¥ t MEDICAL INCUNABULA and the DIFFUSION OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE Incunabula in the National Library of Medicine MEDICAL INCUNABULA and the DIFFUSION OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE Incunabula in the National Library of Medicine by Peter Krivatsy Published in conjunction with an exhibit at the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE MAY — OCT. 1984 All illustrations are from original works in the incunabula collection of the Na- tional Library of Medicine. The zodiacal illustration on the front cover is from Anianus: Compotus cum commento. [Lyons] Matthias Huss [ca. 1492]. The por- traits on page 1 were taken from Schedel, Hartmann: Liber chronicarum. Nuremberg, Anton Koberger, 1493. Initial "T" is from Montagnana, Bartolomeo: Consilia medica [Venice] Bonetus Locatellus, 1497. he computer terminals that serve patrons in a medical library are one result of the electronic revolution that has completely changed the field of health science communications. Com- puterized literature retrieval systems produce needed infor- mation in a matter of minutes. A somewhat comparable revolution occurred about 530 years ago. In 1454, one year after the fall of Constantinople, the first European book printed with movable type (and bearing a date) appeared. From the beginning of our civilization man has searched for methods of com- munication. Cave drawings and paintings were followed by carvings in stone, then by writing on vellum and on paper. Thousands of scribes spent lifetimes writing to spread the word. Even so, by the end of the Middle Ages the manuscript trade could no longer keep up with a greatly expanded reading public. The answer to increased literacy and to the growing demand for religious, artistic and instructional matter was movable type. Incunabula is the term used to identify texts printed with movable type before 1501. The Latin word incunabula means the apparatus of a cradle, regarded as the symbol of infancy. The child, the printed book, was born in Mainz or in that area around 1450, and the next 50 years constitute its period of "infancy." Johann Gutenberg's invention spread quickly, first to neighboring towns and then to many European cities. Albrecht Pfister introduced printing to Bamberg, Johann Mentelin to Strassburg, Ulrich Zell to Cologne. Two German clerics, Konrad Sweynheym and Arnold Pannartz brought printing to Italy — printing first in Subiaco, and by 1467 in Rome. Printing was introduced to Switzerland around 1468, to France in 1470, to Spain and the Low Countries in 1472. William Caxton introduced printing in England in 1476-7. These printers initially concentrated on theological and legal works as well as on classics in demand at the time. In 50 years approximately 40,000 editions were printed, totalling 6,000,000 copies. Science and medicine reached readers mainly after the market has been glutted with other works. This enormous escalation of out- put, referred to by many as the diffusion of knowledge, may be compared only with the computerized dissemination of information of our time. The earliest printed medical book is generally accepted to be Jean Charlier de Gerson's tracts on self-abuse titled De pollutione nocturna, printed in Cologne by Ulrich Zell in around 1466. The National Library of Medicine owns the second edition of this work, also printed by Zell around 1467. In the latter year Hrabanus Maurus' De sermonum proprietate; sive, Opus de universo was printed by Adolf Rusch in Strassburg. The work describingthe universe includes a chapter on medicine titled De medicina. The Library has the first edition of this work. 1 Jneipit Ttaaattilus \cttetafeiE Mgw -joB. ©etfot) canediawj patifiefj tractate te politico c noaucna • an hnpeciiat celeb ta tem^notu Vbitanl eft apub me ftequetet t biu pfctttm port fiifceptu facet botni.fi qws no durno poilutus ^ji (opttio a oHebtado tmflam cefla te tstettt^Srptus fu finriul multos pfettim teltgtofos*a nouiflie quofda pt* eetfs tali bubitacots (ctupulo no patii tutbatpS. bu ejevnapteeosab cdebtattbuttafoit teuo tio«cjc atteta tim« ofTcnfe cepriimt,Tande effect? top bac ce cetrio:. tu ee toctojujacto tulccHonC'tue^ptoiuavictuofoiu cofiilta^ cone a ejceplo tu pofttemo e;c qfotaconie a eppfmentalts Dgttieois atteftacoc mbucl? fii ut eofitetaeocs aliqs bieues a no #tliis mutiles (up bac celebtacots mateia apme^ tenv cas iubico melius a fincctiu© fapicau Hqponcio-rConfiiEtaconu fomot queS etut aceeflbiie* a queb' p bitccKi cnfiue^ptecoi autem baa tenia fi ftnfan mtputius ioquc ^ bum eiit quoma mojbue talis eft qui vijc autet tetegi vijcpulcbnojibus mcbicamen as fanaet p?tcft Scquiwc* Confideraco prima Gerson, Jean Charlier de. De pollutione nocturna. De cognitinr.e castitatis et pollution/bus diurnis. Cologne, Ulrich Zel, ca. 1467. Title page of second edition. From 1467 on, medical books, and books in related fields, appeared in a