REPORT OP THE Director of the CENTRAL SANITARY BUREAU 

TO 

HIS EXCELLENCY, THE MINISTER OF THE HOME DEPARTMENT, 

UPON 

CHOLERA IN JAPAN, 

In the 12th Year of Meiji 

(1879). 





WITH COMPLIMENTS OF 

isr.AGhA-iro sezets^i, 

DIRECTOR OF THE CENTRAL SANITARY BUREAU. 









.REPORT OF THE Director of the CENTRAL SANITARY BUREAU 

TO 

HIS EXCELLENCY, THE MINISTER OF 

THE HOME DEPARTMENT, 

UPON 

CHOLERA IN JAPAN, 

In the 12th Year of Meiji 

(1879). 



to cB JSST 

/yy? 



PREFACE. 

The following pages contain a recital of the circumstances under which cholera prevailed in Japan during the 12th year of Meiji (1879), and give, in the first place, a short history of the disease in the country, that year, in the second, an account of the operations then carried out by the Home Department in connection therewith, and in the third, the Imperial Decrees and Government Notifications bearing on the same subject. 

The original returns, from each of the prefectures, are so diffuse that their compilation would form a bulky volume, consequently only certain important items have been selected from them and published. However, all the original returns are kept in this Sanitary Bureau for reference. 

As it is not necessary to introduce the whole of the various tables forwarded by each prefecture, some of them have been abridged, and with regard to the statistics respecting patients, the number of quarantine hospitals, that of patients who were received therein and the amount of expense incurred, they have been compiled in this Bureau and none of the originals have been here reproduced in toto. 

The order in which the fus and kens are mentioned in the tables, is not the one that properly belongs to them, but, that the intensity of the epidemic may be seen at a glance, the order adopted is one of time, as to its first appearance therein, one after another. 





CONTENTS. 

Page, 

Chapter I. — A short History of the Cholera Epidemic 

of the 12th Year of Meiji and sundry 

Tables relating thereto 1 

Table A. — Dates of the Outbreak and of the Disap- 

pearance of Cholera in Fu, Ken, &c. 

in the 12th Year of Meiji (1879) . . 6 

Table B. — Number of Cholera Patients in Fu, Ken, 

&c. in the 12th Year of Meiji (1879) . 7 

Table C. — Number of Cases of Cholera, by Ages and 

Sexes, in Ken, Fu, &c. in the 12th 

Year of Meiji (1879) ...... 10 

Table D. — Number of Cases of Cholera, by Oc- 

cupations, in Ken, Fu, &c. in the 12th 

Year of Meiji (1879) 14 

Table E. — Number of Cases of Cholera and of quaran- 

tine Hospitals in each Ken and Fu in 

the 12th Year of Meiji (1879) ... 17 

Diagram showing the Increase or Decrease in the 

Number of Cases of Cholera in each week in the 12th Year of Meiji (1879). 

Map showing the infected Districts in the 12th Year of 

Meiji (1879). 

Chapter II. — A short History of the Operations of the 

Home Department, in connection with the Cholera Epidemic of the 12th Year 

of Meiji 21 

Table F. — Expenditures incurred in preventive Meas- 

ures against Cholera, in the 12th 

Year of Meiji (1879) 31 

Chapter 111. — Government Decrees and Notifications. . 35 





REPORT ON THE CHOLERA EPIDEMIC 

OF THE 

12TH YEAR OF MBIJI 

(1879). 

CHAPTER I. 

A short History of the Cholera Epidemic of the 18th Year of Meiji and sundry Tables relating thereto. 

The fearful visitation of cholera, in Japan, in the 12th year of Meiji, showed itself first on the 14th day of the 3rd month (14th March, 1879), in the Yehime hen and lasted until the 29th day of the 2nd month (27th December), the last case having occurred in Osaka. After the first appearance of cholera in the 10th year of Meiji (1877), many of the prefectures came to be affected by it, beginning in the first month of the 11th year. In some of the prefectures, the disease occurred only in isolated cases, in others it was considered to be only apparent cholera, and it could hardly be said to have been infectious, excepting in the hens of Kumamoto and of Nagasaki, in which the disease raged fearfully. 

In Nagasaki, the origin of the epidemic was entirely different from what it was in other localities, as the first 



2 

case in that city, was that of a sailor on board of a foreign merchant ship that had arrived there from Shanghai, and who had brought the germ of the disease with him ; the epidemic did not originate in that locality from any germ remaining in the country from the previous year. It was of a very severe type, and made its way to the very centre of the Empire. Consequently, the establishment of disinfection stations at the ports of Hiogo and of Yokohama, had been undertaken, and what with the efficacy with which thorough precautionary measures were carried out, what with the weather having become cooler and cooler, the disease finally became extinguished. 

In the Spring of the present year, the disease again broke out in the Yehime and then in the Oita hen; and spreading thence all over the country, its virulence has been severer than it was in the 10th year of Meiji. 

Upon inquiry as to the origin of cholera in the Yehime hen, it was discovered that, as soon as the disease had broken out spontaneously in the city of Matsuyama, it suddenly visited the prison in the city, wherein 8 or 9 per cent., of the prisoners died from it, many of them succumbing after only once purging and vomitting. 

According to the returns of the Yehime hen made at the time, there is no clear evidence that the disease was introduced there by passengers arriving by sea; but it broke out suddenly within the locality itself, and within a short time, even those who had never come into contact with a cholera patient, were attacked, and it was considered that the cause of the breaking out of the disease in that hen, was due to impurity of food or to excesses in eating and drinking. 



3 

The first appearance of cholera in the Oita ken, manifested itself in the bathing establishment at the hot springs lying between the villages of Beppu and of Hamawaki, on the 10th day of the sth month (10th May, 1877). Numbers of visitors always crowd there at that season and this year, too, many had congregated there; among them were six persons that had come from the Yehime ken and fourteen more from other kens, all twenty of them being lodged in the same room, and in that room the first case occurred and ultimately the disease spread to a very large extent over the whole ken. The cause of this spread is considered to have been in this wise, that some one returning from the springs had carried home with him, germs of the disease that developed afterwards ; in other words, the epidemic was imported from the Yehime ken. 

Into the gun (district) of Uwa, in the same ken, the disease was introduced either by people of that gun, that had visited and bathed in the above-mentioned springs where they had been attacked, and had then returned to their homes; or else by a party of more than ten persons, who had similarly returned from the same springs and who were attacked as soon as they had reached home; these facts show how the way was laid for the epidemic of cholera in that ken. 

With regard to the dissemination of cholera, so many cases occurred at one and the same time (in the two kens), that it is difficult to determine which can be considered cause and which consequence. Between the kens of Yehime and of Oita, there has always been much intercommunication, so that we are forced to the conclusion that the cholera germ was carried from one into the 



4 

other, from the hen of A say, into that of B, wherein the germ fully developed itself, and after this development, the disease was carried into A and once more back again into B. At any rate, the sudden spread of the disease into several other localities, must be considered as having started from these two hens, Yehime and Oita. One of the most remarkable cases, was that of a person, who went to worship at the temple of Kompira in the province of Sanuki, and who carried back the disease with him on his returning home; another case was that of a person who went to bathe in the abovementioned hot springs, and likewise brought the disease back with him to his home. 

In times back, there Avere innumerable causes for the spread of cholera; however, generally speaking, it was proportionate to the facilities offered for travelling by sea, and now a days these so called facilities have become especially mischievous in carrying the disease from place to place. 

As soon as the epidemic had spread to Chiugoku and Kiushiu (south western provinces of Japan), quarantine regulations were decreed for the ports of Kobe, Bakwan, Nagasaki, Yokohama, etc. and for other localities to and from which there was communication by vessels, because such communication is one great medium for conveying about the disease. An Inspection Board was consequently established in the Kanagawa hen, and a disinfection station was opened at Naga-ura, where the quarantine regulations were carried out, while upon three roards, viz: the Tokaido (a road extending from Tokio to Kioto along the eastern coast), the Nakasendo (an inland one leading from Tokio to Kioto), and the 



5 

Koshiu Kaido (also an inland one from Tokio to the province of Kai), land quarantine regulations were also enforced. In the port of Nagasaki, too, quarantine regulations were observed, and a Local Inspecting Board was established, as had been done at Naga-ura (see the Chapter herein, giving a short history of the operations of the Home Department). 

The number of patients in each locality, during the period of this visitation of cholera, will be seen in table B, which shows the total number to have been 162, 637 ; the deaths amounted to 105, 786. The dates of the outbreak and of the disappearance of the epidemic, will be found in table A. The length of time it lasted was 288 days, during which period the disease spread the most rapidly in the 6th month and was the most virulent in the middle of the Bth. 

As to various other circumstances concerning its prevalence, they are shown in the following tables, diagrams, etc. ; while operations connected with precautionary measures are described in the next Chapter, so that there is no necessity for dwelling upon them in the present one. 



6 

TABLE A. 

Dates of the Outbkeak and of the Disappearance of Cholera in Fit, Ken, &c. in the 12th Year of Melti (1879). ~ j ~ I Name of In .1 1 Disap- Name of n t -u i Disaprr -rp Out break. J T r BL . Outbreak. Ken or ru. i pearance. j Ken or fehi. pearance. , : I ; Yehime Ken 14th, March :14th, Dec. Shidzu-oka Ken 20th, June sth, Nov. ! I I Oita ? 17th, April 1 18 th, Nov. Shiga ? ? ? 1 16 th, „ Kagoshima ? 29th, ? lGlh, Oct. Chiba ? 24th, ? 29th, „ Okinawa ? j 6th, May 25th, Dec. Yamanashi ? ? ? 15th, ? Fuku-oka ? : 14th, ? j 6th, ? Aichi ? 25th, ? 28th, Oct. Yaniaguehi ? loth, ? 30th, Nov. Ibaraki ? 28th, ? 19th, Nov. Osaka Fu 16th, ? 27th, Dec. Kumamoto ? ? ? 127 th,1 27th, Dec. i Hiroshima Ken! 21st, ? j 4th, ? Gifu ? 30th, ? 30th, Oct. Okayama ? 22nd, ? 20th, ? Gumnia ? !2nd, July j 19th, Nov. Wakayama ? 25th, ? 16th, ? Niigata ? I 7th, ? 15th, ? Hiogo ? 28th, ? ! 9th, ? Yamagata ? j ? ? 19th, ? Kochi ? 2nd, June 23rd, ? Kaitaku Shi 20th, ? 15th, Oct. Kioto Fu sth, ? '20th, Nov. ! Saitama Ken 26th, ? 28th, ? |! i I Nagasaki Kenj Bth, ? 25th, Dec. Akita ? ! 31st, ? 30th, „ Sakai ? 9th, ? 15th, Nov. Tochigi ? Ist, August 7th, Nov. Miye ? 15th, ? ,13th, ? Awomori ? | 6th, ? 26th, ? Ishikawa ? ? ? 23rd, Dec. Nagano ? |11th, ? 17th, Oct. Shimane ? 17th, ? ,21st, Nov. ; Fukushima ? i ? ? 24th, Nov. Kanagawa ? 18th, ? :29th, ? Iwate ? 31st, ? 22nd, Oct. Tokio Fu 19th, ? 1 12 th, ? Miyagi ? i 14th, Sep. 128 th,1 28th, ? 



