• ■ V  *  \
0* *
THE CAUSE
AND
Cure   of Yellow Fever,
AND THE
Bedford (YaM) Iron and Alum Mass as a Remedial Agent^s
             /
      By Wm. A. Greene, M.D., Macon, Ga.
/ 
         ALUM  AND IRON  MASS
                         IN THE

TREATMENT  OF  YELLOW  FEVEH,
  The paper on the above topic, in the present issue of the Record, by Dr.
Greene, of Macon, Ga., presents new and interesting parts.  It transcends the
length usually allowed for our journal, but we give it a place by reason of the great
interest in tht subject of Yellow Fever at the present time, and in the hope that
the views of the writer may be  realized as to the virtues of the Alum and Iron
Mass in this awful disease.  The fatality of the affection is certainly dreadful, and
we think that any and everything promising any good in its treatment should be
made known to the profession, and a test be made of its virtues.
                          Editor Southern Medical Record. 
KEMAK&S Ujn TflJS CAUSE  AND
  TREATMENT   OF   YELLOW
  FEVER AND THE  BEDFORD
  (VA.)  SPRINGS  ALUM   AND
  IRON MASS AS A REMEDIAL
  AGENT.
1
By W. A. Greene, M.D., Macon, Ga., Ex-President
  Georgia Medical Association ;  formerly chief
   Burg, of Artillery, 8d Army Corps, A. N. Va.
   The great pestilence  of 1878,  which
"walketh in darkness and destroyeth at
noon" may be stated in round numbers
to have extended over five hundred miles
in length, on the Air-Line, and seventy
miles across at  its  widest part, sparing
neither city, town,  village  or hamlet,
clinging to the eastern side of the Mis-
sissippi river—it greatest divergence be-
ing at Chattanooga;  Mobile, Charleston,
Savannah and  Jacksonville, and other
places subject to its  visits being free to
this time.   It seems to  prefer moving
Northward along the rich malarial pas-
tures of the vast lowlands  that  stretch
out from the turbid  Father of waters.
   In  contemplating  this  wide-spread
epidemic, and the terrible destruction of
human life, our  minds linger—to think
of and admire the heroism and dauntless
courage of those noble  volunteers  and
martyrs, who, while others have fled be-
fore the approach of the pestilence, have
remained by the nois »me couch, have
breathed the foul breath, and inoculated
themselves with the deadly secretions of
disease,  to mitigate the  sufferings or
save the lives of their fellow beings—and
wrest  from the grasp of the poison some
salutary instruction.
   For these two long, weary  months,
they have watched  by the  gray  dawn,
through the noontide heats, and  all the
live-long night, at the  bed  side  of the
sick, tc catch the first ray  of hope, to
seize upon the first  favourable  moment
in which to offer kindly aid and gain an
advantage  over the  deadly  monster.
Such entire and  unreserved immolation
of self, such devotion to the calls of duty
—are  but the repetitions  of the acts and
examples of thousands  of our  brethren,
who have thus,  like Ourtius leaped  into
the  gulf, and  thrown away their own
lives for their fellows; and in every age,
and in every  nation,  are so numerous
that their biographies would fill another
Alexandrian Library.  Like the Prome-
theus of  the  Greek  Poet, they seem
to struggle against  Fate herself,  and to
traverse with unbending  resolution the
evil current of those who preceeded
them to the same destiny.  It is  ours to
stand ready to aid them witti L_
sources of sturdy and investigation—.
they may pui limits to the sway of tint*
dread king ornerrors.
   It is now too  late to discuss  clean
street.s and alleys, or correct sewerage or
any  system of hygenic measures—but
rather, by experimental science and study
of the true pathology of the disease, seek
to cure it.  This is  our only hope.  Our
oft scourged Southern cities have already
exhausted every resource, to  prevent its
appearance, until it seems  no human
foresight, or expenditure of time, talent
or money will ever avail anything.  And
I regret  to say, the  frightful  mortality
in the present epidemic proves how un-
successful and uncertain are our  thera-
peutical  means.   We have in a measure
mastered other diseases of  nearly equal
fatality  as  pulmonary  consumption.
Typhoid fever, small-pox, now a disease
of  the  past.   Rheumatism  an  oppo-
brium, now yields almost as certainly to
modern treatment as the  interraittents
and remittents of  malarial regions.   In
the present epidemic of yellow fever the
oldest traditional theories have been de-
molished, and it seems to me that we are
in greater ignorance of essential and  spe-
cific knowledge than ever before.