growing number of European cities. Arnold C. Klebs' Incunabula scien- tifica et medica lists 1060 individual works (in ap- proximately 3000 editions in all), of which some 900 can be classed as medical. The National Library of Medicine has 516 works, in 537 editions, printed before 1501. Most of these medical and scientific books were printed in prospering cities that were close to universities. It is therefore not surprising that the printers of Venice published more than 550 editions. Rome followed Venice, producing about 227 editions, Paris 214, Leipzig 204, Augsburg 179, Cologne 156, Lyons 136, Strassburg 101, Antwerp 95, and Nurnberg about 93 scientific and medical editions. In 50 years the printing of scientific and medical books spread to more than 120 cities. The output of medical works was decided by the printers, and the printers were businessmen, whose goal was to meet the needs of their customers. The public's demand can be determined by the output of the manuscript trade, which was well established Capitis prtou&lbamcula prima* d&otms cosnofcentrt pzobem feb& t $ta bjeiu'e/aro au t longa 'tepuo acutu eje pcrimctii fallat/ iuditiu vero Difficile i i Kt v:ine x egefttones x fudo:cst oifcritas i eucritas/logas et taetiee egritudtee ap* parentia Declarant* 15 1 -fcarotffmos x cofiftenrias oedarat egritudinee cr tea anni z circui tuft admuice icrcmeta due g Diem fice pod rnduO due p amplius tempus nant. 15 1 5 n cjrercitan ttbu 0 ad fummu bone babitud ines fal laces fl t vltimo ruerintrno enim pfit manerc in eodem ncqjqwefcerc/quiveronoquiefcut ncquacp poflunt addere in melius/relinquutur tgitur ad peiue. lbo:u j ergo caufa bona babitudine (blue* cofert/no tarde/ vi rurfus pJincipiu nutrimeti accipiat cozpus/ ne$ com pxfiiotf ad vlnmu facere / fall acee enim lut Sed qua lis fuerit natura fuftinere ©ebetis,ad bocDucere/vt vi res poflin t tolcra re. Similir: % inantttoes ad vltimum fallaces:* item refumptioes i vltimo fallatcs* 5 2 3n omni egritudine conftotari mente et bene fe ba* bere ad oblatioes/bonurcontrarium vero maul. 55 2 iBo plcnitudo no indigetia nc^ aliudrquodcuuc^ mart natura merit nibilbonum- 4 2 (Que multo tern pore ejetenuantur co?po:a/tarde re uerticonfueuerut que vero mocuco/modice* 7 i TR6 f m rone alleuiatis no octet credere nee vercri malavalde que fiut ir ronabtfr. mfta eni taliu (u t icerta i no valde pmanere ne03 mo:ari cofueuerut 17 2 5n mo:bis minus penclttatur egrotated quibufcu' 03 j>p2ia nature etatf x babitudimo 1 bojeegritudo in ell magi qua quib9 no pp:ia f m aliqo bonl ine(U 54 z & raft valde fro nam citomoauf maglsaub9. 44 Hippocrates. Aphorism/, sive Sententiae. [Nuremberg, Caspar Hochfeder, 1496.] Third page of second edition. by the middle of the fifteenth century. The printer had some estimate of the quantitative demand for books and had some idea of what kind of books the public was interested in. Thus the printer was essential not only in the diffusion of books but also in the diffusion of knowledge. In the field of science the two most-published authors were Albert the Great (Albertus Magnus) and Aristotle. Albert the Great's popularity was based mainly on his Secreta mulierum (a work on cosmetics) and his Liber aggregation'^ (a book on the virtues of herbs, stones and animals). Of the lat- ter, the Library has 5 editions, the earliest published in 1483. The Secreta mulierum et virorum is represented by 7 editions, the first printed by Adam de Rottweil in Venice, in 1478. The richness of the Library's collection is reflected in other important works by Albert the Great, including his De anima, De animalibus (both in 2 different editions), De generatione et corruptione, Mariale, De mineralibus, Philosophia pauperum in 3 editions, 2 < ' f../ "» - ;»/., A.»/k>,; ■'* *, '■* Xi>urr' ' SI, /■'* ■i. F.piftola flabani ad fudouicum cegem inuidtiffimu &c. Jneipit fo?lieiter. OMINO excel!? tifTimo &orhfbo nore digmffimo lu douico regi Raba nus vihfTimus fer uo2p dei f uus cter ■^ne beatitudinis i ^ xpo optat falute • Audita bona opi/ l.nione veftra: que pdicatur ptotasprouincias germanie atcp gallie 8i pene in cuncftis ptibus europe ere bris laudibus mtonat fatis exulto. 8C dorm' ni mifencordia imploro . quatinusboccum bono augmcto ad falubre fan em puenire con cedar. Obboc quippe labons mci opufcula q i f mcium xpi lpfius largiente gracia facras fcripturas exponedo jput potui expendi non fine vra comunioe Habere volui: fed aliquas cm ^Tarus at~ cSmcntanos in diuims Iibros ccCcviptos vrc venoracioni direxi. f\Iuper qj quia vos qndo m pfencia v?flra fui coptum vos habere dixiftis aliquod opufculu me no uiter rofeciflede fmonu jpprietate.SC mifti ca reru fgnificacione.Quod ecia a mea par' tutarc poftufaftis voB dirigi. Feci libent qd pctiftis.cx ipfuop?vobism vigintiduobus libris tcrrruatu trafmifi : vt fi ferenitati vre placuent eora vobis relegi lllud facia t is. & fi a liquid in co dignu emedacione reptu rue nt cfi veftns (agaciffimis ledtonb^.