THE NEW-ENGLAND F/ftetXlE R. OR, A COMPENDIUM OF FARRIERY, IN FOUR PARTS : Wherein mojl of the Difeafcs to which Horfes, Neat Cattle, Sheep and Swke an incidtr.t, . are treated of ; with Medical and Sur* ;at Mfervatioiis thereon. The Rentes-in xc::°ra!, jrg fah ■'. '•- ' eaftty procured, C:fe!y a;-^^ an I h-.^-\ : fuccefsful; ttiry^e . V/ .-.,' .uu:r; ,.*&■; experience—andj^^prvc-u^noj /,/;." J ■*; in New-England. INTENDED FOR"THE I,"** o* Private- Gentlemen .■-$£ Farmers* BY PAUL JEWETT, of Rotrur. HUDSON: PRINTED BY A. STODDARD, r i * ^■^ ^ - -------------mm i i , ——e INTRODUCTION. * THE fubfequent treatife owes its prin- cipal caufes. r I. The great onf ortunity I had, whilft young, of reading authors on Farriery, and thereby gained an extenllve theory. II. The extenflve practice I have had in this kind of bufinefs iince, and the reafcns experience hath given me, to differ from mod of the European theories, and confine my practice to observation only. II I. The folicitations of my acquaintance. In a work of this kind, I car.nr.be fo particular in my prefcriptions for curts as I am in my daily practice : 1 he constitu- tions of beafts being different, will require fome difference in the treatment, which mufl be directed by thefe who are jprefeot. 6 INTR0DUCT1 I SHALL, irf the firft place, make fome remarks on the choice of feed horfes, and treatment of horfes in general. On the management of colts till three years old, and at firfi riding them. Directions For docking, nicking, &c.—Likewife, of the various mal- adies with which they are affected. Secondly, I Shall treat of the various dif- eafes affecting Neat Cattle. Sheep and Swine, in the next place will claim our at-. jention. PART I. Of Seed Horfes and the management or'Colts. SUCH feed horfes mould be chofen as are large and well proportioned, firait limbed, moving in a right line, heedlefs of >?»ery thwarting object, of an even preftvc- *ng temper, with fhort fine hair and lively Countenance. u Colts when they are foaled, Teercre rut ittle attention the firft three or four moaJiS. VVhen they are weaned (if by grals); thty Ihould be kept in a f.nall enclosure, with a tonftant fupply of water, and tender i r;-b- age : If they are weaned by hay, provi k yourfei/ with a quantity of rowin or lecond ^ crop hay ; which is a grateful fodder for then tender years, and eafily mafticsted ; while coarie hay would be neJefUa &:.d J' i.r colt flarved. •„- Co: s of the firft and fecond year, ?.re frequently troub'ed with t!:e h;.>ptvs, being a fleJiy exciefence, ot Q>or:gy lubfUncw.- % growing m the roof of the mouth, and hin- dering the colt from chewing. The belt. method of curing this inconvenience is by applying a hot iron with a round head till it 13 burnt fo as to floagh »fTj and in a few days it is well. Give yonr colt a good paflure til! he is three or four years old, then you mufr apply jour rules of instruction to form the horfe's manners; for (as the wife man fays, in another cafe) train him up in, the way he fhould go, and he will not forget it all hij Jays. A horfe is a tractable animal, and is fub jected to many fervile employments, when ufed with gentlenefs and good humor; yet they remember injuries, and have recollec-: tion to avoid appearances which once gave them pain. A'hoife that ftumbles (and 'tis a good one that never ftumbles) if he n fre- quently chaftifed for it, will at the lead mif. % ftep, exert himfelf to an uncommon degree, fearing the lafh, and often plunges himfelf. and liderto the earth. This conduct mud a.rife from the remembrance of his ftnpes> , on fimilar occafions. 9 If your none eipies an object of fear in his way, heighten not the fenfation with a whip or harm, words ; for he will prelently imagine them all connected, and double his flight. Gentlemen who intend a horfe for the carriage, mould familiarife him to the harnefs in fome coach or waggon, where he cannot get away, till he fubraits himfelf tamely to be checked and forwarded at plea- fure. , I now think it proper to give, a few di- * regions relative to docking, nicking, &c. The curtailing of horfes is both ornament- al and ufeful j a long ta.il, it the roads are muddy, gathers much dirt, and impedes the horfe's travelfing. Many horfes of worth make but little appearance on account of their ' low carriage ; the elevation of the tail there- fore, is the object of inquiry. For this purpofe the horfe fliould be caft oa fome ea- fy lpot, that you may act with caution, thea place a block under the tail, and hold your dividing inftrument obliquely, fo as to cut the under finews the fhorteft ; then their •antagonifls acting with fuperior force, will eltvate the tail. Should the arteries bleed profuftly, fear them with a hot iron, and to *nol;-;t the fore every day with force efflo- lient ointment, till it is well. If nicking is thought necefTary, the horfe muft be caft as for docking : the apparatus being ready, which mould be a phlegm knife, a fmall pair of pincers, an iron fpatula, and, a cup of warm fpirits : therewith your knife, make an incifion upon the cord of the tail which lies on each fide of the bone, one inch and half long, four inches from the body; the cord appearing take hold of it with your pincers, and run the fpatula under it, trun cut the cord at the upper part of the incifion, next Uj&body, and do the fame by the other cord. Tfben at two inches from the former i.,c:fion, towarc* ;b» md -of the tali, CUt*; down upon tfce»£ords as before, and take \ away four inches of each cord, or if it is^ thought neceffary, the whole t)f the cord may be taken away in the fame manner. Now apply your fpirit, and bind up your fore with: a linen bandage ; Unbind the horfe and put him into a very narrow ftable, fix a pully over his back, pu' a line through and tie one end to the hcik's tail, with a fufiicient weight on the other end, to ki:p the tail upright; wet it'daily with fpirit, ar.d a; ;■'] fome digefiive, fuch as bafilicon zud in t?H or fifteen days, you may expect a cure. II Observations on piefer- ving Health* HEALTH, is thatftate of an anima! " body, in which all the functions relative thereto, are performed with eafe and agility ; the food received, is duly aflimulated to the Inouriuhment of the body, the fluids have a free, and equable round of circulation, and |the fibres or nervous fyltem, which is ac- counted the fpring of fenfation and motion, are not become rigid and inelaftic ; which Would give rife to every fpecies of inflam?.