7 

TABLE B. Number of Cholera Patients ra Fu, Ken, &c. in the 12th Year op Meiji (1879). Name of Patients. Recoveries. Deaths. .Per cent, of Deaths. p er cent. .' — —of Jurisdiction. True Apparent Total. True Apparent' Total. True (Apparent Total. : True Apparent eat ! Yehime Ken 8,535 5,570 14,105 2,159 2,625 4,784 6,376 2,945 1 9,321 j 74.60 j 52.65 66.08 Oita „ 3,502 1,772 5,274 1,185 1,156 2,341 2,317 661 2,933! 66.16 34.76 55.61 Kagoshima ? 1,047 702 j 1,749 460 490 950 587 212 799 | 56.06 | 30.20 45.68 Okinawa „ 9,895 1,301 11,196 3,977 909 4,886 5,918 392 6,310 54.35: 30.21 56.36 Fuku-oka „ 3,023 1,722 4,745 1,000 878 1,878 2,023 844 2,867 66.93 49.01 60.42 Yamaguchi ? j 3,568 2,168 5,736 1,212 1,259 2,471 2,356 909 3,265 ; 66.03 \ 41.93 56.92 Osaka Fu j 7,150 2,182 9,332 1,226 795 2,021 5,924 1,387 j 7,311 ; 82.30 63.57 78.34 Hiroshima Ken; 3,090 3,382 6,472 587 1,328 1,915 2,503 2,054 4,557 1 81.00 60.73 70.41 Okayama ? 6,395 2,690 9,085 2,324 1,511 3,835 4,071 1,179 5,250 ! 63.66 43.83 57.79 Wakayama ? 1,377 1,128 2,505 241 496 737 j 1,136 632^ 1,768 j 82.49 56.03 70.58 Hiogo ? 5,597 3,394 8,991 1,291 1,375 2,660 ! 4,306 2,019 6,325 76.95 59.49 70.35 Kocni „ 2,386 2,574 4,960 657 939 1,596 1,729 .1,635 3,364 72.46 63.52 67.82 Kioto Fu 1,186 268 1,404 214 81 295 922 187 1,109 81.10 09.78 78.92 



8 

TABLE B.— Continued. Name of Patients. Eecoveries. Deaths. Per cent, of Deaths. p er ccn t. _; ' _: of Jurisdiction. Tnw Apparent Total. True Apparent Total. True Apparent Total. True Apparent Deaths - Nagasaki Ken 3,456 2,824 6,280 1,721 1,128 2,849 1,785 1,696 3,431 50.20 60.06 54.64 Safari „ 2,816 2,598 5,414 361 1,076 1,437 2,455 1,522 3,947 87.18 | 58.58 73.46 Miye ? 705 870 1,575 134 353 487 571 517 1,088 80.99 59.43 69.08 Ishikawa „ 10,807 19,001 29,808 1,813 6,851 8,664 8,994 12,150 21,144 83.22 ! 63.94 70.93 Shimane „ 1,123 2,190 3,313 294 873 1,167 | 829 1,317 2,146 72.93 I 60.25 64.78 Kanagawa ? I 1,802 318 2,120 469 158 627 1,333.' 160 1,493 73.97 j 50.31 70.42 Tokio Fu ! 1,802 434 2,236 293 153 446 1,509 281 1,790 83.74 64.74 i 80.05 Shidzu-okaKen! 703 803 1,506 232 470 702 471 333 804 66.99 41.47 53.39 Shiga ? 896 .... 89G 302 .... 302 594 .... 594 64.06 .... 66.29 Chiba ? | 791 284 1,075 261 380 530 165 j 695 67.00 58.09 64.45 Yamanashi „ I 428 608 1,036 126 343 469 302 265 567 70.56 43.59 54.73 Aichi „ ! 833 1,090 1,923 152 412 564 681 678 j 1,359 81.75 62.20 70.67 Ibaraki „ 336 173 509 86 110 196 250 63 313 74.40 57.27 61.49 Kumamoto ,; 5,973, 741 : 6,714 2,766 577 3,343 3,207 164 3,371 53.11 22.13 50.21 Gifa „ 156 297 453! 28 122 150 128 175 303 82.05 58.92 66.89 



9 

Gumma Ken 37 128 165 4 57 61 33 71 104 89.19 55.47 63.03 Niigata ? 2,000 3,229 5,229 587 1,282 1,869 1,413 1,947 3,360 70.65 60.43 64.26 Yamagata „ 848 831 1,679 231 331 j 562 617 500 1,117 72.76 60.17 66.53 Kaitaku Shi 260 230 490 91 114 205 169 116 285 65.00 50.43 58.16 Saitama Ken 494 141 635 174 94 268 320 47 367 64.78 33.33 57.79 Akita „ 493 423 916 90 223 [ 313 403 200 603 81.74 47.28 65.83 Tochigi ? 549 231 780 198 148 | 346 | 351 83 434 63.93 35.93 55.64 Awomori „ 379 386 j 765 79 181 260 j 300 205 505 79.15 53.11 66.01 Nagano „ 324 189 513 105 154 259 219 35 254 67.49 18.52 49.51 Fukushima ? 65 433 498; 9 215 224 56 218 274 86.15 50.35 55.02 Iwate „ 15 32 j 47 j 4 17 21 j 11 15 26 73.33 46.88 55.32 Miyagi ? 91 .... 91 47 .... 47 j 44 .... 44 48.44 .... 48.35 Total. 94,883 67,337 162,220 j 27,190 j 29,403 | 56,593 67,693 37,934 105,627 71.39 56.34 65.11 j Army Dep. Whether true or 368 "Whether true or 233 | Whether true or 135 36 ' 68 -ป-,ฆ n apparent is apparent is ฆ apparent is I ฆ JNavy uep. unknown. 49 unknown. 25 j unknown. 24 48.98 Grand Total. 162,637 56,851 j 105,786 65.04 



10 

TABLE Number of Cases of Cholera, by Ages and Sexes, __ Under ! Under i Under Under Under 3 Years. 7 Years. 15 Years. I 30 Years. 50 Years. of ! Jurisdiction. M> p> j p ' p> M> I R | ! p> Yehime Ken i 120 95 351 251 617 418 1,721 1,529 2,634J 2,114 Oita „ ; 75 68 185 128 322 204 712 612 965; 732 Kagoshima „ 24 28 68 50 127 104 245: 211 301! 233 Okinawa „ i 392 496 544 570 843: 789 1,304 1,112 1,319 1,432 Fuku-oka „ 45 34 139 113 306 195 657: 543 : 866; 691 Yamaguchi „ ; 26 46 140 116 274 176 870^ 702 1,160 723 Osaka Fu [ 108 58 278 178 392 272 334; 282 2,683 i 2,137 Hiroshima Ken j 122 92 241 150 339 223 899' 801 1,144 844 Okayama ? 73 45 169 125 376 261 1,225 1,105 1,680! 1,391 Wakayama „ 32 27 68 51 119 61 308 1 248: 483! 389 Hiogo „ 103 07 181 140 353 243 1,264 1,042 1,641 1,287 1 Kochi „ 50 39 130 78 266 156 702 480 974 683 Kioto Fu 9 5 30 15 40 23 178 117 267 215 Nagasaki Ken 25 33 218 351 397 273 730 547 774 514 Sakai ? 82 58 206 137 293 207 747 653 968 802 Miye ? j 14 14 41 25| 74 88 185 183 266 264 Ishikawa „ 292 258 ; 767 663 1,423 1,121 3,404! 3,827 i 4,963; 4,760 Shimane ? 24 11 72; 49 132 117: 418 378; 5631 522 ! I Kanagawa „ 19 19 56 37 96 60 404 241; 426! 271 j Tokio Fu 17 13 44 43 95 52 ; 515 236 460* 244 i : \ Shidzu-oka Ken j 11 22: 45 40 102 66 211; 154 275 : 201 Shiga ? 7 5 17, 11 23 25 104 88 166 i 148; Chiba „ 5 9 32; 23: 68; 30 1.75; 100. 188| 1301 Yamanashi „ 17; 14 55 ; 43 1 57: 51 129 136 136 125 Aiclu ? 29 27 ! 51 49 94 59J 212 1W 353J 314 II•! I i i 



c. 

11 

in Ken, Fu, &c, in the 12th Year of Meiji (1879). 

I \ ฆ ! " I fro . Under Over Ages Population; f-gj 70 Years. 70 Years. unknown. Total. | g || : 1 : 1_ _ , _ Jurisdic- ; "sj & M. P. IM. X M. F. M. ! F. Total. : tion. i!gป ; I , __ _________ } F* o+-1,806; 1,425 249^ 250| 846 179! 7,844 6,261 14,105; 1,067,191 13.34 601 463^ 111 96 2,971 1 2,303 5,274 451,705' 11.68 1531 137; 31| 37 , 949 800 1,749 | .... 876; 946; 254; 319 j 5,532^ 5,664 11,196 203,442 55.03? 557 i 414 84: 101 2,654: 2,091 4,745 569,705 8.33 734; 542; 113; 114 8,817 2,419 5,736 663,877 8.64 1,026 1,155 141 294 | 4,956 4,876 9,332 507,377 18.69 750: 579; 132; 140 j 3,627j 2,845 6,472; 839,783 7.71 1,177 1,041 205; 212 ! 4,905' 4,180 9,085 681,321 13.33 301; 316 35; 67; ; 1,346; 1,159, 2,505 287,236 8.43 1,1181 1,022; 825; 205 4,985; 4,006J 8,991 777,939 11.56 62l' j 513 144! 124' 2,887 2,073 4,960! 615,319; 8.06 217; 216; 23; 49 I 764 640j 1,404 813,858 1.73 256: 112 34 : 26; 997 993; 3,431; 2,849: 6,280 1,030,696 6.09 551 561 61 88: ' 2,908; 2,506: 5,414 551,741 9.81 205; 183 31 52! ........ 816 759: 1,5*75 206,440 7.63! 3,519 3,376; 577; 858 14,945 14,863; 29,808 1,148,940; 25.94 418 380; 9.9 130 ! •..-. 1,726 1,587' 3,313 365,817! 9.06; 238 177; Bl| 34 11 .... ; 1,281 839 2,120 330,298 ; 6.42; 280| 166 ; 28^ 43! 1,439 797 2,236 714,329; 3.13 172; 141 28 38 844 662; 1,506 214,452 7.02! 143 120; 15i 24 475; 421 896 201,941 4.44; 146 126! 23j 25 ; 632; 443 1,075 259,869; 4.29 : 116 109! 19! 29 529^ 507 1,036 117,018 J 8.86 ฆ i ! 224 222: 53^ 59 1,016 907 1,923 422,024 4.56 I . : i I I 



12 

TABLE 

I I I I I ? Under Under Under Under Under 3 Years. 7 Years. : 15 Years. 30 Years. 50 Years, of Jurisdiction. p< | j M> | M< p> j p> jj j | | Ibaraki Ken i 7! i 7 ! 1 11 10 24 16 81 44 111 66 | Kumamoto ? 100 73 270! 222 553 361 1,352! 825 932 739 Gifu „ 7 2 10 8 9 14 60 38 93 87 il| ! Gumma „ 3 2 2 3 4 3 31! 18 31 21 Niigata „ 3*7j 30 88 69' 181 168 543 ; 566 1,003 813' Yamagata ? 1\ 3 19, 19 41 33 218 158 394 274 Eaitaku Shi 9 24 7 9 7 68 35 157 44; Saitama Ken 9 8 19 18! 32 23 86 64^ 124 94 Akita ? 10 4 17 91 47 40 141 102! 194 143 Tochigi ? 5 3 18 8! 27j 18 96 87| 145 123 Awomori ? 8 2 11 13 31 19 116 64? 164 82 Nagano „ 4' 6 11 15 15 18 66' 63 100 65 iI ' i Fukushima ? 3 2 7! 7 19 11 74: 47 122 66 Ivvate ? 112 2 1 2 6 7 6 Miyagi „ 2 3 4 7j 19 14 15 Army Dept, I 355 11 Navy Dept. ! 47 2 1,931 1,722 4,607|3, 854 8,224 5,969 20,99117,640 29,254 23,804 I I ' I Grand Total. ! " j \ 3,653 8,461 j 14,193 .38,631 63,058 Compari- Plus. 209 753 2,255 3,351 5,450 ; son 01 I I Sexes. I Minus. 209 735J 2,255 3,351 5,450 2 " 25 I 5 " 20 8 - 73 23 ' 76 32 ' 62 



13 

C. — Continued. 

Under Over Ages p Population |^j 70 Years. 70 Years. unknown. | lotal. of the ,g 1.2 1 — Juriadic- "S Jง" j M. F. !M. F. M. F. M. F. Total. tion. |gซ | ! . I | ! 72 48 13, 5 ........ 319 190| 509 161,565 3.15 537 448 167 135 3,911 2,803 i 6,714 564,394 11.90 60 50 6 9 245 208' 453 116,703 388; 25 17 4 1 100 65 165 86,534 1.91 696 612 225 198 2,773 2,456; 5,229 470,780 11.11 281 183 27 27 982 697J 1,679 205,727 8.161 83 34 20 11 350 140' 490 50,343 9.73 74 62 ; 12 10 356 279; 635 166,744 3.81 98 92 8 11 515 401 916 130,384 7.03J 129 92 16 18 431 349| 780 639.656 1.22 141 75 17 22 488 277J 765 133,821 5.72; 77 56 9 8 282 231 513 78,964 6.50 77 54 ; 4 5 306 192; 498 166,744 ! 2.99: 8 7 3 1 24 23| 47 4,709 9.98J 13 9 4 1 41 50 91 13,720 6.63 2 368 .... | 368 j 49 .... j 49 !••••! 18,577 16,281 i 3,381 3,876 1,354 1,172 88,319 47,318| ฆ J 1 162,637 16,024,106 10,15 34,858 7,257 2,526 2,296 495 182 14,001 2,296 495 182 14,0011 ; I ! 21.43 4.46 1.55 I | 



