MED HIST" \m°i 'IIT MEDLARS TRAINING PROGRAM Indexing Training Syllabus »< NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE Bibliographic Services Division Index Section JVIEDLARS TRAINING PROGRAM INDEXING TRAINING SYLLABUS by Thelma Charen NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE Index Section BSD 1976 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface .................. i MEDLARS Training Schedules ........ ii Introduction................ 1 Chronology: Supplementary Data ...... 2 Derivative Publications of MEDLARS .... 4 MEDLARS Limitations ............ 5 BSD Organization.............. 6 List of Journals Indexed (LJI)....... 9 Depth and Non-Depth Rationale....... 13 IM and NIM Rationale............ 14 Exercises on INDEX MEDICUS ....... 16 Authority Lists .............. 19 MEDICAL SUBJECT HEADINGS (MeSH) ...... 20 Exercises................ 27 Data Form................. 32 Exercises................ 42 Coordination................ 44 Exercises................ 47 Qualifiers (Subheadings).......... 49 Exercises................ 62 Tools and References............ 69 Indexing Manual.............. 72 Analysis of MeSH Trees........... 73 Indexing Demonstration...........105 Indexing Philosophy............ 107 Practice Titles .............. 108 PREFACE This syllabus is meant to supplement the Indexing Training Lectures of the MEDLARS Analyst Training Program. It is not designed as a substitute for either the lectures or for the Indexing Manual. This syllabus is intended primarily as a workbook for the use of MEDLARS Analysts training in the Index Section at the National Library of Medicine. i MEDLARS Indexing Training Schedule Training lectures will be given each day in the Bibliographic Services Division Conference Room. They last from 8:30 am to 12:30 pm. After lunch each day, the trainees will devote the afternoons from 1 pm to 4 pm to pre- paring the day's exercise for correction in class at 4 pm. All practice indexing of journals during the ensuing training weeks will be revised by a MEDLARS Indexing Training Reviser and will enter the MEDLARS system as productive indexing for INDEX MEDICUS and for Search retrieval. Until the trainee leaves the premises, he will be under the guidance of a Training Reviser who continues indexing training by personal in- struction and daily revision of the articles he indexes. During their stay in Index Section, the trainees will continue to meet each Friday morn- ing at 9 am for additional class instruction on problem areas of indexing. ii MEDLARS Training Lectures Index Section Lecture I INDEX MEDICUS history Indexing workflow List of Journals Indexed Depth and Non-Depth rationale IM and NIM rationale Lecture II Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Lecture III Data Form - Check Tags Lecture IV Subheadings Lecture V Subheadings Lecture VI References and tools Indexing Manual Lecture VII Indexing policy by category Lecture VIII Indexing policy by category Lecture IX Indexing policy by category Lecture X Demonstration of the indexing of an article Lecture XI Data Form - Descriptive Lecture XII Indexing philosophy iii 1 INTRODUCTION I. MEDLARS: definition, purpose and scope II. Brief history of the National Library of Medicine III. Definition and scope of INDEX MEDICUS and CUMULATED INDEX MEDICUS ; definition and scope of MEDLINE IV. Brief history of their origins a Index-Catalogue a Current List of Medical Literature (CLML) a AMA's Quarterly Cumulative Index Medicus (QCIM) a Index Medicus (IM) a Cumulated Index Medicus (CIM) V. Derivative publications of MEDLARS VI. Indexing: definition VII. Types of indexing a by professional indexers a by publishers a by authors VIII. Limitations of MEDLARS (See page 5) 2 NAMES CHRONOLOGY - Supplementary Data 1865 Army Medical Library 1952 Armed Forces Medical Library 1956 National Library of Medicine INDEX-CATALOGUE 1880- •1895 1st series 16 vol 1896- ■1916 2d series 21 vol 1918- ■1932 3d series 10 vol 1936- ■1948 4th series (M-Mez) 11 vol 1955 (Mh-Mn) 1959 5th series 3 vol 1961 Monographs & periodicals Monographs & periodicals Monographs & periodicals Monographs & periodicals Monographs only: author & title Monographs only: subjects A-M. N-Z 1880-1955 Index-Catalogue 1941-1949 1950-1953 Current List Current List 1954-1959 Current List 1960-1962 1963 1964 1965- Index Medicus Index Medicus Index Medicus Index Medicus present SUBHEADINGS 1880-1961 1950-1959 1960-1962 1963-1965 1966- Index-Catalogue Current List Index Medicus MEDLARS MEDLARS Historical usage & current limits Index-Catalogue usage & ad lib AMA's QCIM (Quarterly Cumula- tive Index Medicus) Subject Headings NLM's SHAL (Subject Heading Authority List) MeSH, 1st ed. MeSH, 2d ed. MeSH, 3d ed. MeSH, published annually Subheadings: standard & ad lib Subheadings: standard Subheadings: standard No subheadings Subheadings: standard j ON-LINE SYSTEMS 1963-1967 1970 1971 1971 1972 1973 Sep 1973 Sep 1974 Apr 1974 May 1974 Sep MEDLARS I MEDLARS II ( = ELHILL 3) MEDLARS AIM-TWX ( MEDLINE ( MEDLINE SDILINE CATLINE SERLINE TOXLINE CHEMLINE CANCERLINE ELHILL 1) ELHILL 2) BACKFILE 1966 BACKFILE 1969 BACKFILE 1972 4 DERIVATIVE PUBLICATIONS OF MEDLARS At the present time there are 28 derivative publications produced through MEDLARS. A list of them is published on the inside of the back cover of each monthly issue of INDEX MEDICUS. The American Dental Association, publisher of the INDEX TO DENTAL LITERATURE, the first recurring bibliography under MED- LARS, has one of its employees on the Index Section staff, re- sponsible for the indexing of the dental journals in the LIST OF JOURNALS INDEXED IN INDEX MEDICUS and the revising of dental journals indexed by the ADA in Chicago. All articles containing terms in the field of dentistry and oral medicine indexed in non-dental journals are also reviewed by the ADA indexer. The American Journal of Nursing Company, publisher of the INTERNATIONAL NURSING INDEX, the second recurring bibliography under MEDLARS, has one of its employees on the Index Section staff, responsible for the indexing of the nursing journals in the UI and the revising of nursing journals indexed in New York at the American Journal of Nursing Company. All articles containing terms in the field of nursing and public health in- dexed in non-nursing journals are also reviewed by the AJN Co. indexer. Examine the complete list of recurring bibliographies pre- sented on the inside back cover of any issue of INDEX MEDICUS. Note the variety of specializations. A special interest group discusses with the Library his needs and the subject headings relative to his field of interest constitute the basis of his bibliography. Articles indexed during the regular course of preparation for each INDEX MEDICUS, bearing the subject terms of the designated special area, appear in generally the same form of citation familiar to INDEX MEDICUS users and comprise the special bibliography at the stated intervals. 