the best form Said to be stimulant, narcotic etc. Prof T. has experimented on it & considers it as a pure nervine. It may be made to produce the peculiar calm placid & pleasurable sensation Perhaps it may be made to produce slight exhiliration Recommended in hysteria (i.e. hysterical diath.) & all nervous aff. It possesses considerable power in relieving irr. of stom. naus. & vom. Recommended as a sedative cataplasm in ophthalmia Probably it has gone into disuse because false powers have been ascribed to it It is an ingredient in tinct. al. cum myrrha (elix. proprietatis) & renders it milder in its operation. It is an ingredient also in the compd tinct. cinch. which is a valuable medicated alcohol. Also in tinct rhei & t. rh. comp But in all our shops the worthless carthamus is used Dose in [illegible] 30 gr. to zj (Prof. T.) ext. 15 gr. Caffea Arabica A small tree or large shrub 8 to 12 ft high The unparched seeds do not possess the powers of the parched Because it is so extensively used in diet it is supposed not to be capable of useful application I medicine. It is useful if sufficiently strong & not mixed with food History of its introduction into France [Persian] [ambassador] [fashion] [taverns] [intemperance] coffee houses Active princ. is caffein a white milky substance like [arianthus] Said to be stimulant. Prof. T. could not effect this operation Called antispasmodic but it is useful in none of them unless we call asthma & dysponea exac. so (but they are not spasmodic diseases) Called carminative (i.e. acting like a charm) also caleficient but it is not. It is eminently active in obviating lang. & lass. also in preventing sleep. It will also produce, besides the calm & pleasurable sensation, a certain degree of exhiliration It is not at all narcotic The unparched seeds have no more activity than dried peas Recom. in intermittent, headache catarrh, polysarcia etc. But it is most useful in dyspn. exac. & asth. first used by Sir J. [Flyer] Parch the seeds without burning them Pulverised when hot. He directs z2 to a cup i.e. z4 to 1 pt probably a saturated infusion One such cup will relieve a paroxysm if not repeat once in ½ hour until relief is obtained Sir J. Pringle added lemon juice & remained in bed. Good ascribes antaphrodisiac powers to coffee Symplocas Alstonia Bogota tea from south Am. Used as a substitute for tea & said to be one of the best substitutes. None but nervine powers are ascribed Hibiscus Abelmoschus Called musk okra Native of W.I.? Seeds extremely agreeable to the nose It is a nervine, very speedy in its operation producing exhiliration even Cultivated in this country Dr Dander of Jamaica said the seeds were emetic vide his work on Dis of Jam. Tinct. Prof. T. would add z4 to 1 pt Said to be useful externally in [illegible] galeatu Much used as a perfume & a cosmetic Our hibisci are generally mucilaginous The H. moschutus is said to be paregoric i.e. antirritant Vanilla aromatica Epidenderon vanilla & aromatica of oth. Nat. ord. orchideae A wood climbing shrub South Am & Mexic. Peric. a bivalve pod i.e. a capsule shaped like a pod. It may be seen in any of the shops used to scent snuff It affords a very elegant ess. oil The seeds appear to contain an active princ but this ess. ol. & benzoic ac. The best preparation is the ess. ol. next to this the powder The principal & probably its sole operation, is a nervine one Said to be stim. & aphrod. etc. Dose zfs to zj of the powder It is used to perfume & flavour chocolate & is supposed to increase it, nervine [illegible] Dose of oil 10 to 30 drops Dipteryx odorata Bargosma Tonga (Person) [illegible] odorata (of older authors Tonka (or Tonga) bean Nat. ord leguminosae. Guiana Seeds are used their prox. prin. is [coomerin] which exists abundantly also in the flowers of melilotus off. crystallizes etc. & is probably like camphor a concrete vol. ess. ol. It is not stimulant probably not narcotic. It is used for scenting snuff & may always Dose of coomerin probably about the same as camphor P Tranthera pichurin Formerly Laurus pichuria Off. name pichuric faba Called also sassafras nut. From Brazil It affords a concrete greasy oil which is nervine Called carminitive & stomachic (i.e. nervine) & febrifuge (probably ant intermittent) Recommended for colica flatulenta diarrhea etc. Vide [illegible] batava An old article lately struck out of it British pharm. So also some of the previous articles Dose [illegible] to zjs. [illegible] Agallicum aloes wood Nat ord. legumindosae high mountains of Cochin China Lindley, by mistake, refers it to aguilaria agallica Dr Good refers it to excecaria agullicum An excrescence grows on and into the trunk of the tree. This when split longitudinally, exhibits the medicinal article that when first gathered is soft but soon grows hard of it there three sorts differing in value The substance is full if fibres & is a substance intermediate between concrete ess. oil of resin The distilled oil is used in medicine. The term lign aloes in the scriptures, was intended to refer to this but should not N.B Jonah’s gourd was a ricinus mandrake was an orchis mustard s phytolacca dodec. This article is used as a perfume (when burnt) It is nervine, rubefacient; said to be astringent, tonic and anthelmintic Said to relieve nause & vom. but, as is said, not connected with a phlogistic diath. Said to relieve anorexia gastrodynia Vid. Good art. dysp Idiopathic diarrhoea (on the contin. of Eur.) But the med. prof. are generally ignorant of the powers of opium in relieving diarrhoea. Extolled in the east for deinas vertigo or idiop. dizziness. Hysterical, convulsions, carus paralysis But probably the narcotics have the greatest power in relieving palsy by increasing the energy of the nervous system This article was formerly in the British pharm. & was lately brought into notice for the cholera Cymbopogon Ivarancusus Nat. ord granineae, saccharineae Called radix ivarancusa (Andropogon is another) & grass oil of memore? We have also cym. cop. schoenanthus of which the leaves are used The root near the [culm] yields the oil & when bruised by the feet of cattle perfumes the air around The root is somewhat bitter, pungent & aromatic. Probably the virtues reside like peper nig. & cubebs in a vol. & a fixed ess. oil. The vol. oil is extremely pungent & disperses a very agreeable fragrance This oil is a rubefacient it is called stomachic & antispasmodic Pharm. prep. The dried root in substance is used. Inf. & [dic.] are imperf. preparations. The ess. oil is the best preparation Probably the fixed ess. oil obtained by macerating in ether & evaporating would be active Diseases dyspepsia probably valuable in the irritable kind Colica flatulenta. cholera mal. in the congressional report the blank viz the of rad. [ivaran.], a tablespoonful once in two hours should probably be filled up with the spirit i.e. the essence or the tinct. Recommended also in simple fever in trop. climates, where true cauma does not exist, but instead of it synochus, & irritative atonic fever Relied on in India for curing intermittent (another nervine for intermittent) Recommended for rheumatism but topical irritants are not to be used as long as the rheumatism is erratic hysteria This article has been supposed to be the nard of the ancients but a species of valeriana [illegible] has been thought to be the article Polanesia graveolus (Decand.) Cleome dodecandra ([Purth]) called false mustard worm weed pink weed. But Prof. T. has ascertained that we have 90 & more snake roots!! Found all over N. England It has a strong bituminous smell, which proceeds from an ess. oil, resembling [worm] seed [illegible] & is said to be nervine narcotic & anthelmintic (other spec. of cleome are narcotic resembling conium) First investigated by Scheff a German surgeon to the Hessian troops who published a work on our M. M. Vide Ben. Smith Boston. Highly popular in Ohio, as a nervine and anthelmintic Valerian The sp. of the ger. are generally alpine plants growing in sphagn swamps of high mts. One spec. grows on the White Mts The roots are the active part & the vol. ess. oil is the act. prox. princ. Perhaps also there may be discovered a fixed exx. oil, if experiment. All are agreed to be antisp. i.e. nervine. Said also to be stim. But Prof. T. has settled that the roots whether given in infl. or in subst. have no stim. prop. He has not thoroughly tried the oil with ref. to this pt Said to be diuretic; & it does in fact resemble the terebinth oils Prof. T. has not however noticed this prop. Called anthelm. also V. celtica is supposed to be one of the weakest. It is used in Turkey to scent their baths. V. doscoridis grows in the Levant, & was described by him. thought stronger V. off. is most used in Europe & found in woods and wet meadows in Europe Cats are fond of it just as they are of catnip & of both, only after having been pulled up and suffered to wither Said to be narcotic. It is not however. N.B. Unless you push an article a considerable way you cannot distinguish whether its antirritant properties are the result of a narcotic or a nervine operation It is not tonic as has been said. It is called emmenagogue it is not certain whether it is so merely from its antirritant properties or not from its resemblance to the terebinthinates, it may be more than this Pharm. prep. 1st powder but this is inconvenient from its bulk, & should be freshly made which is also in convenient The tinct requires too much alc. The inf. is too weak unless for mild cases The vol. ess. oil is the best prep. Diseases. Hysteria convulsions & epilepsy useful as an auxiliary & palliative Recommended for hemicranic & chlorsis Swediaur mentions hyperchondrias. Prof T. has seen it of essential service in it. This dis. generally will not bear very active medication Sw. also mentions incipient anaurosis (paralysis of optic nerve) amenorrhoea & haemoptysis N.B. There are 1st entonic 2nd atonic 3d irrit. & rth vicarious hem. & for the 3d the valerian would be beneficial # Dose of powd. root [illegible] to zi 3 or 4 times a day; increased as far as the stomach will bear. Inf. zi to zii to 1 pt. [illegible] ment. salts of iron as incompatible this entirely improbably as the active principle is an ess. oil The prep by extract wastes the valerian The ammoniated tinct. will merely be spts of amm. flavoured with valerian for not more than a few drops could be given # Some profess to cure delirium tremens but the cases cured by it were merely mild ones, which one or two doses of opium wd cure ol. val. 10 or 20 gtts alc. zfs tinct chlor ferri zfs dose 20 to 40 gtts This Prof T. has found very valuable in various chronic nervous complaints e.g. cardialgia syncoptica Valeriana [vatanansi] of India yields a more abundant and elegant essential oil thought by Sir W. Jones to be the nard of the N.T. this not probable. A species of val. found near Castleton was determined by Dr Robbins to be the v. off. probably it is the same with the v. sylvatica of Franklin’s journey Nervines of the Nat. ord. orchideae Corallorhiza odontorrhiza Called dragon’s claw [hens] feet fever root Adam’s [race] etc. (Cymbidium) Root fleshy much branched but small When fresh smells strong powder said to attract moisture from the air First employed by Dr Graham of [Canton] & New Hartford He used it to promote quietness and diaphoresis in fever. Drs Todd Bestor & Reed were acquainted with him Probably it is (as is said) deobstruent Called aphrodisiac It is nervine & especially adapted to heat restlessness & dry skin of fever Powd. root dose about a t. sp. in some warm liquid once in 2 or 3 hours Prof. T. has used it considerable Cypripedium acaule or humile ladies slipper, moccasin plant etc. c. spectabile [illegible] & C. spectabili is collected indiscriminately with it & used with it also. The roots have a strong smell & a subacrid bitterish nauseous taste Graham above mentioned conjoined this with the preceding. This is not the article used as an antirritant by the Thompsonites. Rafinesque heaps up epithetics and gives a [succedanemus] for it. (arnica mont. is not narcotic cumula mariana which is aromatic & inula helenium which is deobstruent merely This article may possibly be deobstruent but this Prof. T. has not noticed It is especially useful in the same way as the previous article Give a teaspoonful of powd root Aplectrum hyemale (Nuttall) Cymbidium hyemale (Muhlenberg Called Adam & Eve One of the tuberous rooted orchideae but not like most of them, nutritious & demulcent merely. Roots are two tubers when bruised in water, they yield a viscid juice which joins broken glass Nervine Called deobstruent, [illegible] etc. Goodyera pubescens [Neottiv] pub. (Wild.) Rattlesnakes’s plaintain adders violet etc. Prof. T. has not used it. The whole plant has been used The Drs Whites of Hudson make extensive use of it in curing struma It is one of the rattlesnake antidotes but it is not active enough, probably either as a nervine or a deobstruent Asafoetida Asafoetida is more to be relied on for its expectorant effect, than any other part of its deobstruent Dose 10 gr. to zj (Swed.) But 10 gr. is a quantity entirely inefficient except it it be repeated very often A combination of ess. oil of val. is highly useful though the smell is intolerable being more volat. on account of the vol. oil Pills made of the gum alone are apt not to be dissolved it is better to conjoin a little camphor or ess. oil of valer. or conjoin soap The tinct. required too much alcohol to be given It is given in enema, rubbed up with milk not very powerful given in this way. It has been used extern. as a discut. Diseases carcialgia spasmodica (?) colica flatula. tympanitis physconia (parabismatus) Glandular tumours (buboes) as a discutient. Paronychia (in plaister) etc. etc. Swediaur Ferula opoponax The plant has been referred to various genera in the books called commonly pastinaca opop. It has been struck out of the British Pharm & hence though formerly much used it is not now often met with among us Perhaps it is exactly as valuable as asafoetida Ferula Persica yields the sagapenum formerly much used & perhaps neither inferior nor superior to opopine & asafoetida Selenum gummiferum yields also an inspissated sap with similar properties Galbanum officinale Formerly referred to bubon gallanum (S.) Umbelliferous also like the preceding Galbanum is similar to in med. prop. asafoetida in all respects. It is now only an ingredient in certain palister though equal in all respects to the preceding Resin anime (French) the product of the hymenaea [courbaril] yellowish resembles copal Ammoniacum Name a blunder for armeniacum as it came from Armenia. Referred by Willd. to heracleum gummif. which was in fact the H. pyrenaicum It is a [new] genus of the tribe [peneudaniae] viz. dorema ammoniacum It is native of the north of Persia Discorides called it ammoniacum by mistake, & hence referred it to Egypt Said to be procured by incisions & allowed to drop on the ground hence sometimes containing earth A part of it viz. the gum is soluble in water a part in alc. & eth. Hence triturated with water it yields a milky emulsion composed of a solution of gum with resin mechanically suspended It is doubtful 1st nervine in a moderate degree less so than asafoet. etc. 2nd deobstruent & more so than they & resolvent, expectorant & discutient. 3d cathart. in large quantities 4th externally irritant? Not stim. but irritant Doze [illegible] to zj Prep. mistura ammoniac. zjj water ½ pt Pills also are used Emplastrum ammon. made with vinegar ammon. made with vinegar & the vinegar evaporated Diseases dyspepsia when the bowels are lax. with bitters A useful auxiliary to myrrh & iron In visceral obstructions, torpor, & parabisma as an auxiliary to conium, corr. sub. & iron Chronic coryza in conjunction with the acrid bitters as liriodendron ilicium, etc. Simple idiop. cough but not as is said as an expectorant, for expectoration is not indicated, & should be checked Still ammon. is not to be relied on alone opium & sometimes conium or hyoscyamus, should Dyspnoes exac. or asth. it is much employed, but to no good purpose Influenza when the expectoration is just going off cojoined with Pneumonitis cammatodes enjoined with squill & antimony after bleeding Pneumon. typhodes var. notha. Yet more eff. art. are better Phthisis employed in a routine way to promote expect. a thing most earnestly to be deprecated Externally in plaister to white swellings etc. Halusia hypochondrine conjoined with iron & myrrh valuable Hysteria. Chlorosis inops (green sickness) in both probably of little valuable Mineral nervines Ethers are all the volatile & inflammable liquids formed by the actions of acids on alcohol. There are two distinct classes one consisting of 4 equiv. of proto carb. hyd. combined with 1 of some acid The second consist of one equiv. of sulph. ether (common ether) with one equiv. of some acid. Of the first class we have as yet [illegible] ether (sulph. eth.) which consists of 4 prot. car. hyd. or 1 tetra carbohydrogen & 1 water (N.B. water is an acid it will even combine with some bases & supersede for all the acids acids e.g. hydrate of bismuth made by throwing nit. bism. into water) The name sulph. ether has been changed on the cont. of Eur. into hydric or hydratic ether. Besides there is a true sulphuric ether with one equiv. of sulph. acid 2d Sulph. eth. is 4 prot. carb. hyd. 1 sul. acid called sweet oil of [wine] etc. 3d Hydrochloric eth. 4th Hydro [bronic] 5th Hydriodic all [sim.] in composition & sim. in med. powers. Probably there are more also # We have first di-carburetted hyd. (light carb hyd. 2 hyd 1 carb.) next proto carb. hyd or simply carb. & hyd. & This may exist in five varieties first one condensed one half proto-carbo-hyd. (Th) second olef. [illegible] condensed [illegible] ([deuto] carbo hyd) 3d [trite] carbo hyd. condensed to 1/6 (subperolifiant [illegible]) 4d tetarto-carbohyd cond. 1/8 & this exists in ether 1 equiv. of it 5th hexa-carbo-hyd. (cond. to ½). Others as Mr. Dutton consider these combinations as different compounds consisting of 1 & 1 2 & 2 3 & 3 etc. which seems to be trifling with the subject 1st [illegible] carb. hy. proto are 3 sesqui carb 4 deuto carb. These are the compounds of carb. & hyd. And the second exists in 6 different forms as above It was formerly thought that the deuto carb. hyd. (which exists in alc.) was the compound in ether $ [Prot???] also ether made by sulphocyanogen (which is an acid) 2nd class of ethers, consist of 1 of hydric ether & 1 of acid 1st [hypometrons] 2nd carbonons (carbonic oxide which is an acid) acetic citric, malic, benzoic & formic ether also oxalic ether? N.B. the hydric ether is producible by four different acids inc. sulph., phoshporic, arsenic, & [fluoboric]. Two other sorts of substances as have been improperly called ethers one sort compounded with 4 of pr. carb. hyd. & [is] of an empyreal principle e.g. chlorine forming the chloric ether of the [illegible] iodine & bromine & Prof. S. chloric ether which contain 2 of prot. carb. hyd. & 1 cholrine Hydric ether called ether [hydricus] & [hydrat???] & sulphurias & vitriolicus ether rectificantus E probenii & naphtha vitrioli Liquor [etherium] vitriolicus ([tetrakis] hydrates of the proto- carburet of hydrogens!) Boils in [illegible] at 20. vapour about twice as heavy as air a little poured into a vial displace most of the common air Vapour readily ignited. have caution about pouring it by candle light. Water absorbs 1/10 80 fl. drams of eth. dissolves zi of phosphorus But if it contains only a little alc. it will require 24 fl dr. Hence phosphuretted ether is useless. In general it is a powerful solvent Equivalent number 37 viz 28 + 9 = 4 x (6 + 1) + 9 Until within two years the composition was considered as 2 olef. [gas] & 1 water equal also. 4 ether acids viz. arsenic, chrom, sulphuric, [fl?boric] & phosphoric acids will also produce ether as well as sulphuric Alcoh. consists of 2 equiv. of olef. [gas] & 2 of water or 1 & 1 (or 4 p.c.h & 2 [illegible]) Etherification consists in the abstraction of one equivalent of water And if you add acid enough to abstract all the water, you have olefiant gas Thompson thinks sulpho [illegible] acid is first formed & afterwards the prot. carb. hyd. goes from the acid to the water by means of heat The best test of purity is spec. grav. Sulph acid may be detected by baryta Alc. will cause a milky solution with phosphorus If kept still for a long time it is decomposed into acetic acid, alc. & water Med. eff. glows in stomach thrill to the extremities languor & lass. quieting of irr. & rest carried further it produces calm placid sensation & finally exhiliration & delirum. After this all its effects pass off without any exhaustion any somnolency etc. nothing more than fatigue, if great exertions have been made No indirect debility (i.e. prostration as from opium, & wine) follows as is said by Dr Ives & others. But Prof. T. thinks this nothing more than might be expected No article in the mouth produces so quickly diffuse & transient an operation as this It is a pure nervine When respired it is in all respects similar to nitrous oxide, both in the effects & duration. The effects cannot be distinguished. By successive inhalations, after each one has passed off, the effects continue longer. Prof. T. has never known it last in this way more than 6 hours Best inhaled from a vial or handkerchief It produces its effects more powerfully when inhaled than when taken into the stomach. Prof T has repeatedly examined the pulses of persons under the influence of eth. & nitrous ox. and also has again and again caused others to examined but never could discover any increase of strength. He entertained a different opinion previously. Others have changed their opinion in the same way Ether in his first & second course of lectures in N. Haven Prof. T. thought ether a stimulant circumstances led him to investigate its operation when taken into the stomach. Another physician quoted who was equally surprised to find that no increase of the strength of the pulse could be produced by it Others admit this, but think that perhaps the stimulation is too transient to be perceptible! or that other stimulates the nervous system Ed. & Vav. say that ether has no effect on the circulating system. These authors first turned the attention of Prof. T. to the subject. Hence A. T. T. is entirely wrong in comparing the action of eth to that of alc. Ether resembles rather cocculus etc. other nervine narcotics. Murray classed it among the narcotics Hence since this time British writers have celled it narcotic. But Prof. T. never could produce this effect by pushing ether. It probably might be pushed so far as to suspend the functions of the brain & produce a sort of apoplexy but this would not be ultimate narcosis. It is not anodyne or soporific except as it is antirritant So of it its diaph. diuret. or expect. It is not aphrodisiac except it be so by its nervine power Called anthelmintic also It is a common notion that it cannot be depended on for constant & permanent effect as a nervine But Prof. T. though he formerly thought so, has seen & heard good reason to change his opinion especially when combined with some more permanent article as wine Dose 15 or 20 drops on sugar (Sw.) It is more astringent in this way Yet a fl z or more may often be required Prof. T. has seen ether inhaled hundreds of times & yet never knew lethargic effects produced by it. It has been supposed that it may bring on mania, in the predisposed yet it can only bring on delirium & there is no evidence that del. will bring on mania The delirium of acute diseases does not bring or mania often. Perhaps also it may destroy life by continued apoplectic effect on the brain Intoxication by alc. is a different effect from the exhiliration of nitrous oxide or etherial vapour. The effect of ether may not exhibit the inability to regulate motion & to articulate & does not grow to narcosis Diseases spasmodic & hysterical diathesis So lethargic diathesis & a tendency to paralysis Recommended for a carious tooth, when painful When taken into the stomach it irritates the mucous membrane, obviates torpor & creates susceptibility to other articles Orfila introduced it into & confined it in the stom. of a dog. The phen. exhibited after death seemed to show no narcotic effect, but an erythem. infl. by an acrid Probably from its pungency or acrimony it would produce vomiting in excessive quantities Ether externally applied & suffered to evaporate, produces cold & diminution of bulk. But when confined, it prod. a sens. of heat rubefact. & perhaps even vesic. A mixt. of hydric & hydrochloric ether (in alc.) evaporates instantaneously hence this mixture might be applied to hernia Ether is useful to dry up water from the surface of a vial for instance Diseases Odontic dol. Spasmodic atonic dysphagia. A paroxysm may be relieved by hydric ether. Case of an aged phys who took it for years, just before sitting down to his meals He was ultimately cured by conium & iron Dyspepsia Dr Ives quoted, who gives it to correct [wine] & to combine with comp tinct. cinch. or compd tinct lavender especially for the intemperate S. syncoptici gastrodynia cardialgia valuable. Spasmodic vomiting especially from a debauch. It is said that a fit of intoxication may be almost entirely suspended by ether Ether is a common resort in seasickness IT seems to be about the best remedy Colica flatulenta is often completely relieved C. ciberia produces wonderful effects. Cholera vulgaris an adjuvant Chololisthus [illegible] mixed with ol. turp. highly extolled said to dissolve the gall stones Bex sicca & humida sometimes surprisingly relieved Prof. I. uses a mixt of the spir. am. & mucilage Bex [dyspno???] mixed with elix. [pary.] Dyspnoea exac. relieves by inhalation Stomalgia (angina pect.) palliates the parox. Periodical fevers palliates when there is nervous symptoms Typhus qualifies the action of brandy or wine just as these qualify tonics Dr Rush never suffered a pat. to die without trying eth. in z doses once an hour & often cured cases apparently desperate Supposed to be more especially adapted to cases of subsultus Cephalitis caumatodes evaporated from the head let a current of air from the feet to the head carry off the vapour from the nostrils Low malignant fevers Catarrhs of all sorts much thot of on the cont. of Eur. by inhal. & internally Dyspnoea of phthisis gives great relief. Acute & subacute arthritis externally by evaporation, or as an irritant but we should never use it so long as the aff. is erratic Dolores rheumaticus (SW.) Muscular pains (Murr) arthrodynia tumores dolores inflammatories (Sw.) Low atonic exanthematica Idiopath. atony or debility (Sw.) doubtful if there is any such disease Gangrena [sphecelus] when nervines are indicated as they often are. Hallusia hypochondrias syncope neuralgia auris cures it if made to act if as an irr. sulph eth. saturated with opium & camph recommended by Prof. T. as the best remedy Cephalea hem. & nausea cures sometimes the first when pushed & continued & if given (eth. & spts ammoniae equal parts dose a fl z or alone) early in the paroxysm before it has fairly set in [Enteria] [systrema] (France) Synochous singultus hiccup chorea Catalepsy Prof. T. has repeatedly seen a paroxysm broken up Carus asphyxia after animation is restored from its diff [illegible] it may be given before in a starch enema Hydrops various sorts Paruria inops Prof. I. dose f zfs at short intervals eq. parts spts. turp & ether Parodynia inops? nervous weakness two or three doses have restored action when ergot had failed Parodynia convulsiva var. hysterica Burns & scalds mixed with spts of ammonia managed so as to produce refrigeration or irritation Prof. I. Concussions or shocks useful from its diffusibility & transient effects Strangulated hernia by evaporation or has succeeded after failure by all other means for 12 hours Prof. I advises [it in all cases previous to operations [unless] the symptoms are too urgent. Prof T. has often succeeded by it. A sensation of pungency & warmth is felt by the patient but the parts feel quite cold to another. Inflammation is prevented & [illegible] made easy vid Dunc. Comm. vol. IX Sulphuric Ether This should be the name, but it hardly bears it Called sweet oil of wine. Oleum ethereum, oleum vini etc. Comes over after the formation of [illegible] ether. Vide Dispensatories & [illegible] Best prepared by distilling a mixture of equal vol. of sul. ac. & alc. & purifying the prod with potassa by [illegible] it carbonate [illegible] A yellowish, fragrant liquid Consists of 4 prot. carb. hyd. condensed to 1/8. (tetarto carbo hyd. 1 vol.) not olef. gas as Prof. S. says 28 + 1 sul. ac. 40 = 68 When kept a long time it changes into sulpho [vinic] acid by giving up ½ of its protocarb. hyd. in a crystalline state If agitated with water also, it changes into sulpho vin. ac. & gives up its 2 prop. of pr. c. h. in the shape of an oil. This article resembles hydric ether considerably & hence is said commonly to possess the same general powers Prof. T. knows of no accurate experiments on it. It seems quite certain that it is a nervine probably it will turn out like hyd. eth. not to be stimulant It has been used not alone but in Hoffmans anodyne liquor & some such preparations. Compound spirit of ether contains it In dyspepsia with paroxysms of excessive secretion of air (Prof. T. has had opportunity to watch several such cases the air was secreted by an empty stomach & prevented by food Aromatic spirit of ether is [hydric] [eth.] of alc. [illegible] pungent by spices an old & fine preparation. Good recom. to add to this the sulphuric ether Hydrochloric Ether muriatic ether naphtha salis Not well known before 1804 Thenard obtained not by using dilute liquid [muriatic acids] buy by keeping a quantity of salt an hour in a state of fusion putting 20 parts of it into a [triturated] retort & 10 parts alcohol add 10 parts sulph. ac gradually distil over into a Wolfe’s bottle containing alcohol. Agitate with sol. potassa The ether swims on the surface. This is the best process Others are followed This ether is a gas colourless a strong [illegible] smell & sweet taste. Sp. gr. 2.2 Becomes liquid at 52 [degrees] The liquid is colourless, very liquid & resembles the gas in its properties Much more volatile than hydric ether. No tests give indication of hydrochloric acid hence the acid is in a state of strict chemical combination Comp. 4 p. c. h. = 28 + h. ac. 37 + 65 As this article is a gas of course it must be united with something in order to be used in medicine. It is used combined with alc. & called spir. salis dulcis sp. vinous muriaticus spiritus muriatico etherens ether alcoholicatum spiritus salis dulcificatus etc. Swediaur says its virtues are the same as the spirit of hydric ether (Hoffman’s mineral anodyne) It is undoubtedly nervine Said to be stimulant. called analeptic (i.e. it relieves a fainting fit or a fit of sinking) but the only analeptics are the nervines & stimulants Called diuretic also by various pharmacopoeias. Said to be useful in bilious fevers but all fevers are called bilious especially in this [country] in Albany for instance the common fever is T. mitior yet all their fevers are called bilious Dose mentioned is 30 to 60 drops probably more would probably be often needed 2nd Class of ethers 1 eq. of hydric eth. & 1 of some acid Hyponitrous ether Ether nitrosus, naphtha nitrosum etc. Put into a retort eq. weight alc. & nitric acid connected with 5 successive jars of brine. Apply heat & the ether gives over & is collected in the jars A colourless liquid lighter than water boils in the hand Comp. 1 hyd. eth. 37 + 1 hyponit. ac 26 = 63 Prof. T. thinks the formula given in the Phil. ph. 1831 from spt. nitrous eth. will produce a genuine hyponitrous ether pure or impure. The formula in the N.Y. Pharmacopoeia is an old and a bad one most of the ether escapes in gas (Rx mix nit. ac. & alc. & distil) & the product is probably a solution of alc. nit. & acetic acid. & nitrous acid & ether The spiritus etherus nitricus etc. etc. etc. found in our shops are probably always formed according to this old formula & consist of this mixture. There are in fact however 3 kinds sweet spirits of nitre 1st genuine hyponitrous eth. 2nd the mixture just stated & 3d a chemical mixture of nitric ac. & alc. formed by dropping nit. ac. into alc. (containing however some hyponit. eth. & some water) Paris describes this chem. union of nit. ac. (prepared by distilling alc. & nit. ac.) is fragrant pungent, acidulous strikes a green col. with sulph iron Medicinal properties Quincy says, “diuretic 20 to 120 gtt Whitens and ultimately destroys the teeth Quenches thirst diaphoretic, diuretic, antilithic, carminative etc. etc. James’ Dispensatory Similar accounts given by [illegible] dispensat Quenches thirst promotes the natural secretion etc. in short the James account copied So of Cox’s & Thatcher’s dispensatory. The latter however calls it antispasmodic & says it will relieve strangury combined with laudanum Peirson’s M.M. calls it refrigerant & diuretic. A. T. T. refrig. diuret. antisp. relieves nausea & flatulence Murray refrigerant, diuretic, stimulant relieving nausea & flatulence Chapman syas it is given in too small doses ½ oz as a diuretic etc. etc. etc. Dr Bigelow calls it too stimulating & heating to be given in fever All quote from James that mixed with malt or common spirit it gives the flavour of French brandy Here followed in the worthy Professor’s lecture an enumeration of the properties ascribed to it by the diff. authors amounting to 20 1st a weak & inefficient medicine 2nd a moderate refrigerant least doses a fl z 2 or 3 hours interval Prof. T. early in his practice employed it considerably in phlogistic diseases 3d a moderate nervine less active as a nervine than as a refrig. dose should be rather more than 1 fl z (teaspoonful) 4th moderately diuretic least dose half an ounce (tablespoonful) 4 or even 8 times in a day Like other refrigerants it increases the heat of low atonic fevers Not stimulant nor tonic nor diaphoretic (Prof T. has watched it for this) nor deobstruent (i.e. promoting all the nat. secretions) though [illegible] & Durand recommends it in diseases of the liver Therap. application The dis. which Prof. T. has seen it useful in teething of infants (an irritative disease) It is pleasant for children’s taste Idiop. acute ptyalism (Good does not describe it it is sometimes epidemic irritative) Typhus infantum childs fever very useful, combined with wine of ipec. & el. paregor. Synochus usefully added to the water for drink principally as a nervine Cauma vulgaris also in the water Secondary stages of all the sub putrid & synochous phlogotica also in the caumatoid phlogotica (commending with cauma) Urethritis blenorrhea (Blenorrhea serodes) very useful conjoined with copaiba & mucilage of gum arabic Sub putrid exanthematica Idiop. syngultus & palpitation Cellular thoracic & abdominal dropsy But do not float it on a large quantity of a decoction & suffer it to stand & evaporate give a tablespoonful with each [illegible] draught. Efficient in paruria inops, as an auxiliary Still more so in paruria Irritative stranguary (N.B. when the bladder is torpid give nothing that will increase the quantity of urine already in the bladder Paruria stillitation ver. [ardens] auxiliary to opium or conium Epidrosis profusa (morbid sweating) by increasing the urinary discharge Enanthesis roseola (rose rash) an irritative unimportant disease for which this is well adapted Exorbia lichen (heat rash) Both classes of ethers are nervine The second class seems in general to be refrigerant Acetic Ether Naphtha acetica 1 hyd. eth. 37 + 1 acetic ac. 50 = 87 Distil acet. ac. sulph. ac. & alc. or ac. potassa 16 oz alc. 16 oz concentrated sul ac 6 oz distil off & then wash with lime water Or use ac plumbi Peculiar taste odorous boiling pt 165 [degrees] does not redden blue veg. col. undergoes no change by keeping Dissolves in 7 parts of water Evaporates Taste cooling, aromatic & slightly bitter Bat. Ph. Nervine analeptic refrigerant & diaphoretic Pharm. Bot. moderate nervine & refrigerant & perhaps diuretic Prof. T. Less nervine than the ethers of the first class. Irritant & rubefacient & usefully so Prof. I. calls it discutient & warming when applied with friction Useful in various diseases of the nervous system & in catarrh & rheumatism Ph. Bot. Two other articles have been called ethers & are composed of 2 proportions of proto carb. hyd. & 1 of a [suppost??] of comb. 1st Chloric ether of all the books except Mr. Silliman’s 4 prop pr. carb. hyd. 23 + 1 chlorine 36 = 64 2nd Chloric ether of Mr S. [Dischlor. carburet of hydrogen composed of 2 equiv. of prot. carb. hyd. = 14 + 1 chlorine 36= 50 Other names are given description of the composition but not of the proportions. These two only of the compounds of this class are called ethers But others might be so called The first is hot aromatic & bitterish yellowish green colour IT is not much known medicinally in general analogous to other ethers said to be stimulant probab The second has been also called hydrocarburet of chlorine & hydrochloride of carbon Formed by uniting chlorine with olef. gas Vide Guthrie’s improved meth. Sill. [illegible] comp 1 olef gas 14 + 1 chlorine 36 + 50 1 vol of each condensed [illegible] (spec. grav. = to that of the two united) Becomes solid (if pure) at 47 [degrees} Fahrt. 1st obviate languor & lass. (unphlogistic) 2d relieves irrit. sensib. etc. (nonphlg.) 3d preternatural wakefulness 4th exhiliration of mind 6th sensation fo coldness & then an actual reduction of temperature 5th Reduces the frequently of the pulse in a healthy person These results have been produced in the order named by the pure article Taken pure it irritates the muc. mem. of al. can. & thus increases the susceptibility to the impression of other remedies Prof. T. has also experimented with Mr. Guthrie’s solution in 12 parts alcohol. C. Terry took f zfs in water in ½ hour pulse reduced 12 beats in a min. another dose produced exhiliration which lasted 3 or 4 hours Sensations of coolness & actual reduction of temp. an alvine evacuation at night So far from the pulse being stronger it was not increased in strength by the fl z of the alc. There was headache & somnolency caused by this quantity of alc. Mr. Guthrie is mistaken in calling it too strong & too volatile to be used without dilution. Prof. T. takes I undiluted Mr Guthrie puts into a clear copper still 3 pds chloride of lime (i.e. chloroxide of calcium) to 2 gall. alc. & distils Dichloride of carbon a crystalline solid probably nervine Prot chloride of carbon colourless limpid liquid probably nervine also Sesqui chloride of carbon crystalline solid also probably nervine also Protoxide of nitrogen Sr H. Davy was led to investigate it by Dr S. S. Mitchell’s theory about nitrogen being the principle of putrefaction (septom) & also of contagion & infection If it could be condensed into a liquid form it would probably resemble hydric ether in its med. prop. Prof. T. tried it extensively in low atonic diseases (before he had any notion of its not being stimulant) & could produce none but a nervine effect It was of now service in keeping up the vital powers. Bitumen Naphtha & petroleum Petroleum is thicker than naphtha B. pix resembles picket. B. maltha is of the consistance of wax The first three only are used in medicine Sulphuric & nitric acids convert naphtha & petroleum into a resin, by yielding oxygen N.B. Petroleum means “rock oil” It drops from rocks, in some places. They become oxydised by long exposure to the air becoming dark or black. They may be produced by distilling coal tar (B. pix). Very volatile Comp. 2 carb. 12 + 3 hyd. = 15 Prof. T. has tried these & found them 1st nervine 2nd deobstruent 3d irritant no sudorific Diseases Helminthia as car. [illegible] & H. taeniae. Arthritis rheumatalgia (chronic rheumatism) externally applied much used in India more efficacious than cajeput oil. Thought valuable internally also in our country Hysteria & epilepsy externally (India) also internally with us in hyst. Paralysis externally in India also with us internally valuable Various cutaneous aff. instead of tar pt porrigo crustacea (occasionally is cured by it) & exormia prurigo var. [miti] naphtha (cured after trying various things) we may always cure cutaneous diseases by persevering in trying different articles 3d Prurigo formicans (cured) Burns & scalds nothing is better it is mild and soothing Oleum Succini Electri Oil of amber Amber is found most abundantly on the low lying shorts of the Baltic Appears to be a mineralized resin. perhaps that of decayed pine. Probably copal is the same substance (produced however not from the same tree, probably) it produces a good oil of amber & succinic acid as amber Oil of amber is obtained by distillation Pellucid yellowish, aromatic, odorant. Called antispasmodic, in general Prof. T. never could make it produce increased heat, or stimulation. He has found it 1st nervine 2nd decidedly deobstruent may be expectorant diuretic & probably emmenagogue Dose 10 to 15 drops various authors. Prof. T. has found these doses too small in general Diseases 1st arthritis rheumatalgia (called chronic rheum but may be chronic, subacute or acute) give 20 drops every 3 hours Apply it externally conjoined with spirit of ammonia or some such article with friction at first then put it on a cloth cover this with another & then pass over it a hot flat iron Urethritis blenorrhoica (clap) & probably gleet etc. Prof. T. gives it in connnexion with bals. cop. & gives as much as the stomach will bear not suffering it to purge & if there is much tendency that way add laudanum. Entasia tetanus recommended buy Rush (a free use of spts turp. has been thought highly useful in tetanus) Hysteria much used Neuralgia locally applied mixed with Palsy internally & locally as in rheumat. Paramenia obstructionis Par Oleum succini oxydatum called moschus factitius artificial musk. Rx ol. amb. f zi nit. ac. f z iii ss in a glass vessel add the acid drop by drop stirring with a glass rod let it stand 36 hours separate the resin wash till it is tasteless 1st with cold & then with warm water # Vide U.S. phar. Prof. T. has had the mixture taken pure spontaneously while standing Keep it in a wide mouthed glass stoppered vessel, so that when it hardens you can get it out with a spatula Dose [illegible] fs to [illegible] j of the substance Properties similar to resins of myrospermum toluiferum & of xanthorrhea has [tilis] (yellow resin of N. Holl.) May be given in substance but requires something else to give it consistency for pills. Tinct zii to 1 pt. of very strong alc. (Ph. Batard) Prof. T. thinks 1 pt. will dissolve ziv This article is supposed to be merely oxydized al. amb. Yet it differs from the resin amber Diseases diarrhea [illegible] # Cold water hardens, but warm water melts it. (Good’s species of diarrhoea are more varieties as they run into each other. N.B. D. tubularis is a membranific enteritis & D. gypsata is a symptom of dyspepsia) dose for diarrhea 1 t.sp. of the tincture 4 times in 24 h. useful as an auxiliary to opium. Bex convulsivo (hooping cough) much employed often very useful sometimes not so when we cannot tell Dr. E. Reed considers it of high value in this disease conjoined with elix. pareg. Seems to be as good as musk. Dyspnoea exacerbans (N.B. the disease so called here is dyspnea chronica & dysp. exac. is called asthma) Recommended by Dr Reed as he does also its use in hysteria & convulsions Recommended in epilepsy Pyracetic spirit of pyracetic ether are nervine probably. N.B. probably most physicians apply the term nervine to any thing that relieves nervous irritability Narcotics [Torpentia] of Darwin. Sedativa (But sedantia i.e. refrig. is also translated sedative) 1st directly allay morbid irritab. & irr. etc. & correspond with the first degree of a nervine op. & often of a stimulant. 2nd relieve pain which the nervines 3d produce sleep 4 vertigo headache faintness affection of sight nausea vom. cold extrem. cold sweats convulsions (common epileptic or tetanic). delir. stupor causes death 1st antirritant 2nd anodyne 3d soporific 4th ultimate narcosis A small quant. may be exhib. the 1st a larger [the] 2nd also & a larger the 3d & so on . Generally to obtain one of the latter operations you must first have the previous ones Under certain circumstances actual erethism of the brain & nerves that is increased energy of intellectual functions and of motion. N.B. erethism is a morbid degree of activity energy & perfection of the functions of a part. Intellectual erethism occurs in the first stage of del. tremens Intellectual erethism occurs often in typhus throughout the whole disease. All the [illegible] may be used to produce this Now it has been argued a thousand times with regard to cholera that as there is a lesion of the nervous function & diminution of nervous energy But narcotics are the very articles to obviate this The nervine & stimulant narcotics contribute most to obviate this nervous lesion. But all of them may be made to etc. etc. Hyoscyamus & opium produce common convulsions Camphor nutmeg & ol. tansy epileptic convulsions. Nux vomica produces tetanic conv. Opium & hyoscyam. convulse the voluntary muscles Sclerotum claves & actea convulse the involuntary muscles first Camphor & ol. tansy convulse both the volunt. & invol. muscles Some of the doebstruent narc. produce convulsions as a primary part of their narcotic operation e.g. ergot & actaea. Probably all the ecbolics act in this way only and are narcotics which produce common convulsions in the invol. muscles as a primary part of their operation Many of Prof. T.’s medical friends have employed large doses of opium in collapse of cholera Other narcotics besides opium will relieve the coma etc. of low fevers Opium is the best because it is also nervine & stimulant. The deobstruent narcotics will also produce the effect e.g. nux vomica in case of a paralytic limb which obviates the lesion of function of the nerve Actaea lobelia digitalis conium etc. have this effects digitalis being the weakest Narcotics likewise produce an effect on the bloodvessels, when pushed so far as to disturb the functions of the brain & spinal cord. The paresis of the semilunar ganglion produced by narcotics may be relieved by quick vom. (as with turpeth min) unless the paralysis is too great, when life may be destroyed Ultimate narcosis is of no remedial utility It should be counteracted by aromatics acrids & stimulants This may be done without diminishing the remedial effect Alcohol is a counteragent of narcosis N.B. It will not counteract the nervine & the stimulant operation But its own nervine and stimulant operation will counteract the ultimate narcosis of a narcotic N.B. also the narcotic effect of one narcotic will not counteract that of another but the article so managed as to be nervine will counteract the ultimate narcosis of another narcotic Four sorts of congestion 1st simple superficial congestion caused by increased action of the heart always entonic 2nd simple visceral caused by weak action of the heart always atonic 3d paralytic congestion caused by weakness of the capillaries the heart remaining strong always atonic requiring the vessels to be invigorated 4th inflammatory caused by topical infl. of the part. either entonic atonic or irritative requiring refrigerants, stimulants nervines & or deobstruents [Now] narcotics by obviating lesions of nervous function will relieve general visceral congestion Secondly by being pushed too far they will increase visceral cong. by weakening the brain and nerves & consequently the blood vessels but they should never be pushed so far No articles are equal to narcotics in relieving general visceral congestion especially if they are likewise nervine & stimulant Deobstruent narcotics relieve congestion like the simple but they relieve many inflammatory congestions by their deobstruent narcotics Evacuating narcotics act like the simple. The evacuation is apt to increase the congestion at least if [illegible] Simple superficial congestion will not require narcotics they will be stark [naught] Nervines produce sleep only by obviating irritation the narcotics appear to have this effect by a direct effect on the brain The mistake of Murray & of John Brown was caused by the latter’s forming all his conclusions of narcotics from alcohol wine and opium Sedative and stimulant effects have nothing to do with one another hence they do not stand in the relation of cause and effect, as J. Brown supposed. They are not at all inconsistent or incompatible Perhaps there is no article in which the narcotic, stim. & nerv. operation result from distinct proximate principles Some have supposed that all narcotics are deobstruent i.e. have an efficacy in resolving inflammations But probably they do this merely by their antirritant power & act only on the irritative inflammations. Some as Murray think no pure narcotics exist. But we have cyanagen (pure & highly active), Hydrocyamic acid, ess. oil of cerasus lauro cerasus, [gelsem???] nitidum, Helmas [illegible] spigelia anthelmas [illegible] datura tabula, stromium, [illegible] etc. hyoscyamus niger, atropa belladonna These articles differ among one another yet they are all pure narcotics, & possess no other properties. They are not therefore substitutes for one another (It is apt to be said that narcotics cure diarrhea but none of them are worth a fig for this, but opium) Although all the narcotics produce sleep yet 5 or 6 of them can be conveniently used for this purpose Single full doses, after 12 hours produce a state of prostration, with languor vertigo etc. which passes off in 12 or 24 hours This is produced more conspicuously by opium Brown called it indirect debility consequent on stimulation, but it has no connexion with stimulation & is likewise mere prostration and not debility. I. Brown’s other cases of indirect debility do not differ from direct debility The habitual use of narcotics is supposed generally by the profession to produce great general insusxceptibility (besides in insusceptibility to the particular article) together with tendency to visceral congestion Prof. T. & his friends have never found this to be the case, & some late communications in the European journals contradict the notions. Prof. T. never could discover that opium produce exhaustion of vital energy, like alc. & wine Confessions of an opium eater quoted. Prof. T. has first and last known a considerable number of opium eaters Authorities quoted in England All the injurious effects of tobacco & tea seem to Prof. T. to produce no ill effects except nervous tremors & limosis syncoptica slightly Prof. T. has continued conium more than two years without any injurious effects Visceral obstructions appear to be caused by alcohol and wine only Limosis [syncoptria] is produced mainly by the nervine & stimulant narcotics & slightly by the nervine narcotics as tea and tobacco Probably this is the effect of a nervous operation as coffee produces it & hop in slight degrees (& this is merely nervine & tonic) Groups 1st Narcotica simplicia hydrocyan. ac. ol. cherry [Gilsem] nit. helor erythr spigelia anth & nar datura latuda, stram. [illegible] Hyos. atropa mandregera [illegible] probably also ergot [Sollini] [illegible] Agarici (several) etc. probably The simple narcotics are solely sedative ([what] includes all the stages except the last) They are employed when the nervines could not be sufficiently active. Used more in chronic than in acute diseases Though when combined with stimulants they may be used in acute disease. They are not calculated to remove the headache & [illegible] of phlogistic diathesis which requires depletion Quequid non adjuvat nocet Likewise improper in low atonic cases upon the same principle, viz that of aggravating the general burden of the system 2nd Narcotica incitantia Generally nervine also Alcohol, wine opium (which is diaphoretic also & cholagogue Lactarum (from several species of lactica e.g. L. sativa etc. cultiva 3 indigenous sped (in the n. states) S. elongata L. integrifolia L. sanguinea one lower leaves [illegible] one all [illegible] one all entire) Camphor (from laurus campnora & dry balsamas camphor) Myristica moschata (common nutmeg) very analogous to camphor N.B. the expressed sap. or the watery extract of the lacturae is scarcely narcotic at all These narcotics are the most important of the narcotics. For their stimulant & antirritant effects merely we must give them in small doses repeated. For the production of sleep & relief of pain larger doses are required Formerly these articles were only used occasionally Cullen understood them better than anyone before him. His treatise in his m.m. is still the best on opium. It is a prevalent notion at present that they are mere placebos and will not cure disease They are indispensable in low diseases to create susceptibility to other articles and to sustain the patient There are two modes of using them 1st in small doses repeated 2nd in single full doses once or twice in the 24 hours The first is the only mode proper for severe disease The doses and periods of repetition vary with circumstances We must follow the rule of the tropical writers respecting calomel neque [pondes] neque mensura sed [levanen] morbi 2 or 3 grains an hour may be needed In the genus typhus they are needed to relieve the restlessness, heat, pain etc. In true typhus there is also more or less lesion of the brain and nervous system. Prof. T. never saw a case of typhus where, in some or all of the stages, these articles were not indicated. Great pains and closeness of observation are needed in order to prescribe them successfully The state of the patient’s mind powerfully counteracts or assists the operation of these articles Case of a young man who by mistake took laudanum to the amount of 15 grs of opium he was very intensely engaged in business immediately after and suffered no inconvenience The only really troublesome symptom from large doses of opium, when highly indicated is torpor of the bladder (relieved by tinct. [canth.]) & sometimes itching of the skin IN chronic cases the medicinal [illegible] of the old phys. are better (even if the quantity is the same) then night & morning viz early in the morning 11 o clock evening bed time sometimes 6 times a day is better even if the quantity is the same Sydenham understood opium well so did Drs Cullen Darwin & Rush Opium is the most important of all medicinal agents. Purging is the med agent most abused bleeding & the refrigerants next. Prof. T. has never injured a patient by the stimulant narcotics NB though he has taken the same pains with regard to emetics & cathartics still an error in these cannot be rectified The great error in the use of opium is in giving too large doses & at too long intervals After purging & bleeding, antimony & mercury are oftenest abused 3d Narcotica deobstomentia Generally they are also feeble Conium actaea lobelia digitalis strychnus nux vomica [illegible] ignatii [illegible] sangastura [Ethusa] sinapium (Fool’s parsley) [illegible] maculatus C. bulbifera Phellandrium aquaticum chaerophyll maculatum [illegible] catifolium (probably the weakest) Useful in phlogotica pulmonary diseases etc. 4th Narcotica evacuantia Generally they are used for their Nicotiana tobacum nervine, deobst. emetic cahtartic sialagogue Cuculus [plukenatii] & suberosus nervine emetic narcotic deobstruent? Hydrocyanic acid Discovd by Scheele 1780 Gay Lussac first discovered it in purity First used by Dr Oliver in Salem Mass. First published account was Magendie 1807. Both were led to use it from supposing it the active principle of laurel water A colourless transparent liquid odour suffocating taste cool pungent and bitter sp. gr. 600 strong tendency to evaporate Feebly reddens litmus combines with ammonia & the veg. alk. does not combine with oxydes a cyanide is formed Decomposed at a high temperature & by the action of light also spontaneously Best obtained by treating deuto cyanide of mercury with mur. acid Composed of equal parts of cyanogen & hydrogen Found in minute quantities in the bark leaves & petals of the amygdaliae & pruneae especially, and also in other rosaceae. Still there is an essential oil in many of the rosaceae which is probably their [elective] principle & very analogous to this acid. The oil may be the same article a little modified. It is perhaps not proper to consider hydroc ac. as an acid Cyanogen is said to be a very active agent and one of those which retains their activity in combination Hydroc. ac. acts as a narcotic Said to be exhilirant and to increase the appetite [illegible] of it has this effect, it is not therefore necessarily stimulant (or tonic) This is the article which first led Prof. T. to doubt Murray’s [Brimonian] dogma that narcotics are transient & stimulants It has been known to produce ptyalism when long continued Said to obviate costiveness Single full doses do not produce the subsequent prostrations, head ache vertigo etc. of the stimulant and nervine narcotics It is employed both as a principal and an auxiliary remedy and in either case will require to be continued with other articles. By continuation with stimulants acrids etc. or opium its ultimate narcosis may be prevented and thus a sufficient quantity given This is the case in low atonic cases Experiments have not been made with it in phlogistic diathesis Dose varies with the strength Begin with a small dose in each fresh parcels. Intervals 3 hours or more Poisonous effects These may be very violent and yet the patient recover Applied to ulcers it does not affect the system as much as when applied to a healthy surface Prof. T. thinks it is absolutely proved that the entire and sound skin does not absorb at all but ulcerated surfaces do absorb. The nervous system of a sound surface is better calculated to receive as a propagate its impression Magendie directs the pure acid to be mixed with 6 times its weight of alcohol (or water) Prof. T. never could keep a watery solution a week but he has kept Magendie’s alcoholic solution a year (away from light) Magendie’s formulary (translated) gives no commencing or [medium] dose The objections to this article are that it is too variable in strength uncertain in operations it is too difficult to distinguish its degree of operation. It is too inconvenient for country practitioners in preperation and as it must be watched in administration Other articles are nearly an equivalent for it It will be useless to vomit a person poisoned by it as the dose is so small Some have considered spt ammonia or aqua amm. as specific remedies. But ammonia cannot be a specific antidote Sulphuric ether tinct. capsicum spt. mon. [illegible] or menth piper. and above all officinal alcohol are valuable counter narcotics Cold water to the head counteracts alternate narcosis (A man may drink twice as much spirit with his head cool & wet and a man with his lower extremities in cold water gets drunk sooner e.g. sheep washing) Diseases Dyspepsia allays irritability pain vomiting etc. Dr Elliotson of St. Thomas’s Colia rhachalgia by Dr [Prout] relief instantaneous Helminthia by Brara probably good like spigelia but not convenient or safe especially for children some of the first effects of this article are such as children cannot specify opium & conium can be managed for children Supposed to be more especially useful for diseases of the lungs. Mr. Elliottson found it give great relief in cough 1st Bex simplex is restrained 7 checked by it this tendency to hectic is diminished 2d Bex dyspnoica (not described) always accompanied with some functional derangement of the digestive organs accompanied with some dyspnoea affects musicians, speakers etc. Some consider it dyspepsia others as a pulmonary disease great diversity of opinion 3d B. convulsiva (whooping cough) Some families are habitually subject to this peculiar sound of cough. N.B. There are two stages to this complaint the first continuing about a fortnight and being a catarrhal stage the second exhibits the peculiar cough Prof. T. thinks the second stage not a part of the disease but a sequel of the complaint and that the disease cannot be communicated by this second stage or sequel. He has never known it spread from the second stage. It is supposed that neither hydroc. ac. nor any other remedy is useful in the first stage Hydroc. ac is occasionally successful in cutting short or if not, in palliating the second stage Dyspnoes exacerbans palliates very much probably if we could venture so to do we might cure a paroxysm short by a single full dose. But we must always begin gradually say with 2 drops & increase up to 10 or 15 [strumous]phthisis (topical aff. confined to the bronchial membrane) denied to exist by the French but Prof. T. has seen at least a dozen p.m. examinations useful as a palliative & [illegible] opium is generally needed if profuse expectoration ac. lead quinine etc. Strumous or tubercular phthisis very useful said to have cured (Magendie) Prof. T. thinks it cannot be relied on or alone But the cases vary very much sometimes (as was the case with [illegible] And.) small tubercles appear over the whole lungs & finally obstruct the lungs without any great indications of phthisis Again there may be cases of one or two tubercles at a time have continued 30 years and ultimately prove fatal. The former cases are incurable the latter ought to be cured by opium, narcotics, acrid stimulants, tonics etc. If you can check the emaciation you may expect to cure but if not the pat. will die sooner or later Pneumonitis said to be cured but not said what kind of pneumonitis for we have a number of very different [pneumonitides] Undoubtedly useful in atonic irritative pneumonitides. Dysenteria chronica which prof. T. does not believe to exist cases so called have sometimes been ulcerations of the al. canal. with [sanious] discharge Hysteritis membranifica (a disease of the uterus like croup always chronic unless it affects the bronchiae) Prof. Woodward has utterly failed with it Rheumatism acute & subacute Carcinus vulgaris said to be very useful said to relieve the pain by washing the cancer with it much diluted be cautious in its use Vitiated & painful ulcers, particularly the irritable promotes healing Del. tremens & puerperal delirium (which seem to be varieties of the same disease) said to be very useful probably a valuable adjuvant. Opium is nearly a specific but some cases are incurable There are cases which require datura as an adjuvant some require stimulants, others calomel etc. Clonus palpitatis palpitation of the heart & great blood vessels very efficacious Hysteria said to relieve a fit also useful to obviate the diathesis not safe enough for the fit Paramenia difficilis (not connected with membranific infl.) said to relieve Ionchus corymbufer (pimpled face) cured by lotions Impetigo said to be cured by lotions Cerasus lauro-cerasus Prunus laurocerasus (Linn.) cherry laurel or cherry bay. Nat. ord rosaceae [tribe] Amygdaleae habitat Levant. Bark leaves flowers & kernels have a bitterish fragrant smell & taste owing to a supposed essential oil & considered by some to be identicle with the ess. oil of bitter almonds which gain is said to contain amygdaline (a new principle) This oil is said to be very poisonous & to produce symptoms of intoxication. The whole subject is obscure for the cherry laurel yields but a trifling quantity of hydroc. acid. This oil causes death just like it. This oil has produced similar effects. it is said to be more certain than hydroc. ac. Prepare laurel water by adding 6 fl. z of distilled water to 1 pd of recently gathered leaves cut fine distil off z 3 only Dose 4 to 6 drops. Laurel water is apparently less variable in strength than hydroc. ac. Many cases of poisoning have occurred from its use in confectionary & liqueurs It is a most intense poison Infusion is made by digesting a pound of the leaves for 24 hours. Sat. tinct. fill a bottle with the cut leaves & fill with proof spirit. dose about 10 minims The bark & leaves have been successfully used in curing intermittents & rheumatisms Distilled water used in Italy for [illegible] when as a wash for inflamed eyes cancers ulcers etc. [illegible] [illegible] (cluster cherry) has still more of this peculiar taste and smell Prunus Virginiana deserves investigation It probably would be a complete substitute. Ti has been used somewhat Gelseminus nitidum G. [sempervira] (Elliott) Carolina or yellow [jessamine} Nat. ord. apocyneal Virginia to Florida. Cultivated as an ornamental plant in the northern states But one species of the genus. Prof Tully’s attention was first turned to this article by Elliotts sketch It abates irritation of every kind produces languor disposition to yawns, sleepy vertigo epigastric uneasiness imperfect vision coldness of extremities & finally of the whole body stupor convulsions & death. Not stimulant at all Never could perceive any nervine properties never obviates languor & lassitude or produces wakefulness or exhiliration It is a pure narcotic and ought to supersede hydroc. ac. being invariable in strength easily kept and sure in its operation Tinct. Rx ziv dried & contused root offic. alc. 1 pt medium dose 10 to 20 m for an adult repeated from 2 to 6 hours. Begins with a small dose and stop short when symptoms of narcosis appear It may be that proof spt or wine or water will prove a good menstruum. But the alcoholic tinct. is most convenient A wine or a proof spirit tinct. is liable to become sour in summer Prof. T. thinks it often useful to conjoin opium a union of antirritants to being often advantageous just as is a union of tonics. Besides this, the opium by counteracting the ultimate narcosis, enables the pat. to take more of the article at the same time that it increases its medicinal powers. Alcohol may thus assist the usefulness of narcotics Like other narcotics this article should be conjoined with stimulants in low atonic cases. The only deleterious effects are excessive narcosis If we suspect that any of the articles remains in the stomach give an emetic. If otherwise give ammonia, spirit of [illegible], capsicum & above all alcohol. Apply frictions with spt. monarda punctata or capsicum etc. just enough to excite rubefaction Keep the body warm and keep cold cloths applied to the head Nervines will contribute to the the relief but will not cure alone Prof. T. has employed it in the following diseases Cough dyspneal cough hooping cough Lyspnoea exacerbans as this is safer than prussic acid prof. T. would not hesitate to give a teaspoonful in an urgent case it would be better also to conjoin opium Phthisis of various sorts irritative rheumatism subacute atonic rheumatism also A case intermediate between hysteria, catalepsy and epilepsy, had the paroxysms kept off by this article The following is also a simple & pure narcotic but yet differs from the preceding prof T. thinks he can distinguish the effects of the two Helmias erytherosperma Melanthium lactum etc. etc. (fly poison) Nat. ord. melanthaceae All the middle & southern states. Root a bulb inclosed in a great number of husks yet these dry husks are active. The root has long been known as an active narcotic About 2 hours after taking a single full dose first a glow at the stomach then sight affected especially if the head is moved ultimately blindness nausea upon moving the head etc. vomiting cold pulse 40 etc. Symptoms reach their height in 4 or 5 hours disappear in 6 or 8 without leaving any inconvenient sequelae Such were the effects of the teaspoonful the first dose which Prof. T. administered Used as a fly poison at the south also as a ratbane Case related of its effects upon a young physician at the south similar to the preceding Case of its narcotic effect when administered for a catarrh (attended with rheumatic pains) by one of Prof. T.’s friends Alcoholic tinct. 4 oz. to 1 pt. Dose (commencing) 10 (medium) 20 to 30 minims May be continued advantageously with opium stimulants and tonics Diseases cough dyspneal cough hooping cough catarrhal & other phthisis Rheumatism It has been tried in these by Prof. T. his friends Spigelia Marilandica Worm grass Indian pink Carolina pink Nat. ord. gentianeae Pennsylvania to Carolina. [illegible] & Schultes in 1819 knew but 4 species. Sprengel 1825 give it 1st S. anthelmia S. amelliodes S. [illegible] S. speciosa S. marilandica S. scabra S. [flamingraniae] etc. All in S. America & Mexico and used in their native countries as anthelmintics No analysis has been made Said to accelerate the pulse [illegible] the [illegible] cause headache & [illegible] over the eyes dilation of pupils. Vertigo dimness of sight vomiting stupor, spasms of the muscles of the eyes and face [illegible] delirium stupor & even convulsions It was many years before Prof T. was aware that this article possessed these properties. His specimens from the shops were worthless These symptoms when moderate are a test of its proper operation. Catharsis is called by some a test Prof. T. has never known it purge or heard of its doing so. The vomiting which it produced is a part of its narcotic operation It was long before it was known that this article is narcotic It was given in small doses as a vermifuge Its poisonous properties were ascribed to a small vine a species of apios or [illegible] Probably prussic acid & the [gelseminus] [illegible] would be equally anthelmintic though less convenient. IT seems to resemble stramonium most in its operation. It is doubtful whether we have any cases of unequivocal poison by this article Prof. T. has known one doubtful one. Chalmers relates two cases It seems to be universally agreed that purging relieves best the narcotics effect. Prof. T. has had no experience to the contrary. All of his cases have been relieved by nervines & stimulants. Infusions of serpentaria relieve the narcosis & it must do so by its stimulant principles (while it possesses considerably when fresh especially) Prof. T. has relieved his cases of narcosis from this article with milk punch Purgatives much abused with children Prof. T. has repeatedly known children examined after [illegible] purging without finding a teaspoonful of any thing in the al canal History 1754 a letter from Dr [Swainy] of S.C. in the Ed. Let. essays. 1764 Dr Garden to [illegible] published a letter which is the foundation of all the accounts of it in the books. He says the use of it was discovered about 48 years before by the Indians. He used it afterwards in fevers as a purgative etc. etc. etc. Prof. T. does not believe its use to have been discovered by the Indians for the S. anthelmia had been well known as anthelmintic 50 years before Besides it is a well established fact that at the first discovery of this country not a single article was used internally by the Indians as a remedy They took the root of iris versicolor as a [illegible] They administered veratrum viride to their young warriors to try their hardihood. Some articles they used to destroy life Prof. T. inclines to think infusion of the coarsely powdered root preferable to the decoction. Let the decoction be of ½ an ounce of the root to 1/1/2 pints boiled away to 1 pint Prof. T. has never been able to hear of its purgative operation. He has enquired of S. Carolina physicians Prof. T. thinks it considerably less effectual when conjoined with senna or other cathartics than when followed by a cath Continued the article 12 to 24 hours & keep up a slight narcosis & then give your cathartic. Prof. T. would prefer from 4 to 8 doses in the 24 hours He has found that the narcotic operation passes off in 3 or 4 hours It is somewhat questionable whether the top possesses any power. Prof T. always cuts it off and throws it away Our article is collected at the wrong times of the year viz. when the top is in full bloom It should be collected when the top has decayed It is the universal opinion at the south that it does not keep well longer than 6 months Pharmac. prep. 1st powder of root 10 to 20 gr. every 3 or 4 hours 2nd infusion 3d decoction the latter the most frequently used ½ oz. to 1 pt. perhaps an ounce to 1 pint would be better let the infusion stand an hour Dose 1 to 4 oz every 3 or 4 hours (for an adult) Syrup of the decoction is sometimes kept in the shops dose 1 to 4 doses made by 1 oz. to 1 pt. boiled to 3 ½ oz. add an equal weight of white sugar making 4 oz of the [illegible] it can be given in ten or coffee It is thought that serpentaria added to it enables more of it to be taken Diseases Typhus infantum to alleviate irritability etc. Helmenthia [are] lumbricoides Not known to be useful in H. taenia & esc. vermicularis It appears to stupefy not kill the worms The pat. shd be kept under the operation of it 24 to 36 hours at least and a cath. be given at the commencement of the last 12 hours. The neutral salts & senna are not the best cath. Calomel is the best. Rhubarb & aloes the next best Spigelia anthelmia Nat. of S.A. & W. I. Said to be more soporific than opium (this is doubtful) Infallible almost as an anthelmintic (Brown) Used as an antirritant in typhus infantum Stronger than S. marilandica The first account of it was in the [Gent.] mag 1751. Had been long used before Attributed to the negroes! Heracleum lanatum American musterwort (musterwort is the imperatoria [ost??thium]) Cow parsnep First described by Michaux Nat. ord umbelliferae Canada to Florida Root & especially the seeds have an acrid pungent & [illegible] taste & smell. Water does not extract the acrid prop. Alc. does. Seeds gathered before they become brown An intense narcotic (the seeds) producing nausea, retching cool skin, irregular pulse, slippery sweats etc. in large quantities (too large ever to be likely to be given). Prof. T. has known two instances of strong narcosis produced in a dyspeptic patient, with diarrhoea etc. Prof. T. has never seen any evidence of its having stimulant properties Commonly said to be carminative but Prof. T. has never been able to perceive any true nervine operation from it hence this term must apply to its antirritant powers Recent bruised leaves said to be rubefacient Prof. T. has never tried them If so, they are not necessarily stimulant Poisonous effects will be relieved of course by diffusibles stimulants, acrids and nervines. In one apparently desperate case all the symptoms disappeared under the use of ess. ppt. alcohol & opium The article has been in use time immemorial in this country. The dry ripe seeds were used in carminative, to relieve flatulence. Its narcotic powers were not suspected. Bigelow first threw out a conjecture to that effect. In the dyspeptic case above alluded to Prof. T. directed a strong infusion to be used ad libitum. He was in a few days sent for to the man who was apparently a hopeless case of narcosis cold clammy sweats etc. He was cured by op. ppt. & alc. which produced very sudden & speedy relief All the while the heracleum was not suspected. He was much better afterwards as regarded his dyspepsia. A second similar attack followed with similar results he was better after it! A third followed!! Then it was found that he had regularly taken this article in excessive quantities just before each attack! The preparation he took was a strong infusion. Probably an alcoholic tincture could not be taken in sufficient quantity to produce these effects Perhaps we might get a concentrated preparation by forming a syrup of a decoction The article needs to be investigated A good subject for an inaugural dissertation. The powdered root & seeds the infus. of the leaves etc. have been used No proportions or doses are mentioned. The seeds are added to tinctures “to render them carminative” Diseases dyspepsia very valuable for flatulence & also for intolerance of food Epilepsy is said to be palliated by some by others to radically cured by it Dr [Orma] of Mass. published in 1803 a dissertation on it (in treas. of Med. doc.) & called it by mistake H. spondyllium. He did not used the seeds, which are agreed to be the strongest part A little is said about it by Thatcher & Bigelow N.B. The most useful narcotics in epilepsy are the simple & pure narcotics Hyoscyamus niger Biennial with us. Plant the seeds in the fall (In the first summer the young plant is eaten up by insects. Popular name henbane (N.B. hyosc. means hogs bean!) It grows in the streets as long as swine are suffered to run at large!? Nat. ord. Solaneae. All the species said to be alike Properties first settled by Storck Small strong etc. Taste of the leaves mucilaginous and herbaceous. Root stems leaves & seeds, all active. IT is a general rule that when the medic. powers reside in the descending sap the seeds are inactive e.g. poppy & when otherwise the seeds are generally more active as is the case with this & stramonium Active principle hyoscyamine which exists (as is generally the case) in combination with malic acid Appears to be a pure narcotic & to possess no other powers Proves antirritant, allaying irrit. etc. & occasionally (& hence probably indirectly) diaphoretic and diuretic & cathartic Said to be soporific & anodyne. This is denied & Prof. T. does not find it answer these indications well (except slightly and indirectly) N.B. in generally the pure narcotics do not exert a strong soporific action. Said to resemble opium. But it is not stimulant, nor nervine, nor decidedly anodyne, or soporific. It seems to be far inferior to opium in restraining morbid irritat. morbid secretions etc. & seems not to be cholagogue. Though not anodyne for sudden emergencies of pain, yet it is invaluable for chronic cases of pain It is a common notion that it is a good substitute for opium, where the constipating effect is contraindicated etc. Prof. T. has been entirely disappointed in his expectation of finding this true It did not answer the same purposes as opium. Very valuable often in conjunction with opium less of either of them is needed. Seems to resemble conium more except that it is not deobstruent Prof. Ives however has used it more exclusively than perhaps any other man & thinks very highly of it even in acute diseases Poisonous effects These are much more violent than those of opium. Excessive delirium convulsions etc. etc. Vide Woodville Ed. & Vav. etc. [illegible] Hyoscyamus is a weaker article than opium but is probably more liable to disagree than opium Its poisonous effects are certainly much worse than those of opium As an antirritant, an anodyne, a soporific, it is thought inferior only to opium. It possesses no stimulating Preparations 1st expr. inspiss. juice of leaves Dose 5 to 10 gr. 4 to 6 times a day 1 grain is about equivalent to 1 drop of laudanum as an antirritant But that in the shops is apt to be bad. Druggists are apt to be imposed on by a watery extract. They will often mix with the latter the powder of the leaves, to increase the strength Such extracts by decoction are generally very poor. Prof. T. has seldom experienced any good effect from less than 15 grs of the expressed juice 40 may be required. It is a very uncertain article 2nd Powder of the seeds has been used As long as the seed of a plant preserves its vitality, it preserves it medicinal powers Probably this would be a good mode of administering the article Tincture of leaves or seeds Fill a bottle with recent leaves, cut fine & cover them with proof spirit or off. alc. macerate 10 days & strain A fl. z of this tinct. is equal to about 5 m. of laudanum (Prof. Ives) Oil of hyosc. made by simmering the leaves 1 pound in sweet oil 3 pounds is used on the continent of Europe, for external application (Oil of [Tusquian]) Diseases. Dysphagia spasmodica dyspepsia with pains, wandering pains irritability etc. It must be persevered in. Col. rhachialgia. It should not supersede opium but may be conjoined with it (perhaps with conium also) Idiopathic cough with opium Croup in the secondary irritable stage (Prof. T Dysenteria typhodes (common dysentery) Prof. I But it should not supersede opium Dysentery always requires opium perhaps other things also Arthriti podagra (gout) Prof. T. has found opium beneficial in all the cases which he has seen. Arthritis rheumatism (not rheumatalgia.) [Carcinum] vulgaris (particularly in the var. uteri) Prof. T. has succeeded best with a mixture of opium conium & hyoscyamus Thought to be inadmissible in mania Prof. T., has relieved paroxysms of mania by opium in large quantities but not enough to enable him to decide. So of melancholia [Ag?pnea] chronicus said to answer well Cephalia hemicrania recommended when opium will not answer but Prof. T. has never met with such cases. Lately he has succeeded best with strychnus Paronyria salax (the same with spermorrhea entonica) a very troublesome disease to subdue. Sayricum & nymphomania Syspasia all the species Spermor atonica paramenia obstruct. Carcinoma schirrhosum (distinct from cancer) Aedoptosis uteri H. areus, & albus are active species & the former being persistent would be more convenient of cultivation Datura D. [tatuta] is our common species Stinking weed is the most common popular name Thornapple is another. Jamestown weed (Westend pink! Melford!) Nat. ord. Solaneae Habitat doubtful It seems to follow civilized man Prof. T. has watched the plant for 30 years He has made the two species grow together & never knew them mingle. Linnaeus distinguished it from D. stramonium It has a purple stalk, specked with deep green blossom white, streaked with purple. D. Tabula has a pea green stalk the general habit is different The seeds are the most active and the leaves next The root is the most uncertain Both these have similar properties Datura metel from Asia is now naturalized with us (called D alba also) a plant not so tall flowers creamy coloured capsule does not open by four regular valves Probably more active Datura ceratocaula, is not naturalized from Cuba also with us Flower very large fragrant. In India D. ferox & D. pescuosa are most used. Datura guayaquilasis is used in S. America Active principle [daturnis] existing in combination with malic acid) Malate of daturnicis soluble both in water and in alcohol Properties narcotic It is said that smelling the plant, and sleeping in a bed made of the leaves will produce vertigo, nausea etc. It allays irritability etc. dilates the pupils vertigo headache dryness of the throat [illegible] delirium convulsions & blindness etc. etc. Large quantities at once produce a sense of glowing heat which has been mistaken for a stimulant operation The oddest and drollest delirium is produced by it. Prof. T. has seen many droll cases. The delirium may continue a week or more & be cured by a cathartic, bringing the article [illegible] Vide Beverley’s hist. Virginia. Case of a child delirium etc. scarlet flush upon the face petechiae red eruption etc. The effects vary considerably yet there is a general similarity so that we may recognize the article Moderate dilatation of the pupil & some affection of the sight are the necessary tests of a sufficient quantity. This test is as necessary a test in a chronic case, as an affection of the mouth for calomel Datura is universally agreed to be narcotic. It is certainly antirritant in many cases anodyne said to be soporofic; Prof. T. has often seen it soporific, but it cannot be relied on for this Antispasmodic, probably because narcotics (from its exhiliration it might be suspected to be nervine) Sedative also because narcotic. Called by B. S. Barton & Chapman stimulant but it had not been called so before the publication of Brown’s theory it has since been the fashion to consider all sedative effects as the result of a stimulant operation. It certainly never increases vital energy in atonic diseases In power of producing dilatation of the pupils and flushed face as proofs of stimulation. IT is indeed not indicated in phlogistic diathesis Said to be emmenagogue. Prof. T. has known it after tried, without any effect. It will indeed relieve excessive irritation and suffer the discharge to return. Called refrigerant with not fomentation Called discutient, externally applied. It is so by its narcotic antirritant powers Datura resembles belladonna (probably) more nearly than any other article. Resembles spigelia also In all cases connected with such an affection of the brain as produces contracted pupils, datura is more or less remedial (entonic phlegmonous inflammation or by excepted) Prof. T. thinks it better adapted to spasmodic diseases than to deliria. The article has probably been more used in N.E. than in any other part of the world Paris says that nitrate of silver & acetate of lead are incompatible. But there is no reason whatever why they should be so Acetic and citric acid are said to be its antidotes. This is folly. The best mode is to vomit and purge both in the first place Then opiates and stimulants. As a matter of fact these acids have been found worth little or nothing Preparations Powder of dried leaves Dose 1 gr. increased to 10 or 20 But this is the most uncertain preparation of the article you must push the medicine until you perceive effects from it Powder of the seed is a much better preparation The seeds are the strongest part and will keep an indefinite period period of time. The activity resides in the [epispermis] the cotyledons are inactive. Hence for liquid preparations use the entire seeds The above dose for the leaves is too small as large a dose as that of the seeds is required. Dose of seeds 1 to 5or 10 grs Prof I. Decoction [illegible] it should better be made of the seeds Ireland recommends a bath of the decoction Tinct. Rx entire seeds zii dilut. alc. 1 pt macerate 1 week & strain Dose same as SS. Prof. I Extract this is the expressed inspissated juice Dose 1 gr to 4 etc. etc. It is not worth while to use any [illegible] but the tincture of the seds The liniments, ointments & cerates of stramonium had better be made with with the seeds than with the leaves The ointment is not worth retaining; the liniment being better for a soft application A compound plaister of canth. & datura is used for blistering. Its utility doubtful A cataplasm of the bruised seeds, with bread & milk an excellent article Diseases. Diarrhoea of children (applied by a tepid bath of the decoction. Ireland chabra vulgaris It may be useful in form of enema quite effectual in the early stages Piles ointment useful cloths dipped in the decoction also small enemas also very useful. Bes convulsiva. Given so as to bring the system under its use Dyspnoea exac. & asth. much used especially by smoking extensively used & exceedingly popular, in England No one has [illegible] its utility in these complaints in question but Dr [Br???] Its utility seems thoroughly established. For an urgent exacerbation Prof. T. prefers the tinct. a desert spoonful to a tablespoonful conjoining 30 to 60 drops of laudanum. For chronic cases smoking is a more convenient mode It benefits the disease with less affection of the eyes Delirium tremens & puerperal delirium highly valuable as an adjuvant to opium In some low malignant typhus fevers when the head is affected IN one case in Middletown 2 f z laud. & f z of [illegible] stram. every hour cough catarrh etc. Dysentery arrested by it The bruised leaves are applied to any external inflammation. Celebrated in furunculus. Ophthalitis the wilted leaves applied mastitis (infl. of mam.) Useful for swollen breasts of nurses. Arthritis rheumatismus & podagra Undoubtedly it will assist the externally A. rheumatalgia var. neuralgica (sciatica externally in the compd plaister of cath & stramonium but then blistering is useful Ireland says that all topical pains may be relieved by ext. appl. of this art. Carcinus vulgaris (common cancer) by cataplasm or lotion, or fomentation with the bruised leaves considerable reputation Syphylitis & strumous ulcers probably not so useful internally as conium useful externally Ecphronia mania & melancholia considerably used probably it was first employed for its soporific effect. Morea imbecillis (Swed) very improbable Neuralgia in large doses (Bigelow) But Prof T. has found a continuation of narcotics than any single one and of the single ones opium is generally the best. There are symptomatic neuralgias, especially of dyspepsia. There is one also which is disquised intermittent & may be cured like that (6 to 10 grs. [illegible] Dr. Woodward’s case) A. T. Thompson mentions almost all severe chronic pains Dr Chapman believes it may be useful in palsy & in amaurosis (palsy of optic nerve) Used extensively as a substitute for belladonna for dilating the pupil, previous to an operation for cataract. Belladonna is much preferable stronger & more certain A little extract of bell. smeared around the stram. equal to bellad. Prof. I. eye is as good as a cataplasm of stramonium Synchous chorea (which is an approach to paralysis a paralysis of a limb will go through a stage of chorea) a very valuable remedy it will cure alone but generally as there is atony tonics must be used though this is a good article, nux vomica is generally better they may be usefully combined. Purging is generally injurious The actaea is likewise a valuable remedy Lyspasia convulsio very valuable the common directions however are for an inefficient use of it Prof. T. has found it the most valuable article for convulsions A quantity of opium insufficient to arrest a fit will aggravate it perhaps so of datura Give a desert spoonful (of tinct.) at once and repeat if necessary generally a table spoonful will cure but more may be necessary Lypsasia hysteria Prof. T. would give in an urgent fit a table spoonful of the tinct. or a teaspoonful repeated every 10 min. No remedy is equal to it in hysteria also. V.S. one of the most common practices will break up a fit but in this way we eventually break down the constitution. Vomiting is next in common use. Prof. T. has tried both & he came heartily tired of them. Asafoetida etc. merely amuse the patient, and the fit goes off of itself. Opium will cure but a large dose is required and inconvenient sequelae remains the next day Lyspasia epilepsy the most valuable remedy in this disease also when not dependent on organic affection which may be known by their occurring in a young & irritable & [mobile] subject by regular [illegible] recurrence of paroxysms, by not having been of very long continuance by no occurring in the night when the pat. is in bed & asleep 1st of its use in the intervals of the perox. powd. of seeds 1 to 5 gr. 3 or 4 times 20 to 30 min. of tinct. 3 or 4 times a day etc. Keep up a moderate dilatation of the pupils, & some imperfection of vision for a year say Exact regularity of habits rather abstemious meals nutritious food light supper etc. Epileptics are prone to great irregularity of meals of labour etc. These are the directions. Prof. T has learned to give so much as to destroy this irregularity prevent his using his eyes and labouring much producing inconvenient effects in short Use also nit. sil. & iron (peroxide or carbonate (which is rather inferior) & persevere for a year. It is often stated by the patients and their friends, that the datura has been used and failed or been injurious this Prof T. does n to believe The eyesight is not permanently affected by it. Prof. T. has also derived great benefit from datura as a palliative in hopeless cases and in cases in which the paroxysm are irregular, without warming etc. One hopeless patient was made in all respects more comfortable for some years She took a teaspoonful of the seeds 2 or 3 times a day. Dr Fisher of Boston Dr Archer of Maryland cured all the first sort of cases. Prof. Ives also but he does not use the article with sufficient freedom; of whom Prof. T. learnt his practice. The main difficulty in curing the diseases is in managing the patient 2nd of its sued for the suspension of a paroxysm. prof. T’s mode is original. He has practised it for 15 years. The practice is original with him Case young lady severe pt paroxysm purged and bled, till nearly moribund with no improvement but an aggravation of all the symptoms Prof. T. was called in A tablespoonful of the tincture of datura soon restored her the pupils of the eyes began to dilate. (they had been contracted before) and as they dilated with convulsions diminished. Other cases which had not been bled When the patient has premonitions of the paroxysm. [illegible] fl oz or f ziii will be a safe & [sure] prophylactic. Treat between the paroxysm as before In epileptic puerperal convulsions the use of datura is more important still Prof. T. has known the most violent relieved by ½ of z of tinct. dat. [illegible] & an enema of ol. pine Bleeding is not per se a remedy for this disease if phlogistic diathesis is present, bleed. Bleeding oftener does hurt than good. Apply belladonna freely to the os uteri & the posterior part of the vagina Give also enemata of ol. pure to excite the uterus The uterus is suspended in its action Give also the ergot to bring on uteric action. Inn a bad case if the patient has been much reduced by bleeding you may as well despair The epileptic convulsions are the most formidable. The common & the hysterical convulsions will tolerate any practice, they generally are not dangerous. Still the datura is the best article Tetanus. Prof. T. has not known it tried in severe tetanus. But in milder cases (many of which Prof. T. thinks are hysterical) datura has cured. The practice of pushing opium gradually to the amount, say, of 40 or 50 grs in 24 hours, is not the way. You must push the remedy until the disease is relieved or until somnolency from the opium is produced. 