'i/..'/j,,v;l'/..:'. . ... •J?.'/te'j&,:..,■:■ r. ; i':-: -;: •>&$:.&/jl ■:■.: ■ ■ ,,}.*.*+ f,.\r . - ! , %j&fr:/;s>7;. ■■-■■■: --■^xsssf.:/ NLM OOlB^aB 2 ARMED FORCES MEDICAL LIBRARY Washington, D. C. NLM001397232 THE / /AMERICAN t > i HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACOPCEIA. COMPILED A-ISTD PUBLISHED BY BOERICKE & TAFEL, NEW YOEK : PHILADELPHIA : 145 Grand Street. 1011 Arch Street. 1882. WBK A5I3 I88Z \\^\ atn 115>* o ir>^vA ^ Copyright, Boericke & Tafel, 1882. PREFACE. For many years the want of a practical, complete and re- liable homoeopathic pharmacopoeia has been felt in this coun- tr}-; especially one that would include the many new remedies lately come into use. Good pharmacopoeias have been issued, that would only require to be brought up to date to make them authorita- tive. The most recent and best one—Dr. Willmar Schwabe's Polyglotta—failed to give descriptions of plants and minerals, and the mode of preparation of chemicals, necessitating works of reference, of which the latest and most correct issues are not always available, besides consuming valuable time of the busy practitioner. We have endeavored to remedy these de- fects in the present edition, and bespeak kindly indulgence for any shortcomings in this effort. We take this opportunity to express our special thanks for valuable services rendered by Mr. F. 0. Ernesty, Ph. G., of Chicago, in the compilation and preparation of the manuscript. We are also under great obligations to Charles Mohr, M.D., former lecturer on homoeopathic pharmaceutics at the Hahne- mann Medical College of Philadelphia, for assistance in pre- paring the work for and seeing it through the press. We gleaned from the recognized authorities in the sciences, and made use of all the homoeopathic literature bearing on this subject. Again hoping for a favorable reception and friendly criticism, we present to the profession TIte American Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia. F. E. Boericke, M.D., A. J. Tafel. May, 1882. INTRODUCTION. The province of homoeopathic pharmacy is to prepare the remedy as indicated by the prover, and in the form required by the practicing physician; and its object is to prepare and dispense single remedies in their utmost purity; to keep their virtue intact by freedom from contamination even of the slightest character. In Homoeopathic pharmacy the method of preparation does not so much depend upon changing scientific views and tran- sient new processes, as upon that employed by the original prover, in order that uniformity in preparation may justify succeeding verifications and cures. The greatest care and precision is required in homoeopathic pharmacy, painful accuracy of detail, scrupulous exclusion of foreign matter and of any disturbing influences that might in the slightest degree affect the integrity of the medicine. The homoeopathic chemist should have a good, practical knowledge of botany, chemistry and the animal kingdom. He should be thoroughly acquainted with the drugs in the market, to determine the quality and detect the spurious or adulterated. Only a belief in the truth of our system will guarantee the honest performance of his work, and inspire the physician with the confidence that in his warfare against disease he will not be hampered by carelessness or self-derived opinions on part of his pharmacists. PART I. GENERAL HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. In the manufacture and preservation of Homoeopathic medicines, care must be observed to avoid everything that can in the least affect their purity. Such influences as light, smoke, strong odors, etc., must be guarded against. Strong-Smelling substances used for homoeopathic purposes, which could contaminate the others, must, therefore, be kept separate. All homoeopathic remedies, tinctures as well as potencies, should be protected from sunlight. UTENSILS. Bottles and Glasses.—For neutral substances as well as for rem- edies, only new, well-cleansed bottles and glasses should be used. They should be of hyalite glass. For remedies sensitive to light, vials covered with black varnish should be used. Glass-stoppered Bottles should only be used for substances which corrode the cork—such as acids, iodine and bromine preparations, etc. Note.—Yellow or amber-colored bottles were introduced some years ago, it being claimed that they afforded protection against the chemical rays of the light. However, such protection is afforded to but few chemicals, and as it is claimed by several writers that non-medicinal substances exposed for some time to yellow light acquire medicinal properties, it follows that amber-colored bottles are inad- missible as receptacles of homoeopathic remedies. Besides this, it practically prevents a proper examination of the contents of the bottles. 4 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Weights.—Unless otherwise specified the United States apothecaries weight is understood. Corks.—The corks used must be of the best quality, and as free from pores as possible. Measuring Glasses.—Measuring glasses, properly graduated, are used for measuring the liquid vehicles used in preparing potencies or attenuations, but they should never be used for measuring any medi- cinal substance. Mortars.—For pulverizing very hard substances, a highly-polished iron mortar and pestle of the same material are employed; other metallic mortars must not be used. For softer substances porcelain mortars are suitable. Triturating Mortars.—Triturating mortars and pestles must be made either of porcelain, the inside of the mortar and the face of the pestle being ground or unpolished, or of wedgewood-ware, or agate. Mortars made of metal are not to be used for triturating. Special mortars must be used for each separate remedy, with the name of the remedy marked on each mortar. Sieves.—Only hair or silk sieves can be used; the former for the coarser powders in the preparation of tinctures, the latter for the finer, in making triturations. Sieves designed for sugar of milk must not be used for other purposes. Spatulas and Spoons.—Spatulas and spoons must be made of horn, bone, or porcelain. Funnels.—Only glass or porcelain funnels may be used; never metallic ones. Chopping Board.—The chopping board must be made of sound, well-seasoned maple, free from knots. Chopping Knife.—The chopping knife, used for cutting up plants, must be made of good steel, and always kept well polished. Presses.—Presses used for plants must be well made, and so con- structed that they can readily be taken apart, and thoroughly cleansed. THE CLEANSING OF UTENSILS. In making homoeopathic preparations, the utmost cleanliness must be observed. Accordingly, utensils, even when used for the first time, must be thoroughly cleansed. Glasses and bottles are to be washed several times with rain water, then rinsed with distilled water, and after draining, are to be dried at a high temperature. Porcelain vessels must be scalded with boiling water, and dried at a high temperature. The press is taken apart, and washed first with cold, then with hot water, and then dried thoroughly. All utensils should be cleansed immediately after use. Glasses and bottles which have been used for a particular tincture or potency, however well cleansed, must not be used for another pre- paration. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 5 NEUTRAL SUBSTANCES OR VEHICLES. AQUA DESTILLATA. Distilled Water.—Composition H2 O. Molecular weight 18. Preparation of Distilled Water.—Rain water collected a little while after the commencement of a storm, as that falling first contains particles of dust and various organic and inorganic matters which had been suspended or dissolved in the air, is subjected to distillation in an apparatus expressly designed for that purpose. A copper still and blocked tin condenser are generally used, but it is best to use a still that is gold or nickle plated throughout, as Silica is dissolved by steam in an ordinary glass retort, and porcelain stills are objectionable for the same reason. The distilled water must be filled at once into glass- stoppered bottles, that it may not become contaminated by dust or spores floating in the air. Water prepared and preserved in this manner will remain pure for years. Properties.—The taste of distilled water is insipid, owing to the ab- sence of carbonic acid, or to the minute quantity of this gas absorbed by contact with air. At the temperature of 0° C. (32° F.) water freezes, forming transparent crystals of ice; if entirely undisturbed, it may be cooled to several degrees below this point without freezing, and if now slightly agitated will at once congeal, the temperature rising to the freezing point in consequence of the liberation of latent heat. The boiling point of water is 100° C. (212° F.). The density of distilled water at 15° C. (59° F.), or at 15.5° C. (60° F.), is by general consent regarded as the unit by which the density of liquid and solid bodies is measured. The specific gravity of water decreases with the rise of temperature, and increases gradually as the temperature is lowered until + 4° C. (39° F.) is reached, when it has its maximum density, becomes lighter again towards the freezing point, and expands very considerably when passing into the solid state, ice having the specific gravity 0.916. Tests of Purity.—Distilled water is colorless, inodorous, and taste- less, leaves no residue on being evaporated, and is not affected by sul- phuretted hydrogen, oxalate of ammonium, nitrate of silver, chloride of barium, or lime-water. ALCOHOL. Spirit of Wine.—Alcohol entirely free from fusil oil, is to be sub- jected to redistillation in an apparatus especially adapted for the pur- pose. The product should be reduced to 87 per cent. (Tralles) or a specific gravity of 0.83, by adding distilled water. This is the standard officinal strength of so-called homoeopathic alcohol. Note.—When a stronger alcohol is employed to prepare a tincture, the strength (according to Tralles) is expressed. Dilute Alcohol.—Consists of seven parts alcohol, specific gravity 0.83, and three parts distilled water, specific gravity 0.89. Properties.—Alcohol is colorless, transparent, very mobile, volatile. 6 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Mixes in all proportions Avith distilled water and remains clear. Odor and taste purely alcoholic. Tests.—Diluted with distilled water in equal proportions, alcohol should yield no foreign odor. Alcohol treated with a few drops of solution of nitrate of silver and exposed to bright light remains un- changed if pure. Add to the alcohol slowly its own weight of pure concentrated sul- phuric acid. If the alcohol is pure, it remains colorless; if fusil oil is present, a reddish color will be developed. SACCHARUM LACTIS. Sugar of Milk.—The best commercial article in crystals should be refined by solution in distilled water and careful recrystallization. It should then be well dried, pulverized, and sifted in an apparatus used for this purpose only. Another mode of refining is as follows: The best commercial sugar of milk is dissolved by heat in the least possible quantity of distilled water, then filtered, and by the addition of an equal bulk of pure alcohol a confused crystalline precipitate is obtained. This is collected, freed from any mother-liquor still con- tained in it, by washing with alcohol, and then it is rapidly and care- fully dried. The sugar should be kept dry. Character and Tests.—Sugar of milk is scentless, gritty to the touch, faintly sweet. It should be perfectly soluble in boiling water. A solution of iodine, if the article is adulterated with starch, will give the characteristic blue color. GLOBULES OR PELLETS. Globules are prepared from pure cane sugar. They must be white, of even size, not too hard, and entirely soluble in distilled water. When freshly made they are generally softer, but become harder by age. ^ Addition of flour, glucose, glycerine, or starch, to make them soft, is an adulteration. They are assorted according to size and de- signated by numbers from 8 to 80. . o o o o g @ © ^p ^p Sfy 8 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 Measure of Globules.—The number given to any size of globules is determined by laying ten of equal size in a line; the number of milli- metres they measure is the number given to that particular size. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 7 THE PROCURING OF MEDICINAL SUBSTANCES. Fresh Plants.—As to the time when the fresh plant is to be gathered, the directions to be followed, with few exceptions, are given under the remedy. If these are wanting, it is to be assumed that they have been collected by the prover at that season in which their medi- cinal virtue is greatest; narcotic plants while in bloom, others shortly before, or when coming into bloom. Collect only healthy, strongly developed, faultless plants, free from dust and caterpillar's nests, and which grow wild in a locality most favorable to their development. Cultivated flowers are employed only in cases where the prover has expressly prescribed their use. Plants are gathered when the weather has previously been sunny and dry, and the morning-dew has dried upon them. The collected specimens must not be packed too closely in carrying, and should be quickly subjected to manipulation, so that they may yield their full strength unchanged. Fresh Portions of Plants.—The same principles apply to the collection of fresh portions of plants. Fruits and Seeds ought to be collected in their fully ripe condition (unless the unripe are prescribed). Woods are collected before the beginning of spring, before the buds are developed. Herbs should be cut above the root-leaves. Barks are collected from resinous trees and shrubs at the time of, or before the development of the leaves; from the non-resinous, in autumn. Roots are dug, unless specially directed otherwise, as follows: Of annual plants, before the ripening of the seed; of biennial plants, in the spring of the second year; of perennial plants, in autumn. Twigs are used of the growth of the present year. Drugs, Metals, Minerals, Chemicals, Etc.—The genuineness and purity of drugs, metals, minerals, chemicals, etc., are tested ac- cording to the stated rules, before they are employed for any homoeo- pathic purposes. PRELIMINARY MANIPULATIONS. Fresh Plants and Parts of Plants —The fresh plant, or part of it, is at first once more examined as to its undoubted identity, then carefully freed from any impurities that might have accidentally es- caped notice in gathering it. Only those parts are taken for use which are specified under the respective remedy. The operation must be carried on as quickly and uninterruptedly as possible in the following manner: The plant should be cut up with a well polished steel knife, free from rust, on a well cleansed chopping board ; then divided as finely as possible with an equally well cleansed chopping knife. The finely divided mass is then to be treated as is more minutely described under the different heads of Class I, II, III, according to which the tincture is to be prepared. Fresh fruits and seeds, if they can be cut up, are treated as above; if not, they are simply mashed in a mortar. s HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Dried Plants and their Parts.—For the preparation of tinc- tures, they are pulverized coarsely; for the preparation of triturations, as finely as possible. Metals, Minerals and Chemical Preparations.—The rule for this class is to reduce the crude substance to a state so finely di- vided, that, if it is to be triturated, it can be done uniformly. This we accomplish with a part of these substances by pounding, but with most metals by precipitation. Note.—Hahnemann employed metallic foil or filings, or comminuted the metals on a whet-stone. Later microscopic examinations have shown, however, that this method of subdividing is very imperfect, and renders the purity of the metal very doubtful, particles of the iron or whet-stone becoming mingled with it. The uniform distribution of the crude substance, on the other hand, has been shown to have been accomplished only in triturations prepared from precipitates. For this reason we employ precipitates, since we consider this departure from Hahne- mann's rules to be in no wise subversive of Homoeopathy. Moreover, the tritura- tions prepared from precipitates have been used for re-provings, and it is only by the use of precipitates that we obtain preparations of constant uniformity. PREPARATION OF POTENCIES OR ATTENUATIONS. Two scales are employed in potentizing, viz., the centesimal and the decimal scale. The Centesimal Scale.—This scale was introduced by Hahne- mann, and is still retained in making the higher potencies, while the lower potencies are now more generally made on the decimal scale. The centesimal scale is based on the principle that the first potency must contain the T£T part of the drug-power, and each following po- tency the T^ part of the preceding one. However, as tinctures and solutions are prepared by different rules, the drug power varies, and hence the quantity of the mother-tincture or solution and of the neutral vehicle must be so proportioned that the first potency represents the T^ part of the drug-power. In preparing the second, and following potencies, to one minim or part by weight of the preceding potency, ninety-nine minims or parts by weight of the neutral vehicle are added. The respective " classes" which prescribe the relative proportions for the different potencies give the necessary information. The Decimal Scale.—During Hahnemann's lifetime another method, the decimal scale, introduced by Dr. Constantine Hering, found many adherents among homoeopathic physicians. In preparing remedies according to this scale, it is the rule that the first potency should contain the -^ of the drug-power, while the following potencies are prepared with one minim or part by weight of the preceding po- tency to nine minims or parts by weight of the neutral vehicle. (Com- pare the classes.) ATTENUATIONS. Potentiation of Liquid Substances.—Potentiation must be carried on in an apartment free from all odors, dust and direct sunlight HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 9 The vials used for this purpose must be round, and capable of holding half as much more as is to be potentized therein. The name of the remedy with the number of the potency is marked both on the cork and on the vial, using the simple numeral for the potencies on the centesimal scale, and affixing an x to the numeral for potencies on the decimal scale. Potentiation on the Centesimal Scale.—Into the duly marked vial intended for the first potency, the proper proportion of mother- tincture or solution is poured and the vehicle added—as mentioned under the class according to which the tincture has been prepared (see pp. 11-18),—then cork the vial carefully, and shake it by ten power- ful downward strokes of the arm. The second potency is made by adding to one minim of the first po- tency ninety-nine minims of the vehicle, the vial being shaken again as directed above. All subsequent potencies are made in like manner, i. e., by adding to one part of the preceding potency ninety-nine minims of the vehicle, and giving it ten succussive strokes. In this manner potencies may be carried up to the one thousandth or higher; attenuations above the thirtieth are termed High Potencies. Potentiation on the Decimal Scale.—Into the duly marked vial intended for the first decimal potency the proper proportion of mother-tincture or solution is poured and the vehicle added—as men- tioned under the class according to which the tincture or solution has been prepared (see page 11-18)—then it is well corked, and the con- tents shaken with ten vigorous downward strokes of the arm. All following potencies are made in the same manner, except that each time one minim or part of the preceding potency and nine minims or parts of the vehicle are measured into the vial, and then shaken as di- rected above. Note.—We are explicit in directing the proper proportion of the substance being first put into the vial, and the vehicle afterwards, because this is a rule all careful pharmacists should follow, to prevent the possibility of mistakes. TRITURATIONS. Potentiation of Dry Substances.—Dry substances, i. e. those whose medicinal power, according to homoeopathic principles, must first be developed by trituration with sugar of milk, ought to be manipulated in a warm and dry atmosphere. Before beginning the work we must satisfy ourselves that the apparatus to be used is per- fectly clean. Mortars should be washed first with cold water, then with hot water, and carefully wiped dry, and lastly, a small quantity of alcohol is to be burned in the mortar. This must be done for every subsequent trituration. Triturations on the Centesimal Scale.—Hahnemann so lucidly gives the technical directions to be observed in triturating, in his Chronic Diseases, Vol. 1, p. 183, that we give here a careful translation: "First add one grain of the substance to about one-third of ninety-nine grains of sugar of milk in a porcelain mortar, unglazed or ground to an un- polished surface by rubbing with wet sand; mix the medicine and the 10 HOMOEOPATHIC PHAKMACEUTICS. sugar of milk together for a moment with a porcelain spatula, then after triturating the mixture vigorously for six minutes, scrape the trituration together for four minutes from the bottom of the mortar and from the face of the (also unglazed) porcelain pestle, in order that the trituration may be uniformly mixed, and again triturate the seraped-up mass (without further addition of sugar of milk) a second time for six minutes with the same force. To this powder, again scraped up for four minutes, in which the first third of ninety-nine grains has been used, we add now the second third, mixing both together with a spatula for a moment, and again triturating for six minutes with the same force, and then again scraping up the trituration for four minutes, triturate vigorously six minutes a second time, and having scraped this mass together for four minutes, incorporate the third portion of sugar of milk by stirring with the spatula so that the whole mixture after six minutes vigorous trituration and four minutes scraping together may for the last time be triturated six minutes and then scraped together carefully." This is the first (1) trituration. To prepare the second (2) trituration, one grain of the trituration is added to the one-third part of ninety-nine grains of sugar of milk mixed in a mortar with the spatula, and so treated that each third is twice well triturated for six minutes, and scraped together for four minutes, and then put into a well-stoppered bottle. In the same way one grain of the second (2) trituration is treated to prepare the third (3). The trituration must be energetic, but not so much so that the sugar of milk shall cleave so strongly to the bottom of the mortar that it cannot in four minutes be scraped together. To make any higher trituration, one grain of the preceding trituration to that desired is triturated with ninety-nine grains of sugar of milk as directed above. Conversion of the Third Centesimal (3) Trituration into Liquid Potencies.—The substances triturated according to the cen- tesimal scale to the third (3), are brought by this continuous process to such a degree of attenuation that they combine with a liquid vehicle, such as alcohol or water, and can thus be carried to a still higher de- gree of subdivision. This method of conversion, Hahnemann describes as follows: "In order to convert the potent trituration into the liquid state, and still further develop its power, we avail ourselves of the experience, hitherto unknown to chemistry, that all medicinal substances triturated to the third (3), are soluble in water and alcohol. Fifty minims of distilled water are added with the measuring glass to one grain of the third (3) trituration, and this by agitation is readily dissolved; then fifty minims of alcohol are added, and the stoppered vial, only two- thirds filled with the mixture, is shaken ten times; this is the fourth (4) potency. Of this, one minim is added to ninety-nine minims of alcohol, and the well corked vial shaken ten times; this is the fifth (5) potency! The following potencies are each prepared with one minim of the pre- ceding potency to ninety-nine minims of alcohol, and each shaken ten times." Triturations on the Decimal Scale.—For the triturations to be prepared according to the decimal scale, we follow the same method in homoeopathic pharmaceutics. 11 triturating as is given under the centesimal scale, except that first ten parts by weight of the crude substance are triturated with thirty grains of sugar of milk for twice six minutes, and each time scraped together for four minutes. AVe then add thirty grains more of sugar of milk, triturate again twice six minutes and each time scrape together for four minutes, finally adding yet thirty grains more of sugar of milk, and triturating the mixture in the same manner. This is the first decimal (lx) trituration. Ten parts by weight of this preparation, triturated with three times thirty parts by weight of sugar of milk in precisely the same manner, gives the second decimal (2x) trituration. Of this, ten parts by weight with three times thirty parts by weight of sugar of milk gives the third decimal (3x), and in this way, the tritur- ation each time of ten parts by weight of the preceding trituration, with ninety parts by weight of sugar of milk is continued for any higher trituration desired on the decimal scale. Conversion of the Sixth Decimal (6x) Trituration into Liquid Potencies.—We dissolve one grain of the 6x trituration in fifty minims of distilled water in a vial, adding thereto fifty minims of alcohol, and shaking the vial ten times; this is the 8x potency. (The 7x, according to the rule governing this scale cannot be prepared in the proportion of one to nine.) One drop of the 8x potency with nine minims of dilute alcohol, shaken ten times, gives the 9x potency. One minim of the 9x potency with nine minims of alcohol, and shaken ten times, gives the lOx potency. All following potencies are each pre- pared with one minim of the preceding potency to nine minims of alcohol, and each shaken ten times. Note.—Hahnemann directs drops of drug and vehicle to be used, but as there is no uniformity in the measure of a drop of the different liquids, we have adopted the more exact measure of minims. MEDICATED GLOBULES. Medication of Globules.—Moisten the globules with the requisite potency, in a bottle two-thirds filled, cork the bottle, and shake it so that all the globules become uniformly moistened. Then turn the bottle, standing it on the cork, and let it remain from nine to ten hours. Then loosen the cork a little, and let the liquid that may be about the neck of the bottle drain out. In a few days the pellets will be entirely dry, and ready for dispensing. It is not proper to dispense medicated globules until they have become perfectly dry. Potencies prepared with dilute alcohol cannot be used for medicat- ing globules, as the globules would become disintegrated by the solvent power of the water it contains. Medicated pellets, like all other homoeopathic medicines, require to be kept well-corked, and protected from heat and sunlight. Carefully kept they retain their virtue many years. Note.—Hahnemann gives another method in his Chronic Diseases, Vol. 1, page 187: "The globules are poured into a clean porcelain bowl, rather deep than broad, and enough of the required potency dropped upon them to moisten com- pletely every globule in the space of one minute. The contents of the bowl are 12 homoeopathic pharmaceutics. then emptied on a piece of clean, dry filtering paper, so that any excess of liquid may be absorbed, and the globules spread out that they may soon dry. The dry globules are then poured into a vial duly marked with the name and potency, and seo irely corked." PROPORTIONS OF MEASURE AND WEIGHT IN THE PREPARATION OF TINCTURES, SOLUTIONS, POTENCIES AND TRITURATIONS. The proportion of measure and weight, employed in the preparation of tinctures, solutions, potencies and triturations, for the sake of more convenient reference, are arranged in nine classes, to which attention is called under each medicine. CLASS I. TINCTURES. Tinctures prepared with equal parts by weight of juice and alcohol. The fundamental rule for this class is contained in Hahnemann's Mat. Med. Pura, under Belladonna. The freshly-gathered plant, or part thereof, chopped and pounded to a pulp, is pressed out in a piece of new linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part by weight of alco- hol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Amount of drug power of tincture, £. POTENTIATION. a. Centesimal Scale. 2 minims of tincture and 98 minims of dilute alcohol give the 1st potency. 1 minim of the 1st potency and 99 minims of alcohol give the 2d potency. All the following potencies are prepared with one minim of the pre- ceding potency to ninety-nine minims of alcohol. b. Decimal Scale. 2 minims of tincture and 8 minims of dilute alcohol give the lx po- tency. 1 minim of the lx potency and 9 minims of dilute alcohol give the 2x potency. 1 minim of the 2x potency and 9 minims of alcohol give the 3x potency. All following potencies are prepared with one minim of the preceding potency to nine minims of alcohol. HOMOEOPATHIC pharmaceutics. 13 CLASS II. TINCTURES. Tinctures expressed by the aid of two parts of alcohol added to three parts of plant, or part thereof. The fundamental rule for this class is contained in Hahnemann's Mat. Med. Pura, under Thuya. The finely-chopped, fresh plant, or part thereof, is weighed. To every three parts, two parts by weight of alcohol are taken. Then the chopped plant is moistened with as much alcohol as is necessary to bring the mass to a thick pulp and is well stirred. Adding the rest of the alcohol, the whole is mixed together and strained through a piece of new linen. The tincture thus obtained is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Amount of drug power of tincture, j. POTENTIATION. a. Centesimal Scale. 2 minims of tincture and 98 minims of dilute alcohol give the 1st potency. 1 minim of the 1st potency and 99 minims of alcohol give the 2d potency. All following potencies are prepared with one minim of the preced- ing potency to ninety-nine minims of alcohol. b. Decimal Scale. 2 minims of tincture and 8 minims of dilute alcohol give the lx po- tency. 1 minim of the lx potency and 9 minims of dilute alcohol give the 2x potency. 1 minim of the 2x potency and 9 minims of dilute alcohol give the 3x potency. All following potencies are prepared with one minim of the preced- ing potency to nine minims of alcohol. • CLASS III. TINCTURES. Tinctures prepared with two parts by weight of alcohol to one part of plant, or part thereof. The fundamental rule for this class is contained in Hahnemann's Mat. Med. Pura, under Scilla. The fresh plant, or part thereof, is pounded to a fine pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole, and having filled it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days, in a dark, cool 14 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and fil- tering. Amount of drug power of tincture, i. POTENTIATION. a. Centesimal Scale. 6 minims of tincture and 94 minims of dilute alcohol give the 1st potency. 1 minim of the 1st potency and 99 minims of alcohol give the 2d potency. All following potencies are prepared with one minim of the preced- ing potency to ninety-nine minims of alcohol. b. Decimal Scale. 6 minims of tincture and 4 minims of dilute alcohol give the lx po- tency. 1 minim of the lx potency and 9 minims of dilute alcohol give the 2x potency. 1 minim of the 2x potency and 9 minims of alcohol give the 3x po- tency. All following potencies are prepared with one minim of the preced- ing potency to nine minims of alcohol. CLASS IV. TINCTURES. Tincture prepared with five parts by weight of alcohol. The fundamental rule for this class is contained in Hahnemann's Mat. Med. Pura, under Spigelia and Staphisagria. Weigh the finely divided substance (dried vegetables and animals are pulverized, fresh animals are pounded), and pour over it five parts by weight of alcohol, then let it remain eight days (provided that for the particular medicine a longer maceration is not required), at ordi- nary temperature in a dark place, shaking it twice a day; then pour off, strain and filter. Amount of drug power of tincture, y1^. POTENTIATION. a. Centesimal Scale. 10 minims of tincture and 90 minims of alcohol give the 1st po- tency. 1 minim of the 1st potency and 90 minims of alcohol give the 2d potency. All following potencies are prepared with one minim of the preced- ing potency to ninty-nine minims of alcohol. b. Decimal Scale. As the tincture contains TV drug power, it corresponds to the lx po- tency. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 15 1 minim of tincture and 9 minims of alcohol give the 2x potency. All following potencies are prepared with one minim of the preced- ing potency to nine minims of alcohol. CLASS V—a. AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS. One part by weight of the medicinal substance is dissolved in nine parts by weight of distilled water. Amount of drug power of solution, j1^. POTENTIATION. a. Centesimal Scale. 10 minims of the solution and 90 minims of distilled water give the 1st potency. 1 minim of the 1st potency and 99 minims of alcohol give the 2d potency. All following potencies are prepared with one minim of the preced- ing potency to ninety-nine minims of alcohol. b. Decimal Scale. As the solution contains T^ drug power, it corresponds to the lx potency. 1 minim of the solution and 9 minims of distilled water give the 2x potency. 1 minim of the 2x potency and 9 minims of dilute alcohol give the 3x potency. 1 minim of the 3x potency and 9 minims of alcohol give the 4x potency. All following potencies are prepared with one minim of the preced- ing potency to nine minims of alcohol. CLASS V—/?. AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS. One part by weight of the medicinal substance is dissolved in ninety- nine parts by weight of distilled water. Amount of drug power of solution, y^. POTENTIATION. a. Centesimal Scale. As the solution contains T^ drug power, it corresponds to the 1st potency. 1 minim of the solution and 99 minims of alcohol give the 2d po- tency. All following potencies are prepared with one minim of the preced- ing potency to ninety-nine minims of alcohol. 16 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. b. Decimal Scale. As the solution contains T^ drug power, it corresponds to the 2x potency. 1 minim of the solution and 9 minims of dilute alcohol give the 3x potency. 1 minim of the 3x potency and 9 minims of alcohol give the 4x po- tency. All following potencies are prepared with one minim of the preced- ing potency to nine minims of alcohol. CLASS VI—«. ALCOHOLIC SOLUTIONS. Two parts by weight of substance to nine parts by weight of alcohol. The fundamental rule for this class is contained in Hahnemann's Mat. Med. Pura, under Guaiacum. Two parts by weight of the medicinal substance are dissolved in nine parts by weight of alcohol. Amount of drug power of solution, y1^. POTENTIATION. a. Centesimal Scale. 10 minims of the solution and 90 minims of alcohol give the 1st potency. 1 minim of the 1st potency and 99 minims of alcohol give the 2d po- tency. All following potencies are prepared with one minim of the preced- ing potency to ninety-nine minims of alcohol. b. Decimal Scale. As the solution contains T\j- drug power, it corresponds to the lx pv>- tency. 1 minim of the solution and 9 minims of alcohol give the 2x po- tency. All following potencies are prepared with one minim of the preced- ing potency to nine minims of alcohol. CLASS VI—f3. ALCOHOLIC SOLUTIONS. One part by weight of the medicinal substance is dissolved in fifty parts by weight of alcohol. Amount of drug power of solution, y^. POTENTIATION. a. Centesimal Scale. As the solution contains j^ drug power, it corresponds to the 1st potency. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 17 1 minim of the solution and 99 minims of alcohol give the 2d po- tency. All following potencies are prepared with one minim of the preced- ing potency to ninety-nine minims of alcohol. b. Decimal Scale. As the solution contains T^ drug power, it corresponds to the 2x potency. 1 minim of the solution and 9 minims of alcohol give the 3x po- tency. All following potencies are prepared with one minim of the preced- ing potency to nine minims of alcohol. CLASS VII. TRITURATION OF DRY MEDICINAL SUBSTANCES. The fundamental rule for this class is contained in Hahnemann's Mat. Med. Pura, under Arsenicum. For the trituration and potentiation of dry medicinal substances the following proportions of weight and measure form the basis: a. Centesimal Scale. One part by weight of the medicinal substance to 99 parts by weight of sugar of milk gives the 1st trituration. All following triturations are prepared with one grain of the preced- ing trituration to ninety-nine grains of sugar of milk. Conversion into Liquid Potencies. One grain of the 3d trituration dissolved in 50 minims of distilled water and mixed with 50 minims of alcohol gives the 4th potency. 1 minim of the 4th potency to 99 minims of alcohol gives the 5th potency. xVll following potencies are prepared with one minim of the preced- ing potency to ninety-nine minims of alcohol. b. Decimal Scale. One part by weight of the medicinal substance to 9 parts by weight of sugar of milk gives the lx trituration. All'following triturations are prepared with one grain of the preced- ing trituration to nine grains of sugar of milk. Conversion into Liquid Potencies. One grain of the 6x trituration dissolved in 50 minims of distilled water, and mixed with 50 minims of alcohol gives the 8x potency. 1 minim of the 8x potency to 9 minims of dilute alcohol gives the 9x potency. 1 minim of the 9x potency to 9 minims of alcohol gives the lOx potency. 2 18 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. All following potencies are prepared with one minim of the preced- ing potency to nine minims of alcohol. CLASS VIII. TRITURATION OF LIQUID SUBSTANCES. The rule for this class is contained in Hahnemann's Chronic Dis- eases, under Petroleum. For the trituration of these substances the following proportions of weight and measure form the basis: a. Centesimal Scale. One minim of the substance to 99 grains of sugar of milk gives the 1st trituration. 1 part by weight of the 1st trituration to 99 parts by weight of sugar of milk gives the 2d trituration. All following triturations are prepared with one grain of the preced- ing trituration to ninety-nine grains of sugar of milk. Conversion into Liquid Potencies. One grain of the 3d trituration dissolved in 50 minims of distilled water, and mixed with 50 minims of alcohol gives the 4th potency. 1 minim of the 4th potency to 99 minims of alcohol gives the 5th potency. All following potencies are prepared with one minim of the preced- ing potency to ninety-nine minims of alcohol. b. Decimal Scale. 1 minim of the substance to 9 grains of sugar of milk gives the lx trituration. 1 part by weight of the lx trituration to 9 parts by weight of sugar of milk gives the 2x trituration. All following triturations are prepared with one grain of the preced- ing trituration to nine grains of sugar of milk. Conversion into Liquid Potencies. One grain of the 6x trituration dissolved in 50 minims of distilled water, and mixed with 50 minims of alcohol gives the 8x potency. 1 minim of the 8x potency to 9 minims of dilute alcohol gives the 9x potency. 1 minim of the 9x potency to 9 minims of alcohol gives the lOx po- tency. All following potencies are prepared with one minim of the preced- ing potency to nine minims of alcohol. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 19 CLASS IX. TRITURATION OF FRESH VEGETABLE AND ANIMAL SUBSTANCES. For this class, the lower triturations of which cannot be preserved, the rule is found in Hahnemann's Chronic Diseases, under Agaricus. Fresh vegetables and animals are first pounded or grated to a fine pulp, then triturated and potentized according to the following propor- tions by weight^and measure: a. Centesimal Scale. * Two parts* by weight of the substance and 99 parts by weight of sugar of milk give the 1st trituration. 1 part by weight of the 1st trituration to 99 parts by weight of sugar of milk gives the 2d trituration. All following triturations are prepared with one part by weight of the preceding trituration to ninety-nine parts by weight of sugar of milk. Conversion into Liquid Potencies. One grain of the 3d trituration dissolved in 50 minims of distilled water and mixed with 50 minims of alcohol gives the 4th potency. 1 minim of the 4th potency to 99 minims of alcohol gives the 5th potency. All following potencies are prepared with one minim of the preced- ing potency to ninety-nine minims of alcohol. a. Decimal Scale. Two parts by weight of the substance and 9 parts by weight of sugar of milk give the lx trituration. 1 part by weight of the lx trituration to 9 parts by weight of sugar of milk gives the 2x trituration. All following triturations are prepared with one part by weight of the preceding trituration to nine parts by weight of sugar of milk. Conversion into Liquid Potencies. One grain of the 6x trituration dissolved in 50 minims of distilled water and mixed with 50 minims of alcohol gives the 8x potency. 1 minim of the 8x potency to 9 minims of dilute alcohol gives the 9x potency. 1 minim of the 9x potency to 9 minims of alcohol gives the lOx po- tency. All following potencies are prepared with one minim of the preced- ing potency to nine minims of alcohol. * Two parts are taken because of loss by evaporation during trituration. 20 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. NOMENCLATURE. In homoeopathy the old Latin nomenclature of Hahnemann's time, still used at this date in the official Pharmacopoeia of the German Em- pire, has been retained, and adopted by all the text-books of the school. In all cases where only one species of a genus of plants is officinal, the medicine bears the name of the genus or species, and so, instead of say- ing Aconitum Napellus, we say Aconitum; instead of Atropa Belladonna, Belladonna. If later, another plant of the same genus is proved, as for example, Aconitum Lycoctonum, its name receives the distinc- tive addition Lycoctonum, while by the name Aconitum we always understand Aconitum Napellus. To avoid mistakes we give under the officinal name, in Part II, treating of Special Homoeopathic Phar- maceutics, the name of the species and its synonyms. " 6 is used to denote Mother Tinctures. Dil. (Dilutions) is used to denote Liquid Potencies or Attenuations. Trit. is used to denote Triturations. The simple numeral, 1, 2, 3, etc., added to the name of a remedy, signifies that the preparation has been potentized on the Centesimal scale. A Latin ten (x), added to the simple numeral, viz.: lx, 2x, 3x, etc., signifies that the preparation has been potentized on the Decimal scale. PART II. SPECIAL HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. ABELMOSCHUS. Synonym, Hibiscus Abelmoschus, Wight and Arnott. Nat. Ord., Malvaceae. Common Name, Musk Seed. This is an evergreen shrub, growing in Egypt, and in the East and West Indies, and yielding the seeds known under the names of semen Abelmoschi, alcece JEgyptiacce, and grana moschata. These are about the same size as flaxseed, kidney-shaped, striated, of a grayish-brown color, of an odor like that of musk, and of a warn> somewhat spicy taste. Preparation.—The freshly dried seeds are finely powdered and covered with five parts by weight of alcohol. After mixing well, and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark cool place, shaking it twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. ABIES CANADENSIS, Michaux. Synonym, Pinus Canadensis, Willd. Nat. Ord., Coniferae. Common Names, Hemlock Spruce, Canada Pitch. This is the hemlock spruce of the Fnited States and Canada. When of full growth, it is often 70 or 80 feet high, with a trunk 2 or 3 feet in diameter, and of nearly uniform dimensions for two-thirds of its length. The branches are slender, and dependent at their extremities. ■>2 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. The leaves are very numerous, six or eight lines long, flat, denticulate, and irregularly arranged in two rows. The strobiles are ovate, a little longer than the leaves, terminal, and pendulous. The tree is abund- ant in Canada, Nova Scotia, and the more northern parts of New England, and is found in the elevated and mountainous regions of the Middle States. Preparation.—The fresh bark and young buds are pounded to a . pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and after mixing the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole well, and having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. , Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ABIES NIGRA, Poiret. Nat. Ord., Coniferae. Common Name, Black or Double Spruce. This tree is found growing in swamps and cold mountain woods from New England to Wisconsin and northward. Its leaves are short, being six or eight lines long, either dark green or glaucous-whitish. Cones ovate or ovate-oblong, being 1 to H inches long, mostly re- curved, persistent, the rigid scales with a thin, often eroded edge. Preparation.—Two parts by weight of the gum are dissolved in nine parts by weight of 95 per cent, alcohol and designated as mother tincture. Drug power of tincture, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—a. ABROTANUM. Synonym, Artemisia Abrotanum, Linn. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Names, Southernwood. Old Man. This shrub is a native of Asia and Europe, where it is found in hedges and waste places. It is about three feet high, minutely hairy, segments of the pinnatifid leaves capillaceous; odor lemon-like; taste aromatic and bitter. Preparation.—The fresh leaves gathered in July and August are chopped and pounded to a pulpy and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, ancThaving mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole well, and having poured it into a well-stop- pered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 23 ABSINTHIUM. Synonyms, Artemisia Absinthium, Linn. Absinthium Vulgare, Lamarck. Nat. Ord., Composite. Common Name, Common Wormwood. This is a perennial plant, with branching, round, and striated or furrowed stems, which rise two or three feet in height, and are panicled at their summit. The lower portion of the stem lives several years, and annually sends up herbaceous roots, which perish in the winter. The radical leaves are triply pinnatifid, with lanceolate, obtuse, dentate divisions; those of them, doubly or simply pinnatifid, with lanceolate, somewhat acute divisions; the floral leaves are lanceolate; all are hoary. The flowers are of a brownish-yellow color, hemispherical, pedicelled, nodding, and in erect racemes. The florets of the disk are numerous, those of the ray few. The plant is a native of Europe, where it is also cultivated. It is among our garden herbs, and has been naturalized in the mountainous districts of New England. Preparation.—The fresh young leaves and blossoms are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then twyo parts by weight of ' alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole well, and having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is al- lowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ACALYPHA INDICA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Euphorbiacese. Common Name, Indian Acalypha. This plant, growing one or two feet high, is found in the East Indies. In appearance it resembles the Nettles or Amaranths. Preparation.—The fresh plant is pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well and having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ACIDUM ACETICUM GLACIALE. Present Name, Glacial Acetic Acid. Formula, C4 H3 03. (Concentrated Acetic Acid, corresponding to at least 84 per cent, of anhydrous acid. Br.J 24 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Preparation of Glacial Acetic Acid.—Carefully heat 13] parts of pure crystallized acetate of sodium until the Avater of crystallization has been completely expelled, and the salt has been fused; the residue, weighing nearly 8f parts, is coarsely poAvdered, introduced into a glass retort, immediately mixed Avith 9 to 9] parts of concentrated sulphuric acid, and then distilled. It is advisable to Avarm the retort by placing it in a sand-bath, before the acid is added. The condensa- tion of the acetic acid vapors may be effected either by a Liebig's condenser, or in a receiver connected directly with the retort or by means of an adapter. The reaction is as folloAvs: Na C2 H3 02 -f H2 S04 = Na HS04 -f- HC2 H3 02. Acid sodium sulphate and acetic acid are formed, the latter distilling over, free from empyreuma if the heat has not been suddenly raised too high, and also free from sulphurous and other acids if the sodium acetate had not been contaminated Avith organic or other impurities. Properties.—Glacial acetic acid crystallizes near the freezing- point of Avater (34° F.), and remains crystalline until the temperature rises to above 9° C. (48° F.); it contains, then, about one per cent, of Avater, or not less than 84 per cent, of acetic anhydrid. At the mean temperature of the air it forms a colorless liquid with a pungent acetous odor. When heated to boiling, the vapor may be ignited and burns Avith a blue flame. Its sp. gr. is 1.0(55 to 1.066. As it attracts humiditv from the atmosphere, it should be preserved in well-stoppered bottles. " Tests.—Empyreumatic products, if present in considerable pro- portion, may be detected by the odor after the acid has been largely diluted Avith Avater, or neutralized with an alkali, smaller quantities are indicated by adding a minute quantity of solution of potassium permanganate, the color of which Avill readily disappear; pure acetic acid, containing less than 50 per cent, of monohydrate, is not affected by this test (Hager, Merck, 1873). Sulphuric and hydrochloric acids are detected in the diluted acid by the Avhite precipitates occurring with barium chloride and silver nitrate respectively. If sulphurous acid be present, the hydrogen evolved by hydrochloric acid and zinc in the presence of the acetic acid will be contaminated with sulphur- etted hydrogen, Avhich will darken the color of Avhite bibulous paper wetted Avith solution of subacetate of lead, and suspended in the test- tube or flask. Metallic salts, if present, will produce a coloration or precipitate with hydrosulphuric acid, after previous dilution with distilled water. Acetic acid, being volatile, must not leave any residue on evaporation. Preparation for Homceopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure glacial acetic acid is dissolved in nine parts by weight of distilled water. Amount of drug poAver, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 25 ACIDUM BENZOICUM. Present Name, Benzoic Acid. Formula, HC7 H5 Oa. Molecular Weight, 122. Preparation of Benzoic Acid.—Take of benzoin in coarse poAV- der tAvelve troy ounces. Spread it evenly over the bottom of an iron dish eight inches in diameter and two inches deep, cover the dish Avith a piece of filtering-paper, and, by means of paste, attach it closely to the rim. Then, haAring prepared a conical receiver or cap of thick AAell-sized paper, of rather larger diameter than the dish, invert it over the latter so as to fit closely around the rim. Next apply heat by means of a sand-bath, or of the iron-plate of a stoVe, until, Avithout much empyreuma, vapors of benzoic acid cease to rise. Lastly, sepa- rate the receiver from time to time, and remove the benzoic acid from it and the paper diaphragm as long as the acid continues to be depos- ited. By reneAving the paper diaphragm after it has become so ob- structed as to prevent the passage of vapor, an additional quantity of benzoic acid may be obtained. Properties.—Benzoic acid is in white feathery flexible crystalline plates and needles, having an agreeable aromatic odor and a Avarm acidulous taste. The odor is due to the presence of a small quantity of volatile oil, produced from the benzoin during sublimation. It fuses at 120.5° C. (249° F.), and boils at 239° C. (4(52° F.), but volatilizes freely Avith the vapor of boiling Avater, and more slowly at a somewhat loAver temperature. Its vapors are suffocating and acrid, inciting to coughing. Tests.—Benzoic acid should completely evaporate from platinum foil. If much charcoal be left behind, the presence of other organic substances would be indicated, of which sugar manifests itself by the odor of caramel, and hippuric acid by the odor of hydrocyanic acid during the application of heat; Avhile mineral substances Avill be left behind as a fixed residue. Since some varieties of benzoin contain cinnamic acid, this should always be tested for before benzoic acid is prepared. Its presence in the latter is readily ascertained by an oxidizing agent, such as chlorine or bichromate of potassium and sul- phuric acid, Avhen the odor of oil of bitter almonds Avill be perceived. That benzoic acid has been prepared from hippuric acid may be ascer- tained by tinging its solution in liquor potassie Avith permanganate of potassium to a deep violet color, and then boiling for a feAV minutes. The solution of benzoic acid from benzoin will become green; that from hippuric acid Avill become yellow or colorless, in consequence of a further reduction resulting from insufficient purification. Exposed to the light, benzoic acid sublimed from benzoin becomes darker in color, and separates a feAV oily drops of a brown color. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure benzoic acid is dissolved in nine parts by weight of alcohol. Amount of drug poAver, TV Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—a. Triturations of the pure benzoic acid are prepared as directed under Class VII. 26, HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. ACIDUM BORACICUM. Present Name, Boracic Acid. Formula, H3 B03. Molecular Weight, 62. Preparation of Boracic Acid.—It is prepared by adding hydro- chloric acid to a hot solution of borax, and crystallizes in Avhite trans- lucent scales of a slight pearly lustre. Properties.—Boracic acid has a very slight acrid taste; Avhen heated it melts, disengaging vapors of AA'ater Avhich contain some of the acid, and afterAvards yields a transparent mass which congeals into a hard, brittle, transparent glass. Crystallized boracic acid is insoluble in ether, soluble in alcohol, and requires about 30 parts of cold and 3 parts of boiling Avater for solution. Tests.—A solution in alcohol burns Avith a green flame; a solution in water imparts a brown color to tumeric paper, and is not precipi- tated by nitrate of silver or chloride of barium. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure boracic acid is prepared" by trituration, as directed under Class VII. ACIDUM BROMICUM. Present Names, Hydrobromic Acid. Bromic Acid. Formula, HBr. Molecular Weight, 81. Formation.—This acid is formed by the direct union of its ele- ments at a red heat, by the decomposition of sulphuric acid and other hydrogen compounds by bromine, and by the action of Avater upon the sulphur, phosphorus, and other compounds of bromine. Preparation of Hydrobromic Acid.—Dr. Squibb's method (l'H78) is as folloAvs: 7 parts by weight of sulphuric acid, sp. gr. 1.838 at 15.6° C. (60° F.) are added to one part of water, and the mixture alloAved to cool, Avhen it is sIoavIv, and Avith constant stirring, added to a hot solution of 6 parts of potassium bromide in 6 parts of Avater. A decomposition into hydrobromic acid and sulphate of potassium will take place, 2 KBr •(- l!2 S04 yields 2H Br -f- K2 SG4 ; on setting the mixture aside for 24 hours, the salt crystallizes, the liquid is poured off into a retort, and the crystalline mass broken up, transferred to a funnel, and Avashed Avith two parts of cold Avater to recover adhering hydrobromic acid. The washings are likewise poured into the retort, Avhich is placed upon a sand bath, or set upon a Avire gauze, and the Avhole is then distilled nearly to dryness. The distillate, which weighs about ten parts, is assayed Avith normal solution of soda, and then di- luted A\Tith distilled Avater so as to contain 34 per cent, of HBr. AVhen of this strength, the acid represents one-half the bromine strength of an equal Aveight of potassium bromide. Properties.—Pure hydrobromic acid is a colorless gas of a pun- gent and irritating odor, and produces dense Avhite ftimes in a moist atmosphere. The solution of the strength proposed by Dr. Squibb is a colorless, odorless, limpid liquid, of a strongly acid taste, and of the spe- HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 27 cific gravity 1.274 at 15.6° C. (60° FA It contains 33.58 bromine, .42 hydrogen, and 66 Avater. When heated, AA'ater and a Aveak acid distil over, and the temperature rises to 125.5° C. (258° F.), Avhen an acid passes over, Avhich, according to Topsoe (1870), has at 14° C. (57.2° F.) the specific gravity 1.490, and contains 48.17 per cent. HBr. Tests.—Hydrobromic acid should evaporate Avithout leaA'ing any residue. It is not precipitated by barium chloride, shoAving the ab- sence of sulphuric acid, and yields, like hydrochloric acid, Avhite pre- cipitates Avith solutions of lead, mercurous and silver salts. Bromide of silver is nearly insoluble in dilute ammonia AA'ater, AA'hich dissolves silver chloride readily; on the subsequent addition of nitric acid, only a slight turbidity should be produced. If of the strength indicated above, 20 grains of it, Avhen treated Avith nitrate of silver in excess, will yield a precipitate, which, after Avashing and drying, weighs 15.98 grains, and Avhen heated in chlorine gas is converted into chloride of silver Aveighing 12.2 grains. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure hydrobromic acid is dissolved in nine parts by Aveight of distilled Avater. Amount of drug poAver, -j1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. ACIDUM CARBOLICUM. Synonyms, Phenic Acid, Phenylic Alcohol, Phenol. Present Name, Carbolic Acid. Formula, HC6 H5 O. Molecular Weight, 94. Origin.—Carbolic acid occurs in castoreum, in the urine of man and herbivorous animals, and in the products of the dry distillation of various organic substances, such as resins, bones, Avood, and more especi- ally coal. It is from the latter source that it is obtained in the arts. Preparation of Carbolic Acid.—That portion of coal tar Avhich is knoAvn as dead oil is subjected to distillation. The portion distilling between 150° and 200° C.'(302° and 392° F.) is collected separately. It is agitated with Avarm concentrated solution of potassa and some solid potassa, Avhen it crystallizes. On being dissolved in Avater, the empvreumatic oils separate, and are removed from the aqueous solu- tion of the potassium phenylate, Avhich, on being supersaturated Avith hydrochloric acid, yields the phenol in the form of an oily liquid. This is repeatedly agitated Avith water, then digested with chloride of calcium for the purpose of removing the water, and distilled. The portion passing over betAveen 180° and 190° C. (336° and 374° F.) is collected separately, and exposed to a low temperature, Avhen it solidi- fies into a crystalline mass, from Avhich the mother-liquor is drained off and expressed. It may be again distilled or further purified by com- bining again Avith potassa, and repeating the operations described before. Absolutely pure carbolic acid is obtained (Church, 1871) from 28 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. the nearly pure commercial product, by treating it with a quantity of Avater (about 20 parts) insufficient to dissolve it completely, removing the undissolved portion, and saturating the clear aqueous solution Avith pure table salt, AA7hen the carbolic acid separates as an oily layer, requiring distillation over some quicklime to obtain it crystallized. The portion passing up to 185° C. (3(55° F.) has, at ordinary temper- atures, merely a very faint aromatic odor. Properties.—Absolutely pure carbolic acid has a faint aromatic odor, is colorless, crystalline, and does not absorb moisture from the atmosphere. Usually, however, it retains a minute quantity of water, by Avhich it becomes deliquescent; with a little more of Avater it forms an oily liquid at ordinary temperatures, and if traces of the tar pro- ducts are present, it acquires a reddish color on exposure. It is freely soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, bisulphide of carbon, glycerin, the essential and fatty oils, and in glacial acetic acid. The purer the acid, the more soluble it is in water. The fusing-point of crystallized car- bolic acid is influenced by the amount of Avater, with Avhich it is' com- bined; pure carbolic acid fuses at 40° to 41° C. (104° to 105.8° F.), and boils at 180° to 180.5° C. (356° to 357° F.). The sp. gr. of car- bolic acid is 1.065; it coagulates albumen, and separates nitrocellulose in a gelatinous form from qollodion. A piece of fine wood dipped into an alkaline solution of the acid and afterwards into hydrochloric acid, assumes in the course of half an hour a deep blue color. The solution of carbolic acid has no effect on polarized light. The concentrated alcoholic solution yields with ferric chloride a brown liquid, Avhich, on the addition of much water remains transparent, and assumes a beauti- ful and permanent blue color. Tests.—The purity of carbolic acid is recognized by the properties described above, and by the absence of all reaction upon blue and red litmus paper. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure crystallized carbolic acid is dissolved in nine parts by weight of alcohol. Amount of drug power, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under class VI—a. ACIDUM CHROMICUM. Present Name, Chromic Acid. Formula, Cr 03. Molecular Weight, 100.5. Preparation of Chromic Acid.—This acid, discovered by Van- quelin (1797), is readily obtained on pouring three measures of concen- trated sulphuric acid into two measures of a cold saturated solution of bichromate of potassium in water, the reaction occurring as follow*- K2 Cr2 07 -f 2H2 S04 = 2Cr03 + 2KHSG4 + H20. The French Codex gives the folloAving directions: Dissolve, Avith the aid of heat, one part of bichromate of potassium in ten parts of Avater, allow the solution to cool to 25° C. (77° F.j, and add in small portions and with HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 29 continued stirring 20 parts of sulphuric acid, spec. grav. 1.84; set the mixture aside for 24 hours, and then decant the liquid. Collect the crystals in a glass funnel, the neck of Avhich is imperfectly closed Avith fragments of glass, drain and finally dry the acid by keeping it for two days upon porous tiles in a drying closet at 35° C. (95° F.). Properties.—Thus obtained, it occurs in needles or quadrangular prisms of a deep crimson-red color, deliquescent, and very soluble in water; the concentrated solution is of a red-brown color, Avhich changes to orange on being diluted. Gradually heated, the crystals assume a blackish-broAvn color, and, at a temperature of 180° to 190° C. (356° to 374° F.), fuse into a reddish-broAvn liquid, which on cooling becomes a red, opaque, brittle mass. At a higher heat the acid is decomposed into oxygen and chromic oxide. If strong alcohol is dropped upon the acid, a vigorous action takes place, accompanied Avith increase of temperature and ignition of the alcohol. Chromic acid dissolved in diluted alcohol is gradually deoxidized at the ordinary temperature, the alcohol being con\rerted into aldehyd and acetic acid. The same reduction takes place in the presence of arsenious, sulphurous, and hy- drosulphuric acids, and of organic compounds and deoxidizing agents generally. Chromic acid contains no Avater of crystallization; its salts haA^e mostly a yelloAV or yellowish-red color; those of the alkalies and of magnesium are soluble in water; all others dissolve in nitric acid. Tests.—Sulphuric acid and bichromate of potassium may contami- nate chromic acid. The former is detected by adding to its hot aqueous solution some hydrochloric acid, deoxidizing Avith alcohol until the liquid becomes green, and then adding some chloride of barium, when a Avhite precipitate Avill be produced; the latter, by con- centrating the green solution as much as possible, and adding a con- centrated solution of tartaric acid, Avhen crystalline bitartrate of potas- sium will be separated. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure chromic acid is dissolved in nine parts by Aveight of distilled Avater. Amount of drug power, TV Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. ACIDUM CHRYSOPHANICUM. Present Name, Chrysophanic Acid. Formula, C14 H10 04. Molecular Weight, 242. Origin.—This acid was obtained in a resinous condition by Schra- der (1819) from a common lichen, Parmelia parietina, Linn., Avas ob- tained pure by Rochleder and Heldt (1843), soon after prepared from rhubarb by Schlossberger and Dopping (1844), and also found in the roots of Rumex, and of cultivated rhubarb. Parietin, parientinic acid, rhein, rhabarbarin, rhabarbaric acid, rhaponticin, lapathin, and rumicin are names formerly given to the more or less impure acid, as obtained from the sources designated. Attfield (1875) found it in Goa poAvder 30 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Preparation of Chrysophanic Acid.—The common wall lichen is exhausted with weak alcohol containing potassa in solution, the tincture precipitated by acetic acid, and the yellow flakes crystallized from alcohol (Rochleder). The precipitate occurring in tincture of rhubarb yields chrysophanic acid when treated Avith benzol; or rhu- barb may be exhausted with cold water, and the residue, after drying with benzol; on concentrating the benzol solution chrysophanic acid crystallizes on cooling (Schlossberger). By the last-mentioned pro- cess it is abundantly obtained from Goa powder (Attfield). Properties.—Chrysophanic acid is a granular, pale or orange- yelloAv powder, and when pure crystallizes in bright yellow needles or plates. It is inodorous and nearly tasteless. It is almost insoluble in cold water, but imparts a bright yellow color to boiling water, and re- quires 224 parts of boiling 86 per cent, alcohol for solution. It crys- tallizes from its concentrated solutions in hot alcohol, amylic alcohol, glacial acetic acid and ether, and is freely soluble in benzol, chloro- form, fixed and volatile oils, and the hydrocarbons of coal-tar. Tests.—Strong sulphuric acid dissolves it with a bright red color, and separates it again in yellow floccules on adding the solutions to water. Alkalies dissolve it with a deep red color; the solutions pro- duce Avith alum a rose-colored lake, and Avith lead salts precipitates which may vary in color from yellowish to pinkish or bright red. As found in commerce, it is often amorphous and impure. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure chrysophanic acid is prepared by trituration as directed under Class VII. ACIDUM CITRICUM. Present Name, Citric Acid. Formula, H2 OH3 C6 H5 07, or H3 Ci Aq. Molecular Weight, 210. Origin.—This acid occurs in a large number of plants, either in the free state, or combined with potassium or calcium, and frequently as- sociated with malic acid. It has been found in the rhizomes of Asarum Europseum and Sanguinaria Canadensis, in the tubers of dahlia and Jerusalem artichoke, in the herb of lactuca and tobacco, and in many fruits; such as capsicum, tomatoes, tamarinds, cherries, gooseberries, raspberries, Avhortleberries, cranberries, blackberries, strawberries, etc. It occurs most abundantly, however, and as free acid, in the fruits of the Aurantiacese, and is prepared in large quantities from the juice of the lemon and the lime. Preparation of Citric Acid.—"Take of lemon juice, four pints (Imperial measure); prepared chalk, four ounces and a half (avoirdu- pois) ; sulphuric acid, two fluid ounces and a half; distilled water, a sufficiency. Heat the lemon juice to its boiling point, and add the chalk by degrees till there is no more effervescence. Collect the de- posit on a calico filter, and wash it with hot water till the filtered liquid passes from it colorless. Mix the deposit with a pint (Imp. meas.) of distilled water, and gradually add the sulphuric acid pre- HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 31 viously diluted Avith a pint and a half (Imp. meas.) of distilled water. Boil gently for half an hour, keeping the mixture constantly stirred. Separate the acid solution by filtration, wash the insoluble matter with a little distilled water, and add the Avashings to the solution. Concen- trate the solution to the density of 1.21, then allow it to cool, and after twenty-four hours decant the liquor from the crystals of sulphate of lime which have formed; further concentrate the liquor until a film forms on its surface, and set it aside to cool and crystallize. Purify the crystals if necessary by a recrystallization."—Br. Properties.—Citric acid is a white, crystallized solid, often in large crystals, having the form of rhomboidal prisms with dihedral summits. It is permanent in a dry air, but becomes moist in a damp one. Its sp. gr. is 1.6. Its taste is strongly acid, and almost caustic. When heated, it dissolves in its water of crystallization, and, at a higher temperature, undergoes decomposition, becoming yellow or broAvn, and forming a very sour syrupy liquid, which is uncrystalliz- able. By destructive distillation it gives rise to water, empyreumatic oil, acetic and carbonic acids, carburetted hydrogen, and a number ot pyrogenous acids, among AAdiich is the aconitic. A voluminous coal is left. Citric acid dissolves in three-fourths of its weight of cold, and half its weight of boiling Avater. It is soluble also in alcohol, but is insoluble in pure ether. A weak solution of it has an agreeable taste, but cannot be kept, as it undergoes spontaneous decomposition. It is incompatible with alkaline solutions, whether pure or carbonated, con- verting them into citrates. It is characterized by its taste, by the shape of its crystals, and by forming an insoluble salt with lime-water when heated, and a deliquescent one with potassa. Tests.—If sulphuric acid be present, the precipitate by acetate of lead will not be entirely soluble in nitric acid; the insoluble portion being sulphate of lead. Sometimes crystals of tartaric acid are sub- stituted for or mixed with the citric, or the tAvo acids may be mixed in powder, a fraud which is readily detected by adding a solution of car- bonate of potassium to one of the suspected acids; when, if tartaric acid be present, a crystalline precipitate of bitartrate of potassium (cream of tartar) will be formed. Another test is permanganate of potassium, of Avhich an alkaline solution is without action on citric acid; while, under the action of tartaric acid, the peroxide of man- ganese is deposited. The aqueous solution of citric acid is not darkened by sulphuretted hydrogen, gives no precipitate Avhen added in excess to solution of acetate of potassa, or of chloride of barium, and, if spar- ingly added to cold lime-water, does not render it turbid; shoAving the absence of metals, and of oxalic, tartaric, and sulphuric acids. Lime or other fixed impurity is detected by incinerating the acid, alone or Avith red oxide of mercury, when the fixed matter will be left. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure citric acid is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. 32 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. ACIDUM FLUORICUM. Present Names, Fluoric Acid. Hydrofluoric Acid. Formula, HE. Molecular Weight, 20. Preparation of Fluoric Acid.—This acid is prepared by dis- tilling pure fluorspar (calcium fluoride) in a state of fine powder with sulphuric acid. As the acid dissolves glass, the distillation must be performed in platinum vessels, and the acid can only be preserved in bottles of the same, or in bottles made of gutta-percha. Tests.—rPlace a drop of the aqueous solution on a slip of glass, let it remain a few minutes, then wash it off, and hold the glass so that the eye may glance over the polished surface, Avhen the spot where the liquid was will be found to have entirely lost its polish, some of the glass having been dissolved. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure fluoric acid is dissolved in 99 parts by weight of distilled water, and must be preserved in gutta-percha vials. Amount of drug power, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—/?, except that distilled Avater must be used for all dilutions to the 3 or 6x, gutta-percha vials being employed for diluting as well as for pre- serving. ACIDUM FORMICICUM. Present Name, Formic Acid. Formula, HCH02. Molecular Weight, 46. Origin and Preparation.—This acid was first discovered in the red ant {Formica rufa, Linn.), but is also found in some caterpillars, old oil of turpentine, nettles and other plants, and is formed by the action of black oxide of manganese and sulphuric acid or of chlorin- ated lime upon starch, sugar, and other carbohydrates and allied com- pounds. Lorin (1865) observed that, in the presence of glycerin and some Avater, oxalic acid is readily decomposed into formic acid and carbonic acid gas; C3 H2 04 yields CH2 02 -f C09. Berthelot pre- pares it by heating in a retort 10 parts each of oxalic acid and gly- cerin and 1 or 2 parts of water to a little over 100° C. (212° F.). After about 12 hours the decomposition is complete, and the formic acid still remaining in the retort is obtained by adding repeatedly 5 parts of water and distilling. Properties.—Anhydrous formic acid is a colorless liquid of 1.235 sp. gr., crystallizing beloAV the freezing point of water, having a pung- ent acid odor, and producing a burning sensation when applied to the skin. Diluted Avith water, it is less caustic. It is readily soluble in Avater and alcohol. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure formic acid is dissolved in nine parts by weight of distilled water. Amount of drug power, j1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 33 ACIDUM GALLICUM. Present Name, Gallic Acid. Formula, H3 C7 H3 05, H2 0. Molecular Weight, 188. Origin.—Gallic acid is found in nutgalls, sumach, uva ursi, and in a number of other astringent plants. It is most advantageously pre- pared from nutgalls by Scheele's process, as modified by Pelouze and Robiquet. Preparation of Gallic Acid.—Take of nutgall in fine powder 36 troy ounces; purified animal charcoal and distilled Avater, each a suffi- cient quantity. Mix the nutgall Avith enough distilled Avater to form a thin paste, and expose the mixture to the air, in a shallow glass or porcelain A-essel, in a Avarm place, for a month, occasionally stirring it Avith a glass rod, and adding from time to time sufficient distilled Avater to preserve the semifluid consistence. Then submit the paste to ex- pression, and, rejecting the expressed liquid, boil the residue in eight pints of distilled Avater for a feAV minutes, and filter, Avhile hot, through purified animal charcoal. Set the liquid aside that crystals may form, and dry them on bibulous paper. If the crystals be not suffi- ciently free from color, they may be purified by dissolving them in boiling distilled Avater, filtering through a fresh portion of purified animal charcoal, and again crystallizing. Properties.—Gallic acid is in fine Avhite or pale fawn-colored silky needles, which have a slightly acrid and astringent taste, and are in- odorous. It is soluble in 100 parts of cold and three parts of boiling Avater. The solution has an acid reaction, and gives no precipitate with ferrous sulphate. Gallic acid is freelv soluble in alcohol, less so in ether. At 100° C. (212° F.), it loses 9.5 per cent, of water of crvstal- lization. Heated to between 200° and.215° C. (392° and 419° F.\ it melts and then yields carbonic acid gas and a sublimate of pyrogallic acid = C6 H6 03. It is entirely dissipated by heat. Tests.—Tannin is indicated in the aqueous solution of gallic acid by the Avhite curdy precipitate produced on the addition of a solution of gelatin. Resinous substances Avould be insoluble in boiling Avater; sugar and dextrine Avould remain undissolved on treatment Avith spirit of ether, and mineral admixtures would remain behind upon heating the acid to redness. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The, pure gallic acid is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. ACIDUM HYDROCYANICUM. Present Name, Hydrocyanic Acid. Common Name, Prussic Acid. Formula, HCN = HCy. Molecular Weight, 27. Origin.—Hydrocyanic acid has been found in the root of Janipha Manihot, and in the bark, leaves, floAvers, and seeds of many shrubs and trees belonging to the sub-orders Amygdalese and Pomese of the 3 34 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. order Rosacea?. It occurs in the free state only in some-of the more juicy parts of these plants, but a larger quantity is formed on macer- ating the parts indicated in cold water, when the amygdalin contained therein is split by the action of emulsion, or a similar ferment, into sugar, oil of bitter almonds, and hydrocyanic acid; C20 H27 JST0X1 (amygdalin) + 2 H2 O yields 2 C6 TL12 06 (glucose) C7 H6 O (oil of bitter almonds) -f- HCN (hydrocyanic acid). It is likewise found among the products of the reaction of nitric and nitrous acids upon many organic compounds, and of gaseous ammonia upon incandescent charcoal. For medical purposes it is mostly prepared by the decom- position of ferrocyanide of potassium by means of sulphuric acid. Preparation of Hydrocyanic Acid.—Take of ferrocyanide of potassium two troy ounces ; sulphuric acid a troy ounce and a half; dis- tilled Avater a sufficient quantity. Mix the acid Avith four fluid ounces of distilled water, and pour the mixture, Avhen cool, into a glass retort. To this add the ferrocyanide of potassium, dissolved in ten fluid ounces of distilled AA'ater. Pour eight fluid ounces of distilled Avater into a cooled receiver, and, having attached this to the retort, distil, by means of a sand-bath, Avith a moderate heat, six fluid ounces. Lastly, add to the product five fluid ounces of distilled Avater, or as much as may be sufficient to render the diluted hydrocyanic acid of such a strength, that twelve and seven tenths grains of nitrate of silver, dissolved in distilled AA'ater, may be accurately saturated by one hundred grains of the acid. This product recognized as the Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid is the only one employed for medicinal purposes. The methods of ob- taining the anhydrous acid are different. Properties of the Medicinal Acid.—Diluted hydrocyanic acid, of the proper medicinal strength, is a transparent, colorless, volatile liquid, possessing a peculiar smell, and a taste at first cooling and afterwards somewhat irritating. It imparts a slight and evanescent red color to litmus. It is liable to undergo decomposition if exposed to the light, but is easily kept in a bottle covered with black paint or black paper. It contains about two per cent, of anhydrous hydrocy- anic acid. Tests.—If it reddens litmus strongly and permanently, the fact shoAvs the presence of some acid impurity. It is not reddened by the iodocyanide of potassium and mercury. The non-action of this test shoAvs the absence of contaminating acids, which, if present, would decompose the test, and give rise to the red iodide of mercury. Its most usual impurities are sulphuric and muriatic acids, the former of which _ may be detected by chloride of barium, Avhich -will produce a precipitate of sulphate of barium; and the latter, by precipitating with nitrate of silver, when so much of the precipitate as may be chloride of silver will be insoluble in boiling nitric acid, while the cy- anide of silver is readily soluble. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Diluted hydrocyanic acid (containing about 2 per cent, of anhydrous hydrocyanic acid) is mixed with equal parts by weight of distilled water. Amount of drug poAA'er, T^¥. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—/?. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 35 ACIDUM LACTICUM. Present Name, Lactic Acid. Formula, HC3 H5 03. Molecular Weight, 90. Origin.—Lactic acid A\as discovered by Scheele in sour milk, in Avhich it results from the spontaneous fermentation of the sugar of milk under the influence of the casein; C12 H24 012 (milk sugar) yields 4 HC3 H5 03 (lactic acid). This transformation of the former into the latter is called the lactic fermentation. A similar change is produced in dextrin, glucose, cane-sugar, etc., by the action of casein, and other protein compounds; lactic acid is, therefore, met Avith in manv vegetable products which have turned sour. Preparation of Lactic Acid.—100 parts of sugar are dissolved in sufficient water to yield a solution of 8° or 10° B.; 8 or 10 partsof fresh cheese and 50 parts of prepared chalk are added, and the mix- ture placed for several weeks in a sunny place, Avhen lactate of calcium Avill be found crystallized (Pelouze). Boutron and Fremy dissolve 300 grams of milk-sugar in 4 liters of skimmed milk, expose the mix- ture to a temperature of from 15° to 20° C.,(59° to 68° F.), and neu- tralize everv other day with bicarbonate of sodium. When it ceases to acquire an acid reaction, the liquid is boiled, filtered, and carefully evaporated to a syrupy consistence; this is dissolved in strong alcohol, the sodium precipitated by sulphuric acid, and the lactic acid converted into lactate of calcium by the addition of chalk. This salt is then de- composed by an ascertained accurate amount of sulphuric or oxalic acid. Properties.—Officinal lactic acid is a syrupy, nearly transparent, pale AA'ine-yellow liquid, having a slight bland odor, a very sour taste, and the specific gravity 1.212 (1.24 P. G.); the pure acid is colorless, inodorous, and has the specific gravity 1.215 at 20.5° C. (68.9° F.), or according to Mendelejeff 1.2485 at 15° C. (59° F.). It unites in all proportions with water and alcohol, and is soluble in ether. It coagu- lates milk and albumen. Heated in the air, it decomposes, giving off a suffocating odor, and leaving a spongy charcoal, Avhich is finally com- pletely consumed. 90 grains of the officinal acid are neutralized by not less than 75 grains of bicarbonate of potassium, indicating not less than 75 per cent, of HC3 H5 03. Tests.—Treated Avith a hot solution of potassa, lactic acid is not materially colored; if it readily becomes brown, extractive matters are present. " Dissolved in strong alcohol, gum and some mineral salts are left behind. Treated Avith ether, glycerine, glucose, mannit, and most salts remain behind. Acetic and butyric acids are recognized by their odor, which becomes more apparent on Avarming. In the diluted acid, calcium salts are indicated by oxalate of ammonium; lead, by hydro- sulphuric acid; zinc, after neutralization with ammonia, by sulphydrate of ammonium; sulphuric acid, bv chloride of barium; muriatic acid, by nitrate of silver; and oxalic acid, by chloride of calcium, after previously diluting the acid with 20 times its quantity of water, and neutralizing with ammonia. 36 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure lactic acid is dissolved in fifty parts by weight of alcohol. Amount of drug power, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—/?. ACIDUM MOLYBDiENICUM. Present Name, Molybdic Acid. Preparation of Molybdic Acid—To obtain this acid, calcine sulphuret of molybdenum at a red heat in an open vessel, and extract the acid by means of caustic ammonia. To free it from this combina- tion, precipitate it by nitric or acetic acid, or expose the compound to a high heat, and wash the acid obtained in water, dry and melt it in a glass vessel or a platina crucible. Properties.—This is a Avhite, porous, light mass, fusible, volatile, becoming yelloAV at a high temperature, of a metallic taste, soluble in 570 parts of cold Avater. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use. — The pure molybdic acid is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. ACIDUM MURIATICUM. Synonyms, Hydrochloric Acid. Acidum Hydrochloridum. Chloro- hydric Acid. Muriatic Acid. Present Name, Hydrochloric Acid. Common Names, Spirit of Sea-Salt. Marine Acid. Formula, HCL Molecular Weight, 36.5. The muriatic acid of pharmacy and the arts is a solution of mur- iatic acid gas in Avater. It is sometimes called liquid muriatic acid, but more properly aqueous muriatic acid. Origin.—Hydrochloric acid occurs in the uncombined state among the gases emitted by active volcanoes, and in combination its radical, chlorine, is found in numerous minerals, prominent among AA'hich is chloride of sodium or common salt, which is also one of the most im- portant constituents of sea-water, and the source of nearly all the mur- iatic acid of commerce. Preparation of Muriatic Acid.—"Take of chloride of sodium, dried, forty-eight ounces (avoirdupois); sulphuric acid, forty-four fluid-ounces; water, thirty-six fluid-ounces; distilled water, fifty fluid- ounces. Pour the sulphuric acid slowly into thirty-two fluid-ounces of the water, and Avhen the mixture has cooled, add it to the chloride of sodium previously introduced into a flask having the capacity of at least one gallon (imp. measure). Connect the flask by corks and a bent glass tube with a three-necked Avash-bottle, furnished with a safety tube, and containing the remaining four fluid-ounces of the Avater; then, applying heat to the flask, conduct the disengaged gas through the Avash-bottle, into a second bottle containing the distilled Avater, by means of a bent tube dipping about half an inch beloAV the su rface; and let the process be continued until the product measures sixty-six HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 37 fluid-ounces, or the liquid has acquired a sp. gr. of 1.16. The bottle containing the distilled water must be kept cool during the Avhole operation." (Br.) Properties of the Pure Acid—Muriatic acid, when pure, is a transparent colorless liquid, of a suffocating odor and corrosive taste. Exposed to the air it emits Avhite fumes, OAving to the escape of the acid gas, and its union Avith the moisture of the atmosphere. When concentrated, it blackens organic substances like sulphuric acid. It freezes at 60° F. beloAV zero. When exposed to heat, it continues to give off muriatic acid gas, with the appearance of ebullition, until its sp. gr. falls to 1.094, AA'hen it properly boils, and distils over unchanged. Muriatic acid is characterized by forming, on the addition of nitrate of silver, a Avhite precipitate (chloride of silver), Avhich is insoluble in nitric acid, but readily soluble in ammonia. Tests.—This acid, Avhen pure, will evaporate without residue in a platinum spoon. If sulphuric acid be present, a solution of chloride of barium Avill cause a precipitate of sulphate of barium in the acid, previously diluted with distilled water. Iron may be detected by sat- urating the diluted acid with carbonate of sodium, and then adding ferrocyanide of potassium, Avhich Avill strike a blue color if that metal be present. The absence of arsenic may be inferred if it do not tarnish bright copper foil Avhen boiled Avith it, and of this as well as other metallic impregnation, excepting that of iron, by its giving no precipi- tate Avith sulphuretted hydrogen. Ammonia in excess sIioaa's the ab- sence of iron, if it produces no precipitate. Free chlorine or nitric acid may be discovered by its having the poAver to dissolve goldleaf. Any minute portion of the leaf Avhich may be dissolved is detected by adding a solution of protochloride of tin, Avhich will give rise to a purplish tint. The free chlorine is derived from the reaction of nitric or hyponitric acid on a small portion of the muriatic acid, Avhich is thus deprived of its hydrogen. Hence it is that, Avhen free chlorine is present, hyponitric acid or some other oxide of nitrogen is also pres- ent as an impurity. The nitric and hyponitric acids are cleri\-ed from nitrates in the common salt, and from hyponitric acid in the commer- cial sulphuric acid employed in the preparation of the muriatic acid. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use. — One part by Aveight of pure muriatic acid (spec. grav. 1.16) is dissolved in tAvo parts by Aveight of distilled water. Amount of drug poAver, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. ACIDUM NITRICUM. Synonym, Aqua Fortis. Present Names, Hydric Nitrate. Nitric Acid. Formula, HN03. Molecular Weight, 63. Nitric Acid, of the specific gravity 1.420. Origin.—Nitric acid occurs chiefly in combination with the alkalies and alkaline earths, and in localities Avhere vegetable or animal mat- 38 HOMCEDPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. ter has undergone putrefaction. It is found in the juice of many plants, and in small quantities in rain and snoAv-Avater. It is prepared for medicinal and technical purposes by decomposing the nitrate of so- dium or of potassium by sulphuric acid. Preparation of Nitric Acid.—The usual practice, adopted in the laboratory for obtaining nitric acid, is to add to nitrate of potas- sium in coarse powder, contained in a retort, an equal aveight of strong sulphuric acid, poured in by means of a tube or funnel, so as not to soil the neck. The materials should not occupy more than tAvo-thirds of the capacity of the retort. A receiver being adapted, heat is ap- plied by mean's of a spirit-lamp, the naked fire, or a sand-bath, moder- ately at first, but afterwards more strongly Avhen the materials begin to thicken, in order to bring the whole into a state of perfect fusion. Red vapors will at first arise, and aftenvards disappear in the course of the distillation. ToAvards its close they will be reproduced, and their reappearance will indicate that the process is completed. Nitric Acid. (sp. gr. 1.42.) Quadrihydrated Nitric Acid. —This is the acid noAV officinal in both the U. S. and Br. Pharmaco- poeias. To satisfy the tests, it must be colorless and entirely volatiliza- ble by heat; must dissolve copper Avith the disengagement of red va- pours; and, when diluted Avith at least six times its bulk of distilled Avater, must not be precipitated by hydrosulphuric acid, nitrate of sil- ver, or chloride of barium. Acid of the density of 1.42 is the most stable of the hydrated compounds of nitric acid, and boils at 250° F. When either stronger or weaker than this, it distils over at a loAver temperature; and, by losing more acid than Avater in the first case, and more Avater than acid in the second, constantly approaches to the sp. gr. 1.42, Avhen its boiling point becomes stationary. These facts in re- lation to quadrihydrated nitric acid Avere first observed by Dalton, and have since been confirmed by Mr. Arthur Smith, of London. This acid consists of one eq. of dry acid and four of Avater (4 HO, N()2); but as only one of the eq. of water is basic, the other three being consti- tutional, the true formula is HO, N05 -f- 3 HO. "Ninety grains by .Aveight of it, mixed with half an ounce of distilled Avater, require, for neutralization, 1000 grain-measures of the volumetric solution of soda." -(Br.) General Properties.—Nitric acid, so called from nitre, is a liquid, extremely sour and corrosive. When perfectly pure it is colorless. The concentrated acid, Avhen exposed to the air, emits Avhite fumes, possessing a disagreeable odor. By the action of light it undergoes a slight decomposition, and becomes yelloAV. It acts powerfully on ani- mal matter, causing its decomposition. On the living fibre it operates as a strong caustic. It stains the skin and most animal substances of an indelible yellow color. When mixed Avith muriatic acid, mutual decomposition takes place, and a liquid is formed capable of dissolving gold, called nitromuriatic acid or aqua regia. Tests.—The most common impurities in nitric acid are sulphuric acid and. chlorine; the former derived from the acid used in the pro- cess for obtaining it, the latter from common salt, which is not an un- HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 39 frequent impurity in nitre. They may be detected by adding a few drops of the solution of chloride of barium and of nitrate of silver to separate portions of the nitric acid, diluted with three or four parts of distilled water. If these reagents should produce a precipitate, the chloride will indicate sulphuric acid, and the nitrate, chlorine. Iodine may be detected by saturating the suspected acid Avith a carbonated alkali, pouring in a little clear solution of starch, and then adding a feAV drops of sulphuric acid. If iodine be present the sulphuric acid Avill set it free, and the starch solution Avill become blue. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of pure nitric acid (sp. gr. 1.42) is dissolved in nine parts by weight of distilled water. Amount of drug poAver -j^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. ACIDUM OXALICUM. Present Names, Oxalic Acid. Dihydric oxalate. Formula, H2 C2 04, 2H20. Molecular Weight, 126. Origin and Formation.—Oxalic acid occurs in combination Avith ammonium in guano, and Avith calcium in a large number of plants, among AA'hich may be mentioned the folloAving officinal drugs: rhubarb, ginger, squills, A'alerian, quassia, etc. It is found as acid potassium oxalate in the leaves and stalks of phytolacca, belladonna, and several species of rumex, rheum, and oxalis, taking its name from the last- named genus. Preparation of Oxalic Acid—One part of sugar, molasses, or starch is mixed in a retort Avith eight parts of nitric acid spec. grav. 1.38; a gradual heat is applied until the liquid finally boils, and red nitrous acid vapors cease to be giA'en off; it is then concentrated by evaporation to one-sixth of its volume, and set aside to crystallize. The crystals are drained from the mother liquor and recrystallized from hot water. This is the process of Scheele and Bergman (1776), modified in the strength of nitric acid by Schlesinger (1841). Schles- inger obtained from 100 parts of sugar 58 to 60 parts of handsomely crystallized oxalic acid. Properties.—Oxalic acid crystallizes from the aqueous solution in flat, oblique, rhombic prisms, Avhich are colorless, transparent, and soluble in about eight parts of Avater at the ordinary temperature and in nearly all proportions at the boiling temperature. They dissolve in 2' parts of cold and 1.8 parts of boiling strong alcohol, and are but little soluble in ether. Oxalic acid fuses at 98° C. (208.4° F.) and at about 160° C. (320° F.) sublimes partly unaltered and is partly de- composed into carbonic acid and carbonic oxide, Avithout leaving any residue. Tests.—Mineral impurities are left behind on incinerating the oxalic acid upon platinum foil; organic impurities will blacken con- centrated sulphuric acid on boiling. Sulphuric acid, if present, Avill produce, with nitrate of barium, a Avhite precipitate Avhich is insoluble in diluted nitric acid. 40 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of pure oxalic acid is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by Aveight of distilled water. Amount of drug poAver, T-J-^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—/?. ACIDUM PHOSPHORICUM. Present Names, Phosphoric Acid. Hydric Phosphate. Formula, HP03. Molecular Weight, -80. Preparation of Phosphoric Acid.—About equal parts of bones burned to Avhiteness, and sulphuric acid diluted Avith 15 parts of Avater, are digested for some time until the insoluble part has been converted into Avhite, smooth sulphate of calcium; the liquid, containing sul- phuric and phosphoric acids, and holding calcium and magnesium phosphates in solution, is removed by filtration and Avashing with water, neutralized with ammonia or carbonate of ammonium, sepa- rated from the precipitated phosphates and evaporated to dryness. The ammonium phosphate is then heated in a platinum crucible to redness until the ammonia has been completely driven off. Porcelain capsules are corroded in this last operation. The fused acid is poured upon polished iron plates, and, when cool, jmt into bottles. Thus prepared, phosphoric acid contains a little sodium, to free it from which Neustadtl (1861) proposes to precipitate the neutralized acid Avith barium chloride, and to decompose the resulting phosphate of barium, after it has been thoroughly Avashed, Avith sulphuric acid ; the acid filtrate is then evaporated and heated to redness. Properties.—Glacial phosphoric acid is in colorless, transparent, glass-like masses, Avhich are sloAvly deliquescent in the air, and soluble in Avater and in alcohol; the solution has a strongly acid taste. Tests.—The aqueous solution of glacial phosphoric acid is not pre- cipitated on standing for tAvo days, after having been saturated Avith hydro-sulphuric acid (arsenic, lead). When boiled for some time, and then supersaturated Avith ammonia, no precipitate is produced, Avith the exception of a slight turbidness (calcium, magnesium). With caustic potassa in excess, ammonia is not evolved. If completely pre- cipitated by acetate of lead, the filtrate, after the excess of lead has been removed by sulphuretted hydrogen, leaves, on evaporation, only a very minute residue (potassium, sodium). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of purified glacial phosphoric acid is dissolved in nine parts by Aveight of distilled Avater. Amount of drug power, T\j. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a, except that dilute alcohol is used for the 2x, and strong alcohol for the 3x dilu- tions. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 41 ACIDUM PICRICUM. Present Name, Picric Acid. Formula, HC6 H2 (N02)3 O. Molecular Weight, 229. Preparation of Picric Acid.—This acid Avas discovered by Hausmann (1788), and its composition investigated by Liebig, Dumas, and others. It may be obtained by the action of nitric acid upon Sa- licin and its deriATatives, phloridzin, indigo, aloes, benzoin, silk and other substances, and is best prepared by gradually adding carbolic acid to fuming nitric acid and heating the mixture, Avhen, on cooling, the neAV compound -will crystallize, and may be purified by washing Avith cold Avater and crA'stallizing from boiling Avater or diluted alco- hol; C6 H6 O + 3 H'N 0? yields C6 H3 (NO-2 3 O + 3 H2 O. Properties.—Picric acid crystallizes in bright yellow needles or scales, which on being heated, melt and sublime Avithout decomposition, forming yelloAv suffocating vapors Avhich condense again to crystals. It has an acrid and extremely bitter taste, dissolves at 15° C. (59° F.) in 86 parts Avater, forming a bright yelloAv solution, and is readily sol- uble in alcohol and ether. Its solutions stain the skin and other organic matter permanently yelloAv; hence its use in dyeing. The aqueous solution precipitates gelatin. It unites Avith bases, forming- salts Avhich are mostly yellow, have a bitter taste, and are explosive by percussion or when heated. The potassium picrate requires 260 parts of Avater of 15° C. (59° F.), but only 14 parts of boiling Avater for solution. Tests.—The above described properties are sufficient for recog- nizing the acid. When rapidly heated upon platinum foil, it takes fire and burns Avith a sooty flame, without leaving any fixed residue. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of pure picrid acid is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by Aveight of distilled water. Amount of drug poAver, t^q. Dilution must be prepared as directed under Class V—/?. Triturations of the pure picric acid are prepared as directed under Class VII. ACIDUM SALICYLICUM. Present Name, Salicylic Acid. Formula, H2 C7 H4 03. Molecular Weight, 138. Origin and Formation.—It occurs as methyl-salicylic ether in the leaves of Gaultheria procumbens and Andromeda Leschenaultii, and is formed from salicin, indigo, and some other organic matters by adding them to hydrate of potassium heated to fusion. Preparation of Salicylic Acid.—It may be prepared from oil of wintergreen by heating it Avith strong solution of potassa as long as methylic alcohol is given off, and decomposing the resulting salicylate of potassium by hydrochloric acid. But it is at present extensively 42 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. prepared, according to Kolbe (1874), from carbolic acid. As the first step, dry carbolate of sodium is prepared, which is introduced into a retort; dry carbonic acid gas is passed through it, while heat is applied, gradually'increased from 1005 C. (212° F.) to 2203 C. (42, it is decomposed into carbonic acid gas and phenol; C7 H6 03 yields C02 -f- C6 H6 O. It is sparingly soluble in cold Avater, but dissolves freely in boiling water, crystallizing, when slowly cooled, in long, slender needles. It dissolves freely in Avood spirit, alcohol, and ether, particularly Avhen heated. The alcoholic so- lution evaporated spontaneously yields the acid in large oblique quad- rangular prisms. The aqueous solution imparts a deep violet color to ferric chloride. Tests.—According to J. Williams, 1878, salicylic acid, prepared by Kolbe's process, is contaminated with another acid, Avhich he provision- ally names cresyl-salicylic acid, and Avhich remains in the mother liquor on neutralizing a solution iu hot Avater Avith carbonate of calcium; if the precipitated salicylate of calcium be purified by recrystallization from boiling Avater and afterwards decomposed by hydrochloric acid, pure salicylic acid is obtained. The presence of carbolic acid can be detected by the lower fusing and boiling point, and by Phi aire's test which is as folloAvs: "When a liquid containing carbolic acid is boiled with a little solution of mercurous nitrate containing a trace of nitrous acid, a reduction of the mercurous salt occurs, and the liquid assumes, sooner or later, an intense red color." The aqueous solution, to Avhich a little nitric acid has been added, is not precipitated by chloride of HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 43 barium (sulphuric acid), or by nitrate of silver (hydrochloric acid). Heated upon platinum foil, salicylic acid evaporates without leaving any residue (mineral impurities). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure salicylic acid is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. ACIDUM SUCCINICUM. Present Name, Succinic Acid. Formula, H2 C4 H4 04. Molecular Weight, 118. Origin.—Succinic Acid exists in amber, in different species of Lac- tuca, Artemisia, and other plants, and in many animal liquids. It is formed in the oxidation of wax, spermaceti, butyric, stearic, and some other fatty acids, of valerianic acid, benzoic acid, and other organic compounds; in the vinous fermentation of sugar; by the deoxidation or under the influence of casein as a ferment from asparagin, tartrates, malates, aconitates, fumarates, etc. It a\t,s observed by Agricola (1550), and recognized as an acid by Lemery (1675). Preparation of Succinic Acid.—For medicinal use, succinic acid is prepared by the dry distillation of coarsely powdered amber, from a glass retort, Avhich is entirely imbedded in sand, and the short neck of Avhich is connected Avith a huge receiver. The heat is gradu- ally increased to about 280° C. (536° F. >, and kept at this temperature as long as Avhite vapors are evolved. The distillate consists of suc- cinic acid crystallized in the neck of the retort, while the receiver con- tains oil of amber and an aqueous solution of acetic and succinic acids. Oil concentrating this solution, more succinic acid is obtained. Properties.—The impure acid is in yellowish or broAvnish prisma- tic crystals, which have the odor of oil of amber and an acid empy- reumatic taste. It fuses between 160° and 180° C. (320° and 3563 F.), dissolves in 2.2 parts of boiling and 28 parts of cold water, and is freely soluble in alcohol, slightly in ether, and insoluble in oil of turpentine. The pure acid is inodorous. With the alkalies and magnesia it forms salts which are readily soluble in water; the salts with most other metals are less freely or not at all soluble in Avater, but dissolve in solu- tion of. potassium acetate. The neutral solutions produce, with ferric chloride, red-broAvn precipitates. Tests.—A concentrated aqueous solution of the acid does not pro- duce a,precipitate with potassium acetate (absence of tartaric acid\ nor with chloride of barium (sulphuric acid), chloride of calcium (oxa- lic acid), sulphuretted hydrogen, nor after neutralization with sul- phydrate of ammonium (metals). When treated with soda in ex- cess, an ammoniacal odor is not generated, and when heated upon platinum foil the odor of caramel is not observed (sugar), nor is there finally any fixed residue left «salts). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure succinic acid is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. 44 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. ACIDUM SULPHURICUM. Present Name, Sulphuric Acid. Common Names, Sulphuric Acid. Oil of Vitriol. Vitriolic Acid. Formula, H2 S04. Molecular Weight, 98. Sulphuric acid, of the specific gravity 1.843. It contains 96.8 per cent, by weight of the sulphuric acid, HO,S03, and corresponds to 79 per cent of anhydrous sulphuric acid, S03. Origin.—Sulphuric acid is found in the free state in certain springs, emanating from volcanoes, and in the salivary glands of some mol- lusks; but it mostly occurs combined with various bases both in the mineral and organic kingdoms. Preparation of Sulphuric Acid.—Sulphuric acid is obtained by burning sulphur, mixed with one-eighth of its weight of nitre, over a stratum of Avater contained in a chamber lined with sheet-lead. If the sulphur Avere burned by itself, the product would be sulphurous acid, Avhich contains only tAVO-thirds as much oxygen as sulphuric acid. The object of the nitre is to furnish, by its decomposition, the requisite ad- ditional quantity of oxygen. To understand the process, it is neces- sary to bear in mind that nitric acid contains five, sulphuric acid three, sulphurous acid two, nitric oxide tAvo, nitrous acid three, and hyponitric acid four equiATalents of oxygen, combined Avith one equiv- alent of their several radicals. One eq. of sulphur decomposes one eq. of nitric acid of the nitre, and becomes one eq. of sulphuric acid, Avhich combines Avith the potassa of the nitre to form sulphate of po- tassium. In the mean time, the nitric acid, by furnishing three eqs. of oxygen to form the sulphuric acid, is converted into one eq. of nitric oxide, Avhich is evolved. This gas, by combining Avith two eqs. of the oxygen of the air, immediately becomes hyponitric acid vapor, Avhich diffuses itself throughout the leaden chamber. While these changes are taking place, the remainder of the sulphur is undergoing combustion, and filling the chamber with sulphurous acid gas. One eq. of hyponitric acid vapor, and one eq. of sulphurous acid gas,being thus intermingled in the chamber, react on each other, with the aid of moisture, so as to form a crystalline compound, consisting of one eq. of sulphuric acid and one eq. of nitrous acid, united with a portion of water. This compound falls into the Avater of the chamber, and is instantly decom- posed. The sulphuric acid dissolves in the water, and the nitrous acid, resolved, at the moment of its extrication, into hyponitric acid and nitric oxide, escapes with effervescence. The hyponitric acid thus set free, and that reproduced by the nitric oxide uniting Avith the oxygen of the air, again react Avith sulphurous acid and humidity, and give rise to a second portion of the crystalline compound, Avhich undergoes the same changes as the first. Thus, the nitric oxide performs the part of a carrier of oxygen from the air of the chamber to the sulphurous acid, converting the latter into sulphuric acid. The residue of the combustion of the sulphur and nitre, consisting of sulphate of potas- sium, is sold to the alum makers. H0MCE0PATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 45 Purification of Sulphuric Acid.—The only way to obtain pure sulphuric acid is by distillation. OAving to the high boiling point of this acid, the operation is rather precarious, in consequence of the danger of the fracture of the retort from the sudden concussions to which this boiling acid giAres rise. Dr. Ure recommends that a retort of the capacity of from tAvo to four quarts be used in distilling a pint of acid. This is connected by means of a Avide glass tube three or four feet long, Avith a recei\Ter surrounded Avith cold Avater. All the vessels must be perfectly clean, and no luting employed. The retort is then gradually heated by a small furnace of charcoal, or, Avhat is better, by means of a sand-bath, the retort being buried in the sand up to the neck. It is useful to put into the retort a feAV sharp-pointed pieces of glass, or slips of platinum foil, Avith the vieAv of diminishing the shocks produced by the acid vapor. The distilled product ought not to be collected until a dense grayish white vapor is generated, the appearance of Avhich is a sign that the pure concentrated acid is coming over. If this vapor should not appear, it shoAvs that the acid subjected to distillation is not of full strength; and the distilled product, until this point is attained, Avill be an acid Avater. In the distillation of sulphuric acid, M. Lem- bert uses fragments of the mineral called quartzite, instead of pieces of glass or platinum foil. After a time the fragments get worn, and must be changed. Properties.—Sulphuric acid {sulphate of water), commonly called oil of vitriol, is a dense, colorless, inodorous liquid, of an oily appear- ance, and strongly corrosive. On living tissues it acts as a poAverful caustic. In the liquid form, it contains Avater, Avhich is essential to its existence in that form. It unites Avith Avater in all proportions, and much heat is evolved on the mixture of the tAvo fluids. When pure, and as highhr concentrated as possible, as manufactured in leaden chambers, its sp. gr. is l.*45 (1.8485, Ure), a fluid ounce Aveighing a small fraction over 14 drachms. When of this sp. gr. it contains about l'S per cent of Avater. If its density exceed this, the presence of sulphate of lead or other impurity may be inferred. The commercial acid is seldom of full strength. According to Mr. Phillips, it has gen- erally the sp. gr. 1.8433, and contains 22 per cent, of Avater; and this is about the strength of the Br. acid, of which the sp. gr. is stated to be 1.843. The strong acid boils at 620° F., and freezes at 15° F. be- low zero. When diluted, its boiling point is lowered. With salifiable bases it forms a numerous class of salts, called sulphates. It absorbs Avater Avith avidity, and is used as a desiccating agent. It has been ascertained by Professors W. B. and R. E. Rogers to be capable of absorbing 94 per cent, of carbonic acid gas, a fact having an im- portant bearing on analytic operations. Tests.—The most important impurities are arsenic, lead, and nitro- gen oxides. The presence of arsenic is indicated by a yellow precipitate occurring in the diluted acid Avith sulphuretted hydrogen. It does not become turbid, and yields no black precipitate Avith sulphuretted hydro- gen, Avhen diluted with six times its volume of distilled Avater, shoAving the absence of lead. A cold concentrated solution of ferrous sulphate poured upon the surface of the concentrated acid does not develope 46 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. a purple color AAdiere the tAvo liquids unite, shoAving the absence of nitrogen oxides. Saline additions, sometimes made to increase the specific gravity of weaker acids, are recognized by the fixed residue left on evaporating a small quantity from a platinum dish or crucible. For the detection of sulphurous acid, Warington recommends (1868) the suspension in a quart bottle, half filled with the sulphuric acid, of a strip of paper colored blue by iodide of starch, Avhich Avill be bleached by the sulphurous acid; a paper coArered Avith starch and iodide of potassium, suspended in a similar manner, becomes blue in the presence of nitrogen oxides. Arsenic is found principally in sulph- uric acid manufactured from pyrites, more rarely if made from sulphur. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure sulphuric acid, sp. gr; 1.843, is dissolved in nine parts by Aveight of distilled water. Amount of drug power, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. ACIDUM TANNICUM. Synonyms, Acidum Gallo-Tannicum. Tannin. Gallo-Tannic Acid. Present Name, Tannic Acid. Formula, C14 H]0 09. Molecular Weight, 322. Origin and Varieties.—Compounds having acid properties and an astringent taste, producing dark-colored solution or precipitates Avith salts of iron and precipitating gelatin and albumen from their solutions, are called by the generic name of tannins. They are con- veniently arranged into tAvo groups, according to the color produced Avith ferric salts, which is either dark green or dark blue. A large number of plants contain tannin of the latter group, differing, hoAvever, from the officinal tannic acid in not furnishing gallic or pyrogallic acid. The tannin obtained from nutgalls is, for this reason, distinguished from the others by the prefix gallo. Gallo-tannic acid has been found in the officinal galls, in Chinese and Japanese galls, in the cups of the fruit of some oaks, and in the leaves of Italian sumach, Rhus Coriaria, Linn. Preparation of Gallo-Tannic Acid.—Take nutgall in fine poAV- der, and ether, of each a sufficient quantity. Expose the nutgall to a damp atmosphere for twenty-four hours, and then mix it with sufficient ether, previously washed Avith water, to form a soft paste. Set this aside, covered closely, for six hours; then having quickly enveloped it in a close canvas cloth, express it poAverfully between tinned plates, so as to obtain the liquid portion. Reduce the resulting cake to powder, and mix it with sufficient ether, shaken with one-sixteenth of its bulk of Avater, to form again a soft paste, and express as before. Mix the liquids, and alloAV the mixture to evaporate spontaneously until it assumes a syrupy consistence; then spread it on glass or tinned plates, and dry it quickly in a drying closet. Lastly, remove the residue from the plates, Avith a spatula, and keep it in a well-stoppered bottle. H0M020PATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 47 Properties.—Tannic acid, thus prepared, has a yellowish-white color, frequently of a slight greenish tint. It has a strongly astringent taste, and is freely soluble in Avater, alcohol, and in six parts of glycerin, but remains pulverulent Avhen in contact with anhydrous ether, which is free from alcohol. The solutions have an acid reaction. The aqueous solution is precipitated by mineral and some organic acids, tannin being less soluble in acidulated than in pure water. It yields precipitates Avith the alkaloids and many so-called neutral principles, Avith lime-water, most metallic salts, starch, albumen, and gelatin. With solutions of ferric salts a bluish-black precipitate occurs, Avith a reduction to ferrous compounds. In the presence of alkalies, and in contact with air, solutions of tannin rapidly assume a broAvn color. On the application of heat, tannic acid is decomposed, and pvrogaliic acid sublimes at 215° C. (419° F.), leaving metagallic acid' behind, Avhich is finally consumed without leaving any residue.' Composition.—The impossibility of obtaining tannic acid in the crystallized state has rendered the determination of its composition very difficult. The latest investigations on the subject appear to furnish conclusive proof that chemically pure tannin must be vieAved as an anhydrid of gallic acid, and that one molecule of it represents tAvo molecules of the latter, minus one of Avater. If this be the correct vieAv, tannin must be regarded as digallic acid, and its relation to gallic acid will be analagous to the relations of the sulphuric, nitric, and phosphoric anhydrids to their respective hydrogen compounds. The formula of tannic acid will then be (C7 H6 05)2—H20= (C7 H5 04\ O =C14 H10 09, which is the formula of Mulder (1848). Tests.—Tannic acid should burn from platinum foil without leav- ing any residue (mineral impurities), and be completely soluble in strong alcohol (dextrin insoluble) and in warm AA'ater (resin insoluble). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Tbe pure tannic acid is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. ACIDUM TARTARICUM. Present Name, Tartaric Acid. Formula, H2 C4 H4 06. Molecular Weight, 150. Origin.—It is met Avith either free or in combination Avith bases in grapes, sumach-berries, tamarinds, pineapples and other acidulous fruits; also in other parts of many plants. Preparation of Tartaric Acid.—"Take of acid tartrate of po- tassium forty-five ounces (avoirdupois); distilled water a sufficiency; prepared chalk tAvelve ounces and a half (avoird.); chloride of calcium, thirteen ounces and a half (aAroird.); sulphuric acid thirteen fluid ounces. Boil the acid tartrate of potash Avith tAvo gallons (im- perial measure) of the water, and add gradually the chalk, con- stantly stirring. When the effervescence has ceased, add the chloride of calcium dissolved in two pints (imp. meas.) of the water. When the tartrate of lime has subsided pour off the liquid, and wash the tar- trate Avith distilled Avater until it is rendered tasteless. Pour the sul- 48 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. phuric acid, first diluted Avith three pints (imp. meas.) of the Avater on the tartrate of lime; mix thoroughly, boil for half an hour Avith re- peated stirring, and filter through calico. Evaporate the filtrate at a gentle heat until it acquires the sp. gr. of 1.21, allow it to cool, and then separate and reject the crystals of sulphate of lime Avhich have formed. Again evaporate the clear liquor till a film forms on its sur- face, and allow it to cool and crystallize. Lastly, purify the crystals by solution, filtration (if necessary) and recrystallization." Properties.—Tartaric acid crystallizes in colorless, oblique, rhom- bic prisms or tables, Avhich are inodorous, and have a strong but agree- ably acid taste. They are soluble in a little less than their oavh weight of Avater, and dissolve freely in alcohol and Avood spirit, but are insolu- ble in ether. In American commerce, tartaric acid is usually found in a state of powder. It is a strong bibasic acid, and many of its salts crystallize readily. The aqueous solutions of tartaric acid and of its salts deviate the plane of polarized light to the right; hence the name of dextrotartarie acid. Tests —Tartaric acid, heated upon platinum foil, is decomposed and is finally consumed Avithout leaving any residue (mineral impuri- ties). It dissolves completely in about six parts of alcohol, some salts, if present, being left behind. Its solution in water is not precipitated or colored dark by hydrosulphuric acid (lead, copper, etc.), and is not precipitated by chloride of barium (sulphuric acid); the solution neu- tralized by ammonia and acidulated by acetic acid is not precipitated by chloride of calcium (oxalic acid) or by oxalate of ammonium (cal- cium salts). 75 grains of tartaric acid dissolved in Avater require for neutralization 1,000 grain-measures of the volumetric solution of soda. (Br.) If adulterated, a smaller quantity of the solution Avill be required for neutralization. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure tartaric acid is prepared by trituration as directed under Class VII. ACIDUM URICUM. Synonym, Lithic Acid. Present Name, Uric Acid. Formula, C? N4 H4 03. Origin.—This acid is a product of the animal organism, and has never been formed by artificial means. Preparation of Uric Acid.—It may be prepared from human urine by concentration and addition of hydrochloric acid, and crystal- lizes out after some time in the form of small, reddish, translucent grains, very difficult to purify. A much preferable method is, to em- ploy the solid Avhite excrement of serpents, which can be easily pro- cured; this consists almost entirely of uric acid and ammonium urate. It is reduced to poAvder, and boiled in dilute solution of caustic potash; the liquid, filtered from the insignificant residue of feculent matter and earthy phosphates, is mixed Avith excess of hydrochloric acid, boiled for a feAV minutes, and left to cool. The product is collected on a filter, washed until free from potassium chloride, and dried by gentle heat. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 49 Properties.—Uric acid, thus obtained, forms a glistening, snoAV- Avhite poAvder, tasteless, inodorous, and very sparingly soluble. It is seen under the microscope to consist of minute, but regular crystals. It dissolves in concentrated sulphuric acid Avithout apparent decom- position, and is precipitated by dilution with Avater. By destructive distillation, uric acid yields cyanic acid, hydrocyanic acid, carbon dioxide, ammonium carbonate, and a black coaly residue, rich in nitro- gen. By fusion Avith potassium hydrate, it yields potassium carbonate, cyanate, and cyanide. Uric acid is remarkable for the facility with Avhich it is altered by oxidizing agents, and the great number of definite and crystallizable compounds obtained in this manner, or by treating the immediate products of oxidation Avith acids, alkalies, reducing agents, etc. Tests.—Uric acid is perfectly Avell characterized, even Avhen in very small quantity, by its behavior Avith nitric acid. A small portion mixed Avith a drop or tAvo of nitric acid in a small porcelain capsule dissolves Avith copious effervescence. When this solution is cautiously evaporated nearly to dryness, and, after the addition of a little Avater, mixed with a slight excess of ammonia, a deep red tint of murexide is immediately produced. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure uric acid is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. ACONITINUM. Synonyms, Aconitia. Aconitina. Aconitine. Formula, C33 H43 X012. Molecular Weight, 645. Preparation of Aconitia.—Take of aconite root in moderately fine powder forty-eight troy ounces; diluted sulphuric acid a fluid ounce and a half; alcohol, stronger Avater of ammonia, stronger ether, distilled water, each, a sufficient quantity. Digest the poAvder in eight pints of alcohol, in a close vessel, at the temperature of 120° F., for twenty-four hours. Introduce the mixture into a cylindrical percola- tor, and gradually pour alcohol upon it until twenty-four pints of liquid have sloAvly passed. Distil off the alcohol from the filtered liquid until this is reduced to the measure of a pint. Then add to the concentrated liquid a pint of distilled water, to Avhich has been added the diluted sulphuric acid, and mix thoroughly. Remove from the liquid the fixed oil and resin, which separate on standing, and evaporate to four fluid ounces. When the liquid has cooled, pour it into a glass-stop- pered pint bottle, and wash it, by agitation and decantation, with six fluid ounces of stronger ether, to remove the remainder of the fixed oil and resin. jNoav add stronger water of ammonia until, after agitation, it remains in slight excess. Xext, treat the resulting mixture Avith six fluid ounces of stronger ether, and, having closed the bottle, agitate briskly for a feAV minutes. AIIoav the liquid to stand until it separates into tAvo layers, the lighter being an ethereal solution of aconitia. De- cant this carefully, and treat Avhat remains, tAvice successiATely, Avith the same quantity of stronger ether, decanting each time as before. Mix 4 50 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. the several ethereal solutions in a porcelain capsule, and allow the mixture to evaporate spontaneously to dryness. Lastly, reduce the dry residue to powder, and keep it in a Avell-stopped bottle. Purification of Aconitia.—The impure aconitia thus obtained is dissolved in Avarm distilled Avater acidulated Avith sulphuric acid, and the solution, when cold, is precipitated by the cautious addition of am- monia diluted with four times its bulk of distilled Avater; the precipi- tate is washed on a filter Avith a small quantity of cold distilled Avater, and dried by slight pressure betAveen folds of filtering paper. Properties.—Aconitia is a Avhite amorphous poAvder. Pure aconi- tia gives no characteristic color reactions Avith acids or oxidizing agents. It has a bitter, acrid taste, accompanied by a sense of numbness, is in- soluble in petroleum, benzine (Dragendorff), soluble in 150 parts of cold and 50 of boiling Avater, and in much less alcohol, ether, benzol, and chloroform. It melts Avith heat and burns Avith a smoky flame, leaving no residue Avhen burned Avith free access of air. It has a strong alkaline reaction and neutralizes acids, from Avhich solutions it is pre- cipitated by caustic alkalies, but not by carbonate of ammonium or by bicarbonate of sodium. Sulphuric acid produces Avith it a broAvn color. Tests.—The purity of officinal aconitia is proven by above reac- tions. Pseudo aconitia may be distinguished from it by requiring about 230 parts of chloroform, 100 parts of boiling ether, and 1500 to 2600 parts of diluted ammonia of 1} per cent, strength, for solution. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure aconitia is pre- pared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. ACONITUM. Synonym, Aconitum Xapellus, Linn. Nat. Ord., Ranunculaceae. Common Names, Monkshood. Wolfsbane. Aconite. The genus Monkshood is spread all over Europe, either groAving spontaneously in the mountain districts, or cultivated in gardens for decoration. Though all species possess more or less narcotic poAvers, it is, notwithstanding, by no means indifferent from which Ave draAv our exceedingly important medicine. Experience has declared itself for the above stated species and exclusively for the plant growing wild, Avhich is indigenous to the Swiss, Carinthian and Styrian Alps, the Pyre- nees, the Dauphiny, the mountains of Silesia, Bavaria, and the Hartz. It is a perennial herbaceous plant, Avith a spindle-shaped, tapering root, seldom exceeding at the top the thickness of the finger, three or four inches or more in length, broAvnish externally, whitish and fleshy Avith- in, and sending forth numerous long, thick, fleshy fibres. When the plant is in full groAvth, there are usually tAvo roots joined together, of which the older is dark-brown, and supports the stem, Avhile the younger is of a light yelloAvish-broAvn, and is destined to furnish the stem of the folloAving year, the old root decaying. The stem, two to three feet high, is erect, roundish-angulate, only above a little covered Avith slen- der hairs (pilose); the leaves are long-petiolate, five-lobed, divided to the base, the lobes again deeply cleft, cuneiform, above shining dark HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 51 green, beloAV light green. FloAvers standing at the end in loose racemes, on long expanding pedicels, dark violet, the hood Avide, semiglobulous Avith short blunt spur. The three- or five-partite capsular stand spread from each other. Preparation.—In the floAA'ering time, June and July, the entire plant, except the root, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and pressed out lege artis in a piece of neAv linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by Aveight of alcohol, and the mixture is poured into a Avell-stoppered bottle and allowed to stand * days in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. It is also recom- mended to prepare a tincture according to Class II. Drug poAver of tincture, ^. Dilutions are prepared as directed under Classes I and II. ACONITUM CAMMARUM, Jacquin. Synonym, Aconitum Variegatum, Linn. Nat. Ord., Ranunculacere. This is a species of aconite found groAving in the same localities as the aconitum napellus. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole well, and having poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ACONITUM FEROX, Wallich. Nat. Ord., Ranunculacese. This is the most poisonous species of aconite knoAvn; it is found groAving on the Himalaya mountains, the roots supplying the famous Indian (jNipal) poison called Bikh, Bish, or Ivabee. This species is considered by Hooker and Thompson as a variety of Aconitum napellus. Preparation.—The root is finely poAvdered and covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place, shaking it twice a day. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. ACONITUM LYCOCTONUM, Linn. Nat. Ord., Ranunculacese. This is a species of aconite found groAving in the same localities as the aconitum napellus. 52 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Preparation.—The fresh herb, gathered when coming into bloom, is chopped and pounded to a pulp, and pressed out lege artis in a piece of ucav linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, niingled with an equal part by Aveight' of alcohol. This mixture having been poured into a Avell-stoppered bottle is allowed to stand eight clays in a dark, cool place and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, h. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. ACONITUM RADIX. Root of Aconitum Napellus. Preparation.—The fresh root of the uncultivated plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and after mixing the pulp thoroughly Avith one- sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, and having poured it into a a\ ell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand 8 days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. 1 )rug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ACTiEA. Synonym, Aetata Spicata, Linn. Nat. Ord., Ranunculaceoe. Common Names, Common herb Christopher. Bane-berry. This elegant perennial herb, growing from one to tAvo feet high, is found all over Germany, though not frequently; it likes a stony ground in mountain forests and shady humid Avoods. On naked, smooth, stiff, aboA'e ramose geniculated stems stand the petiolate, ternate-manifold compounded leaves, with ovate-cordate, ser- rato-dentated incised leaflets. The Avhite flowers Avith caducous petals, appear in loose racemes, on long peduncles, groAving out of the oxils. The fruit is a smooth berry, subovate, and shining black, when ripe. The perennial root forms a strong ramose-fibrous stock of dark brown, Avhen dried, black color; the fine ramifying rootlets running out long, sIioav in the crosscut a stellate quadri-partite medullary substance. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered in May before the plant is in floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, and having poured it into a well- stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand 8 days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 53 ADAMAS. Common Name, Diamond. Pure Carbon in a crystallized state. Origin.—The diamond is one of the most remarkable substances knoAvn; long prized on account of its brilliancy as an ornamental gem, the discovery of its curious chemical nature confers upon it-a high de- gree of scientific interest. Several localities in India, the island of Borneo, and more especially Brazil, furnish this beautiful substance. The origin and true geological position of the diamond are unknoAvn; it is always found embedded in gravel and transported materials Avhose history cannot be traced. Properties.—The diamond is always distinctly crystallized, often quite transparent and colorless, but now and then having a shade of yellow, pink, or blue. The crystalline form of the diamond is that of the regular octahedron or cube, or some figure geometrically connected AA'ith these. Many of the octohedral crystals exhibit a very peculiar appearance, arising from the surfaces being curved or rounded, Avhich gives to the crystals an almost spherical figure. The diamond is in- fusible and unalterable even by a very intense heat, provided air be excluded; but AA'hen heated, thus protected, between the poles of a strong gal\ranic battery, it is converted into coke or graphite; heated to Avhiteness in a vessel of oxygen, it burns with facility, yielding car- bonic acid gas. The diamond is the hardest substance known; it admits of being split or cloven Avithout difficulty in certain particular directions, but can only be cut or abraded by a second portion of the same material; the powder rubbed off in this process serves for polishing the new faces, and is also highly useful to the lapidary and seal-engraver. The diamond is also made use of by the glazier in cutting glass. The dia- mond is carbon in its crystallized state; its sp. gr. is 3.5; Avhen burned it usually leaves betAveen 0.05 and 0.02 per cent, ashes. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use. — The diamond, in fine powder, is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. It is recommended that sugar of. milk be crystallized into the form of a mortar and pestal and the diamond triturated therein. ADELHEIDSQUELLE. Mineral spring at Heilbrunn, contains among other substances, iodine, bromine, alumina, soda, etc. Analysis (Pettenkofer). Sod. Tod., .022 Carbonate of Soda, .216 I Free Carb. ga«, 13.18 c.c. " Brora., .367 j " Lime, .584 Carburetted H., 8.02 " Chlor., 38.068 " Magn., .144 Oxygen, 1.38 " Sulph., .048 " Iron, .072 Nitrogen, 6.54 Potass. Chlor., .020 Alumina, .142 Silica, .147 Organic, .165 Preparation.—Never proven in potencies, but if required, prepare 1 and 2 dilutions Avith distilled Avater, 3 and higher potencies Avith alcohol. 54 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. ^SCULUS GLABRA, Willd. Synonyms, JE. Carnea. iE. Ohioensis. Pavia Glabra. Nat. Ord., Sapindacese. Common Names, Fetid or Ohio Buckeye. Buckeye tree. This is a large tree, groAving abundantly in rich alluvial lands of Ohio, and other States watered by the Ohio river. The bark exhales an unpleasant odor, as in the rest of the genus. Leaves opposite, point- ing out. Leaflets fine, Avith a serrate or toothed edge, and straight veins, like a chestnut leaf. Flowers small, not shoAvy; stamens curved, much longer than the corolla, Avhich is of a pale yelloAv, and consists of four upright petals. Fruit prickly Avhen young. The fruit is said to be actively poisonous, producing symptoms analogous to those caused by strychnia. Preparation.—The fresh hulled nut is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, and hav- ing poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand 8 days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. Triturations are prepared from the Avhole dried fruit, as directed un- der Class VII. jESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM, Linn. Synonym, Hippocastanum vulgare. Nat. Ord., Sapindacese. Common Name, Horse Chestnut. The horse chestnut is a native of Asia, and was introduced about the middle of the sixteenth century into Europe, Avhere, as well as in this country, it is noAV extensively cultivated as an ornamental tree. Leaves opposite, digitate; leaflets serrate, straight veined. FloAvers in a ter- minal thyrsus or dense panicle, often polygamous, the greater portion Avith imperfect pistils and sterile. Pedicels jointed. Corolla spread- ing, white spotted with purple and yelloAv, of five petals. Stamens de- clined; leaflets seven. Its nuts are ovoid, mahogany-colored, perfectly smooth and shining, with a large oval hilum, Avhich is paler colored and rough. Preparation.—The ripe, fresh, hulled nut is chopped and pounded to a pulp and AA'eighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and haying mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, and having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand 8 days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decant- ing, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, -L Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. H0MCE0PATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 55 ^THUSA. Synonym, JEthusa Cvnapium, Linn. Nat. Ord., Umbelliferse. Common Names, Fool's Parsley. Dog Parsley. Dog Poison. Garden Hemlock. Lesser Hemlock. This is a common weed, abundant throughout Europe, groAving about a foot high, strongly resembling parsley in appearance, yet easily dis- tinguished from it by its nauseous smell Avhen rubbed, and loathsome taste. Root spindle-shaped; stem erect and quite smooth, holloAv, and sometimes violet striped; dark green, on the lower base lighter colored, very vivid shining, ternate-pinnate cleft leaves. The umbels are op- posite-leaved, long-petiolate, without an involucre, Avith ten to tAventy very unequal rays; petals Avhite, the exterior ones of the marginal flowers twice as big as those of the inner ones. Seeds globular and striated. Preparation.—The whole fresh plant, when in flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and AA'eighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one- sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole well, and having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand 8 days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAArer of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. AGARICUS EMETICUS. Synonym, Russula Emetica. Nat. Ord., Fungi. Common Name, Common Mushroom. Mushrooms are very largely cultivated in Europe for the table. Their substance is made up of cellular tissue, Avhich is usually of that soft consistence denominated fungous, but is sometimes corky, ligneous, or even gelatinous. Many of them have an agreeable odor and taste, while others are unpleasant and offensive both to the nostrils and palate. Preparation.—The fresh mushroom is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole Avell, and having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand 8 days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by de- canting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, , avIio obtained it as a gray powder by decomposing aluminium chloride AA'ith potassium; and H. Sainte-Claire Deville (1854) by an improved process founded on the same principle, has succeeded in ob- taining it in the compact form and on the manufacturing scale. Manufacture of Metallic Aluminium.—The process consists in decomposing the double chloride of aluminium and sodium, Al2 0!6, 2Xa CI, by heating it with metallic sodium, fluor-spar or cryolite being added as a flux. The reduction is effected in crucibles, or on a large scale on the hearth of a reverberatory furnace. Sodium is used as the reducing agent in preference to potassium: first, because it is more easily prepared; and, secondly, because it has a loAver atomic weight, and/consequently, a smaller quantity of it suffices to do the same amount of chemical work. Properties and Tests.—Metallic aluminium is silver-Avhite, son- orous, unalterable in the air, and lighter than glass, haying the sp. gr. 2.56 only. Its fusing point is somewhat lower than that of silver. It is not attacked by sulphuric or nitric acid, nor tarnished by sulphur- etted hydrogen. Its proper solvent is muriatic acid. After silver, G4 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. gold, and platinum, it is the least alterable of the metals. By reason of its valuable properties, it Avill be applied to many purposes in the arts, if obtainable in sufficient quantities, and at a moderate cost. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure metallic alumi- nium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. AMBRA GRISEA. Synonyms, Ambarum. Ambra Ambrosiaca. Ambra Vera. Am- bra Maritima. Common Name, Ambergris. Origin.—Ambergris is regarded as a morbid product of the sperm Avhale, Physeter macrocephalus, Linn., and is found in its intestines as Avell as floating on the sea along the coasts of Caromandel, Japan, the Moluccas, and Madagascar. The most esteemed is that from Mada- gascar and Sumatra. Description of Ambergris.—It comes in irregular pieces, vary- ing considerably in size, is opaque, of a gray or gray-broAvn color, Avith lighter and darker colored streaks and spots, lighter than Avater, friable in the cold, but softening Avhen held in the hand. It is of a Avaxy ap- pearance, fusible in hot Avater, mixing Avith melted fats, and soluble in volatile oils, ether, and hot alcohol. It has a peculiar fragrance, and is nearly tasteless. It burns readily with a bright flame, leaving very little residuum. Adulterations. — Adulterated or fictitious ambergris is readily recognized by its different physical properties. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The genuine, gray am- bergris, is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. AMMONIACUM. Synonym, Dorema Ammoniacum, Don. Nat. Ord., Umbelliferse. Common Name, Gum Ammoniac. This plant, which is of a striking appearance, groAvs to the height of six or seven feet; its leaves are all radical; the IioIIoav stem bears a feAV long leaf-sheaths, and divides toAvards the apex into about sixteen ascending branches, upon Avhich the small globular short-stalked um- bels are born, the inflorescence forming a paniculate raceme. The root is rich in milk-juice, Avhich rapidly diminishes in quantity, Avhen, in about the fifth year, the stem is produced, after Avhich the plant perishes. The gum-resin exudes from the stem and flowering branches from punctures produced by insects; an inferior kind exudes near the base of the stem among the remnants of the leaf-sheaths, and in the soil considerable quantities of hardened milk-juice are often found, Avhich has exuded from fissures in the root produced during the hot season. This species of dorema prefers a silicious soil, and occurs abundantly in the deserts and barren regions of Persia and Tartary. Properties of Gum Ammoniac. — Ammoniac comes either in the state of tears, or in aggregate masses, and in both forms is fre- HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 65 quently mixed Avith impurities. That of the tears, hoAArever, is prefer- able, as the purest may be conveniently picked out and kept for use. These are of irregular shape, usually more or less globular, from tAvo to eight lines in diameter, opaque, yelloAvish on the outside, Avhitish within, compact, homogeneous, brittle Avhen cold, and breaking with a conchoidal, shining fracture. The smell of ammoniac is peculiar, and stronger in the mass than in the tears. The taste is slightly sweetish, bitter, and someAvhat acrid. The sp. gr. is 1.207. "When heated, the gum-resin softens and becomes adhesive, but does not melt. It burns Avith a Avhite flame, SAvelling up, and emitting a smoke of a strong, resinous, slightly alliaceous odor. It is partly soluble in water, alcohol, ether, vinegar, and alkaline solutions. The alcoholic solution is trans- parent, but is rendered milky by the addition of Avater. Preparation.—The pure gum-resin in tears, is prepared by tritura- tion, as directed under Class VII. AMMONIUM ACETICUM. Synonyms, Liquor Ammonii Acetatis (Solution of Acetate of Ammonium). Spiritus Mindereri (Spirit of Mindererus). Present Name, Amnionic Acetate. Formula, Ca H3 02 XH4. Preparation of Acetate of Ammonium.—Take of diluted acetic acid (acetic acid one part, distilled water seven parts), tAvo pints; carbonate of ammonium a sufficient quantity. Add the carbonate gradually to the acid until the latter is neutralized and filter. This preparation, Avhen dispensed, should be freshly made. Properties.—Solution of acetate of ammonium, Avhen made of pure materials, is a limpid and colorless liquid Avithout smell. Its taste is saline, and resembles that of a mixture of nitre and sugar. When it contains an excess of alkali, its taste is bitterish. It should be freshly prepared at short intervals; as its acid becomes decomposed, and a portion of carbonate of ammonium is generated. Tests.—When pure it is not colored by hydrosulphuric acid, nor precipitated by chloride of barium. titrate of silver precipitates crystals of acetate of silver, soluble in water, and especially in nitric acid. An insoluble precipitate Avith the test is chloride of silver, and shoAvs the presence of muriatic acid. Potassa disengages ammonia; sulphuric acid, acetous vapors. When evaporated to dryness, the residue is Avholly dissipated by heat Avith the smell of ammonia. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure "spirit of mindererus" is dissolved in nine parts by weight of distilled Avater. Amount of drug power, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. 5 (56 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. AMMONIUM BENZOICUM. Synonyms, Ammonii Benzoas. Benzoate of Ammonium. Present Name, Amnionic Benzoate. Formula, NH4 C7 H5 03. Molecular Weight, i:>9. Preparation of Benzoate of Ammonium.—Take of benzoic acid two troy ounces; water of ammonia three fluid ounces and a half, or a sufficient quantity; distilled Avater four fluid ounces. Dissolve the acid in three fluid ounces and a half of the water of ammonia, pre- viously mixed with the distilled water; evaporate with a gentle heat, occasionally adding Avater of ammonia, if necessary, to maintain a slight excess of the alkali; then set aside to crystallize, and dry the crystals without heat. Properties.—Benzoate of ammonium crystallizes in colorless or Avhite thin lamina?, having a slight odor of officinal benzoic acid, and a saline, somewhat bitterish taste; it is readily soluble in alcohol and Avater, and when heated fuses, gives off vapors of benzoic acid, and evaporates Avithout leaving any residue. Its solution gives, Avith ferric salts, a bulky light broAvnish-yelloAV precipitate, evolves ammonia Avhen heated Avith potassa, and, if it be not too dilute, deposits benzoic acid when acidulated Avith hydrochloric acid. Tests.—The purity of the salt is ascertained by its not yielding am* carbonaceous mass Avhen heated, or leaving a non-volatile residue Avhen ignited. Its diluted solution, if acidulated Avith nitric acid, should not be precipitated by chloride of barium or nitrate of silver. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure benzoate of ammonium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. AMMONIUM BROMICUM. Synonyms, Ammonii Bromidum. Bromide of Ammonium. Present Name, Ammonic Bromide. Formula, XH4 Br. Molecular Weight, 98. Preparation of Bromide of Ammonium.—Take of bromine two troy ounces; iron in the form of Avire and cut in pieces a troy ounce; Avater of ammonia four fluid ounces and a half; distilled Avater a sufficient quantity. Add the iron and then the bromine to half a pint of distilled Avater, contained in a glass flask having the capacity of two pints, loosely cork the flask, and agitate the mixture until the odor of bromine can no longer be perceived, and the liquid assumes a greenish color. Mix the Avater of ammonia Avith half a pint of distilled water, and add to it the mixture in the flask; agitate the mixture, and heat it by means of a Avater-bath for half an hour; then filter, and, Avhen the liquid ceases to pass, Avash the precipitate on the filter Avith boiling distilled water. Evaporate the solution in a porce- lain capsule, until a pellicle begins to form, then stir it constantly with a glass rod, at a moderate heat, until it granulates. Properties.—It is either in Avhite granular or in larger colorless H0MO30PATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 67 prismatic crystals, Avhich become yellowish on exposure. It has a neutral reaction to test paper, is readily soluble in Avater, sparingly so in strong alcohol, and has a pungent saline taste. If heat be carefully applied, it may be sublimed Avithout change. Tests.—It may be regarded as pure if, on being heated upon platinum foil, a nonvolatile residue is not left behind. Its solution should not be precipitated by chloride of barium (sulphuric and phos- phoric acids). The solution, mixed Avith some mucilage of starch, should not yield a blue color (which Avould indicate iodine) if a drop of chlorine or bromine Avater be added. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure bromide of ammonium is prepared by trituration as directed under Class VII. AMMONIUM CARBONICUM. Synonyms, Ammonii Carbonas. Ammonia? Sesquicarbonas. Car- bonate of Ammonium. Volatile Salt. Present Name, Ammonic Carbonate. Common Name, Sal Volatile. Formula, N4 H16 C3 08 = 2 (XH4\ O. 3 C02 =2NH4 HC03. (XH3)2 C02. Molecular Weight, 236. Preparation of Carbonate of Ammonium.—This compound is extensively prepared on a large scale by heating a mixture of sal ammoniac or chloride of ammonium Avith tAvice its weight of chalk, in an earthen retort, and passing the vapors through an iron pipe into a leaden chamber Avhere they condense. The chalk is used in excess to prevent sublimation of undecomposed chloride of ammonium, Avhich Avould otherAvise be apt to contaminate the product. It is then purified by resublimation from iron vessels. The reaction results in the forma- tion of chloride of calcium and neutral carbonate of ammonium, Avhich on condensation is converted into a salt of the above composition, Avater and ammonia being driven off; 6 XH4 CI + 3 CaC03 yields 3 Ca Cl2 -f- (2 XH4)2 O. 3 Co2 -f 2 XH3 + H20. A similar result is obtained by using sulphate of ammonium in place of the chloride, Avhen sulphate of calcium will be found in the residue in the retort. The ammonium salts used being almost exclusiATely those obtained from coal-gas liquor, the first sublimate contains tarry products, from Avhich it is freed by resublimation. Properties.—Carbonate of ammonium is found in commerce in Avhite crArstalline translucent masses, having a strong ammoniacal odor and alkaline reaction. Exposed to the air it parts Avith ammonia and carbonic acid, becomes opaque, and falls into a Avhite poAvder of bicarbo- nate of ammonium, XH4 HC03, Avhich is likeAvise obtained by Avashing the poAvdered officinal carbonate Avith a little cold water, which dissolves neutral ammonium carbonate, leaving the acid carbonate behind; 2 XH4 HC03. X2 H6 C02 + H2 O yields 2 XH4 HC03 + (XH4>2 C03. The solution of the entire compound in water represents, there- fore, a mixture of neutral and acid ammonium carbonate. It is not completely soluble in alcohol. 68 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Tests.—Carbonate of ammonium should be completely volatilized Avhen heated upon platinum foil; a residue Avould indicate the presence of non-volatile salts. The solution in diluted acids should be free from empyreumatic odor. Dissolved in a slight excess of diluted nitric acidj it is not precipitated by chloride of barium (sulphate), nitrate of silver (chloride), or sulphuretted hydrogen (metals). Traces of iron may frequently be detected in this solution by ferrocyanide or sulpho- cyanide of potassium. The presence of ammonium bicarbonate is in- dicated by the change of the translucent mass into an opaque pulveru- lent condition. Fifty-nine grains of carbonate of ammonium dissolved in one ounce of distilled water will be neutralized by 1000 grain measures of the volumetric solution of oxalic acid. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure carbonate of ammonium is dissolved in nine parts by weight of distilled Avater. Amount of drug poAver, y^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. Triturations of pure carbonate of ammonium, prepared as directed under Class VII., have been recommended, but the great volatility of the substance renders such preparations unsuitable. AMMONIUM CAUSTICUM. Synonyms, Aqua Ammonise. Liquor Ammonii Caustici. Liquor Aminonise Fortior. Present Name, Amnionic Hydrate. Formula, XH4 HO (Ammoniacal Gas, XH3). Molecular Weight, 17. Production.—Ammonia is produced during the putrefaction of all organisms and of many organic compounds containing nitrogen; it exists in the air as carbonate and nitrate. Ammoniacal salts are met with in most plants and animals. The products of the dry distillation of many nitrogenated compounds contain ammonia, and it is from such a source, namely, from the so-called gas liquor, a by-product of the manufacture of illuminating gas, that ammoniacal salts are principally obtained. (See ammonii chloridum). Preparation of Ammonia Water.—Take of chloride of am- monium in small pieces and lime, each twelve troy ounces; Avater six pints; distilled Avater a sufficient quantity. Pour a pint of the Avater upon the lime, in a convenient vessel; and, after it has slaked, stir the mixture so as to bring it to the consistence of a smooth paste. Then add the remainder of the Avater, and mix the Avhole thoroughly together. Decant the milky liquid from the gritty sediment into a glass retort, of the capacity of sixteen pints, and add the chloride of ammonium. Place the retort on a sand-bath, and adapt to it a Avash- ing bottle, previously connected with a tA\o-pint bottle by means of a glass tube, reaching nearly to the bottom of the bottle, containing a pint of distilled Avater. Surround the bottle Avith ice-cold water and apply heat, gradually increased, until ammonia ceases to come over. Remove the liquid from the bottle and add to it sufficient distilled HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 69 Avater to raise its specific gravity to 0.960. Lastly, keep the liquid in small bottles, Avell stopped. Properties.—Ammonia Avater is a colorless, transparent liquid, possessing the odor and taste of the gas, lighter than distilled water, and has a loAver freezing point than this liquid. It imparts a broAvn color to tumeric paper, a blue color to red litmus paper, and a green color to the juice of violet floAvers. Ammonia neutralizes all acids, forming salts, Avhich are mostly colorless and crvstallizable, and possess a sharp saline taste. The solutions of most ammonium salts, Avhen evaporated, lose a portion of the ammonia. Tests.—Water of ammonia should evaporate at the temperature of boiling Avater without leaving any residue (salts). It does not yield a precipitate Avith lime-Avater (carbonate), Avith oxalate of ammonium (calcium), or, either before or after neutralization by means of nitric acid, Avith sulphuretted hydrogen. After acidulation Avith nitric acid it is not precipitated by nitrate of silver (chloride, etc.), or nitrate of barium (sulphate). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.— The preparation, sp. gr. 0.960, contains 10 per cent, of ammoniacal gas, and therefore corre- sponds to the first decimal potency. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. AMMONIUM JODATUM. Synonyms, Ammonii Iodidum. -Iodide of Ammonium. Present Name, Amnionic Iodide. Formula, XH4 I. Molecular Weight, 145. Preparation of Iodide of Ammonium.—Take of iodide of po- tassium in coarse poAvder tAvo troy ounces and a half; sulphate of am- monium in coarse poAA'der a troy ounce; boiling distilled Avater tAvo fluid ounces; alcohol and AA'ater, each a sufficient quantity. Mix the the salts, add them to the boiling Avater, stir Avell, and allow the mix- ture to cool; then add a fluid ounce of alcohol, mix well, and reduce the temperature, by a bath of iced water, to about 40° F., throAV the mixture into a cooled glass funnel, stopped Avith moistened cotton, and Avhen the clear solution has passed, pour upon the salt a fluid ounce of a mixture containing tAvo parts of Avater, and one part of alcohol. Lastly, evaporate the solution rapidly to dryness, stirring constantly; and preserve the residue in a well-stoppered bottle. To obtain the salt chemically pure, the product must be dissolved in alcohol, filtered from the insoluble potassium sulphate, and evaporated as before. Properties.—Iodide of ammonium is in Avhite granular crystals having the specific gravity 2.498. If the air is excluded, they sublime undecomposed, but in contact Avith the atmosphere acquire a yelloAvish- broAvn color. The salt is deliquescent, and dissolves freely in water and alcohol, the solutions becoming yellow on exposure. Iodine is liberated on the addition of nitric acid, and ammonia Irv potassa or lime. The aqueous solution, mixed Avith some mucilage of starch be- comes blue on the addition of a little chlorine water. 70 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS, Tests.—The purity of the salt is recognized by its complete vola- tility and by its solution yielding not any, or only a slight turbidity with barium chloride (sulphate). Bromide and chloride of ammon- ium are recognized by precipitating the solution Avith nitrate of silver, and adding ammonia in excess, in Avhich silver iodide is Aery sparingly soluble, so that the ammoniacal liquid will yield merely a slight tur- bidity on the addition of nitric acid. If a precipitate occurs, this is agitated Avith chlorine Avater gradually added in the presence of chloro- form, Avhich will be colored red if bromine be present; if the chloro- form is not colored, the impurity is a chloride. The solution of ten- grains of iodide of ammonium, treated Avith sufficient nitrate of silver, yields a precipitate Avhich, after Avashing and drying, Aveighs 16.8 grains. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure iodide of am- monium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. AMMONIUM MURIATICUM. Synonyms, Ammonii Chloridum. Ammonium Chloratum. Muri- ate of Ammonia. Chloride of Ammonium. Present Name, Amnionic Chloride. Common Name, Sal Ammoniac. Formula, XH4 CI. Molecular Weight, 53.5. Preparation of Chloride of Ammonium.—Chloride of am- monium is most generally obtained from the so-called coal-gas liquor, a watery liquid condensed in the preparation and purification of illu- minating gas from coal, and containing principally carbonate of ammo- nium, besides some sulphide, cyanide, and empyreumatic products. This is occasionally neutralized by hydrochloric acid, or decomposed by chloride of calcium, in both of Avhich cases a solution of ammonium chloride is obtained, Avhich is evaporated and the dry salt aftenvards sublimed. More frequently the gas-liquor is neutralized by sulphuric- acid, and the resulting solution of ammonium sulphate evaporated and crystallized. The more or less broAvn-colored crystals are mixed with sodium chloride (table salt), and the mixture is sublimed from iron pots, the vapors being condensed upon the inside of leaden or iron domes. _ On the application of heat a mutual decomposition of the ammonium sulphate and sodium chloride occurs, resulting in the forma- tion of ammonium chloride, which sublimes, and sodium sulphate Avhich remains behind; (XH4^2 S04 -f 2XaCl yields 2NH4 CI + Xa'2 S04. From the corrosive action of the vapors upon iron, the product is ahvays contaminated Avith chloride of iron. Purification of Chloride of Ammonium.—Take of chloride of ammonium in small pieces twenty troy ounces; Avater of ammonia five fluidrachms; Avater two pints. Dissolve the chloride of ammonium m the water, in a porcelain dish, with the aid of heat, add the Avater of ammonia, and continue the heat for a short time; filter the solution Avhile hot, and evaporate to dryness, Avith constant stirring at a moder- ate heat, until it granulates. The object of this process is to reinove HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 71 the iron, Avhich is precipitated by the ammonia as ferric hydrate, and separated by filtration, Avhile hot. If the sal ammoniac has been other- wise pure, the filtrate may be evaporated to dryness, and granulated, as directed above. If, hoAvever, it contains other impurities besides the iron, it is best to alloAV the filtrate to cool, stirring it occasionally, and to collect the crystalline powder upon a muslin strainer. The impuri- ties will remain in the mother-liquor. Properties of Purified Chloride of Ammonium.—It forms in a snoAV-Avhite. granular crystalline poAvder, free from odor, and has a cooling and strongly saline taste. Its specific gravity is 1.45, and it is soluble in about three parts of cold and in little more than its oavh weight of boiling Avater. During the solution of the salt in Avater much heat becomes latent, and the temperature is considerably reduced. On the application of heat it volatilizes Avithout residue, and is con-_ densed again unchanged. When the solution is heated Avith potassa or lime, gaseous ammonia is given off; and Avhen treated Avith nitrate of silver, a curdy white precipitate is produced; but no change occurs on the addition of chloride of barium. The solution of chloride of am- monium has a faint acid reaction, and does not acquire a bluish-black color by tannin, or a blue coloration on the addition of ferrocyanide of potassium. Tests.—Chloride of ammonium is little subject to adulteration. Its chief impurities are iron, and sulphate of ammonium, which may be detected by the methods already mentioned. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of pure chloride of ammonium is dissolved in nine parts by Aveight of distilled Avater. Amount of drug power, -j-1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. Triturations of the pure chloride of ammonium are prepared as di- rected under Class VII. AMMONIUM NITRICUM. Synonyms, Ammonii Xitras. Xitrum Flammans. Xitrate of Am- monium. Present Name, Ammonic Xitrate. Formula, XH4 XOs. Molecular Weight, 80. Preparation of Nitrate of Ammonium.—Xitric acid is neu- tralized Avith ammonia or carbonate of ammonium, or, in place of the latter, the pulverulent bicarbonate, which accumulates in the shops, may be advantageously employed; the solution is concentrated by evaporation and crystallized, or until it congeals on cooling. Properties.—It cn'stallizes in hexagonal prisms or needles, or occurs in colorless crystalline masses. It has the specific gravity 1.70, and possesses a sharp bitterish taste. It deliquesces in contact with moist air, and dissolves at ordinary temperatures in about half its Aveight of Avatar, and about three parts of alcohol of the specific grav- ity 0.880. On the application of heat it softens ami then fuses at 72 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 108° C. (226.4° F.), and Avhen rapidly heated, is decomposed into Avater, nitrous acid, and nitrogen, or into nitrous and nitric oxides, nitrate of ammonium, and ammonia; but, if gradually heated to near the temperature of 200° C. (392° F.), it is decomposed into Avater and nitrous oxide or laughing gas, X20. It detonates Avhen throAvn upon red-hot charcoal, or Avhen mixed with poAvdered charcoal, and heated to 170° C. (338° FA. When mixed Avith sulphuric acid, nitric acid vapors are given off, and potassa or lime evolves ammonia when heated Avith the aqueous solution. Tests.—The salt should be completely volatilized without charring Avhen heated upon platinum foil, and its aqueous solution should not be precipitated either by silver nitrate or barium chloride (absence of chloride and sulphate). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of pure nitrate of ammonium is dissolved in nine parts by weight of dis- tilled Avater. Amount of drug power, *£■$. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. AMMONIUM PHOSPHORICUM. Synonyms, Ammonii Phosphas. Phosphate of Ammonium. Present Name, Hydro-Diammonic Phosphate. Formula, (XH4)2 HP04. Molecular Weight, 132. Preparation of Phosphate of Ammonium.—Take of diluted phosphoric acid tAventy fluid ounces; strong solution of ammonia a sufficiency. Add the ammonia to the phosphoric acid until the solution is slightly alkaline, then evaporate the liquid, adding ammonia from time to time so as to keep it in slight excess, and Avhen the crystals are formed, on the cooling of the solution, dry them quickly on filtering- paper placed on a porous tile, and preserve them in a stoppered bottle. Properties.—The officinal phosphate of ammonium crystallizes in transparent colorless prisms having the specific gravity 1.678 (Buiget, I861J. It has a cooling and sharply saline taste, effloresces superfi- cially in a dry atmosphere, is insoluble in alcohol, but dissolves in 4 parts of cold and in less of boiling Avater. The solution yields a yelloAv precipitate Avith nitrate of silver, and evolves ammonia on con- tinued boiling or when heated with potassa. The salt, when heated, fuses and is gradually converted into metaphosphoric acid. Tests.—Twenty grains of the salt, dissolved in Avater and precipi- tated by ammonio-sulphate of magnesium, yield a crystalline precipi- tate, which, Avhen Avell Avashed Avith diluted ammonia water, dried and ignited, weighs 16.8 grains. The solution acidulated with nitric acid should yield no precipitate with barium chloride (sulphate) or silver nitrate (chloride). Ten grains of the salt, gradually heated upon platinum foil to redness, should leave a residue weighing 6.1 grains. Preparation.—The pure phosphate of ammonium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 73 AMMONIUM VALERIANICUM. Synonyms, Ammonii Valerianas. Valerianate of Ammonium. Present Name, Amnionic Valerianate. Formula, XH4 C5 H9 02. Molecular Weight, 119. Preparation of Valerianate of Ammonium.—Take of valer- ianic acid four fluid ounces. From a mixture of chloride of ammonium in coarse poAvder, and an equal Aveight of lime previously slaked and in poAvder, contained in a suitable vessel, obtain gaseous ammonia, and cause it to pass, first through a bottle filled Avith pieces of lime, and afterwards into the valerianic acid, in a tall, narroAV glass vessel, until the acid is neutralized. Then discontinue the process, and set the ves- sel aside that the valerianate of ammonium may crystallize. Lastly, break the salt into pieces, drain it if necessary in a glass funnel, dry it on bibulous paper, and keep it in a Avell-stoppered bottle. Properties. — Valerianate of ammonium, thus prepared, forms colorless or Avhite quadrangular plates, having the odor of valerianic acid and possessing a sharp and sAveet taste, it effloresces Avhen placed in a drv atmosphere, and deliquesces in moist air. On the application of heat* it fuses, giving off ammoniacal and acid vapors, and is finally dissipated, Avithout leaving any residue. It dissolves freely in Avater and alcohol, the solutions, on evaporation, acquiring an acid reaction from the loss of ammonia, Alkalies decompose it with the evolution of ammonia, and the stronger acids Avith the separation of oily valer- ianic acid floating upon the aqueous solution. Should the salt have an acid reaction, its solution, when dispensed, should be neutralized by the careful addition of some ammonia, Avhereby the disagreeable odor and taste of valerianic acid are masked to a considerable extent. Tests.—Heated to redness upon platinum foil, the salt leaves no residue (potassium, etc., salts). Its aqueous solution, after having been acidulated with nitric acid, is not precipitated by chloride of barium (sulphate), or nitrate of silver ("chloride), or, after having been rendered alkaline by ammonia, by sulphate of magnesium (phosphate). When the aqueous solution is treated with an excess of sulphuric acid and the clear watery liquid is nearly neutralized Avith ammonia, a red colora- tion is not produced on the addition of a little tersulphate of iron (ab- sence of acetate). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure valerianate of ammonium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. AMPELOPSIN. Resinoid of Ampelopsis Quinquefolia. # # Preparation.—The resinoid, as obtained from the chemist, is pre- pared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. 74 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. AMPELOPSIS. Synonym, Ampelopsis Quinquefolia, Michaux. Nat. Ord., Vitacea?. Common Name, Virginian Creeper. This is a common woody vine, growing in Ioav or rich grounds throughout the United States, climbing extensively, sometimes by root- lets as Avell as by its disk-bearing tendrils. Tendrils fixing themselves to trunks of trees or Avails by dilated sucker-like disks at their tips; leaves digitate, Avith five oblong-lanceolate sparingly serrate leaflets; flower-clusters, cymose, of a greenish-Avhite color. Calyx slightly five- toothed. Petals concave, thick, expanding before they fall. Its blos- soms appear in July, its small, blackish berries ripening in October. It is also called American Ivy, and still less appropriately, Woodbine. Its smooth dark-green leaves turn crimson in autumn. Preparation.—Equal parts of the fresh young shoots and the fresh bark are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well and having poured it into a Avell- stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then,separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, 3-. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. AMPHISB03NA VERMICULARIS. Synonym, Amphisboena Flavescens. Class, Reptilia. Order, Sauria. Family, Annulata. Poison of a South American Snake. This species of snake moves either backwards or fonvards, as occa- sion may require, and is quite common in the woods of Brazil. Its body is cylindrical, from two to tAvo and a half feet long, terminated by a very obtuse tail. It has no scales properly speaking, but its skin is divided into quadrilateral compartments disposed in rings around the body; 228 on the trunk and 26 on the tail. The loAver lip is di- vided into six long and narrow plates; the head is small, rather sharp, protected by scutellse, and not distinguished from the neck. It has small eyes; the jaAv is not dilatable, the teeth are conical, bent, un- equal and distinct from each other; the nostrils are on the sides, and pierced in a single naso-rostral plate. The amphisboena is of a broAvnish color above, and a pinkish-Avhite under the belly. Preparation.—The poison taken from the living animal by cut- ting off part of its jaAV, is triturated as directed under Class IX. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 75 AMYGDALA AMAR^, De Candolle. Synonyms, Amygdalus Communis. Prunus Amygdalus. Nat. Ord., Amygdaleie. Common Name, Bitter Almond. The almond-tree is a native of Persia, Syria, and Barbary, and is very extensively cultivated iu various parts in the south of Europe. The tree rises usually from fifteen to twenty feet in height, and divides into numerous spreading branches, its leaves are about three inches long, and three quarters of an inch broad, pointed at both ends, and are of a bright green color. The flowers are large, of a pale red color varying to Avhite, and usually stand in pairs upon the branches. The fruit is of the peach kind, Avith the outer covering thin, tough, dry, and marked Avith a longitudinal furroAV, Avhere it opens Avhen fully ripe. Within this covering is a rough shell, containing the kernel or almond. Preparation.—The ripe kernel is finely chopped and pounded, covered with fiA*e parts by AA'eight of alcohol, and alloAved to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, shaking it tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. Triturations are prepared from the ripe kernel, as directed under Class VII. AMYL NITRITE. Synonyms, Xitrite of Amy 1. Amyl Xitris. Formula, C5 Hlx X02. Molecular Weight, 117. Preparation of Nitrite of Amyl.—Purified amylic alcohol is introduced into a capacious glass retort Avith about an equal bulk of nitric acid; a gradually increasing heat is applied until the mixture approaches boiling, when the reaction Avill proceed spontaneously. The distillate is collected until the temperature in the retort rises above 100° C. (212° F.), the portion distilling at a higher temperature con- taining much nitrate of amyl and ethylamylic ether. The distillate obtained beloAV 100° is agitated with Avater and an alkali (potassa, lime, or their carbonates) to remove hydrocyanic, nitric and nitrous acids; and the oily layer, which separates, is rectified from a clean re- tort by a gradually increased heat; amylic aldehyd coming over hi the first portion, that distilling betAveen 95° and 100° C. is collected separately. If not carefully rectified, it requires to be purified by fractional distillation. Properties.—Xitrite of amyl is an ethereal liquid of a yelloAvish color and a peculiar, not disagreeable, odor. It has the specific gravity 0.877, and boils constantly, and without being decomposed, at 96° C. (205° F.). It is insoluble in water but dissolves in rectified spirit in all proportions. If it be added drop by drop to caustic po- tassa heated to fusion, valerianate of potassium will be formed, fre- quently Avith the production of flame. 70 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Tests.—It may be considered pure if its physical properties agree Avith the above, and the boiling point does not rise above 100° C. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Two parts by weight of pure nitrite of amyl are dissolved in nine parts by Aveight of 9~> per cent, alcohol. Amount of drug power, T\. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—a ANACARDIUM ORIENTALE. Synonyms, Semecarpus Anacardium, Linn. Anacardium Offi- cinarum. Nat. Ord., Anacardiacese. Common Names, Marking-nut Tree. Malacca-bean. Anacar- dium. This is a small and elegant tree, groAving hi the West Indies and other parts of tropical America. The beans or nut are heart-shaped, consisting of two shells, with a black juice between them, and of a sAveet oily kernel. Great precaution is to be advised in handling these nuts, for the juice coming in contact Avith an irritable skin causes eruptions like pustules, Avhich are very painful and their cure difficult. Preparation.—The pulverized seed is covered Avith five parts by Aveight of 95 per cent, alcohol, and allowed to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, shaking it twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. Triturations are to be prepared from the soft resin contained in the fruit, as directed under Class IX. ANAGALLIS. Synonyms, Anagallis Arvenis, Linn. Anagallis coerulea. Nat. Ord., Primulaceie. Common Names, Scarlet Pimpernel. Poor Man's Weather-Glass. This plant is a native of Europe, having been naturalized in this country. The slender, mostly decumbent stems are smooth, branched, four-edged; the branches opposite diffused, the leaves clasping, op- posite, ovate-lanceolate, entire-obtuse, with blackish translucent spots underneath. The small, but beautiful flowers, red like red lead, stand in pairs on long pedicels in the axils. Calyx five-parted. Corolla Avheel-shaped, with almost no tube, five-parted, longer than the calyx; the divisions broad. Petals obovate, obtuse, fringed Avith minute teeth or stalked glands. Stamens five; filaments bearded. Pod membra- naceous, circumcissile, the top falling off like a lid, many seeded. The floAvers quickly closing at the approach of bad weather, gave origin to its common English name Poor Man's Weather-glass. The floAvers appear in July and August. Preparation.—The fresh plant (of the red-floAA'ered variety only), gathered before the development of the floAvers, is chopped and pounded HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 77 to a pulp and pressed out lege art is in a piece of neAv linen. The ex- pressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mixture is alloAved to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, ]. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. ANANTHERUM MURICATUM. Synonyms, Andropogon Muricatus, JRetz. Vetiveria Odorata, Vivana. Nat. Ord., GramineaB. Common Names, Bena. discus. ATetiver. Viti-vayr. * A Avell knoAvn grass in the East Indies, cultivated on the Markaren- tas Islands for its medical use; the root is aromatic and stimulating or diaphoretic. Preparation.—The root is finely poAvdered and covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and then poured into a well-stoppered bot- tle, and alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place, shaking it tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, ■^■u. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. ANDIRA INERMIS, Kunth. Synonyms, Andira Refusa. Geoffroya Inermis. Nat. Ord., Leguminosa\ Common Names, Bastard Cabbage Tree. Cabbage Tree Bark. This is a leguminous tree, Avith a stem rising to a considerable height, branched towards the top, and covered Avith a smooth gray bark. The leaves are pinnate, consisting of six or seven pairs of ovate- lanceolate, pointed, veined, smooth, petiolate leaflets, Avith an odd one at the end. The floAvers are rose-colored, and in terminal pani- cles, with very short pedicels. The tree is a native of Jamaica and other West India Islands. The bark, AA'hich is the part used, comes in long pieces, thick, fibrous; externally of a broAvnish - ash color, scaly, and covered Avith lichens; internally yelloAvish; of a resinous fracture, a disagreeable smell, and a sAveetish, mucilaginous, bitter- ish taste. Properties.—The bark, finely pulverized, is covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and having been poured into a Avell- stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place, shaking it twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, T\. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. ANEMONIN. An alkaloid obtained from Alien one Pratensis. Preparation of Anemonin.—M. Dobraschinky obtains it by a 78 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. method founded on its solubility in chloroform. The distilled water of Anemone pratensis is agitated with one-tenth of Jhis liquid, Avith Avhich it is continued in contact for some hours; the liquid on stand- ing separates into tAvo layers, the heavier of Avhich, containing the chloroformic solution, is distilled. The chloroform passes, and the residue, constituting one-eighth of the solution, is treated Avith strong alcohol, heated, and set aside to crystallize. Anemonin separates in handsome crystals having all the properties of that very poisonous alkaloid. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Anemonin is prepared by trituration as directed under Class VII. ANGELICA ARCHANGELICA, Linn. Synonym, Archangelica gmelini. Nat. Ord., Umbelliferse. Common Names, Garden Angelica. American Covage. Garden angelica has a long, thick, fleshy, biennial root, furnished Avith many fibres, and sends up annually a hollow, jointed, round, channeled, smooth, purplish stem, which rises five feet or more in height, and divides into numerous branches. The leaves, Avhich stand upon round fistulous footstalks, are very large, doubly pinnate, Avith ovate-lanceolate, pointed, acutely serrate leaflets, the terminal being three-lobed. The flowers are small, greenish-white, and disposed in very large, many-rayed terminal umbels, composed of numerous dense, hemispherical umbellets. This plant is a native of the north of Europe; is cultivated in the gardens of Europe, and is occasionally met Avith in the gardens of this country. Preparation.—The dried root is finely powdered and covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol. Having poured it into a Avell- stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place, shaking twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. ANGUSTUR^E CORTEX. Synonym, Galipea Cusparia, St. Hilaire. Nat. Ord., Rutacese! Common Name, Angustara or Cusparia bark. This is a small tree, irregularly branched, rising to the medium height of twelve or fifteen feet, Av'ith an erect stem from three to five inches in diameter, and covered with a smooth gray bark. The leaves are from six to ten inches long, and from tAvo to four broad; thev are very smooth and glossy, of a vivid green color, marked occasionally Avith small Avhitish round spots, and when fresh, of a strong odor re- sembling that of tobacco. The floAvers are numerous, Avhite, arranged in axillary and terminal peduncled racemes, and of a peculiar un- pleasant odor. The tree grows abundantly on the mountains of Carony HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 79 betAveen the 7th and 8th degrees of X. latitude. It flourishes at the height of from six hundred to one thousand feet above the level of the sea. Preparation.—The dried bark is pulverized and covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol. Having poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place, shaking it twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, fV Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. ANISUM STELLATUM. Synonym, Illicium Anisatum, Linn. Nat Ord., Magnoliacea.\ Common Names, Star Anise-Seed. Badiane. This is an evergreen tree groAving in China, Japan, and Tartary. It is a bush something like the laurel, Avith aromatic bark, yelloAv axillary floAvers, calyx of six leaves, tAventy seven petals, many two-valved cap- sules, monosperm, disposed around; fruit star-shaped, formed by the assemblage of six or eight capsules, oval, compressed, uni-valve, close at the base and open above, containing each one seed, shining, oval and flattened. This fruit has an aromatic odor, intense and agreeable, and an acrid, bitter, hot and piercing taste. Preparation. — The dried, poAvdered fruit, is covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol. Having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place, shaking it twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, TV. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. ANTHEMIS. Synonym, Anthemis Xobilis, Linn. Nat Ord., Asteracese. Common Names, Common Chamomile. Roman Chamomile. This is an herbaceous plant Avith a perennial root. The stems are from six inches to a foot long, round, slender, downy, trailing, and di- vided into branches, Avhich turn upAvards at their extremities. The lea\Tes are bipinnate, the leaflets small, threadlike, someAvhat pubescent, acute, and generally divided into three segi»ents. The flowers are solitary, with a yellow convex disk, and Avhite rays. The calyx is common to all the florets, of a hemispherical form, and composed of several small imbricated hairy scales. The receptacle is convex, promi- nent, and furnished Avith rigid bristle-like palece. The florets of the ray are numerous, narroAV, and terminated Avith three small teeth. The whole herb has a peculiar fragrant odor, and a bitter aromatic taste. This plant is a native of Europe, and grows wild in all the temper- ate parts of that continent. Preparation.—The Avhole, fresh plant, gathered Avhen coming into flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo \ 80 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTIC'S. parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and after mixing the pulp thor- oughly Avith one sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole Avell, and having poured it into a well-stop- pered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM, Linn. Nat. Ord., Graminacere. Common Name, SAveet Vernal Grass. This is a perennial, found groAving in meadoAA'S, Avoods and on river banks, in Arctic Europe, Xorthern Africa, Siberia, Dahuria and Greenland; and has been introduced into Xorth America. Its stem is from six to eighteen inches high, shining. Leaves flat, hairy; sheaths furroAved, often pubescent, mouth pilose. Panicle one to five inches long, pubescent or villous; branches short. Spikelets one-quarter to one-third inch long, fascicled, often squarrose, green; empty glumes ovate, acute, upper lanceolate, almost aAvned; tAvo succeeding glumes tAvo-lobed, pilose, aA\n in the sinus slender exserted; floAver glume smaller, glabrous, obtuse, awnless. Palea one-nerved. Scales none. Stamens tAvo; anthers large, linear, yelloAv, ovary glabrous; styles long, stigmas feathery. Fruit terete, acute, enclosed in the broAvn- shining floAver glume and palea. FloAAers appear in May and June. Preparation.—The fresh herb, in floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole well, and having poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ANTHRACITE. This is the stone coal found in many parts of the world, but more particularly in Pennsylvania, U. S. A. It differs from the ordinary bituminous or coking cmd, in containing less volatile matter, and, therefore, in burning Avithout flame, and in giving more heat. It con- tains about 90 per cent, of carbon, partly in the form of organic compounds. Preparation.—Anthracite is prepared by trituration as directed under Class VII. ANTHRAKOKALI. Synonym, Lithanthrakokali Simplex. Preparation of Anthrakokali.—To seven parts of freshly pre- pared caustic potash in a state of fusion are added five parts of finely HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 81 pulverized anthracite coal (Avhich may be obtained from Funfkirchen, a tOAvn in the Baranya district of Hungary); the vessel is taken from the fire, and the mixture triturated till a perfectly uniform black poAvder is formed, Avhich is preserved in small, avell-stoppered bottles. Properties.—Rightly prepared anthrakokali is a black, very subtle, staining poAvder of alkaline taste; is inodorous and becomes moist in the air without deliquescing. Tests.—Five grains of the preparation dissolved in an ounce of distilled water Avill yield a darkish-broAA'n solution, so dark indeed that after all insoluble matter has subsided the liquid is translucent only in thin layers. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Anthrakokali is pre- pared by trituration as directed under Class VII. It must be preserved in Avell-stoppered bottles. ANTIMONIUM CRUDUM. Synonyms, Antimonii Sulphuretum. Stibium Sulphuretum Xig- rum. Tersulphuret of Antimony. Sulphuret of Antimony. Black (Crude) Antimony. Present Name, Antimonious Sulphide. Formula, Sb2 S3. Molecular Weight, 340. Origin.—It is found native as gray antimony ore or black anti- mony, and associated with galena, iron pyrites, quartz, and heavy spar, from Avhich it is freed by fusion in pots arranged in such a man- ner that the fused sulphide runs off into earthen vessels Avhere it cools. It is afterwards poAvdered. Properties.—Thus purified it is knoAvn in commerce as crude an- timony, and contains variable small quantities of iron and often traces of arsenic, lead and copper, all in the state of sulphides. From the shape of the pots in Avhich it has cooled, it usually is in the form of blunt cones, Avhich are of a blackish color, and Avhen broken have a metallic lustre and- a crystalline texture, or it is more frequently seen as a hea\ry black and someAvhat shining poAvder. Its ready fusibility distinguishes it at once from black oxide of manganese. It has the specific gravity of 4.62. Tests.—-Commercial sulphuret of antimony is sometimes adul- terated Avith coal dust, or mixtures of poAvdered coal and chalk are sold in place of it. The latter effervesce briskly with dilute hydro- chloric acid, forming a solution containing calcium chloride. On heat- ing 1 part of the sulphuret Avith 10 or 12 parts of hydrochloric acid but very little residue should be left, and a solution should be ob- tained in Avhich, after the sulphuretted hydrogen has been expelled, stannous chloride should indicate only traces of arsenic. After dilut- ing the acid solution Avith five or six times its bulk of water, and filter- ing from the precipitated oxychloride of antimony, the filtrate should give no precipitate or only a slight one (lead) by dilute sulphuric acid, should yield Avith ferrocyanide of potassium merely a slight blue pre- cipitate (iron), and, Avhen mixed Avith an excess of ammonia and 6 82 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. filtered, should furnish a colorless or only a faintly blue filtrate (cop- per"). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The purified sulphuret of antimony is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. ANTIMONIUM IODATUM. Synonyms, Antimonii Iodidum. Iodide of Antimony. Teriodide of Antimony. Preparation of Iodide of Antimony.—According to Mr. W. Copney, of London, this iodide may be conveniently prepared by gently heating in a Florence flask metallic antimony and iodine, in the proportion of one eq. to three. The elements combine Avith sud- den heat and liquefaction, and, upon the AvithclraAval of the heat, the iodide formed solidifies, and is removed from the flask by breaking it. Iodide of antimony, as thus prepared, forms a someAvhat crystalline, foliated mass, Avhich, Avhen pulverized, yields a deep orange-red poAV- der. By the action of water it is decomposed. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Iodide of antimony is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. ANTIMONIUM OXYDATUM. Synonyms, Antimonii Oxidum. Oxide of Antimony. Present Name, Antimonious Oxide. Formula, Sb2 03. Molecular Weight, 292. Preparation of Oxide of Antimony.—Take of sulphuret of antimony in very fine poAvder four troy ounces; muriatic acid eighteen troy ounces; nitric acid a troy ounce and one hundred and tAventy grains; Avater of ammonia a fluid ounce and a half; Avater, distilled Avater, each a sufficient quantity. Introduce the sulphuret into a flask of the capacity of tAvo pints, and having added the muriatic acid, digest by means of a sand-bath, until effervescence ceases. Then, having removed the flask from the sand-bath, add the nitric acid grad- ually ; and, Avhen nitric acid vapors cease to be given off, and the liquid has grown cold, add to it half a pint of Avater and filter. Pour the filtered liquid gradually into twelve pints of Avater, constantly stirring, and alloAv the precipitate to subside. Decant the supernatant liquid, and Avash the precipitate tAvice by decantation, using each time eight pints of Avater. Then transfer it to a muslin filter to drain, and, after the drainage is completed, Avash it Avith water until the Avashings cease to hav^ an acid reaction. Xext introduce it into a suitable vessel, and subject it to the action of the water of ammonia for tAvo hours ; at the end of AA'hich time transfer it to a moistened muslin filter, and Avash it Avith distilled Avater as long as the washings produce a precipitate with nitrate of silver. Lastly, dry the precipitate upon bibulous paper Avith the aid of a gentle heat. Properties.—Antimonious oxide is a dense Avhite or greyish-white powder, Avhich is insoluble in Avater, but dissolves readily in hydro- HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 83 chloric or tartaric acid. It fuses at a dull red heat into a yellowish liquid, solidifying on cooling into a pearl-colored crystalline mass. At a higher heat it volatilizes Avith Avhite vapors, and when heated with sjda upon charcoal by means of the bloAAqiipe, very brittle metallic globules are obtained. Its solution in hydrochloric acid yields a white precipitate with Avater, and an orange-red precipitate Avith sulphuretted hydrogen. Tests. Oxide of antimony should dissolve completely Avhen boiled Avith an excess of acid potassium tartrate (earthy impurities, etc."), and its solution in tartaric acid should not be precipitated by nitrate of silver (chlorides), chloride of barium (sulphates), or ferrocyanide of potassium (metals). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure oxide of an- timony is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. ANTIMONII OXYSULPHURETUM. Synonyms, Stibium Sulfuratum Rubeum. Oxysulphuret of Anti- mony. Kermes Mineral. Composition, a mixture of Sb2 S3 and Sb2 03. Preparation of Oxysulphuret of Antimony.—Take of sulph- uret of antimony in very fine poAvder a troy ounce ; carbonate of sodium twenty-three troy ounces ; Avater sixteen pints. Dissolve the carbonate of sodium in the water previously heated to the boiling point, and, having added the sulphuret of antimony, boil for an hour. Then filter rapidly into a Avarm earthen vessel, cover this closely, and alloAv the liquid to cool slowly. At the end of twenty-four hours, decant the supernatant liquid, drain the precipitate on a filter, Avash it Avith cold Avater that has been previously boiled, and dry it without heat. Lastly, preserve the poAvder in a well-stoppered bottle, protected from the light. Properties and Tests.—Oxysulphuret of antimony is a purplish- brown, tasteless poAvder, soft and* velvety to the touch, Avholly and readily soluble in hydrochloric acid Avith evolution of hydrosulphuric acid gas, and partly soluble in a hot solution of potassa, leaving a residue soluble in tartaric acid. On examination with the microscope it is found to be a mixture of amorphous globules of the sulphuret Avith minute transparent prisms of oxide of antimony, Avhich latter is dissolved by the action of solution of tartaric acid. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure oxysulphuret of antimony is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. ANTIMONIUM SULPHURATUM AURATUM. Synonyms, Antimonii Sulphuratum Aureum. Sulphurated An- timony. Golden Sulphuret of Antimony. Golden Sulphur. Composition, Sb2 S5 and Sb2 S3 mixed with a small and variable amount of Sb2 03. Preparation of Sulphurated Antimony.—Take sulphuret of antimony in very fine poAvder six troy ounces; solution of potassa four 84 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. pints; distilled Avater, diluted sulphuric acid (sulphuric acid tAvo troy ounces, distilled AA'ater fourteen fluidounces, mixed), each a sufficient quantity. Mix the sulphate of antimony Avith the solution of potassa and tAvelve pints of distilled water, and boil the mixture over a gentle fire for tAvo hours, constantly stirring, and occasionally adding distilled Avater so as to preserve the same measure. Strain the liquid immedi- ately through a double muslin strainer, and drop into it, while yet hot, diluted sulphuric acid so long as it produces a precipitate. Then wash the precipitate Avith hot Avater to remove the sulphate of potassium, dry it, and rub it into a fine poAvder. Properties and Tests.—Sulphurated antimony is a reddish- broAvn powder, insoluble in Avater. When treated Avith tAvelve times its Aveight of officinal hydrochloric acid, Avith the aid of heat, it is nearly all dissolved, with effervescence of hydro-sulphuric acid gas. The residue, after having been washed and dried, burns Avith the characters of sulphur, and leaves a scanty ash. The solution in hydrochloric acid, Avhen added to Avater, deposits a Avhite powder. The liquid filtered from this poAvder yields an orange-red precipitate Avith hydro- sulphuric acid. AVatcr in Avhich the preparation has been boiled should not yield a Avhite precipitate Avith chloride of barium or Avith oxalate of ammonium. The last tAvo tests indicate the absence of sul- phates and of calcium compounds. The precipitate, AA'hich falls Avhen a solution of 60 grains of sulphurated antimony in sufficient hydro- chloric acid is dropped into Avater, should, after Avashing and drying, Aveigh about 53 grains. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure sulphurated antimony is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. ANTIMONIUM TARTARICUM. Synonyms, Antimonii Potassii-tartras. Tartarus Emeticus. Tarta- rus Stibiatus. Stibio-Kali Tartaricum. Tartrate of Antimony and Po- tassium. Tartarated Antimony. Present Name, Potassio-antimonic Oxytartrate. Common Name, Tartar Emetic. Formula, 2 (K Sb O C4 H4 06). H2 O. Molecular Weight, 668. Preparation of Tartar Emetic. — Take of oxide of antimony in very fine poAvder tAvo troy ounces; bitartrate of potassium in very line powder tAvo troy ounces and a half; distilled Avater eighteen fluid ounces. To the Avater, heated to the boiling point in a glass vessel, add the poAvders, previously mixed, and boil for an hour; then filter the liquid Avhile hot, and set it aside that crystals may form. Lastly, dry the crystals, and keep them in a Avell-stoppered bottle. Properties.—Tartrate of antimony and potassium produces color- less transparent crystals, Avhich have the form of a rhombic octahedron, become Avhite and opaque on exposure to the air, and have a strong metallic taste. The aqueous solution is 'precipitated on the addition of alcohol in the form of crystalline poAvder; in this manner a pure poAvder of tartar emetic is readily and most advantageously obtained HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 85 for pharmaceutical purposes. The solution yields Avith hydrochloric and other mineral acids a Avhite precipitate of an oxy-salt of antimony, Avhich is soluble in hydrochloric acid, and does not occur if tartaric acid has been previously added to the solution. Hydrosulphuric acid causes an orange-red precipitate, Avhich, Avhen obtained from 20 grains of the salt, after Avashing and drying at 100° C. (212° F.), Aveighs 9.91 grains. A solution of tartar emetic which is not too dilute produces a flocculent precipitate on the addition of infusion of galls; an excess of the latter redissolves the precipitate. Tests.—Chlorides and sulphates, if present, are detected in the solution acidulated Avith acetic acid, by nitrate of silver and chloride of barium, calcium by ammonium oxalate, and copper by ferrocyanide of potassium. Arsenic is detected by carefully heating about 20 or 30 grains of the salt until a black residue remains; on gradually in- creasing the temperature to redness, a garlic-like odor will be evolved. The impurity which is likely to be met Avith in consequence of faulty preparation is cream of tartar, the presence of Avhich cannot be de- tected by its behaA'ior to test paper, since the solution of tartar emetic has an acid reaction. By dissolving 24 grains of the salt in a fluid ounce of warm Avater and cooling the solution to 10° C. (50° F.), it should remain clear. A crystalline deposit will occur if more than eight per cent, of cream of tartar is present. The solution of pure tartar emetic, even if largely diluted, will at once become turbid on the addition of a little carbonate of potassium; in the presence of acid tartrate of potassium no permanent precipitate will appear until after this impurity has been neutralized. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure tartar emetic is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by Aveight of dis- tilled Avater. Amount of drug power, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—/?. Triturations of pure tartar emetic are prepared as directed under Class VII. ANTIRRHINUM LINARIUM, Linn. Synonym, Linaria Vulgaris, Miller and Lindley. Nat. Ord., Scrophulariarese. Common Name, Common Toad-Flax. This is a perennial herbaceous plant, from one to tAvo feet high, Avith numerous narrow linear leaves, and a terminal croAvded spike of large yellow floAvers. It is a native of Europe, but has been introduced into this country, and noAV groAvs in great abundance along the roadsides through the Middle States. It is readily distinguishable by the shape of its leaf, and its conspicuous yelloAv flowers, which appear in succes- sion from June to October. The plant when fresh has a peculiar, heavy, rather disagreeable odor, which is in a great measure dissipated by drying. The taste is herbaceous, weakly saline, bitter, and slightly acrid. Preparation.—The fresh plant in flower is chopped and pounded So HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, and having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark cool place. The tincture is then separated by decant- ing, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. APHIS CHENOPODII GLAUCI. Class, Insecta. Order, Rhynchota. Family, Aphidse. Common Name, Plant Louse from Chenopodium Glaucum. These lice are found in great abundance upon the oak-lea\ed goose- foot (Chenopodium Glaucum, Linn.), from AA'hich they are gathered. The head is small and furnished with a long tubular beak, which is situated perpendicularly betAveen the fore legs. The body is soft, oval, and provided at the posterior extremity with tAvo slightly raised emi- nences, each of Avhich is pierced by a tube or pore. From time to time there exudes through these orifices, minute drops of a thick, sAveetish fluid called honey deAv. These insects feed upon the sap con- tained in the leaves, sucking up the circulating fluids Avith the greatest avidity, and Avhen gorged Avith sap, the liquor passes out through the posterior pores as above described. Preparation.—The live insects, bruised, are covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol, poured into a well-stoppered bottle, and alloAved to remain eight days in a dark cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. APIS MELLIFICA. Class, Insecta. Order, Hymenoptera. Family, Apidse. Common Name, Honey Bee. This Avell known insect, living in SAvarms in the Avilds, is also culti- vated in proper establishments, to furnish honey and Avax, tAvo valuable products of its industry. Preparation. The live bees, put into a bottle, are irritated by shaking, and then drenched with five times their Aveight of dilute alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, straiued and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV, except that dilate alcohol be used for the 2x and 1 dilutions. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 87 APIUM VIRUS. Poison of the Honey Bee. Preparation. Draw out the sting together Avith the poison bag from bees freshly killed. Taking hold of the bag, insert the point of the sting into a small glass-tube and squeeze the poison into it. Or, take a live bee Avith a pair of pincers and alloAv it to take hold of a small lump of sugar. It will immediately sting into the sugar which will absorb the poison. Repeat this process until enough is accumu- lated to start a trituration. This poison is triturated as directed under Class VIII. APOCYNUM ANDROS^MIFOLIUM, Linn. Nat. Ord., Apocynacese. Common Name, Dog's Bane. This is an indigenous, perennial, herbaceous plant, from three to six feet in height, and abounding in a milky juice, AA'hich exudes Avhen the plant is Avounded. The stem is erect, smooth, simple beloAv, branched above, usually red on the side exposed to the sun, and covered Avith a tough fibrous bark. The leaves are opposite, petiolate, ovate, acute, entire, smooth on both sides, and two or three inches long. The Aoav- ers are Avhite, tinged with red, and groAV in loose, nodding, terminal or axillary cymes. The peduncles have very small acute bracts. The tube of the corolla is longer than the calyx, and its border spreading. The fruit consists of a pair of long, linear, acute follicles, containing numerous imbricated seeds, attached to central receptacle, and each furnished with a seed-down. The plant flourishes in all parts of the United States from Canada to the Carolinas. It is found along fences and the skirts of woods, and floAvers in June and July. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, and having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. APOCYNUM CANNABINUM, Linn. Synonym, Apocynum Hypericifolium. Nat. Ord., Apocynacese. Common Name, Indian Hemp. In general appearance and character this species bears a close re- semblance to the preceding. The stems are herbaceous, erect, branch- ing, of a brown color, and tAvo or three feet in height; the leaves are opposite, oblong-ovate, acute at both ends, and someAvhat doAvny beneath; the cymes are paniculate, many-floAvered and pubescent; the corolla is small and greenish, Avith a tube not longer than the calyx, 88 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. and an erect border; the internal parts of the floAver are pinkish or purple. The plant groAVs in similar situations with A. andnmcmifolinm, floAvers about the same period, and bears a similar fruit; great care must be taken not to confound these tAvo varieties. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, and having poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. APOCYNIN. Resinoid of Apocynum Cannabintim. Preparation.—The resinoid, as obtained from the chemist, is pre- pared by trituration as directed under Class VII. APOMORPHIA. Synonyms, Apomorphia Hydrochlorate. Apomorphise Hydro- chloras. Muriate of Apomorphia. Apomorphine. Formula, C17 H17 N02. Molecular Weight, 267. Preparation of Apomorphia.—One part of pure morphia and tAventy parts of pure hydrochloric acid are introduced into a strong glass tube, having at least fifteen times the capacity of the mixture; the open end is securely sealed, the glass tube introduced into a strong metallic tube closed by a screw-cap, and the Avhole* immersed for three hours in an oil-bath heated to 140° and lo0° C. (284° and 302° F.). After cooling, the tube is opened, the liquid diluted Avith water, and bicarbonate of sodium added in excess. The liquid is decanted from the precipitate, and this is agitated Avith ether. To the ethereal solu- tion a feAV drops of hydrochloric acid are added, Avhereby hydro- chlorate of apomorphia is separated ; this is recrystallized from boiling Avater, and then redissolved in a little water, the solution precipitated by bicarbonate of sodium, and the precipitated alkaloid rapidly Avashed Avith a little cold Avater, and dried Avithout delay. In this pro- cess chloroform may be used in the place of ether. Apomorphia should be kept in Avell-stoppered bottles, protected from moisture and light. Properties and Tests.—Apomorphia is a Avhite or more gener- ally a greyish amorphous poAvder, which is rather freely soluble in Avater, and dissolves in ether, benzol, and chloroform. On exposure to the air Avhile still moist, it rapidly turns green, and then dissolves in chlo- roform Avith a blue color. Nadler observed that on being precipitated from its solution in sulphuric acid by ammonia, it speedily acquires a reddish-broAvn color, and yields Avith chloroform a rose-colored solution. Apomorphia is colored red by nitric acid, broAvn by iodic acid, and HOMCEOrATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 89 rcse-red by ferric chloride; this last reaction being quite distinct from the blue color produced by the same reagent Avith morphia. The salts of apomorphia appear to be slightly soluble in cold Avater, but more freely so in Avarm and in acidulated Avater. The aqueous and alcoholic solutions of the alkaloid and its salts acquire an emerald- green color on exposure to air. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure apomorphia is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class ATI. AQUILEGIA VULGARIS, Linn. Natural Order, Ranunculacese. Common Name, Columbine. This is a perennial herbaceous plant, indigenous to Europe, Avhere it groAvs in woods, woody Ioav grounds, forests, and on the sides of moun- tains ; but is cultivated in our gardens as an ornamental flower. Its root is branchy, of a deep broAvn without, white within; the stem is from one to three feet high, thin, branchy, somewhat doAvny, reddish ; the leaves are biternate, of a blue-green beneath, of a deeper color above, incised, indented. The folioles are petiolate, round, rhomboidal or o\Toid; the floAvers at the edges of the stem and branches are pen- dant, blue or brown, rarely rosy, disposed in cornets, provided Avith reflected cornets. The seeds are oval oblong, small, of a shining black, tasting first sAveetish, then bitter. Preparation.—The entire, uncultivated, fresh, blooming plant, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and then Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and after mixing the pulp thoroughly Avith one sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole well, and having poured it into a AveH-stojjpered bottle, it is alloAATed»to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ARALIA HISPIDA, Micheaux. Synonym, Aralia Miildenbergiana. Nat. Ord., Araliacese. Common Names, Bristly Sarsaparilla. Wild Elder. Dwarf Elder. This plant is found growing in rocky places in North America, common northward and southward along the mountains. Its stem is one to two feet high, bristly, leafy, terminating in a peduncle bearing several umbels; leaves tAvice pinnate; leaflets oblong-ovate, acute, cut- serrate. The flowers are Avhite or greenish, more or less polygamous. Calvx-tube coherent with the ovary, the teeth very short or almost obsolete. Petals five, epigynous, oblong or obovate, lightly imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens five, epigynous, alternate with the petals. Styles two to five, mostly distinct and slender, or in the sterile flowers short and united. Ovary tAvo to five celled, with a single 90 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. anatropous ovule suspended from the top of each cell, ripening into a berry-like drupe, with as many seeds as cells. Flowers in June. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tA\o parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, and having poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ARALIA RACEMOSA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Araliacese. Common Name, American Spikenard. This is an indigenous plant, groAving in rich Avoodlands. Herbaceous; stem widely branched; leaflets heart-ovate, pointed, doubly serrate, slightly doAvny; umbels racemose; styles united. There are traces of stipules at the dilated base of the leaf-stalks. The plant is Avell known for its spicy aromatic large roots. Its greenish-Avhite flowers appear in July. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole well, and having poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ARANEA DIADEMA, Linn. Synonym, Epeira Diadema. Class, Arachnida. Order, Araneidea. Family, Epeiridse. Common Names, Diadem Spider. Garden or Papal Cross Spider. This spider is found all over Europe and America, in stables, on old Avails, etc. It may be distinguished by its ovoid form of body, often as large as a small nut;-a longitudinal line on the back, composed of yelloAv and Avhite points, and traversed by three other similar lines. Preparation.—The live animal is crushed and coA-ered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol. Having poured this into a well-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug power, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 91 ARANEA SCINENCIA. Class, Araclmida. Order. Araneidea. Family, Epeiridse. This spider was proved by Dr. RoAvley, Louisville, Kentucky, and the proving published in North American Journal of Homoeopathy, vol. vii., p. 65. He says : " It is a grey spider found in the summer on Avails and old places. I believe it does not spin a Aveb; it is very quick in its move- ments, and takes its prey by a quick spring." Preparation —The live animal is covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol and alloAved to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug poAver, ^g. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. ARCTIUM LAPPA, Linn. Synonyms, Lappa Major, Gcertner. Lappa officinalis. Natural Order, Compositse. Common Name, Burdock. This is a biennial, Avith a simple spindle-shaped root, a foot or more in length, broAvn externally, Avhite and spongy Avithin, furnished Avith thread-like fibres, and having Avithered scales near the summit. The stem is succulent, pubescent, branching, and three or four feet in height, bearing very large cordate, denticular leaves, Avhich are green on their upper surface, whitish and doAvny on the under, and stand on long footstalks. The floAA'ers are purple, globose, and in terminal panicles. The calyx consists of imbricated scales, with hooked extremities, by which they adhere to clothes, and the coats of animals. The seed- doAvn is rough and prickly, and the seeds quadrangular. This plant is a native of Europe, and is abundant in the United States, Avhere it grows on the roadsides, among rubbish, and in cultivated grounds. Preparation.—The fresh root, collected in spring, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp Avith one sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, and having poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, jr. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ARGENTUM. Synonyms, Argentum Metallicum. Argentum Purificatum. Argentum Foliatum. Metallic Silver. Common Name, Silver. Symbol, Ag. Atomic Weight, 108. 92 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Origin.—This metal is found pure, and in combination with various other metals, and Avith sulphur, chlorine, bronune, iodine, etc., the richest silver ores being in Germany, Nonvay, Peru, Mexico, and the "Western United States. Preparation of Silver.—The extraction of the metal is effected by different processes, the details varying considerably with the rich- ness and the composition of the ore. The process of amalgamation is based upon the formation of an alloy between metallic mercury and silver. The finely poAA'dered ore is intimately mixed Avith chloride of sodium, and then roasted, Avhen the mass contains, besides metallic silver, its chloride; the latter being converted to the metallic state by agitation in a revolving cylinder Avith water and iron. Mercury is noAv added and the agitation continued, Avhen the silver, gold and cop- per unite with the mercury, the amalgam being obtained by subsidence and Avashing, and aftenvards separated into a liquid and solid portion by subjecting it to pressure in strong linen or leather bags. By dis- tilling the solid portion, the mercury is evaporated off and recovered, Avhile the silver remains behind, containing copper and gold. In the process of cupellation, the galena containing silver is first reduced, and the metallic lead alloAved to cool sloAvly, when almost pure lead crystallizes, and is removed by means of a ladle, or by care- fully draining off the liquid portion, which is rich in silver. It is ex- posed to a red heat, and air directed upon it by means of a blast, Avhereby the lead is oxidized, and the litharge bloAvn off, leaving silver containing some lead. This is hoav transferred to a dish made of bone- ashes, and heated to redness, the plumbic oxide formed is absorbed by the porous vessel, and finalty, almost chemically pure silver is left. Many modifications of these and some other processes are employed, the silver obtained on the large scale always retaining a small portion of other metals. Chemically Pure Silver is obtained in various Avays from the chloride, Avhich is readily prepared free from other chlorides bv pre- cipitating the solution in nitric acid with hydrochloric acid, and Avash- ing it thoroughly Avith water. The chloride of silver is then reduced by boiling it Avith glucose and carbonate of sodium; the prsccipitated silver thus obtained is Avell Avashed Avith acetic acid and Avater. Properties.—Silver is a brilliant Avhite metal, very ductile and malleable, having the specific gravity 10.47 Avhen obtained by fusion ; the pressed and distilled silver have a density of 10.57. It does not oxidize in contact Avith the air at a red or Avhite heat, and distils at the heat of the oxyhydrogen blast. It tarnishes superficially through the sulphuretted hydrogen contained in the atmosphere, and dissolves completely in diluted nitric acid. Tests.—The solution of chemically pure silver in hot diluted nitric acid, Avhen precipitated by hydrochloric acid, yields a filtrate, Avhich is not darkened by hydrosulphuric acid, and on evaporation to dryness leaves no residue. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Chemically pure silver, obtained in poAvder, as described above, is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 93 ARGENTUM NITRICUM. Synonyms, Argenti Nitras. Nitrate of Silver. Present Name, Argentic Nitrate. Common Name, Lunar Caustic. Formula, Ag N()3. Molecular Weight, 170. Preparation of Nitrate of Silver.— Take of shVer in small pieces tAvo troy ounces; nitric acid tAvo troy ounces and a half; distil- led Avater a sufficient quantity. Mix the acid Avith a fluid ounce of distilled Avater in a porcelain capsule, add the silver to the mixture, coArer it Avith an inverted glass runnel, resting Avithin the edge of the capsule, and apply a gentle heat until the metal is dissolved, and red vapors cease to be produced; then remove the funnel, and, increasing the heat, evaporate the solution to dryness. Melt the dry mass, and continue the heat, stirring constantly Avith a glass rod, until free nitric acid is entirely dissipated. Dissolve the salt, Avhen cold, in six fluid ounces of distilled Avater, alloAv the insoluble matter to subside, and de- cant the clear solution. Mix the residue Avith a fluid ounce of distilled Avater, filter through paper, and, having added the filtrate to the de- canted solution, evaporate the liquid until a pellicle begins to form, and set it aside in a warm place to crystallize. Lastly, drain the crys- tals in a glass funnel until dry, and preserve them in a Avell-stoppered bottle. Properties.—Nitrate of silver exists in colorless shining tabular crystals of the rhombic system, which have a strongly metallic taste, and are freely soluble in Avater and in four parts of boiling alcohol. They fuse at a temperature of 198° C. (388.4° F.), and decompose at a low red heat, but are permanent in the air and light, except in the presence of organic matter whereby they require a dark color. The alcoholic solution, Avhen exposed to the light, is gradually reduced, silver being separated. Hydrochloric acid produces in the solution a Avhite curdy precipitate of argentic chloride, Avhich is insoluble in dilute nitric acid, but dissolves readily in ammonia. Stains produced by nitrate of silver upon the skin are removed by rubbing them Avith a strong solution of cyanide of potassium, or by moistening them first Avith a solution of iodine and afterAvards with hyposulphite of sodium. Nitrate of silver contains no Avater of crystallization. Tests.—Ten grains of nitrate of silver dissolved in distilled water, give Avith hydrochloric acid a precipitate which, after washing and drying, weighs 8.44 grains. The solution of nitrate of silver, when precipitated by an excess of hydrochloric acid, yields a filtrate which is not colored by hydrosulphuric acid, and, when evaporated, leaves no residue; copper, lead, and alkalies are thus readily detected. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure nitrate of silver is dissolved in nine parts by Aveight of distilled Avater. Amount of drug poAver, T\. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—«, except that distilled water is used for the lx, 2x and 3x and 1 dilutions, and 94 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. dilute alcohol for the 4x and 2 dilutions, strong alcohol being used for all further attenuations. Dilutions should be freshly made as required for use. Note.—Nitrate of silver ought not to be prepared by trituration, on account of its action on organic matter. ARISTOLOCHIA CLEMATITIS, Linn. Synonym, Aristolochia vulgaris. Nat Ord., Aristolcchiacese. Common Names, Long Birth-wort. Aristolochy. The common aristolochia is a perennial, groAving near hedges, ditches and vineyards, indigenous to Southern Europe. Its root is very long, cylindrical, as thick as a goosequill or thicker, variously contorted, beset Avith the remains of the stems and radicals, of a gray- ish-broAvn color, a strong peculiar odor, and an acrid bitter taste. The stems are erect, from tAvo to four feet high, simple, smooth, striped, set with alternately long-petiolate, cordate, entire, vi\dd green, above gray- green, below leather-like leaves. The short-petiolate yelloAv floAvers stand four to eight in the axils. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered in April or September, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After hav- ing stirred the whole Avell and having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ARISTOLOCHIA MILHOMENS, Nobis. Synonyms, Aristolochia Grandiflora, Gom. Aristolochia Cymbi- fera, Martius. Nat. Ord., Aristolochiacese. Common Name, Brazilian Snake-Root. A climbing plant with a glabrous stem; leaves alternate, uniformly cordate, pedati-nerved, with reticulate little veins between the nerves; they are supported by long petioles, furnished with a large, entire, reni-form, amplexicaul stipule. Flowers solitary, upon a sulcata pe- duncle from four to five inches long. Perianth single, large, of a yel- lowish-brown color, tuberculated, curved, divided into two lips; the upper lip sharp, lanceolate, and someAvhat bent outAvards; the lower lip twice as long as the other, at first dilated at the base and expanding into a large oval _ disk with undulate borders. The whole flower is covered with prominent nerves. Stamens six, epigynous. Ovary glabrous, surmounted by a stigma with six short and rounded lobes. Preparation, — The fresh floAvers are pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp with one-sixth part of it the rest of the alcohol is HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 95 added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, and having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ARMORACIA. Synonym, Cochlearia Armoracia, Linn. Nat. Ord., Crucifera?. Common Names, Horse-radish. Crow-flowers. The horse-radish is a native of western Europe, growing wild on the sides of ditches and in other moist situations. It is cultivated for culi- nary purposes in most civilized countries. The root of this plant is perennial, sending up numerous very large leaves, from the midst of Avhich a round, smooth, erect, branching stem rises tAvo or three feet in height. The radical leaves are lance-shaped, waved, scalloped on the edges, sometimes pinnatifid, and stand upon strong footstalks. Those of the stem are much smaller, without footstalks, sometimes divided at the edges, sometimes almost entire. The flowers are numerous, white, peduncled, and form thick, terminal clusters. Preparation.—The fresh root taken out in autumn after being cleaned is immediately comminuted with a grater and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a avell-stoppered bot- tle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ARNICA. Synonym, Arnica Montana, Linn. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Names, Arnica. Leopards-bane. This is a perennial, herbaceous plant, haA'ing a woody, broAvnish, horizontal root, from one to three inches long, and two or three lines thick, ending abruptly, and sending forth numerous slender fibres of the same color. The stem is about a foot high, cylindrical, striated, hairv, and terminating in one, tAvo, or three peduncles, each bearing a flower. The radical leaves are ovate, entire, ciliated and obtuse, those of the stem, Avhich usually consist of two opposite pairs, are lance- shaped. Both are of a bright green color, and someAvhat pubescent on their upper surface. The flowers are very large and of a fine orange- yelloAV color. The calyx is greenish, imbricated, Avith lanceolate scales. The ray consists of about fourteen ligulate florets, twice as long as the calyx, striated, three-toothed, and hairy at the base; the disk of tubular florets with a flve-lobed margin. The whole plant, when fresh, has a 96 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. strong, disagreeable odor, Avhich is apt to excite sneezing, and is dimin- ished by drying. The taste is acrid, bitterish and lasting. This plant is a natiA'e of the mountainous districts of Europe and Siberia. Preparation.—At the time of blooming, gather besides the root, which is the most important part, also the root-leaves, and full-blown flowers, Avhich latter are to be taken out of the calyx, to remove the larvre of the Musca Aestic/k from the receptacle. Two parts of the root, one part of the herb, and one part of the floAvers are pounded to- gether to a fine pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp Avith one- sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, and having poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ARNICA E RADICE. Root of Arnica Montana. Preparation.—The fresh root carefully dried and pulverized, is covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days, in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, T\. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. ARSENICUM ALBUM. Synonyms, Acidum Arseniosum. Arsenious Acid. Present Name, Arsenious Anhydrid. Common Name, White Arsenic. Formula, As2 03. Molecular Weight, 198. Preparation of Arsenious Acid.—Arsenious acid is obtained in large quantities as a by-product in roasting cobalt, nickel, tin, and even some silver ores, and particularly arsenical iron pvrites; the vapors are conducted through long tubes or chambers, Avhere they are condensed in the form of a Avhite powder, formerly called flowers of arsenic. This is not pure, but contains some metallic arsenic, sulphide of arsenic, dirt, etc., from AA'hich it is purified by resublimation. For this purpose, the crude powder is introduced into cast-iron kettles, sur- mounted by several communicating iron cylinders, from the top of Avhich a large pipe leads into a chamber where the vapors, which are not condensed in the cylinders, are recovered again as a Avhite poAvder. The heat, which is applied directly to the kettle, is sufficient to keep the condensing product in the heads in a soft condition, so that on cool- ing, it congeals into masses. If the heat is raised too high, the greater portion of the acid is carried over into the chamber. That consumed in this country is mostly imported from Europe; during the year end- HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 97 ing June 30, 1876, over 506,000 lbs., and in the following year 2,595,- 000 lbs., Avere imported into the United States. Properties.—Arsenious acid occurs in heavy, inodorous masses, Avhich are at first glass-like and transparent, but become superficial ly white and opaque, the change penetrating gradually to the interior, so that ultimately the entire mass is converted into a porcelain-like mass, the formation of Avhich is dependent upon a molecular change, the amorphous glass-like arsenious acid becoming crystalline. The specific gravity of the vitreous acid is 3.7385, and of the opaque variety 3.699 (Guibourt). Durand and Mitchell determined (1832) the density of the former to be about 3.3. SloAvly heated in a glass tube to about 200° C. (392° F.), minute transparent crystals are obtained which, under a magnifying-glass, are recognized as regular octahedra. It is dimorphous, crystallizing also in thin pearly crystals, which are some- times obtained in the process of roasting arsenical ores. When throAvn upon burning charcoal, it is reduced to the metallic state and vapor- ized, arsenious acid being again produced, and an alliaceous odor emitted. It has a scarcely perceptible, faintly SAveetish taste, due to its slow and sparing solubility; the crystalline acid is less soluble than the amorphous, but one is under various circumstances converted into the other. Bv prolonged contact with cold Avater, about ^ per cent, of the acid is dissolved, but after boiling for, several hours, about 11 per cent, is taken up, the greatest portion crystallizing on cooling, leaving about 2] per cent, in the solution. Treated Avith Avarm or cold ammo- nia Avater, the amorphous acid is converted in the crystalline variety Avithout combining Avith the ammonia (Guibourt). Arsenious acid is insoluble in ether, quite sparingly soluble in alcohol, but combines Avith fixed oils Avhen heated, forming a plaster-like mass; several acids in- crease its solubility in Avater, particularly hydrochloric and tartaric acids. PoAvdered arsenious acid is often adulterated; hence it should not be employed for medicinal purposes unless its purity has been previous- ly established. When rubbing the hard masses of vitreous or porce- lain-like acid to poAvder, sufficient alcohol should be sprinkled over it to prevent the dust from rising, and the mouth and nostrils should be protected by a moist sponge. When larger quantities are powdered, it is even advisable to protect the eyes and the bare hands. Tests.—Arsenious acid is completely volatilized Avithout fusion at a temperature not exceeding 204.5° C. (400° F.). By prolonged boil- ing Avith diluted hydrochloric acid, it dissolves completely without leaving any residue, and 100 grains of it, thus dissolved, yield with hydrosulphuric acid a deposit of tersulphide of arsenic weighing, after Avashing and drying, 124 grains. Four grains of it, dissolved in boil- ing Avater Avith 8 grains of bicarbonate of sodium, discharge the color of 808 grain-measures of the volumetric solution of iodine. The reaction occurring in this test is shown by the equation : As2 03 ;>+ 5 H2 O + 212 = 2 H3 As 04 + 4 HI; one molecular weight of arseni- ous acid is oxidized by four atomic weights of iodine, with the forma- tion of two molecules of arsenic and four of hydriodic acid. 7 98 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Detection of Arsenic and Arsenious Acid.—A neutral or acidulated solution of arsenic yields Avith sulphuretted hydrogen a bright yellow precipitate of sulphide of arsenic, Avhich is entirely in- soluble in dilute acids, but dissolves readily in alkalies, their carbon- ates and sulphides; if such a solution in sulphydrate of ammonium is acted upon by nitrate of silver in excess, sulphide of silver is precipi- tated, and the solution contains the arsenic in its original state of oxi- dation, either as arsenious or arsenic acid, and on the careful neutrali- zation of the ammonia by means of nitric acid, the former is precipi- tated as yelloAv arsenite of silver, and the latter as red-brown arseniate of silver, both precipitates being readily soluble in nitric acid and in ammonia. Neutral solutions of arsenious and arsenic acids yield yvith sulphate of copper precipitates, that of the former being yelloAvish- green (Scheele's green), and of the latter bluish-green in color; both precipitates are freely soluble in nitric acid and in ammonia. It fol- lows, from the behavior just described, that in testing by a soluble sil- ver or copper salt for arsenious or arsenic acid, the solution of the lat- ter must be very carefully neutralized, or, if acid, are best tested Avith ammoniacal solutions of copper and silver; but the complete precipi- tation of arsenic is most conveniently effected from an acidulated solu- tion by means of sulphuretted hydrogen gas; if strongly acid, the liquid should be diluted Avith water, and it is in all cases advisable, after add- ing an excess of the gas, to set the mixture aside for some time, if lit- tle arsenic is present, even for 24 hours. If not mixed with other metals, the precipitate thus obtained is pretty characteristic, since only tAvo other metals yield under the same circumstances precipitates of sulphides having a similar color, namely, cadmium and tin in stannic compounds. Cadmium sulphide has a bright lemon-yellow color, but is readily distinguished from the corresponding arsenic compound by being completely insoluble in potassa, ammonia and sulphydrate of ammonium; on the other hand, cadmium sulphide dissolves com- pletely in strong hydrochloric acid, forming cadmium chloride, and giving off sulphuretted hydrogen, while sulphide of arsenic is insolu- ble in the acid mentioned. Stamiic sulphide has a dusky-yellow color, and dissolves in potassa, ammonia and sulphydrate of ammonium, but differs from sulphide of arsenic not only in the shade of color but also in its complete solubility in strong hydrochloric acid. The three sul- phides may likeAvise be distinguished from each other by their behav- ior Avith cyanide flux, which is an intimate mixture of one part of cya- nide of potassium with three parts of anhydrous sodium carbonate; Avhen heated with this flux in the bulb of a Berzelius reduction tube, sulphide of arsenic yields, in the cooler part of the tube, a sublimate of metallic arsenic having an iron-gray color, and in the upper por- tion of the ring occasionally a brown color, produced by the intimate mixture of metallic arsenic with some arsenious acid; during the sub- limation a garlic-like odor is observed; the sublimate volatilizes on the application of heat, and condenses again in a cooler part of the tube, and if atmospheric air has been admitted, is partly or entirely converted into minute brilliant octahedral crystals of arsenious acid. Sulphide of cadmium, under the same circumstances, yields a red- HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 99 broAvn sublimate, consisting of oxide of cadmium, Avhich is not volatil- ized by heat; and sulphide of tin produces no sublimate; but in the fused mass Avill be found metallic grains of tin. The above tests characterize arsenic if in the form of solution, and if present in more than a very minute quantity. Arsenious acid, which is usually met Avith in cases of accidental or criminal poisoning, yields, if heated in a narroAv tube, the crystalline sublimate described above; and if mixed Avith charcoal or cyanide flux, the sublimate will, as in the above case, consist of metallic arsenic, and this, on be- ing sublimed in the presence of air, will yield the same crystals. In the presence of much organic matter, the detection of arsenic is a more complicated process, involving the separation of most of the organic matter. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part of finely poAv- dered, vitreous arsenious acid is boiled to complete solution in sixty parts of distilled Avater, and filtered. By an addition of distilled Avater the filtrate is increased to ninety parts, to which ten parts of 95 per cent, alcohol are then added. Amount of drug poAver, T£7. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—/?. Triturations are prepared of finely poAvdered vitreous arsenious acid, as directed under Class VII. ARSENICUM CHLORICUM. Synonym, Liquor Arsenici Chloridi (Solution of Chloride of Arsenic). Common Name, Chloride of Arsenic. Preparation of Chloride of Arsenic.—Take of arsenious acid in small pieces sixty-four grains; muriatic acid two fluidrachms; dis- tilled Avater a sufficient quantity. Boil the arsenious acid with the muriatic acid and four fluid ounces of distilled Avater, until the arseni- ous acid is entirely dissolved, and, when the solution is cold, add enough distilled water to make it measure thirteen ounces and two and tAvo- third drachms. Properties and Tests.—The solution is colorless, and has an acid reaction. Sulphuretted hydrogen yields at once a bright yellow preci- pitate of sulphide of arsenic. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The above preparation represents the amount of drug poAver T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—,?. ARSENICUM CITRINUM. Synonyms, Arsenicum Sulfuratum Flavum. Orpiment. Present Name, Arsenious Sesqui-Sulphide. Common Name, King's YelloAv. Formula, As2 S3. Molecular Weight, 123. Origin and Preparation of Orpiment.—This metallic substance is native in Hungary, Servia, and Wallachia, and the Le\rant. It may 100 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. be prepared by passing sidphuretted hydrogen through a solution of arsenicum album in dilute hydrochloric acid, and Avashing the precipi- tate thoroughly. Properties and Tests.—The native tersulphuret of arsenic con- sists of one eq. of metal 75, and three eqs. of sulphur 48 = 123. It is in masses of a brilliant lemon-yellow color, composed of flexible lamime, and slightly translucent. It is insoluble in hydrochloric acid, but sol- uble in sulphide of ammonium, and in boiling dilute nitric acid, Avith separation of sulphur. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—-The pure arsenious sulphide is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. ARSENICUM HYDROGENISATUM. Synonym, Arsenetted Hydrogen. Present Name, Trihydride of Arsenic. Formula, As H3. Preparation of Arsenetted Hydrogen.—This is prepared by fusing metallic arsenic Avith its oavu Aveight of granulated zinc, and de- composing the alloy with strong hydrochloric acid. Properties and Tests.—It is a very poisonous colorless gas, Avith a strong garlic smell, burning with a blue flame if ignited, depositing metallic arsenic on the sides of a cool tube held over the flame. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The provings Avere made by inhaling the gas diluted Avith atmospheric air. To use this gas as a remedy, dissolve the freshly prepared gas in ice-cold distilled Avater, which absorbs one-fifth of its volume. This saturated solution mixed with an equal quantity of distilled water produces the lx dilution. Further dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a, except that distilled Avater be used for all dilutions. ARSENICUM JODATUM. Synonym, Arsenici Jodidum. Present Name, Arsenious Iodide. Common Name, Iodide of Arsenic. Formula, As I3. Molecular Weight, 456. Preparation of Iodide of Arsenic.—Take of arsenic sixty grains; iodine three hundred grains. Rub the arsenic in a mortar until reduced to a fine powder; then add the iodine, and rub them together until they are thoroughly mixed. Put the mixture into a small flask or test-tube, loosely stopped, and heat it very gently until liquefaction occurs. Then incline the vessel in different directions, in order that any portion of the iodine Avhich may have condensed on its surface may be returned into the melted mass. Lastly, pour the molted iodide on a porcelain slab, and, Avhen it is cold, break it into pieces, and keep it in a Avell-stoppered bottle. Properties.—Obtained by sublimation, as directed above, it ap- pears in shining brick-red scales. It is soluble in boiling alcohol, crys- HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 101 tallizing on cooling, dissolves completely in Avater, and volatilizes by heat Avithout leaving any residue. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.— The pure iodide of arsenic is- prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. ARSENICUM METALLICUM. Synonym, Metallic Arsenic. Symbol, As. Atomic Weight, 75. Origin and Preparation of Metallic Arsenic. — Arsenic, AA'hich is classed by some chemists Avith the metals, by others Avith the non-metallic elements, is AA'idely diffused in nature, but it is found usu- ally in small quantities. It exists in the uncombined state as native arsenic, knoAvn also under the name of cobaltum or flystone; but more frequently in combination Avith sulphur and sulphides, as red orpiment or realgar, As2 S2 ; yellow orpiment, As2 S3 ; arsenical pyrites, or mis- pickel, Fe S2. Fe As2 ; cobalt-glance, Co S2. Co As2; tin-white cobalt, Co As2 ; and in other minerals. On heating arsenical pyrites in earthen cylinders, most of the arsenic volatilizes and is collected in iron receivers Avhere it congeals. It is obtained on a small scale by mixing arsenious acid with half its weight of poAvdered charcoal, introducing the mixture into a crucible, covering it Avith a layer of granular charcoal tAvo or three inches thick, and cementing over the crucible in an inverted position another one having a small hole drilled through the bottom; on heating the crucible the arsenious acid is reduced to arsenic, Avhich sublimes, carbonic oxide es- caping; A$2 03 -f- C3 yields As2 f 3CO. Properties.—It is a brittle steel-gray mass having a bright metallic lustre, gradually changing on exposure to the air to a grayish-black color devoid of gloss. Its specific gravity is 5.88 to 5.96. Heated in a sealed tube it fuses, but if heated in the open air it volatilizes Avith- out melting at a temperature of 180° C. (366° F.), a portion of it beinz oxidized to arsenious acid. When immersed in Avater, the air dissolved in the latter oxidizes a portion to arsenious acid, Avhich explains the use of cobaltum as a fly poison. Metallic arsenic dissolves on heating in some fixed oils, and unites readily Avith most of the metals, Avith sulphur, chlorine, iodine, and other elements. Tests.—For tests and the detection of arsenic see Arsenicum Album. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure metallic arsenic is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. ARSENICUM RUBRUM. Synonyms, Arsenicum Sulfuratum Rubrum. Arsenic Bisulphide, Present Name, Arsenious Sulphide. Common Names, Realgar. Sandarach. Formula, As2 S2. Molecular Weight, 107. 102 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Origin.—This metallic substance is native to Saxony, Bohemia, Transylvania, and in various volcanic regions. Properties and Tests.—The native bisulphuret of arsenic con- sists of one eq. of arsenic 75, and tAvo eqs. of sulphur 32=107. It occurs in transparent crystals of different forms, of an orange-red color, ansAvering to the same tests as orpiment (Arsenicum Citrinum). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use. — The pure arsenious sulphide is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. ARTEMISIA VULGARIS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Names, Mugwort. Common Artemisia. This perennial plant, groAving wild in all parts of Europe, is rather well known; it differs from its next and most spread relation Artemisia Absinthium, by the dark green and quite smooth surface of its leaves and the mostly quite smooth and veiy stiff stalks, Avhich look fre- quently as if covered Avith dark violet brown or purple color. It should not be mistaken for Artemisia Campestris mingled with Avhich it often occurs; the latter having a more spare groAvth, attenuated branches decumbent until the floAvering time, and quite narroAV, linear, setaceous lea\Tes. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, and haA'ing poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ARUM MACULATUM, Linn. Synonyms, Arum Vulgare. Aronis Communis. Nat. Ord., Aracese. Common Names, Wake Robin. Cuckoo-pint. Spotted Arum. This is a perennial herbaceous plant in forests of leaved Avoods of middle and southern Europe. The arroAV-shaped, long-petiolate, ab- ruptly pointed leaves are smooth and not seldom sprinkled Avith grev- black irregular spots; the scape is naked, shorter than the petiole, and bears a large Avhite sheath, from Avhich a round, club-shaped, reddish spadix juts out. The Avhite root, as large as a hazelnut, is roundish, set Avith fibrils, fleshy and has an extremely acrid smell, irritating the eyes and nose especially Avhen bruised, and a similar burning taste. Preparation.^-The fresh root, gathered in early spring before the development of the leaves, is carefully chopped and pounded to a fine pulp, and pressed out lege artis in a piece of neAV linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mixed Avith an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 103 Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. ARUM TRIPHYLLUM, Linn. Synonyms, Arisiema Triphyllum, Torrey. Arum Atrorubens. Nat. Ord., Araceae. Common Names, Indian Turnip. Jack in the Pulpit. Dragon's Root. This indigenous plant has a perennial root or cormus, which, early in spring, sends up a large, ovate, acuminate, variously colored spathe, convoluted at bottom, flattened and bent over at top like a hood, and supported by an erect, round, green or purplish scape. Within the spathe is a club-shaped spadix, green, purple, black, or variegated, rounded at the end, and contracted near the base, Avhere it is sur- rounded by the stamens or germs in the dioecious plant, and by both in the monoecious, the female organs being beloAV the male. The spathe and upper portions of the spadix gradually decay, Avhile the germs are converted into a compact bunch of shining scarlet berries. The leaves, usually one or two in number, and upon long sheathing footstalks, are composed of three ovate acuminate leaflets, paler on their under than their upper surface, and becoming glaucous as the plant advances. This plant is a native of Xorth and South America, and is common in all parts of the United States, groAving in damp avoocIs, in swamps, along ditches, and in other moist shady places. The root is roundish, flattened, an inch or tAvo in diameter, covered Avith a broAvn, loose, Avrinkled epidermis, and internally Avhite, fleshly, and solid. When fresh, it has a peculiar odor, and is violently acrid, pro- ducing, Avhen cheAved, an insupportable burning and biting sensation in the mouth and throat, Avhich continues for a long time and leaves an unpleasant soreness behind. The acrid principle is extremely volatile, and is entirely driven off by heat. Preparation.—-The fresh root, gathered in early spring before the development of the leaves, is carefully bruised (as it irritates the eyes and nose; and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp Avith one sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole well, and having poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. It must be kept Avell guarded against light and heat. Drug poAver of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. Triturations. Dr. E. M. Hale recommends a rapid trituration of the expressed juice of the freshly gathered root, on the decimal scale, the preparation to be preserved in hermetically sealed bottles, guarded against light and heat. 104 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. ARUNDO MAURITANICA, Desfontaines. Nat. Ord., Gramineae. Common Name, Reed. An Italian grass. Proved and introduced by Dr. F. Patti, Chazon a Due de Sorentino ; published in Journ. de la Soc. Gall, Vol. ATI, 1856. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The fresh root-sprout is pounded to a fine pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp with one-sixth part of it, the rest of alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, and poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ASAFCETIDA. Synonyms, Narthex Asafcetida, Falconer. Ferula Asafcetida, Linn. Ferula Persica. Asafcetida Disgunensis. Nat. Ord., Umbelliferae. Common Names, Asafcetida. Devil's Dung. This is a native of Persia, Afghanistan and other neighboring re- gions. The root is perennial, fleshy, tapering, simple or divided, a foot or more in length, about three inches thick at top, where it is in- vested above the soil Avith numerous small fibres, dark-gray and trans- versely corrugated on the outside, internally white and abounding in an excessively fetid, opaque, milky juice. The leaves, which spring from the root, are numerous, large and spreading, nearly two feet long, light-green above, paler beneath, and of a leathery texture. From the midst of the leaves rises a luxuriant, herbaceous stem, from six to nine feet high, two inches in diameter at the base, simple, erect, round, smooth, striated, solid, and terminating in a large head of compound umbels, Avith from ten to twenty rays, each surmounted by a roundish partial umbel. The; flowers are pale-yelloAV and the fruit oval, thin, flat, foliaceous and reddish-broAvn. Preparation.—The gum-resin, obtained by incision, from the liv- ing root, from plants more than four years old, is covered Avith' five parts by weight of 95 per cent, alcohol, and having poured it into a well- stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, 1 e ng shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, -j1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV, except that 95 per cent, alcohol is used. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 105 ASARUM. Synonyms, Asarum Europaeum, Linn. Asarum Vulgare. ISar- dum Rusticanum. Nat. Ord., Aristolochiaceae. Common Names, Asarabacca. European Snake-Root. Fole's Foot. Hazel-Avort. Wild Nard. The hazel-Avort groAvs all over Germany, also in all other parts of Europe, in shady, elevated forests, under small bushes, especially un- der hazel-bushes. The root is creeping, of the thickness of a straAv, five to six inches long, geniculated, bent hither and thither, in some places knotty and set Avith thick fibres; the stalks, scarcely one inch high, villous, somewhat decumbent, end in tAvo leaves, sitting on petioles three to four lines long, being reniform, entire, above shining dark- green, beloAV grayish-green, run through Avith net-like veins, and some- times set Avith slender hair, from the partition of Avhich the short petio- late, externally villous, green-red, internally dark purple flower arises. Preparation.—The entire fresh plant, gathered Avhen in floAver, is chopped and pounded to a fine pulp, and pressed out lege artis in a piece of neAV linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug poAAer of tincture, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. ASARUM CANADENSIS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Aristolochiaceae. Common Names, Wild Ginger. Canada Snake-root. Indian Gin- ger. Kidney-leaved Asarabacca. This is an indigenous plant, inhabiting Avoods and shady places from Canada to the Carolinas. In appearance and botanical character this species very closely resembles Asarum Europozum. It has a long, creeping jointed, fleshy, yellowish root or rhizoma, furnished Avith radi- cles of a similar color. The stem is very short, dividing, before it emerges from the ground, into tAvo long round hairy leafstalks, each of Avhich bears a broad kidney-shaped leaf, pubescent on both surfaces, of a rich shining light green' above, veined and pale or bluish beneath. A single floAver stands in the fork of the stem, upon a hairy pendulous peduncle. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole well and haying poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, jr. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. 106 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. ASCLEPIAS INCARNATA, Linn. Synonym, Amaena. Nat. Ord., Asclepiadaceae. Common Names, Flesh-colored Asclepias. Flesh-colored SAval- low-Avort. Rose-colored Silk AYeed. SAvamp Milk or Silk AVeed. White Indian Hemp. This species has an erect doAvny stem, branched above, tAvo or three feet high, and furnished Avith opposite, nearly sessile, lanceolate, some- Avhat doAvny leaves. The flowers are red, sAveet-scented, and disposed in numerous crowded erect umbels, Avhich are generally in pairs. The nectary is entire with its horn exserted. The plant grows in all parts of the United States, preferring a Avet soil, and floAvering from June to August. Upon being wounded it emits a milky juice. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, and having poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ASCLEPIAS SYRIACA, Linn. Synonym, Asclepias Cornuti, Decaisne. Nat. Ord., Asclepiadaceae. Common Names, Silk Weed. Milk Weed. Virginian SwalloAV- wort. The silk Aveed has simple stems, from three to five feet high, Avith op- posite, lanceolate-oblong, petiolate leaves, downy on their under sur- face. The floAvers are large, of a pale purple color, SAveet-scented, and arranged in tAvo or three nodding umbels. The nectary is bidentate. The pod or follicle is covered Avith sharp prickles, and contains a large quantity of silky seed-down. This species of asclepias is very common in the United States, growing in sandy fields, and on the roadsides, from New England to Virginia. It 'flowers in July and August. Like the preceding species, it gives out a Avhite juice Avhen Avounded, Avhich has a faint smell, a sub-acrid taste, and an acid reaction. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole Avell, and having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 107 ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA, Linn. Synonym, Asclepias decubens. Nat. Ord., Asclepiadaceae. Common Names, Pleurisy Root. Butterfly Weed. Colic Root. Orange Apocynum. The root of the butterfly Aveed is perennial, and gives origin to num- erous stems, Avhich are erect, ascending, or procumbent, round, hairy, of a green or reddish color, branching at the top, and about three feet in height. The lea\res are scattered, oblong-lanceolate, very hairy, of a rich, deep-green color on their upper surface, paler beneath, and supported usually on short footstalks. They differ, however, someAvhat in shape according to the variety of the plant. In the variety with decumbent stems, they are almost linear, and in another variety cor- date. The floAvers are of a beautiful reddish-orange color, and dis- pose in terminal or lateral corymbose umbels. The fruit is an erect lanceolate follicle, with flat ovate seeds connected to a longitudinal receptacle by long silky hairs. This plant differs from other species of asclepias in not emitting a milky juice Avhen Avounded. It is indige- nous, groAving throughout the United States, from Massachusetts to Georgia, and as far Avest as Texas. It is most abundant in the South- ern States. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole avcII, and having poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ASCLEPIAS VINCETOXICUM, Linn. Synonyms, Cynanchum Vincetoxicum, Persoon. Vincetoxicum Officinale, Moench. Nat. Ord., Asclepiadaceae. Common Name, White SwalloAV-AA'ort. This plant groAvs in rocky places, throughout the greater part of Europe. The subterraneous portion consists of a very knotty, many headed horizontal rootstock, Avith cup-shaped stem-scars, and Avith numerous nearly simple rootlets, Avhich are* about six inches long. The stem is about tAvo feet high, and has nearly sessile cordate-ovate and acuminate leaves, the axils of Avhich bear the small umbels of about nine floAvers. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then take two-thirds by Aveight of alcohol, and add it to the pulp, stirring and mixing it well together, and then strain lege artis through a piece of neAv linen. The tincture thus ob- tained is allowed to stand eight days, in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. 108 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Drug poAA'er of tincture, 5. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. ASIMINA TRILOBA, Dunal. Synonyms, Ancona Triloba. Asimina Campaniflora. Parcelia Triloba. Uvaria Triloba. Nat. Ord., Anonaceaa. Common Name, Common Papaw. This is a small tree from ten to twenty feet high, groAving on the banks of streams in rich soil, from NeAv York and Pennsylvania Avest to Illinois and southAvard. The young shoots and expanding leaves are clothed Avith a rusty doAvn, but soon become glabrous. Leaves thin, oboA^ate - lanceolate, pointed; petals dull-purple, veiny, round- ovate, six in number, increasing after the bud opens, the outer ones three to four times as long as the calyx. Stamens numerous in a globu- lar mass. Pistils few, ripening one to four large and oblong (three to four inches long) pulpy several-seeded fruits, yelloAvish in color, sAveet and edible in autumn. Seeds horizontal, flat, enclosed in a fleshy aril. Flowers appear with the leaves in April and May. Preparation.—The ripe seeds, finely poAvdered, are covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days, in a avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. ASPARAGUS OFFICINALIS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Smilaceae. Common Name, Asparagus. This universally Avell known plant, cultivated in our gardens for culinary use, is a native of Europe, and is found in sandy places, near the sea-coast, in meadoAvs, and along the borders of forests. The root is composed of a short shaft terminating in a cluster of round, long, Avhite fibres. From this root spring up several herbaceous, round, glabrous stems, nearly three feet high; leaves in fascicles, about an inch long, glabrous; flowers small, of a greenish-yellow, solitary and axillary; fruit bacciform, of a scarlet-red, three-celled with two or three black seeds. Preparation.—The young sprouts are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, and having poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, J. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 109 ASPERULA ODORATA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Rubiaceae. Common Names, Sweet scented Wood-ruff. Wood RoAvel. This plant is a native of Europe, Northern Africa, Siberia, and Western Asia, growing in shaded hedgebanks, copses, etc. In Scotland it is found at a height of 1,200 feet. Rootstock is perennial, creeping, often stoloniferous. Stems are from six to eighteen inches high, sub- simple, hairy beneath the nodes. Leaves are one to one and a half inches long, oblong-lanceolate, cuspidate, ciliate. Cymes subterminal, subumbellate. Corollatube \ inch in diameter, as long as the limb, white lobes obtuse. Fruit small, hispid with hooked hairs. The loAver leaves are six in a Avhorl, the upper seven to nine, shining, odoriferous in drying. Flowers appear in May and June. Preparation.