5 MEDLARS and MEDLINE Limitations in Literature Analysis The following concepts are at present not able to be indexed or retrieved with precision in MEDLARS or MEDLINE: 1. any degree of quality or quantity 2. relationships not expressed by co- ordinations of two or more main headings, by a main heading with a subheading, by a main heading with a check tag 3. degrees of adverse effects (except poisoning) 4. degrees of beneficial effects 5. more or less 6. before or after or how far along (except as TIME FACTORS) 7. early or late (except as TIME FACTORS) 8. often or seldom (except as TIME FACTORS) 9. primary or secondary 10. major or minor 11. above or below, right or left 12. surgical approach (except as METHODS or /methods) 13. partial or total (except as METHODS or /method's) 14. amount of therapy BIBLIOGRAPHIC SERVICES DIVISION Organization The class will have been taken on a tour of the National Library of Medicine. This will put in perspective the Bibliographic Services Division as related to the other divisions of NLM. I. Bibliographic Services Division (BSD) personnel II. Index Section personnel III. Index Section Work Flow 7 BIBLIOGRAPHIC SERVICES DIVISION Chief: Mr. William Caldwell Mrs. Patricia Flodin - Secretary Deputy: Head, Index Section: Mr. Stanley Jablonski Head, MEDLARS Management: Mrs. Grace J. McCarn Head, Mid-Atlantic Regional Medical Library Search Section: Miss Charlotte Kenton INDEX SECTION Head: Mr. Stanley Jablonski Assistant: Mr. Lloyd Wommack Training Supervisor: Mrs. Thelma Charen Revisers: see routing slip Indexers: see routing slip Assistants: see routing slip INTRAMURAL INDEXERS NLM Indexers Non-NLM Indexers ADA AJN Trainees TRAINING L. INDEX SECTION SENIOR REVISERS JUNIOR REVISERS ASSISTANTS _L EXTRAMURAL INDEXERS FOREIGN MEDLARS CENTERS CONTRACTORS WORK FLOW oo LIST OF JOURNALS INDEXED IN INDEX MEDICUS (LJD Purpose Coverage under MEDLARS o INDEX MEDICUS journals o special list journals Parts: arrangement by o abbreviation o subject o full title o geography Consultants on Literature Selection for MEDLARS: function and activities (See page 10) Criteria for inclusion (See page 11) Formulation of journal title abbreviation Handstamp (See page 12) Indexing instructions (See also page 13) o Priority 1 - Depth Rush o Priority 2 - Depth o Priority 3 - Non-Depth o Selective Implications for MEDLINE retrieval CONSULTANTS ON LITERATURE SELECTION FOR MEDLARS Executive Secretary: Clifford A. Bachrach, M.D. Head, MeSH National Library of Medicine Mr. William K. Beatty, Librarian Archibald Church Medical Library 303 East Chicago Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60611 Edward J. Huth, M.D. Annals of Internal Medicine 4200 Pine Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 Mr. Harold J. Bloomquist, Librarian Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine 10 Shattuck Street Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Saul Jarcho, M.D., Editor Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 35 E. 85th Street New York, New York 10012 Hugh H. Hussey, M.D., Editor Journal of the American Medical Association 535 North Dearborn Street Chicago, Illinois 60610 Norman P. Shumway, M.D. Professor Emeritus of Medicine Case-Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio 44106 Former Head, MeSH Kenneth S. Warren, M.D. Department of Community Health School of Medicine Case-Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio 44106 REPRINTED FROM THE 1966 LJI: List of Journals Indexed in 11 Index Medicus INTR OB UC TION To aid in the selection of journals for Index Medicus, the Na- tional Library of Medicine established an advisory group in September 1964 known as the Ad Hoc Panel on Selection of Journals for Index Medicus. Using a number of criteria, and assisted by advice solicited from knowledgeable physicians, scientists, and medical librarians outside the library, this Panel has, since its initial meeting, recommended the deletion of 308 titles and the addition of 349 new titles. Among the criteria used for selection of titles were: (1) Sponsorship of the journal by a professional organization of recognized status in a given discipline or subject area. (2) Sponsorship by a national academy or a national institute. (3) Existence of an active editorial board consisting of knowledgeable and critical referees with high profes- sional standing. (4) Regular contributions to a journal by leaders in the subjects to which the journal is addressed. Those familiar with List of Journals Indexed will notice the absence of the "r" designation, which was used to indicate titles not regularly indexed but scanned exclusively for review articles. In April 1965 the Library, on advice from the Panel, discontinued this practice; review articles are now selected only from tides regularly indexed in Index Medicus. In keeping with a statement made in the January 1965 Index Medicus the Library no longer includes in List of Journals Indexed the titles of journals not actually indexed. This is another action of the Library which reflects a recommendation of the Panel on Selection. The Library recognizes that choices, even with the best advice available, will not satisfy those journal editors and pub- lishers whose titles are not included. Although it is the desire of the Library to index all of these journals, limitations of personnel and physical resources make it impossible at this time. (5) Strict adherence to an established format in presentation of methodology, tables, graphs, references, and other data. (6) Publication policy that prohibits promotional, parochial, or secular approaches in the journal. National Library of Medicine Bethesda, Maryland 20014 January 1966 REPRINTED FROM THE MONTHLY INDEX MEDICUS: JOURNALS INDEXED A complete key to journal title abbreviations used in Index Medicus is included in the January issue and is available sepa- rately from the Government Printing Office (see National Library of Medicine Publications, inside front cover). Two com- plete listings are provided; an alphabetical listing by journal title abbreviation followed by the full title of the journal, and an alphabetical listing by the full title of the journal followed by the journal title abbreviation. (The separately issued publication also includes subject and geographic listings.) Index Medicus coverage is limited to periodic literature. Proceedings of congresses, symposia, and similar materials are not indexed unless published in periodicals. In the selection of journals for indexing, the National Library of Medicine is advised by a group of distinguished physicians, medical editors, and medical librarians. The Library indexes the periodical literature that has been judged most use- ful to Index Medicus users. It is not possible to include every journal that might contain useful articles. An effort is made to maintain a reasonable balance of sub- ject matter. The inclusion of a journal should not be construed as indicating that it is considered superior to one that is not indexed. STAMPS NATIONALS u » i! •^ss. .Vl • A'i,: , Regular Property Stamp NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE INDEX COPY recd. DEC 11975 INDEX INPUT _J"' l\. -j »p. C: ^-PJ5 V1J I SiN ,©;UBL DATE '", /OL r •']) NO PT SUPPl INDEX MEDICUS Property Stamp ',!) hQ, Ci ^)*RTS i rx h Bt-L 1) ISSN *»^fl$ $e? 75 93 INDEX MEDICUS Handstamp 13 DEPTH AND NON-DEPTH RATIONALE I. Degree of depth as determined by the Head, Index Section II. General characteristics of Depth and Non-Depth journals III. Correlation of depth/non-depth indexing with journal priorities IV. Definition of Depth indexing as an unlimited number of headings to describe the content of the article fully and adequately V. Definition of Non-Depth indexing as the number of headings necessary to describe fully and adequately THE POINT OF THE ARTICLE VI. Expected number of headings for Depth; for Non-Depth VII. Examples of both from journals actually indexed to the correct degree VIII. Relation of Depth