- tory affection $ neithci fjaxed, iax or rveak, which would indulge a decline, and foon 'put a period to his exiftence, .In order therefore to fecure a horfe jn *, fbne of health, and prevent a train of ills,, we muft have fpecial regard to him, with •refpecl to food, exercife and, ftabling. The intent of this tieatife is, act tolofe fight of the main object, while we are bnfy With unflfceeflary details—-tfcxfe who are fond of prolixity, may cocfult Clark's JFtr. »ery oo the fubj«&. 11 I ffoH now lay before my readers, the fevaral forts of fodder and grain, ufed for horfes, with the choice of each. The principal hay for horfes. *s herd- grafs and clover; the gram, oats, rye, bar- ley, corn, bran, potatoes, &c. Some far- meis, indeed, can fupport their horfes on meadow or fait hay ; but I prefume, unlefs grain is fu&ftituted'for better fodder, fuch ' horfes are unfit for daily and laborious exert cife; and if required, ten to one, he quits the fervile fcene, and leaves May's verdantJ bill for happier brutes. Herd-grafs it well nade, is the heft fod- - der; it is more Ijutritious according to its/ weight than clover, and it keeps the bowels loofe, but if indulged their fill, and imme- diately pat to exercife, it may be of bad confequence, and often bring on what is called the phthific. Farmers frequently' feed their horfes, through the winter pn corn fodde r ; it is very good if rightly managed. A horfe is an animal of a hot conftitution and efpecially when fed on dry \ meat, is fubject to coftivenefs—this ihould be guard- ed againft by gentle laxatives. A rsrtfs of potatcte every day, or a mafh of bran, or 1$ boiled rye, wit! generally keep the bowels loofe, and fecure your horfe from thofe com- plaints, which counterfeit the bots, or ano- ther difbrder which is called the dry belly- ache. Oats the common provender for hor- fes in our country, contain a latent fpirit Which fupports the/ Sunder great fatigue, and encourafc^tnem to the moft fervile em- ployment with thegreateft freedom ; yet if a jfniall portion of corn mould be added to every feed of oats, they would probably be 'broken much finer, & consequently be more nutritious. Barley is alfo very grateful to horfes, but much the belt ground. In feed- ing your horfes, whether you Tervc up the hay in a manger or rack, be careful to giye no more than your horfe will eat with a good appetite ; left fuffering to breath upon, and Ifpoil the fweetnefs of his hay, you imagine htm fick, and either fend him to the Far* rier or take fome method with him that will make him truly fick. Give your horfe there- fore often, and but little at a time ; let his water alfo be given him when he ^ raves ; fome horfes are more thirfty than ethers and anlefs indulged with water, will refute the choiceft hay. There is likewife a great choice in water. Thofe waters that readi- ly mix with alkaline fubftances and common «4 •foap, are belt fuited to dilute the food, and promote the fecretions of an animal body. Or» *. f*tcife. A HORSE that hath d^.. *fed tola- hour, or fuffered tc roam abroad, is an un- fuitable fubject for confinement, fcfpecially ir ' his manner of living becomes more luxurious^ Idlenefs brings on a redundency of the fluids/* and a congeition of that perfpirable matter, thrown off by exercife. When this therefore is detained in the body, it wi!l*prove a ftimilus to many gene* ral and local difeafes. I have feen it veri- fied in many inlknces of gentlemen's hoifes,|. who afford them leifure, and are not care* ful to apply that excellent fubflitute friction^ or curry in*. I no* find a neceffity of changing my ad- vice, and advocating the wretchednefs of thofe animals, whofe filent groans demand our commileration. Horfes cannot travel through heat and rain, over the fandy heath or rocky moan* ** tain, iafenfible as the chariot to which he is harneffed. The rider mould make his fta- f es, as the difficulty of the way and the fteength of the animal indicates. His limbs Ihould be rubbed with a brufti or woolen cloth, to prevent their growing ftiff and fwelling he fhould net be permitted to drink till cool and in dully weather his hay mould be fprinkled with water, and his grain foak- ed at all feafons of the year. But thefe re- marks will more properly occur, when I feail give directions for travelling horfes. AH I need fay further in this place is, : rofi'lder what yoBr beaft is capable cf f*r- form -.g, and the keeping you beflowonh'r,;; tiisn :equire no more than reafon exafb, and you may expert a long and faithful fer- f vaot. A Remark or two on Stables. THE ftabling of horfes in the country, requires but few directions, their (tables in general being capacious enough for a free i6 circulation of air, which is as necelTary for a horfe, as for the human fpecies. But where thirty or forty are kept together in a clofe ftable, where the air has no accefs but by the door, together