200 grs in 12 hours have cured. Combinations of narcotics are best. Dr Woodward of Vt. has succeeded with op. of actaea You may have cases in which nothing will have any effect. Some cases will exhibit somolency after a few drops of laudanum. In such cases narcotics will not answer. N.B. Some physicians are afraid of every thing but death Datura is worth trying in this way in lyssan canina Paramenia difficilis A valuable lotion for cutaneous effections In prurigo lepidosis psordica impetigo var. herpetica & laminosa scabies (itch) as an adjuvant Fomentations of datura useful to discuss indolent tumours. Most useful for burns & scalds for which it has been used this 100 years The oldest account of datura was of the D. stram. by Gerhard. Baron Storck was the first to investigate it There is at present much mistaken and misapprehension about this article. But a part of the profession are thoroughly acquainted with its use. Chapman, Bigelow etc. are very ignorant about it Atropa Belladonna Atropa lethalis of many. Solamun lethalis & S. [furiosa] deadly nightshade, & dwale But S. [dulcamara[ & S. nigrum are called deadly nightshad (And the country was once supplied with ext. bellad. from the sol. nig.) Nat. ord. solaneae Hab. England. Cultivated in Connecticut (from Dr Ives) Root perennial top annual. Difficult to raise it from seeds as the insects eat the young plants. All parts supposed to be active (not known however whether the root has been used) the seeds are probably active. The leaves are the parts used. They have been often analyzed they give atropina an alkaline principle said to exist in the form of bi-salts (but there several of such salts which contain even as many as 16 prop. ac.) 2nd Malic acid (combined with atropina) other veg. principles are found A. T. Thompson says the plant does not lose its properties by drying this improbable Prof. T. finds this article to resemble datura & spigelia It dilates the pupils & produces a delirium resembling the vapours Antidotes said to be vinegar (this was an old practice for the sake of Pharm. prep. powd. of dried leaves 1 to 12 gfrs Ed. & Vav. ½ to 3 grs in a day A. T.T. 1 gr. increased to 6 grs daily (Swediaur) 1 gr. gradually increased to 5 (U.S.) Prof. T. has always used the extract 1/16 of a gram of extract from Davis as a full dose. It is very apt to be an extract of something else or an extract spoiled by keeping. Prof. T. has given ½ z with no effect Infusion directed 20 gr. to 1 z of leaves Prov Ives employes a tincture Extract should be of inspissated expressed juice dose said to be 1 to 4 grs. Formulae are given for enemata & for cerates zii to zii of cerate Diseases. Icterus; recommended but it is not deobstruent. Hooping cough quite celebrated said to suspend the convulsive cough very suddenly & speedily It sometimes succeeds & sometimes fails Stramonium & conium are also useful which is the best is not settled Intermittent fever rec. Acute & chronic infl. [Gonytitis] phlegmonades (white swelling which does not effect the [cancellar] texture of the bones & resembles acute rheumatism in its access) probably valuable. Rheumatism not specified in what sort probably useful when There is no redness & swelling & the affection is not erratic Rosalia Many Germans consider it a prophylactic no very good evidence 10 yrs ago the periodicals were full of the matter. Cancer powerful to allay pain & irrit. So of malignant ulcers mania & melancholia probably to produce sleep. All the neuralgia both externally & internally Tic doloreu etc. Lyssa canina (Swediaur) worth trying. Epilepsy rec. Palsy can be useful only to obviate the lesion of the nerves Paropsis amaurosis on the same principle Paropsis cataracta before operating better than stramonium. Dropsy (Swed. & E. & Vav.) diuretic powers have been ascribed to it improbable Sarcoma [schirrhos??] (schirrus tumor) Used to relax a rigid os uteri. It has been long been used for this purpose in N. England. It is as effectual as for diluting the pupil of the eye Apply ¼ to ½ oz to os uteri & the posterior part of vagina. Very extensively used by Woodward of Vt. Abortion perhaps internally to accelerate & facilitate giving [illegible] at the same. Presentation of placenta perhaps to facilitate the distention & allow of the introduction of the hand. Dr W. of Vt. gives the [clavus] immediately apply the bellad. brings down the head to press hard upon the placenta. The child is dead of course but this is always the case Schrotium Clavus Secule cornutum S. corniculatum [Aconile] clavus (London) A parasitic fungus found between the glumes of many circalia & gramineal e.g. rye, wheat, barley, oats, couch grass [illegible] [illegible] etc. etc. Wildenow makes two varieties. The active & the other inert, differing in colour etc. Prof T. could never distinguish two well marked varieties Colour externally violet into white cylindrical taste subacrid etc. No good analysis has been made It contains a vegeto-animal matter, a fixed oil ammonia an acid supposed to be the phosphoric acid etc. It is not a degenerated seed but a fungus The fungus upon maize is probably the uredo maydis It is not an excrescence produced by the puncture of an insect though insects may accidentally be found in it IT has all the physical character and even the casualties of the genus sclerotium which consists of small oblong hard, almost woody bodies which have fixed places of growth Some of them are subterranean found on the roots of mosses under the droppings of cattle on the receptacles of compound plants etc. etc. in the place of the germs of grasses etc. They are remarkable for not affecting the general health of the plants on which they grow they are strictly topical i.e. they do not injure an adjoining germ IT has the property of moulding itself into the slope of the adjoining surface These qualities are all found in the S. clavus. Vide Decandalle Various other species of sclerotium possess the same powers Taken internally it may reduce the pulse if irritation 20 or more beats vertigo epigastric uneasiness nausea bluish colour (or mottled) of surface formication in nervous & irritable subjects it may produce tetanic convulsions, & even opisthotones but these tetanic convulsions appear to be preceded by common convulsions of involuntary muscles It stupefies & often kills flies like helonica erythrosp. If there is a predisposition to uterine contraction most powerful and incessant ones are produced very [illegible] other effect will be perceived, unless the patient is extremely susceptible. Most females while in delivery are insusceptible to narcotics Abortion may be brought on occasionally by it. The child is apt to be dead or if not, in a state of asphyxia or still oftener very feeble, mottled on the surface etc. very [illegible], apt to be feeble for a long time. These effects are attributed by some to the steady pressure upon the head. But this cannot be. prof. T. has known delivery protracted 5 days from a small pelvis and yet the child cried vigorously None of the American writers have noticed the narcotic powers of the article Private practitioners are extensively acquainted with it it is very commonly observed in the mother shown by reduction of the pulse dilat. of the pupils mottled skin etc. Dr March & Dr Reed quoted (The latter thinks it [illegible] is narcotic, that it interrupts the function of the placenta & hence excites uterine contraction & hence also it kills the child the placenta performing probably the office of stomach & lungs Strychnos nux vom produces tetanic convulsions. Actaea excites uterine contraction. Prof. T. has known other involuntary muscles affected with convulsions after inordinate doses e.g. heart respiratory muscles. Actaea is as good as ecbolic as this. It is as certain & more safe & convenient it does not tend so much to produce somnolency does not kill the child leaves the system in a more susceptible and a better states S. [illegible] like spigelia & datura produces a slight febrile state If it fails in bringing away the child, after exciting parturient efforts the uterus remains insusceptible so also when from exhaustion of haemorrhages etc. the uterus is exhausted Actaea seems to be superior in this respect [clavus] does not however fail oftener than other articles of m. m. jalap for instance Opium is a safe and perfect antidote to clavus. It will completely counteract its parturient effects 2 to 5 grs. may be required. Alcohol will not counteract. Datura appears not to Dr Stearns thinks by giving it in small often repeated doses with opium regular & interrupted contraction of the uterus may be produced this is quite doubtful. It must be a difficult point to hit. It is thought emmenagogue by some. This not very prob ably. Dram doses may be thrown off. It has not been suspected of being cathartic For the operation of it upon the uterus there must be a predisposition in that organ to contract caused by a full period of gestation ruptures of membranes haemorrhage etc. Pharmac. prep. 1st very fine powder (it is almost analogous to cork in consistence) Med. dose 10 gr. if necessary repeat it once or twice at intervals of 10 or 15 min. Generally one dose additional will be needed But this is an inconvenient prep. it loses its strength by keeping 2nd infus. 1 z coarse powd. to f z 3 of water let it stand ½ hour Dose f zi repeated if necessary every 15 m. until the whole is zi to zii wat. table sp. every 5 min. (Prof. B) taken at [illegible] it is supposed that inf. does not take out the whole strength 3d Decoction made in the same prep & with the same dose. Boil 5 to 10 min. & strain 4th tinct. dilut. alc. (.935) [illegible] to zii clavus Dose f zj repeated 3 or 4 times if necessary. This is the prep. which Prof. T. employs exclusively. The tincture appears not to lose its strength by keeping He has known the tinct. lose its strength in one case becoming colourless. This is the preparation which can be given without the prying curiosity of the old women Violent prejudices exist against it, in many place never talk about it call it cordial or something Of late however Prof. T. uses the actaea as an exclusive substitute Prof. T and his friends have well ascertained that when this article has lost its [ecbolia] it has also lists its narcotic powers Therapeutic appl. Diarrhoea vulgaris often reported to be valuable in secondary stages but undoubtedly as valuable from the first. First it lessens the frequency of the discharges then diminishes their bulk etc. 10 grs or given in a full dose it may stop it at once. It will cure in a few days or a week. A female [emporic] near N. York used this article for this purpose IT has often been used by physicians Dyspnoea exacerbans effectual but this degree of its efficacy compared with other articles is not well ascertained Give f zfs of tinct. or f zi repeated Intermittent fever said to have cured it in many cases 10 grs every 2 hours from sometime before the expected paroxysms Hysteritis membranifica Passive & irritative haemorrhages from nose lungs rectum, liver, bladder, uterus etc. zi in 24 hours in 8 or 10 doses. Prof. T. has often employed it in [illegible] with success just as he has actea Lyspesia hysteria is mentioned Peramenia superflua very useful according to Marshall Hull he continues the remedy throughout the catamenial period P. suppressionis apparently not valuable as an emmenagogue Leucorrhea communis Marshall Hall continue several days. Abortion the abortion is inevitable hem. freq. & parturient efforts feeble when too quiet & opium will not keep off abortion. This is one of the greatest improvements in modern obstetrical medicine Hemorrhage during utero gestation to produce abortion when the successions of hemorrhages may destroy the patient if suffered to continue many patients these lose their lives when parturition comes on the unavoidable loss of blood during delivery destroys the patient Case related in which the pat. was apparently dead from loss of blood no relaxation of os uteri Dr Reed thinks it may destroy the child & afterwards bring it away in a week say probably this is caused by giving too much Where there is urgent hemorrhage, it may be proper to give clavus before the os uteri is dilated and then anoint with bellad. Or if necessary bleed from the arm to produce relaxation Presentation of placenta often before the hand can be introduced the closing may be given to bring down the head upon the placenta & thus supposes the hem. afterwards anoint the os uteri with belladonna These two cases are contrary to the books but it has often been practised by Tully and his friends We may afterwards bleed if necessary to produce relaxation Lingering parturition attended with hem. & imperf. contract. of ulcers & imperf. dil. of os uteri Parodynia syncopalis or convulsiva Syncope or convulsions interruptions of delivery being produced You may conjoin enemata of spts. turp. dashing cold water etc. may be conjoined Vide datura # hemorrh. from the arm can be regulated that from the uterus cannot Lingering parturition when the uterine contractions have ceased when a practitioner is inexperienced in the use of the forceps After the delivery by ergot the [secundines] are apt to be retained Breech presentation The head is apt to be detained by the contraction of the os uteri around the neck great skill is generally necessary to extricate the head. The clavus will generally do no good. The forceps should be used? Parodynia secundaria where there is hour glass contraction all the books forbid it. But Prof. T. has repeatedly known it relieves. Dr Wood. of Vt. says it is absolutely certain to prevent on the one hand & to cure on the other, this hour glass contractions Retention of secundines from deficiency of uterine contraction f zii or even zjs may be needed more will often be needed than for the delivery of the fetus Generally where the clavus has been used, the placenta will be thrown off just after or in connexion with the delivery of the child This use of the clavus may almost always supersede the introduction of the hand Hemorrhage after delivery and it may be given with advantage as a preventive just before delivery where there is a liability to hemorrhage. But Dr Reed says we should wait till the head is delivered for fear of injuring the child. In the last case which Dr T. had he had great difficulty in resuscitating the child After pains where they are caused by irritation from coagulated blood where there is a deficiency of contraction Profuse lochia where there is entonic atony and deficient contraction. Some say that the clavus will not act after the delivery of the child But Prof. T. never knew it fail although it might require 10 to 30 minutes. This is known to a great many writers also. No doubt mischief has been done by this article but many of the restrictions are not well founded. For instance the rule that it should never be given when nature is competent to delivery but cases of hemorrhages etc. may be exceptions e.g. hemorrhage endangering the life of the mother even before the commencement of labour pains. If after you have stopped the hemorrhage the uterine contractions are too violent, you may always stop or restrain them by opium If you wish to relax the os uteri you may do it by bleeding but generally by local applications of belladonna. Exceptions have already been mentioned to the rules that it is not to be given until the os uteri is relaxed The indications are from something else than the dilation of the fetus to the size of a dollar Dr Stearns is right in saying that it should not be given when we are going to have occasion to turn Breech presentations will generally make it inexpedient. Dr Stearn’s limitation of the whole quantity to 30 grs in ½ pt of water a tablespoonful at a time, will apply to most cases [illegible] not to all judgment is necessary. For large doses are often given But very large doses may be needed. Where the forceps are admissible it is better to use them, if a man is sufficiently skilled in their use As for its use in convulsions, Dr Stearns directs bleeding to be premised in every case Prof. T. would not bleed unless there were indications for v.s. Do not trust to the clavus alone but give stramonium & give enemata of ol. pin. There seems to be no foundation for the notion that malignant epidemics are produced by spurred rye [Maize] is seldom or never affected with clavus in N. America. Wheat is far less seldom than rye yet these epidemics prevail where wheat & maize only ever used. Various other objections may be made. There is more [foundation] for the opinion that chronic diseases are produced by it History Used about 1740 in Holland by a celebrated [accouchaur] Interdicted by the French legislatures about 1770 used in Connecticut before Dr Stearn’s publication by an irregular practitioner. Said to have been long used before Dr Stearn’s publication by the Germans of Pennsylvania An old dispensatory by Brook mentions it (in some of the editions) Dr Stearns learned its use of some Scotch women in Washington county N.Y. 1807 Scleroteum maydis in S. America said to produce loss of h air in those who eat the grain said to loosen the teeth causes the hair of some to fall of also [swine] become paraplegic mules are affected in the same way Hens which live on it lay soft shelled eggs (by premature delivery or abortion) Monkeys fall down apparently drunk probably sub paralytic or with a sort of chorea Native deer & does also are thus affected These effects occur only [illegible] of Columbia Mandregora vernalis Root perennial top annual. Nat. ord. Solamene M. officinalis M. acaulis atropa [mandragon] of Linneus. Malus canina Mandrake [illegible] South of Europe & Greece But 2 species M. vernalis & M. autumnalis It is not the mandrake of the scriptures, which was probably a species of orchis Root fleshy thick & large white within Root most active. Leaves supposed to have similar but weaker powers The fruit probably has the same general powers Cortical part of the root is thought to be more active than the internal It is believed to be a more powerful anodyne and soporific than any article except opium Vide Shakespeares Othello scene last. Ed. & Vav. say it is most like A. bell. doubtful. Emmenagogue (Swed) Not nervine probably. Powerful purgative ([Mease] Swed. etc.) Others say nothing of this as Hoffberg who used it extensively & freely. Externally applied it is discutient Powder of bark of root dose 10 grs to [illegible] i expressed juice of root Infusion of root Wine of root syrup cataplasm of root made with milk & the leaves or root Treat cases of poisoning by quick emetics (e.g. 4 or 5 grs of turp. min.) Castor oil also to carry it off from the bowels Diseases Parabysma coactum P. strumosum in both it was much used by the ancients [Strum???] vulgaris [acutoplasms] of the leaves with milk applied to the neck. Very strong testimonials for its utility internally, for struma Orchitis chancre as a discutient Del. trem. puerperal delirium Podagra internally Also rheumatism Arthritis rheumatalgia said to be highly effective. Mania & melancholia by the ancients probably as a soporific Agrypnia [mentalis] by the ancients Sarcoma schirrhosum Various superstitions have existed with respect to this article on account of its similarity to the shape of a man’s body On this account called [illegible] Sold to produce boys & girls etc. etc. Vide Thornton London Miller etc. Amanita Ammonita Muscaria Agaricis muscarius Abundant in Europe & N. America. A fly poison One of the most poisonous fungi (Lindley) yet strange as it may seem all the poisonous fungi are eaten with impunity in the North of Europe and Asia. Said by Dr Langsdorf to be used like wine brandy or opium by the [Kamschadales] etc. Rolled up like a bolus & swalloed by them When steeped in a decoction of the berries of vaccinum uliginosum it is exhilirant and nervine like wine One or two small fungi said to last a whole day Water swallowed augments its effects. Renders some remarkably active (i.e. nervine) & a talkative person cannot keep silence or secrets A leap is made if a [strand] is to be stepped over. Finally narcosis & perhaps convulsions are produced. Drunkenness & vertigo as the authors express themselves But its most singular effect is upon the urine. On the second day after the taking of the article a teacupfull of his own urine will produce another fit of intoxication for the next day His urine will have 4 or 5 times the intoxicating qualities of the article. It may thus be propagated through 5 individuals. Old drunkards (upon this article) preserve their urine against a scarcity of the article. The effects fall strictly under the definition of intoxicating an effect produced by this article & alcoholic & venous liquors only Pharmacop. Bot. says odor nauseous sapor [illegible] etc. inebriant etc. Used in epilepsy & applied to malignant ulcers. Dose 10 grs Most active part under ground Epoilepsia stouma Ill conditioned ulcers cancers convulsions affections of the cornea Dose [illegible] fs to [illegible] j ter in die [illegible] Rossica Collect in the autumn keep closed Swediaur appears to confound its properties with those of some other articles Gray copies from Swediaur. Withering does so They call it sudorific & cathartic Probably it will prove a powerful and most convenient nervine Deobstruent Narcotics Which increase or diminish morbid secretions and resolve inflammations Conium Maculatum [illegible] Gr. (cicuta Sat.) has never been identified. Linneus applied the two to different plants. Great confusion existed Lamarck endeavoured to remedy this by interchanging the nerves this made the confusion much worse Hab. Europe & Asia All parts active leaves most so Smells like [mice] or like the urine of a cat. Most active when its blossom first begins to decay (an exception to the general) & when it grows in a cool climate & a moist situation Water said not to extract its properties Alcohol (& better ether) may be used When the etherial tincture is evaporated from water [illegible] is left a thick greenish semifluid etc. Called an alkali (or alkaloid) Some of these substances unite with 15 or 16 prop. of an acid & some do not saturate or naturalize at all as narcotine though they combine with acids in definite proportions. Tests of [illegible] vide Ec. & Vav. (translation) Paris infers that this is not the active principle & that the plant is improved by drying both conclusions false An efficient deobstruent & a moderate narcotic secondarily it is laxative Said to be emmenagogue but only so as a part of its deobstruent operation Prof. T. has not found it diuretic except in chronic cases where there had been a deficiency Removes torpor of the liver, changes the secretions of the al. can. Cures cutaneous diseases. Resolves inflammations As a deobstruent it possesses most of the valuable effects of mercury without its inconvenient effects It acts more powerfully upon a torpid liver (as in jaundice) than mercury Allays irritability Relieves pain produces nausea, vertigo, prostration muscular weakness etc. Hence narcotic Dr Mann took 18 grs in 5 hours of good extract. It produced some exhiliration Its operation began in about 3 hours came to its h eight in 3 hours more & went off in 3 hours more. Symptoms unsteadiness of gait contraction of pupils etc. considerable narcosis. Next day inconvenient secondary symptoms. Indicated in 1st chronic & subacute atonic inflammations 2 Tumours not inflammatory nor with organic lesions 3d torpor & irritability of liver & other chylop. visc. 4th Cutaneous affections 5th Dysthetic or cechectic complaints 6th Pure idiopathic nervous pains (neuralgia) But acute infl. in which a considerable quantity nervines acrids etc. are indicated here conium may be given. It may be successfully given in cholera zi at a dose (yet this is an acute disease) Not a very active poison. The [illegible] effects seem to be epigastric uneasiness coldness blindness nausea & vomiting etc. caused by exhaustion, produced by a lesion of the brain & nerves Forms 1st recently acrid leaves but these are very variable Tincture require too much alcohol Expressed inspissated extract is the best Select the plant in the latter part of the flowering season Strip off the leaves in autumn and press them in an iron press Set the juice in large platter in the sun. Add no water avoid the dews of night. Apply no heat Heat higher than that of the sun is said to injure it Dry it to a consistence suitable for pilling without any addition But the market has been filled with a watery extract of no value. Its sensible properties are quite different. Prof. T. has made a tinct. by filling a bottle with leaves and adding alc. to green & proof sp. to dry leaves then expressing he has reduced this so that a teaspoonful would be a dose but this requires too much alc. for jaundice, neuralgia. The tinct. seems to be more narcotic and less deobstruent than the extract. The extract seems not to produce ultimate narcosis so much as the leaves do and some slight change of properties seems to be produced by the process of forming the extract, by which the article is more deobstruent. Generally the quantity necessary to produce sufficient deobstruent effects will produce no inconvenient narcosis As much as 12 or 15 grs in a day will be necessary for this. But Prof. T. has occasionally given 1 or 2 drams without the slightest ultimate narcotic effect Prof. T. has never found it directly tonic only so by its deobstruent an narcotic effect relieving paresis of the nerves of the stomach etc. Because this article produces a cerebral excitement, given in uniform quantities at short intervals & pushed it has been supposed nervine Prof. T. once thought so but than all the narcotics may produce this effect Dose 1 to 5 grs. Prof. T. generally begins with about 4 grs. & increases till [illegible] The operation of a large dose usually commences in ½ an hour It may continue from 12 to 24 hours Conium is useful in a great many diseases It will generally require other articles in conjunction e.g. cath. & tonics & [illegible] (when you want a cath. merc. oper. use cal. etc. if you do not need purgative effects use other mercurials and these latter are less liable to salivate) No remedy is more valuable in dyspepsia For the production of the deobstruent effect from this and other articles, the system must be within a certain range of action hence depletion on one hand & tonics & aromatics on the other Diseases & pt of those which require principally its narcotic effects. Neuralgic toothache Spasmodic dysphorgia dipsosis [illegible] from intemperance Idiopathic cough at least as an adjunct to opium Hooping cough perhaps with tonics or with arsenic Dyspnoea exacerbans A large dose (say zi of ex) will arrest a paroxysm Idiopathic hectic in conjunction with arsenous acid nit. sil. etc. Ophthalmitis sclerotica (which is always rheumatic) very useful Neuralgia faciei of all kinds conjoin datura [Illegible] palpitation & synochous tremor Cherca valuable with iron Lately Prof. T. has used actea & nux vomica in preference hemicrania Hysteria a large dose will arrest the paroxysm it may be useful between the par. Epilepsy with datura catalepsy with iron. Spermorrhea entonica with ac. lead also [sagnesis] fur. (is [said] paruria mellita 2nd where its deobstruent effect is wanted Chronic dyspepsia with excessive appetite etc. with iron [sesquox] [illegible] zx extr. conii zv off. alc. f zii ol. cinn. ol. gaulth. aa mxii sacch. alb. zii syr. tolu f zvi & generally add f zvi of compd tinct. cinn. water sufficient to make 2 pints of this mixture dose f zfs. This is pleasant to the taste The alcoh. is necessary to make it keep If wine is indicated use wine instead of water Sometimes substitute French brandy ½ pt instead of the tinct. of cinna. for a time where alc. is indicated to rouse excitability Limosis sputatoria & L. albicus (called in N. Haven white jaundice) a disease of the liver with or without diarrhoea patient pale (slightly yellowish) difficult to determine its nature Dyspepsia accompanied with neuralgic pain (which must be relieved (the pain) with opium Sequels of colic Disposition to proctica with iron Icterus vulgaris with iron most valuable as much as he can take without too much narcosis. If the bowels are slow, premise a slow cath. of calomel Where the disease is cured by cal. alone the yellowness of the skin will often remain for 3 months. Conium removes the yellowness as coon as it cures the disease The discovery of the use of conium to cure jaundice was also made (accidentally) by phys. in Boston. But it had been used in the N. of Euro. & in Italy before Icterus melaena with acrids Chololithus Parabismata it will cure than which result from neglected intermittents. But quinine is a sovreign remedy for these as is now well understood though so contrary to the prejudices of Prof. T. & others Quinine is not a congesting article Prof. T. has used it still oftener in parabismata for malaria not preceded by intermittent P. strumosa P. schirrhosum with acrids (capsic.) tonics etc. Icterus from malaria conium will cure, but quinine is far better Erethymatic gastritis and enteritis conjoined with red prec. & corros. sub. Almost all the erythematic infl. As an auxiliary in membranific spargnosis puerp. Rheumatism useful auxilary in the acute u seful in subacute and chronic rheum. White swelling auxiliary cancer a palliative Lues syphylodes Persevering use of con. & iron has obviated a tendency to sick headache Affections of the mind Paramenia difficilis (not membranific infl) relieve a paroxism & continue it with iron Used with success as an [illegible] with iron Leucorrhea with nit. sil. & capsic. or with lob. inflata Chlorosis inops with iron Lepidosis psoriasis, & lepriasis & impetigo several varieties with arsenic Case related of supposed osteo sarcoma (perhaps a rheumatic aff.) and thought perfectly desperate cured by conium perseveringly pushed Cataplasms of recent leaves or extract rec. for irrit. ulcers The plaister is an inefficient preparation Treat cases of poisoning by this [illegible] as those of other narcotics by quick vomits by ammonia by acrid nervines as hydric ether alcohol etc. There is no evidence whatever that vinegar is an antidote History First used internally by Storck 1760. It grew very popular too much was expected from it and went into contempt Storck was ½ a century before his time with respect to various articles of M.M. Conium arecoca of S. A. affords an esculent root equal to our potatoe Aethusa Sinapium [illegible] Cicuta cicutoria etc. Dog’s parsley Fool’s parsley Habit closely resembles con. mac. Native of Europe Naturalized with us abounding about Hartford & Wethersfield Its powers closely resemble those of con. mac. but is much more active D S. Woodward has employed it extensively & can perceive no difference between this and conium A good subject for a dissertation Cicuta Maculata Never grows in clusters Root the most active part strong smell virose taste. More active than conium most [illegible] poisonous article we have indigenous mistaken for [illegible] [illegible] ([illegible] clay tone) Case. Young lady took it for angelica Soon she had vertigo blindness, weakness of extremities 2 hours after was found pale cold, distressed pupils dilated restlessness jactitations cold sweat The plant has vomited her. Sulph. zinc was given in obedience to the books it produced free vomiting which gave no relief and aggravated all the symptoms Teaspoonful laudanum 50 drops every hour spirit & water & wine external heat & acrids much better next morning but suffered from weariness in the limbs etc. Cured in 3 or 4 days Vide Bigelow on cases of death in 1 ½ hours with convulsions, frothing etc. Most physicians refer these symptoms to white hellebore which does not grow # mistaken also for aralia & for angelica & calamus with us or to iris versicolor, which produces no such symptoms If vomiting is needed mustard appears to be the best article (also ranunculus flammat. after these sulph. zinc sul. copper or sulph. merc. the latter two are speedier and as kind as sulph. zinc. The books direct 20 gr sulph. zinc as if it were a large dose but Prof. T. in most cases finds 30 grs necessary to produce full vomiting. Purging may be considered as seldom necessary if so give castor oil senna produces copious watery secretions and exhausts. Vinegar is directed as an antidote no evidence for it whatever It originates in the oxygenating theory with respect to narcotics vinegar was supposed to disoxygenize. Coffee and tea may do well as nervine but alc. & opium are better Medicinally used this article possesses the same powers in kind as the cor. mac. but is much more powerful in degree Cicuta bulbifera [Fennel] leaved cowbane etc. Said to be stronger than conium & supposed to possess the same powers Weaker than C. maculata C. venenata of Dr Greenway was probably C. maculata C. virosa (Europe) Seems to have the same powers (in the root) as C. mac. but to be rather weaker All these species seem to be perfect substitutes for conium Oenanthe crocata An European plant sometimes found in the U.S. Probably similar to conium The root is used Cases related of poisoning by it Some reg. ner. are said to be tonic & nervine one is viz. ambrosia elation (ragweed) bitter [Leonarus] cardiaca gone into disease, but is a valuable article Coffee is a pure nervine tea a nervine & narcotic 1st Nervines of an. origin 1st vol. ess. ol. of [mephitis] amer. skunk There are said to 5 spec. by some others 2 doubtful but all are the same called also m. [chirca] for other sp. vid. ed. encyc. IT is a generic character of the whole genus that they have glands [illegible] the [illegible] Called also viverra & mustala Polecat of Europe is a different an. viz. [illegible] (Name Poule chat) Two small sacs between the anus & tail Probably the skunk cannot project the liquor 2 feet, or even on perhaps Probably it defends the an. by blinding the eyes. The two sacs are about the size of a nutmeg both contain from zii [illegible] to [illegible To obtain the liquor shoot the an. through the head or neck or heart. Take out the sacs with their Ammoniacum 8 Materia Medica Nervines Obviate languor and lassitude allay morbid irritability and irritation, mobility and [??ctitation] and watchfulness, sensibility & sensation, when connected with atony or a non phlogistic state of the system They are different from stim. & narcotics Many of them exhilirate as a part of their nervine operation but the weaker do not. They [like] the latter produce a peculiar calm [euphoria] and pleasurable sensation & a wakefulness. Perhaps the exhiliration may be the first stage of the cerebral irritation of narcotics and (stimulants?) This ehxil. is sometimes produced by the states of the disease sometimes in conjunction with this by nervines & without any effect upon the pulse. One sort of such exhiliration is called vapours The term antispasmodic seems objectionable because they do not obviate spasm but allay irritability & obviate languor Narcotics when pure do not produce all the effects of nervines e.g. [strychnus] etc. An article which relieves non-phlogostic restlessness, irritability etc. must be nervine or narcotic or both If a narcotic, it will when pushed produce epigastric uneasiness nausea etc. The obviation of languor and lassitude, does not indicate stimulation, necessarily, any more than exhiliration does Nervines first relieve irritation etc. & when pushed produce wakefulness calm placid & pleasurable sensation & perhaps exhiliration Nervines will tranquillize an irritated pulse often, and hence are sometimes mistaken for refrigerants Neither do they when continued act as tonics The inhalation of ether & such things does not relieve exhaustion, but prostration merely Nervines will not aggravate phlogistic disease Prof. T. has known the freest use of nitrous oxide, vapour of ether, etc. utterly fail of relieving exhaustion merely relieving the nervous affection The commencement of intoxication is a nervine effect i.e. those things which are visible Intoxication is exhil. followed by delirium & inability to regulate voluntary motion followed by come hence no articles but fermented & spiritous liquors, produce intoxication it is a nervine and nar Recap 4 states 1st an antirritant stage as above described 2nd calm 3d watchfulness 4th exhiliration sometimes amounting to delirium Still you may give so much of an article Perhaps also the power of producing a degree of cerebral irrit. under which the muscular strength is increased Diff. nervines vary much in the degree in which they produce different of these state Pure nervines may be pushed to any degree without stimulation or narcosis Prof T. has often seen a high degree of a nervine effect in the lowest states of the system In their usual doses they appear to produce no effect In books they are recommended chiefly for mild spasmodic diseases Protox. nitrogen appears to be a powerful nervine so chlor carburet of hydrogen or hydrochloride of carbon (chloric ether) taken into the stomach also sulph. & nit. eth. by inhalation virus of rattlesnake, is said to be the most pure & powerful nervine known virus of the skunk is next but stinks too much Musk is next in efficacy & is the most powerful of the articles commonly used It is said also that cobweb Castor is rather a weak & inefficient nervine Coffee is a nervine of considerable power Saffron (crocus) is also nervine Croculus [pl?kenetic] & suberoses ([illegible]) is nervine but also narcot. deob. emm. & cath Castorum [opapinex] asafoetida etc. have no effect on health, but have considerable effect upon what Cullen called the mobility of the system. Most of the fetids however Prof. T. thinks owe their efficacy to [illegible] they having so medicinal an appearance. The state of the mind influences the operation of nervines Prof. T. thinks the fetids are the most uncertain & vague & doubtful class of remedies which we have, & that they might be altogether omitted without injury even including asafoetida Coffee made strong, as directed in medicine, is preferable to them all indeed it is an efficient article So also hydrate of bismuth Prof. T. has given in dram doses without any perceptible effect Iron also he has sometimes apparently found [inert] just as Bigelow declares it inert. All this may be owing to peculiarity of diathesis [Mother] wort, asafoetida & other nervines, should not be used to tantalize for hours patients in distress, who may be speedily and effectually relieved by opium Still we are to consider that women are apt to get a habit of resorting to op. camph. musk cinnamon etc. and fall into a habit of intemperance Nervines are 1st chemical, as protox. nit. eminently nervine Hydric ether (Sulph. eth) moderately nervine when inhaled is neither narcotic nor stimulant, but nervine when taken Oleum ethereum or empyereumatic Chloro carburet of hydrogen a pure nervine. [Luquichloride] of carbon a liquid but solid at common temperatures odorous Spritus (or aether) pyroceties 2nd nervina animalia 1st musk 2nd civet castoreum web of taegenurea medicinalis virus of rattlesnake oil of skunk 3d vegetable nervines coffee [cyprideium] pubes. humile, spectabile pure nervines used from time immemorial by irregular practitioners & by the Thompsons. Aplectrum hyemale (Adam & Eve) Corallorhiza odontorrhiza both pure nervines the latter has considerable nervine power [Stigmas] of crocus sativus Seeds of vanilla aromatic Pulp around the seeds of bixa orellane called arnotto Dipterix odorata ([illegible] used to scent snuff) the proximate principle is [cormsorine] a [concrete] ess. opil Root or essential oil of valerian neither narcotic nor stimulant Polynisis graveolus nervine Root of paeonxa off. (palony) Fruit of Amer. spec. of [pavia] [rubrate] (Ohio buckeye) Aerobion fragrans ([Angricum] fragr.) probably valuable Senecia [anorus] & balsimatae & [illegible] Inspiss. [descundin?] [saps] of roots vide Prof. I. Ferula asafoetidia & opoponax & Persica (called sagepinum) [Dorema] ammoniacum (called ammoniac) (called heracleum gummifoerum but this is the h. pyrenaicum) Galbanum (referred to [illegible] galbanum) but is from the galbanum offic.) All these are inspissated saps Root of goodyera pubescens might be expected to prove nervine but there is the best testimony to its being deobstruent Some reg. ner. are said to be tonic & nervine one is viz. ambrosia elation (ragweed) bitter [Leonarus] cardiaca gone into disease, but is a valuable article Coffee is a pure nervine tea a nervine & narcotic 1st Nervines of an. origin 1st vol. ess. ol. of [mephitis] amer. skunk There are said to 5 spec. by some others 2 doubtful but all are the same called also m. [chirca] for other sp. vid. ed. encyc. IT is a generic character of the whole genus that they have glands [illegible] the [illegible] Called also viverra & mustala Polecat of Europe is a different an. viz. [illegible] (Name Poule chat) Two small sacs between the anus & tail Probably the skunk cannot project the liquor 2 feet, or even on perhaps Probably it defends the an. by blinding the eyes. The two sacs are about the size of a nutmeg both contain from zii [illegible] to [illegible To obtain the liquor shoot the an. through the head or neck or heart. Take out the sacs with their ducts squeeze out the liquor into a vial without letting it touch the neck of the vial stop close yet it will penetrate the envelopes in damp weather It is a light amber col. liquid always liquid in our climate as tasteless as olive oil said to be Taken internally a drop or two 2 or 3 times a day it is a powerful antirritant & nervine though it has never been made to produce an exhiliration It is also a pure nervine Prof. I. considers it very nearly allied to musk but far stronger. It is best to keep it in every small vials of ½ a dram The inconvenience is that the least [???tation] produces the most powerful stench! Probably no dangerous consequences could result from an inordinate dose. When a very little of the liquid oil falls upon broad cloth it appears like a grease spot covered with dust & the scent cannot be eradicated Dyspnoea exacerbans (called asthma) has been much relieved better by this than by any other article taken during an exacerbation to relieve it & between them to keep them off. vide Prof’s I & Beers Even the inhalation of the vapor has relieved the disease. Dr Conklin was relieved for two years in consequence of the killing of a skunk near the house & the vapour remaining in the house during that time. Prof. B. has used it for 8 or 9 patients one of them kept it by him all the while. It keeps off but does not eradicate the disease Woolen cloths upon which a mere drop of this liquid had fallen have retained the odour for years & their use been entirely abandoned. The best way to eradicate the odour is to wash alternately in alcohol & soap suds. Perhaps sulphuric ether might do. Venom of Candisena horrida This was the original hat. hist. name Called cretalus horridus by Linnaeus Distinguished by dark coloured transverse bands. Its fetid odour is readily perceived by horses and cattle In a rainy and wet season the crepitaculum is softened and emits no noise. It is not certain that a new rattle is formed with every renewal of the skin & many are left off by accident hence, we cannot reckon the age by means of the rattles There is but one other species viz. C. durissima The upper jaws have only the two poisonous fangs at the base of which are the crumena or bags which contain the [virus], are situated There are under the eye two clusters of glands which secrete the virus The virus of the viper is a transparent yellowish fluid The virus of any venomous serpent is perfectly bland to the taste The medicinal effects of the virus of the viper have not bee investigated The virus of the rattlesnake has been experimented on by Dr James Wallace & [illegible] friends in Virgin. (1924) A delightful exhiliration is said to be produced a slight flush etc. in short it seems to be a powerful nervine. Like the nervines it removes the coma of typhus A slight anasarca of the feet & ankles & a reopening of old ulcers, and a tenderness of the old scars was produced by an excessive use Said not to increase the animal heat nor to act on the [illegible] nor to affect the pulse Others have found similar affects It appears to differ from skunk virus more in the quality than in the strength of its operation Disease 1st typh. nervosus accompanied with coma delir. 7 subsultus Arthritis rheumatalgia greatly relieved & perhaps cured Ecphronia melancholia insanity on one point Carus paralysis, also Forms dry powder or oil of the virus and bag Tinct wd probably be better Web of Tegeneria medicinalis Used almost time immemorial but the old writers did not discriminate, or at least did not inform us what kind of spider was used This species is said to be new eyes 8 upper row curves 1st pair of legs longest 4th pair next 3d next 2nd shortest. Inhabits cellars abdomen has All the species of the gen. form a horizontal web with a cylindrical tube in the form of a funnel Other species are supposed to answer as well The geometric spiders are not medicinal Spider’s web is s standing article in old dispensatories but in modern times has gone out of use Its effect is curing intermittents have been attributed to imagination Dr Chapman quotes R. Jackson who though it as an anodyne & antirritant superior to opium. He, Dr Dewees etc. tried it exclusively Med. eff. “Obviation in non phlog. diath if tremors spasms, subsulta delirium, irritability, restlessness abatement of vomiting tormina & pain obviation of languor & lassitude exhiliration tranquility followed by calm sleep irritation of pulse removed skin made soft etc. etc.” Dr Chapman. He says also that these effects follow immediately. HE does not mention the duration of the effects HE considers 10 gr equal to 1 ½ gr of opium According to Dr Jackson no effects are produced in “true inflammation” i.e. in phlogistic diathesis. So all the nervine, produce no effect in phlogistic diseases & many of them little or none in health. Dr Jackson says he has not been able to discover much difference between 10 & 20 gr in operation hence, says he, it is not a poison. The only inconvenient effects is said to be this rendering the pulse when slow, quick small & irregular Externally and topically applied to an bleeding surface it first produces a sharp & transient pain then the bleeding ceases & the wound rapidly heals Dr Chap. having no class of nervines was obliged to rank it among narcotics though he himself says it has not narcotic qualities How it cures intermittents Prof. T. is unable to explain Prof. T. has rubbed it up with chalk in order to give it. Dr [illegible] gave 4 or 5 gr. every Diseases 1st idiopathic cough 5 gr. every 4th or 5th hour (i.e every 3 or 4 hours) Asthma (dyspn. exac.) Intermittents more effectual than any other remedy given after bleeding parking & purging (according to the routine practice though of late years a majority of cases are protracted by bl. [illegible] & pur. simple intermittent is never phlogistic & is always cured if a phlogistic diath. is brough on hence cured by tonics & stimulants. The al. can. likewise needs no purging in pat. is not costive Some practitioners give a large dose of sulph. quin. & call it cal. & then pretend the next day to be surprised to find the pat. cured) When this article cures intermittents it does so effectually no relapse. Prof. T. however has produced all these effects by Sulph. quin. given freely enough. He has cured parabisma also by giving sulph. quin. & calling it calomel. Dr Jackson thinks tageneria better than sulph. quin. but it appears from the effects ascribed to it to be no better Prof. T. gives sal. quin. in any stage of intermittent just as Dr Jackson gave spiders web. Dr Jackson gives no reason for premising venes. em. & cath. Idiopathic hectic 5 gr. every 3 or 4 hours suspended the exacerbations eyes sparkled etc. & more respite was obtained than from wine or opium (Dr Chapm.) Irritable & ill conditioned ulcers at first the pain was sharp but they healed speedily though of month standing Cephalea hemicrania breaks it up The web is said to be inert when old when new it is said to be silken 7 viscid Musk Muschus muschiferous (Linn.) inhabits the alpine mountains of Thibet & [illegible] Hind legs longest weight 25 or 30 pounds lively. The musk is found in a bag 2 or 3 inches in diameter between the prepuce and nave. of the male. They feed on lichens arbuti vaccinii etc. During the breeding season (November) the males fight for their mates Musk is brough in its own hairy bags solid granular, dark brown or reddish like coagulated blood (somewhat) taste slightly bitter odour ambrosial etc. etc. partially soluble in water & alcohol You cannot give enough of the tinct. without giving too much alcohol. Ether is said to be a better solvent Musk has been many times analysed It contains an ess. vol. oil, cholesterine streatine, gelatine potassa, calcii, carb. amm. etc. etc. Probably the oil is the ess. principle The medicinal properties of cholesterine have not been investigated The incompatible are said to be mercurials. infusion of cinchona, copperas nit. silv. etc. etc. No regard should be paid to these assertions without explanations In an efficient dose it produces a sensation of warmth and a glow in the stomach. Next it obviates languor & lassitude, irritabil. mobil. wakefulness (of irrit.) singultus irritative affection of al. can. such as vom. & diarrh. It produces the placed & pleasurable sensation, but not the exhiliration of nervines. Prof T does not know that it produces wakefulness. Prof T. has never seen it increase animal heat in low cases nor give real increase of vital energy. A pat. may be enabled to walk or ride, from the obviation of languor & lassitude, & het not be stimulated Musk appears to produce no inconvenient effects Prof. T. objects to the term antispasmodic, as one including a great variety of remedies Musk would probably be inefficacious in most spasmodic diseases e.g. tetanus, rabies, epilepsy etc. Ordinary slight convulsions it will probably palliate Musk has been said to be diapohoretic & diuretic & aphrodisial It is merely antirritant & produces these effects merely as such Dose 6 to 20 gr. (Murray) 5 to 40 (Swediaur) 2 to 60 gr. (A. T. Thomp) Prof. T. has found zfs the medium dose generally as much as this is necessary & for single doses often zi N.B. ipecac. sulph. quin. etc. produce no Proper period of repetition 5 or 6 hours (Murray) 3 or 4 (A. T. T.) about 3 hours Prof. Tully N.B. In a powerful disease the effects of remedies pass off sooner Given in form of bolus (Murray) Prof. T. objects to the form bolus in general Pharmaceut. prep. 1st powder, & given in sugar & water (It may be ground up alone or with sugar) It may be given in pill made with a veg. extr. e.g. ext. gent. or ext. con. OR in tinct. zjj to 1 pt alc. (Dublin & U.S.) A person would need a gallon of the tinct.! z4 to pt. (Paris Ph.) Given in enema to teething children in convulsions (Murray) An improper remedy for dentition Proper in all irritative atonic or non phlogistic diseases to obviate restlessness irrit. mobil. etc. Musk is recommended for all convulsions & spasms It can however be considered as no more than a palliative in some of them One of Prof. T’s friends has found it the best ant emetic in typhoid cases, that he has ever tried. Epigastric sinking is also admirably relieved by musk Life is apparently prolonged by it in desperate cases for days. It would he thinks be admirably adapted for cases of poisoning by narcotics? snakes? fish? The symptoms mentioned Diseases dentition, cholera, typhus, gangrene, convulsions The diseases in which it is recommended for the entire cure are convulsive cough, tetanus, rabies etc. etc. But little dependence is to be placed in these Musk must ever be scarce, costly and liable to adulteration. Unless the animal can be domesticated & the musk extracted without kill. the an. musk cannot be much used Medicinal substances nearly allied to musk 1st civet (from the viverra found near the anus a whitish The article called musk is perfumery in civet This animal is reared in Holland & the civet is extracted without killing the animal The musk rate (muschus or castor munchatus) furnishes a substance of similar properties [Catodom] or physeter macrocephalus produces ambergrise which is found in the caecum and also floating on the sea near China etc. In irregular masses etc. Prof T. thinks it probably a fixed greasy oil It has been called a stimulant (Swed. Coxe. Ed. & Vav.) Called a corroborant of the nerves an aphrodisiac etc. It is a nervine and a valuable one. Prof. T. is inclined to think it one of the most powerful of the nervines not exceeded by any unless it be by vir. or rattlesnake & skunk & by musk. it has been omitted in the Eng. pharmacop. but has continued in use on the cont. Powder doses 6 gr. to zfs. Prof. T. would give at least zfs generally. Paris tinct. in z8 to 1 pt. alc. dose f zfs to f zi Castoreum Castor fiber common beaver ([glives]) the only medicinal species Castoreum is a peculiar substance somewhat analogous to musk secreted in cells near the anus Found in commerce in its two natural sacs connected together one of them containing the true castoreum the other merely a fatty matter The Russian cast. is the only one used in Europe & is superior with us the American is sold under the name of Russian Said to contain castoreum a peculiar principle & the active ingredient Russian castor is reddish brown, bitter etc. Castoreum is very little soluble in water but is dissolved in alc. & eth. It is a nervine & destitute of stimulant properties. Murray is wrong in considering it a weak article, because it produces little effect upon a robust healthy man. For instance a healthy man may take zi of sil. quin. without any effect whatever Diseases spasmod. aff. generally (Ed. & V) It will not cure one of them 1st Nervous asthma (which does not exist) Castor is certainly too feeble for common asthma. Indeed most English prescriptions for asthma are utterly inefficient So also in dyspn. exac. Prof. T. has seen it tried Clonus singultus (convulsive hiccough) Prof. T. has found this also too formidable a disease. Prof. T. cured one very formidable case (a feeble slender man) by a full bleeding to increase susceptibility & then by Fowler’s sol. & opium Hysteria likewise (a hysteric fit) is too formidable a disease. So also epilepsy. So also amenorrhoea Castor is useful like other weak nervines, not for curing any particular disease, but for obviating particular symptoms of irr. etc. Pharmaceutic prep. Powder in warm water seems to be the best Giving the tincture, gives too much alcohol. Pills are not dissolved, speedily enough Dose 10 or 20 gr. is too small use at least zfs Tinct. zii to 2 pts off. alc. (U.S.) is altogether too weak. So the ED. tinct. is too weak. The Paris gives z4 to `1 pt. but even this is too weak. The ether is too weak Compd tinct. zi off. cast. zjfs asafoet. 1 pt spt. amm. This is efficient Oleum animale empyreumaticum Called also dippeli & etheriae am. ol. Made by distilling bones & horns in a close & dry vessel At first black afterwards white turining brown on exposure to air very fetid acrid to the taste. Muscle, roasted in a coffee roaster, gives off this empyr. oil causing the intolerable stench & produces what has been called am. charc. & has been said to be an efficacious article The an. oil is nervine said to be poisonous (E. & V.) Dose 15 to 20 gtts E. & V. The article is said to be more powerful than most nervines. Recommended in dyspnoea exacerb. etrc. & also recommended to break up intermittents. Much used on the cont. of Europe even for intermittents Syspasia hysteria, convulsia, & epileptica (E. & V. Scutellaria lateriflora First employed for lyssa in 1773 by Dr Vandermeer of N. Jersey & by others (mechanics & others not physicians) who received the knowledge of it from him First publication was in 1809 by Walter [Bowne] Advocated by Coleman of the Evening post Dr Lyman Spalding & others N.B A large proportion of cases of rabies reported are drawn up by unprofessional persons & are not rabies The only two physicians who have believed in this article are Drs Spalding & Thatcher. It is also employed for tetanus and chorea. In many reported cases other articles have been used by mistake e.g. verbena urticifolia which will puke & purge Scutellaria produces no appreciable operative properties It has no taste nor smell Chenopodium vulvaria Stinking orache. Much valued in the cont. of Europe. One of the weaker nervines as strong as asafoetida but not deobstruent like that. Has a hircine odor Leonurus Cardiaca Motherwort It held a place in all the pharm. until within 30 years. Taste slightly bitterish. It is universally used by the people & once was by the physicians In some instances it has proved speedily and actively emmenagogue probably by its antirritant powers. It is scarcely bitter enough to be ranked among the nervine bitter tonics, viz. ballota nigra marrubium vulg. humulus lupulus & syncopus virginica which last is not narcotic, as is supposed, for they produce no effect on the brain and nerves of a healthy person & no narcosis upon the sick. Lycopus virg. is a valuable nerv. like Leonurus. Cases of experiments which proved it to be utterly unable to produce a narcotic effect. quarts taken Pharmac. prep. are infus. or dec. made as strong as convenient & taken freely In large quantities & long continued it is laxative Diseases Lim. dyspep. a variety in which there is excessive irritability, nervousness, languor (not debility) pat. easily shocked and frightened etc. thought by the friends to be an imaginary aff. etc. Prof. T. has cured by tonics etc. but many of them he has been able to make an impression on by such articles as this only. The stom. is likewise very irritable vom. mus. dislike to food & without atony or debility Colica flatulenta Dysphoria simplex (Good) or simple restlessness often a troublesome affection Lyspaxia hysteria. Prof. T. has employed this article in hysteric diath. & is inclined to try it in a paroxysm in preference to opium in large quantities large enough to relieve the parox. Prof. T. generally employs datura Leucorrhea attended with pains in the loins & hips etc. without much general exhaustion cases in which tonics often irritate Paramania obstructionis var. irritativa Ambrosia elatior [Roman] wormwood, ragweed, iron weed etc. Very bitter, yet not tonic (not all bitter art. are tonic) Nervine & nearest allied to leonurus. It effects the uterine system in females considerably Diseases. It has been much used in hysteria, dysphoria simplex etc. It relieves after pains if not too violent Aerobium fragrans (Sprengel) Commonly called angraecum fragrans Called [illegible] or [illegible] An orchideous plant from Bourbon & Isle of France (Mascara islands) also from the borders of the Red Sea. 24 sp. have been ascertained within half a dozen years 14 in Masc. isl. 3 in Madag. 1 in Brazil etc. Grows upon the trunks of shaded trees Used by the African natives to make a pleasant beverage. Gives a pleasant odour in drying. The leaves are used. Vide Revue Medicale It is now considerably used in Paris & has been distributed over the world Called by its investigator ([Gerody]) narcotic etc. but his account carefully considered seems to describe a nervine merely & one destitute of stimulant powers, as he thinks it contraindicated in debility (probably because it will not relieve it. It cannot be tonic because he also gives it in phlogistic cases It is not considered as a very powerful article & may be used ad. lib. Used in infusion mixed with milk Recommended in bex simplex & convulsiva Dyspepsia Paroxysms of asthma & all cases of irrit. of lungs. Acute & chronic pleuralgia catarrh, for the cough. Phthisis (probably the tubercular) Senecio Aureus The whole plant has been used but Prof. T. thinks the root the only part which is medicinal. Called American valerian & supposed to resemble the off. val. Given in infusion It is moderately nervine Prof. T. thinks more so than castoreum Senecio hieracifolius Fire weed. Employed in some parts of N.Y. Prof. T. thinks weaker than the preceding. Called demulcent & astringent & popular in dysentery but it has scarcely any sensible properties Paeonia Officinalis Common paeony Tastes & smells like valerian Root most active Said to be narcotic antispasmodic & astringent Prof. T. thinks it neither narcotic nor astringent, but moderately nervine stronger however than castoreum. Much has been said about this as well as other nervines in intermittents Palliative in epilepsy etc. Crocus Sativus Common saffron (not what is so called as viz the cantharus tinct.) True saffron belongs to the nat. ord. irideae. The pistils or stigmas are the parts used Taste aromatic & bitter No accurate chemical analysis has been made. If the tinct. is given too much alc. will be taken. So of the wine & the vinegar. Probably the substance is the best form Said to be stimulant, narcotic etc. Prof T. has experimented on it & considers it as a pure nervine. It may be made to produce the peculiar calm placid & pleasurable sensation Perhaps it may be made to produce slight exhiliration Recommended in hysteria (i.e. hysterical diath.) & all nervous aff. It possesses considerable power in relieving irr. of stom. naus. & vom. Recommended as a sedative cataplasm in ophthalmia Probably it has gone into disuse because false powers have been ascribed to it It is an ingredient in tinct. al. cum myrrha (elix. proprietatis) & renders it milder in its operation. It is an ingredient also in the compd tinct. cinch. which is a valuable medicated alcohol. Also in tinct rhei & t. rh. comp But in all our shops the worthless carthamus is used Dose in [illegible] 30 gr. to zj (Prof. T.) ext. 15 gr. Caffea Arabica A small tree or large shrub 8 to 12 ft high The unparched seeds do not possess the powers of the parched Because it is so extensively used in diet it is supposed not to be capable of useful application I medicine. It is useful if sufficiently strong & not mixed with food History of its introduction into France [Persian] [ambassador] [fashion] [taverns] [intemperance] coffee houses Active princ. is caffein a white milky substance like [arianthus] Said to be stimulant. Prof. T. could not effect this operation Called antispasmodic but it is useful in none of them unless we call asthma & dysponea exac. so (but they are not spasmodic diseases) Called carminative (i.e. acting like a charm) also caleficient but it is not. It is eminently active in obviating lang. & lass. also in preventing sleep. It will also produce, besides the calm & pleasurable sensation, a certain degree of exhiliration It is not at all narcotic The unparched seeds have no more activity than dried peas Recom. in intermittent, headache catarrh, polysarcia etc. But it is most useful in dyspn. exac. & asth. first used by Sir J. [Flyer] Parch the seeds without burning them Pulverised when hot. He directs z2 to a cup i.e. z4 to 1 pt probably a saturated infusion One such cup will relieve a paroxysm if not repeat once in ½ hour until relief is obtained Sir J. Pringle added lemon juice & remained in bed. Good ascribes antaphrodisiac powers to coffee Symplocas Alstonia Bogota tea from south Am. Used as a substitute for tea & said to be one of the best substitutes. None but nervine powers are ascribed Hibiscus Abelmoschus Called musk okra Native of W.I.? Seeds extremely agreeable to the nose It is a nervine, very speedy in its operation producing exhiliration even Cultivated in this country Dr Dander of Jamaica said the seeds were emetic vide his work on Dis of Jam. Tinct. Prof. T. would add z4 to 1 pt Said to be useful externally in [illegible] galeatu Much used as a perfume & a cosmetic Our hibisci are generally mucilaginous The H. moschutus is said to be paregoric i.e. antirritant Vanilla aromatica Epidenderon vanilla & aromatica of oth. Nat. ord. orchideae A wood climbing shrub South Am & Mexic. Peric. a bivalve pod i.e. a capsule shaped like a pod. It may be seen in any of the shops used to scent snuff It affords a very elegant ess. oil The seeds appear to contain an active princ but this ess. ol. & benzoic ac. The best preparation is the ess. ol. next to this the powder The principal & probably its sole operation, is a nervine one Said to be stim. & aphrod. etc. Dose zfs to zj of the powder It is used to perfume & flavour chocolate & is supposed to increase it, nervine [illegible] Dose of oil 10 to 30 drops Dipteryx odorata Bargosma Tonga (Person) [illegible] odorata (of older authors Tonka (or Tonga) bean Nat. ord leguminosae. Guiana Seeds are used their prox. prin. is [coomerin] which exists abundantly also in the flowers of melilotus off. crystallizes etc. & is probably like camphor a concrete vol. ess. ol. It is not stimulant probably not narcotic. It is used for scenting snuff & may always Dose of coomerin probably about the same as camphor P Tranthera pichurin Formerly Laurus pichuria Off. name pichuric faba Called also sassafras nut. From Brazil It affords a concrete greasy oil which is nervine Called carminitive & stomachic (i.e. nervine) & febrifuge (probably ant intermittent) Recommended for colica flatulenta diarrhea etc. Vide [illegible] batava An old article lately struck out of it British pharm. So also some of the previous articles Dose [illegible] to zjs. [illegible] Agallicum aloes wood Nat ord. legumindosae high mountains of Cochin China Lindley, by mistake, refers it to aguilaria agallica Dr Good refers it to excecaria agullicum An excrescence grows on and into the trunk of the tree. This when split longitudinally, exhibits the medicinal article that when first gathered is soft but soon grows hard of it there three sorts differing in value The substance is full if fibres & is a substance intermediate between concrete ess. oil of resin The distilled oil is used in medicine. The term lign aloes in the scriptures, was intended to refer to this but should not N.B Jonah’s gourd was a ricinus mandrake was an orchis mustard s phytolacca dodec. This article is used as a perfume (when burnt) It is nervine, rubefacient; said to be astringent, tonic and anthelmintic Said to relieve nause & vom. but, as is said, not connected with a phlogistic diath. Said to relieve anorexia gastrodynia Vid. Good art. dysp Idiopathic diarrhoea (on the contin. of Eur.) But the med. prof. are generally ignorant of the powers of opium in relieving diarrhoea. Extolled in the east for deinas vertigo or idiop. dizziness. Hysterical, convulsions, carus paralysis But probably the narcotics have the greatest power in relieving palsy by increasing the energy of the nervous system This article was formerly in the British pharm. & was lately brought into notice for the cholera Cymbopogon Ivarancusus Nat. ord granineae, saccharineae Called radix ivarancusa (Andropogon is another) & grass oil of memore? We have also cym. cop. schoenanthus of which the leaves are used The root near the [culm] yields the oil & when bruised by the feet of cattle perfumes the air around The root is somewhat bitter, pungent & aromatic. Probably the virtues reside like peper nig. & cubebs in a vol. & a fixed ess. oil. The vol. oil is extremely pungent & disperses a very agreeable fragrance This oil is a rubefacient it is called stomachic & antispasmodic Pharm. prep. The dried root in substance is used. Inf. & [dic.] are imperf. preparations. The ess. oil is the best preparation Probably the fixed ess. oil obtained by macerating in ether & evaporating would be active Diseases dyspepsia probably valuable in the irritable kind Colica flatulenta. cholera mal. in the congressional report the blank viz the of rad. [ivaran.], a tablespoonful once in two hours should probably be filled up with the spirit i.e. the essence or the tinct. Recommended also in simple fever in trop. climates, where true cauma does not exist, but instead of it synochus, & irritative atonic fever Relied on in India for curing intermittent (another nervine for intermittent) Recommended for rheumatism but topical irritants are not to be used as long as the rheumatism is erratic hysteria This article has been supposed to be the nard of the ancients but a species of valeriana [illegible] has been thought to be the article Polanesia graveolus (Decand.) Cleome dodecandra ([Purth]) called false mustard worm weed pink weed. But Prof. T. has ascertained that we have 90 & more snake roots!! Found all over N. England It has a strong bituminous smell, which proceeds from an ess. oil, resembling [worm] seed [illegible] & is said to be nervine narcotic & anthelmintic (other spec. of cleome are narcotic resembling conium) First investigated by Scheff a German surgeon to the Hessian troops who published a work on our M. M. Vide Ben. Smith Boston. Highly popular in Ohio, as a nervine and anthelmintic Valerian The sp. of the ger. are generally alpine plants growing in sphagn swamps of high mts. One spec. grows on the White Mts The roots are the active part & the vol. ess. oil is the act. prox. princ. Perhaps also there may be discovered a fixed exx. oil, if experiment. All are agreed to be antisp. i.e. nervine. Said also to be stim. But Prof. T. has settled that the roots whether given in infl. or in subst. have no stim. prop. He has not thoroughly tried the oil with ref. to this pt Said to be diuretic; & it does in fact resemble the terebinth oils Prof. T. has not however noticed this prop. Called anthelm. also V. celtica is supposed to be one of the weakest. It is used in Turkey to scent their baths. V. doscoridis grows in the Levant, & was described by him. thought stronger V. off. is most used in Europe & found in woods and wet meadows in Europe Cats are fond of it just as they are of catnip & of both, only after having been pulled up and suffered to wither Said to be narcotic. It is not however. N.B. Unless you push an article a considerable way you cannot distinguish whether its antirritant properties are the result of a narcotic or a nervine operation It is not tonic as has been said. It is called emmenagogue it is not certain whether it is so merely from its antirritant properties or not from its resemblance to the terebinthinates, it may be more than this Pharm. prep. 1st powder but this is inconvenient from its bulk, & should be freshly made which is also in convenient The tinct requires too much alc. The inf. is too weak unless for mild cases The vol. ess. oil is the best prep. Diseases. Hysteria convulsions & epilepsy useful as an auxiliary & palliative Recommended for hemicranic & chlorsis Swediaur mentions hyperchondrias. Prof T. has seen it of essential service in it. This dis. generally will not bear very active medication Sw. also mentions incipient anaurosis (paralysis of optic nerve) amenorrhoea & haemoptysis N.B. There are 1st entonic 2nd atonic 3d irrit. & rth vicarious hem. & for the 3d the valerian would be beneficial # Dose of powd. root [illegible] to zi 3 or 4 times a day; increased as far as the stomach will bear. Inf. zi to zii to 1 pt. [illegible] ment. salts of iron as incompatible this entirely improbably as the active principle is an ess. oil The prep by extract wastes the valerian The ammoniated tinct. will merely be spts of amm. flavoured with valerian for not more than a few drops could be given # Some profess to cure delirium tremens but the cases cured by it were merely mild ones, which one or two doses of opium wd cure ol. val. 10 or 20 gtts alc. zfs tinct chlor ferri zfs dose 20 to 40 gtts This Prof T. has found very valuable in various chronic nervous complaints e.g. cardialgia syncoptica Valeriana [vatanansi] of India yields a more abundant and elegant essential oil thought by Sir W. Jones to be the nard of the N.T. this not probable. A species of val. found near Castleton was determined by Dr Robbins to be the v. off. probably it is the same with the v. sylvatica of Franklin’s journey Nervines of the Nat. ord. orchideae Corallorhiza odontorrhiza Called dragon’s claw [hens] feet fever root Adam’s [race] etc. (Cymbidium) Root fleshy much branched but small When fresh smells strong powder said to attract moisture from the air First employed by Dr Graham of [Canton] & New Hartford He used it to promote quietness and diaphoresis in fever. Drs Todd Bestor & Reed were acquainted with him Probably it is (as is said) deobstruent Called aphrodisiac It is nervine & especially adapted to heat restlessness & dry skin of fever Powd. root dose about a t. sp. in some warm liquid once in 2 or 3 hours Prof. T. has used it considerable Cypripedium acaule or humile ladies slipper, moccasin plant etc. c. spectabile [illegible] & C. spectabili is collected indiscriminately with it & used with it also. The roots have a strong smell & a subacrid bitterish nauseous taste Graham above mentioned conjoined this with the preceding. This is not the article used as an antirritant by the Thompsonites. Rafinesque heaps up epithetics and gives a [succedanemus] for it. (arnica mont. is not narcotic cumula mariana which is aromatic & inula helenium which is deobstruent merely This article may possibly be deobstruent but this Prof. T. has not noticed It is especially useful in the same way as the previous article Give a teaspoonful of powd root Aplectrum hyemale (Nuttall) Cymbidium hyemale (Muhlenberg Called Adam & Eve One of the tuberous rooted orchideae but not like most of them, nutritious & demulcent merely. Roots are two tubers when bruised in water, they yield a viscid juice which joins broken glass Nervine Called deobstruent, [illegible] etc. Goodyera pubescens [Neottiv] pub. (Wild.) Rattlesnakes’s plaintain adders violet etc. Prof. T. has not used it. The whole plant has been used The Drs Whites of Hudson make extensive use of it in curing struma It is one of the rattlesnake antidotes but it is not active enough, probably either as a nervine or a deobstruent Asafoetida Asafoetida is more to be relied on for its expectorant effect, than any other part of its deobstruent Dose 10 gr. to zj (Swed.) But 10 gr. is a quantity entirely inefficient except it it be repeated very often A combination of ess. oil of val. is highly useful though the smell is intolerable being more volat. on account of the vol. oil Pills made of the gum alone are apt not to be dissolved it is better to conjoin a little camphor or ess. oil of valer. or conjoin soap The tinct. required too much alcohol to be given It is given in enema, rubbed up with milk not very powerful given in this way. It has been used extern. as a discut. Diseases carcialgia spasmodica (?) colica flatula. tympanitis physconia (parabismatus) Glandular tumours (buboes) as a discutient. Paronychia (in plaister) etc. etc. Swediaur Ferula opoponax The plant has been referred to various genera in the books called commonly pastinaca opop. It has been struck out of the British Pharm & hence though formerly much used it is not now often met with among us Perhaps it is exactly as valuable as asafoetida Ferula Persica yields the sagapenum formerly much used & perhaps neither inferior nor superior to opopine & asafoetida Selenum gummiferum yields also an inspissated sap with similar properties Galbanum officinale Formerly referred to bubon gallanum (S.) Umbelliferous also like the preceding Galbanum is similar to in med. prop. asafoetida in all respects. It is now only an ingredient in certain palister though equal in all respects to the preceding Resin anime (French) the product of the hymenaea [courbaril] yellowish resembles copal Ammoniacum Name a blunder for armeniacum as it came from Armenia. Referred by Willd. to heracleum gummif. which was in fact the H. pyrenaicum It is a [new] genus of the tribe [peneudaniae] viz. dorema ammoniacum It is native of the north of Persia Discorides called it ammoniacum by mistake, & hence referred it to Egypt Said to be procured by incisions & allowed to drop on the ground hence sometimes containing earth A part of it viz. the gum is soluble in water a part in alc. & eth. Hence triturated with water it yields a milky emulsion composed of a solution of gum with resin mechanically suspended It is doubtful 1st nervine in a moderate degree less so than asafoet. etc. 2nd deobstruent & more so than they & resolvent, expectorant & discutient. 3d cathart. in large quantities 4th externally irritant? Not stim. but irritant Doze [illegible] to zj Prep. mistura ammoniac. zjj water ½ pt Pills also are used Emplastrum ammon. made with vinegar ammon. made with vinegar & the vinegar evaporated Diseases dyspepsia when the bowels are lax. with bitters A useful auxiliary to myrrh & iron In visceral obstructions, torpor, & parabisma as an auxiliary to conium, corr. sub. & iron Chronic coryza in conjunction with the acrid bitters as liriodendron ilicium, etc. Simple idiop. cough but not as is said as an expectorant, for expectoration is not indicated, & should be checked Still ammon. is not to be relied on alone opium & sometimes conium or hyoscyamus, should Dyspnoes exac. or asth. it is much employed, but to no good purpose Influenza when the expectoration is just going off cojoined with Pneumonitis cammatodes enjoined with squill & antimony after bleeding Pneumon. typhodes var. notha. Yet more eff. art. are better Phthisis employed in a routine way to promote expect. a thing most earnestly to be deprecated Externally in plaister to white swellings etc. Halusia hypochondrine conjoined with iron & myrrh valuable Hysteria. Chlorosis inops (green sickness) in both probably of little valuable Mineral nervines Ethers are all the volatile & inflammable liquids formed by the actions of acids on alcohol. There are two distinct classes one consisting of 4 equiv. of proto carb. hyd. combined with 1 of some acid The second consist of one equiv. of sulph. ether (common ether) with one equiv. of some acid. Of the first class we have as yet [illegible] ether (sulph. eth.) which consists of 4 prot. car. hyd. or 1 tetra carbohydrogen & 1 water (N.B. water is an acid it will even combine with some bases & supersede for all the acids acids e.g. hydrate of bismuth made by throwing nit. bism. into water) The name sulph. ether has been changed on the cont. of Eur. into hydric or hydratic ether. Besides there is a true sulphuric ether with one equiv. of sulph. acid 2d Sulph. eth. is 4 prot. carb. hyd. 1 sul. acid called sweet oil of [wine] etc. 3d Hydrochloric eth. 4th Hydro [bronic] 5th Hydriodic all [sim.] in composition & sim. in med. powers. Probably there are more also # We have first di-carburetted hyd. (light carb hyd. 2 hyd 1 carb.) next proto carb. hyd or simply carb. & hyd. & This may exist in five varieties first one condensed one half proto-carbo-hyd. (Th) second olef. [illegible] condensed [illegible] ([deuto] carbo hyd) 3d [trite] carbo hyd. condensed to 1/6 (subperolifiant [illegible]) 4d tetarto-carbohyd cond. 1/8 & this exists in ether 1 equiv. of it 5th hexa-carbo-hyd. (cond. to ½). Others as Mr. Dutton consider these combinations as different compounds consisting of 1 & 1 2 & 2 3 & 3 etc. which seems to be trifling with the subject 1st [illegible] carb. hy. proto are 3 sesqui carb 4 deuto carb. These are the compounds of carb. & hyd. And the second exists in 6 different forms as above It was formerly thought that the deuto carb. hyd. (which exists in alc.) was the compound in ether $ [Prot???] also ether made by sulphocyanogen (which is an acid) 2nd class of ethers, consist of 1 of hydric ether & 1 of acid 1st [hypometrons] 2nd carbonons (carbonic oxide which is an acid) acetic citric, malic, benzoic & formic ether also oxalic ether? N.B. the hydric ether is producible by four different acids inc. sulph., phoshporic, arsenic, & [fluoboric]. Two other sorts of substances as have been improperly called ethers one sort compounded with 4 of pr. carb. hyd. & [is] of an empyreal principle e.g. chlorine forming the chloric ether of the [illegible] iodine & bromine & Prof. S. chloric ether which contain 2 of prot. carb. hyd. & 1 cholrine Hydric ether called ether [hydricus] & [hydrat???] & sulphurias & vitriolicus ether rectificantus E probenii & naphtha vitrioli Liquor [etherium] vitriolicus ([tetrakis] hydrates of the proto- carburet of hydrogens!) Boils in [illegible] at 20. vapour about twice as heavy as air a little poured into a vial displace most of the common air Vapour readily ignited. have caution about pouring it by candle light. Water absorbs 1/10 80 fl. drams of eth. dissolves zi of phosphorus But if it contains only a little alc. it will require 24 fl dr. Hence phosphuretted ether is useless. In general it is a powerful solvent Equivalent number 37 viz 28 + 9 = 4 x (6 + 1) + 9 Until within two years the composition was considered as 2 olef. [gas] & 1 water equal also. 4 ether acids viz. arsenic, chrom, sulphuric, [fl?boric] & phosphoric acids will also produce ether as well as sulphuric Alcoh. consists of 2 equiv. of olef. [gas] & 2 of water or 1 & 1 (or 4 p.c.h & 2 [illegible]) Etherification consists in the abstraction of one equivalent of water And if you add acid enough to abstract all the water, you have olefiant gas Thompson thinks sulpho [illegible] acid is first formed & afterwards the prot. carb. hyd. goes from the acid to the water by means of heat The best test of purity is spec. grav. Sulph acid may be detected by baryta Alc. will cause a milky solution with phosphorus If kept still for a long time it is decomposed into acetic acid, alc. & water Med. eff. glows in stomach thrill to the extremities languor & lass. quieting of irr. & rest carried further it produces calm placid sensation & finally exhiliration & delirum. After this all its effects pass off without any exhaustion any somnolency etc. nothing more than fatigue, if great exertions have been made No indirect debility (i.e. prostration as from opium, & wine) follows as is said by Dr Ives & others. But Prof. T. thinks this nothing more than might be expected No article in the mouth produces so quickly diffuse & transient an operation as this It is a pure nervine When respired it is in all respects similar to nitrous oxide, both in the effects & duration. The effects cannot be distinguished. By successive inhalations, after each one has passed off, the effects continue longer. Prof. T. has never known it last in this way more than 6 hours Best inhaled from a vial or handkerchief It produces its effects more powerfully when inhaled than when taken into the stomach. Prof T has repeatedly examined the pulses of persons under the influence of eth. & nitrous ox. and also has again and again caused others to examined but never could discover any increase of strength. He entertained a different opinion previously. Others have changed their opinion in the same way Ether in his first & second course of lectures in N. Haven Prof. T. thought ether a stimulant circumstances led him to investigate its operation when taken into the stomach. Another physician quoted who was equally surprised to find that no increase of the strength of the pulse could be produced by it Others admit this, but think that perhaps the stimulation is too transient to be perceptible! or that other stimulates the nervous system Ed. & Vav. say that ether has no effect on the circulating system. These authors first turned the attention of Prof. T. to the subject. Hence A. T. T. is entirely wrong in comparing the action of eth to that of alc. Ether resembles rather cocculus etc. other nervine narcotics. Murray classed it among the narcotics Hence since this time British writers have celled it narcotic. But Prof. T. never could produce this effect by pushing ether. It probably might be pushed so far as to suspend the functions of the brain & produce a sort of apoplexy but this would not be ultimate narcosis. It is not anodyne or soporific except as it is antirritant So of it its diaph. diuret. or expect. It is not aphrodisiac except it be so by its nervine power Called anthelmintic also It is a common notion that it cannot be depended on for constant & permanent effect as a nervine But Prof. T. though he formerly thought so, has seen & heard good reason to change his opinion especially when combined with some more permanent article as wine Dose 15 or 20 drops on sugar (Sw.) It is more astringent in this way Yet a fl z or more may often be required Prof. T. has seen ether inhaled hundreds of times & yet never knew lethargic effects produced by it. It has been supposed that it may bring on mania, in the predisposed yet it can only bring on delirium & there is no evidence that del. will bring on mania The delirium of acute diseases does not bring or mania often. Perhaps also it may destroy life by continued apoplectic effect on the brain Intoxication by alc. is a different effect from the exhiliration of nitrous oxide or etherial vapour. The effect of ether may not exhibit the inability to regulate motion & to articulate & does not grow to narcosis Diseases spasmodic & hysterical diathesis So lethargic diathesis & a tendency to paralysis Recommended for a carious tooth, when painful When taken into the stomach it irritates the mucous membrane, obviates torpor & creates susceptibility to other articles Orfila introduced it into & confined it in the stom. of a dog. The phen. exhibited after death seemed to show no narcotic effect, but an erythem. infl. by an acrid Probably from its pungency or acrimony it would produce vomiting in excessive quantities Ether externally applied & suffered to evaporate, produces cold & diminution of bulk. But when confined, it prod. a sens. of heat rubefact. & perhaps even vesic. A mixt. of hydric & hydrochloric ether (in alc.) evaporates instantaneously hence this mixture might be applied to hernia Ether is useful to dry up water from the surface of a vial for instance Diseases Odontic dol. Spasmodic atonic dysphagia. A paroxysm may be relieved by hydric ether. Case of an aged phys who took it for years, just before sitting down to his meals He was ultimately cured by conium & iron Dyspepsia Dr Ives quoted, who gives it to correct [wine] & to combine with comp tinct. cinch. or compd tinct lavender especially for the intemperate S. syncoptici gastrodynia cardialgia valuable. Spasmodic vomiting especially from a debauch. It is said that a fit of intoxication may be almost entirely suspended by ether Ether is a common resort in seasickness IT seems to be about the best remedy Colica flatulenta is often completely relieved C. ciberia produces wonderful effects. Cholera vulgaris an adjuvant Chololisthus [illegible] mixed with ol. turp. highly extolled said to dissolve the gall stones Bex sicca & humida sometimes surprisingly relieved Prof. I. uses a mixt of the spir. am. & mucilage Bex [dyspno???] mixed with elix. [pary.] Dyspnoea exac. relieves by inhalation Stomalgia (angina pect.) palliates the parox. Periodical fevers palliates when there is nervous symptoms Typhus qualifies the action of brandy or wine just as these qualify tonics Dr Rush never suffered a pat. to die without trying eth. in z doses once an hour & often cured cases apparently desperate Supposed to be more especially adapted to cases of subsultus Cephalitis caumatodes evaporated from the head let a current of air from the feet to the head carry off the vapour from the nostrils Low malignant fevers Catarrhs of all sorts much thot of on the cont. of Eur. by inhal. & internally Dyspnoea of phthisis gives great relief. Acute & subacute arthritis externally by evaporation, or as an irritant but we should never use it so long as the aff. is erratic Dolores rheumaticus (SW.) Muscular pains (Murr) arthrodynia tumores dolores inflammatories (Sw.) Low atonic exanthematica Idiopath. atony or debility (Sw.) doubtful if there is any such disease Gangrena [sphecelus] when nervines are indicated as they often are. Hallusia hypochondrias syncope neuralgia auris cures it if made to act if as an irr. sulph eth. saturated with opium & camph recommended by Prof. T. as the best remedy Cephalea hem. & nausea cures sometimes the first when pushed & continued & if given (eth. & spts ammoniae equal parts dose a fl z or alone) early in the paroxysm before it has fairly set in [Enteria] [systrema] (France) Synochous singultus hiccup chorea Catalepsy Prof. T. has repeatedly seen a paroxysm broken up Carus asphyxia after animation is restored from its diff [illegible] it may be given before in a starch enema Hydrops various sorts Paruria inops Prof. I. dose f zfs at short intervals eq. parts spts. turp & ether Parodynia inops? nervous weakness two or three doses have restored action when ergot had failed Parodynia convulsiva var. hysterica Burns & scalds mixed with spts of ammonia managed so as to produce refrigeration or irritation Prof. I. Concussions or shocks useful from its diffusibility & transient effects Strangulated hernia by evaporation or has succeeded after failure by all other means for 12 hours Prof. I advises [it in all cases previous to operations [unless] the symptoms are too urgent. Prof T. has often succeeded by it. A sensation of pungency & warmth is felt by the patient but the parts feel quite cold to another. Inflammation is prevented & [illegible] made easy vid Dunc. Comm. vol. IX Sulphuric Ether This should be the name, but it hardly bears it Called sweet oil of wine. Oleum ethereum, oleum vini etc. Comes over after the formation of [illegible] ether. Vide Dispensatories & [illegible] Best prepared by distilling a mixture of equal vol. of sul. ac. & alc. & purifying the prod with potassa by [illegible] it carbonate [illegible] A yellowish, fragrant liquid Consists of 4 prot. carb. hyd. condensed to 1/8. (tetarto carbo hyd. 1 vol.) not olef. gas as Prof. S. says 28 + 1 sul. ac. 40 = 68 When kept a long time it changes into sulpho [vinic] acid by giving up ½ of its protocarb. hyd. in a crystalline state If agitated with water also, it changes into sulpho vin. ac. & gives up its 2 prop. of pr. c. h. in the shape of an oil. This article resembles hydric ether considerably & hence is said commonly to possess the same general powers Prof. T. knows of no accurate experiments on it. It seems quite certain that it is a nervine probably it will turn out like hyd. eth. not to be stimulant It has been used not alone but in Hoffmans anodyne liquor & some such preparations. Compound spirit of ether contains it In dyspepsia with paroxysms of excessive secretion of air (Prof. T. has had opportunity to watch several such cases the air was secreted by an empty stomach & prevented by food Aromatic spirit of ether is [hydric] [eth.] of alc. [illegible] pungent by spices an old & fine preparation. Good recom. to add to this the sulphuric ether Hydrochloric Ether muriatic ether naphtha salis Not well known before 1804 Thenard obtained not by using dilute liquid [muriatic acids] buy by keeping a quantity of salt an hour in a state of fusion putting 20 parts of it into a [triturated] retort & 10 parts alcohol add 10 parts sulph. ac gradually distil over into a Wolfe’s bottle containing alcohol. Agitate with sol. potassa The ether swims on the surface. This is the best process Others are followed This ether is a gas colourless a strong [illegible] smell & sweet taste. Sp. gr. 2.2 Becomes liquid at 52 [degrees] The liquid is colourless, very liquid & resembles the gas in its properties Much more volatile than hydric ether. No tests give indication of hydrochloric acid hence the acid is in a state of strict chemical combination Comp. 4 p. c. h. = 28 + h. ac. 37 + 65 As this article is a gas of course it must be united with something in order to be used in medicine. It is used combined with alc. & called spir. salis dulcis sp. vinous muriaticus spiritus muriatico etherens ether alcoholicatum spiritus salis dulcificatus etc. Swediaur says its virtues are the same as the spirit of hydric ether (Hoffman’s mineral anodyne) It is undoubtedly nervine Said to be stimulant. called analeptic (i.e. it relieves a fainting fit or a fit of sinking) but the only analeptics are the nervines & stimulants Called diuretic also by various pharmacopoeias. Said to be useful in bilious fevers but all fevers are called bilious especially in this [country] in Albany for instance the common fever is T. mitior yet all their fevers are called bilious Dose mentioned is 30 to 60 drops probably more would probably be often needed 2nd Class of ethers 1 eq. of hydric eth. & 1 of some acid Hyponitrous ether Ether nitrosus, naphtha nitrosum etc. Put into a retort eq. weight alc. & nitric acid connected with 5 successive jars of brine. Apply heat & the ether gives over & is collected in the jars A colourless liquid lighter than water boils in the hand Comp. 1 hyd. eth. 37 + 1 hyponit. ac 26 = 63 Prof. T. thinks the formula given in the Phil. ph. 1831 from spt. nitrous eth. will produce a genuine hyponitrous ether pure or impure. The formula in the N.Y. Pharmacopoeia is an old and a bad one most of the ether escapes in gas (Rx mix nit. ac. & alc. & distil) & the product is probably a solution of alc. nit. & acetic acid. & nitrous acid & ether The spiritus etherus nitricus etc. etc. etc. found in our shops are probably always formed according to this old formula & consist of this mixture. There are in fact however 3 kinds sweet spirits of nitre 1st genuine hyponitrous eth. 2nd the mixture just stated & 3d a chemical mixture of nitric ac. & alc. formed by dropping nit. ac. into alc. (containing however some hyponit. eth. & some water) Paris describes this chem. union of nit. ac. (prepared by distilling alc. & nit. ac.) is fragrant pungent, acidulous strikes a green col. with sulph iron Medicinal properties Quincy says, “diuretic 20 to 120 gtt Whitens and ultimately destroys the teeth Quenches thirst diaphoretic, diuretic, antilithic, carminative etc. etc. James’ Dispensatory Similar accounts given by [illegible] dispensat Quenches thirst promotes the natural secretion etc. in short the James account copied So of Cox’s & Thatcher’s dispensatory. The latter however calls it antispasmodic & says it will relieve strangury combined with laudanum Peirson’s M.M. calls it refrigerant & diuretic. A. T. T. refrig. diuret. antisp. relieves nausea & flatulence Murray refrigerant, diuretic, stimulant relieving nausea & flatulence Chapman syas it is given in too small doses ½ oz as a diuretic etc. etc. etc. Dr Bigelow calls it too stimulating & heating to be given in fever All quote from James that mixed with malt or common spirit it gives the flavour of French brandy Here followed in the worthy Professor’s lecture an enumeration of the properties ascribed to it by the diff. authors amounting to 20 1st a weak & inefficient medicine 2nd a moderate refrigerant least doses a fl z 2 or 3 hours interval Prof. T. early in his practice employed it considerably in phlogistic diseases 3d a moderate nervine less active as a nervine than as a refrig. dose should be rather more than 1 fl z (teaspoonful) 4th moderately diuretic least dose half an ounce (tablespoonful) 4 or even 8 times in a day Like other refrigerants it increases the heat of low atonic fevers Not stimulant nor tonic nor diaphoretic (Prof T. has watched it for this) nor deobstruent (i.e. promoting all the nat. secretions) though [illegible] & Durand recommends it in diseases of the liver Therap. application The dis. which Prof. T. has seen it useful in teething of infants (an irritative disease) It is pleasant for children’s taste Idiop. acute ptyalism (Good does not describe it it is sometimes epidemic irritative) Typhus infantum childs fever very useful, combined with wine of ipec. & el. paregor. Synochus usefully added to the water for drink principally as a nervine Cauma vulgaris also in the water Secondary stages of all the sub putrid & synochous phlogotica also in the caumatoid phlogotica (commending with cauma) Urethritis blenorrhea (Blenorrhea serodes) very useful conjoined with copaiba & mucilage of gum arabic Sub putrid exanthematica Idiop. syngultus & palpitation Cellular thoracic & abdominal dropsy But do not float it on a large quantity of a decoction & suffer it to stand & evaporate give a tablespoonful with each [illegible] draught. Efficient in paruria inops, as an auxiliary Still more so in paruria Irritative stranguary (N.B. when the bladder is torpid give nothing that will increase the quantity of urine already in the bladder Paruria stillitation ver. [ardens] auxiliary to opium or conium Epidrosis profusa (morbid sweating) by increasing the urinary discharge Enanthesis roseola (rose rash) an irritative unimportant disease for which this is well adapted Exorbia lichen (heat rash) Both classes of ethers are nervine The second class seems in general to be refrigerant Acetic Ether Naphtha acetica 1 hyd. eth. 37 + 1 acetic ac. 50 = 87 Distil acet. ac. sulph. ac. & alc. or ac. potassa 16 oz alc. 16 oz concentrated sul ac 6 oz distil off & then wash with lime water Or use ac plumbi Peculiar taste odorous boiling pt 165 [degrees] does not redden blue veg. col. undergoes no change by keeping Dissolves in 7 parts of water Evaporates Taste cooling, aromatic & slightly bitter Bat. Ph. Nervine analeptic refrigerant & diaphoretic Pharm. Bot. moderate nervine & refrigerant & perhaps diuretic Prof. T. Less nervine than the ethers of the first class. Irritant & rubefacient & usefully so Prof. I. calls it discutient & warming when applied with friction Useful in various diseases of the nervous system & in catarrh & rheumatism Ph. Bot. Two other articles have been called ethers & are composed of 2 proportions of proto carb. hyd. & 1 of a [suppost??] of comb. 1st Chloric ether of all the books except Mr. Silliman’s 4 prop pr. carb. hyd. 23 + 1 chlorine 36 = 64 2nd Chloric ether of Mr S. [Dischlor. carburet of hydrogen composed of 2 equiv. of prot. carb. hyd. = 14 + 1 chlorine 36= 50 Other names are given description of the composition but not of the proportions. These two only of the compounds of this class are called ethers But others might be so called The first is hot aromatic & bitterish yellowish green colour IT is not much known medicinally in general analogous to other ethers said to be stimulant probab The second has been also called hydrocarburet of chlorine & hydrochloride of carbon Formed by uniting chlorine with olef. gas Vide Guthrie’s improved meth. Sill. [illegible] comp 1 olef gas 14 + 1 chlorine 36 + 50 1 vol of each condensed [illegible] (spec. grav. = to that of the two united) Becomes solid (if pure) at 47 [degrees} Fahrt. 