14 

TABLE D. Number of Cases of Cholera, by Occupations, in Ken, Fu, &c. in the 12th Year of Meiji (1879). Name ! if' I a lie ? ; I ! i ! ? ง I I g | Jurisdiction. ?i g ? I]! S g. g g ? S E, g g i i | I i j Yehime Ken 22 32 22 2,002 ' 8,656 1,306 366 I 678 1 41 48 1,035 : 14,105 Oita „ 10 12 20 696 3,646 465 185 159 .... 34 47 .... 5,274; Kagoshima „ 4 7 .... 847 j 616 205 38 24 .... 8 1,749 I Okinawa ?\ .9 li 244 ' 2,231 152' 31 \ 5 .... 88 .... 8,435 11,196 Fuku-oka ? 8j 17 5 1 900 2,707 i 576 307 154 12 | 53 6 .... 4,745 lYamaguchi ? 20; 16 17 1,049 2,078 1,014 298 526 .... 91 3 624 ! 5,736 i Osaka Fu \ 143 32 31 | 2,986 j 1,747 2,210 1,285 313 I .... 550 : 35 .... 9,332 | I Hiroshima Ken' 33 17 j 19 238 J 1,199 2,088 | 749 351 .... 99 3 1,676 i 6,472 jOkayama „ 23 18 15 1,684 4,817; 1,291 358 ; 618 50 105 106 .... 9,085 Wakayama ? 2 3 6 694 826 j 227^ 249 ! 259 .... 237 2 .... 2,505 Hiogo ? 30 26 28 1,925 4,458 1,200 431; 732^ 8 151 2 .... 8,991 Kochi „ 14 9 5^ 1,276 1,117 958 93; 98 ; .... 101; 80 1,209 4,960 i Kioto Fu 12; 10 4; 374; 351 251 I 265 42 .... 46 49 .... 1,404 ; i i i I ; 



16 

.Nagasaki Ken 10 1 2 1,560 2,346 1,064 j 520 j 147 348 258 j 24 .... 6,280 Sakai „ 12 11 24 1,472 3,182 332 260 44 .... 59 18 .... 5,414 jMiye „ 3 3 .... 314; 639 262! 52 122 .... 180 1,575 jlshikawa ? 24 80 105 8,022 | 15,760 2,801 1,836 629 11 538 2 .... 29,808 „ 7 12 7 649 j 1,539 569 ; 128 63 2 38 7 292 3,313 Kanagawa „ 25 4 2 440 | 786 251 241 135 .... 236 j 2,120 Tokio Fu 80 j 21 1 215! 185 348 I 362 100 .... 382 138 404 2,236 Shidzu-okaKen 5 4 4 43 1,119 80 57 29 .... 31 .... 134 1,506 Shiga „ 1 3 4 218 I 554 35 45 27 1 4 4 .... 896 Chiba „ 10 1 1 122J 604 49: 17 265 .... 6 1,075 Yamanashi „ 7 9 1 14 747 112 145 1 | .... 1,036 JAichi „ 10 6 9 555 837 264 156 40 .... 45 1,923 Ibaraki „ 3 12 386 37 14 54 .... 3 509 Kumamoto „ 15 12 13 716 3,354 1,518 302 730 .... 38 16 .... 6,714 Gifu „ 3 .... 1 13 374 29 j 8 19 1 5 453 Gumma „ 1 .... 2 8 j 102 30 j 6 2 j .... 5 9 .... 165 Niigata ?29 7 9 1,226 2,708 905 I 205 18 .... 122 5,229 Yamagata ?3 1 138 1,279 133 20 87 18 .... 1,679 



16 

TABLE B-- Continued. Jurisdiction. F 2 ฆ 5 • ง o o " S" ™ P ป B ป Kaitaku Shi 1 1 .... 321 .... 38 13 108 .... 8 490 | ISaitama Ken 7 2 .... 9 602 5 6 4 .... 635 i Akita „ 8 2 2 500 404 916 j Tochigi „ 4 3 22 658 31 25 8 21 .... 8 780 : Awomori „ 3 184 449 34 21 47 24 3 .... 765 ; Nagano „ 2 1 .... 13 475 17 2 1 2 .... 513 ; Fnkushima „ 2 .... 2 4 397 81 .... 12 498 Iwate „ •ฆ•• 1 •••• 34 2 9 1 47 Miyagi „ 88 2 1 91 Army Dept. 368 368 : iNavyDept. 49 49 Grand Total. 1,019 384 525 33,516 72,252 20,860 9,044 6,575 434 3,595 624 13,809 162,637 \ 



17 

TABLE E. Number of Cases of Cholera and of quarantine Hospitals in each Ken and Fu in the 12th year of Meiji (1879). Name Patients that entered Per cent. Quaran- |- g q ฃง Amount Average Expense Hospitals. o> g'nj ซ<i oq of of tine tqฐ2 ง of per Ken and Fu. True Apparent Total> Recoy- Deaths> Deaths. Hospital. |.|p | | Expenses. Patient. yen sen yen sen Yehime Ken 457 279 736 306 430 58.42 44 84.00 13,043 500 17 722 Oita „ 969 492 1,461 743 718 49.14 55 50.29 10,168 783 6 960 Kagoshima ? 166 124 290 148 142 48.97 6 62.50 * Fuku-oka „ 301 159 460 242 218 47.39 56 55.66 8,387 644 18 214 Yamaguchi „ 318 193 511 315 196 38.36 47 41.47 4,747 958 9 292 Osaka Fu 838 124 962 296 666 69.23 3 142.00 9,564 954 9 943 Hiroshima Ken 197 272 469 252 217 46.27 32 76.38 10,832 085 23 096 Okayama „ 626 207 388 331 502 60.26 44 101.57 11,767 665 14 127 Wakayama „ 200 32 243 82 161 66.26 8 81.75 4,041 398 16 631 Hiogo ? 237 69 306 117 189 61.76 10 75.10 10,601 895 34 647 Kochi „ 195 109 304 86 218 71.71 34 42.85 9,375 254 30 840 Kioto Fu 748 95 843 221 622 73.78 35 80.17 20,786 351 24 658 *Unknown 



18 

TABLE E.— Continued. Patients that entered b g 1 & "* $ Name Per cent. Quaran- H"-ฃ2.oฃ?ฃi Amount Average Expense Hospitals. 5 <& *S "g ฐS of . ' ' of tine ttot o S-g-^j of per Kpn and Fu ™mi Kecov- _ _ Deaths. Hospital. %>S p% 3 Expenses. Patient, ivenanaxu. True Apparent Total. eries> Deaths. F Efg.g^l j^eii sen yen sen Nagasaki Ken- 191 256 ; 347 205 | 142 40.92 13 45.85 9,430 638 27 178 Sakai „ 114 222 336 170 j 166 49.40 32 56.44 8,713 497 25 933 Miye „ 58 86 144; 75 j 69 47.92 17 33.82 714 518 4|962 Ishikawa „ 154 169 323 117 ! 206 63.78 34 52.44 6,521 529 20 190 Shimane „ 43 48 91 52 39 42.86 19 50.74 7,183 399 78 938 Kanagawa „ 807 71 j 878 \ 236 642 73.12 8 60.25 30,604 211 34 857 Tokio Fu I 1,189 46 | 1,235 j 336 899 72.79 4 72.00 72,573 471 58 764 Shidzu-oka Ken 56 39 95 50 45 47.37 24 42.54 3,291314 34 645 Shiga „ 141 .... 141 ! 79! 62 43.97 5 48.00 10,6241470 j 75 13511 351 Chiba „ 89 16. 105 77 28 26.67 8 27.75 2,465 j 958; 23 485 Yamanashi „ 14 I 28 42 20 22 52.38 2 37.00 1,553; 314 36 584 Aichi 208 59 ! 267 I 113 ! 154 ; 57.68 16 54.38 6,585 408 24 664 ! i • ! Ibaraki ? lit B 16 13 3 18.75 7 36.57 1,801523 112 595 



19 

Kumamotq „ 541 108 ; 649 365 284 43.76 11 53.27 7,018 784 10 815 Gif v j; 29 34 63 39 24 38.10 13 31.00 3,040 834 ' 48 267 Gumma „ 13 17 30 12 18 60.00 6 33.83 1,374 637 45 821 Niigata „ 142 194 . 33G 139 197 58.63 16 48.31 \ 12,339 12251 225 j 36 724 Yamagata „ 39 46 85 ! 37 48 56.47 8 45.38 2,985 i 373i 373 35 122 Saitama „ 78 35 113! 76 37 32.74 17 17.06 3,788 j 205 33 524 AHta „ 163 126 289 156 133 46.02 8 32.00 7,004 16191 619 24 237 Tochigi „ 36 14 50 29 21 42.00 11 24.00 4,498 923 89 979 Awomori „ 217 120 337 144 193 57.27 23 28.87 4,330 108 12 849 Nagano „ 332 39 371 201 170 45.82 7 26.57 2,417 512 6 516 Fukushima „ 1 13 14 9 5 35.71 3 43.33 482 249 34 446 Miyagi ? 14 1 .... 14 12 2 14.29 1 19.00 673 280 48 091 To tt a l 9,932 3,857 13,789 5,901 7,888 57.20 687 j 55.66 325,325 j 486 j 23 593 Note.— With regard to the Okinawa ken, the number of quarantine hospitals as well as that of patients admitted to them, is unknown, but the expenses incurred has amounted to 2,338 .. . Besides the number of quarantine hospitals mentioned in the table, 239 others were established^ 6 are in Ibaraki, 4 m Ornmma, 9 in Tochigi, 34 in Sakai, 17 in Miye, 4 in Aichi, 17 in Shidzu-oka, 2 in Yamanashi, 1 in Shiga, 11 m Yamagata, 3 in Ishikawa, 49 in Shimane, 18 in Okayama, 4 in Hiroshima, 16 in Wakayama, 21 in Yehime, 12 in Kochi, 8 in Fuku-oka and 3 in Kagoshima; but as no patient has been admitted into either of them, they have all been left out of the table. 