—The fresh herb, gathered shortly before coming into bloom, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thor- oughly Avith one sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole well, and having poured it into a well-stop- pered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days, in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, jr. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ASPLENIUM SCOLOPENDRIUM, Linn. Synonym, Scolopendrium OfAcinarum, Smith. Nat. Ord., Polypodiaceae. Common Name, Hart's-Tongue. This is a fern indigenous in Europe and America. It is found groAV- ing in shaded ravines and under limestone cliffs, near Chittenango Falls, and near Jamesville, etc., also in Onondaga Co., XeAv York. Frond oblong-lanceolate from an auricled heart-shaped base, entire or Ava\ry-margined (seven to eighteen inches long, one to two inches Avide), of a bright green color. Fruit-dots linear, elongated, almost at right angles to the midrib, contiguous by twos, one on the upper side of one veinlet, and the next on the loAver side of the next superior veinlet, thus appearing to have a double indusium opening along the middle. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, and having poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days, in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. 110 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. ASTERIAS RUBENS. Synonyms, Uraster Rubens. Asteracanthion Rubens. Class, Echinodermata. Order, Asteroidea. Family, Asteriadse. Common Name, Star Fish. 'This is a marine animal quite common along the various coasts of Europe, and occasionally found along the American coasts. It is shaped in exact resemblance to a five pointed star, is garnet-red in color, and has the faculty of reproducing any member that has been accidentally lost. The central portion contains the mouth and stomach, the former being situated upon the under surface, and armed Avith hard papilla' in the place of teeth; the stomach is simply a globular sac. The nervous system is composed of a circular chain of ganglia from Avhich nerve filaments are given off. An eye is situated at the extremity of each arm. The entire animal is supported by an external calcareous enve- lope or skeleton, covered Avith spines and tubercles. For locomotion, it is provided Avith numerous muscular tube-like processes passing out through foramina in the shelly covering, and arranged in double rows on both surfaces. Each of these terminate in a disk, depressed in the centre. Preparation.—The live animal, cut up finely, is covered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol, poured into a well-stoppered bottle, and allowed to remain eight days, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, -J-a. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. ATRIPLEX OLIDUM. Synonym, Chenopodii Olidi. Chenopodium Vulvaria. Nat. Ord., Chenopodiaceas. Common Names, Stinking orache or arach. Stinking blite or goosefoot. This plant, a native of Europe, grows luxuriantly everyAvhere on Avays, walls, heaps of rubbish, places for collecting, manure; sprout stems from six to twelve inches long, erect or decumbent, with petiolate, rhombic-ovate, entire, gray-green leaves and floAvers standing in the axils, and in glomerated naked racemes. The whole plant during the flowering time, especially the lower surface, looks as if dusted Avith flour and Avhen triturated, emits an exceedingly nauseous smell, similar to that of decayed cheese. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, anl having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well and havino- poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, is is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Ill Drug poAA'er of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ATROPINUM. Synonyms, Atropia. Atropine. Formula, C17 H23 NOs. Molecular Weight, 280. An alkaloid obtained from Belladonna, especially from the root. Preparation of Atropia.—Take of belladonna root in fine poAvder forty-eight troyounces; purified chloroform four troyounces and a half; diluted sulphuric acid, solution of potassa, alcohol, Avater, each a suffi- cient quantity. Mix the poAvder with a pint of alcohol, and, having introduced the mixture into a cylindrical percolator, pour alcohol gradually upon it until sixteen pints have passed. From the liquid thus obtained distil off twelve pints of alcohol. To the residue add sufficient diluted sulphuric acid to give it an acid reaction, and, having evaporated the liquid to half a pint, add an equal bulk of water, and filter through paper. To the filtered liquid add, first a troyounce and a half of the chloroform, and then solution of potassa in slight ex- cess, and shake the Avhole together, at intervals, for half an hour. When the heaAuer liquid has subsided separate it, and, having added a troyounce and a half of the chloroform to the lighter liquid, again shake them together, and separate the heavier from the lighter liquid as before. Add to this lighter liquid the remainder of the chloroform, and, after agitation, separate the heavier liquid for the third time. Mix the heavier liquids in a capsule, and set the mixture aside, until, by spontaneous evaporation, the atropia is left dry. Properties and Tests.—Pure atropia is in colorless acicular crystals. It is Avithout odor, and has a disagreeably bitter and acrid taste. It fuses at 90° C. (194° F.), volatilizes at 140° C. (284° F.), partly unchanged, and at a higher heat is completely decomposed, leaving no residue. It dissolves in about 800 parts (450 parts, Brandes) of cold water, in 25 parts (36 parts, Brandes) of ether, in 3 parts of chloroform, 38 parts of olive oil, also in glycerin and in little alcohol. It has a strong alkaline reaction and neutralizes acids, forming crystal- lizable salts, Avhich are soluble in Avater and alcohol, but insoluble in ether and chloroform. Its solutions are precipitated by chloride of gold, iodine, iodo-hydrargyrate of potassium and tannin, but not by platinic chloride, except when very concentrated. Concentrated nitric acid dissolves atropia Avith a yellow color, the solution, when heated turning orange-red and then becoming colorless. Concentrated sul- phuric acid yields with atropia a colorless solution, becoming red and black when heated, emitting, according to Gulielmo (1863), an odor resembling orange flowers. When heated Avith baryta Avater, soda, or strong hydrochloric acid, atropia is decomposed, yielding tropic acid C9 H10 03, atropic and isatropic acids C9 H8 02, and tropia, which is a crystallizable strongly alkaline compound having the formula C8 H15 NO. According to Hiibschmann (1858) commercial atropia frequently contains an uncrystallizable alkaloid belladonnia, which is 112 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. sparingly soluble in AA'ater, and has a faintly bitter, burning, acrid taste. It may be removed from atropia by adding to the Avatery solution of the salt a small quantity of carbonate of potassium Avhen it is precipi- tated, before any atropia is liberated. In 1850, von Planta stated atropia to be chemically identical with daturia, the alkaloid of stramo- nium ; and since that time it is said the latter alkaloid has not unfre- quently been manufactured and sold as atropia, notwithstanding that the researches of von Schroff and others have proved it to exert a more powerful physiological action than the latter. A. Poehl (1877) has pointed out the folloAving differences betAveen the two alkaloids: Atropia is optically inactive; but daturia turns polarized light to the left, its specific rotating poAver being 14.12°. Atropia salts are precipitated by platinic chloride, but daturia salts are not affected by the same reagent. Atropia salts are not precipitated by picric acid, Avhich, hoAvever, pre- cipitates daturia salts. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure atropia is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. ATROPINUM SULPHURICUM. Synonyms, Atropise Sulphas. Atropia Sulphurica. Common Name, Sulphate of Atropia. Formula, 2 C17 H23 N03. H2 S04. Molecular Weight, 676. Preparation of Sulphate of Atropia.—Take of atropia sixty grains; stronger ether four fluid ounces and a half; sulphuric acid six grains; stronger alcohol a fluid drachm. Dissolve the atropia in the ether; then mix the acid and alcohol, and add the mixture, drop by drop to the ethereal solution until the atropia is saturated. AHoav the liquid to stand until the precipitate formed is deposited. Then decant the ether, and alloAv the residue to evaporate spontaneously until the salt is left dry. Properties and Tests.—Sulphate of Atropia forms a Avhite, someAvhat crystalline, powder, Avhich is insoluble in ether and chloro- form, but freely soluble in water and alcohol, the solutions being neu- tral to test-paper, and yielding a Avhite precipitate Avith chloride of barium. If dissolved in 250 parts of Avater, the solution is not rend- ered turbid by carbonate of potassium, unless belladonnia be present. The salt leaves no ash if burned Avith free access of air. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure sulphate of atropia is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. AURUM. Synonyms, Aurum Metallicum. Aurum Foliatum. Common Name, Gold. Symbol, Au. Atomic Weight, 196.7. , Origin and Properties.—This well-known metal is chiefly found • HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 113 in the metallic state, always associated Avith other metals, and frequently in various native sulphurets. It is the most ductile of all metals, softer than silver, fuses at nearly 1200° C. (2200° F.), has the density 19.3, and is of a reddish-yelloAv color and metallic lustre, but Avhen poAvdered of a broAvn color, acquiring lustre by pressure. It is not altered by exposure to air and Avater, and does not dissolve in acids, but is soluble in liquids containing or generating chlorine. A solution of chloride of gold yields the metal in a finely divided condition when added to solution of ferrous sulphate, oxalic acid, or other oxidizable compound; the product being Avell Avashed Avith distilled water. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The precipitated metal is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. In the Transactions of the American Institute of Homoeopathy, 1880, the following (Witte's ) formula is given : Sixteen grains of gold are dissolved in nitro-muriatic acid; to this solution sixteen pints of distilled Avater are added; then six grains of phosphorus are dissolved in twelve fluid ounces of ether, and the two solutions are mixed to- gether. To separate the gold a solution of aluminium chloride is added, then aqua ammonia in excess. The action of the ammonia causes the formation of. aluminium hydrate, Avhich Avhen filtered out, retains the particles of gold. The aluminium hydrate is now dissolved out Avith muriatic acid, the solution passing through the filter leaA'ing the gold, Avhich is then thoroughly Avashed Avith alcohol to dissolve out any phos- phorus, and then Avith distilled Avater until nothing but the fine gold particles are left on the filter. The gold thus remaining is submitted to the usual process of trituration. AURUM FULMINANS. Common Name, Fulminating Gold. Preparation of Fulminating Gold.—This metallic substance, which at first was obtained by combining oxide of gold Avith ammonia, is more advantageously prepared by means of pure chloride of gold. It is thus procured by precipitating the chloride by ammonia, after Avhich the precipitate is Avashed and dried at a moderate temperature. Properties.—It is a solid, yellow, insipid substance, detonating Avith violence by friction or a bloAV. Preparations for Homoeopathic Use. Only centesimal tritura- tions are used, the first and second of which are prepared with starch moistened with diluted alcohol; all further triturations Avith sugar of milk, as directed under Class VII. AURUM MURIATICUM. Synonyms, Auri Chloridum. Muriate of Gold. Tri-chloride of Gold. Present Name, Auric Chloride. Common Name, Chloride of Gold. Formula, Au Cl3. 8 114 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Preparation of Chloride of Gold.—This is obtained by dis- solving pure gold in three times its Aveight of nitro-muriatic acid, with the aid of a moderate heat. The solution is evaporated by a gentle heat and nearly to dryness, being at the same time stirred Avith a glass rod. This is dissolved in water, filtered from some aurous chloride, Au CI, and again evaporated. Properties and Tests.—Chloride of Gold is in the form of a crystalline mass of a deep red color, is decomposed above 150° C. (302° F.), dissolves readily in Avater, giving it a fine yellow tint, and is also soluble in alcohol, ether, and volatile oils, Avhich solutions are gradualh' reduced. Being deliquescent, it requires to be kept in ground-stoppered bottles. It is inodorous, but slightly bitter, styptic, and leaving a metallic after-taste. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure chloride of gold is dissolved in nine parts by weight of distilled water. Amount of drug power, TV- Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. Triturations of the pure chloride of gold are prepared as directed under Class VII. AURUM MURIATICUM NATRONATUM. Synonyms, Auri et Sodii Chloridum. Auro-Natrium Chloratum. Chloro-Aurate of Soda. Present Name, Auri-sodic Chloride. Common Name, Chloride of Gold and Sodium. Formula, Na CI, Au Cl3, 2H2 (). Preparation of Chloride of Gold and Sodium. — This is prepared by dissolving four parts of pure gold in twelve parts of nitro- muriatic acid, Avith the aid of moderate heat, evaporating the solution to dryness, and dissolving the dry mass in eight times its Aveight of dis- tilled Avater. To this solution one part of pure decrepitated common salt is added, previously dissolved in four parts of Avater. The mixed s dution is then eA^aporated to dryness, being in the meantime con- stantly stirred Avith a glass rod. Properties.—The salt is of a golden-yellow color, ani, Avhen cry- stallized, is in the form of long prismatic crystals, unalterable in the air. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure chloride of gold and sodium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. AURUM SULPHURATUM. Synonyms, Aurum Sulphuricum. Sulphuretted Gold. Present Name, Auric Snlphide. Common Name, Black Sulphuret of Gold. Preparation and Properties of Sulphuretted Gold.—Any quan- tity of chloride of gold dissolved in ten times as much water and acidu- lated Avith a little muriatic acid, is to be heated to boiling, and there is HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 115 throAvn into the boiling solution sulphuretted hydrogen-gas till the de- composition is at an end. The sulphuretted gold secedes as a dark coffee-brown precipitate, Avhich yields after Avashing and drying between blotting paper and with most gentle heat a dark broAvn poAvder Avith some metallic glittering, and is to be preserved carefully in Avell-stop- pered bottles. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use. — Sulphuretted gold is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. BADIAGA. Synonyms, Spongia Palustris, Linn. Spongilla Lacustris, Link. Spongilla Fluviatilis. Nat. Ord., Spongise. Common Names, Badiaga. River Sponge. Fresh Water Sponge. This beautiful green alga is to be found in stagnant Avaters, also in ditches in Germany, but more especially in Russia. It is very similar in texture to the sea-sponge; appears in branching ramifications like stags' horns Avith rounded corners and roundish ends, from the thick- ness of a quill to that of a finger. It has a peculiar strong smell like putrescent crawfish. Preparation.—The dried and pulverized sponge is covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol; ha\ung poured it into a Avell-stop- pered bottle, let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place, shaking tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, TV- Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. Triturations are prepared from the dried sponge, as directed under Class VII. BALSAMUM PERUVIANUM. Synonyms, Myrospermum Peruiferum, De Candolle. Myroxylon Pereirse, Klotzsch. Balsamum Indicum Nigrum. Nat. Ord., Leguminosse. Common Names, Balsam of Peru. Quinquino. This handsome tree, Avith a straight, round, lofty stem, a smooth ash- colored bark, and spreading branches at the top, grows in Central America, in the State of San Salvador, upon the Pacific Coast. The balsam is obtained from incisions made in the bark, Avhich are slightly burned, so as to cause the juice to Aoav. Preparation.—The balsam is dissolved in the proportion of two parts by Aveight to nine parts by Aveight of ninety-five per cent, alcohol, and designated mother-tincture. Drug power of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. 116 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. BAPTISIA. Synonyms, Baptisia Tinctoria, R. Brown. Sophora Tinctoria, Linn. Poda'.yria Tinctoria, Micheuux. Nat. Ord., Legumim src. Common Name, Wild Indigo. This is an indigenous perennial plant, found throughout the United States, growing abundantly in Avoods and dry barren uplands. Its stem is from tAvo to three feet high, smooth and slender, very branchy, rather glaucous. Small, ternate, cuneate-oboA'ate, bluish-green leaves, almost sessile ; stipules and bracts minute and deciduous; racemes feAv-floAvered, terminating the bushy branches; corolla yelloAv, half inch long; pods oval-globose, on a stalk longer than the calyx. Flowers appear from July to September. Preparation.—The fresh root Avith its bark, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell and having poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. BARTFELDER (Acid Spring). C.dd springs in Upper Hungary; temperature from 45° to 50° F. Analysis (Schultes). 16 ounces furnished 11.59 grains of residue, containing Sodium Carbonate,... Hodiam Chloride, ..... Potassium Carbonate, Potassium Chloride,.. Ferrum Carbonate,... Silica,...................... Extractive matter,.... Preparation.—Not proven in potencies, but if required, prepare first and second dilutions Avith distilled Avater, third and higher poten- cies Avith alcohol. BARYTA ACETICA. Synonym, Barium Acetate. Present Name, Baric Acetate. Common Name, Acetate of Barium. Formula, C2H302 Ba. Preparation of Acetate of Barium.—This salt is obtained bv dissolving pure carbonate of barium in dilute acetic acid, Avith the aid of gentle heat, till it is neutralized. The liquid is diluted Avith an equal quantity of distilled Avater, filtered, and evaporated to dryness, and preserved in well -stoppered bottles. 6.07 grains. 3.03 " 0.75 " 0.62 " 0.40 " 0.35 " 0.37 " HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 117 Properties and Tests.—Acetate of barium is a colorless salt, in oblique rhombic prisms, readily soluble in Avater, the solution giving an immediate Avhite precipitate Avith a solution of sulphate of lime. If the salt itself is acted upon by sulphuric acid, acetic vapors are given off. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of acetate of barium is dissolved in nine parts by Aveight of distilled Avater. Amount of drug power, -j-1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—«. Triturations of pure acetate of barium are prepared as directed un- der Class VII. BARYTA CARBONICA. Synonyms, Barium Carbonicum. Barii Carbonas. Present Name, Baric Carbonate. Common Name, Carbonate of Barium. Formula, Ba C03. Molecular Weight, 197. Origin and Preparation of Carbonate of Barium.—Carbon- ate of barium is found native, as Wdherite, in large quantities, in the lead mines at Alston Moor and at Anglesark in Lancashire, England. It is also met Avith in Scotland and Sweden. It may be obtained arti- ficially by precipitating a soluble barium salt Avith an alkaline car- bonate, or by heating to redness and fusion a mixture of ten parts of heavy spar (barium sulphate), tAvo of carbon, and five of potash, and washing the fused mass with water, when barium carbonate is left be- hind. Its formation is explained by the following equation: Ba S04 + C2 + 2HKO = Ba C03 + K2S + C02 -f H20. Properties.—Witherite is found in pale yellowish or grayish fib- rous masses, or in rhombic crystals, varying in specific gravity be- tween 4.3 and 4.56. The artificially prepared barium carbonate forms a soft, Avhite, amorphous or crystalline, tasteless poAvder. Its specific gravity is 4.22 to 4.307. It requires over 15,000 parts of boiling water for solution, but dissolves more readily in solutions of chloride and some other salts of ammonium, and is also slightly soluble in some car- bonates, and even sulphates. When recently precipitated it decom- poses the solutions of many salts, precipitating the metals either as hy- drates or carbonates. Owing to its solubility in hydrochloric and other acids, it acts as a poison Avhen taken internally. Tests.—Barium carbonate should be completely soluble with effer- vescence, in dilute muriatic acid (absence of barium sulphate). The solution is not colored or precipitated by ammonia or hydro-sulphuri" acid (absence of lead and other metals;. When the solution is pre-* cipitated by an excess of sulphuric acid, the filtrate yields no precipi- tate Avith carbonate of sodium (absence of calcium and other earths). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure carbonate of barium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. 118 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. BARYTA CAUSTICA. Synonyms, Caustic Barium. Banc Oxide. Baryta Oxidata. Protoide of Barium. Common Name, Caustic or Pure Barytas. Preparation of Caustic Barium.—Mix in a crucible 4£ parts of pulverized sulphate of barium, and one part of lampblack, and ex- pose the mass to the heat of a furnace until it has a grayish-white appearance. Then let it cool, place it in an iron pan, pour upon it eight times its quantity of Avater, boil it, and add copper-filings until sidphuretted hydrogen ceases to be developed Avhen acetic acid is poured upon a drop of the boiling mass. Filter the liquid Avhile yet hot, into a Avarmed bottle, Avhich is to be Avell closed and put aside. The residue on the filter is principally a demi-sulphuret of copper. From the filtered liquid, caustic barium is precipitated during the pro- cess of cooling in the shape of prismatic crystals; the Avater of crystal- lization is removed by heat. The crystals are placed upon a filter, and dried. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure caustic barium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. BARYTA JODATA. Synonym, Barii Iodidum. Present Name, Baric Iodide. Common Name, Iodide of Barium. Formula, Ba I2, 2H2 O. Molecular Weight, 427. Preparation of Iodide of Barium.—It is conveniently made by boiling a solution of iodide of iron Avith excess of carbonate of barium, filtering, and crystallizing. Properties and Tests. — It forms large transparent rhombic prisms Avhich are very freely soluble in Avater and alcohol, and Avhen heated melt and become anhydrous. Its aqueous solution gives a copious Avhite precipitate with sulphuric acid, which is insoluble in acids, iodine being at the same time liberated. When the same solu- tion is mixed Avith mucilage of starch, it yields a blue color on the ad- dition of a minute quantity of solution of chlorine. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure iodide of ba- rium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. BARYTA MURIATICA. Synonym, Barii Chloridum. Present Name, Baric Chloride. Common Name, Chloride of Barium. Formula, Ba Cl2, 2H2 O. Molecular Weight, 244. Preparation of Chloride of Barium.—Take of carbonate of barium in small pieces, muriatic acid, each four troyounces; Avater a pint. Mix the acid Avith the water, and gradually add the carbonate HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 119 of barium. ToAvards the close of the effervescence apply a gentle heat, and, when chemical action has ceased, filter the liquid, and evaporate so that crystals may form when it cools. In this process the hydrochloric acid reacts upon the carbonate of barium, producing barium chloride Avhich remains in solution, and liberating carbonic acid which escapes, some Avater bein»- also formed. The reaction is explained bv the following equation: Ba C03 -| ■ 2HC1 = Ba Cl2 + C02 -f- H2 6. Properties.—Barium chloride exists in colorless translucent rhom- boidal tables or lamellae. It is permanent in the air at the ordinary temperature, but loses one-half of its water above 55° C. (131° F.j, and becomes anhydrous at 121° C. (250° F.). 100 parts of Avater retain at 105° C. ("221° F.) 60 parts, at 40° C. (104° F.) about 41, at 20° C. (68° F.) 35.7, and at 10° C. (50° F.) 34.3 parts of the salt in solution. (Mulder.) The aqueous solutions are partly precipitated by strong hydrochloric and nitric acid, in Avhich the salt is less soluble than in water. It is insoluble in absolute alcohol, but dissolves in spirit containing Avater, and imparts to the alcohol flame a yelloAv color. It possesses the persistently bitter and disagreeable astringent taste of the soluble barium salts. Its solution yields Avith nitrate of silver, and with potassium sulphate or dilute sulphuric acid, copious white precipitates, Avhich are insoluble in nitric acid. Sulphates, phos- phates, carbonates, and the salts of most organic acids yield Avith ba- rium chloride, precipitates Avhich are insoluble in Avater. Tests.—Chloride of barium is entirely soluble in water (absence of barium carbonate and sulphate). The solution is not colored' or pre- cipitated by ammonia or hydrosulphuric acid (absence of lead and other metals). When precipitated by an excess of sulphuric acid and filtered, the liquor yields no precipitate Avith sodium carbonate (absence of calcium and other earths). Alcohol shaken Avith the poAvder salt, then poured off and ignited, does not burn Avith a red flame (absence of strontium chloride). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure chloride of barium is dissolved in nine parts by Aveight of dis- tilled water. Amount of drug poAver, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—«. Triturations of pure chloride of barium are prepared as directed under Class VII. BELLADONNA. Synonyms, Atropa Belladonna, Linn. Solanum Furiosum or Maniacum. Solanum Somniferum. Nat. Ord., Solanaceie. Common Names, Deadly Nightshade. Common Dwale. This is an herbaceous perennial, with a fleshy, creeping root, from which rise several erect, round, purplish, branching stems, to the height of about three feet. The leaves, which are attached by short footstalks to the stem, are in pairs of unequal size, oval, pointed, entire, of a 120 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. dusky green on their upper surface, and paler beneath. The flowers, which are supported upon solitary peduncles and rise from the axils of the leaves, are bell-shaped, about an inch long, of a dingy, green-yellow with broAvnish veins, A'iolet at the forepart; the fruit is a roundish berry, Avith a longitudinal furrow on each side, at first green, afterwards red, ultimately of a deep purple color, bearing considerable re- semblance to the black cherry, except that it has a nauseous, slightly sweetish taste; it contains numerous seeds in tAvo distinct cells, and has a sweetish, violet-colored juice. The plant is a native of Europe, Avhere it groAvs in shady places, along Avails, and amidst rubbish, flowering in July, and ripening its fruit in September. Preparation.—The entire fresh plant, gathered Avhen coming into floAver, is chopped and pounded to a fine pulp, and pressed out lege arti* in a piece of neAv linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agita- tion, mingled Avith an equal part by weight of alcohol. This mixture is alloAved to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. BELLADONNA E RADICE. Root of Atropa Belladonna, Linn. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered in autumn, is chopped and pounded to a fine pulp, and pressed out lege artis in a piece of neA\- linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mixture is alloAved to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. \ Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. BELLIS PERENNIS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Composite. Common Names, English Daisy. Garden Daisy. Hens and Chickens. This is a perennial, found growing in pastures and meadoAvs through- out Europe. Rootstock short, fibres stout. Leaves one to three inches long,_ fleshy, obovate-spathulate, obtuse or rounded at the crenate tip, midrib broad. _ Scape two to five inches high. Flower-head three- fourths to one inch in diameter, solitary; involucre bracts green, ob- tuse, often tipped with black. Ray-flowers white or tipped Avith pink, disk bright yelloAv. Flowers all the year. Preparation.—The fresh plant, in flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and ]tressed out lege artis in a piece of new linen. The ex- pressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, -|. Dilutions must he prepared as directed under Class I. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 121 BENZINUM NITRICUM. Synonym, Nitrobenzolum. Present Name, Nitro-benzol. Common Names, Nitro-benzine. Artificial Oil of Bitter Al- monds. Formula, C6 H5 (X02). Molecular Weight, 123. Preparation of Nitro-benzol.—Benzol is added in small por- tions to warm fuming nitric acid, Avhen a violent action takes place, and a dark red liquid is formed, Avhich is mixed Avith Avater, and the oily precipitate Avashed Avith the same liquid. Properties and Tests.—Nitro-benzol is a yellowish, oily liquid, having the spec. gray. 1.209, crystallizing in needles at 3° C. (37.4° F.), and boiling at 213° C. (415.4° F.). It has the strong odor of bitter almonds—hence the incorrect name artificial oil of bitter almonds,—a SAveet taste, and dissolves in concentrated sulphuric and nitric acid, and in all proportions in alcohol and ether. In its alcoholic solution it is readily converted into anilina through the influence of nascent hydrogen. It is very poisonous. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Two parts by Aveight of nitro-benzol are dissolved in nine parts by Aveight of ninety-five per cent, alcohol. Amount of drug poAver, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—a. BERBERINUM. Synonyms, Berberin. Berberia. Berberina. Formula, C20 H17 X04. Origin.—Berberin, or berberia, Aias first discovered by Chevallier and Pellatan (1826) in the bark of Xanthoxylum clava Herculis, and named xanthopicrit; its identity Avith berberina Avas proved by Perrins (1862). A. Buchner obtained it (1835) crystallized from barberry root, believed it to possess acid properties, and named it berberin. It had been previously separated in an impure condition by Brandes (1825), and by Buchner (1830). .0. Kemp (1841) noticed that it forms crystallizable compounds Avith various mineral and organic acids; but its alkaloidal nature A\as first proven by Fleitmann (1846). Since then it has been discovered in numerous plants of the orders Berberidacese, Ranunculaceaj, Menispermaceae, etc. Preparation of Berberina.—For the preparation of berberina, Procter (1864) giA'es a process which is based upon those of Buchner and Fleitmann. The root of hydrastis is exhausted with boiling water, the decoction evaporated, the soft extract exhausted by strong alcohol, some Avater is added, most of the alcohol distilled off, and then an ex- cess of sulphuric acid added, Avhen, on cooling, sulphate of berberina crystallizes, requiring recrystallization from hot Avater for purification. Its solution in hot Avater is then decomposed by freshly precipitated oxide of lead (caustic baryta, Fleitmann), and the filtrate alloAved to crystallize. 122 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Properties.—It forms fine yellow needles, which lose at 100° C. (212° F.) nearly 19.5 per cent/of water, fuse at 120° C. (248° F.), are insoluble in ether and petroleum benzin, dissolve slightly in cold water and benzol, and more freely in alcohol. Its composition is C20 H17 N04 (Perrins). By adding to its hot solution an excess of acid, crystals of neutral or acid salts are obtained, which are usually of a bright or golden-yellow color, have a bitter taste, and are very slightly soluble in acidulated water. Tests.—Dissolved in hot alcohol, the salts of berberina yield, Avith solution of iodine in potassium iodide, dark-green scales, of a metallic lustre, and appearing reddish-brown in transmitted light; if an excess of iodine be employed, the crystals are of a red-broAvn color in reflected light. This behavior is recommended by Perrins as a convenient test of this alkaloid. Hydrochlorate of berberina assumes Avith chlorine a blood-red color (Buchner). Fused Avith potassium hydrate, berberina is decomposed, yielding two acids, one of Avhich is sublimable, and vapors having the odor of chinolin (HlasiAvetz and Gilm). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure berberina is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. BERBERIS. Synonyms, Berberis Vulgaris, Linn. Berberis Pisifera. Oxy- cantha. Spina Acida. Nat Ord., Berberidacea?. Common Names, Common Barberry. Pipperidge Bush. This is a native of Europe, but grows wild in waste grounds in the eastern parts of New England. It is a spreading shrub, from four to six feet or more in height, Avith thorny branches, a light grey bark, and a fine yellow Avood. The leaves are someAvhat obovate, Avith ciliated teeth on their edges, and upon the young shoots three-parted and spiny. The flowers, which are in drooping many-flowered racemes, have yelloAv entire petals, and are succeeded by small, oblong, red berries containing tAvo or three seeds. The berries have a grateful, sour, astringent taste. The bark of the root is broAvn externally, saffron- colored Avithin. Preparation.—The freshly dried bark from the root is finely divided and Aveighed. Then five parts by Aveight of alcohol are poured over it, and having been put into a well-stoppered bottle is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place, shaking twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, j1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. BISMUTHUM METALLICUM. Synonyms, Bismuthum. Metallic Bismuth. Common Name, Bismuth. Symbol, Bi. Atomic Weight, 210. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 123 Origin.—The supply of bismuth is chiefly derived from the mines in Saxony, Avhere it exists in the metallic state, associated Avith cobalt, nickel and silver ores. It is likeAvise found oxidised as bismuth ochre, and in combination Avith sulphur and Avith tellurium. Deposits of bis- muth ores have recently been discovered in France, Australia, Mexico, and Texas. Preparation of Metallic Bismuth.—The metal is extracted by a simple process of smelting, advantage being taken of its low melting point, and run into hot iron receiving pots, Avhere it congeals. The sulphide of bismuth requires to be roasted; it is thus converted into oxide, Avhich is reduced to the metallic state by being heated Avith charcoal. The crude metal thus obtained contains A'ariable quantities of arsenic, copper, iron, and other metals. Purification of Metallic Bismuth.—Take of metallic bismuth ten ounces ; nitrate of potash in poAvder tAvo ounces. Put the bismuth and one ounce of the nitrate of potash into a crucible, and heat them to a temperature at Avhich both the metal and the salt are fused. Con- tinue the heat, constantly stirring the contents of the crucible for fifteen minutes, or until the salt has solidified into a slag over the metal. Then remoATe the salt, add the remainder of the nitrate of potash to the bis- muth in the crucible, and repeat the process as before. Finally, pour the bismuth, AA'hile fused, into a suitable mould, and alloAv it to cool. Properties.—Bismuth is a brilliant greyish-Avhite metal Avith a distinct roseate tinge, and a crystalline lamellate texture. When fused, bismuth is cooled until a crust has formed, and the liquid portion is then poured out; the crucible Avill be found lined with rhombohedral crystals resembling cubes. Its specific gravity is 9.83, which is diminished by high pressure. It fuses at 264° C. (507° F.), and Avhen congealing expands considerably, like Avater under similar circum- stances. It is not altered at the ordinary temperature by exposure to the air, but at a red heat burns Avith a bluish flame to brown oxide, becoming yellow on cooling, and Avhen exposed, in closed vessels, to a still higher temperature, it volatilizes. It has the peculiar property of lowering thfe fusing point of metals: an alloy of tAvo parts of bismuth and one part each of lead and tin fuses at 93.75° C. (200.75° F.). Tests.—It is but slightly attacked by boiling hydrochloric or dilute sulphuric acid; but nitric acid dissolves it readily, the solution on con- centrating yielding crystals of bismuthous nitrate (see bismuthi sub- nitras); the mother liquor or the original solution in nitric acid, suit- ably diluted Avith Avater and separated from the Avhite precipitate of subnitrate should not yield a Avhite precipitate with sulphuric acid (lead), or a blue one with potassium ferrocyanide (iron) or Avith the same reagent a reddish-brown one (copper). Sih^er, Avhich is occasion- ally present, will be indicated by the Avhite precipitate Avhich takes place in the nitric acid solution on the addition of hydrochloric acid. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure metallic bis- muth is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. 124 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. BISMUTHUM OXYDATUM. Synonyms, Bismuthi Oxidum. Hydrated Oxide of Bismuth. Scsquioxide of Bismuth. Common Name, Oxide of Bismuth. Formula, Bi2 03. Molecular Weight, 468. Preparation of Oxide of Bismuth.—Take of subnitrate of bismuth one pound; solution of soda four pints; mix and boil for fiA'e minutes; then, having alloAved the mixture to cool and the oxide to subside, decant the supernatant liquid, wash the precipitate thoroughly with distilled Avater, and finally dry the oxide by the heat of a Avater- bath. In this process the subnitrate of bismuth is decomposed by the soda, nitrate of sodium and Avhite hydrate of bismuth being formed, the former of Avhich remains dissolved in the Avater; 2 (Bi N()4. H2 O) + 2 Na HO yields Bi2 6 HO (or Bi2 03. 3 H2 O) + 2 Na ^03. At the temperature of b:tiling Avater the hydrate of bismuth parts Avith its Avater, leaving the anhydrous oxide. Properties,—Oxide of bismuth forms a dull yelloAv, more or less crystalline poAvder, Avhich dissolves in acids Avithout effervescence, and Avhen heated to incipient redness is not diminished in weight. At a higher temperature it fuses to a brown mass, Avhich becomes yelloAv again on cooling. Tests. The oxides of lead and silver are likely to be present as impurities, and are detected by dissolving in nitric acid, and testing as described under bismuthum subnitricum. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure oxide of bis- muth is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. BISMUTHUM SUBNITRICUM. Synonyms, Album Hispanicum. Bismuthi Subnitras. Magis- terium Bismuthi. Marcassita Alba. Common Names, Pear lAVhite. Subnitrate of Bismuth. AVhite Oxide of Bismuth. Formula, Bi ON03 H20. Molecular Weight, 306. Preparation of Subnitrate of Bismuth.—Take of bismuth in pieces tAvo troyounces; nitric acid, carbonate of sodium, each ten ounces ; water of ammonia six fluidounces; distilled Avater a sufficient quantity. Mix four troyounces and a half of the nitric acid Avith four fluidounces of distilled Avater in a capacious glass vessel, and, having added the bismuth, set the Avhole aside for tAventy-four hours. Dilute the resulting solution Avith ten fluidounces of distilled water, stir it thoroughly, and at the end of tAventy-four hours filter through paper. Dissolve the carbonate of sodium in twelve fluidounces of distilled Avater Avith the aid of heat, and filter the solution through paper. To this, when cold, sloAvly add the solution of nitrate of bismuth, Avith constant stirring. Transfer the Avhole to a strainer, and, after the pre- HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 125 cipitate has been drained, Avash it with distilled water until the Avash- ings pass tasteless, and drain again as completely as possible. Then place the moist precipitate in a capacious vessel, gradually add the remainder of the nitric acid, and afterwards four fluidounces of distilled Avater, and set the solution aside. At the end of tAventy-four hours filter through paper, and to the filtered liquid, previously diluted Avith four pints of distilled water, sIoavIv add the Avater of ammonia, with constant stirring. Transfer the Avhole to a strainer, and after the pre- cipitate has been drained, Avash it with two pints of distilled water, and drain it again. Lastly, dry it upon bibulous paper Avith a gentle heat, and rub it into poAvder. The above process takes cognizance of the arsenic which is usually present in commercial bismuth. By dissolving the metal in nitric acid, the hitter is partly decomposed, nitrous acid vapors being evolved and Avater generated, Avhile the bismuth dissolves, forming bismuthous nitrate, thus: Bi2 + 8 HN03 = 2 Bi 3 N03 + 2 NO -f- 4 H2 O. Other metals likely to be present are dissolved Avith the formation of nitrates, except arsenic, Avhich is oxidized to arsenic acid. On diluting the solution, Avhich is strongly acid, Avith sufficient water until, a turbidity begins to form Avithout disappearing again on stirring, the arseniate of bismuth in solution becomes sparingly soluble, and is mostly deposited in the course of twenty-four hours, and may then be removed by filtration. On adding the filtrate slowly to an excess of an alkaline carbonate, the bismuth is precipitated as subcarbonate, together Avith the other metals, except arsenic, nearly the A\'hole of which Avill remain in solution as arseniate of sodium, and may be re- moved by Avashing Avith Avater. The precipitated subcarbonate is again converted into nitrate, and this solution again set aside for tAventy-four hours, to remove any arseniate of bismuth Avhich may separate. The Altered liquid of bismuthous nitrate is now mixed Avith Avater, AA'hen subnitrate of bismuth will be precipitated, a portion of the bismuth remaining in solution in the liberated nitric acid; the decomposition is shown by the equation 6 (Bi 3 N03) -f- 10 II20 = 5 (Bi ()N03 H20) + Bi 3 N()3 -f 10 HN03. In order to recover the bismuth remaining dissolved in the acid liquid, the latter is nearly neutralized with ammonia, Avhen an additional quantity of bismuthous subnitrate will be precipitated thus: Bi 3 X03 + 2 NH4 HO = Bi 0NO3 + 2 NH4 N03, nitrate of ammonium being formed at the same time. Under no consideration must the solution be allowed to become neutral, lest the other metals (iron, copper, etc.) Avhich may be present would likewise be precipitated; the ammonia should be added in a thin stream and Avith constant stirring, to avoid even the partial formation of the hydrate of any of the metals, Avhich, particularly toAvards the close of the process, Avould again be converted into nitrate Avith difficulty. Properties and Tests.—Subnitrate of bismuth is a heavy, Avhite poAvder, in minute crystalline scales, and of a someAvhat satiny appear- ance. It has a faintly acid odor and taste, and, Avhen moistened on litmus paper, a decidedly acid reaction. It is entirely soluble, without effervescence, in nitric acid, and the solution yields no precipitate with 126 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. dilute sulphuric acid, or with solution of silver nitrate (absence of lead and chlorides). When mixed Avith sulphuric acid diluted Avith an equal bulk of Avater, it dissolves, and the solution acquires a black color on the addition of ferrous sulphate (presence of nitrates). It should be entirely free from arsenic, or contain only traces of that metal, so that a small portion of it Avhen treated by Fleitmann's test, produces merely a gray stain upon the filtering paper moistened Avith solution of silver nitrate. When heated to redness, it loses about twenty per cent, of its weight, bismuthous oxide, Bi2 03, remaining behind; its formula Avould require a loss of 23.5 per cent. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure subnitrate of bismuth is prepared by trituration as directed under Class VII. BLATTA AMERICANA, Lamarck. Synonym, Kakerlat Americana, Sars. Class, Insecta. Order, Orthoptera. Family, Blattina. Common Name, Great American Cockroach. The Blatte Americana, which is very common in Brazil, where it inhabits human dwellings, is an orthopterous insect, Avith an elongated, oval, rather flat body, from twelve to sixteen lines in length, of a broAvn-red which becomes .paler under the belly. The prothorax is smooth, shining, of an ochre-yellow, with two large brown spots, Avhich are sometimes united in one. In the male the elytra reach beyond the belly by a feAV lines; in the female they are a little shorter. They are marked with numerous longitudinal streaks Avhich bifurcate near the dotted margin terminating the elytra. The Avings are striate and reticular, of the length of the elytra. The antennas which are longer than the body, exhibit at their base a small yellowish point. The feet are provided with black prickles and terminate in a tarsus Avith five articulations. Preparation.—The live animal is crushed and triturated, as di- rected under Class IX. BOLETUS LARICIS, Linn. Synonyms, Agaracus Laricis. Fungus Lancis. Boletus Purgans. Polyporus Officinalis, Fries. Nat. Ord., Fungi. Common Names, Larch Agaric. Larch Boletus. Purging Aga- ric. White Agaric. This is a fungus growing on the larch-tree of the old world. It is of various sizes, from that of the fist to that of a child's head (or even larger), hard and spongy, externally brownish or reddish; but, as found in commerce, it is deprived of its exterior coat, and consists of a light, Avhite, spongy, someAvhat farinaceous, friable mass, which, though capable of being rubbed into powder upon a sieve, is not easily pulver- ized in the ordinary mode, as it flattens under the pestle. HOMO30PATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 127 Preparation.—The dried fungus is covered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol, and having mixed it Avell, it is poured into a well- stoppered bottle, and allowed to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, -j^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. Triturations of the dried fungus are prepared, as directed under Class VII. BOLETUS SATANAS. Synonym, Satanic Boletus. Nat. Ord., Fungi. Common Name, Satan's Fungus. This fungus is found in forests, in summer and autumn. Cap thick, dense, of a pale yelloAv; orifice of the little tubes dark-red; stem big, dark-red, the upper portion furnished with bars. According to Pluebus, it is a variety of the Boletus Luridus. Preparation.—The fresh fungus is prepared by trituration, as di- rected under Class IX. BONDONNEAU. Bondonneau Mineral Water. (Saintes-Fontaines). Chemical Analysis. In one liter, there was contained: Free Sulphuric Acid, a trace, but it is very perceptible at the spring. Free Carbonic Acid,...................................................f the volume of water. Bicarbonate of Lime,................................................10.390 grammes. Bicarbonate of Magnesia,..........................................J Bicarbonate of Soda,...................................................0.006 " Potash salts,........................... ...................................a trace. ( Soda, ............1 Sulphates (probably anhydrous) of -< Lime,............ >- 0.043 " 1 Magnesia,............J Chloride of Sodium,...................................................0.030 " Alkaline, Iodides and Bromides,..................................0.008 " Arseniates,................................................................a trace. Sesquioxide of Iron with Manganese,..............................0.002 " Silica and Alumina,....................................................0.128 Earthy Phosphates,.....................................................a trace. Nitrogenized organic matters,.......................................an uncertain amount. Preparation.—If potencies are required, use distilled water for first and second dilutions, alcohol for third and higher potencies. 128 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. BORAX. Synonyms, Natrum Biboracicum. Boras Sodicus. Sodii Boras. Borate of Sodium. Present Name, Sodic Biborate. Common Name, Borax. Formula, Na2B407 10 H20, Molecular Weight, 382. v Origin and Preparation of Borax.—Borax is found as tincal in Persia, Thibet and other localities, as a saline incrustation on the shores of certain lakes, and as a crystalline deposit at the bottom of the borax lake in California. The incrustation and the deposit are continually renewed by crystallization from the lake Avaters as fast as the borax is remoA^ed. Tincal requires to be washed Avith a solution of caustic soda for effecting the removal of fatty matter with which the crystals are covered and, on being aftenvards recrystallized from Avater yields borax. Borax is also prepared from A'arious native borates which are found in certain parts of South America, Europe and Asia, and which are knoAvn as the minerals boracite, borosodocalcite, cryptomorphite, etc. These consist of boracic acid combined in varying proportions with so- dium, calcium and magnesium, and mixed Avith sulphates, chlorides and silica, and yield borax on being treated Avith carbonate of sodium and after recrystallization from water. The crater of the Liparian island of Volcano, situated north of Sicily, contains a deposit of boracic acid; and the same acid is found in the vapors which issue from fissures in the volcanic rocks of Tuscany in Italy. To obtain this acid, a series of basins or lagoons are constructed on the side of the mountain, either by excavation or masonry, so as to surround the clefts in the rocks. The basin is then filled with water from a mountain stream; the hot vapors in passing through the water yield to it boracic acid, and heat the Avater at the same time. The so- lution of boracic acid thus obtained is passed from one basin to another lower one, subsequently into evaporating pans, and finally into vats, Avhere the acid is deposited. The crude boracic acid, of which 178,- 798 pounds were imported in 1877-1878, is converted into borax by preparing a solution of 13 parts of crystallized carbonate of sodium in 15 or 16 parts of water, heating to boiling, and adding gradually 12 parts of the boracic acid; after combination has been effected, the liquid is permitted to settle, and draAvn off clear into lead-lined vats A\'here it crystallizes. The product thus obtained requires to be re- crystallized to fit it for medicinal uses and for the arts. About 3,500 pounds of borax are annually imported, but much larger quantities are manufactured in the United States. Properties.—Borax forms large, colorless, hexahedral, flattened crystals, which are transparent and, in dry air, effloresce superficially and become opaque. When heated it gives off its Avater of crystalliza- tion and is converted into a light, Avhite, spongy mass, Avhich at a red heat melts and, on cooling, forms a transparent glass. Borax has the specific gravity 1.72, has a AA'eak alkaline reaction, is insoluble in alco- HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 129 hol, but dissolves in glycerin and in Avater. The glycerin solution im- parts a green color to flame (Senier and Lowe, 1878). According to Poggiale, 100 parts of water dissolve at 10° C. (50° F.), 4.65 parts, at 20° C. (68° F.), 7.88 parts, at 30° C. (84° F.), 11.90 parts, at 40° C. (104° F.), 17.90 parts, and at 100° C. (212° F.), 201.43 parts of crystallized borax. If a saturated solution of borax is prepared at an elevated temperature, and kept at a temperature exceeding 56° C. (133° F.), borate of sodium containing 5 H20 will crystallize in octo- hedral crystals, Avhich are harder than borax. A cold solution of borax absorbs considerable quantities of carbonic acid and sulphuretted hydrogen, both gases being again expelled on heating and evaporating the liquid. Composition.—The Avater of crystallization amounts to 47.12 per cent.; Xa20 to 16.23, and B203 to 36.65 per cent. Tests.—The solution of borax is not colored or precipitated by sul- phuretted hydrogen (absence of heavy metals), and does not yield any precipitate Avith carbonate of sodium (salts of calcium^ etc.), nor, if sufficiently diluted, Avith barium chloride {sulphate and phosphate), or Avith nitrate of silver (chlorides). If a mineral acid is added to a hot solution of borax, on cooling,, a scaly crystalline precipitate is obtained, the alcoholic solution of which burns Avith a green flame. 191 grains dissolved in 10 fluidounces of distilled water require for saturation 1,000 grain-measures of the volumetric solution of oxalic acid. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of pure borax is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by weight of distilled Avater. Amount of drug power, TiJ 7f Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—/3. Triturations of pure borax are prepared as directed under Class VII. BORRAGO OFFICINALIS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Borraginacese. Common Name, Borage. This plant is found growing in waste ground, near habitations, in England and the Channel Islands only, and is very rare. Its root is annual or biennial. Stem one to two feet high, stout, succulent, leafy, branched. Leaves waved or sinuate-toothed, subacute; radical leaves four to six inches long, ovate-lanceolate, petioles broad, Avinged; cauline sessile or contracted towards the auricled base, upper oblong. Cymes axillary and terminal, few-flowered, branched; pedicels one to one and a half inch long, decurved; bracts linear or lanceolate. Calyx-lobes subulate-lanceolate. Corolla three-fourths of an inch in diameter, bright blue; lobes triangular-ovate. Anthers purple-black, spurred at the back. Nutlets one-sixth of an inch long, rugose. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and pressed out lege artis in a piece of neAV linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by weight of alcohol. This mixture is alloAved to stand eight days, in a well-stop- pered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. 9 130 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Drug poAver of tincture, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. BOVISTA. Synonyms, Bovista Nigrescens. Fungus Ovatus. Lycoperdon Bovista, Linn. Nat. Ord., Fungi. Common Names, Puff-ball. Bull-fist. Puck-fist. Puck-ball. Puffin. Bunt. Devil's Snuffbox. Fuzz-ball. Throughout the Avhole year the puff-ball is found, but especially in the beginning of autumn, on the pasture grounds and dry meadows of Europe. Nearly as round as a ball it is at the base narrowed to form a thick, foldy stalk. It is of variable size, between a diameter of one inch to one foot; Avhen young it is Avhite, later of a dirty yelloAv color, finally changing to umber-broAvn. Preparation.—The entire fungi collected in August or September are bruised and Aveighed. Then five parts by Aveight of dilute alcohol are poured over it, and having been put into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, -fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV, except that dilute alcohol is used for the lx and 2x, and 1 dilutions. Triturations are prepared from the ripe broAvn-black powder, as directed under Class VII. BRACYHGLOTTIS REPENS. Common Name, Puka-Puka. This is usually a shrub, though sometimes it has the appearance of a tree twenty feet in height, growing in the northern island of Ncav Zea- lana. It has broad, indented, glossy leaves, doAvny on the under sur- face. Its flowers are large, clustered and fragrant. Preparation.—Equal parts of the fresh leaves and flowers are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After hav- ing stirred the Avhole well, and having poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting,-straining and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. BRANCA URSINA. Synonyms, Acanthus Vulgaris. Heracleum Sphonclylium, Linn. Nat. Ord., Umbelliferse. Common Names, Bear's Breech. CoAv-parsnip. Hogweed. Masterwort. t HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 131 This plant is found all over Europe, in meadoAvs, and on the borders of Avoods. The root is thick, fusiform, branchy, yelloAvish Avithout, whitish within; stem from three to six feet high, erect, furrowed, cov- ered Avith stiff hairs, fistulous, branchy at the top; leaves pinnate and full of asperities; leaflets divided. Umbels large, of about tAventy rays, the outer petals much larger than the others. Carpels nearly arbicular, three or four lines long; the vittas very conspicuous. When young, this plant contains a juice Avhich is SAveetish to the taste; Avhen older, the juice becomes acrid, of a bitter taste, and biting; when applied to the skin, it causes it to swell, and produces even inflammation and ulcerations. Preparation.—The fresh plant, at time of floAvering, is chopped and pounded to a fine pulp and pressed out lege artis in a piece of new- linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mixture is alloAved to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, l>. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. BRAYERA ANTHELMINTICA, Kunth. Synonyms, Banksia Abyssinica, Bruce. Hagenia Abyssinica, Lamark. Nat. Ord., Rosacea?. Common Names, Koosso or Kousso. Kosbo Sika. This is a tree about twenty feet high, groAving on the table-land of Abyssinia, at an elevation of not less than six or seven thousand feet. The branches exhibit circular cicatrices, left by the fallen leaves. These are crowded near the ends of the branches, large, pinnate, sheathing at the base, with opposite, lanceolate, serrate leaflets, villose at the margin, and nerved beneath. The flowers are tinged with purple, pedicelled, Avith an involucre of four roundish, oblong, obtuse, membranous bractes, and are arranged in fours, upon hairy, flexuous, bracteate peduncles, with alternate branches. They are small and of a greenish color, finally becoming purple. The flowers have a fragrant balsamic odor; and the taste, hardly perceptible at first, becomes in a short time some- what acrid and disagreeable. Preparation.—The dried blossoms are finely powdered, and covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power, -^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. Triturations are prepared from the dried blossoms, as directed under Class VII. 132 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. BROMIUM. Synonyms, Brominium. Murina. Common Name, Bromine. Symbol, Br. Atomic Weight, 80. A liquid non-metallic element, obtained from sea-water and from some saline springs. Origin and Preparation of Bromine.—Bromine does not exist in the free state, but is found Avidely distributed in nature, the bromides usually accompanying chlorides. It is more particularly found in sea- water, in the Avaters of Kreuznach, Kissingen, and other mineral springs, but is noAV obtained in considerable quantities from the mother- liquors of many salt works in the United States and at Stassfurth, Germany. These mother-liquors, which have been freed by crystalli- zation as much as possible from other salts, chlorides and sulphates, contain the bromine, usually in combination with magnesium or cal- cium. These compounds are decomposed either by heating their solu- tion Avith black oxide of manganese and hydrochloric acid, or by warming it to between 45° and 50° C. (113° and 122° F.) while chlorine gas is being passed into it; the bromides are at once decom- posed; Mg Br2 -f- CI2 forms Mg Cl2 -f- Br3 ; the bromine volatilizes, and is condensed under a small quantity of Avater, Avhich is contained in a deep Woulf 's bottle kept cool by Avater, Avhile that portion of bromine which escapes condensation is conducted into a solution of caustic potassa contained in an open bottle; this solution, when it has nearly lost its alkaline reaction, is subsequently utilized for the prepa- ration of potassium bromide. The mother-liquors, as obtained in West- ern Pennsylvania and West Virginia, yield about one half per cent. of bromine, or the brine about one pound of bromine to thirteen bushels of salt. The production of the Ohio and KanaAvha valleys amounts to about 130,000 pounds of bromine annually, in addition to which from 800 to 1000 pounds are manufactured in Pennsylvania (S. S. Garrigues, 1873). According to Wellcome (1877) about 1000 pounds are daily manufactured in the United States. Properties.—It is a dark brown-red very volatile liquid, which exhales deep orange-colored vapors. Its odor, Avhich is suggestive of chlorine and iodine, is strong and disagreeable. It boils at 63° C. (145.4° F.) (Pierre); Balard and others give the boiling point as low as 47° C. (117° F.). At 15° C. (59° F.) its specific gravity is 2.97, and at the freezing point of Avater 3.187. It congeals at about —20° C. (4° F.), at the same time increasing its volume about six per cent. It destroys cork, wood, etc., bleaches coloring principles, and alters or destroys most odorous organic compounds. It dissolves in thirty-three parts of Avater, and in less of alcohol and ether; the solutions are bleached rapidly in the sunlight, hydrobromic acid being formed. Bromide of potassium increases the solubility of bromine in Avater. Impurities.—Iodine at present does not often form an impurity of bromine; its presence may be detected by adding the bromine to solu- tion of soda until a permanent yellow color is produced, when the HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 133 addition of a cold solution of starch will cause the blue color of iodide of starch to appear. Bromide of carbon is often present in crude bromine and may be removed by careful rectification, its boiling point being considerably higher than that of bromine. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part of pure bro- mine is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by Aveight of distilled water. Amount of drug power, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—,5, except that distilled Avater is used for dilutions to the 4x and 2, dilute alcohol for the next higher, and alcohol for all further dilutions. BRUCEA ANTIDYSENTERICA. Synonym, Angustura Spuria. Nat. Ord., Apocynacese. Common Name, False Angustura. This is the bark of the tree Strychnos Nux Vomica, Avhich is de- scribed under Xux Vomica. Preparation.—The dried bark is pulverized and covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol. Having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and fil- tered. Drug poAver of tincture, T\f. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV BRUCINUM. Synonym, Brucia. Formula, C23 H26 N2 04. An alkaloid, obtained from the seeds of Strychnos Nux Vomica, Linn. Preparation of Brucia.—It is one of the by-products of the manufacture of strychnia, and in the officinal process for this alkaloid, is obtained from the mother-liquor and alcoholic Avashings, by neutral- izing them with sulphuric acid, evaporating to crystallization, remov- ing the mother-liquor, purifying the crystals by treatment Avith animal charcoal, precipitating Avith ammonia, and recrystallizing from boiling eighty per cent, alcohol; it contains then 4H2 (). Properties.—It is in crystals, resembling in appearance those of strychnia. It is Avithout smell, but of a permanent, harsh, very bitter taste. It is soluble in 850 parts of cold water, 1.5 parts of alcohol, 7 parts of chloroform, and 70 parts of glycerin. It is soluble also in ammonia, creasote, very slightly so in volatile and fixed oils, and is in- soluble in ether. It fuses Avithout decomposition a little above 100° C, and at a higher heat burns, lea\ring voluminous charcoal. Tests.—In contact with strong nitric acid, brucia acquires a blood- red color, which changes to orange, and finally yellow; if now stannous chloride be added, a beautiful violet-red is the result. The compound thus produced, according to 1 vochre (1878), may be obtained in crys- 134 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. tals, Avhich dissolve in Avater and mineral acids Avith a violet color. A compound of a similar color is obtained by using sulphurous acid, and lustrous brick-red needles are formed by using ammonium sulphide in place of stannous chloride. These reactions are not interfered Avith by the presence of a little strychnia. Commercial brucia generally con- tains traces of strychnia, as proven by Cownley (1876), and Shenstone (1877), and according to the latter, may be completely freed from it by partial precipitation, brucia being precipitated from its solutions by strychnia. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure brucia is pre- pared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. BRYONIA ALBA, Linn. Synonyms, Bryonia vera. Vitis Alba. Nat. Ord., Cucurbitacese. Common Names, White Bryonia. Wild Hops. Bryonia is a high climbing, perennial plant, growing in hedges and along fences, and is quite common in Germany and France. The perennial root of this plant is as thick as an arm, and at times eA'en as large as the thigh; it is fleshy, succulent, branchy, of a yellowish- white color, circularly wrinkled without, acrid, bitter, disagreeable to the taste, and of a nauseating odor, which, however, disappears by de- siccation. Its climbing stalk rises sometimes to the height of many feet; it is glabrous, creeping, channelled, and armed with spiral creepers; its leaAres are alternate, angular, hispid, tuberculous on both sides, rough to the touch, palmated, flve-lobed, the middle of which is trifid, elongated; flowers axillary, monoecious, in bunches; the male being supported on very long peduncles, the female larger than the male; calyx five-toothed, sharp; corolla five divisions; stamens five, of Avhich four are united tAvo and two by the filaments and the anthers, the fifth free; berries round, black, polyspermous. Bryonia Alba A\as the variety Hahnemann used in his experiments, and great care must be taken not to confound it Avith Bryonia Dioica, Avhich groAvs in the same localities, but mostly in England. Preparation.— The fresh root, gathered before the plant is in bloom, is chopped and pounded to a fine pulp, and pressed out lege artis in a piece of neAV linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mix- ture is alloAved to remain for several weeks (to deposit amylum, Avith which it abounds), in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. BUCHU. Synonyms, Barosma Crenata, Kunze. Diosma Crenata, Linn., De Candolle. Nat. Ord., Kutacese. Common Name, Buchu. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 135 This is a native of Central Africa. It is a slender shrub, Avith smooth somewhat angular branches, of a purplish color. The leaves are opposite, ovate or obovate, acute, serrated and glandular at the edge, coriaceous, and full of small pellucid dots on the under surface. The floAA-ers are white or of a reddish tint, and stand solitarily at the end of short, lateral, leafy shoots. Preparation.—The dried leaves are finely powdered, and covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol; having poured this into a well- stoppered bottle, it is allowed to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed undef Class IV. BUFO. Synonyms, Cinereus. Rana Bufo. Class, Amphibia. Order, Anura. Family, Bufonidse. Common Name, Toad. This Avell-known animal is a native of North America, Europe, Southern Asia, and Japan. Preparation.—The live animal is fastened to a slab of cork by four strong pins stuck through the webs of the feet. Then the poles of an induction apparatus in action are slowly drawn over the back of the animal, whereupon the poison very soon issues from the dorsal glands. This is removed Avith a small hornknife, and triturated ac- cording to Class VIII, but in the proportion of 1 part to 1000 parts of sugar of milk, the preparation being equal to the 3x trituration. BUFO SAHYTIENSIS, Nobis. Synonym, Bufo Agua. Class, Amphibia. Order, Anura. Family, Bufones. Common Name, Toad of South America. This toad is common in South America; it inhabits SAvamps and marshy regions. It is sometimes as large as tAvo fists, though its size varies a good deal. It is readily knoAvn by its enormous rhomboidal parotids, whence it sends forth a large quantity of poison. Its head is flat, triangular, more broad than long; it shoAvs a strong osseous edge, commencing at the tip of the muzzle, thence stretching toAvards the inner angle of the eye, round this organ, and finally terminating be- hind the lids. The eye and the tympanic Avail are very large. The trunk, Avhich is very large anteriorly, in consequence of the large de- velopment of the parotids, is covered, on each side of the dorsal spine with tAvo irregular i-oavs of large elliptical or conical bladders; sometimes there are such bladders on the sides. The anterior extremities do not 136 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. reach to the end of the trunk; the posterior extremities reach beyond the muzzle by the length of the fourth toe. The toes are rather flat- tened ; the first toe is longer than the second. Its colors are various, consisting of a number of broAvn spots, Avhich coalesce on the back and are separated on the abdomen by yelloAvish dots. Preparation.—The saliva, obtained by irritating the animal, is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VIII. BUXUS SEMPERVIRENS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Euphorbiacese. Common Name, Box. This evergreen shrub is much cultivated in this country as an orna- mental plant, but is a native of Europe and AVestern Asia. Its leaves are ovate, narrower towards the apex than near the base, have a pe- culiar odor and a bitter and disagreeable taste. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole Avell, and having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by de- canting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CACAO. Synonym, Theobroma Cacao, Linn. Nat. Ord., Sterculiacese. Common Name, Cacao. The cacao (often incorrectly called cocoa) or chocolate tree, is indige- nous to Brazil and other parts of tropical America northAvard to Mexico, and is largely cultivated throughout the tropics. It is a me- dium-sized tree, Avith alternate, oblong-lanceolate, or lance-ovate, acute and entire leaATes, and Avith pale pink, five-petaled floAvers, AA'hich appear in clusters from the axils of old leaf-scars. The fruit is about six inches long, pear-shaped, Avith an elongated nipple-shaped apex, ten-fur- roAved, and AA'hile unripe, five-celled, and contains numerous seeds imbed- ded in a SAveet, pulpy mass. The seeds are one-half or three-quarters of an inch long, ovate or oblong, somewhat flattened and vary in color, according to the manner in which they have been prepared, from broA\n-red to broAvn or grayish-broAvn. A prominent raphe runs along one edge of the seed from one end to the other, uniting the hilum and chalaza, and is divided at the latter into many branching nerves. The testa is thin, papery and fragile. The embryo has the shape of the seed, and consists of a small conical radical and two large oily cotyledons, Avhich' are strongly ribbed upon their face, and by the projecting folds of the inner seed coat, are divided from the back into numerous, small, irregular lobes, so that they readily break HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 137 into many angular pieces. The odor of the cacao seed is slight, but on Avarming is agreeably aromatic; their taste is oily, aromatic and bit- terish. Preparation.—Cacao seeds are prepared for use by removing them from the fruit and simply drying them, in Avhich case they retain their astringent and bitter taste. These seeds are then prepared by tritura- tion, as directed under Class VII. CACTUS GRANDIFLORUS. Synonym, Cereus Grandiflorus. Nat. Ord., Cactacete. Common Name, jSight-blooming Cereus. This Avell knoAvn flowering plant is a native of Mexico and the West India Islands. Its stems are cylindrical, furnished with five or six slightly prominent ribs, beset Avith small radiating spines. Its flowers are large and white, opening in the evening and Avithering before sun- rise, and have a powerful odor of benzoic acid and vanilla. Preparation.—The fresh flowers together with the youngest and tenderest stems, gathered from plants groAving in their native country, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole well and having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, L Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CADMIUM METALLICUM. Common Name, Cadmium. Symbol, Cd. Atomic Weight, 112. Origin and Preparation of Cadmium.—This metal is found near Bishopstown, Scotland, in the form of sulphide, as the mineral Greenockite; but it is more frequently present in small quantities in some kinds of calamine, blends, and other zinc ores. Cadmium being more volatile than zinc, it is contained in the first portions obtained on the distillation of the latter metal, and its presence is indicated by the appearance of a broAvn flame, the so-called brown blaze, before the greenish-Avhite flame of burning zinc is noticed. To obtain cadmium, the zinc, or the zinc oxide containing it, is dissolved in dilute sulphuric or muriatic acid, and the cadmium precipitated by metallic zinc. Or the acid solution is treated Avith sulphuretted hydrogen to precipitate the cadmium as yelloAv sulphide, which is used as a pigment under the name of cadmia; the sulphide is dissolved in strong hydrochloric acid, the solution precipitated by an excess of ammonium carbonate, to remove copper and traces of zinc, and the Avashed and dried precipi- tate mixed with lamp-black and distilled. 138 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Properties.—Cadmium is a malleable and ductile metal, having the color of tin, and, like the latter, it emits a crackling sound Avhen bent. It becomes brittle at 82° C. (180° F.). fuses near 315° C. (592° F.) (B. Wood, 1862), and volatilizes, according to Becquerel (1863), at 720° C. (1319° F.). In the presence of acids, cadmium sloAvly decomposes water, hydrogen being given off; but nitric acid dissolves the metal readily. The salts of cadmium are mostly Avhite, those soluble in Avater have an acid reaction and a disagreeable metallic taste. Their solutions, treated Avith sulphuretted hydrogen or ammo- nium sulphydrate, afford orange-yelloAV precipitates of Cd S, Avhich is insoluble in an excess of the precipitant and in dilute acids and alkalies. Caustic alkalies produce white precipitates of Cd H2 02, Avhich is soluble in ammonia, but not in potassa or soda. The soluble carbonate, phosphates and oxalates, and ferrocyanide of potassium produce a\ hite precipitates. Tests.—The impurities likely to be present in metallic cadmium are mainly zinc and copper, the former of which is recognized by pre- cipitating the solution in nitric acid with sulphuretted hydrogen, Avhen the filtrate from the bright orange-yelloAV precipitate Avill yield a Avhite precipitate on the addition of ammonia and ammonium sulphydrate. When the solution in nitric acid is precipitated by slight excess of ammonium carbonate, the filtrate will have a blue color if copper be present. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure metallic cad- mium is prepared by trituration as directed under Class VII. CADMIUM SULPHURICUM. Synonym, Cadmii Sulphas. Present Name, Cadmic Sulphate. Common Name, Sulphate of Cadmium. Formula, 3Cd S04. 8H2 O. Molecular Weight, 768. Preparation of Sulphate of Cadmium.—Take of cadmium in small pieces a troyounce; nitric acid two troyounces; carbonate of sodium three troyounces; sulphuric acid four hundred and twenty grains; distilled Avater a sufficient quantity. To the cadmium and tAvo fluidounces of distilled Avater, contained in a glass vessel, add by de- grees the nitric acid, and, Avhen the action slackens, apply a gentle heat until the metal is dissolved. Filter the solution, and, having dissolved the carbonate of sodium in six fluidounces of distilled Avater, mix the solutions thoroughly. Wash the precipitate obtained until the water passes tasteless, and dissolve it in the sulphuric acid diluted Avith four fluidounces of distilled Avater. Then evaporate the solution to one- third, and set it aside to crystallize. Lastly, dry the crystals on bibu- lous paper. In folloAving this process, nitrate of cadmium is first formed, and then converted into cadmium carbonate by decomposition Avith sodium carbonate, the resulting precipitate, after thorough Avash- ing, being formed into cadmium sulphate by dissolving it in sulphuric acid. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 139 Properties and Tests.—Sulphate of cadmium crystallizes in colorless rhombic prisms, Avhich effloresce somewhat in the air. It dis- solves in less than one and a half times its Aveight of Avater, and is in- soluble in alcohol; at 100° C. (212D F.) it loses 11.8 per cent. (5 mo- lecules) of Avater, and the remainder Avhen heated nearly to redness. Its purity may be ascertained by precipitating the solution of 10 grains of the salt with\dilute potassa solution, and after Avashing the precipi- tate, igniting it; it should weigh 5 grains. Or 10 grains of cadmium sulphate dissolved in Avater, and barium nitrate added in excess, yield a precipitate which, after Avashing and heating, should Aveigh 9.1 grains. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure sulphate of cadmium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. CAFFEIN. Synonyms, Caffeia. Coffeinum. Formula, C16 H10 N4 04. Molecular Weight, 194. Origin.—Caffein Avas first discovered by Runge, and afterwards by Robiquet. According to Payen, it exists in coffee partly free, partly as a double salt, consisting of chlorogenic acid, combined with potassa and caffein. The proportion of caffein in coffee may be stated at from 0.75 to 1.0 per cent. Preparation of Caffein.—Exhaust bruised coffee by two succes- sive portions of boiling water, unite the infusions, add acetate of lead in order to precipitate various principles accompanying the caffein, filter, decompose the excess of acetate of/lead in the filtered liquor by sulphuretted hydrogen, concentrate by evaporation, and neutralize Avith ammonia. The caffein is deposited in crystals upon cooling, and may be purified by redissolving in water, treating with animal char- coal, and evaporating. Properties.—Caffein crystallizes, by the cooling of its concentrated solution, in opaque, silky, flexible needles, by sIoav and spontaneous evaporation, in long transparent prisms. It has a feebly bitter and disagreeable taste, is soluble in Avater, alcohol, and ether, melts when exposed to heat, and at a higher temperature sublimes, without residue, in needles analogous to those formed by benzoic acid. Caffein is re- markable for containing a larger proportion of nitrogen than almost any other proximate vegetable principle, ill this respect equalling some of the most highly annualized products. The present vieAvs of its composition are represented by the formula C16 H10 N4 04; and it is believed to be identical with thein, or the peculiar principle of tea. Notwithstanding its large proportion of nitrogen, caffein is indisposed to putrefaction. Tests.—Caffein is precipitated from its aqueous solution by no re- agent, except tannic acid and solution of iodide of potassium and mer- cury. When this solution, made by saturating iodide of potassium Avith red oxide of mercury, is added to a solution of caffein, a precipi- tate is produced, Avhich soon takes the form of Avhite, shining, acicular crystals. This reaction is proposed as a test of caffein by Prof. Dellfs; 140 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. for, though the same solution will precipitate the other alkaloids, the product is ahvays amorphous. It is stated by M. ScliAvazenback that, if chlorine-Avater Avith caffein is evaporated, a red residue is obtained, Avhich becomes yellow at a higher temperature, and is restored to its original red color by a drop of solution of ammonia. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure caffein is pre- pared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. CAHINCA. Synonyms, Cai'nca. Chiococca Racemosa, Jaquin. Nat. Ord., Rubiacese. Common Name, Cluster-floAvered Snowberry. David's Root. This shrub grows in Brazil and the Antilles. Stem from five to ten feet high; leaves opposite, oval-pointed, entire; floAvers pedunculated, Avhitish, axillary, in pendant bunches; fruit berriform; Avhitish, mono- spermous; root branchy, of a reddish-brown, consisting of cylindric pieces, from one and a half to tAvo feet long, and of the thickness of a goose-quill or finger; it is fibrous, marked all along Avith furrows of a deep color, covered Avith broAvn bark, annular, thin, fleshy, epidermis of a dirty Avhite. Beneath this fleshy part is found a Avhite Avood, Avhich is the axis of the root. The epidermis of the bark is of a resin- ous aspect Avhen broken, of a disagreeable taste, bitter, a little acrid and slightly astringent, producing a roughness in the throat; the woody part has neither taste nor odor. The odor of the root is acrid, volatile, disagreeable, somewhat like that of valerian. Preparation.—The dried root-bark, is finely powdered, covered AA'ith five parts by weight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days, in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver'of tincture, -j^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. CALADIUM. Synonyms, Caladium Segiiinum. Arum Seguinum, Linn. Nat. Ord., Aracese. Common Names, Dumb Cane. Poisonous American Arum. Poisonous Pediveau. This plant is a native of South America, groAving on the Avet prairies in the neighborhood of Paramaribo. Its stem is from five to six feet high, more than one inch thick, round, knotty, and abounding with milky juice. Its leaves are ovate-oblong, smooth, at the apex neared, petioles above canaliculate and clasping, sheath of the floAvers pale green, its inner side purple, spadix yellow. The juice of this plant leaves an indelible stain on linen, and is so caustic that, if put upon the tongue or in the mouth, it produces SAvelling, inflammation, and loss of speech. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 141 after mixing the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, and having poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decant- ing, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CALCAREA ACETICA. Synonym, Calcium Acetate. Present Name, Calcic Acetate. Common Name, Acetate of Lime. Formula, Ca 2 C2 H3 02. Hahnemann's Preparation of Acetate of Lime.—Boil crude, AA'ell-washed oyster-shells for an hour in pure rain-Avater, then break into fragments, Avithout using any metallic instrument, and dissolve in dilute acetic acid, heating up to the boiling point, until complete satu- ration is gradually effected. Filter and reduce to one-fifth by evapo- ration. The solution, of a dark yelloAv, after a time precipitates a dark-colored glutinous substance, whereby it obtains a lighter yelloAv color. To this lighter-colored liquid add one-half its bulk by measure of pure alcohol. Amount of drug poAver, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared .as directed under Class V—a. CALCAREA ARSENICOSA. Synonyms, Calcii Arsenias. Calcarea Arsenica. Present Name, Tricalcic Diarseniate. Common Name, Arseniate of Lime. Formula, Ca3 2As 04. Preparation of Arseniate of Lime.—Distil four parts of pow- dered arsenious acid with a mixture of twelve parts nitric acid and one part muriatic acid in a retort till the residue is dry, which is but little glowed. The acid (residue) obtained in this A\ay and dissolved again in ten times its quantity of water, is neutralized by carbonate of potash, forming arseniate of potash in solution, which is decomposed by the addition of a solution of calcic chloride as long as a Avhite pre- cipitate is formed. This should be carefully Avashed and dried. Properties and Tests. — Arseniate of lime is a light, Avhite amorphous poAvder, insoluble in Avater, but readily soluble in diluted nitric acid. The solution continues clear when an excess of acetate of soda is added to it, but gi\res a white precipitate on the subsequent ad- dition of oxalate of ammonia. A small quantity boiled Avith an excess of caustic soda and filtered, gives, when exactly neutralized by nitric acid, a brick-red precipitate on the addition of solution of nitrate of silver. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use. — The pure arseniate of lime is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. 142 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. CALCAREA CARBONICA. Synonyms, Calcii Carbonas. Calcarea Ostrearum, Hering. Present Name, Calcic Carbonate. Common Names, Carbonate of Lime. Impure Carbonate of Lime. Formula, Ca C03. Molecular Weight, 100. Origin and Preparation of Hahnemann's Carbonate of Lime.—Cleaned, thick oyster-shells are broken into small pieces, and the inner snow-Avhite portions carefully selected and poAvdered. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The powdered oyster- shell (obtained as described above) is prepared by trituration as di- rected under Class VII. CALCAREA CAUSTICA. Synonym, Calcis Hydras. Present Name, Calcic Hydrate. Common Name, Slaked Lime. Formula, Ca H02 02. Molecular Weight, 74. Preparation of Slaked Lime.—This is prepared by burning Carrara marble (carbonate of lime) in a covered crucible until the slaked product no longer effervesces on the addition of hydrochloric acid; Avhen cold it is placed in a porcelain capsule, and slaked by the addition of half its Aveight of distilled water. Properties.—Slaked lime forms a soft white powder of spec. grav. 2.08, and of a strong alkaline taste and reaction. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use. — One part of caustic (slaked) lime is drenched Avith five parts of distilled Avater in a Avarm bottle well stoppered, and left standing till cold. This is then well shaken, and thereto fhTe parts of alcohol are added and again Avell shaken. After several days, during which the mixture has been fre- quently shaken, the clear liquid is put into vials, and well protected from air. It must be rejected as soon as it has attracted carbonic acid, and prepared anew. Amount of drug poAver, -j^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—a. Triturations should not be prepared, as during trituration carbonic acid is absorbed from the atmosphere, forming carbonate of lime. CALCAREA CHLORATA. Synonyms, Calx Chlorinata. Calx Chlorata. Common Names, Chlorinated Lime. Bleaching Powder. Preparation and Composition of Chlorinated Lime.— Well-slaked lime, free from dampness, is rubbed through a sieve, and the powder thus obtained is spread upon shelves which are placed in boxes or chambers, into AA'hich chlorine gas is conducted from the top as long as it is absorbed. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 143 The oldest view concerning the composition of chlorinated lime ad- mits of a direct combination and the formation of Ca O Cl23 ,and, since the Avhole amount of slaked lime cannot be thus converted, a portion of it Avas supposed to form a double compound Avith it, having the com- position 2 (Ca OCl2. H2 0) -f- Ca H2 02. But it seems now to be pretty generally admitted that a decomposition takes place, the precise nature of AA'hich is by no means fully established. Properties.—Chlorinated lime is a Avhitish poAvder, or in friable lumps, dry or but slightly damp, Avith a feeble odor of chlorine, partly soluble in Avater, and Avholly soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid, Avith the evolution of chlorine and the production of calcium chloride; Ca 2C1 O. Ca Cl2 + 4H CI yields 2C12 -J- 2Ca Cl2 + 2H2 O. Distil- led Avith alcohol, Avood-spirit, some volatile oils, etc., chlorinated lime generates chloroform, and Avhen it is mixed with certain organic sub- stances in the dry state, a gradual decomposition and development of heat take place, and may result at last in an explosion. Tests.—Chlorinated lime may contain a great excess of lime, from imperfect impregnation with the gas. This defect will be shown by the large proportion insoluble in Avater. If it contain much chloride of calcium, it Avill be quite moist, which is always a sign of inferior qual- ity. When long and insecurely kept, it deteriorates from the gradual formation of chloride of calcium and carbonate of calcium. When forty grains of it (chlorinated lime), triturated Avith a fluid ounce of distilled water, are well shaken with a solution of seventy-eight grains of crystallized sulphate of protoxide of iron, and ten drops of sulphuric acid in tAvo fluid ounces of distilled water, a liquid is formed Avhich does not yield a blue precipitate Avith ferridcyanide of potassium. It is wholly dissol\red by dilute muriatic acid Avith the escape of chlorine. Its solution quickly destroys vegetable colors. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.— One part by weight of chlorinated lime is dissolved in nine parts by weight of distilled water, and filtered through calico. Amount of drug power, j\. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. CALCAREA FLUORICA. Synonyms, Calcii Fluoridum. Calcium Fluoride. Present Name, Calcic Fluoride. Common Name, Fluor-Spar. Symbol, Ca F2. Origin and Properties of Calcium Fluoride.—It occurs in nature as the mineral fluor-spar, beautifully crystallized, of various colors, in lead-veins, the crystals having commonly the cubic, but some- times the octohedral form, parallel to the faces of which latter figure they always cleave. Some varieties, Avhen heated, emit a greenish, and some a purple phosphorescent light. The fluoride is quite insol- uble in water, but is decomposed by sulphuric acid, generating hydro- fluoric acid. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Selected pieces of crys- 144 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. tallized fluor-spar are prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. CALCAREA HYPOPHOSPHOROSA. Synonyms, Calcii Hypophosphis. Calcis Hypophosphis. Hypo- phosphite of Calcium. Present Name, Calcic Hypophosphite. Common Name, Hypophosphite of Lime. Formula, Ca 2 PH202. Molecular Weight, 170. Preparation of Hypophosphite of Calcium.—Hypophosphite of calcium is obtained by heating phosphorus Avith milk of lime, in- flammable phosphoretted hydrogen being given off, namely, 3 (Ca2 HO) + 6H20 + 4P2 yields 3 (Ca2PH2Oa) + 2PHS. Procter (1858) uses a deep boiler, in Avhich a uniform milk is made Avith four pounds of burned lime and five gallons of Avater; one pound of phos- phorus is added, and the Avhole boiled, boiling Avater being added from time to time to preserve the measure, until the phosphorus has been all oxidized and the strong odor of phosphoretted hydrogen has disap- peared. The mixture is filtered, the residue Avashed Avith water, the mixed filtrates evaporated to six pints, filtered from the hydrate and carbonate of calcium, and again evaporated and crystallized or granu- lated. Properties.—Hypophosphite of calcium crystallizes in thin flexible scales, but is usually met Avith as a Avhite, crystalline salt, Avith a pearly lustre and a bitter, nauseous taste. Heated to redness in a retort it ignites, evolves water, spontaneously inflammable phosphoretted hy- drogen and a little phosphorus, and leaves nearly K0 per cent, of a red- dish residue, containing a little amorphous phosphorus and calcium pyrophosphate. The salt dissolves in six parts of cold and in a slightly less amount of boiling water; it is insoluble in strong and but slightly soluble in dilute alcohol. Tests.—Its complete solubility in Avater proves the absence of phos- phate and carbonate of calcium. The solution is not precipitated by lead acetate (absence of soluble phosphate) or by acidulated barium chloride (absence of sulphate). It yields Avhite precipitates Avith silver nitrate and mercuric chloride, both turning dark Avhen heated, from a reduction to the metallic state. It gives a blue precipitate Avith am- monium molybdate, the precipitate appearing green, if phosphate is present, from the admixture with yellow phosphomolybdate. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure hypophos- phite of calcium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 145 CALCAREA JODATA. Synonyms, Calcarea Hydriodica. Calcii Iodidum. Calcium Iodatum. Iodide of Calcium. Present Name, Calcic Iodide. Common Name, Iodide of Lime. Formula, Cal2. Molecular Weight, 294. Preparation of Iodide of Calcium.—The salt is obtained on dissolving slaked lime in hydriodic acid and evaporating. Or three parts of iodine are digested Avith sufficient iron and Avater until a green solution of ferrous iodide is obtained. The liquid is filtered and mixed Avith one part of iodine, and after this has been dissolved, it is boiled Avith milk of lime, prepared Avith one part of burnt lime, until the iron has been precipitated; the liquid is then filtered and evaporated. Properties.—Iodide of calcium is a Avhite salt which crystallizes Avith difficulty in pearly scales. It is freely soluble in alcohol and AA'ater, and is very deliquescent. 100 parts of Avater dissolve at 0° C. (32° F.) 192, at 20° C. (68° F.) 204, and at 92° C. (197.6° F.) 435 parts of the salt. On exposure to the air the solution is partly decom- posed, carbonate of calcium being precipitated. Tests.—The solution yields a AA'hite precipitate Avith oxalate of am- monium, and a bright red one Avith corrosive sublimate. On mixing the solution AA'ith sulphurous acid and sulphate of copper in excess, and heating the mixture, a grayish precipitate of cuprous iodide is pro- duced, and the filtrate yields no precipitate on the addition of nitrate of silver (absence of chloride and bromide). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure iodide of cal- cium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. CALCAREA MURIATICA. Synonyms, Calcii Chloridum. Chloride of Calcium. Muriate of Lime. Present Name, Calcic Chloride. Common Name, Chloride of Lime. Formula, Ca Cl2. Molecular Weight, 111. Chloride of Calcium prepared by fusion. Preparation of Chloride of Calcium.—This compound is a by- product in many chemical processes, among others in the officinal pro- cess for solution of ammonia. It may be formed by neutralizing hydrochloric acid Avith marble or other calcium carbonate ; Ca C03 -f- 2 H CI yields Ca Cl3 -f- C02 -f- H2 O. Iron being usually contained in these native carbonates, it is removed by digesting the solution with chlorinated lime and slaked lime, by which the iron is first converted into ferric chloride and then precipitated as ferric hydrate. The fil- trate, which Avill be found to have an alkaline reaction, is neutralized Avith hydrochloric acid, evaporated and dried at a temperature of about 200° C. (about 400° F.). 10 146 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Properties and Tests.—Calcium chloride is in AA'hite, dry, but very deliquescent masses. It dissolves in alcohol and in two parts of Avater, the latter solution not being precipitated by the addition of lime-Avater (absence of soluble carbonate), of ammonia (absence of aluminium, iron, etc.), of barium chloride (absence of sulphates), or of ferrocyanide of potassium (absence of iron, etc.). Hydrochloric acid added to the salt, evolves no chlorine odor (absence of hypochlorites). The hot concentrated aqueous solution yields, on cooling, large crystals of the formula Ca Cl2. 6 H2 O, and when evaporated to dryness at a temperature not exceeding 150° C. (302° F.) a crystallized powder, Ca Cl2. 2 H2 O, is obtained, which, on being mixed with two-thirds its Aveight of snow produces a temperature of — 45° C. (— 49° F.). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of pure chloride of calcium is dissolved in nine parts by weight of dis- tilled water. Amount of drug power, TV Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a.. CALCAREA OXALICA. Synonyms, Calcii Oxalas. Calcium Oxalicum. Oxalate of Cal- cium. Common Name, Oxalate of Lime. Formula, Ca O. C2 03. Molecular Weight, 64. Preparation of Oxalate of Calcium.—It is formed whenever a strong solution of oxalic acid is added to a solution of a calcium salt; it falls as a white powder, Avhich should be well Avashed with distilled water, and then dried on a water-bath. Properties and Tests.—It is but little soluble in dilute hydro- chloric, and quite insoluble in acetic acid. Nitric acid dissolves it easily. When dried at 100° F., it retains a molecule of water, which may be driven off by a rather higher temperature. Exposed to a red heat in a closed vessel, it is converted into calcium carbonate, Avith escape of carbon monoxide. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure oxalate of calcium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. CALCAREA PHOSPHORICA. Synonyms, Calcii Phosphas Prsecipitata. Calcis Phosphas. Pre- cipitated Phosphate of Calcium. Present Name, Calcic Phosphate. Common Name, Phosphate of Lime. Formula, Ca3 2 P04. Molecular Weight, 310. Preparation of Precipitated Phosphate of Lime.—That used for the proving Avas a mixture of the basic and other phosphates of lime, obtained by Dr. Hering (Correspondenzblatt, 1837) by drop- ping dilute phosphoric acid into lime-water, so long as a white precipi- HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 147 tate was formed; this precipitate Avas Avashed Avith distilled water, and dried on a Avater-bath. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use—The phosphate of lime, obtained as described aboA'e, is prepared by trituration as directed under Class VII. CALCAREA SULPHURICA. Synonyms, Calcii Sulphas. Sulphate of Calcium. Sulphate of Lime. Present Name, Calcic Sulphate. Common Names, Gypsum. Plaster of Paris. Formula, Ca S04. 2 H20. Molecular Weight, 172. Origin and Preparation of Sulphate of Calcium —This com- pound is met with in nature in the form of transparent prisms, knoAvn as selenite, and in semi-opaque or opaque masses, Avhich are called alabaster and gypsum. On adding sulphuric acid or a sulphate to a solution of a calcium salt, the same compound is precipitated, Avhich should be Avell washed Avith distilled Avater, and dried on a water-bath. Properties.—Sulphate of calcium is Avhite, crystalline or amor- phous, insoluble in alcohol, soluble in about 380 parts of cold Avater, and in 450 parts of boiling Avater; an aqueous solution, saturated at the ordinary temperature, becomes turbid on being heated to boiling. When heated to betAveen 100° and 200° C. (212° and 392° F.), the salt becomes anhydrous. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Sulphate of calcium is prepared by trituration as directed under Class VII. CALENDULA. Synonym, Calendula Officinalis, Linn. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Name, Common Marigold. This annual plant, originally from the south of Europe, is now cul- tivated in all our gardens. The root is of a pale yelloAv, cylindric, hairy; the stem erect, angular, hairy, branchy, from six to eighteen inches high; leaves inversely oval, or lanceolate, spatula-shaped, entire or slightly sinuous, alternate, sessile, someAvhat fleshy and doAvny; flowers large, of a yelloAV-red, broad, solitary, terminal, of a disagreeable, slightly aromatic odor, and a sourish, slimy, bitter taste. In sultry weather sparks similar to electric sparks have been seen issuing from these flowers; the seeds are curved, muricated, the inner seeds subulate, the outer boat-shaped, Avith a furrow on the back. Preparation —The fresh leaves at the top of the plant with the blossoms and buds are chopped and pounded to a pulp, and pressed out lege artis in a piece of neAv linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle in a dark, cool place and then filtered. 148 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Drug power of tincture, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. CALTHA PALUSTRIS, Linn. Synonym, Caltha Arctica. Nat. Ord., Ranunculacere. Common Names, CoAvslip. Marsh Marigold. This plant groAvs on marshes and ditch-banks in Arctic Europe, Northern and Western Asia to the Himalayas, and in North America. It is a coarse, glabrous, dark green, shoAvy, very variable plant. Root- stock short, horizontal. Stem holloAV, furroAved, eight inches to three feet long, suberect, prostrate, or procumbent and rooting from all the nodes. Leaves orbicular-reniform or deltoid-toothed. Stipules very large, membranous glairy, quite entire in bud and enclosing the young leaf, as in magnoliacese (Dickson). Flowers terminal, few, one to two inches in diameter, bright golden yellow. Sepals five or more, unequal, obovate or oblong. Petals none. Carpels several, sessile; ovules numerous, in two series. Follicles numerous, many-seeded. Seeds with a prominent raphe and thickened funicle. Flowers appear from March to May. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered Avhen in floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp, and pressed out lege artis in a piece of neAV linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part by weight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days, in a Avell-stoppei\d bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. CAMPHORA. Synonyms, Camphora Officinarum, Nees von Esenbeck. Laurus Camphora, Linn. Nat. Ord., Lauracea?. Common Name, Camphor. The camphor-tree is an evergreen of considerable size, having the aspect of the linden, with a trunk straight below, but divided above into many branches, Avhich are covered Avith a smooth, greenish bark. Its leaves, which stand alternately upon long footstalks, are ovate-lan- ceolate, entire, smooth and shining, ribbed, of a bright yellowish-green color on their upper surface, paler on the under, and two or three inches in length. The floAvers are small, white, pediceled, and collected in clusters, Avhich are supported by long axillary peduncles. The fruit is a red berry, resembling that of the cinnamon. The tree is a native of China, Japan, and other parts of eastern Asia. The leaves have, Avhen bruised, the odor of camphor, Avhich is diffused through all parts of the plant, and is obtained from the root, trunk, and branches by sublimation. Preparation.—Two parts by weight of refined camphor gum are dissolved in nine parts by Aveight of alcohol, and then filtered. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 149 Drug poAver of tincture, T\y. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—a. CANCER ASTACUS. Synonym, Astacus Fluviatilis. Class, Crustacea. Order, Decapoda. Family, Astacidre. Common Names, CraAv-fish. Cray-fish. River-crab. The common crab is a decapodous Crustacea which inhabits, in Eu- rope, the borders of streams, small rivers, and even lakes and ponds, Avhere it stays in holes and under stones. Its body is oblong, gener- ally cylindrical; the tail broad and long, covered with transverse scales, and furnished with sA\dmming scales on the sides and at the extremity, turning in under themselves. The forepart of the body terminates in a short point jutting out betAveen the eyes. It has ten chiAvs, the tAvo fore-claAvs terminating in strong and dentated pinchers. Any member of its body, when destroyed or mutilated, is easily re- generated. The crabs change their calcareous coat every year, and at that time two hard, calcareous bodies, called crab's eyes, are found in their stomachs. These are intended to furnish the proper material towards the reproduction of the neAV coat. The female carries under her reverted tail, first her eggs, then her young, until they attain a certain size. Preparation.—The live crab is mashed, in a stone-mortar, to a fine paste, and covered Avith tAvice its Aveight of alcohol. After haying been poured into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off and filtered. Drug poAA'der of tincture, ?. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. CANCHALAGUA. Synonyms, Erythrsea Chilensis, Persoon. Nat. Ord., Gentianaceae. Common Name, Centaury of Chili. This plant is found growing in California, and in some parts of South America. It is a small, grass-like plant, Avith lance-shaped leaves, and small, red blossoms, resembling in shape those of the forget-me-not. Preparation.—The whole plant, in Aoavci, is carefully dried, and finely powdered, and covered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol. Having poured this into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to remain eight days, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tinc- ture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug poAver, ■£■$. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. 150 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. CANNABIS. Synonym, Cannabis Sativa, Linn- Nat. Ord., Urticacese. Common Names, Hemp. GalloAv Grass. Hemp is an annual plant, from four to eight feet or more in height, with an erect, branching angular stem. The leaves are alternate or opposite, on long, lax footstalks, roughish, and digitate Avith linear- lanceolate, serrated segments. The stipules are subulate. The floAvers are axillary; the male in long, branched, drooping racemes; the female in erect simple spikes. The stamens are five, Avith long pendulous anthers; the pistils two, with long, filiform, glandular stigmas. The fruit is ovate and one-seeded. The whole plant is covered with a fine pubescence, scarcely visible to the naked eye, and is somewhat viscid to the touch. The hemp plant of India has been considered by some as a distinct species, and named Cannabis Indica; but the most ob- servant botanists, upon comparing it Avith our cultivated plant, have been unable to discover any specific difference. It is now, therefore, regarded merely as a variety, and is distinguished by the epithet Indica. Cannabis Sativa is a native of the Caucasus, Persia, and the hilly regions in the north of India. It is cultivated in many parts of Europe and Asia, and largely in our Western States. Preparation.—The fresh blooming herb-tops, of the male and female herb, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, and having poured it into a Avell- stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CANNABIS INDICA. Synonym, Cannabis Sativa, Linn., var. Indica. Nat Ord., Urticacea. Common Names, Bhang. Ganja. Hashish. Indian Hemp. The hemp plant is indigenous to Asia, from India North to Western China and the Caspian Sea; it groAvs likeAvise in tropical Africa, has been naturalized in some parts of Brazil, and is cultivated in many parts of the Avorld. It is an annual, Avith an angular roundish stem, four to eight and even ten feet high, Avith opposite or alternate petiolate and digitate leaves, composed of five to nine lanceolate, acute, and serrate leaflets, and Avith dioecious floAvers. The Indian plant has the lower leaves alternate, the stem is more branched and the bast fibres are coarser; but the characters vary and are not sufficiently important to constitute it a distinct species. Preparation.—The dried herb-tops are bruised, covered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days, in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 151 Drug poAA'er of tincture, T\. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. CANNA GLAUCA, Linn. Synonym, Canna Angustifolia, Mure. Nat. Ord., Canniacea?. Common Name (Brazilian), Imbiri. This plant is a native of the West Indies, and inhabits damp regions, or the borders of brooks. Its stem is erect, cylindrical, growing to a height of about six feet out of a rhizome sending off numerous rootlets. It is provided AA'ith knots, whence arise large alternate clasping leaves, Avhose lanceolate limbs have strong midribs, sending off fine parallel transverse nerves. At its summit the stem produces the flower-bearing pedicles. FloAvers alternate, on short peduncles, and accompanied by bracts. The corolla has a double perianth, Avith three divisions ad- hering to the triangular, greenish and glandular OA'ary; the stamens present the changing characters so common in this family. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, and having poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days, in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CANTHARIS. Synonyms, Cantharis Vesicatoria, De Geer. Lytta Vesicatoria, Fabricius. Meleo Vesicatorius, Linn. Class, Insecta. Order, Coleoptera. Family, Vesicantia. Common Name, Spanish Fly. This fly of the middle and south of Europe appears in the months of May and June, especially on the Avhite poplar, privet, ash, elder and lilac, etc., upon the leaves of which they feed. The insect is about half an inch long, of a golden yellow-green; head inclined, almost cordi- form; antennae filiform, of tAvelve joints, black; antennuke equally fili- form, the posterior swollen at the extremity; eyes large, of a deep broAvn; mouth Avith an upper lip and two bifid jaws; body elongated, almost round and cylindric; two Avings; elytrse soft, demi-cylindric, marked Avith longitudinal streaks; head and feet full of Avhitish hairs; the odor is SAveetish, nauseous; taste very acrid, almost caustic. The larvae of these insects have a yellowish-Avhite body, formed of three rings, six short feet, rounded head, tAvo short filiform antennae, two jaws and four feelers; they liA-e in the ground, feed on roots, there un- dergo their metamoqfliosis, and do not come out till they are perfect 152 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. insects. In May and June Avhen the insects swarm upon the trees, they are collected in the mornings at sunrise, Avhen they are torpid from the cold of the night, and easily let go their hold. Persons with their faces protected by masks and their hands Avith gloves, shake the trees or beat them with poles; and the insects are received as they fall upon linen cloths spread underneath. They are then exposed in sieves to the vapor of boiling vinegar, and, having been thus deprived of life, are dried either in the sun or in apartments heated by stoves. The larger flies are much better for medical use than the smaller ones. Preparation.—Select perfect insects (large ones) that are not worm-eaten, and pulverize them to a fine poAvder and weigh. Then pour over it five parts by weight of alcohol, and having put it into a well-stoppered bottle, let it remain eight days in a dark, cool place, shaking twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and fil- tered. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. Triturations are prepared from the poAvdered insect, as directed un- der Class VII. CAPSICUM. Synonym, Capsicum Annuum, Linn. Nat. Ord., Solan acese. Common Names, Cayenne Pepper. Red Pepper. The stem of the annual capsicum is thick, roundish, smooth, and branching; rises two or three feet in height, and supports ovate, pointed, smooth, entire leaves, which are placed without regular order on long footstalks. The floAvers are solitary, Avhite, and stand on long peduncles at the axils of the leaves. The calyx is persistent, tubular, and five-cleft; the corolla, monopetalous and Avheel-shaped, Avith the limb divided into five spreading, pointed and plaited segments; the filaments short, tapering and furnished Avith oblong anthers; the ger- men, ovate, supporting a slender style Avhich is longer than the fila- ments, and terminates in a blunt stigma. The fruit is a pendulous, pod-like berry, light, smooth and shining, of a bright scarlet, orange, or sometimes yelloAv color, Avith two or three cells, containing a dry, loose pulp, and numerous flat, kidney-shaped, Avhitish seeds. The floAvers appear in July and August, and the fruit ripens in October. The medicinal variety is that Avith long, conical, generally pointed, recused fruit, usually not thicker than the finger. The plant is a native of the Avarmer regions of Asia and America, and is cultivated in almost all parts of the Avorld. Preparation.—The ripe, dried fruit, that has not been Avorm-eaten, is pulverized finely and covered with five parts by weight of alcohol and alloAved to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, -j^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 153 CARBO ANIMALIS. Synonyms, Animal Charcoal. Leather Charcoal. Preparation of Animal Charcoal.—The preparation used by Hahnemann in his provings, and which ought, therefore, to be pre- ferred to all others, Avas made as folloAvs: Place a thick piece of ox-hide leather (neat's leather) on red-hot coals, Avhere it must remain as long as it burns with a flame. As soon, hoAvever, as the flame ceases, lift off the red-hot mass, and extinguish it by pressing betAveen tAvo flat stones, and preserve it in Avell-stoppered bottles. If alloAved to cool gradually in the air most of the carbon Avould be consumed. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The animal charcoal procured as described above, is prepared by trituration as directed under Class VII. CARBONEUM. Common Name, Lampblack. Preparation.—Carboneum is an amorphous carbon, produced by the imperfect combustion of oils or resins. That used for provings Avas obtained from the chimney of a coal-oil lamp; to obtain Avhich, it is only necessary that the Avick be turned up high Avhile burning, causing imperfect combustion, when the lampblack is deposited upon the sides of the chimney. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.— Lampblack, obtained as described above, is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. CARBONEUM CHLORATUM. Synonyms, Carbonei Tetrachloridum. Chlorocarbon. Tetrachlor- ide of Carbon. Formula, C Cl4. Molecular Weight, 154. Preparation of Chlorocarbon.— Chlorocarbon was discovered by Regnault in 1839, and is produced by the action of chlorine upon marsh gas, CH4, or upon chloroform, CH Cl3, hydrochloric acid being also formed in both cases. It is best prepared by passing Avell-dried chlorine gas through bisulphide of carbon, and aftenvards through a porcelain tube Avrapped in sheet copper, and filled with fragments of porcelain maintained at a red heat, Avhereby tetrachloride of carbon and chloride of sulphur are produced; CS2 -(- 3CL2 yields CC14 + S2 Cl2. The vapors are condensed by the aid of ice or a refrigerating mixture, and the liquid thus obtained is sloAvly added to an excess of potassa solution or milk of lime, Avhereby the chloride of sulphur is de- composed and dissolved. The chlorocarbon separates at the bottom, and is purified by distillation. Properties.—It is a colorless, thin, oily liquid of an agreeable aro- matic odor, insoluble in Avater, soluble in alcohol and ether, and not decomposed by contact Avith aqueous solution of potassa, Avhich, hoAV- ever, will remove any bisulphide of carbon that may be present. 154 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Chlorocarbon has the spec. grav. 1.599, and boils at 78° C. (172.4° F.). Geuther (1858) observed that by the action of nascent hydrogen, it is gradually converted into hydrochloric acid and chloroform or methy- lene chloride, CH2 CI2,,according to the temperature at Avhich the re- action takes place. It may be regarded as a chlorinated derivative of marsh gas; ac- cording to its elementary composition it is a tetrachloride of carbon, or, according to the old notation, a bichloride of carbon, CC12 or C2 Cl4, AA'hich name is still occasionally used. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight is dissolved in fifty part by weight of alcohol. Amount of drug poAver, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—/?. CARBONEUM HYDROGENISATUM. Synonyms, Carburetted Hydrogen. Ethene. Common Name, Olefiant Gas. Formula, C2 H4. The chief illuminating constituent of coal-gas. Preparation of Ethene or Olefiant Gas. — Strong spirits of Avine is mixed Avith five or six times its weight of oil of vitrol in a glass flask, the tube of Avhich passes into a Avash-bottle containing caus- tic potash. A second wash-bottle, partly filled Avith oil of vitrol, is connected Avith the first, and furnished Avith a tube dipping into the Avater of the pneumatic trough. On the first application of heat to the contents of the flask, alcohol, and afterAvards ether, make their appearance; but, as the temperature rises, and the mixture blackens, the ether-vapor diminishes in quantity, and its place becomes in great part supplied by a permanent inflammable gas; carbon dioxide and sulphurous oxide are also generated at the same time, besides traces of other products. The two last-mentioned gases are absorbed by the alkali in the first bottle, and the ether-vapor by the acid in the second, so that the olefiant gas is delivered tolerably pure. Properties and Tests.—Olefiant gas thus produced is colorless, neutral, and but slightly soluble in Avater. Alcohol, ether, oil of tur- pentine, and even obAe oil, as Faraday has observed, dissolve it to a considerable extent. It has a faint odor of garlic. On the approach of a kindled taper it takes fire, and burns Avith a splendid Avhite light, far surpassing in brilliancy that produced by marsh gas. This gas, Avhen mixed Avith oxygen, and fired, explodes Avith extreme violence. Its density is 0.981; a litre weighs 1.25194 grams; 100 cubic inches Aveigh 30.57 grains. Ethene is decomposed by passing it through a tube heated to bright redness; a deposit of charcoal and tar takes place and the gas becomes converted into marsh gas, or even into free hydrogen, if the tempera- ture be A'ery high. This latter change is, of course, attended by in- crease of volume. Chlorine acts upon ethene in a very remarkable manner. When the two bodies are mixed, even in the dark, they com- bine in equal measures, and give rise to a heavy oily liquid, of sweetish HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 155 taste and ethereal odor, to Avhich the name of ethene chloride, or Dutch liquid (formula C2 H4 Cl„), is given. It is from this peculiarity that the term olefiant gas is derived. A pleasing and instructiA'e experiment may also be made by mixing in a tall jar tAvo measures of chlorine and one of ethene, and then quickly applying a light to the mouth of the vessel. The chlorine and hydrogen unite Avith flame, Avhich passes quickly doAvn the jar, Avhile the Avhole of the carbon is set free in the form of a thick black smoke. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—A saturated solution in alcohol is made of the gas obtained as directed above, Avhich will corre- spond to about the lx dilution. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—a. CARBONEUM OXYGENISATUM. Synonyms, Carbon Monoxide. Carbonous Oxide. Common Name, Carbonic Oxide. Formula, CO. Preparation of Carbonous Oxide.—The preferable method of preparing this gas is to heat finely powdered yelloAv potassium ferro- cyanide with eight or ten times its Aveight of concentrated sulphuric acid. The salt is entirely decomposed, yielding a most copious supply of perfectly pure carbonous oxide gas, which may be collected over Avater in the usual manner. Properties and Tests.—Carbonous oxide is a combustible gas; it burns Avith a beautiful pale blue flame, generating carbon dioxide. It has never been liquefied. It is colorless, has very little odor, and is ex- tremely poisonous. Mixed with oxygen, it explodes by the electric spark, but Avith some difficulty. Its specific gravity is 0.973 ; a litre Aveighs 1.2515 grams ; 100 cubic inches Aveigh 30.21 grains. Carbon monoxide unites Avith chlorine under the influence of light, forming a pungent, suffocating compound, possessing acid properties, called phos- gene gas, or carbonyl chloride. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Distilled AA-ater is satu- rated Avith carbonous oxide, and then diluted Avith an equal part by weight of distilled Avater. < Amount of drug power, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—/?. CARBONEUM SULPHURATUM. Synonyms, Alcohol Sulphuris Lampadli. Bisulphide of Carbon. Carbonei Bisulphidum. Carbonic Sulphide. Common Name, Sulphuret of,Carbon. Formula, C S2. Molecular Weight, 76. Preparation of Bisulphide of Carbon.—Bisulphide or bisul- phuret of carbon is made on a large scale by heating fragments of charcoal or coke to redness and occasionally ^dropping through a tube, to the bottom of the retort, pieces of sulphur, which is vaporized and unites with the red-hot charcoal. The condensed liquid is freed from 156 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. the compounds having a disagreeable odor, by prolonged agitation Avith milk of lime, litharge, certain metals, or powdered corrosive sublimate, decanting, adding about tAvo per cent, of a bland oil, and rectifying in a water-bath. Properties.—Thus obtained it is a very mobile colorless liquid having a high refracting power, and Avhen quite pure, an agreeable ethereal odor, but often it is of a more or less fetid odor from the pres- ence of other volatile compounds. It has the specific gravity 1.269 at 15° C. (59° F.), boils at 47.7° C. (117.8° F.), evaporates rapidly at the ordinary temperature, and on passing a rapid current of dry air over its surface, partly congeals. It is very inflammable, has a burning aromatic taste, is nearly insoluble in Avater, soluble in alcohol, dissolves freely phosphorus, sulphur, bromine, iodine, fats, volatile oils, caout- chouc and other compounds. Bisulphide of carbon should be kept in a Avell-stoppered bottle and in a cool place. Its vapor is very poisonous. When set on fire in the air, it burns Avith a blue flame, forming carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide gases; and when its vapor is mixed with oxygen, it becomes explosive. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of pure bisulphide of carbon is dissolved in fifty parts by weight of ninety- five per cent, alcohol. Amount of drug poAver, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as lirected under Class VI—/?, except that ninety-five per cent, alcohol is used. CARBO VEGETABILIS. Common Names, Vegetable Charcoal. Wood Charcoal. Preparation of Vegetable Charcoal on a large scale.—Bil- lets of Avood are piled in a conical form, and covered Avith earth and sod to prevent the free access of air; several holes being left at the bottom, and one at the top of the pile, in order to produce a draught to com- mence the combustion. The wood is then kindled from the bottom. In a little while the hole at the top is closed, and, after the ignition is found to have pervaded the whole pile, those at the bottom are stopped also. The combustion taking place with a smothered flame, the volatile portions of the wood, consisting of hydrogen and oxygen, are dissipated; while the carbon, in the form of charcoal, is left. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—We select the firmest piece of beech, or birch charcoal, of medium thickness, divested of the bark, clearly shoAving the texture of the Avood, and allowing us to in- fer, from a certain bright lustre, that the carbonizing process Avas per-. feet. These pieces, after being divided into lumps of the size of a fist are again made red-hot, and then' speedily extinguished in an earthen vessel provided Avith a Avell-fitting cover; having been alloAved to cool, and the ashes Avhich may have formed having been bloAvn off, the pieces are pulverized very finely, and the powder is kept in Avell- stoppered bottles in a dry place. This powder is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 157 CARDUUS BENEDICTUS. Synonyms, Centaurea Benedicta, Linn. Cnicus Benedictus, Gozrtner. Nat. Ord., Composite. Common Names, Blessed Thistle. Star Thistle. This is an annual herbaceous plant, the stem of Avhich is about two feet high, branching towards the top, and furnished Avith long, ellipti- cal, rough leaves, irregularly toothed, barbed with sharp points at their edges, of a bright green color on their upper surface, and Avhitish on the under. The lower leaves are deeply sinuated, and stand on foot- stalks; the upper are sessile, and in some measure decurrent. The flowers are yelloAv and surrounded by an involucre of ten leaves, of Avhich the five exterior are largest. The calyx is oval, Avooly and composed of several imbricated scales, terminated by rigid, pinnate, spinous points. The plant is a native of the south of Europe, and is cultivated in gardens in other parts of the Avorld. It has become natu- ralized in the United States. The herb has a feeble, unpleasant odor, and an intensely bitter taste. Its floAvers appear in June. Preparation.—The fresh herb, gathered when the plant is in flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thor- oughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole well, and having poured it into a Avell-stop- pered bottle, it is alloAAed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CARDUUS MARIANUS, Linn. Synonyms, Cnicus Marianus. Silybum Marianum. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Names, Milk Thistle. St Mary's Thistle. This is an annual or biennial, two or three feet high, not much branched and glabrous, or Avith but very little cottony avooI. Leaves are smooth and shining above, and variegated by Avhite veins; the loAver ones deeply pinnatifed, with broad, very prickly lobes; the up- per ones clasping the stem by prickly auricles, but scarcely decurrent. FloAver-heads large, drooping, solitary at the ends of the branches, Avith purple florets. Bracts of the involucre very broad at the base, Avith a stiff, spreading, leafy appendage, ending in a long prickle, and bordered Avith prickles at its base. Hairs of the pappus simple. The plant is a native of Southern Europe. Preparation.—Take one part by weight of the ripe, Avhole seed, and cover Avith two parts by weight of dilute alcohol, letting it remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and shak- ing it tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and fil- tered. Drug power of tincture, \. 158 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Dilutions must be prepared as folloAvs: the lx Avith 30 drops of tincture to 70 drops of dilute alcohol; the 2x and 3x also Avith dilute alcohol. The 1 dilution Avith 3 drops of tincture to 97 drops of dilute alcohol, the 2-Avith dilute alcohol; for higher potencies alcohol is used. CARYA ALBA, Nuttall. Nat. Ord., Juglandacese. Common Names, Shag-Bark. Shellbark. Hickory Nut. This large and handsome tree, furnishing most valuable Avood and the principal hickory nuts of the market, is indigenous to North America. Bark of trunk shaggy, exfoliating in rough strips or plates; inner bud-scales becoming large and conspicuous, persistent till the floAvers are fully developed; leaflets five, when young minutely doAvny beneath, finely serrate, the three upper obovate-lanceolate, the lower pair much smaller and oblong-lanceolate, all taper-pointed; fruit globular or depressed; nut Avhite, flatidi-globular, barely mucronate, the shell* thinnish and splitting promptly into four, Avhen dry, hard or Avoody valves. Nuts ripen and fall in October. Preparation.—The ripe nuts are finely poAvdered, and covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol. Having been poured into a well- stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug poAver, T\j. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. CASCARILLA. Synonyms, Clutia Eluteria, Linn. Croton Eleutheria, Bennett. Nat. Ord., Euphorbiacese. Common Name, Cascarilla. This, though commonly a shrub of from three to five feet high, sometimes appears in the form of a small tree Avith a stem from four to eight inches in diameter. The stem is straight, and marked at in- tervals Avith Avhite or grayish stains. The leaves are petiolate, from tAvo to three inches in length by an inch or more in breadth, often somewhat cordate at the base, obtusely acuminate, pale or grayish- green above, and densely covered beneath Avith shining, silvery scales, appearing Avhite at a-distance. They are smaller and narroAver in the plants of arborescent growth. The flowers, Avhich have a delicious odor, are monoecious, small, Avhite, petiolate, and closely set in simple terminal or axillary spikes. The shrub is a native of the Bahamas, scarce at present in the island of New Providence, but still abundant in Andros, Long and Eleutheria islands, from the latter of which it derived its botanical title. Cascarilla bark has an aromatic odor, ren- dered much more distinct by friction, and a Avarm, spicy, bitter taste. When burnt it emits a pleasant odor, closely resembling that of musk, but Aveaker and more agreeable. Preparation.—The dried bark, finely poAvdered, is covered Avith HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 159 five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. CASTANEA. Synonyms, Castanea Edulis, Gcertner. Castanea Aresca, Linn. Nat. Ord., Cupuliferse. Common Name, Chestnut. The American chestnut is, under favorable circumstances, one of our largest and most magnificent native trees. Its leaves are its most characteristic feature, and serve at once to distinguish it. They are from four to eight inches long by about tAvo in breadth, oblong-ellipti- cal, sharp at the end, strongly and someAvhat unequally serrated, Avith prominent parallel nerves beneath, of a brilliant color and firm con- sistence. The male floAvers are Avhitish, and disposed on axillary pe- duncles four or five inches long; the fertile aments similarly disposed, but less conspicuous. The fruit is a spherical burr, an inch or two in diameter and \-ery prickly, containing tAvo or three broAvn nuts, the ap- pearance of which is too well knoAvn to require description here. When perfectly ripe it opens and lets fall the seeds, remaining longer attached to the stem. The American chestnut is spread largely through the eastern por- tions of the United States, from NeAv Hampshire to the mountainous districts of Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia and Tennes- see, Avhere it abounds; as also in the Middle States of New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell and having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight davs in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by de- canting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CASTOR EQUORUM. Synonyms, Castor Equi. Verruca? Equorum. Class, Mammalia. Order, Equidse. Family, Equus Caballus. This is the blackish excrescence, found on the inner side of the fore and hind legs of the horse, above the knee and beloAV the hock joints, which readily exfoliates, and on rubbing emits a peculiar odor. Preparation.—The substance is dried, pulverized and prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. 160 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. CASTOREUM. Synonyms, Castoreum Sibiricum. Castor Fiber, Linn. Class, Mammalia. Order, Palmipedia. Family, Glires. Common Names, Beaver's cod. Castor. In the beaver, the Castor fiber of naturalists, betAveen the anus and ex- ternal genitals of both sexes, are two pairs of membranous follicles, Avhich are pear-shaped, and contain an oily, viscid, highly odorous sub- stance, secreted by glands Avhich lie externally to the sac. This sub- stance is called castor. The upper pair are the real castor sacs, the loAver containing an oily secretion, Avith very little dark colored castor. After the death of the animal the follicles are removed and dried, either by smoke or in the sun; and in this state are brought into the market. Castor comes to us in the form of solid unctuous masses, con- tained in sacs about tAvo inches in length, larger at one end than at the other, much flattened and wrinkled, of a broAvn or blackish color ex- ternally, and united in pairs by the excretory ducts which connect them in the living animal. In each pair one sac is generally larger than the other. They are divided internally into numerous cells, con- taining the castor Avhich, when the sacs are cut or torn open, is exhibited of a broAvn or reddish-broAvn color, intermingled more or less Avith the Avhitish membrane forming the cells. Good castor has a strong, fetid, peculiar odor; a bitter, acrid and nauseous taste. It is of a softer or harder consistence, according as it is more or less thoroughly dried. When perfectly desiccated, though still somewhat unctuous, it is hard, brittle, and has a resinous fracture. Preparation.—The dry substance is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII, Avhich is the preferable method in homoeo- pathic practice, but "tincture" may be prepared by the dry substance being covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and alloAved to re- main eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and fil- tered. Drug poAver of tincture, TV Dilutions, from tincture, must be prepared as directed under Class IV. CAULOPHYLLUM. Synonyms, Caulophyllum Thalictroides, Micheaux. Leontice Tha- lictroides, Linn. Nat. Ord., Berberidacese. Common Names, Blue Cohosh. Pappoose Root. Squaw Root. This is an indigenous, perennial, herbaceous plant, with matted, knotty rhizomas, from which rises a single, smooth stem about tAvo feet high, naked till near the summit, Avhere it sends out a large triternately compound leaf, ending in a small panicle of greenish-yelloAv flowers, at the base of Avhich is often a smaller biternate leaf. The whole plant when young, as Avell as the seeds, which are about as large as peas, is HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 161 glaucous. It is the only knoAvn species of the genus. It is found in most parts of the United States, groAving in moist rich woods. The root has a SAveetish, pungent taste. FloAvers appear in April and May. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered early in the season Avhen growth begins, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tA\o parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell and having poured it into a well- stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAA'er of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CAUSTICUM. Synonym, Causticum Hahnemanni. This is a preparation peculiar to homoeopathy, and hence must be prepared exactly according to Hahnemann's directions. Preparation of Causticum.—A piece of freshly burnt lime is put for one minute in distilled AA'ater, then placed in a dry vessel, where it crumbles to poAvder. Mix four parts of this powder with the same quantity of the bisulphate of potash (AA'hich is previously ignited and melted and, after cooling, pulverized) dissolved in four parts of boiling Avater, in a heated porcelain mortar, and after stirring it to a stiff paste, put the mixture into a glass retort, the helm of Avhich is con- nected A\ith a receiver half immersed in cold Avater. Increase the heat gradually and distil to dryness. The clear distilled liquid amounting to about three parts by Aveight, mix with an equal Aveight of strong alcohol. Amount of drug poAver, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. CEANOTHUS AMERICANUS, Linn. Synonyms, Ceanothus Herbaceous. Ceanothus Sanguinis. Nat. Ord., Rhamnaceae. Common Names, New Jersey Tea. Red Root. This is an indigenous shrubby plant, stems groAving from one to three feet high, from a dark red root; branches doAvny; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, three-ribbed, serrate, doAvny beneath, often heart- shaped at the base; common peduncles elongated; flowers in pretty Avhite clusters at the summit of naked flower branches appear in July. The plant is found throughout the United States, groAving in dry wood- lands, barrens, etc. The leaves have been substituted for tea, to Avhich they have a strong resemblance Avhen dried, both in taste and odor. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole Avell, and having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days 11 162 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. iii a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CEDRON. Synonym, Simaba Cedron, Planchon. Nat. Ord., Simarubacese. Common Name, Cedron. This is a small tree, with an erect stem, not exceeding six inches in diameter, branching at top in an umbellate form, Avith large, glabrous, pinnate leaves, and pale broAvn floAvers, in long, branching racemes. The fruit is a large, solitary drupe, containing a single seed. The fruit is light, of a yelloAvish ash color, flattish-ovate, Avith one edge con- vex and the other nearly straight, the convex outline terminating at each end in an obtuse point, of Avhich that at the apex is most promi- nent. It is about tAvo inches long, and sixteen lines in its greatest breadth. Within, the seed is loose and movable. The seed itself is about an inch and a half long, ten lines broad, and half an inch thick. It is convex on one side, flat or slightly concave on the other, and presents an OA-al scar near one extremity of the flat surface. It is hard and compact, but may be readily cut Avith a knife. The seed is inodor- ous, but of a pure and intensely bitter taste, not unlike that of quassia. The tree is a native of New Granada and Central America. Preparation.—The dried, poAvdered seed is covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days, in a well-stop- pered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, ■£$. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. CEPA. Synonym, Allium Cepa, Linn. Nat. Ord., Liliacese. Common Name, Onion. This is a perennial bulbous plant, Avith a naked scape, SAvelling to- Avards the base, exceeding the leaves in length, and terminating in a simple umbel of white flowers. The leaves are hollow, cylindrical, and pointed. The original country of the onion is unknoAvn. The plant has been cultivated from time immemorial, and is now diffused over the Avhole civilized world. Preparation.—The fresh, red, someAvhat long bulb, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, and having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. HOMOEOFATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 163 Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CEPHALANTHUS OCCIDENTALS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Rubiacea?. Common Names, Button Bush. Crane WHIoav. This is a common, indigenous shrub, Avhich received both its generic title and common name from the arrangement of its flowers in dense spherical heads. It prefers moist places, as along streams, or on the borders of SAvamps. Stems are smooth or pubescent. Leaves petioled, ovate, or lanceolate-oblong, pointed, opposite or Avhorled in threes, with short intervening stipules. FloAvers white, densely aggregated in spherical peduncled heads. Calyx-tube inversely pyramidal, the limb four-toothed. Corolla tubular, four-toothed; the teeth imbricated in the bud. Style thread-form, much protruded. Stigma capitate. Fruit dry and hard, small, inversely pyramidal, two to four-celled, at length splitting from the base upAvard into the tAvo to four closed one-seeded portions. The floAvers appear in July and August. Preparation.—The fresh bark is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, and having poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CERASUS VIRGINIANA, Michaux. Synonym, Prunus Virginiana. Nat. Ord., Amygdalese. Common Names, Black Cherry. Wild Cherry. The wild cherry is a large, North American forest tree, groAving to the height of sixty or eighty feet, with the trunk undivided to the height of twenty or thirty feet. AVhen groAvn in the open field, it is usually much smaller. It has alternate lance-oblong, taper-pointed, . petiolate leaves, Avhich are three to five inches long, and are finely ser- rate Avith incurved teeth. The floAvers are Avhite and in elongated racemes, about four or five inches long, and terminal on the branchlets. The fruit is a small, globose, purplish-black drupe of a sweet and bit- terish taste. AVild-cherry bark, as kept in the shops, is in pieces of various sizes, more, or less curved laterally, usually destitute of epi- dermis, of a lively reddish-cinnamon color, brittle and pulverizable, presenting a reddish-gray fracture, and affording a fawn-colored pow- der. In the fresh state, or Avhen treated Avith Avater, it emits an odor resembling that of peach leaves. Its taste is agreeably bitter and aro- matic, Avith the peculiar flavor of the bitter almond. Preparation.—The freshly dried bark, finely powdered, is covered 1G4 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. CEREUS BONPLANDII. Nat. Ord., Cactacese. A variety of Cereus Grandiflorus. Preparation.—The stems are chopped and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thor- oughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, and having poured it into a Avell-stop- pered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CERIUM OXALICUM. Synonym, Cerii Oxalas. Common Name, Oxalate of Cerium. Formula, Ce C2 04. 3H2 O. Molecular Weight, 234. Preparation of Oxalate of Cerium.—The powdered mineral (cerium) is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid, to decompose the silicates, the dry mass ignited, then dissolved in dilute nitric acid, and treated Avith sulphuretted hydrogen to remove copper, etc. A little hydrochloric acid is added to prevent the precipitation of calcium salt, and the cerite metals precipitated as oxalates by oxalic acid. The precipitate is mixed Avith carbonate of magnesium, the mixture cal- cined to decompose the oxalates, the residue dissolved in a small por- tion of concentrated nitric acid, and the solution thrown into a large quantity of Avater containing about one-half per cent, of sulphuric acid. Lanthanum and didymium remain in solution, together Avith the magnesium and a little cerium, most of Avhich is precipitated as yellow eerie sulphate; the latter is dissolved in sulphuric acid, and re- duced to cerous sulphate by sodium hyposulphite, Avhen the oxalate may be precipitated by oxalic acid. Properties and Tests.—Oxalate of cerium is a white granular poAvder, insoluble in the simple solvents, but soluble in sulphuric and hydrochloric acids Avithout effervescence (absence of carbonates), and this solution is not precipitated by sulphuretted hydrogen (absence of heavy metals j. When calcined in contact Avith the air, the salt yields yellow eerie oxide, Avhich has a brown tint if didymous oxide is pres- ent. Cerium oxalate dissolves in boiling potassa solution, and the clear liquid is not precipitated Avhen heated Avith excess of ammonium chloride (absence of aluminium compounds); and Avhen acidulated Avith acetic acid remains clear, but yields with calcium chloride a white precipitate of calcium oxalate. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 1G5 Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure oxalate of cerium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. CERVUS BRAZILICUS, Nobis. Synonym, Cervus Campestris. Class, Mammalia. Order, Artiodactyla. Family, Cervina. Common Names, Brazilian Stag. Guazouti. This stag, whose form is extremely fine and graceful, inhabits the forests of Brazil. Its size is about the same as that of our stag. Its skin, the color of Avhich never changes, is of a broAAnish-fallow, being rather lighter towards the abdomen, the posterior part of the thighs and the tail. The inferior surface of the lower jaAV, the part above and beloAV the eyes, the interior of the ears and the abdomen are Avhite; a black line encircles the jaAvs and gradually disappears under the lower one. The eyes of the guazouti are black, it has no canine teeth; its mouth, Avhich is very slender, tapers to a muzzle. The horns Avhich, in every case, are not very high and extremely regular, are at first straight; they curve forward in the second year, send forth three antlers, the anterior being placed about tAvo inches above the burr, Avhich is turned a little imvard, and the other tAvo at the superior and posterior part of the staff. The horns become larger as they groAV older, but the num- ber of antlers remains the same. Preparation.—A small piece of the fresh hide with the hair on, is triturated, according to Class IX. CHAMOMILLA. Synonyms, Chamomilla Vulgaris. Matricaria Chamomilla, Linn. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Names, Common Chamomile. Corn Fever-FeAV. Ger- man Chamomile. This annual plant groAvs in uncultivated fields, among wheat and corn, especially in sandy regions, all over Europe. From the fibrous root shoot up several stems, erect, striated, ramose, naked, from one to two feet long; the leaves are sparse, the lower double, the upper single, pinnated and dark green; the flowers are numerous, Avhite, with yellow disk, and in corymbs; calyx hemispheri- cal, imbricated, scariose; the receptacle naked and conical; the stems are sAvollen at the top, the covering scales tiled, blunt, great, skinny at the margin, Avhitish or broAvnish. The common chamomile is frequently confounded Avith the Roman chamomile, from which it is distinguished by its perennial stalk, its chaffy receptacle, its holloAV peduncles, the green scales of the calyx, and by its rays being mostly turned in. Preparation.—The whole fresh plant, Avhen in floAver, is chopped and pounded to a fine pulp, and pressed out lege artis in a piece of new linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith 166 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, *-. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. CHELIDONIUM. Synonyms, Chelidonium Majus, Linn. Papaver Corniculatum Luteum. Nat. Ord., Papaveracea?. Common Names, Celandine. Tetter-AVort. This perennial plant grows all over Germany, as well as in France, in waste places, old Avails, hedges, borders of highways, near habita- tions, etc.; the root is fusiform, of the thickness of a finger, of a red- dish-brown without, yellowish within, containing, as well as all parts of the plant, an acrid, yellow juice; stem ramose, hairy, one to tAvo feet high ; leaves thin, winged, pinnatifid, bluish-green beneath, clear green above; floAvers yelloAv, axillary, or terminal; peduncles in umbels; umbel simple, of four or five rays ; calyx caduceous and two-leaved ; corolla of four petals ; petals ligulate, threads united with the anthers, imitating petals; silique polyspermous, unilocular, linear, thin. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and pressed out lege artis in a piece of new linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by weight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. CHELONE. Synonyms, Chelone Alba. Chelone Glabra, Linn. Nat. Ord., Scrophulariacese. Common Names, Balmony. Snake-Head. Turtle-Head. This is a common perennial herbaceous plant, found in A\et situa- tions throughout the United States. Its smooth, upright branching stem rises to a foot or two in height; Leaves, very short petioled, lanceolate or lance-oblong, pointed, variable in Avidth. Flowers are large, Avhite, rose-colored or purple, Avhich are nearly sessile in spikes or clusters, and closely imbricated with round ovate concave bracts and bractlets. Calyx of five distinct imbricated sepals. Corolla inflated, tubular, Avith the mouth a little open; the upper lip broad and arched, keeled in the middle, notched at the apex; the loAver Avooly-beared in the throat, three-lobed at the apex, the middle lobe smallest. Stamens four, with wooly filaments and very Avooly heart-shaped anthers; and a fifth sterile filament smaller than the others. Seeds many, Aving-mar- gined. The floAvers resembling in shape the head of a snake or tor- toise, has given the common name to this plant. Flowers from July to September. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 167 Preparation.—The fresh plant is pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, and having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CHENOPODIUM ANTHELMINTICUM, Linn. Synonyms, Ambrina Anthelmintica. Cina Americana. Nat. Ord., Chenopodiaceae. Common Names, Jerusalem Oak. Stinking AVeed. AArorm- seed. This is an indigenous perennial plant, with an herbaceous, erect, branching, furroAved stem, Avhich rises from two to five feet in height. The leaAres are alternate or scattered, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, attenu- ated at both ends, sinuated and toothed on the margin, conspicu- ously veined, of a yellowish-green color, and dotted on their under sur- face. The flowers are very numerous, small, of the same color as the leaves, and arranged in long, leafless, terminal panicles, composed of slender, dense, glomerate, alternating spikes. This species of cheno- podium, knoAvn commonly by the names of worm-seed and Jerusalem oak, groAvs in almost all parts of the United States, but most vigor- ously and abundantly in the southern section. It is usually found in the vicinity of rubbish, along fences, in the streets of villages, and in open grounds about the larger towns. It flowers in July to Septem- ber, and ripens its seeds successively through the autumn. The Avhole herb has a strong, peculiar, offensive, yet somewhat aromatic odor. Preparation.—The fresh herb, in floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, and having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then sepa- rated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CHENOPODIUM BOTRYS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Chenopodiaceae. Common Names, Jerusalem Oak. Feather Geranium. This variety is indigenous to Asia and Europe, and naturalized to some extent in North America. It is glandular pubescent, has oblong sinuate-pinnatifid leaves, leafless cymose racemes of greenish flowers, and is strongly aromatic. Preparation.—The fresh herb is chopped and pounded to a pulp 168 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. and weighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, and having poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, jr. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CHENOPODIUM GLAUCUM, Linn. Nat. Ord., Chenopodiaceae. Common Name, Oak-leaved Goosefoot. This plant is indigenous to Europe, Avhere it is commonly found groAving on rubbish, places Avhere dung is laid, near houses, Avails and ditches containing stagnant, filthy AA'ater. It also groAvs in North America, though rarely, along the streets of towns, and also upon the brackish borders of Onondaga Lake. It is a Ioav plant, stem from one foot to one foot and a half high, now erect, noAv decumbent, is often striped red and Avhite-green, angular and naked. Leaves sinuately pinnatifid-toothed, oblong, obtuse, pale green above, and lighter, as if dusted Avith meal, beneath. The floAver-racemes stand in the axils and at the end, consisting of green, densely accumulate floAverets Avitliout pedicels. Seeds sharp-edged, often vertical. FloAvers appear xrom late summer through autumn. Preparation.—The fresh herb, the flower, freed from aphis living upon it, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thor- oughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, and having poured it into a Avell-stop- pered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CHIMAPHILA. Synonyms, Chimaphila Corymbosa, Pursh. Chimaphila Umbellata, Nuttall. Pyrola Umbellata, Linn. Nat. Ord., Ericaceae. Common Names, PipsisseAva. Prince's Pine. The pipsisseAva is a small evergreen plant, Avith a perennial, creep- ing, yellowish root (rhizome), Avhich gives rise to several simple, erect or semi-procumbent stems, from four to eight inches in height, and lig- neous at their base. The leaves are Avedge-shaped, somcAvhat lanceo- late, serrate, coriaceous, smooth, of a shining saj>green color on the upper surface, paler beneath, and supported upon short footstalks, in irregular Avhorls, of Avhich there are usually tAvo on the same stem. The floAvers are disposed in a small terminal corymb, and stand upon nodding peduncles. The calyx is small and divided at its border into HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 169 five teeth or segments. The corolla is composed of five roundish, con- cave, spreading petals, Avhich are of a Avhite color tinged with red, and exhale an agreeable odor. The stamens are ten, Avith filaments shorter than the petals, and Avith large, nodding, bifurcated, purple anthers. The germ is globular and depressed, supporting a thick and apparently sessile stigma, the style being short and immersed in the germ. The seeds are numerous, linear, chaffy, and enclosed in a roundish, de- pressed, five-celled, five-valved capsule, having the persistent calyx at the base. This humble but beautiful evergreen is a native of the northern latitudes of America, Europe, and Asia. It is found in all parts of the United States, extending even to the Pacific Ocean. It groAvs under the shade of Avoods, and prefers a loose sandy soil, enriched by decaying leaves. The floAvers appear in June and July. Preparation.—The fresh plant in flower is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, and having poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight clays in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CHINA. Synonyms, China Regia. Cinchona Calisaya, Weddell. Cinchona Officinalis, Hooker. Nat. Ord., Rubiacere. Common Names, Calisaya Bark. Yellow Cinchona. Yellow Peruvian Bark. The genuine cinchona trees are confined exclusively to South America. Those that yield the bark of commerce grow at various elevations upon the Andes, seldom less than 4,000 feet above the level of the sea. Preparation.—The dried bark is pulverized finely and Aveighed. Then five parts by weight of alcohol are poured over it, and haA'ing put it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, shaking it tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, -r\. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. Triturations are prepared from the poAvdered bark, as directed under Class VII. CHININUM ARSENICUM. Synonyms, Arseniate of Quinia. Chininum Arsenicosum. Quinise Arsenias. Common Name, Arseniate of Quinine. Formula, 2C20 H24 N2 03. As H3 04. 4H2 O. 170 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Preparation of Arseniate of Quinia.—It is obtained in long prisms by saturating hot solution of arsenious acid Avith quinia. Properties and Tests.—It crystallizes in long Avhite prisms, is freely soluble in hot Avater and in alcohol, but sparingly soluble in cold Avater. The aqueous solution gives no precipitate Avith chloride of barium, but Avith nitrate of silver a brick-red precipitate is produced. AVhen treated first Avith solution of chlorine and aftenvards AA'ith am- monia, it becomes a splendid emerald-green color. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Arseniate of quinia is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. CHININUM MURIATICUM. Synonyms, Chininum Hydrochloricum. Muriate of Quinia. Quiniae Hydrochloras. Common Name, Hydro-chlorate of Quinine. Formula, C20 H24 N2 02, HC1. 3H2 O. Preparation of Muriate of Quinia.—This is prepared by dis- solving quinia in Avarm dilute hydrochloric acid, avoiding an excess of the acid. It is frequently made by mixing hot solutions of chloride of barium and sulphate of quinia, and filtering, while still hot, to separate the sulphate of barium, and setting aside to crystallize. Properties and Tests.—It crystallizes in Avhite stellate shining needles, Avhich are soluble in tAventy-four parts of cold AArater, in about three parts of alcohol, and nine parts of chloroform. It gives with nitrate of silver a Avhite precipitate, soluble in ammonia, but insoluble in nitric acid. No precipitate is formed on the addition of a small quantity of dilute sulphuric acid, and only a faint one, if any, AA'hen chloride of barium is added. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure muriate of quinia is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. CHININUM PURUM. Synonym, Quinia. Common Name, Pure Quinine. Formula, C40 H24 N2 04. Molecular Weight, 324. Preparation of Quinia.—Quinia is obtained by treating its sul- phate Avith the solution of an alkali, collecting the precipitate, washing it till the Avater comes away tasteless, then drying it, dissolving it in alcohol, and slowly evaporating the solution. Properties.—As usually prepared, quinia is AA'hitish, rather flocu- lent, and not crystalline, but it may, with care, be crystallized from its alcoholic solution in silky needles. It is inodorous and very bitter. At about 300° F. it melts Avithout chemical change, and on cooling becomes brittle. It is soluble in about 400 parts of cold and 250 parts of boiling AA'ater, is very soluble in alcohol and ether, and dissolved by the fixed and volatile oils. The alcoholic solution is intensely bitter. Quinia is unalterable in the air. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 171 Tests.—AVhen recently precipitated quinia, diffused in water, is ex- posed to the action of a stream of carbonic acid gas, the quinia is dis- solved, and if the solution be exposed, acicular crystals of carbonate of quinia are deposited, which effloresce in the air, are soluble in alcohol, but insoluble in ether, have an alkaline reaction, and effervesce Avith acids. After the deposition of the crystals has ceased, the solution yields quinia on evaporation. Freshly precipitated quinia is scarcely soluble to an appreciable extent in an excess of potassa, but is more readily dissohred by ammonia. Preparations for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure quinia is pre- pared by trituration as directed under Class VII. CHININUM SULPHURICUM. Synonyms, Disulphate or Basic Sulphate of Quinia. Quiniae Sul- phas. Sulphate of Quinia. Sulphus Quinious. Common Name, Sulphate of Quinine. Formula, 2 C20H24 N2 02. H2 S02. 7 H20. Molecular Weight, 872. Preparation of Sulphate of Quinia.—Take of yelloAv cinchona in coarse poAvder forty-eight troyounces; muriatic acid three troyounces and a half; lime in fine powder five troyounces; animal charcoal in fine powder, sulphuric acid, alcohol, water, distilled Avater, each a sufficient quantity. Boil the cinchona in thirteen pints of Avater mixed Avith one-third of the muriatic acid, and strain through muslin. Boil the residue tAvice successively Avith the same quantity of Avater and acid as before and strain. Mix the decoctions and Avhile the liquid is hot gradually add the lime previously mixed with tAvo pints of water, stir- ring constantly until the quinia is completely precipitated. AATash the precipitate Avith distilled Avater, and having pressed, dried and powdered it, digest it in boiling alcohol. Pour off the liquid, and repeat the digestion several times, until the alcohol is no longer rendered bitter. Mix the liquids and distil off the alcohol until a broAvn viscid mass remains. Upon this, transferred to a suitable vessel, pour four pints of distilled Avater, and, having heated the mixture to the boiling point, add enough sulphuric acid to dissolve the quinia. Then add a troy- ounce and a half of animal charcoal, boil the liquid for two minutes, filter Avhile hot, and set it aside to crystallize. Should the liquid, before filtration, be entirely neutral, acidulate it very slightly Avith sulphuric acid; should it, on the contrary, change the color of litmus paper to a bright red, add more animal charcoal. Separate the crystals from the liquid, dissolve them in boiling distilled Avater slightly acid- ulated Avith sulphuric acid, add a little animal charcoal, filter the solution, and set it aside to crystallize. Lastly, dry the crystals on bibulous paper Avith a gentle heat, and keep them in a well-stoppered bottle. The mother-Avater may be made to yield an additional quantity of sulphate of quinia by precipitating the quinia Avith Avater of ammonia, and treating the precipitated alkaloid Avith distilled water, sulphuric acid and animal charcoal as before. 172 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Properties.—Sulphate of quinia crystallizes in thin, snoAV-Avhite, flexible needles, Avhich have a silky lustre and purely bitter taste. A drop of a concentrated solution evaporated on the slide of a microscope crystallizes in stellate groups of thin needles or spikes. It effloresces rapidly on exposure and Avhen heated loses its Avater of crystallization completely, and at 160° C. (320° F.) becomes phosphorescent on trituration. It requires, according to Van Heijningen, 740, according to Jobst and Hesse, 788 parts of water for solution at 10° C. (50 3 F.), and at the boiling temperature about 30 parts. It is freely soluble in acidulated Avater, the solution in diluted sulphuric acid being fluorescent with a blue color. It is more soluble in alcohol than in Avater, dissolves in 40 parts of glycerin, is insoluble in fixed oils, and nearly insoluble in chloroform and in ether. Tests.—On adding to its solution an excess of chlorine water followed by ammonia, an emerald-green color is produced; and if, after chlorine Avater, ferrocyanide of potassium is added and then ammonia, the solution turns a deep red. Dissolved in distilled Avater, it yields white precipitates Avith nitrate of barium and Avith ammonia, the latter precipitate being soluble in an excess of the reagent. It is likeAvise precipitated by potassa and soda, their carbonates and bicar- bonates, by lime-Avater, tannin and the other general reagents for alkaloids. Its solution in Avater or dilute acid remains unchanged Avhen kept in the dark, but exposed to sunlight it turns yelloAvish and broAvn. In examining the purity of sulphate of quinia the folloAving tests are of service: A drop of an aqueous solution of a quinia salt mixed Avith a drop of a solution of potassium sulphocyanide, Avill at once become turbid, and under the microscope shoAv a large number of minute globules, Avhich even after a day has elapsed are not aggregated into groups or crystals. According to Hesse (1878), sulphocyanide of quinia is insoluble in solution of potassium sulphocyanide, and more soluble in Avater than quinia sulphate; the microscopic test must there- fore vary with the quantities used; he also observed that the minute globules are usually folloAved in a feAV minutes by many-rayed stellate groups of needles. AVhen ten grains of the salt are agitated in a test- tube Avith ten minims of officinal water of ammonia and sixty grains of ether, and alloAved to rest, the liquid separates into tAvo transparent and colorless layers without any white or crystalline matter at the surface of contact. Other fraudulent admixtures or substitutions are recognized as fol- Ioavs: Mineral impurities by the fixed residue left on igniting a portion of the salt upon platinum foil; ammonia salts by the ammoniacal odor given off on heating a portion of the salt with dilute potassa solution ; stearic acid, starch, cotton fibre and similar insoluble substances by their insolubility in dilute sulphuric acid; gum by its insolubility in alcohol; salicin, phlorizin and sugar by the red or broAvn color occasioned Avith Avarm concentrated sulphuric acid ; mannit and other substances soluble in Avater by boiling a portion of the suspected salt Avith solution of baryta, passing carbonic acid gas into it, and evaporating the filtrate; pure sulphate of quinia thus treated will leave only an insignificant residue. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 173 Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure sulphate of quinia is prepared by trituration as directed under Class VIL CHINOIDIN. Synonyms, Amorphous Quinia. Quinoidine. Preparation of Chinoidin. — The mother-liquor left after the crystallization of sulphate of quinia in the preparation of that salt, contains one or more amorphous alkaloids, Avhich are known collectively as chinoidin, chinioidm, or quinoidin. By precipitating Avith an alkali, washing and drying, it is obtained in a brown mass. Properties.—The brown mass has a resin-like appearance, is brittle at ordinary temperature, breaks Avith a glossy conchoidal fracture, and dissolves readily in alcohol and dilute acids. Treated with hot water, the filtrate is not colored by potassa solution, and Avhen evaporated leaves but a small residue. It has a very slight taste, but its solutions are very bitter; on incineration it leaves only a small proportion of ashes. Tests.—If its solution in a dilute acid yields upon the addition of ammonia exactly as much precipitate as there Avas of the original sub- stance dissolved, it may be considered pure. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Tavo parts by Aveight of chinoidin are dissolved in nine parts by Aveight of ninety-five per cent. alcohol. Amount of drug power, -j1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—«. Triturations are prepared of pure chinoidin, as directed under Class VII. CHIONANTHUS VIRGINICA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Oleaceae. Common Names, Fringe-Tree. Snow-flower. Chionanthus Virginica is a Ioav tree or shrub, found groAving on riverbanks in southern Pennsylvania and southAvard. Its leaves are oval, oblong, or obovate-lanceolate ; flowers on slender pedicels; drupe purple, with a bloom, ovoid, six to eight lines long. The floAvers, ap- pearing in June, have petals one inch long, narrowly linear, acute, varying to five or six in number, Avhich are barely united at the base. Calyx four-parted, very small, persistent, stamens tAvo (rarely three or four), on the very base of the corolla, \Tery short. Stigma notched. Drupe fleshy, globular, becoming one-celled, and one to three-seeded. Preparation.—The fresh bark is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, and having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. 174 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. CHLORALUM. Synonyms, Chloral Hydras. Chloral Hydrate. Chloralum Hy- dratum Crystallisatum. Common Names, Chloral. Hydrate of Chloral. Formula, C2 HC13 O. H2 O. Molecular Weight, 1(35.5. Formation and Preparation of Hydrate of Chloral.—Chloral was discovered by Liebig (1832) and its production and composition Avere soon after determined by him and by Dumas. The results of these investigations prove that when dry chlorine is passed into ab- solute alcohol, aldehyd and hydrochlorid acid are first formed: C2 H? 0 -f- Cl2 = C2 H4 O -f- 2H CI. By the continued action of dry chlorine gas, three atoms of hydrogen are abstracted from the aldehyd, Avith the formation of hydrochloric acid, and are replaced by three atoms of chlorine, producing chloral; the reaction is explained by the following equation: C2 H4 O -f- 3 Cl„ = 3 H CI + C2 H Cl3 O. AVurtz and Arogt regard the reaction as much more complicated. Other products of decomposition are formed in smaller quantities, and necessitate the subsequent purification of the chloral. The yield is very materially reduced if AA'ater be present, in which case a portion of the aldehyd at „ first produced is converted into acetic acid (C2 H40-f-H20-f-Cl2 = C2H402 -\- 2HC1), and this acid reacting Avith some alcohol forms acetic ether, Avhich is not transformed into chloral by the action of chlorine. In preparing chloral, therefore, the materials reacting upon one another must be as nearly free from Avater as they can be obtained. Chlorine gas is generated in the usual manner, and passed first into a AVoulf's bottle, Avhere some of the moisture is condensed, then over chloride of calcium or through sulphuric acid, by Avhich it is complete- ly dried, and finally into the absolute alcohol, Avhich is kept cool as long as the chlorine gas is rapidly absorbed; but after a few days re- quires to be warmed, the heat being slowly increased until at the end of the process it has reached 60° to 70° C. (140° to 158° F.). The whole process requires about tAvo weeks (for 600 grams alcohol three days, Dumas); but if larger quantities of alcohol be operated upon, a longer time is required. In the experience of Dr. Squibb (1870), 92 pounds of alcohol required the continuous generation of chlorine gas for 28 days, using about 1} ton of mixture of a manganese binoxide and common salt, and yielded about 160 pounds of crude chloral. Large quantities of hydrochloric acid gas containing some chloral escape during the latter part of the process, and, if passed through a reversed condenser, the \rapors of the latter Avill be condensed and re- turned to the vessel. Kraemer observed (1874) that the ethereal liquid which accumulates beneath the hydrochloric acid is a mixture of the chlorides of ethylene and ethylidene. Crude chloral for its purification should be treated first Avith about its own weight of strong sulphuric acid, by which the hydrate and alco- holate of chloral are decomposed, and colorless chloral separates as an oily layer, which is at once rectified over some burned lime. To avoid combustion, the lime must be completely covered by the liquid. Dr HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 175 Squibb prefers to distil the chloral directly from the sulphuric acid, to combine the distillate partly Avith Avater, rectifying it over a mixture of lime and calcium carbonate, and hydrating this second distillate completely by adding the necessary quantity of water, ascertained by calculation from the weight of the first distillate (82 parts require 10 parts of Avater); while still hot, the mass is poured upon plates covered with a bell-glass, and alloAved to crystallize. Properties.—Chloral hydrate is met Avith in white crystalline masses, or in separate colorless crystals of a saccharoid aspect, attracts moisture in a damp atmosphere, but in a nearly dry atmosphere evap- orates sIoavIv Avithout liquefying. It fuses between 56° and 58° C. (133° and 136° F.), and evaporates Avithout leaving any residue. It is soluble in four parts of chloroform, and in less than its own Aveight of water, alcohol, or ether. Chloral Avhich has been insufficiently hy- drated, contains the insoluble modification, and is, therefore, not com- pletely soluble in water. It has a peculiar, somewhat aromatic odor, the pungency of Avhich is increased Avith the temperature. AAThen pure its vapors are but slightly affected by the vapors of ammonia, except at a someAAdiat elevated temperature, when Avhite clouds are produced. The solution of chloral hydrate in strong alcohol has a neutral reac- tion, but Avhen dissolved in Avater, it slightly reddens blue litmus paper; it is, however, not precipitated by nitrate of silver (absence of hydro- chloric acid). Treated AA'ith soda or other alkaline hydrate, chloral is decomposed into chloroform and formiate; C2HC130 -f-KHO yields C H Cl3 f- K C H 02. Tests.—The presence of chloral alcoholate is indicated by the com- bustion which takes place on heating a sample upon platinum foil over a flame. Smaller quantities are detected by the turbidity resulting from the production of iodoform, if a strong aqueous solution is Avarmed with a slight excess of potassa solution, iodine being then added as long as it is decolorized. On cooling, microscopic crystals of iodoform Avill separate. The presence of various organic impurities is detected by warming the chloral hydrate Avith sulphuric acid, which will then ac- quire a brown color. If decomposition has set in, the aqueous solution of chloral hydrate on being acidulated with sulphuric acid, will readily decolorize a Aveak solution of potassium permanganate, and cause a Avhite precipitate Avith nitrate of silver. The decomposition of chloral hydrate by alkalies affords a means of estimating its value; Avhen per- fectly pure, 100 grains of it dissolved in an ounce of water, and mixed Avith 30 grains of slaked lime and distilled, yield 72.2 grains (not less than 70 grains, Br.) of chloroform. Moist chloral hydrate yields less in proportion to the excess of moisture; chloral alcoholate produces only 60 per cent, of chloroform. V. Meyer and Heffter (1873) esti- mate the purity of chloral from the amount of formic acid produced, by warming the solution of chloral hydrate with an excess of normal solu- tion of soda, and determining the excess of soda, volumetrically, by an acid. Pure sodium hydrate will decompose 4.1375 times its Aveight of pure chloral hydrate. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Tavo parts by weight 176 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. of pure chloral hydrate are dissolved in nine /parts by weight of alcohol. Amount of drug poAver, rV Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—a. CHLOROFORMUM. Common Name, Chloroform. Formula, CH Cl3. Molecular Weight, 119.5. Origin and Preparation of Chloroform.—Chloral is formed from alcohol and chlorine, and on decomposing chloral by an alkali, chloroform and a formiate of the alkali are produced; the conditions for these tAvo reactions are present on bringing together alcohol and chlorinated lime, the chlorine of Avhich converts the former into chloral, which is at once decomposed by the calcium hydrate, yielding chloro- form and calcium formiate, Ca 2 C H02. Omitting the formation of chloral, the reaction of chlorinated lime upon alcohol is explained bv the equation: 16 Ca 11 CI 02 + 4 C2 H 6 O yields 2 C H Cl3 -f 3 (Ca 2 C H 02) -f- 5 Ca Cl2 + 8 Ca H2 02 + 8 H2 O. Calcium formiate is, hoAvever, not found in the residue of the distillation, but is decomposed by another portion of the chlorinated lime into calcium carbonate and chloride and Avater: 3 (Ca 2 C H 02) -f- 6 Ca H CI 02 yields 6 Ca C 03 + 3 Ca Cl2 -f- 6 H2 O. The theoretical quantity of chloroform obtainable according to these reactions would be 30 per cent. of the Aveight of available chlorine contained in the chlorinated lime; by working on the large scale, the yield of chloroform ranges betAveen 22 and 24 per cent. To prepare chloroform, 6 parts of the assayed chlorinated lime are mixed Avith about 24 parts of water, and the mix- ture strained into a still; one part of stronger alcohol is added and the Avhole heated to 40° C. (122° F.), Avhen the heat is nearly Avholly Avith- drawn. The reaction now proceeds rapidly, the temperature rises and the chloroform mixed Avith some alcohol distils over. The distillate is Avashed Avith Avater, the subsiding layer constitutes crude chloroform. Crude chloroform varies in specific gravity betAveen 1.45 and 1.49, and imparts to strong sulphuric acid, after having been agitated with it, a broAvnish or broAvn color, the degree of coloration depending upon the amount of impurities present. Purification.—Take of commercial chloroform one hundred troy- ounces ; sulphuric acid tAventy troyounces; stronger alcohol twelve fluiddrachms; carbonate of sodium five troyounces; lime in coarse poAvder half a troy ounce; water ten fluidounces. Add the acid to the chloroform, and shake them together occasionally during tAventy-four hours. Separate the lighter liquid, and add to it the carbonate of sodium previously dissolved in the Avater; agitate the mixture thorough- ly for half an hour, and set it aside ; then separate the chloroform from the supernatant layer, and mix it with the alcohol. AVhen the mixture has separated into tAvo transparent layers, transfer the chloroform into a dry retort, add the lime, and distil, by means of a Avater-bath, into a Avell-cooled receiver, taking care that the temperature in the retort HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 177 does not rise above 67.2° C. (153° F.), until one troyounce of residue is left. Keep the distilled liquid in Avell-stoppered bottles. Properties.—Pure chloroform is a limpid colorless liquid, not in- flammable, of an agreeable ethereal odor and not saccharine taste. Its density at 15° C. is 1.499 (Hirsch); but in this state it is very prone to change Avhen in contact Avith air and diffused light; it keeps, hoAvever, entirely unaltered in direct sunlight if the air has been completely ex- pelled from the A'essel. Chloroform reduced by the addition of alcohol to 1.49 is readily decomposed by sunlight, more sloAA'ly Avhen .exposed to diffused daylight. If reduced to the density 1.480 to 1.484, it re- mains unaltered in diffused sunlight for years, and for ten hours in direct sunlight, provided all moisture has been excluded; in the pres- ence of some water, decomposition generally commences. Chloroform beloAV the density 1.475 is not affected by light. This behavior ex- plains the necessity of keeping chloroform of 1.49 protected from the light, AA'hich is not required if the density is lowered to about 1.48 by the addition of one per cent of alcohol. The products of decomposi- tion ha\-e the suffocating odor of phosgene gas, CO Cl2, redden and often bleach moistened blue litmus, and liberate iodine from potassium iodide; even an incipient decomposition is detected by evaporating spontaneously a drachm of chloroform Avith a drop of a neutral solu- tion of litmus AA'hich will thereby acquire a red color. Partially de- composed chloroform may be restored to its original purity by agitating it with solution of sodium carbonate, and rectifying it aftenvards over a little lime. Previous treatment Avith strong sulphuric acid will be necessary only Avhen it becomes colored on being agitated Avith the chloroform. AVhen chloroform is shaken in a perfectly clean glass-stoppered vial, with an equal bulk of sulphuric acid, no color should be imparted to either liquid after remaining in contact for tAventy-four hours. Should a coloration appear, the chloroform must be regarded as unfit for in- halation, and should be purified by the officinal formula. AVhen it is agitated Avith an aqueous solution of nitrate of silver, a Avhite precipi- tate of chloride of silver is not produced. The officinal chloroform placed in a dry flask begins to boil at 61° C. (142° F.). It is slightly soluble in Avater, to Avhich it imparts its taste, and dissolves readily in alcohol, ether, the fixed and volatile oils, benzol and carbon bisulphide ; it dissolves parafin, gutta percha, caoutchouc, many resins, most alka- loids, iodine, bromine, etc. Tests.—The purity of chloroform is ascertained by its complete vola- tility, its neutral reaction, its behavior to concentrated sulphuric acid, nitrate of silver, and iodide of potassium, and by its physical pro- perties. Preparation for Internal Use.—Tavo parts by Aveight of pure chloroform are dissolved in nine parts by Aveight of alcohol. Amount of drug poAver, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class ArI—a. 12 178 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. CHLORUM. Synonym, Chlorinum. Common name, Chlorine. Symbol, CI. Atomic Weight, 35.5. Chlorine was discovered by Scheele (1774). It is a greenish-yelloAv gas, having the sp. gr. 1.47, and becoming liquid at 15° O, under a pressure of four atmospheres. It is a supporter of combustion. AVhen the attempt is made to breathe it, even much diluted, it excites cough and a sense of suffocation, and causes a discharge from the mucous membrane of the nostrils and bronchial tubes. Breathed in consider- able quantities it produces spitting of blood, violent pains, and some- times death. Preparation of Aqua Chlorini (Chlorine Water).—Take of black oxide of manganese in coarse powder, half a troyounce; mu- riatic acid, three troyounces; water, four fluidounces; distilled water, tAventy fluidounces. Introduce the oxide into a flask; add the acid previously diluted with tAvo fluidounces of the Avater, and apply a gen- tle heat. Conduct the generated chlorine by suitable tubes, through the remainder of the water, contained in a small intermediate vessel, to the bottom of a four-pint bottle containing the distilled water, and loosely stopped Avith cotton. AVhen the air has been entirely displaced by the gas, disconnect the bottle from the apparatus, and, having in- serted the stopper, agitate the contents, loosening the stopper from time to time, until the gas ceases to be absorbed. Lastly, pour the chlorine water into a bottle of just sufficient capacity to hold it, stop it securely and keep it in a cool place protected from the light. Properties.—Chlorine water is a clear greenish-yellow liquid pos- sessing the suffocating odor of chlorine, and separating crystals of chlor- ine hydrate when cooled to the freezing point of water. It instantly discharges the color of a diluted solution of indigo, and bleaches vege- table coloring matters generally. Exposed to the light it is decom- posed into hydrochloric acid and oxygen. Tests of Purity.—Chlorine water should evaporate without leav- ing any residue. Agitated with an excess of mercury until the odor of chlorine has disappeared, the remaining liquid reddens litmus paper but slightly if at all (hydrochlorine acid). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The freshly prepared chlorine Avater, according to above formula, contains about three per cent, of chlorine gas; we take one part of it by weight and mix it with tAvo parts by weight of distilled water. Amount of drug power, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—p. CICUTA. Synonyms, Cicuta Virosa, Linn. Cicuta Aquatica. Nat. Ord., Umbelliferse. Common Names, Cow-bane. AATater-hemlock. AATater-parsnip. This perennial plant inhabits the borders of ditches and rivulets, HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 179 swamps, meadows, ponds, lakes, etc., all over Germany and the north and Avest of France ; the root is thick, white, fleshy, elongated, transpar- ent, full of hairs and hollow; it contains in its bark a yelloAv juice; its odor is strong and disagreeable, its taste acrid and caustic; stem straight, from one to tAvo feet high, ramose, fistulous, glabrous, striated; leaves compound, two or three times Avinged with lanceolate, incised leaflets, like the teeth of a saAV; umbels loose, naked; involucelles three or five rayed; floAvers Avhite, uniform; fruit ovoid, furrowed with ten small entire sides. The Avhole plant is very poisonous, proving fatal to most animals Avhich feed upon it, though said to be eaten with im- punity by goats and sheep. Several instances are on record of child- ren Avho have died from eating the root by mistake for parsnip: Preparation.—The fresh root of the plant just coming into bloom is chopped and pounded to a fine pulp and pressed out lege artis in a piece of neAV linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by weight of alcohol. This mixture is alloAved to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. CIMEX LECTULARIUS. Class, Insecta. Order, Heteroptera. Family, Cimicidse. Common Name, Bed-Bug. This insect is too Avell knoAvn to require a description. Preparation.—The live insect, crushed, is covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol. Having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount' of drug poAver, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. CIMICIFUGA. Synonyms, Actsea Racemosa, Linn. Cimicifuga Racemosa, Elliott. Macrotys Racemosa. Nat. Ord., Ranunculacese. Common Names, Black Cohosh. Black Snake Root. This is a tall stately plant, having a perennial root, and a simple herbaceous stem, which rises from four to eight feet in height. The leaves are large, and ternately decompound, having oblong-ovate leaf- lets, incised and toothed at their edges. The flowers are small, white, and disposed in a long, terminal, wand-like raceme, with occasionally one or tAvo shorter racemes near its base. The calyx is white, four- leaved, and deciduous; the petals are minute, and shorter than the stamens; the pistil consists of an oval germ and sessile stigma. The fruit is an ovate capsule containing numerous flat seeds. 180 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. The plant is a native of the United States, growing in shady or rocky Avoods from Canada to Florida, and floAvering in June and July. Preparation.—The fresh root is pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, and having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. CINA. Synonyms, Absinthium Santonica. Artemisia Cina, Berg. Arte- misia Contra. Nat. Ord., Compositse. Common Names, European AVormseed. Levant AArormseed. Tartarian SouthernAVOod. It is known, that the drug brought to market under the name "worm- seed" does not consist of seed, but of the undeveloped floAvers, mixed Avith the scales of the calyx and the pedicels of different species of the genus artemisia. AVe prefer the sort brought to us as Semen Cince Le- vanticse to all others; it consists of small, ovate-oblong, green-yelloAV flowerheads, becoming darker and more brownish by age, Avhose en- velope is formed of tight recumbent, ovate, shining scales. They have a peculiar nauseous-aromatic odor, Avhich is somewhat like camphor, and a rough, loathsome bitterish taste. Preparation.—The dried floAver, finely powdered, is covered with fiAre parts by Aveight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. CINCHONINUM SULPHURICUM. Synonym, Cinchonia Sulphas. Common Name, Sulphate of Cinchonia. Formula, 2 (C20 H24 N2 0). H2 S04. 2H2 0. Molecular Weight, 750. Preparation of Sulphate of Cinchonia.—Take of the mother- Avater, remaining after the crystallization of sulphate of quinia in the process for preparing that salt, a convenient quantity; solution of soda, alcohol, diluted sulphuric acid, animal charcoal in fine poAvder, each a sufficient quantity. To the mother-Avater add gradually, Avith constant stirring, solution of soda, until the liquid becomes alkaline. Collect on a filter the precipitate formed, Avash it Avith Avater, and dry it. Then Avash it Avith successive small portions of alcohol, to remove other alka- loids Avhich may be present. Mix the residue Avith eight times its HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 181 Aveight of water, and, having heated the mixture, add gradually diluted sulphuric acid, until it is neutralized and becomes clear. Then boil the liquid Avith animal charcoal, filter it Avhile hot, and set it aside to crystallize. Lastly, drain the crystals, and dry them on bibulous paper. By evaporating the mother liquid more crystals may be obtained. Properties. — Sulphate of cinchonia crystallizes in hard trans- parent, oblique prisms, Avhich have a glassy lustre, lose their (4.8 per cent.) Avater of crystallization at 100° C. (212° F.), fuse like Avax at a someAvhat higher temperature, then acquire a handsome red color, and finally burn, giving off a peculiar empyreumatic odor, and leaving no residue. It is apt to form supersaturated solutions Avith Avater, of Avhich it requires 14 parts to dissolve it at the boiling, and 54 parts at the ordinary temperature. It requires 1.5 of boiling and 5.8 parts of cold 80 per cent, alcohol for solution, dissolves in 60 parts of chloroform, readily in dilute acids, and is almost insoluble in ether. Its solutions have a very bitter taste, and are destitute of fluorescence. Tests.—The aqueous solution yields precipitates Avith tannin, bi- carbonate of potassium, ammonia, chloride of gold, iodohydrargyrate of potassium, phosphomolybdic acid, and other reagents for alkaloids. Chlorine AA'ater added to its solution and afterAvards ammonia do not produce a green coloration (quinia and quinidia), but a Avhite precipi- tate of cinchonia. The solution yields a Avhite precipitate with barium chloride (sulphate), Avhich is insoluble in dilute hydrochloric acid. The crystals contain r means of steel pincers, is triturated as directed under Class ATI'I. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 217 ELATERIUM. Synonyms, Cucumis Agrestis. Ecbalium Officinarum, Richard. Momordica Elaterium, Linn. Nat. Ord., Cucurbitacea?. Common Names, Elaterium. Squirting Cucumber. The wild or squirting cucumber is a perennial plant, Avith a large fleshy root, from which rise several round, thick, rough stems, branch- ing and trailing like the common cucumber, but Avithout tendrils. The leaves are petiolate, large, rough, irregularly cordate, and of a grayish- green color. The floAvers are yelloAv, and proceed from the axils of the leaves. The fruit has the shape of a small oval cucumber, about an inch and a half long, an inch thick, of a greenish or grayish color, and covered with stiff hairs or prickles. AVhen fully ripe, it separates from the peduncle, and throws out its juice and seeds Avith considerable force through an opening at the base, Avhere it was attached to the footstalk. The name of squirting cucumber Avas derived from this circumstance, and the scientific and officinal title is supposed to have had a similar origin; though some authors maintain that the term elaterium Avas applied to the medicine, rather from the mode of its operation upon the bowels, than from the projectile property of the fruit. This species of momordica is a native of the south of Europe, and is cultivated in Great Britain. Preparation.—The fruit, not quite ripe, is pounded to a pulp, and pressed out lege artis in a piece of neAV linen. The, expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by Aveight of alco- hol, ami alloAved to stand eight days, in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. ELEIS GUINEENSIS, Jacquin. Nat. Ord., Palma?. Common Name, Palm Tree. This species is spread all over South America; it prefers cultivated and sunny regions. Its trunk, which is from tA\*enty-five to thirty feet high, is covered by the persistent bases of the leaves. The top-leaves form a thick tuft; they are large, pinnate, Avith numerous folicles, ensi- form, alternate and sessile, attached to a strong rachis or spike, the petioler portion of Avhich is garnished with long and sharp prickles. The floAvers are monoecious, Avith a papyraceous perianthus having six divisions. The male floAvers have six stamens and three internal, erect and converging folioles. They form ramose spathes in fusiform masses, placed between the bases of the leaves. The female floAvers are scat- tered ; the ovary is sub-cylindrical, surmounted by a short style Avith a bilobate stigma. The fruit is oval, oleaginous, of a reddish-yellow, surrounded by a hard and angular pericarp. Preparation.—The ripe fruit is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class IN. 218 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. EPIGiEA REPENS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Ericacea?. Common Names, Trailing Arbutus. Ground Laurel. This indigenous plant groAvs in sandy Avoods and rocky soils, gener- ally preferring the sides of hills, Avith a northern exposure. It is more commonly found eastward. A prostrate or trailing, scarcely shrubby, plant, bristly with rusty hairs, Avith evergreen and reticulated rounded and heart-shaped alternate leaA'es, on slender petioles, and with rose- colored flowers in small axillary clusters, from scaly bracts. Flowers appear in early spring, and exhale a rich, spicy fragrance. Corolla salver-form; the tube hairy inside, as long as the ovate-lanceolate pointed and scale-like nearly distinct sepals. Stamens ten, Avith slen- der filaments; anthers oblong, aAvuless, opening lengthAvise. Style slender, its apex forming a sort of ring or collar around and partly adnate to the five little lobes of the stigma. Pod depressed-globular, fh'e-lobed, fh'e-celled, many-seeded. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are pounded to a fine pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, I. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. EQUISETUM ARVENSE, Linn. Nat. Ord., Equisetacea?. Common Names, Common Horsetail. Horsetail Rush. This is a leafless plant, growing in dam]) soil in Europe and North America. It has a simple, smooth, fertile stem, appearing in March or April. The barren stems are slender, about tAvo feet long, green, jointed, about twelve-furroAved, with simple or compound quadrangular branches, bearing at the joints four scales. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole Avell, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and fil- tering. Drug poAver of tincture, L Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. EQUISETUM HYEMALE.DiH. Nat. Ord., Equisetacea?. Common Names, Scouring Rush. Sha\-e-grass. This is a leafless plant, groAving in damp soil in Europe and North America. It has a simple stem about two feet long, round, grooved, HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 219 the ridges rough, and at the joints Avith sheaths of about twenty nar- roAV teeth, having a black girdle at the base and tip. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and fil- tering. Drug power of tincture, -,-. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ERECHTHITES HIERACIFOLIA, Rafinesque. Synonym, Senecio Hieracifolius, Linn. Nat. Ord., Composita\ Common Names, FireAveed. Firewood. This is an indigenous plant, growing in moist Avoods; common, espe- cially northAvard, and in recent clearings, Avhere the ground has been burned over; whence the popular name. Its stem is from one to fhre feet high, grooved, and often hairy. Its leaves are alternate, lanceo- late or oblong, acute, cut-toothed, sessile; the upper Avith an auricled clasjiing base. Flowers Avhitish, in paniculate-corymbed heads. The flowers all tubular and fertile; the marginal pistillate, Avith a slender corolla. Scales of the cylindrical involucre in a single toav, linear, acute, Avith a feAV small bractlets at the base. Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong, tapering at the end. Pappus copious, of very fine, Avhite soft hairs. The plant has a very rank smell. Flowers appear from July to September.. Preparation.—The fresh plant, in floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Drug power of tincture, I. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ERIGERON CANADENSE, Linn. Nat. Ord., Composite?-Asteroidea?. Common Names, Canada Fleabane. Colt's Tail. Pride AVeed. Scabious. This is an indigenous annual plant, with a stem from two to six feet high, covered Avith stiff hairs, and diATided into many branches. The leaves are linear-lanceolate and edged Avith hairs; those at the root are dentate. The flowers are very small, numerous, Avhite, and arranged in terminal panicles. They differ from those of the other species of Erigeron in having an oblong calyx, the rays very minute 220 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. and more numerous than the florets of the disk, and the seed-doAvn simple. Canada fleabane is very common throughout the northern and middle sections of the United States, and has become naturalized in many parts of Europe. It abounds in neglected fields, and blooms in July and August. Preparation.—The fresh plant Avhen in bloom is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alco- hol are taken,, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight davs in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decant- ing, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ERIODICTYON CALIFORNICUM, Bentham. Synonyms, Eriodictyon Glutinosum, Bentham. Yerba Santa. Nat. Ord., Hydrophyllacea?. Common Names, Mountain Balm. Consumptive's AA'eed. Bear's AVeed. This is an evergreen shrub, from tAvo to three feet high. The leaves are alternate, petiolate, tAvo or three inches long, elliptic-lanceolate, subentire or finely dentate, Avith the upper surface smooth, green, and varnished Avith a resinous exudation, and the lower surface Avhite, hairy, and delicately reticulated by a network of veins. It has axillary and terminal racemose clusters of shoAvy purplish-blue floAvers, Avith a funnel-shaped corolla and five stamens, and ovoid, semi-transparent capsules supported by the persistent fi\re-lobed calyx, and containing about twenty seeds. The shrub is found growing thriftily among the rocks on the mountain ranges of central California southAvard to northern Mexico. Upon bruising the leaves their balsamic odor becomes more apparent; their taste is aromatic, balsamic, and free from bitterness. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and haA'ing mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ERYNGIUM AQUATICUM, Linn. Synonyms, Eryngium Petiolatum. Eryngium Yucca?folium. Nat. Ord., Umbellifera?. Common Names, Button Snakeroot. AVater Eryngo. This is an indigenous herbaceous plant, with a perennial tuberous HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 221 root, and a stem two or three feet high, sometimes, according to Pursch, six feet, generally branching by forks, but trichotomous above. The lea\'es are very long, linear-lanceolate on the upper part of the stem, SAVord-shaped below, Avith bristly spines at distant intervals upon their margin. The floral leaves are lanceolate and dentate. The flowers are Avhite or pale, and in globose heads, Avith the leaflets of the invol- ucrum shorter than the head, and, like the scales of the receptacle, entire. Involucrum many-leaved. Proper calyx five-parted, superior, persistent. Corolla of five petals. Receptacle foliaceous, segments acute or cuspidate. Fruit bipartite. This plant is found in Ioav Avet places, as far south as Alrginia or North Carolina. Its period of Aoav- ering is August. The root has a bitter, pungent, aromatic taste, pro- A'oking, Avhen cheAved, a Aoav of sahva. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After haA'ing stirred the whole Avell, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ERYNGIUM MARITIMUM. Nat. Ord., Umbellifera?. Common Name, Sea Holly. This plant is a native of Europe, and Northern Africa, groAving on sandy shores. Rootstock creeping, stoloniferous. Stems one to tAvo feet high, stout, three-chotomously branches. Radical leaves two to five inches in diameter, suberbicular three-lobed spinous, margins car- tilaginous; cauline palmate. Heads about three together, half-an-inch to one inch in diameter, at length ovoid. Primary involucre of three bracts; partiaLof five to seven OA^ate spinous-serrate bracts; bracteoles trifid, equalling the floAvers. Flowers one-eighth inch in diameter, bluish-Avhite, appearing in July and August. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. EUGENIA JAMBOS, Linn. Synonyms, Jambosa Vulgaris, De Candol'e. Myrtus Jambos. Nat. Ord., Myrtacea?. Common Names, Malabar Plum-tree. Rose-apple. This beautiful tree is a native of the Indies and the Avarm countries 222 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. of America; it is never Avithout floAvers or fruit, and attains a height of twenty to forty feet; the bark of the trunk is of a reddish-brown, that of the branches cracked but smooth; leaves alternate, entire, lan- cinated, veined, and full of points, in length six to eight lines, of a deep green aboA'e, pale green beloAV; peduncles terminal, ramose, mul- tifloral; flowers large, of a dull yellow; fruit almost spherical, of the size of a medium pear, of a fine pale yelloAv, approaching to the rose; seeds monosperous, Avith four angles, and enveloped in a thin pellicle; the fruit is eaten, but the seeds, and above all the envelope, are con- sidered poisonous; the root of this tree, it is said, contains one of the most violent poisons. Preparation.—The fresh seeds are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS, La Billiardiere. Nat. Ord., Myrtacea?. Common Names, Fever-tree. Australian Gum-tree. This is one of the largest known trees, attaining sometimes a height of three hundred or even three hundred and fifty feet, with a smooth ash-colored bark, leaves a foot in length, varying, according to age, from a glaucous-Avhite to a bluish-green color, and large pinkish-white axillary floAvers, sometimes single, sometimes in clusters. Although its Avood is very resinous, hard, and durable, the tree is remarkable for the rapidity of its groAvth, reaching, under favorable circumstances, fifty feet of height in five or six years. It flourishes best in valleys having a rich moist soil, and has very largely been naturalized in semi-tropical countries, partly on account of its economic value, but chiefly because of the reputation it enjoys as a means of overcoming malaria. It is a native of Australia, but large forests of it have been planted in Alge- ria and southern Europe, and its culture is spreading to California, Florida, and other of our Southern States. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole Avell, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and fil- tering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 223 EUONYMUS ATROPURPUREUS, Jacquin. Synonyms, Euonymus Caroliniensis. Euonymus Tristis. Nat. Ord., Celastracea?. Common Names, AVahoo. Spindle-tree. Burning-bush. This is a tall (from six to twenty feet in height), erect shrub, Avith quadrangular branchlets, and opposite, petiolate, oval-oblong, pointed, serrate leaves. The floAvers, Avhich stand in loose cymes on axillary peduncles, are small and dark purple, Avith sepals and petals commonly in fours. The capsule or pod is smooth.and deeply lobed. The plant is indigenous, groAving throughout the Northern and AVcstern States, and sometimes cultivated for the beauty of its crimson fruit. _ Preparation.—The fresh bark of the twigs and root, of the uncul- tivated plant, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bot- tle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, ,■. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. EUONYMUS EUROPiEUS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Celastracea?. Common Name, Spindle-tree. The common spindle-tree is a bush occurring everyAvhere in Europe in hedges and bushes, becoming sometimes as large as a tree. It has lanceolate, at the margin crenate leaves, and small pale green, raceme- like, four-petaled floAvers, sitting on forky-partite peduncles. The fleshy seed-capsule, rose-colored, Avhen ripe, mostly quadrilocular, contains as many roundish, saffron-yelloAV seeds, of a disagreeable smell and bitter taste. Preparation.—The fresh fruit, as soon as it begins to turn red, is pounded to a pulp, and pressed out lege artis in a piece of neAV linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by AA'eight of alcohol, and alloAved to stand eight days in a well- stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. EUPATORIUM AROMATICUM, Linn. Nat. Ord., Composite. Common Names, Pool Root. AVhite Snake-Root. This is an indigenous plant, groAving in copses, from Massachusetts to Virginia and southAvard, near the coast. The entire plant is smooth or slightly downy. The stem is slender, nearly simple, about tAvo feet high, terminating in large, Avhite flower-heads. Leaves on short petioles, opposite, ovate, rather obtusely toothed, not pointed, and 224 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. thickish. The heads are tAventy to thirty-floAvered; the scales of the involucre nearly equal and in one toav. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered in autumn, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly -with one- sixth part of it the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM, Linn. Synonym, Eupatorium Sal\'ia?folium. Nat. Ord., Composite. Common Names, Ague AVeed. Boneset. ThorougliAvort. ATeg- etable Antimony. This is an indigenous perennial plant, with numerous herbaceous stems, Avhich are erect, round, hairy, from tAvo to five feet high, simple below and trichotomously branched near the summit. The leaves serve to distinguish the species at the first glance. They may be con- sidered either as perforated by the stem, perfoliate, or as consisting each of two leaves, joined at the base, connate. In the latter point of vieAv they are opposite and in pairs, Avhich decussate each other at regular distances upon the stem; in other Avords, the direction of each pair is at right angles Avith that of the pair immediately above or be- neath it. They are narrow in proportion to their length, broadest at the base Avhere they coalesce, gradually tapering to a point, seri'ate, much Avrinkled, paler on the under than the upper surface, and beset with Avhitish hairs, Avhich give them a grayish-green color. The up- permost pairs are sessile, not joined at the base. The flowers are Avhite, numerous, supported on hairy peduncles, in dense corymbs, forming a flattened summit. The calyx, Avhich is cylindrical and com- posed of imbricated, lanceolate, hairy scales, encloses from tAvelve to fifteen tubular florets, having their border divided into five spreading segments. The anthers are five, black, and united into a tube, through Avhich the bifid filiform style projects. This species of Eupatorium inhabits meadows, the banks of streams and other moist places, groAving generally in bunches, and abounding in almost all parts of the United States. It floAvers from the middle of summer to the end of October. Preparation.— The fresh herb, just in bloom, is chopped and pounded to a fine pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After ha\ung stirred thr; Avhole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decant- ing, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, L Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS-. 225 EUPATORIUM PURPUREUM, Linn. Nat, Ord., Composita?. Common Names, Gravel-root. Joe Pye AVeed. Purple Boneset. Queen of the MeadoAv, Trumpet AVeed. This is a perennial herbaceous plant, Avith a purple stem, five or six feet in height, and furnished Avith ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rogusely veined, slightly scabrous, petiolate leaves, placed four or five together in the form of whorls. The floAvers are purple, and consist of numer- ous florets contained in an eight-leaved calyx. It grows in swamps and other low grounds, from Canada to Virginia, and flowers in August and September. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered in autumn, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAA'er of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. EUPHORBIA COROLLATA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Euphorbiacea?. Common Names, Bowman's Root. Large-flowering Spurge. Milk AVeed. Wild Ipecac. This is an erect plant, Avith a large, perennial, branching, yelloAvish root, Avhich sends up several stems from two to five feet in height, round and generally simple. The leaves, Avhich stand irregularly upon the stem, and without footstalks, are oblong-obovate, Avedge-form or linear, flat or revolute at the margin, smooth in some plants, and hairy in others. The floAvers are disposed upon a large terminal umbel, Avith a five-leaved involucrum, and five trifid and dichotomous rays, at each fork of AA'hich are tAvo oblong bracts. The calyx is large, rotate, white, AA'ith five obtuse segments closely resembling a corolla, from Avhich the species has been named. At the base of these divisions are five inter- ior smaller segments, Avhich are described as nectaries by many syste- matic writers, Avhile the larger are considered as belonging to a real corolla. The stamens are twelve, evolving gradually, Avith double anthers. Many floAvers have only stamens. The pistil, Avhen existing, is stipitate, nodding, rounded, Avith three bifid styles. The fruit is a smooth, three-celled, three-seeded capsule. The plant groAvs in various parts of the United States, from Canada to Florida, and abounds in AVestern Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Vir- ginia. It prefers a dry, barren, and sanly soil, seldom growing in woods or on the borders of streams. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp with one-sixth part of it, the rest of 15 226 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. the alcohol is added. After'having stirred the whole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. EUPHORBIA HYPERCIFOLIA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Euphorbiacea?. Common Names, Milk Parsley. Spurge. This plant is indigenous to the United States, where it is very com- mon, in open places, and cultivated soils. Its stem is smooth or with scattered hairs, ascending or erect, from one to two feet high; leaves oblique at the obtuse or slightly cordate base, ovate-oblong or oblong- linear, sometimes falcate, serrate (half-an-inch to one and half an inch long), often Avith a red spot or red margins; stipules triangular; pe- duncles longer than the petioles, collected in loose leafly cymes at the end of the branches; appendages of the involucre entire, larger and Avhite, or smaller and sometimes red; pod glabrous, obtusely angled; seeds ovate obtusely angled, Avrinkled and tubercled, half a line long, blackish. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. EUPHORBIA VILLOSA. Synonyms, Euphorbia Pilosa, Linn. Euphorbia Sylvestris. Nat. Ord., Euphorbiacea?. Common Name, Spurge. This variety is indigenous to Europe from south France and Ger- many southwards, and Avestern Siberia, where it is found groAving in copses and hedges. Rootstock stout; stems one to three feet high, stout, leafy, much branched above; leaves two to five inches long, obtuse, narrowed at the base, loAver obscurely petioled, upper sessile; bracts short, often orbicular; involucre large; glands large, oblonc, purple; capsule one-fifth inch long, glands prominent, with pencils of hairs; seeds broad, brown. Flowers appear in May and June. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 227 EUPHORBIUM. Synonyms, Euphorbia Resinifera, Berg. Euphorbium Tenella. Nat. Ord., Euphorbiacea?. Common Name, Euphorbium. This plant is indigenous to the loAver slopes of the Atlas Mountains of Morocco. It has an ascending, cactus-like, fleshy, quadrangular stem Avith spreading branches, and, instead of leaves, is furnished with diver- gent, spinescent stipules, situated in pairs on the angles; the floAvers are in pedunculate cymes of three, or rarely more. On wounding the branches a milk-juice exudes, Avhich hardens upon the plant, usually encrusting the spines. Euphorbium as found in the shops is in roundish, someAvhat three-cornered, cylindrical, or irregular pieces, varying con- siderably in size, the largest measuring nearly an inch. The shape is influenced by the portion of the plant around which the exudation is hardened, and most pieces are observed Avith one or more holes, and inclosing fragments of the spines, flowers, or fruit. Euphorbium is broAvnish-yellow, someAvhat translucent, brittle, nearly inodorous; but the dust excites violent sneezing, and, if inhaled, acts as an acrid poison. The taste is at first slight, aftenvards burning and acrid. AVhen heated it gives off a faint odor, suggesting that of benzoin, afterwards fuses and burns Avith a bright, sooty flame. Preparation.—The poAvdered gum resin is covered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days in a well-stop- pered bottle in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. EUPHRASIA. Synonym, Euphrasia Officinalis, Linn. Nat. Ord., Scrophulariacea?. Common Name, Eyebright. This little annual plant grows in the meadows, on the borders of forests, all over Europe. The root is very small, hairy; the stem rounded, doAvny, from five to twelve inches high, ramose at the base, and sometimes simple; leaves alternate, sessile, oval, obtuse, glabrous, thick, sharp-toothed; floAvers axillary, in a terminal spike; calyx cylindric, four-leaved ; corolla white, labiated, lobed ; capsule double, oval, oblong; anthers two-horned, spinous at the base, on one of the lobes. Preparation.—The fresh plant, omitting the root, gathered when in flower in July and August, principally from meagre, sunny places, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then take two-thirds by weight of alcohol, and moisten the chopped plant with as much of it as is necessary to make a thick pulp, and stir it Avell. Then add the rest of the alcohol, mix thoroughly and strain lege artis through a piece of neAV linen. The tincture thus obtained is alloAved to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. 228 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Drug poAver of tincture, I. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. EUPION. This is one of the products resulting from the dry distillation of wood. Mention is made of it under the preparation of Kreosotum. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of eupion is dissolved in fifty parts by weight of 95 per cent, alcohol. Drug poAver of tincture, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—ft. FAGOPYRUM ESCULENTUM, Mcench. Synonym, Polygonum Fagopyrum, Linn. Nat. Ord., Polygonacea?. Common Name, BuckAvheat. This is an annual, indigenous to Central Asia, but is cultivated in most parts of the world. Its stem is smooth, with triangular heart- shaped or halberd-shaped leaves, semi-cylindrical sheaths, and corymbose racemes or pannicles of Avhite floAvers, often tinged with green or rose- color. Calyx petal-like, equally five-parted, withering and nearly un- changed in fruit. Stamens eight, and eight honey-bearing, yellow glands, interposed between the stamens. Styles three, stigma capitate. Aschenium three-sided, acute and entire, longer than the calyx. Em- bryo large, in the centre of the albumen, which it divides into two parts, Avith very broad and foliaceous plated and twisted cotyledons. Preparation.—The fresh, mature plant, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Amount of drug power, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. FARFARA. Synonym, Tussilago Farfara, Linn. Nat. Ord., Compositae. Common Name, Coltsfoot. Coltsfoot is a perennial herb, indigenous to Europe and Northern Asia, and groAvs in damp clayey soil, and along ditches and brooks. The rhizome is creeping, twelve to eighteen inches long, radiating on the nodes, and of a grayish-Avhite or pale broAvnish color. The leaves appear after the flowers, and are radical, long-petiolate, four to six inches long and broad, roundish heart-shaped, angular-toothed, dark green and smooth above, and AA'hite tomentose beneath. The leaves are rather fleshy Avhile fresh. The floAver-heads are smaller than those of dandelion, make their appearance in early spring upon scaly scapes, HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 229 and have a cylindrical involucre of lance-linear scales, in a single row, numerous yelloAv narrowly ligulate pistillate ray florets in many toavs, and about tAventy tubular staminate disk florets. The pappus is long, silky-hairy, and white. Preparation.—The fresh herb is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days, in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, jr. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. FERRI ET STRYCHNIA CITRAS. Citrate of Iron and Strychnia. Preparation of Citrate of Iron and Strychnia.—Take of citrate of iron and ammonium five hundred grains; strychnia, citric acid, each five grains; distilled Avater nine fluid drachms. Dissolve the citrate of iron and ammonium in a fluid ounce, and the strychnia together Avith the citric acid in a fluid drachm of the distilled water. Mix the two solutions, evaporate the mixture by means of a Avater- bath, at a temperature not exceeding 140° F., to the consistence of syrup; and spread it upon plates of glass, so that the salt, Avhen it is dry, may be obtained in scales. This is simply a mixture of citrate of strychnia Avith ammonio-ferric citrate, scaled in precisely the same manner as the other iron prepara- tions. Properties and Tests.—It closely resembles ammonio-citrate of iron in appearance, but differs from it in the distinctly bitter taste and in the Avhite precipitate produced by ammonia, the precipitate being soluble in boiling alcohol, from Avhich, if the solution is sufficiently concentrated, crystals will be obtained giving the peculiar reactions of strychnia. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use. — Citrate of iron and strychnia is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. FERRUM. Synonyms, Ferrum Metallicum. Ferrum Reductum. Ferrum Hydrogenio Reductum. Common Name, Iron. Preparation of Iron by Hydrogen.—Take of subcarbonate of iron thirty troy ounces. AVash the subcarbonate thoroughly Avith water, until no traces of sulphate of sodium are indicated by the appropriate tests, and calcine it in a shalloAV vessel until free from moisture. Then spread it upon a tray, made by bending an oblong piece of sheet iron in the form of an incomplete cylinder, and intro- duce this into a wrought iron reduction-tube, of about four inches in 230 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. diameter. Place the reduction-tube in a charcoal furnace; and, by means of a self-regulating hydrogen generator, pass through it a stream of hydrogen gas, previously purified by bubbling successively through a solution of subacetate of lead diluted Avith three times its volume of water, and through milk of lime, severally contained in four-pint bottles about one-third filled. Connect Avith the further extremity of the reduction-tube a lead tube bent so as to dip into water. Make all the junctions air-tight by appropriate lutes; and, when the hydrogen has passed long enough to fill the whole of the apparatus to the ex- clusion of atmospheric air, light the fire, and bring that part of the reduction-tube occupied by the subcarbonate to a dull red heat, which must be kept up so long as the bubbles of hydrogen, breaking from the Avater covering the orifice of the lead tube, are accompanied by visible aqueous vapor. AVhen the reduction is completed, remove the fire, and alloAV the whole to cool to the ordinary temperature, keeping up, during the refrigeration, a moderate current of hydrogen through the apparatus. AVithdraAV the product from the reduction-tube, and, should any portion of it be black instead of iron-gray, separate such portion for use in a subsequent operation. Lastly, having powdered the reduced iron, keep it in a well-stoppered bottle. AVhen thirty troy ounces of subcarbonate of iron are operated on, the process occupies from five to eight hours. Properties.—Reduced iron is a very fine gray powder, free from metallic lustre, but exhibiting metallic streaks Avhen rubbed Avith firm pressure in a mortar, and yielding a lustrous scale when struck on an anvil Avith a hammer. It is Avholly dissolved by dilute hydrochloric or sulphuric acid with the evolution of hydrogen, which is free from a nox- ious odor, and does not impart a black color to filtering paper moistened with solution of lead acetate, stretched over the orifice of the test-tube; the black color would be due to the presence of sulphur resulting from the sulphate which remains in incompletely washed ferric hydrate. The solution obtained should not assume a red color when tested with sulphocyanide of potassium, proving the absence of ferric or rather magnetic oxide; the presence of magnetic oxide is indicated by the black instead of gray color of the powder. Treated Avith iodine or bromine, dissolved in solutions of potassium iodide or bromide, the iron Avill be all dissolved, while the black oxide remains behind ; the former is used as a test by the British, the latter by the German Pharmaco- poeia, both permitting 50 per cent residue, which should be completely soluble in hydrochloric acid. AVhen reduced iron is touched Avith a lighted taper, it ignites and burns to brown ferric oxide. Tests.—The pharmaceutical purity of reduced iron is indicated by the behavior described above. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure reduced iron is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 231 FERRUM ACETICUM. Synonyms, Ferri Acetas. Ferric Acetate. Ferrum Oxydatum Aceticum. Common Name, Acetate of Iron. Formula, Fe2 6 C2 II3 02. Preparation of Acetate of Iron.—Take of solution of persul- phate of iron tAvo and a half fluid ounces; acetate of potash two ounces (avoird.); rectified spirit eighteen fluid ounces. Dissolve the acetate of potash in ten fluid ounces, and add the persulphate of iron to eight fluid ounces of the spirit; then mix the two solutions in a two-pint bottle, and shake them Avell- together, repeating the agitation several times during an hour. After alloAving the precipitate to settle, the clear liquid is decanted and evaporated at a temperature of about 60° C. (140° F.), until a dry mass remains, Avhich must be preserved in a Avell-stoppered bottle. On mixing solutions of ferric sulphate and potassium acetate, the mixture assumes a dark, blood-red color from the formation of ferric acetate; Fe2 3 S04 + 6 KC2 H3 02 yields Fe2 6 C2 H3 02 + 3 K2 S04. The sulphate of potassium Avhich is produced at the same time, being insoluble in alcohol, is precipitated, the clear liquid being an al- coholic solution of ferric acetate needs but to be cautiously evaporated to dryness. Tests.—The alcoholic solution of acetate of iron, being precipitated by an excess of ammonia, yields a filtrate which is not precipitated by sulphuretted hydrogen (zinc, etc.), barium chloride (sulphate); or, after having been acidulated with nitric acid, by nitrate of silver; and, on being evaporated at the boiling temperature does not leave any fixed residue. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of acetate of iron is dissolved in nine parts by weight of distilled Avater. Amount of drug poAver, -j^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. The solutions and dilutions do not keep Avell, and should therefore always be freshly prepared. Triturations are prepared as directed under Class VII. FERRUM ARSENICICUM. Synonyms, Ferri Arsenias. Ferrum Arseniatum. Tri-ferric Di- arseniate. Common Name, Arseniate of Iron. Formula, 2 Fe3 As2 08. 4 Fe As 04. Fe2 03. 32 H2 O. Molecular Weight, 2408. Preparation of Arseniate of Iron.—Take of sulphate of iron, nine ounces; arseniate of soda dried at 300° F., four ounces;_ acetate of soda, three ounces; boiling distilled water, a sufficiency. Dissolve the arseniate and acetate of soda in tAvo pints, and the sulphate of iron in three pints of the Avater, mix the tAvo solutions, collect the Avhite preci- pitate Avhich forms, on a calico filter, and Avash until the Avashings cease 232 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. to be affected by a dilute solution of chloride of barium. Squeeze the Avashed precipitate betAveen folds of strong linen in a screAv press, and dry it on porous bricks in a warm air-chamber, whose temperature shall not exceed 100° F. On mixing solutions of ferrous sulphate and the officinal disodium arseniate, a Avhite precipitate takes piace, which is a mixture of ferrous arseniate (Fe3 As2 08), and ferrous hydrarseniate (Fe2 H4 As2 03). In the presence of sodium acetate, hoAvever, only the former is preci- pitated, and free acetic acid is found in the liquid besides sulphate of sodium. The reaction occurs as folloAvs: 3 Fe S04 -f- 2 Na2 H As 04 + 2 Na C2 H3 02 = Fe3 As2 08 + 2 H C2 H3 02 + 3 Na2 S04. The Avhite precipitate is very bulky, and while being washed to free it from the mother-liquor and dried, it is oxidized and converted into ferroso-ferric arseniate of the formula given above. The change is indicated by the gradual disappearance of the white color until the salt finally becomes blue-green. In the reaction and final result the process corresponds nearly with the one for the officinal phosphate of iron. Properties and Tests.—Arseniate of iron is a green or blue- green amorphous poAvder, insoluble in Avater and alcohol, but dissolv- ing readily in dilute hydrochloric acid, yielding a bright yellow solu- tion, in which blue precipitates are produced with both ferrocyanide and ferricyanide of potassium, and Avhich yields with sulphuretted hydrogen first a milkiness (sulphur) and aftenvards a yelloAv preci- pitate of sulphide of arsenic. It contains nearly 24 per cent, of water, most of which is expelled when heated to 100° C. (212° F.). If the heat is increased, a crystalline sublimate of arsenious acid is obtained. It may be distinguished from phosphate of iron, which resembles it in appearance, by boiling a small portion with an excess of caustic soda, filtering and neutralizing exactly with nitric acid, when a brick-red precipitate of arseniate of silver will be produced on the addition of silver nitrate. Phosphate of iron, similarly treated, yields a yellow precipitate. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure arseniate of iron is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. FERRUM BROMICUM. Synonym, Ferri Bromidum. Common Name, Bromide of Iron. Formula, Fe Br2. Molecular Weight, 216. Preparation of Bromide of Iron.—It is prepared by gradu- ally adding two parts of bromine to one part of iron filings or Avire, contained under Avater, and digesting until the liquid has a greenish color, when it is filtered and evaporated in an iron dish to dryness. Properties.—It forms a grayish-black mass which, on exposure to air, acquires a broAvn color through oxidation. On being heated to redness in contact with the atmosphere, it is converted into ferric oxide and ferric bromide, the latter subliming in yellow scales. It is danger- ously poisonous. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 233 Preparation for Homoeopathic Use. — The pure bromide of iron is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. FERRUM CARBONICUM. Synonyms, Ferri Carbonas Saccharata. Ferrous Carbonate. Common Name, Saccharated Carbonate of Iron. Formula, Fe Co3. H2 O. Molecular Weight, 134. Preparation.—Five parts of pure sulphate of iron, dissolved in twenty parts of distilled Avater, are mixed with four parts of bicarbon- ate of soda dissolved in fifty parts of distilled Avater, and for two hours exposed to a temperature of 100° C. (180° F.). The precipitate thor- oughly freed from sulphuric acid, collected and as Avell pressed out as possible, is then mixed Avith eight parts by weight of sugar and thor- oughly dried in a Avater-bath. This preparation contains one-fifth of ferrum carb., and when tritu- rated Avith the same quantity of sugar of milk gives the 1st decimal trituration. Further triturations are prepared as directed under Class VII. FERRUM IODATUM. Synonyms, Ferri Iodidum. Ferrous Iodide. Common Name, Iodide of Iron. Formula, Fe I2. Molecular Weight, 310. Preparation of Iodide of Iron.—Take of fine iron wire, one and a half ounces; iodine, three ounces; distilled Avater, fifteen fluid ounces. Put the iodine, iron, and twelve ounces of the Avater into a flask, and having heated the mixture gently for about ten minutes, raise the heat and boil until the froth becomes Avhite. Pass the solution as quickly as possible through a wet calico filter into a dish of polished iron, Avashing the filter with the remainder of the Avater, and boil down until a drop of the solution taken out on the end of an iron wire solidifies on cooling. The liquid should now be poured out on a porcelain dish, and, as soon as it has solidified, should be broken into fragments and inclosed in a well-stoppered bottle. Iodine unites Avith iron in the presence of Avater, forming a green solution of ferrous iodide Avhich, on evaporation, is readily oxidized; hence the direction to evaporate in a polished iron dish, Avhich, Iioav- ever, cannot prevent the formation of oxide, or possibly oxy-iodide of iron. The residuary salt is therefore never completely soluble in water. Properties and Tests.—According to De Luca, pure anhydrous ferrous iodide is Avhite and, in the presence of moisture, greenish. The British Pharmacopoeia requires it to be green Avith a tinge of broAvn. Bv the officinal process, hoAvever, it is usually obtained as a steel-gray laminated mass, Avith a metallic lustre, fusing at about 177° C. (350° F.) and evolving vapors of iodine. It is deliquescent when pure, dis- 234 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. solves readily Avith a green color in Avater, also in glycerin and alcohol, the solution yielding a dark blue precipitate with potassium ferri- cyanide, and separating iodine on the addition of a little chlorine Avater, when on the further addition of mucilage of starch a blue color- ation will be produced. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure and freshly prepared iodide of iron is triturated as directed under Class VII. FERRUM LACTICUM. Synonyms, Ferri Lactas. Ferrous Lactate. Oxyduli Ferri. Common Name, Lactate of Iron. Formula, Fe 2 C3 H5 03. 3 H2 O. Molecular Weight, 288. Preparation of Lactate of Iron.—Take of lactic acid, a fluid ounce; iron, in the form of filings, half a troy ounce; distilled Avater, a sufficient quantity. Mix the acid Avith a pint of distilled Avater in an iron vessel, add the iron, and digest the mixture on the Avater-bath, supplying distilled Avater, from time to time, to preserve the measure. AVhen the action has ceased, filter the solution Avhile hot into a porce- lain capsule, and set it aside to crystallize. At the end of forty-eight hours decant the liquid, Avash the crystals with a little alcohol, and dry them on bibulous paper. By evaporating the mother-water in an iron vessel to one-half, filtering it Avhile hot, and setting the liquid aside, more, crystals may be obtained. The iron unites directly Avith the acid, displacing thebasylous hydro- gen, the solution of ferrous lactate merely requiring to be eA'aporated and crystallized. Properties.—It is a greenish-Avhite or yellowish crystalline poAvder or crusts, having a SAveetish and mild chalybeate taste, and containing 19 per cent, of water of crystallization. It is insoluble in cold alcohol, dissolves in 48 parts of Avater at 10° C. (50° F.), and in 12 parts of boiling Avater. On the application of heat it turns broAvn and black, and then, Avith frothing, emits white acid vapors. In contact with the air the aqueous solution turns speedily broAvn, forming ferric lactate; the salt boiled for fifteen minutes Avith an excess of nitric acid, diluted Avith an equal bulk of Avater, yields on cooling white granules of mucic acid. Tests.—The salt is not liable to be contaminated with impurities except ferric salt, the formation of which it is difficult to prevent by the officinal process. Accidental and Avilful adulterations are detected by adding to the aqueous solution neutral acetate of lead, which should scarcely cause a slight turbidity. A white precipitate might indicate the presence of hydrochloric, sulphuric, citric, malic, or tartaric acid. AVhen heated with a slight excess of caustic soda and filtered from the precipitate, the nearly cold liquid should not yield a white coagulation on the addition of alcohol (absence of gum) or produce a red precipi- tate on boiling Avith a little sulphate of copper (absence of sugar). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure lactate of iron is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 235 FERRUM MAGNETICUM. Synonyms, Ferrum Oxydatum Magneticum. Ferri Oxidum Magneticuni. Tri-ferro-tetroxide. Common Names, Magnetic Oxide of Iron. Black Oxide of Iron. Loadstone. Formula, Fe3 04 = Fe O. Fe2 03. Molecular Weight, 232. Preparation of Magnetic Oxide of Iron.—Take of solution of persulphate of iron, five and one-half fluid ounces ; sulphate of iron, tAvo ounces ; solution of soda, four pints; distilled Avater, a sufficiency. Dissolve the sulphate of iron in tAvo pints of the Avater, and add to it the solution of persulphate of iron; then mix this Avith the solution of soda, stirring them Avell together. Boil the mixture, let it stand for two hours, stirring it occasionally ; then put it on a calico filter until it ceases to give a precipitate Avith chloride of barium. Lastly, dry the precipitate at a temperature not exceeding 120° F. Properties and Tests.—It is a tasteless broAvnish-black powder, Avhich is strongly attracted by the magnet, and dissolves Avithout effer- vescence in warm hydrochloric acid diluted with half its \rolume of Avater. This solution yields blue precipitates Avith ferrocyanide and ferricyanide of potassium. AVhen heated in a test-tube it gives off moisture, and Avhen the heat is continued in contact Avith the air, red ferric oxide is left. Sulphuretted hydrogen added to the dilute solu- tion in hydrochloric acid, should produce only a Avhite turbidity from separated sulphur, but not a black precipitate (absence of copper, etc.). Should it have been insufficiently Avashed, the alkaline sulphates or chlorides may be detected in the distilled water, shaken with a portion of the oxide. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure magnetic oxide of iron is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. FERRUM MURIATICUM. Synonyms, Ferric Chloride. Ferri Chloridum. Ferrum Sesqui- chloratum. Common Names, Chloride of Iron. Muriate of Iron. Sesqui- chloride (Perchloride) of Iron. Formula, Fe2 Cl6 12 H20. Molecular Weight, 541. Preparation of Chloride of Ironl—Take of iron in the form of Avire cut into pieces, two troy ounces; muriatic acid, twelve troy ounces; nitric acid, a troy ounce, or a sufficient quantity. Add the iron to eight troy ounces of the muriatic acid, contained in a tAvo-pint flask, and apply a gentle heat until the acid is saturated, and efferves- cence has ceased. Filter the solution, add to it the remainder of the muriatic acid, heat the mixture nearly to the boiling point, in a four- pint porcelain capsule, and add nitric acid in successive portions until reel fumes are no longer evolved, and a drop of the liquid ceases to yield a blue precipitate Avith ferricyanide of potassium. Transfer the 236 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. liquid to a smaller capsule, evaporate it by a gentle heat, on a sand- bath, until reduced to eight troy ounces and three hundred and sixty grains, and set aside the residue, covered Avith glass, until it forms a solid, crystalline mass. Lastly, break this into pieces, and keep the fragments in a Avell-stoppered bottle protected from the light. Properties.—The officinal ferric chloride forms orange-colored, wart-like pieces, Avhich have a crystalline texture, are very deliques- cent, and readily and completely soluble in water, alcohol and ether, yielding yelloAvish-broAvn solutions of an acid reaction, and a strongly ferruginous taste. The crystals fuse, according to OrdAvay, at 35.5° C. (96° F.); at a higher temperature they are partly decomposed and volatilized. Tests.—The complete solubility in the menstrua mentioned is generally an indication of the absence of other metallic salts. A solution of the chloride in Avater should not be precipitated by barium chloride (absence of sulphate), and Avhen precipitated by an excess of ammonia, the filtrate, on evaporation to dryness, should leave only ammonium chloride, Avhich is completely volatilized at a red heat (absence of alkalies, alkaline earths, zinc, etc.). Copper, if present, is detected by the black precipitate formed by the aqueous solution Avith sulphuretted hydrogen. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure chloride of iron is dissolved in nine parts by weight of alcohol. Amount of drug power, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—a. FERRUM PHOSPHORICUM. Synonyms, Ferri Phosphas. Ferrous Hydric Phosphate. Common Name, Phosphate of Iron. Formula, Fe3 2 P04. Fe P04. 12 H20. Molecular Weight, 725. Preparation of Phosphate of Iron.—Take of sulphate of iron, five troy ounces; phosphate of sodium, six troy ounces; water, eight pints'. Dissolve the salts separately, each in four pints of Avater; then mix the solutions, and set aside the mixture until the precipitate has subsided. Lastly, having poured off the supernatant liquid, Avash the precipitate Avith hot Avater, and dry it Avith a gentle heat. Properties.—It is a tasteless and inodorous bluish powder, vary- ing someAvhat in shade. It is insoluble in Avater, dissolves in hydro- chloric acid, yielding a yellow solution in Avhich dark blue precipitates are produced by both ferro- and ferricyanide of potassium. If the acid solution is treated Avith sufficient tartaric acid, and then Avith an excess of ammonia, no precipitate is produced; but, on the addition of sulphate of magnesium, a Avhite precipitate falls. AVhen the poAvder is boiled with caustic soda, the filtrate, after being neutralized, yields a yellow precipitate with nitrate of silver. Both precipitates indicate phosphoric acid. The chemical composition varies to some extent, and is influenced by its exposure to the atmosphere Avhile moist, the tem- perature at Avhich it is dried, etc. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 237 Tests.—The salt should yield nothing to hot distilled water (insuf- ficient Avashing), and the solution in hydrochloric acid should only yield a white turbidity of sulphur Avith sulphuretted hydrogen, but not a black (copper, etc.) or a yellow (arsenic) precipitate. The same solution, digested Avith bright copper, does not form a dark deposit of arsenic upon the metal. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure phosphate of iron is prepared by trituration as directed under Class VII. FERRUM PYROPHOSPHORICUM. Synonyms, Ferri Pyrophosphas. Ferrum Pyrophosphoricum cum Ammonio Citrico. Common Name, Pyrophosphate of Iron. Preparation of Pyrophosphate of Iron.—Take of phosphate of sodium, seven troy ounces and a half; solution of tersulphate of iron, seA'en fluid ounces, or a sufficient quantity; citric acid, two troy ounces; Avater of ammonia, fh'e fluid ounces and a half, or a sufficient quantity; Avater, a sufficient quantity. Heat the phosphate of sodium in a porce- lain capsule until it undergoes the Avatery fusion, and continue the heat until it become.'* dry. Transfer the dry salt to a shallow iron capsule, and heat it to incipient redness, without fusion. Then dissolve it in three pints of water, Avith the aid of heat and, having filtered the solu- tion and cooled it to the temperature of 50° F., add solution of tersul- phate of iron until this ceases to produce a precipitate. Stir the mix- ture thoroughly and pour it upon a muslin strainer and, Avhen the pre- cipitate has drained Avash it with Avater until the washings pass nearly tasteless, and transfer it to a weighed porcelain capsule. To the citric acid, contained in a suitable vessel, add water of am- monia, until the acid is saturated and dissolved. Then add the solu- tion to the precipitate in the Aveighed capsule, stir them together and e\-aporate until the liquid is reduced to sixteen troy ounces. Spread this on plates of glass or porcelain, so that the salt, when it is dry, may be obtained in scales. Lastly, preserve it in a well-stoppered bottle, pro- tected from light. Properties.—The salt is obtained in transparent apple-green scales, which are freely soluble in water, yielding a greenish solution; this has a slightly saline and mild chalybeate taste, and gives, Avith potas- sium ferrocyanide, a blue color, but no precipitate. Exposed to dry air, the scales become opaque, and are then but partly soluble in water, but Avholly so on the addition of some ammonia. Excess of ammonia produces no precipitate, but boiling Avith caustic potassa yields a yel- loAvish-Avhite deposit. The officinal salt represents 48 per cent, of an- hydrous ferric pyrophosphate. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pyrophosphate of iron is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. 238 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. FERRUM SULPHURICUM. Synonyms, Ferri Sulphas. Ferrous Sulphate. Common Name, Sulphate of Iron. Formula, Fe S04. 7H2 O. Molecular Weight, 278. Preparation of Sulphate of Iron.—Take of iron in the form of Avire and cut in pieces, twelve troy ounces; sulphuric acid, eighteen troy ounces; Avater, eight pints. Mix the sulphuric acid and water, and add the iron; then heat the mixture until effervescence ceases. Pour off the solution, and, having added thirty grains of sulphuric acid, filter through paper, allowing the loAver end of the funnel to touch the bottom of the receiving vessel. Place the filtered liquid in a matress and evaporate until sufficiently concentrated; then set it aside in a covered \ressel to crystallize. Drain the crystals in a funnel, dry them on bibulous paper, and keep them in a Aveli-stoppered bottle. The salt is prone to oxidation if its chemically neutral solution is evaporated to crystallization; but in the presence of some free sul- phuric acid yields crystals Avhich are far more permanent. This ex- plains the necessity of having some free sulphuric acid in the liquid from Avhich ferrous sulphate is crystallized. The crystals are collected. upon a diaphragm, Avashed rapidly with a little AA'ater to remove the mother-liquor, and then dried. Properties.—Ferrous sulphate is in transparent bluish-green mono- clinic and rhombic crystals. AVhen the concentrated solution on filter- ing is alloAved to drop into an equal bulk of alcohol, or, as directed by tKe British Pharmacopoeia, well agitated with a smaller quantity of alcohol, and the precipitate rinsed Avith some diluted alcohol, it forms a pale green crystalline poAvder, which is more permanent in the air than the large crystals. It has a specific gravity of 1.9, a styptic taste, a slight acid reaction, and when exposed to the air effloresces and is gradually oxidized. It dissolves at 10° C. (50° F.) in 1.(34, at 30° C. (86° F.) in 0.7, and at 100° C. (212° F.) in 0.3 parts of water. It is insoluble in alcohol and ether. The aqueous solution yields a AA'hite precipitate Avith barium chloride, a dark blue one Avith potassium ferri- cyanide, and a bluish-white one AA'ith potassium ferrocyanide. Tests.—Impurities are rarely present if the salt has been prepared from iron and sulphuric acid. The aqueous solution treated Avith hydrosulphuric acid should not give a blackish precipitate (copper, etc.), and Avhen completely precipitated by sulphydrate of ammonium, the filtrate on evaporation and ignition should leave no residue (mag- nesium, alkalies). The aqueous solution, after being oxidized Avith nitric acid and supersaturated with ammonia, should yield a filtrate Avhich is not affected by sulphuretted hydrogen (zinc, manganese); and if the oxidized liquid is supersaturated Avith potassa solution, the fil- trate neutralized Avith hydrochloric acid and again supersaturated Avith ammonia, no precipitate (alumina) should occur. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use. —The pure sulphate of iron is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 239 FILIX MAS. Synonyms, Aspidium Filix Mas, Swartz. Polypodium Filix Mas, Linn. Nat. Ord., Filicales. Common Name, Male Fern. The male fern has a perennial, horizontal root or rhizome, from Avhich numerous annual fronds or leaves arise, forming tufts from a foot to four feet in height. The stipe or footstalk, and midrib are thickly beset Avith broAvn, tough, transparent scales; the frond itself is oval-lanceolate, acute, pinnate, and of a bright green color. The pinna? or leaflets are remote below, approach more nearly as they as- cend, and run together at the summit of the leaf. They are deeply divided into lobes, Avhich are of an oval shape, crenate at the edges, and gradually diminish from the base of the pinna to the apex. The fructification is in small dots on the back of each lobe, placed in tAvo roAvs near the base, and distant from the edges. The plant is a native of Europe, Asia, and the north of Africa. It is said also to be indig- enous, growing in shady pine forests from New York to Virginia. Preparation.—The fresh main root, gathered in July or August, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After hav- ing stirred the AA'hole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then sep- arated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, jr. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. FORMICA RUFA. Class, Insecta. Order, Hymenoptera. Family, Formicaria?. Common Names, Ant. AVood-ant. Bed-ant. Pismire. The ants are found most frequently in pine forests. Their characters are: a flattened, rust-colored chest; black head; a big, oval abdomen, attached to the corslet by a pedicle Avhich bears a small scale or ver- tical knot; antenna? filiform and broken; antennula? of unequal size; mandibles, strong; tongue truncated, concave, short. There are male, female, and neuter ants. The two former, Avhen fully developed, have four long, Avhite, transparent wings; they leave the hills, fly in the air and there couple; the males die shortly after, the females return to the hills. Only a few of them are admitted, which lay eggs and are taken care of by the neuters as among the bees. The females and neuters have, at the extremity of their abdomen, two glands, by means of which they secrete a peculiar liquor Avhich is acid, and Avhich, on a fine delicate skin, creates itching and eruptions. Preparation.—The live insect is crushed, covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days, in a well-stop- 240 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. pered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, TV- Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. FRAGARIA VESCA, Linn. Synonyms, Fragula?. Trifolii Fragiferi. Nat. Ord., Rosacea?. Common Name, AVood-Strawberry. This perennial plant grows in woods, meadows, fields and hills, over the Avhole of Europe, and a great portion of America. The root is broAvn, horizontal, with long, creeping sprouts that take root again; stem erect, round, hairy, of the length of a finger or more; leaves ter- nate, plicated, petiolated, downy on the upper surface and hairy on the loAver; floAvers Avhite, inodorous; berry oval, red, of a delicious odor and exquisite taste. Preparation.—The ripe berries are crushed to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the A\diole Avell pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, &. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. FRASERA CAROLINENSIS, Walter. Synonyms, Frasera AValteri, Micheotax. SAvertia Difformis. Nat. Ord., Gentianacea?. Common Names, American Columbo. Indian Lettuce. This is among our most elegant indigenous plants, and the only one of its genus. From the root, which is triennial, long, spindle-shaped, horizontal, fleshy and yellow, a strong, succulent, solid, smooth stem rises, from five to ten feet in height. The leaves are sessile, entire glab- rous, of a deep green color, and disposed in Avhorls, Avhich commence at the root and ascend to the summit Avith successively diminishing in- tervals. The radical leaAres, from five to tAvelve in number, are ellipti- cal, obtuse, a foot or more in length by about four inches in breadth, and lie upon the ground in the form of a star. Those constituting the Avhorls are successively smaller as they ascend; the lowest oblong-lan- ceolate, the upper lanceolate and pointed. The floAvers are numerous, large, yelloAvish-AA'hite and disposed in a beautiful terminal pyramidal panicle, from one to five feet long, the branches of Avhich spring from the axils of the upper leaves. The segments of the calyx are lanceolate, acute and someAvhat shorter than those of the corolla. The filaments are inserted into the base of the corolla, between its segments, Avhich they do not equal in length. The anthers are oblong and notched at the base. The germ is oblong-ovate, compressed, and gradually tapers into the style, Avhich ends in a bifid stigma. The fruit is an oval, HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 241 acuminate, compressed, two-valved, one-celled, yellow capsule, con- taining from eight to twelve flat elliptical seeds. The frasera flourishes in the southern and Avestern portions of the United States, and in many situations is very abundant, especially in Arkansas and Missouri. It prefers rich Avoodland and moist meadows. The period of flowering is from May to July; but the stems and flowers are produced only in the third year, the radical leaves being the only part of the plant which previously appears above ground. Preparation.—The fresh two year old root, gathered in October or November, or the three year old root, gathered in March or April, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After hav- ing stirred the Avhole Avell, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then sepa- rated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. FUCUS VESICULOSUS, Linn. Synonym, Quercus Marina. Nat. Ord., Alga?. Common Names, Sea-wrack. Bladder-Avrack. Sea-kelp. The following is the generic character: "Male. Vesicles smooth, hol- Ioav, Avith villose hairs within, interwoven. Female. Vesicles smooth, filled AA'ith jelly, sprinkled Avith immersed grains, prominent at tip. Seeds solitary." This sea-weed is perennial, Avith the frond or leaf flat, smooth and glossy, from one to four feet long, from half an inch to an inch and a half broad, furnished with a midrib throughout its length, dichotomous, entire upon the margin, and of a dark, olive-green color. Small spherical vesicles, filled Avith air, are immersed in the frond near the midrib. The air in these vesicles has not the exact composition of atmospheric air, consisting, according to the analysis of M. Ernest Bau- drimont, in one instance of 28.4 per cent, of oxygen and 71.6 of nitro- gen, in another 26.5 of the former and 73.5 of the latter. The fruit consists of roundish, compressed receptacles, at the ends of the branches, filled with a clear tasteless mucus. The plant grows upon the shores of Europe and of this continent, attaching itself to the rocks by its expanded woody root. It has a peculiar odor, and a nauseous saline taste. Preparation.—The fresh alga, gathered in May or June, is pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole well, and having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by de- canting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. 16 242 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. GALIUM APARINE, Linn. Nat. Ord., Rubiacea?. Common Names, Cleavers. Goose-grass. Poor Robin. Savoyan. This plant is indigenous to Europe, Asia, and North America, The stem is one to five feet long, Aveak, straggling, often forming matted masses, very rough, bristle-prickly backwards, hairy at the joints; leaves six to eight in a Avhorl, lanceolate, tapering to the base, short- pointed, rough on the margins and midrib, from one to two inches long. Cymes usually three-floAvered, floAvers Avhite; fruit (large) bristly Avith hooked prickles, purplish, dry or fleshy, globular, twin, separating when ripe into the tAvo seed-like, indehiscent, one-seeded carpels. Flow- ers appear in June and July. Preparation.—The fresh herb, in floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. GAMBOGIA. Synonyms, Gummi Gutta?. Catharticum Aureum. Nat. Ord., Guttifera?. Common Name, Gamboge. A gum-resin obtained from garcinia morella {Desrousseaux) var. pedicellata. The tree is medium-sized, with glossy laurel-like leaves, and small, yellow dioecious flowers, the pistillate ones being on short pedicles. It is indigenous to Siam, Cambodia and Cochin China. Fliickiger and Hanbury obserAred that the milky juice is secreted in ducts, Avhich are principally located in the middle bark, to a less extent in the dotted vessels of the alburnum and in the pith. Gamboge is obtained from incisions made into the bark, the yellow latex being collected in the joint of a bamboo, Avhere it is allowed to harden. Gamboge is in cylindrical, straight or bent sticks, six to eight inches long and one to two inches. in diameter, called pipes; the surface is striated longitudinally from impressions of the bamboo, and occasion- ally contains some splinters of it. Gamboge breaks easily, with a flat, conchoidal, smooth fracture, of a deep orange-red tint and a resinous lustre; thin splinters are slightly translucent. It yields a light yellow powder, and on being triturated Avith water a uniform bright yellow emulsion is readily obtained. It is inodorous, but the dust is sternuta- tory, and it has a disagreeable acrid taste. Inferior qualities of pipe gamboge are of a brown or gray tint, harder-, of a dull earthy or irregu- lar fracture, and less inclined to produce a uniform emulsion. Cake gamboge has been collected in flat vessels, and is met with in HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 243 irregular lumps, Avhich otherAvise resemble pipe gamboge, but are more liable to be adulterated. Preparation.—One part by weight of pure gamboge is dissolved in fhre parts by Aveight of alcohol. Amount of drug poAver, Tx7. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. GELSEMIUM. Synonyms, Gelsemium Sempervirens, Niton. Gelsemium Xiti- dum, Micheaux. Bignonia Sempervirens, Linn. Nat. Ord., Loganiacea?. Common Name, YelloAv Jasmine. The yellow jasmine is one of the most beautiful climbing plants of our Southern States, ascending lofty trees and forming festoons from one tree to another, in its floAvering season, in the early spring, scenting the atmosphere with its delicious odor. The stem is twining, smooth and shining; the leaAres perennial, opposite, shortly petiolate, lanceolate, entire, dark green above and paler beneath; the flowers in axillary clusters, large, of a deep yellow color, and fragrant, Avith a very small, five-leaved calyx, and a funnel-shaped corolla, having a spreading, five- lobed, nearly equal border. The fruit is a flat, compressed capsule, divisible into two parts, two-celled, and furnished with flat seeds, Avhich adhere to the margins of the valves. The plant groAvs in rich, moist soils along the seacoast from Virginia to the south of Florida. The floAvers are said to be poisonous. Preparation.—Pieces of the fresh root, not thicker than a goose- quill, are chopped and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After stirring the whole well, put it into a Avide-mouthed bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated, by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, I. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. GENTIANA CRUCIATA, Linn. Synonym, Gentiana Minoris. Nat. Ord., Gentianacea?. Common Name, Cross-AVort Gentian. Stem two to twelve inches high. Leaves oblong lanceolate, three- nerved, at base, connected sheath-like. FloAvers in dense corymbs, the topmost sessile, compressed like a bud. Calyx bell-shaped, corolla ovoid tubular, light blue within, and outside greenish-blue. Is found on dry hills, and especially on calcareous soil. Flowers in July and Sep- tember. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole Avell, pour it into 244 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. GENTIANA LUTEA, Linn. Synonyms, Gentiana Majoris. Gentiana Rubra. Nat. Ord., Gentianacea?. Common Names, Bitter-AVort Gentian. Yellow Gentian. Yellow Gentian is among the most remarkable of the species Avhich compose this genus, both for its beauty and great comparative size. From its thick, long, branching, perennial root, an erect, round stem rises to the height of three or four feet, bearing opposite, sessile, oval, acute, five-nerved leaves' of a bright green color, and someAvhat glau- cous. The loAver leaves, which spring from the root, are narrowed at their base into the form of a petiole. The floAvers are large and beauti- ful, of a yelloAv color, peduncled, and placed in whorls at the axils of the leaves. The calyx is monophyllous, membranous, yellowish, and semi-transparent, splitting Avhen the flower opens, and reflected when it is fully expanded ; the corolla is rotate, and deeply divided into five or six lanceolate, acute segments; the stamens are five or six, and shorter than the corolla. This plant grows among the Apennines, the Alps, the Pyrenees, and in other mountainous or elevated regions of Europe. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. GERANIUM MACULATUM, Linn. Synonym, Geranium Putillum. Nat. Ord., Geraniacea?. Common Names, Cranesbill. Geranium. Tormentilla. This plant has a perennial, horizontal, fleshy root, AA'hich is furnished with short fibres, and sends up annually an herbaceous stem, with sev- eral radical leaves. The stem is erect, round, dichotomously branched, from one to tAvo feet high, of a grayish-green color, and thickly cov- ered in common with the petioles and peduncles, with reflexed hairs. The leaves are deeply divided into three, five or seven lobes, Avhich are variously incised at their extremities, hairy, and of a pale green color, mottled Avith still paler spots. Those Avhich rise from the root are sup- ported on footstalks eight or ten inches long; those of the stem are opposite, the loAver petiolate, the upper nearly sessile, with lanceolate HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 245 or linear stipules. The flowers are large, and usually of a purple color. The peduncles spring from the forks of the stem, and severally support two floAvers upon short pedicels. The calyx is composed of five oblong, ribbed, cuspidate leaves; the petals are five, obovate, and entire; the stamens ten, Avith oblong, deciduous anthers, the five alter- nate filaments being longer than the others, and having glands at their base; the germ is ovate, supporting a straight style as long as the sta- mens, and surmounted by five stigmas. The fruit consists of five aggregate^ one-seeded capsules, attached by a beak to the persistent style, curling up and scattering the seeds Avhen ripe. The cranesbill is indigenous, growing throughout the United States, in moist woods, thickets, and hedges, and generally in Ioav grounds. It flowers from May to July. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered in autumn, is chopped and pounled to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. GERANIUM ROBERTIANUM, Linn. Synonym, Geranium Inodorum. Nat. Ord., Geraniacea?. Common Name, Herb-Robert. This plant is indigenous to Europe and North America, growing in moist Avoods and shaded ravines. It is glabrous or slightly hairy, fetid, reddish. Leaves three-divided or pedately five-divided, the divisions twice pinnatifid; the leaves are from one to three inches broad; petioles half an inch to one inch long; stipules ovate. Flowers half an inch in diameter, sepals awned, shorter than the (red-purple) petals; calyx angular. Claw of petals glabrous. Carpels attached by silky hairs to the axils. Pods wrinkled; seeds smooth. Flowers appear from June to October. Preparation.—The fresh plant, in flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and pressed out lege artis in a piece of new linen. The ex- pressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by weight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle in a dark, cool place and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, ?.. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. GINSENG. Synonyms, Panax Quinquefolium, Linn. Aralia Quinquefolia. Nat. Ord., Araliacea?. Common Names, Ginseng. Tartar Root. Five Fingers. 246 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. This plant is a native of America, China, Tartary, etc.; its root is fleshy, someAvhat spindle-shaped, from one to three inches long, about as thick as the little finger, and terminated by several slender fibres. The root sends up annually a smooth round stem, about a foot high, and divided at the summit into three leafstalks, each of which supports a compound leaf, consisting of five, or, more rarely, of three or seven petiolate, oblong-ovate, acuminate, serrate leaflets. The floAvers are small, greenish, and disposed in a simple umbel, supported by a peduncle Avhich rises from the top of the stem in the centre of the petioles. The fruit is a kidney-shaped, scarlet berry, crowned Avith the styles and calyx, Avith two and sometimes three seeds. The root, Avhen dry, is yellowish-vvhite and wrinkled externally, and within consists usually of a hard central portion, surrounded by a soft Avhitish bark. It has a feeble odor, and a sweet, slightly aromatic taste, somewhat analogous to that of liquorice root. Preparation.—The genuine, dried root, finely powdered, is covered with fhre parts by Aveight of alcohol, and allowed to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tinctuj-e is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, TV. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. GLONOINUM. Synonyms, Nitroglycerinum. Glonoin. Glonoine. Common Name, Nitroglycerin. Formula, C3 H5 (N02)3 03. Molecular Weight, 227. Preparation of Glonoin.—Nitroglycerin Avas discovered by So- brero (1847), and is at the present time prepared on a large scale by slight modifications of,the process proposed by the discoverer and by E. Kopp. To about seven pounds of a mixture, composed of one part of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.47, and two parts of strong sulphuric acid, one pound of glycerin is sloAvly added, Avith frequent stirring, Avith the pre- caution of preventing the temperature from rising above 26.6° C. (80° F.). The mixture is then poured into a large quantity of Avater, and the oily sediment well Avashed Avith a diluted solution of alkali and of Avater. Properties.—Nitroglycerin is a colorless or pale yellowish oily liquid, having the density 1.60 at 15° C; (59° F.), and, when exposed to a low temperature, crystallizes in long needles. It is without odor, but its vapors produce intense headache; its taste is SAveet, and pun- gently aromatic. AVhen ignited in the open air, it burns quietly and incompletely; but when heated in closed vessels, or by percussion, it explodes Avith great violence. On keeping, it is gradually decomposed, oxalic acid being formed, besides nitrous acid and other gases, from the pressure of Avhich explosions are apt to occur. Nitroglycerin forms the basis of various blasting compounds knoAvn as dynamite, glyoxylin, dualin, etc. It is nearly insoluble in Avater, but dissolves freely in ether, alcohol, and methylic alcohol; these solutions will likeAvise ex- plode by percussion Avith a wet hammer. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 247 Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure nitroglycerin is dissolved in nine parts by Aveight of 95 per cent. alcohol. A mount of drug power, -^. Note.—If the fa solution is exposed to a temperature of less than 60° F., part of the Glonoin separates and falls to the bottom. Dilutions must be prepared as directed unter Class VI—a. GLYCERINUM. Synonyms, Glycerina. Glycerin. Common Name, Glycerine. Formula, C3 H8 03. Molecular Weight, 92. A SAveet principle obtained from fat and fixed oils. Origin.—Glycerin, Avhich is not found in the free state, except in some rancid fats, exists in combination with the so-called fatty acids, forming compound ethers, which constitute most of the animal and A^egetable, solid and liquid fats. It is found in small quantities during the fermentation of saccharine liquids. Scheele, Avho discovered it in 1779, called it sweet principle of oils. In the United States it was first manufactured in Philadelphia by Robert Shoemaker in 1846. At present it is extensively obtained by distillation in several cities, and in addition two million pounds are annually imported. Preparation of Glycerin.—To obtain glycerin, fat must be de- composed into its proximate constituents, either by a caustic alkali, as in the manufacture of soap, by oxide of lead, rs in the preparation of lead plaster, or by the action of Avater at an elevated temperature under high pressure. The latter process, Avhich Avas patented iu 1854 by R. A. Tilghman, yields the acids of the fat and an aqueous solution of glycerin. Water Avhich has been agitated with recently prepared lead plaster is likeAvise such a solution, and the liquor from Avhich soap has been separated contains glycerin, saline matters and various organic impurities, Avhich may be removed by treatment Avith the necessary precipitants and Avith charcoal, the solutions being finally evaporated and distilled Avith steam under pressure. Properties.—Glycerin is a syrupy liquid having the specific grav. 1.28 at 15° C. (59° F.) (Pelouze); the officinal glycerin has a density of 1.25. It is colorless, inodorous, very SAveet, without action upon litmus, and soluble in all proportions in Avater and alcohol but not in ether. Its great affinity for water has been long knoAvn. V\r. Willmott (1879) ascertained that in a moist atmosphere about twice its bulk of Avater has been absorbed. Its boiling point is 290° C. (554° F.). At a red heat it takes fire and burns Avithout leaving any residue. Tests.—Glycerin is noAV rarely adulterated, but much being pre- pared for use in the arts, where purity is not necessary, impure glycerin may at all times be met Avith in the market. Water, mucilage, glucose, and perhaps cane-sugar syrup are sometimes used as adulterants. The first is detected by the specific gravity of the sample; the others by the brown color produced on mixing the sample with twice its bulk of 248 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. concentrated sulphuric acid. Since cane-sugar syrup which has been exposed to the light for some time, contains appreciable quantities of glucose, glycerin adulterated with either kind of sugar will yield a red precipitate Avhen heated to boiling Avith a drop of solution of copper sulphate and an excess of potassa,. The impurities may consist of saline matters, should the glycerin have not been distilled, or of odor- ous compounds if insufficiently purified by distillation. The odor becomes apparent on warming the glycerin or rubbing it well upon the hand. Most of these compounds reduce nitrate of silver and produce a more or less deep color Avhen glycerin is diluted Avith a little distilled water, and after the addition of a few drops of nitrate of silver heated to boiling. The same reagent will detect chlorides by the white pre- cipitate produced. Diluted glycerin should not be colored or rendered turbid on being tested with sulphuretted hydrogen or sulphydrate of ammonium (metallic salts), ammonium oxalate (calcium), or barium chloride (sulphuric or oxalic acid). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure glycerin is dissolved in nine parts by weight of distilled water. Amount of drug power, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. GNAPHALIUM POLYCEPHALUM, Linn, Nat. Ord., Composita?. Common Names, Common Life-Everlasting. Indian Posey. This erect annual, one to two feet high, grows in the fields and Avoods of North America. It is a wooly annual, with lanceolate nearly entire leaves, and with the numerous ovate and obovate flower-heads in dense corymbose clusters terminating the branches; the involucral scales are dry, scarious, and whitish, the tubular florets yellowish. The plant is quite fragrant, and has a bitterish and aromatic taste. Flowers appear in summer and autumn. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and fil- tering. Drug poAver of tincture, $. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. GOSSYPIUM HERBACEUM, Linn. Synonym, Lana Gossypii. Nat. Ord., Malvacea?. Common Name, Cotton Plant. This is a biennial or triennial plant, with a branching stem from two to six feet high, and palmate hoary leaves, the lobes of which are some- Avhat lanceolate and acute. The flowers are pretty, Avith yelloAv petals, HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 249 having a purple spot near the claAV. The leaves of the involucral or outer calyx are serrate. The capsule opens Avhen ripe, and displays a loose white tuft of long slender filaments, Avhich surround the seeds, and adhere firmly to the outer coating. The plant is a native of Asia, but is cultivated in most tropical countries. It requires a certain du- ration of warm Aveather to perfect its seeds, and, in the United States, cannot be cultivated advantageously north of Virginia. Preparation.—The fresh inner root-bark is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole Avell, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, I. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. GRANATUM. Synonym, Punica Granatum, Linn. Nat. Ord., Granatea?. Common Name, Pomegranate. This is a shrubby tree, attaining in favorable situations the height of twenty feet, with a very unequal trunk, and numerous branches Avhich sometimes bear thorns. The leaves are opposite, entire, oblong, or lance- shaped, pointed at each end, smooth, shining, of a bright green color, and placed on short footstalks. The floAvers are large, of a rich scar- let color, and stand at the ends of the young branches. The petals are roundish and wrinkled, and are inserted into the upper part of the tube of the calyx, Avhich is red, thick, and fleshy. The fruit is globular, about the size of an orange, crowned with the calyx, covered Avith a reddish-yellow, thick, coriaceous rind, and divided in- ternally into many cells, which contain an acidulous pulp, and numer- ous oblong, angular seeds. This tree grows wild upon both' shores of the Mediterranean, in Arabia, Persia, Bengal, China and Japan, has been introduced into the East and West Indies, and is cultivated in all civilized countries, where the climate is sufficiently Avarm to allow the fruit to ripen. The roots of the pomegranate are hard, heavy, knotty, lig- neous, and covered Avith a bark which is yelloAvish-gray or ash-gray on the outer surface, and yellow on the inner. As found in the shops, the bark is in quills or fragments, breaks with a short fracture, has little or no smell, colors the saliva yellow Avhen chewed, and leaves in the mouth an astringent taste without disagreeable bitterness. Preparation.—The dried root-bark, finely powdered, is covered with two parts by weight of dilute alcohol, and allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day, and then pressed out lege artis in a piece of new linen and filtered. Drug power of tincture, ^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class L, except that 250 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. three parts of tincture are used to seven parts of dilute alcohol for the lx dilution, and three parts to ninety-seven parts for the 1 dilution. GRAPHITES. Synonyms, Plumbago. Carbo Mineralis. Carburetum Ferri. Cerussa Nigra. Common Name, Black Lead. Graphite is a mineral carbon. It is found in the greatest purity in the mine of BorroAvdale, England ; but it also occurs very pure in this country, especially near Bustleton in Pennsylvania. It crystallizes in hexagonal plates varying in specific gravity betAveen 1.8 and 2.5. It is a blackish-gray, shining substance, soft and greasy to the touch, in- odorous, and a good conductor of electricity. It was formerly supposed to be a carburet of iron, but as very pure specimens are nearly free from iron, it must be deemed an accidental impurity. To prepare graphite for medical use, it must be boiled for an hour in a sufficient quantity of distilled water, after Avhich the fluid is to be decanted and the graphite to be digested in a solution of equal parts of sulphuric and hydrochloric acids, diluted with tAvice their volume of water. After repeatedly stirring the mixture for twenty- four hours, decant the fluid, Avash the residue with distilled Avater and dry it. Because of the extraordinary fineness and flexibility of its scaly crystals it resists even the most continual trituration, Avhich has lasted for hours, and shows permanently not inconsider- able portions of shining points. To obviate this, the best means is to triturate the purified graphite in small portions with coarsely poA\- dered sugar of milk, adding as much Avater, in a roomy porcelain dish, as is necessary to make the Avhole into a thick paste. This rubbing is to be continued until the Avater has evaporated and the mass begins to form little lumps. Boiling hot distilled water is then poured over the Avhole to dissolve the sugar of milk and to separate the coarser from the finer particles of graphites. This graphite is Avashed re- peatedly and dried. Preparation.—The purified graphite, made as described above, is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. GRATIOLA. Synonyms, Gratiola Officinalis, Linn. Centauroidis. Digitalis Minima. Nat. Ord., Scrophulariacea?. Common Name, Hedge-Hyssop. This plant, groAving in Central and Southern Europe, near the bor- ders of rivers, lakes and water ditches, also on moist meadoAVS, has a creeping, articulate, on the joints fibrillous root, as thick as a quill and Avhitish; the stem, one half to one and a half feet high, is erect, little branched, above four-sided. It has opposite, sessile, lanceolate, finely serrate, three-nerved leaves, and solitary axillary Avhitish or reddish two-lipped floAvers, Avith yellow hairs in the tube. The whole plant is HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 251 smooth, pale green, inodorous, and has a very bitter, somewhat acrid, taste. Preparation. — The fresh plant, gathered before floAArering, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and pressed out lege artis in a piece of neAV linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled AA'ith an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mixture is alloAved to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, }. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. GRINDELIA ROBUSTA, Nuttall. Nat. Ord., Composite. Common Name, Grindelia. This is a polymorphous species, very smooth, pale, usually stout, with the leaves varying from broadly spatulate or oblong to lanceolate, the upper ones being often clasping, Avith a heart-shaped base; obtuse at the apex, and more or less sharply serrate. The akenes are from one to three-toothed at the apex, and have tAvo or three, rarely five, awns for the pappus. The variety latifolia is the robust and broad- leaved form, the" leaves being often three to four inches long. The variety angustifolia has rather fleshy and narroAver leaves, the upper ones being nearly entire, and all narrowed at the base. The variety (?) rigida is more glutinous, the leaves rigid and coriaceous, some of them sharply serrate. All these plants haA'e the tips of the involucral scales at length rigidly spreading. The plant is common along the Pacific coast and inland on the mountains. . The plant has a balsamic odor, and a pungently aromatic and bitterish taste. Preparation.—The fresh herb, in floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and, having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, i Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. GRINDELIA SQUARROSA, Dunal. Nat. Ord., Composite. Common Name, Grindelia. G. Squarrosa, which is not recognized as a distinct species in the flora of California, is found from Arctic America southAvard to Cali- fornia, Texas and Nebraska, and is very common on the plains. It is nly three stamens. The nectary consists of four leaflets, of AA'hich the tAvo upper are spatulate, the loAver roundish and much shorter. The fruit is globular, of the size of a pea, surrounded by stiff reddish- broAvn prickles, and furnished Avith one or two seeds. The name rha- tany is said to express, in the language of the Peruvian Indians, the creeping character of the plant. This species of krameria is a native of Peru, groAving in dry argilla- ceous and sandy places, and abundant about the city of Huanuco. It floAvers at all seasons, but is in the height of its bloom in October and November. The root is dug up after the rains. Preparation.—The dried root, finely poAvdered, is covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. KREOSOTUM. Synonym, Creosotum. Common Names, Creasote. Kreosote. Origin and Preparation.—Kreosote, Avhich was discovered by Reichenbach (1830), is one of the numerous products resulting from the dry distillation of Avood. According to Voelckel it is not produced from cellulose, but rather from the incrusting layers of the wood cells. Crude wood vinegar is stated to contain about one per cent., but beech- Avood tar occasionally tAventy-five per cent, of it; the latter being, therefore, the best material for its preparation. To obtain it the tar is distilled until about one-half is passed over, and dense vapors of paraffin, etc., make their appearance. The distillate separates into a heavy and light oily layer, with an intervening aqueous stratum of an acid reaction. The light oil is mainly eupion. The heavy oil is treated HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 297 Avith a concentrated solution of sodium carbonate, and the separated oily liquid distilled; that portion of the distillate being collected only Avhich is heavier than Avater. This distillate is treated AA'ith potassa solution, spec. gr. 1.12, Avhereby the kreosote is dissolved and eupion separated. The potassa solution is iioav supersaturated Avith sulphuric acid, the precipitated kreosote Avell Avashed Avith water and rectified, the product distilling at and above 203° C. (397° F.) being collected. The treatment Avith potassa and sulphuric acid is repeated until the potassium kreosote solution does not turn broAvn on being heated in the air. To obtain it from crude pyroligneous acid, the oily constituents are first separated by saturating the crude acid Avith sodium sulphate at about 70° C. (158° F.), and, while warm, skimming off the supernatant layer. The cold thick oil is distilled, treated with sodium carbonate, and further purified as before. Properties.—Kreosote is a colorless oily liquid; age renders it slightly yelloAvish; it is very refractive to light, neutral to test-paper, of a peculiar penetrating smoky odor, and of a caustic and burning taste. It boils at about 203° C. (397° F.), and volatilizes without leaving any residue. It does not solidify at —27° C. (—17° F.). Its specific gravity is 1.046 U. S., 1.071 Br. It dissolves in about 80 parts of cold Avater and in 24 parts of hot water, the excess being separated again after several days. It takes up fifty per cent, of glycerine or fifteen per cent, of ammonia, spec. gr. 0.940, and is freely soluble in alcohol, ether, carbon bisulphide, glacial acetic acid, fixed and volatile oils. When agitated with ammonia water, it separates unchanged on standing, but it dissolves in potassa solution, the liquid giving off kreosote when heated to boiling. When ignited it burns with a white and sooty flame. It causes precipitates with solutions of gum and albumen, but not Avith gelatin, and does not render collodion gelatinous. It preserves meat, probably in consequence of its behavior Avith albu- men, and is present in the smoke of burning wood. Kreosote is decom- posed by strong nitric and sulphuric acids, and in contact with silver nitrate the latter is reduced. Tests.—It is obvious that unfailing tests can hardly be expected for a variable mixture of compounds some of Avhich are still unknown; yet since guaiacol is the principal constituent, the tests for this princi- ple are generally applicable, or rather the absence of the impurities Avhich are likely to be present may be proven by the non-appearance of their characteristic reactions. Thus the absence oifixed oils is shown by the complete volatility of the sample; a drop may be put upon bibulous paper, and this exposed to a temperature near 100° C. (212° F.), when the greasy stain should gradually completely disap- pear. For the absence of carbolic acid the United States Pharmaco- poeia offers two tests: 1. That it should not coagulate collodion; and 2. That a slip of pine wood dipped first into an alkaline solution _ of kreosote, and, after drying, into hydrochloric acid, should not acquire a blue color (see Acidum Carbolicum). The first test will not detect small quantities of carbolic acid, and perhaps the best test for distin- 298 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. guishing betAveen the tAvo articles is their behavior Avith ferric chloride, which for both beechwood-tar kreosote and carbolic acid may be very similar, Avhen in a concentrated state or in alcoholic solution, but is markedly different in dilute aqueous solution. A clear watery solution of beechwood-tar kreosote acquires Avith little ferric chloride a blue, then broAvn, and finally yellowish or yellowish-green turbidity; a similar solution of carbolic acid gives a blue or violet coloration. On adding a strong solution of ferric chloride to a strong alcoholic solution of kreosote, a blue arid then a green color is produced; with a similar solution of carbolic acid, the coloration will be at first blue, then broAvn, or, in certain proportions, green; if now six or eight times the bulk of water be added, the kreosote mixture Avill become dingy brown, with the separation of minute oily drops; but the carbolic acid mixture will remain perfectly transparent, and acquire a beautiful blue color. It should be stated that much of the commercial kreosote is coal-tar kreosote, and readily recognizable as such by its behavior to ferric chloride. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of pure beechwood-tar kreosote is dissolved in fifty parts by weight of alcohol. Amount of drug power, y^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—ft. LACERTA AGILIS. Synonym, Lacerta Stirpium. Class, Reptilia. Order, Sauria. Family, Lacertina. Common Name, Green European Lizard. The green lizard is frequently met Avith in southern Europe, in some parts of Africa and in Sweden. It is not poisonous; it will bite, but the Avounds are not dangerous. It has been reputed of old to be an antidote against all poisons, and is yet used occasionally as a popular remedy. There seems to be some doubt as to the proper preparation; while some prepare a tincture from the fresh pounded lizard, others recom- mend a trituration from the dried animal. Preparation.—The entire dried animal is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. LACHESIS. Synonym, Trigonocephalus Lachesis. Class, Reptilia. Order, Ophidia. Family, Crotolida?. Common Name, Surukuke or Churukuku. The lachesis or trigonocephalus inhabits the hot countries of South America ; it attains a length of upAvards of seven feet, and its poison- HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 299 fangs are nearly one inch in length; the skin is of a reddish -brown, marked along the back Avith large rhomboidal spots of a blackish- brown, each of Avhich encloses tAvo spots of the color of the body. The poison resembles saliva, only it is less viscous, but limpid, inodorous', and Avithout any marked taste, the color being someAvhat greenish; at the extremity of the fang, it easily forms into drops, and falls Avithout threading ; exposed to the air, it soon concentrates into a dry yelloAv mass, Avhich for a long time preserves its poisonous qualities. The poison of this serpent has this peculiarity, that it may be SAvalloAvecl / Avithout inconvenience, Avhilst, introduced into a Avound, or injected into a vein, it produces the most dreadful symptoms, and generally death. The virus of this serpent has been more carefully proved than that of any other. The specimen used by Dr. Hering in his experi- ments Avas obtained from the living snake, Avhich Avas stunned Avith a bloAv; the poison was then collected on sugar by pressing the poison fang upAvards against the bag, and the three first attenuations prepared by trituration. Preparation.—The virus is triturated as directed under Class VIII. LACHNANTHES. Synonym, Lachnanthes Tinctoria, Elliott. Nat. Ord., Ha?modoracea?. Common Names, Red-Root. Spirit Weed. This herb grows in sandy SAvamps, from Rhode Island and New Jer- sey soutlrward, near the coast. It has a red fibrous perennial root, equitant sword-shaped leaves, clustered at the base and scattered on the stem, which is hairy at the top, and terminated by a dense com- pound cyme of dingy yellow and loosely Avoolly flowers. Perianth Avoolly outside, six-parted down to the adherent ovary. Stamens three, opposite the three larger or inner divisions; filaments long, exserted; anthers linear, fixed by the middle. Style thread-like, exserted, de- clined. Pod globular. Seeds few on each fleshy placenta, flat and rounded, fixed by the middle. FloAvers appear from July to September. Preparation.—The fresh plant in flower is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole Avell, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. LACTUCA SATIVA, Linn. Synonyms, Lactuca Crispa. Lactuca Sylvestris. Nat. Ord., Composita?. Common Name, Garden Lettuce. This is an annual plant. The stem, which rises about tAvo feet, is erect, round, simple below, and branching in its upper part. The loAver 300 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. leaA'es are obovate, rounded at the end, and undulating; the upper are smaller, sessile, cordate, and toothed; both are shining, and of a yelloAV- ish-green color. The flowers are pale yellow, small, and disposed in an irregular terminal corymb. Before the floAver-stem begins to shoot, the plant contains a bland, pellucid juice, has little taste or smell, and is much used as a salad for the table; but during the period of in- florescence it abounds in a milky juice, which readily escapes from in- cisions in the stem. The original native country of the garden lettuce is unknoAvn. The plant has been cultivated from time immemorial, and is uoav employed in all parts of the civilized world. It flourishes equally in hot and temperate latitudes. Preparation.—The fresh, perfectly developed plant, groAvn in the garden, is chopped and pounded to a pulp, and pressed out lege artis in a piece of neAV linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mixture is alloAved to stand eight days, in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. LACTUCA VIROSA, Linn. Synonyms, Intybus Augustus. Lactuca Fcetida. Nat. Ord., Composita?. Common Name, Acrid or Strong-scented Lettuce. This is a biennial, Avith a stem from tAvo to four feet high, erect, prickly near the base, above smooth and divided into branches. The loAver leaves are large, oblong-ovate, undivided, toothed, commonly prickly on the under side of the midrib, sessile, and horizontal; the upper are smaller, clasping, and often lobed; the bractes are cordate and pointed. The floAA-ers are numerous, of a sulphur-yelloAV color, and disposed in a panicle. The plant is a native of Europe. It is lactescent, and has a strong disagreeable smell like that of opium, and a bitterish, acrid taste. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp, and pressed out lege artis in a piece of new linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mixture is alloAved to stand eight days, in a well-stop- pered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, 2. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. LACTUCARIUM. Synonyms, Lactuca Sativa, Linn. Lactuca Viroso, Linn. Preparation of Lactucarium.—Commerce is supplied Avith lac- tucarium almost exclusively from Germany and Great Britain, from plants cultivated for the purpose. Thos. Fairgrieve, avIio described the preparation in 1873, states that he cultivates Lactuca Virosa Arar. Montana. The collection of the milky juice is commenced about the HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 301 middle of July or beginning of August, Avhen the floAvers are just ap- pearing, and is continued for six or eight weeks (until the latter part of September). The collectors proceed over the field, cutting the head of each stalk and scraping the juice into their vessels, one person Avho cuts being followed by tAvo Avho collect the juice. This process is repeated six or seven times a day, a new cut being made each time a little loAver doAvn the stalk. In the evening, Avhen the juice has thickened into a viscous mass, it is turned out of the A-essel, suitably divided, and dried by the aid of heat, about five days being required for it. In Germany, near the toAvn of Zell on the Mosel, the collection lasts from May to September; the milky juice is taken up by the finger and transferred to hemispherical earthen cups, in Avhich it quickly hardens so that it can be turned out. It is then dried in the sunshine until it can be cut into four pieces, Avhen the drying is completed by exposure to the air for some Aveeks on frames. German lactucarium generally conies in sections of plano-convex circular cakes which are of a gray-brown color externally, usually Avhite or yelloAvish, and of a Avaxy lustre internally. It has a strongly bitter taste, and a strong narcotic odor suggesting that of opium. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The dried milk-juice is triturated, as directed under Class VII. LAMIUM ALBUM, Linn. Synonyms, Gallopsidis Maculata. Lamium La?vigatum. Nat. Ord., Labiata?. Common Names, Dead Nettle. White Archangel. This herb is a native of Europe, where it is very common, groAving on Avails, hedges, fences and the edges of meadows. It has ovate, heart-shaped, pointed and coarsely serrate, someAvhat hairy, petiolate leaves, and Avhite or Avhitish flowers in dense axillary clusters, and Avith slender calyx teeth; at base of corolla, inside, there is a ring of hairs. FloAvers appear continually from spring to autumn. Preparation.—Tavo parts of fresh leaves and one part of fresh blossoms are chopped and pounded to pulp and pressed out in a piece of neAv linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, min- gled Avith an equal part by weight of alcohol. This mixture is al- lowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Amount of drug poAver, I. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. LAPATHUM ACUTUM. Synonym, Rumex Obtusifolius, Linn. Nat. Ord., Polygonacea?. Common Name, Bitter Dock. This plant is a natiAre of Europe, but has been introduced into America, where it is found growing in fields, etc. Stem roughish; Ioav- 302 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. est leaA'es ovate-heart-shaped, obtuse, rather doAvny on the veins un- derneath, someAvhat Avavy - margined; the upper oblong-lanceolate, acute; whorls loose and distant; valves ovate-halberd-shaped, and Avith some sharp aAvl-shaped teeth at the base, strongly reticulated, one of them principally grain-bearing; these characteristics distinguish this species from all others. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered in autumn, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Amount of drug power, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. LAPIS ALBUS. Synonym, Silico-Fluoride of Calcium. This name, Lapis Albus, is given by Dr. v. Grauvogl, to an unnamed species of gneiss, Avhich he first found held in suspension in the waters of the mineral springs of Gastein, Germany. These springs start from the foot of the Tauern Mountains, and floAV doAvnAvard into the valley of the Achen, over formations of gneiss. The substance proved was a trituration of the solid gneiss rock. Dr. v. Grauvogl calls it a Avhite, primitive, calcium gneiss. Until a care- ful scientific analysis of the rock used by v. Grauvogl is made, Ave must only consider as officinal, triturations of the gneiss from the springs of Gastein, Germany. Preparation.—Genuine Lapis Albus is triturated, as directed under Class VII. LAUROCERASUS. Synonyms, Cerasus Folio Laurino. Padus Laurocerasus. Prunus Laurocerasus, Linn. Nat. Ord., Rosacea?. Common Name, Cherry Laurel. This tree is indigenous to Persia and Asia Minor. It is an evergreen, rising from four to tAventy feet in height, with long spreading branches, Avhich, as well as the trunk, are covered with a smooth, blackish bark; the leaves standing alternately on short, strong footstalks, are oval-ob- long, from five to seven inches in length, acute, finely serrated, firm, coriaceous, smooth, beautifully green and shining, with oblique nerves and yellowish glands at the base ; the floAvers are small, white, strongly odorous, and disposed in simple axillary racemes; the fruit consists of oval drupes, very similar to small black cherries, both in their shape and internal structure. The fresh leaves have an aromatic odor and taste, very like the bitter almond. Preparation.—The mature fresh leaves, gathered in the summor HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 303 months, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Take tAvo- thirds by weight of alcohol, and add it to the pulp, stirring and mixing Avell together; then strain lege artis through a piece of new linen. The tincture thus obtained is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. LEDUM. Synonyms, Anthos Sylvestris. Ledum Palustre, Linn. Rosmar- inum Sylvestre. Nat. Ord., Ericacea?. Common Names, Marsh Tea. Wild Rosemary. This is a small evergreen shrub tAvo to three feet high. Stem shrubby, erect, slender, much branched, young branches covered with close rust- colored doAvn. Leaves scattered, horizontal or reflexed, on short peti- oles, strap-shaped, quite entire, with revolute margins, channeled, smooth; upper surface dark green, under surface paler, and the mid- rib covered AA'ith rust-covered down. FloAvers numerous, in dense, simple, terminal, bracteated corymbs. The AAdiole plant, Avhen bruised, has a strong, oppressive, aromatic smell, and a bitter, astringent, nau- seous taste. It groAvs in moist swampy grounds in north of Europe, France, Asia and America. Preparation.—The fresh herb is pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, pour it into a Avell-stop- pered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £ Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. LEPIDIUM BONARIENSE, De Candolle. Synonym, Lepidium Mastruco. Nat. Ord., Crucifera?. Common Names, Buenos Ayres Pepperwort. Mastruco. This plant is very common in the neighborhood of Rio, Avhere it is found along the roads and in stony regions. It is herbaceous, Avith numerous glabrous, erect stems, attaining a height of from tAventy to thirty inches; the radical leaves are petiolate, finely indented; the superior leaves are alternate, sessile and almost linear. It blossoms in September. The flowers, Avhich form terminal spikes, are supported by filiform pedicles; calyx Avith four folioles; coral small, cruciform, with four hypozynous petals, six tetradynamous stamens, short style, small, subelliptical pod, Avhich is somewhat crenated at the top; root fibrous, simple, erect. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, 304 - HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. and having mixed the pulp Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, and poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. LEPTANDRA. Synonyms, Callistachya Virginica. Eustachya Alba. Leptandra Virginica, Nuttall. Veronica Virginica, Linn. Nat. Ord., Scrophulariacea?. Common Names, Black Root. Culver's Root. Tall Speedwell. Tall Veronica. This is an herbaceous perennial plant, with a simple, erect stem, three or four feet high, smooth or doAvny, furnished Avith leaves in Avhorls, and terminating in a long spike of Avhite flowers. The leaves, of Avhich there are from four to seven in each whorl, are lanceolate, pointed, and minutely serrate, and stand on short footstalks. Calyx five-parted, segments acuminate. Corolla tubular-campanulate, border four-lobed, a little ringent, unequal, the lower lamina narrower. Stamens and at length the pistils much exserted; filaments beloAV, and tube of the corolla pubescent. Capsule OA'ate, acuminate, two-celled, many-seeded, opening at the summit. The plant grows throughout the United States east of the Mississippi, affecting mountain meadows in the South, and rich Avoods in the North. Flowers appear in July and August. Preparation.—The fresh root, of the second year, is chopped and pounded to a pulp. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole Avell, it is poured into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, k. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. LILIUM TIGRINUM. Nat. Ord., Liliacea?. Common Name, Tiger Lily. This plant is a native of China and Japan. It is much cultivated as a garden plant. Its stem is from four to six feet high, unbranched and Avoolly. Leaves scattered, sessile, three-veined, the upper cordate- ovate,the axils bulbiferous. FloAvers are large, in a pyramid at the summit of the stem, dark orange-colored, Avith black or very deep crimson, someAvhat raised spots, Avhich give the flower the appearance of the skin of the tiger, and from Avhich circumstance it has derived its name; perianth revolute and papillose within. Its floAvers appear in July and August. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 305 Preparation.—The fresh plant, in floAA'er, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole and poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decant- ing, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. LITHIUM BROMICUM. Synonyms, Lithium Bromatum. Lithium Hydrobromicum. Lithii Bromidum. Common Name, Bromide of Lithium. Formula, Li Br. Molecular Weight, 87. Preparation and Properties of Bromide of Lithium.—This salt is readily soluble in Avater and alcohol, 100 parts of the former liquid dissolving at 0° C. (32°F.) 143 parts, and at 34° C. (93.2° F.) 196 parts of the bromide. According to Yvon (1875), it may be pre- pared by dissolving lithium carbonate in hydrobromic acid and evap- orating. Or 37 grams of the carbonate are converted into neutral sulphate, dissoh7ed in a small portion of Avater, and mixed Avith a con- centrated aqueous solution of 119 grams of potassium bromide. The mixture is Avell stirred, the liquid separated by filtration, evaporated to dryness, and treated Avith alcohol, Avhich leaAes potassium sulphate undissolved; the alcoholic solution is evaporated to dryness. Lithium bromide may be obtained in crystals by evaporating its syrupy solu- tion over sulphuric acid. The anhydrous salt contains nearly 92 per cent, of bromine. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Bromide of lithium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. LITHIUM CARBONICUM. Synonyms, Carbonas Lithicus. Lithic Carbonate. Lithii ( ar- bonas. Common Name, Carbonate of Lithium. Formula, Li2 C03. Molecular Weight, 74. Origin and Preparation of Carbonate of Lithium.—Lith- ium is met with as phosphate in montebrasite and several other miner- als, and as fluoride or silicate in lepidolite, spodumene, and others. It is found in minute quantities in the ashes of some plants, and in many mineral springs, often as carbonate; the Avaters of the Mar-spring at Baden-Baden, and of a hot spring at Wheel-Clifford, in Cornwall, are the richest known; the latter, according to W. A. Miller (1864), con- taining 26.05 grains Li CI in the imperial gallon. To prepare the car- bonate lepidolite is heated Avith sulphuric acid; the aqueous solution, 20 306 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. containing impure lithium sulphates, is treated with lime to separate metallic oxides and earths, and then precipitated by potassium car- bonate, or neutralized Avith hydrochloric acid and evaporated. From the residue the chloride of lithium is dissolved by a mixture of alcohol and ether, and thus freed from the chlorides of rubidium, caesium, so- dium, and potassium, Avith Avhich metals it is associated in the lepidolite. The concentrated aqueous solution of lithium chloride, treated with ammonium carbonate, yields a precipitate of lithium carbonate, which is washed Avith alcohol. Properties.—Carbonate of lithium is a light Avhite poAvder, or is in minute crystalline grains, fuses at a dull red heat with the evolution of some carbonic acid, and, after congealing, may be broken into pearly pieces. It is insoluble in alcohol, but dissolves in about one hundred parts of water; the solution precipitates the salts of the heavy metals, and, on boiling, decomposes the ammonium salts. It dissolves with effervescence in dilute hydrochloric acid, and the solution evaporated to dryness leaves a residue of lithium chloride, which imparts a car- mine color to the flame of a spirit lamp. The neutral solution of the chloride yields a Avhite precipitate with phosphate of sodium. Tests.—Magnesium and calcium salts are the principal impurities; salts of heavier metals are rarely present. The salt, dissolved in hy- drochloric acid, should yield no precipitate with hydrogen sulphide either before or after neutralization Avith ammonia. The same solution yields no precipitate Avith sulphuric acid (barium), nor after neutrali- zation with ammonium oxalate (calcium), or lime-Avater (magnesium). Ten grains of the salt, neutralized Avith sulphuric acid and heated to redness, leave 14.86 grains of dry sulphate of lithium. Alkaline im- purities are detected, after being converted into chlorides, by their in- solubility in a mixture of equal volumes of alcohol and ether, as stated above. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure carbonate of lith- ium is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VII. LOBELIA. Synonyms, Lobelia Inflata, Linn. Rapuntium Inflatum. Nat. Ord-, Lobeliacea?. Common Names, Asthma Root. Bugle Weed. Emetic Herb. Indian Tobacco. Lobelia. Puke Root. This species of lobelia is an annual or biennial indigenous plant, usually a foot or little more in height, with a fibrous root and a soli- tary, erect, angular, very hairy stem, much branched about midway,' but rising considerably above the summits of the highest branches. The leaves are scattered, sessile, oval, acute, serrate and hairy. The flowers are numerous, small, disposed in leafy terminal racemes, and upon short axillary footstalks. The segments of the calyx are linear and pointed. The corolla, AA'hich is of a delicate blue, has a labiate border, Avith the upper lip divided into two, the loAver into three seo-- ments. The united anthers are curved, and enclose the stigma. The fruit is an oval, striated, inflated capsule, crowned Avith the persistent HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 307 calyx, and containing, in tAvo cells, numerous very small, brown seeds. Lobelia inflata is a very common Aveed, growing on the road-sides and neglected fields, throughout the United States. Its flowers begin to appear towards the end of July, and continue to expand in succession till the occurrence of frost. Preparation.—The fresh plant is pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a well-stop- pered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, I,. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. LOBELIA CARDINALIS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Lobeliacea?. Common Names, Cardinal Flower. Red Lobelia. This species of lobelia is tall, two to four feet high, stem simple, smoothish; leaves oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed ; raceme elongated, rather one-sided; the pedicles much shorter than the leaf-like bracts. FloAvers are very large and deep red color. The plant is very com- mon, found in low ground. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and hav- ing mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, and poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to remain eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. LOBELIA SYPHILITICA, Linn. Synonyms, Lobelia Cerulea. Lobelia Glandulosa. Nat. Ord., Lobeliacea?. Common Names, Blue Lobelia. Great Lobelia. This plant is two to three feet high, has acute elliptic-oblong, irregu- larly serrate leaves, and shoAvy blue flowers in the axils of the upper leaves, forming a terminal raceme; the calyx has a short hemispheri- cal tube, five long acute lobes, and at their base conspicuous defiexed appendages. It is met with in low grounds in the United States. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole well, and poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. 308 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. LOLIUM TEMULENTUM, Linn. Synonyms, Lolium Arvense. Lolium Robustum. Nat. Ord., Graminacea?. Common Name, Bearded Darnel. Darnel. Lare. This is an annual about tAvo and a half feet high, Avith rather large leaves, and has an elongated inflorescence, the spikelets being nearly an inch long, about seven-flowered, someAvhat compressed, alternate, sessile, oppressed to the concave rachis, and about as long as the glumes. The fruit is oblong-ovoid, nearly one-quarter inch long, inclosed in the palea?, grooved on the inner and convex on the outer surface, smooth, pale broAvn, internally white, inodorous, and of a farinaceous, after- Avards bitterish, taste. The plant groAvs on waysides and in grain-fields in Western Asia and throughout Europe. Preparation.—The ripe seeds are finely powdered, covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days, in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. LUPULINA. Common Name, Lupulin. This is the yelloAv glandular powder separated from the strobiles of Humulus Lupulus. See Lupulus. On handling dry hops the glandular powder becomes detached, and is freed from fragments of the bracts, etc., by sifting; about ten per cent, of the Aveight of the hops may be obtained. Lupulin, Avhen fresh, is a broAvnish-yelloAV, afterwards yellowish-brown, granular resin- ous powder, Avhich has the aromatic odor, and bitter and aromatic taste of hops. Preparation.—The lupulin is triturated, as directed under Class VII. LUPULUS. Synonym, Humulus Lupulus, Linn. Nat. Ord., Urticacea?. Common Names, Hops. Hop Vine. The root of the hop is perennial, and sends up numerous annual angular, rough, flexible steins, which tAvine around neighboring objects in a spiral direction, from left to right, and climb to a great height. The leaves are opposite, and stand upon long footstalks. The smaller are sometimes cordate; the larger have three or five lobes; all are serrate, of a deep green color on the upper surface, and, together Avith the petioles, extremely rough, with minute prickles. At the base of the footstalks are two or four smooth, ovate, reflexed stipules. The floAvers are numerous, axillary, and furnished Avith bractes. The male floAvers are yelloAvish-white, and arranged in panicles; the female, Avhich groAv on a separate plant, are pale green, and disposed in solitary, HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 309 peduncled aments, composed of membranous scales, ovate, acute, and tubular at the base. Each scale bears near its base, on its inner sur- face, tAvo flowers, consisting of a roundish compressed germ, and tAvo styles, Avith long filiform stigmas. The aments are converted into ovate membranous cones or strobiles, the scales of which contain, each, at its base, two small seeds, surrounded by a yelloAv, granular powder. The hop is a native of North America and Europe. Preparation.—The fresh hop-strobules are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and haA'ing mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole well, and poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decant- ing, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. LYCOPERSICUM. Synonyms, Solanum Lycopersicum, Linn. Lycopersicum Escu- lentum. Poma Amoris. Nat. Ord., Solonacea?. Common Names, Love Apple. Tomato. This plant is a native of tropical America, but its fruit has come into such high repute, that it is cultivated very extensively. The tomato plant resembles the potato plant in general aspect. It is hairy; stems herbaceous, Aveak, groAving three to four feet high; leaves un- equally pinnatifid, segments cut, glaucous beneath; floAvers greenish- yelloAv, of an unpleasant odor; fruit is large and abundant, torulose, furroAved, smooth, at first green, becoming Avhen ripe of a beautiful red, and has an agreeable acrid taste. Preparation.—The fresh herb beginning to floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, and poured the mixture into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then sepa- rated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. LYCOPODIUM. Synonyms, Muscus Clavatus. Pes Leoninus. Pes Ursinus. Nat. Ord., Lycopodiacea?. Common Names, Club Moss. Stag's Horn. Witch Meal. Wolf's ClaAV. The sporules of Lycopodium Clavatum, Linn. The common club-moss is a low-creeping perennial, Avhich is found in dry Avoods distributed over the greater portion of the globe, but is 310 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. most frequent in northern countries. The stem is tAvo to four feet long, Avith evergreen imbricated linear aAvl-shaped inflexed leaves, and with ascending very leafy branches, the fertile ones terminated by a long peduncle "bearing two or three erect linear-cylindrical spikes, Avith roundish ovate bristly pointed bracts, in the axils of Avhich are kidney- shaped sporangia containing the sporules. The spikes are collected before they are fully matured, and after the poAvder has fallen out, it is separated by a sieve from the other parts. It is collected in Ger- many and other countries of central Europe. Lycopodium is a fine, very mobile, pale yelloAvish powder, Avhich is free from odor and taste. Examined by the microscope it is found to be rounded on one side, Avhile the other forms a short three-sided pyramid. The entire sur- face is covered by fine polyhedric meshes, and at the intersection of the ridges by small projections. When sloAvly heated, lycopodium burns quietly, but when thrown into a flame it burns suddenly and Avith a hissing noise. When triturated it acquires a darker tint, be- comes more coherent and greasy. Fliickigar (1872) after rupturing the granules by long trituration Avith sand, obtained 47 per cent, of a bland oil which does not solidify at —15° C. (5° F.). Preparation.—To obtain an efficacious tincture of lycopodium, a previous trituration for hours, first dry, and then with the addition of as much alcohol as is necessary to form a thick paste "will be found of great advantage; after this is done sufficient alcohol is added to to make five parts by weight of alcohol to each part by weight of lyco- podium used. This preparation is alloAved to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. Triturations of lycopodium are prepared as directed under Class VII, but the first trituration must be triturated for several hours as the granules are difficult of rupture. LYCOPUS. Synonym, Lycopus Virginicus, Linn. Nat. Ord., Labiata?. Common Names, Bugle-weed. Paul's Betony. Virginia Hoar- hound. This is an indigenous herb, Avith a perennial creeping root, Avhich sends up an erect, nearly simple, obtusely quadrangular stem, from six to eighteen inches high, and furnished Avith opposite sessile leaves. These are broad-lanceolate, attenuated and entire at both extremities, remotely serrate in the middle, someAvhat rough, purplish, and beset Avith glandular dots on their under surface. The flowers are minute, in small axillary Avhorls, Avith two small subulate bracts to each floAver, and a Avhite corolla. Calyx-teeth four, ovate, bluntish and pointless. The seeds are longer than the calyx, Avhich is spineless. This plant grows in shady and wet places throughout the greater part of the United States, especially northward. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 311 Preparation.—The fresh plant, in floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, and poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decant- ing, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, I. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. LYSSIN. Synonym, Hydrophobinum. The virus of the rabid dog. Preparation.—The virus is prepared by trituration, as directed under Class VIII. MADAR. Synonyms, Calotropis Gigantea, Brown. Asclepias Gigantea, • Linn. Mudar. Nat. Ord., Asclepiadacea?. Under the name of madar or mudar, a medicine has been employed in the East Indies, with great asserted advantage. It is the bark of the root of a species of calotropis, generally considered as C. Gigantea, but said by Dr. Cassanova to be a distinct species, and named by him C. Madarii Indico-orientalis. C. gigantea is a native of Hindos- tan, and has been introduced into the West Indies, where it is now naturalized. The bark, as employed, is without epidermis, of a Avhitish color, nearly or quite inodorous, and of a bitter somewhat nauseous taste. Preparation.—The recently-dried bark, finely pulverized, is tritu- rated as directed under Class VII. MAGNESIA CARBONICA. Synonyms, Carbonas Magnesicus. Magnesii Carbonas. Magne- sium Carbonate. Salis Amari. Common Name, Carbonate of Magnesia. Formula, (MgCo3)3. MgO. 4H2 O, or 3 Mg C03. Mg 2 HO. 3H20. Molecular Weight, 364. Preparation of Carbonate of Magnesium.—Take of sul- phate of magnesia, ten ounces; carbonate of soda, twelve ounces; boil- ing distilled water, a sufficiency. Dissolve the sulphate of magnesia and the carbonate of soda each in a pint of Avater, mix the tAvo solu- tions, and evaporate the whole to perfect dryness by means of a sand- bath. Digest the residue for half an hour Avith tAvo pints of the Avater, and having collected the insoluble matter on a calico filter, Avash it repeatedly Avith distilled water until the washings cease to give a pre- cipitate with chloride of barium. Finally, dry the product at a tem- perature not exceeding 212° F. 312 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Properties —Carbonate of magnesia is a loose, porous, but cohe- sh-e, dazzling white mass, inodorous and of a slight earthy taste. It i.» almost insoluble in water, requiring, according to Fyfe, 2,500 parts of cold and 9,000 parts of boiling water for solution. When it is moistened with Avater and applied to turmeric-paper, a brown color is gradually produced. When heated to dull redness, Avater and car- bonic acid gas are given off and magnesia remains. It dissolves with effervescence in dilute sulphuric, hydrochloric, and other acids, and the solutions have the chemical behavior of magnesium salts. Tests.—Impurities are detected by dissolving the carbonate of magnesia in dilute nitric acid, and this solution should not be precip- itated by nitrate of silver (chloride and bromide), or barium nitrate (sulphate); neutralized Avith ammonia, it should not be precipitated by ammonium oxalate (calcium). On the addition of ammonia in excess, a Avhite precipitate is produced, Avhich is completely soluble in ammo- nium chloride (an insoluble portion would indicate alumina), and the ammoniacal solution does not yield a white precipitate with hydrogen sulphide (zinc). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure carbonate of magnesia is triturated as directed under Class VII. MAGNESIUM METALLICUM. Synonym, Metal Magnesium. Symbol, Mg. Atomic Weight, 24. Origin and Preparation of Metal Magnesium.—The metal magnesium is Avidely distribute 1, but is less abundant than calcium; it is found as silicates in meerschaum, olivine, mica, serpentine, and other minerals, as chloride in sea-Avater and the waters of saline springs, and as carbonate in magnesite and dolomite or magnesium limestone. The metal is obtained by heating sodium Avith anhydrous magnesium chlo- ride ; the resulting sodium chloride is dissolved by Avater, and the mag- nesium left behind in the form of a gray poAvder, Avhich is fused and moulded as desired. Properties.—It is a silver-Avhite metal, of a strong metallic lustre, malleable, fusing at a red, and volatilizing at a Avhite heat, but burn- ing with a bright white light Avhen held in the flame of a gas jet. Its density is only 1.78; it is not altered in dry air, and but slightly tar- nished in a damp atmosphere. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The metal magnesium is triturated as directed under Class VII. MAGNESIA MURIATICA. Synonyms, Chloras Magnesicus. Magnesii Cloridum. Magne- sium Chloride. Common Name, Muriate of Magnesia. Preparation of Muriate of Magnesia. — It is prepared by dissolving carbonate of magnesium in pure muriatic acid until it is HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 313 saturated, with the aid of heat. The filtered solution is evaporated Avith a moderate heat to dryness, and the production obtained, a salt, not quite white, very deliquescent, sandy to the touch, is to be pre- served in Avell-stoppered bottles. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Muriate of magnesia is triturated, as directed under Class VII. MAGNESIA PHOSPHORICA. Formula, 2Mg O. P. 05. HO + 14 H2 O. Take of sulphate of magnesia two parts, dissolve in thirty-two parts of distilled Water, and mix Avith a solution of three parts of phcsphate of soda in thirty-two parts of distilled Avater; set aside to crystallize. One part of the crystallized salt is sloAvly soluble in three hundred and tAventy-tAvo parts of cold Avater. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use. — The salt is triturated according to Class VII. MAGNESIA SULPHURICA. Synonyms, Magnesii Sulphas. Magnesium Sulphate. Common Names, Epsom Salt. Sulphate of Magnesia. Formula, Mg S04. 7H2 O. Molecular Weight, 246. Origin and Preparation of Sulphate of Magnesium.— Sulphate of magnesium is contained in sea-Avater, and in the Avaters of many mineral springs, Avhich thereby acquire a bitter taste. The Crab Orchard salt of Kentucky is the same salt in an impure state, and, as analyzed by J. T. Viley (1871), contains about sixty-five per cent, of magnesium sulphate after having been dried at 1203 C. It probably results from the mutual decomposition of gypsum and magnesian lime- stone, and is obtained by evaporating the water Avhich collects in Avells dug in the ground. The pure salt is made on the large scale from magnesite, which is principally Mg C03, by dissolving it in dilute sul- phuric acid, and crystallizing. Properties.—As found in the market magnesium sulphate has generally been purified by resolution in Avater and rapid crystallization, and forms small rhombic prisms, Avhich resemble those of oxalic acid and sulphate of zinc, are perfectly transparent, Avithout odor, but have a cooling and bitter saline taste. It dissolves at the ordinary tempera- ture in about one and a half times its Aveight, and on boiling in less than its own Aveight of water; it is also soluble in diluted alcohol, but sparingly so in strong alcohol. Exposed to air the crystals slowly effloresce, becoming superficially opaque; when heated the salt melts, gives off 6H2 O, and at a still higher temperature parts with the last molecule of water, fuses, and on cooling congeals into a white mass. The total weight of water amounts to 51.22 per cent. Tests.—The aqueous solution yields a Avhite precipitate of barium sulphate on the addition of barium chloride. It is not precipitated in the cold by potassium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate, but gives 314 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Avhite precipitates Avith the carbonates and the hydrates of sodium and potassium, Avhich are rcdissolved by ammonium chloride. Ammonia added to its solution likeAvise causes a Avhite precipitate soluble in am- monium chloride, and this solution, on the addition of ammonium phosphate, deposits all magnesium in the form of a crystalline poAvder, Avhich is phosphate of magnesium and ammonium, Mg NH4 P04. GH2 O. The filtrate from it, evaporated to dryness and ignited, should leave no residue, or only a slight one consisting of phosphoric acid, in Avhich potassium or sodium compounds should not be indicated by the proper tests. Impurities are detected in precisely the same manner as in the nitric acid solution of magnesium carbonate. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure sulphate of mag- nesium is triturated, as directed under Class VII. MAGNESIA USTA. Synonyms, Magnesia Calcinata. Calcined Magnesia. Common Name, Magnesia. Formula, Mg O. Molecular Weight, 40. Preparation of Calcined Magnesia.—Take of carbonate of magnesium a convenient quantity. Put it into an earthen vessel, and expose it to a red heat for tAvo hours, or until the carbonic acid is entirely expelled, rubbing it constantly Avith an iron spoon during calcination. Properties.—Magnesia is a AA'hite poAvder, Avithout odor, and of an earthy, but destitute of saline taste. Exposed to a high heat, it becomes more compact, but does not fuse except before the oxyhydrogen blow- pipe. According to Presenilis, it requires about 55,000 parts of Avater for solution; but the liquid has a distinct alkaline reaction. Its specific gravity varies betAveen 2.3 and 3.3. When mixed Avith Avater it unites with it, forming a hydrate, having the composition Mg 2 HO, and, Avhen heated, losing thirty-one per cent, of its Aveight. Exposed to the atmosphere a similar change takes place, but carbonic acid is also absorbed, and a corresponding quantity of oxycarbonate is formed. It should, therefore, be preserved in Avell-stoppered bottles. Tests.—The degree of hydration alloAvable is not given by the pharmacopoeias; but when Avell kept, the loss by heating to redness should not exceed five or six per cent. It should dissolve in dilute acids Avithout any or Avith but very slight effervescence. When treated Avith dilute nitric acid it should dissolve Avithout leaving any residue, and the solution should yield no precipitates with barium nitrate (sulphates) or silver nitrate (chlorides), and potassium ferrocyanide should impart only a bluish tint, but not a dee}) blue precipitate (iron). On adding ammonium chloride and an excess of ammonia, the solu- tion remains clear on the further addition of ammonium oxalate (ab- sence of calcium), and on the addition of sulphydrate of ammonium (zinc, etc.); but yields Avith phosphate of sodium a white precipitate of ammonio-magnesium phosphate. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 315 Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure calcined magnesia is triturated as directed under Class VII. MAGNOLIA. Synonym, Magnolia Glauca, Linn. Nat. Ord., Magnoliacea?. Common Names, Laurel Magnolia. White Laurel. Magnolia glauca, sometimes called sweet bay, white bay, beaver tree, or swamp sassafras, is indigenous to swampy localities near the coast of the United States from Massachusetts to Louisiana; in the northern part of the country it is shrubby; further south it is a small tree fifteen to tAventy-five feet high. It has oval oblong leaves Avhich are shining above and white beneath, and bears fragrant white floAvers about tAvo inches in diameter, Avith about ten ovate or obovate obtuse petals. The leaAes may be used for marking by placing the white surface upon the fabric and writing with some pressure upon the upper surface. The flowers appear in May and June; they have a white or greenish calyx of three sepals, many stamens Avith short filaments, and many ovaries collected on an elongated receptacle, forming a cone-like aggre- gation of fruits AA'hich open at maturity, the berry-like seeds being sus- pended by a thread-like funiculus. Preparation.—The fresh flowers are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole well, and poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days . in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, I. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. MAJORANA. Synonyms', Origanum Majorana, Linn. Majorana Hortensis, Mo'nch. Nat. Ord., Labiata?. Common Name, SAveet Marjoram. This is an annual herb, frequently cultivated for culinary purposes, and is indigenous to Western Asia and southeastern Europe. The leaves are spatulate or oval, very obtuse, entire, gray-green, soft, hairy, and pellucid-punctate. The flowers are aggregated in small heads, and have a small whitish corolla. The plant is agreeably and pungently aromatic. Preparation.—The fresh plant, in flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well and poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. 316 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Amount of drug poAver, }. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. MANCINELLA. Synonym, Hippomane Mancinella, Linn. Nat. Ord., Euphorbiacea?. Common Name, Manchineel. Although the poisonous properties of the mancinella have been very much exaggerated, it is nevertheless a ver)^ poisonous tree, which is becoming more and more rare, OAving to its being rooted up with great care Avherever it shoAvs itself. It is a native of the West Indies, from tAvelve to fifteen feet high, Avith a trunk having a white and soft wood and coA'ered Avith a grayish bark. Its leaves are alternate, 0A7al-acute, somewhat cordate at their base, Avith fine indentations, and a red gland at their apex. They are attached to long petioles; stipulate Avhile young. Flowers monoecious, forming long terminal spikes, the male floAvers being above, the female below or at the axilla of the leaves. The male floAvers have a bifid perianth Avhence emanate the stamens, the united filaments of which form a column that supports the anthers. The female floAvers have a perianth with tAvo or three divisions and a rudimentary foliole; the OArary is round and superior ; style straight, terminating in six or seven red, radiating, reflexed stigmata. The fruit is round, pulpy, from five to six inches in diameter, umbilicate at the top, and enclosing a wooden kernel with seven monosperm com- partments. Preparation.—Equal parts of the fresh leaves, bark, and fruit are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and haying mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After hav- ing stirred the Avhole Avell and poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. MANGANUM ACETICUM. Synonyms, Acetas Manganosus. Manganesii Acetas. Manganous Acetate. Common Name, Acetate of Manganese. Preparation of Acetate of Manganium.—Freshly precipi- tated carbonate of manganese is dissolved until it is neutralized in hot concentrated vinegar, the solution filtered off from the manganese in excess, and slowly evaporated to the point of crystallization. Properties.—The salt crystallizes in colorless or pale reddish shining, rhomboidic columns, is persistent in the air, and easily dissolvable in water. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Acetate of manganese is triturated as directed under Class VII. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 317 MANGANUM CARBONICUM. Synonyms, Carbonas Manganosus. Manganesii Carbonas. Man- ganous Carbonate. Common Name, Carbonate of Manganese. Preparation of Carbonate of Manganium.—It is prepared by precipitating in the presence of a little syrup a solution of mangan- ous sulphate with carbonate of sodium, Avashing the precipitate well and drying it rapidly Avith a moderate heat. Properties.—It is a Avhite poAvder, having a broAvnish tinge, and dissolving in carbonic acid Avater, leaving only a slight residue of brown manganic oxide. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Carbonate of mangan- ese is triturated, as directed under Class VII. MANGANUM METALLICUM. Synonym, Metallic Manganese. Symbol, Mn. Molecular Weight, 27.7. Preparation and Properties of Metallic Manganese.—It Avas discoA'ered by Scheele and Gahn in 1774, and is obtained from the nath'e black oxide by intense ignition Avith charcoal. As obtained by C. Brunner, decomposing the fluoride by sodium, manganese is brittle, grayish-Avhite and very hard, being capable of cutting glass, and scratching the best tempered steel. It is susceptible of the most perfect polish, and is not altered, even in moist air, at the ordinary tempera- ture. Its specific gravity varies from 7.1 to 7.2. Deville suspects that Brunner's manganese contains a little carbon. This chemist ob- tained the metal by heating the black oxide in excess Avith charcoal, in a lime crucible. The metal thus obtained, is more refractory than iron; Avhile that procured by Brunner fused at the same heat as Avhite cast iron. With oxygen it forms five compounds, three regular oxides and tAvo acids. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Metallic manganese is triturated, as directed under Class VII. MATICO. Synonyms, Artanthe Elongata, Miguel. Piper Angustifolium, Ruiz et Pavon. Steffensia Elongata, Kunth. Nat. Ord., Piperacea?. Common Names, Soldier's Herb. XarroAv-leaved Piper. This is a shrub with a jointed stem about twelve feet in height. The leaves are sessile or very shortly petiolate1, oval-lanceolate, acuminate, tAvo or three inches long by about an inch in breadth, bright green on the upper surface, paler and doAvny beneath, crenate, minutely and strongly reticulated, of an agreeable aromatic odor, and a strong, spicy taste. The spikes are solitary, opposite the leaves, and cylindrical. The bracts are peltate or cucullate; the floAvers hermaph- rodite. The plant is a native of Peru. 318 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Preparation.—The dried leaves are finely poAvdered and covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol; having been poured into a Avell- stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. MELASTOMA ACKERMANNI. Synonym, Melastoma Tapixirica. Nat. Ord , Melastomacea?. Common Name, Tapixirica. This is a bush Avith round branches, triangular at their extremities, and covered Avith a brownish bark. The leaves are opposite, supported by short and hairy petioles; their limb is oval, reticulate, covered Avith stiff hairs, and traversed on its lower surface by five thick almost parallel nerves, running from the base to the summit of the leaf. The floAvers are sessile supported by terminal axis. This bush is a native of tropical America. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After haA'ing stirred the Avhole Avell, and poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, I. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. MELILOTUS. Synonym, Melilotus Alba, Lamarck. Nat. Ord., Leguminosa?. Common Names, White Melilot. Sweet Clover. This plant is a native of Europe, Avhere it groAvs along roadsides and in cultivated ground, and has been, to some extent, naturalized in North America. It is about three feet high, smooth, and has entire awl-shaped stipules and trifoliate leaves, the lower leaflets truncate and the upper ones lanceolate. The floAvers are in erect racemes, white in color, and very fragrant. Preparation.—The fresh floAvers are pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, and poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 319 MELILOTUS OFFICINALIS, Willd. Synonym, Trifolium Officinale. Nat. Ord., Leguminosa?. Common Names, YelloAv Melilot. SAveet Clover. This plant is a native of Europe, and naturalized in North America, growing in similar places to Melilotus Alba. It is upright, tAvo to four feet high, and has trifoliate leaves; leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse. Corolla yelloAv; the petals nearly of equal length. FloAvers very fragrant. Preparation.—The fresh flowers are pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, and poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, alloAv it to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. MELOE MAJALIS. Synonym-, Meloe' Proscaraba?us. Class, Insecta. Order, Coleoptera. Family, Vesicantia. Common Name, Oil-Beetle. (This must not be confounded Avith the common May-beetle [Scaraba?us Melolantha].) The meloe proscaraba?us is without Avings, an inch or an inch and a half long, and about as big as a finger. It is soft, Avith the head bent downwards as that of the cantharis, antenna? moniliform, of tAvelve joints, corslet almost rounded and flexible, punctuated elytra? which cover scarcely one-half of the oval abdomen. The color of the head, feet and abdomen, verges on the reddish. The fore feet have five, the hind feet four joints. The meloe majalis is the smaller of the two; its body is coppery-red, or bronze-black; the elytra? are black-green, and the black is furnished with red incisions. The two kinds have a disagreeable odor, and emit, Avhen seized, an acrid, yellowish humour, staining the fingers, and smelling something like the violet, of a sweetish taste at first, then acrid and caustic, and causing an itching and blister-like eruption on the skin. These insects are found all over Europe in the spring, on the grass, low plants, on dry meadows and sunny hills. They have to be gath- ered with great care, so that the juice Avhich they emit should not get lost, and they should at once be placed in the vessel in which they are to be kept. Preparation.—The living insect carefully put into the glass used for the pharmaceutical preparation, so as not to lose any of the juice, is drenched with five parts by weight of alcohol, and macerated eight 320 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. days, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug power, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. MENISPERMUM CANADENSE, Linn. Synonym, Cissampelos Smilacina. Nat. Ord., Menispermacea?. Common Names, Yellow Parilla. Canadian Moonseed. Vine Maple. This is a climbing plant, growing in various parts of the United States, on banks of streams, from the northern boundary to the Gulf of Mexico. The root or rhizome is long, of a yellow color, and a bit- ter taste. Leaves peltate near the edge, three to seven angled or lobed. Flowers Avhitish or greenish-yellow, in axillary panicles appearing in June and July. Sepals four to eight. Petals six to eight, short. Stamens twelve to tAventy in the sterile flowers, as long as the sepals; anthers four-celled. Pistils two to four in the fertile flowers, raised on a short common receptacle; stigma broad and flat. Drupe globular, the mark of the stigma near the base, the ovary in its growth after floAvering being strongly incurved, so that the (wrinkled and grooved) laterally flattened stone (putamen) takes the form of a large crescent or a ring. Drupes ripen in September, looking like frost grapes. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and jxnmded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole well, and poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. MENTHA PIPERITA, Linn. Synonyms, Mentha Hercina. Mentha Viridi Aquatica. Nat. Ord., Labiata?. Common Name, Peppermint. Peppermint is found Avild in Avet places in England, in other coun- tries in Europe and in North America; it is also largely cultivated. It is a perennial plant, readily multiplying by runners, and with a square, frequently purplish stem, about three feet high. The leaves are tAvo to three inches long, and all petiolate, the petioles being about half an inch long; they vary in shape between lanceolate and ovate- lanceolate, have a rounded base, an acute apex and a sharply serrate margin; the upper surface is dark green and smooth, the loAver sur- face paler, with numerous glands, and upon the nerves sparingly pubes- cent. The inflorescence is terminal, consists of tAvelve to sixteen whorls the lowest of Avhich are somewhat distant; it is conical in shape HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 321 rounded or acute above, and two inches long; the cymules of each Avhorl contain about twenty or thirty flowers. The calyx is often pur- plish, tubular, five-toothed, ten-ribbed, glabrous, but dotted with yel- loAvish glands. The corolla is pale purplish-red and smooth, with the tube about as long as the calyx, and the limb nearly equally four- lobed. The four short stamens are equal in length, and included in the calyx tube. The fruit consists of four broAvnish, smooth or rugose akanes. It flowers in August and September. Preparation.—The fresh plant, in floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole well, and having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. MENYANTHES. Synonyms, Menyanthes Trifoliata, Linn. Trifolium Amarum. Nat. Ord., Gentianacea?. Common Names, Buckbean. Marsh Trefoil. Water Shamrock. This is a perennial, indigenous to North America from Pennsylva- nia northward, to Europe and Northern Asia. It grows in boggy places, has a fleshy rhizome of the thickness of a finger, and sheathed by the remnants of the leaf-stalks, and bears a naked scape Avith about fifteen rose-colored or whitish floAvers. It blooms in May and June. The leaves are on petioles four or six inches long, ternate, the leaflets sessile, about two inches long, obtuse, oblong or obovate, the margin slightly crenate, smooth and pale green. They are inodorous, and ha\re a very bitter taste free from astringency. Preparation.—The fresh plant, just coming into bloom, is chopped and pounded to pulp, and pressed out lege artis in a piece of new linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part by weight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. MEPHITIS. Synonyms, Mephitis Putorius. Viverra Putorius. Class, Mammalia. Order, Carnivora. Family, Mustelina. Common Names, Skunk. Polecat. The polecat is a quadruped of the family of martins, inhabiting the United States; it is of the size of a martin, with round head; snout 21 322 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. elongated, three-roAved moustaches on the upper jaw, a dry nose, and the neck a little marked. Its coat is black, but it has a Avhite streak along the back to the tail, and two others on each side parallel to the first; the posterior part of its body is larger than that of the martin ; its tail is as if cropped, and furnished Avith long hairs, and nearly all white; the under part of the body is whitish ; the fore part of the feet elongated and fortified with five strong nails; near to the anus there is, as in all the genus viverra, a pouch where follicular glands deposit an unctions matter of such an infectious and insupportable odor, that at the approach of the animal, at the moment when he squirts his liquor, the respiration is stifled and asphyxia seems near at hand. This liquor is nearly puriform, of a deep yelloAv color, and of an alliaceous smell. Preparation.—One part by weight of the liquid obtained from the anal glands of the animal is dissolved in fifty parts by Aveight of alcohol. Amount of drug power, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI.—ft. MERCURIALIS PERENNIS, Linn. Synonyms, Cynocrambes. Mercurialis Montane. Nat. Ord., Euphorbiacea?. Common Name, Dog Mercury. This plant is indigenous to Europe, where it occurs in shaded, moun- tainous forests, on stony or moist ground. It is distinguished from mercurialis annua (to Avhich it is nearly related, and occurring more frequently) by its creeping, knotty, articulate root, AA'hich is verticil- lately fibred on the joints; by its single, low, beloAV leafless stem and the short-petiolate, serrated, and short-haired, elliptic-lanceolate leaves. Flowers appear in early spring. Preparation.—The fresh plant, in floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo-thirds the quantity by weight of alcohol is taken, and having mixed it thoroughly Avith the pulp, it is pressed out lege artis in a piece of neAv linen, and filtered. Amount of drug poAA'er, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. MERCURIUS ACETICUS. Synonyms, Hydrargyrum Aceticum. Mercurius Acetate. Common Name, Acetate of Mercury. Preparation of Acetate of Mercury.—A solution of the nitrate of mercury, as is mentioned under the head Mercurius solubilis, is pre- pared ami decomposed by pure carbonate of soda, dissolved in twice its quantity of distilled Avater. The carbonate of mercury obtained in this way is Avell Avashed, heated to boiling in a porcelain dish Avith eight times its quantity of distilled watei, and then gradually so much of concentrated vinegar added, till all is dissolved. The hot filtered liquid yields after refrigeration scale-like, crystalline lamina?, shining HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 323 like mother-of-pearl, and A-ery greasy to the touch; they are removed from the mother-liquor, speedily Avashed Avith diluted spirit of wine, and, after being dried betAveen bibulous paper, preserved Avell protected from light. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure acetate of mercury is triturated as directed under Class VII. MERCURIUS AURATUS. Preparation of Mercurius Auratus.—One part of gold and two parts of mercuiy are Avell mixed together by shaking in a glass vessel, and then the mixture is poured into a crucible coated inside with chalk, and made half red-hot. The crucible is then gently agitated for some seconds, and the contents poured into a porcelain vessel filled Avith cold Avater; it is aftenvards collected and carefully dried. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Mercurius auratus, as prepared above, is triturated as directed under Class VII. MERCURIUS CYANATUS. Synonyms, Hydrargyri Cyanidum. Cyanuretum Hydrargy- ricum. Mercuric Cyanide. Common Names, Cyanide of Mercury. Cyanuret of Mercury. Formula, Hg Cy2 or Hg (CN)2. Molecular Weight, 252. Preparation of Cyanide of Mercury.—Take of ferrocyanide of potassium, fhTe troy ounces; sulphuric acid, four troy ounces and one hundred and tAventy grains; red oxide of mercury in fine powder, Avater, each a sufficient quantity. Dissolve the ferrocyanide of potas- sium in twenty fluidounces of Avater, and add the solution to the sul- phuric acid, previously diluted with ten fluidounces of Avater, and con- tained in a glass retort. Distil the mixture nearly to dryness into a receiver, containing ten fluidounces of Avater and three troy ounces of red oxide of mercury. Set aside tAvo fluidounces of the distilled liquid, and to the remainder add, Avith agitation, sufficient red oxide to destroy the odor of hydrocyanic acid. Then filter the solution, and, having added the reserved liquid, evaporate the Avhole in a dark place, in order that crystals may form. Lastly, dry the crystals, and keep them in a Avell-stoppered bottle, protected from the light. Properties.—Mercuric cyanide is in colorless or white quadrangu- lar prisms, Avhich are soluble in eight parts of Avater and about tAventy parts of alcohol, but quite sparingly soluble in absolute alcohol. The aqueous solution is not decomposed by nitric or dilute sulphuric acid, but hydrochloric acid liberates hydrocyanic acid, recognizable by its odor, and mercuric chloride remains in solution. The aqueous solution is not precipitated by alkalies or nitrate of silver; but yields a black precipitate Avith sulphuretted hydrogen. The salt has a bitter metallic taste, is blackened by exposure to the light, and Avhen carefully heated is decomposed into mercury and cyanogen, Avhich is inflammable, burn- ing Avith a purplish flame. When rapidly heated, black paracyanigen 324 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. remains behind, and in the presence of moisture carbonic acid and ammonia are evolved besides hydrocyanic acid. Tests.—Mercuric oxycyanide, if present, is sparingly soluble in cold water, and the solution imparts a brown color to turmeric paper. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure cyanide of mercury is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by weight of distilled Avater. Amount of drug power, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—ft. Triturations of pure cyanide of mercury are prepared as directed under Class VII. MERCURIUS DULCIS. Synonyms, Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite. Hydrargyri Sub- chloridum. Hydrargyrum Chloratum Mite. Calomelas. Mild Chlor- ide of Mercury. Subchloride of Mercury. Submuriate of Mercury. Common Name, Calomel. Formula, Hg2 Cl2 (or Hg CI). Molecular Weight, 471 (or 235.5). Preparation of Calomel.—Take of mercury, forty-eight troy ounces; sulphuric acid, thirty-six troy ounces; chloride of sodium, eighteen troy ounces; distilled water, a sufficient quanity. Boil, by means of a sand-bath, twenty-four troy ounces of the mercury with the sulphuric acid until a dry, white mass is left. Rub this, when cold, Avith the remainder of the mercury, in an earthenware mortar, until they are thoroughly mixed. Then add the chloride of sodium, and, having rubbed it with the other ingredients until globules of mercury cease to be visible, sublime the mixture into a large chamber so that the sublimate may fall in powder. Wash the sublimed matter with boiling distilled water until the Avashings afford no precipitate with water of ammonia, and dry it. Properties.—Calomel is a heavy, fine and smooth Avhite powder, Avhich, under the microscope, is observed to consist of minute needle- shaped crystals; but when prepared by levigating the crystallized mass, it forms irregular fragments of crystals. Its density is about 7.0, but varies somewhat as prepared by different processes. When heated it sublimes completely without previous fusion. It is insoluble in Avater and other simple, solvents; but boiled in water it is slowly de- composed into metallic mercury and mercuric chloride. When trit- urated Avith impure sugar, some corrosive sublimate is formed. Tests.—Calomel should volatilize, Avhen heated, without leaving any residue (absence of fixed impurities). Heated Avith potassa solu- tion it should turn black Avithout evolving the odor of ammonia (ab- sence of ammonium compounds). Agitated with warm water or alco- hol, the filtrate should not be colored by sulphuretted hydrogen, nor yield a Avhite precipitate with silver nitrate (absence of mercuric chlor- ide). Agitated with diluted acetic acid, the filtrate should not be affected by sulphuretted hydrogen or silver nitrate (absence of am- moniated mercury). HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 325 Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure calomel is tritura- ted as directed under Class VII. MERCURIUS IODATUS FLAVUS. Synonyms, Hydrargyrum Iodatum. Hydrargyrum Iodidum. Hy- drargyrum Iodatum Flavum. Hydrargyri Iodidum Viride. Yelhnv Iodide of Mercury. Green Iodide of Mercury. Mercurous Iodide. Protoiodide of Mercury. Common Name, Yellow Iodide of Mercury. Formula, Hg2 I2 (or Hg I). Molecular Weight, 654 (or 327). Preparation of Yellow Iodide of Mercury.—Take of mer- cury, a troy ounce; iodine, three hundred grains; stronger alcohol, a sufficient quantity. Mix the mercury and iodine in a mortar, and, having added half a fluidounce of stronger alcohol, triturate all to- gether until the ingredients are thoroughly incorporated. Stir the mixture occasionally, and, at the end of tAvo hours, triturate again, Avith considerable pressure, until it is nearly dry. Then rub it up Avith stronger alcohol, gradually added, until it is reduced to a uniform, thin paste; and, having transferred this to a filter, Avash it with stronger alcohol until the washings cease to produce a permanent cloudiness when dropped into a large quantity of Avater. Lastly, dry the iodide in the dark Avith a gentle heat, and keep it in a Avell-stop- pered bottle, protected from the light. Properties and Tests. — Mercurous iodide Avhich has not been washed with alcohol is dark green; but having been freed from the red iodide by either hot or cold alcohol it is greenish-yellow. On exposure to the light red iodide is formed, it turns dark green and finally black, the decomposition being accelerated by moisture. AVhen heated it turns red-broAvn, and finally sublimes, yielding mercury and red crys- tals of mercuroso-mercuric iodide, Hg2 I2. 2Hg I2, Avhich become yel- Ioav on cooling. Mercurous iodide is almost insoluble in Avater and entirely insoluble in alcohol and ether; Avhen treated Avith alcohol, the filtrate on being dropped into Avater should produce only a very faint cloudiness, and on evaporation should leave only a minute trace of red iodide. Fixed impurities, if present, remain behind if a portion is heated to redness in a porcelain crucible. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure yelloAv iodide of mercury is triturated as directed under Class VII, care being taken to protect from light. MERCURIUS IODATUS RUBER. Synonym, Hydrargyrum Biiodatum Rubrum. Hydrargyri Iodi- dum Rubrum. Deutoioduretum (Biniodidum) Hydrargyri. Binio- dide of Mercury. Common Name, Red Iodide of Mercury. Formula, IIgI2. Molecular Weight, 454. Preparation of Red Iodide of Mercury.—Take of corrosive 326 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. chloride of mercury, a troy ounce; iodide of potassium, a troy ounce and one hundred and twenty grains; distilled water, a sufficient quan- tity. Dissolve the corrosive chloride of mercury in a pint and a half, and the iodide of potassium in half a pint of distilled water, and mix the solution. Collect the precipitate upon a filter, and, having washed it Avith distilled water, dry it Avith a gentle heat, and keep it in a Avell-stoppered bottle. Properties.—Mercuric iodide is a scarlet-red powder, or is in brilliant crystals; on being heated it turns yelloAv, fuses near 240° C. (464° F.) to an amber-colored liquid, and sublimes to bright yelloAv tabular crystals, Avhich, after cooling, are again converted into the prismatic or octahedral red crystals. The salt is very sparingly soluble in cold or hot Avater, little so in ether, and freely in hot alcohol, from Avhich it crystallizes on cooling. The solutions are colorless, and are partly decomposed by potassa solution, a portion of the mercury being deposited as mercuric oxide, the remainder forming a soluble iodide of potassium and mercury. When a hot solution of potassium iodide is saturated Avith mercuric iodide and then allowed to cool, one- third of the latter salt crystallizes on cooling; the remainder is ob- tained, on further concentration, as yelloAv prisms, which are soluble in alcohol and ether, but are partly decomposed by water. The crystals are mercuric potassium iodide, 2 (KI. Hg I2) 3H2 O, more generally known as iodohydrargyrate of potassium, and are likeAvise formed on adding mercuric chloride to an excess of potassium iodide. Impurities, if present, are readily detected by the residue left on subliming the salt (red oxide of lead and other non-volatile com- pounds), and on dissolving it in hot alcohol (vermilion, etc.). ■ Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure red iodide of mercury is triturated as directed under Class VII. MERCURIUS NITROSUS. Synonyms, Hydrargyrum Nitricum Oxydulatum. Protonitrate of Mercury. Common Name, Nitrate of Mercury. Preparation of Nitrate of Mercury.—To tAventy parts of pure mercury add, in a very flat porcelain dish, a mixture of nine parts of concentrated nitric acid, of 1.2 specific gravity, and tAventy-seA'en parts of distilled Avater ; coA'er it lightly, and let it stand in a dark, cool place until the formation of the Avhite octahedral crystals, the salt required, has ceased. From time to time they are taken off the mer- cury upon Avhose surface they are floating, after which we Avash them speedily Avith a little alcohol and then dry them between layers of bibulous paper; this done, they are preserved in a Avell-stoppered bottle. The crystals are persisting in the air, and perfectly soluble in water that has been slightly acidulated with a fi?AV drops of nitric acid. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use —Pure nitrate of .mer- cury is triturated as directed under Class VII. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 327 MERCURIUS PRiECIPITATUS ALBUS. Synonyms, Hydrargyrum Ammoniatum. Plydrargyri Ammonio- Chloridum. Hydragyrum Pra?cipitatum Album. Common Names, Ammoniated Mercury. White Precipitate. Formula, NH2 Hg CI. Molecular Weight, 251.5. Preparation of White Precipitate.—Take of corrosive chlo- ride of mercury, six troy ounces ; Avater of ammonia, eight fluid ounces; distilled AATater, eight pints. Dissolve the corrosive chloride of mercury in the distilled Avater, Avith the aid of heat, and to the solution, Avhen cold, add the Avater of ammonia, frequently stirring. Wash the pre- cipitate Avith Avater until the washings become nearly tasteless, and dry it. Properties and Tests.—Ammoniated mercury is a Avhite poA\- der, or is often in friable masses, having an earthy, aftenvards metallic taste. It is insoluble in ether, alcohol, and Avater, but yields Avith boiling AA'ater a lemon-yellow basic compound, ammonium chloride being dissolved. When heated, it volatizes without fusion and Avith- out leaving any residue (absence of non-volatile compounds). Po- tassa solution or lime-Avater evolves ammonia and colors the powder yellow; it is soluble in hot solutions of ammonium salts and in hydrochloric, as well as in nitric and acetic acids, Avithout effervescence (absence of carbonates). The solutions yield Avhite precipitates Avith potassa (ammoniated mercury) and silver nitrate (silver chloride). The solution in acetic acid yields no precipi- tate Avith sulphuric acid (absence of lead). When treated Avith an excess of hydrogen sulphide, a black precipitate is obtained, and a col- orless filtrate, Avhich, on being acidulated Avith hydrochloric acid, evap- orate to dryness, and ignited, is not charred (absence of starch), and leaves no fixed residue (absence of zinc, calcium, etc., salts). When ammoniated mercury is triturated Avith iodine, the mixture will after some time puff up, from the spontaneous decomposition of iodide of nitrogen or iodamine formed in it; but in the presence of alcohol the decomposition takes place suddenly and Avith violent explosion. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure ammoniated mer- cury is triturated as directed under Class VII. MERCURIUS PRiSECIPITATUS RUBER. Synonyms, Hydrargyrum Oxydatum Rubrum. Hydrargyri Oxi- dum Rubrum. Hydrargyri Nitrico-Oxidum. Oxydum Hydrargyri- cum. Red Oxide of Mercury. Peroxide of Mercury. Mercuric Oxide. Common Name, Red Precipitate. Formula, HirO. Molecular Weight, 216. Preparation of Red Oxide of Mercury.—Take of mercury, thirty-six troy ounces; nitric acid, twenty-four troy ounces; water, tAvo pints. Dissolve the mercury, with the aid of a gentle heat, in the acid and Avater previously mixed, and evaporate to dryness. Rub the dry 328 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. mass into powder, and heat it in a shallow vessel until red vapors cease to rise. Properties and Tests.—When made on a small scale, it is a finely granular poAvder of a yellowish-red color, Avithout lustre, but, made in larger quantities, it is obtained in the form of bright brownish- red shining crystalline scales, Avhich on trituration yield a fine orange- red poAvder. By exposure to the light it becomes superficially black, but much more slowly than the yellow oxide. When heated, its color is changed to dark red, brown, and black, the original color reappear- ing on cooling; but Avhen heated to a little beyond the boiling point of mercury, it is decomposed into metal and oxygen. When thus treated, red nitrous vapors should not be given off (absence of nitrate), and no residue should be left (absence of non-volatile impurities). It dissolves completely in nitric acid; a red-colored residue Avould indicate the presence of brick-dust or of vermilion, the latter being volatilizable by heat; a broAvn residue (of puce-colored oxide of lead) would prove an adulteration Avith red lead, and the nitric acid solution would contain lead recognizable by the white precipitate appearing on the addition of a little sulphuric acid. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure red oxide of mer- cury is triturated as directed under Class VII. MERCURIUS SOLUBILIS HAHNEMANNI. Synonyms, Hydrargyrum Oxydulatum Nigrum. Hydrargyrum Oxydulatum Nitricum Ammoniatum. Black Oxide of Mercury. Protoxide of Mercury. Ammonio-Nitrate of Suboxide or Dioxide of Mercury. Origin of Mercurius Sol. H.—This mercurial preparation is neither an oxide nor a protoxide of mercury, but an ammoniaco-mer- curial subproto nitrate, Avhich, as it does not keep well, and is very likely to pass to the maximum of oxidation, should be prepared in a very small quantity at a time. Hahnemann himself abandoned this preparation, preferring to it, in all cases, that of metallic mercury, mentioned as Mercurius vivus. Nevertheless, as there are many who believe that metallic mercury is not so efficacious as the uncertain preparation, black oxide of mercury, we give the method recommended by Hahnemann to obtain it. Preparation of Mercurius Solubilis Hahnemanni.—Hav- ing purified the mercury, as described under mercurius vivus, it is dis- solved, cold, in strong nitric acid, which requires many days; the salt which results is dried on blotting-paper, and triturated in a glass mor- tar for half an hour, adding one-fourth of its weight of the best alcohol. The alcohol Avhich has been converted into ether is throAvn aside, and the trituration of the mercurial is continued Avith fresh alcohol for half an hour each time, until this fluid no longer has the smell of ether. That being done, the alcohol is decanted and the salt dried on blotting- paper, which is reneAved from time to time. Aftenvarcls it is triturated for a quarter of an hour, in a glass mortar, with tAvice its Aveight of distilled Avater; the clear fluid is decanted, the salt is again washed by HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 329 a second trituration Avith a fresh quantity of Avater, the clear fluid is united to the preceding, and thus Ave have the aqueous solution of all that the saline mass contained of mercurial nitrate really saturated. The residuum is composed of other mercurial salts, of chloride and sulphate. Finally, this aqueous solution precipitates, by caustic ammonia, the so-called black oxide of mercury. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use. — Mercurius solubilis Hahnemanni, prepared according to above formula, is triturated as directed under Class VII. MERCURIUS SUBLIMATUS CORROSIVUS. Synonyms, Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum. Hydrargyri Perchloridum. Hydrargyrum Bichloratum Corrosivum. Corrosive Chloride of Mercury. Perchloride of Mercury. Bichloride of Mercury. Common Name, Corrosive Sublimate. Formula, Hg Cl2. Molecular Weight, 271. Preparation of Bichloride of Mercury.—Take of mercury, tAventy-four troy ounces; sulphuric acid, thirty-six troy ounces; chlor- ide of sodium, eighteen troy ounces. Boil the mercury with the sul- phuric acid, by means of a sand-bath, until a dry, white mass is left. Rub this, Avhen cold, Avith the chloride of sodium in an earthenware mortar; then sublime with a gradually increasing heat. Properties.—Corrosive sublimate forms colorless prismatic crys- tals, or, more generally, heavy Avhite crystalline masses. It has the density 5.4 and, Avhen heated, fuses and sublimes Avithout leaving any residue. It has a disagreeable metallic taste, and dissolves in about tAvo parts of boiling Avater and sixteen parts of water at the common temperature (Poggiale), also in three parts of alcohol and four parts of ether. AVhen exposed to the light, its aqueous solution is decomposed Avith the precipitation of calomel and the liberation of hydrochloric acid; the decomposition is prevented by the presence of free hydro- chloric acid or of ammonium chloride. The aqueous solution yields yelloAv precipitates of mercuric oxide Avith lime-water, or potassa solu- tion, a Avhite precipitate of ammoniated mercury Avith ammonia, and a Avhite curdy one of silver chloride on the addition of nitrate of silver. Phosphorous and sulphurous acids separate calomel from the solutions; hypophosphorous acid and stannous chloride produce the same change, but Avhen in excess and heated, liberate metallic mercury. The salt is soluble Avithout decomposition in sulphuric, hydrochloric or nitric acid, and crystallizes again on cooling. Tests.—Corrosive sublimate should volatilize when heated Avithout leaving any residue (absence of fixed impurities), and should be com- pletely soluble in Avater or alcohol (absence of calomel). It often con- tains traces of arsenic, Avhich are probably derived from the sulphuric acid with Avhich the sulphate was prepared; this may be readily de- tected by mixing the solution Avith an excess of potassa solution, add- ing some zinc and heating, the test-tube being covered with filtering paper moistened with a drop of solution of silver nitrate; the appear- ool) HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. ance of a black spot indicates arsenic. J. G. Smith (1877) found in some samples y1^ per cent, of the impurity. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure corrosive sublimate is dissolved in fifty parts by Aveight of alcohol. Amount of drug poAver, y^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—ft. Triturations are prepared, as directed under Class VII. The alcoholic solution is to be preferred on account of its stability. MERCURIUS SULPHURETUM NIGRUM. Synonyms, Black Sulphuret of Mercury. iEthiops Mincralis. Hydrargyrum Sulphuretum Xigrium. A mixture of black amorphous sulphide of mercury, Hg S, with a large excess of sulphur. Preparation of ./Ethiops Mineralis.—Take mercury and sul- phur of each one pound. Rub them together till all the globules dis- appear. Mercury and sulphur have a strong affinity for each other, as is shoAvn by the fact, that, when they are triturated together in quantities, the mixture groAvs hot, cakes, and exhales a sulphurous odor. During the trituration, the mixture should be sprinkled from time to time Avith a little water or alcohol, to prevent the dust from rising, which exposes the operator to serious inconvenience. Properties.—_Ethiops Mineralis is a heavy, tasteless, insoluble, fine black powder, Avhich, Avhen vieAved Avith a lens, does not show any globules of uncombined mercury. Tests.—When heated upon a plate, it takes fire and burns Avith a blue flame, AA'ithout leaving any residue; heated in a test-tube, it yields a red sublimate of vermilion. AVhen digested with hydrochloric acid, the acid liquid does not yield a Avhite precipitate on being diluted Avith Avater (absence of antimony). Ivory black is detected in it by throAV- ing a small portion on red hot iron, Avhen a white matter (phosphate of calcium) will be left behind. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure black sul- phuret of mercury is triturated as directed under Class VII. MERCURIUS SULPHURICUS. Synonyms, Hydrargyri Sulphas. Hydrargyrum Sulphuricum. Mercuric Sulphate. Common Names, Sulphate of Mercury. Persulphate of Mercury. Formula, Hg S04. Molecular Weight, 296. Preparation of Sulphate of Mercury.—Take of mercury by weight, tAventy ounces; sulphuric acid, tAvelve fluid ounces. Heat the mercury Avith the sulphuric acid in a porcelain vessel, stirring con- stantly until the metal disappears, then continue the heat until a dry Avhite salt remains. Mercury does not dissolve in cold sulphuric acid"; but on heating the mixture sulphurous acid and watery vapors are HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 331 disengaged, any excess of sulphuric acid is driven off, and the residue consists of mercuric sulphate; H<:2 -f- 4 H2 S04 yields 2 S02 -f- 4 H2() + 2HgS04. Properties and Tests.—Mercuric sulphate is a heavy white crystalline powder Avhich, on being mixed Avith a small-quantity of Avater, is at first colored vcIIoav, but after some time is converted into colorless shining prisms of the hydrated salt. A larger quantity of water decomposes it permanently into yelloAv basic sulphate. When heated to redness, it is decomposed and entirely volatilized; any non- A'olatile residue left Avould indicate impurities. The salt is partly decomposed by heat, mercurous sulphate and mercury being sublimed, besides undecomposed mercuric sulphate. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure sulphate of mer- cury is triturated as directed under Class VII. MERCURIUS VIVUS. Synonyms, Hydrargyrum. Argentum Vivum. Mercury. Common Name, Quicksilver. Symbol, Hir. Atomic Weight, 200. Origin of Mercury.—Mercury is principally obtained from NeAV Almaden in California, from Peru, China, Idria in Austria, and Al- maden in Spain. It is found to some extent in the metallic state in the form of minute or large globules; but the principal ore for extract- ing it is cinnabar. Preparation of Mercury.—Most of the mercury is obtained by roasting the ore in a kiln. It is placed upon an arch of brick-Avork containing several openings, through Avhich the flames pass, Avhereby the sulphur of. the ore is ignited and burns, air being admitted at the same time; the heat thus produced volatilizes the mercury, the vapors' of which, mingled Avith the smoke and- sulphurous acid gas, are passed through a series of condensing chambers, Avhere the metal is condensed, the incondensable gases finally escaping through the flue. This is essen- tially the process as carried on at Idria and New Almaden; likeAvise at Almaden, except that the vapors are passed through the so-called aludels, consisting of cylinders adapted to each other, first in a descend- ing and then in an ascending direction, Avhere most of the mercury is condensed and collects in a gutter placed under the angle, the remain- der being condensed in a large terminal chamber, from Avhich the gases pass into the flue. In the Palatinate the cinnabar is mixed Avith lime, and in Bohemia Avith hammerslag, and then distilled, sulphide of cal- cium remaining behind in the former, and sulphide of iron in the lat- ter case. Mercury appears in commerce in cylindrical iron flasks con- taining seventy-five pounds each. In this condition it still contains small quantities of other metals, principally lead. For barometers and thermometers, as Avell as for pharmaceutical preparations, a puri- fication of the metal is required or advisable, and may be eflected by distillation or by the following process: 332 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Hydrargyrum Depuratum.—Take of mercury, one hundred parts; nitric acid, distilled Avater, each five parts. Introduce them into a suitable vessel, and digest for three days, shaking frequently. Hav- ing poured off the acid liquid, wash well the mercury Avith distilled water, and dry it completely. The operation is best conducted in a broad glass or porcelain ves- sel, so as to expose a very large surface of the metal to the action of the dilute acid. The lead, being far more easily oxidized and dissolved than the mercury, is thereby removed, though a little of the latter like- Avise passes into solution. After washing, most of the water may be removed by bibulous paper. Properties.—Mercury is solid at a temperature of —39.44° C. (—39° F.), and crystallizes in octohedrons and needles, Avhich are duc- tile and may be cut with a knife. At the ordinary temperature it forms a bright, silvery liquid, Avhich is very cohering, and not adher- ing to glass, unless it be impure, Avhen small globules will tail or leave a streak upon it. AVhen triturated Avith sugar, fat, various salts, oil of turpentine, etc., it is converted into a gray powder, consisting of minute globules separated by the foreign substances, and running to- gether again on their removal; this finely divided state is called the extinction or killing of mercury. Mercury has at 4° C. (39.2° F.) the specific gravity 13.59, and at 15° C. (59° F.) 13.57. It boils at about 350° C. (662° F.), but volatilizes very slowly even at the ordinary temperature. It is permanent at the ordinary temperature, the Avhit- ish pellicle Avhich forms upon the surface of commercial mercury being due to the presence of foreign metals (lead, zinc, etc.). It unites di- rectly Avith chlorine, bromine and iodine, and dissolves even in dilute nitric acid Avith the evolution of nitric oxide. Boiling hydrochloric and dilute sulphuric acids are without action upon it; but hot concen- trated sulphuric acid dissolves the metal, sulphurous acid being driven off. AVhen heated to near its boiling point in contact with the atmos- phere, it combines Avith oxygen, forming scales of red oxide. Tests.—The purity of mercury is ascertained from its behavior and properties as described above. AVhen some mercury is agitated for a Avhile Avith the officinal solution of ferric chloride, which is free from ferrous chloride, the liquid should afterwards not yield a blue precipitate on the addition of potassium ferridcyanide, Avhich Avould result through the solution of a foreign metal and the reduction of some ferric to ferrous chloride; nor should the liquid, if necessary after being acidulated with hydrochloric acid, yield more than a mere trace of a colored precipitate on the addition of hydrogen sulphide. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure mercury is tritu- rated, as directed under Class VII. MEZEREUM. Synonyms, Daphne Mezereum, Linn. Chama?daphne. Chama?lia Germanica. Coccus Chamelacus. Nat. Ord., Thymelacea?. Common Names, Mezereon. Spurge Olive. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 333 This is a very hardy shrub, three or four feet high, Avith a branching stem, and a smooth, dark gray bark, very easily separable from the Avood. The leaves spring from the ends of the branches, are deciduous, sessile, obovate-lanceolate, entire, smooth, of a pale green color, some- Avhat glaucous beneath, and about tAvo inches long. They are pre- ceded by the floAvers, Avhich appear very early in the spring, and some- times bloom even amidst the snow. These are of a pale rose-color, highly fragrant and disposed in clusters, each consisting of two or three floAvers, forming together a kind of spike at the upper part of the stem and branches. At the base of each cluster are deciduous floral leaves. The fruit is oval, shining, fleshy, of a bright red color, and contains a single round seed. This species of daphne is a native of Great Britain and the neigh- boring continent, in the northern parts of Avhich it is particularly abundant. It is cultivated in Europe both for medical purposes and as an ornamental plant. The bark Avhen fresh has a nauseous smell; its taste is at first SAveetish, but afterwards highly acrid and > even cor- rosive; Avhen applied to the skin it produces inflammation followed by vesication. Preparation.—The fresh bark, gathered in early spring before the flowers appear, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two-thirds by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and the pulp well mixed Avith it, and then strained lege artis through a piece of neAv linen. This tincture is then poured into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place, and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, ?. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. MILLEFOLIUM. Synonyms, Achillea Millefolium, Linn. Achillea Myriophylli. Nat. Ord., Composita?. Common Names, Yarrow. Milfoil. Nose-bleed. This is a perennial herb, common to the old and new continents, though supposed to have been introduced into this country from Europe. It abounds in old fields, along fences, and on the borders of woods and of cultivated grounds, throughout the United States. It is from a foot to eighteen inches high, and is specifically distinguished by its doubly pinnate, doAvny, minutely divided leaves, with linear, dentate, mucronate divisions, from which it derived the name of milfoil, by its furrowed stem and calyx, ahd by its dense corymb of Avhitish flowers, Avhich appear throughout the summer, from June to September. Both the flowers and leaves have an agreeable, though feeble aromatic odor, and a bitterish, astringent, pungent taste. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered Avhen flowering begins and the stems are not yet ligneous, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and pressed out lege artis in a piece of new linen. The expressed juice is then by brisk agitation mingled Avith an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mixture is alloAved to stand eight days in a Avell- stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. 334 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Drug poAver of tincture, $. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. MIMOSA HUMILIS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Leguminosa?. This species, Avhich is one of the smallest of the genus mimosa, is found in the prairies around Kio Janeiro. Its stem is feeble, rather Avoody, ramose, pubescent above and covered Avith very sharp prickles. The leaves are bipinnate, the pinna? being three or four-paired, with small, linear folioles, Avhich close at the least contact; there are from six to tAvehre on each side of the spike. The floAvers are small, sessile, forming pretty silky tufts of a violet color. The fruit is someAvhat triangular, flattened, covered Avith long and stiff hairs, and surrounded by a persistent pericarp, divided in tAvo capsules, each of which contains one seed. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of* the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole well, pour into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stan'd eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, -k. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. MITCHELLA REPENS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Rubiacea?. Common Names, Checker Berry. Partridge BerrA'. SquaAvVine. This must not be confounded, on account of its common name, Avith the Gaultheria Procumbens. It is a smooth and trailing small ever- green herb, with round-ovate and shining petioled leaves, minute sti- pules, Avhite fragrant floAvers often tinged Avith purple, and scarlet edible (but nearly tasteless) dry berries, Avhich remain over winter. The flowers are in pairs, Avith their ovaries united. Calyx four-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, four lobed; the lobes spreading, densely bearded inside, valvate in the bud. Stamens four. Style one; stigmas four, linear. Fruit a berry-like double drupe, crowned with the calyx-teeth of the two flowers, each Avith four small and seed-like bony nutlets. It is common throughout the United States, found in dry woods, creeping about the foot of trees, and floAvering in June and July. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, &. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. MOMORDICA BALSAMINA, Linn. Synonym, Balsamina. Nat. Ord., Cucurbitacea?. Common Name, Balsam Apple. This is an annual climbing plant, a native of the East Indies, but cultivated in our gardens for the sake of the fruit. This is ovate, attenuated tOAvards each extremity, angular, Avarty, not unlike a cucum- ber in appearance, of a lively red or orange-yelloAV color, easily falling Avhen touched, and spontaneously separating into several pieces. The fruit contains numerous flat, OATal, and Avrinkled brownish seeds, Avhich are surrounded Avith a fleshy red arillus. Preparation.—The ripe fruit is chopped and pounded to a pulp and pressed out lege artis in a piece of new linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by weight of alcohol. This mixture is alloAved to stand eight days in a Avell-stop- pered bottle in a dark, cool place and then filtered. Amount of drug power, 2. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. MONOBROMIDUM CAMPHORS. Synonym, Camphora Monobromata. Common Names, Monobromated Camphor. Bromated Camphor. Formula, C10 H15 Br 02. Molecular Weight, 231. Preparation of Monobromated Camphor.—Break 13 ounces of camphor into pieces of suitable size, put this into a quart retort, first filling the neck, raise the latter someAvhat, and then introduce through the tubulure, by means of a funnel-tube, 4 ounces of bromine, Avashing the last doAvn Avith 20 or 30 minims of alcohol. A brisk reaction Avill commence in about fifteen or twenty minutes, after it has subsided and the retort has become cool, introduce 8 to 9 ounces of bromine in four portions, Avaiting after each addition until the reac- tion has ceased. The addition of alcohol is not requisite, but facilitates the reaction; and the bromine may be added in larger quantities, if provision be made for condensing the vaporized bromine and returning it to the retort. This is noAV slowly heated to about 132° C. (270° F.), allowed to cool, the contents dissolved in Avarm petroleum benzin, the solution allowed to crystallize, and the crystals purified by recrystalli- zation from hot alcohol or petroleum benzin. On evaporating the mixed mother-liquid, an oily mass is obtained, Avhich, heated to 260° C. (500° F.), becomes black, and contains monobromate camphor, to be obtained by recrystallization as before. In the above processes bibromide of camphor, C10 H16 O Br2, is first formed, and this, on being heated, is decomposed into hydrobromic acid, H Br, and monobromated camphor, Cj0 H15 Br O, the latter representing a molecule of camphor, in Avhich one atom of hydrogen is replaced by one of bromine. During the operation one-half of the bromine used is given off as hydrobromic acid, and may be collected in water or combined with a base. 336 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Properties.—Monobromated camphor is in colorless needles or prisms, insoluble in Avater, freely soluble in alcohol, ether, and hot petroleum benzin, also in fixed oils. It is permanent in the air and light, has a somewhat camphoraceous odor and taste, fuses near 70° C. (158° F.°), and boils at 274° C. (525° F.), Avith partial decomposition. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Monobromated camphor is triturated as directed under Class VII. MONOTROPA UNIFLORA, Linn. Synonym, Monotropa Morisoniana. Nat. Ord., Galacinea?. Common Names, Bird's Nest. Corpse Plant. Ice Plant. Indian Pipe. This is a low and fleshy herb, found in dark and rich woods from Maine to Carolina and westward to Missouri. The clustered stems spring from a ball of matted fibrous rootlets, furnished with scales or bracts in place of leaves; the flowering summit at first nodding, in fruit erect. The plant is smooth, waxy-white (turning black in 'dry- ing), inodorous, Avith a single five-petalled and ten-androus flower at the summit; the calyx of two to four irregular scales or bracts; anthers transverse, opening by two chinks; style short and thick; stigma naked. It flowers in July and August. Preparation.—The Avhole plant in flower is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Amount of drug power, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. MORPHIUM. Synonyms, Morphium Purum. Morphia. Common Name, Morphine. Formula, C17 H19 N03. H2 O. Molecular Weight, 303. Preparation of Morphia.—Take of opium sliced, twelve troy ounces; Avater of ammonia, six fluid ounces; animal charcoal in fine powder, alcohol, distilled Avater, each a sufficient quantity. Macerate the opium with four pints of distilled Avater for twenty-f jur hours, and, having worked it Avith the hands, again macerate for tAventy-four hours, and strain. In like manner, macerate the residue twice successively, with the same quantity of distilled water, and strain. Mix the infu- sions, evaporate to six pints, and filter; then add five pints of alcohol, and afterwards three fluid ounces of the water of ammonia, previously mixed with half a pint of alcohol. After twenty-four hours pour in the remainder of the Avater of ammonia, mixed, as before, with half a HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 337 pint of alcohol, and set the liquid aside for tAventy-four hours that crystals may form. To purify these, boil them Avith tAvo pints of alco- hol until they are dissolved, filter the solution, Avhile hot, through animal charcoal, and set it aside to crystallize. Properties.—Morphia crystallizes in short, transparent, and color- less or Avhite prisms, which require for solution about one thousand parts of cold and about five hundred parts of boiling water, thirty parts of boiling and fifty parts of cold alcohol, sixty parts (one hun- dred and seventy-five parts, Pettenkofer) of chloroform, and tAvo hun- dred and twenty parts of glycerin. It is soluble in fusel oil, also in fixed alkalies and alkaline earths, less so in ammonia and its salts, but insoluble in benzol, fixed oils, and ether; the latter liquid dissolves some morphia in the amorphous state, Avhich crystallizes after awhile. It is inodorous, and at first tasteless, developing, hoAvever, a bitter taste. Its solutions have an alkaline reaction upon test-paper, and Avith acid it yields salts, most of Avhich are crystallizable. Heated at 120° C. (248° F.) it loses 5.95 per cent, of Avater of crystallization, and fuses to an oily liquid, which crystallizes on cooling; at a higher heat it is decomposed, and burns Avithout leaving any residue. Tests.—Commercial concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves morphia Avith a yelloAvish, afterAvards gray color. Pure morphia, heated Avith pure sulphuric acid to 100° C. (212° F.) for half an hour, is colored pink-red (Prescott, 1877). Concentrated nitric acid imparts a blood- red color, changing to orange and yelloAv. Dissolved in sulphuric acid, and the solution heated to near 150° C. (302° F.), the addition of a little nitric acid colors violet-blue, changing quickly to blood-red, and afterwards to deep orange (Husemann, 1863). Froehde's reagent (1866) (0.001 sodium molybdate in 1 c. c. H2 S04) acquires a beau- tiful violet color, changing to blue, olive-green, yellow, and, in twenty- four hours, to purplish-blue. In the reaction of this reagent upon many alkaloids and other organic substances, a light or dark blue, or more or less green, color, is produced; the changes in color must, therefore, be noticed, and a larger amount of the molybdate in the test carefully avoided. Chlorine water added to morphia causes a yellow or orange color, Avhich is deepened by alkalies; chlorinated alkalies or lime at once produce the orange color. Morphia decomposes iodic (Serullas) and periodic.(Boedeker) acids, liberating iodine; in dilute solutions the addition of sulphuric acid is advisable ; ammonia deepens the yelloAV color of the solution. Ferric chloride colors morphia and its salts deep blue, the color being destroyed by free acids and alcohol, but not by alkalies (Robinet). AVhen a salt of morphia is heated Avith an excess of sulphuric or hydrochloric acid to near 150° C. (302° F.), the alkaloid parts Avith H2 O, and is converted into apomorphia, C17 H17 N02. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure morphia is tritu- rated, as directed under Class VII. 22 •JOG HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. MORPHIUM ACETICUM. Synonyms, Morphia? Acetas. Morphinum Aceticum. Common Name, Acetate of Morphia. Formula, C17 H19N03. C2 H4 02. H2 O. Molecular Weight, 363. Preparation of Acetate of Morphia.—Take of morphia in fine powder, a troy ounce; distilled Avater, half a pint; acetic acid, a sufficient quantity. Mix the morphia with the distilled Avater; then carefully drop acetic acid into the mixture, stirring it constantly, until the morphia is neutralized and dissolved. Evaporate the solution, by means of a Avater-bath, to the consistence of syrup, and set it aside until it concretes. Lastly, dry the salt Avith a gentle heat, and rub it into powder. Properties and Tests.—Acetate of morphia forms a Avhite poAV- der, Avhich has a slight acetous odor and very bitter taste. It is readily and freely soluble in water, less freely soluble in alcohol, and soluble in sixty parts of chloroform ; it is insoluble in ether. Cold, strong sulphuric acid dissolves it Avithout color only when recently made. When kept on hand, it slowly loses acetic acid, and becomes incom- pletely soluble in water unless a'little acetic acid be added; it grad- ually acquires a yellowish-gray and finally broAvnish color, and should then be redissolved in acetic acid and evaporated or converted into another salt of morphia. Its aqueous solution undergoes similar changes, the acetic acid being slowly decomposed with the separation of broAvn flocculent compounds, while the morphia crystallizes out, forming long prisms, if the solution is not disturbed. The salt con- tains 78.5 per cent, of anhydrous, or 83.5 per cent, of crystallized morphia. The salt responds to the morphia tests described on page 337, and leaves no residue when ignited. If its solution is precipitated by tannin, the addition of dilute hydrochloric acid redissolves the pre- cipitate ; a remaining turbidity would indicate the presence of narcotina. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure acetate of mor- phia is triturated as directed under Class VII. MORPHIUM MURIATICUM. Synonyms, Morphia? Murias. Morphia? Hydrochloras. Hydro- chlorate of Morphia. Common Name, Muriate of Morphia. Formula, C17 H19 N03. HC1. 3H2 O. Molecular Weight, 375.5. Preparation of Muriate of Morphia.—Take of morphia in fin? powder, a troy ounce; distilled water, four fluid ounces; muriatic acid, a sufficient quantity. Mix the morphia Avith the distilled water, then carefully drop muriatic acid into the mixture, stirring it con- stantly, until the morphia is neutralized and dissolved. Evaporate the solution, by means of a Avater-bath, so that on cooling it may crys- tallize Lastly, drain the crystals and dry them on bibulous paper/ Properties and Tests.—Muriate of morphia crystallizes in white HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 339 silky needles, or transparent prisms having a bitter taste. It is soluble in twenty parts of cold, and in less than its own weight of boiling Avater, in sixty parts of cold, and in ten parts of boiling 80 per cent. alcohol, in nineteen parts of glycerin, and in eight hundred parts of olive oil; it is insoluble in ether. Heated to "l30° C. (266° F), it loses 14.36 per cent, of Avater of crystallization. It yields 75.9 per cent, of anhydrous, and 80.7 per cent, of crystallized morphia. The salt ansAvcrs to all the morphia tests described on page 337 ; its aqueous solution yields, Avith nitrate of silver, a white precipitate, Avhich is in- soluble in nitric acid, but dissolves in ammonia. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure muriate of mor- phia is triturated, as directed under Class VII. MORPHIUM SULPHURICUM. Synonyms, Morphia? Sulphas. Morphinum Sulphuricum. Common Name, Sulphate of Morphia. Formula, (C17 H19 N03)2 H2 S04. 5H2 0. Molecular Weight, 758. Preparation of Sulphate of Morphia.—Take of morphia in fine powder, a troy ounce; distilled Avater, half a pint; diluted sul- phuric acid, a sufficient quantity. Mix the morphia Avith the distilled AA'ater; then carefully drop diluted sulphuric acid into the mixture, stirring it constantly, until the morphia is neutralized and dissohred. Evaporate the solution, by means of a water-bath, so that on cooling it may crystallize. Lastly, drain the crystals, and dry them on bibu- lous paper. Properties and Tests.—It crystallizes in white fasicles of trans- parent needles, which, on being heated to 130° C. (266° F.), lose 11.8 per cent, of water of crystallization. It is soluble in two parts of Avater, less freely so in alcohol, and in five parts of glycerin (Adolphus, 1867). It is insoluble in ether. The salt yields 75.2 per cent, of anhydrous, and 79.94 per cent, of crystallized morphia, and Avhen ignited leaves no residue. Its aqueous solution yields a white precipitate Avith chlor- ide of barium, insoluble in nitric acid. To the reagents for morphia it has the behavior described on page 337. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure sulphate of mor- phia is triturated, as directed under Class VII. MOSCHUS. Synonyms, Moschus Orientalis. Moschus Tibetanus.' Moschus Tunguinensis. Class, Mammalia. Order, Ruminantia. Family, Moschina. Common Name, Musk. The dried secretion from the preputial follicles of Moschus Mos- chiferus, Linn. Origin.—The musk-deer resembles the deer {cervus), but differs 340 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. from it in the Avant of horns and in the canines, which are long and project considerably doAvmvards from the lips of the male. It inhabits chiefly the mountainous regions and elevated tablelands of Central Asia, and is met Avith from Anam, in Farther India, nortliAvestward to Thibet and nortlnvard in China and Tartary to Mantchooria and Southern Siberia. It lives in pine forests in the Himalayas, frequently at an altitude of 10,000 to 14,000 feet. The musk-sac is found in the male only, and is located on the abdomen, immediately before the pre- putial orifice and to the rear of the umbilicus. The animal has noc- turnal habits, and is taken by snares and pitfalls, or sometimes by shooting; the sac is cut off as soon as possible, and rapidly dried by pressing it against heated stones. Description.—The musk-bag (called sac, pod, or pouch) is oval in shape, about tAvo inches long and one and a half inches Avide, Avith a thickness of about half an inch. The upper surface is smooth and flat, the lower surface convex and hairy. The hairs are grayish and brown, rather stiff and appressed, and arranged in a circle towards the aper- ture near the centre of the bag, and in the form of a pencil towards the preputial orifice, which is about one-fourth inch in the rear of the former. From this orifice underneath the hairy skin betAveen the strata of the muscular coat and towards the posterior end of the sac is a canal containing the front portion of the thin penis. Following the muscular coat is the musk-pouch proper, with an external fibrous coat, having on the inner surface numerous depressions resembling meshes and surrounded by folds, and covered by tAvo coats, the one soft and pearly the other very delicate, silvery-white on the outside, and yellowish or brownish on the inside. The musk is supposed to be separated by a number of glands, of which tAvo or more are situated in each depression. In the young animal, the secretion is slight and of a milky appearance; but after it has passed its third year, the musk is of better quality; in the fresh state it is of an unctuous consistence. Musk is of a crummy appearance, near the musk orifice mixed with grayish hairs, of a reddish-broAvn color, or darker brown and irregularly granular, of a strong diffusible and persistent odor and bitterish taste. AVhen entirely exsicated, it is almost inodorous, but the odor reappears on moistening and is increased by the addition of a little alkali. Musk should be kept in not too Avarm and dry a place Avhere the air has some access to it. Varieties.—Several varieties are known in commerce, the best being the Chinese, Thibet, or Tonquin musk. It is usually imported in small boxes, internally lined with sheet lead and containing about twenty-five sacs, each Avrapped in paper. The outer hairs are trimmed short, and are of a yellowish or grayish color. Musk enters commerce through the Chinese ports. Siberian musk comes by Avay of St. Peters- burg, hence the name Russian musk; it often resembles and has the same quality as the preceding; Avhen in flatter ovate sacs with thinner and paler hairs, and of fainter, less aromatic, and more urinous odor, it is called Cabardine musk. The small and inferior Bucharian and Assam musk sacs rarely, if ever, reach this country. Chinese or Ton- HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 341 quin musk only should be employed in medicine, and should always be purchased in sacs. Substitutions and Adulterations.—The substitution of artifi- cial musk-bags, made from a piece of hide stitched to a membrane, is readily recognized by the absence of the circular arrangement of the hairs and of the central aperture. Genuine sacs are sometimes slit open, the musk partly removed, and other substances introduced in place thereof. This may usually be detected by the stitching on the edge of the hide and inside membrane. There is no means of detecting the fraudulent introduction through the orifice of pieces of lead, etc., until after the bags have been opened. Tests. — Cold water dissolves about one-half the Aveight of the musk; the solution is deep brown, faintly acid, and scarcely disturbed by solution of corrosive sublimate. AVeak alcohol yields a similar solution. Absolute alcohol dissolves about 10 per cent., yielding a slightly colored tincture, AA'hich scarcely becomes turbid on the addition of Avater. Carefully freed from fragments of skin and hairs and heated upon platinum foil, musk gives off an odor Avhich is slightly urinous, but very distinct from the odor of burning blood, and leaves about 6 to 8 per cent, of a gray, not red, ash. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—A tincture is made, ac- cording to Altschul, of the Avhole bag, Avith dilute alcohol in the pro- portion of 1 to 20, the dilutions from which must be prepared as di- rected under Class IV, except that dilute alcohol is used for the 1 and 2x dilutions, in the proportion of tAventy to eighty. Triturations are prepared as directed under Class VII. MUREX PURPUREA. Synonyms, Murex Brandaris, Buchner. Purpura Patula. Class, Mollusca. Order, Gasteropoda. Family, Muricida?. This seasnail is found in large quantities on the coasts of the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas. The coloring juice is lodged in a bag between the heart and the lhrer, and does not ahvavs possess the fine red color, Avhen taken out, but appears as a tough, sticky, colorless or greenish liquid, reddening gradually Avhen exposed to the air. Preparation.—The fresh juice is triturated, as directed under Class VIII. A solution of the third trituration in Avater still shows a fine rose- red color. MURURE LEITE. Rosin obtained from Yichetea Officinalis. Preparation.—The rosin is triturated, as directed under Class VII. 342 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. MYGALE AVICULARIA. Synonym, Aranea Avicularis. Class, Amchnoi'dea. Order, Araneidea. Family, Mygalida?. Common Name, Bird Spider. The bird spider of Texas had been used for some years, Avithout any recorded proving. A proving has, however, since been published in the Hahnemannian Monthly, Vol. V. Preparation.—The live insect is crushed and covered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol. Having been put into a stoppered bottle, it is allowed to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug power, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. MYGALE LASIODORA. Synonym, My gale Lasiodora Cubana. A large black Cuban Spider. Preparation.—The live insect is crushed and covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug power, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. MYRICA CERIFERA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Myricacea?. Common Names, Bayberry. Candle Berry. SAveet Gale. AVax- myrtle. , ■ This is an indigenous shrub, growing in great abundance in the sandy soil along the sea-shore, and even on the shores of our northern lakes. The genus is characterized by its sterile flowers in cylindrical, and its fertile in ovoidal closely imbricated catkins, Avithout calyx or corolla, solitary under a scale-like bract with a pair of bractlets; the stamens two to eight, Avith filaments ■ somewhat united below; the ovary Avith three scales at its base, and tAvo thread-like stigmas; the fruit a small spherical nut. The leaves of the Avax-myrtle are oblong-lanceolate, narroAver at their base, entire or someAvhat toothed near the apex, shin- ing, Avith resinous dots on both sides, and very fragrant Avhen rubbed. The fruit is covered with a coating of white wax, and sometimes con- tinues on the plant for two years or more. The shrub is from three or four to ten feet high, often thickly crowded, and, under such circum- stances, scenting the air with its spicy odor. Preparation.—The fresh bark of the root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 343 Avell-stoppered bottle, and let* it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAA'er of tincture, &. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. MYRISTICA SEBIFERA, Swartz. Synonym, Virola Sebifera, Aublet. Nat. Ord., Myristicacea?. Common Name, Brazilian Ucuuba. This tree is found in the provinces of Para and Rio Negro. The tree is of some height, the trunk and branches of which are covered with a thick, broAvnish and reticulate bark. Leaves alternate, oblong, cordate, rather tomentose on their loAver surface, and supported by short petioles. FloAvers in tufted panicles, ramose, arising from the axil of the leaves or the extremities of the branches; they are dioicous, Avith a simple, urceolate perigone having three divisions. Male floAvers with six stamens, the filaments of which are attached to each other, and are inserted in a glandular disk. The female flowers are smaller, one unilocular, ovary, style Avanting, stigma bilobed. Capsular berry, Avith tAvo Aralves, containing an oleaginous seed, surrounded by an aril crenated above. Preparation.—The fresh, red juice, obtained by puncturing the bark, is triturated according to Class VIII. MYRTUS COMMUNIS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Myrtacea?. Common Name, Myrtle. The myrtle is a shrub or small tree inhabiting the countries near the Mediterranean, and frequently cultivated. It has a dark grayish- broAvn, fissured, astringent, bark, and opposite, smooth and glossy, entire leaves, varying in length from half an inch to tAvo inches, and in shape from ovate to linear-lanceolate and mucronate; they are on very short petioles, are densely pellucid-punctate, and bear in their axils a white or light pinkish flower with numerous stamens. The fruit is a roundish oval or sub-globular, fleshy, bluish-black berry, Avith tAvo cells, each containing four or five whitish kidney-shaped seeds. The leaves, flowers, and fruit have a very agreeable odor. Preparation. — The fresh, flowering shoots, and leaves, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After hav- ing stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. 314 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. NABULUS ALBUS, Hooker. Synonyms, Nabulus Serpentaria. Prenanthes Alba, Linn. Nat. Ord., Composita?. Common Names, Rattlesnake-Root. AVhite Lettuce. Lion's Foot. This North American perennial groAvs in rich soil on the borders of Avoods, and floAvers in July and August. The stem is three to six feet high, purplish and glaucous, branched above, and groAvs from a bitter, tuberous, spindle-shaped root. The leaves are petiolate, angular, has- tate ; the radical ones palmately fh'e or seven-lobed, those of the stem ovate-roundish and sinuate-toothed; the floAver-heads are in loose race- mose cymes, drooping; have a cylindrical involucre, Avith the linear, purplish, and Avhite scales in a single roAv, and a few bractlets at the base, and contain from eight to twelve ochroleucous or purplish florets, Avith linear-oblong, striate, and unbeaked akenes, and a pale broAvnish pappus composed of several rows of rough hairs. All parts of the plant contain a milky juice, and have a bitter taste. The variety ser- pentaria has the loAver leaves almost palmately divided, and the stem leaves three-lobed or deeply toothed. Preparation.—The fresh plant, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and hav- ing mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. NAJA. Synonyms, Naja Tripudians. Coluber Naja. Class, Reptilia. Order, Squamata. Family, Elapida?. Common Names, Cobra di Capello. Hooded Snake. This species of snake is commonly found in Hindustan. It varies in length from tAvo to four feet. The neck can be dilated so as to give the appearance of a hood covering the head. It "is the snake usually employed by the snake-charmers. The fangs are canaliculated, and are in front of the superior maxilla, with smaller solid teeth behind them. The sixth upper labial scale is small, forming a suture Avith a very large temporal scale; there is generally a spectacle-like mark on the neck. The poison of this serpent Avas partially proved by Dr. Rutherford Russell. Preparation.—The poison, obtained by compressing the gland (of the live animal) Avhich secretes it, is triturated as directed under Class VIII. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 345 NAPHTHALINUM. Synonyms, Naphthalin. Naphthalene. Formula, C10 H8. Molecular Weight, 128. Origin.—Naphthalin Avas discovered by Garden (1820) in coal-tar oil, and recognized by Reichenbach as resulting from the decomposition of the products of distillation of coal. It has since been obtained from a large number of organic bodies, particularly if the distillation pro- ducts are conducted through a red-hot tube. Preparation.—Coal-tar is distilled, and that portion collected by itself which passes over between 170° and 200° C. (338° and 392° F.), or the distillation is continued until the contents of the retort begin to char. The dark colored product is purified by resubliming it two or three times. Properties.—Naphthalin forms large, colorless and transparent, glossy lamina?, Avhich have a faint and peculiar odor. According to Kopp (1855) it fuses at 79.2° C. (174.6° F.), forming a colorless liquid, and crystallizes again on cooling. It volatilizes sloAvly at the ordinary temperature, and boils at 218° C. (424.4° F.). AVhen heated in the air, its vapors are ignited Avith difficulty, and burn rapidly Avith a red and sooty flame. It is insoluble in water, freely soluble in hot alcohol, in ether, bisulphide of carbon, chloroform, and in Avarm fixed and vola- tile oils. On dissolving it together Avith picric acid in hot alcohol, the two compounds unite, forming, on cooling, golden-yelloAv needles, haA^- ing the composition C10 H8. C6 H3 (N02)3 O, and yielding all the picric acid to ammonia. Naphthalin yields Avith chlorine and bromine numerous products of addition and substitution. AVhen treated Avith strong nitric acid, nitronaphthalins are generated, Avhich, by the action of reducing agents, are converted into naphthylamina C10 H7. NH9, Avhich is crystallizable, turns red in the air, and the salts of Avhich yield blue, and finally purple-colored precipitates Avith ferric chloride, chromic acid, and other oxidizing agents. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use. — Pure naphthalin is triturated, as directed under Class VII. NARCOTINUM. Synonyms, Narcotina. Narcotin. Narcotia. Formula, C44 H23 N014. Molecular Weight, 413. Preparation of Narcotina.—Narcotina Avas discovered by De- rosne (1803). It is usually obtained mixed with morphia in the pro- cesses for procuring that principle, and may be separated by the action of ether, Avhich dissolves it Avithout affecting the morphia, and yields it upon evaporation. It may also be obtained by digesting opium in ether, and slowly evaporating the ethereal solution, Avhich deposits crystals of narcotina. It is said that the same result may be obtained by using the oil of turpentine as the menstruum, first heating it Avith opium and then evaporating the solution. 346 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Properties.—It is Avhite, tasteless, and inodorous; and crystallizes in silky flexible needles, usually larger than the crystals of morphia, fusible" at 240° and volatilizable at 310°, insoluble in cold Avater, sol- uble in 400 parts of boiling Avater, in 100 parts of cold and 24 of boil- ing alcohol, Avhich deposits it upon cooling, and very soluble in ether. It may be distinguished from morphia by its insipidity, solubility in ether, and insolubility in alkaline solutions, by not affecting vegetable colors, by assuming a yelloAvish instead of a blood-red color under the action of strong nitric acid, by not decomposing iodic acid, and by not producing a blue color Avith the salts of iron. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure narcotina is tritu- rated as directed under Class VII. NATRUM ARSENICICUM. Synonyms, Arsenias Natricus. Arsenias Sodicus. Natri Arsenias. Soda? Arsenias. Sodii Arsenias. Arseniate of Sodium. Arseniate of Soda. Formula, Na2 HAs 04. 7 H20. Molecular Weight, 312. Common Name, Arsenate of Soda. Preparation of Arseniate of Soda.—Take of arsenious acid in fine poAvder, tAvo troy ounces; nitrate of sodium in fine poAvder, 816 grains; dried carbonate of sodium in fine powder, 528 grains; distilled water, boiling hot, half a pint. Having mixed the powders thoroughly, put the mixture into a large clay crucible and cover it Avith the lid. Expose the mixture to a full red heat until effervescence has ceased, and complete fusion has taken place. Pour the fused salt on a porce- lain slab, and, as soon as it has solidified, and while it is still warm, put it into the hot water and stir until it is dissolved. Filter the solu- tion and set it aside to crystallize. Drain the crystals, and, havirf£ dried them rapidly on filtering paper, keep them in a well-stoppered bottle. Properties.—Arseniate of soda crystallizes in colorless transparent prisms, which usually contain 7H20, or 40.4 per cent.; Avhen obtained at a Ioav temperature they contain 12H20, or 53.7 per cent. The officinal salt is slightly deliquescent in a moist atmosphere, but in dry air it effloresces and loses 5H20 = 28.8, the white powder Avhich is finally left having the composition Na2HAs04. 2H20, and containing 16.2 per cent, of Avater of crystallization, Avhich is given off above 130° C. (266° F.). The salt dissolves in from tAvo to three parts of Avater; the solution has an alkaline reaction,.and yields Avhite precipi- tates Avith the soluble salts of barium, calcium, iron, and lead, and a red-broAvn precipitate Avith nitrate of silver, all the precipitates being soluble in nitric acid. Tests.—Sulphuretted hydrogen produces in the cold slowly, but rapidly on being acidulated and heated, a yellow precipitate Avhich is completely soluble in sulphydrate of ammonium. AVhen heated upon charcoal before the ploAV-pipe, the salt gives off an alliaceous odor. An aqueous solution of ten grains of the residue, left after heating the salt HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 347 to 150° C. (302D F.), treated Avitli 53 grain-measures of the volumetric solution of soda, continues to give a precipitate Avith the volumetric solution of nitrate of soda, until 1,613 grain measures of the latter have been added. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure arseniate of sodium is triturated as directed under Class VII. NATRUM CARBONICUM. Synonyms, Carbonas Sodicus. Disodic Carbonate. Soda? Carbonas. Sodii Carbonas. Carbonate of Sodium. Sal Soda. Common Name, AArashing Soda. Formula, Na2C03. 10H2O. Molecular Weight, 286. Origin and Preparation of Carbonate of Sodium.—Car- bonate of sodium exists in a large number of mineral Avaters, mostly, hoAvever, as bicarbonate. It is contained in the Avaters of certain lakes in India, Egypt, Central Africa, Mexico, and South America, and is found in the "ashes of many plants growing near the sea-shore, such as Salsola, Statice, Salicornia, Atriplex, Mesembryanthemum, and others. The ashes are knoAvn in commerce as barilla, salicor, etc., the former containing nearly 30 per cent., the latter about 14 per cent, of sodium carbonate. Kelp and varec, the ashes of various marine alga?, contain much less soda and are at present not employed for obtaining this salt. Egyptian trona, a native carbonate of sodium, contains both carbonate and sesquicarbonate. In Hungary and some other countries, carbonate of sodium effloresces from the earth. The most important sources of this salt are cryolite and the sulphate and chloride of sodium. Cryolite is a mineral found in Greenland, and consists of fluoride of sodium and aluminium. AVhen boiled Avith an excess of burned lime, insoluble fluoride and aluminate of cal- cium are obtained, and caustic soda remains in solution; and Avhen a mixture of cryolite and chalk is cautiously heated to redness, but not to fusion, fluoride of calcium and aluminate of sodium are produced, this last compound being soluble in Avater and decomposed by carbonic acid, which precipitates hydrate of aluminium and generates carbonate of sodium. Properties.—As obtained in commerce, carbonate of sodium is in large, colorless, rhombic crystals, or frequently in crystalline lumps, and has a harsh alkaline taste, and a decided alkaline reaction. On exposure, it becomes Avhite and friable from the loss of Avater of crys- tallization, the amount of this loss depending upon the temperature; the last molecule of Avater is expelled near the temperature of boiling Avater. The salt is insoluble in alcohol and ether, but dissolves in about tAvo parts of water at ordinary temperature. Tests.—Commercial carbonate of sodium usually contains small but variable quantities of sulphate and chloride, and its solution in water acidulated Avith nitric acid, therefore, produces precipitates Avith barium chloride and Avith nitrate of silver. Cryolite is the source of an impurity Avhich is sometimes met Avith, and Avhich consists of alumina, 348 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. rendered soluble in Avater by the soda; it is best detected by acidulat- ing its solution in water with hydrochloric acid, heating to boiling, and then supersaturating Avith ammonia, when gelatinous aluminium hy- drate will be precipitated. The British Pharmacopoeia directs that l4o grains of it should require for neutralization at least 960 grain-measures of the volumetric solution of oxalic acid, consequently the salt should contain not less than 96 per cent, of crystallized carbonate of sodium. Pure Carbonate of Sodium.—This is obtained by recrystallizing the commercial salt from distilled Avater, until free from the iuqiurities described above. Twenty grains of it neutralize 9.7 grains citric acid, or 10' grains tartaric acid. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use. — Pure carbonate of sodium is triturated as directed under Class VII. NATRUM HYDROBROMICUM. Synonyms, Bromuretum Sodicum. Natrum Bromatum. Sodii Bromidum. Sodium Bromide. Common Name, Bromide of Sodium. Formula, Na Br. Molecular Weight, 103. Preparation of Bromide of Sodium.—Bromide of sodium may be prepared in a manner similar to bromide of potassium. A solution of ferrous bromide, boiled Avith a solution of carbonate of sodium, yields a precipitate, the filtrate from which is evaporated and crystallized. Properties and Tests.—At a temperature of about 20° C. (68° F.) and beloAV, colorless, transparent, oblique, rhombic prisms are ob- tained, having the composition Na.Br. 2H20, and, when heated, melt and give off the water of crystallization. But when the solution is kept at a temperature, above 30° C. (86° F.), anhydrous cubes of bromide of sodium are obtained, which have a rather alkaline taste, though neutral to test-paper, and dissolve in one and a quarter times their Aveight of cold, and less than their OAvn weight of hot Avater. The salt differs from bromide of potassium in imparting a yellow color to flame, and in not being precipitated from its concentrated solution by a strong solution of acid tartrate of sodium. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure bromide of sodium is triturated as directed under Class VII. NATRUM HYPOPHOSPHORICUM. Synonyms, Natrum Hypophosphorosum. Sodii Hypophosphis. Common Name, Hypophosphite of Soda. Formula, Na H2 P02. H20. Molecular Weight, 106. Preparation of Hypophosphite of Sodium.—An aqueous solution of hypophosphite of calcium is accurately precipitated by car- bonate of sodium; insoluble carbonate of calcium and soluble hypo- phosphite of sodium are produced and separated by filtration; on evaporating the filtrate, the latter salt is left behind, and may be freed HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 349 from carbonate of sodium by redissolving it in alcohol, filtering and evaporating. During the evaporation, decomposition Avith explosion has occasionally been noticed, Avhich Avas probably caused by too high a heat; the temperature of the evaporating solution should therefore be kept beloAV that of boiling Avater. Properties.—Hypophosphite of sodium is usually obtained in the form of a white granular salt, but by the sIoav evaporation of its alco- holic solution may be procured in pearly tabular crystals, Avhich, Avhen dried over sulphuric acid and aftenvards heated not quite to 200° C. (392° F.), lose nearly seventeen per cent, of water. At a higher heat, spontaneously inflammable phosphoretted hydrogen is evolved, and a porous mixture of pyrophosphate and metaphosphate of sodium is left. The salt has a peculiar bitter saline taste, is deliquescent in the air, though les? so than hypophosphite of potassium, and is easily soluble in water and likeAvise in absolute alcohol, but is insoluble in ether. AVhen evaporated Avith dilute nitric acid and finally ignited, a residue is obtained Aveighing ninety-seven per cent, of the weight of the hypo- phosphite, and consisting of metaphosphate of sodium. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure hypophosphite of sodium is triturated as directed under Class VII. NATRUM MURIATICUM. Synonyms, Chloruretum Sodicum. Natrium Chloratum Purum. Sodii Chloridum. Chloride of Sodium. Sodium Chloride. Common Names, Common Salt. Table Salt. Formula, Na CI. Molecular Weight, 58.5. Origin and Preparation of Chloride of Sodium.—Chloride of sodium is found native in extensive beds and in different geological formations, though mostly associated Avith clay and sulphate of calcium, and constitutes rock salt or sal gem if very pure and transparent. This is mined, mechanically freed from the adhering impurities, and sold as rock salt, or purified by re-crystallization. In some places holes are dug into the rock filled Avith water, which is pumped up Avhen nearly saturated with salt, and evaporated. Most saline springs contain chlor- ide of sodium. Sea-Avater is a solution of various salts, prominent among Avhich is chloride of sodium, which is contained in the water of the large oceans to the amount of from 2.6 to 2.9 per cent., but is much less in the large bays and seas Avhich are surrounded by land, and sinks, for instance, in the Avater of the Baltic Sea, to one-half per cent. The extraction of the salt from sea-water depends upon the climate, the water being removed either by freezing or by evaporation. AVhen frozen, sea-Avater yields pure ice, and leaves a more concentrated saline solution. In Avarmer countries the concentration is effected by spon- taneous evaporation in shallow pits, the brine as it concentrates being conducted into other pits, and finally into reservoirs, where the salt is deposited. The mother-liquors, Avhich are obtained in the various processes de- scribed, are solutions of various salts, usually sulphates and chlorides, 350 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. in some cases, also, of bromides of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, and they frequently yield salts or double salts of definite composition by being concentrated and exposed to either a low or an elevated temperature; they are used up in the preparation of sulphate of sodium, sulphate of magnesium, and bromine. Properties.—AVhen crystallized by spontaneous evaporation, chlor- ide of sodium forms transparent tubes; but when the solution is eva- porated at an elevated temperature, the crystals aggregate on the sur- face of the liquid in the form of hollow pyramids. It is very frequently kept in the form of a white, granular, crystalline powder, which is permanent in the air, unless contaminated with chloride of magnesium, Avhen it becomes moist in a damp atmosphere. On the application of heat chloride of sodium usually decrepitates, and at a red heat it melts and is sloAvly volatilized. It has a neutral reaction to test-paper, a density of 2.16 and a purely saline taste. It is very sparingly soluble in strong alcohol, and requires a little less than three parts of hot or cold Avater for solution. On cooling the saturated aqueous solution to beloAV the freezing point of water, transparent colorless prisms, Na CI 2H2 O, are obtained, which melt above 0° C. (32° F.), and deposit a granular powder of the anhydrous salt. Dilute aqueous solutions of sodium chloride produce at a low temperature ice which is free from the salt; and concentrated solutions deposit crystals of the salt before they freeze. Composition. — Chloride of sodium contains 60.6 per cent, of chlorine and 39.4 per cent, of sodium. Heated with sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid is given off. Tests.—The aqueous solution of chloride of sodium is not precipi- tated by chloride of platinum (absence of potassium), but gives Avith nitrate of silver a white precipitate, soluble in ammonia, but insoluble in nitric acid (chloride). AVhen pure, it is not precipitated by carbon- ate of sodium (absence of calcium, magnesium, etc.), chloride of barium (sulphate), sulphuretted hydrogen, or sulphydrate of ammonium {com- pounds of heavy metals). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure chloride of sodium is dissolved in nine parts by weight of dis- tilled Avater. Amount of drug power, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. Triturations "are prepared as directed under Class VII. NATRUM NITRICUM. Synonyms, Nitras (Azotas) Sodicus. Nitrum Cubicum. Sodii Nitras. Sodic Nitrate. Common Names, Nitrate of Soda. Cubic Nitre. Chili Saltpetre. Formula, Na N03. Molecular Weight, 85. A native salt, purified by crystallization from water. Origin and Preparation of Nitrate of Sodium.—Nitrate of sodium is found in immense quantities, in certain districts of Chili and HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 351 Peru, imbedded in clay and sand, and more or less mixed with sul- phates and chlorides of sodium, calcium, and magnesium. The stra- tum containing this saline mass, which is called caleche or terra sali- trosa, is blasted, the salt extracted by boiling with water, and the decanted solution crystallized. In this condition nitrate of sodium is brought into the market in damp crystalline masses, which are more or less colored by intermixed earth, and require to be purified by re-crys- tallization. The United States import about 50,000,000 pounds annu- ally. Properties.—Purified nitrate of sodium crystallizes in colorless obtuse rhombohedrons, which are permanent in dry. air, slightly de- liquescent on exposure, and are soluble at ordinary temperature in a little more than their own weight, and at the boiling point in one-half their weight, of water. The salt has a cooling, saline, and somewhat bit- ter taste, melts wlien heated to about 310° C. (590° F.), and congeals on cooling to a Avhite mass. It is decomposed when heated to redness, oxygen and afterwards nitrogen and some hyponitric acid being given off. Thrown on the fire it deflagrates, and Avhen mixed with inflam- mable substances it detonates less violently than nitrate of potassium. It is slightly soluble in strong alcohol and in wood-spirit. The hot aqueous solution mixed Avith chloride, carbonate, or sulphate of potas- sium yields crystals of nitrate of potassium. Tests.—On being Avarmed in a test-tube Avith sulphuric acid and fragments of copper, red nitrous vapors are given off. The concentrated aqueous solution is not precipitated by a solution of bitartrate of so- dium (absence of potassium), and yields no precipitates Avith nitrate of barium (sulphate) or nitrate of silver (chloride or iodide). The pres- ence of iodide is detected by treating the solution Avith a little chlorine Avater, and agitating it with bisulphide of carbon, when this liquid will assume a purplish color, and if this color is produced only after treat- ment Avith diluted sulphuric acid and zinc, iodate is present. Metals, if present, would be indicated by a precipitate with sulphuretted hy- drogen or sulphydrate of ammonium, and earthy impurities by a white precipitate with carbonate of sodium. One hundred grains of pure sodium nitrate, treated with an excess of sulphuric acid and afterwards heated to redness until vapors cease to be given off, yield a residue weighing 83.5 grains. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure nitrate of sodium is triturated as directed under Class VII. NATRUM PHOSPHORICUM. Synonyms, Natri Phosphas. Phosphas Natricus. Soda? Phos- phas. Sodii Phosphas. Phosphate of Sodium. Common Name, Phosphate of Soda. Formula, Na2 HP04. 12 H2 O. Molecular Weight, 358. Preparation of Phosphate of Sodium.—Take of bone calcined to whiteness and in fine powder, one hundred and tAventv troy ounces; sulphuric acid, seventy-two troy ounces; carbonate of sodium, Avater, 352 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. each a sufficient quantity. Mix the poAvder Avith the sulphuric acid in an earthen A'essel; then add eight pints of Avater, and, having stirred the mixture thoroughly, digest for three days, occasionally adding a little Avater to replace that Avhich is lost by evaporation, and frequently v stirring the mixture. At the expiration of that time, pour in eight pints of boiling Avater, and strain through muslin, gradually adding more boiling Avater until the liquid passes nearly tasteless. Set by the strained liquid that the dregs may subside, and, haA'ing poured off the clear solution, boil it down to eight pints. To the concentrated liquid, poured off from the newly formed dregs, and heated in an iron vessel, add, gradually, carbonate of sodium previously dissolved in hot Avater, until effervescence ceases, and the phosphoric acid is completely neu- tralized ; then filter the liquid and set it aside to crystallize. HaA'ing removed the crystals, add, if necessary, a small quantity of carbonate of sodium to the liquid, so long as crystals are produced. Keep the crystals in a Avell-stoppered bottle. Properties.—This salt crystallizes in colorless, transparent, ob- liquely four-sided prisms, Avhich are of the specific gravity 1.55, react slightly alkaline upon test-paper, and have a cooling saline taste. The crystals effloresce somewhat in dry air, melt when heated to 35° C. (95° F.) and congeal on cooling to a crystalline mass. At 100° C. (212° F.) they part Avith their water of crystallization, amounting to 60.3 per cent., and are converted into a Avhite saline mass. Above 300° C. (ol'2° F.) the basylous water is expelled and pyrophosphate of sodium is left; 2 Na2 HP04 yields 1I2 O -f Na4 P2 07. Crystallized phosphate of sodium requires at 10° C. (50° F.) 16 times, at 20° C. (68° F.) nearly 7 times, at 30° C. (86° F.) 2h times, and at the boiling point f times its Aveight of Avater for solution. The solution saturated at a higher temperature deposits near 35° C. (95° F.) transparent crystals, which contain only 47 per cent, of water of crystallization, and have the formula Na2 HP04 7 H20. Phosphate of sodium is insolu- ble in alcohol, and imparts a yelloAv color to flame. Tests.—The aqueous solution yields with nitrate of silver a yellow precipitate, soluble in nitric acid and in ammonia (orthophosphate), and Avith ferric chloride a Avhite precipitate insoluble in acetic acid. The solution does not effervesce Avith acids (absence of carbonate), is not rendered turbid by ammonia (magnesium or traces of calcium), yields a Avhite precipitate with chloride of barium, which is completely soluble in nitric acid (absence of sulphate), after having been acidulated Avith hydrochloric acid, is not colored or precipitated by sulphuretted hydro- gen (absence of arsenic, copper, etc.). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure phosphate of so- dium is triturated as directed under Class VII. NATRUM SALICYLICUM. Synonym, Salicylate of Sodium. Preparation of Salicylate of Sodium.—Salicylate of sodium is prepared by adding salicylic acid to a cold solution of pure soda con- taining ten per cent, of caustic soda as long as it is dissolved, filtering HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 353 and evaporating to dryness. Or ten parts of salicylic acid are mixed with water into a thin paste, and to this mixture ten parts of pure crystallized carbonate, or six parts of pure bicarbonate of sodium are added; after the evolution of carbonic acid gas has ceased, the solution is perfectly neutralized with a little caustic soda, and evaporated to dryness. Properties.—The salt forms a Avhite poAvder, has a sweet, after- Avards acrid taste, dissolves in rather less than its own weight of cold Avater, and is soluble in alcohol, but sparingly soluble in absolute alco- hol. Prepared by the second process, it has the composition Na H C7 H4 03; but if made by the first process, Ilager (1876) found it to yield 33 per cent, of residue Avhen incinerated; its composition will therefore be nearly Na2 C7 H4 03. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure salicylate of so- dium is triturated as directed under Class VII. NATRUM SULPHO-CARBOLICUM. Synonyms, Sodii Sulphocarbolas. Sodium Sulphocarbolate. Common Names, Sulphocarbolate of Sodium. Sulphophenate (Phenolsulphonate) of Sodium. Formula, Na C6 H5 S04. /2 H2 O. Molecular Weight, 232. Origin and Preparation of Sulphocarbolate of Sodium.— If one part of crystallized carbolic acid is dissolved in an equal Aveight of strong sulphuric acid, there results a neAv acid, sulphocarbolic or ortho-phenolsulphuric acid, which Avas discovered by Laurent (1841); C6 H6 HO + H2 S04 yields.C6 H5 HS()4 + H20. The mixture is digested for two or three days at a temperature of about 50° C. (122° F.), and then diluted with tAventy parts of Avater. To the liquid are added in small quantities and with frequent stirring two parts of car- bonate of barium until effervescence ceases, Avhen a solution of sulpho- carbolate of barium results, and a Avhite deposit takes place, consisting of the excess of carbonate of barium employed, and of sulphate of barium produced by free sulphuric acid. On adding carbonate of sodium to the filtrate, double decomposition Avill take place, carbonate of barium being precipitated, while sulphocarbolate of sodium remains in solution, and is obtained crystallized on concentrating the clear liquid. Sulphate of sodium may be substituted for the carbonate Avith identical results, except that the precipitate consists of sulphate of barium; and carbonate of lead may be used in place of carbonate of barium, sulphocarbolate of lead being likeAvise soluble in Avater. Properties.—Sulphocarbolate of sodium crystallizes in transparent rhombic prisms, which are permanent in the air, and are soluble in about five parts of water, and also soluble in alcohol and in glycerin. AVhen fused together with caustic potassa, pyrocAtechin, is obtained. If during the preparation of sulphocarbolic acid the temperature is per- mitted to rise to near the boiling point of water paraphenolsulphonic acid having the same composition as the acid described above is formed; it yields a sodium salt, Avhich crystallizes in hexagonal tables Avithout 23 354 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. water of crystallization, is less freely soluble in Avater, and when fused with potassa yields resorcin. Tests.—The aqueous solution of sulphocarbolate of sodium acquires a violet color on the addition of ferric chloride, and is not rendered turbid by chloride of barium. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure sulphocarbolate of sodium is triturated as directed under Class VII. NATRUM SULPHURICUM. Synonyms, Soda? Sulphas. Sodii Sulphas. Sodium Sulphide. Sulphate of Sodium. Common Names, Glauber's Salt. Sulphate of Soda. Formula, Na2 S04. 10 H2 O. Molecular Weight, 322. Origin and Preparation of Sulphate of Sodium.—Sulphate of sodium is found native in the anhydrous state and crystallized, and also in combination Avith sulphate of calcium. It is present in the water of many mineral springs and of certain lakes in Russia, and in the western part of the United States. But for commercial purposes it is obtained as a secondary product in many chemical processes, as in the preparation of carbonate of magnesium; in the manufacture of hy- drochloric and nitric acids, from chloride and nitrate of sodium; in the preparation of table salt from many saline springs; in the manufacture of sal ammoniac from sulphate of ammonium and chloride of sodium; in preparing carbonic acid for the manufacture of mineral waters, from bicarbonate of sodium and sulphuric acid; and in several other processes. Sulphate of sodium, as thus obtained, is purified by crystal- lizing it from Avater, if necessary, after neutralization with sodium car- bonate. Properties.—Sulphate of sodium crystallizes in large, transparent, oblique prisms, Avhich do not alter the color of red and blue litmus paper, have a cooling, saline and bitter taste, and effloresce on expos- ure to the air, leaving a white powder. At a temperature of 33° C. (91.4° F.) the salt melts, and a portion of it separates in the anhydrous state. It is insoluble in alcohol, but dissolves freely in Avater, requir- ing about three parts of cold, and one-fourth part of Avater of 34° C. (93.2° F.) for solution. At a higher temperature the salt is somewhat less soluble. On carefully cooling the solution and keeping it free from dust, the liquid becomes supersaturated, but crystallizes on ex- posure. When heated the salt parts with its water of crystallization, and at a full red heat melts, without being decomposed. It imparts a yelloAv color to flame, and its solution yields, Avith chloride of barium, a white precipitate, Avhich is completely insoluble in dilute nitric acid. Tests.—An aqueous solution of sulphate of sodium does not effer- vesce on the addition of hydrochloric acid (absence of carbonate), is not precipitated by sulphuretted hydrogen (heavy metals), or a dilute solu- tion of nitrate of silver (chloride), and does not give off ammoniacal vapors on being treated with a warm solution of caustic soda (absence of ammonium salt). One hundred grains of it dissolved in distilled HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 355 Avater, and acidulated Avith hydrochloric acid give, by the addition of chloride of barium, a Avhite precipitate Avhich, after Avashing and dry- ing, Aveighs 72.2 grains. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure sulphate of sodium is triturated as directed under Class VII. NEPETA CATARIA, Linn. Synonym, Cataria Vulgaris, Mo&nch. Nat. Ord., Labiata?. Common Names, Catnep. Catmint. This is a perennial herbaceous plant two to three feet high, indige- nous to many parts of Asia and Europe, and naturalized in the United States, Avhere it grows near dwellings, in Avaste places, and along road- sides. The stem is quadrangular, gray, hairy and branched; leaves opposite, petiolate, one to three inches long, triangular ovate, cordate at base, pointed at apex, the margin strongly crenate-serrate, grayish- green, soft hairy above and velvety beneath. The floAvers are in ter- minal panicles, the loAver stalked, the upper sessile, Avith a gray, hairy, obliquely five-toothed calyx, and a Avhitish, purple-spotted corolla, Avhich is hairy on the outside, has the three-lobed loAver lip crenately toothed, and four stamens inserted in its tube. It has a peculiar mint- like, rather disagreeable odor, and a bitterish, aromatic and pungent taste. Preparation.—The fresh leaves and floAA'ering tops, gathered in June or July, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole Avellj pour it into a Avell-stoppered bot- tle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class TIL NICCOLUM CARBONICUM. Synonyms, Carbonate of Nickel. Nickel Carbonate. Formula, C03Ni. Preparation of Carbonate of Nickel.—Nickelore (regulus of cobaltum) reduced to a subtle powder is dissolved in moderately strong nitric acid with the aid of heat; the solution, being a little acid, is diluted with five times its quantity of Avater and filtered.- By throwing through it hydrosulphuretted gas, arsenic and bismuthum are separated, and now caustic potash in excess is added to the solution, again filtered, for separating iron, so that by the appearing of green flakes oxide of nickel becomes cognizable. The whole liquid is noAV boiled for tAventy to thirty minutes, and if green flakes of nickel still. appear, one may be convinced that all iron is removed. The solution is noAV separated from the deposit by filtering, and the oxide of nickel precipitated by caustic potash, so that a little of it may remain in the solution, which after stirring and settling still appears a little green. The liquid is 35G HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. boiled standing over the precipitate, and all oxide of cobalt Avill be again dissolved, leaving a precipitate of pure oxide of nickel. This oxide is dissolved again in pure nitric acid for preparing the carbonate; it is diluted, filtered and the oxide separated from the beautiful emerald-green solution by bicarbonate of soda. The light apple-green precipitate is Avell washed, dried slowly in the shade and preserved in well-stoppered bottles. It is a pale grayish-green, impalpable, nearly insipid powder. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Carbonate of nickel is triturated as directed under Class VII. NICCOLUM. Synonyms, Niccolum Metallicum. Metallic Nickel. Common Name, Nickel. Symbol, Ni. Atomic Weight, 58.8. Origin and Preparation of Nickel.—Nickel is found in toler- able abundance in some of the metal-bearing veins of the Saxon mountains, in AVestphalia, Hessia, Hungary, and Sweden, chiefly as arsenide, the kupfernickel of mineralogists, so called from its yelloAvish- red e< dor. The word nickel is a term of detraction, having been ap- plied by the old German miners to what was looked upon as a kind of false copper ore. Nickel is easily prepared by exposing the oxalate to a high white heat, in a crucible lined Avith charcoal, or by reducing one of the oxides by means of hydrogen at a high temperature. It is a Avhite, malleable metal, having a density of 8.8, a high melting-point, and a less degree of oxidability than iron, since it is but little attacked by dilute acids. Nickel is strongly magnetic, but loses this property Avhen heated to 350° F. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Nickel is triturated as directed under Class VII. NICCOLUM SULPHURICUM. Synonyms, Nickel Sulphate. Niccoli Sulphas. Common Name, Sulphate of Nickel. Formula, NiS04 7H2 O. Preparation of Sulphate of Nickel.—This salt is formed by dissolving carbonate of nickel in dilute sulphuric acid, concentrating the solution, and setting it aside to crystallize. Properties and Tests. — Emerald-green prismatic crystals, efflorescent in the air, soluble in three parts of cold water, but insol- uble in alcohol and ether. It has a sweet, astringent taste. The solu- ti >n gives a black precipitate Avith yelloAv sulphide of ammonium, slightly soluble in excess, forming a dark broAvn solution, and a pale green, bulky precipitate Avith caustic potash. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Sulphate of nickel is triturated as directed under Class VII. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. So t NICOTINUM. Synonyms, Nicotia. Nicotina. Nicotylia. Common Name, Nicotin. Formula, C10 H14 N2. Molecular Weight, 162. Preparation.—Nicotin is the poisonous principle of tobacco, and was discovered by Possett and Reimann. It may be prepared by ex- hausting bruised tobacco Avith acidulated Avater, concentrating the in- fusion, adding an excess of potassa and distilling. According to Orti- gosa (1842), the distillate is neutralized Avith oxalic acid, evaporated to dryness, and the residue exhausted Avith boiling alcohol, which dissolves oxalate of nicotia. On evaporating the solution to a syrupy consist- ence, and agitating it Avith potassa and ether, an ethereal liquid is ob- tained, Avhich, on fractional distillation, yields the alkaloid. Properties.—Nicotin is a colorless oily liquid, having at 15° C. (59° F.) the sp. gr. 1.027, and remaining liquid at —10° C. (14° F.). It has an unpleasant, and when heated, a pungent acrid odor, a burn- ing taste, and a strongly alkaline reaction. Exposed to air and light, it rapidly acquires a broAvn color, and is partly converted into a resi- nous compound. It boils near 250° C. (482° F.), but distils at a loAver temperature, always leaving a residue. It dissolves readily in Avater, and is separated from this solution by caustic potassa. Alcohol and ether dissolve it in all proportions, and it yields Avith acids neutral and acid salts, of which the former crystallize Avith difficulty, and are mostly soluble in Aveak alcohol, but insoluble in ether. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure nicotin is dissolved in fifty parts by weight of alcohol. Amount of drug poAyer, T^7. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class Yl—ft. NIGELLA DAMASCENA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Ranunculacea?. Common Names, Fennel Flower. Ragged Lady. This is an annual plant, indigenous to Southern Europe and the Levant. It has finely divided leaves like fennel, and also a similar in- volucre. The fruit consists of five united follicles, which contain num- erous seeds. The seeds are about fa of an inch long, triangular-ovate, netted-wrinkled, of a dull black color, internally Avhite, contain a fleshy albumen inclosing a small straight embryo, and have a someAvhat acrid taste. AVhen rubbed, the seeds exhale a peculiar odor, resembling that of strawberries. They are sometimes sold as magnolia seeds. Preparation.—The ripe seeds are finely poAvdered, and covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug power, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. 358 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. NITRI SPIRITUS DULCIS. Synonyms, Spiritus iEtheris Nitrosi. Naphtha Nitri. Common Name, SAveet Spirits of Nitre. Preparation.—The ether used in homoeopathy, under the name of nitric ether, is not the nitric ether of the moderns, but that Avhich is knoAvn by the name of alcoholized nitric ether. It is obtained by sub- mitting to distillation a mixture of six parts of alcoholic and one of ordinary nitric acid of a specific gravity of 1.30, and rectifying the product by calcined magnesia in order to remove the free acid and a kind of yelloAv oil it usually contains. Ether thus obtained is kept in Avell-stoppered vials, care being taken to fill them completely. Properties.—Alcoholized nitric ether is colorless, perfectly limpid, of a strong and agreeable smell, a SAveetish and aromatic taste, miscible in Avater and alcohol in all proportions; it becomes acid in the air, and evaporates at a low temperature Avithout leaving any residuum. That of commerce is frequently rendered impure by hydrochloric or nitric acid; in this case, by dissolving it in water, and adding some drops of a solution of silver, a precipitate Avill be obtained. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Two parts by Aveight of alcoholized nitric ether is dissolved in nine parts by Aveight of alcohol. Amount of drug power, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—a. NUCIS VOMICA CORTEX. Bark of the Strychnos Nux Vomica, Linn. Preparation.—The dried bark, finely powdered, is covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug poAver, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. NUPHAR LUTEUM, Smith. Synonyms, Nympha?a Lutea, Linn. Nenuphar Luteum. Nat. Ord., Nympna?acea?. Common Name, Small YelloAv Pond Lily. This variety is a native of Europe, and is also found at Manayunk, a suburb of Philadelphia. The earlier and submersed leaves are very thin and delicate1, roundish, the floating ones oval and usually with a narrow or closed sinus. Sepals five, nearly equal; petals scarcely more than half the length of the sepals and dilated upwards; stigma tAvelve to sixteen-rayed; fruit globular, Avith a short narroAV neck. The expanded floAver measures about tAvo inches across. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, it is put into a well-stoppered bottle and alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 359 cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAA'er of tincture, I. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. NUX MOSCHATA. Synonyms, Myristica Mosehata, Thunberg. Nuces Aromatica?. Nux Myristica. Nat. Ord., Myristicacea?. Common Name, Nutmeg. The nutmeg tree is about thirty feet high, with numerous branches, and an aspect someAvhat resembling that of the orange tree. The leaves stand alternately on short footstalks, are oblong-oval, pointed, entire, undulated, obliquely nerved, bright green and someAvhat glossy on their upper surface, Avhitish beneath, and of an aromatic taste. The floAvers are male and female upon different trees. The former are dis- posed in axillary, peduncled, solitary clusters; the latter are single, solitary, and axillary; both are minute and of a pale yelloAvish color. The fruit, AA'hich appears on the tree mingled Avith the floAvers, is round or oval, of the size of a small peach, smooth, at first pale green, but yelloAv Avhen ripe, and marked Avith a longitudinal furrow. The exter- nal covering, Avhich is at first thick and fleshy, and abounds in an austere, astringent juice, afterwards becomes dry and coriaceous, and, separating into tAvo valves from the apex, discloses a scarlet reticulated membrane or arillus, commonly called mace, closely investing a thin, broAvn, shining shell, AA'hich contains the kernel or nutmeg, which is so Avell known that it needs no special description. Nutmegs are brought to this country either directly from the East Indies, or indirectly through England or Holland. They are also occasionally imported in small quantities from the AVest Indies. Preparation.—The dried nut is finely poAvdered and covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and poured into a well-stoppered bottle, where it is alloA\'ed to remain eight days, in a dark, cool place, be- ing shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. NUX VOMICA. Synonyms, Solanum Arborean Indicum Maximum. Strychnos Collimbrina. Strychnos Ligustrina. Nat. Ord., Loganiacea?. Common Names, Poison Nut. Quaker Buttons. The seeds of Strychnos Nux Vomica, Linn. The tree has a short, thick, often crooked trunk; opposite, oval, glossy, three-to-five-nerved leaves; and small, funnel-shaped, Avhitish flowers, in small, terminal, paniculate cymes; the smooth, orange- colored berry is globular, about two inches in diameter, and contains 360 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. about five seeds. The tree is common in many parts of Hindostan, Farther India, and some of the East India Islands. All parts of the plant possess a bitter taste, and are probably poisonous; the bark has at one time been sold in place of angustura bark. The quantity of the seed imported into the United States was 460,000 pounds in 1K77, and 755,000 pounds in 1878. The seed nux vomica is in the form of an orbicular disk, nearly an inch in diameter, and almost a quarter of an inch thick, nearly flat, or convex on one side and concave on the other, Avith the margin frequently thickened. The surface is of a grayish or greenish-gray color, and has a slight silky lustre from the closely appressed soft hairs, directed towards the circumference, and forming a soft ridge on the edge. AVhere the hairs have been rubbed off, the dull, brownish testa becomes visible. In the centre of the con- cave side is the hilum, connected by a slightly elevated raphe Avith the chalaza, Avhich forms a small protuberance on the edge in the imme- diate vicinity of the radicle. Schleiden, Berg, and others regard the latter as the hilum, and the central scar as the chalaza. The thin testa incloses a yelloAvish-gray, somewhat translucent, horny, and very hard albumen (endospherm), Avhich is of the same form as the t^ecd, but has Avithin it a large, flat, circular cavity. After softening the seed in hot water, the edge may be readily trimmed down with a knife, and the albumen split into two disks, Avhich were united Avith each other merely on the margin to the width of less than one-eighth of an inch. The embryo is over one-quarter of an inch long, has a thick, club-shaped radicle, and a pair of pale greenish, delicately seven- nerved, heart-shaped cotyledons projecting into the circular cavity. The seed is inodorous, but possesses a persistently bitter taste. Preparation.—One part of finely-pulverized seed of nux vomica is coyered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug poAver, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. Triturations are prepared as directed under Class VII. NYMPH^A ODORATA, Aiton. Synonyms, Castalia Pudica. Nympha?a Alba. Nat Ord., Nympha?aceie. Common Names, Sweet-scented AVater-Lily. Water Nymph. White Pond Lily. This plant is found growing in ponds and still or slow-flowing Avater, common eastAvard and southAvard in the United States. Leaves orbicu- lar, cordate-cleft at the base to the petiole (five to nine inches Avide), the margin entire; stipules broadly triangular or almost kidney-shaped, notched at the apex, oppressed to the root-stalk; flowers white, very SAveet-scented (often as much as five and one-half inches in diameter when fully expanded, opening early in the morning, closing in the af- ternoon) ; petals obtuse; aril much longer than the distinctly stipitate oblong seeds. Sepals four, green outside, nearly, free. Petals numer- HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 361 ous, in many i-oavs, the innermost gradually passing into stamens, im- bricately inserted all over the surface of the ovary. Stamens indefi- nite, inserted on the ovary, the outer Avith dilated filaments. Ovary 1 o HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. CENANTHE. Synonyms, CEnanthe Crocata, Linn. CEnanthe Apiifolia. Nat. Ord., Umbellifera?.• Common Names, AVater-Hernlock. AArater-DropA\ort. Water Lovage. Dead Tongue. This plant is indigenous to England, SAveden, France and Spain, groAving in moist places and SAvamps. It is a stout, branched species, attaining three to five feet, the root-fibres forming thick, elongated tu- bers close to the stock; the juice, both of the stem and roots becoming velloAV when exposed to the air. Leaves tAvice or thrice pinnate, the segments ahvays above half an inch long, broadly crenate or rounded, and deeply cut into three or five lobes. Umbels on long terminal pe- duncles, vvith 15 to 20 rays, tAvo inches long or more; the bracts of the involucres small and linear, several in the partial ones, few or none under the general umbel. The pedicellate floAvers at the circumfer- ence of the partial umbels are mostly, but not ahvays, barren, the cen- tral fertile ones almost sessile. Fruit someAvhat corky, the ribs broad and scarcely prominent. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered at the time of blooming, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having thoroughly mixed the pulp Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After hav- ing stirred the Avhole well, it is poured into a Avell-stoppered bottle and alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. OENOTHERA BIENNIS, Linn. Synonyms, Oenothera Oauroides. Oenothera Parviflora. Onagra Biennis. Onosuris Acuminata. Nat. Ord., Onagracea?. Common Names, EA'ening Primrose. Scabish. Tree Primrose. This very variable plant is common throughout North America, in fields and waste places. It has a conical root, Avhich is one-half to one inch thick at the base, four to six inches long, Avith spreading branches, externally pale broAvn or sometimes reddish, Avith a thin bark, inter- nally white, fleshy, inodorous, of a SAveetish taste, and in the second year woody and tough. The stem is from three to six inches high, rough, hairy, often purplish. The leaves are oArate-oblong or oblong- lanceolate, three to five inches long, somewhat petiolate, acute, nearly entire, and short-hairy. The floAvers are in terminal leafy spikes, have a sessile cylindrical ovary, united Avith the long tubular calyx, four obcordate yelloAv petals, and eight stamens, and produce a four-valved capsule, containing numerous seeds. The herb is inodorous, and has a mucilaginous and mild, astringent taste. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered Avhen coming into floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 363 by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After hav- ing stirred the Avhole Avell, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then sepa- rated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. OLEANDER. Synonyms, Nerium Oleander, Linn. Nerium Album. Nerium A'ariegatum. Nat. Ord., Apocynacea?. Common Name, Oleander. Rose-bay. Rose-laurel. This well-known ornamental shrub grows wild in Southern Europe, Northern Africa and AVestern Asia, and thrives best in moist ground. It is from ten to fifteen feet high, often arborescent, Avith a gray or greenish-gray nearly smooth bark, ternately divided branches and showy dark rose-colored or Avhite flowers. The leaves are Avhorled in threes, leathery, smooth, dark green and glossy above, nearly sessile, linear-lanceolate, four to six inches long, finely pointed at the apex, and have a nauseous and bitter taste. All parts of the shrub are re- puted to possess poisonous properties. Preparation.—The fresh leaves, gathered when the plant is coming into bloom, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then take tAvo-thirds by Aveight of alcohol, add it to the pulp, stir and mix Avell together, and then strain lege artis through a piece of new linen. The tincture thus obtained is alloAved to stand eight days in a well- stoppered bottle in a dark, cool place and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, ?. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. OLEUM ANIMALE ^THEREUM. Synonyms, Oleum Animale Dippelii. Oleum Cornu Cervi. Common Names, Animal Oil. Dippel's Animal Oil. Preparation of Animal Oil.—On the dry distillation of bones and other animal substances, a fetid, brown, thick, oily liquid is Ob- tained, known as bone oil, crude, or fetid animal oil. This is purified for medicinal use by distilling it in a retort or flask, which is heated by a sand-bath, as long as a thin oil passes over. This is then mixed with four times its Aveight of Avater, and rectified in a metallic still as long as the distillate is colorless, or but slightly yellow. The oily liquid is separated from the water, and at once put into small vials, Avell corked and preserved in a dark place. Though previously known and medi- cinally employed, it Avas first prepared from dried blood by J. C. Dip- pel in 1711. Properties.—Rectified animal oil is a colorless or yelloAvish, thin, oily liquid, Avhich has the average spec. grav. 0.80. It has a very pen- etrating empyreumatic and ethereal, but not a fetid, odor, and a pun- 364 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. gent, acrid, aftenvards cooling and bitter taste. It has a slight alkaline reaction to test-paper, dissolves in about eighty parts of Avater, and is readily soluble in alcohol, ether, fixed and volatile oils. Exposed to light and air it rapidly darkens in color, and acquires a thicker con- sistence. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Animal oil is triturated as directed under Class VIII. Or, one part by weight of animal oil is dissolved in nine parts by Aveight of alcohol. Amount of drug power, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—a. OLEUM CAJUPUTI. Synonym, Cajuputum. Nat. Ord., Myrtacea?. Common Names, Oil of Cajeput. Kayu-puti (white wood). The volatile oil is obtained from the lea\Tes of Melaleuca Cajeputi, Roxburgh (s. M. Minor, Swiith). Origin.—The species mentioned is a small tree, which has lanceo- late entire leaves and terminal spikes of small Avhite floAvers Avith ex- serted stamens. It is indigenous to the East Indian Islands. Bentham regards it as a mere variety of M. Leucadendron, Linn., which extends into Further India, the Phillippines, and a considerable portion of Australia, and often attains a moderately large size. The oil is pre- pared in Celebes, Bouro, and other islands of the Molucca Sea, by dis- tilling the leaves Avith Avater. Properties.—Oil of cajeput is limpid, of a green color, a penetra- ting odor, suggesting that of camphor, rosemary and mint, and a Avarm, camphoraceous, afterwards cooling taste. The specific gravity varies betAveen .914 and .930; its boiling point is near 173° C. (34:14° F.). It does not congeal at —25° C. (—13° F.), is freely soluble in alcohol, and does not affect litmus paper. It dissolves iodine quietly, or with the evolution of a few reddish vapors; ammonia turns it yelloAvish, and sulphuric acid colors it broAvn, reddish, and finally purplish-broAvn. By rectification it becomes colorless. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of oil of cajeput is dissolved in fifty parts by weight of strong (95 per cent.) alcohol. Amount of drug power, -j-1-^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—ft. OLEUM JECORIS ASELLI. Synonyms, Oleum Morrhua?. Oleum Hepatis Morrhua?. Class, Pisces. Order, Teleostia. Family, Gadida. Common Names, Cod-Liver Oil. Cod Oil. The fixed oil obt lined from the liver of Gadus Morrhua, and of other species of Gadus. I HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 365 Origin.—The common cod, formerly called asellus major, inhabits the Northern Atlantic, and is frequently met with on the North Ameri- can coast, on and near the banks of Newfoundland, Avhere it seems the hake, G. merluccius, pollack, G. polluchius, and haddock, G. ceglifinus, are likeAvise used to some extent for the same purpose. On the Nor- Avegian coast, according to De Jongh (1843), cod-liver oil is mainly pro- duced from the dorse, G. callarias, but also from the coal-fish, G. car- bonarius and the pollack. Preparation.—On the coast of Norway the carefully cleaned liv- ers are placed in baskets or barrels, exposed to a sunny place, Avhere the oil slowly exudes, and is removed and filtered; or the livers are slowly heated in a steam or Avater-bath, or sometimes boiled Avith water, the oil being skimmed off from the surface. On the coast of North America cod-liver oil is now generally more carefully prepared. The introduction of ice as a means of preserving has developed the business of transporting cod-fish fresh to the inland cities during the catching season, from December to March; and likeAvise that of the proper preparation of cod-liver oil from fresh livers on shore by means of gradually applied steam-heat, Avhereby the oil is separated from the tissues, the Avatery portion subsiding, the oil being afterAvards filtered and kept in dry vessels in a cool place. Properties.—The purest cod-liver oil is of a pale yelloAv color, and faint acid reaction; but if prepared at a high temperature, or if the livers are allowed to more or less putrefy, it has a more decided reac- tion and a pale or darker reddish-brown color, the darkest varieties be- ing transparent only in thin layers, and having a repulsive fishy odor, and a bitterish acrid taste. The acridity and fishy smell are less marked in the light broAvn oil, and still less in the yelloAv or Avhite oil, Avhich is nearly bland. At 15° C. (59° F.) the sp. gr. of light cod- liver oil is, .92 to .925, of the dark colored about .930. Cold alcohol dissolves not over 2.5 per cent, from the yellow, but about 6 per cent. from dark broAvn cod-liver oil. At a Ioav temperature a granular crys- talline deposit is separated, in largest proportion from the darker col- ored oil. On the addition of sulphuric acid a violet color soon chang- ing to brown-red is produced, due to the presence of biliary compounds; nitric acid colors it purple, afterwards violet and brown. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Cod-liver oil is tritu- rated, as directed under Class VIII. OLEUM LIGI SANTALI. Synonyms, Oleum Santalum Album. Oleum Santalum Citri- num. Nat. Ord., Santalacea?. Common Name, Oil of Sandal-AVood. The oil obtained from the wood of Santalum Album, Linn. Origin.—The white sandal is a small tree, indigenous to Southern India and some of the East Indian Islands, and cultiA^ated in other parts of tropical Asia. The leaves of white sandal are opposite, and vary in shape between oval and lanceolate, and are smooth and glau- 366 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. cous beneath. The floAvers are small, numerous, in paniculate cymes, very variable in color and Avithout odor. In India the trees are felled or dug up where the trunk is about a foot in diameter, the branches are cut off and the trunk is left on the ground until the sap-Avood has been mostly eaten away by ants, Avhen it is trimmed, the heart-wood alone being used. The most important principle of sandal-wood is the volatile oil, which is stated to be obtainable in the proportion varying between one and four per cent. Properties of Oil of Sandal-Wood.—It is a yellowish liquid, having an agreeable aromatic, someAvhat roseate odor, and an aromatic, bitterish, and slightly acrid taste. Its density is about 0.96, and it commences to boil near 215° C. (419° F.). It is readily soluble in 80 per cent, alcohol, but it appears from Dragendorff's observations (1876) that old oil is less soluble than that which has been recently distilled. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of oil of sandal-wood is dissolved in fifty parts by weight of alcohol. Amount of drug power, y^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—ft. Triturations are prepared as directed under Class VIII. OLEUM RICINI. Synonyms, Oleum Palma? Christi. Ricinus Communis. Ricinus La?vis. Ricinus Viridis. Nat. Ord., Euphorbiacea?. Common Name, Castor Oil. The fixed oil obtained from the seeds of Ricinus Communis, Linn. Preparation of Castor Oil.—Nearly all the castor oil Avhich is at the present time consumed in the United States is manufactured from seeds groAvn in the country. AVhile in the year ending June 30, 1867, the importation of castor oil Avas 82,800 gallons, and of the seeds 60,588 bushels, the quantities imported in 1878, Avere 422 gallons and 106,528 pounds respectively. The seeds, after having been crushed and freed from the integuments, or without remoA'ing the latter, are kiln-dried and subjected to poAverful pressure. The oil thus obtained is heated Avith Avater, to remove albuminous matters, and Avhen clear, draAvn off into barrels or other suitable vessels. More oil, but of in- ferior quality, is obtained by again expressing the marc, and using a higher temperature and greater power. The other method of obtain- ing the oil by boiling the seeds with Avater and skimming it from the surface has probably been abandoned in most countries. L. Boerner (1876) extracted from the presscake Avith ether, 14 per cent, of oil haATing a light yellow color, Avhile alcohol dissolved 21 per cent, of dark oily matter. Purification.—Cold-pressed castor oil is nearly transparent and requires no further purification. If opaque, the oil is filtered, either through paper or felt, or, as recommended by Pavesi (1857) is previously treated for several days Avith one per cent, of magnesia, and 2.5 per cent, of purified animal charcoal, which treatment renders it nearly col- orless and inodorous. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 367 Properties.—Castor oil is viscid, transparent or nearly so, almost colorless or pale greenish-yellow, of a faint, mild odor, and a bland, slightly acrid taste. Its sp. gr. is about 0.96. At a low temperature it becomes thicker, and usually deposits Avhite granules of solid fat; near —18° C. (near 0° F.) it congeals to a yelloAvish mass. It is only partly soluble in petroleum benzin, but is soluble in all proportions in absolute alcohol, ether, and glacial acetic acid, and at 15° C. (59° F.) in about four parts of alcohol, sp. gr. 0.835. AVhen exposed to the at- mosphere in thin layers, it sloAvly dries to a transparent varnish. Po- larized light is by some samples turned to the right, by others to the left. It commences to boil at about 265° C. (509° F.), and yields an oily distillate; at a higher temperature it becomes black. Heated Avith dilute nitric acid, or Avith potassium bichromate and sulphuric acid, oznanthylic acid, C7 H14 02, having an agreeable aromatic odor, is ob- tained. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of castor oil is dissolved in fifty parts by weight of alcohol. Amount of drug poAver, T^v. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—ft. ONISCUS ASELLUS. Class, Insecta. Order, Crustacea. Family, Oniscida? Isopoda. Common Names, Common AVood-louse. SoAv-Bug. This little animal is from three to six lines long; it has fourteen feet, four antenna?, of Avhich tAvo are short, and almost entirely concealed; the others cetaceous, bent, having five or six joints; its body is oval, covered Avith many crustaceous pieces, transverse, sub-imbricated, and provided at the extremity with two short and very simple appendages. The color is gray, more or less deep, verging on the blue or broAvn, Avith yelloAvish streaks or spots. The oniscus is found in cellars, under stones, in humid places, and seems to shun the light; Avhen touched, it rolls up in a heap; the taste is SAveetish, nauseous; the odor disagree- able, ammoniacal. The oniscus asellus should not be confounded Avith the oniscus armadillo, Linn., Avhich has several feet and no bifid tail. Preparation.—The live animals are crushed, and covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days, in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. OLIBANUM. Nat. Ord., Burseracea?. Common Names, Gum Olibanum. Frankincense. From Boswellia Carterii and other species of Boswellia. Origin.—The genus BosAvellia is confined to India, Southern Arabia, 368 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. and Eastern Africa. It comprises trees Avith impari-pinnate leaves, serrate leaflets, small, racemose, decandrous flowers, and three-celled drupaceous capsules containing three seeds. The different species are still imperfectly knoAvn. B. Carterii may possibly be a polymorphous species, or several forms at present regarded as mere varieties may be distinct species, Avhich groAv only in tAvo limited districts in Southeastern Arabia and in the Somali country of Eastern Africa. Collection.—The collection of olibanum in the Somali country Avas described by Cruttenden (1846), and in Arabia by Carter (1847;, Avho had visited these countries three years previously. Deep incisions are made from Avhich a milk-A\Thite exudation flows, which gradually hardens, and is then collected. Olibanum enters commerce by way of Bombay. Description.—Olibanum consists of roundish, oblong, or irregular- shaped separate tears. These vary in diameter between one-eighth and one-half inch or more, and are nearly colorless, pale yelloAvish, or of a reddish hue, and covered Avith a Avhitish poAvder, resulting from the attrition of the pieces. When broken they exhibit a flat scarcely conchoidal fracture and a waxy lustre. Olibanum has a balsamic somewhat terebinthinate odor, softens between the teeth, and has a balsamic and slightly bitter taste. Triturated Avith water, it yields a Avhite emulsion; alcohol dissolves the greater part of it. AVhen heated, it becomes soft and burns, diffusing an aromatic odor. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure olibanum is tritu- rated as directed under Class VII. ONONIS SPINOSA, Linn. Synonyms, Remora Alopecuroides. Remora Aratum. Remora Urinaria. Resta Bovis. Nat. Ord., Leguminosa?. Common Name, Common Rest-harrow. This perennial vegetable is found all over Europe, where it groAvs in uncultivated fields, dry pasturages, along roads, hedges, etc. The root is as thick as the finger, branchy, dipping into the ground two feet or more, of a reddish-brown externally, and Avhitish internally, of a sweet- ish-slimy and someAvhat acrid-bitter taste; stem recumbent below, erect above, round, ligneous, branchy, spiny; leaves petiolate, sparse, ovoid, serrated, hairy on both sides, the lower ternate, the upper single; flow- ers solitary, axillary, Avith short peduncles, of a pale purplish color or Avith rosy veins. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered when beginning to floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After hav- ing stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then sepa- rated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 369 OPIUM. Synonyms, Papaver Somniferum. PapaA'a Hortense. Succus Thebaicus, Nat. Ord., Papaveracea?. Common Names, Opium. AATiite Poppy. Laudanum. The Avhite poppy is an annual plant, with a round, smooth, erect, glaucous, often branching stem, rising two or three feet in height, and sometimes attaining five or even six feet in favorable situations. The leaAres are large, variously lobed and toothed, and alternately disposed upon the stem, which they closely embrace; floAvers terminal, very large, and of a white or silver-gray color, with a tinge of violet at the base; calyx smooth, tAvo-leaved, Avhich fall Avhen the petals expand; these are usually four in number; the ovary, which is smooth and globular, supports a radiated stigma, and is surrounded by numerous short and slender filaments, AA'ith erect, oblong, compressed anthers; the capsule is smooth and glaucous, of a rounded shape, from two to four inches in diameter, somewhat flattened at top and bottom, and croAvned Avith the persistent stigma, the diverging segments of Avhich are arranged in a circle upon the summit; it contains numerous minute Avhite seeds, Avhich, Avhen perfectly ripe, escape through small openings beneath the stigma; all parts of the poppy are said to contain a white, opaque, narcotic juice; it most abounds in the capsule, and there the virtues of the plant most reside. Opium is the dried juice of these capsules, and comes to us in broAvn cakes of a greasy, shining appear- ance and bitter taste, acrid and narcotic, and of a strong odor, Avhich becomes Aveaker Avhen older. Though generally believed to be a native of Asia, this species of poppy grows wild in the south of Europe, and even in England, whither its seeds are supposed to have been brought at a very early period. It was cultivated by the ancient Greeks, and is mentioned by Homer as a garden plant. It is at present cultivated very extensively in India, Persia, Egypt, and Asiatic Turkey, for opium. The black opium from Smyrna is the strongest, and is the kind used for homoeopathic preparations. Preparation.—The gum opium dried and poAvdered, is covered Avith five parts by Aveight of dilute alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and fil- tered. Drug power of tincture, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV, except that dilute alcohol must be used for the 2x and 1 dilutions. Triturations are prepared according to Class VII. OPOPANAX. Synonyms, Opopanax Chironium, Koch. Pastinaca Opapanax, Linn. Nat. Ord., Umbellifera?. Common Name, Rough Parsnip. 24 370 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. This species of parsnip has a thick, yelloAv, fleshy, perennial root, Avhich sends up annually a strong branching stem, rough near the base, about as thick as a man's thumb, and from four to eight feet in height. The leaves are variously pinnate, Avith long sheathing petioles, and large, oblong, serrate leaflets, of Avhich the terminal one is cordate, others are deficient at their base upon the upper side, and the whole are hairy on their under surface. The flowers are small, yelloAv, and form large flat umbels at the termination of the branches. The plant is a native of the Levant, and grows wild in the south of France, Italy Greece. AA7hen the base of the stem is wounded, a juice exudes, which, when dried in the sun, constitutes the opopanax of commerce. It is sometimes in tears, but usually in irregular lumps or fragments, of a reddish-yelloAV color, speckled Avith Avhite on the outside, pale within, and, Avhen broken, exhibiting white pieces intermingled Avith the mass. Its odor is strong, peculiar, and unpleasant; its taste bitter and acrid. Preparation.—The gum-resin is finely poAvdered and covered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. OPUNTIA VULGARIS, Miller. Synonyms, Cactus Opuntia, Linn. Opuntia Humifusa. Nat. Ord., Cactacea?. Common Names, Prickly Pear. Indian Fig. This is a low, prostrate or spreading plant, pale, Avith flat and broadly obovate joints; the minute leaves ovate-subulate and appressed; the axils bristly, rarely with a feAV small spines; floAvers sulphur-yellow, opening in sunshine for more than one day; berry nearly smooth, pulpy, eatable. It is found groAving in sandy fields and rocky places, from Nantucket, Massachusetts, southAvard, usually near the coast. Its floAvers appear in June. Preparation.—The fresh tAvigs and flowers are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole Avell, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. OREOSELINUM. Synonyms, Athamanta Oreoselinum, Linn. Peucedanum Oreose- linum. Apium Montanum. Nat. Ord., Umbellifera?. Common Names, Mountain-Parsley. SpeedAvell. Galbanum. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEU1ICS. 371 This plant, occurring on loose meadows, hills and slopes nearly over all Europe, has a perennial root, almost simple, yelloA\ish-gray, fur- nished Avith a cluster of brown fibres. Stem erect, Avith fine furroAvs, glabrous, not very branchy, from one to tAvo feet high. Radical leaves petioled, large, tripinnate; leaflets oval, deeply indented, glabrous; the teeth terminate in Avhite points. Corymbs terminal. Involucrum con- sists of a number of lanceolate, revolute leaflets. Petals Avhite. The ripe fruit is almost round, flat, Avith a broad border of a pale yellow. The Avhole plant has an agreeable aromatic smell and taste, nearly related to common parsley. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered shortly before it begins to floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and pressed out lege artis in a piece of neAv linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle in a dark, cool place and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, }. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. ORIGANUM VULGARE, Linn. Nat. Ord., Labiata?. Common Names, Common Marjoram. Mountain Mint. Organg. This is a perennial herb, Avith erect, purplish, doAvny, four-sided, trichotomous stems, about eighteen inches high, and opposite, ovate, entire, somewhat hairy leaves, of a deep yelloAvish-green color. The floAvers are of a pinkish-purple or rose color, disposed in roundish, panicled spikes, and accompanied with ovate reddish bracts, longer than the calyx. This is tubular and five-toothed, Avith nearly equal segments. The corolla is funnel-shaped, AA'ith the upper lip erect, bifid, and obtuse, the loAver trifid, blunt and spreading. The anthers are double, the stigma bifid and reflexed. The plant is a native of Europe and America. In this country it groAvs along the roadsides, and in dry stony fields and Avoods from Pennsylvania and Virginia, and is in floAArer from June to October. It has a peculiar, agreeable aromatic odor, and a Avarm, pungent taste. Preparation.—The fresh herb, in floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. 372 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. OROBANCHE VIRGINIANA, Linn. Synonyms, Epiphegus Americanus, Nuttall. Nat. Ord., Orobanchea?. Common Names, Beech-drop. Broom Rape. Cancer Root. SquaAV Root. This is a parasitic, fleshy plant, with a tuberous, scaly root, and a smooth stem, branched from the base, from tAvelve to eighteen inches high, furnished Avith small ovate scales, of a yellowish or purplish color, and Avholly destitute of verdure. It is found in all parts of North America, growing upon the roots of the beech tree, from which it ob- tained its popular name. It is in some places very abundant. The plant has a bitter, nauseous, astringent taste, Avhich is diminished by drying. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. 'Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. OSMIUM. Symbol, Os. Atomic Weight, 199. Origin and Preparation of Osmium.—The separation of this metal from iridium, ruthenium, and the other metals with which it is associated in native ormiridium, and in platinum residues, depends chiefly on its ready oxidation with nitric or nitro-muriatic acid, or by ignition in air or oxygen, and the volatility of the oxide thus produced. To prepare metallic osmium, the solution obtained by condensing the vapor of osmium tetroxide in potash is mixed with excess of hydro- chloric acid, and digested Avith mercury in a well-closed bottle at 40° C. (104° F.). The osmium is then reduced by the mercury, and an amalgam is formed, which, Avhen distilled in a stream of hydrogen till all the mercury and calomel are expelled, leaves metallic osmium in the form of a black poAvder (Berzelius). The metal may also be ob- tained by igniting ammonium chloro-osmite with sal-ammoniac. Properties.—The properties of osmium vary according to its mode of preparation. In the pulverulent state it is black, destitute of metal- lic lustre, which, hoAvever, it acquires by burnishing; in the compact state, as obtained by Berzelius' method above described, it exhibits metallic lustre, and has a density of 10. Deville and Debray, by igniting precipitated osmium sulphide in a crucible of gas-coke, at the melting heat of nickel, obtained it in bluish-black, easily divisible lumps. When heated to the melting point of rhodium, it becomes more compact, and acquires a density of 21.3 to 21.4. At a still higher temperature, capable of melting ruthenium and iridium, and volatiliz- HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 373 ing platinum, osmium likeAvise volatilizes, but still does not melt; in fact, it is the most refractory of all metals. Osmium in the finely divided state is highly combustible, continuing to burn Avhen set on fire, till it is all volatilized as tetroxide. In this state also it is easily oxidized by nitric or nitro-muriatic acid, being coiiATerted into tetroxide. But after exposure to a red heat, it becomes less combustible, and is not oxidized by nitric or nitro-muriatic acid. Osmium Avhich has been heated to the melting-point of rhodium, does not give off any vapor of tetroxide Avhen heated in the air to the melt- ing point of zinc, but takes fire at higher temperatures. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Osmium is triturated as directed under Class VII. OSTRYA VIRGINICA, Willd. Nat. Ord., Cupulifera?. Common Names, Hop-Hornbeam. Iron AVood. Lever AArood. This is an indigenous slender tree, with very hard Avood, brownish furroAved bark, and foliage resembling that of birch. Lea\Tes are ob- long-ovate, taper-pointed, very sharply doubly serrate, doAvny beneath, with eleven to fifteen principal veins; buds acute; involucral sacs bristly-hairy at the base. Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical cat- kins, consisting of several stamens in the axil of each bract; filaments short, often forked, or irregularly united, bearing one-celled (half) anthers; their tips hairy. Fertile flowers in short catkins; a pair under each deciduous bract, each of an incompletely two-celled two- ovuled ovary, croAvned Avith the short bearded border of the adherent calyx, tipped with tAvo long-linear stigmas, and enclosed in a tubular bractlet, Avhich in fruit becomes a closed bladdery oblong bag, very much larger than the small and smooth nut; these inflated involucres loosely imbricated to form a sort of strobile, in appearance like that of the hop. The flowers appear in spring'Avith the leaves. Hop-like fruit fullgroAvn in August. The tree is very common, groAving in rich Avoods. Preparation.—The wood, in moderately fine poAvder, is covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. PiEONIA OFFICINALIS, Linn. Synonym, Rosa Benedicta. Nat. Ord., Ranunculacea?. Common Name, Peony. Peony is a perennial herb from Southern Europe, Avhich is frequently cultivated for ornament. It has an oblique, many-headed root-stock, six or nine inches in length, Avith numerous, at first fibrous, roots, Avhich afterwards enlarge and become fusiform, dark broAvn, internally Avhite 374 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. and mealy, resembling elongated tubers. The branched stem is about two feet high, smooth, with large, tAvice or thrice pinnately dissected and cleft green smooth leaves, and large terminal floAvers, having five sepals, five te eight petals, numerous stamens, and tAvo to three ovaries. The petals are obovate, entire or crenate, one and a half inch long, dark red, purple or rose-red. The seeds are nearly globular, one-eighth to one-sixth of an inch in diameter, black, glossy, and smooth, inodor- ous, and contain a yelloAvish oily albumen and a small embryo. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered in spring, is chopped and pounded to a pulp, and pressed out lege artis in a piece of new linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mixture is alloAved to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and filtered. Amount of drug power, }. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. PALLADIUM. Symbol, Pd. Atomic Weight, 106.5. Preparation of Palladium.—When the solution of crude plati- num, from Avhich the greater part of that metal has been precipitated by sal-ammoniac, is neutralized by sodium carbonate, and mixed Avith a solution of mercuric cyanide, palladium cyanide separates as a Avhit- ish, insoluble substance, Avhich, on being washed, dried, and heated to redness, yields metallic palladium in a spongy state. The palladium may then be Avelded into a mass, in the same manner as platinum. Properties.—Palladium closely resembles platinum in color and appearance; it is also very malleable and ductile. Its density differs very much from that of platinum, being only 11.8. Palladium is more oxidable than platinum. When heated to redness in the air, especially in the state of sponge, it acquires a blue or purple superficial film of oxide, Avhich is again reduced at a white heat. This metal is sloAvly attacked by nitric acid; its best solvent is nitro-muriatic acid. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Palladium is triturated as directed under Class VII. PANACEA ARVENSIS. Common Name, Poorman's Mercury. This is a tree exceedingly common in Brazil, where it is known as azougue dos pobres (mercury of the poor), cabedula and erva carneira. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole Avell, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 375 PANCREATINUM. Synonym, Pancreatin. Origin.—The pancreas is a gland Avhich is deeply seated in the ab- domen, and secretes the pancreatic juice, containing the proteid pan- creatin, to which it OAves the property of emulsifying and decomposing fats into glycerin and acid, and of converting starch into sugar. The pancreatic juice is a colorless, clear, somewhat viscid liquid, of an alka- line reaction, and Avithout odor and taste; it contains, besides the fer- ment, nearly one per cent, of mineral salts, a trace of fat and of organic matters soluble in water. Preparation.—Prof. Scheffer (1875) recommended the folloAving process: Fresh and finely chopped beef pancreas is macerated for a day in water acidulated Avith a little hydrochloric acid; the macera- tion is repeated Avith Avater, the strained liquids filtered, neutralized with calcium carbonate, again filtered, and mixed with an equal vol- ume of 95 per cent, alcohol; the precipitate is Avashed with dilute alco- hol, pressed betAveen bibulous paper, and dried at the ordinary temper- ature. Properties.— Thus prepared it is a transparent, brittle, yellow mass, Avhich dissolves in Avater sloAvly, but almost entirely, leaving, when prepared in cold weather, only a trace of insoluble matter. The solution is clear, pale yelloAvish, neutral, and produces AA'hite precipi- tates on heating and on being mixed Avith alcohol. Hydrochloric acid likeAvise precipitates it, but not a saturated neutral solution of table salt. Preparation.—Pure pancreatin is triturated, as directed under Class VII. PARAFFIN. Synonym, Paraffinum. Origin.—The paraffins are produced under various circumstances from fats and other organic compounds, but are chiefly obtained among the products resulting from the destructive distillation of many or- ganic substances, especially cannel and boghead coal. They are a natural constituent in varying proportions of the different kinds of pe- troleum, and solid paraffins are found native in Austria, Great Britain, the United States (Utah), and some other countries, constituting the minerals known as earth-wax, fossil (mineral) wax, and ozokerite. Properties.—The general formula of the paraffins is the same as that of the lighter coal oils, Cn H2n -f- 2; but in their physical prop- erties they differ from the latter in being at the ordinary temperature either solid, and frequently crystalline, or of an oleaginous consistence and liquid. Those which are liquid at the ordinary temperature are known in commerce as paraffin oils, while the name paraffin is retained for the solid products. They can be separated from one another only Avith great difficulty; but it is knoAvn that the different members oi this homologous series increase in density, viscidity, and in boiling point, and the solid paraffins also in melting point and hardness, as the 376 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. molecular Aveight increases. The solubility of paraffins in benzol de- creases as the melting point rises. Paraffin is insoluble in water, alka- lies and cold alcohols, but dissolves in volatile and fixed oils, ether, chloroform, benzol and carbon bisulphide; the solubility is, howe\-er, influenced by the composition. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use. — Paraffin is triturated, as directed under Class VII. PAREIRA BRAVA. Synonym, Cissampelos Pareira, Linn. Nat. Ord., Menispermacea?. Common Name, Pareira Brava. This is a climbing plant, Avith numerous slender, shrubby stems, and roundish, entire leaves, indented at the top, covered Avith soft hair upon their under surface, and supported upon doAvny footstalks, inserted into the back of the leaf. The floAvers are very small and disposed in racemes, of which those in the female plant are longer than the leaves. The plant is native of the AVest Indies and South America. The root comes to market in pieces from the thickness of the finger to that of the arm, from a few inches to two or more feet in length, sometimes as much as eight inches or more in thickness, cylindrical, occasionally contorted or forked, and covered Avith a thin, firmly adhering, grayish- broAvn, or very dark colored bark. The outer surface is marked Avith longitudinal and annular wrinkles, and sometimes, in the larger pieces, with knotty excrescences. The interior is ligneous, yellowish, very porous, marked by irregular concentric circles, inodorous and of a SAveetish, nauseous, bitter taste. Preparation.—The carefully dried root, finely powdered, is cov- ered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and allowed to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. PARIS QUADRIFOLIA, Linn. Synonyms, Aconitum Pardalianches. Herba Paris. Solanum Quadrifolium Bacciferum. Ura Lupulina. Nat. Ord., Smilacea?. Common Names, Fox Grape. Herb Paris. True Love. This plant groAvs all over Europe, in wet Avoods, thickets, in plains as Avell as on mountains. The root is perennial, vertical, rampant, rounded, jointed, fleshy, Avhitish. Stem erect, single, round, unifloral, a foot high, herbaceous; leaves at the top of the stem, with short pe- duncles, broad-elliptical or oval, pointed, entire, glabrous, disposed as a cross, shining beneath, veined, with sharp edges and three or four nerves; calyx four-leaved, of a greenish-yelloAv; peduncles from one to tAvo inches long, and furrowed; floAver of a yelloAvish-green ; berry dark blue, shining, slightly quadrangular. The fresh leaves and ber- HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 377 ries have a disagreeable and narcotic odor; the root has a pungent odor and a nauseous taste. Preparation —The entire fresh plant, gathered at the time of ripening of the berries, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and pressed out lege artis in a piece of hcav linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by weight of alcohol. This mixture is alloAved to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, 2. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. PASSIFLORA INCARNATA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Passifloracea?. Common Names, May Pop. Passion-FloAver. This is a perennial herb, found growing in dry soils, in Virginia, Kentucky and southward. Its stem is nearly smooth; leaves three- cleft ; the lobes serrate; petiole bearing tAvo glands; floAvers large, two inches across, nearly Avhite, Avith a triple purple and flesh-colored croAvn; involucre three-leaved. Calyx of five sepals united at the base into a short cup, imbricated in the bud, usually colored like the petals, at least Avithin; the throat crowned with a double or triple fringe. Petals five on the throat of the calyx. Stamens five; filaments united in a tube Avhich sheathes the long stalk of the ovary, separate above; an- thers large, fixed by the middle. The floAvers appear from May to July. The fruit is of the size of a hen's egg, oval, called Maypop. Preparation.—The fresh leaves, gathered in May, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one- sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole Avell, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, I., Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. PAULLINIA PINNATI. Synonym, Paullinia Timbo. Nat. Ord., Sapindacea?. Common Names, (in Brazil) Guaratimbo. Timbo-Sipo. This beautiful liana is commonly found in the woods of Brazil; its stem, of a flexible and tenacious wood, furnishes slender, slightly pubes- cent branches Avith deep parallel furrows. The leaves are alternate, Avith winged petioles; they are composed of five folioles which are almost sessile, oval-lanceolate, crenulate, irregularly bisugate. The floAvers are small, in spikes, situated on axes that are accompanied by leaflets arising from the axilla? of the leaves. Calyx Avith five folioles, corolla with four petals, alternating Avith the folioles of the calyx; eight stamens; ovary Avith three uni-ovulate chambers. Capsule pear-shaped 378 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. and sharp, divided at its superior part in three tubercles. Root with long fasciculate branches Avhich are a little hairy at their extremity. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. PEDICULUS CAPITIS. Common Name, Head Louse. Common Louse. It is scarcely necessary to give a description of this species Avhich is sufficiently knoAvn; Ave shall content ourselves with indicating the prin- cipal characteristics Avhich distinguish it from the other vermin living on the surface of the human body. The louse is of an oval form; flat- tened, longer than the crab-louse; its head is very small; its thorax is composed of three not very distinct rings; the abdomen is all of one piece, rounded off on the sides; it is ash-colored, Avhereas the crab-louse is entirely Avhite. The lice that have been made use of-in provings, Avere taken from the head of a healthy child of five years. Preparation.—The live animal is triturated as directed under Class IX. PENTHORUM SEDOIDES, Linn. Nat. Ord., Crassulacea?. Common Name, Virginia Stone-Crop. This is a hardy plant of little beauty, found groAving in moist situa- tions, in Canada and the United States. Its stem is from ten to sixteen inches high, Avith a feAV short branches; leaves alternate, two to three inches long, by one-half to one inch broad, membranous, smooth, sharply and unequally serrate, nearly sessile, lanceolate, acute at each end; racemes several, recurved at first, at length spreading, Avith the flowers arranged on their upper side, constituting a corymbose, scentless, pale yellowish-green cyme; petals generally Avanting. FloAvers appear from July to September. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole Avell, pour into a Avell-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 379 PEPSIN. A preparation of the mucous lining of a fresh and healthy stomach of the pig, sheep, or calf. Preparation of Pepsin.—The stomach of one of these animals recently killed having been cut open and laid on a board with the inner surface upwards, any adhering portions of food, dirt, or other im- purity are to be removed, and the exposed surface slightly Avashed with cold water; the cleansed mucous membrane is then to be scraped with a blunt knife or other suitable instrument, and the viscid pulp thus obtained is to be immediately spread over the surface of glass or glazed earthemvare and quickly dried at a temperature of not exceed- ing 100° F. The dried residue is to be reduced to poAvder and preserved in a stoppered bottle. This product, it will be observed, consists merely of the carefully dried mucous membrane of the stomach. A process for obtaining the digestive' principle in a nearly pure state Avas published by Prof. E. Schefler (1S72 ), and is as folloAvs : The mucous membrane of the well- cleaned fresh stomach of the hog is dissected off, chopped finely, and macerated in Avater acidulated Avith hydrochloric acid. After several days the liquid is strained, clarified by rest and decantation, and mixed Avith an equal bulk of saturated solution of sodium chloride. The pepsin is separated floating upon the surface, drained upon muslin, and strongly pressed to remove the solution of salt. If permitted to dry, it becomes very tough, parchment-like, or leathery. Obtained in this Avay, it still contains mucus, phosphate of calcium, and table-salt; from the tAvo former of Avhich it is freed by resolution in Avater, filtering, again precipitating by sodium chloride, and expressing; the table-salt Avhich noAV remains Avith it is best removed by alloAving the pressed pepsin to dry, Avhen the salt will effloresce upon the surface and will dissolve on short immersion in Avater. It then constitutes Scheffer's purified pepsin, Avhich dissolves in acidulated Avater to a clear and colorless solution. To obtain saccharated pepsin, the expressed residue, Avhile still damp, is thoroughly mixed Avith milk-sugar, and Avhen the mixture has be- come air-dry, its digestive poAver is ascertained, and the remainder is then diluted by the addition of milk-sugar, so that ten grains of it will dissolve 120 grains of coagulated albumen at a temperature of 100° F. in five or six hours. Various other processes for obtaining pepsin have been recommended, but the saccharated pepsin, prepared as above, is most generally em- ployed in the United States, in preference to pepsin reduced to poAvder by the aid of starch, which has, at least sometimes, been found to be very deficient in digestive poAver. Properties.—Purified pepsin is a light yelloAvish-broAvn powder, having a faint but not disagreeable odor, and a slightly saline taste Avithout any indication of putrescence. It is soluble to a very small degree in Avater or spirit. One-half of it, in acidulated Avater, Avas ob- served by Scheffer to dissolve over 1,500 grains of coagulated albu- men in a feAV days. Pepsin, particularly after it has been slightly 380 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. acidulated, coagulates milk; 80,000 parts of the latter Avere found by Schefler to be curdled by one part of purified pepsin. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use. — Purified pepsin is triturated as directed under Class VII. PETIVERIA TETRANDRA, Gom. Synonym, Petiveria Mappa Graveolens. Nat. Ord., Phytolacca?. Common Names, (in Brazil) Pipi. Erva de Pipi. This bush is common in the fields around Rio Janeiro, Avhere it blos- soms the Avhole year. Its branches are erect, someAvhat sarmentose, slightly pubescent at their extremities, Avith alternate, glabrous, some- Avhat undulate leaves. Flowers small, scattered OArer long axillary or terminal spikes; perianth persistent, herbaceous, Avith four linear divis- ions. Stamens four, alternate Avith the divisions of the perianth, and a little taller. A single ovary, surmounted by a style, divided into ten reflexed stigmata. Capsule flattened, containing a single seed. The roots are branching and very fibrous; they smell strongly of garlic. Preparation.—The recently dried root is poAvdered and covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol. Having poured it into a well- stoppered bottle, it is allowed to remain eight days at a moderate tem- perature in a dark place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. PETROLEUM. Synonyms, Oleum Petra?. Oleum Terra?. Bitumen Liquidem. Naphtha Montana. Common Names, Coal Oil. Rock Oil. The name petroleum is employed so loosely to designate numerous liquid hydrocarbons, that it is important to insure the use of the same substance AA'hich Hahnemann employed in his proving. This is made by agitating the liquid portion of commercial petroleum with sulphuric acid, and then rectifying the portion which this acid does not act upon. Its chemical constitution is very complex. Properties and Tests.—It is a light oily fluid, colorless, or of a pale straAv-color, and strong characteristic naphthalic smell. AVhen agitated Avith a mixture of equal volumes of sulphuric acid and water, no change takes place beyond its imparting to the acid any yellow tint it may possess and itself becoming colorless. Dropped' on Avhite paper, it evaporates completely, leaving no greasy stain. To secure its freedom from other volatile oils, agitate Avith tAvice its bulk of rectified spirit, and filter through bibulous paper previously moistened Avith rectified spirit; or it may be separated from the spirit by means of a burette. It must be preserved in Avell-stoppered bottles. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of petroleum is dissolved in fifty parts by Aveight of alcohol. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 381 Amount of drug poA\rer, T J-^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—ft. PETROSELINUM. Synonyms, Petroselinum Sativum, Hoffmann. Apium Petroseli- num, Linn. Apium Hortensis. Carum Petroselinum. Nat. Ord., Umbellifera?. Common Name, Parsley. Parsley has a biennial root, with an annual, round, furrowed, jointed, erect, branching stem, about two feet in height. The radical leaves are compound, pinnated in ternaries, Avith the leaflets smooth, divided into three lobes, and notched at the margin. In the cauline leaves, the segments of the leaflets are linear and entire. The flowers are small, pale yellow, and disposed in terminal compound umbels, Avith a one or two-leaAred general involucre, and partial ones composed of six or eight leaflets. The petals are five, roundish, and inflexed at their apex. The seeds (half fruits) are small, ovate, flat on one side, convex on the other, dark green, and marked Avith five longitudinal ridges. They have a strong terebinthinate odor, and a Avarm aromatic taste. The plant is a native of Sardinia, and other parts of Southern Europe, and is culth'ated everyAvhere in gardens. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered when coming into bloom, is chopped and pounded to a pulp, and pressed out lege artis in a piece of neAV linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. PHELLANDRIUM AQUATICUM, Linn. Synonyms, CEnanthe Phellandrium, Lamarck. OZnanthe Sar- mentosa. Fceniculum Aquaticum. Fceniculum Caballinum. Nat. Ord., Umbellifera?. Common Names, Phellandrium. Five-leaved AVater-Hemlock. This biennial plant groAvs in SAvampy places and on river banks in Europe and Northern Asia. It has pale green, pinnately dissected leaves, Avith ovate lobed or pinnately cleft leaflets, the submersed ones narrow and threadlike. The floAvers are Avhite, in compound umbels, with short linear involucral leaves. The fruit is one-eighth to one- sixth of an inch long, nearly cylindrical, narroAved above, and oblong- ovate in shape. The three dorsal ribs are broad and obtuse, the two lateral ones larger, the four grooves narrow, each with a single oil tube, and two additional oil tuoes on the surface of each mericarp; it is of a broAvn (and Avhen collected in an unripe state a blackish-broAvn) color, has an unpleasant odor, recalling that of caraway, and a bitterish, somewhat acrid taste. Preparation.—The fresh, carefully dried fruit, is finely powdered, 382 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days, in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and fil- tered. Drug poAver of tincture, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. PHOSPHORUS. Symbol, P. Atomic Weight, 31. Origin and Preparation of Phosphorus.—Phosphorus exists mostly as phosphates, in many minerals, and hx all plants and animals; the bones of the higher animals contain much phosphate of calcium. Phosphorus Avas discovered by Brandt (1669), of Hamburg, among the products of the dry distillation of urine, and about 1769 Gahn and Scheele detected the presence of phosphoric acid in bones, and the latter succeeded in isolating it. Phosphorus is made by treating cal- cined bones with sulphuric acid, evaporating the liquid, after mixing it with powdered charcoal, to complete dryness, and distilling the residue in a stoneware retort. In case the organic matter of bones is to be utilized in the manufacture of glue, the bones are treated with hydro- chloric acid, and the liquid treated as stated. The retort is connected Avith a Avide bent tube which dips into Avater, a number of retorts are placed in each furnace, and after the distillation is completed, the melted phosphorus is strained under Avater, and run into tubes of suitable size, Avhere it congeals. Phosphorus is manufactured in the United States, but much of it is still imported. Properties.—Phosphorus is seen in commerce in the form of cylin- drical sticks, which are nearly colorless or pale yellow, transparent, of a Avaxy lustre, and about as hard as beesAvax, and flexible at ordinary, but brittle at low temperatures. It is very easily inflammable in the air, and must be preserved and cut under Avater, in Avhich it is insoluble. Its density is usually about 1.77; but after purification Avith alcoholic potassa Avas found by Bottger to be 2.089. It melts at 44° C. (111.2° F.), and may be cooled to 40° C. (104° F.) before it congeals again. The boiling point of phosphorus is 288° C. (550° F.), according to Dalton; Mitscherlich found it at 260° C. (500° F.); the density of the vapor is 4.3. Phosphorus is sparingly soluble in alcohol, ether, fixed and volatile oils; it crystallizes after fusion Avhen slowly cooled, and from its solutions in volatile oils and carbon bisulphide. Exposed to the air it emits white vapors, which have an alliaceous odor and are luminous in the dark (phosphorescence), and Avhen ignited burns Avith a brilliant white flame, giving off dense white vapors of phosphoric anhydrid. It unites directly also Avith sulphur, chlorine, iodine, bro- mine and Avith many metals, and precipitates some of the latter from their solutions. AVhen kept in water and exposed to light and air, it is superficially corroded, and becomes white and opaque (Baudrimont, 1865), Avhile phosphorous acid is found in the Avater; the change does not take place in water which is free from air. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 383 Amorphous or Red Phosphorus.—This Avas discovered by Schrotter (1848), by heating ordinary or vitreous phosphorus for a long time to near its boiling point (about 240 ° C. = 464° F.) in an atmosphere in Avhich it cannot burn. It is an amorphous dark red mass or poAvder, becomes nearly black on being boiled Avith potassa solution, is insoluble in simple solvents, remains unaltered in dry air, and enters into chemical combinations less readily than the ordinary variety. According to Hittorf (1865), it has the specific gravity 2.19, is infusable, volatilizes slowly above 260° C. (500° F.), and, according to Lemoine (1867), is best converted into ordinary or vitreous phos- phorus by heating to near 450° C. (842° F.) iii an atmosphere of nitrogen. At the temperature stated, Hittorf observed it to be con- verted into another modification, Avhich forms black lamina? of a metal- lic lustre, is less volatile even than amorphous phosphorus, but, like the latter, is gradually converted by heat into ordinary vitreous phos- phorus. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Strong (95 per cent.) alcohol Avith an excess of phosphorus is put into an open bottle in a hot-Avater bath, and after the phosphorus has melted, vigorously shaken till cold, then decanted. Amount of drug poAver, Tfajf. Above saturate solution corresponds to the third decimal potency. Ten drops of this solution with ninety drops of strong alcohol give the 4x or 1 potency. Further potencies are made after the customary manner. In Hahnemann's Chronic Diseases a method is given for pre- paring phosphorus by trituration; alcoholic solutions, however, are preferable. PHYSOSTIGMA. Synonyms, Physostigma Venenosum, Balfour. Esere. Faba Calabarica. Faba Physostigmatis. Nat. Ord., Leguminosa?. Common Names, Calabar Bean. Chop Nut. Long knoAvn among the negroes of A Vest era Africa as the Ordeal Bean of Calabar. This is a climbing plant, Avith a ligneous stem, mounting on trees and shrubs, and frequenting especially the banks of streams, into which it often drops its fruit Avhen ripe; and it is said that the people of Cal- abar derive their supply principally from the borders of the streams down Avhich the fruits are carried. The root is spreading, with numer- ous fibrils, often having attached to them small succulent tubers. The floAvers are axillary, multiflorous, pendulous raceme; rachis of each raceme zigzag. Calyx campanulate, four-cleft at apex, the upper division notched, its segments ciliated. Corolla papilionaceous, curved in a crescentic manner; it is of a pale pink color, Avith a purplish tinge. Stamens ten, diadelphous. Pistil more than one. Stigma blunt, covered by a ventricular hood, extending along the upper part of the corvexity of the style. Legume dark broAvn, and straight, elliptico-oblong, Avith an apicular curved point, and outer and inner in- teguments easily separable; Avhen ripe it is about seven inches long, and contains tAvo or three seeds, separated by a woolly substance. 384 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. I Preparation.—The bean is finely pulverized and Aveighed and cov- ered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, at ordinary temperature, in a dark place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. PHYTOLACCA. Synonyms, Phytolacca Decandra, Linn. Blitum Americanum. Solanum Magnum Virginiam. Nat. Ord., Phytolaccacea?. Common Names, Poke. Skoke Root. Garget. Pigeon Berry. American Nightshade. Chongras. Cocum. Northern Jalap. This is an indigenous plant, Avith a large perennial root, often five or six inches in diameter, divided into two or three principal branches, soft, fleshy, fibrous, Avhitish Avithin, and covered with a brownish cuti- cle. The stems, Avhich are annual, frequently groAV to the height of six or eight feet, and divide into numerous spreading branches. They are round, very smooth, green Avhen young, but purple after the berries have ripened. The leaves are scattered, ovate-oblong, entire, pointed, smooth, ribbed beneath, and on short footstalks. The flowers are numerous, small, and in long racemes, Avhich are sometimes erect, sometimes drooping. The corolla consists of five ovate, concave, whitish petals, folding imvards. The ovary is green. There are ten stamens, and the same number of pistils. The raceme of floAvers be- comes a cluster of dark purple, almost black, shining berries, flattened above and below, and divided into ten cells, each containing one seed. The poke is abundant in all parts of the United States, also in the north of Africa and south of Europe. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. PICHURIM. Synonyms, Nectandra Puchury Major, Nees. Faba Pichurim. Nuces Sassafras. Nat. Ord., Laurinea?. Common Names, Pichurim Beans. Sassafras Nut. These are the seeds of a tree groAving in Brazil. The beans are the kernels of the fruit separated into halves. They are ovate-oblong or elliptical, flat on one side, convex on the other, of a grayish-brown color externally, chocolate-colored within, of an aromatic odor be- HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 385 tAveen that of nutmegs and sassafras, and of a spicy pungent taste. The seeds are about an inch and a half long, and half an inch broad. Preparation.—The ripe seeds are finely powdered, covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. PILOCARPINUM MURIATICUM. Synonym, Pilocarpin Muriate. Origin and Preparation.—Pilocarpin is an alkaloid obtained by Byasson (1875) from jaborandi leaves. It is soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, ammonia and dilute acids. It is obtained from the aqueous solution of the alcoholic extract by adding an alkali, agitating with chloroform and evaporating the latter solution. The alkaloid is un- crystallizable, but A. AV. Gerrard (1875) crystallized from alcohol a number of its salts, of which the muriate is most frequently employed. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Muriate of pilocarpin is triturated, as directed under Class VII. PIMPINELLA SAXIFRAGRA, Linn. Synonyms, Pimpinella Alba. Pimpinella Hircina?. Pimpinella Nostratis. Pimpinella Umbellifera?. Tragoselinum. Nat. Ord., Umbellifera?. Common Names, Bibernell. Small Burnet Saxifrage. Pimpinel. This is a perennial umbelliferous European plant, groAving on sunny hills, and in dry meadows and pastures. Rootstalk slender, hot, acrid. Stem one to three feet high, slender, furrowed, branched. Leaflets four to eight pair, very variable, serrate lobed or almost pinnatified; lobes of cauline much narrower. Umbels flat-topped. Flowers small, white. Fruit one-eighth inch long, glabrous, broadly ovoid; styles short, reflexed. The root is brown-yellow or blackish, usually one- headed, not over one-half inch thick, finely anulated above and wrinkled and verrucose below; the bark is very thick, spongy, either white or yellowish, contains numerous resin-cells, and is radially striate, inclos- ing a yellow wood. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered in May, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Amount of drug power, h. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. 25 386 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. PINUS SYLVESTRIS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Conifera?. Common Names, Scotch Fir. Scotch Pine. AATld Pine. This species of pine is distributed through the plains of northern and mountains of Southern Europe, Siberia and Menschuria. Its height is from 50 to 100 feet, the trunk attaining a circumference of 12 feet; Avood red or white; bark red-broA\n, rough. Leaves tAvo to three inches long, acicular, acute, grooved above, convex and glaucous be- neath, minutely serruate, sheath fimbriate. Male catkins one-fourth inch long, spiked, yelloAv; connective produced. Female cones one to two inches long, one to three together, acute; scales feAV, ends rhomboid with a transverse keel and deciduous point. Seed one-half inch, Aving cuneate, much exceeding the nucleus. Preparation.—The fresh shoots are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. PIPER METHYSTICUM, Forster. Synonym, Macropiper Methysticum. Nat. Ord., Piperacea?. Common Names, Ava-Ava. Kava-Kava. This is a shrub, with cordate, acuminate, and many-nerved leaves, indigenous to the Sandwich and other islands of the Pacific Ocean. The root is large, Avoody, but spongy and light, has a thin grayish- brown bark, and a meditullium consisting of a yellowish or yellow, occasionally pale reddish cellular tissue, and of numerous radiating linear wood-bundles. It has an agreeable odor, recalling that of lilac and of meadow-sweet, and a faintly pungent and slightly bitter taste. Preparation. — The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. PIPER NIGRUM, Linn. Synonyms, Piper Trioicum. Murich. Nat. Ord., Piperacea?. Common Name, Black Pepper. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 387 The pepper \ine is a perennial plant, Avith a round, smooth, woody, articulated stem, swelling near the joints, branched, and from eight to twelve feet or more in length. The leaves are entire, broad-ovate, acuminate, seven-nerved, coriaceous, very smooth, of a dark green color, and attached by strong sheath-like footstalks to the joints of the branches. The floAvers are small, Avhitish, sessile, covering thickly a cylindrical spadix, and succeeded by globular berries, which are red Avhen ripe. The berries are gathered before they are all perfectly ripe, and, upon being dried, become black and Avrinkled. The dried berries are about as large as a small pea, externally blackish and Avrinkled, internally Avhitish, of an aromatic smell, and a hot, pungent, almost fiery taste. The plant groA\rs Avild in Cochin-China and various parts of India. It is cultivated on the coast of Malabar, in the peninsula of Malacca, in Siam, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, the Philippines, and many other places in the East. Preparation.—The unripe, dried berries, finely powdered, are cov- ered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. PLANTAGO MAJOR, Linn. Nat. Ord., Plantaginacea?. Common Names, Greater Plaintain. Rib Grass. AVay Bread. This plant is very common in Europe and North America, often found groAving by roadsides and footpaths. It has a round scape rising from a fibrous root, A'arying in height from one to three feet. The leaATes are broadly ovate, smooth, entire or someAvhat toothed, five to seven nerved, each of Avhich contains a strong fibre, Avhich may be pulled out, and abruptly narroAved into a long channelled petiole. The flowers are Avhite, very small, imbricated, numerous, and densely dis- posed on a cylindrical spike, from five to twenty inches long. Small plants are frequently found with the spikes only half an inch to two inches long, and the leaves and stalk proportionately small. Stamens and styles long. Seeds numerous. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered when coming into flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After.hav- ing stirred the Avhole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and dot, it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, &. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. 388 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. PLATINA. Synonyms, Platinum Metallicum. Platinum. Symbol, Pt. Atomic Weight, 198. Origin and Preparation of Platinum.—This metal is found pure and in combination Avith palladium, rhodium, osmium, iridium and other metals in California, various parts of South America, in the Ural mountains, and in other parts of Europe, Asia and Africa. It is often met with in auriferous sand, and occasionally in lead, iron and other ores. The ore is treated with strong hydrochloric acid, well Avashed by elutriation, the residue treated Avith nitro-muriatic acid, the acid solution evaporated, redissolved in water, and precipitated with ammonium chloride; on igniting the resulting ammonio-platinic chlor- ide, platinum is obtained in a spongy condition. Properties.—Spongy platinum is gray, soft and porous, and fusi- ble only by the aid of the oxyhydrogen blowpipe. It is of a silver- white color and metallic lustre, is soft like copper, possesses considera- ble malleability and ductility, and at a white heat may be forged. Platinum resists the action of most chemicals except mixtures of nitric with hydrochloric or hydrobromic acid; but at a high temperature it is readily attacked by most elements. With oxygen it forms a prot- oxide, Pt O, and a binoxide, Pt 02, which are reduced to the metal at a red heat. The platinous salts are brown, red or colorless; the plati- nic salts have a yellow or brown color. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use. — Precipitated metallic platinum is triturated, as directed under Class VII. PLATINUM MURIATICUM. Synonyms, Platina Chlorata. Platini Chloridum. Chloras Pla- tinicus. Platinic Chloride. Common Names, Muriate of Platinum. Chloride of Platinum. Formula, Pt Cl4. 5 H20. Molecular Weight, 4o0. Preparation of Platinic Chloride.—It is prepared by dissolving three parts of platinum in a mixture of sixteen parts of hydrochloric and seven parts of nitric acid, evaporating the solution nearly to dry- ness, redissolving in hydrochloric acid, heating to expel the nitric acid, and evaporating at a moderate heat to dryness, when a red crystalline mass is left, Avhich may be obtained from water in handsome red crys- tals, containing 46 per cent, of platinum. Properties.—When heated to 100° C. these lose 4 H30 = 16.75 per cent., and turn brown. If the salt is permitted to crystallize in the presence of free hydrochloric acid, brownish-red needles are obtained, Avhich have the composition Pt Cl4. 2 H CI. 6 H2 O, and contains 38 per cent, of platinum. This is the compound usually met Avith in commerce. Heated to above 110° C. it parts Avith hydrochloric acid and chlorine, and near 225° C. (437° F.) dark brown platinous chloride is left. Platinum chloride dissolves readily in alcohol and water, yield- HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 389 ing reddish-yelloAV liquids which precipitate the chlorides of potassium and of ammonium. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure platinic chloride is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by weight of distilled Avater. Amount of drug power, y^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—ft. PLECTRANTHUS FRUCTECOSUS, L'Heritier. Synonym, Germanea Urtica?folia, Linn. Nat. Ord., Labiata?. This aromatic shrub is a native of the Cape of Good Hope, and is grown quite extensively in gardens in Germany, Avhere it is used as a domestic remedy for intermittent fever, cramps, etc. Preparation.