With the Author’s Compliments, 
15 Chestnut Street, Boston, Mass. 
March, 1873. 
REPORT 
ON THE 
PROGRESS OF OPHTHALMOLOGY, 
1872. 
PREPARED FOR- THE 
AMERICAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 
BY 
B. JOY JEFFRIES, A.M., M.D. IIarv. 
BOSTON, MASS. 
U. S. A. 
In consequence of the International Ophthalmological Congress in London, 
no meeting of the American Ophthalmological Society took place in 1872, and there- 
fore no complete Transactions of the Society have been published for that year. IN MEMORIAM 
Friederich yon Jagee, 
THE NESTOR 
OF 
GERMAN OPHTHALMOLOGY. REPORT 
ON THE 
PROGRESS OF OPHTHALMOLOGY, 
1873. 
PREPARED jFOR TnE 
AMERICAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 
BY 
B. JOY JEFFRIES, A.M., M.D. Harv. 
BOSTON, MASS. 
U. S. A. 
As the Society’s Committee, I herewith have the honor to make 
my Sixth Annual Report on the Progress of Ophthalmology. Again 
I am led to place a memorial dedication at the head of my contri- 
bution, which I know will meet the hearty approval of all the mem- 
bers of the American Ophthalmological Society. There are a num- 
ber of other younger men whom death has the past year taken from 
our ranks, but I join with Professors Arlt, Donders and Leber, in 
calling Jager the Nestor of ophthalmology in the “ Vaterland.” 
The great event of the year has been the meeting for three days, in 
London, August 1—3, 1872, of the International Ophthalmic Congress. 
Here I may be pardoned in adding, that the invitation I had the honor 
of suggesting was so warmly extended by our President and Secretary, 
that the Congress has voted to meet in America in 1876, the year of 
the celebration of the Centennial Anniversary of American Independ- 
ence. As the originator of the invitation, I claim the privilege of say- 
ing, my idea was that the Congress should not meet in any one of our 
large cities, but at Newport, for the same reasons that carry the Ameri- 
can Ophthalmological Society to that place in preference to all others, 
for its annual meeting. This remark I make in consequence of a 
recent notice in Prof. Zehender’s Journal of Ophthalmology. 
The Report of the London Congress will appear from official sources. 
An edition in French is already advertised at 12 fr. 50. I therefore 
append only an outline of its proceedings, taken from my notes during 
the several sessions. 
Wednesday evening (July 31) there was a preliminary meeting for 
inscribing names. One hundred and over did this. Of these, eleven 
were members of the American Ophthalmological Society, viz. :—Drs. 2 
II. W. Williams (Boston), A. D. Williams (Cincinnati), C. R. Agnew 
(NewjYork), H. D. Noyes (New York), John Green (St. Louis), William 
Thomson (Philadelphia), W. F. Norris (Philadelphia), Ezra Dyer 
(Philadelphia), D. B. St. John Roosa (New York), Charles E. Rider 
(Rochester, N. Y.), and B. Joy Jeffries (Boston). 
At 11, A.M., Thursday, August 1st, the Congress assembled in the 
Library of the College of Physicians, Trafalgar Square. The walls 
were hung with the portraits of the old English celebrities in medi- 
cine. Harvey’s picture hung behind the President, and above were 
his dissections of the bloodvessels of the human body. 
Mr. Critchett, in behalf of his London confreres, welcomed, in 
French, the members of the Congress. He named the officers of the 
meeting, viz.:—President, Prof. Donders ; Vice-Presidents, Prof. Wil- 
liams, of Boston, and Prof. Warlomont, of Brussells ; Secretaries, Mr. 
J. Soelberg Wells and Prof. Zehender. 
Prof. Donders then took the chair, and, in French, thanked the Con- 
gress for the honor conferred, and opened the meeting by the appoint- 
ment of a number of distinguished ophthalmic surgeons as Honorary 
Secretaries, each name being received with applause. 
The Congress then listened to the reading of the appended papers. 
Dr. B. Joy Jeffries (Boston) had the honor to read first on the 
“Use of Ether in Ophthalmic Surgery.” Ho subsequently answered 
the objections and questions raised during the discussion of his paper. 
Dr. De Wecker (Paris) followed “ On the Surgical Treatment of 
Optic Neuritis by opening the Optic Nerve Sheath.” Considerable 
discussion followed this communication. 
Dr. Warlomont (Brussels) presented a paper on “ Sympathetic 
Ophthalmia,” which gave rise to a long discussion, lasting till 1.30, 
P.M., when an adjournment took place. 
The Congress re-assembled at 3 o’clock. Dr. Bader (London) 
exhibited a case of pannus treated by sulphate of quinine ; also a case 
of conical cornea treated by Graefe’s method. 
Mr. Critchett (London) exhibited another patient with conical cor- 
nea, also operated on by Graefe’s method. The following papers 
were then read ;— 
Dr. Taylor (Nottingham) on “Extraction of Cataract.” 
Dr. Bribosia on “ Proposed Alterations in the Operation of Linear 
Extraction of Cataract.” 
Dr. Warlomont (Brussels) on “Proposed Changes in Cataract 
Operations by Extraction through the Cornea.” 
Dr. Hansen (Copenhagen) on “ Forty Cases of Extraction of Cataract 
by Liebreich’s Method.” A long discussion followed this communi- 
cation, after which the reading of papers was resumed. 
Dr. Dudgeon “ On the Mechanism of Visual Adjustment.” This 
paper was objected to by the President as containing nothing new 
from what he had already published. 
Dr. Woinow (Warsaw) on “ Accommodation and Refraction in the 
Eyes of Children.” 
Dr. Carreras (Spain) on “Cysticercus within the Globe.” Discussion. 
Dr. Galezowski (Paris) on a “ Case of Aneurism of the Central 
Artery of the Optic Papilla.” 
At 6 o’clock the Congress adjourned till Friday, at which time the 
following papers were read :— 3 
Dr. Vose Solomon on "Section of the Ciliary Muscle for Myopia.” 
Discussion. 
Dr. Carter (London) on a " New Form of Demonstrating Ophthal- 
moscope and a New Form of Perimeter.” Discussion. 
Dr. Hogg (London) showed another form of divided lens to use in 
the same method of ophthalmoscopy. 
Dr. Brettaner (Trieste) exhibited a series of fields of vision drawn 
from Forster’s perimeter. 
Dr. Wolfe (Glasgow) reported on eighty-two cases of traumatic 
cataract which he had operated on. 
Dr. Pagenstecher (Wiesbaden) exhibited drawings for an Atlas of 
Pathological Histology of the Eye. 
At 1.15, the meeting adjourned till 3, when Mr. Taylor (Nottingham) 
showed a patient operated on by him in the method proposed in the 
paper he had previously read. 
Dr. Zehender (Rostock) described a case of congenital malforma- 
tion of the eyes in a child. The specimen and drawings were 
exhibited. 
Dr. Robertson (Edinburgh) described a case of Irideremia. 
Dr. Doijer (Leyden) related the case of a medical student with total 
absence of the iris from its position. 
Dr. Galezowski (Paris) spoke of four cases of the same peculiarity. 
Dr. Williams (Cincinnati) read a paper on "Ulcus Cornese Serpens 
treated with Carbolic Acid,” and on the " Treatment of Chronic Iritis 
by warm Poultices.” 
Mr. Cooper (London) on "The Ophthalmoscope as an Optometer in 
Astigmatism.” 
Dr. Javal (Paris) showed how the same ideas have been carried 
out on the other side of the channel. 
Dr. Jeffries (Boston) on "Test Types and Visual Acuity.” 
Dr. Oldham on " An Improved Form of Ophthalmoscope.” 
Dr. Schroeders on a " New Form of Binocular Ophthalmoscope after 
Dr. Coccius.” 
Dr. Samehon (Manchester) on " Diphtheritic Conjunctivitis.” 
Dr. Lobo (Rio de Janeiro) on " Distances between the Anterior and 
Posterior Surfaces of the Crystalline Lens and Cornea.” 
Dr. Noyes (New York) on "Muscular Asthenopia and its 
Complications.” 
Dr. Williams (Boston) here, in behalf of the American Ophthalmo- 
logical Society, invited the International Congress to visit the United 
States at its next meeting in 1876, the Centennial Anniversary of 
American Independence. The proposition and invitation were greeted 
with applause, and the decision deferred till Saturday. 
Thursday evening a very pleasant conversazione took place at Mr. 
Bowman’s, where the Congress met the medical gentlemen of London. 
Optical and ophthalmic instruments were exhibited in profusion ; also 
very many ophthalmic pictures, some of which, showing optic neuritis, 
were clearly explained by Mr. Ilughlings Jackson. 
Friday evening, a soiree took place at Mr. Critchett’s house, and 
the Congress was delighted with vocal and instrumental music, as well 
as with an elegant entertainment. 
Saturday, 11, A.M., Mr. S. Watson (London) exhibited his plan of 
applying cold to the eye by water in small rubber bags ; he also read 
a paper on Dermoid Cysts, and showed drawings of the same. 4 
Mr. Teale (Leeds) read a paper on his operation for Symblcpharon, 
and showed two patients who had been operated on. 
Dr. Wolfe (Glasgow) explained his own method for this operation. 
Dr. Javal (Paris) presented the report of the committee of the 
Congress, recommending metrical and decimal series in trial glasses. 
Dr. Schmidt read a paper on the distention of the optic nerve sheath, 
in optic neuritis. 
Dr. Green (St. Louis) read a paper on test types modified from 
Snellen's. 
Dr. Williams (Boston) repeated his invitation for the Congress to 
visit America in 1876. 
Dr. Delgado invited it to Madrid. 
After considerable discussion, ■ the Congress decided to meet in 
America, in 1876. 
At 1 o’clock, the Congress adjourned till 4, when Mr. Power 
(London) read a paper on Transplantation of the Cornea. 
Dr. Williams (Boston) showed his needles for stitching the cornea 
in cataract operations. 
Mr. Bowman (London) spoke of the following operations :—1st, for 
precising and placing an artificial pupil ; 2d, for removal of dense 
papillary membranes ; 3d, for double iridectomy on the same eye by 
two knives at the same time ; 4th, for conical cornea, by trephining 
the cornea and other methods. 
Dr. Quaglino (Naples) spoke on “ Sclerotomy in Glaucoma.” 
Dr. on ” Cutting the Sclerotic for Glaucoma.” 
Dr. Noyes (New York) exhibited eye specula, and showed his form 
of register to be used in writing out cases. 
Dr. DeWecker (Paris) then proposed that, the hour of 3 o’clock 
having arrived, the Congress listen to Prof. Donders, which the mem- 
bers did with the greatest attention. lie spoke of and exhibited an 
instrument for measuring the distance between the lens and cornea, 
lie then criticized and exploded Forster’s idea that accommodation 
will take place when the lens was absent (great applause). lie also 
spoke on traumatic keratitis, and in reference to the pus cells and the 
corneal corpuscles. 
Dr. DeWecker proposed thanks to the London members for the 
reception given to the Congress. Prof. Donders, in behalf of the 
Congress, thanked the College of Physicians for the use of its Hall, 
and in a very impressive and elegant manner bade the Congress adieu. 
The members then took the train for the Crystal Palace (Sydenham), 
where the dinner took place. 
The following papers were recorded, but their authors did not have 
time to read them, and they were deposited with the Committee : — 
“ On Atrophy.” By Jabez Hogg. 
“ Cerebral Amaurosis.” Hunt. 
“ Observations on Tumors of the Globe.” Vernon. 
“ Absolute Correction of muscular deviation of the Eye.” Cowell. 
“ Practical Observations on the determination of visual Acuity.” 
Gayat. 
“ Cauterization of the Lachrymal Sac.” Quaglino. 
“ On Keratoconus.” Secondi. 5 
In the following pages, I have briefly sketched— 
The “ Report of the Heidelberg Meeting ” of last year, and what has 
been published, up to Jan. 1873, since ray last report, in 
“ Archiv fur Ophthalmologies 
“ Klinische Monatsbliitter fiir Augenheilkunde.” 
“ Annales d’Oculistique.” 
“ Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital Reports.” 
“ Archives of Ophthalmology and Otology.” 
“ Annali d’Oftalmologia.” 
“Journal d’Ophthalmologie.” 
I have, as in previous years, also sketched some of the books and 
monographs published, and the scattered articles in various reviews 
and society reports. Appended is a list of those which time and 
space have failed me to notice as they came through my hands or 
into my library. 
Heidelberg Ophthalmological Society. Meeting of 1871. 
Section of the Optic Nerve. Dr. Berlin.—In agreement with other 
observers, he found peculiar retinal opacity and subsequent pigment- 
ing after injury in man severing the nerve, and after experimental 
section in animals. 
Sclerotic Section as a Glaucoma Operation. Dr. Wecker.—He con- 
cludes that “the cicatrix in the sclerotic and the process of filtra- 
tion which goes on through it, are causes of the success of the ope- 
ration for glaucoma. This cicatrix (aside from the cystoid cicatrix) 
differs entirely from one made in an iridectomy for artificial pupil, and 
quite deserves the name of “ filtration-cicatrix.” 
The Refractive Condition of the Atropined Eyes of 240 Village-School 
Children. Dr. Cohn.—In criticism of Erismann’s article on a similar 
subject, ho says, “ of general interest is only the question of the in- 
jurious effects of concave glasses for all young myopes.” This Cohn 
denies, and refers to Woinow and Knapp ; moreover, his own researches 
tell him “ that there is no decrease in the degree of hypermetropia 
with increashig years.” “ The shape of the healthy eye of village 
children of from 6 to 13 years is not emmetropic, but always slightly 
li3rpermetropic, and even normal eyes must accommodate for the 
distance.” 
Herpes Cornece. Dr. Horner.—He thinks wo may have an herpe- 
tic eruption on the cornea not differing from that occurring in zoster, 
except the absence of the other symptoms of II. zoster ophthalmicus. 
Horner’s article gave rise to considerable discussion and interchange 
of experiences. The general impression seemed to be what I should, 
as a dermatologist, endorse, namely, that this form of herpetic symp- 
tom on the cornea rather bore the relation to zoster eruption that 
herpes labialis or progenialis does to zona. 
Light Perception in Diseases of the Choroid and Retina. Fcerster. 
He exhibited an ingenious apparatus for measuring the light percep- 
tion. He found that in those diseases where only the conducting ap- 
paratus of light impression was affected (nerve fibre and ganglion 
layer), this power was not at all or only slightly affected relatively 
to those diseases where the receptive apparatus was implicated, cho- 
roid and retinal pigment. 
A Photometer.—IIippel, in connection with the remarks of Foerster, 6 
exhibited and explained his instrument for measuring light im- 
pression. 
Box of Trial Glasses.—Schulek exhibited one containing 8 plano- 
concave and 8 plano-convex, by combining which we may have 25 
separate glasses, and thus quite a series. Zehender’s similar arrange- 
ment held 10 plano-convex and concave, giving by combination 30 
glasses. 
The various Size and Degree of Illumination of the Visual Field in 
examining Hypermetropic and Myopic Eyes with the reversed Image. 
Dobrowolskv.—The size of the visual field he found 
in E. = 60 quadr. mm. 
• in H. = \ — 45 “ 
in M. = £ = 77 “ by a second reckoning, 
in E. = 92 quadr. “ 
in H. = 73 “ 
in M. = 112 “ “ 
Now, whichever of these measurements we take as nearest the 
truth, we have thus explained how it is that we rarely see the fundus 
of a myopic eye as clearly and distinctly as in the hypermetropic or 
emmetropic, even those parts most prominent in comparison, as the 
papilla. 
Relation of the Macula to the Papilla.—This he shows, also, is changed 
in a myopic eye. In an elongated globe from staphyloma the papilla 
is shortened laterally, and appears an oval when the enlargement is at 
the side of the papilla, and shortened vertically, thus becoming a 
horizontal oval, when the distention of the globe is above and below 
the papilla. 
In examining a myopic eye, if we hold the lens so as to have the 
pupil in focus, our multiplication is less than in an eye of other refrac- 
tion. To increase the multiplication we move the lens away from the 
eye, but at the same time the illuminated portion of the retina is 
increased in size, and hence the part adjacent to the papilla becomes 
less illuminated, so that finally the papilla itself seems only to be seen. 
Power of Filtration of the Cornea. Leber.—He concludes that the 
membrane of Descemet prevents filtration, which point was discussed 
and disagreed with. 
Measurements of Intraocular Pressure. Morano.—lie has not yet 
arrived at full conclusions from his experiments, but cannot but think 
at present these will lead to further knowledge of the relations between 
the external influences on the globe (muscles, &c.), and the internal 
morbid symptoms, as also the anomalies of refraction and accommo- 
dation, affections of the iris, coroid, retina, &c. 
Diagnosis of Color Blindness.—Woinow exhibited a rotation appara- 
tus, the inner disk black and white, next a ring of red and green, next 
a ring of violet and red, next outside of violet and green. When 
l’apidly rotated the centre appears of course gray, i. e. of black and 
white mixed. The outer ring also gray to the red blind, as he can 
form gray from the two colors he sees. The middle ring gray to the 
green blind, as from violet and red he can see gray, and the inner ring 
gray to the violet blind, as red and green give him gray. Woinow 
also reported a case of unilateral green blindness. 
Arterial Retinal Pulse in Aortal Insufficiency. Becker.—lie con- 
cludes that in all cases of insufficiency of the aortic valves uucompli- 7 
cated with other valvular trouble, a spontaneous arterial pulse may bo 
observed. This will be the more evident, the greater the concomi- 
tant hypertrophy of the left ventricle. The spontaneous pulse was 
only absent, where besides the valvular insufficiency there was great 
anaemia or fatty degeneration of the heart. This pulse is seen not only 
on the papilla, but as far towards the periphery as the ophthalmoscope 
allows us to see. An exhaustive article on this subject is in the 18th 
Vol. of “ Grmfe’s Archiv,” Part I., 1872. 
Motion of the Eye-hall around the Optic Axis. Woinow.—He found 
in every case that there was the same proportion between the motion 
and the inclination of the head, independent of the degree of conver- 
gence of the visual lines. 
Report on the Progress of Ophthalmology. Nagel.—This has been 
published in book form of 488 pages. Although it is stated to be for 
the year 1870, it is by no means confined to this time alone, but is 
rather a sort of resume of ophthalmic literature for the past few years. 
All ophthalmic surgeons familiar with German, must thank Dr. Nagel 
for the immense amount of work he has been through, since it puts 
them in position to run over the newest ideas and experiences of 
others, in the shortest possible time. The indexing is especially con- 
venient and good. This I desire to state freely and fully, although to 
other American ophthalmic surgeons, as well as to myself, I consider 
Dr. Nagel has not been strictly just in his criticisms or translation. 
Strychnine in Cramp of Accommodation. Nagel.—Where atropine 
failed, he found strychnine of value, subcutaneously injected, in doses 
of -sV to gr. to relieve spasm of the ciliary muscle. 
Pathology of Iris Cysts. Rothmund.—This is an abstract of a more 
complete article to be published in Zehender’s Monatsbliitter. He 
says there are two forms of iris cysts:— 
1. Epidermoid, composed of epidermis cells. 
2. Cysts with watery contents and enveloping membrane lined with 
epithelium. 
With the first form, there is an accompanying wound of the skin in 
the neighborhood of the eye. The cyst apparently is formed by a 
piece of skin forced into the iris and giving rise to epidermoid 
ulceration. 
The second form, with certain exceptions, occurs only after injury, 
and comes, also, in similar way from the conjunctival covering of the 
cornea. Hence extraction and not puncture of these C}7sts is in place. 
Considerable discussion followed Nagel’s communication. 
Symptomatology and Etiology of Divergent Squint. Schulek.—He 
concludes that divergent strabisums is not an affection of the external 
recti, but of the internal recti muscles. There is another relation 
between convergent and divergent squint than that generally accept- 
ed, namely : Excessive action of the internal causes convergent 
strabismus, lessened action of the internal causes divergent strabismus. 
Both depend on the internal. Of course the external deviation is pro- 
duced by the external, but they normally pull whilst the internal 
abnormally yield. This view affects treatment, for we must of course 
not attempt to weaken the external recti by setting them back, but 
strengthen the internal by stitching them forward. We may, perhaps, 
by cutting the external, when there is very slight divergence, correct 
the squint. In greater degree, we must stitch forward. Considerable 8 
discussion followed, with explanations by one and another of their 
various methods of stitching. 
Operation for Trichiasis.—Knapp explained what Schulek published 
as his own method. But Prof. Arlt said that his son learned it from 
Snelling, and told Schulek of it. 
Methods of Plastic Operations.—Knapp spoke of his recent results. 
Pathological Specimens. Pagenstecher.—Discussed in reference to 
the origin of bone in the globe. 
The Power of Convergence, its Execution, Conditions and Effects. 
Mannhardt.—lie finds that the same anatomical shape of the head 
which gives a wide distance between the eyes, causes also an original 
position of divergence. Thus both data exist together, which hinder 
convergence. And the same shape which gives less distance between 
the eyes, gives also a tendency to original convergence, and hence to 
hypermetropic shape of the eye. A discussion followed by Woinow 
and Mannhardt in reference to the angle alpha, cut short by the presi- 
dent as too far from the subject. 
The Distance between the Fovea Centralis and the Centre of the Blind 
Spot in Eyes of Different Refraction. Dobrowolsky.—According to 
whom—1. The distance between macula and papilla varies in emme- 
tropic eyes from 3.915 and 5.467 mm. 2. In hypermetropic eyes the 
distance between macula and papilla, was in moderate degrees 
of II. greater than in emmetropic eyes. In high degrees of II. 
this distance becomes gradually smaller, till finally it reaches the 
same or even less than emmetropic eyes. Strabisums convergens 
generally comes with moderate degrees of II. 3. In myopic eyes, 
namely, if moderate M. this distance between macula and papilla 
varies but little fr;m the emmetropic. 4. In all individuals whose 
refraction varies in the two eyes, this distance varies also, being 
greater in the eye of least refraction. This whole paper was doubted by 
Knapp as “ absolutely inconceivable.” Dobrowolsky could not speak 
German sufficiently well to defend his position before the society. 
Spontaneous Cure of Hypermetropic Squint and the Limiting of Teno- 
tomy. Wecker.—He says he has no doubt whatever that simple 
convergent hypermetropic squint may cure itself with increasing age, 
i. e., if we may regard the gradual loss of convergence as cure and 
not the restitution of binocular vision. Also that 8 to 10 years after 
operation we may have divergence. This was agreed to by others in 
the discussion which followed by Cohn, Nagel, Mannhardt and Ilorner. 
Peculiar Forms of Sympathetic Trouble after Gun-shot Wound. 
Cohn.—The case is given in extenso with thirty others in the report 
of the volunteer surgeons from Breslau, published by Dr. Fischer. 
Astigmatism after Cataract Operations. Woinow.—If we give a 
patient after cataract operation a cylindrical glass with a spherical, they 
serve very well for the distance. The same cylindrical, however, with 
another spherical does not serve for the near. I have several times 
had cases where quite a different cylindrical was necessary for the near, 
and in some where a different axial direction was required. This may 
be explained by these patients rotating their eyes when converging for 
the near. As to the different cylindrical necessary, I do not under- 
stand. It cannot be from accommodation. To my results I would 
call attention, since experiments are now made as to far and near 
vision, in cataract patients, and they are said to overcome pretty con- 
siderable circles of dispersion. 9 
Pathological Specimen. Donders.—He stated that he considered a 
specimen passed round with the inquiry as to whether it went into the 
eye or was formed there, to be simply true bone formation. 
The Angle Alpha.—Bonders made an explanation in reference to 
what had been previously said in the society on this point. 