DIAGRAM SHOWING- THE INCREASE OR DECREASE IN THE NUMBER OF CASES OF CHOLERA IN EACH WEEK IN THE 12th YEAR OF MEIJI (1879). i _ | T I ' TTT " I m "" ~~ I I 0 - ฆR S RฆRR S R - S R , R R RR-R S J-ฆ; S - R - - R R s R . r— * * "" •ซ•••.,....... * •ฆ•ฆ.... * ........ 1-. w r~ r ฃ2 rSZ — ZZ ~ >— *- '- -^ ,— — . ,— . ,— ,ซ . ? *^ '""' r r ~ l C JZ, m f f ~ l j r ~~' r- — r^ r r * 1 *** -i_a t-i C<J CO ฆ"# U3 ซD t~ 00 d O t-H^ (>J 100 rfi io <xs I>- 00 OS O rH CM CO IO CO t> 00 O5 O H <^ CC "3* ปO ซC b^ CO OS- O rH t-h rH t-h r-( r-H r-l r-i t-H r-l i— l CM (M CM O\ Ol (>J <M CM <M (N CC- (TC CC Ct CC CC CO C? C^ CC Tf ~t ? -t-i cc r. - fe - - ,-' 5 .. „ zi X,- „ „ - - - a. c<T -2 R - - tjT ซ <! J, ฆ <3 I . H I H- <! C I '^ 7 V < , 7 ซฆซ ฆ ซ ฃ f7 ซ 7 7 ซ ซ 7 <^ ซ 7 7. <N" & #H N ซ5 O 7 ซ? ซ 7 7 <" ''-I I - I . ' I —I I -ll I I ~ I . I • I I I I - I I i— l QC I— l CC lO O CO O CO O IS 1-1 0C lO iO <M OS CM OS CO p I— "+• t-h -^ t-h 00 CM OS >^<NC<)^t^ป^CM(NOSrH<NColcOrH<^<NT^t^tHCNi^COrH(N<M^rHT^ zzzi I zzn zzz zm zz zzz . ' i ~ zzz zzz zzz ~~ zzz ' " zzz " - H I ~ ~^^_ 1 18500- — — I —^^^^^^^^^^^^^^~-^-'—^^^li^^ M ? , , g? 18000- 17.500- ~~~~ :^ ::^^^ =^ z===:=::==:^-—^^^^^^ 117000- 16500- ::=:=:===:::::::==:=::z:===:::==:===::i:z:==:^= :^^=^- ~:iz=:=z:EEฃzz.-— 1 iizziz:zzzzzzzzzzz:zzzzzziziiizizzzzzzzzzzizzzzzi| 16000- zzz — "——— —— — ——-!!::--- =^- =^ =^ zz:zizzzizzzzzi^-Zziziz:iz:zz:iizzzzzzzzzz": 15500- iilii^i^iii^^^ii^^iiriiiii^^iiii^iiiiiizzzzzziii^ zzz zzz zz: zzz zzz 15000- :=:=^ ==::=::^ ==^^^^^^^^^^^^ 14500- -Tizzizziiziizizizziziiizzizizizzzzzziziiiiziziz^ Ezzzzzz zzzz:d-=:izzzzizzz=z:zzizzizz:zz:zzz 13000- :=:::=::=====: IZIIIIIIZZZZZZZIIZZIZZZZIIZZIIZIZZZZIZ^ 12500- m: izzizzziiiziiizizzzzziiziziiz^zziizzzziiziiizizzzzzEziz^ 12000- =—— — — — ——— — — —— — =— — — — — — —— — ——— — — -~ — ~ -— -ฆ— — Y^ _ zzz zzz zzz zzz I "~~~^ — ~zzz:^:zz:ziz:rz:=z:zz — zzz:ii:zz:~ ฆ . . 1 1 ; r \ "~ ; ; ~~~~ ~~ " ~ ~~ ~v Z '. Z_ ZZZ ZZZ ZZZ ~ ~ 11000- ii'zizr :=:=z=:=::^ :^ i=:zz:=:==^ :==::=:^ losoo- ~^^^^^^^^^^=^ = = = = 10000- —————— =——— — — —————— I -jj zzizzzzzzz^z^z-iizzzizziizzzziiizizzzzizzizzi 9500- 9000- i^^^^^^^-^^-^^i^^i^i^i=^^^^^:^^ii^ 8500- zzzrzzzzzzzzzzzzzz-zzz=zzT~ sooo-lEErz^-zr-z-^----- 1 -- 1-— 1 -— nz=^^i::zz ~:zz:ziizizE^zzizz::zz:zz:zi:iizฃ 7500- 7000- ::::::==::=z=^ :=::z==^ ::i::::^- :^ :::=:::: — =^^:^^^^ Fiiizziz=zzizzz:zziiziErtzzzzzizzi-zzzziizLzzizzzzzz^zzzzz^ 0500- :=^ ==:==:==:=^ =^^^^^==-=^^^^^^^^^ zzz zzz zzz zzz zzz zzz zzz zzz zzz zzz zzz zzz :zz zzi zzi zzz zzz zzjr zzz zzz zzz zzz zzz zzz zzz zzz zzi zzz zzz zzz zzjz zzz zzz zz: zzz zzz zzz _zzz zzz zzz zzz 6000- ฆ ; — ฆ ฆ in 1— ฆ — — -— zz3 : :: — _ zz: zzi zz: zz ~zn zn 4500- 4000- =zzzzz= zzz zzz zzz zz zzz — zzzzzzzzrzizizzizzl zzi zzz zzzzzzzz:zzzzzzzzzz:EESEEEE~^^E~zEzEzE^zzE 3500- =^j ==j == = zzizzziiiiz ~zzzEizz:z:z:z:z:z:z:z:~z:E^z:p:z:z: ~tJ| 1500- — zzzzzzzzzzzizzzz :zz:Ez:z:z:z:z: — zz~z:z:z:z:z:z:z:z:z: j-^Bzizzizziziz: 1000- zzzzhzhzzzzzzhzzzzz-zzzziizzzzzzzz: E^zzzzzizzzizzzzzzizzzzizzizzzzzzzzzzzzii^Ezzzzzzz^czzzizzizzizzzE 500- ErEE = z^zzz=^Erzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz=^ 

9 Patients. 

Deaths. 





MAP SHOWING INFECTED DISTRICTS IN THE 12th YEAH OF MEIJI (1879). 





21 

CHAPTER 11. 

A short History of the Operations of the Home Department, in Connection with the Cholera Epidemic of the 12th Year of Meiji. 

The first appearance of cholera in the 12th year of Meiji, happened in the Yehime ken, on the 14th day of the 3rd month, whence the disease spread to the Oita ken on the 17th day of the 4th month of the same year. It continued to so increase, that finally there could have been found hardly any locality that was quite free from it. The following pages furnish an account of the operations of the Home Department with reference to the prevention and suppression of the disease. 

Previous to the announcement, by Imperial Decree No. 23, on the 27th day of the 6th month, of the temporary regulations for the prevention of the spread of cholera, a draft of precautionary measures against infectious diseases, had been drawn up in the Sanitary Bureau, and, after thorough discussion and revision by the medical officers convened for the purpose, from various Government departments, had been forwarded to the Daijokwan by the Home Department. But as the epidemic had become very severe before the proclamation of the regulations, the Bureau singled out of the draft, certain articles relating only to the prevention of cholera, and then petitioned the Daijokwan for their temporary execution ; which petition was approved and Imperial Decree No. 23 was put into force. As to precautionary measures and to disinfection regulations, it was notified by the Home Department, by its Notification B, No. 32, 



22 

that they ought to be read in connection with Journal No. 11 of the Sanitary Bureau. 

On the 28th day of the 6th month of this year, three articles concerning an extra-allowance of funds, as Rinjihi, for expenses incurred in the prevention of cholera, were announced to the Central Police Authorities and to the prefectures infected with cholera. In the 10th year of Meiji, eleven articles regarding the authorization of disbursements made for the prevention of the spread of cholera, had been notified and each fu and hen had been informed that this extra-allowance or JRinjihi, would be disbursed by the Government Treasury. In the mean time, there had not yet been any provision made concerning Chihozei (a local tax levied by the fu or ken government) or Kiogihi (likewise a local tax, levied by gun, hi, cho or son upon each individual), and at the same time, the people were quite ignorant of the importance of caution and of self-protection and took no precautions against the disease ; consequently the Central Government provided the very convenient above-mentioned expedient for supplying pressing pecuniary needs; it was, however, to be understood that this should not be taken as a precedent for the following fiscal period. 

In the 11th year, it was decreed that certain regulations, as required by circumstances, would especially be promulgated, whenever cholera made its appearance, but in the preceding period, Imperial Decree No. 49 had been ordered to be observed. Nevertheless, while the epidemic was prevailing this year, several of the local authorities, upon their own responsibility, and without asking the authorization of the Home Department, 



23 

used their own funds as Rinjihi and afterwards applied to the Central Government for reimbursement. The local taxes called ChiJiozel and others, had been established, yet however much the cholera should prevail, expenditures incurred in connection therewith, ought not to be defrayed out of such municipal funds. It was for this reason that it came about that the expenditures would be defrayed by the Central Government, and that the afore-mentioned decree was issued. 

On the 2nd day of the 7th month, the epidemic had greatly increased and it was so severe in Osaka and in Hiogo, that no efficient means could be found to check it; consequently, it was notified to each prefecture, that vessels arriving at Yokohama via any infected locality, would be detained for ten days, at the quarantine at Nagaura, and that travellers coming to Tokio by land, would be detained for five days at Mishima, in the province of Idzu, and at certain requisite stations within the prefectures of Yamanashi and of Gumma ; moreover, that passengers coming to Yokohama or to Tokio by sea, would be detained in the port of Yokohama, for ten days from the day of their arrival, and that then permission to proceed would be given to them. In the mean time, an official named Take Shokichi, was sent to the Shidzu-oka ken for the purpose of conferring about the matter, with its authorities. 

On the 14th day of the 7th month, "The Precautionary Measures" were adopted by Imperial Decree No. 28. Prior to this, owing to the severity of the cholera, the draft of the above-mentioned measures had been forwarded to the Daijokwan by the Home Department. 



24 

ป 

* 

Subsequent to their adoption, namely on the 16th clay of the 7th month, Mr. Matsumoto Jun, Superintendent of the Military Medical Staff, Mr. Totsuka Bunkai, Superintendent of the Naval Medical Staff, Mr. Ikeda Kensai, Imperial Medical Adviser of the first rank, Mr. Hayashi Xi, Chief Medical Officer, Mr. Miyake Shiu, a professor in the Medical Department of the Tokio University, Dr. Baelz, a German physician and in the service of the same University, Dr. Bukema, a Dutch physician, in that of the Military Hospital of Tokio, Dr. Anderson, an English physician in that of the Naval Hospital and Mr. Nagayo Sensai, Director of the Sanitary Bureau, assembled, as a committee, in the Home Department and advised together about the enforcement of the measures just referred to. 

On the Bth day of the 7th month, directions were given by the Home Department, to the foregoing committee as well as to the Director of the Sanitary Bureau, to inspect the disinfection station at Naga-ura in the Kanagawa hen. 

On the same day, the Central Board of Health, was organized in the Home Department and Messrs. Matsumoto Jun, Totsuka Bunkai, Ikeda Kensai, Nagayo Sensai, Hayashi Xi, Miyake Shiu, Drs. Bukema, Anderson and Baelz were appointed a special committee, while Mr. Mori Arinori, V ice-Minister of the Foreign Department, was named President of the Central Board of Health. 

Again on the same day, a Local Inspection Board was established in the Kanagawa hen; a committee was appointed and the Governor, Nomura Yasushi, who was designated its chairman, put into operation the 



25 

precautionary measures against the cholera in accordance with the instructions of the Central Board of Health. 

On the 21st clay of the 7th month of this year, the title "Precautionary Measures against Cholera" was changed to "Quarantine Regulations/ by Imperial Decree No. 29, upon the proposition of the Central Board of Health. 

On the 23rd day of the 7th month Notification C, No. 41, in regard to the three articles of the extraallowance of funds as Rinjihi for the prevention of the spread of cholera in the 12th year, was promulgated by the Home Department, to the Tokio Police Authorities as well as to those localities that were infected with cholera, as the disease had not yet decreased, but had rather been spreading to other localities, that had never before been visited by the disease. 

On the 29th day of the 7th month, the Tokio Local Board of Health was organized in that city; the temporary rules of its organization were settled, and in conformity with them, the members were selected from among the officials of the Tokio Police Authorities and the Tokio fu, from among physicians and from among the members of the Tokio Local Assembly. Mr. Mayejima, 2nd Vice-Minister of the Home Department, was selected as President of the Board, and the duties connected with the prevention and the suppression of the disease which had been under the control of the Central Board of Health, were undertaken by the Board. The reason of this was, that previous to this time, when operations for the prevention of infections diseases had been intrusted to the Tokio Police Authorities 



26 

> 

> 

ป 

and to the Tokio fu, the process followed by each had differed, and the expense incurred had always been growing greater and greater, and the above system was established. 

In the same month, the Central Board of Health selected and employed four of the scholars in the Medical Department of the Tokio University, and two more in the Naval Hospital, and sent them to localities infected with cholera, to inquire into the circumstances attendant upon the epidemic. 

On the Ist day of the Bth month, the Nagasaki Local Inspection Board was formed, the Governor, Utsumi Tadakatsu, being appointed its President, and to him was intrusted the business of inspection. On the same day, the written form, required for the examination of ships arriving at sea ports, was sent to the Local Inspection Boards at Kanagawa and at Nagasaki. 

On the 7th day of the Bth month, it was notified to the Local Inspection Board of the TCanagawa ken, that the execution of Quarantine Regulations was thereafter to be suspended, and that vessels should be allowed to enter the harbor after thorough inspection had been made ; and at the same time, to the kens of Shidzu-oka, Gumma and of Yamanashi and also to these three others, viz : Aichi, Miye and Ishikawa, in which the regulations for the detention of travelers by land had been carried out under the authority of the Home Department after consultation with the same, it was notified, that these regulations had been rescinded, owing to the fact that the disease had come almost within the borders of the cities of Tokio and of Yokohama, making 



27 

the observation of the Quarantine Regulations needless ; these measures were adopted by the Government, upon the recommendation of the Central Board of Health. 