-^ut ra/ no didat illud emedarecuretis.Sunt enim in co plura expofita de reru naruris .' 8C vcr> bo2£ jpprietatibus. nee no ecia de miftica re rufignificacione.Quod ideirco itaordinan' dum eftimaui. vt lector prudens continuati pofita inueniret biftonca &C miftica fingula rum rcrum cxpfanacionem :et fie farisfaccre quodamodo poffet fuo deGdeno in q S\ by ftorie 8i allegone inueniret mamftftacione VTnde rmbi non melius aliud videbatbuius opis (umere inicium qua ab ipo coditore no ftro qui omniu reru eft caput 8i pnncipium quia quieqd naturaliter fub(iftit:aut aurtor 8C creator opimu cft:aut ab eo condita crea tura.quia cxipfb&pipfu&in ip(b futom' ma.'qui fecit celum Hi terrajmare 8iomnia que in eis fut . Sic ergo pmum de ipfo fumo bono SC ve^ codi.tore noftro: Hoc eft patre ct filio 8i (piritufancto. vno 6< folo omnipotew te deo mxta pa> uitate mgenii mci qntum di inna gra mepotle conceffit fcnbcndo«hqua differui. Pofte i vero de celeftibus & treftri '■< -st .t-.,.i -,*A bus creaturis nan (olu de natura .-led ecia de vi & effec^ibus ea2C.(ermonem Habere infti' tui. vt lector diliges in hoc ope et nature ,p prietate mxta biftona et (piritale figmfica aone mxta tnifticum (enfu fimul poCra inue niret . EtquiadeGn<3isbominibus:quiin veteri BC nouo teftameto comemorant eozp^ artiombus mifticis necnon &.' de locis in qui bus babitabant-filere memo couenit. nomfa ipfo2p fimul et locoy ex bebraica lingua in U tinam trasferre placuit. vt indc farilius my fticam fignificacionej explanare pofltm Ad didi cj in prelenti opufculo non pauca. de fi de carholica 8< religione criftiana.5C ecotra no de gentilium (upfticione. 5C bereticorii erroe i pbilolopbis 8C magis arq? falfis dna de Unguis genciu. de regnis militum ciuid qjvocabulisatcpafTimtatibus. debomined< ptibus eius.SC reliquis ammatibus.de lapi dibus ligms & berbis:que in tragignuntur de variis artibus atq? artificiis 8C alns mul' tis •' que omnia in jpbemio enum?rari longu cft.Prowde quod dc bis bic pofui nuc fufii' ciat.ccteru aute in capitulisGngulo^libro^ diligecius ca enumerare curaui-Decreui eni hoc totum op? vt (up dixi in vigintiduos Ii/ bros difpertin. (ub quo numero vctus tcrta metum legis diuine intcrpres beatus fcierc nimus coplexum fe afTcruit: ex cuius in terp tacione et expolicione quedaj obfeu ra in boc ope elucidaui.Tu aute eledle dne dC regum kanfTime.acceptis bis que tibi tranfmifi vte re eis vt decet.ct ta tibi qui illis qui Tub tuo regimme fut coftituti.ea vtilia eflepmittei quatinus tuu bonum ftudium multis^ueni at ad fpiritale ,pfecftum. et fiat ta tibi quam illis fpiritale exercicifi acq? celeftis gaudn in cremctum.Imitareillius Gpietis viri exem plum: qui de fapiecie laude .ptulit tale pco ' mum dicens. lnuocaui et venit in me (pint? fapiecie. c\ prepofui illl regnis et (edibos et diuiaas nihil cfTe dixi in copaboc illmsnec coparaui illl lapidem ^ciofu.quoniam omne auru in coparacionelllius barena e exigua. & tanq) lutum t fti mabif argentum in a(pec tu illius.Sup falutem et (pecie dilexi illi.et ^ppofui $> luce Habere llla.quoniam inextin' guibile e lumen lliius. Venerunt autem mibi omnia bona pa riter cu ilia . 8C innumerabifia boneftas p manus illius Et letatus (S in om mbusquoma antecedebat me ifta fapiecia . Qua fine fi^lione didia et fine muidia com/ munico.ek Honeftatem illius non abfeondo . Infimtusemm tbefaurus ebominibus.Quo qui vG fut. partiapes fadli fut amicicie dei. quomodo lpfe fapiecie dux eft. & fa picaum Hrabanus Maurus. De sermonum proprietate, sive Opus de universo. [Strassburg, Adolf Rusch, 1467. First page with initial "D" colored in black, blue and red. 3 DoctrinaJiL 3ftud iic> fiii'at canuli catiK risat? l>3ca alia canula que tn»tdaeita lehone oefcdit. C 6mo: oaciitarr.eo

com in ancbait eft fie factuj. IX" Sm 0: acuak:eo w alfqn | fit cu acuti \}i{ locu ad cautc rle.anduminpalbebiae:o(abueplH fupflul funt cuul' ft: 1 eft factum ficut acue fie. ax>meauieTlu5 0: Kugualr.z eft factum ficut vna lingua fie: ibjlociiadcauterlcadu came fnprlua'palpeb:ap.lI7io",tau( teriu uaict ad feciton* 1 fit tuj tenaealie pforatfc-.ln qru foramlnlb'poffil itrare Inftfm ecutu bne feneftra ut acu$:t foima tcnacuk eft fie facta. j£t foima acus qui ba •»§■■»■■■■♦ betintrare per fora' ramtna tenacule eft t- facta fie. fctpellie appbedecu; lenaculle fridle:? ubl uolum0feciioncpone'i'tertenacrae pellellla* ftrigim":? ferni ttXi p tenacfaru foramia Inuclm'? pellfcobunm* a icnaeurtoppcl J.Deide cpoida" lencfilos fcaj i figuie ticca mm! nri foramica cpo:da* f ouob'' capftlb" poftea ncctlmnz oittlm'ooec uolum'figillare :I5 e mllu cot cau itrU:i bj locu iore it ocl Tupepar z fple z lefticfbjz burfi 7311 ft ft foimleiftfojzieorupofitie iiomib'adfjdz *-**' •v ubl 1 qn oebeil fieriptkrarla cauteria vldea mMT 3" antlq cepbalea qn pur«atloee p medlciaeja- moibie bicuiicr oefccdam°.ix soctaea. &« cauteria uul plimaln oltifiepiuVcoipi?.?f>m oiiiiitste locop oiuerfe foimepuenlutiftfor.imodu9uari',i.tipmedi.ro cauierloj: ojcyfjin albucafim ualde mluplicenf pfeqnterbonii eet illoe orerepet£:m q:liber ifte b:eui late oillginjuit pot reduci oee cautmi _fo:inae ad.r.qe bic vlde"poterleDcpfctaezfignaiae.