and Non-Depth to the headings printed in INDEX MEDICUS and to those stored in the computer See the INDEXING MANUAL, Section 3: DEPTH INDEXING NOTE: Priority 1 and 2 journals must be indexed completely to cover major points and minor points discussed (i.e., discussed, not merely mentioned). Priority 3 must be indexed to cover basically only the major points of the article. Indexers are free to judge each article on its own merits and to index the rare article from a Priority 1 or 2 journal as non-depth, and the less rare article from a Priority 3 journal in great depth. All REVIEW articles are indexed in depth regardless of the priority number assigned. COMPARISON OF PRIORITY 1, 2 AND 3 JOURNALS T Priority Urgency -----------------~ Type of Journal ,-----------------------------1 Coverage of Article Degree of Depth of Indexing ! i Number of IM & NIM Headings 1 Rush Research Clinical Spec Major points Minor points Very deep 15-20 Several IM Many NIM 2 Research Clinical Spec Major points Minor points Very deep 15-20 Several IM Many NIM 3 Clinical Paramed 1 ____..... Major points Not as deep 6-8 Several IM Few NIM ! 1 The number of headings in the next-to-the-last column is based on an average number of terms in the MEDLARS data base IM AND NIM RATIONALE Synonyms IM: INDEX MEDICUS Print NIM: NON-INDEX MEDICUS Store Definitions IM: a term destined to be printed In the published INDEX MEDICUS NIM: a term destined for computer storage only Availability: both IM and NIM entries are stored in the computer and are available for machine retrieval Application IM: represents the basic points of the article indexed NIM: represents subjects discussed in the article but not necessarily the point of the article represents aspects of a subject serving as search parameters V. Philosophical orientation in the indexing of medical literature Primary orientation: a organ a treatment * disease A technic of diagnosis A cause or treatment Secondary orientation: any premise leading to the understanding of disease and how to prevent or treat it a organ function a physiological process a metabolism a organisms a chemicals a drugs a paramedical facets VI. Parameters usually IM a the point of the article a organs a diseases a organisms , especially veterinary animals a chemicals a therapies VII. Parameters usually NIM a data not the point of the article a technics a age of subjects a sex of subjects a animals studied experimentally See Indexing Manual, Section 4: INDEX MEDICUS HEADINGS AND NON-INDEX MEDICUS HEADINGS; Section 13: CHOICE OF HEADINGS IN INDEXING; et passim EXERCISE I INDEX MEDICUS Current Monthly Copy Please remove from the Index Section's reference shelves a copy of the INDEX MEDICUS monthly issues. Examine a recent issue, noting the following items. Subject Section 1. Form of entry 2. Alphabetization of entries 3. Typography 4. English titles vs foreign titles 5. Role of the journal title abbreviation 6. Language symbol 7. Position of author 8. Number of authors 9. Accents and diacrltlcals Name Section 1. Name as author 2. Name as blographee 3. Number of authors 4. Treatment of co-authors 5. Vernacular titles 6. Accents and diacrltlcals 7. Anonymous works Other Sections 1. Inside cover 2. Introduction 3. LJI supplement 4. MEDLARS Literature Searches 5. Bibliography of Medical Reviews 6. Other EXERCISE II INDEX MEDICUS What are the major sections of INDEX MEDICUS? Note complementary material. How many authors are given in citations in the subject section? How many authors are given in citations in the name section? Do accent marks appear in the subject section? Do translations appear in the name section? Are there any cross-references in the subject section? Are there any cross-references in the name section? How are the citations arranged in the subject section under a given subject? . What is the fewest number of citations for an article by A. Fairchild on Freud's contribution to the discovery of cocaine? Can anonymous articles written in English be found in INDEX MEDICUS? Where? f EXERCISE III INDEX MEDICUS Using an issue of INDEX MEDICUS, under what main heading or headings did you find an article on the subjects below? Use only a monthly issue of INDEX MEDICUS or the CUMULATED INDEX MEDICUS: do not use a MeSH. 1. The release of histamine 2. The effect of thumbsucking on the gums 3. The surgical treatment of hip dislocation 4. Fats in the brain 5. Infected burns 6. Chocolate in relation to coronary disease 7. Bacterial infections in children 8. The chemistry of Bacillus megatherium 9. Brain pathology in kuru 10. Blood coagulation in pregnant women I AUTHORITY LISTS Definition and purpose of an authority list Synonyms: thesaurus, controlled vocabulary, standard- ized vocabulary, MeSH History of authority lists at the National Library of Medicine (see page 2) a QCIM a SHAL a MeSH 1960 a MeSH 1961-present Because of the importance of MEDICAL SUBJECT HEADINGS (MeSH), an entire lecture will be devoted to its anal- ysis in detail. Common features: a Typography a Main headings a Cross-References a Subheadings 20 MEDICAL SUBJECT HEADINGS (MeSH) I.. History (see Chronology, page 2) II. Definition and purpose III. Creation and content IV. Sections o introductory matter o alphabetical list o trees V. Pliblic MeSH and Indexers/Searchers MeSH (see page 21) VI. Alphabetical List o typography o tree number: definition and use o classes of headings: main headings & cross- references o official MeSH terminology (see page 22) o cross-references (see pages 23 & 24) o annotations o relation to trees o how to use VII. Trees o organization: 15 categories o margin & indention relationships o relation to alphabetized list o names & content of categories o subcategories VIII. Scope and coverage (see page 25) IX. Related MeSH products LANGERHANS CELLS All.43fl.50fl LANGUAGE Fl.145.209.399 Ll.143.50fl LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT Fl.227.507 see related LEARNING SPEECH XU CHILD LANGUAGE XR PSYCHOLINGUISTICS LANGUAGE DISORDERS F3.12fl.557 XR VERBAL BEHAVIOR XR VERBAL LEARNING LANGERHANS CELLS 21 LANOLIN D10.51fl.945.507 D26698 523424 D2fl.3«8.405.424 LANOSTEROL D4.808.247.222.222.347 557 D4.808.247.808.fl07 D10.518.851 590 X KRYPTOSTEROL LANTHANUM Dl.288.473 D 1.552.550.474 LANUGO see under HAIR LAPAROSCOPY El.418.5fll LAPAROTOMY E4.40A LAROACTIL see CHLORPROMAZINE LAROXYL see AMITRIPTYLINE LARVA B 1.583.382 LARVA MIGRANS C3.335.508.455.507 C17.880.424 X CREEPING ERUPTION C3.858.424 COMPARISON of the PUBLIC MeSH & the INDEXERS1 MeSH Note the comparative format of Minor Descriptors (see unders) & the absence of (N0N MESH) terms, of geo- graphicals, of annotations 6e of cross-references to Minor Descriptors (^ ) All.43fl.50fl 73(«9); A 11 quallf; cutaneous cells: do not confuse with I.SLANDS OF LANGERHANS (pancreas) LANGUAGE Fl.145209.399 L1.143.50A no quallf; sign language = SIGN LANGUAGE LANGUAGE ARTS (NON MESH) Ll.143.506 423 LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT Fl.227.507 88; no quallf see related LEARNING SPEECH XU CHILD LANGUAGE XR PSYCHOLINGUISTICS LANGUAGE DISORDERS F3.128.557 87; do not use /drug eff /physlol /rad eff XR VERBAL BEHAVIOR XR VERBAL LEARNING LANKAMYCINS see KUJIMYCINS D20.85.445 LANOLIN D10.516.945.507 D20.3fl8.4O5.424 D28.698.523.424 D25-28 quallf LANOSTEROL D4.808.247.222.222.347.557 D10.51fl.851.590 74(72); /biosyn permitted; do not use /defle /physlol X KRYPTOSTEROL LANTHANIDES see METALS. RARE EARTH Dl.552.550 D4.808.247.808.S07 