   Yellow  fever  looms up before the
American people as a national peril and
calamity, the  Leviathen of our pros-
perity and the destroyer of the lives  of
our people, and invokes at once the se-
rious attention of the government.  It
invades alike the palaces of the rich, and
the hovels of the  poor; in country  as
well as city ; the inland cities and towns,
as well as the great marts of  trade, the
water courses and thoroughfares of com-
merce—sparing neither age nor sex; the
foetus in  utero, the babe at the  breast,
the youth, and the man alike are its vic-
tims.  Neither is it a respector  of na-
tionalities, the  hitherto exempted negro
is almost equally affected with his"white
brother."  And it  is a  noticeable  fact
in the present  epidemic, that  previous
attacks have proven less effective against
a recurrence than ever  before, as is evi-
denced from the numerous attacks  and
deaths among the  physicians, druggists
and nurses, who  so nobly volunteered
their services to the afflicted  cities.  Fi-
nally—although the flower and skill  of
the  profession, have, at the  imminent
peril  of health  and life  labored  most
zealously,  yet, no treatment has  been
able to reduce the average mortality be-
low thirty-five per cent, of those attacked.
   I  do not propose, in this paper, to dis- 
4
.uss the pathology of yeflow fever, but
give simply a brief synopsis of my opin-
ion  of  its  direct cause and treatment.
I very  much fear the space allotted in a
medical  journal  will be insufficient to
make myself understood, or  convey the
probable benefit  I venture  to hope for,
from a publication of my theory.
  Yellow fever is a specific malignant
fever, usually of  a continued type, and
propagated by minute germs,  and has
appeared at elevations of 2,000, and even
4,000  feet above the level of the sea.
No physician who has studied the inves-
tigations of  Yellow and  Malarial fever,
made by men of  ability—or themselves
made the  invstigatious,  but have been
struck with the  identity  of  the  two dis-
eases in material  respects,  and I hold
that any general   treatment  adapted  to
one will be found valuable in the other.
  The most recent  investigations agree
with all previous ones, that yellow fever
prevails exclusively in malarial regions,
and is produced by spores of fungi float-
in the air, and  in which often, especially
in  mild types,  remissions and intermis-
sions of the fever are observable. Dr.
LeHardy, of Savannah, who has  given
the subject perhaps  more thought than
any recent investigator, and  fully com-
petent,  states that he has observed this
(the remissions and  intermissions) often
among the negroes in the last Savannah
epidemic,  and  in a  majority ef those
cases  quinine   controlled   the  febrile
symptoms.   On this important point we
have the  valuable   testimony  of Dr.
Robert  Lawson, inspector general of
hospitals, who  has seen yellow fever on
the West coast  of Africa and in the West
Indies, as well as the United States, and
given special attention to the  features
which characterize it, and serve to dis-
tinguish it from other kinds of fever. He
says, "the train  of  urinary  symptoms
and other characteristic features of yellow
fever were  as  fairly developed in the
periodical as in  the  continued  form of
the  disease;  the  definition of yellow
fever which represents it as being always
of the continued form, is altogether erro-
neous."
  While the yellow fever plant may not
be identical with the  malarial  plant,
(neither having been  sufficiently isolated
and explained); yet,  the conditions for
their development are strikingly similar,
even to a casual observer.   Neither are
contageous by personal contact.  Mala-
rial fevers of more or less  severe type
 invariably  follow  as   a  consequtnce,
 when there has  been slight  frosts, few
 freezes, unusual  quantities of rain, satu-
| rating the earth and filling the ponds and
| low places, resulting in stagnant water
j and  much decayed  vegetable  matterr
 These are the  conditions which propan
 gate yellow fever, and in which it luxu-'
 riates and  delights to  dwell,  leaving
 wretchedness and death  in its wake.