(L i&lmuj qd eft magie c5e z magie in ufu 0: anodiilu leu puctuale:-: eft iftf m qi ponlf p vmi forami q6 eft In alio ferro piano qdnocalefiniertuafactiiifpfenufridiino pmlmt caDf ultra iiraretnifi Pm fr medlcl placeat aoliitatl.f emi eni at> calefit pet vnti additam tii puii ad uoluute medici fie. -verru planum quo ttrat lilud addilametu/1 fridil ponlf Tup locucauterfc,idiI:z (ft fie fern. !Hddftamciii eft calm ooncc a I befcat 1 j>qc(aifclnrtllM:atm' I piimlf in foramine iftrl lati fu^ mebpi fac ibl uefitaiq remota remanet Ibl ul£°.cr3fte voDjeemodue.factocauterlo ponlf ibi aftiigia antiq uel bulf ruiuel affugia pi ft a ta cti folii 0 cauliu / qd eft me Ii" oonec crufta cadat qui calidii facit ferruipoftea ponl tur in ulce'ptlfapuafactaoepanolineot rotunda fatis Dura que vngif In fagfmine uel oleo.Sup pillam ponl tur foliii caulie rub.uel vltle uel b << C ,, )/' O: 0< O 0 ft Border decoration and initial "Q" illuminating the title page of Vincent de Beuvais: Speculum naturale. [Nuremberg, Anton Koberger, 1485.] - nEAAKi'oY aioskopi'aoy anazapbeos nEPJ fAH£ f ATPIKHE BIBAlON nprfxoN. ffHf •T^i'(px£p.&\u>u * euQaixtATiKw •s»vmtiy.vttfxoy^j(mtnK.fitt^jAijofi(lc'T9/xog $ h\fi«.g om^ogfov w W/$ fox.ov v ^fotf' *"*sy« (pBtu^&cts fy?j*.q 6\IjgHSB7r*7BiS lt«iet*7ll'«s€o7Mv«^,e*^*c)T9«VTOV,H9^Tktf cUL&Mat/ 'Zgoqnntf* A*£zw»' 7»7f/<^7»ivtoijacn/^fitf'm96'noi',ui/ is*B*nqoTrvAeiwej.vy N»R.yf*77!j^ fie jJvf N»/rt/"75^Ajo/(T!>7rtf'.*£rttAij7riflt ItJ^Artats,^ uJihJjoojxiHS >£§v«urACpi^»vTr6tf'/ui7W' aWJUJ^i^AetviM^Qav^ct/ (Pi{v-opCvAx7f$')pia' Niy.fi'pityoffcKiv(pHtnv cnm\imm%t(*i *Cl4tLq,favwf4fytf&lT#>M#.&$curiJloOOl>UfiLOV, Itwyv V7r$J&V vx$uuf>a.Mlw Si o 7l9«7w4'^^S>*^^^^i)^*«tetyy^«tci',ct/3r\et'rWtf' tic^cjcot/c7x*77»v »szte<*;* jjA*f 77iv cA' e^-T^* 7&u 7rt|iv*i/<i/,ar\oi/s Stw*.fx^ avya.fovaitvnta', 01A *tec TB6 srupfttov KifnbyfeL-^ctvmcf•Jb*.?fa?eu>>nci'<&J{jLofaeidLSy'nL'Tt fy* & tkC cfiip),»*{ yjTiv<&<£vmqvw\9v(Ai *7r$i T^fcU4«7nn'urt^<^VvAHtf',^'7f,^^w/«v tT3iA9ai*'rt$,ok)9at. £ 4*/fisi)i \.v.'zsAHfav],'nc4'fiicrjtf'. lo> irv&fifyetwaix^sivitif v/j-iv-a^m^rXayni yjrydp.Cpo'nf&v vjauv is$i> Ad* Hc^TTOVCr' CVTSv/gOAO^arff' TTBKJ'' van>^U.V»jt/.e*flJ,U» TltO cv^o/Jijdu^flt^^ i^iauv crK.o'^«^^a^xTf^c^7^l5^«y/xclcrt^^^^'3^^6<^^•,a,''^? ^)Jvoi/ 7>Hf'7TZ>ft (c» au>dK.yiGi UHf •$$ ^iKattiqudvwPiuv ouLf\$wcUvTig,*r,t-if-'-ua cj» quis ia ue.nenu affupfit.aut aiali uen?ofo iamorfus fuitfl( de regimieeoru in uniucr fali.iXprimo de modo^puocadi uomit»T5< reiri«diu3n:nu. .onGc-11/', auuinantux tr^i iicutfi V—Afimul *#■ CA~ Arnaldo de Villa Nova. De arte cognoscendi venena. Mantua, Johannes Vurster, 1473. Incipit of first edition. 7 m. ... it ...j-i-pij m»v, .... - ».H1»Mi—wap-Ts^a f^Aiflggv^ 'ggj?. Brunschwig, Hieronymus. Das Buch der Vergift der Pestilentz. [Strassburg] Hans Gruninger, 1500. First edition. Woodcut from leaf VI. One of the most sought-after Regimen pestilen- tiae was that of Johannes Jacobi's work (the prose version appeared frequently under the name of Canutus) which appeared in 23 editions on the con- tinent and in three editions in England in English. The Library has three editions of the work. It also owns a copy of Simon Pistoris' rare Declaratio defensiva cujusdam positionis de malo Franco (Leipzig, 1500) and a copy of the similarly rare work of Bartholomaeus Steber's A malafranczos morbo Callorum praeservatio ac cura (Vienna, 1497-8). The National Library of Medicine's copy of this lat- ter work would appear to be the only one in the United States. The many books and pamphlets describing, arguing about, and offering "sure" treatments for epidemic diseases were not com- pletely useless. These works helped initiate em- bargos during epidemics and called attention to hygiene. Medical practice in the 15th century was characterized by quackery and superstition, and a physician usually believed in astrology. One of the best sellers in this field was Marcus Manilius' Astronomica, first published in Nuremberg, in 1473-4. The Library has the 1498-1500 Venetian edition. During the second half of the fifteenth cen- tury, Marsilio Ficino was the favorite philosopher- astrologer of both Cosimo and Lorenzo Medici, and he is represented by several incunabula in the Library's collection. At the same time, much in- terest attended editions of the freedman of Augustus Caesar, C. Julius Hyginus. His Poetica astronomica printed in Venice in 1482 by the famous Erhard Ratdolt is present in the Library's in- cunabula collection. Johann Muller, known as Regiomontanus, is a familiar name to astrologers because of the system of "house division" to which he gave his name. In Nuremberg he published his trigonometrical tables and in Venice, his Calen- darium, helpful for astrologers and astronomers. The Library has a copy of the latter published in 1485. 