with the (harp exhala- tions from the urine, perfpiration of their bodies, Sec. it renders the fituation difagree- able, and alraoft intolerable. A horfe in health, to remain Jong in fuch a place, would fdon be enervated and unfit for bufi- nefs. Stables mould be fituated where the air may have a draught through them ; and in every horfe's apartment a fmall window fhould be placed, and left open through , the night, and not fhut up to fuffocate its inhabitants, as too frequently is the cafe in lea-port towns. I fhall now difcourfe upon the principal general dtforders, to which horfes are inci- dent ; next of local difeafes, which will be connected with thofe of furgery. '7 Glanders or Horfe Ail. THIS dTeale is juflly called t!;egland- ers being principally an affection of the glands of the head ; but from its frequent appear ance, it is vulgarly c iled the hotfs ail- You will perceive this difeafe by the fjci- ncfs of the horfe's countenance, lofs of -i-- petite, difficulty in drinking, and liuK'.a debility of ftrength. Frequently the glar.dw under thejawsare fwelled, and in an advanced ftage of the difeafe, there will be a contin- ual difcharge of thin ichorous matter fro.-y the nofe, The remedies are thefe. Let blood freely in the mouth, or by perforating the nofe with a fharp aw! ; put him under a courfe of phyfic, by giving him brimftone, antimony ani turnierick in fucceflron for two weeks. Let a dofe be given him ev?ry day in a mefs of bran. The defe of brim- ftone and turmerick, half £.n ounce each ; that of antimony, one fourth of an ouncr. Put a rowel in his bread, and then flrive to bring the fwelling under his throat, to a fup- puration, by applying emoSieat poultices and • 8 fomenting baths. When the fwelling be. comes fofr, and the matter fluctuating, place a ceton in the moft, depending part, to dif. charge the humour. Fumigate his head twice a day, with fulphur and camphire mix- ed with rye pafle, dried, and burnt under his nofe ; likewife fcraps of old leather— and occafionally blow fnuffup his nofe. If the difcharge of matter becomes thick, white itfid miJd, you may foon expect a cure. Frenzy or Staggers, This difeafe is known by a hanging down of the hesd, watry eyes, and reclining of the body. From the general caufeof this difeafe, wr infer the method of cure. Theexertions are diir.ir,ifhed, confequently a coftivenels ar.d induration of the contents of the inttf- tiner, feems ths caufe. The horfe mud be bJed the firft ujy, in the neck, the third day in the mouth ; give him the firft day, feur quarts of herb drink, made of mallows and flax feed, to lubricate his bowels, and prepare for a dofe of aioes j one ounce and a ha?f of which is to be given him the feconi day to purge him. The third day bleed in *9 the mouth as before ; the fourth, give him a decoction : Take two quarts of ale, boil in it a white loaf cruft, or hard bifcuit; when taken from the fire, add one gill of honey, and give it to the horfe iuke-warm ; j>ut a plaifter.of pitch upon his temples : Be fure to keep him in a dark ftable, and let his food be given him fparingly'. Yellows. THIS difeafe in horfes is fimiiar to the jaundice in men. It arifes from obstructions formed in the biliary dads, which prevents the bile from flowing into the ftomach, but forces it to return into the circcl.;' ion. whfrh gives that yellow appearance in tfie v/liLe cf the eyes,and urine, and that f nil of v/earinefs to the iimbsin the animal difeafe. CU RE.—Take aloes, Venetian foap an£ honey equal q-iantities, to be nude imu •yii.<, and half an ounce given daily for a we-.k. If this does not effect a cure, fte--p Ci fun- dine and fifFron in cyder, to be given ojae- qurt a day. It is often nectfiary in this c-f- eafe '..) let Llood. to Strangury or. difficulty of Staling. MANY" caufes may produce this difeafe, fuch as over fatigue or catching cold ; which brings on a ftricture in the renal veffels, and confequentJy an obftruction of urine. Ano- ther frequent caufe is, driving the bead too jj long without fuffering him to ftop and ftale. CURE.—Take one cnnce of nitre and diffolve it in one quart of ale or beer, to be given the horfe blood warm ; or a pint of juniper berries boiled in two quarts of fair water to the confumptiou of one half, and o:ven warm ; half an ounce of rofin pound- ed andgiveain meal a few days will perform. deciders. Fever. To judge pf the ftate of the fever, you may examine the pulk ; wiiich you will find in thia Ikinntd ;:e,if<.s, by \ rtlrr.g your fin- gers gcriUy on the 'temporal art.ry, abcut an 13.0 and a quartti backward from the ujper corner of the eye! or in the infide of the leg, juit above the knee. But you may be beuer fatisfied by putting your hands to the horfe's noftrils, ahd judging from the heat of his breath. CURE.—In the beginning of a fever, it is generally neceffary to let blood, but in an advanced ft ate, when the heat is great and the difcharge frorn the bowels diminifhed, or the dung hard and dry, giyfters are alfo necefTary. FOR A GLYSTER OR CLYSTER, Take one handful of mallows, boil in milk and water, alfo two fpoonfuls of flax-* feed ; andadd to it, when boiled, half a pound of fugar and as much fweet oil, with 'a handful of fait; then with the neceffary apparatus, put it up the horfe's body. You mult a4fo obferve, a cooling regi- men. Take a four pail pot and*hang over your fire, fulf-'of water, and clover or ho- ney-fuckle hay ; make a tea of it. When your horfe is tbiifty, let him drink it luke warm. Then take a quart of this liquor and diftolve in it one ounce of ritre, to be given (hording arid evening, till the fey$r It abates. Let his hay, if he will eat, be "; fpri.rded with warm