With reference to the prohibition of the sale of fish, fruits, etc. at a time that cholera was prevailing, the opinions expressed at the conferences held between the Sanitary Bureau and the Tokio Police Authorities, the three fas and twenty-six kens, were, that this prohibition should be recommended and not absolutely enforced. As all sorts of either tainted or unripe articles of food, will oftentimes occasion diseases of the digestive organs or become media for transmitting the cholera at a time that it is epidemic, it is of course most important that great care be taken as regards diet. However, to jump to the conclusion that fish and fruit of all sorts, are, by their nature, peculiar substances for originating cholera and to prohibit their sale, would be unreasonably severe ; the matter was consequently discussed in the Central Board of Health and the conclusions arrived at were made public. 

On the 16th day of the Bth month, Notification B, No. 41 was issued by the Home Department, that all operations for the prevention of the spread of cholera, were to be carried out in accordance with the decrees and notifications of the Central Government, and that if any local authority desired to take any measures other than those laid down, it would have to confer with the Home Department, which would then advise with the Central Board of Health, and reply. 

On the 21st day of the Bth month, the Home Department issued its Notification C, No. 41 to the Chiba ken and to those kens that had recently been invaded by 



28 

> 

cholera, quoting the three articles concerning the Rinjihi required for the prevention of cholera, for the period from the 6th month of the 12th year to the 7th month of the 13th year. 

On the 26th day of the Bth month, it was ordered by Imperial Decree No. 33, that the execution of the regulations for inspection and of those for quarantine, were to be suspended, and the Home Department notified the Inspecting Boards at Kanagawa and at Nagasaki, to discontinue the practice of disinfection. 

On the same day of the same month, the temporary regulations for precautionary measures against cholera, were amended upon the suggestion of the Central Board of Health. 

As the epidemic had so decreased that it had almost ceased, it was notified on the 6th day of the 10th month, to the Tokio Police Authorities, the Tokio /it and to the Tokio Local Board of Health, that the said Board would not continue in existence longer than the 10th day of that month, and that the operations appertaining to the quarantine hospitals would be intrusted to the Tokio fu, affairs concerning inspections, to the Tokio Police Authorities, and money matters, to the Financial Bureau of the Home Department. 

On the Bth day of the same month, rules were authorized by the Imperial Gevernment and promulgated, for granting rewards, Fujo ( pecuniary assistance), and Tsuisho (additional reward), to officials that had had the management of affairs connected with precautionary measures against cholera and who had been affected by the disease, and for refunding (to their families) the expenses incurred in the burial of similar officials, that 



29 

-ซ 

had been carried off by it. The reason for the adoption of these rules was, that it had been found that a large number of such officials had either died of the disease or at least had undergone great sufferings from it. They were specially provided to meet such cases, and were based upon the principles of compensation awarded to civil officers (or their families), injured or killed in the prosecution of their duties. 

On the same day, rules were sanctioned for the substantial recognition of the services of all medical men that had either died of or had been attacked with cholera, while devoting themselves to their duties of attending upon and treating patients suffering with the disease. Although the rules for conferring rewards upon physicians that had been employed for the purpose of making inspections, had been issued by Imperial Decree No. 89 in the 11th year, no similar ones had been adopted with regard to practitioners in general ; yet the successful treatment of epidemic cholera as well as the efficacy of the system of prevention and disinfection adopted and pursued to ward it off, wholly depend upon the assiduity and helping efforts of physicians. And although their profession calls upon them for such display of zeal, still it would be a matter of great regret that physicians in general, should have devoted themselves to the sick, regardless of their own safety, and yet receive no acknowledgment therefor ; consequently the framing of these rules was asked for. 

On the sth day of the 12th month, Notification B, No. 51, was issued by the Home Department to the Tokio Police Authorities and to the fus and hens, in reference to the written form in which the detailed 



30 

• 

.- 

accounts of the Rinjihi paid out for precautionary measures against cholera, were to be made out. At the same time, forms were given to them for furnishing statements of the said expenditure under separate headings of Chihozei, Kiogihi and of sums contributed by individuals for preventive measures. 



31 

TABLE F. Expenditures incurred in preventive Measures against Cholera, in the 12th Year of Meiji (1879). Name Rinjihi paid p rivate of out ot the chihozei. Kiogihi. Total. Government Contributions, r v or Ken. Ireasury. yen sen yen sen yen sen yen sen yen sen Tokio Fu 132,908 241 4,552 596 4,801117 142,261954 Kioto „ 56,922 705 54,409 279 120,331984 Osaka „ 25,784390 21,416 588 8,577 510 55,778 488 Kanagawa Ken 188,844 403 188,844 403 Hiogo „ 26,883 313 4,535 228 3,330 766 34,749 307 Nagasaki ? 20,267 306 211403 3,198 745 755046 34,432 500 Niigata ? 33,432129 4,753689 17,324869 9,455070 64,965 757 Saitama ? 14,871003 3,803 248 1,597 838 20,272 089 Chiba „ 9,245 091 4,835 602 14,080 693 Ibaraki ? 12,919 854 7,368 245- 20,288 099 Gumma „ 6,015 017 2,403 045 3,096 289 11,544 351 Tochigi ? 10,793 759 10,793 759 Sakai „ 23,031 107 44,799 995 67,831 102 Miye ? 10,748 313 16,472 578 27,220 891 

ฆ* 

? 



32 

TABLE F.— Continued. Name Rinjihi paid p rivate of out ot the chihozei. Kiogihi. Total. Government a n ,•, .. t^ T^ m Contributions, mr n or Ken. lreasury. yen sen yen sen yen sen yen sen yen sen Aichi Ken 23,564 967 10,642 973 11,292253 206 420 45,706 613 Shidzu-oka ? 20,191931 7,764 738 17,931207 45,887 876 Yamanashi ? 5,677 725 6,359 237 4,184138 12,221100 Shiga „ 16,814 479 8,455 264 15,400 606 705 000 41,375 349 Gifu „ 8,687 000 5,684 223 12 000 14,383 223 Nagano ? 8,509230 11,520803 410000 20,440033 Miyagi ? 5,674145 1,324478 325466 7,324 049 Fukushima ? 3,517 633 1,372401 485 481 1,039 070 6,414 585 Iwate ? 1,104 943 1,104 943 Awomori ? 19,694090 1,281043 488 244 510 685 21,974 062 Yamagata „ 13,448 070 1,910 900 7,048 604 22,407 574 Akita ? 10,567 804 405 270 10,973 074 Ishikawa ? 42,808 750 7,568 554 54,015 640 104,392 944 Shimane „ 17,263 439 500000 13,754439 31,517878 



:i 

Okayama „ 55,251482 6,102 937 14,721823 3,131736 79,207978 Hiroshima ? 54,427 607 54,427 607 Yarnaguchi ? 30,019 841 3,601472 4,747875 3,652642 42,021830 Wakayauna ? 26,158 784 702 765 1,798 328 21000 28,680877 Yehime „ 49,337 543 49,337 543 Kochi ? 46,206037 2,874180 11,922833 61,003050 Fuku-oka „ 22,764615 1,974750 11,863164 28000 36,630529 Oita „ 45,146328 839386 4,931884 1,016332 51,933932 Kumamoto ? 23,482332 1,000000 24,482332 Kagoshima „ 21,446 294 21,446294 Okinawa ? 6,086034 .- 6,086034 Total 1,169,547 694 130,807152 329,176163 29,245 677 1,658,776 686 Note — With regard to the fu of Kioto and to the kens of Sakai, Miye, Yamanashi and of Kochi, no distinction has been made between Kiogihi and private contributions, therefore these two are counted together as Kiogihi. And with regard to the ken of Kagoshima, its authorities asked for 761 yso% V m as an extra-allowance (fiinjihi) in addition to those amount enumerated in the table but those figures are excluded from the table as the Central Government has not yet admitted the request. 





< 

> 

CHAPTER 111. 

GOVERNMENT DECREES AND NOTIFICATIONS. 

IMPERIAL DECREE No. 23. 

It is hereby decreed by Imperial Order, that the following Temporary Regulations for the Prevention of the Spread of Cholera, shall be observed. 

The 27th day of the 6th month, 12th year Meiji. 

(Signed) SAN JO SANETOMI, 

Prime Minister. 

Temporary Regulations for the Prevention of 

the Spread of Cholera, 

Art. I. Whenever a physician is called upon to treat a cholera patient, he shall, as soon as possible, notify the fact to the officers of either the gun, Icu, cho or son (officers of districts, towns or villages) or to those of the nearest police station, who in turn shall notify the same to the highest local authority ; the notification shall be given by the physician within twenty -four hours from the time he has first seen the patient. 

Art. 11. Whenever the Governor of a fa or that of a hen, has been notified that cholera has appeared within his jurisdiction, he shall immediately inform the inhabitants of the locality wherein the said disease has appeared, of the systematic rules for the prevention of its 



36 

spread, and shall report to the Home Department whether the disease is true cholera or not and the extent of its prevalence ; further, he is required to diffuse this information over his whole jurisdiction and to acquaint with the same, the local authorities of jurisdictions adjoining his own and commandants of garrisons therein. 

Art. 111. Whenever any one in military or naval quarters, at any school, in any hospital, or in any factory under government control, is attacked with cholera, the commandant or head of the same, shall immediately notify the fact to the officers of the fa or ken and shall continue to keep them informed, from time to time, of all attendant circumstances. 

Art. IV. Whenever in any part of Japan, any one is attacked with cholera on board of any Japanese mail steamer, or of any vessel whatever, on any steam car, at any factory, or at any private school, the chief person in authority shall immediately notify the fact to the nearest police station or to the officers of the gun, ku, cho or son. 

Art. V. Whenever the governor of afu or ken deems that the disease has assumed a violent type, he shall appoint inspecting officers who shall enforce the observation of these regulations. 

Art. VI. Inspecting officers shall be selected from among physicians, or from among sanitary or police officers or from among those of the gun or ku, and they must have a general knowledge of how to prevent the spread of the disease and of how to disinfect. 

Art. VII. In case the disease is of a severe type, the officers of the fit or ken shall issue daily bulletins to the people in their jurisdiction, giving the number of cases of cholera, both new and old, of the recoveries 



37 

and of the deaths, since the last bulletin, and shall send tabular statements thereof to the Home Department, every Saturday. They shall also specially recommend to the authorities of places having intercourse by water with other localities, to carefully examine all arriving vessels and to grant, or refuse, to passengers, Bills of Health, according to circumstances. 

Art. VIII. Quarantine hospitals shall be established and built at a distance as far remote as possible from dwelling houses; their construction must be simple; their size as well as their number, shall depend upon the size of the locality and upon the probability of the number of patients. 

Art. IX. In quarantine hospitals, j^atients shall be kept separate, according to the condition of their disease, whether it be severe or not severe, or to whether they are convalescent, or otherwise; a yellow flag marked "Cholera" in black characters, shall be flown from those hospitals, and notices shall be posted at their entrances, prohibiting all ingress and egress. As to articles furnished for the use of hospitals, but not for that of patients, they shall be handled by no one excepting by the attendants employed especially for that purpose, and those attendants shall not be allowed to visit the sick rooms nor to touch any polluted matter. But if any of the relations of a patient applies to visit him, he may be allowed to enter the hospital, but full disinfection shall be performed upon him at the time of his going out of it. 

Art. X. When a patient has entirely recovered, the inspecting officers shall give him a certificate of recovery, whereby he shall be allowed to leave the hospital. 



38 

Art. XI, The inspecting officers shall send to the quarantine hospital, all persons suffering from cholera and found in any of the following conditions ; to wit : sufferers who are unable to obtain nursing by reason of their being either unmarried or destitute of means ; those who are not able either to carry out prescribed methods of infection or to attend on other patients on account of their being infants or aged : those who are living either in schools, or upon the premises of factories or of mercantile corporations or in hotels, and have no relations or friends to receive them ; those who have not been able to ward off the disease, owing to their living in confined, foul and crowded localities, and, consequently, have been unable to carry out recommended methods of disinfection. Besides the above, any one may enter the hospital, upon application to do so. 