—The dried, powdered herb is covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days, in a well-stop- pered bottle in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, j1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. PLUMBAGO LITTORALIS, Nobis. Nat. Ord., Plumbaginacea?. Common Name, (in Brazil) Picao de Praia. This is a creeper, inhabiting the shores in the bay of Rio Janeiro. Its stem is herbaceous, rounded, covered with short and rather stiff hairs. Its leaves are simple, opposite, gradually tapering to a short channeled petiole adhering to that of the opposite side, and forming tufts at certain intervals whence arise adventitious roots. They have a smooth, trapezoid, coarsely intended limb. The flowers form little axillary heads, Avith from fifteen to twenty flowers each, arising from an involucre with five divisions and supported by a somewhat filiform pedicle. Calyx tubulous, monophylous, with five teeth, and much shorter than the tube of the corol. The corol is monopetalous, of a yellowish-white, tubulous, puffed up at its extremity, Avith five reflexed divisions, and five stamens with bilocular, connivent anthers which are longer than the corol. Ovary one-celled, flat at the top, whence pro- ceeds a slender style, terminated by a glandular stygma which is longer than the stamens. Fruit monospermous, elongated, with a crustaceous integument Avhich is covered with a number of stiff hairs that are bent over, and which presents irregular longitudinal furrows. The root is perennial and ramose. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. 390 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. PLUMBUM. Synonyms, Plumbum Metallicum. Common Name, Lead. Symhol, Pb. Atomic Weight, 207. Origin and Preparation of Lead.—Lead is found in the United States and many other countries, occasionally as oxide, more frequently as carbonate (white lead ore), or in combination Avith other acids. The most abundant lead ore is galena, a sulphide of lead, Pb S, Avhich is frequently associated with the sulphides of zinc, iron, copper, and sil- ver. The metal is obtained from the galena by roasting it, Avhereby a portion is oxidized to sulphate of lead, Avhile another portion parts Avith its sulphur, Avhich escapes as sulphorous acid, the metal being converted into oxide. The neAvly formed compounds react Avith the unaltered galena, forming lead which fuses, and sulphurous acid which escapes. A considerable quantity of lead remains in the slag, Avhich is used in a subsequent operation. The extraction of silver is effected by cupellation, and the oxide of lead is then reduced to the metallic state by heating it with charcoal. Properties.—Lead has a bluish-gray color and a bright metallic lustre. It is a soft metal, and when cooled slowly leaves a mark on be- ing draAvn over paper. Its specific gravity is 11.4 ; it is very mallea- ble and ductile, but less tenacious than most other common metals; fuses at 325° C. (617° F.), and volatizes at a Avhite heat. On congeal- ing, it contracts considerably, and under some circumstances it may be obtained crystallized in regular octohedrons. AVhen exposed to a moist atmosphere, it is superficially oxidized, and becomes covered with a grayish layer. In contact Avith Avater and air, or in the presence of a minute quantity of ammonia or of nitric acid, the metal is corroded, and small quantities of it are held in solution. Sulphates prevent the lead from being dissolved; or if dissolved, precipitate an insoluble sulphate. Plumbum Metallicum Precipitatum.—To obtain pure lead in the form of a poAvder, the galvanic process of reduction by means of rods of zinc is the most convenient. Crystals of acetate of lead are dissolved in one hundred times their quantity of distilled Avater, and in four or six ounces of this solution, contained in a suitable porcelain dish, a few polished rods of zinc are put. The decomposition takes place immediately, and continues as long as the reduction of the ace- tate of lead is not completed. If this process of reduction is to suc- ceed entirely, the folloAving rules should be observed: 1. The leaden crystals Avhich cluster around the rods of zinc should be frequently de- tached, in order to prevent the formation of thick lamina? which it would be difficult to pulverize. 2. The liquid, Avhich now contains ace- tate of zinc, should be poured off as soon as the reduction ceases, and a fresh solution of the acetate of lead should be added. 3, As soon as HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 391 the operation is concluded, the precipitate, Avhich is a dark gray, loose, porous mass, though still cohering in lumps, should be Avashed with hot dis- tilled water, avoiding every mechanical pressure, lest the soft mass should be pressed into firm balls. 4. As soon as the Avater Avhich is used for Avashing Aoaas off quite clear, the precipitate should be collected in a filter, the liquid should be removed by gently pressing the precipitate betAveen the fingers, after Avhich the metal is to be taken out of the fil- ter and pressed Avith the hand between several layers of blotting-paper until the metal ceases to adhere to the paper; finally, gently rub the metal in a warmed porcelain mortar, in order to effect its perfect desiccation. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The precipitated lead is triturated as directed under Class VII. PLUMBUM ACETICUM. Synonyms, Acetas Plumbicus. Plumbi Acetas. Saccharum Saturni. Common Names, Acetate of Lead. Sugar of Lead. Formula, Pb 2C2 H3 02. 3H2 O. Molecular Weight, 379. Preparation of Acetate of Lead.—Take of oxide of lead in fine powder, twenty-four ounces; acetic acid, tAvo pints, or a sufficiency; distilled Avater, one pint. Mix the acetic acid and the water, add the oxide of lead, and dissolve with the aid of a gentle heat. Filter, eva- porate till a pellicle forms, and set aside to crystallize, first adding a little acetic acid should the fluid not have a distinctly acid reaction. Drain and dry the crystals on filtering paper Avithout heat. Properties.—Pure acetate of lead crystallizes in colorless prisms, which have an acetous odor and a sweet astringent taste. It is slightly efflorescent in the air, and on continued exposure is superficially con- verted into carbonate of lead. It fuses at 75.5° C. (168° F.), and congeals on fcooling sloAvly to a radiating crystalline mass. It contains 14.2 per cent, of water of crystallization, which it loses at about 110° C. (230° F.), over sulphuric acid and by the action of absolute alcohol, crystallizing from this liquid in an anhydrous condition, but when dis- solved in hot stronger alcohol the salt crystallizes on cooling with 2H2 0. It dissolves at the ordinary temperature in about two parts, at 40J C. (104° F.) in one part, and at the boiling point in a half part of Avater. The solution has a slight acid reaction, and if concentrated and mixed Avith strong alcohol gradually separates a portion of the salt in crystals. It dissolves also, though less freely, in alcohol, and is precipitated from this solution as a crystalline poAvder on the addition of ether. The aqueous solution acquires a red color on the addition of a little dilute solution of ferric chloride, and is precipitated by the various reagents for lead salt. Tests.—Acetate of lead should yield a clear solution Avith distilled water. A slight turbidity resulting from the presence of a little car- bonate must disappear on the addition of a small quantity of acetic acid. Perfect solubility indicates the absence of sulphate and notable 392 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. quantities of chloride. The aqueous solution, completely precipitated by sulphuretted hydrogen, should yield a filtrate, which is not precipi- tated by ammonia and sulphydrate of ammonium (zinc, etc.), or oxalic acid (calcium, barium), and it does not leave any fixed residue on being evaporated to dryness. Small quantities of copper would be indicated by the blue color of the filtrate, obtained after precipitating the solu- tion of the salt with an excess of ammonia. Thirty-eight grains of acetate of lead dissolved in water require for complete precipitation two hundred grain-measures of the volumetric solution of oxalic acid. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by Aveight of pure acetate of lead is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by weight of dis- tilled water. Amount of drug power, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—ft. Triturations are prepared as directed under Class VII. Note.- -The trituration is to be preferred on account of its stability. PLUMBUM CARBONICUM. Synonyms, Carbonas Plumbicus. Cerussa. Magisterium Plumbi. Plumbic Carbonate. Plumbi Carbonas. Common Name, Carbonate of Lead. Formula, 2Pb C03. PbH2 02. Molecular Weight, 775. Preparation of Carbonate of Lead.—On passing carbonic acid gas through a solution of acetate of lead, or on adding an alkaline car- bonate to a solution of a neutral lead salt, a precipitate of Pb C03 is obtained, Avhich, as a pigment, has less body than the basic salt. The latter is obtained in two ways. One method, known as the Dutch pro- cess, is as follows: Cast sheets of lead are suspended in earthen pots containing a small quantity of vinegar or pyroligneous acid; a number of these pots are arranged in rows, alternating with layers of dung or spent tan, until a shed is filled, which is entirely covered with the same material. A warm and moist atmosphere, charged Avith carbonic acid, is thus produced in the shed, favorable for the oxidation of the metal, and its conversion by the acetic vapors into basic acetate of lead, Avhich is decomposed by the carbonic acid, yielding white lead and neutral acetate. The latter again unites with a fresh portion of oxide, forming basic acetate of lead, which is again acted.upon by the carbonic acid; and the process continues until, in the course of a few weeks, the lead is completely covered with a thick crust of Avhite lead, which is de- tached, ground with Avater and washed, to remove acetate of lead, and dried. Various modifications of this process have been recommended and are in use. The other method is known as Thenard's procsss, according to which a solution of subacetate is prepared in the usual way, and carbonic acid gas passed through it, the filtrate from the precipitate being again used in the preparation of the lead solution. This process has been modi- fied by Benson, so that levigated litharge is mixed with one or two per cent, of sugar of lead and sufficient water to form a thin paste, which, H0MCE0PATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 393 Avith frequent stirring, is exposed to the action of carbonic acid, until this ceases to be absorbed; the carbonate is washed Avith Avater. Properties. — Commercial carbonate of lead is in pulverulent masses, or forms a soft, heavy, Avhite powder, Avhich becomes black by sulphuretted hydrogen; it is insoluble in water and alcohol, but dis- solves Avith effervescence in diluted acetic or nitric acid without leav- ing any residue. The solutions yield, with sulphuric acid, a white, and with potassium iodide, a yellow precipitate. The white precipi- tates occasioned in the solution by soda and potassa are soluble in an excess of the precipitant. Heated to 155° C. (311° F.), carbonate of lead parts Avith its Avater; near 180° C. (356° F.) it begins to lose car- bonic acid, and when heated before the bloAvpipe upon charcoal it turns yelloAv, and yields metallic globules of lead. Tests.—Carbonate of lead may be adulterated Avith the sulphates of lead, barium or calcium, Avhich would be left behind as a white pre- cipitate upon treatment with dilute nitric acid. Other adulterations may be detected by treating the solution Avith sulphuretted hydrogen, ammonia, sulphydrate of ammonia and oxalic acid, as described under acetate of lead. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure carbonate of lead is triturated, as directed under Class VII. PLUMBUM IODATUM. Synonyms, Ioduretum Plumbicum. Plumbi Iodidum. Plumbic Iodide. Common Name, Iodide of Lead. Formula, Pb I2. Molecular Weight, 461. Preparation of Iodide of Lead.—Take of nitrate of lead, iodide of potassium, each four troy ounces; distilled water a sufficient quan- tity. With the aid of heat dissolve the nitrate of lead in a pint and a half, and the iodide of potassium in half a pint of distilled water, and mix the solutions. AHoav the precipitate formed to subside, and, hav- ing poured off the supernatant liquid, Avash it Avith distilled water, and dry it Avith a gentle heat. Properties.—Iodide of lead, if precipitated in the cold, is a bright yelloAv powder, and, if obtained from boiling solutions, crystallizes in thin, shining, golden-yelloAV scales. It has the sp. gr. 6.1, is inodorous, of a slight metallic taste, and, when heated, turns brick-red, blackish- broAvn, fuses to a red-broAvn liquid, and volatilizes, partly undecom- posed, at a strong red heat; on cooling, it gradually acquires again its yellow color. It is permanent in a dry atmosphere, but when exposed to the light Avhile moist, is slowly decomposed, binoxide and carbonate of lead being formed, besides free iodine. Denot (1834) ascertained that it requires 1,235 parts of cold and 187 parts of boiling water for solution. According to Lassaigne (1831), the colorless aqueous solu- tion, saturated at 20 C. (68° F.), contains .0017 per cent, of iodide of lead. It dissolves in solutions of ammonium chloride, and of soluble iodides and acetates, and is at least partly converted into double iodides. 394 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Tests.—Its purity is ascertained from the properties described. The presence of a double compound Avith potassium iodide is indicated by the lighter color of the product, and is proven by dissolving a sample in Avarm solution of ammonium chloride, precipitating the lead Avith either sulphuric or hydrosulphuric acid, evaporating the filtrate to dry- ness, and igniting, Avhen no fixed residue should be left. The presence of lead oxyiodide renders the salt incompletely soluble in hot Avater. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure iodide of lead is triturated, as directed under Class VII. PODOPHYLLUM. Synonyms, Podophyllum Peltatum, Linn. Aconitifolius Humilis. Anapodophyllum Canadense. Nat. Ord., Berberidacea?. Common Names, May-Apple. Mandrake. Indian Apple. Ground Lemons. Duck's Foot. This is an indigenous herbaceous plant, and the only species of the genus. The root (rhizome) is perennial, creeping, usually several feet in length, about one-quarter of an inch thick, broAvn externally, smooth, jointed, and furnished Avith radicles at the joints. The stem is about a foot high, erect, round, smooth, divided at top into two petioles, and supporting at the fork a solitary one-flowered peduncle. Each petiole bears a large, peltate, palmate leaf, with six or seven wedge-shaped lobes, irregularly incised at the extremity, yellowish-green on their up- per surface, paler and slightly pubescent beneath. The flower is nod- ding. The calyx is composed of three oval, obtuse, concave deciduous leaves. The corolla has from six to nine white, fragrant petals, which are obovate, obtuse, concave, with delicate transparent veins. The stamens are from 13 to 20, shorter than the petals, with oblong, yel- low anthers, of twice the length of the filaments. The stigma is sessile, and rendered irregular on its surface by numerous folds or convolu- tions. The fruit is a large oval berry, croAvned with the persistent stigma, and containing a sweetish fleshy pulp, in which about twelve ovate seeds are imbedded. It is, when ripe, of a lemon-yellow color, diversified by round brownish spots. The plant is extensively diffused through the United States, groAving luxuriantly in moist, shady woods, and in low marshy grounds. The floAvers appear about the end of May and beginning of June; and the fruit ripens in the latter part of September. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered when the fruit is quite ripe is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After hav- ing stirred the whole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 395 POLYGONUM HYDROPIPEROIDES, Michaux. Synonym, Polygonum Mite, Persoon, (not of Schrank). Nat. Ord., Polygonacea?. Common Name, Mild Water Pepper. This is an indigenous perennial, groAving in Avet places, and in shal- low Avater, very common, especially southAvard. It is from one to three feet high, stem smooth, and branching; the narroAV sheaths hairy, fringed Avith bristles; leaves narroAvly lanceolate, sometimes oblong; spikes erect, slender, sometimes filiform, often interrupted at the base, one to tAvo and a half inches long; flowers small, flesh-color or nearly Avhite; stamens eight; style three-cleft; achenium sharply triangulaf, smooth and shining. The herb is not acrid. FloAvers appear in late summer and early autumn. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. POLYGONUM PUNCTATUM, Elliott. Synonyms, Polygonum Acre, Humboldt, Bonpland and Kunth. Polygonum Hydropiperoides, Pursh, (not of Michaux). Nat. Ord., Polygonacea?. Common Names, Water SmartAveed. Biting Persicaria. Knot- weed. Wild SmartAveed. This is an indigenous perennial, groAving in wet places, very com- mon, especially southAvard. It is from two to five feet high, nearly smooth, stems rooting at the decumbent base; leaves larger and longer than in the P. Hydropiper, Linn., taper-pointed; spikes erect; floAvers whitish; sometimes flesh-colored; stamens eight; style mostly three-parted, and the achenium sharply triangular, smooth and shin- ing. The herb is pungently acrid. Flowers appear in late summer or early autumn. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Weighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool, place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. 396 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. POPULUS. Synonym, Populus Tremuloides, Michaux. Nat. Ord., Salicacea?. Common Names, American Aspen. Quaking Aspen. Quiver Leaf. Trembling Poplar. This is an indigenous tree, groAving from twenty to fifty feet high ; in woods, very common. Bark smooth, greenish-white. Leaf-stalk long, slender, and laterally compressed, Avhich accounts for the continual agitation of the foliage by the slightest breeze. Leaves roundish-heart- shaped, with a short, sharp point, and small, someAvhat regular teeth, smooth on both sides Avith doAvny margins; scales cut into three or four linear divisions, fringed Avith long hairs. Preparation.—The fresh inner bark is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and haA'ing mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. PROPYLAMINUM. Synonyms, Propylamin. Trimethylamina. Formula (CH3)3N. Molecular Weight, 59. Origin and Preparation of Trimethylamina.—This com- pound, frequently incorrectly called propylamin, with which it is isom- eric, has been obtained from ergot (secalina), from the leaves of Beta vulgaris and Chenopodium \-ulvaria, from the floAvers of Arnica mon- tana, Pyrus communis, Sarbus aucuparia, and Crata?gus oxyacantha, and from cod-liver oil, bone-oil and guano. It is also produced on heating codeia Avith potassa, but may be economically obtained from herring-pickle, which contains this alkaloid in considerable quantity, and OAves to it its peculiar odor. A mixture of herring-pickle and lime is subjected to distillation, the alkaline distillate is neutralized Avith hydrochloric acid and evaporated, and the saline residue is treated Avith absolute alcohol, Avhich lea\^es ammonium chloride undissolved. The alcoholic solution is evaporated, the residue redissolved in a little water, and again carefully distilled with lime. If the vapors are first passed through an empty bottle before they are condensed by means of ice or conducted into water, several less volatile alkaloids are separated in the bottle. Large quantities of trimethylamina are now obtained from the residue left in the preparation of sugar from beets. Properties.—In its pure state trimethylamina is a colorless, thin, and strongly alkaline liquid, having the peculiar odor of herring-pickle, and boiling at 9.8° C. (49.6° F.). At ordinary temperatures it is a colorless inflammable gas. It is readily soluble in water and alcohol, and an aqueous solution of it is met with in commerce as propylamin. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 397 The chloroplatinate of trimethylamina crystallizes in well-defined orange-colored octohedrons, and contains 37.21 per cent, of platinum. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure trimethylamina is dissolved in ninety-nine parts by weight of distilled Avater. Amount of drug power, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—ft. PRUNUS PADUS, Linn. Synonyms, Cerasus Padus. Padus Avium. Prunus Racemosa. Prunus Vulgaris. Nat. Ord., Rosacea?. Common Name, Bird Cherry. This tree is distributed through Europe, Northern Africa, Siberia and AVestern Asia to the Himalayas. It is from ten to tAventy feet in height, growing in copses and woods, and is found at an elevation of 1,500 feet in Yorkshire. LeaA'es are from two to four inches long, elliptical or obovate, acutely doubly serrate, unequally cordate at the base, axils of the nerves pubescent; stipules linear-subulate, glandular- serrate. Racemes three to five inches long, from short lateral buds, lax-flowered. Flowers half an inch to three-quarter inch in diameter, Avhite, erect, then pendulous; pedicels quarter inch long, erect in fruit; bracts deciduous, linear. Calyx-lobes obtuse, glandular-serrate. Petals erose. Drupe one-third inch in diameter, ovoid, black, bitter; stone globose, rugose. Flowers appear in May. Preparation.—The fresh bark of the young tAvigs gathered in spring is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. PRUNUS SPINOSA, Linn. Synonyms, Acacia Germanica. Prunus Communis. Prunus In- stititia. Nat. Ord., Rosacea?. Common Names, Sloe. Blackthorn. This tree is a native of Europe, but has been introduced to this country, where it is found groAving along roadsides and waste places in New England and southward to Pennsylvania. Bark black; branches thorny; leaves obovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, at length glabrous; pedicels glabrous; fruit small, globular, black with a bloom, the stone turgid, acute on one edge. Flowers precede the leaves. Preparation.—The fresh flower-buds, just opening, are chopped 398 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. and pounded to a pulp and weighed, and then mixed thoroughly Avith two-thirds by weight of alcohol, and the whole pressed out through a piece of new linen. The tincture thus obtained is alloAved to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle in a dark, cool place and then filtered. Amount of drug poAver, J. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. PSORINUM, Hering. A Nosode. Dr. Constantine Hering gives the following account of its procure- ment on page 366, Vol. II. of the North American Journal of Homoe- opathy : "In the autumn of 1830, I collected the pus from the itch pustule of a young and othenvise healthy negro. He had been handling some stuff from Germany, and had thus been infected (Dr. H. at that time resided in Surinam), but whether by means of acari or not I cannot say. The pustules were full, large and yellow, particularly between the fingers, on the hands and forearms. 1 opened all the mature, un- scratched pustules for several days in succession, and collected the pus in a vial with alcohol. After shaking it well and alloAving it to stand, I commenced my provings with the tincture on the healthy. Its effects Avere striking and decided. I administered it to the sick Avith good re- sults, and sometimes Avitnessed aggravations. I called this preparation Psorinum. " When this alcohol is placed in a Avatch-glass and allowed to evapo- rate, small, needle-shaped and transparent crystals of a cooling, pum gent taste Avill be left behind. I have always been of the opinion that this salt, contained in the morbid product, Avas the cause of its peculiar effects." Preparation.—From the tincture obtained as described above, attenuations are prepared according to Class VI.—ft. PTELEA TRIFOLIATA, Linn. Synonyms, Amyris Elemifera. Ptelea Viticifolia. Nat. Ord., Rutacea?. Common Names, Wafer Ash. Wingseed. Shrubby Trefoil. Hop Tree. This shrub is indigenous, growing abundantly Avest of the Allegha- nies, in shady, moist hedges, and in rocky places. It is from six to eight feet high, with leaves trifoliate, and marked Avith pellucid dots ; the leaflets are sessile, ovate, short, acuminate, downy beneath Avhen young, crenulate or obscurely toothed; lateral ones inequilateral, terminal ones cuneate at base, from three to four and a half inches long, by from one and one-fourth to one and one-half inches wide. The floAvers are polygamous, greenish-white, nearly half an inch in diameter, of a disagreeable odor, and disposed in terminal corymbose cymes. Stamens mostly four; style, short; fruit, a tAvo-celled and tA\o-seeded samara, nearly one inch in diameter, winged all round, nearly orbicular. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 399 Preparation.—The fresh bark of the root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. PULSATILLA. Synonyms, Pulsatilla Nigricans. Pulsatilla Pratensis, Miller. Anemone Pratensis, Linn. Herba Venti. Nat. .Ord., Ranunculacea?. Common Names, MeadoAv Anemone. Pasque-Flower. Wind- Flower. The small or true meadoAv anemone is found on sunny elevated places and pasture-grounds Avhere the soil is sandy, also in clear pine-forests in Central and Northern Europe. The leaves, only imperfectly devel- oped before the flowering-time, stand at the root, petiolate, bipinnate; from the croAvn of leaves lying upon the ground rises the round floAver- scape, Avhich is three to six inches long, straight and leafless, at the top of Avhich the beautiful campanulate, black A'iolet-broAvn flower appears, whose six petals are a little narroAved at the points and then revolute; it is pendulous during the floAvering time. The sessile involucre con- sists of three, many-fold linear-lanceolate pinnate-cleft leaflets, at first sitting tight under the flower, later, by elongation of the peduncle stand- ing remote; the whole plant is set with many, soft, silk-like, Avhite hairs, and has a wooly, lax appearance. It is odorless, but shows Avhen bruised, a most acrid vapor, causing many tears. The anemone Pulsa- tilla to Avhich it is very similar, distinguishes itself by more hair, much more shaggy scape, curved above, by its flower Avhich is nearly only half as big and pendulous, of much darker color and has the petals at the point bent backAvards. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered when in flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one- sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decant- ing, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. PULSATILLA NUTTALIANA, De Candolle. Synonyms, Anemone Ludoviciana, Nuttall. Anemone Flavescens. Clematis Hirsutissima. Pulsatilla Patens. Nat. Ord., Ranunculacea?. Common Names, American Pulsatilla. Pasque-Flower. 400 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. This plant is found in North America, from Illinois and Wisconsin west to the Rocky Mountains, and south to Louisiana. Its character is as follows: villous, with long silken hairs. Stem erect; in flower, very short; in fruit, eight to twelve inches high. Leaves long-stalked, ternately divided, the lateral divisions tAvo-parted, the middle one stalked and three-parted, the segments once or twice cleft into nar- rowly linear and acute lobes. Involucres lobed like the leaves, sessile, subulately dissected, concave or cup-shaped in position. Sepals five to seven, purplish, spreading, about one inch long, silky outside. Flow- ers single, appearing before the leaves, pale purple, cup-shaped. Car- pels 50 to 75, Avith long plumous tails, one to two inches in length, col- lected into a roundish head. Flowers appear in early spring. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered when in flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one- sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decant- ing, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. PYCNANTHEMUM LINIFOLIUM, Pursh. Nat. Ord., Labiata?. Common Name, Virginia Thyme. This plant is found growing from Southern New England to Illinois and southAvard. It has rigid, narrowly linear sessile crowded leaves, Avhich are entire and three-nerved; the floAvers are in terminal hemi- spherical clusters, supported by imbricated rigidly pointed bracts. The plant has a resinous and bitter taste. Flowers appear in August and September. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, I. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. QUASSIA. Synonyms, Quassia Amara, Linn. Picra?nia Excelsa. Picrasma Excelsa. Simuraba Excelsa. Nat. Ord., Simarubacea?. Common Names, Quassia. Surinam Quassia. Bitter Ash. Bitter Wood. The bitter quassia is a small branching tree or shrub, with alternate HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 401 leaves, consisting of two pairs of opposite pinna?, Avith an odd one at the end. The leaflets are elliptical, pointed, sessile, smooth, of a deep green color on their upper surface, and paler on the under. The common footstalk is articulated, and edged on each side Avith a leafy membrane. The flowers, Avhich are hermaphrodite and decandrous, are bright red, and terminate the branches in long racemes. The fruit is a tAvo-celled capsule containing globular seeds. Quassia amara is a native of Surinam, and is also found groAving in some of the West India Islands. The Avhole plant is excessively bitter. Preparation.—The dried Avood, of the branches and trunk of the tree, is finely powdered, covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug power, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. QUILLAIA SAPONARIA, Molina. Nat. Ord., Rosacea?. Common Names, Quillaya. Soapbark. This is an evergreen tree, indigenous to Peru and Chili. The bark comes into market in flat pieces, sometimes tAvo or three feet long, several inches wide, and one-quarter of an inch thick. The brown corky layer is usually removed, small patches of it merely adhering to the outer surface, which is othenvise nearly smooth, and pale broAvnish- white, like the inner surface. The bark is hard and tough, breaks Avith a splintery fracture, and shoAvs upon transverse section a checkered appearance due to the tangential arrangement of the light brown bast fibres and Avhite bast parenchyma, and to the white narrow radial lines of the medullary rays. The bark has no odor, but its dust is acrid and sternutatory; it has a persistent acrid taste, and its infusion foams like a solution of soap. Preparation.—The dry bark is finely powdered, covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a Avell- stoppered bottle in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. RANUNCULUS ACRIS, Linn. Synonyms, Ranunculus Californicus. Ranunculus Canus. Ra- nunculus Delphinifolius. Nat. Ord., Ranunculacea?. Common Names, Batchelor's Buttons. Meadow Crowfoot. Small Buttercup. Yellow AVeed. This species differs from the creeping croAvfoot (Ran. Repens) in being taller and without runners, and in having the divisions of the 26 402 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. leaves all sessile. It is found groAving in Europe, Asia and North America. Preparation.—The fresh herb, gathered in October, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and pressed out in a piece of new linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by weight of alcohol, allowed to stand eight days in a av ell-stoppered bottle in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Amount of drug poAver, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. RANUNCULUS BULBOSUS, Linn. Synonym, Ranunculus Tuberosus. Nat. Ord., Ranunculacea?. Common Names, Crowfoot. Bulbous-rooted Buttercup. This species of crowfoot is perennial, with a solid, fleshy root (corm or cormus), and several annual, erect, and branching stems, from nine to eighteen inches high. The radical leaves, Avhich stand on long footstalks, are ternate or quinate, with lobed and dentate leaflets. The leaves of the stem are sessile and ternate, the upper more simple. Each stem supports several solitary, bright yelloAv, glossy floAvers, upon fur- rowed, angular peduncles. The petals are obcordate, and arranged so as to resemble a small cup. At the inside of the chiAV of each petal is a small cavity, covered with a minute wedge-shaped emarginate scale. The fruit consists of numerous naked seeds, in a spherical head. The stem, leaves, peduncles, and calyx are hairy. In May and June our pastures are everywhere adorned Avith the rich yellow floAvers of this species of Ranunculus. Preparation.—The fresh, blooming plant is gathered in June, the herb separated from the bulbs, and the juice pressed out; the bulbs, Avitli the addition of a little alcohol, are pounded to a viscous pulp, and also pressed out. The juices thus obtained are mixed Avith an equal part by weight of alcohol. Two parts by weight of alcohol are poured upon the residuum of the expressed bulbs, subjected to macera- tion for three days, and then pressed out. This essence is mixed with that obtained by expressing the herb and bulbs, and alloAved to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, I. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I., except that forty drops of tincture to sixty drops of dilute alcohol are used for the first decimal, and four drops of tincture to ninety-six drops of dilute alcohol for the first centesimal dilution. RANUNCULUS FLAMMULA, Linn. Synonyms, Ranunculus Alismaefolius. Ranunculus Lingua. Nat. Ord., Ranunculacea?. Common Names, Small or Burning CroAArfoot. Marsh Buttercup. Spearwort. HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 403 A sort of buttercup growing on moist meadoAvs, near rivulets and on marshes, the articulate, creeping root of Avhich sprouts forth stems, one or more feet high, prostrate at the base, holloAV, naked, often striking roots. The alternate leaves are entire or dentate, the loAver petiolate, the upper ones clasping, all naked. The small numerous yelloAv flow- ers stand single at the side and top, on long, round pedicels, and leaves smooth, roundish, seed em'eloped. Preparation.—The fresh herb (Avithout the root), gathered while in bloom, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and pressed out in a piece of new linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. RANUNCULUS REPENS, Linn. Synonyms, Ranunculus Lanuginosus. Ranunculus Tomentosus. Nat. Ord., Ranunculacea?. Common Names, Creeping Crowfoot. Creeping Buttercup. This species resembles Ran. Bulb., but is Avithout the bulbous base, produces fong runners, has the divisions of the leaA'es stalked, a spread- ing calyx, and the akenes margined and furnished Avith a rather straight beak. It is a nath'e of Europe and North America. Preparation.—The fresh herb, gathered in October, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and pressed out in a piece of neAv linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by AA'eight of alcohol, and allowed to stand eight days in a well-stop- pered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Amount of drug poAver, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. RANUNCULUS SCELERATUS, Linn, Synonyms, Ranunculus Palustris. Herba Sardoa. Nat. Ord., Ranunculacea?. Common Names, Celery-leaved CroAvfoot. Cursed Crowfoot. Marsh Crowfoot. This species is very variable in size, smooth, Avith a hollow stem, roundish reniform, three-cleft and lobed or toothed leaves, small, pale yellow flo\vers, and oblong heads of ovate and short pointed akenes. The juice of the plant is acrid and blistering. FloAvers appear from June to August. Preparation.—The fresh herb, gathered in October, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one- sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decant- ing, straining and filtering. 404 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Amount of drug poAver, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. RAPHANUS SATIVUS NIGER, Linn. Synonyms, Raphanus Hortensis. Raphanus Nigrum. Nat. Ord., Crucifera?. Common Names, Black Garden Radish. Spanish Black Radish. This radish is a native of China, but has been cultivated all over Europe from time immemorial, and is somewhat cultivated in this country. The very large, roundish, turnip-shaped root, attaining a weight of more than one pound, has a black or black-gray skin, white, compact, very juicy flesh and an especially pungent taste and smell. Preparation.—In the month of July, the fresh roots of medium size (holloAV or juiceless roots are to be rejected), are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Amount of drug power, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. RESINA ITU. Synonym, Itu. This is a rosin spoken of in Mure's Materia Medica, of the Brazilian Empire, as coming from the province of St. Paul, and being used em- pirically for hernia. Preparation —The rosin is triturated, as directed under Class VII. RHEUM. Synonyms, Rhabarbarum. Rheum Palmatum, Linn. Nat. Ord., Polygonacea?. Common Name, Rhubarb. Leaves roundish-cordate, half palmate; the lobes pinnatifid, acumi- nate, deep dull green, not wavy, but uneven and very much wrinkled on the upper side, hardly scabrous at the edge, minutely downy on the under side; sinus completely closed; the lobes of the leaf standing forwards beyond it. Petiole pale green, marked with short purple lines, terete, obscurely channeled quite at the upper end. Flowering stems taller than those of any other species. This species is said to in- habit China in the vicinity of the great wall. Preparation.—The powdered root is kneaded Avith a small quantity of deliquescent carbonate of potash to a thick paste (pulverized Rhei, four parts; Kali carb., one part; Aqua destilh, one part). This paste is then co\rered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to re- main eight days in a Avell -stoppered bottle in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 405 Drug poAver of tincture, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. Triturations of the poAvdered root are prepared as directed under Class VII. RHODIUM. Symbol, Rh. Atomic Weight, 104. Origin and Preparation of Rhodium.—The solution from Avhich platinum and palladium have been separated, in the manner already described, is mixed Avith hydrochloric acid, and evaporated to dryness. The residue is treated Avith alcohol of specific gravity 0.837, Avhich dis- solves everything except the double chloride of rhodium and sodium. This is well Avashed Avith spirit, dried, heated to whiteness and then boiled Avith water, Avhereby sodium chloride is dissolved out, and metal- lic rhodium remains. Properties.—Thus obtained, rhodium is a Avhite, coherent, spongy mass, more infusible and less capable of being welded than platinum. Its specific gravity varies from 10.6 to 11. Rhodium is_very brittle; reduced to poAvder and heated in the air, it becomes oxidized, and the same alteration happens to a greater extent Avhen it is fused Avith nitrate or bisulphate of potassium. None of the acids, singly or con- joined, dissolves this metal, unless it be in the state of alloy, as Avith platinum, in which state it is attacked by nitro-muriatic acid. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure rhodium is tritu- rated as directed under Class VII. RHODODENDRON. Synonym, Rhododendron Chrysanthemum, Linn. Nat. Ord., Ericacea?. Common Names, Yellow-floAvered Rhododendron. Rosebay. This is a beautiful evergreen shrub, about a foot high, with spread- ing branches, and oblong, obtuse, thick leaves, narroAved towards their footstalks, reflexed at the margin, much veined, rugged and deep green upon their upper surface, ferruginous or glaucous beneath, and sur- rounding the branches upon strong petioles. The flowers are large, yellow, on long peduncles, and in terminal umbels. The corolla is wheel-shaped, Avith its border divided into five roundish, spreading segments. The plant is a native of Siberia, delighting in mountainous situations, and flowering in July. The leaves, when fresh, have a feeble odor, said to resemble that of rhubarb. Preparation.—The carefully dried leaves, finely powdered, are covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, TV- i Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I\ . 406 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. RHUS AROMATICA, Aiton. Nat. Ord., Anacardiacea?. Common Names, Fragrant Sumach. SAveet Sumach. This indigenous straggling bush is found growing in dry rocky soil, from Vermont westward and southAvard. Leaves pubescent Avhen young, thickish Avhen old; leaflets three, rhombic-ovate, unequally cut- toothed, the middle one wedge-shaped at the base; the crushed leaves are sweet-scented. FloAvers appearing in April and May are pure yellow. Preparation.—The fresh bark of the root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and AA'eighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. RHUS GLABRUM, Linn. Synonyms, Rhus Carolinense. Rhus Elegans. Nat. Ord., Anacardiacea?. Common Names, Sumach. Smooth or Upland Sumach. This species of Rhus, called variously smooth sumach, Pennsylvania sumach, and upland sumach, is an indigenous shrub from four to tAvelve feet or more in height, Avith a stem usually more or less bent, and di- vided into straggling branches, covered with a smooth, light gray, or someAvhat reddish bark. The leaves are upon smooth petioles, and consist of many pairs of opposite leaflets, Avith an odd one at the ex- tremity, all of Avhich are lanceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate, gla- brous, green on their upper surface, and whitish beneath. In the au- tumn) their color changes to a beautiful red. The flowers are greenish- red, and disposed in large, erect, terminal compound thyrses, Avhich are succeeded by clusters of small crimson berries, covered Avith a silky doAvn. The berries have a sour, astringent, not unpleasant taste, and are often eaten by the country people Avith impunity. The shrub is found in almost all parts of the United States, growing in old neglected fields, along fences, and on the borders of Avoods. The floAvers appear in July, and the fruit ripens in the early part of autumn. Preparation.—The fresh bark is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and ha\ung mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, it is poured into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and alloAved to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 407 RHUS RADICANS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Anacardiacea?. Common Names, Poison Ivy. Poison Vine. It seems still a disputed question Avhether this differs from Rhus Toxicodendron in anything but habit, Rhus Tox. being a dwarf, erect shrub, Avhile Rhus Rad. is a climber, Avith stem five to forty feet long, furnished Avith numerous radicles by Avhich it adheres to trees and climbs up them like ivy. The leaves of Rhus Rad. are almost entire and glabrous. Since Rhus Tox. and Rhus Rad. have been separately proved, and each proving contains symptoms peculiar to itself, it is much the best plan to make tinctures of each and keep them separate. Preparation.—The fresh leaves, collected after sunset, on cloudy, sultry days, from shady places, in May and June, before the period of floAvering, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are added, poured into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and adoAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, &. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. RHUS TOXICODENDRON, Linn. Synonyms, Rhus Humile; Rhus Pubescens. Rhus Toxicarium. Rhus Verrucosa. Vitis Canadensis. Nat. Ord., Anacardiacea?. Common Names, Mercury Vine. Poison Ash. Poison Oak. Poison Vine. This shrub groAvs in fields, Avoods and along fences, all over North America, and has been introduced into Europe; it is one to three feet high, with leaflets angularly indented, and pubescent beneath; roots reddish, branchy; stems erect, bark striated, of a gray-brown, and full of numerous papilla? of a deep broAvn; leaves pinnated, long petioles, of a yelloAvish-green, veined; folioles almost three inches long, oval, incised, shining, and of a deep color above, pale green and pubescent beneath; flowers small, of a yelloAvish-green, in axillary spikes; fruit monosperm, oval, of a Avhitish-gray, marked Avith five furrows. The plant when Avounded emits a milky juice, which becomes black on ex- posure to the air. The plant being very poisonous should be handled with great caution. Preparation.—The fresh leaA-es, collected after sunset, on cloudy, sultry days, from shady places, in May and June, before the period of flowering, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are added, poured into a well-stoppered bottle, and alloAAred to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, {. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. 408 HOMCEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. RHUS VENENATA, De Candolle. Synonyms, Rhus Vernicifera. Rhus Vernix, Linn. Nat. Ord., Anacardiacea?. Common Names, Poison Sumach. Poison DogAvood. Poison Elder. Poison Wood. Swamp Sumach. Varnish Tree. This species groAvs in SAvampy localities in Canada and the United States. It is a shrub 12 to 18 feet high, and has many glabrous leaves Avith about 11 oval or obovate-oblong, abruptly pointed and entire leaflets. The fruit is yelloAvish. Preparation.—The fresh leaves and bark are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol _ are added, poured into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decant- ing, straining and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. RICINUS COMMUNIS, Linn. Synonyms, Ricinus Africanus. Ricinus Europa?us. Ricinus Lividus. Ricinus Viridis. Nat. Ord., Euphorbiacea?. Common Name, Castor Oil Plant. The castor oil plant, or palma Christi, attains in the East Indies and Africa the character of a tree, and rises sometimes thirty or forty feet. In the temperate latitudes of North America and Europe it is annual. The folloAving description applies to the plant as cultivated in cool lati- tudes. The stem is of vigorous groAvth, erect, round, holloAv, smooth, glaucous, somewhat purplish toAvards the top, branching, and from three to eight feet or more in height. The leaves are alternate, pel- tate or supported upon footstalks inserted into their loAver disk, pal- mate with seven or nine-pointed serrate lobes, smooth on both sides, and of a bluish-green color. The floAvers are monoecious, stand upon jointed peduncles, and form a pyramidal terminal raceme, of Avhich the loAver portion is occupied by the male flowers, the upper by the female. Both are destitute of corolla. In the male flowers the calyx is divided into five oval, concave, pointed, reflected, purplish segments ; and encloses numerous stamens, united into fasciculi at their base. In the female the calyx has three or five narrow lanceolate segments; and the ovary, Avhich is roundish and three-sided, supports three linear, reddish stigmas, forked at their apex. The fruit is a roundish, glau- cous capsule, Avith three projecting sides, covered with tough spines, and divided into three cells, each containing one seed,A\hich is expelled by the bursting of the capsule. The seeds are about as large as a small bean, oval, compressed, obtuse at the extremities, very smooth and shining, and of a grayish or ash color, marbled Avith reddish-brown spots and veins. At one end of the seed is a small yelloAvish tubercle, from which an obscure longitudinal ridge proceeds to the opposite ex- tremity, dividing the side upon which it is situated into two flattish HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 409 surfaces. It is from the seeds that the oil is extracted. This species of Ricinus is a native of the East Indies and Northern Africa, natur- alized in the West Indies, and cultivated in various parts of the world, in few countries more largely than in the United States. Preparation.—The ripe seeds are finely powdered and covered With five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, fa. Dilutions .must be prepared as directed under Class IV. ROBINIA. Synonyms, Robinia Pseudo-acacia, Linn. Pseudo-acacia Odorata. Nat. Ord., Leguminosa?.. Common Names, Locust Tree. False Acacia. YelloAv Locust. The common locust tree is indigenous to the southern part of the United States, but is commonly cultivated and naturalized further north and in Europe. It is thorny when young, attains a height of sixty or eighty feet, but is smaller in northern localities, has a durable Avhite wood and a broAvnish or gray, smooth, internally yelloAvish bark. Its leaA'es are impari-pinnate, the leaflets in from eight to tAvelve pairs, oval, obtuse, and smooth, and the fragrant Avhitish flowers in long, slen- der racemes. The legume is about three inches long, linear, flat, mar- gined on the inner side, and contains about six blackish-broAvn small seeds. The root and inner bark have a sweetish taste. Preparation.—The fresh bark of the young tAvigs is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ROSA CENTIFOLIA, Linn. Synonyms, Rosa Mucosa. Rosa Provincialis. Nat. Ord., Rosacea?. Common Names, Cabbage Rose. Pale Rose. Hundred-Leaved Rose. This Avell-knoAvn shrub is probably indigenous to Western Asia, and is cultivated in innumerable varieties in all countries. Its branches are covered Avith numerous nearly straight spines; the petioles and peduncles are nearly unarmed, but more or less clothed Avith glandular bristles, and the leaves have five or sometimes seven ovate or elliptic- oval serrate glandular, and beneath soft-hairy leaflets. The floAvers are collected and deprived of the calyx and ovaries, the petals alone be- ing employed. The petals are roundish-obovate, retuse at the apex or 410 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. almost obcordate, of a pink color, a delicious rose odor, and of a SAveetish, somewhat bitter and slightly astringent taste. In drying they become broAvnish and less fragrant. Preparation.—The fresh petals are pounded to a pulp, Aveighed, and mixed Avell with tAvo-thirds by Aveight of alcohol, and pressed out in a piece of new linen. The tincture thus obtained is allowed to stand eight days, in a Avell-stoppered bottle in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Amount of drug poAver, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. ROSMARINUS. Synonyms, Rosmarinus Officinalis, Linn. Herba Anthos. Li- banotis. Nat. Ord., Labiata?. Common Names, Rosemary. Sea-dew. This is an evergreen shrub, three or four feet high, Avith an erect stem, divided into many long, slender, ash-colored branches. The leaves are numerous, sessile, opposite, more than an inch long, about one-sixth of an inch broad, linear, entire, obtuse at the summit, folded backAvard at the edges, of a firm consistence, smooth and green on the upper surface, whitish and someAvhat downy beneath. The floAvers are pale blue or Avhite, and disposed in opposite groups at the axils of the leaves, toAvards the ends of the branches. The seeds are four in num- ber, oblong, and naked in the bottom of the calyx. The leaves have a strong balsamic odor, and a bitter, camphorous taste. The plant grows spontaneously in the countries Avhich border on the Mediterranean, and is cultivated in the gardens of Europe and this country. Preparation.— The fresh leaA-es and blossoms are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. RUDBECKIA HIRTA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Composite. Common Names, Cone-FloA\er. Great Hairy Rudbeckia. This plant, one to tAvo feet high, groAvs in dry soil, from Western Ncav York to Wisconsin and southAvard. It is very rough and bristly- hairy throughout; stems simple or branched near the base, stout, naked above, bearing single large heads; leaves nearly entire ; the upper ob- long or lanceolate, sessile; the loAver spatulate, triple-nerved, petioled ; rays (about fourteen) more or less exceeding the involucre; chaff of the dull broAvn disk hairy at the tip, acutish. Flowers appear from June to August. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 411 Preparation.—The fresh herb, in floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After haA'ing stirred the Avhole, pour it into a well- stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days, in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. RUMEX. Synonym, Rumex Crispus, Linn. Nat. Ord., Polygonacea?. Common Names, Curled Dock. Garden Patience. YelloAv Dock. This plant is a native of Europe, introduced into this country, Avhere it groAvs Avild in pastures, dry fields, Avaste grounds, etc. From a deep spindle-shaped yellow root, its stem rises three to four feet high, Avhich is quite smooth. Leaves Avith strongly AvaA'y-curled margins, lanceo- late, acute, the lower truncate or scarcely heart-shaped at the base; AA'horls croAvded in prolonged wand-like racemes, leafless above; \Tahres round-heart-shaped, obscurely denticulate or entire, mostly all of them grain-bearing. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered at time of floAvering, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. RUTA. Synonyms, Ruta Graveolens, Linn. Ruta Latlfolia. Nat. Ord., Rutaceie. Common Names, Rue. Bitter Herb. Countryman's Treacle. This perennial plant is a native of the south of Europe, but culti- vated in our gardens. It is usually tAvo or three feet high, with sev- eral shrubby branching stems, which, near the base, are Avoody and covered Avith a rough bark, but in their ultimate ramifications are smooth, green, and herbaceous. The leaves are doubly pinnate, glau- cous, Avith obovate, sessile, obscurely crenate, someAvhat thick and fleshy leaflets. The floAvers are yelloAv and disposed in a terminal branched corymb upon subdividing peduncles. The calyx is persistent, Avith four or five acute segments; the corolla consists of four or five concave petals, someAvhat sinuated at the margin. There are usually ten stamens, but sometimes only eight. The leaves have a strong, dis- agreeable odor, especially Avhen rubbed. Their taste is bitter, hot, and acrid. When recent, and in full vigor, they have so much acrimony as to inflame and even blister the skin, if much handled. 412 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Preparation.—The fresh herb, gathered shortly before blooming, is chopped and pounded to a fine pulp and pressed out in a piece of neAv linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by weight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, J. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. SABADILLA. Synonyms, Veratrum Sabadilla, Schlecht. Sabadilla Officinarum, Brandt. Asagra?a Officinalis, Lindley. Schcenocaulon Officinale, Gray. Hordeum Causticum. Melanthium Sabadilla. Nat. Ord., Melanthacea?. Common Names, Cevadilla. Indian Caustic Barley. The cevadilla is a bulbous plant with linear grass-like radical leaA'es, and a slender scape, bearing a narrow, spike-like raceme, about tAvelve or eighteen inches long, of greenish-yelloAv flowers, of Avhich the loAver ones only are fertile. It is indigenous to the eastern section of Mex- ico, also to Guatemala and Venezuela. The plant growing in the lat- ter country differs in some respects from the Mexican cevadilla, but no difference is observed in the seeds. The seeds alone are usually ex- ported from Venezuela, and the ripe capsules from Mexico. The fruit consists of three slightly-spreading, broAvnish, papery follicles Avhich are about half an inch long and are either empty or contain from two to six seeds each. These are from one-sixth to one-fourth of an inch long, narrow-oblong or lance-linear, one side usually flattened and angular, the lower end rounded and the apex attenuate and rather beaked; the testa is rugosely Avrinkled, someAvhat shining, of a broAvnish-black color, and incloses a whitish, oily albumen and at the base a small linear embryo. The seeds are inodorous, and have a bitter and persistently acrid taste. Preparation.—The seeds taken out of the capsules are finely poAV- dered, covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to re- main eight days in a well-stoppered bottle in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. SABINA. Synonyms, Juniperus Sabina, Linn. Sabina Officinalis, Garcke. Nat. Ord., Conifera?. Common Name, Savine. The savine is a native of the south of Europe and the Levant. It is an evergreen tree-like shrub from three to fifteen feet high, Avith nu- merous erect, pliant branches, much subdivided. The bark of the young branches is light green, that of the trunk rough, and reddish- HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 413 brown. The leaves, AA'hich completely invest the younger branches, are numerous, small, erect, firm, smooth, pointed, dark green, gland- ular in the midde, opposite, and imbricated in four toavs. The floAvers are male and female on different trees. The fruit is a blackish-purple berry, of an ovoid shape, marked Avith tubercles and the remains of the calyx and petals, and containing three seeds. The leaves are of ex- tremely strong, nauseous-balsamic odor, and bitter acrid taste. Preparation.—The fresh tops, collected of the younger branches in April, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having thoroughly mixed the pulp Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After stirring the Avhole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM. Synonym, Saccharum Album. Nat. Ord., Graminacea?. Common Names, Sugar Cane. White Sugar. Origin.—The sugar cane appears to have been indigenous to India and other parts of Southern and Eastern Asia, and has been cultivated from time immemorial. At present it is not knoAvn in the wild state; but it is raised in most tropical and sub-tropical countries, and in many of them for the production of sugar. It is a perennial, and produces a stem which is from eight to tAvelve feet high, one to two inches thick, cylindrical, jointed, and, Avith the exception of the flowering tops, Avhich are holloAV, filled Avith a juicy pith. The leaves are four to five feet long, tAvo inches Avide, and linear; and the flowering panicles large, pyramidal, and Avith spreading branches. Several varieties are knoAAn, differing chiefly in the color and hairiness of the stem. Recently col- lected sugar-cane yields by crushing and expressing about 80 per cent. of juice, which contains from 70 to 84 per cent, of water, 16 to 20 per cent, of sugar, 0.3 to 0.4 per cent, of mucilaginous, resinous, fatty and albuminous matters and nearly the same amount of salts. Preparation.—The ripened stems are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of dilute alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole, and having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SALIX ALBA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Salicacea?. Common Name, White Willow. 414 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. The AvilloAA'S form a large genus, Avhich is mostly confined to the northern temperate zone, and with some species extends into the arctic regions. They are either trees or shrubs, with flexible branches, and have alternate, short petioled, and mostly more or less lanceolate, entire or finely serrate leaves, with small or conspicuous stipules. The floAvers are dioecious, in cylindrical catkins, each bract being one-floAV- ered and without other floral envelopes. The fruit is one-celled and tAvo-valved capsule, and contains numerous minute seeds, which are furnished with a silky down. Most of the species are exceedingly variable in some of their characters, and all grow in moist localities, along streams, etc. The species S. alba is common in Europe, and is frequently cultivated; it has been to some extent naturalized, in North America. It groAvs to the height of sixty or eighty feet, and belongs to the group of crack willows, which are characterized by having their branches brittle at the base. Preparation.-—The fresh bark is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SALIX NIGRA, Marsh. Nat. Ord., Salicacea?. Common Name, Black Willow. This tree groAvs from fifteen to twenty feet high, frequently along streams, especially southward. It has a rough black bark. Leaves narroAvly lanceolate, pointed and tapering at each end, serrate, smooth (except on the petioles and midrile), and green on both sides; stipules small, deciduous; scales short and rounded, woolly; glands large, of the sterile floAvers cleft, of the sterile kidney-shaped; stamens three to six; pods mostly short-ovate. Preparation.—The fresh bark is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SALIX PURPUREA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Salicacea?. Common Name, Purple Willow. This species is a native of Europe, AA'here it groAvs in Ioav grounds. Its twigs are olive-colored or reddish. Leaves oblanceolate, pointed, HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 415 smooth, minutely and sparingly toothed; catkins cylindrical; scales round and concave, very black; stigmas nearly sessile; ovary sessile. Preparation.—The fresh bark is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, &. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SALVIA OFFICINALIS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Labiata?. Common Name, Sage. Sage is a suffruticose perennial, indigenous to Southern Europe, and extensively cultivated in England, France, and Germany, and in gar- dens in the United States. The stem is one or tAvo feet high, woody at the base, much branched, quadrangular, and Avhitish pubescent above. The leaves are opposite, petiolate, two or three inches long, ovate or lance-oblong, finely crenulate on the margin, wrinkled, grayish-green, and beneath soft hairy. The lower leaves are sometimes auriculate at the base, the upper ones smaller and nearly sessile. The floAvers are in small cymes in the axils of the upper leaves or bracts, have a tubular, bell-shaped, bilabiate, broAvnish, pubescent calyx, Avith mucronate divi- sions, and a violet-blue, bilabiate corolla, with a short tube, a depressed, helmet-shaped upper lip, three-lobed, spreading loAver lip, and two sta- mens. All parts of the plant are more or less glandular, and have a peculiar, strong, aromatic odor, and a warm, bitterish, and someAvhat astringent taste. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and fil- tering. Amount of drug power, I. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SAMBUCUS. Synonym, Sambucus Nigra, Linn. Nat. Ord., Caprifoliacea?. Common Names, European Elder. Bore Tree. It extends throughout the greater portion of Europe, Southern Sibe- ria, and Northern Africa. It is a shrub or small tree, has the leaflets ovate-oblong and acute, and the floAvers in smaller compound cymes than the species Sambucus Canadensis; othenvise the tAvo species re- semble each other very closely. 416 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Preparation.—Equal parts of the fresh leaves and floAvers are chopped and pounded to a pulp, and pressed out in a piece of neAV linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mixture is alloAved to stand eight days, in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Amount of drug poAver, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. SAMBUCUS CANADENSIS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Caprifoliacea?. Common Name, Elder. The American elder is suffruticose, attaining a height of eight or ten feet, and groAvs in moist thickets and on the banks of streams through- out a great portion of North America. It has opposite, mostly smooth leaves, with from seven to eleven short-stalked, oblong, pointed, serrate leaflets, the lower pair of which is frequently three-parted ; and juicy, purplish-black, drupaceous fruits, containing three one-seeded hard nutlets, and having an acidulous and SAveetish taste. The floAvers are in large, level-topped cymes, which terminate the small branches, and are five-branched beloAV and forked above. The marginal flowers are occasionally radiate; all have a superior calyx, Avith five minute teeth, a wheel-shaped, cream-colored or whitish corolla, Avith a short tube, and a spreading, five-lobed limb, and five stamens which are inserted betAveen the obtuse corolla lobes. The flowers appear in June, and have in their fresh state a peculiar, rather disagreeable odor, which becomes more pleasant and sweetish on drying. Preparation.—Equal parts of the fresh leaves and flowers are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After hav- ing stirred the Avhole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SAMBUCUS NIGRA e CORTICE. Bark of Sambucus Nigra (European Elder). Preparation.—The fresh inner bark of the young twigs is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two-thirds by Aveight of alcohol are taken, mixed Avell with the pulp, and strained through a piece of neAV linen. The tincture thus obtained is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Amount of drug power, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 417 SANGUINARIA. Synonyms, Sanguinaria Canadensis, Linn. Sanguinaria Acaulis. Sanguinaria Vernalis. Nat. Ord., Papaveracea?. Common Names, Bloodroot. Indian Paint. Pauson. Tetter- wort. Turmeric. Puccoon. This is an indigenous, perennial plant. The root (rhizome) is hori- zontal, abrupt, often contorted, about as thick as the finger, one to three inches long, fleshy, of a reddish-brown color on the outside, and brighter red within. It is furnished Avith numerous slender radicles, and makes offsets from the sides, Avhich succeed the old plant. From the end of the root arise the scape and leafstalks, surrounded by the large sheaths of the bud. These spring up together, the folded leaf enveloping the floAver-bud, and rolling back as the latter expands. The leaf, Avhich stands upon a long channeled petiole, is reniform, some- what heart-shaped, deeply lobed, smooth, yelloAvish-green on the upper surface, paler or glaucous on the under, and strongly marked by orange-colored veins. The scape is erect, round, and smooth, rising from a few inches to a foot, and terminating in a single flower. The calyx is two-leaved and deciduous. The petals, varying from seven to fourteen, but usually about eight in number, are spreading, ovate, ob- tuse, concave, mosrly Avhite, but sometimes slightly tinged with rose or purple. The stamens are numerous, with yellow filaments shorter than the corolla, and orange oblong anthers. The ovary is oblong and com- pressed, with a sessile, persistent stigma. The capsule is oblong, acute at both ends, tAvo-valved, and contains numerous oval, reddish-brown seeds. The AA'hole plant is pervaded by an orange-colored sap, Avhich flows from every part Avhen broken, but is of the deepest color in the root. The bloodroot is one of the earliest and most beautiful spring floAvers of North America. It grows abundantly throughout the United States, delighting in loose, rich soils, and shady situations, and floAvering in March and April. After the fall of the floAver, the leaves continue to grow, and, by the middle of summer, have become so large as to give the plant an entirely different aspect. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a well- stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SANTONINUM. Synonyms, Santonin. Santoninic Acid. Formula, C15 H18 03. Molecular Weight, 246. Preparation of Santonin. — Take of santonica in moderately 27 418 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. coarse poAvder, forty-eight troy ounces; lime recently slaked and in fine powder, eighteen troy ounces; animal charcoal in fine powder, di- luted alcohol, acetic acid, alcohol, each a sufficient quantity. Digest the santonica and lime Avjth tAvelve pints of diluted alcohol for tAventy- four hours, and express. Repeat the digestion and expression twice Avith the residue, using the same quantity of diluted alcohol. Mix the tinctures and reduce the mixture to eight pints by distilling off the alcohol. Then, having filtered, and evaporated to one-half, gradually add acetic acid until in slight excess, stirring during the addition, and set the Avhole aside for forty-eight hours. Place the resulting crystalline mass upon a funnel loosely stopped, Avash it AA'ith Avater, and dry it. Next, boil the dry residue Avith ten times its weight of alcohol, and having digested the tincture for several hours Avith animal charcoal, filter it while hot, and add enough hot alcohol, through the filter, to wash the charcoal thoroughly; then set it aside in a dark place to crys- tallize. Lastly, dry the crystals on bibulous paper in the dark, and keep them in a well-stoppered bottle, protected from the light. The yield is H to nearly 2 per cent. Properties.—Santonin crystallizes in flat, rhombic prisms, Avhich are colorless, of a pearly lustre, of a slightly bitter taste. When heated to about 170° C. (338J F.) it melts to a colorless liquid, Avhich, on being slowly cooled, becomes again crystalline; but, when rapidly cooled, usually remains amorphous and gum-like until after it has been moistened with alcohol, ether, or acetic acid, or has been heated again to a little over 40° C. (104° F.). It is nearly insoluble in cold water, and requires 250 parts of boiling water for solution. Trommsdorff found santonin to be dissolved at 17.5° C. (63.5° F.) in 43 parts, and at 80° C. (176° F.) in 2.7 parts of alcohol, spec. grav. .848, Avhile at the same temperatures 280 and 10 parts of an alcohol having the den- sity .928 were necessary. Santonin dissolves in 72 parts of cold and 42 parts of boiling ether, and in 4.35 parts of chloroform; it is like- wise soluble in strong acetic acid, in volatile oils, and in Avarm olive oil. Santonin should be kept excluded from the light, or in yellow bottles. In the sunlight it acquires a yellow color, and, according to Sestini (1864,1865), is converted intophoto-santonic acid, C23 H34 06, Avhich is more freely soluble in simple solvents, has a bitter taste, and when pure, is colorless and inodorous; the coloring matter produced at the same time is of a resinous nature. Santonin is transiently col- ored red by hot alkalies and alkaline earths, and forms Avith them solu- ble salts, the solution of which yields insoluble precipitates with the salts of most heavy metals. According to Hesse (1874), these com- pounds are true salts, and, on liberating from them the santonic acid, it may be obtained from the hot aqueous solution in Avhite rhombic crystals, which do not turn yellow in the light, are sparingly soluble in cold Avater, and have the composition C15 H20 04. The officinal san- tonin is, therefore, santonic anhydrid. Impurities.—Santonin has been sometimes adulterated with boracic acid, Avhich imparts to the flame of alcohol a green color, and, on being heated upon platinum foil, is left behind as a glass-like mass, the solu- HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 419 tion of which turns tumeric paper brown. Strychnia has been mistaken for santonin; it is readily detected by the bluish-purple color produced by sulphuric acid and a little potassium bichromate. Picric acid, which has been mistaken for santonin colored yellow by light, is very bitter, and may be recognized by the behavior described in article on picric acid. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of pure santonin is dissolved in fifty parts by weight of alcohol. Amount of drug poAA'er, T^7. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—ft. Triturations are prepared as directed under Class VII. SAPO DOMESTICUS. Synonym, Sapo Animalis. Common Name, Curd Soap. It is made Avith soda and a purified animal fat, consisting principally of stearin. When it is dissolved in eight parts of boiling alcohol, the solution, after cooling, forms a translucent, jelly-like mass. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of curd soap is dissolved in fifty parts by Aveight of alcohol. Amount of drug poAver, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—ft. Triturations may be prepared as directed under Class VII. SARRACENIA PURPUREA, Linn. Synonyms, Sarazina Gibbosa. garracenia Heterophylla. Nat. Ord., Sarraceniacea?. Common Names, Eve's Cup. Fly Trap. Pitcher Plant. Side- saddle FloAver. Huntsman's Cup. This plant groAvs in boggy places from Canada southward. The rhizome is oblique, conical, about an inch or more long, of a reddish- broAvn color externally, and broAvnish-white internally, has numerous thin, nearly simple, toughish rootlets attached. The leaves are radi- cal, six or eight inches long, pitcher-shaped, most inflated near the middle, curved, broadly winged, with an erect, roundish, heart-shaped hood. The curious leaves are usually half filled with Avater and droAvned insects; the inner face of the hood is clothed with stiff bris- tles pointed downward. The flower is nodding, globose, and deep pur- ple, and has fiddle-shaped petals. It is difficult to fancy any resem- blance between its shape and a side-saddle, but it is not very unlike a pillion. The plant flowers in June. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered Avhen coming into flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After hav- ing stirred the whole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. 420 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SARSAPARILLA. Synonyms, Smilax Officinalis, Humboldt, Bonpland and Kunth. Smilax Medica, Schlecht. Sarsa. Nat. Ord., Smilacea?. Common Name, Wild Liquorice. In the present state of our knowledge, it is impossible to decide with certainty from what species the several commercial varieties of the drug are respectively derived. This much is certain, that they do not proceed from the same plant. All of them are climbing or trailing plants, with prickly stems; a character expressed in the name of the medicine, which is derived from two Spanish words zarza parilla, signifying a small thorny vine. The medicinal species of Smilax grow in Mexico, Guatemala, and the warm latitudes of South America. The roots are very long and slender, and originate in great numbers from a common head or rhizome, from which the stems of the plant rise. The whole root with the rhizome is usually dug up, and as brought into market exhibits not unfrequently portions of the stems attached, sometimes several inches in length. The sarsaparilla of com- merce comes from different sources, and is divided into varieties ac- cording to the place of collection or shipment. Honduras sarsaparilla is the variety most used in this country. It comes in bundles two or three feet long, composed of several roots folded lengthwise, and secured in a compact form by a few circular turns. The color of the roots externally is a dirty grayish or reddish-broAvn; and the cortical portion beneath the epidermis often appears amylaceous Avhen broken. It is without odor; its taste is mucilaginous, feebly bitter, and faintly acrid. Preparation.—The dried root of the Honduras variety is finely powdered and covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. Triturations of the dried root-bark, as directed under Class VII, are to be preferred. SASSAFRAS. Synonyms, Sassafras Officinale, Nees. Laurus Sassafras, Linn. Nat. Ord., Lauracea?. Common Name, Sassafras. Sassafras is indigenous to North America from Canada southward to the Gulf of Mexico. It remains shrubby in the North, but attains a height of forty to fifty feet in the Southern States. The trunk has a rough, furrowed, gray bark, but the young branches are of a brown color. The wood is very strong and durable. The leaves are alternate, HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 421 petiolate, three to six inches long, bright green and smooth above, doAvny beneath, especially Avhen young; broadly ovate in shape, and entire or some of them tAvo or three-lobed, all, hoAvever, with a wedge- shaped base. The greenish-yellow floAvers appear before the leaves in March and April or May, are dioecious, groAV in doAvny racemes, and have linear bracts at the base and a deeply six-lobed perianth. The male flowers haA'e nine stamens in three roAvs, and the female floAvers six short imperfect stamens. The fruit is a dark blue, oval or ovoid, one-seeded drupe, supported in the base of the perianth and on the thickened clavate reddish peduncle. The flowers have an agreeable although not a strong odor; the bark of the branches is aromatic, but differs in flavor from that of the root. Only the root-bark is employed. It is deprived of the dark gray, inert, corky layer, is nearly Avhite in the fresh state, and is seen in commerce in irregular flatish or curved pieces, usually two or three inches in length and width. It is of a bright rust-broAvn color, on the inner surface finely striate and glisten- ing, rather soft and fragile, breaks Avith a short corky fracture, and on transverse section is radially striate. It has a strong fragrant odor, and a s\\7eetish, aromatic, somewhat astringent taste. Preparation.—The dried root-bark, finely poAvdered, is covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. SCILLA. Synonyms, Scilla Maritima, Linn. Cepa Marina. Ornithogalum Maritinum. Pancratium Verum. Sancratium. Squilla Hispanica. Urginea Maritima. Nat. Ord., Liliacea?. Common Names, Squill. Sea Onion. This is a perennial plant, Avith fibrous roots proceeding from the bot- tom of a large bulb, Avhich is pear-shaped, usually larger than a man's fist, sometimes as large as a child's head ; this bulb sends forth several long, lanceolate, pointed, someAvhat undulated, shining, deep green leaves. From the midst of the leaves a round, smooth, succulent flow- er-stem rises, from one to three feet high, terminating in a long, close spike of Avhitish flowers. These are destitute of calyx, and stand on purplish peduncles, at the base of each of Avhich is a linear, twisted, de- ciduous floral leaf. Corolla six-petaled, spreading, deciduous. Fila- ments thread-like. The squill groAvs on the sandy shores of the Medi- terranean, from which only the bulbs covered Avith red skins should be gathered. Preparation.—The fresh bulb, of which we select the most fleshy, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts of alcohol are taken and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one- sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight 422 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decant- ing, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SCROPHULARIA NODOSA, Linn. Synonyms, Galiopsis. Ocimastrum. Nat. Ord., Scrophulariacea?. Common Name, Carpenter's Square. FigAvort. Heal All. Scrof- ula Plant. Figwort is a perennial herb growing in damp places in Europe and North America. The American plant is usually taller, growing to the height of four or five feet, and has an obtusely angled stem, but other- wise agrees closely Avith the European plant; it Avas formerly regarded as a distinct species, as Scrophularia Marilandica, Linn. The plant has a horizontal, branching, fleshy rhizome, to which numerous oblong or oval tubers of the thickness of a thumb are attached. The leaves are opposite, petiolate, ovate-oblong, rounded or heart-shaped at the base, and cut-serrate on the margin. The flowers are in a terminal loose panicle, have a greenish-brown, tubular-glabose, flve-lobed cor- olla Avith four stamens, and produce a tAvo-celled many-seeded capsule. The fresh plant, bruised, has an unpleasant odor, and a nauseous, bitter, and acrid taste. The flowers appear from June to August. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered before the development of the blossoms, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then sepa- rated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, jr. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SCUTELLARIA. Synonym, Scutellaria Lateriflora, Linn. Nat. Ord., Labiata?. Common Names, Scullcap. Blue Pimpernel. Hood Wort. This is an indigenous, perennial herb, Avith a stem erect, much branched, quadrangular, smooth, and one or tAvo feet high. The leaves are ovate, acute, dentate, subcordate upon the stem, opposite, and sup- ported upon long petioles. The flowers are small, of a pale blue color and disposed in long, lateral, leafy racemes. The tube of the corolla is elongated, the upper lip concave and entire, the lower three-lobed. The plant groA\'S in moist places by the sides of ditches and ponds in all parts of the Union, floAvering in July and August. Preparation.—The Avhole fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 423 and after mixing the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SECALE CORNUTUM. Synonyms, Ergota. Acinula Clavus. Claviceps Purpurea. Sper- moedia Clavus. Nat. Ord., Fungi. Common Names, Cockspur. Ergot. Horned Rye. Spurred Rye. This morbid alteration of the seed-bud of rye (and several other cerealia) has been attributed to various causes. According to De Candolle, Avho calls it Sclerotium clavus, this altera- tion is caused by a fungus Avhich prevents the de\relopment of the grain from the commencement, and grows up in its stead. This opin- ion is supported by the circumstances attending the appearance and groAvth of the morbid grain; it occurs principally in fertile years Avhen hot Aveather frequently alternates Avith Avarm rains. It is seated be- tAveen the aAvns as a cylindrical, someAvhat curved, angular body, longi- tudinally rugose, and frequently resembling the fenugreek, from one- half to one inch long, of a deep broAvn-violet Avithout, and a yelloAV- Avhite, and sometimes a violet-white Avithin, viscid, having an offensive, rancid smell, and a flat, sweetish taste. Preparation.—The fresh ergot, gathered in a moist, Avarm summer, shortly before harvest, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, "cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SEDINHA. This is a herbaceous plant, Avith a slender, round and pubescent stem; the leaves are opposite, lanceolate and very sharp; their upper surface is hairy and of a darker green than their loAver surface, which is covered with long, silky hairs. This plant is quite common in the neighborhood of Rio Janeiro. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and fil- tering. 424 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Amount of drug poAver, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SEDUM ACRE, Linn. Synonym, Sempervivum Minoris. Nat. Ord., Crassulacea?. Common Name, Mossy Stone-crop. This little moss-like, spreading plant is indigenous to Europe, Avhere it grows in dry fields and on old Avails; it is cultivated in gardens, and runs wild in some places in North America. Its leaves are one-eighth of an inch long, alternate, nearly imbricate, in about six spirally turned rows, ovate, thick, convex on the back, and smooth. The flow- ers are on one side of the branched inflorescence, forming scorpoid cymes, and have four or five yellow petals, the same number of pistils, and twice that number of stamens. The plant is inodorous, and has a mucilaginous and acrid taste. Preparation.—The fresh plant, in flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SELENIATE OF SODA. Fuse equal parts of nitrate of soda and selenious acid, then crys- tallize. Properties.—Seleniate of soda crystallizes Avithout water, like the dry sulphate of soda, and shows the same peculiar solubility in water, being most soluble at 91.4°. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of seleniate of soda is dissolved in nine parts by weight of distilled water. Amount of drug power, y1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class V—a. SELENIUM. Symbol, Se. Atomic Weight, 79. Origin.—This is a very rare substance, much resembling sulphur in its chemical relations, and found in 'association Avith that element in some few localities, or replacing it in certain metallic combinations, as in the lead selenide of Clausthal in the Hartz. Properties.—Selenium is a reddish-brown solid body, somewhat translucent, and having an imperfect metallic lustre. Its specific grav- ity, when rapidly cooled after fusion, is 4.3. At 100°, or a little above, HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 425 it melts and boils. It is insoluble in Avater, and exhales, Avhen heated in the air, a peculiar and disagreeable odor, which has been compared to that of decaying horse-radish ; it is insoluble in alcohol, but dissolves slightly in carbon bisulphide, from Avhich solution it crystallizes. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Selenium is triturated as directed under Class VII. SEMPERVIVUM TECTORUM, Linn. * Nat. Ord., Crassulacea?. Common Name, Houseleek. It is indigenous to the Alps, but now groAA'S spontaneously throughout Europe on roofs and old Avails. It has numerous fleshy rosulate radical leaA'es, Avhich are about an inch long, obovate in shape, of a green color, and on the margin stiff-hairy, and often of a broAvnish or reddish color. The floAvers are rose-colored and purplish. The leaves have an acidulous taste. Preparation.—The fresh leaves, gathered before the development of the blossoms, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SENECIO AUREUS,imn. Synonym, Senecia Gracilis, Linn. Nat. Ord., Composita?. Common Names, Golden Ragwort. Squaw-Weed. This perennial has an erect, smoothish, striate stem, one or two feet high, flocose-wooly when young, simple or branched above, terminat- ing in a kind of umbellate, simple or compound corymb. The radical leaves are simple and rounded, the larger mostly cordate, crenate-ser- rate, and long petioled; the loAver cauline leaves lyre-shaped; the up- per ones feAV, slender, cut-pinnatified, dentate, sessile or partly clasp- ing; the terminal segments lanceolate; peduncles sub-umbellate, and thick upAvards; corymbs umbel-like. Rays from eight to tAvelve, four or five lines long, spreading. Flowers golden yellow. Scales linear, acute, and purplish at the apex. The root is horizontal, from half an inch to six or eight inches long, and about two lines in diameter, red- dish or purplish externally, and white-purplish internally, Avith an aromatic taste, and having scattered fibres. It is found groAving on the banks of creeks and low marshy ground throughout the north and west of the United States. Senecio Gracilis differs only in being more slender and growing in rocky places. Preparation.—The entire fresh plant Avhen in bloom, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alco- hol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth 426 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After haying stirred the Avhole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SENEGA/ Synonym, Polygala Senega, Linn. Nat. Ord., Polygalacea?. Common Names, Rattlesnake Milkwort. Seneca. Seneca Snake- root. This unostentatious plant has a perennial branching root, from Avhich several erect, simple, smooth, round, leafy stems annually arise, from nine inches to a foot in height. The stems are occasionally tinged with red or purple beloAV, but are green near the top. The leaves are alternate or scattered, lanceolate, pointed, smooth, bright green on the upper surface, paler beneath, and sessile or supported on very short footstalks. The flowers are small and Avhite, and form a close spike at the summit of the stem. The calyx is their most conspicuous part. It consists of five leaflets, two of which are Aving-shaped, Avhite, and larger than the others. The corolla is small and closed. The capsules are small, much compressed, obcordate, two-valved and two-celled, with tAvo oblong-ovate, blackish seeds, pointed at one end. It grows wild in all parts of the United States, but most abundantly in the southern and Avestern sections. Preparation.—The dried root, finely powdered, is covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, poured into a well-stoppered bottle, and alloAved to remain eight days, at a moderate temperature in a dark place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, -j-1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. SENNA. Synonyms, Cassia Acutifolia Delille. Cassia Lanceolata, Nectoux. Nat Ord., Leguminosa?. Common Name, Senna. This is an undershrub, tAvo or three feet high, Avith a straight, Avoody, branching, Avhitish stem. The leaves are alternate and pinnate, Avith ^landless footstalks, and two small, narroAV, pointed stipules at the base. The leaflets, of which from four to six pairs belong to each leaf, are almost sessile, oval-lanceolate, acute, oblique at their base, nerved, from half an inch to an inch long, and of a yelloAvish-green color. The flowers are yelloAv, and in axillary spikes. The fruit is a flat, elliptical, obtuse, membranous, smooth, grayish-brown, bivalvular legume, about an inch long and half an inch broad, scarcely, if at all, curved, and divided into six or seven cells, each containing a hard, heart-shaped, HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 427 ash-colored seed. Cassia acutifolia grows wild iu great abundance in Upper Egypt, Nubia, Sennaar, and other parts of Africa. This species furnishes the greater part of the A'ariety known in commerce by the name of Alexandria senna. Preparation.—The dried leaA'es, finely poAvdered, are covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol, poured into a Avell-stoppered bottle and alloAved to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. SEPIA. Synonyms, Sepia Octopus. Sepia Succus. Sepia Officinalis, Linn. Class, Mollusca. Nat. Ord., Dibranchiata. Family, Sepiada?. Common Names, Squid. Cuttle-fish. Inky juice of the cuttle-fish. The cuttle-fish is a cephalopodous mollusc, Avithout an external shell, from one to tAvo feet long, soft gelatinous, of a broAvn color, verging on the red, and spotted black; its body is rounded, elliptical, and enclosed in a sac furnished Avith a fleshy fin on both sides along its whole length. The head is separated from the body by a neck, is salient and round, and provided AA'ith salient eyes of a lively red. The mouth is sur- rounded by ten arms Avhich are pedunculated, very large, and furnished Avith suckers. The cuttle-fish ink is an excretory liquor, contained in a bag, about the size and shape of a grape, in the abdomen of the sepia; it is blackish-broAvn, and is used by these animals to darken the Avater Avhen they wish to catch their prey or escape from their pur- suers. The ink-bag is found separate from the liver, and deeper in the abdominal cavity; its external duct ends in a kind of funnel, and opens near that part of the neck where the anus of the animal is sit- uated. In the back of the fish is found an oval-oblong, moveable bone, from five to ten inches long, and from one and a half to three inches broad, somewhat convex, cretaceous and spongy. The cuttle-fish in- habits the seas of Europe, especially the Mediterranean. Sepia in a dry state, as it occurs in trade, appears to be a dark blackish-brown, solid mass, of shining, conchoidal, very brittle fracture, having a faint smell of seafish, nearly no taste at all, scarcely dying the saliva. It is inclosed in little skins and is of the shape of grapes. The artificial sepia (Indian ink) used in draAving should not be used. Preparation.—The pure, dry, genuine sepia is covered Avith five parts by Aveight of dilute alcohol, poured into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and allowed to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained, and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. Triturations of genuine sepia are prepared, freed from its skinny 428 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. envelope, as directed under Class VH- Triturations of this remedy are preferable. SERPENTARIA. Synonym, Aristolochia Serpentaria, Linn. Nat. Ord., Aristolochiacea?. Common Name, Virginia Snakeroot. Serpentaria. This species of aristolochia is an herbaceous plant, with a perennial root, Avhich consists of numerous slender fibres proceeding from a short horizontal caudex. Several stems often rise from the same root. They are about eight or ten inches in height, slender, round, flexuose, jointed at irregular distances, and frequently reddish or purple at the base. The leaves oblong-cordate, acuminate, entire, of a pale yellowish-green color, and supported on short petioles at the joints of the stem. The flowers proceed from the joints near the root, and stand singly on long, slender, round, jointed peduncles, which are sometimes furnished with one or two small scales, and bend downwards so as nearly to bury the flower in the earth or decayed leaves. There is no calyx. The cor- olla is purple, monopetalous, tubular, swelling at the base, contracted and curved in the middle, and terminating in a labiate border with lanceolate lips. The anthers—six or twelve in number—are sessile, attached to the under part of the stigma, which is roundish, divided into six parts, and supported by a short fleshy style upon an oblong, angular, hairy, inferior germ. The fruit is a hexangular, six-celled capsule, containing several small flat seeds. The plant grows in rich shady woods throughout the Middle, Southern and Western States, abounding in the valley of the Ohio, and in the mountainous regions of our interior. It floAvers in May and June. Preparation.—The dried root, finely powdered, is covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. SILICA. Synonyms, Silicea. Silicea Terra. Silex. Acidum Silicum. Common Names, Pure Flint. Silicious Earth. Preparation of Silica —Hahnemann directs this to be prepared as follows: "Take half an ounce of mountain-crystal and expose it sev- eral times to a red heat, or take pure Avhite sand and wash it with distilled vinegar; when washed mix it with two ounces of powdered natrum, melt the Avhole in an iron crucible until effervescence has ceased and the liquefied mass looks clear and smooth, which is then to be poured upon a marble plate. The limpid glass which is thus ob- tained is to be pulverized while Avarm, and to be filled in a vial, add- ing four times its OAvn weight of distilled water (the vial being ex- actly filled to a level and a stopper being put in immediately). This HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 429 mixture forms a solution Avhich remains ahvays clear; but upon pour- ing it into an open vial, Avhich is loosely covered Avith paper, it becomes decomposed, and the snoAV Avhite silica separates from the natrum and falls to the bottom of the vial." The folloAving process, Avhich does not differ in any essential particular from that of Hahnemann, is generally adopted: Take of silica, in powder, one part; dried carbonate of sodium, four parts. Fuse the four parts of dry sodic carbonate in a clay crucible, and then gradually add to the fused mass the powdered silica; at each addition of Avhich an escape of carbonic acid gas takes place, so that a roomy crucible should be used. When the carbonic acid gas is no longer given off, pour the fused mass upon a clean marble slab, and Avhen it is only slightly warm, pul- verize it in a mortar into small pieces, put into a wide-mouthed bottle, and add sufficient distilled Avater to dissolve it, the stopper being capped Avith wet bladder. The following day the solution may be di- luted and rapidly filtered through cotton wool to purify from small pieces of dirt, etc.; then add to the filtered liquor, hydrochloric acid in small quantities from time to time. The hydrated silica is precipi- tated in the form of a bulky gelatinous white precipitate, which is col- lected and Avashed Avith distilled water upon a square frame filter. The Avashing must be continued until the filtrate neither tastes nor pre- cipitates solutions of nitrate of silver. The precipitate, Avhen thor- oughly Avashed, may be advantageously dried upon a porcelain Avater- bath, Avhen it shrinks to an impalpable poAvder, AA'hich has no taste or smell. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure silica is triturated, as directed under Class VII. SILPHIUM LACINIATUM, Linn. Nat. Ord., Composita?. Common Names, Rosin Weed. Compass-Plant. Pilot Weed. This plant is found groAving on the prairies of Illinois and Wiscon- sin, from thence southward and Avestward. The plant is rough-bristly throughout; stem stout, three to six feet high, leafy to the top; leaves pinnately parted, petioled but dilated and clasping at the base; their divisions lanceolate or linear, acute, cut-lobed or pinnatifid, rarely entire; heads few, one to tAvo inches broad, somewhat racemed; scales of the involucre ovate, tapering into long and spreading rigid points; achenia broadly winged and deeply notched. The yellow-flowered heads appear in July. The lower and root-leaves are vertical, tAvelve to thirty inches long, ovate in outline, and on the Avide open prairies disposed to present their edges north and south; hence called Compass- Plant. Preparation.—The fresh herb, in floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days, in a dark, cool 430 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and fil- tering. Drug poAA'er of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SIMARUBA OFFICINALIS, De Candolle. Synonyms, Simaruba Amara, Aublet. Simaruba Guianensis, Richard. Quassia Simaruba, Linn. Nat. Ord., Simarubacea?. Common Name, Simaruba. This species is a native of South America from Guiana to Northern Brazil. It is sixty to seventy feet high, and has some resemblance to the ash. The leaves are alternate, pinnate, and have from eight to tAvelve or sixteen oval-oblong, obtuse or mucronate, entire, short stalked leaflets about four inches long. The dioecious or monoecious floAvers are small, white, and are aggregated in feAv-flowered clusters on the slender alternate branches of an elongated racemose inflorescence. Description of Bark.—The bark of the root comes in curved or quilled pieces, which are several feet long, one to two or three inches wide, and about one-eighth or sometimes one-quarter inch thick. Its external surface is uneven, rough, and wrinkled, covered with a yellow- ish or broAvnish suberous layer, or if this is removed, of a grayish- broAvn color. The coarsely fibrous bast layer is thick and dull broAvn- ish; the inner surface is of a lighter color and striate. The bark is very tough, and breaks with difficulty in a transverse direction, but may be longitudinally torn, the pieces remaining united by some of the long and tough bast fibres. When cut transversely, the outer tissue is seen to contain scattered brown-yellow granules, and the inner layer is radially striate in an oblique direction caused by the long and wavy bast Avedges. Simaruba bark is without odor, and has a strong and persistent bitter taste. Preparation.—The bark of the root is finely poAvdered and cov- ered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol, poured into a well-stoppered bottle, and allowed to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and fil- tered. Amount of drug poAver, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. SINAPIS NIGRA, Linn. Synonyms, Brassica Nigra. Melanosinapis Communis. Nat, Ord., Crucifera?. Common Name, Black Mustard. Common or black mustard is an annual plant, Avith a stem three or four feet in height, divided and subdivided into numerous spreading branches. The leaves are petiolate and variously shaped. Those near the root are large, rough, lyrate-pinnate, and unequally toothed; those higher on the stem are smooth, and less lobed; and the uppermost are HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 431 entire, narroAV, smooth, and dependent. The floAvers are small, yellow, with a colored calyx, and stand closely together upon peduncles at the upper part of the branches. The pods are smooth, erect, nearly paral- lel Avith the branches, quadrangular, furnished Avith a short beak, and occupied by numerous seeds, Avhich are small, globular, of a deep brown color, slightly rugose on the surface, and internally yelloAv. The plant is a native of Europe, but has become naturalized in some parts of this country. FloAvers appear in June. Preparation.—The ripe seeds, finely poAA'dered, are covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol, poured into a AArell-stoppered bottle, and alloAved to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. SOLANUJVL Synonym, Solanum Nigrum, Linn. Nat. Ord., Solanacea?. Common Names, Common Nightshade. Black Nightshade. This is a very common homely Aveed, said to be poisonous, growing in shaded grounds and fields, in Europe, Asia, and America. It is an annual, Ioav, much branched and often spreading, rough on the angles; leaA-es ovate, wavy-toothed; floAvers (very small, Avhite) in small and umbel-like lateral clusters, drooping; berries globular, black; flowers appear from July to September. Preparation.—The fresh herb, gathered when coming into bloom, is chopped and pounded to a pulp, and pressed out in a piece of neAV linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days, in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Amount of drug power, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. SOLANUM ARREBENTA. Synonym, Solanum Aculeatissimum. Arrebenta Cavallos. Nat. Ord., Solanacea?. This bush grows spontaneously in the provinces of Rio Janeiro, along roads and in cultivated places. It is from ten to sixteen inches high; its branches, which bifurcate regularly, are, while young, covered with strong thorns growing from above doAvnwards. Leaves slightly pubescent, cordate, Avith five obtuse lobes; their nerves are furnished with a feAV irregularly distributed thorns. The floAvers are supported by peduncles arising from the axils of the leaves in groups of tAvo or three. Calyx with flve parts, very prickly on the outside; corolla with five divisions; five stamens; a style. Berry red, fleshy, with two chambers, containing a large number of small seeds. Roots fibrous, arising from a common rhizoma. 432 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are triturated as directed under Class IX. SOLANUM MAMMOSUM, Linn. Synonym, Mammiform Solanum. Nat. Ord., Solanacea?. Common Name, Nipple Nightshade. This bush is a native of Virginia, Barbadoes, Carolina, the West Indies and Antilles, and groAvs in hedges and on cultivated places. Stem herbaceous, furnished with prickles and long hairs, erect, branchy, from three to four feet high; leaves large, generally more broad than long, cordiform, irregularly-angular, lobed, shaggy on both sides, Avith yellow nerves on the loAver surface, the midrib furnished with dark yelloAv prickles; flowers scattered, panicled, of a blue-gray; berries macuniform, yellow. Preparation.—The fresh, ripe berries, are pounded te a pulp and pressed out in a piece of a iicav linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by weight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Amount of drug power, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. SOLANUM OLERACEUM, Velloz. Synonyms, Gyguirioba. Juguerioba. Nat. Ord., Solanacea?. This is an herbaceous plant Avith a creeping and someAvhat ligneous, cylindrical stem, the upper branches being covered Avith short and crooked thorns. The leaves, of a dark green, are alternate, irregularly pinnate; the folioles are long, lanceolate, almost sessile on a thorny spike; there are from seven to nine, those at the top being the largest. The floAvers are supported by ramose pedicles, which do not grow out of axils; calyx campanulate, with five divisions; corolla of a greenish- Avhite, monopetalous, with five equal, rotaceous, somewhat reflexed divisions alternating with those of the calyx; stamens five, with erect, converging and bilocular anthers; their filaments are short, with the exception of one, which is longer than the rest; ovary oval, surmounted by a filiform style. Berry spherical with tAvo compartments, of a dark green, with white spots. This solanum grows on the shores around Rio Janeiro, in damp and shady places. Preparation.—The fresh blossoms are triturated as directed under Class IX. SOLANUM TUBEROSUM ^GROTANS. The Diseased Potato. The potato is a native of Chili, but is very largely cultivated in nearly all countries. It is an herbaceous plant, Avith a branchy stem about one or two feet high. Its leaves are pinnatifid, with leaflets that HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 433 are oval, entire, slightly hairy on their lower surface and almost op- posite. Smaller folioles sometimes arise betAveen the larger ones. The flowers constitute corymbs either erect or inclined; calyx in five parts; corolla of a Avhite-violet Avith five equal divisions; five stamens attached to the basis of the corolla; one style and stigma, fleshy berry with two chambers. The roots develop tubercles of different sizes, and are called potatoes. The potato-rot first reveals itself by brown spots irregularly distributed through the interior of the tubercles; gradually these spots are transformed into Avhite points of a cottony appearance which may be compared to the cryptogamia termed byssus, and found on damp Avood. From this point a general process of decomposition sets in, and the potato exhales an insupportable nauseous odor. Preparation.—The potato in such a state of decomposition as to contain brown portions intermingled Avith the byssus-shaped parts de- scribed above, is triturated as directed under Class IX. SOLIDAGO VIRGA-AUREA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Composita?. Common Name, Golden-Rod. This is a variable species indigenous to Europe, Northern Asia, and on this continent to Canada and the northern portion of the United States. It is from one to three feet high, branched above, pubescent or nearly glabrous; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, or the lowest spatu- late or elliptical-obovate and petioled, serrate with small appressed teeth or nearly entire; racemes thyrsoid or simple, narrow; scales of the involucre lanceolate or linear, acute. The flower-heads contain eight or ten ligulate and several tubular disc-florets of a yelloAv color. The herb has an aromatic odor, and a bitterish and somewhat astrin- gent taste. Preparation.—The fresh blossoms are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SPARTIUM SCOPARIUM, Linn. Synonyms, Sarothamnus Scoparius, Koch. Cytisus Scoparius, Link. Sarothamnus Vulgaris, Wimmer. Genista Scoparia, Lamarck. Nat. Ord., Leguminosa?. Common Names, Broom. Broom Tops. The broom is a shrub about three to six feet high, and groAvs in Western Siberia, and throughout Southern Europe, but is more abund- ant in the western part of that continent and in Great Britain. It is sometimes cultivated in our gardens, and is occasionally met with wild 28 434 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. ill some of the Middle and Southern States. It prefers a sandy soil, and floAvers in May and June. The shrub has long wand-like branches, small trifoliate leaves Avith obovate or elliptic-lanceolate sessile leaflets, and produces an abundance of large golden-yelloAV papilionaceous Aoav- ers, and a flat dark brown legume, Avhich is white-hairy on the edges, and contains about tAvelve olive-colored, oblong, and, below, truncate seeds. Preparation.—The fresh blossoms are pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour into a Avell- stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. SPIGELIA. Synonyms, Spigelia Anthelmintica, Linn. Anthelminthia Quadri- phylla. Nat. Ord., Loganiacea?. Common Names, Pinkroot. Wormgrass. This is an annual plant of the West Indies and South America. Its root is short and divided into numerous long, thin, blackish and inter- nally Avhitish branches. Its stem is herbaceous, tAvelve to eighteen inches high, channeled and branched. Leaves opposite in pairs, those Avhich terminate the branches four together in the form of a cross, ovate, pointed. The flowers stand in short spikes, and are pale reddish or purple, not over one-half inch long. The dried plant is of a gray- ish-green color, has a faint odor and a bitter taste. Its flowers appear in July. Preparation.—The freshly dried herb, having been gathered when there are flowers and seeds, is finely powdered, covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days, in a Avell-stop- pered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. SPIGGURUS MARTINI, Nobis. Synonyms, Sphingurus Martini. Cha?tomys Subspinosus. Class, Mammalia. Order, Glires. Family, Hystrichina. Common Name, Porcupine. The porcupine is common in Brazil, Avhere it lives on trees and se- cures itself by means of its hind-feet; it uses its tail, Avhich is pretty long, as a means of descending. Its length, from the muzzle to the tip of the tail, is about a foot; the tail is almost as long as the trunk. The HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 435 upper parts of the body are covered with sharp prickles about an inch and a half long, and attached to the skin by means of a very thin pedicle. The head-prickles are white at the base, black in the middle and of a yelloAvish-broAvn at the top, the dorsal-prickles are of a sul- phur-yellow at their base. The prickles on the rump and the first third of the tail, are black at their extremity. All the prickles are very close together, mingled Avith a few long and fine hairs. The lower limbs are covered with a grayish fur, interspersed with little prickles; the tail is furnished Avith prickles at its upper part, and is covered with stiff and black hairs; the extremity of the tail is bare. Preparation.—The prickles taken from the sides of the animal, are triturated according to Class IX. SPONGIA. Synonyms, Spongia Tosta. Spongia Officinalis, Linn. Class, Poriphera. Order, Ceratospongia?. Common Name, Sponge. Origin and Description.—Sponges belong to the lowest animals which live in water, and are attached to rocks or other substances. They consist of a frameAVork arising from a broad base, and forming a ramifying and anastomosing tissue Avhich is traversed by numerous canals and pores, and covered Avith a glairy or gelatinous substance. In some genera the skeleton is formed, to a greater or less extent, of siliceous or calcareous spicules; in others the Avhole body consists of a gelatinous substance. The sponges Avhich are in common use belong to a few species, the skeleton of which is entirely or nearly free from spicules, and forms cup-shaped or convex, porous, and lacumose masses, Avith circular vents on the surface. They are collected by divers, Avho tear them from the rocks, or they are detached by means of a fork fastened to the end of a long pole. The gelatinous animal matter is removed by burying them for several days in sand, and afterwards soaking, squeezing and washing them. The best variety of sponge comes from the Mediterranean, and is chiefly collected in the neighborhood of Greece, and near the coast of Syria. It is known in commerce as Mediterranean and Turkish sponge, and comes in cup-shaped pieces of various sizes, having a soft, elastic, and compressible fibrous frameAvork. The Bahama or West Indian sponge is collected near the Bahama Islands, and forms convex or oblong pieces, with somewhat projecting lobes, and of a coarser texture than the preceding. As met with in commerce sponge generally con- tains a large quantity of sand, from which it is freed by beating, and various calcareous matters, which are removed mechanically. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Turkey sponge roasted brown (but not burnt) in a roaster kept turning over burning charcoal, is covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to re- main eight days in a well-stoppered bottle in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. 436 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Amount of drug power, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. Triturations prepared as directed uuder Class VII are also officinal. STANNUM. Synonym, Stannum Metallicum. Common Names, Tin. Metallic Tin. Pure Tin. Symbol, Sm. Atomic Weight, 118. , Origin and Preparation of Tin.—Tin is rarely found in the me- tallic state. Its most important ore is a binoxide, Sm02, knoAvn as tinstone, Avhich is usually imbedded in granite, quartz or slate, and often associated with iron pyrites, and Avith tongstate of iron and man- ganese, known as the mineral wolfram. It is rarely met Avith as sili- cate, and is present in columbite, tantalite and allied minerals, and in minute proportions in the mineral waters of Saidschiitz and other places. The most important tin mines are in Devonshire and Corn- Avall, in Great Britain, and in Malacca and Banca; but tin is likewise obtained in Australia, Bohemia, Saxony, and some parts of the United States. Australian tin sometimes contains gold. The tinstone is stamped into a coarse powder, freed from lighter minerals by washing with a stream of water, roasted to expel arsenic and sulphur, again washed with water, mixed with poAvdered coal and a little lime or fluor spar, for the purpose of forming a fusible slag, and then reduced on the hearth of a reverbatory furnace. Properties.—Tin is a bluish-white metal of the specific gravity 7.3, softer than gold, but harder than lead, and, when bent, emitting a cra'cklino- sound. It may be rolled or hammered into foil, and at 100° C. (212°°F.) drawn into wire. It melts near 230° C. (446° F.), and at 200° C. (392° F.) it is so brittle that it may be readily reduced to powder. It is but superficially oxidized in moist air, and will effectu- ally protect iron from rusting as long as the coating is perfect. Its alloy with lead forms pewter, Britannia metal and solder; alloyed Avith copper it constitutes gun metal and bronze; and by combining four parts of tin with three of cadmium, eight of lead, and fifteen of bis- muth, a fusible alloy is obtained, melting at 60° C. (140° F.). Metallic tin dissolves in hot strong sulphuric acid to stannic sulphate, evolving sulphurous acid gas. Strong hydrochloric acid dissolves it to stannous chloride, and nitro-muriatic acid yields with it stannic chlor- ide. Stannous salts are precipitated brown by sulphuretted hydrogen, the precipitate being soluble in ammonium sulphydrate. Chloride of gold produces a deep purple precipitate (Purple of Cassius), and mer- curic chloride is reduced either to calomel or to a gray powder of me- tallic mercury. This reaction explains the value of stannous chloride as a test for salts of mercury. Stannic salts, of which the chloride, Sn CI4, is used by dyers, do not react with the chlorides of gold and mer- cury, but yield, with sulphuretted hydrogen, a yellow precipitate Avhich is soluble in ammonium sulphydrate. Both stannous and stannic salts are precipitated white by caustic potassa; the precipitates are soluble HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 437 in an excess of potassa, and the alkaline solution, Avhen obtained from stannous salts, yields, on boiling, a black precipitate of stannous oxide. Stannum Precipitatum.—For medical purposes Ave first reduce tin by melting and pouring it out into a deep vessel Avith pure water into thin lamins. A weighed quantity of such laminated tin is covered, in a proper vessel, Avith pure concentrated muriatic acid, and set aside under a moderate Avarmth for dissolution. Without fear of adulteration, a polished copper vessel may be adATantageously selected for this, so long as care is taken to have tin ahvays in excess. By adding muriatic acid gradually, the perfect solution is effected. This solution, filtered, being as neutral as possible, is diluted Avith so much distilled water that the bulk of liquid is a hundred times greater than the dissolved tin it contains. After having slightly acidulated the solution Avith pure mu- riatic acid, if necessary, the galvanic reduction of the metal is effected by the addition of zinc, and the Avhole process is folloAved up as ghren under Plumbum. In this Avay a subtle and quite pure metallic poAvder is obtained, being of light yelloAvish-gray color Avithout brightness, which it soon assumes under the burnishing-steel. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The precipitated metal is triturated, as directed under Class VII. STAPHISAGRIA. Synonyms, Delphinium Staphisagria, Linn. Staphydis Agria. Staphisagria Pedicularis. Nat. Ord., Ranunculacea?. Common Names, Stavesacre. Lark-spur. Louse Seeds. This is a handsome annual or biennial plant, one or tAvo feet high, with a simple, erect, doAvny stem, and palmate, five or seven-lobed leaves, supported on hairy footstalks. The floAvers are bluish or pur- ple, in terminal racemes, Avith pedicels tAvice as long as the flower, and bracteoles inserted at the base of the pedicel. The nectary is four- leaved and shorter than the petals, which are five in number, the upper- most projected backward so as to form a spur, Avhich encloses two spurs of the upper leaflets of the nectary. The seeds are contained in straight, oblong capsules, and are about as large as a grain of Avheat, irregularly triangular, Avrinkled, externally broAvn, internally Avhitish and oily. They have a slight but disagreeable odor, and an extremely acrid, bitter, hot, nauseous taste. The plant is a native of the south of Europe. Preparation.—The ripe seed, finely powdered, is covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a Avell- stoppered bottle in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, T\j-. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. 438 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. STICTA. Synonyms, Sticta Pulmonaria, Zwm. Laboria Pulmonaria. Lichen Pulmonarius. Pulmonaria Reticulata. Nat. Ord., Lichenes. Common Names, LungAvort Lichen. Tree Lungwort. Oak- lungs. Lung Moss. This lichen is found growing on the trunks of large trees in the northern and mountainous counties of England, in New England, New York, Pennsylvania, and Carolina, of the United States. It is leafy, laciniated, obtuse, smooth; green above, and pitted, somewhat reticu- lated ; downy beneath; shields mostly marginal. Preparation.—The fresh lichen, grown on the sugar-maple, is finely chopped, covered Avith five parts by weight of dilute alcohol, poured into a well-stoppered bottle and allowed to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug poAver, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. STILLINGIA. Synonyms, Stillingia Sylvatica, Linn. Sapium Sylvaticum, Torrey. Nat. Ord., Euphorbiacea?. Common Names, Cock-up-hat. Queen's Root. Queen's Delight. YaAv Root. This is an indigenous perennial plant, with herbaceous stems, two or three feet high, and alternate, sessile, oblong or lanceolate-oblong, ob- tuse, serrulate leaves, tapering at the base, and accompanied Avith stipules. The male and female flowers are distinct upon the same plant. They are yellow, and arranged in the form of a spike, of Avhich the upper part is occupied by the male, the lower by the female flowers. The male florets are scarcely longer than the bracteal scales; involucre hemispherical, many-flowered, or wanting. Calyx tubular, eroded. Stamens two and three, exserted. In the female, calyx one-floAvered, inferior. Style trifid. Capsule three-grained. The plant grows in pine barrens from Virginia to Florida, and when wounded emits a milky juice. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, &. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. STRAMONIUM. Synonyms, Datura Stramonium, Linn. Solanum Maniacum. Nat. Ord., Solanacea?. Common Names, Jamestown or Jimson Weed. Thornapple. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 439 This is an annual plant, of rank and vigorous groAvth, usually about three feet high, hut in a • rich soil sometimes six feet or more. The root is large, Avhitish, and furnished Avith numerous fibres. The stem is erect, round, smooth, someAvhat shining, simple beloAV, dichotomous 4 above, Avith numerous spreading branches. The leaves, Avhich stand upon short, round footstalks, in the forks of the stem, are five or six inches long, of an ovate-triangular form, irregularly sinuated and toothed at the edges, unequal at the base, dark green on the upper surface, and pale beneath. The floAvers are large, axillary, solitary, and peduncled; having a tubular, pentangular, five-toothed calyx, and a funnel-shaped corolla with a long tube, and a waived plaited border, terminating in five acuminate teeth. The upper portion of the calyx falls Avith the deciduous parts of the flower, leaving its base, which be- comes reflexed, and remains attached to the fruit. This is a large, fleshy, rounclish-ovate, four-valved, four-celled capsule, thickly covered with sharp spines, and containing numerous seeds, attached to a longi- tudinal receptacle in the centre of each cell. It opens at the summit. The seeds are small, kidney-shaped, flattened on the sides, of a dark broAvn, almost black color, inodorous unless bruised, and of bitter, nauseous taste, with some degree of acrimony. It is doubtful to what country this plant originally belonged. It is found in Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. In the United States it is found everywhere in the vicinity of cultivation, frequenting dung- heaps, the road-sides and commons, and other places where a rank soil is created by the deposited refuse of towns and villages. Its floAvers appear from May to July or August, according to the latitude. Where the plant groAvs abundantly, its vicinity may be detected by the rank odor Avhich it diffuses to some distance around. Preparation.—The ripe seed, finely poAvdered, is covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, poured into a well-stoppered bottle and alloAved to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. STRONTIANA CARBONICA. Synonyms, Strontianite. Carbonas Stronticus. Strontiana? Car- bonas. Mineral, S20, C02. Common Name, Carbonate of Strontian. Description.—The crystals of carbonate of strontiana are right rhombic, with lateral cleavage nearly perfect; also fibrous granular. Green, Avhite, gray, yelloAv, brown, usually light colors; vitreous, trans- parent, translucent; brittle Avith Avhite streak. It puffs by heat, fuses on the edges, illuminates powerfully, and gives a reddish color to the reducing flame; soluble in acids Avith effervescence. Preparation.—For homoeopathic purposes we dissolve carbonate of strontiana in muriatic acid and crystallize it. It is purified by re- peated recrystallizations. Of this pure muriate of strontio avc take one 440 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. part and dissolve it in ten parts of distilled Avater, from Avhich it is pre- cipitated by a solution of carbonate of soda. The.precipitate is Avashed repeatedly and carefully dried. Properties.—It is a white, light, fine powder, similar in appear- ance to carbonate of magnesia. Soluble in 1536 parts of water, but freely soluble in carbonic acid water, from which solution it is crystal- lizable. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure strontiana car- bonica is triturated as directed under Class VII. STRYCHNINUM. Synonyms, Strychninum Purum. Strychnia. Common Name, Strychnine. Formula, C21 H22 N3 03. Molecular Weight, 334. Preparation of Strychnia.—Take of nux vomica rasped, forty- eight troy ounces; lime in fine poAvder, six troy ounces; muriatic acid, three troy ounces and a half; alcohol, diluted alcohol, diluted sulphuric acid, Avater of ammonia, purified animal charcoal, water, of each a sufficient quantity. Macerate the nux vomica for twenty-four hours in sixteen pints of Avater, acidulated Avith one-third of the muriatic acid; then boil for two hours, and strain with expression through a strong muslin bag. Boil the residue tAvice successively in the same quantity of acidulated water, each time straining as before. Mix the decoctions, and evaporate to the consistence of thin syrup; then add the lime pre- A'iously mixed with a pint of Avater, and boil for ten minutes, frequently stirring. Pour the Avhole into a double muslin bag, and, having thor- oughly A\rashed the precipitate, press, dry, and powder it. Treat the poAvder repeatedly with diluted alcohol, in order to remove the brucia, until the washings are but faintly reddened by nitric acid. Then boil it repeatedly Avith alcohol until deprived of bitterness, mix the several tinctures, and distil off the alcohol by means of a Avater-bath. Having Avashed the residue, mix it Avith a pint of Avater, and, applying a gentle heat, drop in enough diluted sulphuric acid to neutralize and dissolve the alkaloid. Then add purified animal charcoal, and, having boiled the mixture for a few minutes, filter, evaporate, and set aside to crys- tallize. Dissolve the crystals in water, and add enough Avater of am- monia to precipitate the strychnia. Lastly, dry this on bibulous paper, and keep it in a well-stoppered bottle. Properties.—Strychnia is seen in commerce as a white powder, or crystallized in short, quadrangular prisms. It is inodorous, has a very persistent bitter taste, and is sublimable only Avhen very minute quan- tities are carefully heated. Pelletier and Caventon, who discovered this alkaloid in 1818, found it soluble in about 6,700 parts of cold, and 2,500 parts of boiling Avater, and to be insoluble in ether. It requires 120 parts of cold, and 10 parts of boiling 80 per cent, of alcohol for solution (Wittstein); but it is very sparingly soluble in absolute and in dilute alcohol. It dissolves in about five parts of chloroform (Petten- kofer); in 300 parts of glycerin (Cass and Garot); and is also soluble HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 441 to some extent in volatile and fixed oils, in creasote, benzol, and amylic alcohol. Its solubility in Avater is not increased by ammonia or caustic potassa; but dilute acids render it much more soluble, Avith the forma- tion of neutral salts, Avhich are mostly crystallizable, and are precipi- tated by alkalies, alkaline carbonates, and, after some time, by soluble bicarbonates. Tests.—Strychnia and its salts dissolve in concentrated sulphuric acid Avithout color; but on the addition of a little peroxide of lead a beautiful blue color is produced, passing into violet, red, and finally into yelloAv (Marchand). If bichromate of potassium is used instead of the lead oxide, a deep violet color is produced, or a blue color if strychnia is in excess (Otto). A similar color is obtained Avith sul- phuric acid and ferridcyanide of potassium (Da\Ty); it passes like the preceding, though more slowly, through red into yelloAv. The solution of strychnia in sulphuric acid containing some nitric acid yields on the addition of binoxide of manganese a purplish-violet color (Mack, Erd- ■ mannj; and a similar color, but rapidly fading to yelloAv, is produced AA'ith chloric, chlorous, and iodic acids and their salts, Avith manganic sulphate and potassium permanganate (Lefort). If much contami- nated with organic matter, the alkaloid is best purified by dissolving it in dilute acid so as to free it from fatty and resinous matters, liberating it by ammonia, and dissolving it by agitation Avith chloroform; if ne- cessary, the process is repeated, and the residue from the evaporation of chloroform is tested as above. If the above tests are carefully ap- plied, a very minute quantity may be detected, according to Wenzell (1870), in a solution containing the ^ouWtf Pai*t °f strychnia. The freedom from inorganic matters is readily proven by the absence of ash or incinerating a portion. Concentrated nitric acid should not produce a red color, shoAving the absence of brucia. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure strychnia is trit- urated as directed under Class VII. STRYCHNINUM MURIATICUM. Synonym, Strychnia? Hydrochloras. Common Name, Muriate of Strychnia. Formula, 2 fC21 H22 N2 02. HCI), 3H2 0. Molecular Weight, 795. Preparation and Properties of Muriate of Strychnia.