   For these reasons and others, gathered
 from a residence and practice of  ne rly
 thirty years  in  an intensely  malarial
 region, with close  observation and pati-
 ent investigation of the  diseases peculiar
 thereto, and an experience with  yellow
 fever sufficient for practical purposes, I
 am forced to the conclusion that it is the
 combined  influence  of the  spores of the
 yellow fever and malarial plants, acting
 together, and upon  each other, under  fa-
 vorable conditions for their mutual devel-
 opment,   which  produce  and   propa-
 gate yellow fever.  It   will be  noticed
 that the identical surroundings  or con-
 ditions are  always  required  for the ger-
 mination,  growth  and  development  of
 yellow  fever;  and  in closely studying
 and observing  the types of different epi-
 demics, I have noticed  that  it is con-
 trolled by the predominating presence of
 the one or the  other cause, being  milder
 if the malarial is in excess,  and severer
 if the yellow fever  has  supremacy,  and
 will yield to a  lower degree of tempera-
 ture or spread  and be susceptible of more
 rapid multiplication when it is higher,
 for the same reasons.
   And again,  the   treatment  that has
 been found suecessful  in one epidemic
 failed perhaps  in the next, in the same
 locality, which can  be explained  by the
 same theory.   A notable instance being
 the epidemic of 1847 in New Orleans,
 in which  the cases were  controlled most
 satisfactorily by quinine; but the advo-
 cates of quinine treatment were doomed
 to a most  unexpected disappointment  in
 the severer  epidemic of 1853.
   In the former epidemic, in all proba-
 bility the malarial cause was  in  excess,
 and accounting for the good  results  of
 quinine,  upon  which  the  physicians
 mainly  depended.   The  epidemic   of
 1853, as all will remember, was unsually
 severe,  and I  have no doubt the yellow
fever poison predominated to such a de-
gree as to render the  malarial  antidote-
 almost inert as a-remedy.   There seems
to be a mutual  intensification of these
subtle poisons  by their.commingling  in 
the atmosphere, and entering the animal
system.
  The striking similarity which yellow
  teters in excess,
wrdingly.
and
9 H| treated
The haemorrhagic malarial  fev'd:\ *o
fever so often  presents to the malignant, similar to yellow fever, requiring nea^y
or pernicious forms of malarial fever, has! the same treatment, I believe to be caus-
al ways perplexed etymologists in the in-j by the spores of  a plant resembling the
the  investigation  of the  former—and j yellow fever  plant,  which, combining
this  theory may open up the way for a I with the malarial plant,  intensify each
more satisfactory elucidation of the sub-  other, and poison the blood of those com-
ject.  In fact so difficult is the defferen-;
tial diagnosis, that  the first cases in all
epidemics are  diagnosed and treated for
some form of malarial fever, even by ex-
pert*—those who have had considerable
experience with  yellow  fever.   It is
fresh in the minds of many of us, who
were residing in the Southern portion of
Georgia at the time, concerning  the
doubts  as to  the character of the fever
which  proved so fatal  in Bainbridge,
Georgia, a few years since.  For several
weeks it was pronounced and  treated for
the haemorrhagic malarial fever  which
had  been prevailing in that section  pre-
viously—until the rapid  multiplication
of cases and alarming fatality excited and
aroused the entire State, and  consulting
physicians were summoned from the yel-
low  fever cities, and pronounced it gen-
uine  yellow  fever.   There  are  those,
even to this day, and  intelligent  physi-
cians, too, who are not satisfied with this
diagnosis.   Bainbridge is a  small in-
land town,  with some  1500 inhabitants
where yellow fever  had never before ap-
peared—neither was  it  at the  time
prevailing  at   other  points  in  the
vicinity, so far  as I remember, nor did
it extend beyond the town.   There was
also considerable speculation concerning
the fever when it first appeared in Mem-
phis in the epidemic before this one.  In
neither of these instances did  the fever
yield as promptly to the  first frosts as
has  been  its custom on the coast hereto-
fore.  We can here again explain these
irregularities on  my theory of the two
poisons operating together, and the mala-
rial  predominating—for we  know the
latter does not  yield decidedly  to low
temperatures—but is decidedly mitigated.
   In the fever  called "Typho-malarial"
 we have another instance of two separate
 and  distinct poisons operating  at the
 same time, in  the  same  patient—the
 tvphoid and malarial fuBgi.   We have  a
 knoweldge of the typhoid fever fungus,
 which  is distinct from the malarial plant.
 According to the  predominance of the
 one or  the other of  these causes, will the
 fever assume  the typhoid or the malarial
 ng within  its  influence, producing this
characteristic  fever,  which,  of recent
years, has  prevailed  so extensively and
fatally  in  the  malarial regions of the
South.