8 K1'- I'kll! |)5l1ivlllli'll|!i- /fTVduOriJMKMIinilUTl ^MflOpii^D: i j uvIiciriTiiicho.ini.. /t"tp:iiiio Z\bo ?iU\ii-y $\\\hv~-- rwroiliicrndot* tiMtt>t'du.*in i ijir.m jVirimtYlv.uif inns ir« Oniini.iluitioc1t»imrhir:cvircno(lrc op.minuadimicnraclWemedianr^aniratc.n.op:' rari7c»fcTii3ri(prntttit7CTcrccre:pquamagn3h.->nop mlins hMbue addirp qua aaa-.7 tps i omnia medica rio^oifciplina^cditvnpliusanimc oparioca^i ffoj fitanailtadnorcendarxftuaautttfignandJcoTtopfa nitjrcp.'drjnB.i&CTifrsnuijtpfidcrsrioricsniuricnos lien volc'rcamo nccdigcnncfcruicrca facto sliquo i cue m vitcfprcieaiolcmue.9>cd oicctc.y.vita b:cueVz arte jplir J ad quicfecdoe latt»?ea vd fudo:ea vnliffimajfii' ctruan fanirarte arte" oiligcter digamustpiitee latccea 73inaritudinc.pnibilrcpuratC8ifcd future oulcedinia rrueTueompjclxdcrcocliderate8.£totgnequidefine5 pffidctc8iiicdiciniimcdidncoparione«:7faluato«:8 a miiltitudinepcr nos oco aurifiantefanafOE iuftc ap pdlamur.£rgo cu magna fclhnarione: 7 alacrirateaio fitariaitancpfiadcpnacaufamaliquamedianeappjc Lrnftoncm: 7 ooctrina fcftincmua^fn vrilitae fcftinan niimo'reafincarrise^animueaudientiu erefeit bene. rSrnoanilifarcarna^poncteB-.fufnpiairiuecifccnriu animo83dtpro8- ruram ipfiu8Cognofcere:q:omni8re8queconfrat:p?o Mr?ttt fi boc ipfu^ qd oiatur aliquid eft.£t aqua quis inefcoar: .ppnctatcipfiue nature fcireoetetejd fif.flmatcs i$u mr medicina 7 ocfiderantea cam cognofecrcpjoptcrca multafcfh'n3tionc70cfidcriu babcntca-.arca ipftuerei cocmtrioncoigniidrpjiuainquirere quefita'us nam/ ,'r.v^../.;. raifcdiftamnuIluBpotcltnobwoftcdcrcnififoIatMfR/ nitio.v £ft.n.oininitiofermo adunatua oiuj reru off attain"' cerncs natura.finesaut td0ifhnoionestacripiumr ntrionc flt>iihe qui in agriamowtur.0icut #0 fincaliquo vteV tC6tfuMacreJ89femaipfi8DifccTnur.ficcriapl3yoiln' nirionecomunia fcccmcteetrcm qua w'lfiniunt ad fincj ,.r.... jpp.nutnoHcut.JnfincautouoqucdafunrlBiaccnriaT .1 .w f pcrfcaicv-ffracctiadtinquaomncaquivoluntancmfu "»-M a am crcrcrel3bo?ant: perfeaio aut qn perfkituropua: |J Vtn3uticaar8:ft>i3ecnababctligna:acut09^icc57ftup pain 7 bis fimilia 7 area 15 latcwat 7 opcrani r perfecrio neiniqnpcrnViturnauisivtcpvnaouitaspluflbabitacJ aliiocfcratindigcntefcdiftaaraopincaclti'^ftedi' inus 3nt 7 logicaartem quebabct fbiaccnria 7pcrfccrio ncnugramatica nacpars fljisccnria.ilxictt.nii, partes ourionia.f.nomcn .pnomewbum aducrbul partia'piu ?\\ma\o pxtDntio:infcncaio:pfccti'o)pfiu8rt bene ct flpteloquiinltru3t.lr\ctl?o:ica are fbiaccnria batctdui lea ■i,pp:u8C3iifje^crfcaioncvtaddiicatiuilicc 7 iudi cct ad qriipfc qui adduo't volucrif. t '0imili modo a pbylofopbya que eft mater oium arriii fubiacenriam babct no rnaquaqj materii f5 mult ae:7 n ficut vnaqnc q; are fed omnia que funtadunata babct. i< perfeen'o ipfiua eft vt affnnilcrur oco fin pfftbiliratc bumana.vg* quia oftendimua cca 3rtce batcrcfubiacentia 7 pfcerio nenr.7 oiffinitioncsearumeeclTccft vtct vn3 b3p acci/ piatur materia aut cr vtracjyvt fi oiffinirc voluena gra' maricam er fiibiaccnria folu oicaa liccbit.firsnuticacft oaopartCBOjanoniaipumeTiaerpcrfccnbneam'siq oftendit bene 7 aptc loqu i.£r item rctbo:ica er fubuce riaDiffinir:rcrlx):icaarBequcartaauJc8 7jpnaa eau fas arfatunerperfecn'oncrtadducat iudicc57 iudtca fldqo*ipferoIuerit.S>cd7pbyaoua8batctcHffinino/ — nes:qjoicuiirpbyacftcocjaiiriooinmit3ti8^;v^cire *fc^te»- pBsoium natural* gcncralitcr lubiacctcs: 7no partial Urim.3lIud.n.ineompxbiribileefret.C^Erperftctione ButwffmtmnpbfaeftfimJcefrcwo.Scdqjndpoflu bde eft aninu in co:poxl>abit3ntecr came fragdi idu tarn 7 inter botes puerfantc otno oeum imirari: aeon' inotfnnuionenn bumanipjffibilitatcj. if r dlud eft vt viuat lx»mo caftue pudicua-.7 in rpe vir fo:tia:7 Ik ofte^ die fe ipfuni in vita fua fimilceffcoeo fua voliitate.H£t go quia oftendimua ot'ffiniticca artunn fubftftcreer tub ucenria 7perfccnccqueramu8quid fubiaceac medicine 7quidbabc3tpfecnoni8.©igitifkan,.n.mcdiana5et ruispart^uaquerco^pl5yae(t7inl$g[onatiir.7p»>/ ~ — ptereapKciofilTimababetu^btaccnria.f;bum3iiaco7pj9: ■**■• ^«yi/^ q:inifh'8Ub?2at7Jjpriaopaarioncmi^iaoftciidintv fecrioncb3becnfaniatepcrficiar.7iftamoftcdunu8p fecrionein babere ab aliis arnbu8:q: alie artcs operant' arcafubiaccntiafuamdrn^ptcripfamfubiacennifjvt oliquid aliuderipfiafaaarvtputa carpcnt3ria opera' tur Iigna:fab:ili8.n j?pcr3tur area b'gnamd iptcrligna: fed vtfaaataiprtafendb-aautbofhuaut aliquid alitf. Similiter 7 naurica ara.flftcdiana vero que area bu - manaxrrfarurco^K»:a:pplx)cfepui8inadercmcdua turmcdicuBinojpterauudjfedvtcrlxxfaastfanitare. £rgo oirnniaida (ft incdiona ex fubiaccn ru-.oiccdo q: mcdicinacftar8a'rcabuman3co:pcravcrfane.£rp fcm'oncvtfanitateperficiatiTficoiffiinimua medicina Pmfubtacentia7pcrfecrioneA' iSedqjinulti odudut plx»s antiquoe:oicedo cp ncc ara eft medicina: nec^ ali ud aliquid videamuageneraleoiura artiu oitfinitione; 7 vertamus ad media'naivtoftcndamua q: veraritcr I flr8.fifciier3li8otumartiiioiffiiiwiocftcoUccnbctcom pxlxnfi8pincditat3adquadi vrilitatc vitcaptifltma. 