LANTHANUM Dl.288.473 Dl.552550474 do not use /analogs /biosyn /defle /physlol; Indexing Isotopes: Manual Fig. 18.23.5 ^ LANUGO Al.835.288.832 do not use /blood supply /Inj /Innerv /physlopathol /secret /surg see under HAIR LAOS Zl.252.145.435 LAPAROSCOPY El.418.5fll 73(71); do not use /utll except by MeSH definition LAPAROTOMY E4.40A avoid: used too loosely In the literature: Manual 22.9 LAROACTIL see CHLORPROMAZINE D3.494.741.198 D15.23fl.872.S31.fl28.208 LAROXYL see AMITRIPTYLINE D15.23S.122.140.108 LARVA B 1.583.381 74(70); NIM; only for metamorphosing animals (so correct for tadpoles); do not use /embryol with reference to larvae LARVA MIGRANS C3.335.508.455.507 C17.860.424 note category: a disease X CREEPING ERUPTION C3.858.424 MeSH TERMINOLOGY MAJOR DESCRIPTORS Main Headings Geographic Headings Check Tags Citation Types Non-MeSH terms MAJOR DESCRIPTOR is the name given to a MeSH entry under which citations are stored in the computer and which do not require mapping. Since this is true of five different types of descriptor as noted above, indexers and re- visers avoid the term "major descriptor" as too general and prefer to call headings by the spec- ific names above. MINOR DESCRIPTORS see under references ENTRY TERMS see references ENTRY VERSIONS shortened forms as noted in the Annotated MeSH thus, DF: Regardless of the name you refer to it as, any or all of the above concepts may be typed on a Data Form by an indexer in the course of indexing. The computer will handle all required mapping internally. You wil usually type the heading as it appears at the margin or as it appears in a legal shortened form. 23 Major Descriptor Major Descriptor LANGUAGE ARTS (NON MESH) Ll.143.506.423 LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT Fl.227.507 68; no quallf see related •^■a^^^-™^^^^™"" (NON MESH) not to be used by Indexers cross-references: ----- set related LEARNING SPEECH XU CHILD LANGUAGE XR PSYCHOLINGUISTICS - see under from see related from LANGUAGE DISORDERS F3.126.557 67; do not use /drug eff /physlol /rad eff XR VERBAL BEHAVIOR XR VERBAL LEARNING LANKA MYCINS see KUJIMYCINS D20.85.445 annotation D26.368.405.424 LANOLIN D10.516.945.507 D26.698.523.424 D25-26 quallf ^sj LANOSTEROL D4.808.247.222.222.347.557 D4.808.247.808.607 D10.516.851.590 74(72); /biosyn permitted; do not use /defle /physlol X KRYPTOSTEROL .^bM— Entry Term LANTHANIDES see METALS, RARE EARTH Dl.552.550 annotation see from cross-reference LANTHANUM Dl.288.473 Dl.552.550.474 do not use /analogs /biosyn /defle /physlol; Indexing Isotopes: Manual Fig. 18.23.5 Minor Descriptor Major Descriptor LANUGO I Al.835.288.632 do not use /blood supply /Inj /Innerv /physlopathol /secret /surg see under HAIR ---- see under cross-reference LAOS ^ Z1.252.145.435 LAPAROSCOPY El.418.561 73(71); do not use /utll except by MeSH definition LAPAROTOMY E4.406 avoid: used too loosely In the literature: Manual 22.9 LAROACTIL see CHLORPROMAZINE D3.494.741.198 D15.236.872.331.628 208 geographic (71) = date searchable 73 = date available in INDEX MEDICUS LAROXYL see AMITRIPTYLINE -* D15 236 122.140.108 see reference LARVA Bl.583.382 74(70); NIM; only for metamorphosing animals (so correct for tadpoles); do not use /embryol with reference to larvae LARVA MIGRANS C3.335.508.455.507 C3.858.424 C17.860.424 note category: a disease X CREEPING ERUPTION Representative Page from MeSH CROSS REFERENCES Directional References See (called Entry Term) See under (called Minor Descriptor) See related a synonym a specific concept under or among a more inclusive concept a helpful suggestion to be accepted or by- passed Corresponding Backwards References X XU see from see under from XR see related from 25 MEDICAL SUBJECT HEADINGS (MeSH): General Characteristic! Coverage 1. Organs, tissues, cells, regions 2. Diseases 3. Drug8, chemicals, endogenous and other substances 4. Living organisms: microorganisms, higher animals, plants 5. Procedures: diagnostic, therapeutic, surgical, anesthetic, analytic 6. Physiological processes 7. -OLOGIES and other fields and disciplines 8. Miscellaneous medical and paramedical concepts 9. Geography Form 1. Anglo-Saxon for organs; Latin or Greek in the absence of the Anglo-Saxon and for adjectival forms (BRAIN vs CEREBRAL; KIDNEY vs RENAL or NEPHR-) 2. Singular or plural form 3. Alphabetization: seek above or below the needed term 4, Inversions to bring like concepts together 5. Interchangeable compounds as entries (autoradi- ography vs radioautography; photomicrography vs microphotography) 6. Plural vs singular drugs 7. Compound drug names 8. Pre-coordinated headings 9* Specialties vs organs or diseases 10. Hyphenations for syndromes 11. Hyphenations for standard orthography (self help vs self-help devices) 12. Apostrophe s or s apostrophe for eponyms; for syndromes 13. Accents: in headings and in translations 26 MeSH: Inconsistencies of Form Here are some samples of inconsistency in the form of various MeSH headings. There are several explanations for these in- consistencies. They are shown here to alert the Indexer to their existence. Words in -ologic or -ological: CALCIFICATION, PHYSIOLOGIC OSSIFICATION, PHYSIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY, RADIOLOGIC ADJUVANTS, IMMUNOLOGIC NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATIONS NEUROLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS REFRACTORY PERIOD. PSYCHOLOGIC ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL BACTERIOLOGICAL TECHNICS HISTOLOGICAL TECHNICS PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS Words in -ceutical or -ceutic: ETHICS, PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY. PHARMACEUTICAL DICTIONARIES, PHARMACEUTIC PHARMACEUTIC AIDS Words for traumatic and post-traumatic: PSYCHOSES, TRAUMATIC EPILEPSY, TRAUMATIC Words for disease or diseases: NEUROSES, POST-TRAUMATIC COMMUNICABLE DISEASES HEART DISEASES AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES CORONARY DISEASE CHRONIC DISEASE IATROGENIC DISEASE -in childhood and childhood: TUBERCULOSIS IN CHILDHOOD SCHIZOPHRENIA, CHILDHOOD Words using noun form or adjective form: SKIN MANIFESTATIONS EYE MANIFESTATIONS Inversions and non-inversions: ORAL MANIFESTATIONS NEUROLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS HEMORRHAGE, GASTROINTESTINAL CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE HEMORRHAGE, ORAL RETINAL HEMORRHAGE UTERINE HEMORRHAGE 27 MeSH EXERCISE I In Non-Depth Indexing we are frequently called upon to use a general term instead of three or four spe- cifics which would be required for Depth Indexing. Pretend that you .need the following groups of con- cepts for Non-Depth Indexing. Using the Tree Struc tures , what single main heading would you use to cover the groups typed below? 1. Papova virus, Yaba virus and myxoma virus 2. Myotonia, myoclonus and amyotonia 3. Raticides, insecticides and weed-killers 4. Pilocarpine, acetylcholine and neostigmine 5. The thymus and lymph nodes 6. The eyes, eyebrows and eyelids 7. Basophils, lymphocytes and erythrocytes 8. Anthracosilicosis, silicosis and silico- tuberculosis 9. Rice, puffed rice, wheat, puffed wheat and cornflakes 10. Nerve block and spinal anesthesia MeSH EXERCISE II What main heading or main headings in MeSH do you think should be used to cover articles on the fol- lowing subjects? The word or phrase below was that used by the author and represents terms or concepts required for indexing. 