Art. XII. In private houses, every cholera patient must be confined to a certain room in the house, and no one, not even a member of the family, shall approach it, except the nurses, nor shall the family be allowed to communicate with outside people until full disinfection has been performed, either after the death or recovery of the patient, and permission so to do has been obtained from the inspecting officers. 

Art. XIII. At the entrance to those houses in which there is a cholera patient, a paper setting this forth, shall be prominently posted and no one, except those who have urgent business, shall be admitted ; the said paper shall not be removed until the inspecting officers permit it to be done. 

Art. XIV. As soon as it is suspected that cholera is likely to prevail, the local authority shall immediately 



39 

ฆr 

i 

• 

designate certain places within its jurisdiction, far distant from dwelling houses and from wells, in which to burn or bury the bodies of those who may die of cholera, as well as to burn polluted matter. No vomit nor excrement, no filth of whatever nature, shall be thrown into any privy, sink, vault, dirt heap, field, or into any running water. 

Art. XV. The Governor of afu or hen may, under certain circumstances, forbid the assembling together of people, as at religious festivals, theatres, etc., whenever the cholera is raging with severity. 

Art. XVI. Whenever cholera prevails, the inspecting officers shall use all diligence in enforcing the methods for cleansing all things and places capable of becoming media for conveying the cholera, such as wells, privies, dirt heaps, vaults, cesspools, fish-markets, slaughter-houses, etc. 

Art. XVII. The bodies of those who may have died of cholera, shall immediately be cremated or buried, in the place designated for the purpose, after full disinfection has been performed. As to the bones remaining after the cremation, the usual funeral ceremonies may be held over them ; however, the remains must be buried to a great depth and shall never more be removed. 

Art. XVIII. The rooms in a house, the rooms on board a vessel, in which a cholera patient has lain, the night and other dresses and also the articles used by him, shall be disinfected, as soon as the patient recovers or dies, and unless this be done, no one shall be allowed to use^these articles or to offer them for sale ; nevertheless, greatly polluted articles of clothing shall be consumed by fire. However, as regards the poor, the inspecting officers shall purchase such polluted articles, under certain 



40 

limits, and shall cause them to be burned, but, as to other articles of greater value, the inspecting officers are required to ask for the instructions of the Home Department. 

Art. XIX. The things upon which a cholera patient or the body of one who may have died of the said disease, has been carried, or those articles which have been handled by the same, cannot be appropriated to the use of any one else, unless with the inspecting officers' permission. 

Art. XX. At the time of the removal of a cholera patient or of the body of one who has died of the disease, each local authority shall fulfil certain observances: a small yellow flag marked "Cholera", in black characters, shall be carried in front of the conveyance, and no conveyance in general use shall be allowed for the purpose; the road taken must be the shortest route, and it must be one not greatly frequented ; a similar arrangement must be followed out in sending excrements, polluted articles and clothing to the place at which disinfection is to be performed or to the one at which the burning is to be done. 

Art. XXI. Boats, vehicles, kago and tsuridai (stretchers), shall be disinfected after every time of their use and some of them shall even be burnt, according to circumstances, after the prevalence of cholera has entirely abated. 

Art. XXII. Disinfection and the treatment of the sick, can be carried oufc, in their own prescribed manner and by their own authorities, in Military and Naval Departments, as well as by those in some certain others ; still, whenever it is expedient to do so, conferences on the subject, 



41 

shall be held between them and the/w of hen authorities and all appropriate measures shall be carried out by the first named authorities, for the prevention of the spread of the disease. 

Art. XXIII. The inspecting officers, in a locality infected with cholera, shall at any time, furnish to any applicant, any of the various kinds of disinfectants, at a certain fixed price ; however, the poor may be supplied gratuitously. 

Art. XXIV. Any physician, who, after having seen a patient and after having recognized that he is suffering with cholera, neglects to make the required notification within twenty four hours, shall be subjected to the penalty of a fine of not over thirty yen. 



42 

i 

*. 

•• 

IMPERIAL DECREE NO. 28. 

It is hereby decreed by Imperial Order, that the following Quarantine Regulations for the Prevention of the Spread of Cholera in the open Ports, shall be observed. 

The 14th day of the 7th month, 12th year Meiji. 

(Signed) SAN JO SANETOMI, 

Prime Minister. 

Quarantine Regulations for the Prevention of the Spread of Cholera in the open Ports. 

Art. I. Whenever the Government of Japan sees fit to establish a quarantine, for the purpose of preventing the introduction of cholera into the country, every vessel (fereign and Japanese) arriving from abroad at either of the open ports, shall be subject to the following regulations. 

Art. 11. Upon the establishment of a quarantine, a "Local Quarantine Board" shall be organized at each of the open ports, and shall consist of properly educated and qualified Japanese or foreigh medical men, government officers and a suitable staff of assistants; the number of members shall be regulated, in each instance, by the amount of shipping at the port; but in all cases it shall be sufficient to insure the speedy disposal of all business of the quarantine. 

The Central Board of Health shall keep in official correspondence with all foreign ports in direct communication with Japan, at which cholera exists or 



43 

i 

is likely to appear, and shall issue the requisite instructions to the Local Boards. 

Art. 111. The Japanese Government shall select a quarantine anchorage near each of the open ports, and shall provide, at a suitable place on shore, a hospital for cholera patients, a place for the disposal of the dead, properly fitted buildings for disinfection and quarters comprising all necessary accommodation for persons under surveillance. 

Art. IV. A guard-ship, displaying a quarantine signal, shall be stationed near the entrance to each port, at which every vessel, before entering the harbor will be required to stop for immediate inspection by at least two officers of the Local Quarantine Board, one of whom shall be a medical officer. The captain, surgeon, and any person on board, shall answer all inquiries of the quarantine officers regarding the prevalence of cholera at the port of departure or at any port touched at in transit: whether the ship has communicated with any infected or suspected vessels, and whether any cases of confirmed or of suspected cholera have occurred on board during the voyage. 

The captain shall also, if required, open every portion of his vessel to inspection, excepting the cargo hold, which shall only be subject to inspection when it has been occupied by passengers or crew during the voyage, or has otherwise been directly exposed to infection. 

The quarantine officers shall be allowed to examine the ship's log-book and to compare the crew and passenger lists with the persons found on board. 

Art. V. When the captain of any vessel from an unsuspected port, shall satisfy the quarantine officers, 



44 

by his written declaration, that his vessel has neither touched at an infected or a suspected port, nor had direct communication with any infected vessel and that no case of undoubted or of suspected cholera, has occurred on board during the voyage, the vessel shall be allowed to enter the port at once. In the case of a man-of-war, a written declaration to the above effect signed by the commanding officer and the surgeon, shall be held sufficient, and the ship shall be allowed to enter the port without inspection, but in the absence of such declaration, the ship shall be subject to the rules of the quarantine. 

Art. VI. On the arrival of any vessel, either coming from a suspected or from an infected port, or that has directly communicated with an infected vessel, and on board which no case of suspected or confirmed cholera has occurred during the voyage, the vessel and persons on board shall be detained until completion of a period of 7 days, counting from the date of departure from such suspected or infected port or of communication with the infected vessel, except in special cases in which the Local Quarantine Board may consider it safe to shorten the term. Should the above period have been completed on or before the arrival of the vessel, the passengers shall be at liberty to land immediately upon the completion of the necessary disinfection. 

The cargo and other articles on board, shall be detained, unless disinfected, until the period of detention has expired. The general cargo, uuless consisting of rags, old clothes or of bedding, shall not be subject to disinfection, but the disinfection of other articles shall be performed or omitted at the discretion of the quarantine 



45 

officers and such articles may be landed as soon as the process is completed. 

Should any case of confirmed or of suspected cholera, however, occur among the officers, passengers, or crew during the detention, the ship and its contents and all persons belonging to it, shall be liable to be treated according to the provisions of Article X. 

Art. VII. Upon the arrival of a man-of-war from a suspected or from an infected port, the vessel shall be allowed to enter at once, provided the commanding officer and the surgeon shall furnish a written declaration that no case of confirmed or of suspected cholera, has appeared on board during the voyage, and that no person on board has landed at such a port or has been otherwise exposed to infection, within the period of 7 days preceding the arrival of the vessel at a Japanese port. 

In the absence of such declaration the vessel will be required to submit to the quarantine regulations. 

Art. VIII. Any vessel arriving from a port declared infected or suspected, or having communicated directly with an infected ship, and on board of which any case of suspected or of confirmed cholera has occurred during the voyage, shall be liable to detention for a period not exceeding 7 days, counting from the date on which the necessary disinfection is completed. If before the arrival of the vessel, the disease shall have disappeared, and disinfection has been subsequently performed in a manner satisfactory to the quarantine officers, the period of detention may be shortened as far as the Local Board may deem advisable. 

Art. IX. Vessels which have been at an infected or at a suspected port and which have subsequently 



46 

, 

• 

touched at a port without undergoing quarantine, shall be treated as coming directly from the infected or suspected port. 

Art. X. On the arrival of any vessel, upon which a case of confirmed or of suspected cholera has occurred, the ship shall remove to an anchorage indicated by the quarantine officers. The patient, if still sick, shall be removed to the quarantine hospital or when the disease has been fatal, the body, if not already disposed of, shall, at the option of the persons interested, be either burned, at a place prepared for that purpose or buried after thorough disinfection. 

After the removal, from the ship, of such patients or dead bodies, the bedding clothes and other articles and any part of the ship which has been exposed to the infection, shall be thoroughly disinfected as prescribed by the Japanese Government, and all persons on board, except those required for completing the disinfection and for taking care of the vessel, shall be removed to and disinfected at, the quarantine buildings set apart for their accommodation. Those remaining on the ship may undergo disinfection either on board or, when substituted on board by others, in the proper buildings ashore. 

Art. XI. All vessels regularly carrying the foreign mails, shall be allowed to land their mail matter immediately on their arrival, and suitable means for transport and delivery of such mail matter, will provided by the Japanese Government. 

Art. XII. Patients in the quarantine hospital, shall receive medical attendance and be supplied with all necessaries. The expenses shall be defrayed by them 



47 

f 

* 

V 

or by the persons concerned. 

Any foreign resident desiring to visit a patient in the hospital or on board of any vessel in quarantine, will be permitted to do so under certain conditions, to be hereafter prescribed. 

Qualified medical men, not connected with the quarantine hospital, shall be allowed to join in a medical consultation, at the request of any patient. 

No patient shall leave the hospital until discharged by the medical officers. 

Art. XIII. Persons under surveillance may be detained in the ship, if no cases of confirmed or of doubtful cholera has occurred on board, and if the hygienic conditions of the vessel will permit; otherwise they may, at the discretion of the Local Quarantine Board, be removed to the quarantine quarters provided on shore. 

All cost for food and other necessaries during detention, shall be at the expense of the person supplied. 

Art. XIV. In the event of the appearance, on a ship coming to an open port, of any case of illness with obscure symptoms which the quarantine officers may consider probably of choleraic origin, the patient shall be removed to a special quarter of the quarantine hospital and the ship shall be detained until the expiration of a sufficient time, which shall not exceed forty-eight hours, to enable the medical officer to form a decision as to the nature of the disease, and if it be finally considered to be other than cholera, the vessel shall be treated according to the provisions of Article VI. 

Art. XV. All vessels in transit from infected or from suspected ports touching at any of the ports of Japan for 



48 

> 

the purpose of receiving supplies or cargo, shall be subject to medical inspection and to any disinfection considered necessary by the quarantine officers. Should any case of doubtful or of confirmed cholera have occurred on board, the vessel shall be subject to the provisions of Article X. All persons landing at the port from such vessels, shall be subject to the provisions of Article VI or VIII, according to circumstances. The cargo or supplies required, shall, after the above steps have been taken, be conveyed to the ship by coolies under the direction of the quarantine officers. Such coolies shall not he allowed to enter the ship. A special gang of coolies shall be employed for stowing; the cargo, and these, together with the lighters used in conveying the cargo to the vessel, shall, if necessary, be disinfected after completion of the loading. All expenses connected with the loading and stowage of cargo, in such cases, shall be borne by the owners of such vessel. The quarantine officers shall, in every such case, furnish the commanding officer of the vessel, with a Bill of Health, at the time of leaving the port, which Bill shall be produced to the quarantine officers at any other port in Japan, at which the vessel may afterward touch. 