4 £*ollccno3utcftconsrcg3tio7conairfiocc cdpX' fxnfio pmed itata:7 paracula tim cr multia in vnu reda na4 £tc3ufacrcinplifl)onaturita:finrerunt quida, iiijaiiocolJopcratcadfcKBwquaoolari porta ligno Ji t*s Galen. Opera. Venice, Philippus Pincius, 1490. First edition. First page after Tabula. 9 « Sccundua CA1I PUNILSECVNDI.NATVRALIS HISTORIAE LIBER SECVNDVS, {[An Finitus Sit Munduf »Et An Vnus* Capa. VNDVM ET HOC Q^VOD NOMINE ALIO CAELVM appellari libuittcuius circuflexu tegutur cunfta nume ee:credi p t£ft;eternum:immefum*neqj genitummeqj iteritup: uncjf Huius ex Hjjjtcra idagatc:necitereft:hominii:neccapit huana? coiechira metis BSfeacereft:actemui:imefu5:rotus i toro:imo uero ipe:totii hnirts& infinito fimilis omniu tep certus:& fimilis incerto.Extra intra cu fta coplexus in feridemqj rerum naturae opus:& rerc ipa natm a.fu tor eft mefura eius animo quofda agitalTe«atfefto:furor:egredi ex eo:& tanc] interna eius ciicTa plane iam fint nota:ita fcrutari extera:quafi uero mefura ullius rei poffitagef qui fui ncftiat (f DeMotuEius* Cap.iii: V Anc ergo forma eius:acterno & irrequieto ambiru ienarrabiliJceleritate«xxiiii.horarum fpa f ~t» b tio circumagi folis exortus & occafus haud dubiu reliquef:an fit immefus.& ideo fen Aim / ^ tpauriu facile excedens.Tatxmolis rotate uertigineaffidua fomtus no equidem facile dixe rimmonhercle magis q circiiaftorum fimul tinnitus ft/derjufuofcp uoluentiii orbes.An dulci qnide &incredibili fuauitate cocentus nobis qui intus agimus iuxta diebus noclibufoj tacitus labitur mii/ dus:eueinnumeras ei effigies aialium rerumcjcundapiimpreflas^Necutiuolucrum notamusouis lxuitatecontiuualubricum corpus:quod clariffimi auctores dixere tenerum. argumentis indicatur quonia inde deciduis rerum omnium feminibus innumerae i mari pra>cipue:ac pleriiqj confufis mo ftrifice digenerantur effigies.praeterea uifus .pbatione alibi plauftri:ahbi urfi-.tatiri alibi .alibi littcrae figujracandioremediofuperuerticemcirculo. tj Curfu Mundus Dicatur* Cap.iili* /^^^~ Quidem & confenfu gentium moueor.Nam quern cofmon graeci nomine orname a ^ * "J ti appellauerut:eum & nos a perfecta abfolutaqj elcgatia mundum4 Caelum qnidenv baud ^-*-^. dubie caelati argumeto diximius:utiterpretatur«M»Varro«Adiuiiat rerum ordo defciipto circulo quifigniferuocaturi»xii:animaliumeffigies:&perillasfoliscurfu cogruenstot faeculisro. *"Sf {] De Qyattuor Elementis. Cap«y< r^Ec de elemetis uideo dubitari quattuor ea efie.igniu fummo:inde tot ftellarum collticeiv Utium illos oculos«proximu fpiritus:quem graeci noftricg eodem uocabuloaere appellant > C^ ' Vitale huiic:&p cunfta rerum meabilem: toto$ cofertum.Cuius ui fufpenfam cu quarto aquarum eleniento libtari medio fpatii tellure.ita mutuo complexu diuerfitatis effici nexum:& knia j punderibus inhiberi:quo minus euolenuContracj grauia ne ruant fufpendi Jeuibus in fublimc ten ' dentibus Sic pari in diucrfa nifu ui fua queqj cofiftere irrequieto munaiipfius coftiidta ciiaiitiuquo femper in fe currente ima atcg media in toto terram eademqj uniuerfo cardine ftare pendente libra temp quependeat ita folam immobile circa earn uolubili uniuerfitate:eandemcp ex omnibus ne-* fti:eidemc5 omnia inmtu | De Septem planetis* cap.yi. ' > ifrter hanccelumcjeodem fpiritu pendetcertisdifcretafpatiis.yii:fydera queab lcclfu no camus errantia:cuerrent nulla minus illis*Quorum medius folferturdphffinia mngniru > • dineacpoteftate:nec temporum modo terrarumc^:fed A/dcrum ctiam ipforum celiq; ic^ ftonHucmundi efletotiuseQ nguic.'Remcdwq j euifdem connnene.copiUruG a venerabili nro "S^ag u ftro jjofcpb firunpecfc ot Burckbaafenfupcarmina qocda Sebafrum "Bunt vmuJbj wna p:oMToa« GrUnspeck, Joseph. De pestilentiali scorra. Cologne, Cornelis de Zieriksee, ca. 1500. Fifth edition. Title page. Numerous almanacs were printed, usually on one sheet, helping both physician and members of private households to plan the year in advance: to know what to do, and what to fear, in certain months of the year. The almanacs usually includ- ed short medical instructions, depending on the months of the year and the standing of the con- stellations. One of the early printed almanacs in the Library's possession was published in Nuremberg in Latin in 1487 and is the only copy in the United States. Another almanac of which there is only one copy in the country is in German published by Jakob Honiger in around 1493. At the end of the century more and more "specialized" works appeared, discussing one or two parts and functions of the human body. These included Gilles de Corbeil's De urinis (Padua, 1483), De pulsibus (Padua, 1484) and De urinis et de pulsibus (Venice, 1494-5) all present in the Library's incunabula collection. Benevenutus Grassus' De oculis (Ferrara, 1474), Matteolo de Perugia's De memoria (Rome, about 