1. Radiorenography 2. Subvalvular stenosis 3. Lichen 4. Dishydrosis 5. Disabled persons 6. Spreading cortical depression 7. Mass cancer x-ray 8. Microfilaria diurna infection 9. Prefrontal lobotomy 10. Pulmonary lobectomy 11. Ventricular neoplasms 12. Bacterial survival 13. Visual pigments 14. Reinforcement 15. Medical jurisprudence 16. Higher nervous activity 17. Dog bites 18. Bicycles 19. Lethal midline granuloma 20. Bacterial culture 21. Leg fractures 22. Sodium-free diet 23. Cooked foods 24. Tomatoes 25. Cerebral edema 26. Lipid mobilization 27. Chocolate candy 28. Double vision 29. Posterior cranial fossa 30. Sympathetic nerves 31. Urinals 32. Hepatic amebiasis 33. As if personality 34. Hepatic cirrhosis 35. Work of breathing 29 MeSH EXERCISE III The following exercise has two purposes: to give you more experience in the use of the Alphabetical MeSH and to show you how a searcher actually goes about retrieving articles on the very simple search requests below. 1. Pseudomonads in water 2. Radiostrontium in fallout 3. Rectal temperature 4. Salivary sugars 5. Pathological anatomy as a specialty 6. Injuries from automobile accidents 7. Fractures in boxing and baseball 8. Streptococcal and staphylococcal meningitis 9. Postappendectomy obstruction of the duodenum 10. Mitral stenosis 30 ANNOTATED MeSH Exercise What do the following abbreviations mean? GEN 65 SPEC: SPEC qualif IM 70(65) A 11 qualif NIM coord no qualif TN When did "incomplete abortion" come into the system? When did "habitual abortion" come into the system? How do I index "blood physiology"? What is a synonym for "blood platelets"? Will this article appear in one or two places in INDEX MEDICUS: "The BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT of BIOPTERIN"? May I index an article on ACADEMIES AND INSTITUTES/manpower? What subheadings may I use for "blood donors"? What are two specific features of weather in MeSH? May I index SNOW/adverse effects for frostbite from walking in the snow? When did WATER MOVEMENTS come into the system? Where do I index "chemical water pollution"? May a cataloger catalog a book entitled "Chemical Water Pollution in the United States" under WATER POLLUTION, CHEMICAL /UNITED STATES? Where do I index "solid waste disposal"? Missed abortion is permitted with animals. Is eugenic abortion? Is legal abortion? 31 An article on calcium absorption would be indexed under CALCIUM and ABSORPTION. Is CALCIUM printed in INDEX MEDICUS? Is ABSORPTION printed in INDEX MEDICUS? What are some synonyms for needle biopsy? What are some concepts included in BIOPHARMACEUTICS? Where do I index "water-electrolyte imbalance"? Is there a Technical Note on absenteeism? Which is better on a data form and why? a. AC-GLOBULIN or FACTOR V b. ABSCESS, CEREBRAL or BRAIN ABSCESS c. ABSCISSIC ACID I or ABSCISSINS d. BLOOD PLASMA VOLUME or PLASMA VOLUME e. BIOMATERIALS or BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS f. WATTLES or COMBS AND WATTLES Which is more likely to be printed in INDEX MEDICUS: BLOOD CIRCULATION or BLOOD CIRCULATION TIME? What is the difference between a term without a statement concerning IM and a term with a statement about IM? In how many Trees is BLOOD? Why? What is the Tree number for "abortion seekers"? Why is it assigned here? Why not another Tree instead of or in addi- tion to? Why is BIOMETRY wrong for articles on a comparison of the size of men's and women's hands? BIOLOGY and BIOPHYSICS are both specialties. Why is not the MeSH annotation the same? Examine all Trees referred to to get the answer. Is WATER/poisoning permitted? How do I index micro-organisms in water? Where do I index "blood picture"? © c (?) PAGINATION 1398-430 © AUTHOR DATA © LANGUAGE ENG______^ (y) ANONYMOUS AD @ REFS (15) SUBJECT NAME 32 Braun A, Weiss B (0) TITLE (Eng or Transl) I Brain scintigraphy in the differential diagnosis of intracranial lesions I (Q) TITLE (Vernac or Translit) A D B D HIST ART HIST BIOG @ J D CATS T O RATS c D ANCIENT A D PREGN K n CAmE y n AN|MAL d n MED)EVAL B D INF NEW (to 1 mo) L n cmCK EMBRY0 V^HUMAN e O MODERN C XlNF (1-23 mo) M n D0GS w j£MALE f D 15th CENT D D CHILD PRE (2-5) N D FR0GS X^f FEMALf g O 16th CENT E D CHILD (6-12) o O GUINEA PIGS YD IN VITRO h O 17th CENT F )^D0LESC (13-18) p Q HAMSTERS Z D CASE REPT i D 18th CENT G l^ADULT-(19-44) Q □ MICE a O CLIN RES j O 19th CENT H )(MID AGE (45-64) R O MONKEYS b |^C0MP-STUDY k O 20th CENT 1 D AGED (65 +) S D RABBITS 1 D NIH SUP m D NON WH SUP C D BIOG-OBIT D D SYMPOS E D PROCEED @ AUTHOR J^AFFIL F D TECH REPT G D MONOGR H JC.ENG ABST @ AUTHOR *ABST /yjo © 1 * RADIOISOTOPE SCANNING 1 2 2 3 * TECHNETIUM 3 4 4 5 BRAIN NEOPLASMS / * diag 5 6 6 7 DIAGNOSIS. DIFFERENTIAL 7 8 8 9 CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS / * diag 9 10 10 11 BRAIN NEOPLASMS / radioer 11 12 12 13 CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY 13 14 j 14 15 ECHOENCEPHALOGRAPHY 15 16 16 17 MENINGIOMA / diag 17 18 18 19 BRAIN ABSCESS / diag 19 20 20 21 rtYJbkOCEf>UALUS / diag 21 22 22 23 ASTROCYTOMA / diag 23 24 24 25 OLIGODENDROMA / diag 25 26 26 27 GLIOMA / diag 27 28 28 29 CEREBRAL VENTRICLE NEOPLASMS / diag 29 30 30 31 31 32 32 33 33 34 34 35 35 NIH-" 416 INDEXED CITATION FORM CPO : 1975 O - 5' 0-690 (Rev. 3-75) DATA FORM Purpose and disposition Appearance o general neatness o clarity in typing o uniform margins o correct spelling o pencilled emendations o double spacing in translations o double spacing of main headings o capitalization of MAIN HEADINGS o lower case and abbreviations of sub- headings o care and clarity of Xing Check Tags Descriptive indexing o centering of typing o pagination: standard, non-standard, passim o authorship o references for reviews o biographical data o titles o translations: brackets, language symbol o vernacular: punctuation, accents o marking of titles: half-blocks, subtitles, capitalization, accents, numerals, punctuation o supplied titles Subject indexing MAIN HEADINGS subheadings IM and NIM: definition and purpose Check Tags: definition and purpose Abbreviations and shortened forms 34 V. Check Tags o definition & purpose o HUMAN o ANIMAL o sex of human or animal: FEMALE, MALE o age of human only o PREGNANCY o specific animal: pre-printed; supplied o Charen's Law of Useful Redundancy: example: FEMALE + PREGNANCY + LABOR, etc. o IN VITRO: MeSH definition & restriction o CASE REPORT o CLINICAL RESEARCH: MeSH definition & restriction o COMPARATIVE STUDY o History tags: interrelation of HISTORICAL ARTICLE, HISTORICAL BIOGRAPHY, CURRENT BIOGRAPHY-OBITUARY, Field 15, the sub- heading /history and the date column o Field 19 D, 19 E, 19 F, 19 G o ENG ABST: when to use, standards, relation to AUTHOR ABSTRACT in Field 22 o UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT SUPPORT, N.I.H & UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT SUPPORT, NON-N.I.H: abbreviation, purpose & use o AUTHOR AFFILIATION: when to use, length, purpose & use o principle of Check Tags as NIM vs IM - infants & children - newborn infants - pregnancy - experimental animals vs veterinary animals o special handling of physicians & famous persons - position on Data Form - definition of FAMOUS PERSONS - required Check Tags CHECK TAGS A Check Tag is simply an arbitrary item which must be looked for ROUTINELY in every article. It is a facet of an article which is of potential significance to the most important special-interest groups we serve: the clinicians, the scientists in experimental research, the NLM History of Medicine Division, and