1st obviate languor & lass. (unphlogistic) 2d relieves irrit. sensib. etc. (nonphlg.) 3d preternatural wakefulness 4th exhiliration of mind 6th sensation fo coldness & then an actual reduction of temperature 5th Reduces the frequently of the pulse in a healthy person These results have been produced in the order named by the pure article Taken pure it irritates the muc. mem. of al. can. & thus increases the susceptibility to the impression of other remedies Prof. T. has also experimented with Mr. Guthrie’s solution in 12 parts alcohol. C. Terry took f zfs in water in ½ hour pulse reduced 12 beats in a min. another dose produced exhiliration which lasted 3 or 4 hours Sensations of coolness & actual reduction of temp. an alvine evacuation at night So far from the pulse being stronger it was not increased in strength by the fl z of the alc. There was headache & somnolency caused by this quantity of alc. Mr. Guthrie is mistaken in calling it too strong & too volatile to be used without dilution. Prof. T. takes I undiluted Mr Guthrie puts into a clear copper still 3 pds chloride of lime (i.e. chloroxide of calcium) to 2 gall. alc. & distils Dichloride of carbon a crystalline solid probably nervine Prot chloride of carbon colourless limpid liquid probably nervine also Sesqui chloride of carbon crystalline solid also probably nervine also Protoxide of nitrogen Sr H. Davy was led to investigate it by Dr S. S. Mitchell’s theory about nitrogen being the principle of putrefaction (septom) & also of contagion & infection If it could be condensed into a liquid form it would probably resemble hydric ether in its med. prop. Prof. T. tried it extensively in low atonic diseases (before he had any notion of its not being stimulant) & could produce none but a nervine effect It was of now service in keeping up the vital powers. Bitumen Naphtha & petroleum Petroleum is thicker than naphtha B. pix resembles picket. B. maltha is of the consistance of wax The first three only are used in medicine Sulphuric & nitric acids convert naphtha & petroleum into a resin, by yielding oxygen N.B. Petroleum means “rock oil” It drops from rocks, in some places. They become oxydised by long exposure to the air becoming dark or black. They may be produced by distilling coal tar (B. pix). Very volatile Comp. 2 carb. 12 + 3 hyd. = 15 Prof. T. has tried these & found them 1st nervine 2nd deobstruent 3d irritant no sudorific Diseases Helminthia as car. [illegible] & H. taeniae. Arthritis rheumatalgia (chronic rheumatism) externally applied much used in India more efficacious than cajeput oil. Thought valuable internally also in our country Hysteria & epilepsy externally (India) also internally with us in hyst. Paralysis externally in India also with us internally valuable Various cutaneous aff. instead of tar pt porrigo crustacea (occasionally is cured by it) & exormia prurigo var. [miti] naphtha (cured after trying various things) we may always cure cutaneous diseases by persevering in trying different articles 3d Prurigo formicans (cured) Burns & scalds nothing is better it is mild and soothing Oleum Succini Electri Oil of amber Amber is found most abundantly on the low lying shorts of the Baltic Appears to be a mineralized resin. perhaps that of decayed pine. Probably copal is the same substance (produced however not from the same tree, probably) it produces a good oil of amber & succinic acid as amber Oil of amber is obtained by distillation Pellucid yellowish, aromatic, odorant. Called antispasmodic, in general Prof. T. never could make it produce increased heat, or stimulation. He has found it 1st nervine 2nd decidedly deobstruent may be expectorant diuretic & probably emmenagogue Dose 10 to 15 drops various authors. Prof. T. has found these doses too small in general Diseases 1st arthritis rheumatalgia (called chronic rheum but may be chronic, subacute or acute) give 20 drops every 3 hours Apply it externally conjoined with spirit of ammonia or some such article with friction at first then put it on a cloth cover this with another & then pass over it a hot flat iron Urethritis blenorrhoica (clap) & probably gleet etc. Prof. T. gives it in connnexion with bals. cop. & gives as much as the stomach will bear not suffering it to purge & if there is much tendency that way add laudanum. Entasia tetanus recommended buy Rush (a free use of spts turp. has been thought highly useful in tetanus) Hysteria much used Neuralgia locally applied mixed with Palsy internally & locally as in rheumat. Paramenia obstructionis Par Oleum succini oxydatum called moschus factitius artificial musk. Rx ol. amb. f zi nit. ac. f z iii ss in a glass vessel add the acid drop by drop stirring with a glass rod let it stand 36 hours separate the resin wash till it is tasteless 1st with cold & then with warm water # Vide U.S. phar. Prof. T. has had the mixture taken pure spontaneously while standing Keep it in a wide mouthed glass stoppered vessel, so that when it hardens you can get it out with a spatula Dose [illegible] fs to [illegible] j of the substance Properties similar to resins of myrospermum toluiferum & of xanthorrhea has [tilis] (yellow resin of N. Holl.) May be given in substance but requires something else to give it consistency for pills. Tinct zii to 1 pt. of very strong alc. (Ph. Batard) Prof. T. thinks 1 pt. will dissolve ziv This article is supposed to be merely oxydized al. amb. Yet it differs from the resin amber Diseases diarrhea [illegible] # Cold water hardens, but warm water melts it. (Good’s species of diarrhoea are more varieties as they run into each other. N.B. D. tubularis is a membranific enteritis & D. gypsata is a symptom of dyspepsia) dose for diarrhea 1 t.sp. of the tincture 4 times in 24 h. useful as an auxiliary to opium. Bex convulsivo (hooping cough) much employed often very useful sometimes not so when we cannot tell Dr. E. Reed considers it of high value in this disease conjoined with elix. pareg. Seems to be as good as musk. Dyspnoea exacerbans (N.B. the disease so called here is dyspnea chronica & dysp. exac. is called asthma) Recommended by Dr Reed as he does also its use in hysteria & convulsions Recommended in epilepsy Pyracetic spirit of pyracetic ether are nervine probably. N.B. probably most physicians apply the term nervine to any thing that relieves nervous irritability Narcotics [Torpentia] of Darwin. Sedativa (But sedantia i.e. refrig. is also translated sedative) 1st directly allay morbid irritab. & irr. etc. & correspond with the first degree of a nervine op. & often of a stimulant. 2nd relieve pain which the nervines 3d produce sleep 4 vertigo headache faintness affection of sight nausea vom. cold extrem. cold sweats convulsions (common epileptic or tetanic). delir. stupor causes death 1st antirritant 2nd anodyne 3d soporific 4th ultimate narcosis A small quant. may be exhib. the 1st a larger [the] 2nd also & a larger the 3d & so on . Generally to obtain one of the latter operations you must first have the previous ones Under certain circumstances actual erethism of the brain & nerves that is increased energy of intellectual functions and of motion. N.B. erethism is a morbid degree of activity energy & perfection of the functions of a part. Intellectual erethism occurs in the first stage of del. tremens Intellectual erethism occurs often in typhus throughout the whole disease. All the [illegible] may be used to produce this Now it has been argued a thousand times with regard to cholera that as there is a lesion of the nervous function & diminution of nervous energy But narcotics are the very articles to obviate this The nervine & stimulant narcotics contribute most to obviate this nervous lesion. But all of them may be made to etc. etc. Hyoscyamus & opium produce common convulsions Camphor nutmeg & ol. tansy epileptic convulsions. Nux vomica produces tetanic conv. Opium & hyoscyam. convulse the voluntary muscles Sclerotum claves & actea convulse the involuntary muscles first Camphor & ol. tansy convulse both the volunt. & invol. muscles Some of the doebstruent narc. produce convulsions as a primary part of their narcotic operation e.g. ergot & actaea. Probably all the ecbolics act in this way only and are narcotics which produce common convulsions in the invol. muscles as a primary part of their operation Many of Prof. T.’s medical friends have employed large doses of opium in collapse of cholera Other narcotics besides opium will relieve the coma etc. of low fevers Opium is the best because it is also nervine & stimulant. The deobstruent narcotics will also produce the effect e.g. nux vomica in case of a paralytic limb which obviates the lesion of function of the nerve Actaea lobelia digitalis conium etc. have this effects digitalis being the weakest Narcotics likewise produce an effect on the bloodvessels, when pushed so far as to disturb the functions of the brain & spinal cord. The paresis of the semilunar ganglion produced by narcotics may be relieved by quick vom. (as with turpeth min) unless the paralysis is too great, when life may be destroyed Ultimate narcosis is of no remedial utility It should be counteracted by aromatics acrids & stimulants This may be done without diminishing the remedial effect Alcohol is a counteragent of narcosis N.B. It will not counteract the nervine & the stimulant operation But its own nervine and stimulant operation will counteract the ultimate narcosis of a narcotic N.B. also the narcotic effect of one narcotic will not counteract that of another but the article so managed as to be nervine will counteract the ultimate narcosis of another narcotic Four sorts of congestion 1st simple superficial congestion caused by increased action of the heart always entonic 2nd simple visceral caused by weak action of the heart always atonic 3d paralytic congestion caused by weakness of the capillaries the heart remaining strong always atonic requiring the vessels to be invigorated 4th inflammatory caused by topical infl. of the part. either entonic atonic or irritative requiring refrigerants, stimulants nervines & or deobstruents [Now] narcotics by obviating lesions of nervous function will relieve general visceral congestion Secondly by being pushed too far they will increase visceral cong. by weakening the brain and nerves & consequently the blood vessels but they should never be pushed so far No articles are equal to narcotics in relieving general visceral congestion especially if they are likewise nervine & stimulant Deobstruent narcotics relieve congestion like the simple but they relieve many inflammatory congestions by their deobstruent narcotics Evacuating narcotics act like the simple. The evacuation is apt to increase the congestion at least if [illegible] Simple superficial congestion will not require narcotics they will be stark [naught] Nervines produce sleep only by obviating irritation the narcotics appear to have this effect by a direct effect on the brain The mistake of Murray & of John Brown was caused by the latter’s forming all his conclusions of narcotics from alcohol wine and opium Sedative and stimulant effects have nothing to do with one another hence they do not stand in the relation of cause and effect, as J. Brown supposed. They are not at all inconsistent or incompatible Perhaps there is no article in which the narcotic, stim. & nerv. operation result from distinct proximate principles Some have supposed that all narcotics are deobstruent i.e. have an efficacy in resolving inflammations But probably they do this merely by their antirritant power & act only on the irritative inflammations. Some as Murray think no pure narcotics exist. But we have cyanagen (pure & highly active), Hydrocyamic acid, ess. oil of cerasus lauro cerasus, [gelsem???] nitidum, Helmas [illegible] spigelia anthelmas [illegible] datura tabula, stromium, [illegible] etc. hyoscyamus niger, atropa belladonna These articles differ among one another yet they are all pure narcotics, & possess no other properties. They are not therefore substitutes for one another (It is apt to be said that narcotics cure diarrhea but none of them are worth a fig for this, but opium) Although all the narcotics produce sleep yet 5 or 6 of them can be conveniently used for this purpose Single full doses, after 12 hours produce a state of prostration, with languor vertigo etc. which passes off in 12 or 24 hours This is produced more conspicuously by opium Brown called it indirect debility consequent on stimulation, but it has no connexion with stimulation & is likewise mere prostration and not debility. I. Brown’s other cases of indirect debility do not differ from direct debility The habitual use of narcotics is supposed generally by the profession to produce great general insusxceptibility (besides in insusceptibility to the particular article) together with tendency to visceral congestion Prof. T. & his friends have never found this to be the case, & some late communications in the European journals contradict the notions. Prof. T. never could discover that opium produce exhaustion of vital energy, like alc. & wine Confessions of an opium eater quoted. Prof. T. has first and last known a considerable number of opium eaters Authorities quoted in England All the injurious effects of tobacco & tea seem to Prof. T. to produce no ill effects except nervous tremors & limosis syncoptica slightly Prof. T. has continued conium more than two years without any injurious effects Visceral obstructions appear to be caused by alcohol and wine only Limosis [syncoptria] is produced mainly by the nervine & stimulant narcotics & slightly by the nervine narcotics as tea and tobacco Probably this is the effect of a nervous operation as coffee produces it & hop in slight degrees (& this is merely nervine & tonic) Groups 1st Narcotica simplicia hydrocyan. ac. ol. cherry [Gilsem] nit. helor erythr spigelia anth & nar datura latuda, stram. [illegible] Hyos. atropa mandregera [illegible] probably also ergot [Sollini] [illegible] Agarici (several) etc. probably The simple narcotics are solely sedative ([what] includes all the stages except the last) They are employed when the nervines could not be sufficiently active. Used more in chronic than in acute diseases Though when combined with stimulants they may be used in acute disease. They are not calculated to remove the headache & [illegible] of phlogistic diathesis which requires depletion Quequid non adjuvat nocet Likewise improper in low atonic cases upon the same principle, viz that of aggravating the general burden of the system 2nd Narcotica incitantia Generally nervine also Alcohol, wine opium (which is diaphoretic also & cholagogue Lactarum (from several species of lactica e.g. L. sativa etc. cultiva 3 indigenous sped (in the n. states) S. elongata L. integrifolia L. sanguinea one lower leaves [illegible] one all [illegible] one all entire) Camphor (from laurus campnora & dry balsamas camphor) Myristica moschata (common nutmeg) very analogous to camphor N.B. the expressed sap. or the watery extract of the lacturae is scarcely narcotic at all These narcotics are the most important of the narcotics. For their stimulant & antirritant effects merely we must give them in small doses repeated. For the production of sleep & relief of pain larger doses are required Formerly these articles were only used occasionally Cullen understood them better than anyone before him. His treatise in his m.m. is still the best on opium. It is a prevalent notion at present that they are mere placebos and will not cure disease They are indispensable in low diseases to create susceptibility to other articles and to sustain the patient There are two modes of using them 1st in small doses repeated 2nd in single full doses once or twice in the 24 hours The first is the only mode proper for severe disease The doses and periods of repetition vary with circumstances We must follow the rule of the tropical writers respecting calomel neque [pondes] neque mensura sed [levanen] morbi 2 or 3 grains an hour may be needed In the genus typhus they are needed to relieve the restlessness, heat, pain etc. In true typhus there is also more or less lesion of the brain and nervous system. Prof. T. never saw a case of typhus where, in some or all of the stages, these articles were not indicated. Great pains and closeness of observation are needed in order to prescribe them successfully The state of the patient’s mind powerfully counteracts or assists the operation of these articles Case of a young man who by mistake took laudanum to the amount of 15 grs of opium he was very intensely engaged in business immediately after and suffered no inconvenience The only really troublesome symptom from large doses of opium, when highly indicated is torpor of the bladder (relieved by tinct. [canth.]) & sometimes itching of the skin IN chronic cases the medicinal [illegible] of the old phys. are better (even if the quantity is the same) then night & morning viz early in the morning 11 o clock evening bed time sometimes 6 times a day is better even if the quantity is the same Sydenham understood opium well so did Drs Cullen Darwin & Rush Opium is the most important of all medicinal agents. Purging is the med agent most abused bleeding & the refrigerants next. Prof. T. has never injured a patient by the stimulant narcotics NB though he has taken the same pains with regard to emetics & cathartics still an error in these cannot be rectified The great error in the use of opium is in giving too large doses & at too long intervals After purging & bleeding, antimony & mercury are oftenest abused 3d Narcotica deobstomentia Generally they are also feeble Conium actaea lobelia digitalis strychnus nux vomica [illegible] ignatii [illegible] sangastura [Ethusa] sinapium (Fool’s parsley) [illegible] maculatus C. bulbifera Phellandrium aquaticum chaerophyll maculatum [illegible] catifolium (probably the weakest) Useful in phlogotica pulmonary diseases etc. 4th Narcotica evacuantia Generally they are used for their Nicotiana tobacum nervine, deobst. emetic cahtartic sialagogue Cuculus [plukenatii] & suberosus nervine emetic narcotic deobstruent? Hydrocyanic acid Discovd by Scheele 1780 Gay Lussac first discovered it in purity First used by Dr Oliver in Salem Mass. First published account was Magendie 1807. Both were led to use it from supposing it the active principle of laurel water A colourless transparent liquid odour suffocating taste cool pungent and bitter sp. gr. 600 strong tendency to evaporate Feebly reddens litmus combines with ammonia & the veg. alk. does not combine with oxydes a cyanide is formed Decomposed at a high temperature & by the action of light also spontaneously Best obtained by treating deuto cyanide of mercury with mur. acid Composed of equal parts of cyanogen & hydrogen Found in minute quantities in the bark leaves & petals of the amygdaliae & pruneae especially, and also in other rosaceae. Still there is an essential oil in many of the rosaceae which is probably their [elective] principle & very analogous to this acid. The oil may be the same article a little modified. It is perhaps not proper to consider hydroc ac. as an acid Cyanogen is said to be a very active agent and one of those which retains their activity in combination Hydroc. ac. acts as a narcotic Said to be exhilirant and to increase the appetite [illegible] of it has this effect, it is not therefore necessarily stimulant (or tonic) This is the article which first led Prof. T. to doubt Murray’s [Brimonian] dogma that narcotics are transient & stimulants It has been known to produce ptyalism when long continued Said to obviate costiveness Single full doses do not produce the subsequent prostrations, head ache vertigo etc. of the stimulant and nervine narcotics It is employed both as a principal and an auxiliary remedy and in either case will require to be continued with other articles. By continuation with stimulants acrids etc. or opium its ultimate narcosis may be prevented and thus a sufficient quantity given This is the case in low atonic cases Experiments have not been made with it in phlogistic diathesis Dose varies with the strength Begin with a small dose in each fresh parcels. Intervals 3 hours or more Poisonous effects These may be very violent and yet the patient recover Applied to ulcers it does not affect the system as much as when applied to a healthy surface Prof. T. thinks it is absolutely proved that the entire and sound skin does not absorb at all but ulcerated surfaces do absorb. The nervous system of a sound surface is better calculated to receive as a propagate its impression Magendie directs the pure acid to be mixed with 6 times its weight of alcohol (or water) Prof. T. never could keep a watery solution a week but he has kept Magendie’s alcoholic solution a year (away from light) Magendie’s formulary (translated) gives no commencing or [medium] dose The objections to this article are that it is too variable in strength uncertain in operations it is too difficult to distinguish its degree of operation. It is too inconvenient for country practitioners in preperation and as it must be watched in administration Other articles are nearly an equivalent for it It will be useless to vomit a person poisoned by it as the dose is so small Some have considered spt ammonia or aqua amm. as specific remedies. But ammonia cannot be a specific antidote Sulphuric ether tinct. capsicum spt. mon. [illegible] or menth piper. and above all officinal alcohol are valuable counter narcotics Cold water to the head counteracts alternate narcosis (A man may drink twice as much spirit with his head cool & wet and a man with his lower extremities in cold water gets drunk sooner e.g. sheep washing) Diseases Dyspepsia allays irritability pain vomiting etc. Dr Elliotson of St. Thomas’s Colia rhachalgia by Dr [Prout] relief instantaneous Helminthia by Brara probably good like spigelia but not convenient or safe especially for children some of the first effects of this article are such as children cannot specify opium & conium can be managed for children Supposed to be more especially useful for diseases of the lungs. Mr. Elliottson found it give great relief in cough 1st Bex simplex is restrained 7 checked by it this tendency to hectic is diminished 2d Bex dyspnoica (not described) always accompanied with some functional derangement of the digestive organs accompanied with some dyspnoea affects musicians, speakers etc. Some consider it dyspepsia others as a pulmonary disease great diversity of opinion 3d B. convulsiva (whooping cough) Some families are habitually subject to this peculiar sound of cough. N.B. There are two stages to this complaint the first continuing about a fortnight and being a catarrhal stage the second exhibits the peculiar cough Prof. T. thinks the second stage not a part of the disease but a sequel of the complaint and that the disease cannot be communicated by this second stage or sequel. He has never known it spread from the second stage. It is supposed that neither hydroc. ac. nor any other remedy is useful in the first stage Hydroc. ac is occasionally successful in cutting short or if not, in palliating the second stage Dyspnoes exacerbans palliates very much probably if we could venture so to do we might cure a paroxysm short by a single full dose. But we must always begin gradually say with 2 drops & increase up to 10 or 15 [strumous]phthisis (topical aff. confined to the bronchial membrane) denied to exist by the French but Prof. T. has seen at least a dozen p.m. examinations useful as a palliative & [illegible] opium is generally needed if profuse expectoration ac. lead quinine etc. Strumous or tubercular phthisis very useful said to have cured (Magendie) Prof. T. thinks it cannot be relied on or alone But the cases vary very much sometimes (as was the case with [illegible] And.) small tubercles appear over the whole lungs & finally obstruct the lungs without any great indications of phthisis Again there may be cases of one or two tubercles at a time have continued 30 years and ultimately prove fatal. The former cases are incurable the latter ought to be cured by opium, narcotics, acrid stimulants, tonics etc. If you can check the emaciation you may expect to cure but if not the pat. will die sooner or later Pneumonitis said to be cured but not said what kind of pneumonitis for we have a number of very different [pneumonitides] Undoubtedly useful in atonic irritative pneumonitides. Dysenteria chronica which prof. T. does not believe to exist cases so called have sometimes been ulcerations of the al. canal. with [sanious] discharge Hysteritis membranifica (a disease of the uterus like croup always chronic unless it affects the bronchiae) Prof. Woodward has utterly failed with it Rheumatism acute & subacute Carcinus vulgaris said to be very useful said to relieve the pain by washing the cancer with it much diluted be cautious in its use Vitiated & painful ulcers, particularly the irritable promotes healing Del. tremens & puerperal delirium (which seem to be varieties of the same disease) said to be very useful probably a valuable adjuvant. Opium is nearly a specific but some cases are incurable There are cases which require datura as an adjuvant some require stimulants, others calomel etc. Clonus palpitatis palpitation of the heart & great blood vessels very efficacious Hysteria said to relieve a fit also useful to obviate the diathesis not safe enough for the fit Paramenia difficilis (not connected with membranific infl.) said to relieve Ionchus corymbufer (pimpled face) cured by lotions Impetigo said to be cured by lotions Cerasus lauro-cerasus Prunus laurocerasus (Linn.) cherry laurel or cherry bay. Nat. ord rosaceae [tribe] Amygdaleae habitat Levant. Bark leaves flowers & kernels have a bitterish fragrant smell & taste owing to a supposed essential oil & considered by some to be identicle with the ess. oil of bitter almonds which gain is said to contain amygdaline (a new principle) This oil is said to be very poisonous & to produce symptoms of intoxication. The whole subject is obscure for the cherry laurel yields but a trifling quantity of hydroc. acid. This oil causes death just like it. This oil has produced similar effects. it is said to be more certain than hydroc. ac. Prepare laurel water by adding 6 fl. z of distilled water to 1 pd of recently gathered leaves cut fine distil off z 3 only Dose 4 to 6 drops. Laurel water is apparently less variable in strength than hydroc. ac. Many cases of poisoning have occurred from its use in confectionary & liqueurs It is a most intense poison Infusion is made by digesting a pound of the leaves for 24 hours. Sat. tinct. fill a bottle with the cut leaves & fill with proof spirit. dose about 10 minims The bark & leaves have been successfully used in curing intermittents & rheumatisms Distilled water used in Italy for [illegible] when as a wash for inflamed eyes cancers ulcers etc. [illegible] [illegible] (cluster cherry) has still more of this peculiar taste and smell Prunus Virginiana deserves investigation It probably would be a complete substitute. Ti has been used somewhat Gelseminus nitidum G. [sempervira] (Elliott) Carolina or yellow [jessamine} Nat. ord. apocyneal Virginia to Florida. Cultivated as an ornamental plant in the northern states But one species of the genus. Prof Tully’s attention was first turned to this article by Elliotts sketch It abates irritation of every kind produces languor disposition to yawns, sleepy vertigo epigastric uneasiness imperfect vision coldness of extremities & finally of the whole body stupor convulsions & death. Not stimulant at all Never could perceive any nervine properties never obviates languor & lassitude or produces wakefulness or exhiliration It is a pure narcotic and ought to supersede hydroc. ac. being invariable in strength easily kept and sure in its operation Tinct. Rx ziv dried & contused root offic. alc. 1 pt medium dose 10 to 20 m for an adult repeated from 2 to 6 hours. Begins with a small dose and stop short when symptoms of narcosis appear It may be that proof spt or wine or water will prove a good menstruum. But the alcoholic tinct. is most convenient A wine or a proof spirit tinct. is liable to become sour in summer Prof. T. thinks it often useful to conjoin opium a union of antirritants to being often advantageous just as is a union of tonics. Besides this, the opium by counteracting the ultimate narcosis, enables the pat. to take more of the article at the same time that it increases its medicinal powers. Alcohol may thus assist the usefulness of narcotics Like other narcotics this article should be conjoined with stimulants in low atonic cases. The only deleterious effects are excessive narcosis If we suspect that any of the articles remains in the stomach give an emetic. If otherwise give ammonia, spirit of [illegible], capsicum & above all alcohol. Apply frictions with spt. monarda punctata or capsicum etc. just enough to excite rubefaction Keep the body warm and keep cold cloths applied to the head Nervines will contribute to the the relief but will not cure alone Prof. T. has employed it in the following diseases Cough dyspneal cough hooping cough Lyspnoea exacerbans as this is safer than prussic acid prof. T. would not hesitate to give a teaspoonful in an urgent case it would be better also to conjoin opium Phthisis of various sorts irritative rheumatism subacute atonic rheumatism also A case intermediate between hysteria, catalepsy and epilepsy, had the paroxysms kept off by this article The following is also a simple & pure narcotic but yet differs from the preceding prof T. thinks he can distinguish the effects of the two Helmias erytherosperma Melanthium lactum etc. etc. (fly poison) Nat. ord. melanthaceae All the middle & southern states. Root a bulb inclosed in a great number of husks yet these dry husks are active. The root has long been known as an active narcotic About 2 hours after taking a single full dose first a glow at the stomach then sight affected especially if the head is moved ultimately blindness nausea upon moving the head etc. vomiting cold pulse 40 etc. Symptoms reach their height in 4 or 5 hours disappear in 6 or 8 without leaving any inconvenient sequelae Such were the effects of the teaspoonful the first dose which Prof. T. administered Used as a fly poison at the south also as a ratbane Case related of its effects upon a young physician at the south similar to the preceding Case of its narcotic effect when administered for a catarrh (attended with rheumatic pains) by one of Prof. T.’s friends Alcoholic tinct. 4 oz. to 1 pt. Dose (commencing) 10 (medium) 20 to 30 minims May be continued advantageously with opium stimulants and tonics Diseases cough dyspneal cough hooping cough catarrhal & other phthisis Rheumatism It has been tried in these by Prof. T. his friends Spigelia Marilandica Worm grass Indian pink Carolina pink Nat. ord. gentianeae Pennsylvania to Carolina. [illegible] & Schultes in 1819 knew but 4 species. Sprengel 1825 give it 1st S. anthelmia S. amelliodes S. [illegible] S. speciosa S. marilandica S. scabra S. [flamingraniae] etc. All in S. America & Mexico and used in their native countries as anthelmintics No analysis has been made Said to accelerate the pulse [illegible] the [illegible] cause headache & [illegible] over the eyes dilation of pupils. Vertigo dimness of sight vomiting stupor, spasms of the muscles of the eyes and face [illegible] delirium stupor & even convulsions It was many years before Prof T. was aware that this article possessed these properties. His specimens from the shops were worthless These symptoms when moderate are a test of its proper operation. Catharsis is called by some a test Prof. T. has never known it purge or heard of its doing so. The vomiting which it produced is a part of its narcotic operation It was long before it was known that this article is narcotic It was given in small doses as a vermifuge Its poisonous properties were ascribed to a small vine a species of apios or [illegible] Probably prussic acid & the [gelseminus] [illegible] would be equally anthelmintic though less convenient. IT seems to resemble stramonium most in its operation. It is doubtful whether we have any cases of unequivocal poison by this article Prof. T. has known one doubtful one. Chalmers relates two cases It seems to be universally agreed that purging relieves best the narcotics effect. Prof. T. has had no experience to the contrary. All of his cases have been relieved by nervines & stimulants. Infusions of serpentaria relieve the narcosis & it must do so by its stimulant principles (while it possesses considerably when fresh especially) Prof. T. has relieved his cases of narcosis from this article with milk punch Purgatives much abused with children Prof. T. has repeatedly known children examined after [illegible] purging without finding a teaspoonful of any thing in the al canal History 1754 a letter from Dr [Swainy] of S.C. in the Ed. Let. essays. 1764 Dr Garden to [illegible] published a letter which is the foundation of all the accounts of it in the books. He says the use of it was discovered about 48 years before by the Indians. He used it afterwards in fevers as a purgative etc. etc. etc. Prof. T. does not believe its use to have been discovered by the Indians for the S. anthelmia had been well known as anthelmintic 50 years before Besides it is a well established fact that at the first discovery of this country not a single article was used internally by the Indians as a remedy They took the root of iris versicolor as a [illegible] They administered veratrum viride to their young warriors to try their hardihood. Some articles they used to destroy life Prof. T. inclines to think infusion of the coarsely powdered root preferable to the decoction. Let the decoction be of ½ an ounce of the root to 1/1/2 pints boiled away to 1 pint Prof. T. has never been able to hear of its purgative operation. He has enquired of S. Carolina physicians Prof. T. thinks it considerably less effectual when conjoined with senna or other cathartics than when followed by a cath Continued the article 12 to 24 hours & keep up a slight narcosis & then give your cathartic. Prof. T. would prefer from 4 to 8 doses in the 24 hours He has found that the narcotic operation passes off in 3 or 4 hours It is somewhat questionable whether the top possesses any power. Prof T. always cuts it off and throws it away Our article is collected at the wrong times of the year viz. when the top is in full bloom It should be collected when the top has decayed It is the universal opinion at the south that it does not keep well longer than 6 months Pharmac. prep. 1st powder of root 10 to 20 gr. every 3 or 4 hours 2nd infusion 3d decoction the latter the most frequently used ½ oz. to 1 pt. perhaps an ounce to 1 pint would be better let the infusion stand an hour Dose 1 to 4 oz every 3 or 4 hours (for an adult) Syrup of the decoction is sometimes kept in the shops dose 1 to 4 doses made by 1 oz. to 1 pt. boiled to 3 ½ oz. add an equal weight of white sugar making 4 oz of the [illegible] it can be given in ten or coffee It is thought that serpentaria added to it enables more of it to be taken Diseases Typhus infantum to alleviate irritability etc. Helmenthia [are] lumbricoides Not known to be useful in H. taenia & esc. vermicularis It appears to stupefy not kill the worms The pat. shd be kept under the operation of it 24 to 36 hours at least and a cath. be given at the commencement of the last 12 hours. The neutral salts & senna are not the best cath. Calomel is the best. Rhubarb & aloes the next best Spigelia anthelmia Nat. of S.A. & W. I. Said to be more soporific than opium (this is doubtful) Infallible almost as an anthelmintic (Brown) Used as an antirritant in typhus infantum Stronger than S. marilandica The first account of it was in the [Gent.] mag 1751. Had been long used before Attributed to the negroes! Heracleum lanatum American musterwort (musterwort is the imperatoria [ost??thium]) Cow parsnep First described by Michaux Nat. ord umbelliferae Canada to Florida Root & especially the seeds have an acrid pungent & [illegible] taste & smell. Water does not extract the acrid prop. Alc. does. Seeds gathered before they become brown An intense narcotic (the seeds) producing nausea, retching cool skin, irregular pulse, slippery sweats etc. in large quantities (too large ever to be likely to be given). Prof. T. has known two instances of strong narcosis produced in a dyspeptic patient, with diarrhoea etc. Prof. T. has never seen any evidence of its having stimulant properties Commonly said to be carminative but Prof. T. has never been able to perceive any true nervine operation from it hence this term must apply to its antirritant powers Recent bruised leaves said to be rubefacient Prof. T. has never tried them If so, they are not necessarily stimulant Poisonous effects will be relieved of course by diffusibles stimulants, acrids and nervines. In one apparently desperate case all the symptoms disappeared under the use of ess. ppt. alcohol & opium The article has been in use time immemorial in this country. The dry ripe seeds were used in carminative, to relieve flatulence. Its narcotic powers were not suspected. Bigelow first threw out a conjecture to that effect. In the dyspeptic case above alluded to Prof. T. directed a strong infusion to be used ad libitum. He was in a few days sent for to the man who was apparently a hopeless case of narcosis cold clammy sweats etc. He was cured by op. ppt. & alc. which produced very sudden & speedy relief All the while the heracleum was not suspected. He was much better afterwards as regarded his dyspepsia. A second similar attack followed with similar results he was better after it! A third followed!! Then it was found that he had regularly taken this article in excessive quantities just before each attack! The preparation he took was a strong infusion. Probably an alcoholic tincture could not be taken in sufficient quantity to produce these effects Perhaps we might get a concentrated preparation by forming a syrup of a decoction The article needs to be investigated A good subject for an inaugural dissertation. The powdered root & seeds the infus. of the leaves etc. have been used No proportions or doses are mentioned. The seeds are added to tinctures “to render them carminative” Diseases dyspepsia very valuable for flatulence & also for intolerance of food Epilepsy is said to be palliated by some by others to radically cured by it Dr [Orma] of Mass. published in 1803 a dissertation on it (in treas. of Med. doc.) & called it by mistake H. spondyllium. He did not used the seeds, which are agreed to be the strongest part A little is said about it by Thatcher & Bigelow N.B. The most useful narcotics in epilepsy are the simple & pure narcotics Hyoscyamus niger Biennial with us. Plant the seeds in the fall (In the first summer the young plant is eaten up by insects. Popular name henbane (N.B. hyosc. means hogs bean!) It grows in the streets as long as swine are suffered to run at large!? Nat. ord. Solaneae. All the species said to be alike Properties first settled by Storck Small strong etc. Taste of the leaves mucilaginous and herbaceous. Root stems leaves & seeds, all active. IT is a general rule that when the medic. powers reside in the descending sap the seeds are inactive e.g. poppy & when otherwise the seeds are generally more active as is the case with this & stramonium Active principle hyoscyamine which exists (as is generally the case) in combination with malic acid Appears to be a pure narcotic & to possess no other powers Proves antirritant, allaying irrit. etc. & occasionally (& hence probably indirectly) diaphoretic and diuretic & cathartic Said to be soporific & anodyne. This is denied & Prof. T. does not find it answer these indications well (except slightly and indirectly) N.B. in generally the pure narcotics do not exert a strong soporific action. Said to resemble opium. But it is not stimulant, nor nervine, nor decidedly anodyne, or soporific. It seems to be far inferior to opium in restraining morbid irritat. morbid secretions etc. & seems not to be cholagogue. Though not anodyne for sudden emergencies of pain, yet it is invaluable for chronic cases of pain It is a common notion that it is a good substitute for opium, where the constipating effect is contraindicated etc. Prof. T. has been entirely disappointed in his expectation of finding this true It did not answer the same purposes as opium. Very valuable often in conjunction with opium less of either of them is needed. Seems to resemble conium more except that it is not deobstruent Prof. Ives however has used it more exclusively than perhaps any other man & thinks very highly of it even in acute diseases Poisonous effects These are much more violent than those of opium. Excessive delirium convulsions etc. etc. Vide Woodville Ed. & Vav. etc. [illegible] Hyoscyamus is a weaker article than opium but is probably more liable to disagree than opium Its poisonous effects are certainly much worse than those of opium As an antirritant, an anodyne, a soporific, it is thought inferior only to opium. It possesses no stimulating Preparations 1st expr. inspiss. juice of leaves Dose 5 to 10 gr. 4 to 6 times a day 1 grain is about equivalent to 1 drop of laudanum as an antirritant But that in the shops is apt to be bad. Druggists are apt to be imposed on by a watery extract. They will often mix with the latter the powder of the leaves, to increase the strength Such extracts by decoction are generally very poor. Prof. T. has seldom experienced any good effect from less than 15 grs of the expressed juice 40 may be required. It is a very uncertain article 2nd Powder of the seeds has been used As long as the seed of a plant preserves its vitality, it preserves it medicinal powers Probably this would be a good mode of administering the article Tincture of leaves or seeds Fill a bottle with recent leaves, cut fine & cover them with proof spirit or off. alc. macerate 10 days & strain A fl. z of this tinct. is equal to about 5 m. of laudanum (Prof. Ives) Oil of hyosc. made by simmering the leaves 1 pound in sweet oil 3 pounds is used on the continent of Europe, for external application (Oil of [Tusquian]) Diseases. Dysphagia spasmodica dyspepsia with pains, wandering pains irritability etc. It must be persevered in. Col. rhachialgia. It should not supersede opium but may be conjoined with it (perhaps with conium also) Idiopathic cough with opium Croup in the secondary irritable stage (Prof. T Dysenteria typhodes (common dysentery) Prof. I But it should not supersede opium Dysentery always requires opium perhaps other things also Arthriti podagra (gout) Prof. T. has found opium beneficial in all the cases which he has seen. Arthritis rheumatism (not rheumatalgia.) [Carcinum] vulgaris (particularly in the var. uteri) Prof. T. has succeeded best with a mixture of opium conium & hyoscyamus Thought to be inadmissible in mania Prof. T., has relieved paroxysms of mania by opium in large quantities but not enough to enable him to decide. So of melancholia [Ag?pnea] chronicus said to answer well Cephalia hemicrania recommended when opium will not answer but Prof. T. has never met with such cases. Lately he has succeeded best with strychnus Paronyria salax (the same with spermorrhea entonica) a very troublesome disease to subdue. Sayricum & nymphomania Syspasia all the species Spermor atonica paramenia obstruct. Carcinoma schirrhosum (distinct from cancer) Aedoptosis uteri H. areus, & albus are active species & the former being persistent would be more convenient of cultivation Datura D. [tatuta] is our common species Stinking weed is the most common popular name Thornapple is another. Jamestown weed (Westend pink! Melford!) Nat. ord. Solaneae Habitat doubtful It seems to follow civilized man Prof. T. has watched the plant for 30 years He has made the two species grow together & never knew them mingle. Linnaeus distinguished it from D. stramonium It has a purple stalk, specked with deep green blossom white, streaked with purple. D. Tabula has a pea green stalk the general habit is different The seeds are the most active and the leaves next The root is the most uncertain Both these have similar properties Datura metel from Asia is now naturalized with us (called D alba also) a plant not so tall flowers creamy coloured capsule does not open by four regular valves Probably more active Datura ceratocaula, is not naturalized from Cuba also with us Flower very large fragrant. In India D. ferox & D. pescuosa are most used. Datura guayaquilasis is used in S. America Active principle [daturnis] existing in combination with malic acid) Malate of daturnicis soluble both in water and in alcohol Properties narcotic It is said that smelling the plant, and sleeping in a bed made of the leaves will produce vertigo, nausea etc. It allays irritability etc. dilates the pupils vertigo headache dryness of the throat [illegible] delirium convulsions & blindness etc. etc. Large quantities at once produce a sense of glowing heat which has been mistaken for a stimulant operation The oddest and drollest delirium is produced by it. Prof. T. has seen many droll cases. The delirium may continue a week or more & be cured by a cathartic, bringing the article [illegible] Vide Beverley’s hist. Virginia. Case of a child delirium etc. scarlet flush upon the face petechiae red eruption etc. The effects vary considerably yet there is a general similarity so that we may recognize the article Moderate dilatation of the pupil & some affection of the sight are the necessary tests of a sufficient quantity. This test is as necessary a test in a chronic case, as an affection of the mouth for calomel Datura is universally agreed to be narcotic. It is certainly antirritant in many cases anodyne said to be soporofic; Prof. T. has often seen it soporific, but it cannot be relied on for this Antispasmodic, probably because narcotics (from its exhiliration it might be suspected to be nervine) Sedative also because narcotic. Called by B. S. Barton & Chapman stimulant but it had not been called so before the publication of Brown’s theory it has since been the fashion to consider all sedative effects as the result of a stimulant operation. It certainly never increases vital energy in atonic diseases In power of producing dilatation of the pupils and flushed face as proofs of stimulation. IT is indeed not indicated in phlogistic diathesis Said to be emmenagogue. Prof. T. has known it after tried, without any effect. It will indeed relieve excessive irritation and suffer the discharge to return. Called refrigerant with not fomentation Called discutient, externally applied. It is so by its narcotic antirritant powers Datura resembles belladonna (probably) more nearly than any other article. Resembles spigelia also In all cases connected with such an affection of the brain as produces contracted pupils, datura is more or less remedial (entonic phlegmonous inflammation or by excepted) Prof. T. thinks it better adapted to spasmodic diseases than to deliria. The article has probably been more used in N.E. than in any other part of the world Paris says that nitrate of silver & acetate of lead are incompatible. But there is no reason whatever why they should be so Acetic and citric acid are said to be its antidotes. This is folly. The best mode is to vomit and purge both in the first place Then opiates and stimulants. As a matter of fact these acids have been found worth little or nothing Preparations Powder of dried leaves Dose 1 gr. increased to 10 or 20 But this is the most uncertain preparation of the article you must push the medicine until you perceive effects from it Powder of the seed is a much better preparation The seeds are the strongest part and will keep an indefinite period period of time. The activity resides in the [epispermis] the cotyledons are inactive. Hence for liquid preparations use the entire seeds The above dose for the leaves is too small as large a dose as that of the seeds is required. Dose of seeds 1 to 5or 10 grs Prof I. Decoction [illegible] it should better be made of the seeds Ireland recommends a bath of the decoction Tinct. Rx entire seeds zii dilut. alc. 1 pt macerate 1 week & strain Dose same as SS. Prof. I Extract this is the expressed inspissated juice Dose 1 gr to 4 etc. etc. It is not worth while to use any [illegible] but the tincture of the seds The liniments, ointments & cerates of stramonium had better be made with with the seeds than with the leaves The ointment is not worth retaining; the liniment being better for a soft application A compound plaister of canth. & datura is used for blistering. Its utility doubtful A cataplasm of the bruised seeds, with bread & milk an excellent article Diseases. Diarrhoea of children (applied by a tepid bath of the decoction. Ireland chabra vulgaris It may be useful in form of enema quite effectual in the early stages Piles ointment useful cloths dipped in the decoction also small enemas also very useful. Bes convulsiva. Given so as to bring the system under its use Dyspnoea exac. & asth. much used especially by smoking extensively used & exceedingly popular, in England No one has [illegible] its utility in these complaints in question but Dr [Br???] Its utility seems thoroughly established. For an urgent exacerbation Prof. T. prefers the tinct. a desert spoonful to a tablespoonful conjoining 30 to 60 drops of laudanum. For chronic cases smoking is a more convenient mode It benefits the disease with less affection of the eyes Delirium tremens & puerperal delirium highly valuable as an adjuvant to opium In some low malignant typhus fevers when the head is affected IN one case in Middletown 2 f z laud. & f z of [illegible] stram. every hour cough catarrh etc. Dysentery arrested by it The bruised leaves are applied to any external inflammation. Celebrated in furunculus. Ophthalitis the wilted leaves applied mastitis (infl. of mam.) Useful for swollen breasts of nurses. Arthritis rheumatismus & podagra Undoubtedly it will assist the externally A. rheumatalgia var. neuralgica (sciatica externally in the compd plaister of cath & stramonium but then blistering is useful Ireland says that all topical pains may be relieved by ext. appl. of this art. Carcinus vulgaris (common cancer) by cataplasm or lotion, or fomentation with the bruised leaves considerable reputation Syphylitis & strumous ulcers probably not so useful internally as conium useful externally Ecphronia mania & melancholia considerably used probably it was first employed for its soporific effect. Morea imbecillis (Swed) very improbable Neuralgia in large doses (Bigelow) But Prof T. has found a continuation of narcotics than any single one and of the single ones opium is generally the best. There are symptomatic neuralgias, especially of dyspepsia. There is one also which is disquised intermittent & may be cured like that (6 to 10 grs. [illegible] Dr. Woodward’s case) A. T. Thompson mentions almost all severe chronic pains Dr Chapman believes it may be useful in palsy & in amaurosis (palsy of optic nerve) Used extensively as a substitute for belladonna for dilating the pupil, previous to an operation for cataract. Belladonna is much preferable stronger & more certain A little extract of bell. smeared around the stram. equal to bellad. Prof. I. eye is as good as a cataplasm of stramonium Synchous chorea (which is an approach to paralysis a paralysis of a limb will go through a stage of chorea) a very valuable remedy it will cure alone but generally as there is atony tonics must be used though this is a good article, nux vomica is generally better they may be usefully combined. Purging is generally injurious The actaea is likewise a valuable remedy Lyspasia convulsio very valuable the common directions however are for an inefficient use of it Prof. T. has found it the most valuable article for convulsions A quantity of opium insufficient to arrest a fit will aggravate it perhaps so of datura Give a desert spoonful (of tinct.) at once and repeat if necessary generally a table spoonful will cure but more may be necessary Lypsasia hysteria Prof. T. would give in an urgent fit a table spoonful of the tinct. or a teaspoonful repeated every 10 min. No remedy is equal to it in hysteria also. V.S. one of the most common practices will break up a fit but in this way we eventually break down the constitution. Vomiting is next in common use. Prof. T. has tried both & he came heartily tired of them. Asafoetida etc. merely amuse the patient, and the fit goes off of itself. Opium will cure but a large dose is required and inconvenient sequelae remains the next day Lyspasia epilepsy the most valuable remedy in this disease also when not dependent on organic affection which may be known by their occurring in a young & irritable & [mobile] subject by regular [illegible] recurrence of paroxysms, by not having been of very long continuance by no occurring in the night when the pat. is in bed & asleep 1st of its use in the intervals of the perox. powd. of seeds 1 to 5 gr. 3 or 4 times 20 to 30 min. of tinct. 3 or 4 times a day etc. Keep up a moderate dilatation of the pupils, & some imperfection of vision for a year say Exact regularity of habits rather abstemious meals nutritious food light supper etc. Epileptics are prone to great irregularity of meals of labour etc. These are the directions. Prof. T has learned to give so much as to destroy this irregularity prevent his using his eyes and labouring much producing inconvenient effects in short Use also nit. sil. & iron (peroxide or carbonate (which is rather inferior) & persevere for a year. It is often stated by the patients and their friends, that the datura has been used and failed or been injurious this Prof T. does n to believe The eyesight is not permanently affected by it. Prof. T. has also derived great benefit from datura as a palliative in hopeless cases and in cases in which the paroxysm are irregular, without warming etc. One hopeless patient was made in all respects more comfortable for some years She took a teaspoonful of the seeds 2 or 3 times a day. Dr Fisher of Boston Dr Archer of Maryland cured all the first sort of cases. Prof. Ives also but he does not use the article with sufficient freedom; of whom Prof. T. learnt his practice. The main difficulty in curing the diseases is in managing the patient 2nd of its sued for the suspension of a paroxysm. prof. T’s mode is original. He has practised it for 15 years. The practice is original with him Case young lady severe pt paroxysm purged and bled, till nearly moribund with no improvement but an aggravation of all the symptoms Prof. T. was called in A tablespoonful of the tincture of datura soon restored her the pupils of the eyes began to dilate. (they had been contracted before) and as they dilated with convulsions diminished. Other cases which had not been bled When the patient has premonitions of the paroxysm. [illegible] fl oz or f ziii will be a safe & [sure] prophylactic. Treat between the paroxysm as before In epileptic puerperal convulsions the use of datura is more important still Prof. T. has known the most violent relieved by ½ of z of tinct. dat. [illegible] & an enema of ol. pine Bleeding is not per se a remedy for this disease if phlogistic diathesis is present, bleed. Bleeding oftener does hurt than good. Apply belladonna freely to the os uteri & the posterior part of the vagina Give also enemata of ol. pure to excite the uterus The uterus is suspended in its action Give also the ergot to bring on uteric action. Inn a bad case if the patient has been much reduced by bleeding you may as well despair The epileptic convulsions are the most formidable. The common & the hysterical convulsions will tolerate any practice, they generally are not dangerous. Still the datura is the best article Tetanus. Prof. T. has not known it tried in severe tetanus. But in milder cases (many of which Prof. T. thinks are hysterical) datura has cured. The practice of pushing opium gradually to the amount, say, of 40 or 50 grs in 24 hours, is not the way. You must push the remedy until the disease is relieved or until somnolency from the opium is produced. 200 grs in 12 hours have cured. Combinations of narcotics are best. Dr Woodward of Vt. has succeeded with op. of actaea You may have cases in which nothing will have any effect. Some cases will exhibit somolency after a few drops of laudanum. In such cases narcotics will not answer. N.B. Some physicians are afraid of every thing but death Datura is worth trying in this way in lyssan canina Paramenia difficilis A valuable lotion for cutaneous effections In prurigo lepidosis psordica impetigo var. herpetica & laminosa scabies (itch) as an adjuvant Fomentations of datura useful to discuss indolent tumours. Most useful for burns & scalds for which it has been used this 100 years The oldest account of datura was of the D. stram. by Gerhard. Baron Storck was the first to investigate it There is at present much mistaken and misapprehension about this article. But a part of the profession are thoroughly acquainted with its use. Chapman, Bigelow etc. are very ignorant about it Atropa Belladonna Atropa lethalis of many. Solamun lethalis & S. [furiosa] deadly nightshade, & dwale But S. [dulcamara[ & S. nigrum are called deadly nightshad (And the country was once supplied with ext. bellad. from the sol. nig.) Nat. ord. solaneae Hab. England. Cultivated in Connecticut (from Dr Ives) Root perennial top annual. Difficult to raise it from seeds as the insects eat the young plants. All parts supposed to be active (not known however whether the root has been used) the seeds are probably active. The leaves are the parts used. They have been often analyzed they give atropina an alkaline principle said to exist in the form of bi-salts (but there several of such salts which contain even as many as 16 prop. ac.) 2nd Malic acid (combined with atropina) other veg. principles are found A. T. Thompson says the plant does not lose its properties by drying this improbable Prof. T. finds this article to resemble datura & spigelia It dilates the pupils & produces a delirium resembling the vapours Antidotes said to be vinegar (this was an old practice for the sake of Pharm. prep. powd. of dried leaves 1 to 12 gfrs Ed. & Vav. ½ to 3 grs in a day A. T.T. 1 gr. increased to 6 grs daily (Swediaur) 1 gr. gradually increased to 5 (U.S.) Prof. T. has always used the extract 1/16 of a gram of extract from Davis as a full dose. It is very apt to be an extract of something else or an extract spoiled by keeping. Prof. T. has given ½ z with no effect Infusion directed 20 gr. to 1 z of leaves Prov Ives employes a tincture Extract should be of inspissated expressed juice dose said to be 1 to 4 grs. Formulae are given for enemata & for cerates zii to zii of cerate Diseases. Icterus; recommended but it is not deobstruent. Hooping cough quite celebrated said to suspend the convulsive cough very suddenly & speedily It sometimes succeeds & sometimes fails Stramonium & conium are also useful which is the best is not settled Intermittent fever rec. Acute & chronic infl. [Gonytitis] phlegmonades (white swelling which does not effect the [cancellar] texture of the bones & resembles acute rheumatism in its access) probably valuable. Rheumatism not specified in what sort probably useful when There is no redness & swelling & the affection is not erratic Rosalia Many Germans consider it a prophylactic no very good evidence 10 yrs ago the periodicals were full of the matter. Cancer powerful to allay pain & irrit. So of malignant ulcers mania & melancholia probably to produce sleep. All the neuralgia both externally & internally Tic doloreu etc. Lyssa canina (Swediaur) worth trying. Epilepsy rec. Palsy can be useful only to obviate the lesion of the nerves Paropsis amaurosis on the same principle Paropsis cataracta before operating better than stramonium. Dropsy (Swed. & E. & Vav.) diuretic powers have been ascribed to it improbable Sarcoma [schirrhos??] (schirrus tumor) Used to relax a rigid os uteri. It has been long been used for this purpose in N. England. It is as effectual as for diluting the pupil of the eye Apply ¼ to ½ oz to os uteri & the posterior part of vagina. Very extensively used by Woodward of Vt. Abortion perhaps internally to accelerate & facilitate giving [illegible] at the same. Presentation of placenta perhaps to facilitate the distention & allow of the introduction of the hand. Dr W. of Vt. gives the [clavus] immediately apply the bellad. brings down the head to press hard upon the placenta. The child is dead of course but this is always the case Schrotium Clavus Secule cornutum S. corniculatum [Aconile] clavus (London) A parasitic fungus found between the glumes of many circalia & gramineal e.g. rye, wheat, barley, oats, couch grass [illegible] [illegible] etc. etc. Wildenow makes two varieties. The active & the other inert, differing in colour etc. Prof T. could never distinguish two well marked varieties Colour externally violet into white cylindrical taste subacrid etc. No good analysis has been made It contains a vegeto-animal matter, a fixed oil ammonia an acid supposed to be the phosphoric acid etc. It is not a degenerated seed but a fungus The fungus upon maize is probably the uredo maydis It is not an excrescence produced by the puncture of an insect though insects may accidentally be found in it IT has all the physical character and even the casualties of the genus sclerotium which consists of small oblong hard, almost woody bodies which have fixed places of growth Some of them are subterranean found on the roots of mosses under the droppings of cattle on the receptacles of compound plants etc. etc. in the place of the germs of grasses etc. They are remarkable for not affecting the general health of the plants on which they grow they are strictly topical i.e. they do not injure an adjoining germ IT has the property of moulding itself into the slope of the adjoining surface These qualities are all found in the S. clavus. Vide Decandalle Various other species of sclerotium possess the same powers Taken internally it may reduce the pulse if irritation 20 or more beats vertigo epigastric uneasiness nausea bluish colour (or mottled) of surface formication in nervous & irritable subjects it may produce tetanic convulsions, & even opisthotones but these tetanic convulsions appear to be preceded by common convulsions of involuntary muscles It stupefies & often kills flies like helonica erythrosp. If there is a predisposition to uterine contraction most powerful and incessant ones are produced very [illegible] other effect will be perceived, unless the patient is extremely susceptible. Most females while in delivery are insusceptible to narcotics Abortion may be brought on occasionally by it. The child is apt to be dead or if not, in a state of asphyxia or still oftener very feeble, mottled on the surface etc. very [illegible], apt to be feeble for a long time. These effects are attributed by some to the steady pressure upon the head. But this cannot be. prof. T. has known delivery protracted 5 days from a small pelvis and yet the child cried vigorously None of the American writers have noticed the narcotic powers of the article Private practitioners are extensively acquainted with it it is very commonly observed in the mother shown by reduction of the pulse dilat. of the pupils mottled skin etc. Dr March & Dr Reed quoted (The latter thinks it [illegible] is narcotic, that it interrupts the function of the placenta & hence excites uterine contraction & hence also it kills the child the placenta performing probably the office of stomach & lungs Strychnos nux vom produces tetanic convulsions. Actaea excites uterine contraction. Prof. T. has known other involuntary muscles affected with convulsions after inordinate doses e.g. heart respiratory muscles. Actaea is as good as ecbolic as this. It is as certain & more safe & convenient it does not tend so much to produce somnolency does not kill the child leaves the system in a more susceptible and a better states S. [illegible] like spigelia & datura produces a slight febrile state If it fails in bringing away the child, after exciting parturient efforts the uterus remains insusceptible so also when from exhaustion of haemorrhages etc. the uterus is exhausted Actaea seems to be superior in this respect [clavus] does not however fail oftener than other articles of m. m. jalap for instance Opium is a safe and perfect antidote to clavus. It will completely counteract its parturient effects 2 to 5 grs. may be required. Alcohol will not counteract. Datura appears not to Dr Stearns thinks by giving it in small often repeated doses with opium regular & interrupted contraction of the uterus may be produced this is quite doubtful. It must be a difficult point to hit. It is thought emmenagogue by some. This not very prob ably. Dram doses may be thrown off. It has not been suspected of being cathartic For the operation of it upon the uterus there must be a predisposition in that organ to contract caused by a full period of gestation ruptures of membranes haemorrhage etc. Pharmac. prep. 1st very fine powder (it is almost analogous to cork in consistence) Med. dose 10 gr. if necessary repeat it once or twice at intervals of 10 or 15 min. Generally one dose additional will be needed But this is an inconvenient prep. it loses its strength by keeping 2nd infus. 1 z coarse powd. to f z 3 of water let it stand ½ hour Dose f zi repeated if necessary every 15 m. until the whole is zi to zii wat. table sp. every 5 min. (Prof. B) taken at [illegible] it is supposed that inf. does not take out the whole strength 3d Decoction made in the same prep & with the same dose. Boil 5 to 10 min. & strain 4th tinct. dilut. alc. (.935) [illegible] to zii clavus Dose f zj repeated 3 or 4 times if necessary. This is the prep. which Prof. T. employs exclusively. The tincture appears not to lose its strength by keeping He has known the tinct. lose its strength in one case becoming colourless. This is the preparation which can be given without the prying curiosity of the old women Violent prejudices exist against it, in many place never talk about it call it cordial or something Of late however Prof. T. uses the actaea as an exclusive substitute Prof. T and his friends have well ascertained that when this article has lost its [ecbolia] it has also lists its narcotic powers Therapeutic appl. Diarrhoea vulgaris often reported to be valuable in secondary stages but undoubtedly as valuable from the first. First it lessens the frequency of the discharges then diminishes their bulk etc. 10 grs or given in a full dose it may stop it at once. It will cure in a few days or a week. A female [emporic] near N. York used this article for this purpose IT has often been used by physicians Dyspnoea exacerbans effectual but this degree of its efficacy compared with other articles is not well ascertained Give f zfs of tinct. or f zi repeated Intermittent fever said to have cured it in many cases 10 grs every 2 hours from sometime before the expected paroxysms Hysteritis membranifica Passive & irritative haemorrhages from nose lungs rectum, liver, bladder, uterus etc. zi in 24 hours in 8 or 10 doses. Prof. T. has often employed it in [illegible] with success just as he has actea Lyspesia hysteria is mentioned Peramenia superflua very useful according to Marshall Hull he continues the remedy throughout the catamenial period P. suppressionis apparently not valuable as an emmenagogue Leucorrhea communis Marshall Hall continue several days. Abortion the abortion is inevitable hem. freq. & parturient efforts feeble when too quiet & opium will not keep off abortion. This is one of the greatest improvements in modern obstetrical medicine Hemorrhage during utero gestation to produce abortion when the successions of hemorrhages may destroy the patient if suffered to continue many patients these lose their lives when parturition comes on the unavoidable loss of blood during delivery destroys the patient Case related in which the pat. was apparently dead from loss of blood no relaxation of os uteri Dr Reed thinks it may destroy the child & afterwards bring it away in a week say probably this is caused by giving too much Where there is urgent hemorrhage, it may be proper to give clavus before the os uteri is dilated and then anoint with bellad. Or if necessary bleed from the arm to produce relaxation Presentation of placenta often before the hand can be introduced the closing may be given to bring down the head upon the placenta & thus supposes the hem. afterwards anoint the os uteri with belladonna These two cases are contrary to the books but it has often been practised by Tully and his friends We may afterwards bleed if necessary to produce relaxation Lingering parturition attended with hem. & imperf. contract. of ulcers & imperf. dil. of os uteri Parodynia syncopalis or convulsiva Syncope or convulsions interruptions of delivery being produced You may conjoin enemata of spts. turp. dashing cold water etc. may be conjoined Vide datura # hemorrh. from the arm can be regulated that from the uterus cannot Lingering parturition when the uterine contractions have ceased when a practitioner is inexperienced in the use of the forceps After the delivery by ergot the [secundines] are apt to be retained Breech presentation The head is apt to be detained by the contraction of the os uteri around the neck great skill is generally necessary to extricate the head. The clavus will generally do no good. The forceps should be used? Parodynia secundaria where there is hour glass contraction all the books forbid it. But Prof. T. has repeatedly known it relieves. Dr Wood. of Vt. says it is absolutely certain to prevent on the one hand & to cure on the other, this hour glass contractions Retention of secundines from deficiency of uterine contraction f zii or even zjs may be needed more will often be needed than for the delivery of the fetus Generally where the clavus has been used, the placenta will be thrown off just after or in connexion with the delivery of the child This use of the clavus may almost always supersede the introduction of the hand Hemorrhage after delivery and it may be given with advantage as a preventive just before delivery where there is a liability to hemorrhage. But Dr Reed says we should wait till the head is delivered for fear of injuring the child. In the last case which Dr T. had he had great difficulty in resuscitating the child After pains where they are caused by irritation from coagulated blood where there is a deficiency of contraction Profuse lochia where there is entonic atony and deficient contraction. Some say that the clavus will not act after the delivery of the child But Prof. T. never knew it fail although it might require 10 to 30 minutes. This is known to a great many writers also. No doubt mischief has been done by this article but many of the restrictions are not well founded. For instance the rule that it should never be given when nature is competent to delivery but cases of hemorrhages etc. may be exceptions e.g. hemorrhage endangering the life of the mother even before the commencement of labour pains. If after you have stopped the hemorrhage the uterine contractions are too violent, you may always stop or restrain them by opium If you wish to relax the os uteri you may do it by bleeding but generally by local applications of belladonna. Exceptions have already been mentioned to the rules that it is not to be given until the os uteri is relaxed The indications are from something else than the dilation of the fetus to the size of a dollar Dr Stearns is right in saying that it should not be given when we are going to have occasion to turn Breech presentations will generally make it inexpedient. Dr Stearn’s limitation of the whole quantity to 30 grs in ½ pt of water a tablespoonful at a time, will apply to most cases [illegible] not to all judgment is necessary. For large doses are often given But very large doses may be needed. Where the forceps are admissible it is better to use them, if a man is sufficiently skilled in their use As for its use in convulsions, Dr Stearns directs bleeding to be premised in every case Prof. T. would not bleed unless there were indications for v.s. Do not trust to the clavus alone but give stramonium & give enemata of ol. pin. There seems to be no foundation for the notion that malignant epidemics are produced by spurred rye [Maize] is seldom or never affected with clavus in N. America. Wheat is far less seldom than rye yet these epidemics prevail where wheat & maize only ever used. Various other objections may be made. There is more [foundation] for the opinion that chronic diseases are produced by it History Used about 1740 in Holland by a celebrated [accouchaur] Interdicted by the French legislatures about 1770 used in Connecticut before Dr Stearn’s publication by an irregular practitioner. Said to have been long used before Dr Stearn’s publication by the Germans of Pennsylvania An old dispensatory by Brook mentions it (in some of the editions) Dr Stearns learned its use of some Scotch women in Washington county N.Y. 1807 Scleroteum maydis in S. America said to produce loss of h air in those who eat the grain said to loosen the teeth causes the hair of some to fall of also [swine] become paraplegic mules are affected in the same way Hens which live on it lay soft shelled eggs (by premature delivery or abortion) Monkeys fall down apparently drunk probably sub paralytic or with a sort of chorea Native deer & does also are thus affected These effects occur only [illegible] of Columbia Mandregora vernalis Root perennial top annual. Nat. ord. Solamene M. officinalis M. acaulis atropa [mandragon] of Linneus. Malus canina Mandrake [illegible] South of Europe & Greece But 2 species M. vernalis & M. autumnalis It is not the mandrake of the scriptures, which was probably a species of orchis Root fleshy thick & large white within Root most active. Leaves supposed to have similar but weaker powers The fruit probably has the same general powers Cortical part of the root is thought to be more active than the internal It is believed to be a more powerful anodyne and soporific than any article except opium Vide Shakespeares Othello scene last. Ed. & Vav. say it is most like A. bell. doubtful. Emmenagogue (Swed) Not nervine probably. Powerful purgative ([Mease] Swed. etc.) Others say nothing of this as Hoffberg who used it extensively & freely. Externally applied it is discutient Powder of bark of root dose 10 grs to [illegible] i expressed juice of root Infusion of root Wine of root syrup cataplasm of root made with milk & the leaves or root Treat cases of poisoning by quick emetics (e.g. 4 or 5 grs of turp. min.) Castor oil also to carry it off from the bowels Diseases Parabysma coactum P. strumosum in both it was much used by the ancients [Strum???] vulgaris [acutoplasms] of the leaves with milk applied to the neck. Very strong testimonials for its utility internally, for struma Orchitis chancre as a discutient Del. trem. puerperal delirium Podagra internally Also rheumatism Arthritis rheumatalgia said to be highly effective. Mania & melancholia by the ancients probably as a soporific Agrypnia [mentalis] by the ancients Sarcoma schirrhosum Various superstitions have existed with respect to this article on account of its similarity to the shape of a man’s body On this account called [illegible] Sold to produce boys & girls etc. etc. Vide Thornton London Miller etc. Amanita Ammonita Muscaria Agaricis muscarius Abundant in Europe & N. America. A fly poison One of the most poisonous fungi (Lindley) yet strange as it may seem all the poisonous fungi are eaten with impunity in the North of Europe and Asia. Said by Dr Langsdorf to be used like wine brandy or opium by the [Kamschadales] etc. Rolled up like a bolus & swalloed by them When steeped in a decoction of the berries of vaccinum uliginosum it is exhilirant and nervine like wine One or two small fungi said to last a whole day Water swallowed augments its effects. Renders some remarkably active (i.e. nervine) & a talkative person cannot keep silence or secrets A leap is made if a [strand] is to be stepped over. Finally narcosis & perhaps convulsions are produced. Drunkenness & vertigo as the authors express themselves But its most singular effect is upon the urine. On the second day after the taking of the article a teacupfull of his own urine will produce another fit of intoxication for the next day His urine will have 4 or 5 times the intoxicating qualities of the article. It may thus be propagated through 5 individuals. Old drunkards (upon this article) preserve their urine against a scarcity of the article. The effects fall strictly under the definition of intoxicating an effect produced by this article & alcoholic & venous liquors only Pharmacop. Bot. says odor nauseous sapor [illegible] etc. inebriant etc. Used in epilepsy & applied to malignant ulcers. Dose 10 grs Most active part under ground Epoilepsia stouma Ill conditioned ulcers cancers convulsions affections of the cornea Dose [illegible] fs to [illegible] j ter in die [illegible] Rossica Collect in the autumn keep closed Swediaur appears to confound its properties with those of some other articles Gray copies from Swediaur. Withering does so They call it sudorific & cathartic Probably it will prove a powerful and most convenient nervine Deobstruent Narcotics Which increase or diminish morbid secretions and resolve inflammations Conium Maculatum [illegible] Gr. (cicuta Sat.) has never been identified. Linneus applied the two to different plants. Great confusion existed Lamarck endeavoured to remedy this by interchanging the nerves this made the confusion much worse Hab. Europe & Asia All parts active leaves most so Smells like [mice] or like the urine of a cat. Most active when its blossom first begins to decay (an exception to the general) & when it grows in a cool climate & a moist situation Water said not to extract its properties Alcohol (& better ether) may be used When the etherial tincture is evaporated from water [illegible] is left a thick greenish semifluid etc. Called an alkali (or alkaloid) Some of these substances unite with 15 or 16 prop. of an acid & some do not saturate or naturalize at all as narcotine though they combine with acids in definite proportions. Tests of [illegible] vide Ec. & Vav. (translation) Paris infers that this is not the active principle & that the plant is improved by drying both conclusions false An efficient deobstruent & a moderate narcotic secondarily it is laxative Said to be emmenagogue but only so as a part of its deobstruent operation Prof. T. has not found it diuretic except in chronic cases where there had been a deficiency Removes torpor of the liver, changes the secretions of the al. can. Cures cutaneous diseases. Resolves inflammations As a deobstruent it possesses most of the valuable effects of mercury without its inconvenient effects It acts more powerfully upon a torpid liver (as in jaundice) than mercury Allays irritability Relieves pain produces nausea, vertigo, prostration muscular weakness etc. Hence narcotic Dr Mann took 18 grs in 5 hours of good extract. It produced some exhiliration Its operation began in about 3 hours came to its h eight in 3 hours more & went off in 3 hours more. Symptoms unsteadiness of gait contraction of pupils etc. considerable narcosis. Next day inconvenient secondary symptoms. Indicated in 1st chronic & subacute atonic inflammations 2 Tumours not inflammatory nor with organic lesions 3d torpor & irritability of liver & other chylop. visc. 4th Cutaneous affections 5th Dysthetic or cechectic complaints 6th Pure idiopathic nervous pains (neuralgia) But acute infl. in which a considerable quantity nervines acrids etc. are indicated here conium may be given. It may be successfully given in cholera zi at a dose (yet this is an acute disease) Not a very active poison. The [illegible] effects seem to be epigastric uneasiness coldness blindness nausea & vomiting etc. caused by exhaustion, produced by a lesion of the brain & nerves Forms 1st recently acrid leaves but these are very variable Tincture require too much alcohol Expressed inspissated extract is the best Select the plant in the latter part of the flowering season Strip off the leaves in autumn and press them in an iron press Set the juice in large platter in the sun. Add no water avoid the dews of night. Apply no heat Heat higher than that of the sun is said to injure it Dry it to a consistence suitable for pilling without any addition But the market has been filled with a watery extract of no value. Its sensible properties are quite different. Prof. T. has made a tinct. by filling a bottle with leaves and adding alc. to green & proof sp. to dry leaves then expressing he has reduced this so that a teaspoonful would be a dose but this requires too much alc. for jaundice, neuralgia. The tinct. seems to be more narcotic and less deobstruent than the extract. The extract seems not to produce ultimate narcosis so much as the leaves do and some slight change of properties seems to be produced by the process of forming the extract, by which the article is more deobstruent. Generally the quantity necessary to produce sufficient deobstruent effects will produce no inconvenient narcosis As much as 12 or 15 grs in a day will be necessary for this. But Prof. T. has occasionally given 1 or 2 drams without the slightest ultimate narcotic effect Prof. T. has never found it directly tonic only so by its deobstruent an narcotic effect relieving paresis of the nerves of the stomach etc. Because this article produces a cerebral excitement, given in uniform quantities at short intervals & pushed it has been supposed nervine Prof. T. once thought so but than all the narcotics may produce this effect Dose 1 to 5 grs. Prof. T. generally begins with about 4 grs. & increases till [illegible] The operation of a large dose usually commences in ½ an hour It may continue from 12 to 24 hours Conium is useful in a great many diseases It will generally require other articles in conjunction e.g. cath. & tonics & [illegible] (when you want a cath. merc. oper. use cal. etc. if you do not need purgative effects use other mercurials and these latter are less liable to salivate) No remedy is more valuable in dyspepsia For the production of the deobstruent effect from this and other articles, the system must be within a certain range of action hence depletion on one hand & tonics & aromatics on the other Diseases & pt of those which require principally its narcotic effects. Neuralgic toothache Spasmodic dysphorgia dipsosis [illegible] from intemperance Idiopathic cough at least as an adjunct to opium Hooping cough perhaps with tonics or with arsenic Dyspnoea exacerbans A large dose (say zi of ex) will arrest a paroxysm Idiopathic hectic in conjunction with arsenous acid nit. sil. etc. Ophthalmitis sclerotica (which is always rheumatic) very useful Neuralgia faciei of all kinds conjoin datura [Illegible] palpitation & synochous tremor Cherca valuable with iron Lately Prof. T. has used actea & nux vomica in preference hemicrania Hysteria a large dose will arrest the paroxysm it may be useful between the par. Epilepsy with datura catalepsy with iron. Spermorrhea entonica with ac. lead also [sagnesis] fur. (is [said] paruria mellita 2nd where its deobstruent effect is wanted Chronic dyspepsia with excessive appetite etc. with iron [sesquox] [illegible] zx extr. conii zv off. alc. f zii ol. cinn. ol. gaulth. aa mxii sacch. alb. zii syr. tolu f zvi & generally add f zvi of compd tinct. cinn. water sufficient to make 2 pints of this mixture dose f zfs. This is pleasant to the taste The alcoh. is necessary to make it keep If wine is indicated use wine instead of water Sometimes substitute French brandy ½ pt instead of the tinct. of cinna. for a time where alc. is indicated to rouse excitability Limosis sputatoria & L. albicus (called in N. Haven white jaundice) a disease of the liver with or without diarrhoea patient pale (slightly yellowish) difficult to determine its nature Dyspepsia accompanied with neuralgic pain (which must be relieved (the pain) with opium Sequels of colic Disposition to proctica with iron Icterus vulgaris with iron most valuable as much as he can take without too much narcosis. If the bowels are slow, premise a slow cath. of calomel Where the disease is cured by cal. alone the yellowness of the skin will often remain for 3 months. Conium removes the yellowness as coon as it cures the disease The discovery of the use of conium to cure jaundice was also made (accidentally) by phys. in Boston. But it had been used in the N. of Euro. & in Italy before Icterus melaena with acrids Chololithus Parabismata it will cure than which result from neglected intermittents. But quinine is a sovreign remedy for these as is now well understood though so contrary to the prejudices of Prof. T. & others Quinine is not a congesting article Prof. T. has used it still oftener in parabismata for malaria not preceded by intermittent P. strumosa P. schirrhosum with acrids (capsic.) tonics etc. Icterus from malaria conium will cure, but quinine is far better Erethymatic gastritis and enteritis conjoined with red prec. & corros. sub. Almost all the erythematic infl. As an auxiliary in membranific spargnosis puerp. Rheumatism useful auxilary in the acute u seful in subacute and chronic rheum. White swelling auxiliary cancer a palliative Lues syphylodes Persevering use of con. & iron has obviated a tendency to sick headache Affections of the mind Paramenia difficilis (not membranific infl) relieve a paroxism & continue it with iron Used with success as an [illegible] with iron Leucorrhea with nit. sil. & capsic. or with lob. inflata Chlorosis inops with iron Lepidosis psoriasis, & lepriasis & impetigo several varieties with arsenic Case related of supposed osteo sarcoma (perhaps a rheumatic aff.) and thought perfectly desperate cured by conium perseveringly pushed Cataplasms of recent leaves or extract rec. for irrit. ulcers The plaister is an inefficient preparation Treat cases of poisoning by this [illegible] as those of other narcotics by quick vomits by ammonia by acrid nervines as hydric ether alcohol etc. There is no evidence whatever that vinegar is an antidote History First used internally by Storck 1760. It grew very popular too much was expected from it and went into contempt Storck was ½ a century before his time with respect to various articles of M.M. Conium arecoca of S. A. affords an esculent root equal to our potatoe Aethusa Sinapium [illegible] Cicuta cicutoria etc. Dog’s parsley Fool’s parsley Habit closely resembles con. mac. Native of Europe Naturalized with us abounding about Hartford & Wethersfield Its powers closely resemble those of con. mac. but is much more active D S. Woodward has employed it extensively & can perceive no difference between this and conium A good subject for a dissertation Cicuta Maculata Never grows in clusters Root the most active part strong smell virose taste. More active than conium most [illegible] poisonous article we have indigenous mistaken for [illegible] [illegible] ([illegible] clay tone) Case. Young lady took it for angelica Soon she had vertigo blindness, weakness of extremities 2 hours after was found pale cold, distressed pupils dilated restlessness jactitations cold sweat The plant has vomited her. Sulph. zinc was given in obedience to the books it produced free vomiting which gave no relief and aggravated all the symptoms Teaspoonful laudanum 50 drops every hour spirit & water & wine external heat & acrids much better next morning but suffered from weariness in the limbs etc. Cured in 3 or 4 days Vide Bigelow on cases of death in 1 ½ hours with convulsions, frothing etc. Most physicians refer these symptoms to white hellebore which does not grow # mistaken also for aralia & for angelica & calamus with us or to iris versicolor, which produces no such symptoms If vomiting is needed mustard appears to be the best article (also ranunculus flammat. after these sulph. zinc sul. copper or sulph. merc. the latter two are speedier and as kind as sulph. zinc. The books direct 20 gr sulph. zinc as if it were a large dose but Prof. T. in most cases finds 30 grs necessary to produce full vomiting. Purging may be considered as seldom necessary if so give castor oil senna produces copious watery secretions and exhausts. Vinegar is directed as an antidote no evidence for it whatever It originates in the oxygenating theory with respect to narcotics vinegar was supposed to disoxygenize. Coffee and tea may do well as nervine but alc. & opium are better Medicinally used this article possesses the same powers in kind as the cor. mac. but is much more powerful in degree Cicuta bulbifera [Fennel] leaved cowbane etc. Said to be stronger than conium & supposed to possess the same powers Weaker than C. maculata C. venenata of Dr Greenway was probably C. maculata C. virosa (Europe) Seems to have the same powers (in the root) as C. mac. but to be rather weaker All these species seem to be perfect substitutes for conium Oenanthe crocata An European plant sometimes found in the U.S. Probably similar to conium The root is used Cases related of poisoning by it Some reg. ner. are said to be tonic & nervine one is viz. ambrosia elation (ragweed) bitter [Leonarus] cardiaca gone into disease, but is a valuable article Coffee is a pure nervine tea a nervine & narcotic 1st Nervines of an. origin 1st vol. ess. ol. of [mephitis] amer. skunk There are said to 5 spec. by some others 2 doubtful but all are the same called also m. [chirca] for other sp. vid. ed. encyc. IT is a generic character of the whole genus that they have glands [illegible] the [illegible] Called also viverra & mustala Polecat of Europe is a different an. viz. [illegible] (Name Poule chat) Two small sacs between the anus & tail Probably the skunk cannot project the liquor 2 feet, or even on perhaps Probably it defends the an. by blinding the eyes. The two sacs are about the size of a nutmeg both contain from zii [illegible] to [illegible To obtain the liquor shoot the an. through the head or neck or heart. Take out the sacs with their Ammoniacum 8 Materia Medica Nervines Obviate languor and lassitude allay morbid irritability and irritation, mobility and [??ctitation] and watchfulness, sensibility & sensation, when connected with atony or a non phlogistic state of the system They are different from stim. & narcotics Many of them exhilirate as a part of their nervine operation but the weaker do not. They [like] the latter produce a peculiar calm [euphoria] and pleasurable sensation & a wakefulness. Perhaps the exhiliration may be the first stage of the cerebral irritation of narcotics and (stimulants?) This ehxil. is sometimes produced by the states of the disease sometimes in conjunction with this by nervines & without any effect upon the pulse. One sort of such exhiliration is called vapours The term antispasmodic seems objectionable because they do not obviate spasm but allay irritability & obviate languor Narcotics when pure do not produce all the effects of nervines e.g. [strychnus] etc. An article which relieves non-phlogostic restlessness, irritability etc. must be nervine or narcotic or both If a narcotic, it will when pushed produce epigastric uneasiness nausea etc. The obviation of languor and lassitude, does not indicate stimulation, necessarily, any more than exhiliration does Nervines first relieve irritation etc. & when pushed produce wakefulness calm placid & pleasurable sensation & perhaps exhiliration Nervines will tranquillize an irritated pulse often, and hence are sometimes mistaken for refrigerants Neither do they when continued act as tonics The inhalation of ether & such things does not relieve exhaustion, but prostration merely Nervines will not aggravate phlogistic disease Prof. T. has known the freest use of nitrous oxide, vapour of ether, etc. utterly fail of relieving exhaustion merely relieving the nervous affection The commencement of intoxication is a nervine effect i.e. those things which are visible Intoxication is exhil. followed by delirium & inability to regulate voluntary motion followed by come hence no articles but fermented & spiritous liquors, produce intoxication it is a nervine and nar Recap 4 states 1st an antirritant stage as above described 2nd calm 3d watchfulness 4th exhiliration sometimes amounting to delirium Still you may give so much of an article Perhaps also the power of producing a degree of cerebral irrit. under which the muscular strength is increased Diff. nervines vary much in the degree in which they produce different of these state Pure nervines may be pushed to any degree without stimulation or narcosis Prof T. has often seen a high degree of a nervine effect in the lowest states of the system In their usual doses they appear to produce no effect In books they are recommended chiefly for mild spasmodic diseases Protox. nitrogen appears to be a powerful nervine so chlor carburet of hydrogen or hydrochloride of carbon (chloric ether) taken into the stomach also sulph. & nit. eth. by inhalation virus of rattlesnake, is said to be the most pure & powerful nervine known virus of the skunk is next but stinks too much Musk is next in efficacy & is the most powerful of the articles commonly used It is said also that cobweb Castor is rather a weak & inefficient nervine Coffee is a nervine of considerable power Saffron (crocus) is also nervine Croculus [pl?kenetic] & suberoses ([illegible]) is nervine but also narcot. deob. emm. & cath Castorum [opapinex] asafoetida etc. have no effect on health, but have considerable effect upon what Cullen called the mobility of the system. Most of the fetids however Prof. T. thinks owe their efficacy to [illegible] they having so medicinal an appearance. The state of the mind influences the operation of nervines Prof. T. thinks the fetids are the most uncertain & vague & doubtful class of remedies which we have, & that they might be altogether omitted without injury even including asafoetida Coffee made strong, as directed in medicine, is preferable to them all indeed it is an efficient article So also hydrate of bismuth Prof. T. has given in dram doses without any perceptible effect Iron also he has sometimes apparently found [inert] just as Bigelow declares it inert. All this may be owing to peculiarity of diathesis [Mother] wort, asafoetida & other nervines, should not be used to tantalize for hours patients in distress, who may be speedily and effectually relieved by opium Still we are to consider that women are apt to get a habit of resorting to op. camph. musk cinnamon etc. and fall into a habit of intemperance Nervines are 1st chemical, as protox. nit. eminently nervine Hydric ether (Sulph. eth) moderately nervine when inhaled is neither narcotic nor stimulant, but nervine when taken Oleum ethereum or empyereumatic Chloro carburet of hydrogen a pure nervine. [Luquichloride] of carbon a liquid but solid at common temperatures odorous Spritus (or aether) pyroceties 2nd nervina animalia 1st musk 2nd civet castoreum web of taegenurea medicinalis virus of rattlesnake oil of skunk 3d vegetable nervines coffee [cyprideium] pubes. humile, spectabile pure nervines used from time immemorial by irregular practitioners & by the Thompsons. Aplectrum hyemale (Adam & Eve) Corallorhiza odontorrhiza both pure nervines the latter has considerable nervine power [Stigmas] of crocus sativus Seeds of vanilla aromatic Pulp around the seeds of bixa orellane called arnotto Dipterix odorata ([illegible] used to scent snuff) the proximate principle is [cormsorine] a [concrete] ess. opil Root or essential oil of valerian neither narcotic nor stimulant Polynisis graveolus nervine Root of paeonxa off. (palony) Fruit of Amer. spec. of [pavia] [rubrate] (Ohio buckeye) Aerobion fragrans ([Angricum] fragr.) probably valuable Senecia [anorus] & balsimatae & [illegible] Inspiss. [descundin?] [saps] of roots vide Prof. I. Ferula asafoetidia & opoponax & Persica (called sagepinum) [Dorema] ammoniacum (called ammoniac) (called heracleum gummifoerum but this is the h. pyrenaicum) Galbanum (referred to [illegible] galbanum) but is from the galbanum offic.) All these are inspissated saps Root of goodyera pubescens might be expected to prove nervine but there is the best testimony to its being deobstruent Some reg. ner. are said to be tonic & nervine one is viz. ambrosia elation (ragweed) bitter [Leonarus] cardiaca gone into disease, but is a valuable article Coffee is a pure nervine tea a nervine & narcotic 1st Nervines of an. origin 1st vol. ess. ol. of [mephitis] amer. skunk There are said to 5 spec. by some others 2 doubtful but all are the same called also m. [chirca] for other sp. vid. ed. encyc. IT is a generic character of the whole genus that they have glands [illegible] the [illegible] Called also viverra & mustala Polecat of Europe is a different an. viz. [illegible] (Name Poule chat) Two small sacs between the anus & tail Probably the skunk cannot project the liquor 2 feet, or even on perhaps Probably it defends the an. by blinding the eyes. The two sacs are about the size of a nutmeg both contain from zii [illegible] to [illegible To obtain the liquor shoot the an. through the head or neck or heart. Take out the sacs with their ducts squeeze out the liquor into a vial without letting it touch the neck of the vial stop close yet it will penetrate the envelopes in damp weather It is a light amber col. liquid always liquid in our climate as tasteless as olive oil said to be Taken internally a drop or two 2 or 3 times a day it is a powerful antirritant & nervine though it has never been made to produce an exhiliration It is also a pure nervine Prof. I. considers it very nearly allied to musk but far stronger. It is best to keep it in every small vials of ½ a dram The inconvenience is that the least [???tation] produces the most powerful stench! Probably no dangerous consequences could result from an inordinate dose. When a very little of the liquid oil falls upon broad cloth it appears like a grease spot covered with dust & the scent cannot be eradicated Dyspnoea exacerbans (called asthma) has been much relieved better by this than by any other article taken during an exacerbation to relieve it & between them to keep them off. vide Prof’s I & Beers Even the inhalation of the vapor has relieved the disease. Dr Conklin was relieved for two years in consequence of the killing of a skunk near the house & the vapour remaining in the house during that time. Prof. B. has used it for 8 or 9 patients one of them kept it by him all the while. It keeps off but does not eradicate the disease Woolen cloths upon which a mere drop of this liquid had fallen have retained the odour for years & their use been entirely abandoned. The best way to eradicate the odour is to wash alternately in alcohol & soap suds. Perhaps sulphuric ether might do. Venom of Candisena horrida This was the original hat. hist. name Called cretalus horridus by Linnaeus Distinguished by dark coloured transverse bands. Its fetid odour is readily perceived by horses and cattle In a rainy and wet season the crepitaculum is softened and emits no noise. It is not certain that a new rattle is formed with every renewal of the skin & many are left off by accident hence, we cannot reckon the age by means of the rattles There is but one other species viz. C. durissima The upper jaws have only the two poisonous fangs at the base of which are the crumena or bags which contain the [virus], are situated There are under the eye two clusters of glands which secrete the virus The virus of the viper is a transparent yellowish fluid The virus of any venomous serpent is perfectly bland to the taste The medicinal effects of the virus of the viper have not bee investigated The virus of the rattlesnake has been experimented on by Dr James Wallace & [illegible] friends in Virgin. (1924) A delightful exhiliration is said to be produced a slight flush etc. in short it seems to be a powerful nervine. Like the nervines it removes the coma of typhus A slight anasarca of the feet & ankles & a reopening of old ulcers, and a tenderness of the old scars was produced by an excessive use Said not to increase the animal heat nor to act on the [illegible] nor to affect the pulse Others have found similar affects It appears to differ from skunk virus more in the quality than in the strength of its operation Disease 1st typh. nervosus accompanied with coma delir. 