water, and his proven- der foaked. Cramp or drawing of the , Nerves. THIS is a difeafe I have never read of, but have had many inftances of it in my prac- tice. The almoft only caufe, is taking • cold after hard labour and -fweating. The excrefions being fuddenly diminiflied, brings on'rhefefpafmodic and convulfive fymptoms. i Upon the leaft motion, every nerve feems contracted, to overthrow its antagonist, and as it were to difruember its ungovernable bo- dy. The eyes are contorted in their fjck- etto *4 horfes, is generally f uppofed incurable. I confefs there are few difeafes more ftubborn, yet muft remark, that neglect of means, or .wrong applications have in ten inftances to one, been the caufe of my ill fuccefs. Its feat in horfes is between the fadder and col- lar ; which are commonly the fource from which it arifes. Bruifes of any kind may produce it. From its pofition on the top of the withers, the matter when collected, inftead of being difcharged, corrodes and infinuates between the cords of the neck, from which it can hardly be eradicated. Moft people apply clay mixed with vinegar, to the lurface of the fore, to dry it up; which might anfwer well, where a good drain is opened ; but here it proves a fource of deception, and while you anticipate a cure, your horfe is ruined. My method of cure is this ; firft with a limber probe, fearch the bottom of the fore, fee whether it is finuous or hollow ; find the direction of the finews, whether it runs between the fhoulder blades, or only on one fide. When you have made fufficient fearch into the depth of the fore, and find it cura- ble, you muft prepare to make a drain from the bottom : and this muft be done either by the knife or rowel, 2j| Obfervation. Where the rowel will ar- fwer, never take the knife j, for, by deftroy- ing the teguments, you make a large fore, caufe great pain to the beaft, and protract the cure. If roweling, therefore, is propof- ed, make one of hair, put it through the eye of a crocked needle ; put your needle to the bottom of the fore, and thruft it through in a depending manner, that the difcharge may be e«fy ; (fir it frequently, and wafh the fore with ftrong lye, or foap fuds, to keep it, elf in. If fungous fkfh arifes, fprinkle it with blue flone, or red precipitate: and fometimes fill the fore with lime or allies, ,. which will help the digefiion, and cleanfe f the fore. If the fore u filled with a cai- \ lous pipe, and appears of long /landing j the • kcife or hot iron muft be applied. The horfe being caft on an eafy fpot, with a knife or hot iron, as molt convenient, yoa inuft tak2 away the callous or fungous flefli, if it fhouidJjleed profulely, melt fome rofir. on the fere with a hot iron, and fear the a» - * I tenes. Lay a cloth npoo the fore wet with V fpirit, and unbind'your hoik ; if an infiaxs- ation fucceeds, fupple it with a hot bath, to '' reduce the fwelling, and oring on afuppura. t: tion. Now, be careful to kfeo it frt<-; >h« C 3t£ air, and apply your digeftive, made of bafil- icon ; and if proud or fungous flefh is feen, add to it a little verdigreafe. Yet, if after all your care, the matter falls between the fhoulder blades, or upon the neck bone, fo that no drain can be made from the bottom of the Lre, you had better give up the cure, and fave your trouble. * Horfes often have fweilings upon their fWtders,that a»e not finewous ; in fuch caf- es, bathing with hot vinegar or urine will generally make a refolution of the humour, and prevent further raifchief. Shoulder Strain. THIS lamenefs is brought on by over- ftraining the limb. There is a collection of grttsnous blood, between the fhoulder blade and body ; the fmall veffels being over-ex- teodcd or ruptured by the (train, is the caufe of that extravafated fluid, which muft be re- abforbed or drained off, before the beaft will get well. I? CURE. My method of cure is this: Takeoff apiece of fkin on the corner of the fhoulder as large asa nine-pence,then put your finger to the hole, and (tart the fkin from the flefn two inches tound, and blow up the fhoulder. Now put in a piece of leather, cut round, with a hole in the middle, an- fwering to that in the fhoulder. This in about twelve or fifteen days, will difcharge the humour, and being taken out, wiii fel- dom fail of a cure. This method has been reprobated by fome ; but experience has taught rr: to a- dopt it. Where the lamenels is flight, 1 have found the following an efficacious re- medy : Take of high wines one pint, oil of fpike one gill, pigs' feet oil one gill, gum camphor half an ounce, and one beafts gall. Sim- mer thefe together over a gentle fire, apply it warm to the difeafed part, and heat it in with a difh of coals or hot flicc twice a day. 28 Clap in the back Sinews, THIS difeafe is a lamenefs in the back finews, between the knee and fetlock joint. It is produced by a (train, which debilitates the nerves, and therefore produces lamenefs. The cords of the leg will fometimes fwell, which will determine the feat of the difeafe; if not, you may know it from a fhoulder ftrain by the horfe's ftepping fhoit, but tak- ing his foot from the gronnd ; whereas, in a fhoulder ftrain, the horfe will drag his toe on the ground when he walks. CU RE. This may be eafily effected,by bathing the leg in the day time, with the ointment prescribed for a fhoulder ftrain j at night apply an emolient poultice of turnips and indian meal. Make a boot for the h :rfe's leg, tie it at the fetlock, then fill it with your poultice, and tie it again above the knee. This method followed a few days, wni prove an efficacious remedy. Hide bound. THIS is brought on by low keeping and forfeits; the juices of the body are diffipat- 29 edf the fkin becomes rigid, and as it were adheres to the ribs. To cure this inconve- nience, it will be neceffary to put your horfe on a more liberal diet; alfo every day a m fh of bran or boiled rye fheuld be given hi n ; and twice a week give him half an ou.ee cf brimftone in his bran. Broken Wind. HORSES by over riding, efpecialfy .' when their bellies are full of water, or clo-j ver hay, have their wind hurt, and are called broken-winded. The cure is difficult.