  Since this fever  made its appearance
in Georgia during  the years  1868 and
1869,  I have carefully  and  patiently
watched and studied it, with a view of
ascertaining its true cause, pathology and
treatment.   I have given  the profession
the benefit (if any) of what little I  have
discovered in previous papers, contribu-
ted to  the "Richmond and  Louisville
Medical Journal,"  in 1870,  and more
recently in "The St. Louis  Medical and
Surgical Journal" (June number, 1878),
and the "Cincinnatti Medical News,"
October,   1878.   In  those  papers   I
strongly advocated  the use of the ''Alum
and Iron Mass" as a chief  remedy, sus-
tained by giving a  few cases.  It was in
pursuing those investigations  I arrived
at the theory of the cause of yellow  fever
as expressed in this paper, and from the
strong  resemblance of the  two diseases,
based my theory of the treatment ofyel-
low fever.   I  regret  my limited oppor-
tunities for more thoroughly testing my
views of thii  treatment of yellow fever
with the iron and alum mass,  before ap-
pearing before the  profession in an artij
cle so strongly recommending it; and
would not do so, but for the reason that
the disease is  prevailing  so alarmingly
and fatally in our Western uties, and if
there is any good in  it,  the  physicians
there could use it, test it  as thoroughly
and perfectly as I could, and  more so;
and if my sanguine expectations should be
realized, even a tithe of them, I will fetl
that I have done some good, though not
present to  share with them the dangers
and hardships of administering directly to
the afflicted ones.   I can say, truthfully ;
I never had more confidence in a remedy,
and have  good reasons for it, from my
experience with it, and success in treating
 haemorrhagic malarial fever, and the few
cases of yellow fever that  came under
 my notice  and attention  in 1876,  from
 Savannah.  I  earnestly insist that the 
6
physicians who now have ample     >r-
tufcities for testing the  remedy, win do
so  at once, and  communicate directly
Vith me for any further information on
the subject.   But for my peculiar sur-
roundings,  I would at once go to some
portion of the yellow fever district, and
use this theory of treatment, and  make
further investigations of the causes.
   I invite a careful examination of the
analysis of  the mass  as procured  from
the  waters of the Bedford, (Va.,) springs,
which, taken  in consideration with my
theory of the cause of yellow fever, and
its  similarity  to the form  of  malarial
fever I have considered, the adaptability
of the treatment at once becomes  appa-
rent.  The usual prelimipary treatment
of puttiug the patient to bed,  covering
him   up, closing  the apartment,  foot
baths, with strong mustard and  pepper,
friction  of limbs,  elder-leaf and  other
teas  to   produce  perspiration,  assist-
ed by hot bricks, bottles of hot  water,
and  boiled corn, about patient's body
 and extremities, or  mustard  plasters ad
infinitum, may sometimes be proper in a
 guarded manner.  But this  hot,  fiery,
 pungent treatment,  should be carefully
 administered, as every case may not re-
 quire this stereotyped proceeding.
   In all specific diseases there is some
 specific remedy on which we  build our
 main hope of reliance as the alkaloids of
 Cinchona bark in intermittents and  re-
 mittents, mercury in Syphilis, Iod Potass
 and Salacylic Acid in  Rheumatism, etc.
 In yellow fever, I should build my hope
 of cure chiefly on the Iron and  Alum
 Mass of the Bedford  (Va.,) Springs, as
 it is condensed from the water  by pure
 and simple evaporation.  It is now well-
 known to all physicians and  needs  no
 special mention. The medical properties
 of the several constituents as shown by
 the  analysis  of eminent  chemists will
 readily suggest their effects on  the sys-
 tem.  It is an alterative tonic, steadfast
 and gentle diuretic  and febrifuge, mild
 aperient, acting alike on  the secretary
 and excretory organs—and when admin-
 istered in proper doses producing as sat-
 isfactory, "billious discharges" from the
 bowels, as are obtained from calomel.   I
 regret the lack of space to  speak  more
 particularly of the analysis and consider
 in  detail   the medical properties and
 therapeutical effects of each constituent,
 I will however refer to some  of the most
 prominent  ones.   We notice  first, the
 unusual quantity of iron existing  in the
maas ohiefly a«  ferric sulphate, the most
useful and valuable form for  medicinal
purposes.   Also the sulphate of alumi-
num.  The sulphate of  magnesia and
sulphate of manganese are very valuable
properties, the latterjust now attraoting
much interest since Dr.  Goolden, of the
London Lancet, described its  peculiar
aqd specific virtues as a  remedy  substi-
tuting calomel, for  its direct  action on
the liver, and free from many  objections
of this  powerful drug, in  debilitating
affections.   When combined  with sul-
phate of magnesia (epsom salts)  as  in
these waters, it requires very  minute
quantities to obtain  its  specific  action.