7 subsultus Arthritis rheumatalgia greatly relieved & perhaps cured Ecphronia melancholia insanity on one point Carus paralysis, also Forms dry powder or oil of the virus and bag Tinct wd probably be better Web of Tegeneria medicinalis Used almost time immemorial but the old writers did not discriminate, or at least did not inform us what kind of spider was used This species is said to be new eyes 8 upper row curves 1st pair of legs longest 4th pair next 3d next 2nd shortest. Inhabits cellars abdomen has All the species of the gen. form a horizontal web with a cylindrical tube in the form of a funnel Other species are supposed to answer as well The geometric spiders are not medicinal Spider’s web is s standing article in old dispensatories but in modern times has gone out of use Its effect is curing intermittents have been attributed to imagination Dr Chapman quotes R. Jackson who though it as an anodyne & antirritant superior to opium. He, Dr Dewees etc. tried it exclusively Med. eff. “Obviation in non phlog. diath if tremors spasms, subsulta delirium, irritability, restlessness abatement of vomiting tormina & pain obviation of languor & lassitude exhiliration tranquility followed by calm sleep irritation of pulse removed skin made soft etc. etc.” Dr Chapman. He says also that these effects follow immediately. HE does not mention the duration of the effects HE considers 10 gr equal to 1 ½ gr of opium According to Dr Jackson no effects are produced in “true inflammation” i.e. in phlogistic diathesis. So all the nervine, produce no effect in phlogistic diseases & many of them little or none in health. Dr Jackson says he has not been able to discover much difference between 10 & 20 gr in operation hence, says he, it is not a poison. The only inconvenient effects is said to be this rendering the pulse when slow, quick small & irregular Externally and topically applied to an bleeding surface it first produces a sharp & transient pain then the bleeding ceases & the wound rapidly heals Dr Chap. having no class of nervines was obliged to rank it among narcotics though he himself says it has not narcotic qualities How it cures intermittents Prof. T. is unable to explain Prof. T. has rubbed it up with chalk in order to give it. Dr [illegible] gave 4 or 5 gr. every Diseases 1st idiopathic cough 5 gr. every 4th or 5th hour (i.e every 3 or 4 hours) Asthma (dyspn. exac.) Intermittents more effectual than any other remedy given after bleeding parking & purging (according to the routine practice though of late years a majority of cases are protracted by bl. [illegible] & pur. simple intermittent is never phlogistic & is always cured if a phlogistic diath. is brough on hence cured by tonics & stimulants. The al. can. likewise needs no purging in pat. is not costive Some practitioners give a large dose of sulph. quin. & call it cal. & then pretend the next day to be surprised to find the pat. cured) When this article cures intermittents it does so effectually no relapse. Prof. T. however has produced all these effects by Sulph. quin. given freely enough. He has cured parabisma also by giving sulph. quin. & calling it calomel. Dr Jackson thinks tageneria better than sulph. quin. but it appears from the effects ascribed to it to be no better Prof. T. gives sal. quin. in any stage of intermittent just as Dr Jackson gave spiders web. Dr Jackson gives no reason for premising venes. em. & cath. Idiopathic hectic 5 gr. every 3 or 4 hours suspended the exacerbations eyes sparkled etc. & more respite was obtained than from wine or opium (Dr Chapm.) Irritable & ill conditioned ulcers at first the pain was sharp but they healed speedily though of month standing Cephalea hemicrania breaks it up The web is said to be inert when old when new it is said to be silken 7 viscid Musk Muschus muschiferous (Linn.) inhabits the alpine mountains of Thibet & [illegible] Hind legs longest weight 25 or 30 pounds lively. The musk is found in a bag 2 or 3 inches in diameter between the prepuce and nave. of the male. They feed on lichens arbuti vaccinii etc. During the breeding season (November) the males fight for their mates Musk is brough in its own hairy bags solid granular, dark brown or reddish like coagulated blood (somewhat) taste slightly bitter odour ambrosial etc. etc. partially soluble in water & alcohol You cannot give enough of the tinct. without giving too much alcohol. Ether is said to be a better solvent Musk has been many times analysed It contains an ess. vol. oil, cholesterine streatine, gelatine potassa, calcii, carb. amm. etc. etc. Probably the oil is the ess. principle The medicinal properties of cholesterine have not been investigated The incompatible are said to be mercurials. infusion of cinchona, copperas nit. silv. etc. etc. No regard should be paid to these assertions without explanations In an efficient dose it produces a sensation of warmth and a glow in the stomach. Next it obviates languor & lassitude, irritabil. mobil. wakefulness (of irrit.) singultus irritative affection of al. can. such as vom. & diarrh. It produces the placed & pleasurable sensation, but not the exhiliration of nervines. Prof T does not know that it produces wakefulness. Prof T. has never seen it increase animal heat in low cases nor give real increase of vital energy. A pat. may be enabled to walk or ride, from the obviation of languor & lassitude, & het not be stimulated Musk appears to produce no inconvenient effects Prof. T. objects to the term antispasmodic, as one including a great variety of remedies Musk would probably be inefficacious in most spasmodic diseases e.g. tetanus, rabies, epilepsy etc. Ordinary slight convulsions it will probably palliate Musk has been said to be diapohoretic & diuretic & aphrodisial It is merely antirritant & produces these effects merely as such Dose 6 to 20 gr. (Murray) 5 to 40 (Swediaur) 2 to 60 gr. (A. T. Thomp) Prof. T. has found zfs the medium dose generally as much as this is necessary & for single doses often zi N.B. ipecac. sulph. quin. etc. produce no Proper period of repetition 5 or 6 hours (Murray) 3 or 4 (A. T. T.) about 3 hours Prof. Tully N.B. In a powerful disease the effects of remedies pass off sooner Given in form of bolus (Murray) Prof. T. objects to the form bolus in general Pharmaceut. prep. 1st powder, & given in sugar & water (It may be ground up alone or with sugar) It may be given in pill made with a veg. extr. e.g. ext. gent. or ext. con. OR in tinct. zjj to 1 pt alc. (Dublin & U.S.) A person would need a gallon of the tinct.! z4 to pt. (Paris Ph.) Given in enema to teething children in convulsions (Murray) An improper remedy for dentition Proper in all irritative atonic or non phlogistic diseases to obviate restlessness irrit. mobil. etc. Musk is recommended for all convulsions & spasms It can however be considered as no more than a palliative in some of them One of Prof. T’s friends has found it the best ant emetic in typhoid cases, that he has ever tried. Epigastric sinking is also admirably relieved by musk Life is apparently prolonged by it in desperate cases for days. It would he thinks be admirably adapted for cases of poisoning by narcotics? snakes? fish? The symptoms mentioned Diseases dentition, cholera, typhus, gangrene, convulsions The diseases in which it is recommended for the entire cure are convulsive cough, tetanus, rabies etc. etc. But little dependence is to be placed in these Musk must ever be scarce, costly and liable to adulteration. Unless the animal can be domesticated & the musk extracted without kill. the an. musk cannot be much used Medicinal substances nearly allied to musk 1st civet (from the viverra found near the anus a whitish The article called musk is perfumery in civet This animal is reared in Holland & the civet is extracted without killing the animal The musk rate (muschus or castor munchatus) furnishes a substance of similar properties [Catodom] or physeter macrocephalus produces ambergrise which is found in the caecum and also floating on the sea near China etc. In irregular masses etc. Prof T. thinks it probably a fixed greasy oil It has been called a stimulant (Swed. Coxe. Ed. & Vav.) Called a corroborant of the nerves an aphrodisiac etc. It is a nervine and a valuable one. Prof. T. is inclined to think it one of the most powerful of the nervines not exceeded by any unless it be by vir. or rattlesnake & skunk & by musk. it has been omitted in the Eng. pharmacop. but has continued in use on the cont. Powder doses 6 gr. to zfs. Prof. T. would give at least zfs generally. Paris tinct. in z8 to 1 pt. alc. dose f zfs to f zi Castoreum Castor fiber common beaver ([glives]) the only medicinal species Castoreum is a peculiar substance somewhat analogous to musk secreted in cells near the anus Found in commerce in its two natural sacs connected together one of them containing the true castoreum the other merely a fatty matter The Russian cast. is the only one used in Europe & is superior with us the American is sold under the name of Russian Said to contain castoreum a peculiar principle & the active ingredient Russian castor is reddish brown, bitter etc. Castoreum is very little soluble in water but is dissolved in alc. & eth. It is a nervine & destitute of stimulant properties. Murray is wrong in considering it a weak article, because it produces little effect upon a robust healthy man. For instance a healthy man may take zi of sil. quin. without any effect whatever Diseases spasmod. aff. generally (Ed. & V) It will not cure one of them 1st Nervous asthma (which does not exist) Castor is certainly too feeble for common asthma. Indeed most English prescriptions for asthma are utterly inefficient So also in dyspn. exac. Prof. T. has seen it tried Clonus singultus (convulsive hiccough) Prof. T. has found this also too formidable a disease. Prof. T. cured one very formidable case (a feeble slender man) by a full bleeding to increase susceptibility & then by Fowler’s sol. & opium Hysteria likewise (a hysteric fit) is too formidable a disease. So also epilepsy. So also amenorrhoea Castor is useful like other weak nervines, not for curing any particular disease, but for obviating particular symptoms of irr. etc. Pharmaceutic prep. Powder in warm water seems to be the best Giving the tincture, gives too much alcohol. Pills are not dissolved, speedily enough Dose 10 or 20 gr. is too small use at least zfs Tinct. zii to 2 pts off. alc. (U.S.) is altogether too weak. So the ED. tinct. is too weak. The Paris gives z4 to `1 pt. but even this is too weak. The ether is too weak Compd tinct. zi off. cast. zjfs asafoet. 1 pt spt. amm. This is efficient Oleum animale empyreumaticum Called also dippeli & etheriae am. ol. Made by distilling bones & horns in a close & dry vessel At first black afterwards white turining brown on exposure to air very fetid acrid to the taste. Muscle, roasted in a coffee roaster, gives off this empyr. oil causing the intolerable stench & produces what has been called am. charc. & has been said to be an efficacious article The an. oil is nervine said to be poisonous (E. & V.) Dose 15 to 20 gtts E. & V. The article is said to be more powerful than most nervines. Recommended in dyspnoea exacerb. etrc. & also recommended to break up intermittents. Much used on the cont. of Europe even for intermittents Syspasia hysteria, convulsia, & epileptica (E. & V. Scutellaria lateriflora First employed for lyssa in 1773 by Dr Vandermeer of N. Jersey & by others (mechanics & others not physicians) who received the knowledge of it from him First publication was in 1809 by Walter [Bowne] Advocated by Coleman of the Evening post Dr Lyman Spalding & others N.B A large proportion of cases of rabies reported are drawn up by unprofessional persons & are not rabies The only two physicians who have believed in this article are Drs Spalding & Thatcher. It is also employed for tetanus and chorea. In many reported cases other articles have been used by mistake e.g. verbena urticifolia which will puke & purge Scutellaria produces no appreciable operative properties It has no taste nor smell Chenopodium vulvaria Stinking orache. Much valued in the cont. of Europe. One of the weaker nervines as strong as asafoetida but not deobstruent like that. Has a hircine odor Leonurus Cardiaca Motherwort It held a place in all the pharm. until within 30 years. Taste slightly bitterish. It is universally used by the people & once was by the physicians In some instances it has proved speedily and actively emmenagogue probably by its antirritant powers. It is scarcely bitter enough to be ranked among the nervine bitter tonics, viz. ballota nigra marrubium vulg. humulus lupulus & syncopus virginica which last is not narcotic, as is supposed, for they produce no effect on the brain and nerves of a healthy person & no narcosis upon the sick. Lycopus virg. is a valuable nerv. like Leonurus. Cases of experiments which proved it to be utterly unable to produce a narcotic effect. quarts taken Pharmac. prep. are infus. or dec. made as strong as convenient & taken freely In large quantities & long continued it is laxative Diseases Lim. dyspep. a variety in which there is excessive irritability, nervousness, languor (not debility) pat. easily shocked and frightened etc. thought by the friends to be an imaginary aff. etc. Prof. T. has cured by tonics etc. but many of them he has been able to make an impression on by such articles as this only. The stom. is likewise very irritable vom. mus. dislike to food & without atony or debility Colica flatulenta Dysphoria simplex (Good) or simple restlessness often a troublesome affection Lyspaxia hysteria. Prof. T. has employed this article in hysteric diath. & is inclined to try it in a paroxysm in preference to opium in large quantities large enough to relieve the parox. Prof. T. generally employs datura Leucorrhea attended with pains in the loins & hips etc. without much general exhaustion cases in which tonics often irritate Paramania obstructionis var. irritativa Ambrosia elatior [Roman] wormwood, ragweed, iron weed etc. Very bitter, yet not tonic (not all bitter art. are tonic) Nervine & nearest allied to leonurus. It effects the uterine system in females considerably Diseases. It has been much used in hysteria, dysphoria simplex etc. It relieves after pains if not too violent Aerobium fragrans (Sprengel) Commonly called angraecum fragrans Called [illegible] or [illegible] An orchideous plant from Bourbon & Isle of France (Mascara islands) also from the borders of the Red Sea. 24 sp. have been ascertained within half a dozen years 14 in Masc. isl. 3 in Madag. 1 in Brazil etc. Grows upon the trunks of shaded trees Used by the African natives to make a pleasant beverage. Gives a pleasant odour in drying. The leaves are used. Vide Revue Medicale It is now considerably used in Paris & has been distributed over the world Called by its investigator ([Gerody]) narcotic etc. but his account carefully considered seems to describe a nervine merely & one destitute of stimulant powers, as he thinks it contraindicated in debility (probably because it will not relieve it. It cannot be tonic because he also gives it in phlogistic cases It is not considered as a very powerful article & may be used ad. lib. Used in infusion mixed with milk Recommended in bex simplex & convulsiva Dyspepsia Paroxysms of asthma & all cases of irrit. of lungs. Acute & chronic pleuralgia catarrh, for the cough. Phthisis (probably the tubercular) Senecio Aureus The whole plant has been used but Prof. T. thinks the root the only part which is medicinal. Called American valerian & supposed to resemble the off. val. Given in infusion It is moderately nervine Prof. T. thinks more so than castoreum Senecio hieracifolius Fire weed. Employed in some parts of N.Y. Prof. T. thinks weaker than the preceding. Called demulcent & astringent & popular in dysentery but it has scarcely any sensible properties Paeonia Officinalis Common paeony Tastes & smells like valerian Root most active Said to be narcotic antispasmodic & astringent Prof. T. thinks it neither narcotic nor astringent, but moderately nervine stronger however than castoreum. Much has been said about this as well as other nervines in intermittents Palliative in epilepsy etc. Crocus Sativus Common saffron (not what is so called as viz the cantharus tinct.) True saffron belongs to the nat. ord. irideae. The pistils or stigmas are the parts used Taste aromatic & bitter No accurate chemical analysis has been made. If the tinct. is given too much alc. will be taken. So of the wine & the vinegar. Probably the substance is the best form Said to be stimulant, narcotic etc. Prof T. has experimented on it & considers it as a pure nervine. It may be made to produce the peculiar calm placid & pleasurable sensation Perhaps it may be made to produce slight exhiliration Recommended in hysteria (i.e. hysterical diath.) & all nervous aff. It possesses considerable power in relieving irr. of stom. naus. & vom. Recommended as a sedative cataplasm in ophthalmia Probably it has gone into disuse because false powers have been ascribed to it It is an ingredient in tinct. al. cum myrrha (elix. proprietatis) & renders it milder in its operation. It is an ingredient also in the compd tinct. cinch. which is a valuable medicated alcohol. Also in tinct rhei & t. rh. comp But in all our shops the worthless carthamus is used Dose in [illegible] 30 gr. to zj (Prof. T.) ext. 15 gr. Caffea Arabica A small tree or large shrub 8 to 12 ft high The unparched seeds do not possess the powers of the parched Because it is so extensively used in diet it is supposed not to be capable of useful application I medicine. It is useful if sufficiently strong & not mixed with food History of its introduction into France [Persian] [ambassador] [fashion] [taverns] [intemperance] coffee houses Active princ. is caffein a white milky substance like [arianthus] Said to be stimulant. Prof. T. could not effect this operation Called antispasmodic but it is useful in none of them unless we call asthma & dysponea exac. so (but they are not spasmodic diseases) Called carminative (i.e. acting like a charm) also caleficient but it is not. It is eminently active in obviating lang. & lass. also in preventing sleep. It will also produce, besides the calm & pleasurable sensation, a certain degree of exhiliration It is not at all narcotic The unparched seeds have no more activity than dried peas Recom. in intermittent, headache catarrh, polysarcia etc. But it is most useful in dyspn. exac. & asth. first used by Sir J. [Flyer] Parch the seeds without burning them Pulverised when hot. He directs z2 to a cup i.e. z4 to 1 pt probably a saturated infusion One such cup will relieve a paroxysm if not repeat once in ½ hour until relief is obtained Sir J. Pringle added lemon juice & remained in bed. Good ascribes antaphrodisiac powers to coffee Symplocas Alstonia Bogota tea from south Am. Used as a substitute for tea & said to be one of the best substitutes. None but nervine powers are ascribed Hibiscus Abelmoschus Called musk okra Native of W.I.? Seeds extremely agreeable to the nose It is a nervine, very speedy in its operation producing exhiliration even Cultivated in this country Dr Dander of Jamaica said the seeds were emetic vide his work on Dis of Jam. Tinct. Prof. T. would add z4 to 1 pt Said to be useful externally in [illegible] galeatu Much used as a perfume & a cosmetic Our hibisci are generally mucilaginous The H. moschutus is said to be paregoric i.e. antirritant Vanilla aromatica Epidenderon vanilla & aromatica of oth. Nat. ord. orchideae A wood climbing shrub South Am & Mexic. Peric. a bivalve pod i.e. a capsule shaped like a pod. It may be seen in any of the shops used to scent snuff It affords a very elegant ess. oil The seeds appear to contain an active princ but this ess. ol. & benzoic ac. The best preparation is the ess. ol. next to this the powder The principal & probably its sole operation, is a nervine one Said to be stim. & aphrod. etc. Dose zfs to zj of the powder It is used to perfume & flavour chocolate & is supposed to increase it, nervine [illegible] Dose of oil 10 to 30 drops Dipteryx odorata Bargosma Tonga (Person) [illegible] odorata (of older authors Tonka (or Tonga) bean Nat. ord leguminosae. Guiana Seeds are used their prox. prin. is [coomerin] which exists abundantly also in the flowers of melilotus off. crystallizes etc. & is probably like camphor a concrete vol. ess. ol. It is not stimulant probably not narcotic. It is used for scenting snuff & may always Dose of coomerin probably about the same as camphor P Tranthera pichurin Formerly Laurus pichuria Off. name pichuric faba Called also sassafras nut. From Brazil It affords a concrete greasy oil which is nervine Called carminitive & stomachic (i.e. nervine) & febrifuge (probably ant intermittent) Recommended for colica flatulenta diarrhea etc. Vide [illegible] batava An old article lately struck out of it British pharm. So also some of the previous articles Dose [illegible] to zjs. [illegible] Agallicum aloes wood Nat ord. legumindosae high mountains of Cochin China Lindley, by mistake, refers it to aguilaria agallica Dr Good refers it to excecaria agullicum An excrescence grows on and into the trunk of the tree. This when split longitudinally, exhibits the medicinal article that when first gathered is soft but soon grows hard of it there three sorts differing in value The substance is full if fibres & is a substance intermediate between concrete ess. oil of resin The distilled oil is used in medicine. The term lign aloes in the scriptures, was intended to refer to this but should not N.B Jonah’s gourd was a ricinus mandrake was an orchis mustard s phytolacca dodec. This article is used as a perfume (when burnt) It is nervine, rubefacient; said to be astringent, tonic and anthelmintic Said to relieve nause & vom. but, as is said, not connected with a phlogistic diath. Said to relieve anorexia gastrodynia Vid. Good art. dysp Idiopathic diarrhoea (on the contin. of Eur.) But the med. prof. are generally ignorant of the powers of opium in relieving diarrhoea. Extolled in the east for deinas vertigo or idiop. dizziness. Hysterical, convulsions, carus paralysis But probably the narcotics have the greatest power in relieving palsy by increasing the energy of the nervous system This article was formerly in the British pharm. & was lately brought into notice for the cholera Cymbopogon Ivarancusus Nat. ord granineae, saccharineae Called radix ivarancusa (Andropogon is another) & grass oil of memore? We have also cym. cop. schoenanthus of which the leaves are used The root near the [culm] yields the oil & when bruised by the feet of cattle perfumes the air around The root is somewhat bitter, pungent & aromatic. Probably the virtues reside like peper nig. & cubebs in a vol. & a fixed ess. oil. The vol. oil is extremely pungent & disperses a very agreeable fragrance This oil is a rubefacient it is called stomachic & antispasmodic Pharm. prep. The dried root in substance is used. Inf. & [dic.] are imperf. preparations. The ess. oil is the best preparation Probably the fixed ess. oil obtained by macerating in ether & evaporating would be active Diseases dyspepsia probably valuable in the irritable kind Colica flatulenta. cholera mal. in the congressional report the blank viz the of rad. [ivaran.], a tablespoonful once in two hours should probably be filled up with the spirit i.e. the essence or the tinct. Recommended also in simple fever in trop. climates, where true cauma does not exist, but instead of it synochus, & irritative atonic fever Relied on in India for curing intermittent (another nervine for intermittent) Recommended for rheumatism but topical irritants are not to be used as long as the rheumatism is erratic hysteria This article has been supposed to be the nard of the ancients but a species of valeriana [illegible] has been thought to be the article Polanesia graveolus (Decand.) Cleome dodecandra ([Purth]) called false mustard worm weed pink weed. But Prof. T. has ascertained that we have 90 & more snake roots!! Found all over N. England It has a strong bituminous smell, which proceeds from an ess. oil, resembling [worm] seed [illegible] & is said to be nervine narcotic & anthelmintic (other spec. of cleome are narcotic resembling conium) First investigated by Scheff a German surgeon to the Hessian troops who published a work on our M. M. Vide Ben. Smith Boston. Highly popular in Ohio, as a nervine and anthelmintic Valerian The sp. of the ger. are generally alpine plants growing in sphagn swamps of high mts. One spec. grows on the White Mts The roots are the active part & the vol. ess. oil is the act. prox. princ. Perhaps also there may be discovered a fixed exx. oil, if experiment. All are agreed to be antisp. i.e. nervine. Said also to be stim. But Prof. T. has settled that the roots whether given in infl. or in subst. have no stim. prop. He has not thoroughly tried the oil with ref. to this pt Said to be diuretic; & it does in fact resemble the terebinth oils Prof. T. has not however noticed this prop. Called anthelm. also V. celtica is supposed to be one of the weakest. It is used in Turkey to scent their baths. V. doscoridis grows in the Levant, & was described by him. thought stronger V. off. is most used in Europe & found in woods and wet meadows in Europe Cats are fond of it just as they are of catnip & of both, only after having been pulled up and suffered to wither Said to be narcotic. It is not however. N.B. Unless you push an article a considerable way you cannot distinguish whether its antirritant properties are the result of a narcotic or a nervine operation It is not tonic as has been said. It is called emmenagogue it is not certain whether it is so merely from its antirritant properties or not from its resemblance to the terebinthinates, it may be more than this Pharm. prep. 1st powder but this is inconvenient from its bulk, & should be freshly made which is also in convenient The tinct requires too much alc. The inf. is too weak unless for mild cases The vol. ess. oil is the best prep. Diseases. Hysteria convulsions & epilepsy useful as an auxiliary & palliative Recommended for hemicranic & chlorsis Swediaur mentions hyperchondrias. Prof T. has seen it of essential service in it. This dis. generally will not bear very active medication Sw. also mentions incipient anaurosis (paralysis of optic nerve) amenorrhoea & haemoptysis N.B. There are 1st entonic 2nd atonic 3d irrit. & rth vicarious hem. & for the 3d the valerian would be beneficial # Dose of powd. root [illegible] to zi 3 or 4 times a day; increased as far as the stomach will bear. Inf. zi to zii to 1 pt. [illegible] ment. salts of iron as incompatible this entirely improbably as the active principle is an ess. oil The prep by extract wastes the valerian The ammoniated tinct. will merely be spts of amm. flavoured with valerian for not more than a few drops could be given # Some profess to cure delirium tremens but the cases cured by it were merely mild ones, which one or two doses of opium wd cure ol. val. 10 or 20 gtts alc. zfs tinct chlor ferri zfs dose 20 to 40 gtts This Prof T. has found very valuable in various chronic nervous complaints e.g. cardialgia syncoptica Valeriana [vatanansi] of India yields a more abundant and elegant essential oil thought by Sir W. Jones to be the nard of the N.T. this not probable. A species of val. found near Castleton was determined by Dr Robbins to be the v. off. probably it is the same with the v. sylvatica of Franklin’s journey Nervines of the Nat. ord. orchideae Corallorhiza odontorrhiza Called dragon’s claw [hens] feet fever root Adam’s [race] etc. (Cymbidium) Root fleshy much branched but small When fresh smells strong powder said to attract moisture from the air First employed by Dr Graham of [Canton] & New Hartford He used it to promote quietness and diaphoresis in fever. Drs Todd Bestor & Reed were acquainted with him Probably it is (as is said) deobstruent Called aphrodisiac It is nervine & especially adapted to heat restlessness & dry skin of fever Powd. root dose about a t. sp. in some warm liquid once in 2 or 3 hours Prof. T. has used it considerable Cypripedium acaule or humile ladies slipper, moccasin plant etc. c. spectabile [illegible] & C. spectabili is collected indiscriminately with it & used with it also. The roots have a strong smell & a subacrid bitterish nauseous taste Graham above mentioned conjoined this with the preceding. This is not the article used as an antirritant by the Thompsonites. Rafinesque heaps up epithetics and gives a [succedanemus] for it. (arnica mont. is not narcotic cumula mariana which is aromatic & inula helenium which is deobstruent merely This article may possibly be deobstruent but this Prof. T. has not noticed It is especially useful in the same way as the previous article Give a teaspoonful of powd root Aplectrum hyemale (Nuttall) Cymbidium hyemale (Muhlenberg Called Adam & Eve One of the tuberous rooted orchideae but not like most of them, nutritious & demulcent merely. Roots are two tubers when bruised in water, they yield a viscid juice which joins broken glass Nervine Called deobstruent, [illegible] etc. Goodyera pubescens [Neottiv] pub. (Wild.) Rattlesnakes’s plaintain adders violet etc. Prof. T. has not used it. The whole plant has been used The Drs Whites of Hudson make extensive use of it in curing struma It is one of the rattlesnake antidotes but it is not active enough, probably either as a nervine or a deobstruent Asafoetida Asafoetida is more to be relied on for its expectorant effect, than any other part of its deobstruent Dose 10 gr. to zj (Swed.) But 10 gr. is a quantity entirely inefficient except it it be repeated very often A combination of ess. oil of val. is highly useful though the smell is intolerable being more volat. on account of the vol. oil Pills made of the gum alone are apt not to be dissolved it is better to conjoin a little camphor or ess. oil of valer. or conjoin soap The tinct. required too much alcohol to be given It is given in enema, rubbed up with milk not very powerful given in this way. It has been used extern. as a discut. Diseases carcialgia spasmodica (?) colica flatula. tympanitis physconia (parabismatus) Glandular tumours (buboes) as a discutient. Paronychia (in plaister) etc. etc. Swediaur Ferula opoponax The plant has been referred to various genera in the books called commonly pastinaca opop. It has been struck out of the British Pharm & hence though formerly much used it is not now often met with among us Perhaps it is exactly as valuable as asafoetida Ferula Persica yields the sagapenum formerly much used & perhaps neither inferior nor superior to opopine & asafoetida Selenum gummiferum yields also an inspissated sap with similar properties Galbanum officinale Formerly referred to bubon gallanum (S.) Umbelliferous also like the preceding Galbanum is similar to in med. prop. asafoetida in all respects. It is now only an ingredient in certain palister though equal in all respects to the preceding Resin anime (French) the product of the hymenaea [courbaril] yellowish resembles copal Ammoniacum Name a blunder for armeniacum as it came from Armenia. Referred by Willd. to heracleum gummif. which was in fact the H. pyrenaicum It is a [new] genus of the tribe [peneudaniae] viz. dorema ammoniacum It is native of the north of Persia Discorides called it ammoniacum by mistake, & hence referred it to Egypt Said to be procured by incisions & allowed to drop on the ground hence sometimes containing earth A part of it viz. the gum is soluble in water a part in alc. & eth. Hence triturated with water it yields a milky emulsion composed of a solution of gum with resin mechanically suspended It is doubtful 1st nervine in a moderate degree less so than asafoet. etc. 2nd deobstruent & more so than they & resolvent, expectorant & discutient. 3d cathart. in large quantities 4th externally irritant? Not stim. but irritant Doze [illegible] to zj Prep. mistura ammoniac. zjj water ½ pt Pills also are used Emplastrum ammon. made with vinegar ammon. made with vinegar & the vinegar evaporated Diseases dyspepsia when the bowels are lax. with bitters A useful auxiliary to myrrh & iron In visceral obstructions, torpor, & parabisma as an auxiliary to conium, corr. sub. & iron Chronic coryza in conjunction with the acrid bitters as liriodendron ilicium, etc. Simple idiop. cough but not as is said as an expectorant, for expectoration is not indicated, & should be checked Still ammon. is not to be relied on alone opium & sometimes conium or hyoscyamus, should Dyspnoes exac. or asth. it is much employed, but to no good purpose Influenza when the expectoration is just going off cojoined with Pneumonitis cammatodes enjoined with squill & antimony after bleeding Pneumon. typhodes var. notha. Yet more eff. art. are better Phthisis employed in a routine way to promote expect. a thing most earnestly to be deprecated Externally in plaister to white swellings etc. Halusia hypochondrine conjoined with iron & myrrh valuable Hysteria. Chlorosis inops (green sickness) in both probably of little valuable Mineral nervines Ethers are all the volatile & inflammable liquids formed by the actions of acids on alcohol. There are two distinct classes one consisting of 4 equiv. of proto carb. hyd. combined with 1 of some acid The second consist of one equiv. of sulph. ether (common ether) with one equiv. of some acid. Of the first class we have as yet [illegible] ether (sulph. eth.) which consists of 4 prot. car. hyd. or 1 tetra carbohydrogen & 1 water (N.B. water is an acid it will even combine with some bases & supersede for all the acids acids e.g. hydrate of bismuth made by throwing nit. bism. into water) The name sulph. ether has been changed on the cont. of Eur. into hydric or hydratic ether. Besides there is a true sulphuric ether with one equiv. of sulph. acid 2d Sulph. eth. is 4 prot. carb. hyd. 1 sul. acid called sweet oil of [wine] etc. 3d Hydrochloric eth. 4th Hydro [bronic] 5th Hydriodic all [sim.] in composition & sim. in med. powers. Probably there are more also # We have first di-carburetted hyd. (light carb hyd. 2 hyd 1 carb.) next proto carb. hyd or simply carb. & hyd. & This may exist in five varieties first one condensed one half proto-carbo-hyd. (Th) second olef. [illegible] condensed [illegible] ([deuto] carbo hyd) 3d [trite] carbo hyd. condensed to 1/6 (subperolifiant [illegible]) 4d tetarto-carbohyd cond. 1/8 & this exists in ether 1 equiv. of it 5th hexa-carbo-hyd. (cond. to ½). Others as Mr. Dutton consider these combinations as different compounds consisting of 1 & 1 2 & 2 3 & 3 etc. which seems to be trifling with the subject 1st [illegible] carb. hy. proto are 3 sesqui carb 4 deuto carb. These are the compounds of carb. & hyd. And the second exists in 6 different forms as above It was formerly thought that the deuto carb. hyd. (which exists in alc.) was the compound in ether $ [Prot???] also ether made by sulphocyanogen (which is an acid) 2nd class of ethers, consist of 1 of hydric ether & 1 of acid 1st [hypometrons] 2nd carbonons (carbonic oxide which is an acid) acetic citric, malic, benzoic & formic ether also oxalic ether? N.B. the hydric ether is producible by four different acids inc. sulph., phoshporic, arsenic, & [fluoboric]. Two other sorts of substances as have been improperly called ethers one sort compounded with 4 of pr. carb. hyd. & [is] of an empyreal principle e.g. chlorine forming the chloric ether of the [illegible] iodine & bromine & Prof. S. chloric ether which contain 2 of prot. carb. hyd. & 1 cholrine Hydric ether called ether [hydricus] & [hydrat???] & sulphurias & vitriolicus ether rectificantus E probenii & naphtha vitrioli Liquor [etherium] vitriolicus ([tetrakis] hydrates of the proto- carburet of hydrogens!) Boils in [illegible] at 20. vapour about twice as heavy as air a little poured into a vial displace most of the common air Vapour readily ignited. have caution about pouring it by candle light. Water absorbs 1/10 80 fl. drams of eth. dissolves zi of phosphorus But if it contains only a little alc. it will require 24 fl dr. Hence phosphuretted ether is useless. In general it is a powerful solvent Equivalent number 37 viz 28 + 9 = 4 x (6 + 1) + 9 Until within two years the composition was considered as 2 olef. [gas] & 1 water equal also. 4 ether acids viz. arsenic, chrom, sulphuric, [fl?boric] & phosphoric acids will also produce ether as well as sulphuric Alcoh. consists of 2 equiv. of olef. [gas] & 2 of water or 1 & 1 (or 4 p.c.h & 2 [illegible]) Etherification consists in the abstraction of one equivalent of water And if you add acid enough to abstract all the water, you have olefiant gas Thompson thinks sulpho [illegible] acid is first formed & afterwards the prot. carb. hyd. goes from the acid to the water by means of heat The best test of purity is spec. grav. Sulph acid may be detected by baryta Alc. will cause a milky solution with phosphorus If kept still for a long time it is decomposed into acetic acid, alc. & water Med. eff. glows in stomach thrill to the extremities languor & lass. quieting of irr. & rest carried further it produces calm placid sensation & finally exhiliration & delirum. After this all its effects pass off without any exhaustion any somnolency etc. nothing more than fatigue, if great exertions have been made No indirect debility (i.e. prostration as from opium, & wine) follows as is said by Dr Ives & others. But Prof. T. thinks this nothing more than might be expected No article in the mouth produces so quickly diffuse & transient an operation as this It is a pure nervine When respired it is in all respects similar to nitrous oxide, both in the effects & duration. The effects cannot be distinguished. By successive inhalations, after each one has passed off, the effects continue longer. Prof. T. has never known it last in this way more than 6 hours Best inhaled from a vial or handkerchief It produces its effects more powerfully when inhaled than when taken into the stomach. Prof T has repeatedly examined the pulses of persons under the influence of eth. & nitrous ox. and also has again and again caused others to examined but never could discover any increase of strength. He entertained a different opinion previously. Others have changed their opinion in the same way Ether in his first & second course of lectures in N. Haven Prof. T. thought ether a stimulant circumstances led him to investigate its operation when taken into the stomach. Another physician quoted who was equally surprised to find that no increase of the strength of the pulse could be produced by it Others admit this, but think that perhaps the stimulation is too transient to be perceptible! or that other stimulates the nervous system Ed. & Vav. say that ether has no effect on the circulating system. These authors first turned the attention of Prof. T. to the subject. Hence A. T. T. is entirely wrong in comparing the action of eth to that of alc. Ether resembles rather cocculus etc. other nervine narcotics. Murray classed it among the narcotics Hence since this time British writers have celled it narcotic. But Prof. T. never could produce this effect by pushing ether. It probably might be pushed so far as to suspend the functions of the brain & produce a sort of apoplexy but this would not be ultimate narcosis. It is not anodyne or soporific except as it is antirritant So of it its diaph. diuret. or expect. It is not aphrodisiac except it be so by its nervine power Called anthelmintic also It is a common notion that it cannot be depended on for constant & permanent effect as a nervine But Prof. T. though he formerly thought so, has seen & heard good reason to change his opinion especially when combined with some more permanent article as wine Dose 15 or 20 drops on sugar (Sw.) It is more astringent in this way Yet a fl z or more may often be required Prof. T. has seen ether inhaled hundreds of times & yet never knew lethargic effects produced by it. It has been supposed that it may bring on mania, in the predisposed yet it can only bring on delirium & there is no evidence that del. will bring on mania The delirium of acute diseases does not bring or mania often. Perhaps also it may destroy life by continued apoplectic effect on the brain Intoxication by alc. is a different effect from the exhiliration of nitrous oxide or etherial vapour. The effect of ether may not exhibit the inability to regulate motion & to articulate & does not grow to narcosis Diseases spasmodic & hysterical diathesis So lethargic diathesis & a tendency to paralysis Recommended for a carious tooth, when painful When taken into the stomach it irritates the mucous membrane, obviates torpor & creates susceptibility to other articles Orfila introduced it into & confined it in the stom. of a dog. The phen. exhibited after death seemed to show no narcotic effect, but an erythem. infl. by an acrid Probably from its pungency or acrimony it would produce vomiting in excessive quantities Ether externally applied & suffered to evaporate, produces cold & diminution of bulk. But when confined, it prod. a sens. of heat rubefact. & perhaps even vesic. A mixt. of hydric & hydrochloric ether (in alc.) evaporates instantaneously hence this mixture might be applied to hernia Ether is useful to dry up water from the surface of a vial for instance Diseases Odontic dol. Spasmodic atonic dysphagia. A paroxysm may be relieved by hydric ether. Case of an aged phys who took it for years, just before sitting down to his meals He was ultimately cured by conium & iron Dyspepsia Dr Ives quoted, who gives it to correct [wine] & to combine with comp tinct. cinch. or compd tinct lavender especially for the intemperate S. syncoptici gastrodynia cardialgia valuable. Spasmodic vomiting especially from a debauch. It is said that a fit of intoxication may be almost entirely suspended by ether Ether is a common resort in seasickness IT seems to be about the best remedy Colica flatulenta is often completely relieved C. ciberia produces wonderful effects. Cholera vulgaris an adjuvant Chololisthus [illegible] mixed with ol. turp. highly extolled said to dissolve the gall stones Bex sicca & humida sometimes surprisingly relieved Prof. I. uses a mixt of the spir. am. & mucilage Bex [dyspno???] mixed with elix. [pary.] Dyspnoea exac. relieves by inhalation Stomalgia (angina pect.) palliates the parox. Periodical fevers palliates when there is nervous symptoms Typhus qualifies the action of brandy or wine just as these qualify tonics Dr Rush never suffered a pat. to die without trying eth. in z doses once an hour & often cured cases apparently desperate Supposed to be more especially adapted to cases of subsultus Cephalitis caumatodes evaporated from the head let a current of air from the feet to the head carry off the vapour from the nostrils Low malignant fevers Catarrhs of all sorts much thot of on the cont. of Eur. by inhal. & internally Dyspnoea of phthisis gives great relief. Acute & subacute arthritis externally by evaporation, or as an irritant but we should never use it so long as the aff. is erratic Dolores rheumaticus (SW.) Muscular pains (Murr) arthrodynia tumores dolores inflammatories (Sw.) Low atonic exanthematica Idiopath. atony or debility (Sw.) doubtful if there is any such disease Gangrena [sphecelus] when nervines are indicated as they often are. Hallusia hypochondrias syncope neuralgia auris cures it if made to act if as an irr. sulph eth. saturated with opium & camph recommended by Prof. T. as the best remedy Cephalea hem. & nausea cures sometimes the first when pushed & continued & if given (eth. & spts ammoniae equal parts dose a fl z or alone) early in the paroxysm before it has fairly set in [Enteria] [systrema] (France) Synochous singultus hiccup chorea Catalepsy Prof. T. has repeatedly seen a paroxysm broken up Carus asphyxia after animation is restored from its diff [illegible] it may be given before in a starch enema Hydrops various sorts Paruria inops Prof. I. dose f zfs at short intervals eq. parts spts. turp & ether Parodynia inops? nervous weakness two or three doses have restored action when ergot had failed Parodynia convulsiva var. hysterica Burns & scalds mixed with spts of ammonia managed so as to produce refrigeration or irritation Prof. I. Concussions or shocks useful from its diffusibility & transient effects Strangulated hernia by evaporation or has succeeded after failure by all other means for 12 hours Prof. I advises [it in all cases previous to operations [unless] the symptoms are too urgent. Prof T. has often succeeded by it. A sensation of pungency & warmth is felt by the patient but the parts feel quite cold to another. Inflammation is prevented & [illegible] made easy vid Dunc. Comm. vol. IX Sulphuric Ether This should be the name, but it hardly bears it Called sweet oil of wine. Oleum ethereum, oleum vini etc. Comes over after the formation of [illegible] ether. Vide Dispensatories & [illegible] Best prepared by distilling a mixture of equal vol. of sul. ac. & alc. & purifying the prod with potassa by [illegible] it carbonate [illegible] A yellowish, fragrant liquid Consists of 4 prot. carb. hyd. condensed to 1/8. (tetarto carbo hyd. 1 vol.) not olef. gas as Prof. S. says 28 + 1 sul. ac. 40 = 68 When kept a long time it changes into sulpho [vinic] acid by giving up ½ of its protocarb. hyd. in a crystalline state If agitated with water also, it changes into sulpho vin. ac. & gives up its 2 prop. of pr. c. h. in the shape of an oil. This article resembles hydric ether considerably & hence is said commonly to possess the same general powers Prof. T. knows of no accurate experiments on it. It seems quite certain that it is a nervine probably it will turn out like hyd. eth. not to be stimulant It has been used not alone but in Hoffmans anodyne liquor & some such preparations. Compound spirit of ether contains it In dyspepsia with paroxysms of excessive secretion of air (Prof. T. has had opportunity to watch several such cases the air was secreted by an empty stomach & prevented by food Aromatic spirit of ether is [hydric] [eth.] of alc. [illegible] pungent by spices an old & fine preparation. Good recom. to add to this the sulphuric ether Hydrochloric Ether muriatic ether naphtha salis Not well known before 1804 Thenard obtained not by using dilute liquid [muriatic acids] buy by keeping a quantity of salt an hour in a state of fusion putting 20 parts of it into a [triturated] retort & 10 parts alcohol add 10 parts sulph. ac gradually distil over into a Wolfe’s bottle containing alcohol. Agitate with sol. potassa The ether swims on the surface. This is the best process Others are followed This ether is a gas colourless a strong [illegible] smell & sweet taste. Sp. gr. 2.2 Becomes liquid at 52 [degrees] The liquid is colourless, very liquid & resembles the gas in its properties Much more volatile than hydric ether. No tests give indication of hydrochloric acid hence the acid is in a state of strict chemical combination Comp. 4 p. c. h. = 28 + h. ac. 37 + 65 As this article is a gas of course it must be united with something in order to be used in medicine. It is used combined with alc. & called spir. salis dulcis sp. vinous muriaticus spiritus muriatico etherens ether alcoholicatum spiritus salis dulcificatus etc. Swediaur says its virtues are the same as the spirit of hydric ether (Hoffman’s mineral anodyne) It is undoubtedly nervine Said to be stimulant. called analeptic (i.e. it relieves a fainting fit or a fit of sinking) but the only analeptics are the nervines & stimulants Called diuretic also by various pharmacopoeias. Said to be useful in bilious fevers but all fevers are called bilious especially in this [country] in Albany for instance the common fever is T. mitior yet all their fevers are called bilious Dose mentioned is 30 to 60 drops probably more would probably be often needed 2nd Class of ethers 1 eq. of hydric eth. & 1 of some acid Hyponitrous ether Ether nitrosus, naphtha nitrosum etc. Put into a retort eq. weight alc. & nitric acid connected with 5 successive jars of brine. Apply heat & the ether gives over & is collected in the jars A colourless liquid lighter than water boils in the hand Comp. 1 hyd. eth. 37 + 1 hyponit. ac 26 = 63 Prof. T. thinks the formula given in the Phil. ph. 1831 from spt. nitrous eth. will produce a genuine hyponitrous ether pure or impure. The formula in the N.Y. Pharmacopoeia is an old and a bad one most of the ether escapes in gas (Rx mix nit. ac. & alc. & distil) & the product is probably a solution of alc. nit. & acetic acid. & nitrous acid & ether The spiritus etherus nitricus etc. etc. etc. found in our shops are probably always formed according to this old formula & consist of this mixture. There are in fact however 3 kinds sweet spirits of nitre 1st genuine hyponitrous eth. 2nd the mixture just stated & 3d a chemical mixture of nitric ac. & alc. formed by dropping nit. ac. into alc. (containing however some hyponit. eth. & some water) Paris describes this chem. union of nit. ac. (prepared by distilling alc. & nit. ac.) is fragrant pungent, acidulous strikes a green col. with sulph iron Medicinal properties Quincy says, “diuretic 20 to 120 gtt Whitens and ultimately destroys the teeth Quenches thirst diaphoretic, diuretic, antilithic, carminative etc. etc. James’ Dispensatory Similar accounts given by [illegible] dispensat Quenches thirst promotes the natural secretion etc. in short the James account copied So of Cox’s & Thatcher’s dispensatory. The latter however calls it antispasmodic & says it will relieve strangury combined with laudanum Peirson’s M.M. calls it refrigerant & diuretic. A. T. T. refrig. diuret. antisp. relieves nausea & flatulence Murray refrigerant, diuretic, stimulant relieving nausea & flatulence Chapman syas it is given in too small doses ½ oz as a diuretic etc. etc. etc. Dr Bigelow calls it too stimulating & heating to be given in fever All quote from James that mixed with malt or common spirit it gives the flavour of French brandy Here followed in the worthy Professor’s lecture an enumeration of the properties ascribed to it by the diff. authors amounting to 20 1st a weak & inefficient medicine 2nd a moderate refrigerant least doses a fl z 2 or 3 hours interval Prof. T. early in his practice employed it considerably in phlogistic diseases 3d a moderate nervine less active as a nervine than as a refrig. dose should be rather more than 1 fl z (teaspoonful) 4th moderately diuretic least dose half an ounce (tablespoonful) 4 or even 8 times in a day Like other refrigerants it increases the heat of low atonic fevers Not stimulant nor tonic nor diaphoretic (Prof T. has watched it for this) nor deobstruent (i.e. promoting all the nat. secretions) though [illegible] & Durand recommends it in diseases of the liver Therap. application The dis. which Prof. T. has seen it useful in teething of infants (an irritative disease) It is pleasant for children’s taste Idiop. acute ptyalism (Good does not describe it it is sometimes epidemic irritative) Typhus infantum childs fever very useful, combined with wine of ipec. & el. paregor. Synochus usefully added to the water for drink principally as a nervine Cauma vulgaris also in the water Secondary stages of all the sub putrid & synochous phlogotica also in the caumatoid phlogotica (commending with cauma) Urethritis blenorrhea (Blenorrhea serodes) very useful conjoined with copaiba & mucilage of gum arabic Sub putrid exanthematica Idiop. syngultus & palpitation Cellular thoracic & abdominal dropsy But do not float it on a large quantity of a decoction & suffer it to stand & evaporate give a tablespoonful with each [illegible] draught. Efficient in paruria inops, as an auxiliary Still more so in paruria Irritative stranguary (N.B. when the bladder is torpid give nothing that will increase the quantity of urine already in the bladder Paruria stillitation ver. [ardens] auxiliary to opium or conium Epidrosis profusa (morbid sweating) by increasing the urinary discharge Enanthesis roseola (rose rash) an irritative unimportant disease for which this is well adapted Exorbia lichen (heat rash) Both classes of ethers are nervine The second class seems in general to be refrigerant Acetic Ether Naphtha acetica 1 hyd. eth. 37 + 1 acetic ac. 50 = 87 Distil acet. ac. sulph. ac. & alc. or ac. potassa 16 oz alc. 16 oz concentrated sul ac 6 oz distil off & then wash with lime water Or use ac plumbi Peculiar taste odorous boiling pt 165 [degrees] does not redden blue veg. col. undergoes no change by keeping Dissolves in 7 parts of water Evaporates Taste cooling, aromatic & slightly bitter Bat. Ph. Nervine analeptic refrigerant & diaphoretic Pharm. Bot. moderate nervine & refrigerant & perhaps diuretic Prof. T. Less nervine than the ethers of the first class. Irritant & rubefacient & usefully so Prof. I. calls it discutient & warming when applied with friction Useful in various diseases of the nervous system & in catarrh & rheumatism Ph. Bot. Two other articles have been called ethers & are composed of 2 proportions of proto carb. hyd. & 1 of a [suppost??] of comb. 1st Chloric ether of all the books except Mr. Silliman’s 4 prop pr. carb. hyd. 23 + 1 chlorine 36 = 64 2nd Chloric ether of Mr S. [Dischlor. carburet of hydrogen composed of 2 equiv. of prot. carb. hyd. = 14 + 1 chlorine 36= 50 Other names are given description of the composition but not of the proportions. These two only of the compounds of this class are called ethers But others might be so called The first is hot aromatic & bitterish yellowish green colour IT is not much known medicinally in general analogous to other ethers said to be stimulant probab The second has been also called hydrocarburet of chlorine & hydrochloride of carbon Formed by uniting chlorine with olef. gas Vide Guthrie’s improved meth. Sill. [illegible] comp 1 olef gas 14 + 1 chlorine 36 + 50 1 vol of each condensed [illegible] (spec. grav. = to that of the two united) Becomes solid (if pure) at 47 [degrees} Fahrt. 1st obviate languor & lass. (unphlogistic) 2d relieves irrit. sensib. etc. (nonphlg.) 3d preternatural wakefulness 4th exhiliration of mind 6th sensation fo coldness & then an actual reduction of temperature 5th Reduces the frequently of the pulse in a healthy person These results have been produced in the order named by the pure article Taken pure it irritates the muc. mem. of al. can. & thus increases the susceptibility to the impression of other remedies Prof. T. has also experimented with Mr. Guthrie’s solution in 12 parts alcohol. C. Terry took f zfs in water in ½ hour pulse reduced 12 beats in a min. another dose produced exhiliration which lasted 3 or 4 hours Sensations of coolness & actual reduction of temp. an alvine evacuation at night So far from the pulse being stronger it was not increased in strength by the fl z of the alc. There was headache & somnolency caused by this quantity of alc. Mr. Guthrie is mistaken in calling it too strong & too volatile to be used without dilution. Prof. T. takes I undiluted Mr Guthrie puts into a clear copper still 3 pds chloride of lime (i.e. chloroxide of calcium) to 2 gall. alc. & distils Dichloride of carbon a crystalline solid probably nervine Prot chloride of carbon colourless limpid liquid probably nervine also Sesqui chloride of carbon crystalline solid also probably nervine also Protoxide of nitrogen Sr H. Davy was led to investigate it by Dr S. S. Mitchell’s theory about nitrogen being the principle of putrefaction (septom) & also of contagion & infection If it could be condensed into a liquid form it would probably resemble hydric ether in its med. prop. Prof. T. tried it extensively in low atonic diseases (before he had any notion of its not being stimulant) & could produce none but a nervine effect It was of now service in keeping up the vital powers. Bitumen Naphtha & petroleum Petroleum is thicker than naphtha B. pix resembles picket. B. maltha is of the consistance of wax The first three only are used in medicine Sulphuric & nitric acids convert naphtha & petroleum into a resin, by yielding oxygen N.B. Petroleum means “rock oil” It drops from rocks, in some places. They become oxydised by long exposure to the air becoming dark or black. They may be produced by distilling coal tar (B. pix). Very volatile Comp. 2 carb. 12 + 3 hyd. = 15 Prof. T. has tried these & found them 1st nervine 2nd deobstruent 3d irritant no sudorific Diseases Helminthia as car. [illegible] & H. taeniae. Arthritis rheumatalgia (chronic rheumatism) externally applied much used in India more efficacious than cajeput oil. Thought valuable internally also in our country Hysteria & epilepsy externally (India) also internally with us in hyst. Paralysis externally in India also with us internally valuable Various cutaneous aff. instead of tar pt porrigo crustacea (occasionally is cured by it) & exormia prurigo var. [miti] naphtha (cured after trying various things) we may always cure cutaneous diseases by persevering in trying different articles 3d Prurigo formicans (cured) Burns & scalds nothing is better it is mild and soothing Oleum Succini Electri Oil of amber Amber is found most abundantly on the low lying shorts of the Baltic Appears to be a mineralized resin. perhaps that of decayed pine. Probably copal is the same substance (produced however not from the same tree, probably) it produces a good oil of amber & succinic acid as amber Oil of amber is obtained by distillation Pellucid yellowish, aromatic, odorant. Called antispasmodic, in general Prof. T. never could make it produce increased heat, or stimulation. He has found it 1st nervine 2nd decidedly deobstruent may be expectorant diuretic & probably emmenagogue Dose 10 to 15 drops various authors. Prof. T. has found these doses too small in general Diseases 1st arthritis rheumatalgia (called chronic rheum but may be chronic, subacute or acute) give 20 drops every 3 hours Apply it externally conjoined with spirit of ammonia or some such article with friction at first then put it on a cloth cover this with another & then pass over it a hot flat iron Urethritis blenorrhoica (clap) & probably gleet etc. Prof. T. gives it in connnexion with bals. cop. & gives as much as the stomach will bear not suffering it to purge & if there is much tendency that way add laudanum. Entasia tetanus recommended buy Rush (a free use of spts turp. has been thought highly useful in tetanus) Hysteria much used Neuralgia locally applied mixed with Palsy internally & locally as in rheumat. Paramenia obstructionis Par Oleum succini oxydatum called moschus factitius artificial musk. Rx ol. amb. f zi nit. ac. f z iii ss in a glass vessel add the acid drop by drop stirring with a glass rod let it stand 36 hours separate the resin wash till it is tasteless 1st with cold & then with warm water # Vide U.S. phar. Prof. T. has had the mixture taken pure spontaneously while standing Keep it in a wide mouthed glass stoppered vessel, so that when it hardens you can get it out with a spatula Dose [illegible] fs to [illegible] j of the substance Properties similar to resins of myrospermum toluiferum & of xanthorrhea has [tilis] (yellow resin of N. Holl.) May be given in substance but requires something else to give it consistency for pills. Tinct zii to 1 pt. of very strong alc. (Ph. Batard) Prof. T. thinks 1 pt. will dissolve ziv This article is supposed to be merely oxydized al. amb. Yet it differs from the resin amber Diseases diarrhea [illegible] # Cold water hardens, but warm water melts it. (Good’s species of diarrhoea are more varieties as they run into each other. N.B. D. tubularis is a membranific enteritis & D. gypsata is a symptom of dyspepsia) dose for diarrhea 1 t.sp. of the tincture 4 times in 24 h. useful as an auxiliary to opium. Bex convulsivo (hooping cough) much employed often very useful sometimes not so when we cannot tell Dr. E. Reed considers it of high value in this disease conjoined with elix. pareg. Seems to be as good as musk. Dyspnoea exacerbans (N.B. the disease so called here is dyspnea chronica & dysp. exac. is called asthma) Recommended by Dr Reed as he does also its use in hysteria & convulsions Recommended in epilepsy Pyracetic spirit of pyracetic ether are nervine probably. N.B. probably most physicians apply the term nervine to any thing that relieves nervous irritability Narcotics [Torpentia] of Darwin. Sedativa (But sedantia i.e. refrig. is also translated sedative) 1st directly allay morbid irritab. & irr. etc. & correspond with the first degree of a nervine op. & often of a stimulant. 2nd relieve pain which the nervines 3d produce sleep 4 vertigo headache faintness affection of sight nausea vom. cold extrem. cold sweats convulsions (common epileptic or tetanic). delir. stupor causes death 1st antirritant 2nd anodyne 3d soporific 4th ultimate narcosis A small quant. may be exhib. the 1st a larger [the] 2nd also & a larger the 3d & so on . Generally to obtain one of the latter operations you must first have the previous ones Under certain circumstances actual erethism of the brain & nerves that is increased energy of intellectual functions and of motion. N.B. erethism is a morbid degree of activity energy & perfection of the functions of a part. Intellectual erethism occurs in the first stage of del. tremens Intellectual erethism occurs often in typhus throughout the whole disease. All the [illegible] may be used to produce this Now it has been argued a thousand times with regard to cholera that as there is a lesion of the nervous function & diminution of nervous energy But narcotics are the very articles to obviate this The nervine & stimulant narcotics contribute most to obviate this nervous lesion. But all of them may be made to etc. etc. Hyoscyamus & opium produce common convulsions Camphor nutmeg & ol. tansy epileptic convulsions. Nux vomica produces tetanic conv. Opium & hyoscyam. convulse the voluntary muscles Sclerotum claves & actea convulse the involuntary muscles first Camphor & ol. tansy convulse both the volunt. & invol. muscles Some of the doebstruent narc. produce convulsions as a primary part of their narcotic operation e.g. ergot & actaea. Probably all the ecbolics act in this way only and are narcotics which produce common convulsions in the invol. muscles as a primary part of their operation Many of Prof. T.’s medical friends have employed large doses of opium in collapse of cholera Other narcotics besides opium will relieve the coma etc. of low fevers Opium is the best because it is also nervine & stimulant. The deobstruent narcotics will also produce the effect e.g. nux vomica in case of a paralytic limb which obviates the lesion of function of the nerve Actaea lobelia digitalis conium etc. have this effects digitalis being the weakest Narcotics likewise produce an effect on the bloodvessels, when pushed so far as to disturb the functions of the brain & spinal cord. The paresis of the semilunar ganglion produced by narcotics may be relieved by quick vom. (as with turpeth min) unless the paralysis is too great, when life may be destroyed Ultimate narcosis is of no remedial utility It should be counteracted by aromatics acrids & stimulants This may be done without diminishing the remedial effect Alcohol is a counteragent of narcosis N.B. It will not counteract the nervine & the stimulant operation But its own nervine and stimulant operation will counteract the ultimate narcosis of a narcotic N.B. also the narcotic effect of one narcotic will not counteract that of another but the article so managed as to be nervine will counteract the ultimate narcosis of another narcotic Four sorts of congestion 1st simple superficial congestion caused by increased action of the heart always entonic 2nd simple visceral caused by weak action of the heart always atonic 3d paralytic congestion caused by weakness of the capillaries the heart remaining strong always atonic requiring the vessels to be invigorated 4th inflammatory caused by topical infl. of the part. either entonic atonic or irritative requiring refrigerants, stimulants nervines & or deobstruents [Now] narcotics by obviating lesions of nervous function will relieve general visceral congestion Secondly by being pushed too far they will increase visceral cong. by weakening the brain and nerves & consequently the blood vessels but they should never be pushed so far No articles are equal to narcotics in relieving general visceral congestion especially if they are likewise nervine & stimulant Deobstruent narcotics relieve congestion like the simple but they relieve many inflammatory congestions by their deobstruent narcotics Evacuating narcotics act like the simple. The evacuation is apt to increase the congestion at least if [illegible] Simple superficial congestion will not require narcotics they will be stark [naught] Nervines produce sleep only by obviating irritation the narcotics appear to have this effect by a direct effect on the brain The mistake of Murray & of John Brown was caused by the latter’s forming all his conclusions of narcotics from alcohol wine and opium Sedative and stimulant effects have nothing to do with one another hence they do not stand in the relation of cause and effect, as J. Brown supposed. They are not at all inconsistent or incompatible Perhaps there is no article in which the narcotic, stim. & nerv. operation result from distinct proximate principles Some have supposed that all narcotics are deobstruent i.e. have an efficacy in resolving inflammations But probably they do this merely by their antirritant power & act only on the irritative inflammations. Some as Murray think no pure narcotics exist. But we have cyanagen (pure & highly active), Hydrocyamic acid, ess. oil of cerasus lauro cerasus, [gelsem???] nitidum, Helmas [illegible] spigelia anthelmas [illegible] datura tabula, stromium, [illegible] etc. hyoscyamus niger, atropa belladonna These articles differ among one another yet they are all pure narcotics, & possess no other properties. They are not therefore substitutes for one another (It is apt to be said that narcotics cure diarrhea but none of them are worth a fig for this, but opium) Although all the narcotics produce sleep yet 5 or 6 of them can be conveniently used for this purpose Single full doses, after 12 hours produce a state of prostration, with languor vertigo etc. which passes off in 12 or 24 hours This is produced more conspicuously by opium Brown called it indirect debility consequent on stimulation, but it has no connexion with stimulation & is likewise mere prostration and not debility. I. Brown’s other cases of indirect debility do not differ from direct debility The habitual use of narcotics is supposed generally by the profession to produce great general insusxceptibility (besides in insusceptibility to the particular article) together with tendency to visceral congestion Prof. T. & his friends have never found this to be the case, & some late communications in the European journals contradict the notions. Prof. T. never could discover that opium produce exhaustion of vital energy, like alc. & wine Confessions of an opium eater quoted. Prof. T. has first and last known a considerable number of opium eaters Authorities quoted in England All the injurious effects of tobacco & tea seem to Prof. T. to produce no ill effects except nervous tremors & limosis syncoptica slightly Prof. T. has continued conium more than two years without any injurious effects Visceral obstructions appear to be caused by alcohol and wine only Limosis [syncoptria] is produced mainly by the nervine & stimulant narcotics & slightly by the nervine narcotics as tea and tobacco Probably this is the effect of a nervous operation as coffee produces it & hop in slight degrees (& this is merely nervine & tonic) Groups 1st Narcotica simplicia hydrocyan. ac. ol. cherry [Gilsem] nit. helor erythr spigelia anth & nar datura latuda, stram. [illegible] Hyos. atropa mandregera [illegible] probably also ergot [Sollini] [illegible] Agarici (several) etc. probably The simple narcotics are solely sedative ([what] includes all the stages except the last) They are employed when the nervines could not be sufficiently active. Used more in chronic than in acute diseases Though when combined with stimulants they may be used in acute disease. They are not calculated to remove the headache & [illegible] of phlogistic diathesis which requires depletion Quequid non adjuvat nocet Likewise improper in low atonic cases upon the same principle, viz that of aggravating the general burden of the system 2nd Narcotica incitantia Generally nervine also Alcohol, wine opium (which is diaphoretic also & cholagogue Lactarum (from several species of lactica e.g. L. sativa etc. cultiva 3 indigenous sped (in the n. states) S. elongata L. integrifolia L. sanguinea one lower leaves [illegible] one all [illegible] one all entire) Camphor (from laurus campnora & dry balsamas camphor) Myristica moschata (common nutmeg) very analogous to camphor N.B. the expressed sap. or the watery extract of the lacturae is scarcely narcotic at all These narcotics are the most important of the narcotics. For their stimulant & antirritant effects merely we must give them in small doses repeated. For the production of sleep & relief of pain larger doses are required Formerly these articles were only used occasionally Cullen understood them better than anyone before him. His treatise in his m.m. is still the best on opium. It is a prevalent notion at present that they are mere placebos and will not cure disease They are indispensable in low diseases to create susceptibility to other articles and to sustain the patient There are two modes of using them 1st in small doses repeated 2nd in single full doses once or twice in the 24 hours The first is the only mode proper for severe disease The doses and periods of repetition vary with circumstances We must follow the rule of the tropical writers respecting calomel neque [pondes] neque mensura sed [levanen] morbi 2 or 3 grains an hour may be needed In the genus typhus they are needed to relieve the restlessness, heat, pain etc. In true typhus there is also more or less lesion of the brain and nervous system. Prof. T. never saw a case of typhus where, in some or all of the stages, these articles were not indicated. Great pains and closeness of observation are needed in order to prescribe them successfully The state of the patient’s mind powerfully counteracts or assists the operation of these articles Case of a young man who by mistake took laudanum to the amount of 15 grs of opium he was very intensely engaged in business immediately after and suffered no inconvenience The only really troublesome symptom from large doses of opium, when highly indicated is torpor of the bladder (relieved by tinct. [canth.]) & sometimes itching of the skin IN chronic cases the medicinal [illegible] of the old phys. are better (even if the quantity is the same) then night & morning viz early in the morning 11 o clock evening bed time sometimes 6 times a day is better even if the quantity is the same Sydenham understood opium well so did Drs Cullen Darwin & Rush Opium is the most important of all medicinal agents. Purging is the med agent most abused bleeding & the refrigerants next. Prof. T. has never injured a patient by the stimulant narcotics NB though he has taken the same pains with regard to emetics & cathartics still an error in these cannot be rectified The great error in the use of opium is in giving too large doses & at too long intervals After purging & bleeding, antimony & mercury are oftenest abused 3d Narcotica deobstomentia Generally they are also feeble Conium actaea lobelia digitalis strychnus nux vomica [illegible] ignatii [illegible] sangastura [Ethusa] sinapium (Fool’s parsley) [illegible] maculatus C. bulbifera Phellandrium aquaticum chaerophyll maculatum [illegible] catifolium (probably the weakest) Useful in phlogotica pulmonary diseases etc. 4th Narcotica evacuantia Generally they are used for their Nicotiana tobacum nervine, deobst. emetic cahtartic sialagogue Cuculus [plukenatii] & suberosus nervine emetic narcotic deobstruent? Hydrocyanic acid Discovd by Scheele 1780 Gay Lussac first discovered it in purity First used by Dr Oliver in Salem Mass. First published account was Magendie 1807. Both were led to use it from supposing it the active principle of laurel water A colourless transparent liquid odour suffocating taste cool pungent and bitter sp. gr. 600 strong tendency to evaporate Feebly reddens litmus combines with ammonia & the veg. alk. does not combine with oxydes a cyanide is formed Decomposed at a high temperature & by the action of light also spontaneously Best obtained by treating deuto cyanide of mercury with mur. acid Composed of equal parts of cyanogen & hydrogen Found in minute quantities in the bark leaves & petals of the amygdaliae & pruneae especially, and also in other rosaceae. Still there is an essential oil in many of the rosaceae which is probably their [elective] principle & very analogous to this acid. The oil may be the same article a little modified. It is perhaps not proper to consider hydroc ac. as an acid Cyanogen is said to be a very active agent and one of those which retains their activity in combination Hydroc. ac. acts as a narcotic Said to be exhilirant and to increase the appetite [illegible] of it has this effect, it is not therefore necessarily stimulant (or tonic) This is the article which first led Prof. T. to doubt Murray’s [Brimonian] dogma that narcotics are transient & stimulants It has been known to produce ptyalism when long continued Said to obviate costiveness Single full doses do not produce the subsequent prostrations, head ache vertigo etc. of the stimulant and nervine narcotics It is employed both as a principal and an auxiliary remedy and in either case will require to be continued with other articles. By continuation with stimulants acrids etc. or opium its ultimate narcosis may be prevented and thus a sufficient quantity given This is the case in low atonic cases Experiments have not been made with it in phlogistic diathesis Dose varies with the strength Begin with a small dose in each fresh parcels. Intervals 3 hours or more Poisonous effects These may be very violent and yet the patient recover Applied to ulcers it does not affect the system as much as when applied to a healthy surface Prof. T. thinks it is absolutely proved that the entire and sound skin does not absorb at all but ulcerated surfaces do absorb. The nervous system of a sound surface is better calculated to receive as a propagate its impression Magendie directs the pure acid to be mixed with 6 times its weight of alcohol (or water) Prof. T. never could keep a watery solution a week but he has kept Magendie’s alcoholic solution a year (away from light) Magendie’s formulary (translated) gives no commencing or [medium] dose The objections to this article are that it is too variable in strength uncertain in operations it is too difficult to distinguish its degree of operation. It is too inconvenient for country practitioners in preperation and as it must be watched in administration Other articles are nearly an equivalent for it It will be useless to vomit a person poisoned by it as the dose is so small Some have considered spt ammonia or aqua amm. as specific remedies. But ammonia cannot be a specific antidote Sulphuric ether tinct. capsicum spt. mon. [illegible] or menth piper. and above all officinal alcohol are valuable counter narcotics Cold water to the head counteracts alternate narcosis (A man may drink twice as much spirit with his head cool & wet and a man with his lower extremities in cold water gets drunk sooner e.g. sheep washing) Diseases Dyspepsia allays irritability pain vomiting etc. Dr Elliotson of St. Thomas’s Colia rhachalgia by Dr [Prout] relief instantaneous Helminthia by Brara probably good like spigelia but not convenient or safe especially for children some of the first effects of this article are such as children cannot specify opium & conium can be managed for children Supposed to be more especially useful for diseases of the lungs. Mr. Elliottson found it give great relief in cough 1st Bex simplex is restrained 7 checked by it this tendency to hectic is diminished 2d Bex dyspnoica (not described) always accompanied with some functional derangement of the digestive organs accompanied with some dyspnoea affects musicians, speakers etc. Some consider it dyspepsia others as a pulmonary disease great diversity of opinion 3d B. convulsiva (whooping cough) Some families are habitually subject to this peculiar sound of cough. N.B. There are two stages to this complaint the first continuing about a fortnight and being a catarrhal stage the second exhibits the peculiar cough Prof. T. thinks the second stage not a part of the disease but a sequel of the complaint and that the disease cannot be communicated by this second stage or sequel. He has never known it spread from the second stage. It is supposed that neither hydroc. ac. nor any other remedy is useful in the first stage Hydroc. ac is occasionally successful in cutting short or if not, in palliating the second stage Dyspnoes exacerbans palliates very much probably if we could venture so to do we might cure a paroxysm short by a single full dose. But we must always begin gradually say with 2 drops & increase up to 10 or 15 [strumous]phthisis (topical aff. confined to the bronchial membrane) denied to exist by the French but Prof. T. has seen at least a dozen p.m. examinations useful as a palliative & [illegible] opium is generally needed if profuse expectoration ac. lead quinine etc. Strumous or tubercular phthisis very useful said to have cured (Magendie) Prof. T. thinks it cannot be relied on or alone But the cases vary very much sometimes (as was the case with [illegible] And.) small tubercles appear over the whole lungs & finally obstruct the lungs without any great indications of phthisis Again there may be cases of one or two tubercles at a time have continued 30 years and ultimately prove fatal. The former cases are incurable the latter ought to be cured by opium, narcotics, acrid stimulants, tonics etc. If you can check the emaciation you may expect to cure but if not the pat. will die sooner or later Pneumonitis said to be cured but not said what kind of pneumonitis for we have a number of very different [pneumonitides] Undoubtedly useful in atonic irritative pneumonitides. Dysenteria chronica which prof. T. does not believe to exist cases so called have sometimes been ulcerations of the al. canal. with [sanious] discharge Hysteritis membranifica (a disease of the uterus like croup always chronic unless it affects the bronchiae) Prof. Woodward has utterly failed with it Rheumatism acute & subacute Carcinus vulgaris said to be very useful said to relieve the pain by washing the cancer with it much diluted be cautious in its use Vitiated & painful ulcers, particularly the irritable promotes healing Del. tremens & puerperal delirium (which seem to be varieties of the same disease) said to be very useful probably a valuable adjuvant. Opium is nearly a specific but some cases are incurable There are cases which require datura as an adjuvant some require stimulants, others calomel etc. Clonus palpitatis palpitation of the heart & great blood vessels very efficacious Hysteria said to relieve a fit also useful to obviate the diathesis not safe enough for the fit Paramenia difficilis (not connected with membranific infl.) said to relieve Ionchus corymbufer (pimpled face) cured by lotions Impetigo said to be cured by lotions Cerasus lauro-cerasus Prunus laurocerasus (Linn.) cherry laurel or cherry bay. Nat. ord rosaceae [tribe] Amygdaleae habitat Levant. Bark leaves flowers & kernels have a bitterish fragrant smell & taste owing to a supposed essential oil & considered by some to be identicle with the ess. oil of bitter almonds which gain is said to contain amygdaline (a new principle) This oil is said to be very poisonous & to produce symptoms of intoxication. The whole subject is obscure for the cherry laurel yields but a trifling quantity of hydroc. acid. This oil causes death just like it. This oil has produced similar effects. it is said to be more certain than hydroc. ac. Prepare laurel water by adding 6 fl. z of distilled water to 1 pd of recently gathered leaves cut fine distil off z 3 only Dose 4 to 6 drops. Laurel water is apparently less variable in strength than hydroc. ac. Many cases of poisoning have occurred from its use in confectionary & liqueurs It is a most intense poison Infusion is made by digesting a pound of the leaves for 24 hours. Sat. tinct. fill a bottle with the cut leaves & fill with proof spirit. dose about 10 minims The bark & leaves have been successfully used in curing intermittents & rheumatisms Distilled water used in Italy for [illegible] when as a wash for inflamed eyes cancers ulcers etc. [illegible] [illegible] (cluster cherry) has still more of this peculiar taste and smell Prunus Virginiana deserves investigation It probably would be a complete substitute. Ti has been used somewhat Gelseminus nitidum G. [sempervira] (Elliott) Carolina or yellow [jessamine} Nat. ord. apocyneal Virginia to Florida. Cultivated as an ornamental plant in the northern states But one species of the genus. Prof Tully’s attention was first turned to this article by Elliotts sketch It abates irritation of every kind produces languor disposition to yawns, sleepy vertigo epigastric uneasiness imperfect vision coldness of extremities & finally of the whole body stupor convulsions & death. Not stimulant at all Never could perceive any nervine properties never obviates languor & lassitude or produces wakefulness or exhiliration It is a pure narcotic and ought to supersede hydroc. ac. being invariable in strength easily kept and sure in its operation Tinct. Rx ziv dried & contused root offic. alc. 1 pt medium dose 10 to 20 m for an adult repeated from 2 to 6 hours. Begins with a small dose and stop short when symptoms of narcosis appear It may be that proof spt or wine or water will prove a good menstruum. But the alcoholic tinct. is most convenient A wine or a proof spirit tinct. is liable to become sour in summer Prof. T. thinks it often useful to conjoin opium a union of antirritants to being often advantageous just as is a union of tonics. Besides this, the opium by counteracting the ultimate narcosis, enables the pat. to take more of the article at the same time that it increases its medicinal powers. Alcohol may thus assist the usefulness of narcotics Like other narcotics this article should be conjoined with stimulants in low atonic cases. The only deleterious effects are excessive narcosis If we suspect that any of the articles remains in the stomach give an emetic. If otherwise give ammonia, spirit of [illegible], capsicum & above all alcohol. Apply frictions with spt. monarda punctata or capsicum etc. just enough to excite rubefaction Keep the body warm and keep cold cloths applied to the head Nervines will contribute to the the relief but will not cure alone Prof. T. has employed it in the following diseases Cough dyspneal cough hooping cough Lyspnoea exacerbans as this is safer than prussic acid prof. T. would not hesitate to give a teaspoonful in an urgent case it would be better also to conjoin opium Phthisis of various sorts irritative rheumatism subacute atonic rheumatism also A case intermediate between hysteria, catalepsy and epilepsy, had the paroxysms kept off by this article The following is also a simple & pure narcotic but yet differs from the preceding prof T. thinks he can distinguish the effects of the two Helmias erytherosperma Melanthium lactum etc. etc. (fly poison) Nat. ord. melanthaceae All the middle & southern states. Root a bulb inclosed in a great number of husks yet these dry husks are active. The root has long been known as an active narcotic About 2 hours after taking a single full dose first a glow at the stomach then sight affected especially if the head is moved ultimately blindness nausea upon moving the head etc. vomiting cold pulse 40 etc. Symptoms reach their height in 4 or 5 hours disappear in 6 or 8 without leaving any inconvenient sequelae Such were the effects of the teaspoonful the first dose which Prof. T. administered Used as a fly poison at the south also as a ratbane Case related of its effects upon a young physician at the south similar to the preceding Case of its narcotic effect when administered for a catarrh (attended with rheumatic pains) by one of Prof. T.’s friends Alcoholic tinct. 