1474, Milan 1475, Rome about 1490) are also present in the Library's collection. Michele Savonarola's De febribus was published once in Bologna (1487) and twice in Venice (1496, 1498). The Library has the latter two editions. The most important author on surgery was Guy de Chauliac. His Chirurgia appeared in several French, Italian, Spanish, and Latin editions. The Library owns the Venetian 1480, 1493, 1498 and 1499 editions of the work. Another author of surgery, Guglielmo da Saliceto, is represented in the collection by the French edition of his La cyrurgie (1492) and the Italian edition of the same work entitled La ciroxia vulgarmente fata (1486). The works specializing in surgery were adequate for the average surgeon of the time. The "general practicioner's" instructional works were the Prac- tica and in old German the Versehung. A represen- tative work in this field is Valasco da Tarenta's Prac- tica (the Library has the 1490 and the 1500 Lyons editions) which discusses the symptoms of sickness followed by the description of the suggested cure. The anonymous Versehung von Leib, Seele, Ehre und Gut tries to be more comprehensive. The Library has all three known editions of the work. We may classify as "practica" Johannes de Ketham's Fasciculus medicinae even if it does not follow the usual pattern of the practica. It was very popular because of its folio-sized anatomical illu- strations which are clear and instructive for the period. The incunabula years witnessed four Latin, one Italian and three Spanish editions. The Library has the 1495 and 1500 Venetian editions in Latin. ^^-^——^^t, Fafrieulus medicine £pr< M« »» km. |)| ■oM.tv.aXWiiini. Ketham, Johannes de.Fasciculus medicinae. Venice, Joannes and Cregorius de Cregoriis, 1495. Uroscopy chart. * & t>nrct) 2>ve tiutytttitigtmtio 3fntnbait fbli* cpspttcfe vtu ffonoen wtvo* „ iSo ip oie net tbuevmclttn^tift gemep aBffDicnarf)no! genoen Sracksnomaynunggejent snore gr&itmitftrnetJiKntjaiitoea das DAtmi jiomrfftigift. C2am ceffenanff Die »erp 9«og oee leybs inkmckfyoyt naefy oem tint ioen kradteit fid) in faner kvcmdfyayt felte j»nerjel)en vnnitSglidb. &ovatd) ergntet »t rfel>iwg gar notnrflhg vuo von oec verfc * Versehung von Leib, Seele, Ehre und Gut. Nuremberg [Peter Wagner, 14J89. First edition. Verso of title oase ind leaf 1. 5 12 Some of the most sought after and enjoyed readings of the 16th century were encyclopedias, chronicles, and histories. Rhazes (Muhammad ibn Zakanya, Abu Bakr, al-RazT) was the author of one of the great medical encyclopedias of the Arab- speaking world. The Library has a good copy of this incunabulum, the only edition printed in the 15th century, entitled Liber Elhavi id est Continens artem medicinae (Brescia, 1486). This work is larger than the popular Canon of Avicenna. The most impor- tant scientific incunabulum in Hebrew was the Canon medicinae by Avicenna (Ibn Sfna), publish- ed in 1491, in Naples. A leading historical work on the "best seller list" is Pliny the Elder's famous Historia naturalis published in 18 incunabula edi- tions. This work was one of the main sources of scientific knowledge until the end of the sixteenth century. The Library has 4 Latin and 2 Italian edi- tions of the work. A very popular work with visitors to the Library is Hartmann Schedel's Liber Chronicarum, published in Nuremberg by Anton Koberger in 1493. It contains several hundred il- lustrations depicting Medieval cities, popes, philosophers, and the most famous medical doc- tors from the beginning of Western civilization until 1480. The publication of important collected works of scientific and medical authors began slowly. Not only was there little demand for them, but also the costs of producing the opera of voluminous authors were great. For example, Galen's Opera omnia (in Latin) was published late (in Venice in 1490) and M id Synonyma Simorus Gcnuenfis. Cognita n»n plenemcdicie noiareru Prdere ,ppolui:quo luuet arnsop?. Si qtii uolui tide non polTe negaui: Adutrua fans eft hoc uoluuTe faas. Omino fuo preapuo dno Magiftro campanoddini pape capellano canonico ___-.jsf «f ~3| parifienfi Simon ifimus fubdiacon? fe rpfii.Ex debito opufcu lum la dudii auobis poftulatu quad aliquid utile cdtinens cu quata potui diligenaqualitercunqjadhnem ufq; pductum ingcio ufo dinjerecenlui ludicidum et fi fupplici rogatui det audacia etii corngedum:dumodo tm pbilofopbie culme adbuiufmodi ui- lia non dedignet'defcedtre.nec certe mibi deeft ab impio uro prefumptio nam uos ipfi hoc ipfii mibi luffiftis: magna enf f eoptem ufam fentio ut fi calumniabileqmcq conrinet :non mfus uobis qmibi babetisignofcere cognofcebans na'qj rui fpaftis.porro fi aliqd utile cdtinet:uobis afcnbedii eft:po(TelTioenf nfa eopus et auctor. Subfcripta prefatio no uobis ut uo- bis dingttunfed ut ea cetcns ft libel et ut libet in publicum dirigans. ^V "Ycnerabili uiro magiftro fimdi ■ 1 geuenfi drii pape fubdiacono et ^^_yXapella"o canonico