— Take of lar and honey one fpoonful each ; liquorice ball, half the quantity ; opium, 8 grains ; mix and diffolve them in a quart of new milk, to be given every morning falling. Let his water be that wherein quick lime- has been flacked ; the proportion is a pint of lime to a pail of water. Feed him as much as poffible en arfe> fmart hay, which has been ffrinkled with \ warm water. 30 Bots and Worms. THE figns that indicate the bots, are uneafy motions in the horfe, frequently turn- ing his fides, often lying down, or fcouring of the guts. CURE. Sweeten one quart of milk K'ith honey, and give it to the horfe with a horn ; then powder half an ounce of aloes, and g;ve it directly in a fmall decoction of fmne bows ; if they have not eaten through 1 the inteftines, you may depend on a cure. i Tobacco leaves cut fine, or coarfe hair, and mixed with a horfe's provender, will pre- ': veat bots and worms from collecting in the i| maw ; and will often kill them. Gripes. THIS difeafe bath fimilar fymptoms with j the bot*; it ariles from fudden colds, in- durated, dung and fpafms of the inteltines. ! If you ar,e notfure whether bots are thecaufe, J take this method firft, which will often de- ftroy them : 3* Give the horfe thtee gills of gr%, with as much fweet oil ; if he is coftive, give him an ounce of aloes, made into balls with caf- tile Yoap and honey. If this does not work, give him a glyfter, made of tobacco-leaves fteeped in old urine, and fweetened with roolafTes ; thefe remedies are adapted as near as pollible, to fuit both diiordets. T -- Scouring. THIS- is brought on by drinking tea much cold water, or by eating four Lay, Sec,* CURE. Give yotir horfe-two qua. « o£ the liquor, wherein garden;•'rhubarb,,fj x- feed and mallows, have been toiled ; «t <"'>ri white-oak bark, anH white pine t-yetht:'*4 give him one quart of thio mcrmng ar.d eg'fy ning till well. , ■/< Sore Back IF the fk:.n is wore off a horfe's *nc£.4 and thejides of the fore are fwelled, wie*-: 3* " it with I at mine, or with fait and water; tin's wjl! difperfe"the fvelling. Ifyon wifh '?■ ■ o dry up the fore, powder chalk, or old ' jhoes, an J cover the fore with it. If his r-iek is ful! of hard lumps, or what is com- monly *: a J1 faHdle boils, bleed him freely in V.t r.-cn!'-., which will ferve as a dofe of j'-vf.c ; t:i*n wall his back often with hot Jam and rintgar. J<:.-£-'-:.* Bleeding. T*Jl3 it a refource which unlkilful men liv to on cr,.-ry failure of their horfe, with- rvt confidering the nature of the difeafe, or ■L futeof the horfe's body. V - ROPER SUBJECTS FOR BLEED- ING. 1 Horfes that are affefled with any lnflam- ", atcry diforder, whether general or topisal, • ;.s fevers, inflamed fores, or any hot humour, i are" proner fubjtcts for bleeding, Horfes !* that are f*t and plethoric, require more fre- ' quent bleeding than thofe of the oppofite - ftate; but obhVve not to deprive them ef 33 k" the vital fluid beyond neceffity; rather bleed often, and but little at a time. Horfes that are poor have no fluid to fpare, rather re- cruit them by a generous diet and leifure. Unfkilful grooms, when they bleed in the jugular, often cut through the vein ; whence an extravafation of the blood, and no mail danger to the horfe. K L- Among many other inflances, theHonor- E able Benjamin Greenleaf, Efq. fent me a i. horfe in this condition 1 ordered the fer- vant to apply the fimple remedy of cold wa- ter liberally, and in a few days he was cured. /Pricked or gravelled Hoofs. HORSES arefometimes pricked in flioe- ing, it will fefter, and caufe the horfe to be lame; extract the nail and fill up the hole » with the horfe ointment, to be mentioned' by and.by. Some times gravid wiii get in- to the nail hole, or into cracks in the hoof; unlcfi this is Icon extracted it will remain 3+ Jong in the hoof; and fpoil the horfe's ufe.-i fulncfs. Many by cutting the hoof; to get out the gravel, make the remedy worfe than the difeafe ; if you cannot find the gravel1 with a little cutting joake a poultcie of tar-j nips and put the horfe's foot into it, repeat i this a few days, and the gravel will generally work out. _ 1 Note, if you omit this practice too long, j the horfe will not be cured till the gravel J Works out the top of the hoof. . | THE HORSE OINTMENT. 1 Take yellow rofin, bees wax and honey < like quantities ; hog's lard and turpentine, double their quantity ; melt them all togff-" ther over a gentle fire, and keep a continual' ftirring : when they are well compounded, take it from the fire and ftir it in a lifctle vV- degreafe. This is an excellent ointment for fore5| burns, bruifss, chopped heels, &c, ., Spavins. THERE are three for.* of fpaviw. Firft, the bone fpavin ; it is a b.