4 oz. to 1 pt. Dose (commencing) 10 (medium) 20 to 30 minims May be continued advantageously with opium stimulants and tonics Diseases cough dyspneal cough hooping cough catarrhal & other phthisis Rheumatism It has been tried in these by Prof. T. his friends Spigelia Marilandica Worm grass Indian pink Carolina pink Nat. ord. gentianeae Pennsylvania to Carolina. [illegible] & Schultes in 1819 knew but 4 species. Sprengel 1825 give it 1st S. anthelmia S. amelliodes S. [illegible] S. speciosa S. marilandica S. scabra S. [flamingraniae] etc. All in S. America & Mexico and used in their native countries as anthelmintics No analysis has been made Said to accelerate the pulse [illegible] the [illegible] cause headache & [illegible] over the eyes dilation of pupils. Vertigo dimness of sight vomiting stupor, spasms of the muscles of the eyes and face [illegible] delirium stupor & even convulsions It was many years before Prof T. was aware that this article possessed these properties. His specimens from the shops were worthless These symptoms when moderate are a test of its proper operation. Catharsis is called by some a test Prof. T. has never known it purge or heard of its doing so. The vomiting which it produced is a part of its narcotic operation It was long before it was known that this article is narcotic It was given in small doses as a vermifuge Its poisonous properties were ascribed to a small vine a species of apios or [illegible] Probably prussic acid & the [gelseminus] [illegible] would be equally anthelmintic though less convenient. IT seems to resemble stramonium most in its operation. It is doubtful whether we have any cases of unequivocal poison by this article Prof. T. has known one doubtful one. Chalmers relates two cases It seems to be universally agreed that purging relieves best the narcotics effect. Prof. T. has had no experience to the contrary. All of his cases have been relieved by nervines & stimulants. Infusions of serpentaria relieve the narcosis & it must do so by its stimulant principles (while it possesses considerably when fresh especially) Prof. T. has relieved his cases of narcosis from this article with milk punch Purgatives much abused with children Prof. T. has repeatedly known children examined after [illegible] purging without finding a teaspoonful of any thing in the al canal History 1754 a letter from Dr [Swainy] of S.C. in the Ed. Let. essays. 1764 Dr Garden to [illegible] published a letter which is the foundation of all the accounts of it in the books. He says the use of it was discovered about 48 years before by the Indians. He used it afterwards in fevers as a purgative etc. etc. etc. Prof. T. does not believe its use to have been discovered by the Indians for the S. anthelmia had been well known as anthelmintic 50 years before Besides it is a well established fact that at the first discovery of this country not a single article was used internally by the Indians as a remedy They took the root of iris versicolor as a [illegible] They administered veratrum viride to their young warriors to try their hardihood. Some articles they used to destroy life Prof. T. inclines to think infusion of the coarsely powdered root preferable to the decoction. Let the decoction be of ½ an ounce of the root to 1/1/2 pints boiled away to 1 pint Prof. T. has never been able to hear of its purgative operation. He has enquired of S. Carolina physicians Prof. T. thinks it considerably less effectual when conjoined with senna or other cathartics than when followed by a cath Continued the article 12 to 24 hours & keep up a slight narcosis & then give your cathartic. Prof. T. would prefer from 4 to 8 doses in the 24 hours He has found that the narcotic operation passes off in 3 or 4 hours It is somewhat questionable whether the top possesses any power. Prof T. always cuts it off and throws it away Our article is collected at the wrong times of the year viz. when the top is in full bloom It should be collected when the top has decayed It is the universal opinion at the south that it does not keep well longer than 6 months Pharmac. prep. 1st powder of root 10 to 20 gr. every 3 or 4 hours 2nd infusion 3d decoction the latter the most frequently used ½ oz. to 1 pt. perhaps an ounce to 1 pint would be better let the infusion stand an hour Dose 1 to 4 oz every 3 or 4 hours (for an adult) Syrup of the decoction is sometimes kept in the shops dose 1 to 4 doses made by 1 oz. to 1 pt. boiled to 3 ½ oz. add an equal weight of white sugar making 4 oz of the [illegible] it can be given in ten or coffee It is thought that serpentaria added to it enables more of it to be taken Diseases Typhus infantum to alleviate irritability etc. Helmenthia [are] lumbricoides Not known to be useful in H. taenia & esc. vermicularis It appears to stupefy not kill the worms The pat. shd be kept under the operation of it 24 to 36 hours at least and a cath. be given at the commencement of the last 12 hours. The neutral salts & senna are not the best cath. Calomel is the best. Rhubarb & aloes the next best Spigelia anthelmia Nat. of S.A. & W. I. Said to be more soporific than opium (this is doubtful) Infallible almost as an anthelmintic (Brown) Used as an antirritant in typhus infantum Stronger than S. marilandica The first account of it was in the [Gent.] mag 1751. Had been long used before Attributed to the negroes! Heracleum lanatum American musterwort (musterwort is the imperatoria [ost??thium]) Cow parsnep First described by Michaux Nat. ord umbelliferae Canada to Florida Root & especially the seeds have an acrid pungent & [illegible] taste & smell. Water does not extract the acrid prop. Alc. does. Seeds gathered before they become brown An intense narcotic (the seeds) producing nausea, retching cool skin, irregular pulse, slippery sweats etc. in large quantities (too large ever to be likely to be given). Prof. T. has known two instances of strong narcosis produced in a dyspeptic patient, with diarrhoea etc. Prof. T. has never seen any evidence of its having stimulant properties Commonly said to be carminative but Prof. T. has never been able to perceive any true nervine operation from it hence this term must apply to its antirritant powers Recent bruised leaves said to be rubefacient Prof. T. has never tried them If so, they are not necessarily stimulant Poisonous effects will be relieved of course by diffusibles stimulants, acrids and nervines. In one apparently desperate case all the symptoms disappeared under the use of ess. ppt. alcohol & opium The article has been in use time immemorial in this country. The dry ripe seeds were used in carminative, to relieve flatulence. Its narcotic powers were not suspected. Bigelow first threw out a conjecture to that effect. In the dyspeptic case above alluded to Prof. T. directed a strong infusion to be used ad libitum. He was in a few days sent for to the man who was apparently a hopeless case of narcosis cold clammy sweats etc. He was cured by op. ppt. & alc. which produced very sudden & speedy relief All the while the heracleum was not suspected. He was much better afterwards as regarded his dyspepsia. A second similar attack followed with similar results he was better after it! A third followed!! Then it was found that he had regularly taken this article in excessive quantities just before each attack! The preparation he took was a strong infusion. Probably an alcoholic tincture could not be taken in sufficient quantity to produce these effects Perhaps we might get a concentrated preparation by forming a syrup of a decoction The article needs to be investigated A good subject for an inaugural dissertation. The powdered root & seeds the infus. of the leaves etc. have been used No proportions or doses are mentioned. The seeds are added to tinctures “to render them carminative” Diseases dyspepsia very valuable for flatulence & also for intolerance of food Epilepsy is said to be palliated by some by others to radically cured by it Dr [Orma] of Mass. published in 1803 a dissertation on it (in treas. of Med. doc.) & called it by mistake H. spondyllium. He did not used the seeds, which are agreed to be the strongest part A little is said about it by Thatcher & Bigelow N.B. The most useful narcotics in epilepsy are the simple & pure narcotics Hyoscyamus niger Biennial with us. Plant the seeds in the fall (In the first summer the young plant is eaten up by insects. Popular name henbane (N.B. hyosc. means hogs bean!) It grows in the streets as long as swine are suffered to run at large!? Nat. ord. Solaneae. All the species said to be alike Properties first settled by Storck Small strong etc. Taste of the leaves mucilaginous and herbaceous. Root stems leaves & seeds, all active. IT is a general rule that when the medic. powers reside in the descending sap the seeds are inactive e.g. poppy & when otherwise the seeds are generally more active as is the case with this & stramonium Active principle hyoscyamine which exists (as is generally the case) in combination with malic acid Appears to be a pure narcotic & to possess no other powers Proves antirritant, allaying irrit. etc. & occasionally (& hence probably indirectly) diaphoretic and diuretic & cathartic Said to be soporific & anodyne. This is denied & Prof. T. does not find it answer these indications well (except slightly and indirectly) N.B. in generally the pure narcotics do not exert a strong soporific action. Said to resemble opium. But it is not stimulant, nor nervine, nor decidedly anodyne, or soporific. It seems to be far inferior to opium in restraining morbid irritat. morbid secretions etc. & seems not to be cholagogue. Though not anodyne for sudden emergencies of pain, yet it is invaluable for chronic cases of pain It is a common notion that it is a good substitute for opium, where the constipating effect is contraindicated etc. Prof. T. has been entirely disappointed in his expectation of finding this true It did not answer the same purposes as opium. Very valuable often in conjunction with opium less of either of them is needed. Seems to resemble conium more except that it is not deobstruent Prof. Ives however has used it more exclusively than perhaps any other man & thinks very highly of it even in acute diseases Poisonous effects These are much more violent than those of opium. Excessive delirium convulsions etc. etc. Vide Woodville Ed. & Vav. etc. [illegible] Hyoscyamus is a weaker article than opium but is probably more liable to disagree than opium Its poisonous effects are certainly much worse than those of opium As an antirritant, an anodyne, a soporific, it is thought inferior only to opium. It possesses no stimulating Preparations 1st expr. inspiss. juice of leaves Dose 5 to 10 gr. 4 to 6 times a day 1 grain is about equivalent to 1 drop of laudanum as an antirritant But that in the shops is apt to be bad. Druggists are apt to be imposed on by a watery extract. They will often mix with the latter the powder of the leaves, to increase the strength Such extracts by decoction are generally very poor. Prof. T. has seldom experienced any good effect from less than 15 grs of the expressed juice 40 may be required. It is a very uncertain article 2nd Powder of the seeds has been used As long as the seed of a plant preserves its vitality, it preserves it medicinal powers Probably this would be a good mode of administering the article Tincture of leaves or seeds Fill a bottle with recent leaves, cut fine & cover them with proof spirit or off. alc. macerate 10 days & strain A fl. z of this tinct. is equal to about 5 m. of laudanum (Prof. Ives) Oil of hyosc. made by simmering the leaves 1 pound in sweet oil 3 pounds is used on the continent of Europe, for external application (Oil of [Tusquian]) Diseases. Dysphagia spasmodica dyspepsia with pains, wandering pains irritability etc. It must be persevered in. Col. rhachialgia. It should not supersede opium but may be conjoined with it (perhaps with conium also) Idiopathic cough with opium Croup in the secondary irritable stage (Prof. T Dysenteria typhodes (common dysentery) Prof. I But it should not supersede opium Dysentery always requires opium perhaps other things also Arthriti podagra (gout) Prof. T. has found opium beneficial in all the cases which he has seen. Arthritis rheumatism (not rheumatalgia.) [Carcinum] vulgaris (particularly in the var. uteri) Prof. T. has succeeded best with a mixture of opium conium & hyoscyamus Thought to be inadmissible in mania Prof. T., has relieved paroxysms of mania by opium in large quantities but not enough to enable him to decide. So of melancholia [Ag?pnea] chronicus said to answer well Cephalia hemicrania recommended when opium will not answer but Prof. T. has never met with such cases. Lately he has succeeded best with strychnus Paronyria salax (the same with spermorrhea entonica) a very troublesome disease to subdue. Sayricum & nymphomania Syspasia all the species Spermor atonica paramenia obstruct. Carcinoma schirrhosum (distinct from cancer) Aedoptosis uteri H. areus, & albus are active species & the former being persistent would be more convenient of cultivation Datura D. [tatuta] is our common species Stinking weed is the most common popular name Thornapple is another. Jamestown weed (Westend pink! Melford!) Nat. ord. Solaneae Habitat doubtful It seems to follow civilized man Prof. T. has watched the plant for 30 years He has made the two species grow together & never knew them mingle. Linnaeus distinguished it from D. stramonium It has a purple stalk, specked with deep green blossom white, streaked with purple. D. Tabula has a pea green stalk the general habit is different The seeds are the most active and the leaves next The root is the most uncertain Both these have similar properties Datura metel from Asia is now naturalized with us (called D alba also) a plant not so tall flowers creamy coloured capsule does not open by four regular valves Probably more active Datura ceratocaula, is not naturalized from Cuba also with us Flower very large fragrant. In India D. ferox & D. pescuosa are most used. Datura guayaquilasis is used in S. America Active principle [daturnis] existing in combination with malic acid) Malate of daturnicis soluble both in water and in alcohol Properties narcotic It is said that smelling the plant, and sleeping in a bed made of the leaves will produce vertigo, nausea etc. It allays irritability etc. dilates the pupils vertigo headache dryness of the throat [illegible] delirium convulsions & blindness etc. etc. Large quantities at once produce a sense of glowing heat which has been mistaken for a stimulant operation The oddest and drollest delirium is produced by it. Prof. T. has seen many droll cases. The delirium may continue a week or more & be cured by a cathartic, bringing the article [illegible] Vide Beverley’s hist. Virginia. Case of a child delirium etc. scarlet flush upon the face petechiae red eruption etc. The effects vary considerably yet there is a general similarity so that we may recognize the article Moderate dilatation of the pupil & some affection of the sight are the necessary tests of a sufficient quantity. This test is as necessary a test in a chronic case, as an affection of the mouth for calomel Datura is universally agreed to be narcotic. It is certainly antirritant in many cases anodyne said to be soporofic; Prof. T. has often seen it soporific, but it cannot be relied on for this Antispasmodic, probably because narcotics (from its exhiliration it might be suspected to be nervine) Sedative also because narcotic. Called by B. S. Barton & Chapman stimulant but it had not been called so before the publication of Brown’s theory it has since been the fashion to consider all sedative effects as the result of a stimulant operation. It certainly never increases vital energy in atonic diseases In power of producing dilatation of the pupils and flushed face as proofs of stimulation. IT is indeed not indicated in phlogistic diathesis Said to be emmenagogue. Prof. T. has known it after tried, without any effect. It will indeed relieve excessive irritation and suffer the discharge to return. Called refrigerant with not fomentation Called discutient, externally applied. It is so by its narcotic antirritant powers Datura resembles belladonna (probably) more nearly than any other article. Resembles spigelia also In all cases connected with such an affection of the brain as produces contracted pupils, datura is more or less remedial (entonic phlegmonous inflammation or by excepted) Prof. T. thinks it better adapted to spasmodic diseases than to deliria. The article has probably been more used in N.E. than in any other part of the world Paris says that nitrate of silver & acetate of lead are incompatible. But there is no reason whatever why they should be so Acetic and citric acid are said to be its antidotes. This is folly. The best mode is to vomit and purge both in the first place Then opiates and stimulants. As a matter of fact these acids have been found worth little or nothing Preparations Powder of dried leaves Dose 1 gr. increased to 10 or 20 But this is the most uncertain preparation of the article you must push the medicine until you perceive effects from it Powder of the seed is a much better preparation The seeds are the strongest part and will keep an indefinite period period of time. The activity resides in the [epispermis] the cotyledons are inactive. Hence for liquid preparations use the entire seeds The above dose for the leaves is too small as large a dose as that of the seeds is required. Dose of seeds 1 to 5or 10 grs Prof I. Decoction [illegible] it should better be made of the seeds Ireland recommends a bath of the decoction Tinct. Rx entire seeds zii dilut. alc. 1 pt macerate 1 week & strain Dose same as SS. Prof. I Extract this is the expressed inspissated juice Dose 1 gr to 4 etc. etc. It is not worth while to use any [illegible] but the tincture of the seds The liniments, ointments & cerates of stramonium had better be made with with the seeds than with the leaves The ointment is not worth retaining; the liniment being better for a soft application A compound plaister of canth. & datura is used for blistering. Its utility doubtful A cataplasm of the bruised seeds, with bread & milk an excellent article Diseases. Diarrhoea of children (applied by a tepid bath of the decoction. Ireland chabra vulgaris It may be useful in form of enema quite effectual in the early stages Piles ointment useful cloths dipped in the decoction also small enemas also very useful. Bes convulsiva. Given so as to bring the system under its use Dyspnoea exac. & asth. much used especially by smoking extensively used & exceedingly popular, in England No one has [illegible] its utility in these complaints in question but Dr [Br???] Its utility seems thoroughly established. For an urgent exacerbation Prof. T. prefers the tinct. a desert spoonful to a tablespoonful conjoining 30 to 60 drops of laudanum. For chronic cases smoking is a more convenient mode It benefits the disease with less affection of the eyes Delirium tremens & puerperal delirium highly valuable as an adjuvant to opium In some low malignant typhus fevers when the head is affected IN one case in Middletown 2 f z laud. & f z of [illegible] stram. every hour cough catarrh etc. Dysentery arrested by it The bruised leaves are applied to any external inflammation. Celebrated in furunculus. Ophthalitis the wilted leaves applied mastitis (infl. of mam.) Useful for swollen breasts of nurses. Arthritis rheumatismus & podagra Undoubtedly it will assist the externally A. rheumatalgia var. neuralgica (sciatica externally in the compd plaister of cath & stramonium but then blistering is useful Ireland says that all topical pains may be relieved by ext. appl. of this art. Carcinus vulgaris (common cancer) by cataplasm or lotion, or fomentation with the bruised leaves considerable reputation Syphylitis & strumous ulcers probably not so useful internally as conium useful externally Ecphronia mania & melancholia considerably used probably it was first employed for its soporific effect. Morea imbecillis (Swed) very improbable Neuralgia in large doses (Bigelow) But Prof T. has found a continuation of narcotics than any single one and of the single ones opium is generally the best. There are symptomatic neuralgias, especially of dyspepsia. There is one also which is disquised intermittent & may be cured like that (6 to 10 grs. [illegible] Dr. Woodward’s case) A. T. Thompson mentions almost all severe chronic pains Dr Chapman believes it may be useful in palsy & in amaurosis (palsy of optic nerve) Used extensively as a substitute for belladonna for dilating the pupil, previous to an operation for cataract. Belladonna is much preferable stronger & more certain A little extract of bell. smeared around the stram. equal to bellad. Prof. I. eye is as good as a cataplasm of stramonium Synchous chorea (which is an approach to paralysis a paralysis of a limb will go through a stage of chorea) a very valuable remedy it will cure alone but generally as there is atony tonics must be used though this is a good article, nux vomica is generally better they may be usefully combined. Purging is generally injurious The actaea is likewise a valuable remedy Lyspasia convulsio very valuable the common directions however are for an inefficient use of it Prof. T. has found it the most valuable article for convulsions A quantity of opium insufficient to arrest a fit will aggravate it perhaps so of datura Give a desert spoonful (of tinct.) at once and repeat if necessary generally a table spoonful will cure but more may be necessary Lypsasia hysteria Prof. T. would give in an urgent fit a table spoonful of the tinct. or a teaspoonful repeated every 10 min. No remedy is equal to it in hysteria also. V.S. one of the most common practices will break up a fit but in this way we eventually break down the constitution. Vomiting is next in common use. Prof. T. has tried both & he came heartily tired of them. Asafoetida etc. merely amuse the patient, and the fit goes off of itself. Opium will cure but a large dose is required and inconvenient sequelae remains the next day Lyspasia epilepsy the most valuable remedy in this disease also when not dependent on organic affection which may be known by their occurring in a young & irritable & [mobile] subject by regular [illegible] recurrence of paroxysms, by not having been of very long continuance by no occurring in the night when the pat. is in bed & asleep 1st of its use in the intervals of the perox. powd. of seeds 1 to 5 gr. 3 or 4 times 20 to 30 min. of tinct. 3 or 4 times a day etc. Keep up a moderate dilatation of the pupils, & some imperfection of vision for a year say Exact regularity of habits rather abstemious meals nutritious food light supper etc. Epileptics are prone to great irregularity of meals of labour etc. These are the directions. Prof. T has learned to give so much as to destroy this irregularity prevent his using his eyes and labouring much producing inconvenient effects in short Use also nit. sil. & iron (peroxide or carbonate (which is rather inferior) & persevere for a year. It is often stated by the patients and their friends, that the datura has been used and failed or been injurious this Prof T. does n to believe The eyesight is not permanently affected by it. Prof. T. has also derived great benefit from datura as a palliative in hopeless cases and in cases in which the paroxysm are irregular, without warming etc. One hopeless patient was made in all respects more comfortable for some years She took a teaspoonful of the seeds 2 or 3 times a day. Dr Fisher of Boston Dr Archer of Maryland cured all the first sort of cases. Prof. Ives also but he does not use the article with sufficient freedom; of whom Prof. T. learnt his practice. The main difficulty in curing the diseases is in managing the patient 2nd of its sued for the suspension of a paroxysm. prof. T’s mode is original. He has practised it for 15 years. The practice is original with him Case young lady severe pt paroxysm purged and bled, till nearly moribund with no improvement but an aggravation of all the symptoms Prof. T. was called in A tablespoonful of the tincture of datura soon restored her the pupils of the eyes began to dilate. (they had been contracted before) and as they dilated with convulsions diminished. Other cases which had not been bled When the patient has premonitions of the paroxysm. [illegible] fl oz or f ziii will be a safe & [sure] prophylactic. Treat between the paroxysm as before In epileptic puerperal convulsions the use of datura is more important still Prof. T. has known the most violent relieved by ½ of z of tinct. dat. [illegible] & an enema of ol. pine Bleeding is not per se a remedy for this disease if phlogistic diathesis is present, bleed. Bleeding oftener does hurt than good. Apply belladonna freely to the os uteri & the posterior part of the vagina Give also enemata of ol. pure to excite the uterus The uterus is suspended in its action Give also the ergot to bring on uteric action. Inn a bad case if the patient has been much reduced by bleeding you may as well despair The epileptic convulsions are the most formidable. The common & the hysterical convulsions will tolerate any practice, they generally are not dangerous. Still the datura is the best article Tetanus. Prof. T. has not known it tried in severe tetanus. But in milder cases (many of which Prof. T. thinks are hysterical) datura has cured. The practice of pushing opium gradually to the amount, say, of 40 or 50 grs in 24 hours, is not the way. You must push the remedy until the disease is relieved or until somnolency from the opium is produced. 200 grs in 12 hours have cured. Combinations of narcotics are best. Dr Woodward of Vt. has succeeded with op. of actaea You may have cases in which nothing will have any effect. Some cases will exhibit somolency after a few drops of laudanum. In such cases narcotics will not answer. N.B. Some physicians are afraid of every thing but death Datura is worth trying in this way in lyssan canina Paramenia difficilis A valuable lotion for cutaneous effections In prurigo lepidosis psordica impetigo var. herpetica & laminosa scabies (itch) as an adjuvant Fomentations of datura useful to discuss indolent tumours. Most useful for burns & scalds for which it has been used this 100 years The oldest account of datura was of the D. stram. by Gerhard. Baron Storck was the first to investigate it There is at present much mistaken and misapprehension about this article. But a part of the profession are thoroughly acquainted with its use. Chapman, Bigelow etc. are very ignorant about it Atropa Belladonna Atropa lethalis of many. Solamun lethalis & S. [furiosa] deadly nightshade, & dwale But S. [dulcamara[ & S. nigrum are called deadly nightshad (And the country was once supplied with ext. bellad. from the sol. nig.) Nat. ord. solaneae Hab. England. Cultivated in Connecticut (from Dr Ives) Root perennial top annual. Difficult to raise it from seeds as the insects eat the young plants. All parts supposed to be active (not known however whether the root has been used) the seeds are probably active. The leaves are the parts used. They have been often analyzed they give atropina an alkaline principle said to exist in the form of bi-salts (but there several of such salts which contain even as many as 16 prop. ac.) 2nd Malic acid (combined with atropina) other veg. principles are found A. T. Thompson says the plant does not lose its properties by drying this improbable Prof. T. finds this article to resemble datura & spigelia It dilates the pupils & produces a delirium resembling the vapours Antidotes said to be vinegar (this was an old practice for the sake of Pharm. prep. powd. of dried leaves 1 to 12 gfrs Ed. & Vav. ½ to 3 grs in a day A. T.T. 1 gr. increased to 6 grs daily (Swediaur) 1 gr. gradually increased to 5 (U.S.) Prof. T. has always used the extract 1/16 of a gram of extract from Davis as a full dose. It is very apt to be an extract of something else or an extract spoiled by keeping. Prof. T. has given ½ z with no effect Infusion directed 20 gr. to 1 z of leaves Prov Ives employes a tincture Extract should be of inspissated expressed juice dose said to be 1 to 4 grs. Formulae are given for enemata & for cerates zii to zii of cerate Diseases. Icterus; recommended but it is not deobstruent. Hooping cough quite celebrated said to suspend the convulsive cough very suddenly & speedily It sometimes succeeds & sometimes fails Stramonium & conium are also useful which is the best is not settled Intermittent fever rec. Acute & chronic infl. [Gonytitis] phlegmonades (white swelling which does not effect the [cancellar] texture of the bones & resembles acute rheumatism in its access) probably valuable. Rheumatism not specified in what sort probably useful when There is no redness & swelling & the affection is not erratic Rosalia Many Germans consider it a prophylactic no very good evidence 10 yrs ago the periodicals were full of the matter. Cancer powerful to allay pain & irrit. So of malignant ulcers mania & melancholia probably to produce sleep. All the neuralgia both externally & internally Tic doloreu etc. Lyssa canina (Swediaur) worth trying. Epilepsy rec. Palsy can be useful only to obviate the lesion of the nerves Paropsis amaurosis on the same principle Paropsis cataracta before operating better than stramonium. Dropsy (Swed. & E. & Vav.) diuretic powers have been ascribed to it improbable Sarcoma [schirrhos??] (schirrus tumor) Used to relax a rigid os uteri. It has been long been used for this purpose in N. England. It is as effectual as for diluting the pupil of the eye Apply ¼ to ½ oz to os uteri & the posterior part of vagina. Very extensively used by Woodward of Vt. Abortion perhaps internally to accelerate & facilitate giving [illegible] at the same. Presentation of placenta perhaps to facilitate the distention & allow of the introduction of the hand. Dr W. of Vt. gives the [clavus] immediately apply the bellad. brings down the head to press hard upon the placenta. The child is dead of course but this is always the case Schrotium Clavus Secule cornutum S. corniculatum [Aconile] clavus (London) A parasitic fungus found between the glumes of many circalia & gramineal e.g. rye, wheat, barley, oats, couch grass [illegible] [illegible] etc. etc. Wildenow makes two varieties. The active & the other inert, differing in colour etc. Prof T. could never distinguish two well marked varieties Colour externally violet into white cylindrical taste subacrid etc. No good analysis has been made It contains a vegeto-animal matter, a fixed oil ammonia an acid supposed to be the phosphoric acid etc. It is not a degenerated seed but a fungus The fungus upon maize is probably the uredo maydis It is not an excrescence produced by the puncture of an insect though insects may accidentally be found in it IT has all the physical character and even the casualties of the genus sclerotium which consists of small oblong hard, almost woody bodies which have fixed places of growth Some of them are subterranean found on the roots of mosses under the droppings of cattle on the receptacles of compound plants etc. etc. in the place of the germs of grasses etc. They are remarkable for not affecting the general health of the plants on which they grow they are strictly topical i.e. they do not injure an adjoining germ IT has the property of moulding itself into the slope of the adjoining surface These qualities are all found in the S. clavus. Vide Decandalle Various other species of sclerotium possess the same powers Taken internally it may reduce the pulse if irritation 20 or more beats vertigo epigastric uneasiness nausea bluish colour (or mottled) of surface formication in nervous & irritable subjects it may produce tetanic convulsions, & even opisthotones but these tetanic convulsions appear to be preceded by common convulsions of involuntary muscles It stupefies & often kills flies like helonica erythrosp. If there is a predisposition to uterine contraction most powerful and incessant ones are produced very [illegible] other effect will be perceived, unless the patient is extremely susceptible. Most females while in delivery are insusceptible to narcotics Abortion may be brought on occasionally by it. The child is apt to be dead or if not, in a state of asphyxia or still oftener very feeble, mottled on the surface etc. very [illegible], apt to be feeble for a long time. These effects are attributed by some to the steady pressure upon the head. But this cannot be. prof. T. has known delivery protracted 5 days from a small pelvis and yet the child cried vigorously None of the American writers have noticed the narcotic powers of the article Private practitioners are extensively acquainted with it it is very commonly observed in the mother shown by reduction of the pulse dilat. of the pupils mottled skin etc. Dr March & Dr Reed quoted (The latter thinks it [illegible] is narcotic, that it interrupts the function of the placenta & hence excites uterine contraction & hence also it kills the child the placenta performing probably the office of stomach & lungs Strychnos nux vom produces tetanic convulsions. Actaea excites uterine contraction. Prof. T. has known other involuntary muscles affected with convulsions after inordinate doses e.g. heart respiratory muscles. Actaea is as good as ecbolic as this. It is as certain & more safe & convenient it does not tend so much to produce somnolency does not kill the child leaves the system in a more susceptible and a better states S. [illegible] like spigelia & datura produces a slight febrile state If it fails in bringing away the child, after exciting parturient efforts the uterus remains insusceptible so also when from exhaustion of haemorrhages etc. the uterus is exhausted Actaea seems to be superior in this respect [clavus] does not however fail oftener than other articles of m. m. jalap for instance Opium is a safe and perfect antidote to clavus. It will completely counteract its parturient effects 2 to 5 grs. may be required. Alcohol will not counteract. Datura appears not to Dr Stearns thinks by giving it in small often repeated doses with opium regular & interrupted contraction of the uterus may be produced this is quite doubtful. It must be a difficult point to hit. It is thought emmenagogue by some. This not very prob ably. Dram doses may be thrown off. It has not been suspected of being cathartic For the operation of it upon the uterus there must be a predisposition in that organ to contract caused by a full period of gestation ruptures of membranes haemorrhage etc. Pharmac. prep. 1st very fine powder (it is almost analogous to cork in consistence) Med. dose 10 gr. if necessary repeat it once or twice at intervals of 10 or 15 min. Generally one dose additional will be needed But this is an inconvenient prep. it loses its strength by keeping 2nd infus. 1 z coarse powd. to f z 3 of water let it stand ½ hour Dose f zi repeated if necessary every 15 m. until the whole is zi to zii wat. table sp. every 5 min. (Prof. B) taken at [illegible] it is supposed that inf. does not take out the whole strength 3d Decoction made in the same prep & with the same dose. Boil 5 to 10 min. & strain 4th tinct. dilut. alc. (.935) [illegible] to zii clavus Dose f zj repeated 3 or 4 times if necessary. This is the prep. which Prof. T. employs exclusively. The tincture appears not to lose its strength by keeping He has known the tinct. lose its strength in one case becoming colourless. This is the preparation which can be given without the prying curiosity of the old women Violent prejudices exist against it, in many place never talk about it call it cordial or something Of late however Prof. T. uses the actaea as an exclusive substitute Prof. T and his friends have well ascertained that when this article has lost its [ecbolia] it has also lists its narcotic powers Therapeutic appl. Diarrhoea vulgaris often reported to be valuable in secondary stages but undoubtedly as valuable from the first. First it lessens the frequency of the discharges then diminishes their bulk etc. 10 grs or given in a full dose it may stop it at once. It will cure in a few days or a week. A female [emporic] near N. York used this article for this purpose IT has often been used by physicians Dyspnoea exacerbans effectual but this degree of its efficacy compared with other articles is not well ascertained Give f zfs of tinct. or f zi repeated Intermittent fever said to have cured it in many cases 10 grs every 2 hours from sometime before the expected paroxysms Hysteritis membranifica Passive & irritative haemorrhages from nose lungs rectum, liver, bladder, uterus etc. zi in 24 hours in 8 or 10 doses. Prof. T. has often employed it in [illegible] with success just as he has actea Lyspesia hysteria is mentioned Peramenia superflua very useful according to Marshall Hull he continues the remedy throughout the catamenial period P. suppressionis apparently not valuable as an emmenagogue Leucorrhea communis Marshall Hall continue several days. Abortion the abortion is inevitable hem. freq. & parturient efforts feeble when too quiet & opium will not keep off abortion. This is one of the greatest improvements in modern obstetrical medicine Hemorrhage during utero gestation to produce abortion when the successions of hemorrhages may destroy the patient if suffered to continue many patients these lose their lives when parturition comes on the unavoidable loss of blood during delivery destroys the patient Case related in which the pat. was apparently dead from loss of blood no relaxation of os uteri Dr Reed thinks it may destroy the child & afterwards bring it away in a week say probably this is caused by giving too much Where there is urgent hemorrhage, it may be proper to give clavus before the os uteri is dilated and then anoint with bellad. Or if necessary bleed from the arm to produce relaxation Presentation of placenta often before the hand can be introduced the closing may be given to bring down the head upon the placenta & thus supposes the hem. afterwards anoint the os uteri with belladonna These two cases are contrary to the books but it has often been practised by Tully and his friends We may afterwards bleed if necessary to produce relaxation Lingering parturition attended with hem. & imperf. contract. of ulcers & imperf. dil. of os uteri Parodynia syncopalis or convulsiva Syncope or convulsions interruptions of delivery being produced You may conjoin enemata of spts. turp. dashing cold water etc. may be conjoined Vide datura # hemorrh. from the arm can be regulated that from the uterus cannot Lingering parturition when the uterine contractions have ceased when a practitioner is inexperienced in the use of the forceps After the delivery by ergot the [secundines] are apt to be retained Breech presentation The head is apt to be detained by the contraction of the os uteri around the neck great skill is generally necessary to extricate the head. The clavus will generally do no good. The forceps should be used? Parodynia secundaria where there is hour glass contraction all the books forbid it. But Prof. T. has repeatedly known it relieves. Dr Wood. of Vt. says it is absolutely certain to prevent on the one hand & to cure on the other, this hour glass contractions Retention of secundines from deficiency of uterine contraction f zii or even zjs may be needed more will often be needed than for the delivery of the fetus Generally where the clavus has been used, the placenta will be thrown off just after or in connexion with the delivery of the child This use of the clavus may almost always supersede the introduction of the hand Hemorrhage after delivery and it may be given with advantage as a preventive just before delivery where there is a liability to hemorrhage. But Dr Reed says we should wait till the head is delivered for fear of injuring the child. In the last case which Dr T. had he had great difficulty in resuscitating the child After pains where they are caused by irritation from coagulated blood where there is a deficiency of contraction Profuse lochia where there is entonic atony and deficient contraction. Some say that the clavus will not act after the delivery of the child But Prof. T. never knew it fail although it might require 10 to 30 minutes. This is known to a great many writers also. No doubt mischief has been done by this article but many of the restrictions are not well founded. For instance the rule that it should never be given when nature is competent to delivery but cases of hemorrhages etc. may be exceptions e.g. hemorrhage endangering the life of the mother even before the commencement of labour pains. If after you have stopped the hemorrhage the uterine contractions are too violent, you may always stop or restrain them by opium If you wish to relax the os uteri you may do it by bleeding but generally by local applications of belladonna. Exceptions have already been mentioned to the rules that it is not to be given until the os uteri is relaxed The indications are from something else than the dilation of the fetus to the size of a dollar Dr Stearns is right in saying that it should not be given when we are going to have occasion to turn Breech presentations will generally make it inexpedient. Dr Stearn’s limitation of the whole quantity to 30 grs in ½ pt of water a tablespoonful at a time, will apply to most cases [illegible] not to all judgment is necessary. For large doses are often given But very large doses may be needed. Where the forceps are admissible it is better to use them, if a man is sufficiently skilled in their use As for its use in convulsions, Dr Stearns directs bleeding to be premised in every case Prof. T. would not bleed unless there were indications for v.s. Do not trust to the clavus alone but give stramonium & give enemata of ol. pin. There seems to be no foundation for the notion that malignant epidemics are produced by spurred rye [Maize] is seldom or never affected with clavus in N. America. Wheat is far less seldom than rye yet these epidemics prevail where wheat & maize only ever used. Various other objections may be made. There is more [foundation] for the opinion that chronic diseases are produced by it History Used about 1740 in Holland by a celebrated [accouchaur] Interdicted by the French legislatures about 1770 used in Connecticut before Dr Stearn’s publication by an irregular practitioner. Said to have been long used before Dr Stearn’s publication by the Germans of Pennsylvania An old dispensatory by Brook mentions it (in some of the editions) Dr Stearns learned its use of some Scotch women in Washington county N.Y. 1807 Scleroteum maydis in S. America said to produce loss of h air in those who eat the grain said to loosen the teeth causes the hair of some to fall of also [swine] become paraplegic mules are affected in the same way Hens which live on it lay soft shelled eggs (by premature delivery or abortion) Monkeys fall down apparently drunk probably sub paralytic or with a sort of chorea Native deer & does also are thus affected These effects occur only [illegible] of Columbia Mandregora vernalis Root perennial top annual. Nat. ord. Solamene M. officinalis M. acaulis atropa [mandragon] of Linneus. Malus canina Mandrake [illegible] South of Europe & Greece But 2 species M. vernalis & M. autumnalis It is not the mandrake of the scriptures, which was probably a species of orchis Root fleshy thick & large white within Root most active. Leaves supposed to have similar but weaker powers The fruit probably has the same general powers Cortical part of the root is thought to be more active than the internal It is believed to be a more powerful anodyne and soporific than any article except opium Vide Shakespeares Othello scene last. Ed. & Vav. say it is most like A. bell. doubtful. Emmenagogue (Swed) Not nervine probably. Powerful purgative ([Mease] Swed. etc.) Others say nothing of this as Hoffberg who used it extensively & freely. Externally applied it is discutient Powder of bark of root dose 10 grs to [illegible] i expressed juice of root Infusion of root Wine of root syrup cataplasm of root made with milk & the leaves or root Treat cases of poisoning by quick emetics (e.g. 4 or 5 grs of turp. min.) Castor oil also to carry it off from the bowels Diseases Parabysma coactum P. strumosum in both it was much used by the ancients [Strum???] vulgaris [acutoplasms] of the leaves with milk applied to the neck. Very strong testimonials for its utility internally, for struma Orchitis chancre as a discutient Del. trem. puerperal delirium Podagra internally Also rheumatism Arthritis rheumatalgia said to be highly effective. Mania & melancholia by the ancients probably as a soporific Agrypnia [mentalis] by the ancients Sarcoma schirrhosum Various superstitions have existed with respect to this article on account of its similarity to the shape of a man’s body On this account called [illegible] Sold to produce boys & girls etc. etc. Vide Thornton London Miller etc. Amanita Ammonita Muscaria Agaricis muscarius Abundant in Europe & N. America. A fly poison One of the most poisonous fungi (Lindley) yet strange as it may seem all the poisonous fungi are eaten with impunity in the North of Europe and Asia. Said by Dr Langsdorf to be used like wine brandy or opium by the [Kamschadales] etc. Rolled up like a bolus & swalloed by them When steeped in a decoction of the berries of vaccinum uliginosum it is exhilirant and nervine like wine One or two small fungi said to last a whole day Water swallowed augments its effects. Renders some remarkably active (i.e. nervine) & a talkative person cannot keep silence or secrets A leap is made if a [strand] is to be stepped over. Finally narcosis & perhaps convulsions are produced. Drunkenness & vertigo as the authors express themselves But its most singular effect is upon the urine. On the second day after the taking of the article a teacupfull of his own urine will produce another fit of intoxication for the next day His urine will have 4 or 5 times the intoxicating qualities of the article. It may thus be propagated through 5 individuals. Old drunkards (upon this article) preserve their urine against a scarcity of the article. The effects fall strictly under the definition of intoxicating an effect produced by this article & alcoholic & venous liquors only Pharmacop. Bot. says odor nauseous sapor [illegible] etc. inebriant etc. Used in epilepsy & applied to malignant ulcers. Dose 10 grs Most active part under ground Epoilepsia stouma Ill conditioned ulcers cancers convulsions affections of the cornea Dose [illegible] fs to [illegible] j ter in die [illegible] Rossica Collect in the autumn keep closed Swediaur appears to confound its properties with those of some other articles Gray copies from Swediaur. Withering does so They call it sudorific & cathartic Probably it will prove a powerful and most convenient nervine Deobstruent Narcotics Which increase or diminish morbid secretions and resolve inflammations Conium Maculatum [illegible] Gr. (cicuta Sat.) has never been identified. Linneus applied the two to different plants. Great confusion existed Lamarck endeavoured to remedy this by interchanging the nerves this made the confusion much worse Hab. Europe & Asia All parts active leaves most so Smells like [mice] or like the urine of a cat. Most active when its blossom first begins to decay (an exception to the general) & when it grows in a cool climate & a moist situation Water said not to extract its properties Alcohol (& better ether) may be used When the etherial tincture is evaporated from water [illegible] is left a thick greenish semifluid etc. Called an alkali (or alkaloid) Some of these substances unite with 15 or 16 prop. of an acid & some do not saturate or naturalize at all as narcotine though they combine with acids in definite proportions. Tests of [illegible] vide Ec. & Vav. (translation) Paris infers that this is not the active principle & that the plant is improved by drying both conclusions false An efficient deobstruent & a moderate narcotic secondarily it is laxative Said to be emmenagogue but only so as a part of its deobstruent operation Prof. T. has not found it diuretic except in chronic cases where there had been a deficiency Removes torpor of the liver, changes the secretions of the al. can. Cures cutaneous diseases. Resolves inflammations As a deobstruent it possesses most of the valuable effects of mercury without its inconvenient effects It acts more powerfully upon a torpid liver (as in jaundice) than mercury Allays irritability Relieves pain produces nausea, vertigo, prostration muscular weakness etc. Hence narcotic Dr Mann took 18 grs in 5 hours of good extract. It produced some exhiliration Its operation began in about 3 hours came to its h eight in 3 hours more & went off in 3 hours more. Symptoms unsteadiness of gait contraction of pupils etc. considerable narcosis. Next day inconvenient secondary symptoms. Indicated in 1st chronic & subacute atonic inflammations 2 Tumours not inflammatory nor with organic lesions 3d torpor & irritability of liver & other chylop. visc. 4th Cutaneous affections 5th Dysthetic or cechectic complaints 6th Pure idiopathic nervous pains (neuralgia) But acute infl. in which a considerable quantity nervines acrids etc. are indicated here conium may be given. It may be successfully given in cholera zi at a dose (yet this is an acute disease) Not a very active poison. The [illegible] effects seem to be epigastric uneasiness coldness blindness nausea & vomiting etc. caused by exhaustion, produced by a lesion of the brain & nerves Forms 1st recently acrid leaves but these are very variable Tincture require too much alcohol Expressed inspissated extract is the best Select the plant in the latter part of the flowering season Strip off the leaves in autumn and press them in an iron press Set the juice in large platter in the sun. Add no water avoid the dews of night. Apply no heat Heat higher than that of the sun is said to injure it Dry it to a consistence suitable for pilling without any addition But the market has been filled with a watery extract of no value. Its sensible properties are quite different. Prof. T. has made a tinct. by filling a bottle with leaves and adding alc. to green & proof sp. to dry leaves then expressing he has reduced this so that a teaspoonful would be a dose but this requires too much alc. for jaundice, neuralgia. The tinct. seems to be more narcotic and less deobstruent than the extract. The extract seems not to produce ultimate narcosis so much as the leaves do and some slight change of properties seems to be produced by the process of forming the extract, by which the article is more deobstruent. Generally the quantity necessary to produce sufficient deobstruent effects will produce no inconvenient narcosis As much as 12 or 15 grs in a day will be necessary for this. But Prof. T. has occasionally given 1 or 2 drams without the slightest ultimate narcotic effect Prof. T. has never found it directly tonic only so by its deobstruent an narcotic effect relieving paresis of the nerves of the stomach etc. Because this article produces a cerebral excitement, given in uniform quantities at short intervals & pushed it has been supposed nervine Prof. T. once thought so but than all the narcotics may produce this effect Dose 1 to 5 grs. Prof. T. generally begins with about 4 grs. & increases till [illegible] The operation of a large dose usually commences in ½ an hour It may continue from 12 to 24 hours Conium is useful in a great many diseases It will generally require other articles in conjunction e.g. cath. & tonics & [illegible] (when you want a cath. merc. oper. use cal. etc. if you do not need purgative effects use other mercurials and these latter are less liable to salivate) No remedy is more valuable in dyspepsia For the production of the deobstruent effect from this and other articles, the system must be within a certain range of action hence depletion on one hand & tonics & aromatics on the other Diseases & pt of those which require principally its narcotic effects. Neuralgic toothache Spasmodic dysphorgia dipsosis [illegible] from intemperance Idiopathic cough at least as an adjunct to opium Hooping cough perhaps with tonics or with arsenic Dyspnoea exacerbans A large dose (say zi of ex) will arrest a paroxysm Idiopathic hectic in conjunction with arsenous acid nit. sil. etc. Ophthalmitis sclerotica (which is always rheumatic) very useful Neuralgia faciei of all kinds conjoin datura [Illegible] palpitation & synochous tremor Cherca valuable with iron Lately Prof. T. has used actea & nux vomica in preference hemicrania Hysteria a large dose will arrest the paroxysm it may be useful between the par. Epilepsy with datura catalepsy with iron. Spermorrhea entonica with ac. lead also [sagnesis] fur. (is [said] paruria mellita 2nd where its deobstruent effect is wanted Chronic dyspepsia with excessive appetite etc. with iron [sesquox] [illegible] zx extr. conii zv off. alc. f zii ol. cinn. ol. gaulth. aa mxii sacch. alb. zii syr. tolu f zvi & generally add f zvi of compd tinct. cinn. water sufficient to make 2 pints of this mixture dose f zfs. This is pleasant to the taste The alcoh. is necessary to make it keep If wine is indicated use wine instead of water Sometimes substitute French brandy ½ pt instead of the tinct. of cinna. for a time where alc. is indicated to rouse excitability Limosis sputatoria & L. albicus (called in N. Haven white jaundice) a disease of the liver with or without diarrhoea patient pale (slightly yellowish) difficult to determine its nature Dyspepsia accompanied with neuralgic pain (which must be relieved (the pain) with opium Sequels of colic Disposition to proctica with iron Icterus vulgaris with iron most valuable as much as he can take without too much narcosis. If the bowels are slow, premise a slow cath. of calomel Where the disease is cured by cal. alone the yellowness of the skin will often remain for 3 months. Conium removes the yellowness as coon as it cures the disease The discovery of the use of conium to cure jaundice was also made (accidentally) by phys. in Boston. But it had been used in the N. of Euro. & in Italy before Icterus melaena with acrids Chololithus Parabismata it will cure than which result from neglected intermittents. But quinine is a sovreign remedy for these as is now well understood though so contrary to the prejudices of Prof. T. & others Quinine is not a congesting article Prof. T. has used it still oftener in parabismata for malaria not preceded by intermittent P. strumosa P. schirrhosum with acrids (capsic.) tonics etc. Icterus from malaria conium will cure, but quinine is far better Erethymatic gastritis and enteritis conjoined with red prec. & corros. sub. Almost all the erythematic infl. As an auxiliary in membranific spargnosis puerp. Rheumatism useful auxilary in the acute u seful in subacute and chronic rheum. White swelling auxiliary cancer a palliative Lues syphylodes Persevering use of con. & iron has obviated a tendency to sick headache Affections of the mind Paramenia difficilis (not membranific infl) relieve a paroxism & continue it with iron Used with success as an [illegible] with iron Leucorrhea with nit. sil. & capsic. or with lob. inflata Chlorosis inops with iron Lepidosis psoriasis, & lepriasis & impetigo several varieties with arsenic Case related of supposed osteo sarcoma (perhaps a rheumatic aff.) and thought perfectly desperate cured by conium perseveringly pushed Cataplasms of recent leaves or extract rec. for irrit. ulcers The plaister is an inefficient preparation Treat cases of poisoning by this [illegible] as those of other narcotics by quick vomits by ammonia by acrid nervines as hydric ether alcohol etc. There is no evidence whatever that vinegar is an antidote History First used internally by Storck 1760. It grew very popular too much was expected from it and went into contempt Storck was ½ a century before his time with respect to various articles of M.M. Conium arecoca of S. A. affords an esculent root equal to our potatoe Aethusa Sinapium [illegible] Cicuta cicutoria etc. Dog’s parsley Fool’s parsley Habit closely resembles con. mac. Native of Europe Naturalized with us abounding about Hartford & Wethersfield Its powers closely resemble those of con. mac. but is much more active D S. Woodward has employed it extensively & can perceive no difference between this and conium A good subject for a dissertation Cicuta Maculata Never grows in clusters Root the most active part strong smell virose taste. More active than conium most [illegible] poisonous article we have indigenous mistaken for [illegible] [illegible] ([illegible] clay tone) Case. Young lady took it for angelica Soon she had vertigo blindness, weakness of extremities 2 hours after was found pale cold, distressed pupils dilated restlessness jactitations cold sweat The plant has vomited her. Sulph. zinc was given in obedience to the books it produced free vomiting which gave no relief and aggravated all the symptoms Teaspoonful laudanum 50 drops every hour spirit & water & wine external heat & acrids much better next morning but suffered from weariness in the limbs etc. Cured in 3 or 4 days Vide Bigelow on cases of death in 1 ½ hours with convulsions, frothing etc. Most physicians refer these symptoms to white hellebore which does not grow # mistaken also for aralia & for angelica & calamus with us or to iris versicolor, which produces no such symptoms If vomiting is needed mustard appears to be the best article (also ranunculus flammat. after these sulph. zinc sul. copper or sulph. merc. the latter two are speedier and as kind as sulph. zinc. The books direct 20 gr sulph. zinc as if it were a large dose but Prof. T. in most cases finds 30 grs necessary to produce full vomiting. Purging may be considered as seldom necessary if so give castor oil senna produces copious watery secretions and exhausts. Vinegar is directed as an antidote no evidence for it whatever It originates in the oxygenating theory with respect to narcotics vinegar was supposed to disoxygenize. Coffee and tea may do well as nervine but alc. & opium are better Medicinally used this article possesses the same powers in kind as the cor. mac. but is much more powerful in degree Cicuta bulbifera [Fennel] leaved cowbane etc. Said to be stronger than conium & supposed to possess the same powers Weaker than C. maculata C. venenata of Dr Greenway was probably C. maculata C. virosa (Europe) Seems to have the same powers (in the root) as C. mac. but to be rather weaker All these species seem to be perfect substitutes for conium Oenanthe crocata An European plant sometimes found in the U.S. Probably similar to conium The root is used Cases related of poisoning by it Some reg. ner. are said to be tonic & nervine one is viz. ambrosia elation (ragweed) bitter [Leonarus] cardiaca gone into disease, but is a valuable article Coffee is a pure nervine tea a nervine & narcotic 1st Nervines of an. origin 1st vol. ess. ol. of [mephitis] amer. skunk There are said to 5 spec. by some others 2 doubtful but all are the same called also m. [chirca] for other sp. vid. ed. encyc. IT is a generic character of the whole genus that they have glands [illegible] the [illegible] Called also viverra & mustala Polecat of Europe is a different an. viz. [illegible] (Name Poule chat) Two small sacs between the anus & tail Probably the skunk cannot project the liquor 2 feet, or even on perhaps Probably it defends the an. by blinding the eyes. The two sacs are about the size of a nutmeg both contain from zii [illegible] to [illegible To obtain the liquor shoot the an. through the head or neck or heart. Take out the sacs with their Ammoniacum 8 Materia Medica Nervines Obviate languor and lassitude allay morbid irritability and irritation, mobility and [??ctitation] and watchfulness, sensibility & sensation, when connected with atony or a non phlogistic state of the system They are different from stim. & narcotics Many of them exhilirate as a part of their nervine operation but the weaker do not. They [like] the latter produce a peculiar calm [euphoria] and pleasurable sensation & a wakefulness. Perhaps the exhiliration may be the first stage of the cerebral irritation of narcotics and (stimulants?) This ehxil. is sometimes produced by the states of the disease sometimes in conjunction with this by nervines & without any effect upon the pulse. One sort of such exhiliration is called vapours The term antispasmodic seems objectionable because they do not obviate spasm but allay irritability & obviate languor Narcotics when pure do not produce all the effects of nervines e.g. [strychnus] etc. An article which relieves non-phlogostic restlessness, irritability etc. must be nervine or narcotic or both If a narcotic, it will when pushed produce epigastric uneasiness nausea etc. The obviation of languor and lassitude, does not indicate stimulation, necessarily, any more than exhiliration does Nervines first relieve irritation etc. & when pushed produce wakefulness calm placid & pleasurable sensation & perhaps exhiliration Nervines will tranquillize an irritated pulse often, and hence are sometimes mistaken for refrigerants Neither do they when continued act as tonics The inhalation of ether & such things does not relieve exhaustion, but prostration merely Nervines will not aggravate phlogistic disease Prof. T. has known the freest use of nitrous oxide, vapour of ether, etc. utterly fail of relieving exhaustion merely relieving the nervous affection The commencement of intoxication is a nervine effect i.e. those things which are visible Intoxication is exhil. followed by delirium & inability to regulate voluntary motion followed by come hence no articles but fermented & spiritous liquors, produce intoxication it is a nervine and nar Recap 4 states 1st an antirritant stage as above described 2nd calm 3d watchfulness 4th exhiliration sometimes amounting to delirium Still you may give so much of an article Perhaps also the power of producing a degree of cerebral irrit. under which the muscular strength is increased Diff. nervines vary much in the degree in which they produce different of these state Pure nervines may be pushed to any degree without stimulation or narcosis Prof T. has often seen a high degree of a nervine effect in the lowest states of the system In their usual doses they appear to produce no effect In books they are recommended chiefly for mild spasmodic diseases Protox. nitrogen appears to be a powerful nervine so chlor carburet of hydrogen or hydrochloride of carbon (chloric ether) taken into the stomach also sulph. & nit. eth. by inhalation virus of rattlesnake, is said to be the most pure & powerful nervine known virus of the skunk is next but stinks too much Musk is next in efficacy & is the most powerful of the articles commonly used It is said also that cobweb Castor is rather a weak & inefficient nervine Coffee is a nervine of considerable power Saffron (crocus) is also nervine Croculus [pl?kenetic] & suberoses ([illegible]) is nervine but also narcot. deob. emm. & cath Castorum [opapinex] asafoetida etc. have no effect on health, but have considerable effect upon what Cullen called the mobility of the system. Most of the fetids however Prof. T. thinks owe their efficacy to [illegible] they having so medicinal an appearance. The state of the mind influences the operation of nervines Prof. T. thinks the fetids are the most uncertain & vague & doubtful class of remedies which we have, & that they might be altogether omitted without injury even including asafoetida Coffee made strong, as directed in medicine, is preferable to them all indeed it is an efficient article So also hydrate of bismuth Prof. T. has given in dram doses without any perceptible effect Iron also he has sometimes apparently found [inert] just as Bigelow declares it inert. All this may be owing to peculiarity of diathesis [Mother] wort, asafoetida & other nervines, should not be used to tantalize for hours patients in distress, who may be speedily and effectually relieved by opium Still we are to consider that women are apt to get a habit of resorting to op. camph. musk cinnamon etc. and fall into a habit of intemperance Nervines are 1st chemical, as protox. nit. eminently nervine Hydric ether (Sulph. eth) moderately nervine when inhaled is neither narcotic nor stimulant, but nervine when taken Oleum ethereum or empyereumatic Chloro carburet of hydrogen a pure nervine. [Luquichloride] of carbon a liquid but solid at common temperatures odorous Spritus (or aether) pyroceties 2nd nervina animalia 1st musk 2nd civet castoreum web of taegenurea medicinalis virus of rattlesnake oil of skunk 3d vegetable nervines coffee [cyprideium] pubes. humile, spectabile pure nervines used from time immemorial by irregular practitioners & by the Thompsons. Aplectrum hyemale (Adam & Eve) Corallorhiza odontorrhiza both pure nervines the latter has considerable nervine power [Stigmas] of crocus sativus Seeds of vanilla aromatic Pulp around the seeds of bixa orellane called arnotto Dipterix odorata ([illegible] used to scent snuff) the proximate principle is [cormsorine] a [concrete] ess. opil Root or essential oil of valerian neither narcotic nor stimulant Polynisis graveolus nervine Root of paeonxa off. (palony) Fruit of Amer. spec. of [pavia] [rubrate] (Ohio buckeye) Aerobion fragrans ([Angricum] fragr.) probably valuable Senecia [anorus] & balsimatae & [illegible] Inspiss. [descundin?] [saps] of roots vide Prof. I. Ferula asafoetidia & opoponax & Persica (called sagepinum) [Dorema] ammoniacum (called ammoniac) (called heracleum gummifoerum but this is the h. pyrenaicum) Galbanum (referred to [illegible] galbanum) but is from the galbanum offic.) All these are inspissated saps Root of goodyera pubescens might be expected to prove nervine but there is the best testimony to its being deobstruent Some reg. ner. are said to be tonic & nervine one is viz. ambrosia elation (ragweed) bitter [Leonarus] cardiaca gone into disease, but is a valuable article Coffee is a pure nervine tea a nervine & narcotic 1st Nervines of an. origin 1st vol. ess. ol. of [mephitis] amer. skunk There are said to 5 spec. by some others 2 doubtful but all are the same called also m. [chirca] for other sp. vid. ed. encyc. IT is a generic character of the whole genus that they have glands [illegible] the [illegible] Called also viverra & mustala Polecat of Europe is a different an. viz. [illegible] (Name Poule chat) Two small sacs between the anus & tail Probably the skunk cannot project the liquor 2 feet, or even on perhaps Probably it defends the an. by blinding the eyes. The two sacs are about the size of a nutmeg both contain from zii [illegible] to [illegible To obtain the liquor shoot the an. through the head or neck or heart. Take out the sacs with their ducts squeeze out the liquor into a vial without letting it touch the neck of the vial stop close yet it will penetrate the envelopes in damp weather It is a light amber col. liquid always liquid in our climate as tasteless as olive oil said to be Taken internally a drop or two 2 or 3 times a day it is a powerful antirritant & nervine though it has never been made to produce an exhiliration It is also a pure nervine Prof. I. considers it very nearly allied to musk but far stronger. It is best to keep it in every small vials of ½ a dram The inconvenience is that the least [???tation] produces the most powerful stench! Probably no dangerous consequences could result from an inordinate dose. When a very little of the liquid oil falls upon broad cloth it appears like a grease spot covered with dust & the scent cannot be eradicated Dyspnoea exacerbans (called asthma) has been much relieved better by this than by any other article taken during an exacerbation to relieve it & between them to keep them off. vide Prof’s I & Beers Even the inhalation of the vapor has relieved the disease. Dr Conklin was relieved for two years in consequence of the killing of a skunk near the house & the vapour remaining in the house during that time. Prof. B. has used it for 8 or 9 patients one of them kept it by him all the while. It keeps off but does not eradicate the disease Woolen cloths upon which a mere drop of this liquid had fallen have retained the odour for years & their use been entirely abandoned. The best way to eradicate the odour is to wash alternately in alcohol & soap suds. Perhaps sulphuric ether might do. Venom of Candisena horrida This was the original hat. hist. name Called cretalus horridus by Linnaeus Distinguished by dark coloured transverse bands. Its fetid odour is readily perceived by horses and cattle In a rainy and wet season the crepitaculum is softened and emits no noise. It is not certain that a new rattle is formed with every renewal of the skin & many are left off by accident hence, we cannot reckon the age by means of the rattles There is but one other species viz. C. durissima The upper jaws have only the two poisonous fangs at the base of which are the crumena or bags which contain the [virus], are situated There are under the eye two clusters of glands which secrete the virus The virus of the viper is a transparent yellowish fluid The virus of any venomous serpent is perfectly bland to the taste The medicinal effects of the virus of the viper have not bee investigated The virus of the rattlesnake has been experimented on by Dr James Wallace & [illegible] friends in Virgin. (1924) A delightful exhiliration is said to be produced a slight flush etc. in short it seems to be a powerful nervine. Like the nervines it removes the coma of typhus A slight anasarca of the feet & ankles & a reopening of old ulcers, and a tenderness of the old scars was produced by an excessive use Said not to increase the animal heat nor to act on the [illegible] nor to affect the pulse Others have found similar affects It appears to differ from skunk virus more in the quality than in the strength of its operation Disease 1st typh. nervosus accompanied with coma delir. 7 subsultus Arthritis rheumatalgia greatly relieved & perhaps cured Ecphronia melancholia insanity on one point Carus paralysis, also Forms dry powder or oil of the virus and bag Tinct wd probably be better Web of Tegeneria medicinalis Used almost time immemorial but the old writers did not discriminate, or at least did not inform us what kind of spider was used This species is said to be new eyes 8 upper row curves 1st pair of legs longest 4th pair next 3d next 2nd shortest. Inhabits cellars abdomen has All the species of the gen. form a horizontal web with a cylindrical tube in the form of a funnel Other species are supposed to answer as well The geometric spiders are not medicinal Spider’s web is s standing article in old dispensatories but in modern times has gone out of use Its effect is curing intermittents have been attributed to imagination Dr Chapman quotes R. Jackson who though it as an anodyne & antirritant superior to opium. He, Dr Dewees etc. tried it exclusively Med. eff. “Obviation in non phlog. diath if tremors spasms, subsulta delirium, irritability, restlessness abatement of vomiting tormina & pain obviation of languor & lassitude exhiliration tranquility followed by calm sleep irritation of pulse removed skin made soft etc. etc.” Dr Chapman. He says also that these effects follow immediately. HE does not mention the duration of the effects HE considers 10 gr equal to 1 ½ gr of opium According to Dr Jackson no effects are produced in “true inflammation” i.e. in phlogistic diathesis. So all the nervine, produce no effect in phlogistic diseases & many of them little or none in health. Dr Jackson says he has not been able to discover much difference between 10 & 20 gr in operation hence, says he, it is not a poison. The only inconvenient effects is said to be this rendering the pulse when slow, quick small & irregular Externally and topically applied to an bleeding surface it first produces a sharp & transient pain then the bleeding ceases & the wound rapidly heals Dr Chap. having no class of nervines was obliged to rank it among narcotics though he himself says it has not narcotic qualities How it cures intermittents Prof. T. is unable to explain Prof. T. has rubbed it up with chalk in order to give it. Dr [illegible] gave 4 or 5 gr. every Diseases 1st idiopathic cough 5 gr. every 4th or 5th hour (i.e every 3 or 4 hours) Asthma (dyspn. exac.) Intermittents more effectual than any other remedy given after bleeding parking & purging (according to the routine practice though of late years a majority of cases are protracted by bl. [illegible] & pur. simple intermittent is never phlogistic & is always cured if a phlogistic diath. is brough on hence cured by tonics & stimulants. The al. can. likewise needs no purging in pat. is not costive Some practitioners give a large dose of sulph. quin. & call it cal. & then pretend the next day to be surprised to find the pat. cured) When this article cures intermittents it does so effectually no relapse. Prof. T. however has produced all these effects by Sulph. quin. given freely enough. He has cured parabisma also by giving sulph. quin. & calling it calomel. Dr Jackson thinks tageneria better than sulph. quin. but it appears from the effects ascribed to it to be no better Prof. T. gives sal. quin. in any stage of intermittent just as Dr Jackson gave spiders web. Dr Jackson gives no reason for premising venes. em. & cath. Idiopathic hectic 5 gr. every 3 or 4 hours suspended the exacerbations eyes sparkled etc. & more respite was obtained than from wine or opium (Dr Chapm.) Irritable & ill conditioned ulcers at first the pain was sharp but they healed speedily though of month standing Cephalea hemicrania breaks it up The web is said to be inert when old when new it is said to be silken 7 viscid Musk Muschus muschiferous (Linn.) inhabits the alpine mountains of Thibet & [illegible] Hind legs longest weight 25 or 30 pounds lively. The musk is found in a bag 2 or 3 inches in diameter between the prepuce and nave. of the male. They feed on lichens arbuti vaccinii etc. During the breeding season (November) the males fight for their mates Musk is brough in its own hairy bags solid granular, dark brown or reddish like coagulated blood (somewhat) taste slightly bitter odour ambrosial etc. etc. partially soluble in water & alcohol You cannot give enough of the tinct. without giving too much alcohol. Ether is said to be a better solvent Musk has been many times analysed It contains an ess. vol. oil, cholesterine streatine, gelatine potassa, calcii, carb. amm. etc. etc. Probably the oil is the ess. principle The medicinal properties of cholesterine have not been investigated The incompatible are said to be mercurials. infusion of cinchona, copperas nit. silv. etc. etc. No regard should be paid to these assertions without explanations In an efficient dose it produces a sensation of warmth and a glow in the stomach. Next it obviates languor & lassitude, irritabil. mobil. wakefulness (of irrit.) singultus irritative affection of al. can. such as vom. & diarrh. It produces the placed & pleasurable sensation, but not the exhiliration of nervines. Prof T does not know that it produces wakefulness. Prof T. has never seen it increase animal heat in low cases nor give real increase of vital energy. A pat. may be enabled to walk or ride, from the obviation of languor & lassitude, & het not be stimulated Musk appears to produce no inconvenient effects Prof. T. objects to the term antispasmodic, as one including a great variety of remedies Musk would probably be inefficacious in most spasmodic diseases e.g. tetanus, rabies, epilepsy etc. Ordinary slight convulsions it will probably palliate Musk has been said to be diapohoretic & diuretic & aphrodisial It is merely antirritant & produces these effects merely as such Dose 6 to 20 gr. (Murray) 5 to 40 (Swediaur) 2 to 60 gr. (A. T. Thomp) Prof. T. has found zfs the medium dose generally as much as this is necessary & for single doses often zi N.B. ipecac. sulph. quin. etc. produce no Proper period of repetition 5 or 6 hours (Murray) 3 or 4 (A. T. T.) about 3 hours Prof. Tully N.B. In a powerful disease the effects of remedies pass off sooner Given in form of bolus (Murray) Prof. T. objects to the form bolus in general Pharmaceut. prep. 1st powder, & given in sugar & water (It may be ground up alone or with sugar) It may be given in pill made with a veg. extr. e.g. ext. gent. or ext. con. OR in tinct. zjj to 1 pt alc. (Dublin & U.S.) A person would need a gallon of the tinct.! z4 to pt. (Paris Ph.) Given in enema to teething children in convulsions (Murray) An improper remedy for dentition Proper in all irritative atonic or non phlogistic diseases to obviate restlessness irrit. mobil. etc. Musk is recommended for all convulsions & spasms It can however be considered as no more than a palliative in some of them One of Prof. T’s friends has found it the best ant emetic in typhoid cases, that he has ever tried. Epigastric sinking is also admirably relieved by musk Life is apparently prolonged by it in desperate cases for days. It would he thinks be admirably adapted for cases of poisoning by narcotics? snakes? fish? The symptoms mentioned Diseases dentition, cholera, typhus, gangrene, convulsions The diseases in which it is recommended for the entire cure are convulsive cough, tetanus, rabies etc. etc. But little dependence is to be placed in these Musk must ever be scarce, costly and liable to adulteration. Unless the animal can be domesticated & the musk extracted without kill. the an. musk cannot be much used Medicinal substances nearly allied to musk 1st civet (from the viverra found near the anus a whitish The article called musk is perfumery in civet This animal is reared in Holland & the civet is extracted without killing the animal The musk rate (muschus or castor munchatus) furnishes a substance of similar properties [Catodom] or physeter macrocephalus produces ambergrise which is found in the caecum and also floating on the sea near China etc. In irregular masses etc. Prof T. thinks it probably a fixed greasy oil It has been called a stimulant (Swed. Coxe. Ed. & Vav.) Called a corroborant of the nerves an aphrodisiac etc. It is a nervine and a valuable one. Prof. T. is inclined to think it one of the most powerful of the nervines not exceeded by any unless it be by vir. or rattlesnake & skunk & by musk. it has been omitted in the Eng. pharmacop. but has continued in use on the cont. Powder doses 6 gr. to zfs. Prof. T. would give at least zfs generally. Paris tinct. in z8 to 1 pt. alc. dose f zfs to f zi Castoreum Castor fiber common beaver ([glives]) the only medicinal species Castoreum is a peculiar substance somewhat analogous to musk secreted in cells near the anus Found in commerce in its two natural sacs connected together one of them containing the true castoreum the other merely a fatty matter The Russian cast. is the only one used in Europe & is superior with us the American is sold under the name of Russian Said to contain castoreum a peculiar principle & the active ingredient Russian castor is reddish brown, bitter etc. Castoreum is very little soluble in water but is dissolved in alc. & eth. It is a nervine & destitute of stimulant properties. Murray is wrong in considering it a weak article, because it produces little effect upon a robust healthy man. For instance a healthy man may take zi of sil. quin. without any effect whatever Diseases spasmod. aff. generally (Ed. & V) It will not cure one of them 1st Nervous asthma (which does not exist) Castor is certainly too feeble for common asthma. Indeed most English prescriptions for asthma are utterly inefficient So also in dyspn. exac. Prof. T. has seen it tried Clonus singultus (convulsive hiccough) Prof. T. has found this also too formidable a disease. Prof. T. cured one very formidable case (a feeble slender man) by a full bleeding to increase susceptibility & then by Fowler’s sol. & opium Hysteria likewise (a hysteric fit) is too formidable a disease. So also epilepsy. So also amenorrhoea Castor is useful like other weak nervines, not for curing any particular disease, but for obviating particular symptoms of irr. etc. Pharmaceutic prep. Powder in warm water seems to be the best Giving the tincture, gives too much alcohol. Pills are not dissolved, speedily enough Dose 10 or 20 gr. is too small use at least zfs Tinct. zii to 2 pts off. alc. (U.S.) is altogether too weak. So the ED. tinct. is too weak. The Paris gives z4 to `1 pt. but even this is too weak. The ether is too weak Compd tinct. zi off. cast. zjfs asafoet. 1 pt spt. amm. This is efficient Oleum animale empyreumaticum Called also dippeli & etheriae am. ol. Made by distilling bones & horns in a close & dry vessel At first black afterwards white turining brown on exposure to air very fetid acrid to the taste. Muscle, roasted in a coffee roaster, gives off this empyr. oil causing the intolerable stench & produces what has been called am. charc. & has been said to be an efficacious article The an. oil is nervine said to be poisonous (E. & V.) Dose 15 to 20 gtts E. & V. The article is said to be more powerful than most nervines. Recommended in dyspnoea exacerb. etrc. & also recommended to break up intermittents. Much used on the cont. of Europe even for intermittents Syspasia hysteria, convulsia, & epileptica (E. & V. Scutellaria lateriflora First employed for lyssa in 1773 by Dr Vandermeer of N. Jersey & by others (mechanics & others not physicians) who received the knowledge of it from him First publication was in 1809 by Walter [Bowne] Advocated by Coleman of the Evening post Dr Lyman Spalding & others N.B A large proportion of cases of rabies reported are drawn up by unprofessional persons & are not rabies The only two physicians who have believed in this article are Drs Spalding & Thatcher. It is also employed for tetanus and chorea. In many reported cases other articles have been used by mistake e.g. verbena urticifolia which will puke & purge Scutellaria produces no appreciable operative properties It has no taste nor smell Chenopodium vulvaria Stinking orache. Much valued in the cont. of Europe. One of the weaker nervines as strong as asafoetida but not deobstruent like that. Has a hircine odor Leonurus Cardiaca Motherwort It held a place in all the pharm. until within 30 years. Taste slightly bitterish. It is universally used by the people & once was by the physicians In some instances it has proved speedily and actively emmenagogue probably by its antirritant powers. It is scarcely bitter enough to be ranked among the nervine bitter tonics, viz. ballota nigra marrubium vulg. humulus lupulus & syncopus virginica which last is not narcotic, as is supposed, for they produce no effect on the brain and nerves of a healthy person & no narcosis upon the sick. Lycopus virg. is a valuable nerv. like Leonurus. Cases of experiments which proved it to be utterly unable to produce a narcotic effect. quarts taken Pharmac. prep. are infus. or dec. made as strong as convenient & taken freely In large quantities & long continued it is laxative Diseases Lim. dyspep. a variety in which there is excessive irritability, nervousness, languor (not debility) pat. easily shocked and frightened etc. thought by the friends to be an imaginary aff. etc. Prof. T. has cured by tonics etc. but many of them he has been able to make an impression on by such articles as this only. The stom. is likewise very irritable vom. mus. dislike to food & without atony or debility Colica flatulenta Dysphoria simplex (Good) or simple restlessness often a troublesome affection Lyspaxia hysteria. Prof. T. has employed this article in hysteric diath. & is inclined to try it in a paroxysm in preference to opium in large quantities large enough to relieve the parox. Prof. T. generally employs datura Leucorrhea attended with pains in the loins & hips etc. without much general exhaustion cases in which tonics often irritate Paramania obstructionis var. irritativa Ambrosia elatior [Roman] wormwood, ragweed, iron weed etc. Very bitter, yet not tonic (not all bitter art. are tonic) Nervine & nearest allied to leonurus. It effects the uterine system in females considerably Diseases. It has been much used in hysteria, dysphoria simplex etc. It relieves after pains if not too violent Aerobium fragrans (Sprengel) Commonly called angraecum fragrans Called [illegible] or [illegible] An orchideous plant from Bourbon & Isle of France (Mascara islands) also from the borders of the Red Sea. 24 sp. have been ascertained within half a dozen years 14 in Masc. isl. 3 in Madag. 