Art. XVI. The inspection of all vessels shall, when practicable, be completed within 12 hours after arrival. If upon the expiration of that time no inspection has been made, the vessel shall be allowed to enter the port without obstruction, unless such delay has been occasioned by bad weather or by other unavoidable circumstances, in which case the inspection shall be made as soon as the causes of delay have ceased. 



49 

Art. XVII. The disinfection ordered by the Quarantine Board shall, in all cases, be carried out by the officers and crew of the vessel at the expense of the owners of the ship or of the persons concerned, and shall be completed, if possible, within twenty-four hours after the order for disinfection has been given. 

Art. XVIII. Should a case of confirmed or of doubtful cholera occur on board of any vessel during its stay at either of the open ports, such vessel shall immediately become subject to the foregoing regulations. 

Art. XIX. Vessels arriving at either of the open ports, where, cholera already prevails, shall be subject to those of the foregoing regulations as refer to inspection, disinfection, and to the disposal of cholera patients and of the bodies of those who have died of the disease, but the rules for the detention of vessels and of persons on board, shall be suspended. 

Art. XX. In the case of the arrival from suspected or from infected ports, of vessels the condition of which is considered especially dangerous to the public health, the quarantine regulations shall be considered necessary by the Local Quarantine Board. 

Art. XXI. No person shall be permitted to visit any vessel under inspection or in quarantine, or to enter the surveillance quarters, without permission of the Local Quarantine Board. 

Art. XXII. Any person violating or refusing to comply with any of the foregoing regulations shall be liable to a fine of not exceeding 200 yen, for each offense. 

Foreigners violating or refusing to comply with said regulations, shall be treated according to the provisions 



50 

of the treaties between Japan and their respective countries. 

IMPERIAL DECREE No. 29. 

It is hereby decreed by Imperial Order, that Quarantine Regulations for the Prevention of the Spread of Cholera in the open ports established in the 7th month of the 12th year of Meiji (July, 1879), shall be revised as follows and be observed. 

The 21st day of the 7th month, 12th year Meiji. 

(Signed) SANJO SANETOMI, 

Prime Minister. 

Quarantine Regulations . 

Art. I. The Government of Japan having declared a quarantine, for the purpose of preventing the spread of cholera, the following Regulations are hereby declared applicable to the open ports, and the same shall be observed and enforced until further notification. 

Art. 11. A Local Quarantine Board shall be organized at such of the open ports as the Central Board of Health shall determine upon, consisting of Government officers, properly educated and qualified Japanese or foreign medical men, a chemist, and a suitable staff of assistants. The number of members shall be regulated in each instance by the amount of shipping at the port ; but in all cases it shall be sufficient to insure the speedy disposal of all matters of quarantine. 

All such Local Boards shall be under the control of the Central Board of Health. 



51 

Art. 111. The Government will designate a quarantine anchorage at each of the open ports under Quarantine Regulations, and will provide a hospital for cholera patients, a separate hospital for the reception of doubtful cases, a place for the disposal of the dead, properly fitted buildings for disinfection, and quarters comprising all necessary accommodation for persons under surveilance. 

Art. IV. A guard-ship, displaying a quarantine signal, will be stationed near the entrance to each port under Quarantine Regulations, at which every vessel, before entering the harbor, will be detained for inspection by at least two members of the Local Board, one of whom must be a medical officer. The commanding officer, the surgeon, if any, and every person on board shall answer all inquires of the quarantine officers ; and a written declaration shall be filled up and signed in the prescribed manner and form. 

The commanding officer shall also, if required, open every portion of his vessel to inspection ; the cargoholds shall, however, only be subject to inspection when they have been occupied by passengers or crew during the voyage, or otherwise directly exposed to infection. 

The quarantine officers shall be allowed to examine the ship's log-book, and to compare the crew and passenger lists with the persons found on board. 

Art. V. If the commanding officer of any vessel arriving from an uninfected and unsuspected port, shall have satisfied the quarantine officers, by his written declaration or otherwise, that his vessel has had no direct communication with any infected or suspected 



52 

i 

port or vessel, and that no cases of undoubted or of suspected cholera have occurred on board during the voyage, the vessel shall be allowed to enter the port at once. In the case of a vessel of war, a written declaration to the above effect, signed by the commanding officer and the surgeon, shall always be held sufficient, and the vessel shall be allowed to enter the port without inspection ; but in the absence of such declaration, the vessel shall be subject to the rules of the quarantine. 

Art. VI. On the arrival of any vessel, that, either at the commencement or during the course of its voyage, has had any direct communication with an infected or a suspected port or vessel, but on board of which no case of suspected or of confirmed cholera has occurred during the voyage, the vessel and persons on board, shall be detained until the completion of a period of 7 days, counting from the date of such exposure to infection, except in special cases in which the Local Board may consider it safe to shorten the term. Should the above period have expired on or before the arrival of the vessel, the passengers shall be at liberty to land immediately upon the completion of the necessary disinfection. 

The cargo, unless consisting of rags, old clothes, bedding or of other articles considered specially dangerous by the quarantine officers, shall not be subject to disinfection ; but disinfection of other articles shall be performed or omitted at the discretion of the quarantine officers, and disinfected articles may be landed as soon as the process is completed. Cargo and other articles, unless disinfected, shall not be landed until the expiration of the period of detention. 



53 

* 

V 

Should any case of confirmed or of suspected cholera appear in a vessel during detention, such vessel and all persons and things on board the same, shall be subject to the provisions of Articles VIII and IX. 

Art. VII. Any vessel of war arriving from an infected or from a suspected port shall be allowed to enter at once, provided the commanding officer and the surgeon shall furnish a written declaration that no person on board has landed at such port or has been otherwise exposed to infection within the period of 7 days preceding the arrival of the vessel, and that no case of confirmed or of suspected cholera has appeared on board during the voyage. 

In the absence of such declaration the vessel will be required to submit to the quarantine regulations. 

Art. VIII. Any vessel on board of which suspected or confirmed cholera has appeared, shall, on arrival, remove to an anchorage indicated by the quarantine officers, and shall be liable to detention for a period of 7 days counting from the one on which the necessary disinfection is completed. 

If before the arrival of the vessel, the disease shall have disappeard, and disinfection shall have been subsequently performed in a manner satisfactory to the quarantine officers, the period of detention may be shortened as far as the Local Board may deem advisable. 

On the other hand, in the event of the appearance of cholera upon a vessel in quarantine after the disinfection has been performed, the disinfection shall be repeated as far as may be considered necessary by the officers of the Local Board, and the vessel shall be detained for 3 days from the time of completion of such disinfection, or 



54 

V 

> 

until the end of the period of detention at first prescribed, should the time unexpired exceed three days. All patients, or dead bodies, shall be dealt with according to the provisions of Article IX. 

Art. IX. On the arrival of any such vessel as in the last preceding clause mentioned, any patient still suffering from the disease shall, if his condition admits of it, be removed to the quarantine hospital; and, should death have resulted in any case, the body, if not already disposed of, shall either be burned at a place prepared for that purpose, or, at the request of the persons interested, be buried after thorough disinfection. 

After the removal from the vessel of such patients or dead bodies, the bedding clothes and other articles and any part of the vessel that has been exposed to the infection, shall be thoroughly disinfected in the manner prescribed by the Local Board; and all persons on board, except those required for completing the disinfection and for taking care of the vessel, shall be removed to and disinfected at the quarantine buildings set apart for their accommodation. Those remaining on the vessel may undergo disinfection either on board or, when replaced by others, in the proper buildings ashore. 

Art. X. Vessels which have been at an infected or at a suspected port and which have subsequently touched at another port without undergoing quarantine, shall be treated as coming directly from the infected port. 

Art. XI. All vessels regularly carrying mails, shall be allowed to land their mail matter immediately on their arrival, and suitable means for transport and delivery of such mail matter, will be provided by the Government. 



55 

r 

Art. XII. Patients in the quarantine hospital, shall be given medical attendance and be furnished with all necessaries. 

Any person desiring to visit a patient in the hospital or on board of any vessel in quarantine, will be permitted to do so under certain conditions prescribed by the Local Board. 

Qualified medical men, not connected with the quarantine hospital, may be admitted to medical consultation, at the request of patients or of their representatives. 

No patient shall leave the hospital until discharged by the medical officers. 

Art. XIII. In cases where no confirmed or doubtful cholera has occurred on board, persons under surveillance may be detained on the vessel, or, at the discretion of the Local Board, be removed to the quarantine quarters provided on shore, according to the hygienic condition of the vessel. 

Art. XIV. In the event of the appearance on board of a vessel coming to a port under Quarantine Regulations, of any case of illness with obscure symptoms that the quarantine officers may consider probably of choleraic origin, the patient shall be removed to a spceial quarter of the quarantine hospital, and the vessel shall be detained until the expiration of a sufficient time, which shall not exceed 48 hours, to enable the medical officer to form a decision as to the nature of the disease ; and the Local Board, upon the report of the medical officer, shall put in force such of these regulations as shall be applicable to the case. 

Art. XV. All vessels in transit from infected or suspected ports, touching at a port under Quarantine 



56 

> 

< 

Regulations for the purpose of receiving supplies or cargo, shall be allowed to receive such supplies or cargo by such means and under such restrictions and conditions as may, in each case, be imposed by the Local Board. But all such vessels shall previously be subject to medical inspection and to any disinfection considered necessary by the quarantine officers. Should any case of doubtful or of cofirmed cholera have occurred on board, the vessel, all persons and things on board, shall be subject to the provisions of Articles VIII and IX. All persons landing from such vessels, shall be subject to the regulations applicable to persons arriving in other vessels. 

Art. XVI. The inspection of all vessels shall be completed as soon as possible after arrival. If upon the expiration of 12 hours from the time of arrival no inspection shall have been made, the vessel shall be allowed to enter the port, unless such delay has been occasioned by bad weather or by other unavoidable circumstances, or by any act or default of the commanding officer or other person connected with the ship, in which case the inspection shall be made as soon as the causes of delay have ceased to exist. 

Art. XVII. The disinfection ordered by the Local Board shall in all cases, be carried out by the quarantine officers, assisted by the officers and crew of the vessel, at the expense of the owners of the vessel or of other persons concerned, and shall be completed, if possible, within 24 hours after the order for disinfection has been given. 

Art. XVIII. Should a case of confirmed or of doubtful cholera occur on board of any vessel lying in 



57 

any port under Quarantine Regulations, such vessel and all persons and things on board the same, at the time of such occurrence, shall immediately become subject to the provisions of Articles VIII and IX. Should the vessel, however, have been already in quarantine at the port in which she is lying, the quarantine officers shall repeat the measures of disinfection and surveillance only to such an extent and in such manner as shall be considered necessary by the Local Board. 

Art. XIX. Vessels arriving at an open port, at which cholera already prevails, shall be subject to those of the foregoing regulations as refer to inspection, disinfection, and to the disposal of cholera patients and of the bodies of those who have died of the disease ; for the carrying out of which, provision will be made by the government ; but the rules for the detention of vessels and of persons on board shall be suspended. 

Art. XX. In the case of the arrival of vessels coming within the terms of Article VI or of Articles VIII and IX, the condition of which is considered especially dangerous to the public health, such vessels may be subjcted to precautionary and restrictive measures beyond such as are authorized for ordinary cases by these regulations, if in the opinion of the Local Board, such extraordinary measures are necessary. In such cases the Local Board shall at once forward a special report of the circumstances to the Central Board, and a copy of such report shall, upon application, be furnished by the Local Board, to the master, owners, or agents of any vessel so treated. 

Art. XXI. No person shall, without permission of the Local Board, be permitted to visit any vessel under 



58 

inspection or in quarantine, or to enter the surveillance quarters. 

Art. XXIT. All personal expenses for food, medical treatment and for other necessaries incurred under or by reason of any of the foregoing regulations, shall be borne by the persons on whose behalf such expenses have been incurred or by their representatives. 

Art. XXIII. Any person violating or refusing to comply with any of the foregoing regulations, shall be liable to a fine of not exceeding 200 yen for each offense, unless such person be the commanding officer, owner or agent of any vessel in connection with which such violation or refusal occurs, or be acting under the orders or on behalf of such last- mentioned persons or of any of them, in which case the fine may be increased to 500 yen for each such offense : provided that the non-payment of any expenses payable under these regulations, shall not subject any person to a fine, but that such expenses shall be recoverable by civil process only. 