Congenital Absolute Color-blindness. Donders.—An educated young 
man of 21 years of age was totally color-blind. Strong light blinded 
him, in moderate light he saw very well. He was myopic £, and read 
for hours without glasses. Out of doors, all glasses which absorbed 
light, without difference, even the brightest colored ones, were pleasant 
to him, because they reduced the light. In the dioptric spectrum of a 
gas lamp his brightest part was between the spectral lines D and E, 
close to E, hence in greenish yellow. From here outwards towards 
the red end the light faded rapidly ; towards the violet, at first slowty, 
then rapidly. By moderate illumination he lost less of the bright- 
ness of the spectrum on this side than towards the red end. With 
the polaroscope, the complimentary colors through the quartz plate 
appeared to him of the same color. In turning the double refractive 
prism, he had a maximum of brightness at every 90°, or equality of 
brightness, as if the quartz plate was not there. He had the greatest 
difference where Donders himself saw purple and green, equality where 
he saw yellow and blue. Trials were also made with Chevreul’s 
chromatic circle. These and other experiments would show that the 
patient possessed only one of the three energies, namel}r, the one 
most excited by the middle portion of the visible spectrum. Does 
now the color which was brightest in this case correspond to the mid- 
dle energy ? Cases of so-called green blindness do not positively 
decide this. Maxwell, however, from his comparison of the three 
colors with white, showed that green was the middle energy, and J. 
J. Muller’s experiment gave the green between E and b its own 
peculiar place. This led him, also, to consider this green (only more 
saturated) as one of the three energies. They therefore found green, 
whilst Donders’s patient found yellowish green the brightest spectral 
color. In this Donders does not find any contradiction, for since we 
use a dioptric spectrum in which the light has increasing dispersion 
from the red to the violet end, then when only the middle energy is 
active, its maximum must be pushed towards the red side, just as the 
heat maximum which probably lies in yellow, will be found outside of 
red. With the polanscope, green was also, as opposed to purple, the 
brightest color. The case shows most conclusively green to be one 
of the three energies. 
Wecker here spoke of a case of a girl of 12 years born blind and 
microphthalmic, the eyes being no larger than peas. Nothing was to 
be seen of the cornea, but a rather less blue oval spot where it should 
be. The child was quite insensitive to quantitative light, but could 
distinguish the finest nuances of color. 
Becker also related another case where one eye was so small as to 
have no sensation; the other eye, which was also very small, possessed 
however perfect perception of color and color nuances. This is the 
only sensation the person had—squares, to be distinguished from cir- 
cles, must be very large and bright, whilst their colors were perfectly 
recognized. 
Helmholz's Empiristic Theoi'y, Donders.—From the study of patients 10 
operated on for squint, he thinks Ilelmholz’s theory will not hold 
perfectly good. For without practice or control, after many years, 
the restored binocular fixation of a point immediately calls out a cor- 
rect stereoscopic picture of one not fixed from the two retinal impres- 
sions—as from intuition—since the persons are not in condition to 
observe the governing data. 
Graefe’s Archiv fur Ophthalmologie, vol. xvii. 2 ; vol. xviii. 1, 
1871-72. 
Projection of the Visual Impression in the Direction of the Visual Line. 
—Prof. Donders, in an article explanatory of Ilering’s differences with 
him, gives the following headings. First in direct vision. 
1. A near object which we fix with both eyes will be there seen where 
it really is. We have a correct notion of its position in reference to 
ourselves ; i. e. in reference to the space occupied by our bodies. 
2. At the place where the fixed point really is, the visual lines cross. 
3. Our imagination (Yorstellung) places then the fixed point in the 
point of intersection of the visual lines. 
4. Our conception of the position of the fixed point depends on, or 
comes from, the knowledge or recognition of the innervation of move- 
ment to bring the visual lines to there intersect. 
5. We recognize with Hering an innervation for the directing the 
double eye, i. e. the two eyes together, upwards, downwards, right 
and left; besides these, for adduction and abduction. The first four 
we join under the name of directing-innervation; the last two as dis- 
tance-innervation. 
6. We estimate the directing-innervation with great accuracy. 
7. The distance-innervation also we estimate sufficiently well for 
near objects : a, from the necessary convergence we determine the 
distance ; b, and from the determination of the distance we regulate 
the innervation for movement. 
8. The idea of distance is affected by the peculiarities of the object 
(light and shade, size, perspective, form, et cetera). These, in ordina- 
ry vision, correspond to the real distance, and act then the same way 
as the distance-innervation. This last may, by artificial means, be 
brought in conflict with the former, and when this occurs the innerva- 
tion may not perfectly govern the conception. 
Projection in Indirect Vision. 
9. What we see as a single object with both eyes indirectly, appears 
at the crossing of the visual lines. 
10. When double pictures are given, but are combined in the imagi- 
nation to a single one, then the object appears also at the point of 
intersection of the visual lines. 
11. When the two pictures are not combined to a single one of the 
object, then they appear as two objects. The direction in which these 
appear relative to the point of fixation, is determined for each by the 
angle in each eye made by the line of direction of the retinal picture 
with the visual line. When all other suggestions are removed, we 
determine the distance as that of the fixed point. In ordinary vision, 
however, we know the distance, and then the idea gained from that 
readily determires. 
Finally, therefore, we come back to the old statement, namely, that 11 
directly, we see objects when the innervation of motion brings the 
visual lines to cross ; and indirectly, we see with each eye at an angle 
to the visual line, determined by the line of direction of retinal point 
affected. 
Muscular Asthenopia and Myopia. J. Mannhardt.—The author 
would show that the natural and hence the national conformation of 
the head will lead to asthenopic myopia. 
Ophthalmic Dispensary at Wiesbaden.—Dr. Pagenstecher contributes 
an article on—1. Hgemorrhagic glaucoma, illustrated by three cases. 
2. Glaucoma with haemorrhage. 3. Pathological anatomy of choroidi- 
tis disseminata. 
On the Size of the Image in a Combination of two Optical Systems. 
Dr. Hock.—ITe deduces, 
1. When in a combined optical system the object is at the primary 
focus of the primary system, then the pictures in all the distances of 
the two systems are alike. 
2. When the object is beyond the primary focus of the primary sys- 
tem, then if the distance of the system is smaller than the primary 
focus of the secondary system, or the secondary focus of the first, or 
the sum of the two foci, we shall have an inverted image, which will, 
be smaller the further the object is from the first refracting system. 
3. When the object is within the focus of the first system, the pic- 
ture, if the distance of the system is greater than the sum of the pos- 
terior focus of the first and the anterior focus of the second 
will be inverted, and smaller the nearer the object approaches the first 
system. 
4. When the object is within the focus, then the picture, in case the 
distance of the pictures is smaller than the primary focus of the sec- 
ond or the secondary focus of the first, or the sum of the two foci, 
will be reversed, virtual, and larger the nearer the object approaches 
the first system. 
5. When the distance of the two systems is equal to the sum 
of the anterior focus of the second and the posterior focus of the 
first system, the picture is inverted, and alike for all distances of the 
object from the first system ; thus also the same when the object is at 
the focus of the first system. 
6. When the object is beyond the focus of the first system, we shall 
have an inverted picture increasing in size whilst the distance of the 
two systems increases, to the point where the product of the positive 
difference of this distance and the sum of the anterior focus of the 
second and the posterior focus of the first system, into the anterior 
focus of the last lessened object’s distance, is smaller than the product 
of the anterior into the posterior focus of the first system. 
1. When an object is within the focus of the first system, the in- 
verted image produced is smaller the greater the distance of the two 
systems. 
8. When convex or concave glasses are at the anterior focus of 
the hypermetropic or myopic eye, the pictures produced through 
them are of the same size as those produced by objects at the same 
distance in the emmetropic eye. 
9. When an object is at the focus of a magnifying glass, the pic- 
tures are the same at all distances of the glass and the eye. 
10. The fuudus of an emmetropic eye gives a picture in another eye 12 
observing it, which is just the size of pictures of the first and second 
eye. The distance apart of the two eyes is here of no consequence. 
Prof. Donders follows the article with an explanation from himself 
in reference to it, and Knapp’s deductions, which must be read in con- 
nection with Hock’s article. 
The Mechanism of Ocular Movements. Dr. E. Berlin.—A lengthy 
article with illustrations, impossible to sketch here. 
On Ocular Movements. Dr. M. Woinow.—To be read with Dr. 
Berlin’s. 
Melanotic Tumor of the Cornea. Prof. Manz.—A rare case well 
described. 
The Nerves of the Conjunctiva. Dr. Franz Morano. Illustrated.— 
He concludes that: 1. The connective tissue of the conjunctiva is rich 
in nerves, but the epithelium very poor. 2. The conjunctival nerves 
reach to the epithelial layer, and the finest fibres are distributed pro- 
bably in the intercellular spaces. This explains the sensitiveness of 
the conjunctiva, wrnll known clinically, and yet at variance with our 
histology. 
Diagnosis of Color-blindness. Dr. M. Woinow—in which he de- 
scribes his special apparatus for testing for color-blindness. 
Hereditary and Congenital Optic Nerve Diseases. Tii. Leber.—1. Re- 
trobulbar neuritis optica, central scotoma, transmitted in collateral 
line. 2. Retrobulbar neuritis and neuro-retinitis optica in three children 
of one family, partly acute, partly chronic, cured. 3. Retrobulbar 
neuritis in two children, resulting in great amblyopia and final complete 
blindness from atrophy of the optic nerve. 4. Central scotoma, a 
sequela of retrobulbar neuritis, transmitted in collateral line. Com- 
parison of the cases shows that hereditary amaurosis in the families 
observed, was caused by neuritis of the optic nerve stem, which com- 
menced as retrobulbar neuritis or neuro-retinitis, resulting in partial, 
more rarely total, atrophy of the optic nerve. 
Remarks on Dr. Drismann’s Examination of the Eyes of School Child- 
ren. Dr. Cohn, who also contributes an article on the 
Refraction of the Eyes of 240 Atrophied Eyes of Village School Child- 
ren, with these conclusions :— 
1. More than 88 per cent, of the village children are emmetropic. 
2. Anisometropia but rarely occurs. 
3. Ametropia occurs twice as often with boys as with girls. 
4. Myopia does not occur in 1 per ct. 
5. The few myopes were only slightly so. 
6. Facultive-manifest H is more frequent (right 77 per ct., left Gf). 
7. In girls Ilm is more frequent than in boys. 
8. The number of Ilm does not lessen from the 6—13 year. 
9. All grades of Hm occur from to TV, most frequently II the 
stronger the more seldom. 
10. The average of Ilm is small (right left fs). 
11. Under atropine every village child is hyperopic. 
12. All grades of lit occur from to most frequent to 
13. The average of Ht is small (right left jfo). 
14. The degree of Hm and lit do not seem to vary with the sex. 
15. Neither Hm or lit exhibit a decrease in amount with increase of 
years. 
16. Nearly all village children have 1, the most S=2, many S=2£, 
a few S=3. 13 
Vol. xviii., Part i., 1872. 
Contribution to the Study of Glaucoma. Dr. Eydel.—We translate 
his final interesting paragraph. “We know how the degree of intra- 
ocular pressure varies in a glaucomatous eye. Experience shows that 
an eye which at one examination is nearly as hard as a stone, on the 
next day, or it may be in a few hours, will be found to have only a 
moderate degree of pressure, &c. More careful examination proves 
to us that this variation in pressure may have a very regular type, so 
that at certain times of the day the eye will be harder, and at others 
softer. Increase of pressure accompanies loss, and decrease of pres- 
sure gain of visual power, corresponding to the varying interrupted 
retinal circulation. Now, these variations of intraocular pressure 
do not cease with complete blindness, but last till the globe becomes 
atrophic, and I think will explain and cause the variation in light and 
darkness. I imagine, in the later stages of glaucoma, where the reti- 
nal arteries are already atrophic, an increase of intra-ocular pressure 
may quite stop the arterial blood coming to the eye, and the patient 
then has a sensation of darkness. If the pressure now subsides, the 
vis a tergo may overcome the vitreous pressure, the blood streams in 
again, and, irritating the retinal elements, brings a sensation of light, 
which continues till the subsequent increased pressure stops the blood 
flow once more. I need not add that the complete amaurosis, or total 
loss of response to the irritation of light, would not militate against 
this suggestion, since the optic nerve fibres (in our case by the flux 
of blood), when irritated, give the sensation of light, even when the 
retina has long lost its reaction to light.” 
Contribution to our Knowledge of Metastatic Irido-choroiditis. Prof. 
Schmidt.—He says that the capsuling of pus escaped through a sclerotic 
opening is extremely rare in metastatic irido-choroiditis. He has seen 
two such cases which he describes. He closes with a consideration 
of the group of symptoms accompanying unilateral exophthalmos. 
Neuro-retinitis, with a Cerebral Tumor. Dr. Eosenbach.—The case is 
most carefully given in extenso. It was observed whilst the author was 
assistant to Prof. Schweigger, at his clinic in Gottingen, in 18G9. It 
is fully illustrated by six carefully prepared figures, without which 
any description would be rather at fault. 
Contribution to Physiological Optics. Dr. Sobrowolsky.—In reference 
to rotation of the eyes in convergence and accommodation, he con- 
cludes that “if the position of the object in reference to the visual 
line does not alter, the direction of the sensible vertical meridian re- 
mains the same with parallel and with convergent visual lines. The 
effect of convergence is therefore the same as in the primary position.” 
The same author follows in considering the sensibility of the eye to 
various spectral colors ; also, its sensibility to the intensity of light of 
various spectral colors ; also, the gradual increase and decrease of 
light intensity in various spectral colors, during the gradual increase 
and decrease of the strength of the whole light; also, the sensitive- 
ness of the eye to tones of color. 
Pony Formation of Human Crystalline Lens. Dr. Berthold.—He 
finds, 1st, that the most frequent point of commencement of ossific 
deposit in the human eye is the choroid. 2d, that ossification may 
take place iu the iris, and such product be mistaken for an ossific 
lens. 3d, the corpus ciliare shows the least tendency to ossify. 4th, 
ossification of the human crystalline lens is not yet proved. 14 
Ophthalmoscopic Picture of the larger Retinal Vessels. Dr. Schnel- 
ler.—A long and interesting paper, illustrated by eight figures. From 
his injections he concludes, that the swfr-vaginal space communicates 
with the supm-vaginal by irregular openings in the outer optic sheath, 
and by similar openings in the sclerotic with the perichoroidal space. 
The latter connects by the perivascular space around the venae vorti- 
cosae with the Tenon’s space, so that injecting material, on the one 
side through the spaces of the optic sheath, on the other by the scle- 
rotic spaces, meets in Tenon’s space, or the supra-vaginal space imme- 
diately connected with it. The sub-vaginal space and the other spaces 
are, according to Schwalbe’s examinations, to be regarded as lymph 
spaces. The proof of the communication of these spaces, and their 
being lined with endothelium plates, go towards showing that they are 
the roads for the movement of the lymph. 
A new Method of determining the Optical Constants of the Eye. Drs. 
Mandelstamm and Sciioler. 
Pigment Deposit in the Parenchyma of the Cornea. Dr. Hirschler.— 
He calls attention to certain deposits of pigment in the cornea pro- 
pria, which he figures, and has seen cases of: 1st, keratitis dif- 
fusa parenchymatosa. Iritis serosa. Pigment deposit in both eyes. 
2d, keratitis parenchymatosa, episcleritis, iritis double. Pigment de- 
posit in left eye only. 
The Visible Movement of the Blood in the Retinal Vessels. Dr. 
Becker.—An elaborate and interesting article of ninety pages, of es- 
pecial value to those who are using the ophthalmoscope in general 
medicine. 
Refutation of the latest Objections to Graefe's Linear Extraction. Dr. 
Jacobson.—This is much too long to be sketched here, and should be 
read carefully by all those now becoming ready to adopt Liebreich’s 
bold cut through the cornea, as well as those who are reporting on 
Graefe’s operation, which they in reality never carry out as he said it 
must be, to insure the success he had with it. Vide Errata in vol. 
xviii., Part ii., 1872. 
Anatomical Examination of Typical Retinitis Pigmentosa. Dr. Lan- 
dolt.—A case which had been frequently seen during life in Professor 
Horner’s clinic, came under the observation, post mortem, of the au- 
thor, who reports his very careful histological examination, and illus- 
trates it with figures. 
Effect of Optical Glasses on the Power of Vision. Dr. Woinow.— 
A short article, to be studied with those of Knapp, Hock, Donders 
and Mauthner. 
Remarks on Dr. Morano's Article on “The Nerves of the Conjunctiva.” 
Dr. IIelfreich.—A criticism, to be read with Morano’s communication. 
Yol. xviii., Part ii., 1872. . 
On Keratitis. Dr. S. Talma.—This article gives the results he pub- 
lished last year in a communication published in Dutch, in reference 
to the origin of the pus corpuscles in traumatic keratitis. It was to 
endeavor to decide whether all the so-called pus-cells of the inflamed 
cornea were white corpuscles, or whether a part at least were not de- 
rived from the substance of the fixed corneal corpuscles. The result 
of his study is, that all pus cells in traumatic inflammation of the cor- 
nea are wandered blood corpuscles. 
Histology of the Lamina Cribrosa. Dr. Wolfring.—-He concludes 15 
that it is not a net-like modification of the sclerotic tissue, through the 
openings of which pass the bundles of the optic fibres ; for the sclero- 
tic passes directly into the optic nerve sheath, simply leaving an open- 
ing for the nerve. Moreover, there are no free bundles of connective 
tissue passing from the sclerotic to form such a network. The con- 
nection of the optic nerve and sclerotic is rather caused by the nume- 
rous vessels of each, only, however, to be seen in fortunately injected 
specimens. In the lamina itself then is simply the connective tissue 
belonging to the perineurium and its subdividing bloodvessels. 
Hence, the important difference between sclerotic and lamina in resist- 
ing pressure, as seen in optic excavation in glaucoma from increased 
intraocular pressure. Here, as is known, the papilla is pushed back 
beyond the plane of the inner scleral surface into the nerve sheath, 
forming thus a kettle-shaped depression, without the neighboring 
portion of the sclerotic being turned or pushed outwards. 
The Relations of the Circulation in Optic Nerve and Retina. Dr. 
Leber.—1st, The arteria and vena centralis retinae supply not only 
the retina and papilla, but, also, in common with the vessels of the 
sheath, the optic nerve as far as they run in it. 2d, The vessels of 
the optic nerve run everywhere within the connective tissue spaces 
throughout it. 3d, The condition of the branches of the sclerotic 
vascular circle is, with slight modification, a repetition of the condi- 
tion of the sheath vessels of the optic. 4th, Hence, the lamina 
cribrosa, papilla and a small part of the retina are all supplied by the 
central and ciliary vessels. 
Use of Strychnine in Amblyopia. Dr. Woinow.—He reports three 
cases. “ Where there is visible change in the retina or choroid, strych- 
nine is most generally of no use. It was of value in troubles of the 
optic and in amblyopia, when no such affections could be seen by the 
ophthalmoscope to explain them. It was noticed that in otherwise 
similar cases strychnine was only of value when, with much reduced 
vision, nuances of color were still appreciated. In all cases (the 
above excepted) where there is blindness to any one color, the remedy 
failed, even when vision had not been very much reduced, e. g. S=£. 
Where strychnine helped, it was at the commencement of the treat- 
ment ; for instance, the first two injections are sufficient to definitely 
decide whether the remedy will be of avail. This is a valuable fact, 
as thus any patient may be treated without omitting other remedies. 
Physicians too often limit themselves to strychnine alone. No evil 
effect on the general constitution was observed. Naturally, it was 
interesting to know how long strychnine helped, in other words how 
lasting its good effects were on vision. This, time does not yet allow 
to be answered with certainty. One patient was seen from two to 
three months, and another seven and a half afterwards ; in both, the 
continuance of the effect was observed. In one case, however, 
besides strychnine, other treatment was used, directed entirely to the 
cause. 
Remarks on the Use of Spectacles. Dr. Woinow.—ne speaks of the 
use of concave and convex glasses where, aside from the refraction, 
the question of convergence of the eyes is to be considered. Statisti- 
cal data and the study of external squint clearly show that the myopic 
eye, oftener than the other, suffers from symptoms of muscular 
asthenopia, due to insufficiency of the recti interni muscles. In such 16 
cases, where the degree of insufficiency is slight, and the patient 
refuses operation, we must needs employ a symptomatic treatment, 
and order glasses. Amongst these, of course, first come prismatic 
glasses with angle outwards. The use of prisms, however, is com- 
paratively limited, from their weight and chromatic aberration. In 
all cases of myopia whore the patient’s occupation requires the object 
very near, he must use concave glasses or these combined with 
prisms. By concave glasses, we lessen the angle of convergence and 
thereby lessen the necessity for the latter, and thus relieve the call on 
the internal recti. The prismatic action of glasses being well known, 
it is of value to calculate their effect in various relations of the optic 
axis to the centre of the glass. This is done, and given in a table for 
Numbers 24, 20, 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6. 
Lymph-adenoma of the Orbits. I. Arnold and 0. Becker.—A man, 
;et. 34, has been troubled, from the age of 19, with an affection of the 
conjunctiva. At the age of 30, there was double exophthalmos. This 
was caused by a sensible tumor behind the fascia tarso-orbitalis in the 
region of the lachrymal gland. Both tumors were extirpated by the 
knife. Normal position, movement and function of the eyes returned. 
The secretion of tears is not much diminished. Subsequently, posterior 
symblepharon occurred. Examination of the extirpated tumors proved 
them to be lymph-adenoma. No return at the end of twenty months. 
Circular concentric Defects in the Visual Field. Dr. IIersing.—An 
interesting paper with reports of cases. I quote his last paragraph. 
The course of the retinal veins does not seem to have been taken into 
account in these circular scotomata. Perhaps in other cases also the 
correspondence in position would have been noticed, as these and the 
form of the circular defect were characteristic in the cases noted, 
varying only in dimension. The ophthalmoscope often shows two 
thick veins running, one above, the other below, around the macula 
lutea, whilst others going in other directions have, relatively, much 
less calibre. If, now, there is choroiditis, syphilitic or otherwise, the 
retina will be more likely to become implicated near these thick veins, 
and fastened to the choroid, hence destruction here of the rod and cone 
layer rather than elsewhere. With this goes the fact that in the 
majority of the observed cases the blind ring spreads, destruction of 
the percipient elements taking place still further. In the cases of 
pure nerve or retinal atrophy, with pigment deposit, it does seem 
explained why, in a retinal zone typical in position and condition, the 
rods and cones disappear before they do elsewhere. 
Entropium of the upper Lid. Dr. E. Berlin, in Palermo.—lie 
proposes a new method of operating for it, adding the experience of 
Dr. R. Berlin in Stuttgart. 
Retinitis Albuminurica with Detachment of the Retina. Dr. Brecht.— 
These cases occurred during pregnancy. He says the ophthalmoscopic 
results were quite similar, viz., alterations in the choroid, narrowed 
arteries and discolored papilla, sometimes excessive, although good 
vision remained, and the visual field was normal. In one eye of one 
case there was, however, good central vision with marked lateral 
contraction, due, apparently, to local choroidal change, as the white 
papilla could not mark progressive atrophy, since in another case the 
same existed with normal vision and visual field. Perhaps many 
cases which would be considered retino-clioroiditis, choroiditis dissemi- 17 
nata, &c., are but the remains of previous retinitis albuminurica. The 
retinal separation seen in one case, proves that even when it is exces- 
sive the retina may completely subside into place, provided the eye is 
of normal form and there is no bulging or staphyloma. The complete 
and rapid occurrence of this replacement would seemingly show that 
the fluid was rather dependent on filtration of the tissue than on active 
choroiditis. 
Contribution to our Knowledge of Corneal Tumors. Dr. Schmid.— 
Five interesting cases, not readily sketched without the accompanying 
figures. 
Peculiar Alteration in the Tissue surrounding the Retinal Vessels. Dr. 
Ole Bull.—This he attributed to the lymphatics, being a dilatation 
of the vascular sheath or the perivascular spaces (if such exist). 