*:y ■'■'■ -- 35 fcence formed on the joint which impedes . the motion of the joint and is feldom cura- ble. Secondly, the windfpavin ; it commonly comes in the horfe's ham. Prick the fwell- > ing with a phlegm knife, but take fpecial care not to injure the nervous cords, for this will often oring on the lockjaw. Upon opening the fwelling, you will often find a gelatinous humour to iflue from the opening ; now apply your turnip poultice for a few days, to fuck out the humour ; then ftrength- en the part, by bathing it with good brandy. Thirdly, the blood fpavin. The coats of the vein being ruptured, the blood extra- vafates and forms a protuberance in the vein. ACURE. Take up the vein with a crook- ed needle, and tie it above the fwelling ; then let blood belovv it, and apply cow-dung fryed in goofe greafe and vinegar, by uay of poultice, Splent, SPLENTS are of the fame nature with fjpavins, but not upon the joints. Tliey are 3S bony excreffences of an ©blong figure, com- ing between the fettock joint and knee, or gambrel ; whiie they are growing, they make the horfe lame, but when they are formed, unlefs they prefs upon the cords of the leg, they are very little damage. CURE. Shave the part and put on a fomrt b'iftering plaifter, to be kept on three days ; chafe the part ftrongly with the tinc- ture of flies ; and once a day rub in eppodel-ii doc with one quarter part oil of turpentine jM this will generally effect a cure, if curable. ,.,* Wind Galls. ^THESE appear upoB the fetlocks, and are the confequence of hard riding. They are full of wind or jelly, they feldom lame a horfe, and may be cured in the fame man* ner that wind fpavins are. Ringbune. THIS is a long callous juft above tbe <■ b,oof, if long neglected, the hoof will be- "' 37 come narrow and twill, and piove incura- ble. I have cured many recent ringbones in the following manner :—Make a boot for the horfe's foot, tie it at the top of the hoof, then take oyfter-fbell lime newly burned, »nd fill the boot againft the ringbone with the lime ; place the horfes foot in a tub of water, or in a pond of (landing water; re- Ipeat this five days ; after this, poultice the foot for five days more with a turnip poultice and linfeed oil; obferving to chafs -the part before you apply the poultice. Laflly ap- ply a plaifter of pitch to the ringbone, to be worn two or three weeks. This method hath fucceeded with the greater half I have Ttried. Thofe who ufe (lone lime, mayex- [pect a fire that he cannot extinguish, for 1 by this, many have ruined their horfes. Sore Eyes. IF the eyes are much inflamed, let blood in the neck, then boil the bark of bafs wood root with rofe leaves, fwecten the decoclioa t with loaf fugar, warn, the hordes eyes threr '*!* 38 times a day with this water, and I *p him in a dark ftable. If films grow over the eye diffolve ten grains of white vitriol and as mnch rock allam in a gill of fpring water, dip a feather into it, and touch the eye a few days with it, and it will eat away the film. Scratches. I HORSES are troubled with thefe moft • frequently in the fpring, While the roads are muddy, which obftructs the perforation of the parts; together with the' fnow water, • which is very unfavorable to this diforder. "» CURE. Cut the hair off clofe, and j waflt the legs with ftrong foap fuds or urine ; I put on a turnip poultice (as this is the beft I know of for horfes) a few days, mixed with hog's fat and liufeed oil ; it will fooa effect the cure. Filing Teeth* WHEN horfes are old, their fore-teeth grow long, while their jaw-teeth wear ftiort; 39 this prevents the horfes from grinding their bay ; and by that means they grow poor and die, before their natural vigor is exhauft- ed. To remedy this inconvenience, and prolong a ferviceable life, provide a gag to put in his mouth, then a coarfe file : having gagged your horfe, file his fore-teeth fofhort that his grinders may touch ?nd break the hardeft hay. \ This is an eafy and certain method of making old horfes eat their hay equal to young ones; provided their jaw-teeth are found. , Stifle, THE ftifle joint is above the infide bend of the horfes hoof or gambrel; its ufe is much the fame as the knee-pan in man. If the ftifle is only drained, bathe it with the ointment prefcribed for ftrains in the hip, which will foon cure it. If it is diflocated, or oat of place, make a ftifle fhoe in form of a cone, '<-<: a natural fhoe be the baft, then with three pieces of iron, one from the toe, the other two from the fides of the fhoe, to f 4® meet in a point three Inch^i from the bafe, put this wpon the well foot, that the horfe may (land upon the lame one four or five davs ; that will keep the joint in place ; and in "the mean time bathe the part with the ointment above mentioned. Nate. The ftifle fhoe is preferable to (trapping the well leg, for (trapping hinders the circulation* brings off the hair, and often lamss the well leg. Strains in the Hip. HORSES are frequently lame in the hip ; this is occafioned by the ligameat which holds the thigh bone into the focket, being overftretched. To effea a cure, the horfe muft have but little exercife, and the joiots mould be bathed three times a day, with three parts of brandy, and one of oil of fpike, to bs heat in by a cbafingdifli of coals ; this will contract and ftrengthen the ligament, and if a reeent lamenefs, will f rove a certain renedy. 