the users of drug literature. The Check Tags indicated cm the Data Form reflect the present wishes of these groups and could be modified under the super vision of MeSH should more or different ones be found es- sential to the medical community. A Data Form bearing the main heading GOUT and the Check Tag CHILD could mean three things: 1. that an article was entitled GOUT IN CHILDREN and concerned this disease in this age group in general as a clinical entity; 2. that an article was entitled GOUT and in reporting his cases, the author listed seven of which one was a child; 3. that an article was entitled GOUT IN A CHIID: AN UNUSUAL CASE. The coordination of GOUT and CHILD in any of these hypo- thetical articles will bring forth from the computer on a requested search all three in answer to this question: "Do you have any article in your system on gout in which a child figures?" If we judge the main headings under which an Indexer indexes an article to be the most Important aspect of in- dexing, the second most important is the Check Tag. Its value to retrieval cannot be over-emphasized and an In- dexer must learn to seek it out and supply it automatically. CHECK TAGS: IM vs NIM for Age and Pregnancy Tags INFANT, CHILD, ADOLESCENCE, ADULT,^AGED These tags are always checked (i.e., they are NIM) for routine articles on physiological processes, diseases & osvchological aspects of any infant, child, etc. That is anyarticle on cancer in children is indexed NEOPLASMS (IM) + CHILD (NIM, the check tag). Digestion in the elderly is indexed under DIGESTION (IM) + AGED (NIM, the check tag). The exception is the newborn infant. This is made IM for normal states: digestion in the newborn infant is in- dexed DIGESTION (IM) + INFANT, NEWBORN (IM) . Diseases in newborn infants is indexed under the name of the disease (IM) + INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES (IM) + the check tag INFANT, NEWBORN (NIM) . PREGNANCY Normal pregnancy is always IM; deviations from the normal is usually one of the PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS headings (IM) + PREGNANCY (NIM, the check tag). See the next page for examples of indexing and checking tags. CHECK TAGS 37 In the examples below only the marking of the tags 20 A-I are illustrated. Let us assume that we have also marked the tags HUMAN for the infants and both HUMAN and FEMALE for pregnancy. Pancreas anatomy in the infant: Pancreas anatomy in the newborn infant: £9 J D CATS A D PREGN K Q CATTLE B D INF NEW (to 1 mo) L n CHICK EMBRY0 C^ClNF(l-23mo) M O DOGS D D CHILD PRE (2-5) N q FROGS PANCREAS / * anat C2b) J o CATS A C PREGN K D CATTLE B D INF NEW (to 1 mo) L D CHICK EMBRYO C D INF (1-23 mo) M O DOGS D O CHILD-PRE (2-5) N n FRDRS PANCREAS / * anat * INFANT, NEWBORN Pancreatitis therapy in infants: Pancreatitis therapy in newborn infants: & J O CATS T □ 1 <& • J □ CATS T D RATS c LJ ANCI A O PREGN K D CATTLE U D , A D PREGN K D CATTLE U D ANIMAL d D MED B D INF NEW (to 1 mo) L O CHICK EMBRYO V D 1 B ^INF NEW (to 1 mo) L O CHICK EMBRYO V O HUMAN e U MOD C^K^INF (1-23 mo) M D DOGS W D C D INF (1-23 mo) M □ DOGS W D MALE f D 15th D D CHILD PRE (2-5) E D CHILD (6-12) N D FROGS 0 D GUINEA PIGS X D Y O D- D CHILD PRE (2-5) N O FROGS X D FEMAL* g D 16th 1 PANCREATITIS / * th er pancreat: 1TIS / * the r INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES / * ther Pancreas function in preg nancy: ® A D PREGN J D CATS K O CATTLE B O INF NEW (to 1 mo) L Q CH|CK EMBRYO C O INF (1-23 mo) M D D0GS Pancreatitis therapy in preg- nancy : CB J O CATS ^XPREGN K l_ CATTLE B .: INF NEW (to 1 mo) L u CH|CK EMBRyo C □ INF (1-23 mo) M u D0GS D J CHILD PRE (2-5) N L FROGS T D RATS U G ANW V LJ HUM W D MALI X [j FEM) PANCREAS / * physio! PANCREATITIS^^ ther 38 CHECK TAGS: Experimental Animals and Veterinary Animals Experimental animals: The identity of the animal figuring in any article is al- ways supplied by the indexer. The most common experimental animals are pre-printed on the Data Form. If the animal in the study does not appear pre-printed, type the animal head- ing from MeSH in Field 21. The animal check tag is naturally NIM. The animal supplied in Field 21 will therefore naturally be NIM. Veterinary animals: This is loosely defined as "non-experimental", "non-check- tag" animals and will figure in anatomical studies & physiolog- ical studies where the species is important as a species and in veterinary articles. In such cases the name of the animal will be IM and will take a subheading (this will be discussed in detail later). When another animal picked up for depth indexing figures in addition to the animal which is the IM and therefore the point, or in comparison with the major animal, subheadings should be used. Index diseases in animals under the precoordinated animal/ diseases term (IM) + the name of the animal (NIM), whether pre- printed or supplied. See the next page for examples of indexing and checking tags. 39 CHECK TAGS In the examples below, note that whether an experimental animal or a veterinary animal, whether IM or NIM the tag ANIMAL is always checked. Anatomy of the cat joint: mo) J D CATS T D RATS K D CATTLE U^ANIMAL L D CHICK EMBRYO V D HUMAN M D DOGS W D MALE c D d D e D t D CATS / * anat JOINTS / * anat Treatment of arthritis in Siamese cats: 10) J^| CATS T D RATS K D CATTLE U V ANIMAL L D CHICK EMBRYO V D HUMAN M D DOGS W O MALE N D FROGS X D FEMALE c D d D e D f D g D CAT DISEASES / * ther ARTHRITIS / * vet ARTHRITIS / ther Effect of cortisone on joint enzymes in arthri- tis in the cat: Anatomy of the cat joint (the article discusses monkeys' joints too): J ^CATS T D RATS K D CATTLE Uj^ANIMAL m) L O CHICK EMBRYO V D HUMAN M O DOGS W D MALE )) N D FROGS X D FEMAL£ c D d D e D f D g o f J O CATS K O CATTLE L D CHICK EMBRYO M D DOGS N D FROGS 0 D GUINEA PIGS P D HAMSTERS Q O MICE R D MONKEYS S D RABBITS T O RATS U ^ANIMAL V D HUMAN W O MALE X D FEMALf Y D IN VITRO Z O CASE REPT a O CLIN RES b D COMP-STUDY C [ d ( e [ f [ g [ h [ CORTISONE / *pharm i [ 1 L JOINTS / * drug eff k [ JOINTS / enzymol CATS / * anat ARTHRITIS / * enzymol JOINTS / * anat HISTORICAL TAGS Note that the fields on the Data Form have been somewhat distorted and re-arranged to make the format more economical. The purpose of these examples is to show the re- quired tags for certain types of article. Dr. Michael DeBakey (y) SUBJECT NAME DeBakey M @ c D ANCIENT A U HIST ART d O MEDIEVAL B D HIST BIOG e D MODERN c Kbiog-obit f O 15th CENT D D SYMPOS 1 g ° 16th CENT E O PROCEED h O 17th CENT F O TECH REPT , i O 18th CENT G D MONOGR i d 19th CENT H O ENG ABST k O 20th CENT UNITED STATES Michael DeBakey, M.D. George Washington's illnesses Did Washington have gout? 03 SUBJECT NAME Washington G (g) SUBJECT NAME Washington G A A HIST ART B p^HIST BIOG C O BIOG-OBIT D D SYMPOS E O PROCEED F D TECH REPT G D MONOGR H D ENG ABST c D ANCIENT d O MEDIEVAL e D MODERN f D 15th CENT gD 16th CENT h D 17th CENT i X 18th CENT j O 19th CENT k D 20th CENT GL T O RATS c O ANCIENT D PREGN A ^QHIST ART U O ANIMAL d D MEDIEVAL O INF NEW (to 1 mo) B )( HIST BIOG V )^HUMAN e O MODERN D INF (1-23 mo) C O BIOG-OBIT W 1^ MALE f D 15th CENT O CHILD PRE (2-5) D D SYMPOS X D FEMALE g D 16th CENT O CHILD (6-12) E O PROCEED Y O IN VITRO h O 17th CENT O ADOLESC (13-18) F O TECH REPT Z O CASE REPT 1 ^ 18th CENT D ADULT-U9-44) G D MONOGR a D CLIN RES j D 19th CENT D MID AGE (45-64) , H O ENG ABST b O COMP-STUDY k D 20th CENT D AGED (65+) ___1 Ccr GOUT / * hist * FAMOUS PERSONS UNITED STATES * FAMOUS PERSONS UNITED STATES A D PREGN B D INF NEW (to 1 mo) C □ INF (1-23 mo) D D CHILD PRE (2-5) A J< HIST ART B O HIST BIOG C ^BIOG-OBIT D O SYMPOS T D RATS U O ANIMAL V^ HUMAN W D MALE X D FEMALE c D ANCIENT d D MEDIEVAL e D MODERN f □ 15th CENT g D 16th CENT E D CHILD (6-12) E D PROCEED Y D IN VITRO h O 17th CENT F D ADOLESC (13-18) F D TECH REPT Z D CASE REPT i D 18th CENT G O ADULT-(19-44) G D MONOGR a D CLIN RES j D 19th CENT H D MID AGE (45-64) H O ENG ABST b O COMP-STUDY k^ 20th CENT 1 1 D AGED (65 +) HEART SURGERY / hist UNITED STATES Contribution of DeBakey to heart surgery 1 © A D PREGN 6 O INF NEW (to 1 mo) C D INF (1-23 mo) D D CHILD PRE (2-5) A^HISTART B O HIST BIOG CX BIOG-OBIT D O SYMPOS T D RATS U D ANIMAL V X HUMAN W O MALE X O FEMALE c D ANCIENT d O MEDIEVAL e D MODERN TNAME DeBakey M . f O 15th CENT g O 16th CENT E O CHILD (6-12) E D PROCEED Y O IN VITRO h D 17th CENT F D ADOLESC (13-18) F D TECH REPT Z O CASE REPT i O 18th CENT G O ADULT-U9-44) G D MONOGR a O CLIN RES j D 19th CENT H D MID AGE (45-64) H D ENGABST b D COMP-STUDY k^20th CENT 1 Q AGED (65+) "• HEART SITRCF.RY / * hi«1" UNITED STATES CHECK TAGS Tag l| Priority 1 & 2 ! English * AUTHOR AFFILIATION Field 12 check this tag * * AUTHOR ABSTRACT Field 22 GOVERNMENT SUPPORT check this tag Priority 1 6c 2 Foreign check this tag check this tag & check also ENG ABST in Field 19 (H) if the article has • an English abstract check this tag check this tag Priority 3 English do not check do not check check this tag r Priority 3 Foreign do not check do not check Field 22 but check Field 19H check this tag Do not check the tag for AUTHOR AFFIL for any language which requires transliteration Effective with 1975 journals (i.e. journals dated 1975 by the publisher) * * ONLY English abstracts are put into the computer in full * * Some foreign articles have only vernacular abstracts & some have both vernac & English. This check- ing refers to foreign articles with ENGLISH abstracts DATA FORM EXERCISE I Check Tags Using a Data Form for reference, indicate here what check tag or tags, if any, you would index under for articles on subjects discussing the following: both humans and animals children without the exact age indicated by the author US Army recruits both rats and pigs a 70-year-old elephant newborn mice an MD dying in 1965 an MD accepting an award a biographical sketch of 20th century Nobel Prize winners in medicine the comparative effects of chlorpromazine on'schizo- phrenics and neurotics the lung capacity of smokers the complications of pregnancy in dogs the contribution of Benjamin Franklin to 18th century electrophysiology a history of syphilis giving case studies of famous artists the growth of infants submerged bacterial cultures ancient medicine in China an unusual case of staphylococcal infection liver circulation in human volunteers treatment of chickenpox in preschool children the blind man and the French Revolution corrosion of dental amalgam in the mouth corrosion of dental amalgam in vivo and in vitro corrosion of dental amalgam case report of an eye tumor in a newborn shepherd dog DATA FORM EXERCISE II IM & NIM Using a Data Form as a reference, indicate whether you would index the concept typed in CAPITALS as IM or NIM 1. the heart rate in INFANTS 2. breathing in NEWBORN INFANTS 3. respiratory diseases in NEWBORN INFANTS 4. respiratory diseases in INFANTS 5. headache in the MIDDLE AGED 6. Smoking among American ADOLESCENTS 7. INFANT mortality in thalidomide therapy 8. PREGNANCY in experimental schistosomiasis in DOGS 9. PREGNANCY in DOGS 10. ectopic PREGNANCY in a pet BEAGLE 11. plant poisoning in CATTLE 12. precocious adult behavior in young RATS 13. experimental arthritis in MICE 14. motor neurons in RABBITS 15. injuries in covered wagons in the 19TH CENTURY 16. injuries in chariots in ANCIENT ROME 17. history of research on the liver in the 17TH and 18TH CENTURIES 18. development of x-ray technics TODAY 19. blood groups in MONKEYS 20. peptic ulcer in a 6-year-old CHILD COORDINATION Coordination or coordinate indexing is the use of two or more indexing terms in various combinations to describe the content of an article. Coordination is described and illustrated in the MEDLARS INDEXING MANUAL in Section 2.1.1. MEDLINE users apply coordination on almost all their searches. Seldom will a requester ask for citations on GOUT: rather he will require some specific aspect of gout or gout in relation to some other parameter. Our indexing by coor- dination and our picking up of significant discussions per- mit the searcher to retrieve by any coordination of the as- pects we have covered,specific facets and relationships re- quested by the user. Aside from their high speed, the value of computers in in- formation services lies in the wondrous application to coor- dination in retrieval. Since the concept of coordination is geared to machine re- trieval, Indexers will almost never index a single term without coordinating it with another term: with one or more main head- ings, with one or more subheadings, with one or more check tags or with one or more combinations of all. Indexers will be asked repeatedly by their revisers, "What is the coordinate for ....?" If unrevised, the indexer will repeatedly ask himself the same question and index accordingly. Annotations in MeSH spell out required coordinates or suggested coordinations and instructions in the MEDLARS INDEXING MANUAL always speak in terms of coordinates. All indexing instructions in the various TECHNICAL NOTES will be issued in terms of co- ordinates since this is the only way we can serve searchers. TYPES OF COORDINATION IN MEDLARS Note that the * means that the concept is printed in INDEX MEDICUS and that con- cepts without the * are stored in the computer, available for retrieval in a search. 1. MAIN HEADING + MAIN HEADING a. both equal in significance b. one subordinate 2. MAIN HEADING + check tag 3. MAIN HEADING + subheading 4. PRE-COORDINATED MAIN HEADING a. two MAIN HEADINGS originally b. MAIN HEADING + check tag c. MAIN HEADING + subheading * LIVER * GOUT * PNEUMONIA * STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS * HOSPITALS, SPECIAL STATISTICS * HEPATITIS CHILD HEPATITIS / * prev * LIVER GLYCOGEN = originally * LIVER + * GLYCOGEN * MITOCHONDRIA, LIVER = originally * MITOCHONDRIA + * LIVER * DIABETES MELLITUS, JUVENILE = originally * DIABETES MELLITUS + CHILD * COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL = orig- inally COMMUNICABLE DISEASES / * prev PRE-COORDINATED HEADINGS A pre-coordinated heading is one which was created as a single term from two or more headings originally occur- ring together very frequently in the literature. Although liver glycogen is easily retrievable in a coordinate system as LIVER + GLYCOGEN, the frequent co-occurrence suggests LIVER GLYCOGEN, a better term since the resultant combina- tion can be further qualified by coordination with a single subheading, as LIVER GLYCOGEN / biosynthesis, or LIVER GLY- COGEN / isolation. Here are some popular pre-coordinations: an organ + disease STOMACH DISEASES an organ + neoplasm STOMACH NEOPLASMS an organism + infection STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS an animal + disease DOG DISEASES a disease + a site HYPERTENSION, PORTAL What are some others? See also Figure 80 for other examples of pre-coordinated diseases. COORDINATION Exercise There are hundreds of pre-coordinated disease headings in MeSH. Often, however, COORDINATION is necessary to index an organ/disease concept correctly for diseases for which there is no pre-coordinated heading. What are the coordinations for the following concepts in order to retrieve the disease concept adequately covered from both the organ and disease aspects? 