Corresponding Retinal Points. Dr. L. Mandelstamm. 
Innervation of the Ocular Motion. Dr. Samelsohn.—I quote but a 
single very interesting sentence. “ The only possible conclusion 
from such observations is that the centres of motion of the two globes 
are separate, and act together only when concerned with defining 
position. When this is not the case and no combined action is called 
for, then monocular function may take place. The physiological 
analogy of this in the animal kingdom is afforded by the chameleon, 
which moves its two eyes independently.” 
Congenital and Acquired Association. Prof. Donders.—A few years 
ago, a series of experiments were carried out by Dr. Adamiik, in 
reference to the action of the corpora quadrigemina on the movements 
of the eyes, both in dogs and cats. These Donders discusses. His 
last sentence is, “ the organic action of the will on the cells in delicate 
molecular motion, of the motor ganglia, is ‘Himmelweit’ from the 
rough action of the galvanic stream describing its course from 
electrode to electrode, without regard to the functions or relations of 
the forms or structures it touches.” 
Diagnosis of Muscular Insufficiency. Dr. Kugel.—A long paper. I 
cannot sketch without figures. He thinks it much easier to explain 
most pathological relations of the outer muscles by Hering’s method 
of regarding the laws of innervation, than by the method hitherto used. 
Report of fifty Cataract Extractions by Weber’s Method. Dr. Driver. 
—Resulting thus : Y = to y 44 eyes = 88 per cent. 
Quantitative vision, to- be improved by iridectomy, 3 eyes, 6 per 
cent. 
Lost, 3 eyes, 6 per cent. 
He closes his report by quoting from Knapp the following: “ Weber’s 
is theoretically the most perfect section. When Weber gives us the 
results, the accidents and the details of some operations, and these 
prove favorable, we must needs emplo}7 his method, since the position 
and direction of the cut is confessedly theoretically perfect.” 
Amaurosis after Hcematemesis and other loss of Blood. Dr. Samelsohn. 
—He concludes that the sudden loss of a large amount of blood pro- 
duces, of course, a vacuum within the cranium, increased also by the 
heart’s reduced action, and this vacuum must be filled. Now the fluid 
which may do this in part, is the lymph of the sheaths of the vessels 
and the arachnoidal space, connected, as shown by Schwalbe, with the 
space between the two optic sheaths. The action of the heart return- 
ing, and the quantity of blood increasing within a few days, the cere- 18 
bral vessels are again filled, which drives out the fluid from the arach- 
noid spaces, and if the pressure in the lymph passages is also too 
great, it must needs seek an outlet in the intervaginal space of the 
optic nerve. Thus the nerve becomes infiltrated with serum, gradu- 
ally paralyzed by pressure, and finally a growth of interfibrillar con- 
nective tissue set up, whence atrophy of the optic nerve fibres. Thus 
we may have the conditions of a congestion papilla, as in cerebral 
tumors. That the serous infiltration may disappear, in other cases the 
connective tissue growth become limited or absorbed, is equally possi- 
ble with this theory. Whether the trouble is central or peripheral, 
his cases point towards the latter, and hence open the way to a possi- 
ble treatment. 
Observation of a New Entoptic Appearance. Dr. IIeuse.—It would 
require his figures to render clear what he has himself seen. 
Practical Remarks on the Effect of Glasses on the Acuity of Vision. 
Prof. Donders.—A translation rather than a sketch of this paper 
should go with the results, hereafter to be given, of the experiments 
and deductions of Drs. Horst and Klinger, now being made, as Prof. 
Donders notifies us at the end of his article. 
Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augelheilkunde—June, 1871—Dec. 1872. 
A New Operation for Cataract. Dr. Canstatt.— A modei’ately curv- 
ed needle is passed into the eye behind the lens, the curve towards 
it. The needle is then entrusted to an assistant, and the ordinary cor- 
neal section made upwards. Then the needle is again taken and pres- 
sure exerted on the lens, forcing it into the anterior chamber in its 
capsule, by breaking the zonular attachment. Slight pressure upwards 
on the lens then forces it through the wound. Five cases were thus 
operated on successfully in Brazil. 
Two Cases of acquired Nystagmus in People living among Moun- 
tains. Dr. Shroeter.—This was a rotatory motion worst in twilight, 
and in a dark day so excessive as to prevent the patient’s working. 
Dr. Genth gives some interesting cases of injury to the eye during 
the Franco-German war, which came into the Leipsic Eye Infirmary. 
Of special interest were several of rupture of the choroid, or choroid 
and retina. With these should be noticed Dr. Schrag’s cases, pub- 
lished as a dissertation, in 1870, at Leipsic; and noticed in this num- 
ber of Zehender’s Journal. 
Molluscum Contagiosum. Dr. Ebert.—An extraordinary case is 
quoted and figured from the Jahrb. f. Kinderheil. und physiche Erzie- 
hung, Jahrg. 3, p. 152. The tumors on other parts of the face were 
the size of a pea or bean. Around the eyes they were thickly packed, 
as large as a hazel or walnut, secreting from their surface a bad smell- 
ing, smeary substance. They enclosed the eyes like a wall, prevent- 
ing their being opened for a time. 
Intermittent Blepharospasm.—Dr. Seeligmulleb, in Halle, reports a 
curious case of a woman with periodic blepharospasm, and compares 
it with others here and there recorded in ophthalmic literature. 
Reckoning the Astigmatism of the Cornea.—Dr. Berlin, in Palermo, 
gives his corrected formula for this. 
Clinical Observations.—Exophthalmus ex aneurvsmate arterim oph- 
thalmicse dextrse. Ligatura carotidis communis dextrae. 19 
Coloboma iridis et choroidese, et membrana capsulo-pupillaris perse- 
Yerans utriusque oculi. 
Optic neuritis from lead poisoning1. 
Separation of the retina during chloroform narcosis. 
Leptothrix in the upper canaliculus. 
Hydropthalmus congenitus. 
Xanthelasma palpebrarum. 
Ophthalmic Casualties from the War.—Sclerotic rupture from a 
piece of glass ; Commotio retinae traumatica ; Ruptura iridis ; Irido- 
cyclitis traumatica, ophththalmia sympathica, enucleatio bulbi. 
(Edema of the Conjunctiva and its Signification a,fler Operation. 
Prof. Shiess, in Basle.—Pie distinguishes two forms of oedema, a pas- 
sive non-irritative and an inflammatory. I will simply quote what he 
says in reference to oedema after extraction of cataract. “ A pale, 
not extended oedema, in the first few days after extraction, if it re- 
mains stationary without corneal or aqueous change, need not influ- 
ence our prognosis. A pale oedema, however, within twenty-four 
hours, with peculiar want of conjunctival injection, is of prognostic 
value. If it extends rapidly over the whole globe, it is a proof of deep- 
seated inflammation. I have rarely seen a normal result with such 
oedema. Generally the oedema becomes injected, firmer, and in the 
best cases there is muddy aqueous, corneal opacity and plastic or pur- 
ulent iritis. In the worst cases, however, when the whole affair has 
appeared in twenty-four to thirty-six hours, Tenon’s capsule is affect- 
ed, motion limited, the lids swollen, protrusion, in short imminent 
acute panophthalmitis; perhaps energetic treatment will keep the 
whole process within the bounds of purulent choroiditis, with consecu- 
tive greater or less phthisis. So also when a pale oedema does not 
spread, but remains several days in statu quo, not rising with vascu- 
larity, but lasting a time as inflammatory oedema of moderate inten- 
sity, then we may with certainty decide on stasis in the circulation of 
the choroid tract. The pupil does not reply to atropine. However, 
such cases may, and I have seen them, turn out well. 
If all has run smooth for three or four days, inflammatory oedema 
may sometimes occur. For instance, after a restless night, and when 
the bandage has been disturbed. The patient complains of pain, the 
eye waters. This oedema is a sure sign not only of iritis commenced, 
but of choroiditis often becoming purulent. Here also we may some- 
times conquer the inflammation, which, with the swelling, gradually 
subsides. I have, however, oftener observed, frequently with new 
formed iris vessels, atresia of the pupil, or gradual flattening of the 
anterior chamber, whereby purulent masses from the vitreous get in 
front of the iris, and vision finally is lost. Such eyes often become 
later phthisical. 
Clinical Observations. 
Gummy Exudations in the Anterior Chamber. Dr. Gunning. 
Double Isolated Choroidal Rupture, with three Ophthalmoscopic Pic- 
tures. Dr. Hersing. 
Stubborn Epiphora cured by Extirpation of the Lachrymal Sac. Dr. 
Talko. 
Fistulce of the Lachrymal Canals. Dr. Talko. 
A New Operation for Spastic Entropium. Prof. Szokalski, with 
Figures. Dr. Talko. 20 
Traumatic Rupture of the Cornea.—Evacuation of the globe, and 
enucleation. Iridectomy of the left eye. Dr. Talko. 
Coloboma Oculi. Dr. Junge.—A rhombic coloboma in the neighbor- 
hood of the macula, unassociated with coloboma of the iris or any other 
part of the choroid or retina. 
Morphoetic Affections of the Eyes. Dr. Pedraglia.—He reports on 
the usual symptoms of elephantiasis Grmcorum, as expressed in the eyes 
and lids in 14 cases he saw in Brazil. 
Two Cases of an unusual form of Acute Myopia. Dr. Shrceter.— 
These were due, he concludes, to sudden excessive convexity of the 
lens associated with a relaxed zonula, and not to axial elongation. 
Accommodative Power in Aphakia. Forster.—His measurements 
and proofs of its existence are given in detail. He finally adds that 
how accommodation takes place in aphakial eyes he will not attempt 
to say, only that it must be a physical process, not a physiological 
one, viz. : the suppression of circles of dispersion. True, this is no 
explanation, and only answering one enigma with another. He sug- 
gests, however, that with absence of the lens the accommodative action 
may cause the ciliary muscle to bend the cornea more convex. 
The Position and Size of the upright Image in the Fundus Oculi. Dr. 
Schnabel.—Bis statement, the proof of which he would show, is : 
“ The picture of the fundus, to be seen by an emmetropic eye not ac- 
commodated, must always lie at infinity, no matter what the condition 
of refraction of the eye examined, because from infinity alone can the 
observer obtain a perfect picture, and this picture must be infinitely 
large, no matter whether the examined eye is normal, myopic, or 
hypermetropic.” 
Cysts of the Iris. Dr. Rothmund.—He recapitulates and discusses 
thirty-seven recorded cases, and concludes: 1. That histologically 
there are three forms to be distinguished—the purely serous, the gela- 
tinous, and the epidermal cyst. 2. As to the pathogenesis, iris cysts 
occur most generally after wounds (83.3 per ct.). Epidermal cysts 
are to be all referred to wounds causing transplantation of cutis or 
hair-sac cells. In other cysts we might suppose a similar growth from 
loosened and transplanted epithelium of the corneal conjunctiva, or, 
as Wecker thinks, the wound causes a bulging sac of the iris, and the 
cyst then holds only aqueous humor. 3. The best treatment is extir- 
pation of the cyst without injuring it. Continuance and growth of 
the cyst leads to consecutive iritis, ulceration of the cornea and sym- 
pathetic trouble ; hence total excision is in place, which settles the 
diagnosis, whilst discision, or partial excision of the cyst, causes 
frequent returns. 
Kryptophthalmus, a Case of, in an Infant six Months old. Dr. Zehen- 
der.—A photograph is given of this remarkable case, observed by the 
author in his clinic, and which he saw post mortem. 
Case of Coloboma of the Lids. Dr. Pfluger. 
Death following an Enucleation, ten Days subsequently. Dr. Just. 
Traumatic Accommodative Cramps. The same. 
Tatooing Leucoma of the Cornea. Mopthlhalmus.—Zehender’s re- 
marks on. 
The September number contains a notice of the doings of the Inter- 
national Congress at London, in 1872, by Prof. Zehender, one of the 
Secretaries. 21 
Pigmentary Iritis. Dr. Ritter.—Iritis with pigment deposit in the 
cornea, possibly from cells wandering from the iritic growth. 
Oththalmoscope for rapid Determination of the Refraction. Dr. Cohn.— 
A modification of Loring’s, with the disk of glasses above instead of 
below. 
Cyst of the Cornea. Dr. Samelsohn.—An unique case. 
Application of Lapis Purus to the Conjunctival Fold in Corneal 
Affections. Dr. F. IIosch.—He gives the report, amongst others, of 
nine cases where asthenic corneal processes were thus treated with 
great success, one or more applications having been made. "Lapis 
purus is always used, as in these cases there is danger in delay. We 
do not, as in the blennorrhaic conditions, make a broad cauterization, 
but with a pointed lapis pencil, a narrow eschar over the most bulging 
or swollen part of the conjunctival fold. This is to be immediately 
neutralized, it is better to dry the part first, to avoid spreading of 
the caustic. In this way bad conjunctival cicatrices will be avoided. 
A slight increase of irritation generally follows the application, followed 
by rapid improvement if the tarsal conjunctiva has not been touched. 
If the swelling of the conjunctival fold does not disappear after the 
first cauterization, and no better vascularity appears in the cornea, 
then the application must be repeated, but not before the eschar has 
sloughed off. The increased irritation after this application is best 
combatted by cold applications. 
By the stimulus of the cauterization the superficial conjunctival 
cedema is relieved, and thus a freer circulation takes place in the 
episcleral vessels. There is no difficulty in making the application. 
When properly neutralized the pain is not entirely prevented, as 
Grsefe thought, yet amounts to but little. In the majority of cases 
the procedure need not be often repeated. The result is frequently 
very perfect, and we have been astonished to see how quickly vascu- 
larity was established after proper application of the caustic in cases 
where all sorts of stimulating remedies had been tried in vain. We 
would again repeat that this method is only advisable where there is 
marked swelling of the conjunctival fold.” 
Simple Glaucoma, with diffuse general corneal opacity. Dr. Schiess- 
Gemuseus. 
Amaurosis, from poisoning by morphine. Dr. W. Wagner. 
Blepharoplastic; erysipelas in wound, softening of the cornea and 
atrophy of the globe. Ditto. 
Piece of Iron, extracted from the anterior chamber. Ditto. 
Cheyne-Stokes’s Respiratory Type, with pendulum motion of the 
globe, rheumatic endocarditis, encephalitis from embolism of the 
arteria fossas sylvii dextra. Gottlieb Merkel. This case is published 
in full in the Deutsches Archiv f. Klin. Med., B. v., page 201, and cor- 
responds to one given in the Berl. Klin. Wochenschrift, No. 15, 1870. 
Retinal Affections in Surgical Fever. Deutsche Zeitschr. fur Chirurgie 
Bd. 1, Sept. 1872, p. 471. Notice of the original, viz.: Embolism and 
so called Retinitis septica. 
Blindness after Scarlet Fever.—Due to kidney trouble with urremia. 
Cases fully given in Jahrb. f. Kinderheilkunde u. phy. Erziehung, 
June, 1872. 
Basedow's Disease.—Use of galvanism in four cases ; fully given in 
Berln. Klin. Wochen., Sept. 23, 1872. 22 
Cataract in connection ivith Nervous Diseases. Dr. S. Longetschwikow. 
From fifteen cases in women between 16-37 get., with clonic spasms, 
under his observation, who also had cataract, he concludes : 1st. The 
causal relation between cataract and general spasms exists not only 
during childhood, but also in later years. 2d. Cataract of middle life 
connected with nervous disease is not like the local, generally station- 
ary cortical cataract of childhood, but appears as a complete soft one. 
3d. The nervous symptoms are always those of clonic spasm. 4th. 
The formation of the cataract probably is not due to the effect of the 
muscular contraction, that is, the agitation or shaking, but is referable 
to the immediate cause of the spasms. 
Annales d’Oculistique, July, 1871—Dec. 1872. 
Strabismus—Dr. Javal continues his article, to be published we 
trust in the form of a monograph when finished. 
La Sereuse Intra-Oculaire et la Nature du Glaucome. Dr. A. Sichel. 
He thinks Schwalbe’s anatomical examinations and discovery of a true 
lymphatic sac, admit the recognition of an intra-ocular arachnoid 
from whence comes the hypersecretion Graefe alleged was the 
cause of glaucoma. The various symptoms of glaucoma and the effects 
of iridectomy are in this light ingeniously explained. 
Criticisms on Burckhardt’s “International Tests for Vision.”—Dr. 
Furst ; who says the tests were devised to avoid the inconveniences 
attached to letters, and for the purpose of determining S. R. and A. 
without the aid of glasses. But he concludes that in general, the 
usual tests are better. Moreover these tests of Burckhardt do not 
exclude the use of glasses to determine S. and R. with II., As. and M. 
and in simulated M. atropine must be used ; so also to examine N. 
and A. glasses are necessary. As to astigmatism, Furst says, Burck- 
hardt’s method will readily lead to mistake in reference to the meridian 
of greatest curvature. The determination of the degree of As. by 
glasses is sufficiently exact, this exactitude varying greatly, accord- 
ing to different degrees of astigmatism. 
Albuminuric Retinitis. Dr. A. Robertson, who concludes : 1st. That 
trouble with vision frequently accompanies chronic Bright’s disease. 
But if in some cases this may be attributed to uraemic poisoning, in 
the greater number it is due to inflammation of the retina, complicated 
with fatty degeneration. 2d. The retinal alteration is so marked that 
the opthalmoscope definitely determines it. 3d. The retinal trouble 
is most often associated with the form of Bright’s disease, in which 
there is shrinking of the kidneys ; but it also accompanies the amyloid 
variety. 4th. It is not rare that from the insidious progress of the 
principal affection, the ocular symptoms are the first which force the 
patient to seek the aid of science. So that the opthalmoscope often 
seems to diagnosticate a pathological alteration not even suspected. 
5th. In a few cases the retinal trouble has disappeared and its functions 
been reestablished. 
Extraction of Cataract without Opening the Capsule. Dr. II. Pagen- 
stecher.—Its advantages he holds are the following :—Extraction of 
the lens with its capsule removes all predisposition to inflammatory 
process on the part of the iris. In 200 cases he had not a single pri- 
mary iritis. The operation excludes any secondary one. Visual 23 
acuteness is greater after this than after any other operation. In 
twelve per cent, it was normal. Whilst it has these advantages, it 
however has the risk of total loss, which linear extraction also has. 
The defects of the method are the difficulty of operating, and of being 
sure of the diagnosis in certain cases. As vitreous is frequently lost 
during the operation, this substance must necessarily get between the 
lips of the wound and retard healing. No ill effects have been seen 
from such prolapse. 
Extraction of Cataract. Dr. Mazzei, of Florence, in a letter pub- 
lished in the Annales, speaks of the method he was taught by Magni 
and his modification. His knife is twenty-four millimetres long and 
three broad, varying somewhat from GrEefe’s. The patient lies down 
with the other eye bandaged. An assistant fixes the upper lid, being 
warned not to draw it up too strongly. The eyeball is steadied by 
the index and middle finger of the right or left hand, according to the 
eye operated on. The knife is entered in the sclerotic at the lower 
third of the external periphery of the sclero-corneal junction, care 
being taken to direct its point towards the centre of the pupil, i. e. at 
an angle of 40°, with the inferior corneal tangent. The knife is then 
pushed in this direction to its greatest width, which is about three 
millimetres. This done, the direction is changed to one parallel with 
the lower horizontal tangent of the cornea, and the knife carried across 
to a point opposite the one of entrance, the cutting edge being always 
directed downwards. Then this is turned forward at an angle of 45°'- 
50°, and the incision completed by a gently sawing movement. The 
capsule is then opened and the extraction of the cataract facilitated 
in the usual way, i. e. by exercising slight pressure with the curette 
below the wound, and by pressure in the right direction from ihe 
thumb of the other hand. The patients act much better during this 
third stop of the operation, since they are not troubled by the specu- 
lum or fixation forceps. 
Absence of the speculum, fixation forceps, and iridectomy are what 
the author therefore claims, give: 1st. A simplified operation. 2d. 
Almost perfect preservation of the iris. 3d. Less pain and discomfort 
for the patient, relieved of the mechanical dilatation of the eyelids. 
The Distance from the Fovea Centralis to the Centre of the Blind- 
spot. Dr. Dobrovolsky.—He finds that the distance between the 
macula and the papilla varies in emmetropic eyes, between 3.915 and 
5.467 mm. In slight hypermetropes this distance is greater than in 
emmetropes. In slight myopes the distance varies but very little 
from emmetropes. It decreases with increased myopic, but in no 
regular progression. 
Phlebitic Ophthalmitis. Dr. Worlamont.—An interesting case end- 
ing fatally. 
Prof. Stoeber’s introductory remarks on the cure of diseases of the 
eye and the practice of the specialty are given in the November and 
December Numbers of the Annales, 1871. 
Annales d’Oculistique, 1872, opens with a very interesting and 
pleasantly written eulogy of Grsefe, accompanied by an alphabetical 
table of all that was written and published by the master in ophthal- 
mology. 
A Demonstrating Ophthalmoscope for two Observers. A. Sichel.—The 
edge of a prism partly covers over the hole in the ophthalmoscope, and 24 
reflects off at a right angle the image to the second observer’s eye. It 
may be used as a hand instrument or set up on a stand. 
A Moveable Prism. Cretes, Optician.—Two equal prisms when base 
to base form one of double the power, when base to apex they neutral- 
ize each other. As they are turned from one to the other position 
they form prisms of all the several degrees. Cretes has thus arranged 
two prisms in a collar with a handle on which a scale with indicator 
tells us what angle we are using. 
A Double Forceps to hold the Globe during Operations. Monoyer.— 
This possibly may be very handy when the ocular muscles are entirely 
relaxed under ether. I judge it would be much better than the fixation 
forceps invented by Jager. The teeth look, however, rather formida- 
ble for old conjunctivas. 
Corelysis. Dr. VVecker.—He seems mistaken in the idea that Passa- 
vant’s operation was intended for anterior synechiae as well as 
posterior. His lack of success would seem dependent on too large a 
corneal wound and using toothed forceps instead of the perfectly smooth 
ones necessary. 
Tatooing the Cornea. Wecker.—He has done this more than twenty 
times with Chinese India ink. Warlomont adds in a note that he has 
done it twice with very satisfactory success. As of course have 
many others. 
Circumscribed Choroiditis. Dr. A. Sichel.—The particular charac- 
teristic of the affection he treats of, is “the presence in a limited por- 
tion of the fundus of an alteration analogous to what is seen in 
choroiditis disseminata or areolaris.” He proceeds to show that there 
are four periods corresponding to four stages of alterations seen. 1st. 
A period of hyperaemia and local congestion. 2d. A period of exuda- 
tion and fatty proliferation. 3d. A period of regression or pigmenta- 
tion. 4th. A period of atrophy. His treatment is local bleeding by 
Ileurteloupe’s leech, followed by 24 to 36 hours of total darkness. 
Frictions on various parts of the body with Neapolitan ointment. 
Internally, syrup of Gibert. On the temple and forehead a series of 
three to five small blisters. The details of five cases are given. 
Wecker's Clinique at Paris.—In the report given by Martin, here in 
the Annales, we find there were ninety-five cataracts operated on. In 
speaking of these, a new form of cystitome forceps are highly recom- 
mended. His results of vision measured in 4 = V = §§■ 
“ “ “ 10 = “ = f 
“ “ “ 18 = “ = | 
“ “ “ 26 = “ = § 
•• “ “ 10 = “ = f 
a ti <( __ i i __ x 
“ “ “ 5 — " =Tt 
Sixty-one iridectomies were done for various causes, always with a 
Graefe’s knife, with which as small an iridectomy as is needed can be 
made. For convergent squint, the right internal tendon was cut 17, 
the left, 19 times. The external right, 3, the left, 2 times. A right 
and left muscle were each advanced by means of the diagonal suture. 
Seven times sclerotomy was successfully practised for glaucoma, 
nevertheless doubt is expressed as to its replacing iridectomy. 