It is principally to these ingredients'we
are indebted for the action of this "mass"
on the hepatic secretions.  Then ftjftn we
find a large compliment of free sulphuric
acid.  In the treatment of haemorrhagic
malarial fever,  I have  for a long  time
considered the  mineral tonics absolutely
required in  its treatment, and  I  find
Professor  Jones in the "New Orleans
Medical and Surgical Journal" recently
commending them in the treatment of
yellow fever, ^lso,  which is  increased
and most  valuable  testimony in  support
of my theory of treatment of  the two
diseases, and also, of the further position
that a similar  treatment  is  adapted  to
each. The miueral tonics abound in this
combination of the Alum and Iron Mass,
containing ten  parts  of iron to every
hundred of the  mass.  The other consti-
tuents which assist materially in  pro-
moting its good effects in various diseases,
I have not time to consider in detail.
   If these views briefly and  imperfectly
advanced as to  the abnormal conditions
existing in yellow fever  be  correct, the
indications of treatment would be  min-
eral tonics to produce contractility of the
capillary  vessels,  and  effeot  needful
changes in  the blood  which  has  been
prevented by the  poisons, to  stimulate
the functions of the kidneys, bowels and
skin to increased activity, and, to inter-
rupt any paroxysmal disposition or ten-
dency of the fever.   I   have  not had
trouble  with suppression of urine,  since
using this  remedy, in  the treatment of
these diseases, unless  the case was too
far advanced before treatment.
   My mode of administering the Alum
and Iron Mass  is to begin as early in the
attack as possible, giving the largest pos-
sible doses the  patient will tolerate, sat-
urating the  blood, and bringing the sys-
tem speedily under its influence, and af- 
7
 forward*  continue  it in such  doses as
 may be necessary to preserve its effects ;
 preceeded by a warm pedeluvium, or, in
 bad cases, a semicupium.   In the mean-
 time make use of such hygienic treatment
 and regulations as  the  general indica-
 tions may require.  These, of course, are
 not regular in all cases, but are  governed
 by all the various circumstances and con-
 ditions that regulate us in the treatment
 of any other disease.  If the medicine  is
 properly administered and  the patient
 well nursed under ordinary circumstan-
 ces, very soon the pain in head,  back and
 limbs will  begin to subside,  and  the
 nausea be relieved—the  urine rapidly
 improves, losing its thick, albuminous
 character, gradually becoming clear and
 limped, and the paroxysms are rendered
 milder, less  frequent and of shorter du-
 ration.   Of course this is the result in
 favourable cases of yellow fever, and in
 Hsemorrhagic  malarial fever  may be
 looked for oftener  than otherwise.
   Of the modus operandi of the "Alum
 and Iron Mass" and the mineral waters
 of the Bedford (Va.) Springs,  I confess
 knowing but little if anything; and yet,
 perchance this may be as mucb  as any of
 us know in relation to the modus operandi
 of many  other articles  in  the  relief  of
 diseases for which they are so confidently
 administered.
   The author of, the above idea further
 says, that each and  every organ and tis-
 sue in the animal  economy is  possessed
 of a vires vitae, which vires vitae is pecu-
 liar to and inherent in such organ or tis-
sue.  That this vires vitae is susceptible
 of being acted upon, stimulated  or de-
 pressed by appropriate agents, follows as
ajnecessary  consequence.   Add to this,
the well known established principle in
 therapeutics, that  each  remedy in the
great arcana has some inherent  property
or quality that directs  its  action to one
organ or tissue in preference to another;
in other  words, it is  possessed  of an
elective  affinity or  franchise which di-
rects, eoMtrols or modifies its action; and
 we derive our knowledge of this affinity
 from accident, from  experience, or after
 a ehemjcal analysis.  We venture to use
 it when there  appears  to be a natural
adaptation to the pathological condition
of the  organ  or  tissue.   From  these
aphorisms, pathological and therapeuti-
cal, we may be able to deduce the modus
 operandi of the Alum and Iron Mass in
 yellow fev$r an4 hemorrhagic  malarial
   If the foregoing propositions and sug-
 gestions,  hastily  and very . imperfectly
 considered,  contain  any  considerable
 amount of  truth, it  behooves us, as vhe
 guardians of suffering humanity, to pro-
 pose better ones, or adopt them at least
 for a trial.