Persons or vessels leaving the Quarantine Station in breach of these regulations, shall, in addition to any penalties incurred, be liable to be immediately reconveyed thereto. 

(Signed) SANJO SANETOMI, 

Prime Minister. 



59 

IMPERIAL DECREE No. 32. 

The Temporary Regulations for the Prevention of the Spread of Cholera are revised as follows and shall be hereby observed. 

The 25th day of the Bth month, 12th year Meiji. 

(Signed) 

SANJO SANETOMI, Prime Minister. 

Temporary Regulations for the Prevention of the Spread of Cholera. 

Art. I. Whenever a physician is called upon to treat a cholera Patient, he shall, as soon as possible, notify the fact to the officers of either the gun, leu, cho or son (officers of districts, towns or villages) or to those of the nearest police station, who in turn shall notify the same to the highest local authority ; the notification must be given by the physician within 24 hours from the time he has first seen the patient. 

Art. 11. Whenever the governor of afu or that of a hen, has been notified that cholera has appeared within his jurisdiction, he shall immediately inform the inhabitants of the locality wherein the said disease has appeared, of the systematic rules for the prevention of its spread, and shall report to the Home Department; further, he is required to diffuse this information over his whole jurisdiction and to acquaint with the same, the local authorities of jurisdictions adjoining his own and commandants of garrisons therein. 



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Art. 111. Whenever any one in military or naval quarters, at any school, in any hospital, or in any factory under government control, is attacked with cholera, the commandant or head of the same, shall immediately notify the fact to the officers of the hen or fu and shall continue to keep them informed, from time to time, of all attendant circumstances. 

Art. IV. Whenever in any part of Japan, any one is attacked with cholera on board of any Japanese mail steamer, or of any vessel whatever, on any steam car, at any factory, or at any private school, the chief person in authority shall immediately notify the fact to the nearest police station or to theofficers of the gun, hu, cho or son. 

Art. V. Whenever the governor of a fu or ken deems that the disease has assumed a violent type, he shall appoint competent persons, either physicians, sanitary officers or police officers, who shall enforce the observation of these regulations. 

Art. VI. In case the disease is of a severe type, the officers of the fu or hen, shall issue occasional bulletins to the people in their jurisdiction and shall forward to the Home Department every Saturday, tabular statements of cases of cholera both new and old, and of the total number of the recoveries and of the deaths. They shall also specially recommend to the authorities of places having intercourse by water with other localities, to carefully examine all arriving vessels, and certain necessary steps shall be taken if there be on board any case of cholera or the body of any person who may have died of the disease 

Art. VII. Quarantine hospitals shall be established 



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and built at a distance as far remote as possible from dwelling houses ; their construction must be simple ; patients must be isolated according to the condition of their disease, whether it be severe or not severe or whether the patients are convalescent or otherwise. Although the size as well as the number of hospitals shall depend upon what circumstances may require, yet it ought to be so arranged, that only one patient shall be quartered in a four jo room and that at most there shall not be in one room, more than one patient to every 2jo (a, jo is 6 feet long and 3 feet wide, 18 sq. feet). 

Art. VIII. From quarantine hospitals, a yellow flag marked "Cholera," in black characters, shall be flown, and notices shall be posted at their entrances, prohibiting all ingress and egress. As to articles furnished for the use of hospitals, but not for that of patients, they shall be handled by no one excepting by the attendants employed especially for that purpose, and those attendants shall not be allowed to visit the sick rooms nor to touch any polluted matter. But if any of the relations of a patient, applies to visit him, he may be allowed to enter the hospital, but he shall be bound to follow the directions of the physician while he is within the hospital. 

Art. IX. When a patient has entirely recovered, the inspecting officers shall give him a certificate of recovery, and after full disinfection, he shall be allowed to leave the hospital. 

Art. X. In private houses, every cholera patient must be confined to a certain room in the house, and all patients found in any of the following conditions shall be sent to the quarantine hospital ; to wit : sufferers 



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who are unable to obtain nursing by reason of their being either unmarried or destitute of means ; those who, on account of their being infants or aged, are not able either to carry out prescribed methods of infection or to attend to patients ; those who are living either in schools, or upon the premises of factories or of mercantile corporations or in hotels, and have no relations or friends to receive them ; those who have not been able to ward off the disease, owing to their living in confined, foul and crowded localities and consequently have been unable to carry out recommended methods of disinfection. Besides the above, any one may, provided nothing objectionable is connected with the case, enter the hospital, upon application to do so. 

Art. XI. At the entrance to those houses in which there is a cholera patient, a paper setting this forth in large characters, shall be prominently posted and even after the death of the patient, no one except those who have urgent business, shall be admitted during the space of one week. 

Art. XII. As soon as it is suspected that cholera is likely to prevail, the local authority shall immediately designate certain places within its jurisdiction, in which to burn or bury the bodies of those who may die of cholera, as well as to burn and bury polluted matter. No vomit nor excrement nor filth of whatever nature, shall be thrown into any privy, sink, vault, dirt heap, field or into any running waters. In the burying of vomit, excrement or of filth of whatever nature, the systematic rules of disinfection shall be followed. 

Art. XIII. The governor of afu or ken may, under 



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certain circumstances, forbid the assembling together of people, as at religious festivals, theatres, etc., whenever the cholera is raging with severity in the jurisdiction. 

Art. XIV. Whenever cholera prevails, the inspecting officers shall use all diligence in enforcing the methods for cleansing all things and places capable of becoming media for conveying the cholera, such as wells, privies, dirt heaps, vaults, cesspools, fish-markets, slaughter-houses, etc. 

Art. XV. The bodies of those who may have died of cholera, shall immediately be cremated or buried in the place that the local authority has selected for the purpose. As to the bones remaining after the cremation, the usual funeral ceremonies may be held ; however, the remains must be buried to a great depth and shall never more be removed. 

Art. XVI. The rooms in a house, the rooms on board a vessel, in which a cholera patient has lain, the night and other dresses and also the articles used by him, shall be disinfected, as soon as the patient recovers or dies, and unless this be done, no one shall be allowed to use these articles or to offer them for sale ; nevertheless, greatly polluted articles of clothing and matting polluted with vomit or excrement, shall be consumed by fire. However as regards the poor, the inspecting officers shall purchase such polluted articles, under certain limits, and shall cause them to be burned, but, as to other articles of greater value, the inspecting officers are required to ask for the instructions of the Home Department. 

Art. XVII. The things upon which a cholera patient or the body of one who may have died of the 



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said disease, have been carried and those articles which have been handled by the same, cannot be appropriated to the use of any one else, unless after full disinfection thereof has been made according to the orders of the inspecting officers. 

Art. XVIII. At the time of the removal of a cholera patient or of the body of one who has died of the disease, each local authority shall fulfil certain observances; a small yellow flag marked "Cholera", in black characters, shall be carried in front of the conveyance, and no conveyance in general use shall be allowed for the purpose; the removal should be accomplished by water passage as much as possible, otherwise the road taken, must be the shortest route, and it must be one not greatly frequented; a similar arrangement must be followed out in sending excrements, polluted articles and clothing to the place at which disinfection is to be performed or to the one at which the burning is to be done. In case of sudden emergency, any conveyance in general use may be used, but all sorts of furniture thereof shall be burned and full disinfection shall be made of the other parts thereof. 

Art. XIX. Boats, vehicles, hago and tsuridai (stretchers) shall be disinfected after every time of their use and some of them shall even be burnt, according to circumstances, after the prevalence of cholera has entirely abated. 

Art. XX. Disinfection and the treatment of the sick, can be carried out in their own prescribed manner and by their own authorities, in Military and in Naval Departments, as well as by those in some certain others; still, whenever it is expedient to do so, conferences on 



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ฆ'ฆ) 

the subject shall be held between them and the/w or ken authorities and every appropriate measure shall be carried out by the first named authorities, for the prevention of the spread of the disease. 

Art. XXI. The local authorities of a district infected with cholera, shall fix the price of the various kinds of disinfectants, and make them as attainable as possible to every one. 

Art. XXII. Any physician, who after having seen a patient and after having recognized that he is suffering with cholera, neglects to make the required notification within 24 hours, shall be subjected to the penalty of a fine of not over 30 yen. And any physician who wilfully conceals a case of cholera, shall be subjected to the penalty of a fine of 100 yen, shall temporarily forfeit his certificate to practice medicine and shall be prohibited from practicing for a period of not over 100 days. 

IMPERIAL DECREE No. 33. 

It is hereby decreed that the Quarantine Regulations which have been carried out in Naga-ura Bay, Kanagawa hen and in the port of Nagasaki in accordance with Imperial Order ]STo. 29 with regard to the said Regulations decreed in the 7th month of the year, shall hereafter be suspended. 

The 25th day of the Bth month, 12th year Meiji. 

(Signed) SANJO SANETOMI, 

Prime Minister. 



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HOME DEPARTMENT NOTIFICATION C, No. 37. 

It is hereby notified to the Tokio Police Authorities, to the Tokio and to one other fu and to ten Jxns, that as cholera prevails in the jurisdictions of those authorities, the expenses mentioned in the accompanying memorandum shall be paid out of the local contingent fund, to be repaid by the government as Minjihi, that is to say extra-allowance. Afterwards the local authorities shall submit to the General Government, a detailed account and statement of these expenditures, in order that the money disbursed, may be refunded to them. As to the temporary establishment of quarantine hospitals, if the authorities deem it absolutely necessary that they should be built owing to the state of the epidemic, inquiry of the Home Department, shall be made by them as to where hospitals shall be located. 

The 28th day of the 6th month, 

12th year Meiji, 

(Signed) ITO HIROBUMI, 

Minister of the Home Department. 

The following is the accompanying memorandum referred to : — 

( 1 ) Salaries, travelling expenses, remuneration for temporary employes, inspecting officers and for physicians, and the expenses for the boarding of day and night attendants. 

( 2 ) All expenses incurred in the inspection of vessels and for the printing of blank Bills of Health. 

( 3 ) The expenses required for the temporary establishment of quarantine hospitals and the cost of buying or of renting grounds for the same. 



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As to the salaries of physicians and of inspecting officers employed in the quarantine hospitals, and to the expenses for feeding poor patients, and for supplying them with remedies, they shall be paid out of the Hinjihi. 

HOME DEPARTMENT NOTIFICATION C, No. 41. 

To the Tokio Police Authorities, the Tokio and 

two other fu and 24 kens. 

The system of allowing Rinjihi, with reference to cholera, in the 11th current year (July, 1877 — June, 1878), has already been notified; but as the disease has not yet decreased, expenditures for purposes mentioned in the following accompanying memorandum, shall be allowed as the Rinjihi for the 12th current year (July, 1878— June, 1879), whereby the local authorities are authorized to, in the first place, draw upon the local contingent fund and afterwards, upon furnishing detailed accounts, apply for reimbursement to the central authorities. 

As to the establishment of quarantine hospitals, certain instructions have already been given by the Home Department, in answer to inquiries from the local authorities; nevertheless, whenever such authorities deem it necessary to establish a like hospital, in view of the state of the epidemic, they shall make, of the Home Department, inquiry as to the locality in which it shall be built. 

The 23rd day of the 7th month, 12th year Meiji. 

(Signed) ITO HIROBUMI, 

Minister of the Home Department. 



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The following is the accompanying memorandum: — 

( 1 ) Salaries, traveling expenses, remuneration for temporary employes, inspecting officers and for physicians and the board of day and night attendants. 

In case the regular number of policemen is found insufficient for the duties to be performed, others may be temporarily employed and appointed as inspecting officers, and the same rule as above, shall apply with regard to their salaries, traveling expenses, clothing and other necessaries. 

( 2 ) All expenses incurred in the inspection of vessels and for the printing of blank Bills of Health. 

( 3 ) The expenses incurred in the temporary establishment of quarantine hospitals and the cost of buying or of renting grounds for the same. 

As to the salaries of physicians and of inspecting officers employed in the quarantine hospitals, and to the expenses of feeding poor patients and of supplying them with remedies, they shall he paid out of the Rinjihi. 

HOME DEPARTMENT NOTIFICATION C, No. 47. 

To the Chiba and ten other hens. 

The text of this Notification and of the accompanying memorandum and that of Notification C, No. 41 is the same. 

The 21st day of the Bth month, 12th year Meiji. 

(Signed) ITO HIROBUMI, 

Minister of the Home Department.