Saemisch’s operation for corneal ulcer was done three times without 
success. The cornea was tattooed eight times, with four to six sittings 25 
for each patient. Peridectomy was six times employed; the cases 
were too recent to draw conclusions from. 
Herpes Zoster. Dr. Hubsch.—This case was diagnosticated by 
Prof. Hebra, of Vienna, as “ chronic herpes zoster.’’ There was 
resultant, white atrophy of both optic papillae and furious delirium, 
with signs of diffuse encephalitis. A most interesting and instructive 
case. 
Foreign Body of some Size in the Orbit. Dr. Borel,—The amber 
mouth-piece of a cigar-holder was forced into the orbit, and removed 
ten days afterwards without injury to the eye. 
Epithelioma of the Iris. Dr. Monoyer.—A double epithelioma perle 
Or margaritoide of the iris following wound of the eye. Removal of 
the larger of the two tumors. Panophthalmitis, Histological exami- 
nation of the morbid growth. 
Review of Foreign Ophthalmological Literature. Dr. Woinow.— 
lie sketches a number of articles in the Russian language. We can 
only give the list here :— 
Material to define the limits of the field of vision. Dr. M. Reich. 
Influence of the central sympathetic nerve on the nutrition of the 
eye. Sinitzin. 
Critical review of the theories as to the formation of pterygia. Dr. 
Storogeff. 
Physiology of the lachrymal passages and the secretion of the tears. 
Dr. Demtschenxo. 
Effect of general bleeding on traumatic inflammation of the cornea. 
Dr. Rubaschkin. 
On some subjective manifestations of vision. Dr. Dmitrowsky. 
Paralysis of the ocular nerves due to "tabes dorsalis.” Dr. 
Woinow. 
Transitory Amaurosis. Ditto. 
Vessels of the choroid and optic nerve ; lamina cribrosa. Dr. 
Wolhfring. 
Determination of the relative force of the external ocular muscles. 
Dr. Kriikoff. 
Development of the lens capsule. Dr. Zernoff. 
Astigmatism in patients after cataract operation. Dr. Woinow. 
Strychnine in amblyopia. Dr. Woinow. 
Formation of cataract depending on nervous troubles. Dr. Logets- 
nikoff. 
Myopia in students. Dr. Maklakoff. 
Cysticercus of the retina. Dr. Lagetschinnoff. 
Exceptional physiological excavation of the optic papilla. Dr. 
Maklakoff'. 
Souvenirs of the Ophthalmological Congress at London, 1872.—Dr. 
Warlomont devotes thirty pleasantly written pages to describe what 
he saw and heard, and his general impressions of the Congress. I do 
not quote them here, as the regular report of the Congress will appear 
in due time, and I have already given a list of the papers read, &c. 
Transit of Venus over the Sun. Giraud Teulon.—If any one of my 
readers is surprised at such a title in an ophthalmic review, let them 
read the author’s twenty pages on this subject and they will see that 
the ophthalmic surgeon must needs be a physicist also. 
Cutaneous Grafting in Ophthalmic Surgery. Dr. Wecker.—lie says 26 
his own method may always bo employed. 1st. In cases of burns of 
the lids or neighborhood, which have caused suppurating wounds 
whose faulty cicatrization threatens deformity or displacement of the 
lids. 2d. In partial or total ectropion, caused by cicatricial contrac- 
tion in the neighborhood (burns, caries, fractures). 3d. It may 
replace with advantage most if not all the methods of blepharoplasty. 
4th. It should be used always where, from operation or accident, there 
has been a considerable loss of the substance of the lids. 
Introduction of the Metrical System in Numbering Glasses, and the 
Choice of the Unit of Refraction. Dr. Monoyer.—He criticizes the 
Committee’s report made through Javal, at the London Congress, and 
concludes : 1st. That the unit of refraction proposed by Javal is con- 
trary to the principle of the metrical system. It cannot be introduced 
except by forcing the manufacturers to make twenty-eight new glasses, 
or resigning ourselves meantime to commit no inconsiderable mistakes. 
The unit in question (a glass of 240 centimetres) is too small for prac- 
tical necessities. 2d. The metrical unit of refraction, as is represented 
by a glass of one hundred centimetres focal distance, alone conforms to 
the metrical system. It suffices for practical purposes, and allows, 
moreover, of a precision to suit ourselves. It may be used without 
recourse to new glasses, if we use a combination of glasses, and 
errors will be less than 0.1., namely, corresponding to a glass of ten 
metres focal distance. We can also avoid combining glasses by 
making twenty-three instead of twenty-seven new glasses. 
Ophthalmic Surgery of the Ancients. Dr. Anagnostakis.—A contin- 
uation of previous articles of March and April No., 1810. He finds 
that all our modern operations were performed by the ancients ; to 
such an extent, that we await the description or discovery of an 
ancient ophthalmoscope. 
Strychnine in Ophthalmic Practice. Dr. Gori.—The objections to 
the subcutaneous injections of strychnine have induced him to use, 
and, as he reports, with the same success, a mixture rubbed in around 
the orbit and temple, consisting of Tincture Iodine, grammes four ; 
Nitrate of Strychnine, centigrammes two. 
The Trephine and its Application. Dr. Wecker.—This should be 
read in connection with Bowman’s remarks at the London Congress. 
Cyslicercus in the Vitreous. Dr. IIirschberg.—The patient could 
hardly count fingers at one foot distance. Two months after he 
extracted the parasite the patient counted fingers at four or five feet, 
and with convex two-inch focus glass, read Jiiger, No. 18. 
Royal London Ophthalmic Hosp. Reports. Vol. vii., Part 2. 
Pathological and Anatomical Researches on the Inflammatory Changes 
occurring in the Intraocular Terminations of the Optic Nerves, as a 
consequence of Cerebral Disease. Dr. Pagensteciier.—lie gives the 
results of his investigations carried on in Dr. Bader’s laboratory in 
London, aided by Dr. Ilughlings Jackson’s material. I cannot pro- 
perly quote from his paper here. It is quite long, extremely interest- 
ing, and well illustrated. 
Long Persistent Diphtheritic Conjunctivitis following Measles. Loss 
of both Dyes. Scarlet Fever occurring during the Course of Disease. 
F. Mason, 27 
Statistical Details of Four Years Experience in respect to the form of 
Amaurosis, supposed to he due to Tobacco. Mr. Hutchinson.—He 
says : “ Now the lesser of these facts seems to me to support the 
opinion I have long held, that when tobacco causes blindness, it does 
so in virtue of an idiosyncrasy. It is by no means improbable that 
such idiosyncrasy will be found occasionally in several members of 
the same family, and further that it may involve liability to suffer from 
other influences besides tobacco smoking. Those who suffer most are 
smokers of shag tobacco. Almost invariably complete disuse insures 
improvement of vision. Immediate and complete abstinence in the 
early stages of this most serious malady is absolutely necessary. 
Many patients came too late. In the early stages blindness has not 
followed if the patient had strength of will to give up the habit.” 
Selected Cases from Ophthalmic Practice. I. S. Jeaffreson.—Con- 
genital malposition of the lens in each eye. Erectile tumor in the 
orbit. Absolute amaurosis with loss of taste and smell. Double 
glioma of the retime, no operation. Foreign body lodged in the orbit. 
Curious case of traumatic cataract. Foreign body in the eye. Detach- 
ment and extrusion of the lens and iris following a rupture of the eye- 
ball, good vision remaining. 
Pathological Beport of the Curator. Mr. Nettleship.—An extremely 
interesting series of cases. He gives in addition— 
A New Method of Preserving and Mounting Eyes for Examination by 
the Naked Eye or by low powers of the Microscope.—The details of 
preparation 1 will not give here. The preserving fluid is made by 
mixing equal volumes of pure glycerine and the palest calves-feet 
jelly ; latterly, for precaution’s sake, he has added one volume of 
creasote to each five hundred volumes of the jelly. 
Periscope of Contemporary Ophthalmic Literature.—Some 35 pages, 
principally culled from the Annales d’Oculistique, vol. vii., part 3, 
July, 1872. 
A Cancerous Tumor originating in an Eye which had been long lost 
from some Inflammatory Affection. Mr. Lawson.—A very interesting 
case, the globe and tumor having been carefully examined by Mr. 
Nettleship. The author truly says : “ It shows that one of the evils 
which may arise from a lost eye which is undergoing degenerative 
changes, is that it may become the seat of malignant deposit. It is 
true that instances of cancerous growths, originating in old lost eyes, 
are comparatively rare, yet they occur with sufficient frequency to 
show that the structural metamorphosis which usually, after a time, 
takes place in eyes which have been destroyed by accident or disease, 
is favorable for the production of cancer.” 
A Report on the forms of Eye-disease which occur in connection with 
Rheumatism and Gout. Mr. Hutchinson, who says, with truth, 
“Rheumatic iritis is a disease which, in this age of specialisms, is 
very apt to be pushed to the wall. It is nobody’s child. Dr. A., 
writing on rheumatism, does not mention the eye, and Mr. B., writing 
on the eye, dismisses rheumatism with contemptuous brevity. Yet 
an attack of this form of disease is not pleasant to bear, and many a 
patient would thank his surgeon if he had any efficient plan for its 
relief, and still more if he could say anything as to its prevention.” 
AVe can only advise our readers to study Mr. Hutchinson’s forty-five 
pages, and they will be in better condition to carry out what the last 
sentence, T quote from him, speaks of. 28 
New Strabismus Hook. Mr. Cowell.—Figured. Made by Weiss, 
62 Strand. 
Test Types. Mr. Cowell.—Printed and for sale by T. Brettell, 51 
Rupert St., Hay market. 
Inflammation of Uveal Tract, occurring in a Father and three Sons. 
Mr. Cowell.—The right eye was primarily affected in all. The left 
eye subsequently attacked in two. In four eyes the lens was cata- 
ractous. Probably syphilitic. Mother the subject of congenital 
cataract. 
On (Edema, or Cystic Disease, of the Betina. Mr. Nettleship— 
who says, “ The pathological condition to which the following 
remarks apply, has been already fully and accurately described by Dr. 
Iwanoff, under the title, first, of ‘ Colloid Cystic Disease of the Retina/ 
and, secondly, of ‘ (Edema of the Retina / and a figure of the latter 
condition is given by him in the Archiv f. Ophth. It was also described 
and figured by Dr. R. Blessig, in a pamphlet on the minute structure 
of the retina; he regarded it, however, as the normal condition of the 
retina between the equator and the ora serrata.” Now Mr. Nettleship, 
from his histological observations which he describes and figures, 
concludes, “ In whatever manner, then, peculiar changes are brought 
about in the retina, whether by a morbid process starting in that 
structure, or as the result of changes in the choroid and sclerotic, the 
term oedema seems to me inadequate. The features which, above all 
others, strike attention are the elongation and thickening of the 
bundles of Muller’s fibres, and the atrophy of the nerve cells and 
fibres. “ Cystic disease ” is less misleading, although the meaning 
commonly attached to the Word does not bring to mind the appear- 
ances observed in any way, excepting the most highly developed 
specimens of the disease under consideration. It is, however, not 
easy to find any one word which will fairly express the essential con- 
ditions of this morbid state, and for the present, therefore, it will 
probably be better not to disturb the received nomenclature by 
suggesting any other name/’ 
Curator’s Pathological Beport. Mr. Nettleship.—A very admirable 
and interesting account of the most important and interesting eyes 
removed at Moorfields, between July and Dec., 1871. It repays the 
reading. 
Periscope of Contemporary Ophthalmic Literature.—Thirty-five 
pages of culled material, somewhat similar to this report here made. 
Archives of Ophthalmology and Otology. Yol. ii., No. 2, 1872. 
This is an admirable number. As it is in English and within the 
reach of all, from Wood in New York, I do not consider it necessary 
to sketch the articles it contains. The ophthalmic papers it contains 
are the following ones. 
Anomalous Circulation in the Eye.—Dr. E. 0. Loring, with colored plate. 
Cysticercus Intraocularis. Sarcoma of the lower Eyelid. Glioma 
Betince in the first Stage. Glioma Betince, with plates. Dr. IIirschberg. 
Translated by Dr.*C. C. Terry.—Besides these, IIirschberg contributes 
through the same translator : 
Engorged Papilla in consequence of solitary Tubercle in the Cerebellum ; 
Contribution to the Pathology of Glioma Betince. 
Contributions to Ophthalmodonometry.—Dr. E. Pfluger, by Dr. E. 
Queuing. 29 
Notes on Ophthalmological Subjects made during a journey through 
Europe. Dr. H. Knapp, one of the Journal Editors.—Extremely 
interesting. 
Tearslonein the Canaliculus Lachrymalis inferior. Dr. Pagenstecher. 
—Translated by Dr. Charles J. Kipp. 
Tattooing of the Cornea. Wecker.—Translated by Dr. T. R. Pooley. 
Galvanic Treatment of Diseases of the Eye and Ear. Prof. Erb.— 
Translated by Dr. H. C. Scott. 
Fibroma of the Sclerotic. Prof. Saemisch.—Translated by Dr. C. C. 
Terry. 
Annali d’Oftalmologia. Prof. Quaglino.—Milan. Nos. 1 and 2, 1871. 
Myxoma of the Optic JVerve. Dr. Manfredi.—This is the report on 
the tumor extirpated and reported on by Quaglino in Ann. d’Oculist., 
May, June, 1871. 
One Hundred and Twenty Peripheric Linear Cataract Operations. 
Dr. Secondi.—lie reports 103 good results, 7 medium, and 10 lost. 
Congenital Goloboma of the Iris. Dr. Ponti.—Oue of his own 
children, 7 years old. He reports on 64 cases, and gives their de- 
scriptions and complications. 
Traumatic Anesthesia of the Retina. Prof. Secondi.—He considers it 
a distinct trouble, from: 1st. Complete absence of any recognizable 
ophthalmoscopic lesion. 2d. Absence of scotoma or breaks in the 
visual field (ordinary symptoms of rupture of the choroid or retina). 
3d. Absence of any cerebral symptom, or signs of inflammation or 
consecutive atrophy of the optic nerve (the necessary results of 
fracture of the cranium, haemorrhage or exudation affecting the 
branches or the course of the nerve). 4th. The frequency of cures; 
the rapid action of electricity and strychnine. 
The Electric Current in the Treatment of Conjunctivitis. Dr. Cadei, 
who repeated the experiments of Rodolfi, reported in the Annales, 
Sept., Oct., 1871, p. 173.—He considers the price of the apparatus, 
its complexity and its method of use, as well as the loss of time, more 
than balance the meagre results obtained. 
Experimental Study of Inflammation of the Crystalline. Dr. C. 
Forlanini.—Illustrated with microscopic drawings, lie concludes : 
1st. That the lens may suppurate. 2d. To produce this some irritating 
cause must exist within it. 3d. Yet a foreign body may remain a 
long time in the lens without sensibly interfering with its nourishment. 
4th. The suppuration is always limited to a certain portion of the 
cortical regions; the nucleus never suppurates. 5th. The pus 
globules may arise from the epithelial cells by transformation of then- 
nuclei, which may exceptionally multiply. 6th. The pus appears in 
the lens fibres by endogenous formation. The nuclei of the fibres 
never multiply, but have probably a limited share in pyogenesis, like 
the epithelial nuclei. 7th. Cohnheim’s theory does not hold for the 
crystalline ; leucocythes never pass through the intact capsule. 
Penetration of pus from the exterior is always accidental. 8th. 
Whenever the lens becomes fluid, the cause is accidental penetration 
of pus from outside. Becker’s canals do not exist any more than an 
interfibrillar circulation in phakitis. 
Two Cases of Dislocation of the Lens. Dr. N. Manfredi.—A contri- 
bution to the theory of accommodation. The results support Helm- 30 
holz’s idea of the mechanism of accommodation by relaxation of the 
zonula. 
Is Iridectomy indispensable for the Cure of Glaucoma.—Prof. Quag- 
lino, who makes instead an incision in the sclerotic. This he is 
inclined to follow up. lie publishes (not to substitute sclerotomy for 
iridectomy for the treatment of glaucoma), but to remove the veil of 
scientific mystery thus far surrounding this operation, and prove that 
it is not the excision of a piece of the iris which changes the con- 
ditions of the glaucomatous eye, but the relieving the sclerotic by the 
incision. 
The Perimeter and its Application.—Dr. E. Landoi.t. 
Blepharospasm. Quaglino.—Convulsive in both eyes, cured by the 
subcutaneous section of the supra orbital branch of the trigeminal 
nerve. 
Injection of Calomel in Syphilis. Maori. — Some new cases of speci- 
fic irites thus treated, as also by Prof. Quaglino. 
Reply to Prof. Schmidt and Flarer in the 2d and 3d Nos. of this 
Journal.—Dr. C. Forlanini, who reports new observations and experi- 
ments. 
Journal d’Ophthalrnologie, 1872, Jan.-Dee.—Drs. Galezowski and 
Piechand. 
This is a new French ophthalmic journal, whose editors well say, 
that it is strange no special one has been published in Paris, one 
of the great medical centres of the world, whilst England, Germany, 
Italy, Belgium and the United States, each have their representative 
journal. This French journal is to appear once a month, of some sixty 
pages. Wood cuts are quite freely used in the number for January. 
The journal has stopped at the end of its first year, 1872. It opens 
with a series of clinical observations, as follows : 
Perineuritis Optica Double. Retinal apoplexies probably due to 
malarial fever. Cure by sulphate of quinine.—Dr. Gueneau de Mussy. 
Sympathetic Choroiditis.—Prof. Gosselin’s lecture at la Charite, 
illustrated with a wood cut. 
Keratoconus treated by Greefe’s method.—Dr. Lawrence, of Bahia. 
Traumatic Strabismus accompanied by very disturbing diplopia, 
cured, and binocular vision restored, by tenotomy of the rectus ex- 
ternus.—Dr. Abadie. 
Irregular Astigmatism of the cornea causing trouble of refraction 
and thus simulating hemeralopia.—Dr. Abadie. 
Polypi developed in the lachrymal canals.—Dr. Paul. 
Separation of the Retina treated by fastening this membrane into a 
cut in the sclerotic. Dr. Galezowski.—Illustrated by a wood cut. 
He made an incision with Grsefe’s knife in the sclerotic a centimetre 
behind the corneal border. The cut was three to four millimetres. 
“ Through this I introduced Desmarre’s forceps into the middle of the 
vitreous and sought to grasp the floating retina which could be dis- 
tinctly seen through the dilated pupil. After a few ineffectual efforts 
I succeeded in seizing it and drawing it into the wound where I kept 
it fixed. At once it could be seen that the floating membrane no 
longer existed in the vitreous. The patient said they saw some red 
lights in the eye; no pain. After the operation, strict diet, perfect 31 
quiet and cold compresses, with atropine collyria. The sequelae of 
the operation were very simple. The eye, though red, was not much 
inflamed. The portion of retina fastened in the wound inflamed, but 
the cut could scarcely be seen in fifteen days. Ten days after the 
operation we examined the eye with the opthalmoscope, and could 
see the papilla much more distinctly ; the separation on the inner side 
was changed to a grayish white exudation. On the outer side the 
floating retina could be still seen, but over a very small extent. The 
patient saw much better, could go alone, and distinguished No. 30 of 
the test type, which he could not previously do. Examination showed 
the visual field to have gained in extent. The improved condition 
lasted as long as he stayed in Paris, i. e , a month. This certainly 
was as satisfactory a result as could be expected in a man two thirds 
of whose retina was separated. The operation seems preferable to all 
others, as it leaves the retina attached to the choroid after the fluid 
has escaped through the wound.” 
Acute Serous Choroiditis. Prof. Richet.—It followed a chronic in- 
flammation of the cornea and sclerotic. There was considerable 
increase of the globe in volume and intraocular pressure, which was 
greatly reduced by iridectomy. 
Astigmatism. Dr. Maurice Perrin.—Illustrated. 
Hypermetropic Convergent Strabismus.—Dr. Cuiguet. 
Atrophies of the Papilla and Optic Nerve and their Etiology.— Galez- 
owski.—In the first part there is a synoptical table of atrophies of the 
papilla by Prof. Vulpian. Galezowski concludes that we may arrest 
atrophy in a certain number of cases. Aside from cerebral and cerebro- 
spinal affections, which he hopes later to study, he thinks : 1st. In 
traumatic atrophy, if sight is not wholly lost after the accident, we 
may use with advantage for the first six or eight months derivatives 
of all kinds. If the disease has lasted several years, we may apply 
the constant current and exercise the eyes wflth convex glasses. 2d. 
Syphilitic atrophy of the papilla is very serious, and rarely arrested 
by any internal treatment. In two cases it was arrested by mercurial 
inunctions. 3d. Suppressed menstruation must be restored, and 
hemorrhoids attended to. 4th. If the atrophy is dependent on inter- 
mittent, anti-periodics and change of climate are in place. 5th. 
Alcoholic atrophy must be treated by total abstinence from alcohol, 
coffee and liqueurs. Preparations of bromide of potash, calabar bean 
or opium, internally or locally, are employed with benefit. 6th. The 
digestive tube must be carefully looked after, and everything attend- 
ed to that may have an immediate or remote effect on the disease. 
Emetics here do good service. 
Osteo-Periostitis of the Malar Bone. Richet —This included the 
inferior wall of the orbit. The abscess opened spontaneously, leaving 
a cicatricial ectropium of the lower lid remedied by a plastic operation. 
Convulsive Facial Neuralgia. Abadie.—Glaucoma followed, having 
its point of departure in a peripheric morbid zone. Complete relief 
to the pain and convulsions was obtained by section of the infra-orbi- 
tal nerve. 
Extraction of Cataract. Piechaud.—Complicated by loss of vitreous. 
The patient held quite still during the first operation, but during the 
second resisted and caused loss of vitreous. Eye was finally saved. 
Traumatic Cataracts. Trei.at.—A lecture at La Pitie. 32 
The Region of the Macula and its Circulation. Delorme.—lie gives 
eight figures of the ophthalmoscopic picture as he has seen it, and con- 
cludes that, “far from being completely deprived of vessels, as a priori 
we should judge physiologically, the region of the macula is the por- 
tion of the fundus where by the ophthalmoscope we may see the 
largest number of venous and arterial branches terminating.” 
Pigment Collections at the Macula. Delorme.—These he believed 
to be due to “ an old proliferation of the cells of the epithelial layer 
of the choroid.” 
The same author gives also a picture and describes what he saw in—■ 
The Region of the Macula in a Case of Non-inflammatory Chronic 
Glaucoma. 
New Method of treating Ocular Affections by Vapor. Lourenco.— 
Vapor of water or medicated water is allowed to stream against 
the eye. 
Paralysis of the Third Pair. Mussy.—The case ended fatally. 
There was apparently no post-mortem. The supposed cause was an 
aneurism of some one of the cerebral arteries. 
Affections of the Tear Passages. Galezowski.—Supernumerary punc- 
ta. Injuries of the nasal canal. Treatment of lachrymal tumors. 
Amblyopia. Dr. Dien.—Caused by masturbation in a boy five years 
old, who had congenital phimosis, relief of which apparently cured the 
amblyopia. 
Pathology of the Constrictions of the Nasal Canal.—Abadie. 
Differential Diagnosis between Atrophic and Exudative Choroiditis. 
— CuiGNET. 
Alterations at the Yellow Spot. Salivas.—lie speaks of various 
alterations due to haemorrhage, fatty degeneration, exudations, syphi- 
litic retinitis, and atrophic choroiditis. 
The Irregular forms of Glaucoma and their Complications. Galez- 
owski.—This is commenced in the April number and continued in May 
and following numbers. 
Nystagmus from Insufficiency of the External Recti Muscles.—Faucon. 
On some forms of Tumors of the Lids and Conjunctiva.—Galezowski. 
Gummous tumor of lid. Plaques muqueuses on the free edge of the 
lids. Syphilitic ulcerating tubercle at external commissure of lids. 