1 in Brazil etc. Grows upon the trunks of shaded trees Used by the African natives to make a pleasant beverage. Gives a pleasant odour in drying. The leaves are used. Vide Revue Medicale It is now considerably used in Paris & has been distributed over the world Called by its investigator ([Gerody]) narcotic etc. but his account carefully considered seems to describe a nervine merely & one destitute of stimulant powers, as he thinks it contraindicated in debility (probably because it will not relieve it. It cannot be tonic because he also gives it in phlogistic cases It is not considered as a very powerful article & may be used ad. lib. Used in infusion mixed with milk Recommended in bex simplex & convulsiva Dyspepsia Paroxysms of asthma & all cases of irrit. of lungs. Acute & chronic pleuralgia catarrh, for the cough. Phthisis (probably the tubercular) Senecio Aureus The whole plant has been used but Prof. T. thinks the root the only part which is medicinal. Called American valerian & supposed to resemble the off. val. Given in infusion It is moderately nervine Prof. T. thinks more so than castoreum Senecio hieracifolius Fire weed. Employed in some parts of N.Y. Prof. T. thinks weaker than the preceding. Called demulcent & astringent & popular in dysentery but it has scarcely any sensible properties Paeonia Officinalis Common paeony Tastes & smells like valerian Root most active Said to be narcotic antispasmodic & astringent Prof. T. thinks it neither narcotic nor astringent, but moderately nervine stronger however than castoreum. Much has been said about this as well as other nervines in intermittents Palliative in epilepsy etc. Crocus Sativus Common saffron (not what is so called as viz the cantharus tinct.) True saffron belongs to the nat. ord. irideae. The pistils or stigmas are the parts used Taste aromatic & bitter No accurate chemical analysis has been made. If the tinct. is given too much alc. will be taken. So of the wine & the vinegar. Probably the substance is the best form Said to be stimulant, narcotic etc. Prof T. has experimented on it & considers it as a pure nervine. It may be made to produce the peculiar calm placid & pleasurable sensation Perhaps it may be made to produce slight exhiliration Recommended in hysteria (i.e. hysterical diath.) & all nervous aff. It possesses considerable power in relieving irr. of stom. naus. & vom. Recommended as a sedative cataplasm in ophthalmia Probably it has gone into disuse because false powers have been ascribed to it It is an ingredient in tinct. al. cum myrrha (elix. proprietatis) & renders it milder in its operation. It is an ingredient also in the compd tinct. cinch. which is a valuable medicated alcohol. Also in tinct rhei & t. rh. comp But in all our shops the worthless carthamus is used Dose in [illegible] 30 gr. to zj (Prof. T.) ext. 15 gr. Caffea Arabica A small tree or large shrub 8 to 12 ft high The unparched seeds do not possess the powers of the parched Because it is so extensively used in diet it is supposed not to be capable of useful application I medicine. It is useful if sufficiently strong & not mixed with food History of its introduction into France [Persian] [ambassador] [fashion] [taverns] [intemperance] coffee houses Active princ. is caffein a white milky substance like [arianthus] Said to be stimulant. Prof. T. could not effect this operation Called antispasmodic but it is useful in none of them unless we call asthma & dysponea exac. so (but they are not spasmodic diseases) Called carminative (i.e. acting like a charm) also caleficient but it is not. It is eminently active in obviating lang. & lass. also in preventing sleep. It will also produce, besides the calm & pleasurable sensation, a certain degree of exhiliration It is not at all narcotic The unparched seeds have no more activity than dried peas Recom. in intermittent, headache catarrh, polysarcia etc. But it is most useful in dyspn. exac. & asth. first used by Sir J. [Flyer] Parch the seeds without burning them Pulverised when hot. He directs z2 to a cup i.e. z4 to 1 pt probably a saturated infusion One such cup will relieve a paroxysm if not repeat once in ½ hour until relief is obtained Sir J. Pringle added lemon juice & remained in bed. Good ascribes antaphrodisiac powers to coffee Symplocas Alstonia Bogota tea from south Am. Used as a substitute for tea & said to be one of the best substitutes. None but nervine powers are ascribed Hibiscus Abelmoschus Called musk okra Native of W.I.? Seeds extremely agreeable to the nose It is a nervine, very speedy in its operation producing exhiliration even Cultivated in this country Dr Dander of Jamaica said the seeds were emetic vide his work on Dis of Jam. Tinct. Prof. T. would add z4 to 1 pt Said to be useful externally in [illegible] galeatu Much used as a perfume & a cosmetic Our hibisci are generally mucilaginous The H. moschutus is said to be paregoric i.e. antirritant Vanilla aromatica Epidenderon vanilla & aromatica of oth. Nat. ord. orchideae A wood climbing shrub South Am & Mexic. Peric. a bivalve pod i.e. a capsule shaped like a pod. It may be seen in any of the shops used to scent snuff It affords a very elegant ess. oil The seeds appear to contain an active princ but this ess. ol. & benzoic ac. The best preparation is the ess. ol. next to this the powder The principal & probably its sole operation, is a nervine one Said to be stim. & aphrod. etc. Dose zfs to zj of the powder It is used to perfume & flavour chocolate & is supposed to increase it, nervine [illegible] Dose of oil 10 to 30 drops Dipteryx odorata Bargosma Tonga (Person) [illegible] odorata (of older authors Tonka (or Tonga) bean Nat. ord leguminosae. Guiana Seeds are used their prox. prin. is [coomerin] which exists abundantly also in the flowers of melilotus off. crystallizes etc. & is probably like camphor a concrete vol. ess. ol. It is not stimulant probably not narcotic. It is used for scenting snuff & may always Dose of coomerin probably about the same as camphor P Tranthera pichurin Formerly Laurus pichuria Off. name pichuric faba Called also sassafras nut. From Brazil It affords a concrete greasy oil which is nervine Called carminitive & stomachic (i.e. nervine) & febrifuge (probably ant intermittent) Recommended for colica flatulenta diarrhea etc. Vide [illegible] batava An old article lately struck out of it British pharm. So also some of the previous articles Dose [illegible] to zjs. [illegible] Agallicum aloes wood Nat ord. legumindosae high mountains of Cochin China Lindley, by mistake, refers it to aguilaria agallica Dr Good refers it to excecaria agullicum An excrescence grows on and into the trunk of the tree. This when split longitudinally, exhibits the medicinal article that when first gathered is soft but soon grows hard of it there three sorts differing in value The substance is full if fibres & is a substance intermediate between concrete ess. oil of resin The distilled oil is used in medicine. The term lign aloes in the scriptures, was intended to refer to this but should not N.B Jonah’s gourd was a ricinus mandrake was an orchis mustard s phytolacca dodec. This article is used as a perfume (when burnt) It is nervine, rubefacient; said to be astringent, tonic and anthelmintic Said to relieve nause & vom. but, as is said, not connected with a phlogistic diath. Said to relieve anorexia gastrodynia Vid. Good art. dysp Idiopathic diarrhoea (on the contin. of Eur.) But the med. prof. are generally ignorant of the powers of opium in relieving diarrhoea. Extolled in the east for deinas vertigo or idiop. dizziness. Hysterical, convulsions, carus paralysis But probably the narcotics have the greatest power in relieving palsy by increasing the energy of the nervous system This article was formerly in the British pharm. & was lately brought into notice for the cholera Cymbopogon Ivarancusus Nat. ord granineae, saccharineae Called radix ivarancusa (Andropogon is another) & grass oil of memore? We have also cym. cop. schoenanthus of which the leaves are used The root near the [culm] yields the oil & when bruised by the feet of cattle perfumes the air around The root is somewhat bitter, pungent & aromatic. Probably the virtues reside like peper nig. & cubebs in a vol. & a fixed ess. oil. The vol. oil is extremely pungent & disperses a very agreeable fragrance This oil is a rubefacient it is called stomachic & antispasmodic Pharm. prep. The dried root in substance is used. Inf. & [dic.] are imperf. preparations. The ess. oil is the best preparation Probably the fixed ess. oil obtained by macerating in ether & evaporating would be active Diseases dyspepsia probably valuable in the irritable kind Colica flatulenta. cholera mal. in the congressional report the blank viz the of rad. [ivaran.], a tablespoonful once in two hours should probably be filled up with the spirit i.e. the essence or the tinct. Recommended also in simple fever in trop. climates, where true cauma does not exist, but instead of it synochus, & irritative atonic fever Relied on in India for curing intermittent (another nervine for intermittent) Recommended for rheumatism but topical irritants are not to be used as long as the rheumatism is erratic hysteria This article has been supposed to be the nard of the ancients but a species of valeriana [illegible] has been thought to be the article Polanesia graveolus (Decand.) Cleome dodecandra ([Purth]) called false mustard worm weed pink weed. But Prof. T. has ascertained that we have 90 & more snake roots!! Found all over N. England It has a strong bituminous smell, which proceeds from an ess. oil, resembling [worm] seed [illegible] & is said to be nervine narcotic & anthelmintic (other spec. of cleome are narcotic resembling conium) First investigated by Scheff a German surgeon to the Hessian troops who published a work on our M. M. Vide Ben. Smith Boston. Highly popular in Ohio, as a nervine and anthelmintic Valerian The sp. of the ger. are generally alpine plants growing in sphagn swamps of high mts. One spec. grows on the White Mts The roots are the active part & the vol. ess. oil is the act. prox. princ. Perhaps also there may be discovered a fixed exx. oil, if experiment. All are agreed to be antisp. i.e. nervine. Said also to be stim. But Prof. T. has settled that the roots whether given in infl. or in subst. have no stim. prop. He has not thoroughly tried the oil with ref. to this pt Said to be diuretic; & it does in fact resemble the terebinth oils Prof. T. has not however noticed this prop. Called anthelm. also V. celtica is supposed to be one of the weakest. It is used in Turkey to scent their baths. V. doscoridis grows in the Levant, & was described by him. thought stronger V. off. is most used in Europe & found in woods and wet meadows in Europe Cats are fond of it just as they are of catnip & of both, only after having been pulled up and suffered to wither Said to be narcotic. It is not however. N.B. Unless you push an article a considerable way you cannot distinguish whether its antirritant properties are the result of a narcotic or a nervine operation It is not tonic as has been said. It is called emmenagogue it is not certain whether it is so merely from its antirritant properties or not from its resemblance to the terebinthinates, it may be more than this Pharm. prep. 1st powder but this is inconvenient from its bulk, & should be freshly made which is also in convenient The tinct requires too much alc. The inf. is too weak unless for mild cases The vol. ess. oil is the best prep. Diseases. Hysteria convulsions & epilepsy useful as an auxiliary & palliative Recommended for hemicranic & chlorsis Swediaur mentions hyperchondrias. Prof T. has seen it of essential service in it. This dis. generally will not bear very active medication Sw. also mentions incipient anaurosis (paralysis of optic nerve) amenorrhoea & haemoptysis N.B. There are 1st entonic 2nd atonic 3d irrit. & rth vicarious hem. & for the 3d the valerian would be beneficial # Dose of powd. root [illegible] to zi 3 or 4 times a day; increased as far as the stomach will bear. Inf. zi to zii to 1 pt. [illegible] ment. salts of iron as incompatible this entirely improbably as the active principle is an ess. oil The prep by extract wastes the valerian The ammoniated tinct. will merely be spts of amm. flavoured with valerian for not more than a few drops could be given # Some profess to cure delirium tremens but the cases cured by it were merely mild ones, which one or two doses of opium wd cure ol. val. 10 or 20 gtts alc. zfs tinct chlor ferri zfs dose 20 to 40 gtts This Prof T. has found very valuable in various chronic nervous complaints e.g. cardialgia syncoptica Valeriana [vatanansi] of India yields a more abundant and elegant essential oil thought by Sir W. Jones to be the nard of the N.T. this not probable. A species of val. found near Castleton was determined by Dr Robbins to be the v. off. probably it is the same with the v. sylvatica of Franklin’s journey Nervines of the Nat. ord. orchideae Corallorhiza odontorrhiza Called dragon’s claw [hens] feet fever root Adam’s [race] etc. (Cymbidium) Root fleshy much branched but small When fresh smells strong powder said to attract moisture from the air First employed by Dr Graham of [Canton] & New Hartford He used it to promote quietness and diaphoresis in fever. Drs Todd Bestor & Reed were acquainted with him Probably it is (as is said) deobstruent Called aphrodisiac It is nervine & especially adapted to heat restlessness & dry skin of fever Powd. root dose about a t. sp. in some warm liquid once in 2 or 3 hours Prof. T. has used it considerable Cypripedium acaule or humile ladies slipper, moccasin plant etc. c. spectabile [illegible] & C. spectabili is collected indiscriminately with it & used with it also. The roots have a strong smell & a subacrid bitterish nauseous taste Graham above mentioned conjoined this with the preceding. This is not the article used as an antirritant by the Thompsonites. Rafinesque heaps up epithetics and gives a [succedanemus] for it. (arnica mont. is not narcotic cumula mariana which is aromatic & inula helenium which is deobstruent merely This article may possibly be deobstruent but this Prof. T. has not noticed It is especially useful in the same way as the previous article Give a teaspoonful of powd root Aplectrum hyemale (Nuttall) Cymbidium hyemale (Muhlenberg Called Adam & Eve One of the tuberous rooted orchideae but not like most of them, nutritious & demulcent merely. Roots are two tubers when bruised in water, they yield a viscid juice which joins broken glass Nervine Called deobstruent, [illegible] etc. Goodyera pubescens [Neottiv] pub. (Wild.) Rattlesnakes’s plaintain adders violet etc. Prof. T. has not used it. The whole plant has been used The Drs Whites of Hudson make extensive use of it in curing struma It is one of the rattlesnake antidotes but it is not active enough, probably either as a nervine or a deobstruent Asafoetida Asafoetida is more to be relied on for its expectorant effect, than any other part of its deobstruent Dose 10 gr. to zj (Swed.) But 10 gr. is a quantity entirely inefficient except it it be repeated very often A combination of ess. oil of val. is highly useful though the smell is intolerable being more volat. on account of the vol. oil Pills made of the gum alone are apt not to be dissolved it is better to conjoin a little camphor or ess. oil of valer. or conjoin soap The tinct. required too much alcohol to be given It is given in enema, rubbed up with milk not very powerful given in this way. It has been used extern. as a discut. Diseases carcialgia spasmodica (?) colica flatula. tympanitis physconia (parabismatus) Glandular tumours (buboes) as a discutient. Paronychia (in plaister) etc. etc. Swediaur Ferula opoponax The plant has been referred to various genera in the books called commonly pastinaca opop. It has been struck out of the British Pharm & hence though formerly much used it is not now often met with among us Perhaps it is exactly as valuable as asafoetida Ferula Persica yields the sagapenum formerly much used & perhaps neither inferior nor superior to opopine & asafoetida Selenum gummiferum yields also an inspissated sap with similar properties Galbanum officinale Formerly referred to bubon gallanum (S.) Umbelliferous also like the preceding Galbanum is similar to in med. prop. asafoetida in all respects. It is now only an ingredient in certain palister though equal in all respects to the preceding Resin anime (French) the product of the hymenaea [courbaril] yellowish resembles copal Ammoniacum Name a blunder for armeniacum as it came from Armenia. Referred by Willd. to heracleum gummif. which was in fact the H. pyrenaicum It is a [new] genus of the tribe [peneudaniae] viz. dorema ammoniacum It is native of the north of Persia Discorides called it ammoniacum by mistake, & hence referred it to Egypt Said to be procured by incisions & allowed to drop on the ground hence sometimes containing earth A part of it viz. the gum is soluble in water a part in alc. & eth. Hence triturated with water it yields a milky emulsion composed of a solution of gum with resin mechanically suspended It is doubtful 1st nervine in a moderate degree less so than asafoet. etc. 2nd deobstruent & more so than they & resolvent, expectorant & discutient. 3d cathart. in large quantities 4th externally irritant? Not stim. but irritant Doze [illegible] to zj Prep. mistura ammoniac. zjj water ½ pt Pills also are used Emplastrum ammon. made with vinegar ammon. made with vinegar & the vinegar evaporated Diseases dyspepsia when the bowels are lax. with bitters A useful auxiliary to myrrh & iron In visceral obstructions, torpor, & parabisma as an auxiliary to conium, corr. sub. & iron Chronic coryza in conjunction with the acrid bitters as liriodendron ilicium, etc. Simple idiop. cough but not as is said as an expectorant, for expectoration is not indicated, & should be checked Still ammon. is not to be relied on alone opium & sometimes conium or hyoscyamus, should Dyspnoes exac. or asth. it is much employed, but to no good purpose Influenza when the expectoration is just going off cojoined with Pneumonitis cammatodes enjoined with squill & antimony after bleeding Pneumon. typhodes var. notha. Yet more eff. art. are better Phthisis employed in a routine way to promote expect. a thing most earnestly to be deprecated Externally in plaister to white swellings etc. Halusia hypochondrine conjoined with iron & myrrh valuable Hysteria. Chlorosis inops (green sickness) in both probably of little valuable Mineral nervines Ethers are all the volatile & inflammable liquids formed by the actions of acids on alcohol. There are two distinct classes one consisting of 4 equiv. of proto carb. hyd. combined with 1 of some acid The second consist of one equiv. of sulph. ether (common ether) with one equiv. of some acid. Of the first class we have as yet [illegible] ether (sulph. eth.) which consists of 4 prot. car. hyd. or 1 tetra carbohydrogen & 1 water (N.B. water is an acid it will even combine with some bases & supersede for all the acids acids e.g. hydrate of bismuth made by throwing nit. bism. into water) The name sulph. ether has been changed on the cont. of Eur. into hydric or hydratic ether. Besides there is a true sulphuric ether with one equiv. of sulph. acid 2d Sulph. eth. is 4 prot. carb. hyd. 1 sul. acid called sweet oil of [wine] etc. 3d Hydrochloric eth. 4th Hydro [bronic] 5th Hydriodic all [sim.] in composition & sim. in med. powers. Probably there are more also # We have first di-carburetted hyd. (light carb hyd. 2 hyd 1 carb.) next proto carb. hyd or simply carb. & hyd. & This may exist in five varieties first one condensed one half proto-carbo-hyd. (Th) second olef. [illegible] condensed [illegible] ([deuto] carbo hyd) 3d [trite] carbo hyd. condensed to 1/6 (subperolifiant [illegible]) 4d tetarto-carbohyd cond. 1/8 & this exists in ether 1 equiv. of it 5th hexa-carbo-hyd. (cond. to ½). Others as Mr. Dutton consider these combinations as different compounds consisting of 1 & 1 2 & 2 3 & 3 etc. which seems to be trifling with the subject 1st [illegible] carb. hy. proto are 3 sesqui carb 4 deuto carb. These are the compounds of carb. & hyd. And the second exists in 6 different forms as above It was formerly thought that the deuto carb. hyd. (which exists in alc.) was the compound in ether $ [Prot???] also ether made by sulphocyanogen (which is an acid) 2nd class of ethers, consist of 1 of hydric ether & 1 of acid 1st [hypometrons] 2nd carbonons (carbonic oxide which is an acid) acetic citric, malic, benzoic & formic ether also oxalic ether? N.B. the hydric ether is producible by four different acids inc. sulph., phoshporic, arsenic, & [fluoboric]. Two other sorts of substances as have been improperly called ethers one sort compounded with 4 of pr. carb. hyd. & [is] of an empyreal principle e.g. chlorine forming the chloric ether of the [illegible] iodine & bromine & Prof. S. chloric ether which contain 2 of prot. carb. hyd. & 1 cholrine Hydric ether called ether [hydricus] & [hydrat???] & sulphurias & vitriolicus ether rectificantus E probenii & naphtha vitrioli Liquor [etherium] vitriolicus ([tetrakis] hydrates of the proto- carburet of hydrogens!) Boils in [illegible] at 20. vapour about twice as heavy as air a little poured into a vial displace most of the common air Vapour readily ignited. have caution about pouring it by candle light. Water absorbs 1/10 80 fl. drams of eth. dissolves zi of phosphorus But if it contains only a little alc. it will require 24 fl dr. Hence phosphuretted ether is useless. In general it is a powerful solvent Equivalent number 37 viz 28 + 9 = 4 x (6 + 1) + 9 Until within two years the composition was considered as 2 olef. [gas] & 1 water equal also. 4 ether acids viz. arsenic, chrom, sulphuric, [fl?boric] & phosphoric acids will also produce ether as well as sulphuric Alcoh. consists of 2 equiv. of olef. [gas] & 2 of water or 1 & 1 (or 4 p.c.h & 2 [illegible]) Etherification consists in the abstraction of one equivalent of water And if you add acid enough to abstract all the water, you have olefiant gas Thompson thinks sulpho [illegible] acid is first formed & afterwards the prot. carb. hyd. goes from the acid to the water by means of heat The best test of purity is spec. grav. Sulph acid may be detected by baryta Alc. will cause a milky solution with phosphorus If kept still for a long time it is decomposed into acetic acid, alc. & water Med. eff. glows in stomach thrill to the extremities languor & lass. quieting of irr. & rest carried further it produces calm placid sensation & finally exhiliration & delirum. After this all its effects pass off without any exhaustion any somnolency etc. nothing more than fatigue, if great exertions have been made No indirect debility (i.e. prostration as from opium, & wine) follows as is said by Dr Ives & others. But Prof. T. thinks this nothing more than might be expected No article in the mouth produces so quickly diffuse & transient an operation as this It is a pure nervine When respired it is in all respects similar to nitrous oxide, both in the effects & duration. The effects cannot be distinguished. By successive inhalations, after each one has passed off, the effects continue longer. Prof. T. has never known it last in this way more than 6 hours Best inhaled from a vial or handkerchief It produces its effects more powerfully when inhaled than when taken into the stomach. Prof T has repeatedly examined the pulses of persons under the influence of eth. & nitrous ox. and also has again and again caused others to examined but never could discover any increase of strength. He entertained a different opinion previously. Others have changed their opinion in the same way Ether in his first & second course of lectures in N. Haven Prof. T. thought ether a stimulant circumstances led him to investigate its operation when taken into the stomach. Another physician quoted who was equally surprised to find that no increase of the strength of the pulse could be produced by it Others admit this, but think that perhaps the stimulation is too transient to be perceptible! or that other stimulates the nervous system Ed. & Vav. say that ether has no effect on the circulating system. These authors first turned the attention of Prof. T. to the subject. Hence A. T. T. is entirely wrong in comparing the action of eth to that of alc. Ether resembles rather cocculus etc. other nervine narcotics. Murray classed it among the narcotics Hence since this time British writers have celled it narcotic. But Prof. T. never could produce this effect by pushing ether. It probably might be pushed so far as to suspend the functions of the brain & produce a sort of apoplexy but this would not be ultimate narcosis. It is not anodyne or soporific except as it is antirritant So of it its diaph. diuret. or expect. It is not aphrodisiac except it be so by its nervine power Called anthelmintic also It is a common notion that it cannot be depended on for constant & permanent effect as a nervine But Prof. T. though he formerly thought so, has seen & heard good reason to change his opinion especially when combined with some more permanent article as wine Dose 15 or 20 drops on sugar (Sw.) It is more astringent in this way Yet a fl z or more may often be required Prof. T. has seen ether inhaled hundreds of times & yet never knew lethargic effects produced by it. It has been supposed that it may bring on mania, in the predisposed yet it can only bring on delirium & there is no evidence that del. will bring on mania The delirium of acute diseases does not bring or mania often. Perhaps also it may destroy life by continued apoplectic effect on the brain Intoxication by alc. is a different effect from the exhiliration of nitrous oxide or etherial vapour. The effect of ether may not exhibit the inability to regulate motion & to articulate & does not grow to narcosis Diseases spasmodic & hysterical diathesis So lethargic diathesis & a tendency to paralysis Recommended for a carious tooth, when painful When taken into the stomach it irritates the mucous membrane, obviates torpor & creates susceptibility to other articles Orfila introduced it into & confined it in the stom. of a dog. The phen. exhibited after death seemed to show no narcotic effect, but an erythem. infl. by an acrid Probably from its pungency or acrimony it would produce vomiting in excessive quantities Ether externally applied & suffered to evaporate, produces cold & diminution of bulk. But when confined, it prod. a sens. of heat rubefact. & perhaps even vesic. A mixt. of hydric & hydrochloric ether (in alc.) evaporates instantaneously hence this mixture might be applied to hernia Ether is useful to dry up water from the surface of a vial for instance Diseases Odontic dol. Spasmodic atonic dysphagia. A paroxysm may be relieved by hydric ether. Case of an aged phys who took it for years, just before sitting down to his meals He was ultimately cured by conium & iron Dyspepsia Dr Ives quoted, who gives it to correct [wine] & to combine with comp tinct. cinch. or compd tinct lavender especially for the intemperate S. syncoptici gastrodynia cardialgia valuable. Spasmodic vomiting especially from a debauch. It is said that a fit of intoxication may be almost entirely suspended by ether Ether is a common resort in seasickness IT seems to be about the best remedy Colica flatulenta is often completely relieved C. ciberia produces wonderful effects. Cholera vulgaris an adjuvant Chololisthus [illegible] mixed with ol. turp. highly extolled said to dissolve the gall stones Bex sicca & humida sometimes surprisingly relieved Prof. I. uses a mixt of the spir. am. & mucilage Bex [dyspno???] mixed with elix. [pary.] Dyspnoea exac. relieves by inhalation Stomalgia (angina pect.) palliates the parox. Periodical fevers palliates when there is nervous symptoms Typhus qualifies the action of brandy or wine just as these qualify tonics Dr Rush never suffered a pat. to die without trying eth. in z doses once an hour & often cured cases apparently desperate Supposed to be more especially adapted to cases of subsultus Cephalitis caumatodes evaporated from the head let a current of air from the feet to the head carry off the vapour from the nostrils Low malignant fevers Catarrhs of all sorts much thot of on the cont. of Eur. by inhal. & internally Dyspnoea of phthisis gives great relief. Acute & subacute arthritis externally by evaporation, or as an irritant but we should never use it so long as the aff. is erratic Dolores rheumaticus (SW.) Muscular pains (Murr) arthrodynia tumores dolores inflammatories (Sw.) Low atonic exanthematica Idiopath. atony or debility (Sw.) doubtful if there is any such disease Gangrena [sphecelus] when nervines are indicated as they often are. Hallusia hypochondrias syncope neuralgia auris cures it if made to act if as an irr. sulph eth. saturated with opium & camph recommended by Prof. T. as the best remedy Cephalea hem. & nausea cures sometimes the first when pushed & continued & if given (eth. & spts ammoniae equal parts dose a fl z or alone) early in the paroxysm before it has fairly set in [Enteria] [systrema] (France) Synochous singultus hiccup chorea Catalepsy Prof. T. has repeatedly seen a paroxysm broken up Carus asphyxia after animation is restored from its diff [illegible] it may be given before in a starch enema Hydrops various sorts Paruria inops Prof. I. dose f zfs at short intervals eq. parts spts. turp & ether Parodynia inops? nervous weakness two or three doses have restored action when ergot had failed Parodynia convulsiva var. hysterica Burns & scalds mixed with spts of ammonia managed so as to produce refrigeration or irritation Prof. I. Concussions or shocks useful from its diffusibility & transient effects Strangulated hernia by evaporation or has succeeded after failure by all other means for 12 hours Prof. I advises [it in all cases previous to operations [unless] the symptoms are too urgent. Prof T. has often succeeded by it. A sensation of pungency & warmth is felt by the patient but the parts feel quite cold to another. Inflammation is prevented & [illegible] made easy vid Dunc. Comm. vol. IX Sulphuric Ether This should be the name, but it hardly bears it Called sweet oil of wine. Oleum ethereum, oleum vini etc. Comes over after the formation of [illegible] ether. Vide Dispensatories & [illegible] Best prepared by distilling a mixture of equal vol. of sul. ac. & alc. & purifying the prod with potassa by [illegible] it carbonate [illegible] A yellowish, fragrant liquid Consists of 4 prot. carb. hyd. condensed to 1/8. (tetarto carbo hyd. 1 vol.) not olef. gas as Prof. S. says 28 + 1 sul. ac. 40 = 68 When kept a long time it changes into sulpho [vinic] acid by giving up ½ of its protocarb. hyd. in a crystalline state If agitated with water also, it changes into sulpho vin. ac. & gives up its 2 prop. of pr. c. h. in the shape of an oil. This article resembles hydric ether considerably & hence is said commonly to possess the same general powers Prof. T. knows of no accurate experiments on it. It seems quite certain that it is a nervine probably it will turn out like hyd. eth. not to be stimulant It has been used not alone but in Hoffmans anodyne liquor & some such preparations. Compound spirit of ether contains it In dyspepsia with paroxysms of excessive secretion of air (Prof. T. has had opportunity to watch several such cases the air was secreted by an empty stomach & prevented by food Aromatic spirit of ether is [hydric] [eth.] of alc. [illegible] pungent by spices an old & fine preparation. Good recom. to add to this the sulphuric ether Hydrochloric Ether muriatic ether naphtha salis Not well known before 1804 Thenard obtained not by using dilute liquid [muriatic acids] buy by keeping a quantity of salt an hour in a state of fusion putting 20 parts of it into a [triturated] retort & 10 parts alcohol add 10 parts sulph. ac gradually distil over into a Wolfe’s bottle containing alcohol. Agitate with sol. potassa The ether swims on the surface. This is the best process Others are followed This ether is a gas colourless a strong [illegible] smell & sweet taste. Sp. gr. 2.2 Becomes liquid at 52 [degrees] The liquid is colourless, very liquid & resembles the gas in its properties Much more volatile than hydric ether. No tests give indication of hydrochloric acid hence the acid is in a state of strict chemical combination Comp. 4 p. c. h. = 28 + h. ac. 37 + 65 As this article is a gas of course it must be united with something in order to be used in medicine. It is used combined with alc. & called spir. salis dulcis sp. vinous muriaticus spiritus muriatico etherens ether alcoholicatum spiritus salis dulcificatus etc. Swediaur says its virtues are the same as the spirit of hydric ether (Hoffman’s mineral anodyne) It is undoubtedly nervine Said to be stimulant. called analeptic (i.e. it relieves a fainting fit or a fit of sinking) but the only analeptics are the nervines & stimulants Called diuretic also by various pharmacopoeias. Said to be useful in bilious fevers but all fevers are called bilious especially in this [country] in Albany for instance the common fever is T. mitior yet all their fevers are called bilious Dose mentioned is 30 to 60 drops probably more would probably be often needed 2nd Class of ethers 1 eq. of hydric eth. & 1 of some acid Hyponitrous ether Ether nitrosus, naphtha nitrosum etc. Put into a retort eq. weight alc. & nitric acid connected with 5 successive jars of brine. Apply heat & the ether gives over & is collected in the jars A colourless liquid lighter than water boils in the hand Comp. 1 hyd. eth. 37 + 1 hyponit. ac 26 = 63 Prof. T. thinks the formula given in the Phil. ph. 1831 from spt. nitrous eth. will produce a genuine hyponitrous ether pure or impure. The formula in the N.Y. Pharmacopoeia is an old and a bad one most of the ether escapes in gas (Rx mix nit. ac. & alc. & distil) & the product is probably a solution of alc. nit. & acetic acid. & nitrous acid & ether The spiritus etherus nitricus etc. etc. etc. found in our shops are probably always formed according to this old formula & consist of this mixture. There are in fact however 3 kinds sweet spirits of nitre 1st genuine hyponitrous eth. 2nd the mixture just stated & 3d a chemical mixture of nitric ac. & alc. formed by dropping nit. ac. into alc. (containing however some hyponit. eth. & some water) Paris describes this chem. union of nit. ac. (prepared by distilling alc. & nit. ac.) is fragrant pungent, acidulous strikes a green col. with sulph iron Medicinal properties Quincy says, “diuretic 20 to 120 gtt Whitens and ultimately destroys the teeth Quenches thirst diaphoretic, diuretic, antilithic, carminative etc. etc. James’ Dispensatory Similar accounts given by [illegible] dispensat Quenches thirst promotes the natural secretion etc. in short the James account copied So of Cox’s & Thatcher’s dispensatory. The latter however calls it antispasmodic & says it will relieve strangury combined with laudanum Peirson’s M.M. calls it refrigerant & diuretic. A. T. T. refrig. diuret. antisp. relieves nausea & flatulence Murray refrigerant, diuretic, stimulant relieving nausea & flatulence Chapman syas it is given in too small doses ½ oz as a diuretic etc. etc. etc. Dr Bigelow calls it too stimulating & heating to be given in fever All quote from James that mixed with malt or common spirit it gives the flavour of French brandy Here followed in the worthy Professor’s lecture an enumeration of the properties ascribed to it by the diff. authors amounting to 20 1st a weak & inefficient medicine 2nd a moderate refrigerant least doses a fl z 2 or 3 hours interval Prof. T. early in his practice employed it considerably in phlogistic diseases 3d a moderate nervine less active as a nervine than as a refrig. dose should be rather more than 1 fl z (teaspoonful) 4th moderately diuretic least dose half an ounce (tablespoonful) 4 or even 8 times in a day Like other refrigerants it increases the heat of low atonic fevers Not stimulant nor tonic nor diaphoretic (Prof T. has watched it for this) nor deobstruent (i.e. promoting all the nat. secretions) though [illegible] & Durand recommends it in diseases of the liver Therap. application The dis. which Prof. T. has seen it useful in teething of infants (an irritative disease) It is pleasant for children’s taste Idiop. acute ptyalism (Good does not describe it it is sometimes epidemic irritative) Typhus infantum childs fever very useful, combined with wine of ipec. & el. paregor. Synochus usefully added to the water for drink principally as a nervine Cauma vulgaris also in the water Secondary stages of all the sub putrid & synochous phlogotica also in the caumatoid phlogotica (commending with cauma) Urethritis blenorrhea (Blenorrhea serodes) very useful conjoined with copaiba & mucilage of gum arabic Sub putrid exanthematica Idiop. syngultus & palpitation Cellular thoracic & abdominal dropsy But do not float it on a large quantity of a decoction & suffer it to stand & evaporate give a tablespoonful with each [illegible] draught. Efficient in paruria inops, as an auxiliary Still more so in paruria Irritative stranguary (N.B. when the bladder is torpid give nothing that will increase the quantity of urine already in the bladder Paruria stillitation ver. [ardens] auxiliary to opium or conium Epidrosis profusa (morbid sweating) by increasing the urinary discharge Enanthesis roseola (rose rash) an irritative unimportant disease for which this is well adapted Exorbia lichen (heat rash) Both classes of ethers are nervine The second class seems in general to be refrigerant Acetic Ether Naphtha acetica 1 hyd. eth. 37 + 1 acetic ac. 50 = 87 Distil acet. ac. sulph. ac. & alc. or ac. potassa 16 oz alc. 16 oz concentrated sul ac 6 oz distil off & then wash with lime water Or use ac plumbi Peculiar taste odorous boiling pt 165 [degrees] does not redden blue veg. col. undergoes no change by keeping Dissolves in 7 parts of water Evaporates Taste cooling, aromatic & slightly bitter Bat. Ph. Nervine analeptic refrigerant & diaphoretic Pharm. Bot. moderate nervine & refrigerant & perhaps diuretic Prof. T. Less nervine than the ethers of the first class. Irritant & rubefacient & usefully so Prof. I. calls it discutient & warming when applied with friction Useful in various diseases of the nervous system & in catarrh & rheumatism Ph. Bot. Two other articles have been called ethers & are composed of 2 proportions of proto carb. hyd. & 1 of a [suppost??] of comb. 1st Chloric ether of all the books except Mr. Silliman’s 4 prop pr. carb. hyd. 23 + 1 chlorine 36 = 64 2nd Chloric ether of Mr S. [Dischlor. carburet of hydrogen composed of 2 equiv. of prot. carb. hyd. = 14 + 1 chlorine 36= 50 Other names are given description of the composition but not of the proportions. These two only of the compounds of this class are called ethers But others might be so called The first is hot aromatic & bitterish yellowish green colour IT is not much known medicinally in general analogous to other ethers said to be stimulant probab The second has been also called hydrocarburet of chlorine & hydrochloride of carbon Formed by uniting chlorine with olef. gas Vide Guthrie’s improved meth. Sill. [illegible] comp 1 olef gas 14 + 1 chlorine 36 + 50 1 vol of each condensed [illegible] (spec. grav. = to that of the two united) Becomes solid (if pure) at 47 [degrees} Fahrt. 1st obviate languor & lass. (unphlogistic) 2d relieves irrit. sensib. etc. (nonphlg.) 3d preternatural wakefulness 4th exhiliration of mind 6th sensation fo coldness & then an actual reduction of temperature 5th Reduces the frequently of the pulse in a healthy person These results have been produced in the order named by the pure article Taken pure it irritates the muc. mem. of al. can. & thus increases the susceptibility to the impression of other remedies Prof. T. has also experimented with Mr. Guthrie’s solution in 12 parts alcohol. C. Terry took f zfs in water in ½ hour pulse reduced 12 beats in a min. another dose produced exhiliration which lasted 3 or 4 hours Sensations of coolness & actual reduction of temp. an alvine evacuation at night So far from the pulse being stronger it was not increased in strength by the fl z of the alc. There was headache & somnolency caused by this quantity of alc. Mr. Guthrie is mistaken in calling it too strong & too volatile to be used without dilution. Prof. T. takes I undiluted Mr Guthrie puts into a clear copper still 3 pds chloride of lime (i.e. chloroxide of calcium) to 2 gall. alc. & distils Dichloride of carbon a crystalline solid probably nervine Prot chloride of carbon colourless limpid liquid probably nervine also Sesqui chloride of carbon crystalline solid also probably nervine also Protoxide of nitrogen Sr H. Davy was led to investigate it by Dr S. S. Mitchell’s theory about nitrogen being the principle of putrefaction (septom) & also of contagion & infection If it could be condensed into a liquid form it would probably resemble hydric ether in its med. prop. Prof. T. tried it extensively in low atonic diseases (before he had any notion of its not being stimulant) & could produce none but a nervine effect It was of now service in keeping up the vital powers. Bitumen Naphtha & petroleum Petroleum is thicker than naphtha B. pix resembles picket. B. maltha is of the consistance of wax The first three only are used in medicine Sulphuric & nitric acids convert naphtha & petroleum into a resin, by yielding oxygen N.B. Petroleum means “rock oil” It drops from rocks, in some places. They become oxydised by long exposure to the air becoming dark or black. They may be produced by distilling coal tar (B. pix). Very volatile Comp. 2 carb. 12 + 3 hyd. = 15 Prof. T. has tried these & found them 1st nervine 2nd deobstruent 3d irritant no sudorific Diseases Helminthia as car. [illegible] & H. taeniae. Arthritis rheumatalgia (chronic rheumatism) externally applied much used in India more efficacious than cajeput oil. Thought valuable internally also in our country Hysteria & epilepsy externally (India) also internally with us in hyst. Paralysis externally in India also with us internally valuable Various cutaneous aff. instead of tar pt porrigo crustacea (occasionally is cured by it) & exormia prurigo var. [miti] naphtha (cured after trying various things) we may always cure cutaneous diseases by persevering in trying different articles 3d Prurigo formicans (cured) Burns & scalds nothing is better it is mild and soothing Oleum Succini Electri Oil of amber Amber is found most abundantly on the low lying shorts of the Baltic Appears to be a mineralized resin. perhaps that of decayed pine. Probably copal is the same substance (produced however not from the same tree, probably) it produces a good oil of amber & succinic acid as amber Oil of amber is obtained by distillation Pellucid yellowish, aromatic, odorant. Called antispasmodic, in general Prof. T. never could make it produce increased heat, or stimulation. He has found it 1st nervine 2nd decidedly deobstruent may be expectorant diuretic & probably emmenagogue Dose 10 to 15 drops various authors. Prof. T. has found these doses too small in general Diseases 1st arthritis rheumatalgia (called chronic rheum but may be chronic, subacute or acute) give 20 drops every 3 hours Apply it externally conjoined with spirit of ammonia or some such article with friction at first then put it on a cloth cover this with another & then pass over it a hot flat iron Urethritis blenorrhoica (clap) & probably gleet etc. Prof. T. gives it in connnexion with bals. cop. & gives as much as the stomach will bear not suffering it to purge & if there is much tendency that way add laudanum. Entasia tetanus recommended buy Rush (a free use of spts turp. has been thought highly useful in tetanus) Hysteria much used Neuralgia locally applied mixed with Palsy internally & locally as in rheumat. Paramenia obstructionis Par Oleum succini oxydatum called moschus factitius artificial musk. Rx ol. amb. f zi nit. ac. f z iii ss in a glass vessel add the acid drop by drop stirring with a glass rod let it stand 36 hours separate the resin wash till it is tasteless 1st with cold & then with warm water # Vide U.S. phar. Prof. T. has had the mixture taken pure spontaneously while standing Keep it in a wide mouthed glass stoppered vessel, so that when it hardens you can get it out with a spatula Dose [illegible] fs to [illegible] j of the substance Properties similar to resins of myrospermum toluiferum & of xanthorrhea has [tilis] (yellow resin of N. Holl.) May be given in substance but requires something else to give it consistency for pills. Tinct zii to 1 pt. of very strong alc. (Ph. Batard) Prof. T. thinks 1 pt. will dissolve ziv This article is supposed to be merely oxydized al. amb. Yet it differs from the resin amber Diseases diarrhea [illegible] # Cold water hardens, but warm water melts it. (Good’s species of diarrhoea are more varieties as they run into each other. N.B. D. tubularis is a membranific enteritis & D. gypsata is a symptom of dyspepsia) dose for diarrhea 1 t.sp. of the tincture 4 times in 24 h. useful as an auxiliary to opium. Bex convulsivo (hooping cough) much employed often very useful sometimes not so when we cannot tell Dr. E. Reed considers it of high value in this disease conjoined with elix. pareg. Seems to be as good as musk. Dyspnoea exacerbans (N.B. the disease so called here is dyspnea chronica & dysp. exac. is called asthma) Recommended by Dr Reed as he does also its use in hysteria & convulsions Recommended in epilepsy Pyracetic spirit of pyracetic ether are nervine probably. N.B. probably most physicians apply the term nervine to any thing that relieves nervous irritability Narcotics [Torpentia] of Darwin. Sedativa (But sedantia i.e. refrig. is also translated sedative) 1st directly allay morbid irritab. & irr. etc. & correspond with the first degree of a nervine op. & often of a stimulant. 2nd relieve pain which the nervines 3d produce sleep 4 vertigo headache faintness affection of sight nausea vom. cold extrem. cold sweats convulsions (common epileptic or tetanic). delir. stupor causes death 1st antirritant 2nd anodyne 3d soporific 4th ultimate narcosis A small quant. may be exhib. the 1st a larger [the] 2nd also & a larger the 3d & so on . Generally to obtain one of the latter operations you must first have the previous ones Under certain circumstances actual erethism of the brain & nerves that is increased energy of intellectual functions and of motion. N.B. erethism is a morbid degree of activity energy & perfection of the functions of a part. Intellectual erethism occurs in the first stage of del. tremens Intellectual erethism occurs often in typhus throughout the whole disease. All the [illegible] may be used to produce this Now it has been argued a thousand times with regard to cholera that as there is a lesion of the nervous function & diminution of nervous energy But narcotics are the very articles to obviate this The nervine & stimulant narcotics contribute most to obviate this nervous lesion. But all of them may be made to etc. etc. Hyoscyamus & opium produce common convulsions Camphor nutmeg & ol. tansy epileptic convulsions. Nux vomica produces tetanic conv. Opium & hyoscyam. convulse the voluntary muscles Sclerotum claves & actea convulse the involuntary muscles first Camphor & ol. tansy convulse both the volunt. & invol. muscles Some of the doebstruent narc. produce convulsions as a primary part of their narcotic operation e.g. ergot & actaea. Probably all the ecbolics act in this way only and are narcotics which produce common convulsions in the invol. muscles as a primary part of their operation Many of Prof. T.’s medical friends have employed large doses of opium in collapse of cholera Other narcotics besides opium will relieve the coma etc. of low fevers Opium is the best because it is also nervine & stimulant. The deobstruent narcotics will also produce the effect e.g. nux vomica in case of a paralytic limb which obviates the lesion of function of the nerve Actaea lobelia digitalis conium etc. have this effects digitalis being the weakest Narcotics likewise produce an effect on the bloodvessels, when pushed so far as to disturb the functions of the brain & spinal cord. The paresis of the semilunar ganglion produced by narcotics may be relieved by quick vom. (as with turpeth min) unless the paralysis is too great, when life may be destroyed Ultimate narcosis is of no remedial utility It should be counteracted by aromatics acrids & stimulants This may be done without diminishing the remedial effect Alcohol is a counteragent of narcosis N.B. It will not counteract the nervine & the stimulant operation But its own nervine and stimulant operation will counteract the ultimate narcosis of a narcotic N.B. also the narcotic effect of one narcotic will not counteract that of another but the article so managed as to be nervine will counteract the ultimate narcosis of another narcotic Four sorts of congestion 1st simple superficial congestion caused by increased action of the heart always entonic 2nd simple visceral caused by weak action of the heart always atonic 3d paralytic congestion caused by weakness of the capillaries the heart remaining strong always atonic requiring the vessels to be invigorated 4th inflammatory caused by topical infl. of the part. either entonic atonic or irritative requiring refrigerants, stimulants nervines & or deobstruents [Now] narcotics by obviating lesions of nervous function will relieve general visceral congestion Secondly by being pushed too far they will increase visceral cong. by weakening the brain and nerves & consequently the blood vessels but they should never be pushed so far No articles are equal to narcotics in relieving general visceral congestion especially if they are likewise nervine & stimulant Deobstruent narcotics relieve congestion like the simple but they relieve many inflammatory congestions by their deobstruent narcotics Evacuating narcotics act like the simple. The evacuation is apt to increase the congestion at least if [illegible] Simple superficial congestion will not require narcotics they will be stark [naught] Nervines produce sleep only by obviating irritation the narcotics appear to have this effect by a direct effect on the brain The mistake of Murray & of John Brown was caused by the latter’s forming all his conclusions of narcotics from alcohol wine and opium Sedative and stimulant effects have nothing to do with one another hence they do not stand in the relation of cause and effect, as J. Brown supposed. They are not at all inconsistent or incompatible Perhaps there is no article in which the narcotic, stim. & nerv. operation result from distinct proximate principles Some have supposed that all narcotics are deobstruent i.e. have an efficacy in resolving inflammations But probably they do this merely by their antirritant power & act only on the irritative inflammations. Some as Murray think no pure narcotics exist. But we have cyanagen (pure & highly active), Hydrocyamic acid, ess. oil of cerasus lauro cerasus, [gelsem???] nitidum, Helmas [illegible] spigelia anthelmas [illegible] datura tabula, stromium, [illegible] etc. hyoscyamus niger, atropa belladonna These articles differ among one another yet they are all pure narcotics, & possess no other properties. They are not therefore substitutes for one another (It is apt to be said that narcotics cure diarrhea but none of them are worth a fig for this, but opium) Although all the narcotics produce sleep yet 5 or 6 of them can be conveniently used for this purpose Single full doses, after 12 hours produce a state of prostration, with languor vertigo etc. which passes off in 12 or 24 hours This is produced more conspicuously by opium Brown called it indirect debility consequent on stimulation, but it has no connexion with stimulation & is likewise mere prostration and not debility. I. Brown’s other cases of indirect debility do not differ from direct debility The habitual use of narcotics is supposed generally by the profession to produce great general insusxceptibility (besides in insusceptibility to the particular article) together with tendency to visceral congestion Prof. T. & his friends have never found this to be the case, & some late communications in the European journals contradict the notions. Prof. T. never could discover that opium produce exhaustion of vital energy, like alc. & wine Confessions of an opium eater quoted. Prof. T. has first and last known a considerable number of opium eaters Authorities quoted in England All the injurious effects of tobacco & tea seem to Prof. T. to produce no ill effects except nervous tremors & limosis syncoptica slightly Prof. T. has continued conium more than two years without any injurious effects Visceral obstructions appear to be caused by alcohol and wine only Limosis [syncoptria] is produced mainly by the nervine & stimulant narcotics & slightly by the nervine narcotics as tea and tobacco Probably this is the effect of a nervous operation as coffee produces it & hop in slight degrees (& this is merely nervine & tonic) Groups 1st Narcotica simplicia hydrocyan. ac. ol. cherry [Gilsem] nit. helor erythr spigelia anth & nar datura latuda, stram. [illegible] Hyos. atropa mandregera [illegible] probably also ergot [Sollini] [illegible] Agarici (several) etc. probably The simple narcotics are solely sedative ([what] includes all the stages except the last) They are employed when the nervines could not be sufficiently active. Used more in chronic than in acute diseases Though when combined with stimulants they may be used in acute disease. They are not calculated to remove the headache & [illegible] of phlogistic diathesis which requires depletion Quequid non adjuvat nocet Likewise improper in low atonic cases upon the same principle, viz that of aggravating the general burden of the system 2nd Narcotica incitantia Generally nervine also Alcohol, wine opium (which is diaphoretic also & cholagogue Lactarum (from several species of lactica e.g. L. sativa etc. cultiva 3 indigenous sped (in the n. states) S. elongata L. integrifolia L. sanguinea one lower leaves [illegible] one all [illegible] one all entire) Camphor (from laurus campnora & dry balsamas camphor) Myristica moschata (common nutmeg) very analogous to camphor N.B. the expressed sap. or the watery extract of the lacturae is scarcely narcotic at all These narcotics are the most important of the narcotics. For their stimulant & antirritant effects merely we must give them in small doses repeated. For the production of sleep & relief of pain larger doses are required Formerly these articles were only used occasionally Cullen understood them better than anyone before him. His treatise in his m.m. is still the best on opium. It is a prevalent notion at present that they are mere placebos and will not cure disease They are indispensable in low diseases to create susceptibility to other articles and to sustain the patient There are two modes of using them 1st in small doses repeated 2nd in single full doses once or twice in the 24 hours The first is the only mode proper for severe disease The doses and periods of repetition vary with circumstances We must follow the rule of the tropical writers respecting calomel neque [pondes] neque mensura sed [levanen] morbi 2 or 3 grains an hour may be needed In the genus typhus they are needed to relieve the restlessness, heat, pain etc. In true typhus there is also more or less lesion of the brain and nervous system. Prof. T. never saw a case of typhus where, in some or all of the stages, these articles were not indicated. Great pains and closeness of observation are needed in order to prescribe them successfully The state of the patient’s mind powerfully counteracts or assists the operation of these articles Case of a young man who by mistake took laudanum to the amount of 15 grs of opium he was very intensely engaged in business immediately after and suffered no inconvenience The only really troublesome symptom from large doses of opium, when highly indicated is torpor of the bladder (relieved by tinct. [canth.]) & sometimes itching of the skin IN chronic cases the medicinal [illegible] of the old phys. are better (even if the quantity is the same) then night & morning viz early in the morning 11 o clock evening bed time sometimes 6 times a day is better even if the quantity is the same Sydenham understood opium well so did Drs Cullen Darwin & Rush Opium is the most important of all medicinal agents. Purging is the med agent most abused bleeding & the refrigerants next. Prof. T. has never injured a patient by the stimulant narcotics NB though he has taken the same pains with regard to emetics & cathartics still an error in these cannot be rectified The great error in the use of opium is in giving too large doses & at too long intervals After purging & bleeding, antimony & mercury are oftenest abused 3d Narcotica deobstomentia Generally they are also feeble Conium actaea lobelia digitalis strychnus nux vomica [illegible] ignatii [illegible] sangastura [Ethusa] sinapium (Fool’s parsley) [illegible] maculatus C. bulbifera Phellandrium aquaticum chaerophyll maculatum [illegible] catifolium (probably the weakest) Useful in phlogotica pulmonary diseases etc. 4th Narcotica evacuantia Generally they are used for their Nicotiana tobacum nervine, deobst. emetic cahtartic sialagogue Cuculus [plukenatii] & suberosus nervine emetic narcotic deobstruent? Hydrocyanic acid Discovd by Scheele 1780 Gay Lussac first discovered it in purity First used by Dr Oliver in Salem Mass. First published account was Magendie 1807. Both were led to use it from supposing it the active principle of laurel water A colourless transparent liquid odour suffocating taste cool pungent and bitter sp. gr. 600 strong tendency to evaporate Feebly reddens litmus combines with ammonia & the veg. alk. does not combine with oxydes a cyanide is formed Decomposed at a high temperature & by the action of light also spontaneously Best obtained by treating deuto cyanide of mercury with mur. acid Composed of equal parts of cyanogen & hydrogen Found in minute quantities in the bark leaves & petals of the amygdaliae & pruneae especially, and also in other rosaceae. Still there is an essential oil in many of the rosaceae which is probably their [elective] principle & very analogous to this acid. The oil may be the same article a little modified. It is perhaps not proper to consider hydroc ac. as an acid Cyanogen is said to be a very active agent and one of those which retains their activity in combination Hydroc. ac. acts as a narcotic Said to be exhilirant and to increase the appetite [illegible] of it has this effect, it is not therefore necessarily stimulant (or tonic) This is the article which first led Prof. T. to doubt Murray’s [Brimonian] dogma that narcotics are transient & stimulants It has been known to produce ptyalism when long continued Said to obviate costiveness Single full doses do not produce the subsequent prostrations, head ache vertigo etc. of the stimulant and nervine narcotics It is employed both as a principal and an auxiliary remedy and in either case will require to be continued with other articles. By continuation with stimulants acrids etc. or opium its ultimate narcosis may be prevented and thus a sufficient quantity given This is the case in low atonic cases Experiments have not been made with it in phlogistic diathesis Dose varies with the strength Begin with a small dose in each fresh parcels. Intervals 3 hours or more Poisonous effects These may be very violent and yet the patient recover Applied to ulcers it does not affect the system as much as when applied to a healthy surface Prof. T. thinks it is absolutely proved that the entire and sound skin does not absorb at all but ulcerated surfaces do absorb. The nervous system of a sound surface is better calculated to receive as a propagate its impression Magendie directs the pure acid to be mixed with 6 times its weight of alcohol (or water) Prof. T. never could keep a watery solution a week but he has kept Magendie’s alcoholic solution a year (away from light) Magendie’s formulary (translated) gives no commencing or [medium] dose The objections to this article are that it is too variable in strength uncertain in operations it is too difficult to distinguish its degree of operation. It is too inconvenient for country practitioners in preperation and as it must be watched in administration Other articles are nearly an equivalent for it It will be useless to vomit a person poisoned by it as the dose is so small Some have considered spt ammonia or aqua amm. as specific remedies. But ammonia cannot be a specific antidote Sulphuric ether tinct. capsicum spt. mon. [illegible] or menth piper. and above all officinal alcohol are valuable counter narcotics Cold water to the head counteracts alternate narcosis (A man may drink twice as much spirit with his head cool & wet and a man with his lower extremities in cold water gets drunk sooner e.g. sheep washing) Diseases Dyspepsia allays irritability pain vomiting etc. Dr Elliotson of St. Thomas’s Colia rhachalgia by Dr [Prout] relief instantaneous Helminthia by Brara probably good like spigelia but not convenient or safe especially for children some of the first effects of this article are such as children cannot specify opium & conium can be managed for children Supposed to be more especially useful for diseases of the lungs. Mr. Elliottson found it give great relief in cough 1st Bex simplex is restrained 7 checked by it this tendency to hectic is diminished 2d Bex dyspnoica (not described) always accompanied with some functional derangement of the digestive organs accompanied with some dyspnoea affects musicians, speakers etc. Some consider it dyspepsia others as a pulmonary disease great diversity of opinion 3d B. convulsiva (whooping cough) Some families are habitually subject to this peculiar sound of cough. N.B. There are two stages to this complaint the first continuing about a fortnight and being a catarrhal stage the second exhibits the peculiar cough Prof. T. thinks the second stage not a part of the disease but a sequel of the complaint and that the disease cannot be communicated by this second stage or sequel. He has never known it spread from the second stage. It is supposed that neither hydroc. ac. nor any other remedy is useful in the first stage Hydroc. ac is occasionally successful in cutting short or if not, in palliating the second stage Dyspnoes exacerbans palliates very much probably if we could venture so to do we might cure a paroxysm short by a single full dose. But we must always begin gradually say with 2 drops & increase up to 10 or 15 [strumous]phthisis (topical aff. confined to the bronchial membrane) denied to exist by the French but Prof. T. has seen at least a dozen p.m. examinations useful as a palliative & [illegible] opium is generally needed if profuse expectoration ac. lead quinine etc. Strumous or tubercular phthisis very useful said to have cured (Magendie) Prof. T. thinks it cannot be relied on or alone But the cases vary very much sometimes (as was the case with [illegible] And.) small tubercles appear over the whole lungs & finally obstruct the lungs without any great indications of phthisis Again there may be cases of one or two tubercles at a time have continued 30 years and ultimately prove fatal. The former cases are incurable the latter ought to be cured by opium, narcotics, acrid stimulants, tonics etc. If you can check the emaciation you may expect to cure but if not the pat. will die sooner or later Pneumonitis said to be cured but not said what kind of pneumonitis for we have a number of very different [pneumonitides] Undoubtedly useful in atonic irritative pneumonitides. Dysenteria chronica which prof. T. does not believe to exist cases so called have sometimes been ulcerations of the al. canal. with [sanious] discharge Hysteritis membranifica (a disease of the uterus like croup always chronic unless it affects the bronchiae) Prof. Woodward has utterly failed with it Rheumatism acute & subacute Carcinus vulgaris said to be very useful said to relieve the pain by washing the cancer with it much diluted be cautious in its use Vitiated & painful ulcers, particularly the irritable promotes healing Del. tremens & puerperal delirium (which seem to be varieties of the same disease) said to be very useful probably a valuable adjuvant. Opium is nearly a specific but some cases are incurable There are cases which require datura as an adjuvant some require stimulants, others calomel etc. Clonus palpitatis palpitation of the heart & great blood vessels very efficacious Hysteria said to relieve a fit also useful to obviate the diathesis not safe enough for the fit Paramenia difficilis (not connected with membranific infl.) said to relieve Ionchus corymbufer (pimpled face) cured by lotions Impetigo said to be cured by lotions Cerasus lauro-cerasus Prunus laurocerasus (Linn.) cherry laurel or cherry bay. Nat. ord rosaceae [tribe] Amygdaleae habitat Levant. Bark leaves flowers & kernels have a bitterish fragrant smell & taste owing to a supposed essential oil & considered by some to be identicle with the ess. oil of bitter almonds which gain is said to contain amygdaline (a new principle) This oil is said to be very poisonous & to produce symptoms of intoxication. The whole subject is obscure for the cherry laurel yields but a trifling quantity of hydroc. acid. This oil causes death just like it. This oil has produced similar effects. it is said to be more certain than hydroc. ac. Prepare laurel water by adding 6 fl. z of distilled water to 1 pd of recently gathered leaves cut fine distil off z 3 only Dose 4 to 6 drops. Laurel water is apparently less variable in strength than hydroc. ac. Many cases of poisoning have occurred from its use in confectionary & liqueurs It is a most intense poison Infusion is made by digesting a pound of the leaves for 24 hours. Sat. tinct. fill a bottle with the cut leaves & fill with proof spirit. dose about 10 minims The bark & leaves have been successfully used in curing intermittents & rheumatisms Distilled water used in Italy for [illegible] when as a wash for inflamed eyes cancers ulcers etc. [illegible] [illegible] (cluster cherry) has still more of this peculiar taste and smell Prunus Virginiana deserves investigation It probably would be a complete substitute. Ti has been used somewhat Gelseminus nitidum G. [sempervira] (Elliott) Carolina or yellow [jessamine} Nat. ord. apocyneal Virginia to Florida. Cultivated as an ornamental plant in the northern states But one species of the genus. Prof Tully’s attention was first turned to this article by Elliotts sketch It abates irritation of every kind produces languor disposition to yawns, sleepy vertigo epigastric uneasiness imperfect vision coldness of extremities & finally of the whole body stupor convulsions & death. Not stimulant at all Never could perceive any nervine properties never obviates languor & lassitude or produces wakefulness or exhiliration It is a pure narcotic and ought to supersede hydroc. ac. being invariable in strength easily kept and sure in its operation Tinct. Rx ziv dried & contused root offic. alc. 1 pt medium dose 10 to 20 m for an adult repeated from 2 to 6 hours. Begins with a small dose and stop short when symptoms of narcosis appear It may be that proof spt or wine or water will prove a good menstruum. But the alcoholic tinct. is most convenient A wine or a proof spirit tinct. is liable to become sour in summer Prof. T. thinks it often useful to conjoin opium a union of antirritants to being often advantageous just as is a union of tonics. Besides this, the opium by counteracting the ultimate narcosis, enables the pat. to take more of the article at the same time that it increases its medicinal powers. Alcohol may thus assist the usefulness of narcotics Like other narcotics this article should be conjoined with stimulants in low atonic cases. The only deleterious effects are excessive narcosis If we suspect that any of the articles remains in the stomach give an emetic. If otherwise give ammonia, spirit of [illegible], capsicum & above all alcohol. Apply frictions with spt. monarda punctata or capsicum etc. just enough to excite rubefaction Keep the body warm and keep cold cloths applied to the head Nervines will contribute to the the relief but will not cure alone Prof. T. has employed it in the following diseases Cough dyspneal cough hooping cough Lyspnoea exacerbans as this is safer than prussic acid prof. T. would not hesitate to give a teaspoonful in an urgent case it would be better also to conjoin opium Phthisis of various sorts irritative rheumatism subacute atonic rheumatism also A case intermediate between hysteria, catalepsy and epilepsy, had the paroxysms kept off by this article The following is also a simple & pure narcotic but yet differs from the preceding prof T. thinks he can distinguish the effects of the two Helmias erytherosperma Melanthium lactum etc. etc. (fly poison) Nat. ord. melanthaceae All the middle & southern states. Root a bulb inclosed in a great number of husks yet these dry husks are active. The root has long been known as an active narcotic About 2 hours after taking a single full dose first a glow at the stomach then sight affected especially if the head is moved ultimately blindness nausea upon moving the head etc. vomiting cold pulse 40 etc. Symptoms reach their height in 4 or 5 hours disappear in 6 or 8 without leaving any inconvenient sequelae Such were the effects of the teaspoonful the first dose which Prof. T. administered Used as a fly poison at the south also as a ratbane Case related of its effects upon a young physician at the south similar to the preceding Case of its narcotic effect when administered for a catarrh (attended with rheumatic pains) by one of Prof. T.’s friends Alcoholic tinct. 4 oz. to 1 pt. Dose (commencing) 10 (medium) 20 to 30 minims May be continued advantageously with opium stimulants and tonics Diseases cough dyspneal cough hooping cough catarrhal & other phthisis Rheumatism It has been tried in these by Prof. T. his friends Spigelia Marilandica Worm grass Indian pink Carolina pink Nat. ord. gentianeae Pennsylvania to Carolina. [illegible] & Schultes in 1819 knew but 4 species. Sprengel 1825 give it 1st S. anthelmia S. amelliodes S. [illegible] S. speciosa S. marilandica S. scabra S. [flamingraniae] etc. All in S. America & Mexico and used in their native countries as anthelmintics No analysis has been made Said to accelerate the pulse [illegible] the [illegible] cause headache & [illegible] over the eyes dilation of pupils. Vertigo dimness of sight vomiting stupor, spasms of the muscles of the eyes and face [illegible] delirium stupor & even convulsions It was many years before Prof T. was aware that this article possessed these properties. His specimens from the shops were worthless These symptoms when moderate are a test of its proper operation. Catharsis is called by some a test Prof. T. has never known it purge or heard of its doing so. The vomiting which it produced is a part of its narcotic operation It was long before it was known that this article is narcotic It was given in small doses as a vermifuge Its poisonous properties were ascribed to a small vine a species of apios or [illegible] Probably prussic acid & the [gelseminus] [illegible] would be equally anthelmintic though less convenient. IT seems to resemble stramonium most in its operation. It is doubtful whether we have any cases of unequivocal poison by this article Prof. T. has known one doubtful one. Chalmers relates two cases It seems to be universally agreed that purging relieves best the narcotics effect. Prof. T. has had no experience to the contrary. All of his cases have been relieved by nervines & stimulants. Infusions of serpentaria relieve the narcosis & it must do so by its stimulant principles (while it possesses considerably when fresh especially) Prof. T. has relieved his cases of narcosis from this article with milk punch Purgatives much abused with children Prof. T. has repeatedly known children examined after [illegible] purging without finding a teaspoonful of any thing in the al canal History 1754 a letter from Dr [Swainy] of S.C. in the Ed. Let. essays. 1764 Dr Garden to [illegible] published a letter which is the foundation of all the accounts of it in the books. He says the use of it was discovered about 48 years before by the Indians. He used it afterwards in fevers as a purgative etc. etc. etc. Prof. T. does not believe its use to have been discovered by the Indians for the S. anthelmia had been well known as anthelmintic 50 years before Besides it is a well established fact that at the first discovery of this country not a single article was used internally by the Indians as a remedy They took the root of iris versicolor as a [illegible] They administered veratrum viride to their young warriors to try their hardihood. Some articles they used to destroy life Prof. T. inclines to think infusion of the coarsely powdered root preferable to the decoction. Let the decoction be of ½ an ounce of the root to 1/1/2 pints boiled away to 1 pint Prof. T. has never been able to hear of its purgative operation. He has enquired of S. Carolina physicians Prof. T. thinks it considerably less effectual when conjoined with senna or other cathartics than when followed by a cath Continued the article 12 to 24 hours & keep up a slight narcosis & then give your cathartic. Prof. T. would prefer from 4 to 8 doses in the 24 hours He has found that the narcotic operation passes off in 3 or 4 hours It is somewhat questionable whether the top possesses any power. Prof T. always cuts it off and throws it away Our article is collected at the wrong times of the year viz. when the top is in full bloom It should be collected when the top has decayed It is the universal opinion at the south that it does not keep well longer than 6 months Pharmac. prep. 1st powder of root 10 to 20 gr. every 3 or 4 hours 2nd infusion 3d decoction the latter the most frequently used ½ oz. to 1 pt. perhaps an ounce to 1 pint would be better let the infusion stand an hour Dose 1 to 4 oz every 3 or 4 hours (for an adult) Syrup of the decoction is sometimes kept in the shops dose 1 to 4 doses made by 1 oz. to 1 pt. boiled to 3 ½ oz. add an equal weight of white sugar making 4 oz of the [illegible] it can be given in ten or coffee It is thought that serpentaria added to it enables more of it to be taken Diseases Typhus infantum to alleviate irritability etc. Helmenthia [are] lumbricoides Not known to be useful in H. taenia & esc. vermicularis It appears to stupefy not kill the worms The pat. shd be kept under the operation of it 24 to 36 hours at least and a cath. be given at the commencement of the last 12 hours. The neutral salts & senna are not the best cath. Calomel is the best. Rhubarb & aloes the next best Spigelia anthelmia Nat. of S.A. & W. I. Said to be more soporific than opium (this is doubtful) Infallible almost as an anthelmintic (Brown) Used as an antirritant in typhus infantum Stronger than S. marilandica The first account of it was in the [Gent.] mag 1751. Had been long used before Attributed to the negroes! Heracleum lanatum American musterwort (musterwort is the imperatoria [ost??thium]) Cow parsnep First described by Michaux Nat. ord umbelliferae Canada to Florida Root & especially the seeds have an acrid pungent & [illegible] taste & smell. Water does not extract the acrid prop. Alc. does. Seeds gathered before they become brown An intense narcotic (the seeds) producing nausea, retching cool skin, irregular pulse, slippery sweats etc. in large quantities (too large ever to be likely to be given). Prof. T. has known two instances of strong narcosis produced in a dyspeptic patient, with diarrhoea etc. Prof. T. has never seen any evidence of its having stimulant properties Commonly said to be carminative but Prof. T. has never been able to perceive any true nervine operation from it hence this term must apply to its antirritant powers Recent bruised leaves said to be rubefacient Prof. T. has never tried them If so, they are not necessarily stimulant Poisonous effects will be relieved of course by diffusibles stimulants, acrids and nervines. In one apparently desperate case all the symptoms disappeared under the use of ess. ppt. alcohol & opium The article has been in use time immemorial in this country. The dry ripe seeds were used in carminative, to relieve flatulence. Its narcotic powers were not suspected. Bigelow first threw out a conjecture to that effect. In the dyspeptic case above alluded to Prof. T. directed a strong infusion to be used ad libitum. He was in a few days sent for to the man who was apparently a hopeless case of narcosis cold clammy sweats etc. He was cured by op. ppt. & alc. which produced very sudden & speedy relief All the while the heracleum was not suspected. He was much better afterwards as regarded his dyspepsia. A second similar attack followed with similar results he was better after it! A third followed!! Then it was found that he had regularly taken this article in excessive quantities just before each attack! The preparation he took was a strong infusion. Probably an alcoholic tincture could not be taken in sufficient quantity to produce these effects Perhaps we might get a concentrated preparation by forming a syrup of a decoction The article needs to be investigated A good subject for an inaugural dissertation. The powdered root & seeds the infus. of the leaves etc. have been used No proportions or doses are mentioned. The seeds are added to tinctures “to render them carminative” Diseases dyspepsia very valuable for flatulence & also for intolerance of food Epilepsy is said to be palliated by some by others to radically cured by it Dr [Orma] of Mass. published in 1803 a dissertation on it (in treas. of Med. doc.) & called it by mistake H. spondyllium. He did not used the seeds, which are agreed to be the strongest part A little is said about it by Thatcher & Bigelow N.B. The most useful narcotics in epilepsy are the simple & pure narcotics Hyoscyamus niger Biennial with us. Plant the seeds in the fall (In the first summer the young plant is eaten up by insects. Popular name henbane (N.B. hyosc. means hogs bean!) It grows in the streets as long as swine are suffered to run at large!? Nat. ord. Solaneae. All the species said to be alike Properties first settled by Storck Small strong etc. Taste of the leaves mucilaginous and herbaceous. Root stems leaves & seeds, all active. IT is a general rule that when the medic. powers reside in the descending sap the seeds are inactive e.g. poppy & when otherwise the seeds are generally more active as is the case with this & stramonium Active principle hyoscyamine which exists (as is generally the case) in combination with malic acid Appears to be a pure narcotic & to possess no other powers Proves antirritant, allaying irrit. etc. & occasionally (& hence probably indirectly) diaphoretic and diuretic & cathartic Said to be soporific & anodyne. This is denied & Prof. T. does not find it answer these indications well (except slightly and indirectly) N.B. in generally the pure narcotics do not exert a strong soporific action. Said to resemble opium. But it is not stimulant, nor nervine, nor decidedly anodyne, or soporific. It seems to be far inferior to opium in restraining morbid irritat. morbid secretions etc. & seems not to be cholagogue. Though not anodyne for sudden emergencies of pain, yet it is invaluable for chronic cases of pain It is a common notion that it is a good substitute for opium, where the constipating effect is contraindicated etc. Prof. T. has been entirely disappointed in his expectation of finding this true It did not answer the same purposes as opium. Very valuable often in conjunction with opium less of either of them is needed. Seems to resemble conium more except that it is not deobstruent Prof. Ives however has used it more exclusively than perhaps any other man & thinks very highly of it even in acute diseases Poisonous effects These are much more violent than those of opium. Excessive delirium convulsions etc. etc. Vide Woodville Ed. & Vav. etc. [illegible] Hyoscyamus is a weaker article than opium but is probably more liable to disagree than opium Its poisonous effects are certainly much worse than those of opium As an antirritant, an anodyne, a soporific, it is thought inferior only to opium. It possesses no stimulating Preparations 1st expr. inspiss. juice of leaves Dose 5 to 10 gr. 4 to 6 times a day 1 grain is about equivalent to 1 drop of laudanum as an antirritant But that in the shops is apt to be bad. Druggists are apt to be imposed on by a watery extract. They will often mix with the latter the powder of the leaves, to increase the strength Such extracts by decoction are generally very poor. Prof. T. has seldom experienced any good effect from less than 15 grs of the expressed juice 40 may be required. It is a very uncertain article 2nd Powder of the seeds has been used As long as the seed of a plant preserves its vitality, it preserves it medicinal powers Probably this would be a good mode of administering the article Tincture of leaves or seeds Fill a bottle with recent leaves, cut fine & cover them with proof spirit or off. alc. macerate 10 days & strain A fl. z of this tinct. is equal to about 5 m. of laudanum (Prof. Ives) Oil of hyosc. made by simmering the leaves 1 pound in sweet oil 3 pounds is used on the continent of Europe, for external application (Oil of [Tusquian]) Diseases. Dysphagia spasmodica dyspepsia with pains, wandering pains irritability etc. It must be persevered in. Col. rhachialgia. It should not supersede opium but may be conjoined with it (perhaps with conium also) Idiopathic cough with opium Croup in the secondary irritable stage (Prof. T Dysenteria typhodes (common dysentery) Prof. I But it should not supersede opium Dysentery always requires opium perhaps other things also Arthriti podagra (gout) Prof. T. has found opium beneficial in all the cases which he has seen. Arthritis rheumatism (not rheumatalgia.) [Carcinum] vulgaris (particularly in the var. uteri) Prof. T. has succeeded best with a mixture of opium conium & hyoscyamus Thought to be inadmissible in mania Prof. T., has relieved paroxysms of mania by opium in large quantities but not enough to enable him to decide. So of melancholia [Ag?pnea] chronicus said to answer well Cephalia hemicrania recommended when opium will not answer but Prof. T. has never met with such cases. Lately he has succeeded best with strychnus Paronyria salax (the same with spermorrhea entonica) a very troublesome disease to subdue. Sayricum & nymphomania Syspasia all the species Spermor atonica paramenia obstruct. Carcinoma schirrhosum (distinct from cancer) Aedoptosis uteri H. areus, & albus are active species & the former being persistent would be more convenient of cultivation Datura D. [tatuta] is our common species Stinking weed is the most common popular name Thornapple is another. Jamestown weed (Westend pink! Melford!) Nat. ord. Solaneae Habitat doubtful It seems to follow civilized man Prof. T. has watched the plant for 30 years He has made the two species grow together & never knew them mingle. Linnaeus distinguished it from D. stramonium It has a purple stalk, specked with deep green blossom white, streaked with purple. D. Tabula has a pea green stalk the general habit is different The seeds are the most active and the leaves next The root is the most uncertain Both these have similar properties Datura metel from Asia is now naturalized with us (called D alba also) a plant not so tall flowers creamy coloured capsule does not open by four regular valves Probably more active Datura ceratocaula, is not naturalized from Cuba also with us Flower very large fragrant. In India D. ferox & D. pescuosa are most used. Datura guayaquilasis is used in S. America Active principle [daturnis] existing in combination with malic acid) Malate of daturnicis soluble both in water and in alcohol Properties narcotic It is said that smelling the plant, and sleeping in a bed made of the leaves will produce vertigo, nausea etc. It allays irritability etc. dilates the pupils vertigo headache dryness of the throat [illegible] delirium convulsions & blindness etc. etc. Large quantities at once produce a sense of glowing heat which has been mistaken for a stimulant operation The oddest and drollest delirium is produced by it. Prof. T. has seen many droll cases. The delirium may continue a week or more & be cured by a cathartic, bringing the article [illegible] Vide Beverley’s hist. Virginia. Case of a child delirium etc. scarlet flush upon the face petechiae red eruption etc. The effects vary considerably yet there is a general similarity so that we may recognize the article Moderate dilatation of the pupil & some affection of the sight are the necessary tests of a sufficient quantity. This test is as necessary a test in a chronic case, as an affection of the mouth for calomel Datura is universally agreed to be narcotic. It is certainly antirritant in many cases anodyne said to be soporofic; Prof. T. has often seen it soporific, but it cannot be relied on for this Antispasmodic, probably because narcotics (from its exhiliration it might be suspected to be nervine) Sedative also because narcotic. Called by B. S. Barton & Chapman stimulant but it had not been called so before the publication of Brown’s theory it has since been the fashion to consider all sedative effects as the result of a stimulant operation. It certainly never increases vital energy in atonic diseases In power of producing dilatation of the pupils and flushed face as proofs of stimulation. IT is indeed not indicated in phlogistic diathesis Said to be emmenagogue. Prof. T. has known it after tried, without any effect. It will indeed relieve excessive irritation and suffer the discharge to return. Called refrigerant with not fomentation Called discutient, externally applied. It is so by its narcotic antirritant powers Datura resembles belladonna (probably) more nearly than any other article. Resembles spigelia also In all cases connected with such an affection of the brain as produces contracted pupils, datura is more or less remedial (entonic phlegmonous inflammation or by excepted) Prof. T. thinks it better adapted to spasmodic diseases than to deliria. The article has probably been more used in N.E. than in any other part of the world Paris says that nitrate of silver & acetate of lead are incompatible. But there is no reason whatever why they should be so Acetic and citric acid are said to be its antidotes. This is folly. The best mode is to vomit and purge both in the first place Then opiates and stimulants. As a matter of fact these acids have been found worth little or nothing Preparations Powder of dried leaves Dose 1 gr. increased to 10 or 20 But this is the most uncertain preparation of the article you must push the medicine until you perceive effects from it Powder of the seed is a much better preparation The seeds are the strongest part and will keep an indefinite period period of time. The activity resides in the [epispermis] the cotyledons are inactive. Hence for liquid preparations use the entire seeds The above dose for the leaves is too small as large a dose as that of the seeds is required. Dose of seeds 1 to 5or 10 grs Prof I. Decoction [illegible] it should better be made of the seeds Ireland recommends a bath of the decoction Tinct. Rx entire seeds zii dilut. alc. 1 pt macerate 1 week & strain Dose same as SS. Prof. I Extract this is the expressed inspissated juice Dose 1 gr to 4 etc. etc. It is not worth while to use any [illegible] but the tincture of the seds The liniments, ointments & cerates of stramonium had better be made with with the seeds than with the leaves The ointment is not worth retaining; the liniment being better for a soft application A compound plaister of canth. & datura is used for blistering. Its utility doubtful A cataplasm of the bruised seeds, with bread & milk an excellent article Diseases. Diarrhoea of children (applied by a tepid bath of the decoction. Ireland chabra vulgaris It may be useful in form of enema quite effectual in the early stages Piles ointment useful cloths dipped in the decoction also small enemas also very useful. Bes convulsiva. Given so as to bring the system under its use Dyspnoea exac. & asth. much used especially by smoking extensively used & exceedingly popular, in England No one has [illegible] its utility in these complaints in question but Dr [Br???] Its utility seems thoroughly established. For an urgent exacerbation Prof. T. prefers the tinct. a desert spoonful to a tablespoonful conjoining 30 to 60 drops of laudanum. For chronic cases smoking is a more convenient mode It benefits the disease with less affection of the eyes Delirium tremens & puerperal delirium highly valuable as an adjuvant to opium In some low malignant typhus fevers when the head is affected IN one case in Middletown 2 f z laud. & f z of [illegible] stram. every hour cough catarrh etc. Dysentery arrested by it The bruised leaves are applied to any external inflammation. Celebrated in furunculus. Ophthalitis the wilted leaves applied mastitis (infl. of mam.) Useful for swollen breasts of nurses. Arthritis rheumatismus & podagra Undoubtedly it will assist the externally A. rheumatalgia var. neuralgica (sciatica externally in the compd plaister of cath & stramonium but then blistering is useful Ireland says that all topical pains may be relieved by ext. appl. of this art. Carcinus vulgaris (common cancer) by cataplasm or lotion, or fomentation with the bruised leaves considerable reputation Syphylitis & strumous ulcers probably not so useful internally as conium useful externally Ecphronia mania & melancholia considerably used probably it was first employed for its soporific effect. Morea imbecillis (Swed) very improbable Neuralgia in large doses (Bigelow) But Prof T. has found a continuation of narcotics than any single one and of the single ones opium is generally the best. There are symptomatic neuralgias, especially of dyspepsia. There is one also which is disquised intermittent & may be cured like that (6 to 10 grs. [illegible] Dr. Woodward’s case) A. T. Thompson mentions almost all severe chronic pains Dr Chapman believes it may be useful in palsy & in amaurosis (palsy of optic nerve) Used extensively as a substitute for belladonna for dilating the pupil, previous to an operation for cataract. Belladonna is much preferable stronger & more certain A little extract of bell. smeared around the stram. equal to bellad. Prof. I. eye is as good as a cataplasm of stramonium Synchous chorea (which is an approach to paralysis a paralysis of a limb will go through a stage of chorea) a very valuable remedy it will cure alone but generally as there is atony tonics must be used though this is a good article, nux vomica is generally better they may be usefully combined. Purging is generally injurious The actaea is likewise a valuable remedy Lyspasia convulsio very valuable the common directions however are for an inefficient use of it Prof. T. has found it the most valuable article for convulsions A quantity of opium insufficient to arrest a fit will aggravate it perhaps so of datura Give a desert spoonful (of tinct.) at once and repeat if necessary generally a table spoonful will cure but more may be necessary Lypsasia hysteria Prof. T. would give in an urgent fit a table spoonful of the tinct. or a teaspoonful repeated every 10 min. No remedy is equal to it in hysteria also. V.S. one of the most common practices will break up a fit but in this way we eventually break down the constitution. Vomiting is next in common use. Prof. T. has tried both & he came heartily tired of them. Asafoetida etc. merely amuse the patient, and the fit goes off of itself. Opium will cure but a large dose is required and inconvenient sequelae remains the next day Lyspasia epilepsy the most valuable remedy in this disease also when not dependent on organic affection which may be known by their occurring in a young & irritable & [mobile] subject by regular [illegible] recurrence of paroxysms, by not having been of very long continuance by no occurring in the night when the pat. is in bed & asleep 1st of its use in the intervals of the perox. powd. of seeds 1 to 5 gr. 3 or 4 times 20 to 30 min. of tinct. 3 or 4 times a day etc. Keep up a moderate dilatation of the pupils, & some imperfection of vision for a year say Exact regularity of habits rather abstemious meals nutritious food light supper etc. Epileptics are prone to great irregularity of meals of labour etc. These are the directions. Prof. T has learned to give so much as to destroy this irregularity prevent his using his eyes and labouring much producing inconvenient effects in short Use also nit. sil. & iron (peroxide or carbonate (which is rather inferior) & persevere for a year. It is often stated by the patients and their friends, that the datura has been used and failed or been injurious this Prof T. does n to believe The eyesight is not permanently affected by it. Prof. T. has also derived great benefit from datura as a palliative in hopeless cases and in cases in which the paroxysm are irregular, without warming etc. One hopeless patient was made in all respects more comfortable for some years She took a teaspoonful of the seeds 2 or 3 times a day. Dr Fisher of Boston Dr Archer of Maryland cured all the first sort of cases. Prof. Ives also but he does not use the article with sufficient freedom; of whom Prof. T. learnt his practice. The main difficulty in curing the diseases is in managing the patient 2nd of its sued for the suspension of a paroxysm. prof. T’s mode is original. He has practised it for 15 years. The practice is original with him Case young lady severe pt paroxysm purged and bled, till nearly moribund with no improvement but an aggravation of all the symptoms Prof. T. was called in A tablespoonful of the tincture of datura soon restored her the pupils of the eyes began to dilate. (they had been contracted before) and as they dilated with convulsions diminished. Other cases which had not been bled When the patient has premonitions of the paroxysm. [illegible] fl oz or f ziii will be a safe & [sure] prophylactic. Treat between the paroxysm as before In epileptic puerperal convulsions the use of datura is more important still Prof. T. has known the most violent relieved by ½ of z of tinct. dat. [illegible] & an enema of ol. pine Bleeding is not per se a remedy for this disease if phlogistic diathesis is present, bleed. Bleeding oftener does hurt than good. Apply belladonna freely to the os uteri & the posterior part of the vagina Give also enemata of ol. pure to excite the uterus The uterus is suspended in its action Give also the ergot to bring on uteric action. Inn a bad case if the patient has been much reduced by bleeding you may as well despair The epileptic convulsions are the most formidable. The common & the hysterical convulsions will tolerate any practice, they generally are not dangerous. Still the datura is the best article Tetanus. Prof. T. has not known it tried in severe tetanus. But in milder cases (many of which Prof. T. thinks are hysterical) datura has cured. The practice of pushing opium gradually to the amount, say, of 40 or 50 grs in 24 hours, is not the way. You must push the remedy until the disease is relieved or until somnolency from the opium is produced. 