   I am notable to furnish an egotistical
 array of  cases of  yellow fever, but only
 make  a simple statement of a few fads
 in regard to the effects of this remedy in
 the disease under  consideration.  I hope
 no one will be so  unkind as to denounce
 the remedy on  account of the humility
 of its origin.   I commi need using  it in
 cases of the diseases mentioned and found
 I was  much  more  successful with it than
 with any  former course  pursued by me.
 I have instituted comparative tests with
 it and  other  remedies recommended  by
 our best authors, and yet prefer the one
 under  consideration.   1  am  aware,  and
 it is proper, thnt facts, ascertained by ex-
 periments sufficiently  clear, and repeated
 sufficiently often, and observed by a suf-
 ficient  number of witnesses,  must  be
 taken as the basis  of all the  sciences—
 and of ours  more than all the rest.
  Every theory appeals at last  to facts
 and experience: there is  no  alternative,
 and must consent  to  be  judged  by the
 observed results of the application of the
 principles or hypothesis suggested. The
 powerful force and  reliability, as well
 as confidence of our ancient brethren  in
 the results of experience and experiment
 as being conclusive of the value  of any
 remedy—we  find   in the  sayings  of
 Brousais, who was  the  most  ingenious
 and obstinate of dogmatists.   He  said
 in his  forcible  strictures upon the nu-
 merical plan of Louis that, "If it can be
 proved upon experience that tartar em-
 etic  will  cure  a  gastro  enterite, I will
 administer it; if arsenic will do  good, I
 will prescribe that." This, then  we may
 recognize, as the primary rule, the ele-
 mentary principle  of our science.  From
 the champion of every theory or  school
 we should be willing to learn what he is
 eager and able to  teach—aud to seleot
 from each his best weapons and  make
 them useful in this interminable contest,
 and as  in the phrase of Bacon, "all error
 is founded in some truth" we  can  find
 instruction everywhere.
  In concluding this  paper  I desire  to
say further concerning the  use  of the
Alum and Iron Mass—that it  is a very
valuable remedy in many forms of cuta-
 neous affections, more, especially of th^ 
3
sealy. variety.  I  have  seen  cases  of
Psowasis inveterata which  had resisted
theiong continued use of arsenic, iodine
and other remedies, yield readily to  its
influence, especially in patients of dissi-
pated habits, complicated with enlarged
liver.   It is also a useful remedy in ec-
zema and syphilitic squama?;  open ulcers
which have long resisted other treatment
I have seen heal rapidly by its local ap-
plication—at same time taking it inter-
nally.
  In the various forms of  dyspepsia, I
have observed the most gratifying re-
sults, speedily relieving the severe head-
ache  caused by deranged  digestion and
inactive liver.
   The following extract from a private
letter written  me by Bishop Geo.  F.
Pierce, of Georgia, is valuable testimony
of the efficiency of alum and iron mass,
for the troubles he mentions  and  from
which many of our public men suffer in
the South, who perform large  amounts
of brain work, as does this highly favored,
eloquent, and universally beloved Bishop.
  He says—"I knew  one extreme case
of dyspepsia cured by the iron and alum
mass.  It cures ordinary sick  headache,
will prevent it if taken  in  time.   I
found it  in my own  case when greatly
run  down in  strength,  an   excellent
tonic  restoring  appetite   and  vigor.
I    have    great  faith  in   it,   in
all cases  for which it is recommended."
If any reliance can be placed  on  what
I have  written concerning Alum and
Iron Mass, it is unquestionably a valua-
ble medicine, possessing  active curative
powers, and  having a wide range of ac-
tion.   The supply being  inexhaustible,
easily  procured, and  cheap—is  more
likely to be pure and of uniform strength.
It is peculiarly adapted to hospital and
dispensary practice, and should attract
more attention  from  the profession  in
this country  than has  hitherto been
given to it.