Curative effect of Iridectomy in Opacities of the Cornea.—Pauchon. 
Tearing out a Portion or Whole of the Iris. Dr. Cuignet.—The 
author’s cases would show that such operative interference is not so 
dangerous and does not cause the trouble we should have anticipated. 
In fact when needed it may be done. 
Ectropion of the Lower Lid. Dr. A. Rcjaux.—Following necrosis of 
the superior maxillary and malar bones. 
Syphilitic Iritis. M. Longuet in the service of M. Gosselix.—Com- 
plete loss of vision of the same side. 
History of a Retinitis. Dr. Chibret.—Observed in himself and des- 
cribed in a letter addressed to the editor of the Journal, Dr. Galezowski. 
Arrest of Development of the Retina. Dr. Gayda.—Persistence of 
retinal folds. 
Dermoid Cyst. Prof. Ricuet.—Occupying the inner angle of the 
right eye. 
Conditions affecting the Amount of Parrallactic Displacement of the 
Ophthalmoscopic Image.—Dr. Abadie. 33 
Cerebral Right Homonymous Hemiopia. Double Optic Neuritis 
following Injury of the Frontal Bone from a Fragment of a Shell.— 
Galezowski. 
A Variety of Congenital Amaurosis not yet described.—Galezowski. 
Foreign Body Encysted in the Iris.—Dr. Bastide. 
Epidemic Hemeralopia in reference to Simulation.—Dr. A. Fancon. 
On Enucleation of the Eye.—Dr. Manche 
Functional Abstractive Squint. Hyperopic Astigmatism.—Dr. Miard. 
Incomplete Right Hemiplegia — Paralysis almost complete of Third 
Pair Left.—Dr. Boncour. 
Double Optic Perineuritis.—Ditto. 
Diabetic Amblyopia.—Dr. Piechaud. 
Frontal Zona, and of Scalp. Dr. Tardy.—Giving rise to trouble of 
vision ; consecutive anesthesia, ptosis, cure. 
Paralysis of Left Inferior Oblique.—Dr. Cuignet. 
A Special Variety of Inleslitial Keratitis and its Treatment.—Dr. 
Daguexet. 
A new Cystitome and its Use.—Dr. Lorenco. 
Is there any Accommodative Power in Aphakia?—Dr. Abadie. 
A new form of Forceps to use in Enlarging the Palpebral Aperture.— 
Dr. J. Lorenco. 
On some Observed Cases of Syphilitic Iritis.—Dr. A. Piechaud. 
An Experiment proving the Possibility of Relaxing and Suspending at 
Will the Arterial Circulation in one’s own Retina, and the Value of this 
Experiment.—Dr. Barety. 
Alcoholic Amblyopia. Dr. Apostali.—The symptoms, differential 
diagnosis, prognosis and treatment are given. 
Ocular Affections of Syphilitic Origin. Dr. Fourxier.—Atropine and 
mercury. 
Diplopia pathognomic of Paralysis of the Sixth Pair. Dr. Cuignet.— 
lie concludes that our ordinary tests for paralysis of the 6th may 
fail. 1st. When there is but slight feebleness, as then the images 
may approach each other and even fuse, preventing the patient from 
appreciating their relative difference in height. Now it is in the posi- 
tions downwards that the image is highest, half the indicative sign. 
2d. When the feebleness is quite pronounced, in some persons with 
small palpebral apertures, images near each other upwards exhibit no 
difference in height. 3d. When the paralysis is in process of recovery, 
difference in height disappears, especially upwards. 4th. As soon as 
this sign alternates, it loses its simplicity and primary evidence, requir- 
ing a very delicate and careful analysis to recognize the paralysis. 
The best Method of Extracting Cataract. Dr. Manche.—This he says 
is Liebreich’s method, which he has used with success. But precisely 
what we want to know, namely, his results, he does not give. 
The Irregular Forms of Glaucoma.—Dr. Galezowski concludes his 
extended article with the following conclusions. 1st. Hsemorrhagic 
glaucoma is an irregular form of the disease, nearly always resisting 
all treatment. If after iridectomy, the neuralgia and inflammation 
persist, we often must needs enucleate the globe to protect the other 
eye liable to a similar accident. 2d. We should perform iridectomy 
for glaucoma on both eyes at the same time, if the second shows 
prodromous symptoms. 3d. Iridectomy should be practised in acute 
or chronic glaucoma, even if vision is forever lost. It will prevent 34 
consecutive accidents. 4th. In simple glaucoma, incision of the iris 
is often sufficient, provided its inner portion is cut. 
Blepharoplasty.—Dr. Duplay. 
Blepliaro-phimosis.—D r. C usco. 
Paralytic Squint Operation.—Dr. Panas. 
Perforating Ulcer with Keratitis, Hernia Iris.—Dr. Gosselin. 
Tubercles of the Choroid.—Dr. Pasquier. 
Ulcerative Keratitis produced by Arsenical Powder.—Dr. Pjeciiaud. 
A Case of Pellagra. Dr. Tardy.—Some ocular troubles following it. 
Cases of Syphilitic Affections of the Eye. Dr. Boncour.—Cornea, iris 
and nerve. 
Keratitis Treated by Vapor Douche. Dr. Boncour.—Records of 
various forms. 
Affections of the Eye associated with Beriberi. Dr. Lorenco, Bahia, 
Brazil.—This is a paralytic disease, and the ophthalmic trouble takes 
the form of optic atrophy. 
Separation of the Retina Treated by Iridectomy. Dr. Galezows^i.— 
He says, “These three observations prove the great value of iridec- 
tomy in separation of the retina. The duration of the benefit, time 
has not yet decided.” He adds, “Separation of the retina is only 
one of the varieties of the glaucomatous affections, and just as in these 
iridectomy acts so wonderfully in checking the disease, so in separa- 
tion of the retina; the operation, when used in time, arrests the pro- 
gress of the trouble, and often restores vision in great part. 
Ophthalmoscopic View of the Circulation in the Eye.—Dr. Cuignet. 
Oculo-dental Affections. Dr. Galezowski.—Not finished, and the 
journal stopped. 
Hydatids. Dr. Verdalle.—Developed in frontal sinus and orbit. 
Incision, evacuation of hydatids. Cure. 
Neuralgia, Fifth Pair. Dr. Gilette.—Anaesthetic troubles in the 
face, and very serious troubles of nutrition of the organs of sense. 
On the Use of the Ophthalmoscope in Diseases of the Nervous System 
and of the Kidneys; also in certain other General Disorders. By 
Thomas Clifford Allbutt, M.A., M.D. Cantab. London and New 
York: Macmillan & Co. 1871.—The author in his preface says, 
that “ some considerable parts of the present volume have already 
been published in the various medical journals and society transac- 
tions, but little or nothing has been transferred to this book as it stood. 
Large portions have heen re-written in order to add the results of 
more experience and to express maturer opinions.” He thought it 
better “ to exercise much reserve in printing his accumulated material, 
and to publish his own conclusions, with a few illustrative cases oidy, 
rather than to print a mass of such evidence as may be collected for 
himself by any practitioner who is interested in the subject.” Still 
he has given us a book of 400 pages, about which and what is in it 
we desire here to say something. The author has from his various 
articles been pretty well known to the profession in this special branch 
of study, so that what he would have to say in a book would naturally 
be eagerly read and due deference paid to it. To those who have not 
known or heard of him, we would say that Dr. Allbutt some time ago 
was wise enough to see that he himself must master the ophthalmos- 35 
cope and not be dependent on any ophthalmic surgeon for a report of 
the condition of the optic nerve entrance or retina in the cases his 
practice brought before him. We wish we could here quote his whole 
introductory chapter to show the spirit in which he went to work and 
in which lie has prosecuted his studies and given us their results. 
This chapter, of some ten pages only, might well be quoted entire by 
medical journals for the benefit of their readers. Following this intro- 
ductory chapter comes the book itself. lie prefaces with explanations 
of the use of the ophthalmoscope, and how he manages it in special 
cases ; then he explains the aspect, structure and connections of the 
normal optic nerve and retina. Next its variations from health in 
hyperaemia, anaemia of the disk and retina, oedema of the disk, 
ischaemia of the disks (choked disks), neuro-retinitis, chronic optic 
neuritis, retinitis, perineuritis, consecutive atrophy, primary atrophy. 
Now follows the relations between certain intracranial disorders and 
affections of the optic nerve and retina, in epilepsy, chorea, mania, 
dementia, meningitis (tubercular, pyaemia and fevers, syphilitic and 
rheumatic, of drunkards, traumatic), concussion and fracture, hydro- 
cephalus, tumors and periostitis chronica, atheroma, softening and 
haemorrhage, cerebritis, abscess and sclerosis, general paralysis. 
Chapter VI., the next, is on the ophthalmoscopic signs of disease of 
the spine ; then follow other chapters on the retinitis associated with 
albuminuria, leukaernic retinitis, on the amaurosis of diabetes, tonic 
amaurosis from alcohol poisoning, tobacco amaurosis, lead poisoning, 
hypnosis and narcosis, embolism of the central artery of the retina 
and its branches. The appendix sketches 123 cases illustrative of the 
text of the several chapters, and constantly referred to throughout 
the book. 
Following this, we have a tabular view of 43 cases of insanity with 
epilepsy, in which the optic nerve and retina were seen and their 
appearances recorded; another, of 51 cases of mania; another, of 38 
cases of dementia; another, of 17 cases of melancholia and mono- 
mania; another, of 12 of idiocy; another, of 53 cases of general 
paralysis. 
By perusal of the foregoing the reader of this notice will have 
obtained some idea of what the book treats of, but only a personal 
perusal of the book itself can give him any idea of the admirable 
manner and most excellent spirit in which it is written ; the research 
in and fairness towards all foreign literature; the cautious deductions 
and modestly given conclusions of the author, and not least his ready 
and repeated acknowledgments of others’ works, whether quoted from 
or not. The faults of the book we do not desire to dwell on here, 
since there are so many other places for criticism open to those who 
desire to attempt it. We simply wish to call the notice of the pro- 
fession to this admirable work, written in the true spirit of investiga- 
tion. It is not a book for specialists, nor written for the ophthalmic 
surgeon. It is written for, and should be read by the general practi- 
tioner, who has to deal with the diseases here discussed, and now ex- 
plained by the light of the ophthalmoscope. It will be, however, 
very welcome to all of us specialists, since we are, and must appai- 
ently for a long time be expected to report upon what we see in many 
of the above mentioned diseases, and thus help out the general prac- 
titioner in his diagnosis, precisely as we in our turn must apply to the 36 
special chemist to obtain a minute analysis of the urine or blood. To 
both the general practitioner and specialist the book is also very val- 
uable, as it gives us both, in a certain sense, a common language. 
For instance, a patient is sent to me with some trouble of vision, as 
one of many symptoms, and I report back “ marked ischaemia of both 
disks” to the attending physician. Now Mr. Allbutt’s book will tell 
him in very attractive English, and very truthfully, what ischasmia of 
the disks is, and what it may signify in the present light of our know- 
ledge, assisted by the ophthalmoscope. We do not mean at all to 
convey the idea that every doctor can or ought to be a good ophthal- 
moscopist, but we do hold that every general practitioner who 
attempts to treat or diagnosticate cerebral troubles should have the 
whole light of the ophthalmoscope, which fact Mr. Allbutt’s book will 
prove to him if he will read it attentively. This he will not fail to do 
when he has once commenced, since the style is so attractive and the 
garb in which the publishers present it so pleasing to the eye. There 
are some excellent colored prints of ophthalmoscopic views in “ con- 
gestion papilla” and “neuritis from lead poisoning,” with other 
simpler wood-cuts. 
Lymph Follicles of the Conjunctiva of the Eye. Dr. Schmid. Wien: 
1871. With three chromo-lithographic plates most beautifully execut- 
ed.—I give here the concluding paragraphs of this monograph : 
“ On the epithelial edge of the conjunctiva of new born animals 
there is at definite points, quite distinctly marked, a sort of tissue 
which may be characteristically named adenoid tissue in recalling its 
histology. This tissue formation will also be found in young animals 
on the other parts of the epithelial layer of the conjunctiva. In the 
precise and peculiar grouping of the elements composing it, however, 
lies the distinguishing data to be particularly noticed. A point of 
external recognition is the rising of the epithelial border of the con- 
junctiva, which stretches over this when the adenoid tissue covers a 
larger surface. When, however, accumulations of this sort of tissue 
begin to be apparent, the even elevation of the epithelial layer becomes 
in accordance with the circumstances, wavy. The bloodvessels 1 may 
say rise or stand out as if their duty was to form a framework for the 
forming follicle. In the meshes of the thick vascular anastamoses 
which permeate the tissue, the elements collect which finally make 
the true contents of the formation. Thus in further development the 
simply sketched picture takes a more definite form. The points of 
concentration supplant the adenoid tissue. On the other portions of 
the conjunctiva there is a change to the common base tissue with 
fibrillar character. This forms in definite order also the envelope of 
the follicle, now becoming more distinct from its surroundings. This 
peripheric limitation by a web of connective tissue concentrically 
arranged is sometimes plainer, sometimes less so. By contact with a 
structure of similar character, a delicate limiting sheath is formed, the 
connective tissue net not losing its strength irom the follicle being 
surrounded by differently formed tissue. In the course of develop- 
ment, the larger blood-vessels are more restricted to these tissue 
threads. Whilst rich anastamoses permeate the adenoid tissue, the 
original substratum of the follicle, the capillaries in the more devel- 
oped structure are limited to certain portions only. The lymph-vessels 
finally surround the follicle. This development of the follicle, which 37 
I have thus sketched, is complete at the end of the third week of 
extra uterine life. 
It would be very curious that the conjunctival follicle alone should 
remain stationary at the stand point of development. Certainly it 
depends also upon the whole organism ; the changes of the latter 
cannot but influence the former. The conjunctival follicle must needs 
feel the effect of the general change of tissue. 
The disposition to formation of the follicles expresses itself at those 
points which form in the grown individual the points of predilection 
of this formation. In animals with two points of predilection this 
disposition expresses itself more strongly in one of the two in accor- 
dance with the relations of adult age. The arrangement of the for- 
mative structure for follicles, perfectly corresponds with what is found 
in full-grown animals. The same isolation of structure is seen in both, 
and the connected follicular grouping of the adult is indicated in the 
young. The form of the follicle in the young animal imitates that 
which characterizes the species of the adult. The developed follicle 
may alter in magnitude, but its shape remains constant. 
On Traumatic Cataract, with Results of Sixty Operations. J. R. 
Wolfe, M.D. British Medical Journal, February and March, 1872.— 
The operations he has adopted, are the following: 
1. Linear extraction, with the lance-shaped knife. This is applicable 
to cases of young and middle-aged persons, who form the largest class 
subject to traumatic cataract. 
2d. The author’s method with the corneo-conjunctival flap. I have 
employed it only in treating patients above the age of 50. It rendered 
me essential service in cases complicated with partial opacity of the 
cornea. No other method would have answered so well. 
3. Linear extraction through the cornea with Greefe’s knife is in 
some cases much to be preferred to every other method. Whether 
Grtefe’s operation will continue to occupy that high place which it 
now holds in the estimation of some of our eminent operators, time 
will show; yet there can be but one opinion as to the value of his 
cataract knife. 
These operations I have employed according to the following plan : 
1. When the lens is totally dislocated or broken into fragments, I 
remove it by the lance-shaped knife. 
2. When the whole lens cannot be removed, I take out only the 
broken fragments, perform iridectomy, and leave the rest, which if 
not removed by the action of the aqueous humor, may be dealt with 
subsequently ; but in no case would I use a curette or any traction 
instruments to remove lenticular debris. 
3. When the capsule is but slightly torn, I open it freely with a 
needle so as to bring the whole lens under the action of the aqueous 
humor, and then I remove it subsequently. 
4. When the iris has been lacerated, 1 remove the injured portion 
and leave the lens, if not dislocated, to be dealt with at a future period, 
5. In patients above the age of 50, when the lens is not broken up. 
I make an iridectomy, and extract the lens by the small flap at the 
same time, when urgent, or else at a subsequent period. In short, 
the principle on which I act is, not to do much at a time, but to pro- 
ceed cautiously and safely as far as the recuperative powers of the 
organ will admit. 38 
Mr, Wolfe reports sixty operations on traumatic cataracts, and gives 
in his table the result of vision, as “good ” in 51 cases, “ medium ” 
in 8, and “ not ascertained” in one. We cannot, therefore, decide 
what success lie lias met with till these terms are translated into the 
language used and understood by ophthalmic surgeons throughout 
the world. 
lie read a paper on this subject at the Ophthalmic Congress in Lon- 
don, August, 1872, which will appear in the Proceedings of the 
Congress. 
E ude sur les Amblyopies et lee Amauroses Syphilitiques. Dr. X. 
Galezowski. Archives Generales, January, 1871.—I give his “Con- 
clusions ” :— 
Having studied most carefully syphilitic amblyopia and amaurosis in 
reference to their locality, we have arrived at some important con- 
clusions as to their diagnosis and treatment, which we may express in 
the following aphorisms. 
1. Syphilitic retinitis and neuritis may exist without alteration of 
the choroid, and most frequently in the form of apoplectic and exsu- 
dative retinitis. These, however, are but exceptional. 
2. Syphilitic retinitis does not present pathognomic signs to dis- 
tinguish it from other forms of retinitis. 
8 But if the retinitis or neuritis optica are accompanied with iritis 
or choroiditis, with or without floating opacities in the vitreous, there 
is no further doubt of the affection being syphilitic. Experience has 
taught us that there is no other affection except glaucoma which 
causes at the same time retinal apoplexies and iritis or choroiditis. 
4. Troubles of the chromatic faculty are constant in these two forms 
of ocular changes, especially in optic neuritis. 
5. The most efficacious treatment of these diseases is the use of 
iodide of potash and sublimate in very large doses. 
6. Syphilitic choroiditis is one of the most frequent forms of syphi- 
litic amblyopia and amaurosis. The signs are very characteristic, and 
we may sav even pathognomomic of syphilis. They are : (1) Trouble 
with, or loss of, vision in sudden attacks or crises, often at long inter- 
vals ; (2) a cobweb-like mist constantly floating before the eye; (3) 
very frequent photopsies ; (4) photophobia; (5) hemeralopia when the 
disease is further advanced ; (6) retained central with diminished 
peripheric vision ; (7) cloudy papilla; (8) pigmentary retinitis at an 
advanced stage of the disease ; (9) atrophy of the central vessels of 
the papilla with retention of the rosy tint, due to cerebral vessels 
nourishing the optic nerve. 
7. Pigmentary retinitis developes very often as a sequela of syphi- 
litic retinitis. 
8. These pigment spots are strewn along the retinal vessels; but they 
form besides circular accumulations like rings of herpes circumatus. 
9. Acquired syphilitic pigmentary retinitis does not differ from con- 
genital pigmentary retinitis, especially the form now supposed to be 
due to the parents’ consanguinity, except in the circular shape of the 
pigment patches. 
10. Congenital pigmentary retinitis is from hereditary syphilis. 
11. Congenital pigmentary retinitis should be treated in infancy by 
a mercurial or potash course. After a certain age, the progress of 
the disease cannot be arrested, and it goes on to total loss of sight 
sooner or later in life. 39 
12. Infants born of syphilitic parents should be soon examined by 
the ophthalmoscope, and retinitis if seen ought to be treated accord- 
ing to the indications above given. 
Retinal Arterial Pulse in Insufficiency of the Aorta.—Dr. II. Quincke. 
in the Perl. Klin. Wochensch., 1868, No. 34, and 1870, No. 21, calls 
attention to the occurrence of a spontaneous arterial pulse in the leti- 
na in cases of aortic insufficiency. More recently Prof. Becker and Dr. 
Sichting have studied up the subject, and will make an extended re- 
port in the Archives of Ophthalmology. They have found that in all 
cases of aortic insufficiency, unaccompanied with valvular trouble, 
there is retinal arterial pulsation, the more marked the greater the 
hypertrophy of the left ventricle. It only failed to be found when 
there was great anaemia or fatty heart. The arterial pulse is not only 
seen on the optic-nerve disk, but as far on the periphery as the oph- 
thalmoscope allows us to see. 
As is known, we may have a venous pulse in the retina as a normal 
physiological condition. An arterial pulse, however, means some- 
thing abnormal. It is one of the signs of glaucoma; here, however, 
it is an intermittent pulsation of blood into the retina, whilst with 
aortic insufficiency all the qualities may be perceived, just as we distin- 
guish them by our finger on the radial artery. We may count the 
frequency of the heart’s contraction, the dilatation and elongation of 
the arterial tube (large and small pulse), the length of time of dilata- 
tion and contraction, and the intervening pause of each pulse wave 
(pulsus celer el tardus). In fact, the ophthalmoscope shows us directly 
the pulse curve. The dilatation of the arterial tube is best seen at a 
point of division, the elongation where there is an S-shaped curve. 
This curve becomes increased during the arterial diastole and quickly 
resumes its shape during the systole. Sometimes the whole retina 
thus looks sort of alive, or in motion. In some vascular arrangements 
on the papilla, the whole arterial twig rises with the heart’s contraction, 
so that here also we have a peculiar rhythmic movement of the artery. 
The most interesting point these observers have noticed was in a 
case of aneurism of the arch of the aorta. Here the artery pulsated 
strongly in the retina of the left eye, whilst hardly a trace of rhythmic 
action could be detected in the right eye. Seemingly this must be 
connected with the peculiar situation of the aneurism. Supposing this 
implicated the origin of the arteria subclava sinistra and the earotis 
sinistra, whilst the anonyma was not affected, and the action of the 
aneurism more especially on the left eye is explainable. It is possible 
we may thus have an additional means of diagnosticating the existence 
and localization of aortic aneurisms. 
These observations and deductions of Quincke, Becker, and Sichting 
give us further testimony'to the value of the ophthalmoscope in gen- 
eral medicine, as Mr. Allbutt has recently shown in his work on the 
“Ophthalmoscope in Diseases of the Brain and Nervous System.” 
Treatment of Myopia. Prof. Schiess-Gemuseus. Basel, 1872.—He 
gives the details of 53 cases treated by Atropine in accordance with 
the method as previously published by his pupil Ilosch. In reference 
to final results he says, the time of observation subsequent to the 
atropine cure, varied between 27 days and a year. Of 101 eyes, 81 
came under subsequent observation, and among them 56 showed a 
definite result; in two cases this was greater than the first effect, and 40 
in twenty-throo cases as great. The cramp of accommodation had 
not returned. In 17 cases there was no positive final result, the second 
measurement being the same as at the commencement of the atropine 
cure. In 8 the myopia increased in spite of the atropine cure. The 
greatest improvement was 1-10. In two progressive cases the atro- 
pine produced no effect on the degree of myopia. He concludes that 
atropine will in the large majority of cases cause a permanent improve- 
ment. In several cases of slight myopia this had entirely disappeared. 
Two Gases of Extraction of a Gysticercus from the Human Eye. 
Shown at the Berlin Medical Society Nov. 22, 1871, by Dr. J. IIirsch- 
berg.—The first case was interesting from the difficulty in operating, 
the second from the complete success of the operation. In the former 
the worm was deep in the vitreous, in the latter in the anterior cham- 
ber. 
In the first part of November, 1871, a woman, 23 years old, applied 
to me. She was healthy and sound otherwise than that for the last 
year she had suffered from some defect of vision of the right eye, 
which at present allowed only fingers to be counted with difficulty at a 
short distance. The globe was unaltered, and in the still transparent 
vitreous I found a large, quite active cysticercus. As we know, such 
an eye must be lost, and there is even danger of sympathetic trouble 
in the other * Thrice I have been forced to enucleate an eye holding 
a cysticercus, and thus had opportunity of demonstrating the anatomi- 
cal changes produced by the parasite ; and I have expressed the opin- 
ion that in all these cases, when advanced, this operation was prefera- 
ble to attempts at extraction. In my present case, however, the 
conditions seemed sufficiently favorable, and the retention of the form 
and shape of the globe so important for the woman, still young, that 
I decided on extraction according to Graefe’s plan. 