4« Hipped & half hipped. WHEN the bones of the hip fall Co low as to be called hipped, the horfe becomes ufelefs ; but when they are only half hip- ped, or hip-fhot, the hip may be ftrergthened and the horfe (though disfigured) may per- form much labor. CU3.E. Take white-oak bark, elm and white pine bark; rootsof Solomon-feal,buck- horn and comfrey ; boil them all tr-pcther, and frequently bathe the hip wicfc it : this in a little time will ftrengthcnjhe hip anJ fit the horfe for bufinefs. Hoof bound. HOOFS that are hard, dn\ ar>': v<;tm.. contracted at the top fo a? to j-w«c!i.upor.',,j; quick, and prevent a free circuities, are UH to be hoof bound. To prevent this, keep the hoofs cool and moift; to cure it, take a fleam lancet, and open the hoof at the e'g? of the hair,-to give^t liberty of fonaritf^;. D 43 Then greafe it daily with woodchuck's, ffcunk's or dog's greafe, that it may grow. A FEW DIRECTIONS FOR Choofinga Horfe. \ t THERE is much pleafure and profit in i ihe fervice of a good horfe, but very little of i' ntber in a bad one. There are many mean horfes that make a good appearance when taken from the hand of a jockey; In pur- chafir.g ahdKe, then, truft not too much to the feller's Word ; let your own judgment, "^ or that of airiend, be chiefly relied on. See tha' he lush good feet and joints, and that lit lhnds well en his legs ; fee that his fore- ' teeth fhut even, for many horfes have their under ;hw the fhorteft ; thefe will grow poor at giaf's. See that his hair is fhort and fine, for th's denotes a-goodjiorfe. Obfervehis eyes, thaithey areclear and free from blem- ilher, chat th:y are not moon-eyed, or u-1. te-eyed, for fuch are apt to dart in the mgnt. A Ia;ge hazel coloured eye is the beft. 43 Look at his knees, fee that the hair or fkin is not broken, for this denotes a ftum- I' bier. Take care that his wind is good— f for a trial of this, let him be fed on good hay for twenty-four hours, take him then to wa- ter, and let him drink his fill; place him with his head the loweft, if then he will •breathe free, there is no danger. See that his countenance is bright and cheerful; this is an excellent mirror to difcover his good- nefs in. If his noftrils are broad, it is a figa I that he is wv ' winded; narrow noftrils the L contrary* See that his fpirits are goad, but that" he is gentle and eafy governed, not. inclined to ftart. In travelling, mind that he lifts his r feet neither too high nor too low : that he v does not interfere or overreach, aad that he \ carries his hind legs the wideft, fee that he * is well ribbed back, and not high boned. The fize may be determined by the purchaf- ' er. Age, from five to ten is the beft. There are many tricks practifed by jockies. to make horfes appear young, btt it is not confident with the fiie of my book to de- tect them ; all I would fay is, that horfes* teeth when young, are wide, white a.id even; the ir.fide of their mouths are flefhy, and * their fy-s iurd and firm, On the contrary 44 the mouth of an old horfe is lean above and below, the lips are foft and eafily turned up ; their teeth grow longer, narrower, and of a yellow colour. Remarks on Travelling. ACCORDING to my promife, I fhall give my readers a few directi«r,s relative to travelling horfes. If you are to take a long journey, you muft prepare your horfe by good feeding asd gentle exercife. A horfe •.hat is cxhaufled with hard labor, advanced in age, or very young, will not bear the fa- tigues of a long journey. Neither will a icry fat horfe, or one who has lived without t-aircife, ce a fit fubject for travelling. A horfe, therefore, rather meagre than fat, i,'tj to active exercife, whofe flefh is firm irojn good living and labor, is the molt like- ly to .Uilwer your expectation. Some days bs. lore ycur journey, have him fliod, left be- : ^ piitktd with a rail, ht rail you on the i-ibd. Look well to hi3 faddle, and fee it ...s with eate, and does r.ot hurt his back; ai.d vhile upon the road cxamin* it daily, V-« i'pair it as needed. 41 Before your horfe eats in the morning) give him a iittle water, that he may eat the better ; but do not lead him to the trough or brook till you uke him out for riding ; the water now taken into the ftomach, '"ill better dilute the foo 1 ; and by warning his mouth, prevent any fudden thitft on the road. Ride moderately while your hoi fe's belly is'full, for he will mend his pace as this fulnefs goes off. Before you make a ftage, reftrain your horfe, and take him in cool; let him eat a* little bay before he is watered, if hot; and thus conduct at all your ftages. At night, after yonr horfe is cooled, waft histegs with water, (warm water is bed) for it promotes perfpiration, cleanfes away the fand, and pre- vents his legs from fwelling. His back fliould likew.fe be waflv-d, to prevent thole little fiddle boils which the friction of the faddle often produces. In the middle of the day I fliould prefer a baiting of hay to amy grain ; but let it be f,.rinkled in warm weather with water. Nevvoa's arenot good for a horfe on a journey, they nvJfe fcim faint, and often bring on a diauiu'f-a,.' It old oats cannot hz had (as is fl metinKb the cafe at harvefl) feed him with indi^n rafal, r cat meal. Horfes ou z journey, t>:,;n theu 46 increafed perfpiration, and conftant feeding on dry meat, are apt to be coftive ; to pre- vent this, give them occafionally a marfh of ' bran, or boiled rye. ] If your horfe difcovers an inclination to ftale on the road, let him ftop for that pur- pofe ; and if the difcharge is difficult, give him an ounce of nitre for a few nights in his provender. A borfe hath not the faculty of fpeech, but fubjects himfelf to his mafter, to whom he complains under every indifpofi- tion. Will not then reafon, intereft, and piety prompt us to adopt the moft approved methods for their welfare.? PART II. . Of the difeafesof Cattle. j |^i ATTLE are fubject to many difeafes, I V^ at all feafons of the year, but more efpecially in the fpring ; which I fhall en- deavor iD a brief manner to aire an account of. 6 P Fever, WHEN a fever takes place, the beafi lofes his appetite, the nofe becomes dry, and the horns cold, the eyes appear dultand t£c countenance fallen. In the beginning of the difeafe, one qua**, of blood fhould be taken from the jugu^r j but ifthe fever is far advanced, and a trem- bling or twitching of the mufcles has taken place, to bleed would be dangerous,-, and 48 often fatal. Boil feverbufh and angeliea, j like