1. jejunal diseases 2. iris diseases 3. corneal cancer 4. common bile duct diseases 5. pancreatic calculi 6. canine neoplasms 7. osteitis of the cervical vertebrae 8. gangrene of the left foot 9. staphylococcal infections of the stomach 10. gastric staph infections 11. injuries of the anterior chamber 12. diseases of the fingers 48 COORDINATION Exercise In the following titles, representative of the true content of the articles, what are the coordinates for the MeSH term indicated? Determination of keratin in the cornea in corneal dystrophy KERATIN + Lipase activity of the brain in brain tumors LIPASE + The role of estrogen in ovarian diseases and pregnancy ESTROGENS + The effect of hepatitis on liver metabolism in glucose-treated rats LIVER + Effect of oral insulin on liver glycogen metabolism in x-irradi- ated mice INSULIN + Liver catalase in meningitis; correlation with brain catalase CATALASE + ; BRAIN + Tooth structure in raccoons and its relation to cellulose di- gestion TOOTH + Isolation of Salmonellae from the pancreas in diabetes; the metabolic effect of Salmonella infections of the pancreas in diabetes PANCREAS + ; SALMONELLA INFECTIONS + Staphylococcal mastitis in Maryland cows; a recent epidemic MASTITIS + ; MARYLAND + QUALIFIERS (SUBHEADINGS) In 1975 under MEDLARS II the descriptor commonly referred to in the past as "subheadings" was officially named "qualifier" and is so referred to in official documents and in the Annotated MeSH annotations. Since, however, page XXIX of the Annotated MeSH refers to "subheadings" and since the public MeSH on page IX calls them "sub- headings" and since indexers and revisers daily call them "subheadings", this is how we shall refer to them during this course and in daily parlance. I. Purpose and need for subheadings II. Coordination: review o definition & philosophy o types III. History of subheadings at NLM o pre-1954 o MeSH 1960 o SHAL 1954 o MeSH 1965-present IV. Subheading lists o alphabetical list of abbreviations o categorized list V. Form on the Data Form Field 21 VI. Definition & use of subheadings by category VII. Common coordinations VIII. General rules o main heading/subheading duplicates (INDEXING MANUAL 12.3.10) o invalid main heading/subheading combinations (INDEXING MANUAL 12.5) o permissible number for same main heading: 3 50 o treeing of subheadings (TECHNICAL NOTE 208) o coverage in the INDEXING MANUAL (Section 12) and in the ANNOTATED MeSH) IX. General reminders o index subheadings using only the categorized list of subheadings o index a main heading with two or more sub- headings IM only once o avoid nonsensical combinations even though legal by category (i.e., MILITARY SCIENCE / adverse effects is silly) o check the INDEXING MANUAL, Section 12 o always use the Annotated MeSH for subheading permissions and restrictions for specific main headings o use good sense o do not force a borderline or questionable sub- heading onto a main heading if there is any doubt: nothing is better than a wrong something •i SUBHEADINGS: HISTORY EFFECT OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM ON LIVER METABOLISM OF GLUCOSE 1954-1959: LIVER - metabolism glucose, eff. of sodium & potassium GLUCOSE - metabolism liver, eff. of sodium & potassium SODIUM - effects on liver metab. of glucose POTASSIUM - effects on liver metab. of glucose 1960-1962: LIVER - metabolism GLUCOSE - metabolism SODIUM - pharmacology POTASSIUM - pharmacology 1963-1965: LIVER SODIUM METABOLISM PHARMACOLOGY GLUCOSE POTASSIUM Problem: Effect of glucose on liver metabolism of sodium LIVER GLUCOSE METABOLISM PHARMACOLOGY SODIUM Identical main headings in correct coordinations result in false drops 1966- LIVER metabolism GLUCOSE metabolism SODIUM pharmacology (later pharmacodynamics) POTASSIUM pharmacology (later pharmacodynami Index Section MANDATORY SUBHEADING ABBREVIATIONS 1976 abnorm admin adv eff anal analogs anat antag biosyn blood blood supply csf chem ind chem syn class compl congen cytol def ic diag diag use diet ther drug eff drug ther educ embryol enzymol ethnol etiol familial growth hist immunol Inj innerv instrum isol man metab methods microbiol mortal nurs occur parasitol pathol pathogen pharm physiol physiopatho pois prev rad eff radiogr radiother rehabil secret stand supply surg ther ther use tox transm transpl ultrastruct urine util vet SUBHEADINGS AND COORDINATION The coordination of a main heading and a subheading is the most popular type of coordination affecting the major user of MEDLARS, the user of INDEX MEDICUS. We shall discuss subheadings the way we index: by pair- ing a main heading from a given category with the subheading available to that category, as PEPTIC ULCER / chem ind Category C Category C We shall discuss also with a given main heading/subhead- ing combination from one category, the corresponding main heading/subheading combination from another tree or category, mandatory in accordance with our principle of coordination, a PEPTIC ULCER / chem ind (C) (C) ASPIRIN / adv eff (D) (D) Note the coordinations below regardless of the category of the pair we coordinate first: PEPTIC ULCER / chem ind ASPIRIN / adv eff ASPIRIN / adv eff PEPTIC ULCER / chem ind SCHIZOPHRENIA / drug ther PROMAZINE / ther use PROMAZINE / ther use SCHIZOPHRENIA / drug ther INDEX MEDICUS QUALIFIERS - 1976 Category A - Anatomy abnorm enzymol metab anal growth microbiol anat Immunol parasitol blood supply inj pathol cytol innerv physlol drug eff embryo1 physlopathol rad eff rad iogr secret surg transpl ultrastruct see attached for subcategory restrictions Category B - Organisms anal (not B2) anat (not B3, 4) blood (only B2) class csf (only B2) cytol (not B2, 4) drug eff (not B2) embryol (not B3, 4, 5) enzymol (not B2) growth Immunol isol (not B2, 6) metab microbiol (only Bl, 2, 6) parasitol (only Bl, 2, 6) pathogen (not B2, 6) physlol rad eff (not B2) ultrastruct (not B2) urine (only B2) anal (only C4) blood blood supply (only C4) chem ind class compl congen (not C16) csf diag Category C - Diseases diet ther microbiol radiogr drug ther mortal radiother embryol nurs rehabil enzymol occur secretion (only C4) etiol parasitol surg familial pathol ther hist physlopathol transm Immunol prev urine metab vet Category A - Anatomy abnorm (not AlO, 11, 12, 16) anal anat (not All, 12) blood supply (not A7, 11, 12) cytol (not for subcellular terms) drug eff embryol (not All, 12, 16) enzymol growth (not AlO, 11, 12, 16) Immunol inj (not AlO, 11, 12, 16) innerv (not A8, 10, 11, 12) metab microbiol parasitol pathol (notA12) physiol physlopathol (not All, 12) rad eff rad iogr secret surg transpl ultrastruct Category D - Chemicals & Drufls admin adv eff anal analogs (not D8) antag biosyn (not D25, 26) blood (not D25, 26) chem syn class csf (not D25, 26) defic (not D25, 26) diag use hist Immunol isol metab pharm physiol pois rad eff secret (not D25, 26) stand supply ther use tox urine (not D25, 26) adv eff class hist instrum Category E - Procedures & Technics man (only E6) methods mortal nurs stand supply util vet Category F - Psychology & Psychiatry adv eff (only F4) blood (only F3) chem ind (only F3) class (all trees) compl difg V