The patient was lying, without anaesthetic, on the bed. I made the 
lower sclerotic section as if for cataract extraction, then did an iridec- 
tomy, opened the anterior capsule largely and evacuated the perfectly 
transparent crystalline fully and slowly. (Upon the last great stress 
should be laid.) I then let the patient sit up, and entered the vitreous 
with a little hook by which I drew, with great difficulty, the worm in 
its surrounding membrane forwards till it was seen by the eye. The 
patient’s head was now bent downward whilst I depressed the edge of 
the wound, when the entozoon slipped out. The wound healed prima 
intentione. Now, on the thirteenth day, the eye is perfectly quiet and 
its form completely retained. 
The second case is in a certain way important in reference to the 
topographical seat of the cysticercus. The presence of the worm 
between the lamellae of the cornea was stated by Appia, based on a 
briefly related observation.'}' This, however was doubted by compe- 
tent authors.J My observation shows how an intra-lamellar (corneal) 
position of the worm may be simulated, when the animal, living free 
in the aqueous humor, occasionally fastens itself to the cornea. It is 
* Compare this Archiv xlv. Also Knapp and Moos, Arch, for Eye and Ear, i. and ii. 
Also, Sitzung. bericht. berl. Me l. Gescllschaft. 
f Archives d’OphtalmoIogie, par Jamain, July and August, 1853. 
X Zehcndcr’s Handbuch, i. 228, Note 2. Weckers, Book i., 453. Appia’s idea would not 
tr.l y with the theory that the cysticcrcus germ reached the inside of the eye through the 
c:rdilation. Compare the author’s resume of the literature of this sulject in the Wiener 
Medic. Rundschau, Jan., 1870. 41 
of interest also to notice that botli parasite and host were relatively 
young—the former twelve weeks and the latter two years.* (Com- 
paring the size of the entozoon in this and the former case with the 
sizes given in my previous accounts, and we shall get an approximate 
idea of the relations of growth of the cysticercus in the human eye.) 
In March, 1871, a small boy was brought to my clinic who had suf- 
fered from inflammation of the left eye for three months. The mother 
had noticed a white spot upon it for the last four weeks. The eye was 
unaltered in size and shape, but showed marked pericorneal injection, 
as in severe iritis, a disease as we know that scarcely occurs sponta- 
neously at so early an age. The cornea was clear and its anterior 
surface regular. In its centre was a grayish spot of about V" diame- 
ter, which lateral illumination showed to be a delicate spherical vesicle 
with central white spot. In front of it was certainly a thick layer of 
corneal tissue ; whether a thinner layer also was behind it, could not 
at once be decided. The aqueous humor was muddy, the pupil small 
and still undilated three quarters of an hour after instillation of a so- 
lution of atropine. I attempted at once to extract the worm under 
chloroform. On applying the speculum, the worm changed its place 
and moved free in the aqueous chamber. Instead, therefore, of remov- 
ing the anterior lamella of the cornea as I had intended, I made a 
linear cut below with a lance-knife in the cornea, and removed the neat 
little cysticercus, which at once projected its head-piece. With pres- 
sure bandage and atropine the wound healed in two days, and the eye 
showed no irritation. Vision is now at any rate (Nov. 22,1871) normal. 
A slight anterior synechia next the unimportant scar is all that remains. 
Often as the cysticercus is with us found inside of the human eye- 
ball, yet curiously enough it is rarely seen in the anterior chamber. 
Graefe saw only three cases, and the number of successful extractions 
has, since Schott’s noted communication, remained very small. Yet 
these cases are of great therapeutic value, since the eye, which other- 
wise is sure to be lost, may, by a simple operation done at the right 
time, be saved with certainty. 
Intra-ocular Tumors. Dr. A. Z. Gill, St. Louis Medical Journal.— 
He reports seven cases of operations, which are tabulated as follows : 
No. 
Variety. 
Eye. 
Age. 
Operation. 
Result. 
1 
Melano-Sarcoma 
0. D. 
60 
Enucleation 
No return in orbit i 
2 
Glioma 
0. s. 
2i 
(< 
Died in 4 months 
3 
White Sarcoma 
0. s. 
19 
U 
No return thus far, 16m 
4 
Melano-Sarcoma 
35 
Removed 
Died 8 months after 
5 
Glioma 
2 h 
U 
Died within 4 months 
6 
Glioma 
0. s. 
2 h 
<( 
Died in 8 months 
7 
Glioma 
0. D. 
5.10 
U 
Died in 1 month 
* Graefe’s Archiv, 12, 2, 174. He found in bis 80 cases of intra-ocular cysticercus (among 
80,000 patients) that the youngest host was 8 years old. I extracted a cysticercus from the 
lower lid of a child 3 years old. Berl. Klin. Wochenschrift, 1870. 42 
The microscopical appearances are given and compared with others’ 
results. The theory of origin is dwelt upon and the retinal anatomy 
explained. His conclusion support early operation always. 
Communications of the Retina with the Brain. Brown Sequard’s 
Journal, March, 1872.—Clinical facts and experiments lead him to the 
following conclusions : 1st. Either half of the brain suffices for vision 
in both eyes, and each optic band puts in communication its corres- 
ponding half of the brain and the two halves of the two retinee. 2d. 
Amaurosis, in cases of lesion of one optic band, the tubercula quadri- 
gemina or of other parts of one half of the brain or one side of the 
cord, depends not on loss of function of the conductors of the visual 
impressions, or of one point of the percipient centre of this impres- 
sion, but rather depends on the influence exercised on the nutrition of 
the eye, the optic nerve, or other parts, from the irritation arising from 
this lesion. 
On the Formation of so-called Vitreous Bodies (Colloid) of the Hu- 
man Choroid and the Cause of the hyaline Degeneration of the 
Vessels. By Dr. Alexander Rudnew, Docent in Ophthalmology at the 
University at Warschau. Virchow’s Archiv, Vol. 53, 1871.—Oph- 
thalmologists are familiar with the vitreous bodies frequently seen on 
the inner surface of the human choroid. They are readily recognized 
on examining different choroids under the microscope. Donders and II. 
Muller have carefully studied and accurately described them. Dondersin 
Graefe’s Archiv, 1855, under the title “Die Metamorphose der Pigment- 
schicht der Choroidea.” Muller’s article is in the same Archiv, 1856, 
under the title “ Untersuchungen fiber die Glashaute des Auges insbe- 
sondere die Glaslamelle der Choroidea und ihre senilcn Verandermgen.” 
In Wedl’s Handbook, and also in his Histological Atlas, these bodies 
are described and figured. Since Donders and H. Muller’s special 
studies, cases have been reported in ophthalmic literature by Hey- 
mann, Donders, II. Muller, Junge, Schweigger, Pagenstecher, Schiess- 
Gemuseus and Rudnew. (The translator would refer to the original 
for references.) 
Donders and II. Muller attributed to these bodies at least a mechan- 
ical action on the retina, and an interference with the latter’s physio- 
logical function. I therefore determined to ascertain in every eye 
that came into my hands the presence or not of these bodies on the 
choroid. By the examination of a large number of eyes, I became 
acquainted with all Donders’s and Muller’s described processes. The 
more I examined, under the microscope, the choroids containing these 
bodies, the oftener I met with such appearances as did not tally with 
the former views as to the cause of this morbid process, and I was 
induced to explain their development in quite a different way. I 
pursued, therefore, a special study of these vitreous bodies, and the 
following is the result of my examination, which I submit for general 
judgment. (The method of preparing the specimens is omitted by 
the translator.) 
Examining now a portion of the choroid where the vitreous bodies 
are of some size, under the microscope with X 300, and we shall have 
the following picture (figured in the original). The whole surface 
turned towards us is an unbroken net of capillary vessels, generally 
more or less filled with white and red blood-corpuscles. The blood 
injection of the vessels varies greatly in some cases. When the injec- 43 
tion is excessive, it may be attributed to the choroidal hypersemia 
present during life, as was remarked by H. Muller among others. The 
varicose distention of the capillaries is often very visible. This capil- 
lary injection renders the subdivision of the vessels quite distinct. 
The vessel’s walls are generally seen when there is no injection. Be- 
neath the capillary net is seen a greater or less amount of the stroma 
of the choroid, with stellate pigmented cells and vessels, which do not 
correspond to the veins or the arteries, nor in size to the capillary net. 
They are rather vessels passing from the capillaries to the veins. The 
elastic membrane lying in the preparation under the capillaries will 
be scarcely noticed, since it is perfectly transparent and extremely 
thin. Hence we can see through this elastic membrane the vitreous 
bodies. Examining these in differeut directions we may be convinced 
that they project above the capillary layer, and have in general a glo- 
bular shape. Their free upper surface is perfectly smooth and glis- 
tening, their edges are often sharply defined from their surroundings. 
The substance of these bodies is perfectly homogeneous, yellowish but 
transparent, allowing the vessels lying beneath them to be seen shin- 
ing through. Occasionally, from irregular pressure of the covering 
glass, depressions are seen on the surface. At last they yield to 
strong pressure, the depressions become cracks, and the whole body 
breaks up into separate pieces. Chemically, these bodies show great 
durability. Water maceration does not alter them perceptibly. Weak 
acids and weak solutions of alkalies do not act upon them. Strong 
acids and alkaline solutions render them somewhat paler and duller. 
In caustic alkalies with high temperature they readily swell up. Strong 
sulphuric acid renders them browner, and finally destroys them. Io- 
dine colors them yellowish, and sulphuric acid added produces no fur- 
ther change. Alcohol and ether do not dissolve these glassy masses. 
Their chemical properties are thus so indefinite that Donders used the 
term colloid for them. IT. Muller compared them with the substance 
of the vitreous membranes. Their substance must, of course, be re- 
garded as an organic product, the result of some unknown change of 
the albuminous material. Chemical examination tells us so little of their 
nature that we omit this part of the question, and pass to that which 
we more especially undertook, namely, their histology. 
As to the mutual relations of these vitreous bodies and their distri- 
bution on the surface mentioned, it is to be noticed that they are found 
separate, with intervening space, or in groups, the individual bodies 
sometimes joining into a common mass. We saw now and then two 
joined in biscuit shape, as though formed by the fusion of two equal 
globes, and sometimes on the edges of a body thus shaped were 
smaller attached globules. 
After this general view of the larger bodies, we must turn to the 
smaller ones. These are marked by their shape, broader than thick, 
flattened. In profile we see that they project above the plane of tho 
subjacent part. The outline of these masses is often quite indefinite, 
so that they appear like glistening spots, inducing II. Muller to call 
such formations “ washed spots.” Within these flat bodies are often 
seen roundish spaces of various sizes, probably filled with a peculiar 
material, reacting to light very differently from the rest of the mass. 
These spaces within the vitreous bodies often have the form of cell 
nuclei, and then the whole vitreous body would represent a cell. H. 
Muller remarked this, but did not explain it. 44 
As to the position of these young vitreous bodies described, it is to 
be noticed that their point of attachment generally corresponds to the 
intervascular substance. But if their size exceeds the space of the 
intervascular substance, then a part laps over the adjacent vessel. 
As to other peculiarities, it is difficult to make out any difference be- 
tween the larger and smaller vitreous bodies, and hence we must regard 
the latter as of the same vitreous formation only in an earlier period 
of development. We finally succeeded in finding in the vitreous 
bodies the accompanying substances described by Donders and II. 
Muller, in the shape of small round masses. They resembled fat glo- 
bules, but chemically they acted as mineral deposits. They are gene- 
rally within the vitreous body, in the younger ones grouped at the 
point of the above-mentioned nucleus formation. In respect to the 
distribution of the vitreous bodies, it should be added that in the cases 
we saw they were scattered throughout the whole choroid from optic 
nerve to ora serrata. In general more thickly strewn at the equator 
of the eye. 
As to the development of this process at different ages, Donders’s 
and II. Muller’s views are already known. According to them, they 
occur more frequently in the eyes of very old people. Miiller reported 
these changes described almost entirely in subjects from 60 to 10 years 
of age. I can add but little new on this point to Donders’s and Muller’s 
observations, yet I must say that I found these bodies quite developed 
in people of middle age, and, on the other hand, much less so in those 
of 10 years. I found the vitreous bodies, with the mineral salts deposi- 
ted in them, in the eyes of extremely aged subjects. 
In deciding the development of these vitreous bodies, their relation 
to the surrounding tissues must be taken into consideration. The pig- 
mented epithelium of the choroid cannot be excluded from taking part 
in their formation, but its alterations are passive, and only visible at 
the points where the colloid is extensive. I have figured a single body 
on whose summit no trace of pigmented cells was visible ; there re- 
mained only a few pigmented nuclei of the broken-down cell. On the 
smaller vitreous bodies well-preserved cells are distinguishable. Hence 
we may conclude that these cells are destroyed simply by the pressure 
which the vitreous bodies exert on them, and that Donders’s idea of 
the formation of these bodies from the nucleus of the pigmented cell 
is incorrect, so that their development has no connection with epithe- 
lial cells. On the other hand, let us examine these colloid bodies in 
reference to their connection with the tissue of the vascular layer of 
the choroid, and we may readily convince ourselves from transverse 
and flat sections that the connection of these bodies with this tissue 
is a very intimate one. 
Whilst we can readily wipe away with a brush the epithelial cells 
from the upper surface of the colloid bodies, we cannot wipe off these 
latter from the tissue of the vascular layer. Whence this firm con- 
nection between colloid bodies and vascular layer ? Muller would 
thus explain it. The colloid masses are products of the pigmented 
cells of the vascular layer and extrude from these cells into the free 
surface of the elastic membrane. Were this so then the younger ones 
would be easily wiped off, which is not the case. My examinations 
have, on the contrary, convinced me that the colloid bodies are never 
on the free surface of the elastic membrane, but, on the other hand, 45 
under it. Whence now and from what elements of the vascular layer 
do the colloid bodies come ? Since the younger ones still retain the 
cell character, we must assume that they come from a regressive 
degeneration of some morphological element found in the vascular 
layer. 
It is now known that in the vascular layer—in the normal condition 
in less numbers, in the inflammatory condition in groups—are found 
small round cells having all the characteristics of white blood-corpus- 
cles. Since the recent discovery of the migration of white blood- 
corpuscles, no one will doubt but that we here have such an emigra- 
tion, and that the colloid bodies of the choroid are just these emigrat- 
ed white blood-corpuscles. The proof is, that in my preparations may 
be followed all the transition forms of the white corpuscles into col- 
loid or vitreous bodies. In one I have figured, we see the newly 
emigrated, still unaltered white blood-corpuscle ; another, larger, 
losing its cell character, becomes more compact, glistening and more 
indifferent to the action of reagents. Later, the nucleus disappears, 
and then the cell character is lost; in a word, the blood-corpuscle 
becomes a colloid body. When, during this process, several blood- 
corpuscles run together, we have those extended masses of colloid 
mentioned above. Often during this change a deposit of mineral salt 
occurs. Here and there the largest colloid masses push up the elastic 
membrane towards the centre of the globe, finally break through it 
and become free. We would once more recapitulate. 1st, that col- 
loid bodies are emigrated white blood corpuscles ; 2d, that they are 
formed by regressive metamorphosis of these latter ; 3d, that they 
may occur at any age, since the conditions for this emigration occur 
at every age ; 4th, that the more frequent appearance of colloid in old 
people is readily explainable by the fact that the stases in the vessels 
are much more common in them than in younger persons. 
Let us pass now to the hyaline degeneration of the vessels. I saw 
this degeneration very marked in one case where there was purulent 
inflammation of the pia mater of the brain. This purulent process was 
also strongly developed in the choroid of the eye. In microscopic pre- 
parations 1 saw very extended vitrification of the walls of the vessels 
of the choroid. Some vessels were quite plugged by the glassy mass- 
es. This process has long been recognized. Junge and Pagen- 
stecher found it in retinitis pigmentosa. Muller and Schweigger 
described the same with Bright’s disease of the kidney. I have 
frequently seen this degeneration in cases where I found purulent 
inflammation of the choroid. Hyaline degeneration of the vessels was, 
as a rule, associated with greater development of colloid. The vit- 
reous masses thickening the walls of the vessels, and even completely 
plugging their calibre, had the following peculiarities :—they were 
homogeneous, pretty transparent, strongly refractive and withstood 
the action of several reagents, as acids and caustic alkalies. They 
did not, however, exhibit the character of an amyloid, a fat cor- 
puscle, or a mineral concrement. By more careful examination, we 
saw that the mass was not always wholly homogeneous, but 
here and there seemingly composed of separate bodies welded to- 
gether, the points of union being designated to the eye by faint lines. 
Besides these glassy masses completely filling the lumen of the 
vessel, I noticed in several, completely isolated colloid bodies, by 46 
whose junction and aggregation these compact glassy masses were 
formed. From all this, 1 feel authorized in concluding that the altera- 
tion of the choroidal vessels is due to the same process as I have at- 
tributed the existence of the colloid bodies. That the vitreous mass- 
es we have described are not due to common thrombus or to embolus 
is proved by the fact that they possess none of the characteristics of 
the fibrinous plugs. 
From all these examinations may then be deduced, that the white 
blood-corpuscles are not only the source of organized new formations, 
as pus or granular tissue, but serve also for the development of such 
pathological products as are placed by their cause in the category of 
regressive products. 
Time requisite for Visual Perception. Baxt, in Pfluger’s Archiv, iv. 
325-36.—He arranges an apparatus by means of which the image of 
a number of black figures printed on a white ground could be allowed 
to fall on the retina for any fraction of a second, at the end of which 
time the impression was succeeded by a very much stronger stimulus. 
In this way could be estimated the time which simple impressions 
require in order to affect consciousness. For the time requisite for 
perception is that time after which a weaker impression can no longer 
be effaced by a stronger one. Within certain limits, it was found that 
the time requisite for the first impression was independent of the de- 
gree of illumination of the object. The experiments showed that 
consciousness is able only gradually to elaborate a given impression, 
and that between the direct stimulus and the perception in conscious- 
ness, one-twentieth of a second intervenes. In regard to the extent 
of the perception, the results showed that in all degrees of intensity of 
the impression a much longer time is necessary to perceive small ob- 
jects (such as intervals of space) than large ones. Thus, with a dura- 
tion of the impression for 0.0005 second, and good illumination, large 
letters cou'd be distinctly perceived, while smaller ones of the same form 
were very indistinct or quite imperceptible. Further experiments in 
reference to Fechner’s psychological law, “ that differences of illumina- 
tion are more easily perceived the less the general degree of illumina- 
tion, ” proved that in proportion to the difference in the illumination 
of two different objects, the time requisite for perception diminishes. 
Time necessary for Vision. Ogdex R. Rood, Am. Jour. Sci. and 
Art, 3, S 2, 159, shows that letters on a printed page are plainly seen, 
with a polariscope the cross and rings round the axes of crystals ob- 
served in detail, and errors in the azimuth of the analyzing prism 
noticed, by an electric spark whose duration is only forty billionths 
of a second. Subjective optical phenomena can also be produced, 
such as Loewe’s rings, and the radiating structure of the lens perceiv- 
ed if the light falls in a proper direction. As the obliteration of mi- 
crometric lines in the experiment could only be produced by the reti- 
na retaining and combining a series of impressions whose joint dura- 
tion is forty billionths of a second, a less time is sufficient for the pro- 
duction of each. If the number of veins of lines presented to the eye 
be limited to ten, then four billionths of a second would be sufficient 
for each. Nor is this astonishing ; for, assuming the undulatory theo- 
ry of light to be true, in this short period two and a half millions of 
waves of light reach the eye. 
Spectra of Motion. Dvorak, Wien, Akad. Sitzb 2, Abt. 61—257= 47 
262, seeks to explain the subjective sensations of motion which are 
observed when the eye has been fixed long' on a moving object, 
llelmholz explains them by unconscious movements of the eye, and 
brings them under vertiginous phenomena. Dvorak mentions several 
facts which, in his opinion, show that the spectra are really local phe- 
nomena, and of the same nature as light and color spectra. 
Shultze’s Archie f. Microsc. Anal. Band 7, heft 3, p. 251.—Shultze 
holds that as it now stands, the following may be said in reference to 
the termination of the optic nerve fibres in the retina. 
1st. The outer granular layer contains radial nerve fibres known as 
the rod and cone fibres. As Shultze first proved for men and mammals, 
these have all the attributes of those sort of nerve fibres which are found 
iu the optic layer of the retina, generally called naked axis cylinder, 
consisting of a larger or smaller number of primitive librillae. Contrary 
to all doubts lately expressed, repeated new examinations with improv- 
ed methods have proved the perfect correspondence of the rod and cone 
fibres with the nerve fibres of the kind above mentioned. These un- 
doubted nerve fibres are bedded in a spongy connective tissue ex- 
plained in the memoir de Retinae Structurei penitiori, 1859. This con- 
nective tissue in man and mammals, and also iu fishes, is considerable, 
thickening the external granular layer. It is readily softened by ma- 
ceration, and the nervous rod and cone fibres drawn out free. In birds, 
reptiles, and amphibeans, the relations are different from the thinness of 
the outer granular layer, long rod and cone fibres not thus occurring, 
and the connective substance forming firm sheaths around the nerv- 
ous elements of the outer granular layer, thus rendering the distin- 
guishing the two elements unsatisfactory. Landolt has lately attempt- 
ed a not perfectly satisfactory separation of the two. Landolt’s 
“ Kolbenfbrmiger Korper,” of this layer is still indefinite. 
2d. The cone and rod granules are nucleated swellings of the cone 
and rod fibres, hence bipolar nerve cells, ganglion bodies whose sub- 
stance receives the fibrillous substance of the nerve fibre, the nucleus 
being bedded in it. Curiously enough, in man and mammals, as a 
rule, the peripheric prolongation of these rod and cone fibres, that is, 
the part extending to the limitans externa, is considerably thicker 
than the central part reaching to the external granular layer. 
3d. The inner member of the cones and rods is a direct continuation 
of the cone and rod fibres, and hence to be regarded as nervous. The 
contents exhibit in men, best in the cones, a division into fibril lee, but 
here there is great variation. Now the fibrillous structure does not 
immediately join the cone fibre, but commences a little outside of the 
limitans externa. The base of the cone inner member does not exhi- 
bit streaks ; this marking begins about the middle of the cone and 
reaches to the end of the inner member. The marking is very deli- 
cate, on the surface in streaks equidistant around the cone, converging 
towards the thinner outer end of the inner member, inside thickly 
packed, so that the number of individual fibres in a cone may reach a 
hundred or more. The marks or streaks represent fibres that are sepa- 
rable, having a peculiar shimmer, sharply defined from the interven- 
ing substance connecting them, and hence looking quite different from 
the axis cylinder composed of primitive nerve fibrillae packed to- 
gether. This fibrous cone Shultze calls the “ fibre apparatus/7 “ Fa- 
den-apparat.n 48 
Notwithstanding the difference in the method of refraction of light 
by the fibrous apparatus and the fibrills© forming the cone fibres, and 
notwithstanding the lack of proof of continuity, yet a connection may 
exist. We need only suppose that the fibrillae not generally seen, in 
the base of the inner member, so refract the light as to render their 
recognition impossible, but when they reach the outer portion of the 
inner member, they all in one plane change their character, assume 
another nature, and in this altered condition form the fibrous appara- 
tus. Analogous terminations of other nerve fibres might be found, 
since most nerves undergo an alteration at their peripheral termina- 
tion. When the outer member joins the inner member, the fibrillae of 
the fibrous apparatus ceases. 