rotbomagen ft amico fuo canlTimo taq frarn Ca panus ciufdemdni pape capellanus cancic? panfiifis falute:et quicqd e optabtlefane menn.Gridedonu nup acaritate ura rcrcpi p reltgiofu uiru pi lore dc paucr.io quod fl.it a me cii tanta tuctlditate receptum :cii quanto deftderio fuerat diutius cxpedtatii: Mififtis cm mibi daue fanitatis :sfe qua no uiget apud latinos ars de fge mo fanitatis egoenifie urm librii in ntulaui.Clauis fanatidis elaborata p magiftru limor.em genuenfem ddim papefubdiaconuetcapellanii medicii quddifelicisrecordatdis driiNuolai pape quarti q fuit prfus papa de or die mioiji.Quippe queadmcdu p cla ue e fgreiTus i domu ita p hbru ufm eft lgreflus i cogninde cui ay cgntu dinu :na p ipfii inueiutur res ufibus buanis ad bac cura neceftarie ficut i domo p daueapta inuciiitur res u(i bus biianis accorr.ode.Sed in in -ra admirations mibi ucit prri. n li.-ri c dmoiquocdtinefreydco'^' ..j -..r urilisualdedifliclic ttdidtcitii.■.•"■•■! rabilis certirudoer quis apud .:•- lib.-oymultitudoco-io!a(ingu]j,t u men donii det repuro q, ^ t.v iVSi cv Tiavnu- oya'i mri33 TV"' "'aia nrnpn npi^n nr ron ■ nmpra in« pa1! njren rani •D,Vt3n3rl;3ijnnpilmnpo,3'npno,j83 nmpro i-n' 'a dtw omvo rimpn pHnrr roasi tju'ij ru'Joi ■ mn v'la jnoi • mn rmp • n-w pai • P"DT pai p'^'H |,tbi • pjcu 'pSj ppaT jriai • rposa \nai • invtw crT^a pVs jmi r joai • Piou njaai ■ p-onpa ttw npstna ci jrp \rai nan pai renpa n»Di • Pipinrn pVj?3 p33-to jnai puicfl jnai • tidoi pm p^a )"OK -'imp1! •1P1J.-23 3c crp in Tpvn cavn "impn piirvrp1- crsurv ja pin -ipv pin^n w't'si' D-nSm tronn d's>ct on D'tum rwiiTri \rvm riyin tfo itc iSm • omn ' frnrrv pnnn Pimp1! onpipa 3J 0^3^ trann hifir iroyi^i' nflTi-m ciflyn Hx j-nap in.vi pvai' 1 pir.^n or.z nrt" x.v D-fiurt dtpun 11S31 ppia p rmp DP3 VnP'u no rsa nn a.nn Viwsi icsvni dpin inxi • nrrS rmp ks pryr tpm onnn dtki p' Dja« i\m 'PinLpn3TmpmDinnDri3iiPc,o • nLnpn3 O'J'jyn 3V\3 lsisyn Pimp arh rrpi cyim w cnpri ot'3'ni irnTrri anpn trsurn rrarra'vx pimpn p o\3t:o© •nrnpnmny^ \ D3 ory pimp1! C w ^ c-Snn "iwsS t"1© iaa 1 njm' m'^, r^^rn ^vn movn' rt'Ty ninrnsm lyi njiy '£3 n"uifl vrr ■0310*^0 crpyn l^x vn> mita ' r,L3rn iy i rrSnrnro im noscm - ruiyi y prnpna ViH"f ri;3' ^ ^rr,,^, ^ ra rv -v -n r^rp-im ■ rscra ""SOir pa1! nS« nryy tL,v rv u3 "wa ry^33n pn^pa ly^uponrtp pjra »conl?ie,r!l",33Dri isiVp^'m ■ SwanmjnrvSptp rcHl-na o'lyp crayi1) v -l^n "133 p.vyaj nWpm P'i cTrn reya ppvpVi • pipcm rrssm Kpu~va yrc>-v-ir-3 njrr'iays1!pVion3p'inpnjw 3crt> r'n^.\;i"C3crm W3 tin in py pnnn pimpna ryifipi psDippN-m rAym'pmnrfmraab -1 ryijp -v-"n ■"» erp'-yaBninnniapywe ^irrp 1—'»"p nr\v\, .ytii rn(;a no1: ,vn d'-p m-S irvn cpax riyi • ,y,3i"»D3 my3 'uyi TnpapinS nro.'a kr.\i 'nn twwi cnajca py3i.v ctpi pimpj xn jsixn mmp3 cvrmpa arp'ipo ' -nsicWNVirmpn ) cri"ic3 "iw« o-ini m-ip piyjato u.aa nan jha niSiyaa pna nyan la Tyai «)un ^32 o-fniy m wiruauwny SsSayri cyan omas.'ipvyaL-n lpW o'WN c'1 'Pi^yiap'i't ny p.-^-j rmp1?! iVinpmpS cjiwx-io-p^n-r.Trn-v.;! pjyi • rrpan pmp paa pieman pimp icvi .-\ a naon \'3i rwa pxi- n- .vn "Sn;n mr-rri' nicn-.-.a npao «n»ynw cisyn pmpa -yyac ,lnn njj-x -.« nmp djom '*!in layya t ii.yp j\\i 'yi -^'" a onpnpppDy nirpa «c-nsSrqpoii''nruiw-nan layy 'K3 'Sn t tiiani n^nx picaj xo-,i.,:n inxitaPiioii-npmpnTipox-c Taivt- p"»ri D rmp.Tnpc nanKnnjn naxaaa-nrn.^-T rnpa pvarn pimpna naTn-^ipc'iK-iixn-fa pj.t KOTiaa tck uisyn n.ix pacaa ,v,i cm (t XD11B N'PC 1V3 P'JlltXT n,l:s P3D PJj'x XOIID.T Cl'yaK'ntcn praonmpaicxt'isynin'ax rrpaa nln rr'rx pao njrs xoiiam cisyn Kin ■prripan rn-pa -ci'i-nxScx'.fppy-iaxji B3 nriN'jra'i ^D■I1^H riBCjfcwci'ira-i'aii • piineyn Pimp3 pjyn (a noiianpix'yaa trm3iniS«ia33 ripoyrreiTx ciaynSxtpna flinn avn naito nxisnn raaru pac xSr naa Kin waN^aa rniTnu' 'SiKriT|-.rl-KiP3.\Kaa.v'una ■nsya 3N XiNj ma Sj-riPf na -sa i^j una: 1 ■wn ,-rpa-i Pimp p rcrcm r-.nan p-mpc n» «|«3i' pd ^a pvna '3 ^a^ ji '*nn ;n rimpn DnacrnoS o,fl,paDTi3.,< cri'amD'wfij.vi ptpVi pman ■''ips rpn b: pm pir.m ri'inSa Vji'n pi'cflj pimm prnon "a-a vpn oc pm cspia 31 prnan tin irpn ocpni D-yl3J otki Pn'aiii 3iaT i^irr th pnncn -nxS pc kipv pb yr\. 31 1PJ13W3 Nirw naoarri 3ici iKtrnc tcsk HaN • tna pamx3 wb' nH t»x cjib Jn J'sa ntv\3 piyn ;a nori3xapmppTarorc3',3 Boxn,T,D5i Seas psTcn Tprort-133 pcNi nisaron "t"«n in pop n9iia pmpa in n-un inj3 in pman 'iraa rmpn y>iw cm Pjnpmp.s-pJ'1'"^''10^ Simon of Genoa. Synonyma medicinae, sive Clavis sanationis. Milan, Antonius Zarotus, 1473. Large initial "D" in gold, red and blue and coat of arms of owner. Avicenna. Canon medicinae. Naples, Azriel ben Joseph de Gunzenhausen, 1491. First page of Hebrew text in vol. III. 13 jmatitagma Eapttulum 2ln6raU ~inbi$n<$3cnant Kit vnfl^tc mtvftct bragom fy faCc rii ten grate-"tfn&oiJJ qtbtfimctfhcfUm feait fpttjer Wetter ftc§ mciffer fprccflc rowjcc wcrbc tit "tier intnuc§«6crtrtc6c i>ic allc Rte vn pas met- ^ "^ti'iic met a«o?m6e P»ct?cir <$cn $<*$ ^i|i wtu< fcmvfi