200 grs in 12 hours have cured. Combinations of narcotics are best. Dr Woodward of Vt. has succeeded with op. of actaea You may have cases in which nothing will have any effect. Some cases will exhibit somolency after a few drops of laudanum. In such cases narcotics will not answer. N.B. Some physicians are afraid of every thing but death Datura is worth trying in this way in lyssan canina Paramenia difficilis A valuable lotion for cutaneous effections In prurigo lepidosis psordica impetigo var. herpetica & laminosa scabies (itch) as an adjuvant Fomentations of datura useful to discuss indolent tumours. Most useful for burns & scalds for which it has been used this 100 years The oldest account of datura was of the D. stram. by Gerhard. Baron Storck was the first to investigate it There is at present much mistaken and misapprehension about this article. But a part of the profession are thoroughly acquainted with its use. Chapman, Bigelow etc. are very ignorant about it Atropa Belladonna Atropa lethalis of many. Solamun lethalis & S. [furiosa] deadly nightshade, & dwale But S. [dulcamara[ & S. nigrum are called deadly nightshad (And the country was once supplied with ext. bellad. from the sol. nig.) Nat. ord. solaneae Hab. England. Cultivated in Connecticut (from Dr Ives) Root perennial top annual. Difficult to raise it from seeds as the insects eat the young plants. All parts supposed to be active (not known however whether the root has been used) the seeds are probably active. The leaves are the parts used. They have been often analyzed they give atropina an alkaline principle said to exist in the form of bi-salts (but there several of such salts which contain even as many as 16 prop. ac.) 2nd Malic acid (combined with atropina) other veg. principles are found A. T. Thompson says the plant does not lose its properties by drying this improbable Prof. T. finds this article to resemble datura & spigelia It dilates the pupils & produces a delirium resembling the vapours Antidotes said to be vinegar (this was an old practice for the sake of Pharm. prep. powd. of dried leaves 1 to 12 gfrs Ed. & Vav. ½ to 3 grs in a day A. T.T. 1 gr. increased to 6 grs daily (Swediaur) 1 gr. gradually increased to 5 (U.S.) Prof. T. has always used the extract 1/16 of a gram of extract from Davis as a full dose. It is very apt to be an extract of something else or an extract spoiled by keeping. Prof. T. has given ½ z with no effect Infusion directed 20 gr. to 1 z of leaves Prov Ives employes a tincture Extract should be of inspissated expressed juice dose said to be 1 to 4 grs. Formulae are given for enemata & for cerates zii to zii of cerate Diseases. Icterus; recommended but it is not deobstruent. Hooping cough quite celebrated said to suspend the convulsive cough very suddenly & speedily It sometimes succeeds & sometimes fails Stramonium & conium are also useful which is the best is not settled Intermittent fever rec. Acute & chronic infl. [Gonytitis] phlegmonades (white swelling which does not effect the [cancellar] texture of the bones & resembles acute rheumatism in its access) probably valuable. Rheumatism not specified in what sort probably useful when There is no redness & swelling & the affection is not erratic Rosalia Many Germans consider it a prophylactic no very good evidence 10 yrs ago the periodicals were full of the matter. Cancer powerful to allay pain & irrit. So of malignant ulcers mania & melancholia probably to produce sleep. All the neuralgia both externally & internally Tic doloreu etc. Lyssa canina (Swediaur) worth trying. Epilepsy rec. Palsy can be useful only to obviate the lesion of the nerves Paropsis amaurosis on the same principle Paropsis cataracta before operating better than stramonium. Dropsy (Swed. & E. & Vav.) diuretic powers have been ascribed to it improbable Sarcoma [schirrhos??] (schirrus tumor) Used to relax a rigid os uteri. It has been long been used for this purpose in N. England. It is as effectual as for diluting the pupil of the eye Apply ¼ to ½ oz to os uteri & the posterior part of vagina. Very extensively used by Woodward of Vt. Abortion perhaps internally to accelerate & facilitate giving [illegible] at the same. Presentation of placenta perhaps to facilitate the distention & allow of the introduction of the hand. Dr W. of Vt. gives the [clavus] immediately apply the bellad. brings down the head to press hard upon the placenta. The child is dead of course but this is always the case Schrotium Clavus Secule cornutum S. corniculatum [Aconile] clavus (London) A parasitic fungus found between the glumes of many circalia & gramineal e.g. rye, wheat, barley, oats, couch grass [illegible] [illegible] etc. etc. Wildenow makes two varieties. The active & the other inert, differing in colour etc. Prof T. could never distinguish two well marked varieties Colour externally violet into white cylindrical taste subacrid etc. No good analysis has been made It contains a vegeto-animal matter, a fixed oil ammonia an acid supposed to be the phosphoric acid etc. It is not a degenerated seed but a fungus The fungus upon maize is probably the uredo maydis It is not an excrescence produced by the puncture of an insect though insects may accidentally be found in it IT has all the physical character and even the casualties of the genus sclerotium which consists of small oblong hard, almost woody bodies which have fixed places of growth Some of them are subterranean found on the roots of mosses under the droppings of cattle on the receptacles of compound plants etc. etc. in the place of the germs of grasses etc. They are remarkable for not affecting the general health of the plants on which they grow they are strictly topical i.e. they do not injure an adjoining germ IT has the property of moulding itself into the slope of the adjoining surface These qualities are all found in the S. clavus. Vide Decandalle Various other species of sclerotium possess the same powers Taken internally it may reduce the pulse if irritation 20 or more beats vertigo epigastric uneasiness nausea bluish colour (or mottled) of surface formication in nervous & irritable subjects it may produce tetanic convulsions, & even opisthotones but these tetanic convulsions appear to be preceded by common convulsions of involuntary muscles It stupefies & often kills flies like helonica erythrosp. If there is a predisposition to uterine contraction most powerful and incessant ones are produced very [illegible] other effect will be perceived, unless the patient is extremely susceptible. Most females while in delivery are insusceptible to narcotics Abortion may be brought on occasionally by it. The child is apt to be dead or if not, in a state of asphyxia or still oftener very feeble, mottled on the surface etc. very [illegible], apt to be feeble for a long time. These effects are attributed by some to the steady pressure upon the head. But this cannot be. prof. T. has known delivery protracted 5 days from a small pelvis and yet the child cried vigorously None of the American writers have noticed the narcotic powers of the article Private practitioners are extensively acquainted with it it is very commonly observed in the mother shown by reduction of the pulse dilat. of the pupils mottled skin etc. Dr March & Dr Reed quoted (The latter thinks it [illegible] is narcotic, that it interrupts the function of the placenta & hence excites uterine contraction & hence also it kills the child the placenta performing probably the office of stomach & lungs Strychnos nux vom produces tetanic convulsions. Actaea excites uterine contraction. Prof. T. has known other involuntary muscles affected with convulsions after inordinate doses e.g. heart respiratory muscles. Actaea is as good as ecbolic as this. It is as certain & more safe & convenient it does not tend so much to produce somnolency does not kill the child leaves the system in a more susceptible and a better states S. [illegible] like spigelia & datura produces a slight febrile state If it fails in bringing away the child, after exciting parturient efforts the uterus remains insusceptible so also when from exhaustion of haemorrhages etc. the uterus is exhausted Actaea seems to be superior in this respect [clavus] does not however fail oftener than other articles of m. m. jalap for instance Opium is a safe and perfect antidote to clavus. It will completely counteract its parturient effects 2 to 5 grs. may be required. Alcohol will not counteract. Datura appears not to Dr Stearns thinks by giving it in small often repeated doses with opium regular & interrupted contraction of the uterus may be produced this is quite doubtful. It must be a difficult point to hit. It is thought emmenagogue by some. This not very prob ably. Dram doses may be thrown off. It has not been suspected of being cathartic For the operation of it upon the uterus there must be a predisposition in that organ to contract caused by a full period of gestation ruptures of membranes haemorrhage etc. Pharmac. prep. 1st very fine powder (it is almost analogous to cork in consistence) Med. dose 10 gr. if necessary repeat it once or twice at intervals of 10 or 15 min. Generally one dose additional will be needed But this is an inconvenient prep. it loses its strength by keeping 2nd infus. 1 z coarse powd. to f z 3 of water let it stand ½ hour Dose f zi repeated if necessary every 15 m. until the whole is zi to zii wat. table sp. every 5 min. (Prof. B) taken at [illegible] it is supposed that inf. does not take out the whole strength 3d Decoction made in the same prep & with the same dose. Boil 5 to 10 min. & strain 4th tinct. dilut. alc. (.935) [illegible] to zii clavus Dose f zj repeated 3 or 4 times if necessary. This is the prep. which Prof. T. employs exclusively. The tincture appears not to lose its strength by keeping He has known the tinct. lose its strength in one case becoming colourless. This is the preparation which can be given without the prying curiosity of the old women Violent prejudices exist against it, in many place never talk about it call it cordial or something Of late however Prof. T. uses the actaea as an exclusive substitute Prof. T and his friends have well ascertained that when this article has lost its [ecbolia] it has also lists its narcotic powers Therapeutic appl. Diarrhoea vulgaris often reported to be valuable in secondary stages but undoubtedly as valuable from the first. First it lessens the frequency of the discharges then diminishes their bulk etc. 10 grs or given in a full dose it may stop it at once. It will cure in a few days or a week. A female [emporic] near N. York used this article for this purpose IT has often been used by physicians Dyspnoea exacerbans effectual but this degree of its efficacy compared with other articles is not well ascertained Give f zfs of tinct. or f zi repeated Intermittent fever said to have cured it in many cases 10 grs every 2 hours from sometime before the expected paroxysms Hysteritis membranifica Passive & irritative haemorrhages from nose lungs rectum, liver, bladder, uterus etc. zi in 24 hours in 8 or 10 doses. Prof. T. has often employed it in [illegible] with success just as he has actea Lyspesia hysteria is mentioned Peramenia superflua very useful according to Marshall Hull he continues the remedy throughout the catamenial period P. suppressionis apparently not valuable as an emmenagogue Leucorrhea communis Marshall Hall continue several days. Abortion the abortion is inevitable hem. freq. & parturient efforts feeble when too quiet & opium will not keep off abortion. This is one of the greatest improvements in modern obstetrical medicine Hemorrhage during utero gestation to produce abortion when the successions of hemorrhages may destroy the patient if suffered to continue many patients these lose their lives when parturition comes on the unavoidable loss of blood during delivery destroys the patient Case related in which the pat. was apparently dead from loss of blood no relaxation of os uteri Dr Reed thinks it may destroy the child & afterwards bring it away in a week say probably this is caused by giving too much Where there is urgent hemorrhage, it may be proper to give clavus before the os uteri is dilated and then anoint with bellad. Or if necessary bleed from the arm to produce relaxation Presentation of placenta often before the hand can be introduced the closing may be given to bring down the head upon the placenta & thus supposes the hem. afterwards anoint the os uteri with belladonna These two cases are contrary to the books but it has often been practised by Tully and his friends We may afterwards bleed if necessary to produce relaxation Lingering parturition attended with hem. & imperf. contract. of ulcers & imperf. dil. of os uteri Parodynia syncopalis or convulsiva Syncope or convulsions interruptions of delivery being produced You may conjoin enemata of spts. turp. dashing cold water etc. may be conjoined Vide datura # hemorrh. from the arm can be regulated that from the uterus cannot Lingering parturition when the uterine contractions have ceased when a practitioner is inexperienced in the use of the forceps After the delivery by ergot the [secundines] are apt to be retained Breech presentation The head is apt to be detained by the contraction of the os uteri around the neck great skill is generally necessary to extricate the head. The clavus will generally do no good. The forceps should be used? Parodynia secundaria where there is hour glass contraction all the books forbid it. But Prof. T. has repeatedly known it relieves. Dr Wood. of Vt. says it is absolutely certain to prevent on the one hand & to cure on the other, this hour glass contractions Retention of secundines from deficiency of uterine contraction f zii or even zjs may be needed more will often be needed than for the delivery of the fetus Generally where the clavus has been used, the placenta will be thrown off just after or in connexion with the delivery of the child This use of the clavus may almost always supersede the introduction of the hand Hemorrhage after delivery and it may be given with advantage as a preventive just before delivery where there is a liability to hemorrhage. But Dr Reed says we should wait till the head is delivered for fear of injuring the child. In the last case which Dr T. had he had great difficulty in resuscitating the child After pains where they are caused by irritation from coagulated blood where there is a deficiency of contraction Profuse lochia where there is entonic atony and deficient contraction. Some say that the clavus will not act after the delivery of the child But Prof. T. never knew it fail although it might require 10 to 30 minutes. This is known to a great many writers also. No doubt mischief has been done by this article but many of the restrictions are not well founded. For instance the rule that it should never be given when nature is competent to delivery but cases of hemorrhages etc. may be exceptions e.g. hemorrhage endangering the life of the mother even before the commencement of labour pains. If after you have stopped the hemorrhage the uterine contractions are too violent, you may always stop or restrain them by opium If you wish to relax the os uteri you may do it by bleeding but generally by local applications of belladonna. Exceptions have already been mentioned to the rules that it is not to be given until the os uteri is relaxed The indications are from something else than the dilation of the fetus to the size of a dollar Dr Stearns is right in saying that it should not be given when we are going to have occasion to turn Breech presentations will generally make it inexpedient. Dr Stearn’s limitation of the whole quantity to 30 grs in ½ pt of water a tablespoonful at a time, will apply to most cases [illegible] not to all judgment is necessary. For large doses are often given But very large doses may be needed. Where the forceps are admissible it is better to use them, if a man is sufficiently skilled in their use As for its use in convulsions, Dr Stearns directs bleeding to be premised in every case Prof. T. would not bleed unless there were indications for v.s. Do not trust to the clavus alone but give stramonium & give enemata of ol. pin. There seems to be no foundation for the notion that malignant epidemics are produced by spurred rye [Maize] is seldom or never affected with clavus in N. America. Wheat is far less seldom than rye yet these epidemics prevail where wheat & maize only ever used. Various other objections may be made. There is more [foundation] for the opinion that chronic diseases are produced by it History Used about 1740 in Holland by a celebrated [accouchaur] Interdicted by the French legislatures about 1770 used in Connecticut before Dr Stearn’s publication by an irregular practitioner. Said to have been long used before Dr Stearn’s publication by the Germans of Pennsylvania An old dispensatory by Brook mentions it (in some of the editions) Dr Stearns learned its use of some Scotch women in Washington county N.Y. 1807 Scleroteum maydis in S. America said to produce loss of h air in those who eat the grain said to loosen the teeth causes the hair of some to fall of also [swine] become paraplegic mules are affected in the same way Hens which live on it lay soft shelled eggs (by premature delivery or abortion) Monkeys fall down apparently drunk probably sub paralytic or with a sort of chorea Native deer & does also are thus affected These effects occur only [illegible] of Columbia Mandregora vernalis Root perennial top annual. Nat. ord. Solamene M. officinalis M. acaulis atropa [mandragon] of Linneus. Malus canina Mandrake [illegible] South of Europe & Greece But 2 species M. vernalis & M. autumnalis It is not the mandrake of the scriptures, which was probably a species of orchis Root fleshy thick & large white within Root most active. Leaves supposed to have similar but weaker powers The fruit probably has the same general powers Cortical part of the root is thought to be more active than the internal It is believed to be a more powerful anodyne and soporific than any article except opium Vide Shakespeares Othello scene last. Ed. & Vav. say it is most like A. bell. doubtful. Emmenagogue (Swed) Not nervine probably. Powerful purgative ([Mease] Swed. etc.) Others say nothing of this as Hoffberg who used it extensively & freely. Externally applied it is discutient Powder of bark of root dose 10 grs to [illegible] i expressed juice of root Infusion of root Wine of root syrup cataplasm of root made with milk & the leaves or root Treat cases of poisoning by quick emetics (e.g. 4 or 5 grs of turp. min.) Castor oil also to carry it off from the bowels Diseases Parabysma coactum P. strumosum in both it was much used by the ancients [Strum???] vulgaris [acutoplasms] of the leaves with milk applied to the neck. Very strong testimonials for its utility internally, for struma Orchitis chancre as a discutient Del. trem. puerperal delirium Podagra internally Also rheumatism Arthritis rheumatalgia said to be highly effective. Mania & melancholia by the ancients probably as a soporific Agrypnia [mentalis] by the ancients Sarcoma schirrhosum Various superstitions have existed with respect to this article on account of its similarity to the shape of a man’s body On this account called [illegible] Sold to produce boys & girls etc. etc. Vide Thornton London Miller etc. Amanita Ammonita Muscaria Agaricis muscarius Abundant in Europe & N. America. A fly poison One of the most poisonous fungi (Lindley) yet strange as it may seem all the poisonous fungi are eaten with impunity in the North of Europe and Asia. Said by Dr Langsdorf to be used like wine brandy or opium by the [Kamschadales] etc. Rolled up like a bolus & swalloed by them When steeped in a decoction of the berries of vaccinum uliginosum it is exhilirant and nervine like wine One or two small fungi said to last a whole day Water swallowed augments its effects. Renders some remarkably active (i.e. nervine) & a talkative person cannot keep silence or secrets A leap is made if a [strand] is to be stepped over. Finally narcosis & perhaps convulsions are produced. Drunkenness & vertigo as the authors express themselves But its most singular effect is upon the urine. On the second day after the taking of the article a teacupfull of his own urine will produce another fit of intoxication for the next day His urine will have 4 or 5 times the intoxicating qualities of the article. It may thus be propagated through 5 individuals. Old drunkards (upon this article) preserve their urine against a scarcity of the article. The effects fall strictly under the definition of intoxicating an effect produced by this article & alcoholic & venous liquors only Pharmacop. Bot. says odor nauseous sapor [illegible] etc. inebriant etc. Used in epilepsy & applied to malignant ulcers. Dose 10 grs Most active part under ground Epoilepsia stouma Ill conditioned ulcers cancers convulsions affections of the cornea Dose [illegible] fs to [illegible] j ter in die [illegible] Rossica Collect in the autumn keep closed Swediaur appears to confound its properties with those of some other articles Gray copies from Swediaur. Withering does so They call it sudorific & cathartic Probably it will prove a powerful and most convenient nervine Deobstruent Narcotics Which increase or diminish morbid secretions and resolve inflammations Conium Maculatum [illegible] Gr. (cicuta Sat.) has never been identified. Linneus applied the two to different plants. Great confusion existed Lamarck endeavoured to remedy this by interchanging the nerves this made the confusion much worse Hab. Europe & Asia All parts active leaves most so Smells like [mice] or like the urine of a cat. Most active when its blossom first begins to decay (an exception to the general) & when it grows in a cool climate & a moist situation Water said not to extract its properties Alcohol (& better ether) may be used When the etherial tincture is evaporated from water [illegible] is left a thick greenish semifluid etc. Called an alkali (or alkaloid) Some of these substances unite with 15 or 16 prop. of an acid & some do not saturate or naturalize at all as narcotine though they combine with acids in definite proportions. Tests of [illegible] vide Ec. & Vav. (translation) Paris infers that this is not the active principle & that the plant is improved by drying both conclusions false An efficient deobstruent & a moderate narcotic secondarily it is laxative Said to be emmenagogue but only so as a part of its deobstruent operation Prof. T. has not found it diuretic except in chronic cases where there had been a deficiency Removes torpor of the liver, changes the secretions of the al. can. Cures cutaneous diseases. Resolves inflammations As a deobstruent it possesses most of the valuable effects of mercury without its inconvenient effects It acts more powerfully upon a torpid liver (as in jaundice) than mercury Allays irritability Relieves pain produces nausea, vertigo, prostration muscular weakness etc. Hence narcotic Dr Mann took 18 grs in 5 hours of good extract. It produced some exhiliration Its operation began in about 3 hours came to its h eight in 3 hours more & went off in 3 hours more. Symptoms unsteadiness of gait contraction of pupils etc. considerable narcosis. Next day inconvenient secondary symptoms. Indicated in 1st chronic & subacute atonic inflammations 2 Tumours not inflammatory nor with organic lesions 3d torpor & irritability of liver & other chylop. visc. 4th Cutaneous affections 5th Dysthetic or cechectic complaints 6th Pure idiopathic nervous pains (neuralgia) But acute infl. in which a considerable quantity nervines acrids etc. are indicated here conium may be given. It may be successfully given in cholera zi at a dose (yet this is an acute disease) Not a very active poison. The [illegible] effects seem to be epigastric uneasiness coldness blindness nausea & vomiting etc. caused by exhaustion, produced by a lesion of the brain & nerves Forms 1st recently acrid leaves but these are very variable Tincture require too much alcohol Expressed inspissated extract is the best Select the plant in the latter part of the flowering season Strip off the leaves in autumn and press them in an iron press Set the juice in large platter in the sun. Add no water avoid the dews of night. Apply no heat Heat higher than that of the sun is said to injure it Dry it to a consistence suitable for pilling without any addition But the market has been filled with a watery extract of no value. Its sensible properties are quite different. Prof. T. has made a tinct. by filling a bottle with leaves and adding alc. to green & proof sp. to dry leaves then expressing he has reduced this so that a teaspoonful would be a dose but this requires too much alc. for jaundice, neuralgia. The tinct. seems to be more narcotic and less deobstruent than the extract. The extract seems not to produce ultimate narcosis so much as the leaves do and some slight change of properties seems to be produced by the process of forming the extract, by which the article is more deobstruent. Generally the quantity necessary to produce sufficient deobstruent effects will produce no inconvenient narcosis As much as 12 or 15 grs in a day will be necessary for this. But Prof. T. has occasionally given 1 or 2 drams without the slightest ultimate narcotic effect Prof. T. has never found it directly tonic only so by its deobstruent an narcotic effect relieving paresis of the nerves of the stomach etc. Because this article produces a cerebral excitement, given in uniform quantities at short intervals & pushed it has been supposed nervine Prof. T. once thought so but than all the narcotics may produce this effect Dose 1 to 5 grs. Prof. T. generally begins with about 4 grs. & increases till [illegible] The operation of a large dose usually commences in ½ an hour It may continue from 12 to 24 hours Conium is useful in a great many diseases It will generally require other articles in conjunction e.g. cath. & tonics & [illegible] (when you want a cath. merc. oper. use cal. etc. if you do not need purgative effects use other mercurials and these latter are less liable to salivate) No remedy is more valuable in dyspepsia For the production of the deobstruent effect from this and other articles, the system must be within a certain range of action hence depletion on one hand & tonics & aromatics on the other Diseases & pt of those which require principally its narcotic effects. Neuralgic toothache Spasmodic dysphorgia dipsosis [illegible] from intemperance Idiopathic cough at least as an adjunct to opium Hooping cough perhaps with tonics or with arsenic Dyspnoea exacerbans A large dose (say zi of ex) will arrest a paroxysm Idiopathic hectic in conjunction with arsenous acid nit. sil. etc. Ophthalmitis sclerotica (which is always rheumatic) very useful Neuralgia faciei of all kinds conjoin datura [Illegible] palpitation & synochous tremor Cherca valuable with iron Lately Prof. T. has used actea & nux vomica in preference hemicrania Hysteria a large dose will arrest the paroxysm it may be useful between the par. Epilepsy with datura catalepsy with iron. Spermorrhea entonica with ac. lead also [sagnesis] fur. (is [said] paruria mellita 2nd where its deobstruent effect is wanted Chronic dyspepsia with excessive appetite etc. with iron [sesquox] [illegible] zx extr. conii zv off. alc. f zii ol. cinn. ol. gaulth. aa mxii sacch. alb. zii syr. tolu f zvi & generally add f zvi of compd tinct. cinn. water sufficient to make 2 pints of this mixture dose f zfs. This is pleasant to the taste The alcoh. is necessary to make it keep If wine is indicated use wine instead of water Sometimes substitute French brandy ½ pt instead of the tinct. of cinna. for a time where alc. is indicated to rouse excitability Limosis sputatoria & L. albicus (called in N. Haven white jaundice) a disease of the liver with or without diarrhoea patient pale (slightly yellowish) difficult to determine its nature Dyspepsia accompanied with neuralgic pain (which must be relieved (the pain) with opium Sequels of colic Disposition to proctica with iron Icterus vulgaris with iron most valuable as much as he can take without too much narcosis. If the bowels are slow, premise a slow cath. of calomel Where the disease is cured by cal. alone the yellowness of the skin will often remain for 3 months. Conium removes the yellowness as coon as it cures the disease The discovery of the use of conium to cure jaundice was also made (accidentally) by phys. in Boston. But it had been used in the N. of Euro. & in Italy before Icterus melaena with acrids Chololithus Parabismata it will cure than which result from neglected intermittents. But quinine is a sovreign remedy for these as is now well understood though so contrary to the prejudices of Prof. T. & others Quinine is not a congesting article Prof. T. has used it still oftener in parabismata for malaria not preceded by intermittent P. strumosa P. schirrhosum with acrids (capsic.) tonics etc. Icterus from malaria conium will cure, but quinine is far better Erethymatic gastritis and enteritis conjoined with red prec. & corros. sub. Almost all the erythematic infl. As an auxiliary in membranific spargnosis puerp. Rheumatism useful auxilary in the acute u seful in subacute and chronic rheum. White swelling auxiliary cancer a palliative Lues syphylodes Persevering use of con. & iron has obviated a tendency to sick headache Affections of the mind Paramenia difficilis (not membranific infl) relieve a paroxism & continue it with iron Used with success as an [illegible] with iron Leucorrhea with nit. sil. & capsic. or with lob. inflata Chlorosis inops with iron Lepidosis psoriasis, & lepriasis & impetigo several varieties with arsenic Case related of supposed osteo sarcoma (perhaps a rheumatic aff.) and thought perfectly desperate cured by conium perseveringly pushed Cataplasms of recent leaves or extract rec. for irrit. ulcers The plaister is an inefficient preparation Treat cases of poisoning by this [illegible] as those of other narcotics by quick vomits by ammonia by acrid nervines as hydric ether alcohol etc. There is no evidence whatever that vinegar is an antidote History First used internally by Storck 1760. It grew very popular too much was expected from it and went into contempt Storck was ½ a century before his time with respect to various articles of M.M. Conium arecoca of S. A. affords an esculent root equal to our potatoe Aethusa Sinapium [illegible] Cicuta cicutoria etc. Dog’s parsley Fool’s parsley Habit closely resembles con. mac. Native of Europe Naturalized with us abounding about Hartford & Wethersfield Its powers closely resemble those of con. mac. but is much more active D S. Woodward has employed it extensively & can perceive no difference between this and conium A good subject for a dissertation Cicuta Maculata Never grows in clusters Root the most active part strong smell virose taste. More active than conium most [illegible] poisonous article we have indigenous mistaken for [illegible] [illegible] ([illegible] clay tone) Case. Young lady took it for angelica Soon she had vertigo blindness, weakness of extremities 2 hours after was found pale cold, distressed pupils dilated restlessness jactitations cold sweat The plant has vomited her. Sulph. zinc was given in obedience to the books it produced free vomiting which gave no relief and aggravated all the symptoms Teaspoonful laudanum 50 drops every hour spirit & water & wine external heat & acrids much better next morning but suffered from weariness in the limbs etc. Cured in 3 or 4 days Vide Bigelow on cases of death in 1 ½ hours with convulsions, frothing etc. Most physicians refer these symptoms to white hellebore which does not grow # mistaken also for aralia & for angelica & calamus with us or to iris versicolor, which produces no such symptoms If vomiting is needed mustard appears to be the best article (also ranunculus flammat. after these sulph. zinc sul. copper or sulph. merc. the latter two are speedier and as kind as sulph. zinc. The books direct 20 gr sulph. zinc as if it were a large dose but Prof. T. in most cases finds 30 grs necessary to produce full vomiting. Purging may be considered as seldom necessary if so give castor oil senna produces copious watery secretions and exhausts. Vinegar is directed as an antidote no evidence for it whatever It originates in the oxygenating theory with respect to narcotics vinegar was supposed to disoxygenize. Coffee and tea may do well as nervine but alc. & opium are better Medicinally used this article possesses the same powers in kind as the cor. mac. but is much more powerful in degree Cicuta bulbifera [Fennel] leaved cowbane etc. Said to be stronger than conium & supposed to possess the same powers Weaker than C. maculata C. venenata of Dr Greenway was probably C. maculata C. virosa (Europe) Seems to have the same powers (in the root) as C. mac. but to be rather weaker All these species seem to be perfect substitutes for conium Oenanthe crocata An European plant sometimes found in the U.S. Probably similar to conium The root is used Cases related of poisoning by it Some reg. ner. are said to be tonic & nervine one is viz. ambrosia elation (ragweed) bitter [Leonarus] cardiaca gone into disease, but is a valuable article Coffee is a pure nervine tea a nervine & narcotic 1st Nervines of an. origin 1st vol. ess. ol. of [mephitis] amer. skunk There are said to 5 spec. by some others 2 doubtful but all are the same called also m. [chirca] for other sp. vid. ed. encyc. IT is a generic character of the whole genus that they have glands [illegible] the [illegible] Called also viverra & mustala Polecat of Europe is a different an. viz. [illegible] (Name Poule chat) Two small sacs between the anus & tail Probably the skunk cannot project the liquor 2 feet, or even on perhaps Probably it defends the an. by blinding the eyes. The two sacs are about the size of a nutmeg both contain from zii [illegible] to [illegible To obtain the liquor shoot the an. through the head or neck or heart. Take out the sacs with their Ammoniacum 8 Materia Medica Nervines Obviate languor and lassitude allay morbid irritability and irritation, mobility and [??ctitation] and watchfulness, sensibility & sensation, when connected with atony or a non phlogistic state of the system They are different from stim. & narcotics Many of them exhilirate as a part of their nervine operation but the weaker do not. They [like] the latter produce a peculiar calm [euphoria] and pleasurable sensation & a wakefulness. Perhaps the exhiliration may be the first stage of the cerebral irritation of narcotics and (stimulants?) This ehxil. is sometimes produced by the states of the disease sometimes in conjunction with this by nervines & without any effect upon the pulse. One sort of such exhiliration is called vapours The term antispasmodic seems objectionable because they do not obviate spasm but allay irritability & obviate languor Narcotics when pure do not produce all the effects of nervines e.g. [strychnus] etc. An article which relieves non-phlogostic restlessness, irritability etc. must be nervine or narcotic or both If a narcotic, it will when pushed produce epigastric uneasiness nausea etc. The obviation of languor and lassitude, does not indicate stimulation, necessarily, any more than exhiliration does Nervines first relieve irritation etc. & when pushed produce wakefulness calm placid & pleasurable sensation & perhaps exhiliration Nervines will tranquillize an irritated pulse often, and hence are sometimes mistaken for refrigerants Neither do they when continued act as tonics The inhalation of ether & such things does not relieve exhaustion, but prostration merely Nervines will not aggravate phlogistic disease Prof. T. has known the freest use of nitrous oxide, vapour of ether, etc. utterly fail of relieving exhaustion merely relieving the nervous affection The commencement of intoxication is a nervine effect i.e. those things which are visible Intoxication is exhil. followed by delirium & inability to regulate voluntary motion followed by come hence no articles but fermented & spiritous liquors, produce intoxication it is a nervine and nar Recap 4 states 1st an antirritant stage as above described 2nd calm 3d watchfulness 4th exhiliration sometimes amounting to delirium Still you may give so much of an article Perhaps also the power of producing a degree of cerebral irrit. under which the muscular strength is increased Diff. nervines vary much in the degree in which they produce different of these state Pure nervines may be pushed to any degree without stimulation or narcosis Prof T. has often seen a high degree of a nervine effect in the lowest states of the system In their usual doses they appear to produce no effect In books they are recommended chiefly for mild spasmodic diseases Protox. nitrogen appears to be a powerful nervine so chlor carburet of hydrogen or hydrochloride of carbon (chloric ether) taken into the stomach also sulph. & nit. eth. by inhalation virus of rattlesnake, is said to be the most pure & powerful nervine known virus of the skunk is next but stinks too much Musk is next in efficacy & is the most powerful of the articles commonly used It is said also that cobweb Castor is rather a weak & inefficient nervine Coffee is a nervine of considerable power Saffron (crocus) is also nervine Croculus [pl?kenetic] & suberoses ([illegible]) is nervine but also narcot. deob. emm. & cath Castorum [opapinex] asafoetida etc. have no effect on health, but have considerable effect upon what Cullen called the mobility of the system. Most of the fetids however Prof. T. thinks owe their efficacy to [illegible] they having so medicinal an appearance. The state of the mind influences the operation of nervines Prof. T. thinks the fetids are the most uncertain & vague & doubtful class of remedies which we have, & that they might be altogether omitted without injury even including asafoetida Coffee made strong, as directed in medicine, is preferable to them all indeed it is an efficient article So also hydrate of bismuth Prof. T. has given in dram doses without any perceptible effect Iron also he has sometimes apparently found [inert] just as Bigelow declares it inert. All this may be owing to peculiarity of diathesis [Mother] wort, asafoetida & other nervines, should not be used to tantalize for hours patients in distress, who may be speedily and effectually relieved by opium Still we are to consider that women are apt to get a habit of resorting to op. camph. musk cinnamon etc. and fall into a habit of intemperance Nervines are 1st chemical, as protox. nit. eminently nervine Hydric ether (Sulph. eth) moderately nervine when inhaled is neither narcotic nor stimulant, but nervine when taken Oleum ethereum or empyereumatic Chloro carburet of hydrogen a pure nervine. [Luquichloride] of carbon a liquid but solid at common temperatures odorous Spritus (or aether) pyroceties 2nd nervina animalia 1st musk 2nd civet castoreum web of taegenurea medicinalis virus of rattlesnake oil of skunk 3d vegetable nervines coffee [cyprideium] pubes. humile, spectabile pure nervines used from time immemorial by irregular practitioners & by the Thompsons. Aplectrum hyemale (Adam & Eve) Corallorhiza odontorrhiza both pure nervines the latter has considerable nervine power [Stigmas] of crocus sativus Seeds of vanilla aromatic Pulp around the seeds of bixa orellane called arnotto Dipterix odorata ([illegible] used to scent snuff) the proximate principle is [cormsorine] a [concrete] ess. opil Root or essential oil of valerian neither narcotic nor stimulant Polynisis graveolus nervine Root of paeonxa off. (palony) Fruit of Amer. spec. of [pavia] [rubrate] (Ohio buckeye) Aerobion fragrans ([Angricum] fragr.) probably valuable Senecia [anorus] & balsimatae & [illegible] Inspiss. [descundin?] [saps] of roots vide Prof. I. Ferula asafoetidia & opoponax & Persica (called sagepinum) [Dorema] ammoniacum (called ammoniac) (called heracleum gummifoerum but this is the h. pyrenaicum) Galbanum (referred to [illegible] galbanum) but is from the galbanum offic.) All these are inspissated saps Root of goodyera pubescens might be expected to prove nervine but there is the best testimony to its being deobstruent Some reg. ner. are said to be tonic & nervine one is viz. ambrosia elation (ragweed) bitter [Leonarus] cardiaca gone into disease, but is a valuable article Coffee is a pure nervine tea a nervine & narcotic 1st Nervines of an. origin 1st vol. ess. ol. of [mephitis] amer. skunk There are said to 5 spec. by some others 2 doubtful but all are the same called also m. [chirca] for other sp. vid. ed. encyc. IT is a generic character of the whole genus that they have glands [illegible] the [illegible] Called also viverra & mustala Polecat of Europe is a different an. viz. [illegible] (Name Poule chat) Two small sacs between the anus & tail Probably the skunk cannot project the liquor 2 feet, or even on perhaps Probably it defends the an. by blinding the eyes. The two sacs are about the size of a nutmeg both contain from zii [illegible] to [illegible To obtain the liquor shoot the an. through the head or neck or heart. Take out the sacs with their ducts squeeze out the liquor into a vial without letting it touch the neck of the vial stop close yet it will penetrate the envelopes in damp weather It is a light amber col. liquid always liquid in our climate as tasteless as olive oil said to be Taken internally a drop or two 2 or 3 times a day it is a powerful antirritant & nervine though it has never been made to produce an exhiliration It is also a pure nervine Prof. I. considers it very nearly allied to musk but far stronger. It is best to keep it in every small vials of ½ a dram The inconvenience is that the least [???tation] produces the most powerful stench! Probably no dangerous consequences could result from an inordinate dose. When a very little of the liquid oil falls upon broad cloth it appears like a grease spot covered with dust & the scent cannot be eradicated Dyspnoea exacerbans (called asthma) has been much relieved better by this than by any other article taken during an exacerbation to relieve it & between them to keep them off. vide Prof’s I & Beers Even the inhalation of the vapor has relieved the disease. Dr Conklin was relieved for two years in consequence of the killing of a skunk near the house & the vapour remaining in the house during that time. Prof. B. has used it for 8 or 9 patients one of them kept it by him all the while. It keeps off but does not eradicate the disease Woolen cloths upon which a mere drop of this liquid had fallen have retained the odour for years & their use been entirely abandoned. The best way to eradicate the odour is to wash alternately in alcohol & soap suds. Perhaps sulphuric ether might do. Venom of Candisena horrida This was the original hat. hist. name Called cretalus horridus by Linnaeus Distinguished by dark coloured transverse bands. Its fetid odour is readily perceived by horses and cattle In a rainy and wet season the crepitaculum is softened and emits no noise. It is not certain that a new rattle is formed with every renewal of the skin & many are left off by accident hence, we cannot reckon the age by means of the rattles There is but one other species viz. C. durissima The upper jaws have only the two poisonous fangs at the base of which are the crumena or bags which contain the [virus], are situated There are under the eye two clusters of glands which secrete the virus The virus of the viper is a transparent yellowish fluid The virus of any venomous serpent is perfectly bland to the taste The medicinal effects of the virus of the viper have not bee investigated The virus of the rattlesnake has been experimented on by Dr James Wallace & [illegible] friends in Virgin. (1924) A delightful exhiliration is said to be produced a slight flush etc. in short it seems to be a powerful nervine. Like the nervines it removes the coma of typhus A slight anasarca of the feet & ankles & a reopening of old ulcers, and a tenderness of the old scars was produced by an excessive use Said not to increase the animal heat nor to act on the [illegible] nor to affect the pulse Others have found similar affects It appears to differ from skunk virus more in the quality than in the strength of its operation Disease 1st typh. nervosus accompanied with coma delir. 7 subsultus Arthritis rheumatalgia greatly relieved & perhaps cured Ecphronia melancholia insanity on one point Carus paralysis, also Forms dry powder or oil of the virus and bag Tinct wd probably be better Web of Tegeneria medicinalis Used almost time immemorial but the old writers did not discriminate, or at least did not inform us what kind of spider was used This species is said to be new eyes 8 upper row curves 1st pair of legs longest 4th pair next 3d next 2nd shortest. Inhabits cellars abdomen has All the species of the gen. form a horizontal web with a cylindrical tube in the form of a funnel Other species are supposed to answer as well The geometric spiders are not medicinal Spider’s web is s standing article in old dispensatories but in modern times has gone out of use Its effect is curing intermittents have been attributed to imagination Dr Chapman quotes R. Jackson who though it as an anodyne & antirritant superior to opium. He, Dr Dewees etc. tried it exclusively Med. eff. “Obviation in non phlog. diath if tremors spasms, subsulta delirium, irritability, restlessness abatement of vomiting tormina & pain obviation of languor & lassitude exhiliration tranquility followed by calm sleep irritation of pulse removed skin made soft etc. etc.” Dr Chapman. He says also that these effects follow immediately. HE does not mention the duration of the effects HE considers 10 gr equal to 1 ½ gr of opium According to Dr Jackson no effects are produced in “true inflammation” i.e. in phlogistic diathesis. So all the nervine, produce no effect in phlogistic diseases & many of them little or none in health. Dr Jackson says he has not been able to discover much difference between 10 & 20 gr in operation hence, says he, it is not a poison. The only inconvenient effects is said to be this rendering the pulse when slow, quick small & irregular Externally and topically applied to an bleeding surface it first produces a sharp & transient pain then the bleeding ceases & the wound rapidly heals Dr Chap. having no class of nervines was obliged to rank it among narcotics though he himself says it has not narcotic qualities How it cures intermittents Prof. T. is unable to explain Prof. T. has rubbed it up with chalk in order to give it. Dr [illegible] gave 4 or 5 gr. every Diseases 1st idiopathic cough 5 gr. every 4th or 5th hour (i.e every 3 or 4 hours) Asthma (dyspn. exac.) Intermittents more effectual than any other remedy given after bleeding parking & purging (according to the routine practice though of late years a majority of cases are protracted by bl. [illegible] & pur. simple intermittent is never phlogistic & is always cured if a phlogistic diath. is brough on hence cured by tonics & stimulants. The al. can. likewise needs no purging in pat. is not costive Some practitioners give a large dose of sulph. quin. & call it cal. & then pretend the next day to be surprised to find the pat. cured) When this article cures intermittents it does so effectually no relapse. Prof. T. however has produced all these effects by Sulph. quin. given freely enough. He has cured parabisma also by giving sulph. quin. & calling it calomel. Dr Jackson thinks tageneria better than sulph. quin. but it appears from the effects ascribed to it to be no better Prof. T. gives sal. quin. in any stage of intermittent just as Dr Jackson gave spiders web. Dr Jackson gives no reason for premising venes. em. & cath. Idiopathic hectic 5 gr. every 3 or 4 hours suspended the exacerbations eyes sparkled etc. & more respite was obtained than from wine or opium (Dr Chapm.) Irritable & ill conditioned ulcers at first the pain was sharp but they healed speedily though of month standing Cephalea hemicrania breaks it up The web is said to be inert when old when new it is said to be silken 7 viscid Musk Muschus muschiferous (Linn.) inhabits the alpine mountains of Thibet & [illegible] Hind legs longest weight 25 or 30 pounds lively. The musk is found in a bag 2 or 3 inches in diameter between the prepuce and nave. of the male. They feed on lichens arbuti vaccinii etc. During the breeding season (November) the males fight for their mates Musk is brough in its own hairy bags solid granular, dark brown or reddish like coagulated blood (somewhat) taste slightly bitter odour ambrosial etc. etc. partially soluble in water & alcohol You cannot give enough of the tinct. without giving too much alcohol. Ether is said to be a better solvent Musk has been many times analysed It contains an ess. vol. oil, cholesterine streatine, gelatine potassa, calcii, carb. amm. etc. etc. Probably the oil is the ess. principle The medicinal properties of cholesterine have not been investigated The incompatible are said to be mercurials. infusion of cinchona, copperas nit. silv. etc. etc. No regard should be paid to these assertions without explanations In an efficient dose it produces a sensation of warmth and a glow in the stomach. Next it obviates languor & lassitude, irritabil. mobil. wakefulness (of irrit.) singultus irritative affection of al. can. such as vom. & diarrh. It produces the placed & pleasurable sensation, but not the exhiliration of nervines. Prof T does not know that it produces wakefulness. Prof T. has never seen it increase animal heat in low cases nor give real increase of vital energy. A pat. may be enabled to walk or ride, from the obviation of languor & lassitude, & het not be stimulated Musk appears to produce no inconvenient effects Prof. T. objects to the term antispasmodic, as one including a great variety of remedies Musk would probably be inefficacious in most spasmodic diseases e.g. tetanus, rabies, epilepsy etc. Ordinary slight convulsions it will probably palliate Musk has been said to be diapohoretic & diuretic & aphrodisial It is merely antirritant & produces these effects merely as such Dose 6 to 20 gr. (Murray) 5 to 40 (Swediaur) 2 to 60 gr. (A. T. Thomp) Prof. T. has found zfs the medium dose generally as much as this is necessary & for single doses often zi N.B. ipecac. sulph. quin. etc. produce no Proper period of repetition 5 or 6 hours (Murray) 3 or 4 (A. T. T.) about 3 hours Prof. Tully N.B. In a powerful disease the effects of remedies pass off sooner Given in form of bolus (Murray) Prof. T. objects to the form bolus in general Pharmaceut. prep. 1st powder, & given in sugar & water (It may be ground up alone or with sugar) It may be given in pill made with a veg. extr. e.g. ext. gent. or ext. con. OR in tinct. zjj to 1 pt alc. (Dublin & U.S.) A person would need a gallon of the tinct.! z4 to pt. (Paris Ph.) Given in enema to teething children in convulsions (Murray) An improper remedy for dentition Proper in all irritative atonic or non phlogistic diseases to obviate restlessness irrit. mobil. etc. Musk is recommended for all convulsions & spasms It can however be considered as no more than a palliative in some of them One of Prof. T’s friends has found it the best ant emetic in typhoid cases, that he has ever tried. Epigastric sinking is also admirably relieved by musk Life is apparently prolonged by it in desperate cases for days. It would he thinks be admirably adapted for cases of poisoning by narcotics? snakes? fish? The symptoms mentioned Diseases dentition, cholera, typhus, gangrene, convulsions The diseases in which it is recommended for the entire cure are convulsive cough, tetanus, rabies etc. etc. But little dependence is to be placed in these Musk must ever be scarce, costly and liable to adulteration. Unless the animal can be domesticated & the musk extracted without kill. the an. musk cannot be much used Medicinal substances nearly allied to musk 1st civet (from the viverra found near the anus a whitish The article called musk is perfumery in civet This animal is reared in Holland & the civet is extracted without killing the animal The musk rate (muschus or castor munchatus) furnishes a substance of similar properties [Catodom] or physeter macrocephalus produces ambergrise which is found in the caecum and also floating on the sea near China etc. In irregular masses etc. Prof T. thinks it probably a fixed greasy oil It has been called a stimulant (Swed. Coxe. Ed. & Vav.) Called a corroborant of the nerves an aphrodisiac etc. It is a nervine and a valuable one. Prof. T. is inclined to think it one of the most powerful of the nervines not exceeded by any unless it be by vir. or rattlesnake & skunk & by musk. it has been omitted in the Eng. pharmacop. but has continued in use on the cont. Powder doses 6 gr. to zfs. Prof. T. would give at least zfs generally. Paris tinct. in z8 to 1 pt. alc. dose f zfs to f zi Castoreum Castor fiber common beaver ([glives]) the only medicinal species Castoreum is a peculiar substance somewhat analogous to musk secreted in cells near the anus Found in commerce in its two natural sacs connected together one of them containing the true castoreum the other merely a fatty matter The Russian cast. is the only one used in Europe & is superior with us the American is sold under the name of Russian Said to contain castoreum a peculiar principle & the active ingredient Russian castor is reddish brown, bitter etc. Castoreum is very little soluble in water but is dissolved in alc. & eth. It is a nervine & destitute of stimulant properties. Murray is wrong in considering it a weak article, because it produces little effect upon a robust healthy man. For instance a healthy man may take zi of sil. quin. without any effect whatever Diseases spasmod. aff. generally (Ed. & V) It will not cure one of them 1st Nervous asthma (which does not exist) Castor is certainly too feeble for common asthma. Indeed most English prescriptions for asthma are utterly inefficient So also in dyspn. exac. Prof. T. has seen it tried Clonus singultus (convulsive hiccough) Prof. T. has found this also too formidable a disease. Prof. T. cured one very formidable case (a feeble slender man) by a full bleeding to increase susceptibility & then by Fowler’s sol. & opium Hysteria likewise (a hysteric fit) is too formidable a disease. So also epilepsy. So also amenorrhoea Castor is useful like other weak nervines, not for curing any particular disease, but for obviating particular symptoms of irr. etc. Pharmaceutic prep. Powder in warm water seems to be the best Giving the tincture, gives too much alcohol. Pills are not dissolved, speedily enough Dose 10 or 20 gr. is too small use at least zfs Tinct. zii to 2 pts off. alc. (U.S.) is altogether too weak. So the ED. tinct. is too weak. The Paris gives z4 to `1 pt. but even this is too weak. The ether is too weak Compd tinct. zi off. cast. zjfs asafoet. 1 pt spt. amm. This is efficient Oleum animale empyreumaticum Called also dippeli & etheriae am. ol. Made by distilling bones & horns in a close & dry vessel At first black afterwards white turining brown on exposure to air very fetid acrid to the taste. Muscle, roasted in a coffee roaster, gives off this empyr. oil causing the intolerable stench & produces what has been called am. charc. & has been said to be an efficacious article The an. oil is nervine said to be poisonous (E. & V.) Dose 15 to 20 gtts E. & V. The article is said to be more powerful than most nervines. Recommended in dyspnoea exacerb. etrc. & also recommended to break up intermittents. Much used on the cont. of Europe even for intermittents Syspasia hysteria, convulsia, & epileptica (E. & V. Scutellaria lateriflora First employed for lyssa in 1773 by Dr Vandermeer of N. Jersey & by others (mechanics & others not physicians) who received the knowledge of it from him First publication was in 1809 by Walter [Bowne] Advocated by Coleman of the Evening post Dr Lyman Spalding & others N.B A large proportion of cases of rabies reported are drawn up by unprofessional persons & are not rabies The only two physicians who have believed in this article are Drs Spalding & Thatcher. It is also employed for tetanus and chorea. In many reported cases other articles have been used by mistake e.g. verbena urticifolia which will puke & purge Scutellaria produces no appreciable operative properties It has no taste nor smell Chenopodium vulvaria Stinking orache. Much valued in the cont. of Europe. One of the weaker nervines as strong as asafoetida but not deobstruent like that. Has a hircine odor Leonurus Cardiaca Motherwort It held a place in all the pharm. until within 30 years. Taste slightly bitterish. It is universally used by the people & once was by the physicians In some instances it has proved speedily and actively emmenagogue probably by its antirritant powers. It is scarcely bitter enough to be ranked among the nervine bitter tonics, viz. ballota nigra marrubium vulg. humulus lupulus & syncopus virginica which last is not narcotic, as is supposed, for they produce no effect on the brain and nerves of a healthy person & no narcosis upon the sick. Lycopus virg. is a valuable nerv. like Leonurus. Cases of experiments which proved it to be utterly unable to produce a narcotic effect. quarts taken Pharmac. prep. are infus. or dec. made as strong as convenient & taken freely In large quantities & long continued it is laxative Diseases Lim. dyspep. a variety in which there is excessive irritability, nervousness, languor (not debility) pat. easily shocked and frightened etc. thought by the friends to be an imaginary aff. etc. Prof. T. has cured by tonics etc. but many of them he has been able to make an impression on by such articles as this only. The stom. is likewise very irritable vom. mus. dislike to food & without atony or debility Colica flatulenta Dysphoria simplex (Good) or simple restlessness often a troublesome affection Lyspaxia hysteria. Prof. T. has employed this article in hysteric diath. & is inclined to try it in a paroxysm in preference to opium in large quantities large enough to relieve the parox. Prof. T. generally employs datura Leucorrhea attended with pains in the loins & hips etc. without much general exhaustion cases in which tonics often irritate Paramania obstructionis var. irritativa Ambrosia elatior [Roman] wormwood, ragweed, iron weed etc. Very bitter, yet not tonic (not all bitter art. are tonic) Nervine & nearest allied to leonurus. It effects the uterine system in females considerably Diseases. It has been much used in hysteria, dysphoria simplex etc. It relieves after pains if not too violent Aerobium fragrans (Sprengel) Commonly called angraecum fragrans Called [illegible] or [illegible] An orchideous plant from Bourbon & Isle of France (Mascara islands) also from the borders of the Red Sea. 24 sp. have been ascertained within half a dozen years 14 in Masc. isl. 3 in Madag. 1 in Brazil etc. Grows upon the trunks of shaded trees Used by the African natives to make a pleasant beverage. Gives a pleasant odour in drying. The leaves are used. Vide Revue Medicale It is now considerably used in Paris & has been distributed over the world Called by its investigator ([Gerody]) narcotic etc. but his account carefully considered seems to describe a nervine merely & one destitute of stimulant powers, as he thinks it contraindicated in debility (probably because it will not relieve it. It cannot be tonic because he also gives it in phlogistic cases It is not considered as a very powerful article & may be used ad. lib. Used in infusion mixed with milk Recommended in bex simplex & convulsiva Dyspepsia Paroxysms of asthma & all cases of irrit. of lungs. Acute & chronic pleuralgia catarrh, for the cough. Phthisis (probably the tubercular) Senecio Aureus The whole plant has been used but Prof. T. thinks the root the only part which is medicinal. Called American valerian & supposed to resemble the off. val. Given in infusion It is moderately nervine Prof. T. thinks more so than castoreum Senecio hieracifolius Fire weed. Employed in some parts of N.Y. Prof. T. thinks weaker than the preceding. Called demulcent & astringent & popular in dysentery but it has scarcely any sensible properties Paeonia Officinalis Common paeony Tastes & smells like valerian Root most active Said to be narcotic antispasmodic & astringent Prof. T. thinks it neither narcotic nor astringent, but moderately nervine stronger however than castoreum. Much has been said about this as well as other nervines in intermittents Palliative in epilepsy etc. Crocus Sativus Common saffron (not what is so called as viz the cantharus tinct.) True saffron belongs to the nat. ord. irideae. The pistils or stigmas are the parts used Taste aromatic & bitter No accurate chemical analysis has been made. If the tinct. is given too much alc. will be taken. So of the wine & the vinegar. Probably the substance is the best form Said to be stimulant, narcotic etc. Prof T. has experimented on it & considers it as a pure nervine. It may be made to produce the peculiar calm placid & pleasurable sensation Perhaps it may be made to produce slight exhiliration Recommended in hysteria (i.e. hysterical diath.) & all nervous aff. It possesses considerable power in relieving irr. of stom. naus. & vom. Recommended as a sedative cataplasm in ophthalmia Probably it has gone into disuse because false powers have been ascribed to it It is an ingredient in tinct. al. cum myrrha (elix. proprietatis) & renders it milder in its operation. It is an ingredient also in the compd tinct. cinch. which is a valuable medicated alcohol. Also in tinct rhei & t. rh. comp But in all our shops the worthless carthamus is used Dose in [illegible] 30 gr. to zj (Prof. T.) ext. 15 gr. Caffea Arabica A small tree or large shrub 8 to 12 ft high The unparched seeds do not possess the powers of the parched Because it is so extensively used in diet it is supposed not to be capable of useful application I medicine. It is useful if sufficiently strong & not mixed with food History of its introduction into France [Persian] [ambassador] [fashion] [taverns] [intemperance] coffee houses Active princ. is caffein a white milky substance like [arianthus] Said to be stimulant. Prof. T. could not effect this operation Called antispasmodic but it is useful in none of them unless we call asthma & dysponea exac. so (but they are not spasmodic diseases) Called carminative (i.e. acting like a charm) also caleficient but it is not. It is eminently active in obviating lang. & lass. also in preventing sleep. It will also produce, besides the calm & pleasurable sensation, a certain degree of exhiliration It is not at all narcotic The unparched seeds have no more activity than dried peas Recom. in intermittent, headache catarrh, polysarcia etc. But it is most useful in dyspn. exac. & asth. first used by Sir J. [Flyer] Parch the seeds without burning them Pulverised when hot. He directs z2 to a cup i.e. z4 to 1 pt probably a saturated infusion One such cup will relieve a paroxysm if not repeat once in ½ hour until relief is obtained Sir J. Pringle added lemon juice & remained in bed. Good ascribes antaphrodisiac powers to coffee Symplocas Alstonia Bogota tea from south Am. Used as a substitute for tea & said to be one of the best substitutes. None but nervine powers are ascribed Hibiscus Abelmoschus Called musk okra Native of W.I.? Seeds extremely agreeable to the nose It is a nervine, very speedy in its operation producing exhiliration even Cultivated in this country Dr Dander of Jamaica said the seeds were emetic vide his work on Dis of Jam. Tinct. Prof. T. would add z4 to 1 pt Said to be useful externally in [illegible] galeatu Much used as a perfume & a cosmetic Our hibisci are generally mucilaginous The H. moschutus is said to be paregoric i.e. antirritant Vanilla aromatica Epidenderon vanilla & aromatica of oth. Nat. ord. orchideae A wood climbing shrub South Am & Mexic. Peric. a bivalve pod i.e. a capsule shaped like a pod. It may be seen in any of the shops used to scent snuff It affords a very elegant ess. oil The seeds appear to contain an active princ but this ess. ol. & benzoic ac. The best preparation is the ess. ol. next to this the powder The principal & probably its sole operation, is a nervine one Said to be stim. & aphrod. etc. Dose zfs to zj of the powder It is used to perfume & flavour chocolate & is supposed to increase it, nervine [illegible] Dose of oil 10 to 30 drops Dipteryx odorata Bargosma Tonga (Person) [illegible] odorata (of older authors Tonka (or Tonga) bean Nat. ord leguminosae. Guiana Seeds are used their prox. prin. is [coomerin] which exists abundantly also in the flowers of melilotus off. crystallizes etc. & is probably like camphor a concrete vol. ess. ol. It is not stimulant probably not narcotic. It is used for scenting snuff & may always Dose of coomerin probably about the same as camphor P Tranthera pichurin Formerly Laurus pichuria Off. name pichuric faba Called also sassafras nut. From Brazil It affords a concrete greasy oil which is nervine Called carminitive & stomachic (i.e. nervine) & febrifuge (probably ant intermittent) Recommended for colica flatulenta diarrhea etc. Vide [illegible] batava An old article lately struck out of it British pharm. So also some of the previous articles Dose [illegible] to zjs. [illegible] Agallicum aloes wood Nat ord. legumindosae high mountains of Cochin China Lindley, by mistake, refers it to aguilaria agallica Dr Good refers it to excecaria agullicum An excrescence grows on and into the trunk of the tree. This when split longitudinally, exhibits the medicinal article that when first gathered is soft but soon grows hard of it there three sorts differing in value The substance is full if fibres & is a substance intermediate between concrete ess. oil of resin The distilled oil is used in medicine. The term lign aloes in the scriptures, was intended to refer to this but should not N.B Jonah’s gourd was a ricinus mandrake was an orchis mustard s phytolacca dodec. This article is used as a perfume (when burnt) It is nervine, rubefacient; said to be astringent, tonic and anthelmintic Said to relieve nause & vom. but, as is said, not connected with a phlogistic diath. Said to relieve anorexia gastrodynia Vid. Good art. dysp Idiopathic diarrhoea (on the contin. of Eur.) But the med. prof. are generally ignorant of the powers of opium in relieving diarrhoea. Extolled in the east for deinas vertigo or idiop. dizziness. Hysterical, convulsions, carus paralysis But probably the narcotics have the greatest power in relieving palsy by increasing the energy of the nervous system This article was formerly in the British pharm. & was lately brought into notice for the cholera Cymbopogon Ivarancusus Nat. ord granineae, saccharineae Called radix ivarancusa (Andropogon is another) & grass oil of memore? We have also cym. cop. schoenanthus of which the leaves are used The root near the [culm] yields the oil & when bruised by the feet of cattle perfumes the air around The root is somewhat bitter, pungent & aromatic. Probably the virtues reside like peper nig. & cubebs in a vol. & a fixed ess. oil. The vol. oil is extremely pungent & disperses a very agreeable fragrance This oil is a rubefacient it is called stomachic & antispasmodic Pharm. prep. The dried root in substance is used. Inf. & [dic.] are imperf. preparations. The ess. oil is the best preparation Probably the fixed ess. oil obtained by macerating in ether & evaporating would be active Diseases dyspepsia probably valuable in the irritable kind Colica flatulenta. cholera mal. in the congressional report the blank viz the of rad. [ivaran.], a tablespoonful once in two hours should probably be filled up with the spirit i.e. the essence or the tinct. Recommended also in simple fever in trop. climates, where true cauma does not exist, but instead of it synochus, & irritative atonic fever Relied on in India for curing intermittent (another nervine for intermittent) Recommended for rheumatism but topical irritants are not to be used as long as the rheumatism is erratic hysteria This article has been supposed to be the nard of the ancients but a species of valeriana [illegible] has been thought to be the article Polanesia graveolus (Decand.) Cleome dodecandra ([Purth]) called false mustard worm weed pink weed. But Prof. T. has ascertained that we have 90 & more snake roots!! Found all over N. England It has a strong bituminous smell, which proceeds from an ess. oil, resembling [worm] seed [illegible] & is said to be nervine narcotic & anthelmintic (other spec. of cleome are narcotic resembling conium) First investigated by Scheff a German surgeon to the Hessian troops who published a work on our M. M. Vide Ben. Smith Boston. Highly popular in Ohio, as a nervine and anthelmintic Valerian The sp. of the ger. are generally alpine plants growing in sphagn swamps of high mts. One spec. grows on the White Mts The roots are the active part & the vol. ess. oil is the act. prox. princ. Perhaps also there may be discovered a fixed exx. oil, if experiment. All are agreed to be antisp. i.e. nervine. Said also to be stim. But Prof. T. has settled that the roots whether given in infl. or in subst. have no stim. prop. He has not thoroughly tried the oil with ref. to this pt Said to be diuretic; & it does in fact resemble the terebinth oils Prof. T. has not however noticed this prop. Called anthelm. also V. celtica is supposed to be one of the weakest. It is used in Turkey to scent their baths. V. doscoridis grows in the Levant, & was described by him. thought stronger V. off. is most used in Europe & found in woods and wet meadows in Europe Cats are fond of it just as they are of catnip & of both, only after having been pulled up and suffered to wither Said to be narcotic. It is not however. N.B. Unless you push an article a considerable way you cannot distinguish whether its antirritant properties are the result of a narcotic or a nervine operation It is not tonic as has been said. It is called emmenagogue it is not certain whether it is so merely from its antirritant properties or not from its resemblance to the terebinthinates, it may be more than this Pharm. prep. 1st powder but this is inconvenient from its bulk, & should be freshly made which is also in convenient The tinct requires too much alc. The inf. is too weak unless for mild cases The vol. ess. oil is the best prep. Diseases. Hysteria convulsions & epilepsy useful as an auxiliary & palliative Recommended for hemicranic & chlorsis Swediaur mentions hyperchondrias. Prof T. has seen it of essential service in it. This dis. generally will not bear very active medication Sw. also mentions incipient anaurosis (paralysis of optic nerve) amenorrhoea & haemoptysis N.B. There are 1st entonic 2nd atonic 3d irrit. & rth vicarious hem. & for the 3d the valerian would be beneficial # Dose of powd. root [illegible] to zi 3 or 4 times a day; increased as far as the stomach will bear. Inf. zi to zii to 1 pt. [illegible] ment. salts of iron as incompatible this entirely improbably as the active principle is an ess. oil The prep by extract wastes the valerian The ammoniated tinct. will merely be spts of amm. flavoured with valerian for not more than a few drops could be given # Some profess to cure delirium tremens but the cases cured by it were merely mild ones, which one or two doses of opium wd cure ol. val. 10 or 20 gtts alc. zfs tinct chlor ferri zfs dose 20 to 40 gtts This Prof T. has found very valuable in various chronic nervous complaints e.g. cardialgia syncoptica Valeriana [vatanansi] of India yields a more abundant and elegant essential oil thought by Sir W. Jones to be the nard of the N.T. this not probable. A species of val. found near Castleton was determined by Dr Robbins to be the v. off. probably it is the same with the v. sylvatica of Franklin’s journey Nervines of the Nat. ord. orchideae Corallorhiza odontorrhiza Called dragon’s claw [hens] feet fever root Adam’s [race] etc. (Cymbidium) Root fleshy much branched but small When fresh smells strong powder said to attract moisture from the air First employed by Dr Graham of [Canton] & New Hartford He used it to promote quietness and diaphoresis in fever. Drs Todd Bestor & Reed were acquainted with him Probably it is (as is said) deobstruent Called aphrodisiac It is nervine & especially adapted to heat restlessness & dry skin of fever Powd. root dose about a t. sp. in some warm liquid once in 2 or 3 hours Prof. T. has used it considerable Cypripedium acaule or humile ladies slipper, moccasin plant etc. c. spectabile [illegible] & C. spectabili is collected indiscriminately with it & used with it also. The roots have a strong smell & a subacrid bitterish nauseous taste Graham above mentioned conjoined this with the preceding. This is not the article used as an antirritant by the Thompsonites. Rafinesque heaps up epithetics and gives a [succedanemus] for it. (arnica mont. is not narcotic cumula mariana which is aromatic & inula helenium which is deobstruent merely This article may possibly be deobstruent but this Prof. T. has not noticed It is especially useful in the same way as the previous article Give a teaspoonful of powd root Aplectrum hyemale (Nuttall) Cymbidium hyemale (Muhlenberg Called Adam & Eve One of the tuberous rooted orchideae but not like most of them, nutritious & demulcent merely. Roots are two tubers when bruised in water, they yield a viscid juice which joins broken glass Nervine Called deobstruent, [illegible] etc. Goodyera pubescens [Neottiv] pub. (Wild.) Rattlesnakes’s plaintain adders violet etc. Prof. T. has not used it. The whole plant has been used The Drs Whites of Hudson make extensive use of it in curing struma It is one of the rattlesnake antidotes but it is not active enough, probably either as a nervine or a deobstruent Asafoetida Asafoetida is more to be relied on for its expectorant effect, than any other part of its deobstruent Dose 10 gr. to zj (Swed.) But 10 gr. is a quantity entirely inefficient except it it be repeated very often A combination of ess. oil of val. is highly useful though the smell is intolerable being more volat. on account of the vol. oil Pills made of the gum alone are apt not to be dissolved it is better to conjoin a little camphor or ess. oil of valer. or conjoin soap The tinct. required too much alcohol to be given It is given in enema, rubbed up with milk not very powerful given in this way. It has been used extern. as a discut. Diseases carcialgia spasmodica (?) colica flatula. tympanitis physconia (parabismatus) Glandular tumours (buboes) as a discutient. Paronychia (in plaister) etc. etc. Swediaur Ferula opoponax The plant has been referred to various genera in the books called commonly pastinaca opop. It has been struck out of the British Pharm & hence though formerly much used it is not now often met with among us Perhaps it is exactly as valuable as asafoetida Ferula Persica yields the sagapenum formerly much used & perhaps neither inferior nor superior to opopine & asafoetida Selenum gummiferum yields also an inspissated sap with similar properties Galbanum officinale Formerly referred to bubon gallanum (S.) Umbelliferous also like the preceding Galbanum is similar to in med. prop. asafoetida in all respects. It is now only an ingredient in certain palister though equal in all respects to the preceding Resin anime (French) the product of the hymenaea [courbaril] yellowish resembles copal Ammoniacum Name a blunder for armeniacum as it came from Armenia. Referred by Willd. to heracleum gummif. which was in fact the H. pyrenaicum It is a [new] genus of the tribe [peneudaniae] viz. dorema ammoniacum It is native of the north of Persia Discorides called it ammoniacum by mistake, & hence referred it to Egypt Said to be procured by incisions & allowed to drop on the ground hence sometimes containing earth A part of it viz. the gum is soluble in water a part in alc. & eth. Hence triturated with water it yields a milky emulsion composed of a solution of gum with resin mechanically suspended It is doubtful 1st nervine in a moderate degree less so than asafoet. etc. 2nd deobstruent & more so than they & resolvent, expectorant & discutient. 3d cathart. in large quantities 4th externally irritant? Not stim. but irritant Doze [illegible] to zj Prep. mistura ammoniac. zjj water ½ pt Pills also are used Emplastrum ammon. made with vinegar ammon. made with vinegar & the vinegar evaporated Diseases dyspepsia when the bowels are lax. with bitters A useful auxiliary to myrrh & iron In visceral obstructions, torpor, & parabisma as an auxiliary to conium, corr. sub. & iron Chronic coryza in conjunction with the acrid bitters as liriodendron ilicium, etc. Simple idiop. cough but not as is said as an expectorant, for expectoration is not indicated, & should be checked Still ammon. is not to be relied on alone opium & sometimes conium or hyoscyamus, should Dyspnoes exac. or asth. it is much employed, but to no good purpose Influenza when the expectoration is just going off cojoined with Pneumonitis cammatodes enjoined with squill & antimony after bleeding Pneumon. typhodes var. notha. Yet more eff. art. are better Phthisis employed in a routine way to promote expect. a thing most earnestly to be deprecated Externally in plaister to white swellings etc. Halusia hypochondrine conjoined with iron & myrrh valuable Hysteria. Chlorosis inops (green sickness) in both probably of little valuable Mineral nervines Ethers are all the volatile & inflammable liquids formed by the actions of acids on alcohol. There are two distinct classes one consisting of 4 equiv. of proto carb. hyd. combined with 1 of some acid The second consist of one equiv. of sulph. ether (common ether) with one equiv. of some acid. Of the first class we have as yet [illegible] ether (sulph. eth.) which consists of 4 prot. car. hyd. or 1 tetra carbohydrogen & 1 water (N.B. water is an acid it will even combine with some bases & supersede for all the acids acids e.g. hydrate of bismuth made by throwing nit. bism. into water) The name sulph. ether has been changed on the cont. of Eur. into hydric or hydratic ether. Besides there is a true sulphuric ether with one equiv. of sulph. acid 2d Sulph. eth. is 4 prot. carb. hyd. 1 sul. acid called sweet oil of [wine] etc. 3d Hydrochloric eth. 4th Hydro [bronic] 5th Hydriodic all [sim.] in composition & sim. in med. powers. Probably there are more also # We have first di-carburetted hyd. (light carb hyd. 2 hyd 1 carb.) next proto carb. hyd or simply carb. & hyd. & This may exist in five varieties first one condensed one half proto-carbo-hyd. (Th) second olef. [illegible] condensed [illegible] ([deuto] carbo hyd) 3d [trite] carbo hyd. condensed to 1/6 (subperolifiant [illegible]) 4d tetarto-carbohyd cond. 1/8 & this exists in ether 1 equiv. of it 5th hexa-carbo-hyd. (cond. to ½). Others as Mr. Dutton consider these combinations as different compounds consisting of 1 & 1 2 & 2 3 & 3 etc. which seems to be trifling with the subject 1st [illegible] carb. hy. proto are 3 sesqui carb 4 deuto carb. These are the compounds of carb. & hyd. And the second exists in 6 different forms as above It was formerly thought that the deuto carb. hyd. (which exists in alc.) was the compound in ether $ [Prot???] also ether made by sulphocyanogen (which is an acid) 2nd class of ethers, consist of 1 of hydric ether & 1 of acid 1st [hypometrons] 2nd carbonons (carbonic oxide which is an acid) acetic citric, malic, benzoic & formic ether also oxalic ether? N.B. the hydric ether is producible by four different acids inc. sulph., phoshporic, arsenic, & [fluoboric]. Two other sorts of substances as have been improperly called ethers one sort compounded with 4 of pr. carb. hyd. & [is] of an empyreal principle e.g. chlorine forming the chloric ether of the [illegible] iodine & bromine & Prof. S. chloric ether which contain 2 of prot. carb. hyd. & 1 cholrine Hydric ether called ether [hydricus] & [hydrat???] & sulphurias & vitriolicus ether rectificantus E probenii & naphtha vitrioli Liquor [etherium] vitriolicus ([tetrakis] hydrates of the proto- carburet of hydrogens!) Boils in [illegible] at 20. vapour about twice as heavy as air a little poured into a vial displace most of the common air Vapour readily ignited. have caution about pouring it by candle light. Water absorbs 1/10 80 fl. drams of eth. dissolves zi of phosphorus But if it contains only a little alc. it will require 24 fl dr. Hence phosphuretted ether is useless. In general it is a powerful solvent Equivalent number 37 viz 28 + 9 = 4 x (6 + 1) + 9 Until within two years the composition was considered as 2 olef. [gas] & 1 water equal also. 4 ether acids viz. arsenic, chrom, sulphuric, [fl?boric] & phosphoric acids will also produce ether as well as sulphuric Alcoh. consists of 2 equiv. of olef. [gas] & 2 of water or 1 & 1 (or 4 p.c.h & 2 [illegible]) Etherification consists in the abstraction of one equivalent of water And if you add acid enough to abstract all the water, you have olefiant gas Thompson thinks sulpho [illegible] acid is first formed & afterwards the prot. carb. hyd. goes from the acid to the water by means of heat The best test of purity is spec. grav. Sulph acid may be detected by baryta Alc. will cause a milky solution with phosphorus If kept still for a long time it is decomposed into acetic acid, alc. & water Med. eff. glows in stomach thrill to the extremities languor & lass. quieting of irr. & rest carried further it produces calm placid sensation & finally exhiliration & delirum. After this all its effects pass off without any exhaustion any somnolency etc. nothing more than fatigue, if great exertions have been made No indirect debility (i.e. prostration as from opium, & wine) follows as is said by Dr Ives & others. But Prof. T. thinks this nothing more than might be expected No article in the mouth produces so quickly diffuse & transient an operation as this It is a pure nervine When respired it is in all respects similar to nitrous oxide, both in the effects & duration. The effects cannot be distinguished. By successive inhalations, after each one has passed off, the effects continue longer. Prof. T. has never known it last in this way more than 6 hours Best inhaled from a vial or handkerchief It produces its effects more powerfully when inhaled than when taken into the stomach. Prof T has repeatedly examined the pulses of persons under the influence of eth. & nitrous ox. and also has again and again caused others to examined but never could discover any increase of strength. He entertained a different opinion previously. Others have changed their opinion in the same way Ether in his first & second course of lectures in N. Haven Prof. T. thought ether a stimulant circumstances led him to investigate its operation when taken into the stomach. Another physician quoted who was equally surprised to find that no increase of the strength of the pulse could be produced by it Others admit this, but think that perhaps the stimulation is too transient to be perceptible! or that other stimulates the nervous system Ed. & Vav. say that ether has no effect on the circulating system. These authors first turned the attention of Prof. T. to the subject. Hence A. T. T. is entirely wrong in comparing the action of eth to that of alc. Ether resembles rather cocculus etc. other nervine narcotics. Murray classed it among the narcotics Hence since this time British writers have celled it narcotic. But Prof. T. never could produce this effect by pushing ether. It probably might be pushed so far as to suspend the functions of the brain & produce a sort of apoplexy but this would not be ultimate narcosis. It is not anodyne or soporific except as it is antirritant So of it its diaph. diuret. or expect. It is not aphrodisiac except it be so by its nervine power Called anthelmintic also It is a common notion that it cannot be depended on for constant & permanent effect as a nervine But Prof. T. though he formerly thought so, has seen & heard good reason to change his opinion especially when combined with some more permanent article as wine Dose 15 or 20 drops on sugar (Sw.) It is more astringent in this way Yet a fl z or more may often be required Prof. T. has seen ether inhaled hundreds of times & yet never knew lethargic effects produced by it. It has been supposed that it may bring on mania, in the predisposed yet it can only bring on delirium & there is no evidence that del. will bring on mania The delirium of acute diseases does not bring or mania often. Perhaps also it may destroy life by continued apoplectic effect on the brain Intoxication by alc. is a different effect from the exhiliration of nitrous oxide or etherial vapour. The effect of ether may not exhibit the inability to regulate motion & to articulate & does not grow to narcosis Diseases spasmodic & hysterical diathesis So lethargic diathesis & a tendency to paralysis Recommended for a carious tooth, when painful When taken into the stomach it irritates the mucous membrane, obviates torpor & creates susceptibility to other articles Orfila introduced it into & confined it in the stom. of a dog. The phen. exhibited after death seemed to show no narcotic effect, but an erythem. infl. by an acrid Probably from its pungency or acrimony it would produce vomiting in excessive quantities Ether externally applied & suffered to evaporate, produces cold & diminution of bulk. But when confined, it prod. a sens. of heat rubefact. & perhaps even vesic. A mixt. of hydric & hydrochloric ether (in alc.) evaporates instantaneously hence this mixture might be applied to hernia Ether is useful to dry up water from the surface of a vial for instance Diseases Odontic dol. Spasmodic atonic dysphagia. A paroxysm may be relieved by hydric ether. Case of an aged phys who took it for years, just before sitting down to his meals He was ultimately cured by conium & iron Dyspepsia Dr Ives quoted, who gives it to correct [wine] & to combine with comp tinct. cinch. or compd tinct lavender especially for the intemperate S. syncoptici gastrodynia cardialgia valuable. Spasmodic vomiting especially from a debauch. It is said that a fit of intoxication may be almost entirely suspended by ether Ether is a common resort in seasickness IT seems to be about the best remedy Colica flatulenta is often completely relieved C. ciberia produces wonderful effects. Cholera vulgaris an adjuvant Chololisthus [illegible] mixed with ol. turp. highly extolled said to dissolve the gall stones Bex sicca & humida sometimes surprisingly relieved Prof. I. uses a mixt of the spir. am. & mucilage Bex [dyspno???] mixed with elix. [pary.] Dyspnoea exac. relieves by inhalation Stomalgia (angina pect.) palliates the parox. Periodical fevers palliates when there is nervous symptoms Typhus qualifies the action of brandy or wine just as these qualify tonics Dr Rush never suffered a pat. to die without trying eth. in z doses once an hour & often cured cases apparently desperate Supposed to be more especially adapted to cases of subsultus Cephalitis caumatodes evaporated from the head let a current of air from the feet to the head carry off the vapour from the nostrils Low malignant fevers Catarrhs of all sorts much thot of on the cont. of Eur. by inhal. & internally Dyspnoea of phthisis gives great relief. Acute & subacute arthritis externally by evaporation, or as an irritant but we should never use it so long as the aff. is erratic Dolores rheumaticus (SW.) Muscular pains (Murr) arthrodynia tumores dolores inflammatories (Sw.) Low atonic exanthematica Idiopath. atony or debility (Sw.) doubtful if there is any such disease Gangrena [sphecelus] when nervines are indicated as they often are. Hallusia hypochondrias syncope neuralgia auris cures it if made to act if as an irr. sulph eth. saturated with opium & camph recommended by Prof. T. as the best remedy Cephalea hem. & nausea cures sometimes the first when pushed & continued & if given (eth. & spts ammoniae equal parts dose a fl z or alone) early in the paroxysm before it has fairly set in [Enteria] [systrema] (France) Synochous singultus hiccup chorea Catalepsy Prof. T. has repeatedly seen a paroxysm broken up Carus asphyxia after animation is restored from its diff [illegible] it may be given before in a starch enema Hydrops various sorts Paruria inops Prof. I. dose f zfs at short intervals eq. parts spts. turp & ether Parodynia inops? nervous weakness two or three doses have restored action when ergot had failed Parodynia convulsiva var. hysterica Burns & scalds mixed with spts of ammonia managed so as to produce refrigeration or irritation Prof. I. Concussions or shocks useful from its diffusibility & transient effects Strangulated hernia by evaporation or has succeeded after failure by all other means for 12 hours Prof. I advises [it in all cases previous to operations [unless] the symptoms are too urgent. Prof T. has often succeeded by it. A sensation of pungency & warmth is felt by the patient but the parts feel quite cold to another. Inflammation is prevented & [illegible] made easy vid Dunc. Comm. vol. IX Sulphuric Ether This should be the name, but it hardly bears it Called sweet oil of wine. Oleum ethereum, oleum vini etc. Comes over after the formation of [illegible] ether. Vide Dispensatories & [illegible] Best prepared by distilling a mixture of equal vol. of sul. ac. & alc. & purifying the prod with potassa by [illegible] it carbonate [illegible] A yellowish, fragrant liquid Consists of 4 prot. carb. hyd. condensed to 1/8. (tetarto carbo hyd. 1 vol.) not olef. gas as Prof. S. says 28 + 1 sul. ac. 40 = 68 When kept a long time it changes into sulpho [vinic] acid by giving up ½ of its protocarb. hyd. in a crystalline state If agitated with water also, it changes into sulpho vin. ac. & gives up its 2 prop. of pr. c. h. in the shape of an oil. This article resembles hydric ether considerably & hence is said commonly to possess the same general powers Prof. T. knows of no accurate experiments on it. It seems quite certain that it is a nervine probably it will turn out like hyd. eth. not to be stimulant It has been used not alone but in Hoffmans anodyne liquor & some such preparations. Compound spirit of ether contains it In dyspepsia with paroxysms of excessive secretion of air (Prof. T. has had opportunity to watch several such cases the air was secreted by an empty stomach & prevented by food Aromatic spirit of ether is [hydric] [eth.] of alc. [illegible] pungent by spices an old & fine preparation. Good recom. to add to this the sulphuric ether Hydrochloric Ether muriatic ether naphtha salis Not well known before 1804 Thenard obtained not by using dilute liquid [muriatic acids] buy by keeping a quantity of salt an hour in a state of fusion putting 20 parts of it into a [triturated] retort & 10 parts alcohol add 10 parts sulph. ac gradually distil over into a Wolfe’s bottle containing alcohol. Agitate with sol. potassa The ether swims on the surface. This is the best process Others are followed This ether is a gas colourless a strong [illegible] smell & sweet taste. Sp. gr. 2.2 Becomes liquid at 52 [degrees] The liquid is colourless, very liquid & resembles the gas in its properties Much more volatile than hydric ether. No tests give indication of hydrochloric acid hence the acid is in a state of strict chemical combination Comp. 4 p. c. h. = 28 + h. ac. 37 + 65 As this article is a gas of course it must be united with something in order to be used in medicine. It is used combined with alc. & called spir. salis dulcis sp. vinous muriaticus spiritus muriatico etherens ether alcoholicatum spiritus salis dulcificatus etc. Swediaur says its virtues are the same as the spirit of hydric ether (Hoffman’s mineral anodyne) It is undoubtedly nervine Said to be stimulant. called analeptic (i.e. it relieves a fainting fit or a fit of sinking) but the only analeptics are the nervines & stimulants Called diuretic also by various pharmacopoeias. Said to be useful in bilious fevers but all fevers are called bilious especially in this [country] in Albany for instance the common fever is T. mitior yet all their fevers are called bilious Dose mentioned is 30 to 60 drops probably more would probably be often needed 2nd Class of ethers 1 eq. of hydric eth. & 1 of some acid Hyponitrous ether Ether nitrosus, naphtha nitrosum etc. Put into a retort eq. weight alc. & nitric acid connected with 5 successive jars of brine. Apply heat & the ether gives over & is collected in the jars A colourless liquid lighter than water boils in the hand Comp. 1 hyd. eth. 37 + 1 hyponit. ac 26 = 63 Prof. T. thinks the formula given in the Phil. ph. 1831 from spt. nitrous eth. will produce a genuine hyponitrous ether pure or impure. The formula in the N.Y. Pharmacopoeia is an old and a bad one most of the ether escapes in gas (Rx mix nit. ac. & alc. & distil) & the product is probably a solution of alc. nit. & acetic acid. & nitrous acid & ether The spiritus etherus nitricus etc. etc. etc. found in our shops are probably always formed according to this old formula & consist of this mixture. There are in fact however 3 kinds sweet spirits of nitre 1st genuine hyponitrous eth. 2nd the mixture just stated & 3d a chemical mixture of nitric ac. & alc. formed by dropping nit. ac. into alc. (containing however some hyponit. eth. & some water) Paris describes this chem. union of nit. ac. (prepared by distilling alc. & nit. ac.) is fragrant pungent, acidulous strikes a green col. with sulph iron Medicinal properties Quincy says, “diuretic 20 to 120 gtt Whitens and ultimately destroys the teeth Quenches thirst diaphoretic, diuretic, antilithic, carminative etc. etc. James’ Dispensatory Similar accounts given by [illegible] dispensat Quenches thirst promotes the natural secretion etc. in short the James account copied So of Cox’s & Thatcher’s dispensatory. The latter however calls it antispasmodic & says it will relieve strangury combined with laudanum Peirson’s M.M. calls it refrigerant & diuretic. A. T. T. refrig. diuret. antisp. relieves nausea & flatulence Murray refrigerant, diuretic, stimulant relieving nausea & flatulence Chapman syas it is given in too small doses ½ oz as a diuretic etc. etc. etc. Dr Bigelow calls it too stimulating & heating to be given in fever All quote from James that mixed with malt or common spirit it gives the flavour of French brandy Here followed in the worthy Professor’s lecture an enumeration of the properties ascribed to it by the diff. authors amounting to 20 1st a weak & inefficient medicine 2nd a moderate refrigerant least doses a fl z 2 or 3 hours interval Prof. T. early in his practice employed it considerably in phlogistic diseases 3d a moderate nervine less active as a nervine than as a refrig. dose should be rather more than 1 fl z (teaspoonful) 4th moderately diuretic least dose half an ounce (tablespoonful) 4 or even 8 times in a day Like other refrigerants it increases the heat of low atonic fevers Not stimulant nor tonic nor diaphoretic (Prof T. has watched it for this) nor deobstruent (i.e. promoting all the nat. secretions) though [illegible] & Durand recommends it in diseases of the liver Therap. application The dis. which Prof. T. has seen it useful in teething of infants (an irritative disease) It is pleasant for children’s taste Idiop. acute ptyalism (Good does not describe it it is sometimes epidemic irritative) Typhus infantum childs fever very useful, combined with wine of ipec. & el. paregor. Synochus usefully added to the water for drink principally as a nervine Cauma vulgaris also in the water Secondary stages of all the sub putrid & synochous phlogotica also in the caumatoid phlogotica (commending with cauma) Urethritis blenorrhea (Blenorrhea serodes) very useful conjoined with copaiba & mucilage of gum arabic Sub putrid exanthematica Idiop. syngultus & palpitation Cellular thoracic & abdominal dropsy But do not float it on a large quantity of a decoction & suffer it to stand & evaporate give a tablespoonful with each [illegible] draught. Efficient in paruria inops, as an auxiliary Still more so in paruria Irritative stranguary (N.B. when the bladder is torpid give nothing that will increase the quantity of urine already in the bladder Paruria stillitation ver. [ardens] auxiliary to opium or conium Epidrosis profusa (morbid sweating) by increasing the urinary discharge Enanthesis roseola (rose rash) an irritative unimportant disease for which this is well adapted Exorbia lichen (heat rash) Both classes of ethers are nervine The second class seems in general to be refrigerant Acetic Ether Naphtha acetica 1 hyd. eth. 37 + 1 acetic ac. 50 = 87 Distil acet. ac. sulph. ac. & alc. or ac. potassa 16 oz alc. 16 oz concentrated sul ac 6 oz distil off & then wash with lime water Or use ac plumbi Peculiar taste odorous boiling pt 165 [degrees] does not redden blue veg. col. undergoes no change by keeping Dissolves in 7 parts of water Evaporates Taste cooling, aromatic & slightly bitter Bat. Ph. Nervine analeptic refrigerant & diaphoretic Pharm. Bot. moderate nervine & refrigerant & perhaps diuretic Prof. T. Less nervine than the ethers of the first class. Irritant & rubefacient & usefully so Prof. I. calls it discutient & warming when applied with friction Useful in various diseases of the nervous system & in catarrh & rheumatism Ph. Bot. Two other articles have been called ethers & are composed of 2 proportions of proto carb. hyd. & 1 of a [suppost??] of comb. 1st Chloric ether of all the books except Mr. Silliman’s 4 prop pr. carb. hyd. 23 + 1 chlorine 36 = 64 2nd Chloric ether of Mr S. [Dischlor. carburet of hydrogen composed of 2 equiv. of prot. carb. hyd. = 14 + 1 chlorine 36= 50 Other names are given description of the composition but not of the proportions. These two only of the compounds of this class are called ethers But others might be so called The first is hot aromatic & bitterish yellowish green colour IT is not much known medicinally in general analogous to other ethers said to be stimulant probab The second has been also called hydrocarburet of chlorine & hydrochloride of carbon Formed by uniting chlorine with olef. gas Vide Guthrie’s improved meth. Sill. [illegible] comp 1 olef gas 14 + 1 chlorine 36 + 50 1 vol of each condensed [illegible] (spec. grav. = to that of the two united) Becomes solid (if pure) at 47 [degrees} Fahrt. 