On the other hand we might suppose that the peculiar brilliant cone 
fibres were organs sui generis, bedded in the nervous base substance 
of the cone interiors. In this case they would form a non-nervous 
apparatus as an assistant to changing the movement of light into 
nervous conduction, which, not composed of nerve substance, is in 
intimate union with it, an apparatus within which by repeated bend- 
ing and reflexion of the incident light, an absorption may take place 
(that is, the changing of light waves into another form of motion). 
4th. Finally, as to the connection of the inner and outer members 
of the rods and cones, this, so far as direct observation can show, is 
produced by a very delicate fibrous sheath. Whether nerve fibrillae 
are held in this or not, is at present quite doubtful. Probably the 
delicate fibres of the upper surface come principally from the fibrous 
basket of the inner member. The same form a fibrous net or basket 
also around the outer member, which, when definite longitudinal fur- 
rows exist on the surface of the outer member, lie in them, and here 
again come in contact with the pigmented and non-pigmented prolon- 
gations of the pigment cells, possibly in continuity with them. The 
outer member, in accordance with Briicke’s theory, is generally con- 
sidered as purely an apparatus for reflexion. Schultze previously 
explained his position in reference to this theory, then thinking that 
the border surface of the inner member against the outer one, was 
the most probable perceptive organ for the reflected light. The plate 
structure he soon after discovered in the outer member, was a further 
proof of its perfect reflecting character. Meantime further examina- 
tion of the anatomical connection of the inner and outer member led 
him to think that probably both possessed a common weakly refrac- 
tive base substance of nervous character, in which in the outer mem- 
ber are embedded the strongly refractive plates, whilst in the inner 
a subdivision of another kind exists. Hence the continuity of the 
two structures must be established, this being necessarily a part of 
the visual act if the outer member participates in perception. Such 
a participation of the outer member, Ilensen would prove in the cones 
of the fovea, the thicker cone bodies being the percipient organs, a 
more suitable anatomical substratum being necessary for the reception 
of minute pictures. Ilensen showed that our percipient surface at 
the fovea was in fact, not continuous but broken, and that the inter- 
ruptions or breaks of the intermediate spaces might correspond to the 
conical outer members of the cones surrounded by their pigment. 
Not to mix the undoubted reflective function existing in the outer 
member with that of perception, Schultze proposes the hypothesis 49 
that this last function in reality belongs at the border surface of the 
inner member. Thus the advantages of Hensen’s hypothesis need not 
be given up, since this border surface in each cone of the fovea is 
still of less diamater than the thickest part of the inner member. 
Now with the discovery of the plate structure and in view of 
Zenker’s physiological observations in reference to this structure, 
Schultze feels compelled to change his views as to the meaning of the 
outer members. What seemed to him absurd, namely, the associa- 
tion of reflexion and perception in one and the same organ, now 
becomes a more acceptable hypothesis. The necessarily existing 
complicated internal reflexion attached to the plate composition or 
structure, the change of light movement into stationary waves, and 
the absorption, all afforded so many additional points to the further 
acceptance of the idea of the nervous character or meaning of the 
external member, that the hypothesis for complete proof needed only 
one further test, namely, the examination of the eyes of the inverte- 
brate animals, and the proof that in these, also, where quite different 
layer structure existed in the retinal development, the perceptive layer 
contained apparatuses capable of similar conditions of reflexion as 
the outer member of the vertebrate retina. 
The hypothesis has stood the test. Schultze has proved the exis- 
tence of finely layered rods immediately on the vitreous and lens in 
the articulates. (Untersuchungen uber die zuzamengesetzten Augen 
der Krebse und Insecten. Bonn. 1868.) They are connected with 
nerve fibres coming to them, and are turned towards the light. From 
their plate structure, they reflect light, but the light so reflected 
enters again the refractive media of the eye. 
Hence the function of the layered rods cannot consist in this reflex- 
ion of light. There remains, the internal reflexion of the innumera- 
ble reflecting surfaces of the plates which causes an absorption of the 
greatest part of the rays of light. This alone explains the presence 
of the layered rods. Schultze has also afforded the same proof iu 
the mollusks (cephalopods and hetereopods) (Archiv. f. Mikro. Anat. 
Bd. 5, p. 1). In these animals also there are layered rods against the 
vitreous, which receive the light coming through the latter, and return 
to it all the reflected light. Since by far the largest portion of the 
light entering the eye penetrates the interior of the long rods, and 
here is reflected by the hundreds of reflecting surfaces arranged 
behind each other, backward and forward, to be thus finally absorbed, 
therefore we must assume that it is this part of the light which is 
changed into nerve motion, or excites nervous irritation. For behind 
the rods and between them lies the pigment. The layered rods alone 
of all the retinal elements are thus the transparent part. 
Since we may not assume that the layered rods in the eyes of the 
vertebrates and invertebrates, of similar structure and similarly 
related to the nerves, can have different functions, we may, from the 
conditions of the rods in the invertebrates, conclude that in the verte- 
brates this structure does not reflect in order that the light after reflex- 
ion may be perceived in the inner member, but in order that by the 
complicated internal reflexion a change of the light motion into nerve 
motion or irritation may take place, and thus the first steps towards 
perception be gained. In other words, it is most probable that nerve 
substance is in contact or continuity with the outer member. 50 
In reference to the relation of the nerve fibres to the layered rods of 
the invertebrates, we only know with certainty, that in the cepha- 
lopods and hetereopods the rods lie against the nerve fibres or the 
nerve fibres lie against the rods. A direct continuation of one into 
the other has not yet been observed. The rods embrace the nerve 
fibres, so that the latter fill up the interior of the former, or the nerve 
fibres run on the surface of the rods, which have for this purpose 
gutter-like impressions in which they lie. In the vertebrates, nerve 
fibres have been seen within the layered rods, and the same on the 
surface in these gutters. Both are at present hypothetical. As the 
subject now stands it is readily supposable that the view above 
expressed and previously supported by Schultze, is nearest the truth, 
namely, that the base substance of the outer member is perfectly of 
nervous character, as we have cause to consider is the case with the 
inner member, since this is a direct continuation of a nerve fibre. 
Dr. Franz Boll, assistant in the physiological laboratory of the Uni- 
versity of Berlin, published, in the number of Reichert and du Bois- 
Reymond’s Archiv which appeared last May (Jalir. 1871, Heft v.—vi. 
pp. 530-549), an article on vision in the compound or facetted eye of 
the insect. He would bring us back to Muller’s well-known theory of 
mosaic vision of the facetted eye, in other words, back again to the 
old dilemma of there being two forms of visual organs constructed 
upon entirely different plans. He begins by showing that Loeuwen- 
hock, the father of the microscope, was well aware of the formation of 
the picture of external objects behind each individual facet. If each 
of these pictures goes as such to the brain, then behind each facet 
must exist a retina composed of separated sensitive points. This 
means of course a number also of separated nerve fibres. Now 
although the researches of Max Shultze especially, have shown that 
several nerve fibrillm may in some crabs and insects go to the pos- 
terior end of the krystallkegel, this is not always the case, destroy- 
ing seemingly the retinal postulate of a large number of separated sen- 
sitive points. 
Boll placed in humor aqueus, on the slide, the fresh retina of Tri- 
ton cristatus, the inner surface downwards, and thus had under the 
microscope (Hartnack’s ix. 2) a mosaic of the outer surfaces of the 
rods. Moving now a cataract needle between the mirror and object, 
there was seen through each rod an upright little image of the nee- 
dle. Max Shultze saw these also in the cones of a snake’s retina. 
These pictures are due to the lens-like body found at the junction of 
the inner with the outer member of the rod and cones. Now no one 
would deduce any physiological meaning, as respects vision, from 
these pictures due simply to the lens nature of these bodies, a physi- 
cal curiosity. “ Why is not the same applicable to the compound 
eye of the arthropods ? Since we have seen by so clear an example 
as the rod layer of the vertebrate retina, that the pictures formed 
are not physiological, but only optical, inseparable from a lens struc- 
ture, a physical curiosity—like the reflected picture from the human 
coruea—there is no difficulty in applying the same to the mosaic eye. 
As soon as we can free ourselves from the idea that the pictures from 
the optical apparatus of the eye, dependent on physical laws, are 
necessarily also physiological, that is, must be seen as such, and thus 
decide unbiassed the problem of moasic vision, we shall then find 51 
that the collected anatomical, physiological and psychological difficul- 
ties in the way of a physiological explanation of Loeuwenhock’s 
pictures for the compound facetted eye of the arthropod, is scarcely 
less than for the rod layer of the vertebrate animal.” 
Boll then takes ground that—granted with Shultze.that several fibril- 
Ijb go to each krystallkegel—in the first place, this is not always the 
case ; then too, these fibrillse do not give the necessary postulate of 
a retina, viz., a very large number of separated (by pigment) and 
separably impressed recipient points. Moreover, there is no anato- 
mical proof of accommodation in the facetted eye. And finally, he 
cannot overcome the psychological difficulty of the central organ of 
the insect being able to combine, in the majority of cases, at least 
one hundred pictures. 
Boll goes on to discuss the question where in the vertebrate retina 
the perception of light takes place. And he explains the effect of the 
lens-like body under the four possible optical conditions from the po- 
sition of the focus of the refractive media. Finally, he says : “ Since 
the facetted eye can thus no longer be physiologically considered as 
an aggregation of simple eyes, we must necessarily revise the com- 
parative-anatomy view of it, till now current in science.” “ What 
homologies exist between the compound eye of the insect and the 
vertebrate ? Again, what analogies do we find ? ” “ The homolo- 
gies may include the optic nerve, the pigment, the mosaic arrange- 
ment of sensitive points, and the plate structure discovered by Shultze 
in the terminal nerve end of both types. The analogies, or as we 
may say, the functional agreements (Uebereinstimmungen) of the ver- 
tebrate and facetted eye, must now be regarded in a very different 
way from what most anatomists have hitherto done, since the com- 
pound eye is no longer to be taken physiologically as an aggregation 
of simple eyes. It seems inadmissible to compare the so-called cor- 
nea and krystallkegel of the simple eye functionally with the cornea 
and vitreous of the vertebrate eye, since behind the former there is 
only the physiological and morphological equivalent of a single rod, 
never a rod layer.” 
Boll finds the first indication of a correct valuation of the analogies 
between the arthropod’s compound eye and the vertebrates, in an 
article of Brucke’s (this Archiv, 1844, p. 451), where he says “the 
vertebrate rod layer cannot be better described than as forming a 
mosaic conglomerate, for isolation, behind the vertebrate eye which 
is wholly for refraction, to receive the light coming back from the 
choroid.” [Translated from the original sentence.] Leydig, Boll 
grants, afterwards sought to carry out this thought further (this 
Archiv, 1855, p. 427), but not he thinks with special success in the 
details, and here he holds we cannot be too careful in our deductions. 
Boll does not quote from Leydig, and therefore I give a few sentences 
of the long article referred to. Leydig says : “ I venture to believe 
that the material presented allows us to regard the morphology of the 
compound arthropod eye from a more general standpoint, and seek 
therein the analogies of the vertebrate eye.” “ I should thus draw 
a parallel between them. The cornea and the lens-like convexity in- 
wards, correspond to the cornea and lens of the vertebrate eye. The 
krystallkegel substance (including the transparent mass behind the 
cornea, sheath of the krystallkegel and the krystallkegel itself), inclu- 52 
sive of the angular nerve-rod, would correspond to the stratum bacil- 
locum in the vertebrate eye. The optic ganglion has its analogy in 
the retinal layers composed of granules, cells and nerve fibres. The 
pigments are like the choroid and iris. The striped muscles have 
their equivalent in the muscular element of the iris and choroid.” 
“ Hence follow, according to my (Leydig’s) interpretation, that the 
facetted eye does not correspond to a number of distinct and closely 
packed eyes, but is an organic entity, a single eye.” 
My opening page contains an homage to the dead. I gladly add 
here my tribute of congratulation to the living, in which each and 
every member of the Ophthalmological Society will most cordially 
join. The fifteenth of last October, Prof. Donders finished his twenty- 
fifth year of service as professor at the University at Utrecht. Past 
and present pupils joined in a celebration of the occasion. A com- 
mittee had had two marble busts, executed by Drake, one of Joh. 
Muller, and the other of Hermann Helmholz. These were presented 
to Prof. Donders, with appropriate congratulatory remarks by Dr. 
Bauben, in the Hall of Arts and Sciences at Utrecht, followed by Dr. 
Hellema in behalf of the surgeons of the army and navy of Holland. 
M. Vos also addressed the recipient in the name of his fellow stu- 
dents. Finally, M. Stern, in behalf of the Utrecht students, present- 
ed Donders with a medal, on one side of which was his own head, 
and on the reverse the inscription, “ Rgeceptori carissimo socii sena- 
tus veteranorum et non pauci studiosorum Ultrajectino adscripti.” 
The felicity of Prof. Donders’s reply may be well imagined by those 
who have fortunately heard him speak and seen his grace in presiding. 
A dinner of one hundred and fifteen covers closed the ceremonies of 
this pleasant day. 
I would add that Prof Donders has been chosen Honorary Mem- 
ber and Snellen Corresponding Member of the Royal Academy of 
Medicine of Belgium. 53 
BOOKS, MONOGRAPHS AND JOURNAL ARTICLES NOT NOTICED IN 
THE REPORT. 
Case of Opaque Optic Nerve Fibres. S. Wells. Lancet, July 1, 1871. 
Sympathetic Ophthalmia from Injury ; Enucleation ; Mercurial Course ; Satisfac- 
tory Result. W. L. Watson. Lancet, June 17, 1871. 
100 Extractions of Cataracts by Peripheral Linear Section. H. Wilson. Dublin 
Quarterly, May, 1871. 
Peculiar Form of Retinitis Pigmentosa, with Hereditary Syphilis. 
Dermoid Tumor of Cornea. II. R. Swanzy. Dublin Quarterly, May, 1871. 
Xanthelasma multiplex (molluscum lipomatodes). Virchow’s Archiv, Bd. 52. 
Plexiformes angiofibroma cysticum Choroideaa. Drs. Fischer and Waldeyer. 
Arch. f. Klin. Chirurg. B. 13, p. 836. Also Zehender, 1871, p. 163. 
Sarcoma Corporis Ciliaris. Sarcoma Conjunctive. Lipoma subconjunctivale. 
Atheroma Palpebrae superioris. Melano-sarcoma Bulbi. Sarcoma Choroideae. 
Sarcoma Choroideas intraoculare. Dr. Socin. Virchow’s Archiv, Band 52. Also 
Zehender, 1871, p. 164. 
Zur Lehre von der Hypopyon-Keratitis. Dr. Bokowa. Zurich. 1871. Pp. 54. 
Ueber die variolosen Ophthalmien. Hirschberg. Beil. Klin. Wochen., No. 24, 
1871. 
Dell’ Anestesia traumatica della Retina senza reperto obiettivo. Secondi. 
De la Nevrite et de la perinevrite Optiques. C, Reynard-Lacroze. Paris. 
Sur l’Introduction du Couteau lineaire dans le Pratique de l’lridectomie. F. 
Monoyer. Gaz. Med. de Strasbourg, 1871, p. 66. 
Epidemic of Catarrhal Conjunctivitis on board the School-ship l’lnflexible. A. 
Fournier. Arch, de Med. Navale, 1871, p. 4. 
Temporal Seton in ulcerative Keratitis. Dr. Gaucher. Gaz. Med. de FAIgerie, 
1870, No. 10. 
Histologie de la Cornee. Dr. G. Boddaert. Centralblatt f. d. Wissensch., 1871, 22. 
Nouvelle methode pour recliner d’une maniere durable descils distichiaques. Dr. 
Schulek. Annales, 1871, 2, p. 102. 
Nouveau Procede d’Extraction de la Cataracte, ou Extraction laterale. Dr. Ga- 
lezowski. Ditto. 
Sur l’Exophthalmie consecutive a une Tumeur vasculaire de l’Orbite. Ditto. 
Traite des Maladies des Yeux. Dr. X. Galezowski. Paris. 1870. 
Des Hemorrhagies retiniennes. Ed. Larrieu. Paris. 1870. 
Etude sur les Alfections glaucomateuses de l’CEil. Dr. Mohammed. Paris. 1871. 
Des Alterations de l’CEil dans l’Albuminurie et le Diabete. Dr. Off. Paris. 
1871. 
Sur l’Exophthalmie consecutive k une Tumeur vasculaire de l’Orbite. Galezow- 
ski. Gazette des Hopitaux, May 23, 1871. 
Die optischen Fehler des Auges mit ihren Folgen, Asthenopie und Strabismus. 
J. L. Laurence. Translated by Dr. A. Karst. Kreuznach. 
Two Cases of Paralysis of Third Nerve. C. K. Fiske. N. Y. Med. Journal, 
September, 1871. 
Injuries of the Eye from Gunpowder. T. R. Pooley. Ditto. Ditto. 
Ophthalmometrie. Dr. M. Woinow. Wien. 1871. 
Traite Pratique des Maladies des Yeux et de la Vue. Dr. J. Carnet. Paris. 1871. 
De la Therapeutique de l’CEil. L. Boehm. Th. Klein. Paris. 1871. 
Recueil d’Ophthalmologie. Dr. X. Galezowski. Paris. 1871. 
Physiologisches. Das Gesichts-Organ. Beilage Wiener Med. Zeit., 1871, No. 37. 
Atlas d’Ophthalmoscopie. Jager et Wecker. Paris. 1871. 
Removal of Cataract; 25 Cases. C. S. Jeaffreson. Lancet, Sept. 16, 1871. 
Etude sur le Goitre exophthalmique. Dr. Galezowski. Gazette des Hopitaux, 
Sept. 9, 1871, et seq. ' 
Exostosis de l’Orbite. Dr. Letenneur. Ditto, Sept. 30, 1871. 
Observation de Cysticerque du Tissu cellulaire de la Region du Soureil. Dr. Si- 
chel. Ditto, Oct. 5, 1871. 
On some Forms of Inflammation of the Cornea. Dr. C, L. Bull. N. Y. Medical 
Journal, October, 1871. 
Movements of the Eyeball. Dr. Berlin. Centralblatt, No. 35, 1871. 
Retina Currents. Ilohngren. Abstract of Jour. Anat. et Phys., Nov., 1871, 
p. 225. 54 
Appearance of Eye in Trichinosis. Dr. A. Kittel. Allg. Wien. Med. Zeit., 1871. 
Case of Traumatic Dislocation of the Crystalline Lens into the Anterior Cham- 
ber. Dr. Watson. Practitioner, Nov., 1871. 
Zur Lehre der Geschwiilsten der Orbita. Prof. Patruban. Wien. Zeit., Oct. 
24, 1871. 
Treatment of Granular Conjunctivitis by the local Use of Quinine. Dr. Bader. 
Lancet, Oct. 21,1871. 
Ophthalmic Practice in Bombay. Dr. Waters. Med. Times and Gazette, Sept. 
23, 1871. 
Ophthalmia at Plashet Schools. Ditto, Sept. 30, 1871. 
Entwickelung der Capillaren bei der Keratitis vasculosa. Dr. Arnold. Virch. 
Arch., 24, 1-2. 
Peculiar Form of Ret. Pig., 'with Inherited Syphilis. A Case of Dermoid Tumor 
of the Cornea. On the danger of Peripheral Prolapse of the Iris. Dr. II. R. 
Swanzy. Dub. Quar. Jour. Med. Sci., May, 1871. 
Ueber den Zoster Ophthalmicus. Dr. J. Kocks. Bonn. 1871. 
Monophthalmus Congenitus. Dr. P. Iloederath. Bonn. 1871. 
Beitrage zur Ophthalmometrie. Dr. Pfluger. Karlsruhe. 1871. 
Resoconto della Clinica ottalmica, 1867-69. Palermo. Dr. Arcoleo. 1871. 
Stud. Sull’ Albinismo. Ditto. 
Constrictions of the Nasal Canal and its Treatment. Dr. W. W. Seely. New 
York Medical World, August, 1871. 
Ophthalmometrie. M. Woinow. Wien. 1871. 
Three Letters on Preservation of Sight. D. Smith. London. 1871. 
Die Krankheiten des Linsensystems auf Grundlage von Graefe’s Vortragen. 
Dr. Max Salomon. Braunschweig. 1872. 
On Extraction of Cataract by Peripheral Section of the Iris without injuring the 
Pupil. Dr. C. B. Taylor. Lancet, Nov. 4, 1871. 
Traumatic Dislocation of the Crystalline Lens into the Anterior Chamber. Mr. 
Spencer Watson. Ditto, p. 639. 
Reproduction of the Crystalline Lens. M. Milliot. Revue d. Cours Scien., Oct. 
29,1871. 
Use of the Ophthalmoscope in the Diagnosis of Bright’s Disease. Dr. W. L. 
Richardson. Bos. Med. and Surg. Jour., Feb. 18, 1872. 
Tubercular Leprosy of the Eye. J. H. Sylvester. Trans. Bombay Med. Society, 
1870. Annales, Nov. and Dec., 1871. 
Tumeur erectile guerie par la Galvano-caustique chimique. Dr. F. Monoyer. 
Gaz. Med. ue Strasbourg, 1871, No. 70, p. 123. Annales, 1871. 
Barbe d’epi d’orge dans le Canal Lacrymal. Ditto. Annales, 1871. 
Procede de destruction de la Capsule du Cristallin dans l’Operation de la Cata- 
racte. Perrin. Gaz. des Hop., 1871, p. 543. 
Resoconto della Clinica Ottalmica della R. University di Palermo per gli Anni 
Scolastici, 1867-69. Prof. Arcoleo. Palermo. 1871. Annales,'1871. 
Contribution to the Study of Glaucoma. Prof. Magni. Rev. Clin, de Bologne, 
Feb., 1871. 
Serous Iritis, with Intermittent Amblyopia. Dr. F. Gosetti. Aten. Venet., 
Fevr., 1869. 
Populiire wissenschaftliche Vortrage. 1, Der Optische Apparat des Auges. 2, 
Die Gesichtsempfindungen. 3, Die Gesichtswahrnemhmungen. Prof. II. tielmholz. 
Braunschweig. 1871. 
Cases of Paralysis of Ocular Muscles treated with Calabar Bean. T. Wharton 
Jones. Practitioner, Dec., 1871. 
Strychnia as a Retinal and Optic Nerve Stimulus. J. J. Chisolm. Am. Jour. 
Med. Sci., Jan., 1872. 
Paralysis of the Trigeminus, followed by Sloughing of the Cornea. W. F. Nor- 
ris, M.D. Ditto. 
Cases of Injury of the Eye. S. C. Harlan, M.D. Ditto. 
Co-existence of Aneurismal Changes in the Retina, with Aneurisms of the Small 
Arteries of the Encephalon. II. Lionville. Gaz. des Hop., 36, 1870. 
New Method of Extraction of Cataract. Liebreich. Brit. Med. Jour., Dec. 2, 
1871. 
Melanotic Tumor of Eye. G. Lawson. Lancet, Oct. 21, 1871. 
Sight and the Visual Organ. A. von Graefe. Quar. Ger. Jour., Nov., 1871. 
Traumatic Cataract, with Results of 60 Operations. Dr. Wolfe. British Medical 
Journal, Jan. 20, 1872. 55 
Photophobia, with Sightless Eyes. Dr. E. Hart. Ditto, p. 70. 
Unrecognized Acute Glaucoma a fertile Source of Blindness. Mr. Hart. Ditto, 
Feb. 3, 1872. 
Zur Lehre von den Geschwiilsten der Orbita. Prof. Patruban. Wiener Zeit., 
Nov., 1871. 
Clinical Lectures on Ophthalmology. Liebreich. Med. Times and Gazette, Oct., 
1871, and following. 
Color of the Eyes of the best Courier Pigeons. Mr. Alldridge. Standard, April 
10, 1871. 
The Eye of the Mole. Dr. R. J. Lee. Lancet, July 9, 1870. 
Structure of Vitreous. S. V. Ciaccao. Molesschott. Unters. z. Naturlehre, s. 583. 