quantities ; give the beaft one gallon at 1 a time twice a day, alfo one gill of fweet oil per day. The above dofe is for an ox or cow ; for lefler cattle, it muft be in pro- portion; Murrain, i THIS difordfer comes under the nether jaw, the chops fwell,. and upon fearch you .4 find it fuil of a watery humour. This dif- f] eafe commonly hapfens to cattle that are thin of flefh. CURE. In the firft pkce put a rowel t)«^»^h-«h* mod depending part of the fwel-, > hig. to he ftirred frequently, then give the *, h>.if the following Angular, but efficacious , i medy. \ Take half a pint of hen's dung and dif- folve in one quart of old urine, and caufe £ the beaft to drink it. This, if applied fea- % foflably, will never fail of a cure. / J 49 Cough or ihortnefs oh Breath. CURE. Give the bead to drink divers mornings together, one fpoonful of tar, and as much honey, diffjlved in a quart of new niiik, with one head of garlick bruifed, and put in with it. Wind Cholic. THIS is difcovered by the bead being very untafy, lying down and getting up of- ten, a ! fequently fwelling very much. CURE. Take a quart of warm water and half a pin; of gin, fweetened veil with molaff-s, then put in half a pint of pounded mufraid f-ed, pour it down, and drive the bead about and it will move the wind. For the Scab or Scurf. Take foft foap and tar and anoint the place, and it will foon cure it. For pilling of Blood. TAKE milk and bring it to a curd with runnet, mix it with a(h leaves and nettle E 5« feeds chopped fine, and made into balls, to be put down the bead's throat. Bladders. THIS difeafe happens under the tongue, beigg a number of fmall bladders, full^of a w?tery humour ; the bead breathes with difficulty and drools at the mouth. CURE. The faiine watery humour rruft be let out with an incifion knife, or the bladders may be broken with your fingers. Then give the bead water to drink wherein bay fait and bay leaves have been concocted. Taint or Garget. THIS is a hot humour that moftly af- flcts cows hags, but fome times their limbs, and other cattle alfo. CURE. If the humour affeftstfie cow's bag, the fiift thing to be done, is to take two pounds of blood from the neck, then put a piece of garget root in the double fkin between the fore legs with a hair rowel be- low th^t; when the humour fubfides take the garget and rowel out, wafh the bag three or four times a day with cold brine. If the fwelling inCreafes, fcarify the fkin and wafh it with the brine of fait and urine. 5* If the garget affects the limbs, after bleed- ing, you muft make a tea of horfe-reddilh root, muftard feed and fage ; give the beaft two quarts at a time, daily, till well. Blains. THIS is a ftoppage of the body, attend- ed with a fever. It hath all the fymptoms of fever, fuch as dry nofe, cold horns, &c, The body fwells, and they make conftant efforts to dung but difcharge little. CURE. Take away one quart of bloodj then let fome perfon (killed in the bufinefs, put his hand into the creature's body after it is well greafed, and take away the indu- rated dung ; then fuch thingsas are phyfical rouft be given. Firft, take one quart of chamber-lye, half a pint of molafies with as much hogs-lard,let them be fimmered togeth- er, then add a fpoonful of gun-powder pounded, let it be put down the creature'! throat with a horn. If the fever is not high, Hiera Picra is a good medicine, and the herb thoroughwort made into a ftrong tea will often effect a cure. For poifon things eaten. TAKE milk,fallad oil and London trea- cle, mix them together #d£i« warm. «r* To kill Worms, TAKE favine, cut irTfine and m?ke it into balls, with frefh butter, to be put down the creatare's throat. Or give ha'f an ounce ef'pewdered aloes in a quart of favine tea. Horn Ail. THIS dife.fe is feated in the horns of cattle, the infide becomes carious, puti ifies and is difcharged from the nofe. The bead that is taken with this diforder will frequent- ly (hake his head, i / ilows in horfes. The beads grow fii_ , weak, eat but little, often have a cough, their eyes and urine turn yel- low. CURE. Any tbjgg bitter is good, S3 pitch, while warm ; when this is cold, it will keep the horn very firm, and being left on for three or four weeks, it will get per- fectly well. Broken Legs. THE farther a leg is broken from the joint, the better ; fractures in the hip are feldom cured.> CURE. Take Solomon-feal root,buck horn and comfrey roots, each a handful, to be boiled in tar for a knitting plaifter to hi placed next the leg ; then fplinter it in the proper place, and with your narrow band**? bind it up, let it remain till it is well, it is lometimes neceffdry to fiing the bead, th.it fee may not mifplace the tag by (landing. Tapping. When cattle are fwelled very much, k is loften neceflary 'r& 3* Stents - - 3; f4 Scratches - - 38 f Kjtzud.rs - - '7 f/'i!> - - - 3° £t> \.h.s ;/i //'^ /v^» 40 .< UViH.dhofs 33 i •^ • - - 39 i /; ind -alls - «6 •? hide bound *S j horfe ointmcrJ 5+1 ' E N r s. SECOND PART. PAGE pa as . BLADDERS 50 Garget - ■ 5« Blains - - ■ ' 5l Horn ail - - 52 Barbs • 53 Murrain - - 48 Broken horns • 54 Overflowing Gall 5 z Brokt n legs • 55 Overheat - - 58 Bleeding ■ 59 Pi/fmg blood - 49 C~u%h - - ■ 49 Scab ' 49 Cuilofl - ■ 54 Teeth loofe • 53 Calving ■ 5^ Tapping - 55 Cows' bags ■ 57 Tail fick - - 59 Calvfs that fcour 58 Vomiting - * 53 Falling of the Wind choiic • 49 Mat rice - 56 V/orms • 5l Fever - • 47 Wens - - - -14 THIRD PART. * TAGE *.■*•" t CUD loft - - 6i Plague - ■$.• Cough - • r>3 Poifon - 61 Fever - , - 6i Scab rr.t - ■ ^ Mvk to increafe 62 Staggers, -' ^ Maggots to kill 62 FOURTH PART. PAGE i //"* CA£j£RH 6S\JJues - -Drc'nche^ - CG\ MjoJIu -' - 6*v • 65 FtVtT . «», - ■ *S StUi;