1st obviate languor & lass. (unphlogistic) 2d relieves irrit. sensib. etc. (nonphlg.) 3d preternatural wakefulness 4th exhiliration of mind 6th sensation fo coldness & then an actual reduction of temperature 5th Reduces the frequently of the pulse in a healthy person These results have been produced in the order named by the pure article Taken pure it irritates the muc. mem. of al. can. & thus increases the susceptibility to the impression of other remedies Prof. T. has also experimented with Mr. Guthrie’s solution in 12 parts alcohol. C. Terry took f zfs in water in ½ hour pulse reduced 12 beats in a min. another dose produced exhiliration which lasted 3 or 4 hours Sensations of coolness & actual reduction of temp. an alvine evacuation at night So far from the pulse being stronger it was not increased in strength by the fl z of the alc. There was headache & somnolency caused by this quantity of alc. Mr. Guthrie is mistaken in calling it too strong & too volatile to be used without dilution. Prof. T. takes I undiluted Mr Guthrie puts into a clear copper still 3 pds chloride of lime (i.e. chloroxide of calcium) to 2 gall. alc. & distils Dichloride of carbon a crystalline solid probably nervine Prot chloride of carbon colourless limpid liquid probably nervine also Sesqui chloride of carbon crystalline solid also probably nervine also Protoxide of nitrogen Sr H. Davy was led to investigate it by Dr S. S. Mitchell’s theory about nitrogen being the principle of putrefaction (septom) & also of contagion & infection If it could be condensed into a liquid form it would probably resemble hydric ether in its med. prop. Prof. T. tried it extensively in low atonic diseases (before he had any notion of its not being stimulant) & could produce none but a nervine effect It was of now service in keeping up the vital powers. Bitumen Naphtha & petroleum Petroleum is thicker than naphtha B. pix resembles picket. B. maltha is of the consistance of wax The first three only are used in medicine Sulphuric & nitric acids convert naphtha & petroleum into a resin, by yielding oxygen N.B. Petroleum means “rock oil” It drops from rocks, in some places. They become oxydised by long exposure to the air becoming dark or black. They may be produced by distilling coal tar (B. pix). Very volatile Comp. 2 carb. 12 + 3 hyd. = 15 Prof. T. has tried these & found them 1st nervine 2nd deobstruent 3d irritant no sudorific Diseases Helminthia as car. [illegible] & H. taeniae. Arthritis rheumatalgia (chronic rheumatism) externally applied much used in India more efficacious than cajeput oil. Thought valuable internally also in our country Hysteria & epilepsy externally (India) also internally with us in hyst. Paralysis externally in India also with us internally valuable Various cutaneous aff. instead of tar pt porrigo crustacea (occasionally is cured by it) & exormia prurigo var. [miti] naphtha (cured after trying various things) we may always cure cutaneous diseases by persevering in trying different articles 3d Prurigo formicans (cured) Burns & scalds nothing is better it is mild and soothing Oleum Succini Electri Oil of amber Amber is found most abundantly on the low lying shorts of the Baltic Appears to be a mineralized resin. perhaps that of decayed pine. Probably copal is the same substance (produced however not from the same tree, probably) it produces a good oil of amber & succinic acid as amber Oil of amber is obtained by distillation Pellucid yellowish, aromatic, odorant. Called antispasmodic, in general Prof. T. never could make it produce increased heat, or stimulation. He has found it 1st nervine 2nd decidedly deobstruent may be expectorant diuretic & probably emmenagogue Dose 10 to 15 drops various authors. Prof. T. has found these doses too small in general Diseases 1st arthritis rheumatalgia (called chronic rheum but may be chronic, subacute or acute) give 20 drops every 3 hours Apply it externally conjoined with spirit of ammonia or some such article with friction at first then put it on a cloth cover this with another & then pass over it a hot flat iron Urethritis blenorrhoica (clap) & probably gleet etc. Prof. T. gives it in connnexion with bals. cop. & gives as much as the stomach will bear not suffering it to purge & if there is much tendency that way add laudanum. Entasia tetanus recommended buy Rush (a free use of spts turp. has been thought highly useful in tetanus) Hysteria much used Neuralgia locally applied mixed with Palsy internally & locally as in rheumat. Paramenia obstructionis Par Oleum succini oxydatum called moschus factitius artificial musk. Rx ol. amb. f zi nit. ac. f z iii ss in a glass vessel add the acid drop by drop stirring with a glass rod let it stand 36 hours separate the resin wash till it is tasteless 1st with cold & then with warm water # Vide U.S. phar. Prof. T. has had the mixture taken pure spontaneously while standing Keep it in a wide mouthed glass stoppered vessel, so that when it hardens you can get it out with a spatula Dose [illegible] fs to [illegible] j of the substance Properties similar to resins of myrospermum toluiferum & of xanthorrhea has [tilis] (yellow resin of N. Holl.) May be given in substance but requires something else to give it consistency for pills. Tinct zii to 1 pt. of very strong alc. (Ph. Batard) Prof. T. thinks 1 pt. will dissolve ziv This article is supposed to be merely oxydized al. amb. Yet it differs from the resin amber Diseases diarrhea [illegible] # Cold water hardens, but warm water melts it. (Good’s species of diarrhoea are more varieties as they run into each other. N.B. D. tubularis is a membranific enteritis & D. gypsata is a symptom of dyspepsia) dose for diarrhea 1 t.sp. of the tincture 4 times in 24 h. useful as an auxiliary to opium. Bex convulsivo (hooping cough) much employed often very useful sometimes not so when we cannot tell Dr. E. Reed considers it of high value in this disease conjoined with elix. pareg. Seems to be as good as musk. Dyspnoea exacerbans (N.B. the disease so called here is dyspnea chronica & dysp. exac. is called asthma) Recommended by Dr Reed as he does also its use in hysteria & convulsions Recommended in epilepsy Pyracetic spirit of pyracetic ether are nervine probably. N.B. probably most physicians apply the term nervine to any thing that relieves nervous irritability Narcotics [Torpentia] of Darwin. Sedativa (But sedantia i.e. refrig. is also translated sedative) 1st directly allay morbid irritab. & irr. etc. & correspond with the first degree of a nervine op. & often of a stimulant. 2nd relieve pain which the nervines 3d produce sleep 4 vertigo headache faintness affection of sight nausea vom. cold extrem. cold sweats convulsions (common epileptic or tetanic). delir. stupor causes death 1st antirritant 2nd anodyne 3d soporific 4th ultimate narcosis A small quant. may be exhib. the 1st a larger [the] 2nd also & a larger the 3d & so on . Generally to obtain one of the latter operations you must first have the previous ones Under certain circumstances actual erethism of the brain & nerves that is increased energy of intellectual functions and of motion. N.B. erethism is a morbid degree of activity energy & perfection of the functions of a part. Intellectual erethism occurs in the first stage of del. tremens Intellectual erethism occurs often in typhus throughout the whole disease. All the [illegible] may be used to produce this Now it has been argued a thousand times with regard to cholera that as there is a lesion of the nervous function & diminution of nervous energy But narcotics are the very articles to obviate this The nervine & stimulant narcotics contribute most to obviate this nervous lesion. But all of them may be made to etc. etc. Hyoscyamus & opium produce common convulsions Camphor nutmeg & ol. tansy epileptic convulsions. Nux vomica produces tetanic conv. Opium & hyoscyam. convulse the voluntary muscles Sclerotum claves & actea convulse the involuntary muscles first Camphor & ol. tansy convulse both the volunt. & invol. muscles Some of the doebstruent narc. produce convulsions as a primary part of their narcotic operation e.g. ergot & actaea. Probably all the ecbolics act in this way only and are narcotics which produce common convulsions in the invol. muscles as a primary part of their operation Many of Prof. T.’s medical friends have employed large doses of opium in collapse of cholera Other narcotics besides opium will relieve the coma etc. of low fevers Opium is the best because it is also nervine & stimulant. The deobstruent narcotics will also produce the effect e.g. nux vomica in case of a paralytic limb which obviates the lesion of function of the nerve Actaea lobelia digitalis conium etc. have this effects digitalis being the weakest Narcotics likewise produce an effect on the bloodvessels, when pushed so far as to disturb the functions of the brain & spinal cord. The paresis of the semilunar ganglion produced by narcotics may be relieved by quick vom. (as with turpeth min) unless the paralysis is too great, when life may be destroyed Ultimate narcosis is of no remedial utility It should be counteracted by aromatics acrids & stimulants This may be done without diminishing the remedial effect Alcohol is a counteragent of narcosis N.B. It will not counteract the nervine & the stimulant operation But its own nervine and stimulant operation will counteract the ultimate narcosis of a narcotic N.B. also the narcotic effect of one narcotic will not counteract that of another but the article so managed as to be nervine will counteract the ultimate narcosis of another narcotic Four sorts of congestion 1st simple superficial congestion caused by increased action of the heart always entonic 2nd simple visceral caused by weak action of the heart always atonic 3d paralytic congestion caused by weakness of the capillaries the heart remaining strong always atonic requiring the vessels to be invigorated 4th inflammatory caused by topical infl. of the part. either entonic atonic or irritative requiring refrigerants, stimulants nervines & or deobstruents [Now] narcotics by obviating lesions of nervous function will relieve general visceral congestion Secondly by being pushed too far they will increase visceral cong. by weakening the brain and nerves & consequently the blood vessels but they should never be pushed so far No articles are equal to narcotics in relieving general visceral congestion especially if they are likewise nervine & stimulant Deobstruent narcotics relieve congestion like the simple but they relieve many inflammatory congestions by their deobstruent narcotics Evacuating narcotics act like the simple. The evacuation is apt to increase the congestion at least if [illegible] Simple superficial congestion will not require narcotics they will be stark [naught] Nervines produce sleep only by obviating irritation the narcotics appear to have this effect by a direct effect on the brain The mistake of Murray & of John Brown was caused by the latter’s forming all his conclusions of narcotics from alcohol wine and opium Sedative and stimulant effects have nothing to do with one another hence they do not stand in the relation of cause and effect, as J. Brown supposed. They are not at all inconsistent or incompatible Perhaps there is no article in which the narcotic, stim. & nerv. operation result from distinct proximate principles Some have supposed that all narcotics are deobstruent i.e. have an efficacy in resolving inflammations But probably they do this merely by their antirritant power & act only on the irritative inflammations. Some as Murray think no pure narcotics exist. But we have cyanagen (pure & highly active), Hydrocyamic acid, ess. oil of cerasus lauro cerasus, [gelsem???] nitidum, Helmas [illegible] spigelia anthelmas [illegible] datura tabula, stromium, [illegible] etc. hyoscyamus niger, atropa belladonna These articles differ among one another yet they are all pure narcotics, & possess no other properties. They are not therefore substitutes for one another (It is apt to be said that narcotics cure diarrhea but none of them are worth a fig for this, but opium) Although all the narcotics produce sleep yet 5 or 6 of them can be conveniently used for this purpose Single full doses, after 12 hours produce a state of prostration, with languor vertigo etc. which passes off in 12 or 24 hours This is produced more conspicuously by opium Brown called it indirect debility consequent on stimulation, but it has no connexion with stimulation & is likewise mere prostration and not debility. I. Brown’s other cases of indirect debility do not differ from direct debility The habitual use of narcotics is supposed generally by the profession to produce great general insusxceptibility (besides in insusceptibility to the particular article) together with tendency to visceral congestion Prof. T. & his friends have never found this to be the case, & some late communications in the European journals contradict the notions. Prof. T. never could discover that opium produce exhaustion of vital energy, like alc. & wine Confessions of an opium eater quoted. Prof. T. has first and last known a considerable number of opium eaters Authorities quoted in England All the injurious effects of tobacco & tea seem to Prof. T. to produce no ill effects except nervous tremors & limosis syncoptica slightly Prof. T. has continued conium more than two years without any injurious effects Visceral obstructions appear to be caused by alcohol and wine only Limosis [syncoptria] is produced mainly by the nervine & stimulant narcotics & slightly by the nervine narcotics as tea and tobacco Probably this is the effect of a nervous operation as coffee produces it & hop in slight degrees (& this is merely nervine & tonic) Groups 1st Narcotica simplicia hydrocyan. ac. ol. cherry [Gilsem] nit. helor erythr spigelia anth & nar datura latuda, stram. [illegible] Hyos. atropa mandregera [illegible] probably also ergot [Sollini] [illegible] Agarici (several) etc. probably The simple narcotics are solely sedative ([what] includes all the stages except the last) They are employed when the nervines could not be sufficiently active. Used more in chronic than in acute diseases Though when combined with stimulants they may be used in acute disease. They are not calculated to remove the headache & [illegible] of phlogistic diathesis which requires depletion Quequid non adjuvat nocet Likewise improper in low atonic cases upon the same principle, viz that of aggravating the general burden of the system 2nd Narcotica incitantia Generally nervine also Alcohol, wine opium (which is diaphoretic also & cholagogue Lactarum (from several species of lactica e.g. L. sativa etc. cultiva 3 indigenous sped (in the n. states) S. elongata L. integrifolia L. sanguinea one lower leaves [illegible] one all [illegible] one all entire) Camphor (from laurus campnora & dry balsamas camphor) Myristica moschata (common nutmeg) very analogous to camphor N.B. the expressed sap. or the watery extract of the lacturae is scarcely narcotic at all These narcotics are the most important of the narcotics. For their stimulant & antirritant effects merely we must give them in small doses repeated. For the production of sleep & relief of pain larger doses are required Formerly these articles were only used occasionally Cullen understood them better than anyone before him. His treatise in his m.m. is still the best on opium. It is a prevalent notion at present that they are mere placebos and will not cure disease They are indispensable in low diseases to create susceptibility to other articles and to sustain the patient There are two modes of using them 1st in small doses repeated 2nd in single full doses once or twice in the 24 hours The first is the only mode proper for severe disease The doses and periods of repetition vary with circumstances We must follow the rule of the tropical writers respecting calomel neque [pondes] neque mensura sed [levanen] morbi 2 or 3 grains an hour may be needed In the genus typhus they are needed to relieve the restlessness, heat, pain etc. In true typhus there is also more or less lesion of the brain and nervous system. Prof. T. never saw a case of typhus where, in some or all of the stages, these articles were not indicated. Great pains and closeness of observation are needed in order to prescribe them successfully The state of the patient’s mind powerfully counteracts or assists the operation of these articles Case of a young man who by mistake took laudanum to the amount of 15 grs of opium he was very intensely engaged in business immediately after and suffered no inconvenience The only really troublesome symptom from large doses of opium, when highly indicated is torpor of the bladder (relieved by tinct. [canth.]) & sometimes itching of the skin IN chronic cases the medicinal [illegible] of the old phys. are better (even if the quantity is the same) then night & morning viz early in the morning 11 o clock evening bed time sometimes 6 times a day is better even if the quantity is the same Sydenham understood opium well so did Drs Cullen Darwin & Rush Opium is the most important of all medicinal agents. Purging is the med agent most abused bleeding & the refrigerants next. Prof. T. has never injured a patient by the stimulant narcotics NB though he has taken the same pains with regard to emetics & cathartics still an error in these cannot be rectified The great error in the use of opium is in giving too large doses & at too long intervals After purging & bleeding, antimony & mercury are oftenest abused 3d Narcotica deobstomentia Generally they are also feeble Conium actaea lobelia digitalis strychnus nux vomica [illegible] ignatii [illegible] sangastura [Ethusa] sinapium (Fool’s parsley) [illegible] maculatus C. bulbifera Phellandrium aquaticum chaerophyll maculatum [illegible] catifolium (probably the weakest) Useful in phlogotica pulmonary diseases etc. 4th Narcotica evacuantia Generally they are used for their Nicotiana tobacum nervine, deobst. emetic cahtartic sialagogue Cuculus [plukenatii] & suberosus nervine emetic narcotic deobstruent? Hydrocyanic acid Discovd by Scheele 1780 Gay Lussac first discovered it in purity First used by Dr Oliver in Salem Mass. First published account was Magendie 1807. Both were led to use it from supposing it the active principle of laurel water A colourless transparent liquid odour suffocating taste cool pungent and bitter sp. gr. 600 strong tendency to evaporate Feebly reddens litmus combines with ammonia & the veg. alk. does not combine with oxydes a cyanide is formed Decomposed at a high temperature & by the action of light also spontaneously Best obtained by treating deuto cyanide of mercury with mur. acid Composed of equal parts of cyanogen & hydrogen Found in minute quantities in the bark leaves & petals of the amygdaliae & pruneae especially, and also in other rosaceae. Still there is an essential oil in many of the rosaceae which is probably their [elective] principle & very analogous to this acid. The oil may be the same article a little modified. It is perhaps not proper to consider hydroc ac. as an acid Cyanogen is said to be a very active agent and one of those which retains their activity in combination Hydroc. ac. acts as a narcotic Said to be exhilirant and to increase the appetite [illegible] of it has this effect, it is not therefore necessarily stimulant (or tonic) This is the article which first led Prof. T. to doubt Murray’s [Brimonian] dogma that narcotics are transient & stimulants It has been known to produce ptyalism when long continued Said to obviate costiveness Single full doses do not produce the subsequent prostrations, head ache vertigo etc. of the stimulant and nervine narcotics It is employed both as a principal and an auxiliary remedy and in either case will require to be continued with other articles. By continuation with stimulants acrids etc. or opium its ultimate narcosis may be prevented and thus a sufficient quantity given This is the case in low atonic cases Experiments have not been made with it in phlogistic diathesis Dose varies with the strength Begin with a small dose in each fresh parcels. Intervals 3 hours or more Poisonous effects These may be very violent and yet the patient recover Applied to ulcers it does not affect the system as much as when applied to a healthy surface Prof. T. thinks it is absolutely proved that the entire and sound skin does not absorb at all but ulcerated surfaces do absorb. The nervous system of a sound surface is better calculated to receive as a propagate its impression Magendie directs the pure acid to be mixed with 6 times its weight of alcohol (or water) Prof. T. never could keep a watery solution a week but he has kept Magendie’s alcoholic solution a year (away from light) Magendie’s formulary (translated) gives no commencing or [medium] dose The objections to this article are that it is too variable in strength uncertain in operations it is too difficult to distinguish its degree of operation. It is too inconvenient for country practitioners in preperation and as it must be watched in administration Other articles are nearly an equivalent for it It will be useless to vomit a person poisoned by it as the dose is so small Some have considered spt ammonia or aqua amm. as specific remedies. But ammonia cannot be a specific antidote Sulphuric ether tinct. capsicum spt. mon. [illegible] or menth piper. and above all officinal alcohol are valuable counter narcotics Cold water to the head counteracts alternate narcosis (A man may drink twice as much spirit with his head cool & wet and a man with his lower extremities in cold water gets drunk sooner e.g. sheep washing) Diseases Dyspepsia allays irritability pain vomiting etc. Dr Elliotson of St. Thomas’s Colia rhachalgia by Dr [Prout] relief instantaneous Helminthia by Brara probably good like spigelia but not convenient or safe especially for children some of the first effects of this article are such as children cannot specify opium & conium can be managed for children Supposed to be more especially useful for diseases of the lungs. Mr. Elliottson found it give great relief in cough 1st Bex simplex is restrained 7 checked by it this tendency to hectic is diminished 2d Bex dyspnoica (not described) always accompanied with some functional derangement of the digestive organs accompanied with some dyspnoea affects musicians, speakers etc. Some consider it dyspepsia others as a pulmonary disease great diversity of opinion 3d B. convulsiva (whooping cough) Some families are habitually subject to this peculiar sound of cough. N.B. There are two stages to this complaint the first continuing about a fortnight and being a catarrhal stage the second exhibits the peculiar cough Prof. T. thinks the second stage not a part of the disease but a sequel of the complaint and that the disease cannot be communicated by this second stage or sequel. He has never known it spread from the second stage. It is supposed that neither hydroc. ac. nor any other remedy is useful in the first stage Hydroc. ac is occasionally successful in cutting short or if not, in palliating the second stage Dyspnoes exacerbans palliates very much probably if we could venture so to do we might cure a paroxysm short by a single full dose. But we must always begin gradually say with 2 drops & increase up to 10 or 15 [strumous]phthisis (topical aff. confined to the bronchial membrane) denied to exist by the French but Prof. T. has seen at least a dozen p.m. examinations useful as a palliative & [illegible] opium is generally needed if profuse expectoration ac. lead quinine etc. Strumous or tubercular phthisis very useful said to have cured (Magendie) Prof. T. thinks it cannot be relied on or alone But the cases vary very much sometimes (as was the case with [illegible] And.) small tubercles appear over the whole lungs & finally obstruct the lungs without any great indications of phthisis Again there may be cases of one or two tubercles at a time have continued 30 years and ultimately prove fatal. The former cases are incurable the latter ought to be cured by opium, narcotics, acrid stimulants, tonics etc. If you can check the emaciation you may expect to cure but if not the pat. will die sooner or later Pneumonitis said to be cured but not said what kind of pneumonitis for we have a number of very different [pneumonitides] Undoubtedly useful in atonic irritative pneumonitides. Dysenteria chronica which prof. T. does not believe to exist cases so called have sometimes been ulcerations of the al. canal. with [sanious] discharge Hysteritis membranifica (a disease of the uterus like croup always chronic unless it affects the bronchiae) Prof. Woodward has utterly failed with it Rheumatism acute & subacute Carcinus vulgaris said to be very useful said to relieve the pain by washing the cancer with it much diluted be cautious in its use Vitiated & painful ulcers, particularly the irritable promotes healing Del. tremens & puerperal delirium (which seem to be varieties of the same disease) said to be very useful probably a valuable adjuvant. Opium is nearly a specific but some cases are incurable There are cases which require datura as an adjuvant some require stimulants, others calomel etc. Clonus palpitatis palpitation of the heart & great blood vessels very efficacious Hysteria said to relieve a fit also useful to obviate the diathesis not safe enough for the fit Paramenia difficilis (not connected with membranific infl.) said to relieve Ionchus corymbufer (pimpled face) cured by lotions Impetigo said to be cured by lotions Cerasus lauro-cerasus Prunus laurocerasus (Linn.) cherry laurel or cherry bay. Nat. ord rosaceae [tribe] Amygdaleae habitat Levant. Bark leaves flowers & kernels have a bitterish fragrant smell & taste owing to a supposed essential oil & considered by some to be identicle with the ess. oil of bitter almonds which gain is said to contain amygdaline (a new principle) This oil is said to be very poisonous & to produce symptoms of intoxication. The whole subject is obscure for the cherry laurel yields but a trifling quantity of hydroc. acid. This oil causes death just like it. This oil has produced similar effects. it is said to be more certain than hydroc. ac. Prepare laurel water by adding 6 fl. z of distilled water to 1 pd of recently gathered leaves cut fine distil off z 3 only Dose 4 to 6 drops. Laurel water is apparently less variable in strength than hydroc. ac. Many cases of poisoning have occurred from its use in confectionary & liqueurs It is a most intense poison Infusion is made by digesting a pound of the leaves for 24 hours. Sat. tinct. fill a bottle with the cut leaves & fill with proof spirit. dose about 10 minims The bark & leaves have been successfully used in curing intermittents & rheumatisms Distilled water used in Italy for [illegible] when as a wash for inflamed eyes cancers ulcers etc. [illegible] [illegible] (cluster cherry) has still more of this peculiar taste and smell Prunus Virginiana deserves investigation It probably would be a complete substitute. Ti has been used somewhat Gelseminus nitidum G. [sempervira] (Elliott) Carolina or yellow [jessamine} Nat. ord. apocyneal Virginia to Florida. Cultivated as an ornamental plant in the northern states But one species of the genus. Prof Tully’s attention was first turned to this article by Elliotts sketch It abates irritation of every kind produces languor disposition to yawns, sleepy vertigo epigastric uneasiness imperfect vision coldness of extremities & finally of the whole body stupor convulsions & death. Not stimulant at all Never could perceive any nervine properties never obviates languor & lassitude or produces wakefulness or exhiliration It is a pure narcotic and ought to supersede hydroc. ac. being invariable in strength easily kept and sure in its operation Tinct. Rx ziv dried & contused root offic. alc. 1 pt medium dose 10 to 20 m for an adult repeated from 2 to 6 hours. Begins with a small dose and stop short when symptoms of narcosis appear It may be that proof spt or wine or water will prove a good menstruum. But the alcoholic tinct. is most convenient A wine or a proof spirit tinct. is liable to become sour in summer Prof. T. thinks it often useful to conjoin opium a union of antirritants to being often advantageous just as is a union of tonics. Besides this, the opium by counteracting the ultimate narcosis, enables the pat. to take more of the article at the same time that it increases its medicinal powers. Alcohol may thus assist the usefulness of narcotics Like other narcotics this article should be conjoined with stimulants in low atonic cases. The only deleterious effects are excessive narcosis If we suspect that any of the articles remains in the stomach give an emetic. If otherwise give ammonia, spirit of [illegible], capsicum & above all alcohol. Apply frictions with spt. monarda punctata or capsicum etc. just enough to excite rubefaction Keep the body warm and keep cold cloths applied to the head Nervines will contribute to the the relief but will not cure alone Prof. T. has employed it in the following diseases Cough dyspneal cough hooping cough Lyspnoea exacerbans as this is safer than prussic acid prof. T. would not hesitate to give a teaspoonful in an urgent case it would be better also to conjoin opium Phthisis of various sorts irritative rheumatism subacute atonic rheumatism also A case intermediate between hysteria, catalepsy and epilepsy, had the paroxysms kept off by this article The following is also a simple & pure narcotic but yet differs from the preceding prof T. thinks he can distinguish the effects of the two Helmias erytherosperma Melanthium lactum etc. etc. (fly poison) Nat. ord. melanthaceae All the middle & southern states. Root a bulb inclosed in a great number of husks yet these dry husks are active. The root has long been known as an active narcotic About 2 hours after taking a single full dose first a glow at the stomach then sight affected especially if the head is moved ultimately blindness nausea upon moving the head etc. vomiting cold pulse 40 etc. Symptoms reach their height in 4 or 5 hours disappear in 6 or 8 without leaving any inconvenient sequelae Such were the effects of the teaspoonful the first dose which Prof. T. administered Used as a fly poison at the south also as a ratbane Case related of its effects upon a young physician at the south similar to the preceding Case of its narcotic effect when administered for a catarrh (attended with rheumatic pains) by one of Prof. T.’s friends Alcoholic tinct. 4 oz. to 1 pt. Dose (commencing) 10 (medium) 20 to 30 minims May be continued advantageously with opium stimulants and tonics Diseases cough dyspneal cough hooping cough catarrhal & other phthisis Rheumatism It has been tried in these by Prof. T. his friends Spigelia Marilandica Worm grass Indian pink Carolina pink Nat. ord. gentianeae Pennsylvania to Carolina. [illegible] & Schultes in 1819 knew but 4 species. Sprengel 1825 give it 1st S. anthelmia S. amelliodes S. [illegible] S. speciosa S. marilandica S. scabra S. [flamingraniae] etc. All in S. America & Mexico and used in their native countries as anthelmintics No analysis has been made Said to accelerate the pulse [illegible] the [illegible] cause headache & [illegible] over the eyes dilation of pupils. Vertigo dimness of sight vomiting stupor, spasms of the muscles of the eyes and face [illegible] delirium stupor & even convulsions It was many years before Prof T. was aware that this article possessed these properties. His specimens from the shops were worthless These symptoms when moderate are a test of its proper operation. Catharsis is called by some a test Prof. T. has never known it purge or heard of its doing so. The vomiting which it produced is a part of its narcotic operation It was long before it was known that this article is narcotic It was given in small doses as a vermifuge Its poisonous properties were ascribed to a small vine a species of apios or [illegible] Probably prussic acid & the [gelseminus] [illegible] would be equally anthelmintic though less convenient. IT seems to resemble stramonium most in its operation. It is doubtful whether we have any cases of unequivocal poison by this article Prof. T. has known one doubtful one. Chalmers relates two cases It seems to be universally agreed that purging relieves best the narcotics effect. Prof. T. has had no experience to the contrary. All of his cases have been relieved by nervines & stimulants. Infusions of serpentaria relieve the narcosis & it must do so by its stimulant principles (while it possesses considerably when fresh especially) Prof. T. has relieved his cases of narcosis from this article with milk punch Purgatives much abused with children Prof. T. has repeatedly known children examined after [illegible] purging without finding a teaspoonful of any thing in the al canal History 1754 a letter from Dr [Swainy] of S.C. in the Ed. Let. essays. 1764 Dr Garden to [illegible] published a letter which is the foundation of all the accounts of it in the books. He says the use of it was discovered about 48 years before by the Indians. He used it afterwards in fevers as a purgative etc. etc. etc. Prof. T. does not believe its use to have been discovered by the Indians for the S. anthelmia had been well known as anthelmintic 50 years before Besides it is a well established fact that at the first discovery of this country not a single article was used internally by the Indians as a remedy They took the root of iris versicolor as a [illegible] They administered veratrum viride to their young warriors to try their hardihood. Some articles they used to destroy life Prof. T. inclines to think infusion of the coarsely powdered root preferable to the decoction. Let the decoction be of ½ an ounce of the root to 1/1/2 pints boiled away to 1 pint Prof. T. has never been able to hear of its purgative operation. He has enquired of S. Carolina physicians Prof. T. thinks it considerably less effectual when conjoined with senna or other cathartics than when followed by a cath Continued the article 12 to 24 hours & keep up a slight narcosis & then give your cathartic. Prof. T. would prefer from 4 to 8 doses in the 24 hours He has found that the narcotic operation passes off in 3 or 4 hours It is somewhat questionable whether the top possesses any power. Prof T. always cuts it off and throws it away Our article is collected at the wrong times of the year viz. when the top is in full bloom It should be collected when the top has decayed It is the universal opinion at the south that it does not keep well longer than 6 months Pharmac. prep. 1st powder of root 10 to 20 gr. every 3 or 4 hours 2nd infusion 3d decoction the latter the most frequently used ½ oz. to 1 pt. perhaps an ounce to 1 pint would be better let the infusion stand an hour Dose 1 to 4 oz every 3 or 4 hours (for an adult) Syrup of the decoction is sometimes kept in the shops dose 1 to 4 doses made by 1 oz. to 1 pt. boiled to 3 ½ oz. add an equal weight of white sugar making 4 oz of the [illegible] it can be given in ten or coffee It is thought that serpentaria added to it enables more of it to be taken Diseases Typhus infantum to alleviate irritability etc. Helmenthia [are] lumbricoides Not known to be useful in H. taenia & esc. vermicularis It appears to stupefy not kill the worms The pat. shd be kept under the operation of it 24 to 36 hours at least and a cath. be given at the commencement of the last 12 hours. The neutral salts & senna are not the best cath. Calomel is the best. Rhubarb & aloes the next best Spigelia anthelmia Nat. of S.A. & W. I. Said to be more soporific than opium (this is doubtful) Infallible almost as an anthelmintic (Brown) Used as an antirritant in typhus infantum Stronger than S. marilandica The first account of it was in the [Gent.] mag 1751. Had been long used before Attributed to the negroes! Heracleum lanatum American musterwort (musterwort is the imperatoria [ost??thium]) Cow parsnep First described by Michaux Nat. ord umbelliferae Canada to Florida Root & especially the seeds have an acrid pungent & [illegible] taste & smell. Water does not extract the acrid prop. Alc. does. Seeds gathered before they become brown An intense narcotic (the seeds) producing nausea, retching cool skin, irregular pulse, slippery sweats etc. in large quantities (too large ever to be likely to be given). Prof. T. has known two instances of strong narcosis produced in a dyspeptic patient, with diarrhoea etc. Prof. T. has never seen any evidence of its having stimulant properties Commonly said to be carminative but Prof. T. has never been able to perceive any true nervine operation from it hence this term must apply to its antirritant powers Recent bruised leaves said to be rubefacient Prof. T. has never tried them If so, they are not necessarily stimulant Poisonous effects will be relieved of course by diffusibles stimulants, acrids and nervines. In one apparently desperate case all the symptoms disappeared under the use of ess. ppt. alcohol & opium The article has been in use time immemorial in this country. The dry ripe seeds were used in carminative, to relieve flatulence. Its narcotic powers were not suspected. Bigelow first threw out a conjecture to that effect. In the dyspeptic case above alluded to Prof. T. directed a strong infusion to be used ad libitum. He was in a few days sent for to the man who was apparently a hopeless case of narcosis cold clammy sweats etc. He was cured by op. ppt. & alc. which produced very sudden & speedy relief All the while the heracleum was not suspected. He was much better afterwards as regarded his dyspepsia. A second similar attack followed with similar results he was better after it! A third followed!! Then it was found that he had regularly taken this article in excessive quantities just before each attack! The preparation he took was a strong infusion. Probably an alcoholic tincture could not be taken in sufficient quantity to produce these effects Perhaps we might get a concentrated preparation by forming a syrup of a decoction The article needs to be investigated A good subject for an inaugural dissertation. The powdered root & seeds the infus. of the leaves etc. have been used No proportions or doses are mentioned. The seeds are added to tinctures “to render them carminative” Diseases dyspepsia very valuable for flatulence & also for intolerance of food Epilepsy is said to be palliated by some by others to radically cured by it Dr [Orma] of Mass. published in 1803 a dissertation on it (in treas. of Med. doc.) & called it by mistake H. spondyllium. He did not used the seeds, which are agreed to be the strongest part A little is said about it by Thatcher & Bigelow N.B. The most useful narcotics in epilepsy are the simple & pure narcotics Hyoscyamus niger Biennial with us. Plant the seeds in the fall (In the first summer the young plant is eaten up by insects. Popular name henbane (N.B. hyosc. means hogs bean!) It grows in the streets as long as swine are suffered to run at large!? Nat. ord. Solaneae. All the species said to be alike Properties first settled by Storck Small strong etc. Taste of the leaves mucilaginous and herbaceous. Root stems leaves & seeds, all active. IT is a general rule that when the medic. powers reside in the descending sap the seeds are inactive e.g. poppy & when otherwise the seeds are generally more active as is the case with this & stramonium Active principle hyoscyamine which exists (as is generally the case) in combination with malic acid Appears to be a pure narcotic & to possess no other powers Proves antirritant, allaying irrit. etc. & occasionally (& hence probably indirectly) diaphoretic and diuretic & cathartic Said to be soporific & anodyne. This is denied & Prof. T. does not find it answer these indications well (except slightly and indirectly) N.B. in generally the pure narcotics do not exert a strong soporific action. Said to resemble opium. But it is not stimulant, nor nervine, nor decidedly anodyne, or soporific. It seems to be far inferior to opium in restraining morbid irritat. morbid secretions etc. & seems not to be cholagogue. Though not anodyne for sudden emergencies of pain, yet it is invaluable for chronic cases of pain It is a common notion that it is a good substitute for opium, where the constipating effect is contraindicated etc. Prof. T. has been entirely disappointed in his expectation of finding this true It did not answer the same purposes as opium. Very valuable often in conjunction with opium less of either of them is needed. Seems to resemble conium more except that it is not deobstruent Prof. Ives however has used it more exclusively than perhaps any other man & thinks very highly of it even in acute diseases Poisonous effects These are much more violent than those of opium. Excessive delirium convulsions etc. etc. Vide Woodville Ed. & Vav. etc. [illegible] Hyoscyamus is a weaker article than opium but is probably more liable to disagree than opium Its poisonous effects are certainly much worse than those of opium As an antirritant, an anodyne, a soporific, it is thought inferior only to opium. It possesses no stimulating Preparations 1st expr. inspiss. juice of leaves Dose 5 to 10 gr. 4 to 6 times a day 1 grain is about equivalent to 1 drop of laudanum as an antirritant But that in the shops is apt to be bad. Druggists are apt to be imposed on by a watery extract. They will often mix with the latter the powder of the leaves, to increase the strength Such extracts by decoction are generally very poor. Prof. T. has seldom experienced any good effect from less than 15 grs of the expressed juice 40 may be required. It is a very uncertain article 2nd Powder of the seeds has been used As long as the seed of a plant preserves its vitality, it preserves it medicinal powers Probably this would be a good mode of administering the article Tincture of leaves or seeds Fill a bottle with recent leaves, cut fine & cover them with proof spirit or off. alc. macerate 10 days & strain A fl. z of this tinct. is equal to about 5 m. of laudanum (Prof. Ives) Oil of hyosc. made by simmering the leaves 1 pound in sweet oil 3 pounds is used on the continent of Europe, for external application (Oil of [Tusquian]) Diseases. Dysphagia spasmodica dyspepsia with pains, wandering pains irritability etc. It must be persevered in. Col. rhachialgia. It should not supersede opium but may be conjoined with it (perhaps with conium also) Idiopathic cough with opium Croup in the secondary irritable stage (Prof. T Dysenteria typhodes (common dysentery) Prof. I But it should not supersede opium Dysentery always requires opium perhaps other things also Arthriti podagra (gout) Prof. T. has found opium beneficial in all the cases which he has seen. Arthritis rheumatism (not rheumatalgia.) [Carcinum] vulgaris (particularly in the var. uteri) Prof. T. has succeeded best with a mixture of opium conium & hyoscyamus Thought to be inadmissible in mania Prof. T., has relieved paroxysms of mania by opium in large quantities but not enough to enable him to decide. So of melancholia [Ag?pnea] chronicus said to answer well Cephalia hemicrania recommended when opium will not answer but Prof. T. has never met with such cases. Lately he has succeeded best with strychnus Paronyria salax (the same with spermorrhea entonica) a very troublesome disease to subdue. Sayricum & nymphomania Syspasia all the species Spermor atonica paramenia obstruct. Carcinoma schirrhosum (distinct from cancer) Aedoptosis uteri H. areus, & albus are active species & the former being persistent would be more convenient of cultivation Datura D. [tatuta] is our common species Stinking weed is the most common popular name Thornapple is another. Jamestown weed (Westend pink! Melford!) Nat. ord. Solaneae Habitat doubtful It seems to follow civilized man Prof. T. has watched the plant for 30 years He has made the two species grow together & never knew them mingle. Linnaeus distinguished it from D. stramonium It has a purple stalk, specked with deep green blossom white, streaked with purple. D. Tabula has a pea green stalk the general habit is different The seeds are the most active and the leaves next The root is the most uncertain Both these have similar properties Datura metel from Asia is now naturalized with us (called D alba also) a plant not so tall flowers creamy coloured capsule does not open by four regular valves Probably more active Datura ceratocaula, is not naturalized from Cuba also with us Flower very large fragrant. In India D. ferox & D. pescuosa are most used. Datura guayaquilasis is used in S. America Active principle [daturnis] existing in combination with malic acid) Malate of daturnicis soluble both in water and in alcohol Properties narcotic It is said that smelling the plant, and sleeping in a bed made of the leaves will produce vertigo, nausea etc. It allays irritability etc. dilates the pupils vertigo headache dryness of the throat [illegible] delirium convulsions & blindness etc. etc. Large quantities at once produce a sense of glowing heat which has been mistaken for a stimulant operation The oddest and drollest delirium is produced by it. Prof. T. has seen many droll cases. The delirium may continue a week or more & be cured by a cathartic, bringing the article [illegible] Vide Beverley’s hist. Virginia. Case of a child delirium etc. scarlet flush upon the face petechiae red eruption etc. The effects vary considerably yet there is a general similarity so that we may recognize the article Moderate dilatation of the pupil & some affection of the sight are the necessary tests of a sufficient quantity. This test is as necessary a test in a chronic case, as an affection of the mouth for calomel Datura is universally agreed to be narcotic. It is certainly antirritant in many cases anodyne said to be soporofic; Prof. T. has often seen it soporific, but it cannot be relied on for this Antispasmodic, probably because narcotics (from its exhiliration it might be suspected to be nervine) Sedative also because narcotic. Called by B. S. Barton & Chapman stimulant but it had not been called so before the publication of Brown’s theory it has since been the fashion to consider all sedative effects as the result of a stimulant operation. It certainly never increases vital energy in atonic diseases In power of producing dilatation of the pupils and flushed face as proofs of stimulation. IT is indeed not indicated in phlogistic diathesis Said to be emmenagogue. Prof. T. has known it after tried, without any effect. It will indeed relieve excessive irritation and suffer the discharge to return. Called refrigerant with not fomentation Called discutient, externally applied. It is so by its narcotic antirritant powers Datura resembles belladonna (probably) more nearly than any other article. Resembles spigelia also In all cases connected with such an affection of the brain as produces contracted pupils, datura is more or less remedial (entonic phlegmonous inflammation or by excepted) Prof. T. thinks it better adapted to spasmodic diseases than to deliria. The article has probably been more used in N.E. than in any other part of the world Paris says that nitrate of silver & acetate of lead are incompatible. But there is no reason whatever why they should be so Acetic and citric acid are said to be its antidotes. This is folly. The best mode is to vomit and purge both in the first place Then opiates and stimulants. As a matter of fact these acids have been found worth little or nothing Preparations Powder of dried leaves Dose 1 gr. increased to 10 or 20 But this is the most uncertain preparation of the article you must push the medicine until you perceive effects from it Powder of the seed is a much better preparation The seeds are the strongest part and will keep an indefinite period period of time. The activity resides in the [epispermis] the cotyledons are inactive. Hence for liquid preparations use the entire seeds The above dose for the leaves is too small as large a dose as that of the seeds is required. Dose of seeds 1 to 5or 10 grs Prof I. Decoction [illegible] it should better be made of the seeds Ireland recommends a bath of the decoction Tinct. Rx entire seeds zii dilut. alc. 1 pt macerate 1 week & strain Dose same as SS. Prof. I Extract this is the expressed inspissated juice Dose 1 gr to 4 etc. etc. It is not worth while to use any [illegible] but the tincture of the seds The liniments, ointments & cerates of stramonium had better be made with with the seeds than with the leaves The ointment is not worth retaining; the liniment being better for a soft application A compound plaister of canth. & datura is used for blistering. Its utility doubtful A cataplasm of the bruised seeds, with bread & milk an excellent article Diseases. Diarrhoea of children (applied by a tepid bath of the decoction. Ireland chabra vulgaris It may be useful in form of enema quite effectual in the early stages Piles ointment useful cloths dipped in the decoction also small enemas also very useful. Bes convulsiva. Given so as to bring the system under its use Dyspnoea exac. & asth. much used especially by smoking extensively used & exceedingly popular, in England No one has [illegible] its utility in these complaints in question but Dr [Br???] Its utility seems thoroughly established. For an urgent exacerbation Prof. T. prefers the tinct. a desert spoonful to a tablespoonful conjoining 30 to 60 drops of laudanum. For chronic cases smoking is a more convenient mode It benefits the disease with less affection of the eyes Delirium tremens & puerperal delirium highly valuable as an adjuvant to opium In some low malignant typhus fevers when the head is affected IN one case in Middletown 2 f z laud. & f z of [illegible] stram. every hour cough catarrh etc. Dysentery arrested by it The bruised leaves are applied to any external inflammation. Celebrated in furunculus. Ophthalitis the wilted leaves applied mastitis (infl. of mam.) Useful for swollen breasts of nurses. Arthritis rheumatismus & podagra Undoubtedly it will assist the externally A. rheumatalgia var. neuralgica (sciatica externally in the compd plaister of cath & stramonium but then blistering is useful Ireland says that all topical pains may be relieved by ext. appl. of this art. Carcinus vulgaris (common cancer) by cataplasm or lotion, or fomentation with the bruised leaves considerable reputation Syphylitis & strumous ulcers probably not so useful internally as conium useful externally Ecphronia mania & melancholia considerably used probably it was first employed for its soporific effect. Morea imbecillis (Swed) very improbable Neuralgia in large doses (Bigelow) But Prof T. has found a continuation of narcotics than any single one and of the single ones opium is generally the best. There are symptomatic neuralgias, especially of dyspepsia. There is one also which is disquised intermittent & may be cured like that (6 to 10 grs. [illegible] Dr. Woodward’s case) A. T. Thompson mentions almost all severe chronic pains Dr Chapman believes it may be useful in palsy & in amaurosis (palsy of optic nerve) Used extensively as a substitute for belladonna for dilating the pupil, previous to an operation for cataract. Belladonna is much preferable stronger & more certain A little extract of bell. smeared around the stram. equal to bellad. Prof. I. eye is as good as a cataplasm of stramonium Synchous chorea (which is an approach to paralysis a paralysis of a limb will go through a stage of chorea) a very valuable remedy it will cure alone but generally as there is atony tonics must be used though this is a good article, nux vomica is generally better they may be usefully combined. Purging is generally injurious The actaea is likewise a valuable remedy Lyspasia convulsio very valuable the common directions however are for an inefficient use of it Prof. T. has found it the most valuable article for convulsions A quantity of opium insufficient to arrest a fit will aggravate it perhaps so of datura Give a desert spoonful (of tinct.) at once and repeat if necessary generally a table spoonful will cure but more may be necessary Lypsasia hysteria Prof. T. would give in an urgent fit a table spoonful of the tinct. or a teaspoonful repeated every 10 min. No remedy is equal to it in hysteria also. V.S. one of the most common practices will break up a fit but in this way we eventually break down the constitution. Vomiting is next in common use. Prof. T. has tried both & he came heartily tired of them. Asafoetida etc. merely amuse the patient, and the fit goes off of itself. Opium will cure but a large dose is required and inconvenient sequelae remains the next day Lyspasia epilepsy the most valuable remedy in this disease also when not dependent on organic affection which may be known by their occurring in a young & irritable & [mobile] subject by regular [illegible] recurrence of paroxysms, by not having been of very long continuance by no occurring in the night when the pat. is in bed & asleep 1st of its use in the intervals of the perox. powd. of seeds 1 to 5 gr. 3 or 4 times 20 to 30 min. of tinct. 3 or 4 times a day etc. Keep up a moderate dilatation of the pupils, & some imperfection of vision for a year say Exact regularity of habits rather abstemious meals nutritious food light supper etc. Epileptics are prone to great irregularity of meals of labour etc. These are the directions. Prof. T has learned to give so much as to destroy this irregularity prevent his using his eyes and labouring much producing inconvenient effects in short Use also nit. sil. & iron (peroxide or carbonate (which is rather inferior) & persevere for a year. It is often stated by the patients and their friends, that the datura has been used and failed or been injurious this Prof T. does n to believe The eyesight is not permanently affected by it. Prof. T. has also derived great benefit from datura as a palliative in hopeless cases and in cases in which the paroxysm are irregular, without warming etc. One hopeless patient was made in all respects more comfortable for some years She took a teaspoonful of the seeds 2 or 3 times a day. Dr Fisher of Boston Dr Archer of Maryland cured all the first sort of cases. Prof. Ives also but he does not use the article with sufficient freedom; of whom Prof. T. learnt his practice. The main difficulty in curing the diseases is in managing the patient 2nd of its sued for the suspension of a paroxysm. prof. T’s mode is original. He has practised it for 15 years. The practice is original with him Case young lady severe pt paroxysm purged and bled, till nearly moribund with no improvement but an aggravation of all the symptoms Prof. T. was called in A tablespoonful of the tincture of datura soon restored her the pupils of the eyes began to dilate. (they had been contracted before) and as they dilated with convulsions diminished. Other cases which had not been bled When the patient has premonitions of the paroxysm. [illegible] fl oz or f ziii will be a safe & [sure] prophylactic. Treat between the paroxysm as before In epileptic puerperal convulsions the use of datura is more important still Prof. T. has known the most violent relieved by ½ of z of tinct. dat. [illegible] & an enema of ol. pine Bleeding is not per se a remedy for this disease if phlogistic diathesis is present, bleed. Bleeding oftener does hurt than good. Apply belladonna freely to the os uteri & the posterior part of the vagina Give also enemata of ol. pure to excite the uterus The uterus is suspended in its action Give also the ergot to bring on uteric action. Inn a bad case if the patient has been much reduced by bleeding you may as well despair The epileptic convulsions are the most formidable. The common & the hysterical convulsions will tolerate any practice, they generally are not dangerous. Still the datura is the best article Tetanus. Prof. T. has not known it tried in severe tetanus. But in milder cases (many of which Prof. T. thinks are hysterical) datura has cured. The practice of pushing opium gradually to the amount, say, of 40 or 50 grs in 24 hours, is not the way. You must push the remedy until the disease is relieved or until somnolency from the opium is produced. 200 grs in 12 hours have cured. Combinations of narcotics are best. Dr Woodward of Vt. has succeeded with op. of actaea You may have cases in which nothing will have any effect. Some cases will exhibit somolency after a few drops of laudanum. In such cases narcotics will not answer. N.B. Some physicians are afraid of every thing but death Datura is worth trying in this way in lyssan canina Paramenia difficilis A valuable lotion for cutaneous effections In prurigo lepidosis psordica impetigo var. herpetica & laminosa scabies (itch) as an adjuvant Fomentations of datura useful to discuss indolent tumours. Most useful for burns & scalds for which it has been used this 100 years The oldest account of datura was of the D. stram. by Gerhard. Baron Storck was the first to investigate it There is at present much mistaken and misapprehension about this article. But a part of the profession are thoroughly acquainted with its use. Chapman, Bigelow etc. are very ignorant about it Atropa Belladonna Atropa lethalis of many. Solamun lethalis & S. [furiosa] deadly nightshade, & dwale But S. [dulcamara[ & S. nigrum are called deadly nightshad (And the country was once supplied with ext. bellad. from the sol. nig.) Nat. ord. solaneae Hab. England. Cultivated in Connecticut (from Dr Ives) Root perennial top annual. Difficult to raise it from seeds as the insects eat the young plants. All parts supposed to be active (not known however whether the root has been used) the seeds are probably active. The leaves are the parts used. They have been often analyzed they give atropina an alkaline principle said to exist in the form of bi-salts (but there several of such salts which contain even as many as 16 prop. ac.) 2nd Malic acid (combined with atropina) other veg. principles are found A. T. Thompson says the plant does not lose its properties by drying this improbable Prof. T. finds this article to resemble datura & spigelia It dilates the pupils & produces a delirium resembling the vapours Antidotes said to be vinegar (this was an old practice for the sake of Pharm. prep. powd. of dried leaves 1 to 12 gfrs Ed. & Vav. ½ to 3 grs in a day A. T.T. 1 gr. increased to 6 grs daily (Swediaur) 1 gr. gradually increased to 5 (U.S.) Prof. T. has always used the extract 1/16 of a gram of extract from Davis as a full dose. It is very apt to be an extract of something else or an extract spoiled by keeping. Prof. T. has given ½ z with no effect Infusion directed 20 gr. to 1 z of leaves Prov Ives employes a tincture Extract should be of inspissated expressed juice dose said to be 1 to 4 grs. Formulae are given for enemata & for cerates zii to zii of cerate Diseases. Icterus; recommended but it is not deobstruent. Hooping cough quite celebrated said to suspend the convulsive cough very suddenly & speedily It sometimes succeeds & sometimes fails Stramonium & conium are also useful which is the best is not settled Intermittent fever rec. Acute & chronic infl. [Gonytitis] phlegmonades (white swelling which does not effect the [cancellar] texture of the bones & resembles acute rheumatism in its access) probably valuable. Rheumatism not specified in what sort probably useful when There is no redness & swelling & the affection is not erratic Rosalia Many Germans consider it a prophylactic no very good evidence 10 yrs ago the periodicals were full of the matter. Cancer powerful to allay pain & irrit. So of malignant ulcers mania & melancholia probably to produce sleep. All the neuralgia both externally & internally Tic doloreu etc. Lyssa canina (Swediaur) worth trying. Epilepsy rec. Palsy can be useful only to obviate the lesion of the nerves Paropsis amaurosis on the same principle Paropsis cataracta before operating better than stramonium. Dropsy (Swed. & E. & Vav.) diuretic powers have been ascribed to it improbable Sarcoma [schirrhos??] (schirrus tumor) Used to relax a rigid os uteri. It has been long been used for this purpose in N. England. It is as effectual as for diluting the pupil of the eye Apply ¼ to ½ oz to os uteri & the posterior part of vagina. Very extensively used by Woodward of Vt. Abortion perhaps internally to accelerate & facilitate giving [illegible] at the same. Presentation of placenta perhaps to facilitate the distention & allow of the introduction of the hand. Dr W. of Vt. gives the [clavus] immediately apply the bellad. brings down the head to press hard upon the placenta. The child is dead of course but this is always the case Schrotium Clavus Secule cornutum S. corniculatum [Aconile] clavus (London) A parasitic fungus found between the glumes of many circalia & gramineal e.g. rye, wheat, barley, oats, couch grass [illegible] [illegible] etc. etc. Wildenow makes two varieties. The active & the other inert, differing in colour etc. Prof T. could never distinguish two well marked varieties Colour externally violet into white cylindrical taste subacrid etc. No good analysis has been made It contains a vegeto-animal matter, a fixed oil ammonia an acid supposed to be the phosphoric acid etc. It is not a degenerated seed but a fungus The fungus upon maize is probably the uredo maydis It is not an excrescence produced by the puncture of an insect though insects may accidentally be found in it IT has all the physical character and even the casualties of the genus sclerotium which consists of small oblong hard, almost woody bodies which have fixed places of growth Some of them are subterranean found on the roots of mosses under the droppings of cattle on the receptacles of compound plants etc. etc. in the place of the germs of grasses etc. They are remarkable for not affecting the general health of the plants on which they grow they are strictly topical i.e. they do not injure an adjoining germ IT has the property of moulding itself into the slope of the adjoining surface These qualities are all found in the S. clavus. Vide Decandalle Various other species of sclerotium possess the same powers Taken internally it may reduce the pulse if irritation 20 or more beats vertigo epigastric uneasiness nausea bluish colour (or mottled) of surface formication in nervous & irritable subjects it may produce tetanic convulsions, & even opisthotones but these tetanic convulsions appear to be preceded by common convulsions of involuntary muscles It stupefies & often kills flies like helonica erythrosp. If there is a predisposition to uterine contraction most powerful and incessant ones are produced very [illegible] other effect will be perceived, unless the patient is extremely susceptible. Most females while in delivery are insusceptible to narcotics Abortion may be brought on occasionally by it. The child is apt to be dead or if not, in a state of asphyxia or still oftener very feeble, mottled on the surface etc. very [illegible], apt to be feeble for a long time. These effects are attributed by some to the steady pressure upon the head. But this cannot be. prof. T. has known delivery protracted 5 days from a small pelvis and yet the child cried vigorously None of the American writers have noticed the narcotic powers of the article Private practitioners are extensively acquainted with it it is very commonly observed in the mother shown by reduction of the pulse dilat. of the pupils mottled skin etc. Dr March & Dr Reed quoted (The latter thinks it [illegible] is narcotic, that it interrupts the function of the placenta & hence excites uterine contraction & hence also it kills the child the placenta performing probably the office of stomach & lungs Strychnos nux vom produces tetanic convulsions. Actaea excites uterine contraction. Prof. T. has known other involuntary muscles affected with convulsions after inordinate doses e.g. heart respiratory muscles. Actaea is as good as ecbolic as this. It is as certain & more safe & convenient it does not tend so much to produce somnolency does not kill the child leaves the system in a more susceptible and a better states S. [illegible] like spigelia & datura produces a slight febrile state If it fails in bringing away the child, after exciting parturient efforts the uterus remains insusceptible so also when from exhaustion of haemorrhages etc. the uterus is exhausted Actaea seems to be superior in this respect [clavus] does not however fail oftener than other articles of m. m. jalap for instance Opium is a safe and perfect antidote to clavus. It will completely counteract its parturient effects 2 to 5 grs. may be required. Alcohol will not counteract. Datura appears not to Dr Stearns thinks by giving it in small often repeated doses with opium regular & interrupted contraction of the uterus may be produced this is quite doubtful. It must be a difficult point to hit. It is thought emmenagogue by some. This not very prob ably. Dram doses may be thrown off. It has not been suspected of being cathartic For the operation of it upon the uterus there must be a predisposition in that organ to contract caused by a full period of gestation ruptures of membranes haemorrhage etc. Pharmac. prep. 1st very fine powder (it is almost analogous to cork in consistence) Med. dose 10 gr. if necessary repeat it once or twice at intervals of 10 or 15 min. Generally one dose additional will be needed But this is an inconvenient prep. it loses its strength by keeping 2nd infus. 1 z coarse powd. to f z 3 of water let it stand ½ hour Dose f zi repeated if necessary every 15 m. until the whole is zi to zii wat. table sp. every 5 min. (Prof. B) taken at [illegible] it is supposed that inf. does not take out the whole strength 3d Decoction made in the same prep & with the same dose. Boil 5 to 10 min. & strain 4th tinct. dilut. alc. (.935) [illegible] to zii clavus Dose f zj repeated 3 or 4 times if necessary. This is the prep. which Prof. T. employs exclusively. The tincture appears not to lose its strength by keeping He has known the tinct. lose its strength in one case becoming colourless. This is the preparation which can be given without the prying curiosity of the old women Violent prejudices exist against it, in many place never talk about it call it cordial or something Of late however Prof. T. uses the actaea as an exclusive substitute Prof. T and his friends have well ascertained that when this article has lost its [ecbolia] it has also lists its narcotic powers Therapeutic appl. Diarrhoea vulgaris often reported to be valuable in secondary stages but undoubtedly as valuable from the first. First it lessens the frequency of the discharges then diminishes their bulk etc. 10 grs or given in a full dose it may stop it at once. It will cure in a few days or a week. A female [emporic] near N. York used this article for this purpose IT has often been used by physicians Dyspnoea exacerbans effectual but this degree of its efficacy compared with other articles is not well ascertained Give f zfs of tinct. or f zi repeated Intermittent fever said to have cured it in many cases 10 grs every 2 hours from sometime before the expected paroxysms Hysteritis membranifica Passive & irritative haemorrhages from nose lungs rectum, liver, bladder, uterus etc. zi in 24 hours in 8 or 10 doses. Prof. T. has often employed it in [illegible] with success just as he has actea Lyspesia hysteria is mentioned Peramenia superflua very useful according to Marshall Hull he continues the remedy throughout the catamenial period P. suppressionis apparently not valuable as an emmenagogue Leucorrhea communis Marshall Hall continue several days. Abortion the abortion is inevitable hem. freq. & parturient efforts feeble when too quiet & opium will not keep off abortion. This is one of the greatest improvements in modern obstetrical medicine Hemorrhage during utero gestation to produce abortion when the successions of hemorrhages may destroy the patient if suffered to continue many patients these lose their lives when parturition comes on the unavoidable loss of blood during delivery destroys the patient Case related in which the pat. was apparently dead from loss of blood no relaxation of os uteri Dr Reed thinks it may destroy the child & afterwards bring it away in a week say probably this is caused by giving too much Where there is urgent hemorrhage, it may be proper to give clavus before the os uteri is dilated and then anoint with bellad. Or if necessary bleed from the arm to produce relaxation Presentation of placenta often before the hand can be introduced the closing may be given to bring down the head upon the placenta & thus supposes the hem. afterwards anoint the os uteri with belladonna These two cases are contrary to the books but it has often been practised by Tully and his friends We may afterwards bleed if necessary to produce relaxation Lingering parturition attended with hem. & imperf. contract. of ulcers & imperf. dil. of os uteri Parodynia syncopalis or convulsiva Syncope or convulsions interruptions of delivery being produced You may conjoin enemata of spts. turp. dashing cold water etc. may be conjoined Vide datura # hemorrh. from the arm can be regulated that from the uterus cannot Lingering parturition when the uterine contractions have ceased when a practitioner is inexperienced in the use of the forceps After the delivery by ergot the [secundines] are apt to be retained Breech presentation The head is apt to be detained by the contraction of the os uteri around the neck great skill is generally necessary to extricate the head. The clavus will generally do no good. The forceps should be used? Parodynia secundaria where there is hour glass contraction all the books forbid it. But Prof. T. has repeatedly known it relieves. Dr Wood. of Vt. says it is absolutely certain to prevent on the one hand & to cure on the other, this hour glass contractions Retention of secundines from deficiency of uterine contraction f zii or even zjs may be needed more will often be needed than for the delivery of the fetus Generally where the clavus has been used, the placenta will be thrown off just after or in connexion with the delivery of the child This use of the clavus may almost always supersede the introduction of the hand Hemorrhage after delivery and it may be given with advantage as a preventive just before delivery where there is a liability to hemorrhage. But Dr Reed says we should wait till the head is delivered for fear of injuring the child. In the last case which Dr T. had he had great difficulty in resuscitating the child After pains where they are caused by irritation from coagulated blood where there is a deficiency of contraction Profuse lochia where there is entonic atony and deficient contraction. Some say that the clavus will not act after the delivery of the child But Prof. T. never knew it fail although it might require 10 to 30 minutes. This is known to a great many writers also. No doubt mischief has been done by this article but many of the restrictions are not well founded. For instance the rule that it should never be given when nature is competent to delivery but cases of hemorrhages etc. may be exceptions e.g. hemorrhage endangering the life of the mother even before the commencement of labour pains. If after you have stopped the hemorrhage the uterine contractions are too violent, you may always stop or restrain them by opium If you wish to relax the os uteri you may do it by bleeding but generally by local applications of belladonna. Exceptions have already been mentioned to the rules that it is not to be given until the os uteri is relaxed The indications are from something else than the dilation of the fetus to the size of a dollar Dr Stearns is right in saying that it should not be given when we are going to have occasion to turn Breech presentations will generally make it inexpedient. Dr Stearn’s limitation of the whole quantity to 30 grs in ½ pt of water a tablespoonful at a time, will apply to most cases [illegible] not to all judgment is necessary. For large doses are often given But very large doses may be needed. Where the forceps are admissible it is better to use them, if a man is sufficiently skilled in their use As for its use in convulsions, Dr Stearns directs bleeding to be premised in every case Prof. T. would not bleed unless there were indications for v.s. Do not trust to the clavus alone but give stramonium & give enemata of ol. pin. There seems to be no foundation for the notion that malignant epidemics are produced by spurred rye [Maize] is seldom or never affected with clavus in N. America. Wheat is far less seldom than rye yet these epidemics prevail where wheat & maize only ever used. Various other objections may be made. There is more [foundation] for the opinion that chronic diseases are produced by it History Used about 1740 in Holland by a celebrated [accouchaur] Interdicted by the French legislatures about 1770 used in Connecticut before Dr Stearn’s publication by an irregular practitioner. Said to have been long used before Dr Stearn’s publication by the Germans of Pennsylvania An old dispensatory by Brook mentions it (in some of the editions) Dr Stearns learned its use of some Scotch women in Washington county N.Y. 1807 Scleroteum maydis in S. America said to produce loss of h air in those who eat the grain said to loosen the teeth causes the hair of some to fall of also [swine] become paraplegic mules are affected in the same way Hens which live on it lay soft shelled eggs (by premature delivery or abortion) Monkeys fall down apparently drunk probably sub paralytic or with a sort of chorea Native deer & does also are thus affected These effects occur only [illegible] of Columbia Mandregora vernalis Root perennial top annual. Nat. ord. Solamene M. officinalis M. acaulis atropa [mandragon] of Linneus. Malus canina Mandrake [illegible] South of Europe & Greece But 2 species M. vernalis & M. autumnalis It is not the mandrake of the scriptures, which was probably a species of orchis Root fleshy thick & large white within Root most active. Leaves supposed to have similar but weaker powers The fruit probably has the same general powers Cortical part of the root is thought to be more active than the internal It is believed to be a more powerful anodyne and soporific than any article except opium Vide Shakespeares Othello scene last. Ed. & Vav. say it is most like A. bell. doubtful. Emmenagogue (Swed) Not nervine probably. Powerful purgative ([Mease] Swed. etc.) Others say nothing of this as Hoffberg who used it extensively & freely. Externally applied it is discutient Powder of bark of root dose 10 grs to [illegible] i expressed juice of root Infusion of root Wine of root syrup cataplasm of root made with milk & the leaves or root Treat cases of poisoning by quick emetics (e.g. 4 or 5 grs of turp. min.) Castor oil also to carry it off from the bowels Diseases Parabysma coactum P. strumosum in both it was much used by the ancients [Strum???] vulgaris [acutoplasms] of the leaves with milk applied to the neck. Very strong testimonials for its utility internally, for struma Orchitis chancre as a discutient Del. trem. puerperal delirium Podagra internally Also rheumatism Arthritis rheumatalgia said to be highly effective. Mania & melancholia by the ancients probably as a soporific Agrypnia [mentalis] by the ancients Sarcoma schirrhosum Various superstitions have existed with respect to this article on account of its similarity to the shape of a man’s body On this account called [illegible] Sold to produce boys & girls etc. etc. Vide Thornton London Miller etc. Amanita Ammonita Muscaria Agaricis muscarius Abundant in Europe & N. America. A fly poison One of the most poisonous fungi (Lindley) yet strange as it may seem all the poisonous fungi are eaten with impunity in the North of Europe and Asia. Said by Dr Langsdorf to be used like wine brandy or opium by the [Kamschadales] etc. Rolled up like a bolus & swalloed by them When steeped in a decoction of the berries of vaccinum uliginosum it is exhilirant and nervine like wine One or two small fungi said to last a whole day Water swallowed augments its effects. Renders some remarkably active (i.e. nervine) & a talkative person cannot keep silence or secrets A leap is made if a [strand] is to be stepped over. Finally narcosis & perhaps convulsions are produced. Drunkenness & vertigo as the authors express themselves But its most singular effect is upon the urine. On the second day after the taking of the article a teacupfull of his own urine will produce another fit of intoxication for the next day His urine will have 4 or 5 times the intoxicating qualities of the article. It may thus be propagated through 5 individuals. Old drunkards (upon this article) preserve their urine against a scarcity of the article. The effects fall strictly under the definition of intoxicating an effect produced by this article & alcoholic & venous liquors only Pharmacop. Bot. says odor nauseous sapor [illegible] etc. inebriant etc. Used in epilepsy & applied to malignant ulcers. Dose 10 grs Most active part under ground Epoilepsia stouma Ill conditioned ulcers cancers convulsions affections of the cornea Dose [illegible] fs to [illegible] j ter in die [illegible] Rossica Collect in the autumn keep closed Swediaur appears to confound its properties with those of some other articles Gray copies from Swediaur. Withering does so They call it sudorific & cathartic Probably it will prove a powerful and most convenient nervine Deobstruent Narcotics Which increase or diminish morbid secretions and resolve inflammations Conium Maculatum [illegible] Gr. (cicuta Sat.) has never been identified. Linneus applied the two to different plants. Great confusion existed Lamarck endeavoured to remedy this by interchanging the nerves this made the confusion much worse Hab. Europe & Asia All parts active leaves most so Smells like [mice] or like the urine of a cat. Most active when its blossom first begins to decay (an exception to the general) & when it grows in a cool climate & a moist situation Water said not to extract its properties Alcohol (& better ether) may be used When the etherial tincture is evaporated from water [illegible] is left a thick greenish semifluid etc. Called an alkali (or alkaloid) Some of these substances unite with 15 or 16 prop. of an acid & some do not saturate or naturalize at all as narcotine though they combine with acids in definite proportions. Tests of [illegible] vide Ec. & Vav. (translation) Paris infers that this is not the active principle & that the plant is improved by drying both conclusions false An efficient deobstruent & a moderate narcotic secondarily it is laxative Said to be emmenagogue but only so as a part of its deobstruent operation Prof. T. has not found it diuretic except in chronic cases where there had been a deficiency Removes torpor of the liver, changes the secretions of the al. can. Cures cutaneous diseases. Resolves inflammations As a deobstruent it possesses most of the valuable effects of mercury without its inconvenient effects It acts more powerfully upon a torpid liver (as in jaundice) than mercury Allays irritability Relieves pain produces nausea, vertigo, prostration muscular weakness etc. Hence narcotic Dr Mann took 18 grs in 5 hours of good extract. It produced some exhiliration Its operation began in about 3 hours came to its h eight in 3 hours more & went off in 3 hours more. Symptoms unsteadiness of gait contraction of pupils etc. considerable narcosis. Next day inconvenient secondary symptoms. Indicated in 1st chronic & subacute atonic inflammations 2 Tumours not inflammatory nor with organic lesions 3d torpor & irritability of liver & other chylop. visc. 4th Cutaneous affections 5th Dysthetic or cechectic complaints 6th Pure idiopathic nervous pains (neuralgia) But acute infl. in which a considerable quantity nervines acrids etc. are indicated here conium may be given. It may be successfully given in cholera zi at a dose (yet this is an acute disease) Not a very active poison. The [illegible] effects seem to be epigastric uneasiness coldness blindness nausea & vomiting etc. caused by exhaustion, produced by a lesion of the brain & nerves Forms 1st recently acrid leaves but these are very variable Tincture require too much alcohol Expressed inspissated extract is the best Select the plant in the latter part of the flowering season Strip off the leaves in autumn and press them in an iron press Set the juice in large platter in the sun. Add no water avoid the dews of night. Apply no heat Heat higher than that of the sun is said to injure it Dry it to a consistence suitable for pilling without any addition But the market has been filled with a watery extract of no value. Its sensible properties are quite different. Prof. T. has made a tinct. by filling a bottle with leaves and adding alc. to green & proof sp. to dry leaves then expressing he has reduced this so that a teaspoonful would be a dose but this requires too much alc. for jaundice, neuralgia. The tinct. seems to be more narcotic and less deobstruent than the extract. The extract seems not to produce ultimate narcosis so much as the leaves do and some slight change of properties seems to be produced by the process of forming the extract, by which the article is more deobstruent. Generally the quantity necessary to produce sufficient deobstruent effects will produce no inconvenient narcosis As much as 12 or 15 grs in a day will be necessary for this. But Prof. T. has occasionally given 1 or 2 drams without the slightest ultimate narcotic effect Prof. T. has never found it directly tonic only so by its deobstruent an narcotic effect relieving paresis of the nerves of the stomach etc. Because this article produces a cerebral excitement, given in uniform quantities at short intervals & pushed it has been supposed nervine Prof. T. once thought so but than all the narcotics may produce this effect Dose 1 to 5 grs. Prof. T. generally begins with about 4 grs. & increases till [illegible] The operation of a large dose usually commences in ½ an hour It may continue from 12 to 24 hours Conium is useful in a great many diseases It will generally require other articles in conjunction e.g. cath. & tonics & [illegible] (when you want a cath. merc. oper. use cal. etc. if you do not need purgative effects use other mercurials and these latter are less liable to salivate) No remedy is more valuable in dyspepsia For the production of the deobstruent effect from this and other articles, the system must be within a certain range of action hence depletion on one hand & tonics & aromatics on the other Diseases & pt of those which require principally its narcotic effects. Neuralgic toothache Spasmodic dysphorgia dipsosis [illegible] from intemperance Idiopathic cough at least as an adjunct to opium Hooping cough perhaps with tonics or with arsenic Dyspnoea exacerbans A large dose (say zi of ex) will arrest a paroxysm Idiopathic hectic in conjunction with arsenous acid nit. sil. etc. Ophthalmitis sclerotica (which is always rheumatic) very useful Neuralgia faciei of all kinds conjoin datura [Illegible] palpitation & synochous tremor Cherca valuable with iron Lately Prof. T. has used actea & nux vomica in preference hemicrania Hysteria a large dose will arrest the paroxysm it may be useful between the par. Epilepsy with datura catalepsy with iron. Spermorrhea entonica with ac. lead also [sagnesis] fur. (is [said] paruria mellita 2nd where its deobstruent effect is wanted Chronic dyspepsia with excessive appetite etc. with iron [sesquox] [illegible] zx extr. conii zv off. alc. f zii ol. cinn. ol. gaulth. aa mxii sacch. alb. zii syr. tolu f zvi & generally add f zvi of compd tinct. cinn. water sufficient to make 2 pints of this mixture dose f zfs. This is pleasant to the taste The alcoh. is necessary to make it keep If wine is indicated use wine instead of water Sometimes substitute French brandy ½ pt instead of the tinct. of cinna. for a time where alc. is indicated to rouse excitability Limosis sputatoria & L. albicus (called in N. Haven white jaundice) a disease of the liver with or without diarrhoea patient pale (slightly yellowish) difficult to determine its nature Dyspepsia accompanied with neuralgic pain (which must be relieved (the pain) with opium Sequels of colic Disposition to proctica with iron Icterus vulgaris with iron most valuable as much as he can take without too much narcosis. If the bowels are slow, premise a slow cath. of calomel Where the disease is cured by cal. alone the yellowness of the skin will often remain for 3 months. Conium removes the yellowness as coon as it cures the disease The discovery of the use of conium to cure jaundice was also made (accidentally) by phys. in Boston. But it had been used in the N. of Euro. & in Italy before Icterus melaena with acrids Chololithus Parabismata it will cure than which result from neglected intermittents. But quinine is a sovreign remedy for these as is now well understood though so contrary to the prejudices of Prof. T. & others Quinine is not a congesting article Prof. T. has used it still oftener in parabismata for malaria not preceded by intermittent P. strumosa P. schirrhosum with acrids (capsic.) tonics etc. Icterus from malaria conium will cure, but quinine is far better Erethymatic gastritis and enteritis conjoined with red prec. & corros. sub. Almost all the erythematic infl. As an auxiliary in membranific spargnosis puerp. Rheumatism useful auxilary in the acute u seful in subacute and chronic rheum. White swelling auxiliary cancer a palliative Lues syphylodes Persevering use of con. & iron has obviated a tendency to sick headache Affections of the mind Paramenia difficilis (not membranific infl) relieve a paroxism & continue it with iron Used with success as an [illegible] with iron Leucorrhea with nit. sil. & capsic. or with lob. inflata Chlorosis inops with iron Lepidosis psoriasis, & lepriasis & impetigo several varieties with arsenic Case related of supposed osteo sarcoma (perhaps a rheumatic aff.) and thought perfectly desperate cured by conium perseveringly pushed Cataplasms of recent leaves or extract rec. for irrit. ulcers The plaister is an inefficient preparation Treat cases of poisoning by this [illegible] as those of other narcotics by quick vomits by ammonia by acrid nervines as hydric ether alcohol etc. There is no evidence whatever that vinegar is an antidote History First used internally by Storck 1760. It grew very popular too much was expected from it and went into contempt Storck was ½ a century before his time with respect to various articles of M.M. Conium arecoca of S. A. affords an esculent root equal to our potatoe Aethusa Sinapium [illegible] Cicuta cicutoria etc. Dog’s parsley Fool’s parsley Habit closely resembles con. mac. Native of Europe Naturalized with us abounding about Hartford & Wethersfield Its powers closely resemble those of con. mac. but is much more active D S. Woodward has employed it extensively & can perceive no difference between this and conium A good subject for a dissertation Cicuta Maculata Never grows in clusters Root the most active part strong smell virose taste. More active than conium most [illegible] poisonous article we have indigenous mistaken for [illegible] [illegible] ([illegible] clay tone) Case. Young lady took it for angelica Soon she had vertigo blindness, weakness of extremities 2 hours after was found pale cold, distressed pupils dilated restlessness jactitations cold sweat The plant has vomited her. Sulph. zinc was given in obedience to the books it produced free vomiting which gave no relief and aggravated all the symptoms Teaspoonful laudanum 50 drops every hour spirit & water & wine external heat & acrids much better next morning but suffered from weariness in the limbs etc. Cured in 3 or 4 days Vide Bigelow on cases of death in 1 ½ hours with convulsions, frothing etc. Most physicians refer these symptoms to white hellebore which does not grow # mistaken also for aralia & for angelica & calamus with us or to iris versicolor, which produces no such symptoms If vomiting is needed mustard appears to be the best article (also ranunculus flammat. after these sulph. zinc sul. copper or sulph. merc. the latter two are speedier and as kind as sulph. zinc. The books direct 20 gr sulph. zinc as if it were a large dose but Prof. T. in most cases finds 30 grs necessary to produce full vomiting. Purging may be considered as seldom necessary if so give castor oil senna produces copious watery secretions and exhausts. Vinegar is directed as an antidote no evidence for it whatever It originates in the oxygenating theory with respect to narcotics vinegar was supposed to disoxygenize. Coffee and tea may do well as nervine but alc. & opium are better Medicinally used this article possesses the same powers in kind as the cor. mac. but is much more powerful in degree Cicuta bulbifera [Fennel] leaved cowbane etc. Said to be stronger than conium & supposed to possess the same powers Weaker than C. maculata C. venenata of Dr Greenway was probably C. maculata C. virosa (Europe) Seems to have the same powers (in the root) as C. mac. but to be rather weaker All these species seem to be perfect substitutes for conium Oenanthe crocata An European plant sometimes found in the U.S. Probably similar to conium The root is used Cases related of poisoning by it