Phoenophthalmotropia. Donders. Centralblatt, July 16, 1870. 
Diphtheritic Ciliary Paralysis. Hutchinson. Lancet, Jan. 7, 1871. 
Epileptic Pupil. Dr. Clouston. Practitioner, July, 1871. 
Demonstration Ophthalmoscope. Wecker and Roger. Arch. Gen., June, 1870. 
Ophthalmoscope in Cerebral Disease. Dr. Jackson. Med. Times and Gazette, 
June 3, 1871. 
Congestion Papilla. Mr. Swanzy. Dub. Quar., Feb. 1, 1871. 
Meningitis anu Pseudo-meningitis. Bouchut. L’Union Med., 1869, Dec. 4-25. 
Uraemic Amaurosis. Dr. Robertson. Edin. Med. Jour., Jan., 1871. Also, Dr. 
C. Allbutt. Lancet, Jan. 3, 1871. 
Glycosuric Amblyopia. Dr. Fitzgerald. Dub. Quar., Aug. 1, 1870. 
De l’Inegalite des Pupilles dans les Affections Unilaterales des diverses Regions 
du Corps. M. F. Roque. Archives de Physiologie, Jan. and Feb., 1872, p. 48. 
Obliteration subite de l’Artere Centrale de la Retine. M. Sichel. Ditto, pp. 85 
and 207. 
A visible Striation of the Normal Crystalline Lens. J. Tweedy. Lancet, Dec. 
2, 1871. 
Beitrage zur Behandlung gewisser Krankheiten der Augenlider. Van Gils. 
Utrecht. 1870. 
De 1’IIerpes Zoster frontal ou zona de la Face. A. Sichel. Union Med., 1871, 
86-87. 
Cas d’Atrophie congenitale de l’CEil gauche par suite de Variole intra-uterine. 
Panaz. Gaz. des Hop., 1871, p. 571. 
Causes de l’Ophthalmie d’Egypte. Posada-Arango. Abeille Medicale, 1871, 
p. 242. 
Pathogeniedu Goitre Expphthalmique. Boddaert. Bull. Soc. Med. Gand, 1870-71. 
Extraction de 200 Cataracts par differentes Methodes. H. Sylvester. Trans. 
Med. and Phys. Soc., Bombay, 1870. 
Ablation d’une Tumeur Fibro-plastique del’Orbite. Fano. F. Med., Nov. 25, 1871. 
Exostose de l’Orbite. Letenneur. Gaz. des Hop., 1871, p. 462. 
Alterations path, de l’CEil dans la Trichinose. Kittel. Wien. Zeit. Annales, 
Jan. and Feb., 1872, p. 128. 
The Modern Operation for Strabismus. Dr. E. G. Loring. Medical Record, N. 
Y., April 15, 1872.# 
Malignant Deposit in Eyeball. J. Dixon. Brit. Med. Jour., March 16, 1872. 
Casi di Mallatie Oculari Sifilitica. Magri. Annali di Ottalmologia. Gennaio. 
1872. 
Spontaneous Pulsation of the Retinal Artery in a Case of Insufficiency of the 
Aorta. Dr. Fitzgerald. Brit. Med. Jour., Dec. 23, 1871, p. 723. 
De Emploi de 1’Ophthalmoscope en Medicine et cn Chirurgie. Dr. A. Barry. 
Paris. 1872. 
Essai sur quelque Affections Generates ou Locales susceptibles de compliquer la 
Cataracte. Dr. A. Pentand-Desollees. Paris. 1872. 
Sur les Affections Sympathiques de l’CEil. Dr. E. H. Ledoux. Paris. 1871. 
Tuberkeln der Choroid. Dr. B. Frankel. Berl. Klin. Wochen., Jan. 1, 1872. 
Strychnin auf Amblyopien und Amaurosen. Hippel. Ditto, Jan. 22, 1872, p. 45. 
Ophthalmia Neonatorum. Dr. Metz. Ditto, Feb. 5, 1872, p. 69. 
On an improved form of Demonstrating Ophthalmoscope. R. B. Carter. Lan- 
cet, Jan. 13, 1872. 
Treatment of Conical Cornea by removal of the top of the Cornea. C. Bader. 
Ditto, Jan. 20, 1872. . 
An improved Strabismus Hook. Dr. S. Theobald. Am. Med. Jour., April, 1872. 
White Atrophy benefited by Galvanic Current. Dr. D. Frazer. Glasgow Medical 
Journal, Feb., 1872. 56 
Alterations de l’CEil dans l’Albuminurie et le Diabete. Off. Paris. 
Etudes sur les Affections Glaucomateuses de l’CEil. Emin. Paris. 
Canthoplasty in Conjunctival and Corneal Affections. Dr. H. Althof. N. Y. 
Med. Jour., March, 1872. 
Essai sur les Phenomenes morbides de la pression Intra-oculaire. Dr. A. Piechaud. 
Paris. 1872. 
Recherches sur les Communications de la Retine avec l’Encephale. Archives de 
Physiologie, 2, 1872. Brown-Sequard. 
Importancia y adelantos de la Ophthalmologia. Toro. Cadiz. 1872. 
Legons sur la Feve de Calabar. See. Union Medicale, March 19, 1872. 
Ointment of Iodide of Potash applied to the side of the Nose in Obstructions of 
the Nasal Canal. Jour, de Med. et Chir. Prat., 1872, p. 111. 
Eye Diseases and Injuries. Dr. Jacob. Med. Press, 1872. 
Cases of Cataract at Manhattan Eye Hospital. Dr. Webster. Med. Record, N. 
Y., May 1, 1872. 
Ophthalmoscopic Examination of sixty Insane Patients. Dr. Noyes. Am. Jour. 
Insanity. 
Practical Remarks on the Treatment of Cataract. Critchett. Med. Press, 1872, 
pp. 179 and 291. 
Xanthelasma Palpebrarum, its significance as a Symptom. J. Hutchinson. Med.- 
Chir. Trans., vol. 36. 
Traite des Maladies du Fond de l’CEil, et Atlas d’Ophthalmoscopie. Par L. de 
Wecker et E. de Jager. Paris and Vienna. 1871. 
Eczema Palpebrarum. II. Walton. Med. Times and Gaz., Jan. 13, 1872. 
Causation and Significance of the Choked Disc in Intra-cranial Diseases. T. 
Clifford Allbutt. Brit. Med. Jour., April 27, 1872. 
Uses of Atropia. E. Hart. Ditto. 
Hutchinson’s so-called Syphilitic Corneitis, with Malformed Teeth and Deafness. 
Dr. D. Davidson. Brit. Med. Jour., April 27, 1872, p. 457. 
Case of Diplopia from Paralysis of the External Rectus Muscle treated by solu- 
tion of Atropia. T. W. Jones. Practitioner, April, 1872. 
Ophthalmoscopic Demonstrations. B. Carter. Lancet, Feb. 17, 1872. 
Operation for Dropped Eyelid. Mr. Walton. Med Times and Gaz., Jan. 27, 1872. 
Zur Diagnose und Therapie des Glaucoma. Colsman. Berl. Klin. Woch., Feb. 
19,1872. 
Beitrag zu Entdeckung simulirter einseitiger Amaurose. Driver. Ditto, Mar. 
18. 1872. 
Vorlesungen fiber die Optischen Fehler des Auges Mauthner. Wien. 1872. 
Affections of the Eye from Neuralgia of the Filth Pair of Nerves, caused by Dis- 
ease of the Dental Organs. H. Z. Gill, M.D. St. Louis Med. Jour., June, 1872. 
Eine neue Methode der Cataract Extraction. Liebreich. Berlin. 1872. 
Blepharaphie. Verneul. Gaz. Hebd., 1871, p. 473. 
Tumeurs Pulsatiles ou Aneurysmoidesdel’Orbite. Terrier. Arch. Gen. de Med., 
1871, p. 174. 
Etude Experimentale sur le Passage des Leucocythes a travers les parois vascu- 
laires et sur 1’Inflammation de la Cornee. Feltz. Jour, de l’Anat. et de la Phys., 
Sept, and Oct., 1811, p. 505. 
Traitement des Plaies de l’CEil par la Suture. Windsor. Manchester Med. and 
Surg. Reports, 1871. 
Du Systeme Vasculaire Sanguin de l’CEil Foetal chez l’Homme et les Mammiferes. 
Richiardi. Bologna. 1869. Annales, 1872, p. 224. 
Nouvelle Contribution a la Physio-pathologie des Voies Lacrymales. Dr. Rava. 
p. 75. Sassari. 1872. Annales, 1872, p. 227. 
Description et Usage de 1’Iconarithme. Monoyer. Strasbourg. 1872. Pp. 15. 
Annales, 1872, p. 229. 
Die Organe des Schen. Ueber die Farben. Emmert. Bern. 1872. 
Blepharo-heteroplastie. Le Fort. Gaz. Hebdom., April 19, 1872. 
Observation de Tumeur du Cerveau. De Mussy. Ditto, April 12, 1872. 
Ophthalmoscopic Diagnosis of Bright’s Disease. J. Lambert. Lancet, March 
9, 1872. 
Spectral Illusions. W. S. Watson. Practitioner, May, 1872. 
Loss of Vision during Scarlet Fever. Ditto, p. 318. 
Anaemia of the Optic Nerves treated by Galvanism. R. J. P. Smith. Brit. Med. 
Jour., May 18, 1872. 57 
Ueber Atropin. Stellwag. Wiener Zeitung, May 7, 1872. 
Compendium der Physiologischen Optik. Dr. H. Kaiser. Wiesbaden. 1872. 
Lectures on Operative Ophthalmic Surgery. R. B. Carter. Lancet, April 13, 
1872, et seq. 
Entropium Operation nach Dr. Snellen. Dr. Nilden. Bari. Klin. Woch., 
April 8, 1872. 
A Case of Cataract Extraction. Dr. R. A. Reevs. Canada Lancet, April, 1872. 
Amaurosis successfully treated by Injection of Strychnia. S. G. Jayakar. Med. 
Times and Gazette, April 6, 1872. 
Choked Disk in Intracranial Disease. W. H. Broadbent. Brit. Med. Journal, 
June 15, 1872. 
Intermittent Glaucoma. S. Lawson. Med. Times and Gazette, March 30, 1872. 
Case of Congenital Retinitis Pigmentosa. Dr. Harlan. Am. Med. Jour., July, 
1872. 
Beitragezur Kenntniss der Iritis syphilitica. Dr. Schmidt. Berl. Klin. Woch., 
June, 1872. 
Traumatic Cataract Operation. Mr. Coates. Lancet, June 8, 1872. 
Treatment of the Conjunctiva in Enucleation. Mr. Streatfield. Lancet, June 
15, 1872. 
School Life in its Influence on Sight. R. Liebreich. London. 1872. 
Visible Pulsation of the Arteria Centralis Retinae in Incompetency of the Aortic 
Valves. C. E. Fitzgerald. Brit. Med. Jour. 1872. 
Treatment and Origin of Purulent Ophthalmia in New-born Children. R. Lie- 
breich. Med. Times and Gaz., Dec. 23, 1871. 
Treatment of Conical Cornea. Mr. Bader. Lancet, Jan. 20, 1872. 
On Cataract. Dr. H. R. Swanzey. Med. Press and Circular, Jan. 19, 1872. 
On Glaucoma, Primary and Secondary. T. S. Walker. Liverpool Med. and 
Surg. Rep., Oct., 1871. 
On Glaucoma. II. R. Swanzey. Med. Press and Circular, Nov. 22, 1871. 
Case of Amblyopia. Dr. D. Frazer. Glasgow Med. Jour., Feb., 1872. 
Traumatic Cataract—82 Cases. Dr. J. R. Wolfe. 1872. 
Surgical Treatment of Optic Neuritis. Wecker. Lancet, Aug. 17, 1872. 
Della Fistola artificiale della Cornea. Dr. Gradenigo. Goir. Veneto di Med. 
xvi. vol. 
Notiziiber die Wahl der Brillen-fassungen. A. Barow. Berl. Klin. Wochen. 
April 29, 1872. 
Two Cases Illustrating the Treatment of Chronic Glaucoma. S. Watson. Pract., 
Aug., 1872. _ 
Ophthalmic Notelets. I. F. Streatfield. Lancet, June 22, 1872. 
Modern Art of Tinting Opacities of the Cornea. C. B. Taylor. Brit. Med. Jour. 
Sept. 7, 1872. 
Schussverletzungen des Auges. H. Cohn. Erlangen. 1872. 
Zona Ophtbalmique. Dr. A. Hybord. Paris. 1872. 
De l’Obstruction des Voies lacrymales. Dr. G. Naudier. Paris. 1872. 
Sympathetic Ophthalmia following Injury—Enucleation. S. Watson. Gaz. Med. 
Paris, May 11, 1872. 
Traitement palliatif de PEctropoin. Dr. Thirg. Jour. Med. Chir. Prat., July, 
1872. 
Distilled Lavender Water as Vehicle for certain Collyria. Ditto. 
Treatment Lachrymal Catarrh, et cetera, by Iodine and Cauterization. Dr. Ver- 
neuil. Ditto. 
New Double Fixing Pincers. Monoyer. Gaz. Med. Strasb., April 15, 1872. 
Ruptur der Choroidea. E. Mallinerodt. 1872. 
Ein neue Forn von Corticalstaar. Schroder. 
Sur la Vision binocnlaire. R. Pictet. Mem. Acad. Imp. St. Petersburg. 1871. 
Quleques Mots sur la Vision binoculaire. H. Dor. 
New Operation for Coloring Corneal Opacities. Dr. R. J. Levis. Med. Times, 
Oct. 8, 1872. 
De 1’Extraction du Cristallin et de sa Capsule. Rev. Med. Toulouse. 1872, Nos. 
3, 4. Dr. 'Person. 
Cysticerque Ladrique Intra-Oculaire. Dr. Sichel. Gaz. Hebd., Jan. 11, 1872. 
D’Obliteration Subite de l’Artere Centrale de l’Retine. Dr. Sichel. Arch. Phys. 
1872, t. iv. 58 
Photopsie Periodique. Dr. Kums. Ann. de la Soc. de Med. d’Anvers, Feb. Mar. 
1872._ 
Optic Neuritis, with Brain Disease. Prof- Manz. Deutsches Archiv. Klin Med., 
ix. Bd. 
Histology of the Lachrymal Canals. Dr. Manfredi. Jour.de PAcad, de Turin, 
May, 1871. 
Secondary Glioma in the Liver. Dr. Bizzozero. Ditto. 
Conjunctival Nerves. Dr. Morano. Vienna. 1871. 
Ganglion Cells and Radial Fibres of the Retina in the Horse and in the Whale. 
Dr. Sirena. Verhandl. d. Phys. Med. Sesellsch in Wurzburg, 1871. 
Episcleritis and its Characters distinctive from Scrofulous Conjunctivitis. Dr. 
Conenti. 
Gummous Osteo-Periostitis of the lower orbital Wall. Dr. Canpana. Jour. ital. 
des Mai. Yene. 1871. 
Additional Test for the Diagnosis of Ametropia. Dr. William Thomson. New 
York. 1872. 
An Improved Form of Perimeter. R. D. Carter. Lancet, July 6, 1872. 
Chronic Lead-Poisoning Amaurosis. Dr. Lunn. Med. Times and Gaz., June 
15, 1872. 
Cold Spray in Ophthalmia. M. Streatfield. Lancet, Aug. 3, 1872. 
Ophthalmic Notelets. Ditto. July 13, 1872. 
An Artificial Eye worn Twelve Years without Removal. J. J. Chisholm, M.D. 
Lancet, July 12, 1872. 
Cancer of the Cornea necessitating the Removal of an Eye in which there was 
still good Vision. Ditto, ditto. 
Iritis in general, considered from a practical point of view. Dr. Romee. Mouve- 
ment Medical, August, 1872. 
Blepharospasme; Traitement inefficace pendant trois mois, Section souscon- 
tanee des deux Nerfs sus-orbitaires; Guerison. Dr. Tillaux. Bull. Gen. Ther., 
August, 1872. 
Intra-orbital Dermoid Cyst. Mr. Watson. Lancet, July 27, 1872. 
Two cases of Amaurosis treated with Strychnia. Mr. Higgins. Med. Times & 
Gaz., July 20, 1872. 
A Class or Demonstrating Ophthalmoscope. Jabez Hogg. Med. Times & Gaz., 
March 2, 1872. 
Ophthalmoscopischer Atlas. Dr. H. Magnus. Leipzig. 1872. 
Anatomie und Physiologie des Auges. H. Muller, von Otto Becker. Leipsisr. 
1872. 
Atrophy of the Optic Disk following Cerebral Disease. Dr. S. M. Burnett. 
Nashville Jour. Med. Surg., August, 1872. 
Blindness after Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis. Dr. II. Knapp. Med. Record, Aug. 
15, 1872. 
Painters and the Accidents of Sight. Brit, and For. Med.-Chir. Rev., Oct., 1872. 
Surgery of Divergent Squint. Dr. C. R. Agnew. Trans. N. Y. Med. Society, 
1871, p. 295. 
Tumors of the Cerebellum. Dr. Sieffert. 1872. 
Function of the Greater Oblique Muscle of the Eye. Dr. Fano. Union Med., 
August 31, 1872. 
Method of destroying the Bulbs in Trichiasis, etc. Dr. Hayes. Dub. Med. Jour., 
March, 1872. 
Melanotic Conjuntival Tumor. Dr. Fano. Gaz. des Hop., July 16, 1872. 
Croton Oil in Corneal Opacities. Dr. Winsor. Mouvement Med., Sept. 14, 1872. 
Erkrankengen des Chonoidal-tractus nach Febris Recurrens. Dr. Peltzer. Berl. 
Klin. Woch., Sept. 9, 1872. 
Treatment of Strumous Ophthalmia. Mr. Power. Practitioner, October, 1872. 
Nouveau Precede d’Enucleation du Globe de l'CEil. Tillaux. Bull. Therap., 
July 15, 1872. 
Lunettes apres l’Operation de la Cataract. Dr. Borel. Union Med. Seine. Inf., 
April 28, 1872. 
Deux Blessures de l'CEil. Andre, de Nancy. Ann. d’Oculistique. Sept. Oct., 
1872. 
Hydatides du Sinus Frontal. Operation. Guerison. Bordeaux Med., Sept. 8, 
1872. 59 
Taies de la Cornea et Sulfate de Cadmium. Ausiaux. De Liege. Annales, 1872. 
Quinine et Retinites Congestives et Sereuses. Deneffe. Ditto, t. 2, p. 189. 
Ouverture de la Capsule du Cristallin. Correnti. Ditto, p. 191. 
Les Maladies des au Dispensaire de Turin, 1869-71. Calderini. 
Ophthalmoscopie et Opcometrie. Perrin. 1872. Paris. 
Refractive Inequality of the Two Eyes. Dr. S. M. Burnett. Med. and Surg. 
Reporter, Dec. 14, 1872. 
Eine neue Form von Corticalstaar. Dr. C. Schroder. Wiesbaden. 1872. 
Black Discoloration of the Eyelids. Mr. Hulke. Lancet, Oct. 19, 1872, p. 560. 
Ophthalmic Lectures. WTalton. Med. Times & Gaz., Sept. 7, 1872. 
Routine Use of Ophthalmoscope in Brain Diseases. Jackson. Lancet, Oct. 12, 
1872. 
Iodine and Cauterization of the Lachrymal Sac. Dr. Yerneuil. Lancet, Oct. 12, 
1872. 
Das Verhalten der Pupillen bei Geisteskranken. Dr. Wernicke. Virchow 
Archiv, Bd 56. 
Keratoglobus. Melanotic Sarcoma of Choroid. Extracted Dislocated Lens. 
Cholesterine Cyst in Anterior Chamber. Dr. Robertson. Edin. Med., Aug., 1872. 
A Shot lodged in and removed from the Eyeball. W. S. Watson. Lancet, Oct. 
26, 1872. 
Untersuchungen iiber das Wesen des Lichtes und der Farben. Dr. Warman. 
Leipzig. 1873. 
Uebcr das Auge des Wirbelthierembryo. M. Lieberkiihn. Cassel. 1872. 
Amblyopia Potatorum. Dr. E. M. Curtis. Trans. Med. Soc. California. 1872. 
Berbachtung eines Falles von Glaucom. Dr. Roller. Wiener Zeitung, Dec. 24, 
1872. 
Ophthalmic Reports. J. J. Chisholm, M.D. Louisville Med. Jour., Jan., 1873, 
Cases of Sympathetic Ophthalmia. Mr. Wilson. Irish Hosp. Gaz., Jan. 1, 1873. 
Modern Art of Tinting the Corneal Opacities. C. B. Taylor. British Med. Jour., 
Sept. 7, 1872. 
The Conjunctiva in Enucleation. J. T. Streatfield. Lancet, June 15, 1872. 
When and Where to Iridectomise in Cases of Anterior Synechia requiring an 
Artificial Pupil Operation. Ditto. Ditto, July 13, 1872. 
Advantage of two Sharp Hooks when it is necessary to employ Traction in Cata- 
ract Operations. Ditto. Ditto. 
A Few Practical Remarks on the Treatment of Cataract. G. Critchett. Medical 
Press and Circular, April 3, 1872. 
Two Cases of Amaurosis Treated by Subcutaneous Injection of Strychnia. C. 
Higgens. Med. Times and Gaz., July 20, 1872. 
Operation for Ectropium. W. S. Watson. Practitioner, Dec., 1872. 
Causes and Treatment of Strabismus. Dr. J. J. B. Yermyne. Boston Medical 
Journal, Feb. 13, 1873. 
Erster Bericht, Augenklinik, Wiesbaden. Dr. C. Schroeder. Wiesbaden. 1872. 
Disseminated Sclerosis of Brain and Cord. Dr. H. D. Noyes. Brown-Sequard’s 
Journal, Jan., 1873. 
Traite Pratique des Maladies des Yeux. Dr. E. Meyer. Paris. 1873. pp. 736. 
Conjunctivitis from Schweinfurt Green. Dr.Kittel. Wiener Zeitung, Jan. 7, 1873. 
De i’Amaurose tabetique. Dr. Charcot. Mouveinent Medical, Nov. 1872. 
Measure of Physical Sensations. M. Plateau. Archives de Medicine, November, 
1872, p. 630. 
Fistula following Cataract Operation. Dr. Fano. Union Medicale, Dec. 10, 1872. 
New Operation for Entropium and Ectropium. Dr. F. Sperino. Paris. 1872. 
Tattooing the Cornea. Dr. Rava. 1872. 
Clinique pour les Maladies des Yeux. Dr. Barde. Geneva. 1873. 
Ueber Farbenblindheit. II. Dor. 1872. 
Retinitis Pigmentosa. F. W. Bayer. Bonn. 1872. 
Sarcom der Uvea. P. Hohndorf. Bonn. 1872. 
Hemiopic and Sector-like Defects of the Field of Vision. Dr. II. Knapp. N. Y. 
Med. Soc., 67th Annual Meeting. 
Eigenthumlicher Fall von Embolischer Erblindung. Dr. Peltzer. Berlin Klin. 
Wochen., No. 47, Nov. 18, 1872. 
Importance of affording Support to the Cornea in Wounds. C. B. Mancrede. 
Medical Times, Jan. 11, 1873. 
Contributions to School Hygiene. Dr. Liebriech. Brit. Med. Jour., Jan. 25,1873. 60 
Thirteen Extractions by Median Flap Operation for Cataract. Dr. H. W. 'Wil- 
liams. Boston Med. andSurg. Journal, Jan. 23, 1873. 
Ether in Ophthalmic Surgery. Dr. B. Joy Jeffries. Lancet, Aug. 17,1872. 
Reintroduction of Ether into England. Dr. B. Joy Jewries. Brit. Med. Jour., 
October 3, 1872. in 
Value of the Ophthalmoscope to the General Practitioner. Ditto. Nov. 7,1872.