—It is best prepared by dissolving strychnia in Avarm dilute hydrochloric acid. It crystallizes in silky needles, Avhich lose their Avater of crystal- lization at 120° C. It dissolves in from 50 to 60 parts of cold water, and contains 84 per cent, of strychnia. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure muriate of strych- nia is triturated, as directed under Class VII. STRYCHNINUM NITRICUM. Synonym, Strychnia? Nitras. Common Name, Nitrate of Strychnia. Formula, C21 H22 N2 02. HN03. Molecular Weight, 397. 442 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Preparation of Nitrate of Strychnia.—On dissolving strych- nia in warm, very dilute nitric acid, the solution yields on cooling, colorless needles of a silky lustre and very bitter taste. Properties.—The salt is soluble in eighty parts of cold and in three parts of boiling Avater, and in about the same proportion in eighty per cent, alcohol. It is less freely soluble in absolute alcohol and fixed oils, is insoluble in ether, but dissolves in twenty-six parts of glycerine. It contains 84 per cent, of strychnia. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure nitrate of strych- nia is triturated, as directed under Class VII. STRYCHNINUM PHOSPHORICUM. Synonym, Strychnia? Phosphas. Common Name, Phosphate of Strychnia. Preparation of Phosphate of Strychnia.—It is best prepared by dissolving strychnia in warm dilute phosphoric acid, Avhen it crys- tallizes in silky needles. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure phosphate of strych- nia is triturated, as directed under Class VII. STRYCHNINUM SULPHURICUM. Synonym, Strychnia? Sulphas. Common Name, Sulphate of Strychnia. Formula, 2 C21 H22 N2 02. H3 S04. 7H3 0. Molecular Weight, 892. Preparation of Sulphate of Strychnia.—Take of strychnia, a troy ounce; diluted sulphuric acid, nine fluidrachms, or a sufficient quantity; distilled water, a pint. Mix the strychnia with the distilled Avater, heat the mixture gently, and gradually add diluted sulphuric acid until the alkaloid is neutralized and dissolved. Filter the solu- tion, and evaporate with a moderate heat, so that crystals may form on cooling. Lastly, having drained the crystals, dry them rapidly on bibulous paper, and keep them in a well-stoppered bottle. Properties.—Sulphate of strychnia crystallizes in small, neutral, transparent cubes or prisms, Avhich become superficially opaque on ex- posure, and when heated to about 135° C. (275° F.) melt, and lose 14.1 per cent, of water of crystallization. The salt dissolves in 48 parts of water, is also soluble in alcohol, but insoluble in ether. Like other salts of strychnia, it gives the same color reactions as strychnia, and on being ignited leaves no residue. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure sulphate of strych- nia is triturated, as directed under Class VII. SUCCINUM. Synonym, Amber. Origin and Properties.—Amber is a fossil resin, Avhich is princi- pally obtained on the southern coast of the Baltic, Avhere it is cast ashore or dug out of beds. It has also been found in the interior of HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 443 Europe, and in Greenland and North America. It is hard, brittle, Avhitish-yelloAv or red-broAvn, transparent, translucent or opaque, break- ing Avith a chonchoidal fracture, fragrant Avhen heated, fusible at about 287.5° C. (550° F.); soluble in chicroiorm, but insoluble in water, alcohol, ether and ci]s. Its density is 1.070. According to Gceppert, it is the exudation of Pinitis succinefer, an extinct coniferous tree. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Amber is triturated, as directed under Class VII. SULPHUR. Synonyms, Sulphur Sublimatum Lotum. Flores Sulphuris. Common Names, Brimstone. Washed Sublimed Sulphur. Flow- ers of Sulphur. Symbol, S. Atomic Weight, 32. Origin.—Sulphur is a constituent of the volatile oils of mustard, garlic, and asafcetida, and of albumen and other proteids. It is found in many mineral waters as sulphuretted hydrogen, and in the form of sulphates, and is Avidely distributed in the mineral kingdom in combi- nation Avith metals, forming iron pyrites, FeS2, galena, Pb S, blende, Zn S, black antimony, Sb2 S3, cinnabar, Hg S, and other sulphides; and as sulphate in gypsum, heavy spar, and many other minerals. But sul- phur is most abundantly obtained from native sulphur, which is found in volcanic countries. Beds of native sulphur have been discovered in California and other parts of the Western United States, in Mexico, the West Indies, etc.; the chief supply of sulphur, hoAveAxer, conies from Italy, Avhere extensh'e beds are worked near Latera and Scrofano, and from the pro\Tinces of Girgenti, Caltanisetta, Catania, and Palermo, in the Island of Sicily. Sulphur beds on the surface of the earth are called solfatwre, and Avhen they are found under-ground are knoAvn as solfare. The latter are the most important, and yield nearly the Avhole of the commercial sulphur. Extraction and Purification.—Sulphur is obtained in Sicily by melting it from the mineral in semi-circular pits called calcaroni, Avhich have a diameter of about thirty feet and a depth of about eight feet, and are internally covered with a layer of gypsum. The bottom is in- clined towards one side, Avhich has an opening, closed during the opera- tion Avith a thin wall of gypsum. The pit is filled Avith the mineral, and this is heaped up above so as to form an obtuse cone, the Avhole be- ing covered first with a layer of powdered sulphur ore, and finally with a stratum of spent ore in powder. Fire is noAV applied to the heap, and after an hour all openings are closed until after nine days the melted sulphur begins to collect on the floor of the pit. Through a small opening made into the gypsum wall, the melted sulphur is re- moved two or three times a day and run into moistened moulds made of poplar Avood, Avhere it solidifies in the form of blunt pyramids, in which condition it enters commerce. The rough sulphur thus obtained contains from three to four parts of earthy impurities, Avhich are removed by distilling the sulphur from 444 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. iron retorts and conducting the vapors into large brick chambers, Avhere they condense in the form of a fine poAvder, Avhich is from time to time removed, before the condensing chamber becomes too hot, and constitutes sublimed sulphur. If, however, the operation is not inter- rupted, the brick Avails of the chamber become hot enough to melt the sulphur, Avhich is run into wooden moulds. The cylindrical pieces thus obtained enter commerce as brimstone or roll sulphur. For homoeopathic use sublimed sulphur is washed Avith distilled Avater as long as it reddens blue litmus paper, and is then dried. Properties.—Sulphur exists in several modifications, and is either crystalline and soluble in carbon bisulphide, amorphous and insoluble in the same liquid, or soft or oily at common temperatures, and either soluble or insoluble in carbon bisulphide. When sulphur is fused and kept near the temperature of 90° C. (194° F.), octahedral or rhombic crystals are formed, fusing at 115° C. (239° F.); but if the crust Avhich forms on cooling is broken and the liquid sulphur poured out, the ves- sel Avill afterAvards be filled with long oblique prisms, Avhich melt to a yellowish liquid at 120° C. (248° F.); On gradually increasing the heat to near 180° C. (356° F.), sulphur becomes broAvn and ultimately black, opaque, and very viscid. If the heat be continued, the mass liquefies again at 260° C. (500° F.), and at about 450° C. (842° F.) is converted into orange-broAvn vapors. On agitating sublimed sulphur Avith carbon bisulphide, about two-thirds of it are dissolved, Avhile the remainder is amorphous and remains undissolved. The different varie- ties of sulphur differ also in specific gravity, that of amorphous and soft sulphur being 1.96, of prismatic sulphur 1.98, and of octahedral sulphur 2.05; this last variety is more stable than the other tAvo, Avhich are under various circumstances converted into it. Heated in the air, sulphur ignites at about 150° C. (302° F.), and burns with a blue flame to sulphurous acid gas, S02. In addition to this only one other oxygen compound of sulphur has been obtained in the isolated state, sulphuric anhydrid, S03, though several others are knoAvn in combina- tion, of Avhich the most important is hyposulphurous acid. Sulphur combines also with most of the non-metallic and metallic elements, forming sulphides, the most important of Avhich are the sul- phides of antimony, mercury, iron, potassium, ammonium, and hydro- gen. When treated at an elevated temperature Avith volatile and fixed oils, it dissolves and forms Avith the fats, compounds Avhich were for- merly knoAvn as balsams of sulphur. Sulphur is insoluble in water, but dissolves somewhat in hot absolute alcohol, ether, chloroform, and benzol. Washed sublimed sulphur is a yellow or somewhat greenish-yellow slightly gritty poAvder, which is free from odor and taste, and does not change the color of litmus paper. To heat and solvents it shows the behavior described above. Tests.—Sulphur should completely evaporate by heat; clay, gyp- sum, and similar impurities are left behind as fixed residues. Milk of sulphur, precipitated by sulphuric acid, is more readily miscible Avith water than pure precipitated sulphur, and leaves on ignition a large HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 445 amount of fixed residue. When obtained from pyrites, sulphur usually contains arsenic, which is most conveniently detected, unless present in very minute quantities, by digesting it with ammonia water, filtering, and adding hydrochloric acid, when yellow sulphide of arsenic Avill be precipitated. Very minute quantities of arsenic are best detected by Marsh's test. Selenium, Avhich is sometimes present in sulphur, is de- tected by heating a sample Avith nitro-muriatic acid, diluting Avith Avater, filtering, and concentrating the filtrate, Avhich contains selenious acid, and yields, on the addition of sulphite of sodium, a bright red or reddish-black precipitate of selenium. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Washed sublimed sul- phur is triturated as directed under Class VII. Sulphuris Tinctura.—One part by Aveight of washed sublimed sulphur is drenched with ten parts by Aveight of 95 per cent, alcohol, poured into a AA'ell-stoppered bottle, and alloAved to remain eight days, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, and Al- tered. This preparation Avas considered by Hahnemann to equal the 1 po- tency (Ti7). Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—ft. SULPHUR IODATUM. Synonyms, Sulphuris Iodidum. Ioduretum Sulfuris. Common Name, Iodide of Sulphur. Preparation of Iodide of Sulphur.—Take of iodine, four troy ounces; sublimed sulphur, a troy ounce. Rub them together until they are thoroughly mixed. Introduce the mixture into a flask, close the orifice loosely, and apply a gentle heat so as to darken the mass Avithout melting it. When the color has become uniformly dark throughout, increase the heat so as to produce liquefaction, and incline the flask in different directions, in order to return into the liquid any portions of iodine Avhich may have been condensed on the inner surface of the vessel. Then Avithdraw the heat, and, after the liquid has become solid, remove the mass by breaking the flask, reduce it to pieces, and keep them in a Avell-stoppered bottle. Properties.—Thus prepared, iodide of sulphur is a grayish-black mass of a radiated crystalline appearance and with a metallic lustre. If exposed to a gradually increased heat, it sublimes, the first portion of the sublimate consisting of iodine, and the portion subsequently ob- tained containing sulphur. Iodide of sulphur dissolves in about sixty parts of glycerin, and is soluble in carbon bisulphide, on the spontane- ous evaporation of Avhich at a low temperature iodine crystallizes first, and afterAvards rhombic pyramids of sxdphuric iodide are obtained, having the formula SI6 (Vom Rath, 1860), and on exposure to the air leaving sulphur in the form of a delicate crystalline skeleton (Lamers, 1861). Alcohol, ether, volatile oils, and solutions of potassa and of potassium iodide decompose iodide of sulphur, by dissolving the iodine. A similar decomposition is effected by boiling the iodide of sulphur with Avater, with the vapors of which the iodine passes off, leaving a 446 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. residue of sulphur, amounting to 20 per cent, of the Aveight of the iodide of sulphur employed. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Iodide of sulphur is triturated as directed under Class VII. SUMBUL. Synonyms, Sumbulus Moschatus. Ferula Sumbul. Jatamansi. Nat. Ord., Umbellifera?. Common Name, Musk-root. The sumbul plant is indigenous to Turkestan, Bucharia, Eastern Siberia, and probably to other parts of Central Asia, and Avas discov- ered by Fedschenko (1869) in the mountains of Maghian, southeast- ward of Samarkand. It is a perennial, growing to the height of eight feet, and has large, triangular, tripinnate radical leaves, and a few small cauline leaves, the upper ones being reduced to sheathing bracts. The flowers are polygamous, and the fruit is about one-half inch long, oblong-oval, dorsally compressed, and when ripe is free from oil tubes, but in the unripe state has in each mericarp four large dorsal and two small commissural vitta?. Sumbul root enters commerce by way of Russia, and is met Avith in transverse segments, varying in diameter from one inch to four or five inches, and in thickness from three-quar- ters of an inch to two inches, occasionally intermixed Avith pieces scarcely one-quarter of an inch in diameter. The root is light, of a spongy texture, annulate or with longitudinal wrinkles, covered with a thin brown bark, is internally whitish, sprinkled with yellowish-broAvn resinous dots, and consists of white parenchyma and pale broAvnish fibro-vascular bundles, which are irregular-wavy, and more numerous near the bark than in the centre. Sumbul root breaks with an irregu- lar, farinaceous and fibrous fracture, and has a strong persistent musk- like odor, and a bitter aromatic taste. Preparation.—The dried root, finely powdered, is covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days, in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. SYMPHYTUM. Synonyms, Symphytum Officinale, Linn. Consolida Majoris. Nat. Ord., Borraginacea?. Common Names, Comfrey. Gum Plant. Healing Herb. Comfrey is a European perennial growing on the banks of streams and in meadows, and now found in similar places in the United States, where it has escaped from gardens. It is a coarse-looking plant Avith a bristly stem a foot or two in height, and with lance-ovate or lanceolate alternate and rough leaves, which are narrowed into a winged petiole. The floAvers are in racemose cymes, have a five-toothed calyx and a tubular, bell-shaped, yellowish-white or purplish corolla, with spreading HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 447 teeth and linear scales closing the throat, and produce four smooth, glossy, broAvn-black akenes. The flowers appear in June. The root is fleshy, six or eight inches long, nearly an inch thick above, several- headed, tapering, and Avith feAV branches. It is inodorous, and has a mucilaginous, sweetish and faintly astringent taste. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered before the plant blooms, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After hav- ing stirred the AA'hole, pour it into a av ell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. TABACUM. Synonym, Nicotina Tabacum, Linn. Nat. Ord., Solanacea?. Common Name, Tobacco. The tobacco plant is indigenous to tropical America, but the country which originally produced it cannot now be ascertained, since tobacco is now unknoAvn in the Avild state. It is an annual plant, with a large, fibrous root, and an erect, round, hairy, viscid stem, Avhich branches near the top, and rises from three to six feet in height; the leaves are numerous, alternate, sessile, and someAvhat decurrent, very large, ovate- lanceolate, pointed, entire, slightly viscid, and of a pale green color; the lowest are often two feet long and four inches broad; the flowers are disposed in loose terminal panicles, and are furnished with long, linear, pointed bractes at the divisions of the peduncle; calyx bell- shaped, hairy, someAvhat viscid, and divided at its summit into five pointed segments; the tube of the corolla is twice as long as the calyx, of a greenish hue, swelling at the top into an oblong cup, and ulti- mately expanding into a flve-lobed, plaited, rose-colored border; the Avhole corolla is very viscid; the filaments incline to one side, and sup- port oblong anthers; the pistil consists of an oval germ, a slender style longer than the stamina, and a cleft stigma; the fruit is an ovate, tA\o- valved, tAvo-celled capsule, containing numerous reniform seeds, open- ing at the summit; the odor of the fresh plant is poisonous and fetid ; the taste is bitter, acrid, and nauseous. Preparation.—The dried leaves of the genuine Havana tobacco, finely poAvdered, are covered Avith five parts by weight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. 448 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. TAMUS COMMUNIS, Linn. Nat. Ord., Dioscoreacea?. Common Name, Black Bryony. This plant, a native of Europe from Belgium soutlvwards, Northern Africa and Western Asia, is found groAving in copses and hedges. Rootstock ovoid, black, fleshy, subterranean. Stem many feet long, very slender, angular, branched. Leaves two to three inches long, ovate-cordate, acuminate, long-petioled, obscurely laterally lobed, five to seven-nerved, tip setaceous; stipules reflexed. Flowers one-sixth inch in diameter; males solitary or fascicled on slender racemes Avhich are branched at the base; female racemes, one inch, shorter, recurved, feAV floAvered; bracts minute. Berry, one-half inch, oblong, red. FloAvers appear in May and June. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and pressed out in a piece of new linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part by weight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Amount of drug power, }. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. TANACETUM VULGARE, Linn. Synonym, Athanasia. Nat. Ord., Composite. Common Name, Tansy. Tansy is a perennial plant indigenous to Europe and Central Asia, and naturalized in many parts of North America, where it grows in old fields, along roadsides, and in the neighborhood of river banks. The stout and fibrous many-headed root sends up a cluster of nearly simple stems, which are about three feet high, roundish-angular, and frequently purplish at the base. The leaves are-'alternate, shortly pet- iolate or sessile, from five to ten inches long, and nearly half as Avide, smooth, dark green, dotted with oil glands, bipinnately divided, and the segments sounded, incised, or coarsely serrate. The floAvers are in a dense terminal corymb, have an imbricate involucre Avith numerous brown-margined scales, a convex naked receptacle, and numerous yel- low florets, Avith the marginal ones pistillate, but not ligulate. The akenes are obovate, about five-ribbed, and terniinate Avith a crown-like pappus. The plant commences to bloom in July. It has a strong, rather unpleasant odor, and an aromatic, pungent and bitter taste. Preparation.—Equal parts of the fresh leaves and blossoms are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one- sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decant- ing, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, l. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 449 TARAXACUM. Synonyms, Taraxacum Dens-leonis, Desfontaine. Taraxacum Officinale, Wiggers. Leontodon Taraxacum, Linn. Nat. Ord., Composita?. Common Names, Dandelion. Puff Ball. This is a perennial acaulescent herb, Avith a tuft of spreading, short- stalked radical leaves, which are about eight inches long, obovate- oblong, acute, and on the margin runcinately and coarsely serrate. The floAver-heads are terminal upon the hollow scapes, about one and a half inch in diameter, and have an erect impricate involucre, and numerous ligulate, yellow, five-toothed florets. The akene is com- pressed, obovate-oblong, and terminated by a silky-hairy, spreading pappus raised upon a long stalk. The root is from six to tAvelve inches, nearly cylindrical, one-half to one inch thick, crowned Avith several short, thickish heads above and furnished Avith few branches below. AVhen fresh, it is light yelloAvish-broAvn and fleshy. It is inodorous, and has a bitter taste. The plant grows in Avaste places, pastures, and on roadsides, and is met Avith in most countries of the Northern Hemisphere. Preparation.—The Avhole plant, Avith the root, gathered in April and May, before the floAver is opened, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and pressed out in a piece of neAV linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part by Aveight of alco- hol. This mixture is then allowed to stand in a well-stoppered bottle for eight days, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, \. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. TARENTULA CUBENSIS. Synonym, Tarantula. Class, Arachnida. Nat. Ord., Araneidea. Family, Lycosida?. Common Name, Cuban Spider. The Tarentula Cubensis, found in Cuba and Mexico, belongs to the same family as the Tarentula Hispana. "Although apparently alike, these species differ Avidely in their path- ogenetic and therapeutical effects. The Tarantula Hispana is a nerv- ous remedy, acting deeply and poAverfully on the cerebro-spinal sys- tem, and many cases of chorea, hysteria, etc., have been cured by this precious agent. " The Tarantula Cubensis, on the other hand, seems to be a toxa?mic remedy, acting directly on the blood, and being in this way an ana- logue of crotalus, apis, arsenicum, etc. It seems to be especially useful in malignant ulcers and abscesses, anthrax, and the like.—From Dr. J. Navarro's article, read before the Hom. Med. Soc. of N Y. Co., in the N. Y. Times, 1880. Preparation.—Dr. Navarro put the live spiders into a glass jar, 29 450 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. and by irritating them caused them to throw off their virus on the sides of the jar, whereupon strong alcohol Avas poured in, and from this tincture dilutions were made according to Class VI—ft. TARENTULA HISPANA. Synonym, Lycosa Tarantula. Class, Arachnida?. Nat. Ord., Araneidea. Family, Lycosida?. This hairy spider, frequently found in Spain, is a native of South America. The specimen used by Marquis Dr. Nunez, who first insti- tuted provings in 1864, Avere collected at Pardo, Spain. [See N. A. Jour, of Horn., Feb., 1872.] No appreciable difference seems to exist betAveen the virus of the male or female spider. Preparation.—Dr. Nunez triturated the live spider Avith sugar of milk to dryness. From this further triturations Avere made according to Class VII. TAXUS BACCATA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Conifera?. Common Names, Yew. Ground Hemlock. The yew is an evergreen shrub, or more frequently a tree of very sIoav groAvth, but attaining a height of thirty or forty feet. It is in- digenous to Asia, from Siberia southAvard to the Himalaya mountains, and westward to Syria, Northern Africa, and the greater part of Eu- rope. The tree has a red-brown bark, numerous, and spreading, or, in one variety, fastigiate branches, and closely placed, nearly sessile and tAVO-ranked or crowded leaves which are linear, entire, flat, somewhat curved, acute, glossy green above, pale green beneath, and about one inch long. The fruit or berry consists of a globular-ovate, acutish or • blunt, black-brown seed, surrounded by a fleshy cup-shaped scarlet-red arillus, which is open at the top, and at the base furnished with two or three rows of small scales. The leaves have an unpleasant terebintha- ceous odor, and a disagreeable bitter and acrid taste. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then take two-thirds by weight of alcohol, add it to the pulp, stirring and mixing it Avell, and strain through a piece of new linen. The tincture thus obtained is allowed to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, J. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. TECOMA RADICANS, Jussieu. Synonym, Bignonia Radicans, Linn. Nat. Ord., Bignoniacea?. Common Name, Trumpet Creeper. This is a climbing plant, grows in rich soil, from Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward, but is also cultivated farther north. It climbs HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 451 by rootlets; leaves pinnate; leaflets five to eleven, ovate, pointed, toothed; flowers corymbed; calyx bell-shaped, five-toothed; corolla funnel-form, five-lobed, a little irregular, tAvo to three inches long, orange and scarlet, and A'ery showy ; stamens four, not protruded be- yond the tubular funnel-form corolla; seeds transA^ersely winged. Flow- ers from July to September. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and fil- tering. Amount of drug power, I. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. TELA ARANEA. Common Names, Spider's Web. ColiAveb. The genus Aranea of Linna?us has been divided by subsequent natur- alists into several genera, of Avhich the Tegeneria of Walkenaer is the one that includes the medicinal species of spider. The T. domestica of Europe, and T. medicinalis of this country, are the particular species which have attracted most attention. They inhabit cellars, barns, and other dark places, and are of a brown or blackish color. It is affirmed that the Aveb of the field spider is inefficacious, while that collected in the cellars of houses, etc., has extraordinary medical virtues. Preparation.—The recently spun web, free from dust, is triturated as directed under Class VII. TELLURIUM. Symbol, Te. Atomic Weight, 64. Origin and Preparation of Tellurium.—This element possesses many of the characters of a metal, but it bears so close a resemblance to selenium, both in its physical properties and its chemical relations, that it is most appropriately placed in the same group Avith that body. Tellurium is found in a few scarce minerals in association with gold, silver, lead and bismuth, apparently replacing sulphur, and is most easily extracted from the bismuth sulpho-telluride of Chemnitz in Saxony. The finely powdered ore is mixed with an equal weight of dry sodium carbonate, the mixture made into a paste with oil, and heated to Avhiteness in a closely covered crucible. Sodium telluride and sul- phide are thereby produced, and metallic bismuth is set free. The fused mass is dissolved in water, and the solution freely exposed to the air, when the sodium and sulphur oxidize to sodium hydrate and hypo- sulphite, while the tellurium separates in the metallic state. Properties.—Tellurium has the color and lustre of silver; by fii- o n and sIoav cooling it may be made to exhibit the form of rhombo- 452 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. hedral crystals similar to those of antimony and arsenic. It is brittle, and a comparatively bad conductor of heat and electricity; it has a density of 6.26, melts at a little beloAV a red heat, and volatilizes at a higher temperature. Tellurium burns Avhen heated in the air, and is oxidized by nitric acid. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Tellurium is triturated, as directed under Class VII. TEREBINTHINA. Synonym, Oleum Terebinthina?. Common Name, Oil of Turpentine. Preparation of Oil of Turpentine.—Oil of turpentine is ob- taineol by distilling the oleoresinous exudation of various species of pinus. The crude turpentine is put into a large still, heat is applied, and Avater added from time to time to the contents of the still. The distillation is continued as long as oil passes over, Avhen the resinous mass is run off through a stop-cock placed at the bottom of the still, is passed through several strainers, and then constitutes rosin. On con- densing the distillate, the oil of turpentine separates from the water and is dipped into barrels in which it enters commerce. Properties.—Oil of tupentine is a colorless, thin, volatile oil, the density of Avhich varies between 0.86 and 0.87. When recently recti- fied it boils at about 150° C. (302° F.); but the temperature usually rises as the distillation progresses, and old oil does not generally com- mence to boil below 155° or 160° C. (311° or 320° F.). Odor and taste are peculiar, strongly terebinth in ate, differing to some decree ac- cording to the source from which the oil has been obtained. When re- cently distilled, particularly after rectification Avith Avater, the odor is rather mild, but after exposure to air it becomes stronger, more un- pleasant and pungent; the oil then contains ozone, and gradually ac- quires a yellowish color and thicker consistence; at the same time resin and formic and acetic acids are produced, and, in the presence of moist- ure, also a hydrate of the oil. Oil of turpentine dissolves in ten or tAvelve parts of alcohol, of sp. gr. 0.835, and in a much smaller quan- tity of stronger alcohol. Bromine and poAvdered iodine act violently upon oil of turpentine; nitric acid oxidizes it, the violence of the ac- tion and the final products being influenced by the strength of the acid. Gaseous hydrochloric acid unites Avith oil of turpentine, form- ing two compounds: one, having the composition C10 H16 HC1, is known as artificial camphor, is crystallizable, and has the odor and taste of ordinary camphor, but is less pungent and somewhat terebin- thinate. Purification.—The partially resinified oil is best purified by recti- fication Avith Avater. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—One part by weight of purified oil of turpentine is dissolved in fifty parts by weight of alcohol. Amount of drug power, T^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—ft. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 453 TEUCRIUM. Synonyms, Teucrium Marum, Linn. Marum Verum. Herba Cyriaci. Marjorana Syriaca. Nat. Ord., Labiata?. Common Names, Syrian Herb Mastich. Cat Thyme. This plant is indigenous to South Europe and Africa, and is culti- vated in many parts of Europe. It is shrubby, about ten inches high, and much branched. The leaves are about one-third of an inch long, petiolate, oval, Avith the margin entire and re volute, and Avhitish tomentose beneath. The rose-red flowers are single in the axils of the bracts, forming a one-sided spike-like raceme. The plant blooming in June and July, has a strong smell and taste, similar to camphor and valerian. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered shortly before the plant comes into bloom, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and pressed out in a piece of neAV linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled Avith an equal part by Aveight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle in a dark, cool place and then filtered. Amount of drug poAver, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. THASPIUM AUREUM, Nidtall. Synonyms, Zizia Aurea, Koch. Smyrnium Aureum, Linn, Sium Trifoliatum. Sison Aureus. Nat. Ord., Umbellifera?. Common Names, Golden Alexanders. MeadoAv Parsnip. This plant is indigenous to the United States and Canada, groAving along moist river-banks and in meadows. Stems from one to two feet high, are branching above, rather slender, erect, hollow, angular-fur- roAved, smooth as well as every other part of the plant, and furnished Avith few leaves. Leaves biternate; leaflets oval-lanceolate, serrate. The loAver leaves are on long petioles. The umbels are about two inches broad, of ten to fifteen rays, the umbellets half an inch broad, dense. FloAvers numerous, orange-yelloAV, and appear in June. Fruit oval, bro>Avn, with prominent ribs. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a AArell-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. THEA CHINENSIS. Synonyms, Camellia Thea. Nat. Ord., Camelliacea?. Common Name, Tea. 454 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Tea is obtained from a shrub, Avhich is indigenous to Southern or Southeastern Asia, and has been cultivated in India, China, and Japan from a \rery early period. It is usually from four to eight feet high. It has numerous alternate branches, furnished Avith elliptical-oblong or lanceolate, pointed leaves, AA'hich are serrate except at the base, smooth on both sides, green, shining, marked Avith one rib and many transverse veins, and .supported alternately upon short footstalks. They are tAvo or three inches long, and from half an inch to an inch in breadth. The floAvers are either solitary, or supported, two or three together, at the axils of the leaves. They are of considerable size, not unlike those of the myrtle in appearance, consisting of a short green calyx Avith five or six lobes, of a corolla Avith from four to nine large unequal snow- Avhite petals, of numerous stamens Avith yelloAv anthers and connected at their base, and of a pistil Avith a three-parted style. The fruit is a three-celled and three-seeded capsule. Preparation.—Pekoe-tea is finely powdered and covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol. Having poured it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, it is alloAved to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and fil- tered. Amount of drug power, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. THEIN. Synonym, Theina. Preparation of Theina.—Tea contains 11 to 4 per cent, ot theina, Avhich was discovered by Oudry (1827), and by Mulder and Jobst (1838) proved to be identical Avith caffeina. It may be obtained by sublimation on carefully heating powdered tea leaves; or, accord- ing to Cazeneuve and Caillot (1877), by macerating in a water-bath and drying a mixture of one part of cut tea leaA^es, four of" Avater, and one of slaked lime; the residue is exhausted Avith chloroform; this is distilled off, and the greenish mass treated Avith boiling water; the solution is passsed through a moist filter, and on cooling and con- centrating yields the alkaloid. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Theina is triturated as directed under Classs VII. THERIDION CURASSAVICUM. Synonym, Aranya. Class, Arachnoidea. Order, Aranea?. Family, Sedentaria?. Common Names, Black Spider of Cnracoa, Orange Spider. This spider is about the size of a cherry-stone, and found on orange trees in the AVest Indies. When young, it is velvety-black in appear- ance, marked Avith antero-posterior lines composed of white dots. At the posterior part of the body there are three orange-red spots, while upon the belly there is a large, square, yellow spot. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 455 Preparation.—The live spider is crushed and covered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol. Having poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug power, fa. Triturations are prepared as directed under Class IV. THLASPI BURSA PASTORIS, Linn. Synonym, Capsella Bursa Pastoris, Mcench. Nat. Ord., Crucifera?. Common Name, Shepherd's Purse. This annual is a native of Europe, but is extensively naturalized in most civilized countries. It has clustered, more or less deeply serrate or pinnatifid root leaves, a stem about a foot or more high, Avith ar- roAV-shaped sessile leaves and numerous small Avhite floAvers in terminal corymbs, Avhich become much elongated. The fruit is a triangular ob- cordate pouch, Avhich is laterally flattened, has a narrow partition, and contains numerous minute, broAvn seeds. It flowers from early spring to autumn, and has, particularly in summer, an acrid and bitter taste. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered Avhen in flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then take two-thirds by Aveight of alcohol, add it to the pulp, stirring and mixing it Avell together, and strain through a piece of new linen. The tincture thus obtained is allowed to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. THUYA. Synonyms, Thuya Occidentalis, Linn. Cedrus Lycea. Nat. Ord., Con if era?. Common Names, Arbor Vita?. Tree of Life. White Cedar. This is an indigenous evergreen tree, growing wild from Canada to the Carolinas, also cultivated for ornament in our gardens. It is a branchy tree from its root, sometimes rising some thirty feet in height;- the branches are flat, compressed, and standing out on all sides; leaves short, evergreen, overlapping like tiles, Avith obtuse scales, disposed in four ranks; flowers mostly monoecious on different branches, in Arery small terminal ovoid catkins. Stamens Avith a scale-like filament or connective, bearing four anther-cells. Fertile catkins of few imbri- cated scales, fixed by the base, each bearing two erect ovules, dry and spreading at maturity. Cotyledons tAvo. Scales of the cones pointless; seeds broadly winged all round. The flowers appear in May and June, and are of a broAvnish-yellow color. The leaves Avhen rubbed between the hands give off a pungent aromatic resinous odor. Preparation.—The fresh leaves, gathered Avhen the plant is just floAvering, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then 456 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. take two-thirds by Aveight of alcohol, mix it Avith the pulp, and strain through a piece of hcav linen, and alloAV it to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filter. Drug poAver of tincture, \■. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. THYMUS. Synonym, Thymus Serpyllum, Linn. - Nat. Ord., Labiata?. Common Name, Wild Thyme. This perennial little plant is very common in France and Germany, and grows on sunny hills, pasture-grounds, along roads and ditches. Root ligneous, branchy; stems some erect, others creeping, downy, thin, ligneous, quadrangular; leaves oblong-oval, glabrous or hairy, on short peduncles, blunt or rounded, dark green on the upper surface, paler and spotted on the lower, veined; flowers blue-red or reddish-blue in capitate verticils at the end of the stems; calyx ovate, two-lipped, thir- teen nerved, hairy in the throat; the upper lip three-toothed, spread- ing; the lower two-cleft, with the aAvl-shaped divisions ciliate. Cor- olla short, slightly two-lipped; the upper lip straight and fattish, notched at the apex; the loAver three-cleft. Stamens four, straight and distant, usually exserted. Preparation.—The fresh plant, in flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then add tAvo-thirds by Aveight of alcohol, mix Avith pulp, and strain through a piece of new linen, and alloAV it to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filter. Drug power of tincture, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. TILIA. Synonym, Tilia Europcea, Linn. Nat. Ord., Tiliacea?. Common Name, Lime or Linden Tree. This is a handsome tree, indigenous to Europe, sometimes 120 feet in height, but generally not above half that size. Leaves stalked, broadly heart-shaped or nearly orbicular, often oblique, and ahvays pointed, serrate on the edge, glabrous above and more or less downy underneath, especially in the angles of the principal veins. Peduncles hanging amongst the leaves, bordered or winged half Avay up by the long, narroAV, leaf-like bract. Flowers sweet-scented, of a pale, Avhitish- green. Nut Avoocly, globular, becoming one-celled and one or tA\*o- seeded. Preparation.—The fresh blossoms, freed from the peduncle, are pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alco- hol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 457 in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAA'er of tincture, h. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. TITANIUM. Symbol, Ti. Atomic Weight, 50. Origin and Preparation of Titanium.—This is one of the rarer metals, and is never found in the metallic state. The most important titanium minerals are rutile, brookite, and anatase, Avhich are different forms of titanic oxide, and the several varieties of titaniferous iron, consisting of ferrous titanate, sometimes alone, but more generally mixed Avith ferric or ferroso-ferric oxide. Occasionally in the slag adhering to the bottom of blast-furnaces in Avhich iron ore is reduced, small brilliant copper-coloreol cubes, hard enough to scratch glass, and in the highest degree infusible, are found. This substance, of Avhich a single smelting furnace in the Hartz produced as much as 80 pounds, Avas formerly believed to be metallic titanium. Recent re- searches of Wohler, hoAvever, have shoAvn it to be a combination of titanium cyanide with titanium nitride. When these crystals are poAv- dered, mixed with potassium hydrate and fused, ammonia is evolved, and potassium titanate is formed. Metallic titanium in a finely divided state may be obtained by heating titanium and potassium flouride with potassium. This element is remarkable for its affinity for nitrogen; when heated in the air, it simultaneously absorbs oxygen and nitrogen. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Metallic titanium is triturated as directed under Class VII. TRADESCANTIA DIURETICA, Mariius. Synonym, Tradescantia Commelina. Nat. Ord., Commelynacea?. Common Name, Spidenvort. This herbaceous plant is pretty common in Brazil. Its ramose and cylindrical stems are erect or a little inclined; the leaAres are alternate, sheathed, somewhat lanceolate, and constituting at the extremity of the branches tufts Avhence arise long pedicles, each of Ayhich carries from four to six floAvers; perianth double, three-leaved, the outer one having sharp, herbaceous divisions, and the inner one being petaloid and blue- colored. Stamens six fertile; a free tri-locular ovary, surmounted by a simple style. Preparation.—The fresh leaves, gathered at time of flowering, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. 458 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. TRIFOLIUM. Synonym, Trifolium Pratense, Linn. Nat. Ord., Leguminosa?. Common Name, Red Clover. This is a biennial plant, common throughout the United States. Stems ascending, someAvhat hairy; leaflets oval or obovate, often notched at the end and marked on the upper side with a pale spot; stipules broad, bristle-pointed; heads ovate, sessile. Preparation.—The fresh blossoms are pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp Avith one:sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a Avell- stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, «. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. TRIFOLIUM ARVENSE, Linn. Nat. Ord., Leguminosa?. Common Names, Rabbit Foot. Stone Clover. This species is a native of Europe and Central Asia, and has been introduced into America, where it is found growing in old fields. Stems are fr jm five to ten inches high, silky and branching; leaflets oblanceolate; heads becoming very soft-silky and grayish, oblong or cylindrical; calyx-teeth silky-plumose, longer than the whitish corolla; root annual. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered in July and freed from all ligneous stalks, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a Avell-stop- pered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, &. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. TRILLIUM. Synonyms, Trillium Pendulum, Aiton and Muhlenberg. Trillium Album. Nat. Ord., Smilacea?. Common Name, White Beth-Root. This is an indigenous plant, common in the Middle and Western States, growing in rich soils, in damp, rocky and shady woods. Root oblong, tuberous, from which arises a slender stem, from ten to fifteen inches in height. Leaves three, Avhorled at the top of the stem, sub- orbicular rhomboidal, abruptly acuminate, from three to five inches in diameter, on petioles about a line in length. Flowers Avhite, solitary, terminal, cernuous, on a recurved peduncle, from one to two and a half HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 459 inches long. Sepals green, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, an inch long. Petals Avhite, oblong-ovate, acute, one and a quarter inches in length, by half an inch broad. Styles three, erect, with curved stigma. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. TRIOSTEUM PERFOLIATUM, Linn. Nat. Ord., Caprifoliacea?. Common Name, Fe\'er-Wort. This perennial herb is indigenous, found in rich woodlands. Its stems are from two to four feet high, softly hairy; leaves oval, abruptly narrowed beloAV, doAvny beneath; floAvers sessile, mostly clustered, brownish-purple, appearing in June. Calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate leaf-like, persistent. Corolla tubular, gibbous at the base, somewhat equally five-lobed, scarcely longer than the calyx; stamens five. Ovary mostly three-celled, in fruit forming a rather dry drupe, orange-colored, half an inch long, containing as many angled and ribbed one-seeded bony nutlets. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. TROMBIDIUM MUSCiE DOMESTICS. Synonyms, Trombidium Holosericeum. Leptus Auctumnalis. Class, Arachnoida?. Order, Acarida?. Family, Thrombidida?. A minute bright red acarus, found under the wings of the common house-fly in Philadelphia, the provings of which Avere made by Dr. C. Hering. Preparation.—The entire acarus is crushed, and covered with fifty parts by Aveight of alcohol. Having poured it into a Avell-stop- pered bottle, it is alloAved to remain eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug power, T-J-7. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class VI—ft. 460 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. TUSSILAGO PETASITES, Linn. Synonym, Petasitides Vulgaris. Nat. Ord., Composita?. Common Names, Butter-Bur. Pestilence Wort. This plant is a native of Europe. Leaves, the small ones or scales numerous, oblong or linear, entire and erect; the radical ones appear- ing much later than the flower stems, angular and toothed, covered underneath Avith a loose, Avhite, cottony avooI, of Avhich there is a little also on the upper side. FloAvering stems not in tufts, as in the Com- mon Coltsfoot, often a foot high Avhen full-grown, Avith many flower- heads of a dull pinkish-purple, in a narrow oblong terminal panicle, and almost dioecious. The male plant has a looser panicle of smaller heads, J;he florets either all tubular and male (the pistil, although apparently perfect, having no ovule and forming no seed), or Avith a few piliform female ones on the outside; the female panicle more com- pact, the heads larger, the florets all filiform, or with a feAV tubular male ones in the centre. Preparation.—The fresh plant is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcoho. is added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. UPAS TIEUTE. Synonym, Strychnos Tieute, Leschenault. Nat Ord., Apocynacea?. Common Name, Upas Tree. Upas tieute is very poisonous, and has long been used by the na- tives of Java and other East India islands for poisoning their arrow- heads. It is obtained from the bark of the root of the climbing Avoody plant, growing exclusively in Java, anol belonging to the genus Strychnos, specially designated by Leschenault as Strychnos Tieute. A decoction of the bark is concentrated to the consistence of syrup, then mixed Avith onions, garlic, pepper, etc., and alloAved to stand until it becomes clear. Leschenault, having dipped the point of an arrow into the poison and allowed it to dry, pricked a chicken Avith it, which died in a minute or tAvo of violent convulsions. MM. Delille and Ma- gendie found that the poison had not lost its strength in four years. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use. —One part by Aveight of upas tieute is dissolved in fifty parts Aveight of alcohol. Amount of drug power, T^7. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class ArI—ft. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 461 URANIUM NITRICUM. Synonyms, Uranic Nitrate. Uranii Nitras. Common Name, Nitrate of Uranium. Formula, U02 2N03. 6H20. Origin and Preparation.—This salt may be prepared from pitchblende by dissolving the pulverized mineral in nitric acid, evap- orating to dryness, adding Avater and filtering; the liquid yields, by due evaporation, crystals of uranic nitrate, Avhich are purified by a repetition of the process, and, lastly, by dissolving in ether. This latter solution yields the pure nitrate. Properties.—Uranic nitrate is in the form of lemon-yellow, pris- matic, deliquescent crystals, soluble in Avater and alcohol. The prep- aration of this salt should be kept from the light. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use —The pure nitrate of uranium is triturated as directed under Class VII. URTICA. Synonyms, Urtica Urens, Linn. Urtica Minora. Nat. Ord., Urticacea?. Common Names, Common Nettle. DAA-arf Stinging Nettle. This annual plant is common in Avaste places, along hedges and road- sides, throughout the greater part of Europe and Northern Asia, and has been thoroughly naturalized in North America Avhere it is less abundant, hoAvever, than the taller perennial Urtica Dioica. It is cov- ered Avith stinging hairs, and has opposite stipulate and petiolate leaves. The plant is from eight to tAvelve inches high. The leaves are one or two inches long, pale green, elliptic, deeply serrate, and almost five- nerved. The small and loose floAver clusters appear in axillary pairs. Preparation.—The entire fresh plant, gathered Avhen in floAver, is choppeol and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After hav- ing stirred the Avhole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. URTICA DIOICA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Urticacea?. Common Name, Great or Large Nettle. This is a perennial, common in waste places, along hedges and road- sides, throughout the greater part of Europe and Northern Asia, and has been thoroughly naturalized in North America, Avhere it is more abundant than the small annual Urtica urens. It is covered Avith stiff, stinging hairs, and has opposite stipulate and petiolate leaves. The plant is from two to three feet high. The leaves are two or three inches long, dark green above, whitish downy beneath, ovate or ovate- 462 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. lanceolate, heart-shaped, pointed and coarsely serrate. The small, greenish floAvers are usually dioecious, in small clusters, and these are arranged in branching and hanging spikes. ( Preparation.—The fresh herb, gathered when coming into floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After hav- ing stirred the Avhole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. USTILAGO MAYDIS. Nat. Ord., Fungi. Common Names, Maize Smut. Corn Smut. This is a fungus found groAving on the Indian corn. Lea Mays.—It is often as large, sometimes larger than an orange. It is covered Avith a dark gray or Jbrown epidermis, which bursts Avhen ripe. The spores are spherical, minute, their surface covered with echinulate warts like prickles; they are deep-seated, nearly black and pulverulent, having the appearance of soot under the naked eye. Preparation.—The fresh, just ripe fungus, is powdered and cov- ered Avith five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug power, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. Triturations of the ripe fungus are prepared as directed under Class VII. UVA URSI. Synonyms, Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi, Sprengel. Arbutus Uva Ursi, Linn. Daphnidostaphylis Feudleri Ana. Nat. Ord., Ericacea?. Common Name, Bearberry. The bearberry is a trailing, much branched, evergreen shrub, which is distributed throughout the northern portion of the Northern hemi- sphere, and groAvs in most parts of Europe, in Northern Asia, and throughout the North American continent as far south as New Jersey. It is found in dry, rocky, or sandy places, and in pine Avoods; south- Avard it groAvs chiefly in hilly or mountainous regions. The leaves are nearly sessile, one inch or less in length, about one-quarter of an inch Avide, obovate or oblong-spatulate, entire, and slightly revolute on the margin, obtuse or someAvhat retuse at the apex, and almost Avedge- shaped at the base. They have a leathery texture, a dark green, rather glossy upper surface, with depressed veins, and are paler, smooth and reticulately-veined beneath. The shrub bears short and drooping HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 463 racemes of from three to tAvelve Avhitish, urn-shaped floAvers, and small, bright red drupes, containing five flattened nutlets, each Avith one seed! The floAvers appear in May, and the fruit ripens in autumn. Preparation.—The fresh leaves, gathered in autumn, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then take two-thirds by Aveight of alcohol and add it to the pulp, stirring and mixing it Avell, and then strain through a piece of neAV linen. The tincture thus obtained is alloAved to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place and then filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, ?. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. VACCININUM. Common Names, Vaccine Virus. Bovine Virus. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The genuine vaccine matter, taken fresh from a; healthy young heifer, is triturated as di- rected under Class VIII. VALERIANA OFFICINALE, Linn. Synonym, Phu Germanicum. Nat. Ord., Valerianacea?. Common Name, Great Wild Valerian. This is a large handsome herbaceous plant, a native of Europe. It has a perennial root, and an erect, round, channeled stem, from two to four feet high, furnished Avith opposite pinnate leaves, and terminating in floAvering branches. The leaves of the stem are attached by short, broad sheaths; the radical leaves are larger and stand on long footstalks. In the former the leaflets are lanceolate and partially dentate, in the latter elliptical and deeply serrate. The flowers are small, Avhite or rose-colored, agreeably odorous, and disposed in terminal corymbs, in- terspersed with pear-shaped pointed bracts. The fruit is a capsule con- taining one oblong-ovate, compressed seed. The plant is a native of Europe, where it grows either in damp woods and meadows, or on dry elevated grounds. The root, which is the officinal portion, is collected in spring before the stem begins to shoot, or in the autumn when the leaves decay. It should be dried quickly, and kept in a dry place. It consists of numerous long, slender, cylindrical fibres, issuing from a tuberculated head or rhizome. It has a peculiar odor, and at first a sweetish, afterwards bitter and aromatic taste. Preparation.—The dried root, finely powdered, is covered with five parts by weight of alcohol and alloAved to remain eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, j1^. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. VARIOLINUM. Common Name, Small-Pox Virus. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use—The contents of a ripe small-pox pustule are triturated as directed under Class VIII. 464 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. VERATRUM ALBUM, Linn. Synonyms, Elleborum Album. Helleborus Albus. Nat. Ord., Melanthacea?. Common Names, White Hellebore. European Hellebore. This is a herbaceous perennial, groAving in moist meadoAvs of the Pyrenees and Alps, and eastAvard throughout Russia, Siberia, Northern China, and Japan. The stem is tAvo to four feet high, and has numer- ous alternate elliptic, or broadly oval, entire leaves, Avhich are about six inches long, strongly ribbed, and plicate, and sheathing at the base; the upper ones are smaller, narroAver, and lanceolate in form. The in- florescence is a large racemose panicle, tAvelve to eighteen inches long, Avith polygamous flowers, having six spreading lance-oblong, yelloAvish- Avhite, and externally green sepals. The three-horned fruit consists of three partly united follicles, containing numerous flattened and Avinged seeds. The root-stock is fusiform, fleshy, of a dull blackish-gray color externally, pale yellowish-gray Avithin, tough, and resinous. It is beset Avith long cylindrical fibres of a grayish color, as Avell as some soft, fine, hair-like fibres. The root is inodorous; its taste is bitterish and burningly acrid. Preparation.—The dried root, finely powdered, is covered with five parts by weight of alcohol and allowed to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug poAver of tincture, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. VERATRUM VIRIDE, Aiton. Synonym, Helonias Viridis. Nat. Ord., Melanthacea?. Common Names, American Hellebore. SAvamp Hellebore. Indian Poke. Green Hellebore. Wolf's Bane. The American hellebore has a perennial, thick, fleshy root or rhi- zome, the upper portion of which is tunicated, the loAver solid, and be- set Avith numerous whitish fibres or radicles. The stem is annual, round, striated, pubescent, and solid, from three to six feet in height, furnished Avith bright green leaves, and terminating in a panicle of greenish-yellow floAvers. The leaves gradually decrease in size as they ascend. The loAver are from six inches to a foot long, oval, acuminate, plaited, nerved, and pubescent; and embrace the stem at their base, thus affording it a sheath for a considerable portion of its length. Those on the upper part of the stem, at the origin of the flowering branches, are oblong-lanceolate. The panicle consists of numerous flowers, distributed in racemes with downy peduncles. Each flower is accompanied Avith a downy, pointed bract, much longer than its ped- icel. There is no calyx, and the corolla is divided into.six oval acute segments, thickened on the inside at their base, Avith the three alternate segments longer than the others. The six stamens have recurved fila- ments and roundish, tAvo-lobed anthers. The germs are three, Avith re- HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 465 curved styles as long as the stamens. Some of the floAvers have only the rudiments of pistils. Those on the upper end of the branchlets are barren, those on the lower portion fruitful. The fruit consists of three coher- ing capsules, separating at the top, opening on the inner side, and containing flat impricated seeds. This indigenous species of Areratrum is found from Canada to the Carolinas, inhabiting swamps, wet meadoAVS, and the banks of moun- tain streamlets. Early in the spring, before the stem rises, it bears a slight resemblance to the Symplacarpus fcetidus, Avith which it is very frequently associated; but the latter sends forth no stem. Preparation.—The fresh root, gathered in autumn, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part 'of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. VERBASCUM. Synonyms, Verbascum Thapsus, Linn. Thapsus Barbatus. Nat. Ord., Scrophulariacea?. Common Names, Mullein. Blattaria. This plant is a native of Europe, but has become naturalized in North America, where it is found very frequently in fields, etc. The whole plant is densely Avooly throughout; stem tall and stout, simple, Avinged by the decurrent bases of the oblong acute leaves; flowers (yel- low, very rarely Avhite) in a prolonged and very dense cylindrical spike; loAver stamens usually beardless; pod globular, many-seeded. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered when coming into bloom, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After hav- ing stirred the whole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. VERBENA HASTATA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Verbenacea?. Common Names, Blue Vervain. Purvain. Wild Hyssop. This plant is indigenous to this country, where it is found very fre- quently on low and waste grounds. It is tall; from four to six feet high; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, cut-serrate, petioled, the lower often lobed and sometimes halberd-shaped at the 30 466 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. base; spikes linear, erect, densely flowered, corymbed or panicled. Flowers are produced all summer. Preparation.—The fresh plant, in flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having' mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and fil- tering. Amount of drug poAver, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. VERBENA OFFICINALIS, Linn. Synonym, Verbena Maris. Nat. Ord., Verbenacea?. Common Names, Vervain. Verbena. White Vervain. This plant groAvs in Germany and the south of Europe, in sandy places, along roads, hedges, and on heaps of rubbish. Stem is erect, from one to three feet high, loosely branched; leaves pinnatifid or three- cleft, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, smooth above, the lobes cut and toothed ; spikes panicled, very slender; bracts small, much shorter than the very small purplish floAvers. Flowers appear all summer. Preparation.—The fresh herb, in floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then add two-thirds by weight of alcohol, stir Avell, and strain through a piece of new linen. The tincture thus ob- tained is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Amount of drug power, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. VERBENA URTIC^FOLIA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Verbenacea?. Common Name, Nettle-Leaved or White Vervain. This plant is found growing in old fields and roadsides in Mexico, West Indies and America. The stems are rather tall; leaves oval or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely serrate, petioled; spikes very slender, at length much elongated, with the flowers remote, loosely panicled, very small, Avhite. Preparation.—The fresh plant, in flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo-thirds by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed it well with the pulp, it is pressed out in a piece of new linen. This tincture is alloAved to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place and then filtered. Amount of drug power, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 467 VERONICA BECCABUNGA, Linn. Synonyms, Yerionica Americana. Verionica Anagallis. Nat. Ord., Scrophulariacea?. Common Name, Brooklime. It groAvs in Europe and Asia near springs and in brooks, and has a smooth stem, decumbent at the base, and then erect to the height of eight to fifteen inches, Avith opposite, short petiolate, oval or oblong, crenate-serrate, obtuse and smooth leaves, about one and a half inch long, and Avith axillary loose racemes of pale blue and veined flowers. It is inodorous, but has a bitterish, somewhat saline, and slightly pun- gent taste. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered when in bloom, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then add two-thirds by weight of alcohol to the pulp, stirring and mixing well, and strain through a piece of new linen. The tincture thus obtained is allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. VESPA CRABRO. Class, Insecta. Order, Hymenoptera. Family, Vesparia?. Common Name, Wasp. The common wasp of Europe. Preparation —Live wasps are put into a bottle, and after being aggravated by shaking, are drenched Avith five times their weight of strong alcohol and allowed to remain eight days, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Amount of drug power, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. VIBURNUM OPULUS, Linn. Synonyms, Viburnum Edule. Viburnum Oxycoccus. Nat. Ord., Caprifoliacea?. Common Names, High Cranberry. Sheep's Berry. SnoAvball. This shrub has nearly smooth, upright stems, from five to ten feet high; leaves three to five-ribbed, strongly three-lobed, brotidly wedge- shaped or truncate at the base, the spreading lobes pointed, mostly toothed on the sides, entire in the sinuses; petioles bearing two glands at the apex, cymes peduncled. Fruit spherical, pleasantly acid, bright red; the stone very flat, smooth and even, nearly orbicular; leaf-buds enclosed in one or two pairs of scales. It grows in low grounds, along streams; common northward and southward in the Alleghanies to the borders of Maryland. Preparation.—The fresh bark of the root is pounded to fine pulp 468 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days, in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. VIBURNUM PRUNIFOLIUM, Linn. Nat. Ord., Caprifoliacea?. Common Names, Black ILuv. Plum-leaved Viburnum. The black haAv is a tall shrub or small tree from ten to tAventy feet high, and grows in thickets throughout the greater portion of the United States east of the Mississippi. Its leaves are opposite, about tAvo inches long, shining, oval or obovate, sharply serrulate, and have short, slightly margined petioles. The small Avhite pentamerous floAvers are in terminal cymes, have a Avheel-shaped corolla, and produce small blue-black edible drupes containing a flattish smooth putamen. Preparation.—The fresh ripe fruit is pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and hav- ing mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a Avell - stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug poAver, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. VINCA MINOR, Linn. Synonym, Vinca Pervinca. Nat;. Ord., Asclepiadacea?. Common Name, Lesser Periwinkle. This evergreen is a native of Europe, and is found in shaded Avoods and stony slopes or hedges, and is also frequently reared in gardens for ornament. It has a creeping root-stock, long, trailing, barren shoots, Avith short, erect, floAvering stems, about six inches high. Leaves are narrow-ovate or oblong, evergreen, shining, and perfectly glabrous, opposite and entire. Pedicels shorter than the leaves. Corolla small, blue, the tube broad, almost bell-shaped, with a flat spreading limb, Avith five broad, oblique segments, tAvisted in the bud; stamens five, enclosed in the tube. It differs from Vinca Major in its smaller size, more trailing habit, narrower leaves, which are perfectly glabrous, and shorter and broader segments to the calyx, without any hairs on their edges. The floAvers appear in April and May. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered at the beginning of flow- ering, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then add two- thirds by weight of alcohol to the pulp, stirring and mixing Avell together, and strain through a piece of neAV linen. The tincture thus HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 469 obtained is alloAved to stand eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and then filtered. Drug power of tincture, h Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class II. VIOLA ODORATA, Linn. Synonym, Viola Imberis. Viola Suavis. Nat. Ord., Violacea?. Common Name, Sweet-scented Violet. The SAveet-scented violet is indigenous to Europe and Northern Asia, is frequently cultivated, and groAvs to a certain extent spontaneously in various parts of North America. It has an oblique rhizome, and produces long, filiform runners. The leaves are reniform or heart- shaped, obtuse and crenate. The floAvers are dark blue, bearded, and have a very agreeable odor. FloAvers appear in March and April. Preparation.—The fresh plant, gathered Avhen in floAver, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, and having mixeol the pulp thoroughly with one- sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straming and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, I. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. VIOLA TRICOLOR, Linn. Synonyms, Viola Trinitatis. Jacea. Nat. Ord., Violacea?. Common Names, Pansy. Heart's Ease. This is an annual or biennial, indigenous to Europe and Northern Asia, naturalized in the United States, and frequently cultivated in many varieties as an ornamental plant. It has a thin spindle-shaped root, and an erect or ascending angular and branching, nearly smooth stem. The leaves vary betAveen roundish-cordate and oval, crenate nearly entire, are about an inch long, petiolate, and have prominent lyrately-pinnatifid stipules. The floAvers are on long peduncles, and have the corolla partly yelloAvish, blue and purple, or occasionally yel- lowish, and in the cultivated varieties very variable. The herb is in- odorous, and has a bitterish and slightly acrid taste. The floAvers ap- pear from April to September. Preparation.—The fresh plants, gathered when in flower (those bearing yellow and blue floAvers are preferable), are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, strain- ing and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. 470 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. VIPERA REDI. Class, Reptilia. Order, Ophidia. Family, Viperida?. Common Name, Italian Viper. Short provings of the virus of thi£ reptile are given in Jahr's Symp- tomen Codex. Preparation.—The fresh poison is triturated as directed under Class VIII. VIPERA TORVA. Class, Reptilia. Order, Ophidia. Family, Viperida?. Common Name, German Viper. Short provings of the virus of this reptile are given in Jahr's Symp- tomen Codex. Preparation.—The fresh poison is triturated as directed under Class VIII. VISCUM ALBUM, Linn. Synonym, Viscum Flavescens. Nat. Ord., Loranthacea?. Common Name, Mistletoe. The mistletoes are small parasitic evergreen shrubs, groAving mostly upon deciduous-leaved trees, and penetrating with their simple roots through the bark into the Avood. Viscum album is indigenous to Eu- rope, and is chiefly found upon apple, pear, plum and similar trees, but grows also upon poplars, birches, beeches and others. The shrub is of a yelloAvish-green color, one-half to two feet high, much branched, jointed, and have opposite, often scale-like leaves and monoecious or dioecious flowers in small clusters or short spikes. The leaves are entire, vary- ing from narrow oblong to nearly obovate, thick and fleshy, and always obtuse. Berry white, semi-transparent, enclosing a single seed, surrounded by a very glutinous pulp. Preparation.—Equal parts of the fresh berries and leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then tAvo parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After hav- ing stirred the whole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug poAver of tincture, I. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. VITIS VINIFERA, Linn. Nat. Ord., Vitacea?. Common Name, Common Grape Wine. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 471 The common grape vine is a nathre of Central Asia, but has become naturalized in nearly all temperate climates. Leaves cordate, sinuately flve-lobed, glabrous or tomentose; flowers all perfect. By cultivation it sports into endless varieties, differing in the form, color, size and flavor of the fruit, and in respect to the hardiness of its constitution. In Ncav England its cultivation is chiefly confined to the garden and as a dessert fruit; but there are extensive vineyards in the Middle and Western States for the production of Avine. The vine is propagated by cuttings. Varieties without end may be raised from the seed, Avhich will bear fruit the fourth or fifth year. A vineyard, it is said, will continue to produce fruit for tAvo hundred years. Preparation.—The fresh leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and pressed out in a piece of new linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an equal part by weight of alcohol. This mixture is alloAved to stand eight days, in a dark, cool place, in a Avell-stoppered bottle and then filtered. Amount of drug poAA'er, 2. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class I. VULPIS FEL. From Canis Vulpes. Class, Mammalia. Order, Carnivora. Family, Canina. Common Name, Fox-gall. Preparation.—The fresh gall is triturated as directed under Class IX. VULPIS HEPAR. From Canis Vulpes. Class, Mammalia. Order, Carnivora. Family, Canina. Common Name, Fox-li\rer. Preparation.—The fresh liver is triturated as directed under Class IX. VULPIS PULMO. Synonym, Pulmo Vulpis. From Canis Vulpes. Class, Mammalia. Order, Carnivora. Family, Canioa. Common Name, Fox-lungs. Preparation.—The fresh lungs are triturated as directed under Class IX. 472 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. WYETHIA HELENIOIDES, Nuttall. Synonyms, Alarzonia Helenioides, Decandoell. Melartizainuloides, Kellogg. Nat. Ord., Composita?. Soft-tomentos, or Avith age becoming almost glabrous, a foot or tAvo high; leaves oblong or oval; radical ones a foot or more long, four to six inches Avide; cauline about half the size, all contracted at base into a short petiole; heads mostly leafy at base; outer scales of the invol- ucre ovate-lanceolate or' ovate, sometimes toothed; akenes more or less pubescent at top Avhen young. This perennial inhabits hillsides; com- mon near San Francisco and through the valley of the Sacramento. Preparation.—The fresh root is chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then tAvo parts by av eight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole Avell, pour it into a Avell-stop- pered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Drug power of tincture, i. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. XANTHIUM SPINOSUM, Linn. Nat. Ord., Ambrosiacea?. Common Names, Spiny Clotbur. This plant is indigenous to Southern Europe, but has become some- what naturalized in the United States and most civilized countries, and groAvs in Avaste places and neglected fields. The stem is about two feet high, and has shortly petiolate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate leaves, which are either cut-toothed or the upper ones entire, and have at the base sharp, three-forked, yellowish, stipulate spines, nearly an inch long. The fertile axillary burs are croAvned with one inconspicuous beak. Preparation.—The fresh herb, in flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and fil- tering. Amount of drug poAver, l. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. XANTHOXYLUM FRAXINEUM, Wildenow. Synonyms, Xanthoxylon Americanum, Miller. Hylax Fraxineum. Nat. Ord., Rutacea?. Common Names, Prickly Ash. Pellitory. Suterberry. Yellow Wood. This is a shrub from five to ten feet in height, Avith alternate branches, Avhich are covered with strong, sharp, scattered prickles. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 473 The leaves are alternate and pinnate, consisting of four or five pairs of leaflets, and an odd terminal one, Avith a common footstalk, Avhich is sometimes prickly on the back, and sometimes unarmed. The leaflets are nearly sessile, ovate, acute, slightly serrate, and someAvhat doAvny on their under surface. The floAvers, Avhich are small and greenish, are disposed in sessile umbels near the origin of the young shoots. The plant is polygamous; some shrubs bearing both male and perfect Aoav- ers, others only female. The number of stamens is five; of the pistils three or four in the perfect flowers, about five in the pistillate. Each fruitful flower is folloAved by as many capsules as it had germs. These capsules are stipitate, oval, punctate* of a greenish-red color, Avith two valves and one oval blackish seed. This species of xanthoxylum is in- digenous, growing in Avoods and in moist shady places throughout the Northern, Middle and Western States. The floAvers appear in April and May, before the foliage. The bark, as found in the shops, is in quills, from one or tAvo lines to nearly an inch in diameter, thin, ex- ternally of a darkish gray color diyersified by whitish patches, Avith the epidermis in many pieces marked by closely set transverse cracks, internally finely striated longitudinally and somewhat shining, and, when derh-ed from the smaller branches, exhibiting occasionally remains of the prickle. The bark is nearly or quite inodorous, and of a taste which is at first sweetish and slightly aromatic, then bitterish, and ulti- mately acrid. Preparation.—The fresh bark, in coarse poAvder, is covered with tAvo parts by weight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtered. Drug power of tincture, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. YUCCA. Synonym, Yucca Filamentosa, Linn. Nat. Ord., Liliacea?. Common Names, Bear Grass. Adam's Needle. This plant is found groAving in sandy soil, in East Virginia and southAvard, Avhere it is called Spanish Bayonet. Its trunk, rising from a running rootstalk to a height of a foot or less above the ground, is covered Avith the lanceolate, unarmed, coriaceous leaves, which bear filaments on their margins; the leaves are from one to tAvo feet long. The scape-like floAver-stem is from six to eight feet high, erect, and ter- minated by an ample compound panicle of shoAvy (often polygamous) floAvers. Perianth of six petal-like (white) oval or oblong and acute flat sepals, Avithering-persistent, the three inner broader, longer than the six stamens. Stigmas three, sessile. Pod oblong, someAvhat six- sided, three-celled, or imperfectly six-celled by a partition from the back, fleshy, at length loculicidally three-valved from the apex. Seeds very many in each cell, depressed. Flowers appear in July. Preparation.—The fresh roots and leaves are chopped and pounded to a pulp and Aveighed. Then two parts by Aveight of alcohol are taken, 474 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. and having mixed the pulp thoroughly Avith one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the Avhole, pour it into a Avell-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Amount of drug power, £. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class III. ZINCUM. Synonyms, Zincum Metallicum. Stannum Indicum. Common Names, Zinc. Metallic Zinc. Symbol, Zn. Atomic Weight, 65. Origin of Zinc.—Zinc is a rather abundant metal, and exists in the metallic state in Australia, but it is most generally met Avith in combination either as silicate or carbonate, known as calamine, or as sulphide, known as blende. Zinc ores have been found in Pennsyl- vania and Missouri, in Great Britain and different parts of Germany, particularly in Silesia. They are frequently associated with lead and other metals. Preparation of Zinc.—On smelting lead and other ores contain- ing zinc, an impure oxide of zinc is condensed in the cooler portions of the furnace. By the long continued roasting of blende or calamine, oxide is likeAvise obtained. This is mixed Avith powdered charcoal, and the mixture heated nearly to whiteness in shallow iron retorts, when the zinc distils, and is collected in suitable condensers. The impure metal is purified by a descending distillation in crucibles furnished with an open tube reaching to the upper half of the crucible and passing through its bottom. Properties.—Zinc is a bluish-Avhite metal, haAung a lamellar or a granular structure. Its density varies between 6.9 and 7.2. Ordinarily it is rather brittle, but between 120° and 150° C. (248° and 302° F.) it is ductile, and may be rolled into sheets and converted into Avire. Heated to 205° C. (401° F.), it becomes so brittle that it may be reduced to poAvder. It melts at about 410° C. (770° F.), and at near a Avhite heat it boils and volatilizes, and in the presence of air burns Avith a bluish-green flame to oxide. Melted zinc on congealing con- tracts considerably. On bending, zinc emits a slight cracking noise, Aveaker than that of tin. It has a bright metallic lustre; but, on ex- posure, becomes superficially tarnished. It is not much acted on by cold concentrated sulphuric acid; but, on heating, unites Avith it, evolv- ing sulphurous acid gas. Diluted sulphuric and hydrochloric acids dissolve it readily, with the evolution of hydrogen. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—The pure metal, heated to 401° F. and finely poAvdered, is triturated as directed under Class VII. HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 475 ZINCUM ACETICUM. Synonyms, Zinbi Acetas. Zincic Acetate. Common Name, Acetate of Zinc. Formula, Zn (C2 H3 Oa\. 3 H20. Molecular Weight, 237. Preparation of Acetate of Zinc.—Take of commercial oxide of zinc, tAvo troy ounces; acetic acid, distilled Avater, each five fluid ounces. Mix the acid and Avater, and digest the oxide of zinc in the mixture for half an hour, then heat to the boiling point, filter Avhile hot, and set aside to crytallize. Drain the crystals in a funnel, and dry them upon bibulous paper. Properties.—Acetate of zinc crystallizes in soft Avhite pearly six- sided tables or scales, which have a sharp metallic taste, and on expo- sure to-the air lose their transparency from the evaporation of some acid and Avater of crystallization. When heated, the crystals melt, and at a higher heat the salt is decomposed. At ordinary temperatures it dissolves in three parts of Avater, and in a much smaller quantity at the boiling point. It requires about thirty parts of alcohol for solution. Treated Avith sulphuric acid the salt is decomposed with the evolution of acetic acid. Tests.—On passing an excess of sulphydric acid gas through the aqueous solution a Avhite precipitate of sulphide of zinc is obtained, and the filtrate on being evaporated leaves no fixed residue (absence of other metals). The aqueous solution is not precipitated by nitrate of barium (sulphate) or nitrate of silver (chloride); it yields Avith solution of potassa or ammonia a white precipitate, Avhich is dissolved by an ex- cess of the alkaline liquid, and this solution yields again a white pre- cipitate on the addition of sulphydric acid (other metals). Magnesia may be detected in the aqueous solution after rendering it alkaline Avith ammonia, by adding a drop of phosphoric acid, Avhen a Avhite precipitate will be produced; or the zinc is first completely precipitated by sulphydrate of ammonium, and the filtrate after having been boiled is tested with phosphate of ammonium, when ammonio-phosphate of magnesium v\ ill be deposited. Lead, if present, will yield a whitfe pre- cipitate AA'ith dilute sulphuric acid, and in the solution acidulated Avith hydrochloric acid, a black precipitate Avith sulphuretted hydrogen. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure acetate of zinc is triturated as directed under Class VII. ZINCUM BROMATUM. Synonym, Zinci Bromidum. Common Name, Bromide of Zinc. Formula, Zn Br2. Molecular Weight, 225. Preparation and Properties of Bromide of Zinc.—It is most conveniently prepared by digesting granulated zinc in hydrobromic acid, in which it dissolves with the evolution of hydrogen; the filtered solution is carefully concentrated, acidulated with a little hydrobro- 476 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. mic acid, and dried by the heat of a Avater-bath. It is a white deliques- cent salt, having a SAveet and styptic taste, melts Avhen heated to a col- orless or yellowish liquid, and sublimes in Avhite needles. It is freely soluble in Avater, and dissolves also in alcohol and ether. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Bromide of zinc is triturated, as directed under Class VII, but owing to the deliquescence of the salt, the first decimal will not keep well. ZINCUM CARBONICUM. Synonyms, Zinci Carbonas. Zinci Carbonas Pra?cipitata. Common Names, Carbonate of Zinc, Precipitated Carbonate of Zinc. Formula, Zn C03 (ZnO)2.3H20. Molecular Weight, 341. Preparation of Carbonate of Zinc.—Take of sulphate of zinc, carbonate of sodium, each twelve troy ounces; water, eight pints. Dis- solve the salts separately, Avith the aid of heat, each in four pints of the water. Then mix the solutions, and, having stirred the mixture, set it by that the precipitate may subside. Lastly, having poured off the supernatant liquid, wash the precipitate with hot Avater until the Avashings are nearly tasteless, and dry it Avith a gentle heat. Properties.—Carbonate of zinc is a soft, white, inodorous and tasteless poAvder, insoluble in water, but dissolving readily in acetic and dilute mineral acids with the evolution of carbonic acid gas. When heated in a crucible to redness it parts with its water and carbonic acid, and leaves about 70 per cent, of oxide of zinc. Tests.—The solution of carbonate of zinc in dilute nitric acid should not be precipitated by nitrate of barium (absence of sulphate), or by nitrate of silver (absence of chloride). Mixed Avith an excess of carbonate of ammonium, the solution should yield a clear liquid (ab- sence of calcium compounds), which is not precipitated by a drop of phosphoric acid (magnesia), and Avhich yields a white precipitate Avith sulphuretted hydrogen. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure carbonate of zinc is triturated, as directed under Class VII. ZINCUM CHLORATUM. Synonyms, Zinci Chloridum. Zincum Muriaticum. Common Name, Chloride of Zinc. Formula, ZnCl2. Molecular Weight, 136. Preparation of Chloride of Zinc.—Take of zinc in small pieces, six troy ounces; nitric acid, precipitated carbonate of zinc, each one hundredand fifty grains; muriatic acid, distilled Avater, each a suf- ficient quantity. To the zinc, contained in a glass or porcelain vessel, add gradually enough muriatic acid to dissolve it; then strain the solution, add the nitric acid, and evaporate to dryness. Dissolve the dry mass in five fluidounces of distilled water, add the precipitated HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 477 carbonate of zinc, and agitate the mixture occasionally during tAventy- four hours; then filter and eA7aporate the solution to dryness in an evaporating dish, fuse the dry mass, pour the liquid on a flat stone, and Avhen it has congealed, break the mass in pieces and keep the fragments in a Avell-stoppered bottle. Properties.—Chloride of zinc is either in the form of a Avhite poAvder or in opaque tablets or rods. It has a strongly caustic and metallic taste, is very deliquescent on exposure, and, when heated, melts and is subsequently volatilized, forming white fumes and leaving a yellowish residue; but Avhen heated in a current of chlorine gas, the salt sublimes in acicular crystals. Chloride of zinc usually yields with water a someAvhat turbid solution from the presence of variable quan- tities of oxychloride; the solution dissolves starch, paper, and other organic compounds, and should therefore be filtered through asbestos or gun cotton, but not through paper if a Avhite salt is desired. Chlor- ide of zinc dissolves also freely in alcohol, and someAvhat less freely in ether. In contact with sulphuric acid it is converted into sulphate of zinc. Its solutions yield white precipitates with sulphydrate of ammon- ium and Avith nitrate of silver. On mixing a concentrated solution of zinc chloride with oxide of zinc, a plastic mass of oxychloride of zinc is obtained Avhich soon hardens. Tests.—The solution of chloride of zinc in Avater acidulated with hydrochloric acid should yield no precipitate with sulphuretted hydro- gen (lead and similar metals). With an excess of ammonium carbon- ate a clear solution should be obtained (aluminum, iron, calcium, etc.), Avhich is not precipitated by a drop of phosphoric acid (magnesium), and yields with sulphuretted hydrogen or sulphydrate of ammonium. a Avhite precipitate; the filtrate from which, on being evaporated and ignited leaves no residue (potassium, sodium). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure chloride of zinc is triturated, as directed under Class VII, but owing to the deliquescence of the salt, the loAver triturations will not keep Avell. ZINCUM FERROCYANATUM. Synonym, Zinci Ferrocyanidum. Common Name, Ferrocyanide of Zinc. Preparation and Properties of Ferrocyanide of Zinc.—It is prepared by precipitating a soluble zinc salt with ferrocyanide of potassium, and forms a Avhite tasteless powder, which is insoluble in Avater, alcohol and dilute acids, and evolves hydrocyanic acid on being heated with dilute sulphuric acid. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Ferrocyanide of zinc is triturated as directed under Class VII. ZINCUM HYDROCYANICUM. Synonyms, Zinci Cyanidum. Zincum Cyanuretum. Common Name, Cyanide of Zinc. Formula, Zn (C N)2. 478 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Preparation and Properties of Cyanide of Zinc.—It is ob- tained by precipitating a solution of acetate of zinc with hydrocyanic acid, whereby acetic acid is liberated, Avhich retains a portion of the zinc cyanide in solution; the liquid should therefore be kept nearly neutral by the occasional cautious addition of an alkali. Cyanide of zinc is a Avhite inodorous and tasteless poAvder, Avhich is insoluble in Avater and alcohol, but dissolves in potassa, ammonia and dilute acids. When long kept it undergoes decomposition, and acquires a sweetish and metallic taste. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure cyanide of zinc is triturated as directed under Class VII. ZINCUM IODATUM. Synonyms, Zinci Iodidum. Zincic Iodide. Common Name, Iodide of Zinc. Formula, Zn I2. Molecular Weight, 319. Preparation and Properties of Iodide of Zinc.—On digesting four parts of iodine with a little more than one part of granulated zinc and tAventy parts of Avater, until the liquid has become colorless, a solution is obtained which, on evaporation to dryness, yields the salt as a white deliquescent poAvder; too long continued digestion will yield a sparingly soluble oxyiodide. Iodide of zinc is freely soluble in water, and on careful evaporation and cooling of the solution, may be obtained in octohedral or cubical crystals. Preparation.—Iodide of zinc is triturated as directed under Class VII. ZINCUM OXYDATUM. Synonyms, Zincum Oxydatum Purum. Zinci Oxidum. Calx Zinci. Lana Philosophica. Nihilum Album. Pompholyx. Common Name, Oxide of Zinc. Formula, Zn O. Molecular Weight, 81. Preparation of Oxide of Zinc.—Take of precipitated carbonate of zinc, twelve troy ounces. Expose it in a shallow vessel to a low red heat until the Avater and carbonic acid are wholly expelled. Properties.—Oxide of zinc is a soft, inodorous and tasteless, pale yelloAvish, nearly white poAvder, Avhich, on being heated, acquires a deep lemon-yellow color, and on cooling becomes again nearly white. After having been heated to bright redness it continues for some time to emit light in the dark. It dissolves in dilute acetic and other acids, is com- pletely insoluble in simple solvents, and is Avithout action on test-paper. According to Daubree it may be obtained crystallized by heating chloride of zinc in a current of steam. On exposure to the atmosphere it slowly absorbs water and combines very gradually with carbonic acid. Tests.—Oxide of zinc may contain traces of chloride or sulphate, HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 479 Avhich are detected in the solution in dilute nitric acid by the Avhite precipitates produced with nitrate of silver and nitrate of barium. The liquid obtained on boiling oxide of zinc with Avater and filtering ought not to have an alkaline reaction from the presence' of carbonate of sodium. The solution of the oxide in hydrochloric acid should not assume a red color on the addition of sulphocyanide of potassium (iron), should not be colored or precipitated by sulphydric acid (lead and similar metals), and should be completely precipitated Avith a Avhite color by sulphydrate of ammonium; the filtrate from this pre- cipitate, after having been boiled, should not be disturbed on the addition of oxalate of ammonium (calcium) or of phosphate of ammo- nium (magnesium). Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure oxide of zinc is triturated as directed under Class VII. ZINCUM PHOSPHATUM. Synonym, Zinci Phosphidum. Common Names, Phosphide of Zinc. Phosphuret of Zinc. Formula, Zn3 P2. Molecular Weight, 257. Preparation of Phosphide of Zinc.—If zinc is fused in a cruci- ble and phosphorus is added in small pieces at a time, the crucible being kept covered as much as possible, a union of the two elements takes place; but it is difficult to obtain the compound of uniform com- position. According to Schrotter (1849), finely-divided zinc is heated to dull redness, Avhile the vapor of phosphorus is being passed over it. Vigier's modification of this process consists in heating the zinc in a current of hydrogen; after all atmospheric air has been expelled, vapors of phosphorus are passed over the zinc. On account of the great danger connected with this process, oAving to the liability to ATiolent explosions, Proust (1869) proposed the following process: Ni- trogen gas is evolved by heating nitrite of ammonium, and the gas is passed through a bottle in which phosphoretted hydrogen is prepared by introducing phosphide of calcium through a Avide tube into diluted hydrochloric acid contained in the bottle. The mixed gases are passed through a Avash-bottle into a porcelain tube in which zinc is heated to redness, Avhen the metal will combine Avith the phosphorus, and the liberated hydrogen Avill escape together with the nitrogen. If the apparatus is filled with nitrogen gas before phosphoretted hydrogen is generated, there is no danger of an explosion. Properties.—Phosphide of zinc is a gray crystalline or friable mass, having upon the fractured surface a bright metallic lustre. Vigier (1875) recommends it to be powdered and freed by sifting from metallic zinc which may be present; in this state it resembles iron reduced by hydrogen, and is readily soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid, with the copious evolution of phosphoretted hydrogen. It melts at a higher temperature than zinc and is volatile. Pure phosphide of zinc consists of 24.12 per cent, of phosphorus and 75.88 per cent, of zinc. 480 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure phosphide of zinc is triturated as directed under Class VII. ZINCUM SULPHURICUM. Synonyms, Zinci Sulphas. Vitriolum Album. Zincic Sulphate. Common Names, Sulphate of Zinc. AVhite Vitriol. Formula, Zn S04. 7HaO. Molecular Weight, 287. Preparation of Sulphate of Zinc.—Take of granulated zinc, sixteen ounces; sulphuric acid, tAvelve fluid ounces; distilled Avater, four pints; solution of chlorine, a sufficiency; carbonate of zinc, one- half ounce, or a sufficiency. Pour the sulphuric acid, previously mixed Avith the Avater, on the zinc contained in a porcelain basin, and, Avhen effervescence has nearly ceased, aid the action by a gentle heat. Filter the fluid into a gallon bottle, and add gradually with constant agitation the solution of chlorine until the fluid acquires a permanent odor of chlorine. Add noAV Avith continued agitation the carbonate of zinc until a broAvn precipitate appears; let it settle, filter the solution, evaporate until a pellicle forms on the surface, and set aside to crys- tallize. Dry the crystals by exposure to the air on filtering paper placed on porous tiles. More crystals may be obtained by again evaporating the mother liquor. Properties.—Sulphate of zinc crystallizes readily in large, trans- parent rhombic prisms, Avhich are isdmorphous Avith those of sulphate of magnesium. As seen in commerce it is in small prismatic crystals, obtained by disturbed crystallization from concentrated solutions. On exposure, the crystals become slowly opaque from the loss of water of crystallization, of Avhich six molecules or 37.6 per cent, are given off at 100° C. (212° F.); the last portion, amounting to 6.3 per cent., is expelled at a low red heat, or at 110° C. (230° F.), in a current of dry air. Sulphate of zinc has a strong metallic styptic taste. Accord- ing to Poggiale, 100 parts of water dissolve at 10° C. (50° F.) 138.2 parts; at 20° C. (68° F.) 161.5 parts; at 50° C. (122° F.) 263.8 parts; and at 100° C. (212° F.) 653.5 parts of the crystallized salt. Super- saturated solutions are easily obtained, particularly if in contact Avith air Avhich has been previouslyfiltered through cotton. One hundred parts of 40 per cent, alcohol dissolve, according to Schiff, only 3.48 parts of the salt, and in stronger alcohol it is insoluble. The aqueous solution of sulphate of zinc yields white precipitates Avith chloride of barium and Avith sulphydrate of ammonium. Tests.—The solution of sulphate of zinc in water, after having been precipitated by sulphydrate of ammonium, should yield a filtrate Avhich on evaporation to dryness and ignition must leave no fixed resi- due (potassium, sodium, magnesium, and other salts). If acidulated Avith sulphuric acid and treated Avith sulphuretted hydrogen, no color- ation or precipitate should be occasioned (arsenic, copper, and similar metals). In case iron be present, the solution Avill afford, Avith a little ferrocyanide of potassium, a more or less deep blue precipitate. An excess of ammonia added to the aqueous solution ought to yield a clear HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. 481 and colorless liquid ; in the presence of copper the color of the solution Avould be blue. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure sulphate of zinc is triturated as directed under Class VII. ZINCUM VALERIANICUM. Synonyms, Zinci Valerianas. Zincic Valerianate. Common Names, Valerianate of Zinc. Formula, Zn (C5H902\.H2 O. Molecular Weight, 285. Preparation of Valerianate of Zinc.—Take of valerianate of sodium, five ounces (avoird.); sulphate of zinc, five and three-quarter ounces; distilled Avater, a sufficient quantity. Dissolve the salts sepa- rately, each in two pints (imperial) of distilled Avater, raise both solu- tions to near the boiling point, mix them, cool and skim off the crys- tals which are produced. Evaporate the mother-water at a heat not exceeding 200° F. to four fluid ounces, cool again, remove the crystals Avhich have formeol and add them to those Avhich have already been obtained. Drain the crystals on a paper filter, and Avash them Avith a small quantity of cold distilled water till the washings give but a very feeble precipitate Avith chloride of barium. Let them noAV be again drained and dried on filtering paper at ordinary temperature. Properties.-—Valerianate of zinc crystallizes in soft, white, pearly scales, Avhich have a slight odor of valerianic acid, and an astringent and SAveet taste. It has an acid reaction on litmus paper, melts at about 140° C. (284° F.), at a higher heat gives off Avhite vapors, and finally burns AA'ith a bluish flame, leaAung oxide of zinc. According to Lieben and Rossi (1871), 100 parts of water dissolve at 25° C. (77° F.) 2.54 parts of valerianate of zinc. On heating the solution moderately, it becomes turbid, and clear again on cooling; but after the saturated solution has been boiled, it does not become entirely clear after cool- ing, in consequence of the production of a basic salt, Avhich is less freely soluble in Avater. The salt is also soluble in cold alcohol, and this solution is likeAvise rendered turbid by heat. Hot ether, hoAvever, dissolves it more freely than cold ether. When kept over sulphuric acid the salt becomes anhydrous. Tests.—Valerianate of zinc should be completely soluble in am- monia water. Its aqueous solution yields a Avhite precipitate Avith sul- phuretted hydrogen, and Avhen an excess of the reagent has been used, the filtrate on being evaporated should leave no fixed residue. Acetate of zinc being freely soluble in Avater, if present as an adulteration, Avould impart a red color to solution of ferric chloride. Butyrate of zinc resembles the valerianate closely; it is detected, ac- cording to the British Pharmacopeia, by distilling the suspected salt Avith dilute sulphuric acid and adding the distillate to a solution of acetate of copper, when, if the valerianate be pure, it does not imme- diately affect the transparency of the fluid, but forms, after a little time, oily drops, which gradually pass into a bluish-Avhite crystalline 31 482 HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICS. deposit. According to the German Pharmacopoeia the salt should yield nearly 30 per cent, of oxide of zinc. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Pure valerianate of zinc is triturated, as directed under Class VII. ZINGIBER OFFICINALE, Roscoe. Synonyms, Amomum Zingiber, Linn. Gingiber Albus. Gingiber Nigra. Nat. Ord., Zingiberacea?. Common Name, Ginger. The ginger plant is a perennial herb, indigenous to tropical Asia, and at the present time cultivated in most tropical countries; but it is not known in the Avild state. It has numerous stems, about three or four feet high, and covered Avith elongateol leaf-sheaths, of which the upper ones have a lance-linear spreading blade eight or twelve inches long. The flowering stems are much shorter, have a few loose leaf- sheaths, and are terminated by a short, thick spike of bracted yelloAv and variegated floAvers. The roots of the ginger plant as found in commerce are in irregular-lobed decorticated pieces, three or four inches long, sub-compressed, blackish-gray or broAvnish externally, and yellowish-white within, of a strong, aromatic odor, and hot, biting taste. The quite white ginger cannot be used for medicinal purposes, because the supposition is against it, of having been bleached by art. Preparation.—The dried root, finely poAvdered, is covered with five parts by Aveight of alcohol, and alloAved to remain eight days in a Avell-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken tAvice a day. The tincture is then poured off, strained and filtereol. Drug power of tincture, fa. Dilutions must be prepared as directed under Class IV. APPENDIX. In this place we propose to mention such preparations as are fre- quently called for, yet are not entitled to a place in the pharmacopoeia proper. ISOPATHIC REMEDIES OR NOSODES. Under this heading are embraced all medicines prepared from mor- bid products of the animal system. Some of these remedies have been so generally adopted that they have been mentioned in the body of the work, viz.: Lyssin, Psorinum, etc. As there is only an occasional call for the others, Ave shall merely give a list of those most likely to be inquired for. Anthracix, Glanderix, Syphilinum, Balanorrhixe, Gonorrhin, Malandrinum, Boviluixum, Leucorrhin, Sycotinum, Carcixomin, Odontenecrosine, Buboinum. For Homoeopathic Use the morbid products are triturated and potentized on the centesimal scale according to Class IX—«. ECLECTIC PREPARATIONS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS, SO-CALLED "RESINOIDS," OR "ACTIVE PRINCIPLES." Under the name of Resinoids a line of preparations has been orig- inated and brought into extensive use by eclectic physicians. These con- sist of precipitates in the form of poAvder obtained by mixing a strong alcoholic tincture of any given plant or part of a plant with three or four times its bulk of water, by which process all constituents soluble in alcohol only are precipitated. These precipitates are then collected, dried and pulverized, and are known to commerce and the medical profession under the general name of Resinoids, it being claimed that these preparations embody and constitute the "active principles" of the respective plants. No definite directions or generally adopted rules for the preparation of these remedies have been published, and every manufacturer seems to be guided by his individual experience. The use of these eclectic preparations among homoeopathic practi- tioners has greatly diminished.of late years, as it is generally observed that well prepared homoeopathic tinctures made from fresh succulent (483) 484 APPENDIX. plants, give better satisfaction than these precipitates which are made, Avithout exception, from dried materials. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—We prepare triturations in the usual manner according to Class VII. Below Ave give a list of these preparations with the names of the plants from which they are derived. Aconites, Aletrin, Alxuin, Ampelopsin, Apocyxin, Atropin, Asclepix, Baptisin, Caulophyllin, Cerasin, Cheloxin, Chtmaphilin, Chioxaxthin, collixsoxix, CORX1X, corydalest, Cvpripedin, DlGITALIX, DlOSCORIX, EUOXYMIN, Eupatorix (Perf.) Eupatorin (Purp.) Fraserix, Gelsemin, Geranin, gossypin, Hamamelin, Heloxin, Hydrastix, Hyoscyamix, Irisix, Juglaxdin, Leoxtodin, Leptandrix, Lobelin, Lycopin, Macrotin, Mexispermin, Myricin, Phytolaccin, POPULIN, Podophyllin, Ptelein. derived from Aconitum napellus. Aletris farinosa. Alnus rubra. Ampelopsis quinquefolia. Apocynum Cannabinum. Atropa belladonna. Asclepias tuberosa. Baptisia tinctoria. Caulophillum thalictroides. Cerasus Virginiana. Chelone glabra. Chimaphila umbellata. Chionanthus Virginica. Collinsonia Canadensis. Cornus Florida. Corydalis formosa. Cypripedium pubescens. Digitalis purpurea. Dioscorea villosa. Euonymus atropurpureus. Eupatorium perfoliatum. Eupatorium purpureum. Frasera Carolinensis. Gelsemium sempervirens. Geranium maculatum. Gossypium herbaeeum. Hamamelis Virginica. Helonias dioica. Hydrastis Canadensis. Hyosciamus niger. Iris versicolor. Juglans cinerea. Leontodon taraxacum. Leptandra Virginica. Lobelia inflata. Lycopus Virginicus. Cimicifuga racemosa. Menispernum Canadensis. Myrica cerifera. Phytolacca decandra. Populus tremuloides. Podophyllum peltatum. Ptelea trifoliata. APPENDIX. 485 Rumix, derived from Rumex crispus. Saxguinarix, Scutellarix, Sexecix, Stillingix, Trillix, Veratrixt, VlBURXIN, Xaxthoxyllix, Sanguinaria Canadensis. Scutellaria laterifolia. Senecio gracilis. Stillingia sylvatica. Trillium pendulum. Veratrum viride. Viburnum opulus. Xanthoxylum fraxineum. The fact that the manufacturers gave to many of these resinoids names identical with those which had been accepted generally as denoting the alkaloids of the respective plants, led to innumerable misunderstandings and annoyances. Thus Aconitin, Atropin, Digitalin, Hyosciamin, etc., are identical in name Avith the well knoAvn alkaloids, and Avhen it is considered that there is a great difference in the action and dose betAveen these prepar- ations, the objections to the continuing of the use of both are patent. Of late this difficulty was sought to be overcome by changing the ending of the names of alkaloids to ia as in Aconitia, Atropia, Digitalia, etc., but the difference is so small that only the absolute discontinuance of the eclectic preparations mentioned will prevent Avhat may, under certain circumstances, prove to be serious mistakes. PLUMMER. Synonym, Pilulae Antimonii Composite. Common Names, Plummers Pills. Compound Pills of Antimony. This preparation first came into use in the central part of New York State, for protracted nervous and sick headaches. Thence it spread and it is noAV in general request. Preparation of Plummers Pills.—Take of sulphurated anti- mony, mild chloride of mercury, each twelve grains; guaiac in fine powder, molasses, each twenty-four grains. Form a pilular mass to be divided into tAventy-four pills. Preparation for Homoeopathic Use.—Omit the molasses from above prescription and triturate one part of the mixture Avith nine parts of sugar of milk as directed under Class VII. KOUMYS. Synonyms, Kimis. Koumiss. Koumyss. Kumiss. Kuinys. Kumyss. Common Name, Fermented Mare's Milk. Preparation of Koumys.—Koumys is fermented mare's milk, Avhich is extensively employed as a beverage and for medicinal pur- poses by the Kirghis, Kalmucks, Turkomans, Nogays, and other nomad tribes of the Russian Empire. The process for preparing it differs someAvhat Avith the different tribes, but in all cases consists in inducing fermentation by the addition of yeast to fresh mare's milk and in stir- 486 APPENDIX. ring this occasionally; the product obtained in about twelve hours is known as ssaumal or staumgal; on being kept for scleral days it be- comes much stronger, of a more decided acid taste, and very sparkling from the confined carbonic acid gas. For the preparation of koumys from cow's milk, the following directions are given by Wilckens(l>.i = 93.311 2"rr = 3.236 xij = 0 7775 £iv = 124.415 fa = 4.049 xv = 0.9718 3V — 155.519 T~5 = 4.319 xvi = 1.036 Jvi = 186.623 y-% == 5.399 xviij = 1.166 .Tv'j = 217.726 i — 6.479 xx = 1.295 3vii.i = 248.830 8" 8 098 xxiv = 1.555 5ix = 279.934 1 -6 10.798 xxv = 1.619 -3X = 311.038 ~5 = 12.958 xxx = 1.943 3xi = 342.141 4" == 16.197 xl = 2.591 ]\n = 873.245 1 -- 3 21.597 1 = 3.239 ft)ij = 746.491 1 -- 2 32.395 lx = 3.887 Ibiij = 1119.73(1 Table for Converting Apothecaries' Weights and Measures into Gram Weights. The gram values given beloAV are practical approximations to the correct val- ues. The column for liquids lighter than water refers to the officinal spirits and tinctures prepared with stronger alcohol, also to volatile and fixed oils, not ex- ceeding 0.95 in specific gravity. The column for liquids of specific gravity of water APPENDIX. 491 refers to medicated waters, to tinctures prepared with diluted alcohol, and to fluid extracts prepared with diluted alcohol and alcohol, all having approximately the specific gravity of water. The column for liquids heavier than water refers to gly- cerin, syrups, honeys, and to fluid extracts prepared with glycerin. GRAMS. apothecaries' measure. CJRAMS FOR LIQUIDS. TROT WEIGHT. Lighter Specific Heavier than gravity than Water. of Water. .60 Water. Grain fa .004 Minim 1 .055 .08 1 .005 2 .10 .12 .15 1 .006 3 .16 .18 .24 1 8 .008 4 .22 .24 .32 1 6 .010 5 .28 .3 .40 1 4~ .016 6 .32 .36 .48 1 3 .02 7 .38 .42 .55 1 .03 8 .45 .5 .65 3 4 .05 9 .50 .55 .73 1 .07 10 .55 .6 .80 2 .13 12 .65 .72 .96 3 .20 14 .76 .85 1.12 4 .26 15 .80 .9 1.20 5 .32 16 .90 1.0 1.32 6 .39 20 1.12 125 1.60 7 .45 25 1.40 1.55 2.00 8 .52 30 1.70 , 1.90 2.50 9 .59 35 2.00 2.20 2.90 io 19*0 .65 40 2.25 2.50 3 30 12 .78 48 2.70 3.0 4.00 14 .90 50 2.80 3.12 4.15 15 1.00 60 (fgi) 3.40 3.75 5.00 16 1.05 65 3.60 4.0 5.30 18 1.18 72 4.05 4.5 6.00 20 Qi) 1.3 80 . 4.50 5.0 6.65 24 1.5 90 (fgiss) 5.10 5.6 7.50 30 (3ss) 195 96 5.40 6.0 8.00 32 2.1 100 5.60 6.25 8.30 36 23 120 (fgii) 6.75 7.5 10.00 40 0ii) 2.6 150 (fgiiss) 8.50 9.5 12.50 45 3.0 160 9.00 10.0 13.30 50 0iiss) 3.2 180 (f5iii) 10.10 11.25 15.00 60 (gi) 3.9 210 (f^iiiss) 11.80 13.0 17.50 70 4 55 240 (fgiv) 13.50 15.0 20.00 80 0iv) 5.2 fjv 16.90 18.75 25.00 90 igiss) 5.9 fgvss 18.60 20.75 27.50 100 C$v) 6.5 fgvi 20.25 22.5 30.00 110 i'^vss) 7.1 fgvii 23.60 26.25 35 00 120 i^ii) 7.80 fgviii (fgi) 27.00 30.0 40.00 150 (piss) 9.75 f3ix 30.40 33.75 45.00 180 (giii) 11.65 i'^x 33.75 37.5 50.00 240 f.^ss) 15.5 f^xii (fgiss) 40.50 45.0 60 00 300 <^vj 19.4 fsjxiv 47.25 52.5 70.00 360 (gvi) 23.3 fgii 54.00 60.0 80.00 420 (^vii) 27.2. f^iiss 67.50 75.0 100.00 480 (%i) 31.1 f^iii 81.00 90.0 120.00 ■£•■ 62.2 fgiiiss 94.50 105.0 140.00 1244 f.Vv 108.00 120.0 160.00 INDEX. Abelmoschus, 21 Abies Canadensis, 21 Abies Nigra, 22 Abrotanum, 22 Absinthium, 23 Absinthium Santonica, ISO Absinthium Vulgare, 23 Acacia Germanica, 397 Acahpha Indica, 23 Acanthus Vulgaris, 130 Acetas Kalicus, 27S Acetas Manganosus, 316 Acetas Plumbicus, 391 Acetate of Barium, 116 Acetate of Copper, 203 Acetate of Iron, 231 Acetate of Lead, 391 Acetate of Lime, 141 Acetate of Manganese, 316 Acet ite of Mercury, 322 Acetate of Morphia, 338 Acetate of Potash, 278 Acetate of Zinc, 475 Achillea Millefolium, 333 Achillea Myriophylli, 333 Acidum Aceticum Glaciale, 23 Acidum Arseniosum, 96 Acidum Benzoicum, 25 Acidum Boracicum, 26 Acidum Bromicum, 26 Acidum Carbolicum, 27 Acidum Chromicum, 28 Acidum Chrysophanicum, 29 Acidum Citricum, 30 Acidum Fluoricum, 32 Acidum Formicicum, 32 Acidum Gallicum, 33 Acidum Gallo-Tannicum, 46 Acidum llydrochloricum, 36 Acidum Hydrocyanicum, 33 Acidum Lacticum, 35 Acidum Molybdaenicum, 36 Acidum Muriaticum, 36 Acidum Nitricum, 37 Acidum Oxalicum, 39 Acidum Phosphoricum, 40 Acidum Picricum, 41 Acidum Salicylicum, 41 Acidum Silicium, 428 Acidum Succinicum, 43 Acidum Sulphuricum, 44 Acidum Tannicum, 46 Acidum Tartaricum, 47 Acidum TJricum, 48 Acinula Clavus, 423 Aconite, 50 Aconitia, 49 Aconitifolius, 394 Aconitin, 484 Aconitina, 49 Aconitine, 49 Aconitinum, 49 Aconitum, 50 Aconitum Cainmarum, 51 Aconitum Ferox, 51 Aconitum Lycoctonum, 51 Aconitum Napellus, 50 Aconitum Pardalianches, 376 Aconitum Radix, 52 Aconitum Variegatum, 51 Actsea, 52 Actsea Racemosa, 179 Actsea Spicata, 52 Adamas, 53 Adam's Needle, 473 Adelheidsquelle, 53 ^Erugo Destillata, 203 ^Esculus Carnea, 54 iEsculus Glabra, 54 ^Esculus Hippocastanum, 54 JEsculus Ohioensis, 54 ^Ethiops Mineralis, 330 iEthusa, 55 ,Ethusa Cynapium, 55 Agaricus Emeticus, 55 Agaricus Laricis, 126 Agaricus Muscarius, 56 Agave Americana, 56 Ageria Opaca, 265 Agnus Castus, 57 Agrostemma Githago, 57 Ague Weed, 224 Ailanthus Glandulosa, 57 Alarzonia Helenioides, 472 (493) 494 INDEX. Album Hispanicum, 124 Alcese JEgyptiaca?, 21 Alcohol, 5 Alcoholic Solutions, Class Yl-a, 16 Class Vl-b, 16 Alcoliol Sulphuris Lampadii, 155 Aletrin, 58 Aletrin, 484 Aletris Alba, 58 Aletris Farinosa, 58 Alfavaca, 361 Alisma Parriflora, 59 Alisma Plantago, 59 Allium Cepa, 162 Allium Sativum, 59 Alnuin, 484 Alnus Rubra, 60 Alnus Serrulata, 60 Aloe, 60 Aloes, 60 Aloe Socotrina, 60 Alston ia Scholaris, 61 Althaea, 61 Althaea Officinalis, 61 Alum, 62 Alumen, 62 Alumen Crudum, 62 Alumina, 63 Alumina Silicata, 295 Aluminium, 63 Aluminium Metallicum, 63 Aluminium Oxide, 63 Amcena, 106 Amazonian Dolphin, 209 Ambarum, 64 Amber, 442 Ambergris, 64 Ambra Ambrosiaca, 64 Ambra Grisea, 64 Ambra Maratima, 64 Ambra Vera, 64 Ambrina Anthelmintica, 167 Amanita Muscarius, 56 American Aloe, 56 Amerioan Aspen, 396 American Boxwood,. 196 American Coffee Tree. 254 American Columbo. 240 American Covage, 78 American Hellebore, 464 American Holly, 265 American Ivy, 74 American Nightshade, 384 American Pennyroyal 256 American Pulsatilla, 399 American Spikenard, 90 Ammoniacum, 64 Ammoniated Copper, 203 Ammoniated Mercury, 327 Ammonia* Sesquicarbonas, 67 Amnionic Acetate, 65 Amnionic Benzoate, 66 Ammonic Bromide, 66 Ammonic Carbonate, 67 Ammonic Chloride, 70 Ammonic Hydrate, 68 Ammonic Nitrate, 71 Ammonic Valerianate, 73 Ammonii Benzoas, 66 Ammonii Bromidum, 66 Ammonii Carbonas, 67 Ammonii Chloridum, 70 Ammonii Iodidum, 69 Ammonii Nitras, 71 Ammonii Phosphas, 72 Ammonii Valerianas, 73 Ammonio-Nitrate of Suboxide of Mer- cury, 328 Ammonio-Sulphate of Copper, 203 Ammonium Aceticum, 65 Ammonium Bromicum, 66 Ammonium Benzoicum, 66 Ammonium Carbonicum, 67 Ammonium Causticum, 68 Ammonium Chloratum, 70 Ammonium Jodatum, 69 Ammonium Muriaticum, 70 Ammonium Nitricum, 71 Ammonium Phosphoricum, 72 Ammonium Valerianicum, 73 Amomum Zingiber, 482 Amorphous Quinia, 173 Amorphous Phosphorus, 383 Ampelopsin, 73 Ampelopsin, 484 Ampelopsis, 74 Anipelopsis Quinquefolia, 73 Amphisboena Vermicularis, 74 Amphisboena Flavescens, 74 Amygdalae Amarae, 75 Amygdalus Communis, 75 Amyl Nitras, 75 Amyl Nitrite, 75 Amyris Elemifera, 398 Anacardium, 76 Anacardium Officinarum, 76 Anacardium Orientale, 76 Anagallis, 76 Anagallis Arvenis, 76 Anagallis Ccerulea, 76 Anamirta Cocculus, 186 Anantherum Muricatum, 77 Anapodophyllum Canadense, 394 Anatase, 457 Ancona Triloba, 108 Andira Inermis, 77 Andira Refusa, 77 Andropogon Muricatus, 77 INDEX. 495 Anemone Hepatica, 260 Anemone Pratensis, 77 Anemone Pratensis, 399 Anemonin, 77 Angelica Archangelica, 78 Angustara, 78 Angustura Spuria, 133 Angusturae Cortex, 78 Animal Charcoal, 153 Animal Oil, 363 Anisum Stellatum, 79 Ant, 239 Anthelminthia Quadriphylla, 434 Anthemis, 79 Anthemis Nobilis, 79 Anthos Sylvestris, 303 Anthoxanthum Odoratum, 80 Anthracin, 483 Anthracite, 80 Anthrakokali, 80 Antimonii Iodidum, 82 Antimonii Oxidum, 82 Antimonii Oxysulphuretum, 83 Antimonii Potassi-tartras, 84 Antimonii Sulphuratum Aureum, 83 Antimonii Sulphuretum, 81 Antimonious Oxide, 82 Antimonious Sulphide, 81 Antimonium Crudum, 81 Antimonium Iodatum, 82 Antimonium Oxydatum, 82 Antimonium Sulphuratum Auratum, Antimonium Tartaricum, 84 Antirrhinum Linarium, 85 Aphis Chenopodii Glauci, 86 Apium Hortensis, 381 Apium Montanum, 370 Apium Petroselinum, 381 Apium Virus, 87 Apis Mellifica, 86 Apocynin, 88 Apocynin, 484 Apocynum Androsaemifolium, 87 Apocynum Cannabinum, 87 Apocynum Hypericifolium, 87 Apomorphia, 88 Apomorphia Hydrochlorate, 88 Apomorphiae Hydrochloras, 88 Apomorphine, 88 Apothecaries' Weight, 489 Aqua Ammonise, 68 Aqua Chlorini, 178 Aqua Destillata, 5 Aqua Fortis, 37 Aqueous Solutions, Class V-a, 15 Class V-b, 15 Aquilegia Vulgaris, 89 Aralia Hispida, 89 Aralia Miihlenbergiana, 89 Aralia Quinquefolia, 245 Aralia Racemosa, 90 Aranea Avicularis, 342 Aranea Diadema, 90 Aranea Scinencia, 91 Aranya, 454 Arbor Vitse, 455 Arbutus Uva Ursi, 462 Archangelica Gmelini, 78 Arctium Lappa, 91 Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi, 462 Argenti Nitras, 93 Argentic Nitrate, 93 Argentum, 91 Argentum Foliatum, 91 Argentum Metallicum, 91 Argentum Nitricum, 93 Argentum Purificatum, 91 Argentum Vivum, 331 Argillaceous Earth, 63 Argilla Pura, 63 Aristolochia Clematitis, 94 Aristolochia Cymbifera, 94 Aristolochia Grandiflora, 94 Aristolochia Milhomens, 94 Aristolochia Serpentaria, 428 Aristolochia Vulgaris, 94 Aristolochy, 94 Armoracia, 95 Arnica, 95 Arnica e radice, 96 Arnica Montana, 95 Arnica Oil, 487 _ I Aronis Communis, 102 Arrebenta Cavallos, 431 Arsenate of Soda, 346 Arsenetted Hydrogen, 100 Arsenias Natricus, 346 Arsenias Sodicus, 346 Arseniate of Iron, 231 Arseniate of Lime, 141 Arseniate of Quinia, 169 Arseniate of Soda, 346 Arseniate of Sodium, 346 Arsenic Bisulphide, 101 Arsenici Jodidum, 100 Arsenicum Album, 96 Arsenicum Chloricum, 99 Arsenicum Citrinum, 99 Arsenicum llydrogenisatum, 100 Arsenicum Jodatum, 100 Arsenicum Metallicum, 101 Arsenicum Rubrum, 101 Arsenicum Sulfuratum Flavum, 99 Arsenicum Sulfuratum Rubrum, 101 Arsenious Acid, 96 Arsenious Anhvdrid, 96 Arsenious Iodide, 100 Arsenious Oxide of Copper, 204 496 INDEX. Arsenious Sesqui-Sulphide, 99 Arsenious Sulphide, 101 Arsenite of Copper, 204 Artanita Cyclamen, 206 Artanthe Elongata, 317 Artemisia Abrotanum, 22 Artemisia Absinthium, 23 Artemisia Campestris, 102 Artemisia Cina, 180 Artemisia Contra, 180 Artemisia Vulgaris, 102 Artificial Camphor, 452 Artificial Oil of Bitter Almonds, 121 Arum Atrorubens, 103 Arum Maculatum, 102 Arum Seguinum, 140 Arum Triphvllum, 103 Arum Vulgarc, 102 Arundo Mauritanica, 104 Asafcetida, 104 Asafcetida Disgunensis, 104 A^agroea Officinalis, 412 Asarabacca, 105 Asarum, 105 Asarum Canadensis, 105 Asarum Europaeum, 105 Asarum Vulgare, 105 Asclepias Cornuti, 106 Asclepias Decubens, 107 Asclepias Gigantea, 311 Asclepias Incarnata, 106 Asclepias Syriaca, 106 Asclepias Tuberosa, 107 Asclepias Vincetoxicum, 107 Asclepin, 484 Asimina Campaniflora, 108 Asimina Triloba, 108 Asparagus, 108 Asparagus Officinalis, 108 Asperula Odorata, 109 Aspidium Filix Mas, 239 Asplenium Scolopendrium, 109 Assacu, 261 Assam Musk, 340 Astacus Fluviatilis, 149 Asthma Root, 306 Asteracanthion Rubens, 110 Asterias Rubens, 110 Athamanta Oreoselinum, 370 Atriplex Olidum, 110 Atropa Belladonna, 119 Atropia, 111 Atropia Sulphurica, 112 Atropiae Sulphas, 112 Atropin, 484 Atropine, 111 Atropinum, 111 Atropinum Sulphuricum, 112 Attenuations, 8 ! Auri Chloridum, 113 Auri et Sodii Chloridum, 114 Auri-sodic Chloride, 114 Auric Chloride, 113 Auric Sulphide, 114 Auro-Natrium Chloratum, 114 Aurum, 112 Aurum Foliatum, 112 Aurum Fulminans, 113 Aurum Metallicum, 112 Aurum Muriaticum, 113 Aurum Muriaticum Natronatum, 114 Aurum Sulphuratum, 114 Australian Gum-tree, 222 Australian Red Gum, 295 Ava-Ava, 386 Avoirdupois Weight, 489 Azougue dos Pobres, 374 Badiaga, 115 Badiane, 79 Balanorrhine, 483 Ball-Wood, 254 Balmony, 166 Balsam Apple, 335 Balsamina, 335 Balsam of Peru, 115 Balsamum Indicum Nigrum, 115 Balsamum Peruvianum, 115 Bane-berry, 52 Banksia Abyssinica, 131 Baptisia, 116 Baptisia Tinctoria, 116 Baptisin, 484 Barbus Fluviatilis, 207 Baric Acetate, 116 Baric Carbonate, 117 Baric Chloride, 118 Baric Iodide, 118 Barii Carbonas, 117 Barii Chloridum, 118 Barii Iodidum, 118 Barilla, 347 Barium Acetate, 116 Barium Carbonicum, 117 Barks, 7 Barosma Crenata, 134 Bartfelder, 116 Barus Camphor, 215 Baryc Oxide, 118 Barvosma Tongo, 212 Baryta Acetica, 116 Baryta Carbonica, 117 Baryta Caustica, 118 Baryta Jodata, 118 Baryta Muriatica, 118 Baryta Oxidata, 118 Basic Sulphate of Quinia, 171 | Bastard Brazil Wood, 190 INDEX. Bastard Cabbage Tree, 77 Bastard Dittany, 209 Batchelor's Buttons, 401 Bayberry, 342 Bean of Saint Ignatius, 265 Bearberry, 462 Bearded Darnel, 308 Bear Grass, 473 Bear's Breech, 130 Bear's Weed, 220 Beaver's Cod, 160 Beaver Tree, 315 Bed-Bug, 179 Beech-drop, 372 Belladonna, 119 Belladonna e radice, 120 Bellis Perennis, 120 Bena, 77 Benthamedia Florida, 196 Benzinum Nitricum, 121 Benzoate of Ammonium, 66 Benzoic Acid, 25 Berberia, 121 Berberin, 121 Berberina, 121 Berber inum, 121 Berberis, 122 Berberis Pisifera, 122 Berberis Vulgaris, 122 Bhang, 150 Bibernell, 385 Bichloride of Mercury, 329 Bichromate of Potash, 279 Bignonia Caroba, 273 Bignonia Radicans, 450 Bignonia Sempervirens, 243 Bindweed, 192 Biniodide of Mercury, 325 Biniodidum Hydrargyri, 325 Bird Cherry, 397 Bird's Nest, 336 Bird Spider, 342 Bismuth, 122 Bismuthi Oxidum, 124 Bismuthi Subnitras, 124 Bismuthum, 122 Bismuthum Metallicum, 122 Bismuthum Oxydatum, 124 Bismuthum Subnitricum, 124 Bisulphide of Carbon, 155 Biting Persicaria, 395 Bitter Almond, 75 Bitter Ash, 400 Bitter Candy-Tuft, 264 Bitter Cucumber, 190 Bitter Dock, 301 Bitter Herb, 411 Bitter-Sweet, 215 Bitter Wood, 400 Bitter-Wort Gentian, 244 Bitumen Liquidum, 380 Black Antimony, 81 Black Bryony, 448 Black Cherry, 163 Black Cohosh, 179 Black Garden Radish, 404 Black Haw, 468 Black Hellebore, 257 Black Lead, 250 Black Mustard, 430 Black Nightshade, 431 Black Oxide of Iron, 235 Black Oxide of Mercury, 328 Black Pepper, 386 Black Root, 304 Black Snake Root, 179 Black Spider of Curacao, 454 Black Spruce, 22 Black Sulphuret of Gold, 114 Black Sulphuret of Mercury, 330 Blackthorn, 397 Black Willow, 414 Bladder-wrack, 241 Blatta Americana, 126 Blattaria, 465 Blazing Grass, 58 Blazing Star, 258 Bleaching Powder, 142 Blende, 474. Blessed Thistle, 157 Blitum Americanum, 384 Blood Root, 417 Blue-Berried Cornus, 196 Blue Cohosh, 160 Blue Flag, 272 Blue Lobelia, 307 Blue Pimpernel, 422 Bluestone, 204 Blue Vervain, 465 Blue Vitriol, 204 Boletus Laricis, 126 Boletus Luridus, 127 Boletus Purgans, 126 Boletus Satanas, 127 Bondonneau, 127 Bone Oil, 363 Boneset, 224 Boracic Acid, 26, 128 Boracite, 128 Borage, 129 Boras Sodicus, 128 Borate of Sodium, 128 Borax, 128 Bore Tree, 415 Borneo Camphor, 215 Borosodocalcite, 128 Borrago Officinalis, 129 Bottles, 3 32 498 INDEX. Boviluinum, 483 Bovine Virus, 463 Bovista, 130 Bovista Nigrescens, 130 Bowman's Root, 225 Box, 136 Brachyglottis Repens, 130 Branca Ursina, 130 Brassica Nigra, 430 Brayera Anthelmintica, 131 Brazilian Burdock, 257 Brazilian Cocoa, 253 Brazilian Rattlesnake, 199 Brazilian Snake-Root, 94 Brazilian Stag, 165 Brazilian Ucuuba, 343 Brimstone, 443 Bristly Sarsaparilla, 89 Britannia Metal, 436 Bromated Camphor, 335 Bromic Acid, 26 : Bromide of Ammonium, 66 Bromide of Iron, 232 Bromide of Lithium, 305 Bromide of Potassium, 280 Bromide of Sodium, 348 Bromide of Zinc, 475 Bromine, 132 Brominium, 132 Bromium, 132 Bromuretum Kalicum, 280 Bromuretum Sodicum, 348 Bronze, 436 Brookite, 457 Broom, 433 Broom Rape, 372 Broom Tops, 433 Brucea Antidysenterica, 133 Brucia, 133 Brucinum, 133 Bryonia Alba, 134 Bryonia Vera, 134 Buboinum, 483 Bucharian Musk, 340 Buchu, 134 Buckbean, 321 Buckeye Tree, 54 Buckwheat, 228 Buenos Ayres Pepperwort, 303 Bufo, 135 Bufo Agua, 135 Bufo Sahytiensis, 135 Bug Agaric, 56 Bugle Weed, 306, 310 Buja, 295 Bulbous-rooted Buttercup, 402 Bull-fist, 130 Bulrush, 276 Bunt, 130 Burdock, 91 Burgmansia Gardneri, 208 Burning Crowfoot, 402 Burr Flower, 262 Butea Frondosa, 295 •■ Butter-Bur, 460 Butterfly Weed, 107 Button Bush, 163 Button Snakeroot, 220 Butternut, 275 Butyrate of Zinc, 481 Buxus Sempervirens, 136 Cabardine Musk, 340 Cabbage Rose, 409 Cabbage Tree Bark, 77 Cabedula, 374 Cacao, 136 Cactus Grandiflorus, 137 Cactus Opuntia, 370 Cadmic Sulphate, 138 Cadmii Sulphas, 138 Cadmium, 137 Cadmium Metallicum, 137 Cadmium Sulphide, 98 Cadmium Sulphuiicum, 138 Caffeia, 139 Caffein, 139 Cahinca, 140 Cainca, 140 Cajuputum, 364 Calabar Bean, 383 Caladium, 140 Caladium Seguinum, 140 Calamine, 474 Calcarea Acetica, 141 Calcarea Arsenica, 141 Calcarea Arsenicosa, 141 Calcarea Carbonica, 142 Calcarea Caustica, 142 Calcarea Chlorata, 142 Calcarea Fluorica, 143 Calcarea Hvpophosphorosa, 144 Calcarea Jodata, 145 Calcarea Muriatica, 145 Calcarea Ostrearum, 142 Calcarea Oxalica, 146 Calcarea Phosphorica, 146 Calcarea Sulphuratum, 259 Calcarea Sulphurica, 147 Calcic Acetate, 141 Calcic Carbonate, 142 Calcic Chloride, 145 Calcic Fluoride, 143 Calcic Hydrate, 142 Calcic Hypophosphite, 144 Calcic Iodide, 145 Calcic Phosphate, 146 Calcic Sulphate, 147 INDEX. 499 Calcii Arsenias, 141 Calcii Carbonas, 142 Calcii Chloridum, 145 Calcii Fluoridum, 143 Calcii Hypophosphis, 144 Calcii Iodidum, 145 Calcii Oxalas, 146 Calcii Phosphas Praecipitata, 146 Calcii Sulphas, 147 Calcined Magnesia, 314 Calcis Hydras, 142 Calcis Hypophosphis, 144 Calcis Phosphas, 146 Calcium Acetate, 141 Calcium Fluoride, 143 Calcium Iodatum, 145 Calcium Uxalicum, 146 Caleche, 351 Calendula, 147 Calendula Officinalis, 147 Calisaya Bark, 169 Callistachva Virginica, 304 Calomel, 324 Calomelas, 324 Calonyction Speciosum, 192 Calotropis Gigantea, 311 Caltha Arctica, 148 Caltha Palustris, 148 Calx Chlorata, 142 Calx Chlorinata, 142 Calx Sulphurata, 259 Calx Zinci, 478 Camellia Tea, 453 Campanula Sylvestris, 210 Camphor, 148 Camphora, 148 Camphora Officinarum, 148 Canada Fleabane, 219 Canada Pitch, 21 Canada Snake-root, 105 Canadian Moonseed, 320 Cancer Astacus, 149 Cancer Root, 372 Canchalagua, 149 Candle Berry, 342 Canha Angustifolia, 151 Canna Glauca, 151 Cannabis, 150 Cannabis Indica, 150 Cannabis Sativa, 150 Cantharis, 151 Cantharis Vesicatoria, 151 Capsella Bursa Pastoris, 455 Capsicum, 152 Capsicum Annuum, 152 Carapicho, 257 Carbo Animalis, 153 Carbo Mineralis, 250 Carbo Vegetabilis, 156 Carbolic Acid, 27 Carbonas Kalicus, 282 Carbonas Lithicus, 305 Carbonas Magnesicus, 311 Carbonas Manganosus, 317 Carbonas Plumbicus, 392 Carbonas Sodicus, 347 Carbonas Stronticus, 439 Carbonate of Ammonium, 67 Carbonate of Barium, 117 Carbonate of Copper, 204 Carbonate of Lead, 392 Carbonate of Lime, 142 Carbonate of Lithium, 305 Carbonate of Magnesia, 311 Carbonate of Manganese, 317 Carbonate of Nickel, 355 Carbonate of Potassium, 282 Carbonate of Sodium, 347 Carbonate of Strontian, 439 Carbonate of Zinc, 476 Carbonei Bisulphidum, 155 Carbonei Tetrachloridum, 153 Carboneum, 153 Carboneum Chloratum, 153 Carboneum Hvdrogenisatum, 154 Carboneum Oxygenisatum, 155 Carboneum Sulphuratum, 155 Carbonic Oxide, 155 Carbonic Sulphide, 155 Carbon Monoxide, 155 Carbonous Oxide, 155 Carburetted Hydrogen, 154 Carburetum Ferri, 250 Carcinomin, 483 Cardinal Flower, 307 Carduus Benedictus, 157 Carduus Marianus, 157 Caroba, 273 Carp, 207 Carpenter's Square, 422 Carpopogon Pruriens, 212 Carum Petroselinum, 381 Carya Alba, 158 Cascarilla, 158 Cassada, 274 Cassava, 274 Cassia Acutifolia, 426 Cassia Lanceolata, 426 Castanea, 159 Castanea Edulis, 159 Castanea Vesca, 159 Castor Equi, 159 Castor Equorum, 159 Castor Fiber, 160 Castor Oil, 366 Castor Oil Plant, 408 Castoreum, 160 Castoreum Sibiricum, 160 500 INDEX. Cataria Vulgaris, 355 Catharticum Aureum, 242 Catmint, 355 Catnep, 355 Cat Thyme, 453 Caulophyllin, 484 Caulbphyllum, 160 Caulophyllum Thalictroides, 160 Caustic Barium, 118 Caustic Barytes, 118 Caustic Potash, 283 Causticum, 161 Causticum Hahnemanni, 161 Cayenne Pepper, 152 Ceanothus Americanus, 161 Ceanothus Herbaceous, 161 Ceanothus Sanguinis, 161 Cedron, 162 Cedrus Lycea, 455 Celandine, 166 Celery-leaved Crowfoot, 403 Centaurea Benedicta, 157 Centauroidis, 250 Centaury of Chili, 149 Centesimal Scale, 8 Century Plant, 56 Cepa, 162 Cepa Marina, 421 Cephalanthus Occidentalis, 163 Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, 270 Cerasin, 484 Cerasus Folio Laurino, 302 Cerasus Padus, 397 Cerasus Virginiana, 163 Cerates, 486 Cereus Bonplandii, 164 Cereus Grandiflorus, 137 Cerii Oxalas, 164 Cerium Oxalicum, 164 Cervus Brazilicus, 165 Cervus Campestris, 165 Cerussa, 392 Cerussa Nigra, 250 Cevadilla, 412 Chamaedaphne, 332 Chamaelia Germanica, 332 Chamaelirium Carolinianum, 258 Chamaelirium Luteum, 258 Chamomilla, 165 Chamomilla Vulgaris, 165 Chaste Tree, 57 Chaetomys Subspinosus, 434 Checker Berry, 334 Chelidonium, 166 Chelidonium Majus, 166 Chelone, 166 Chelone Alba, 166 Chelone Glabra, 166 Chelonin, 484 Chemicals, 4 Chenopodii Olidi, 110 Chenopodium Anthelminticum, 167 Chenopodium Botrys, 167 Chenopodium Glaucum, 86, 168 Chenopodium Vulvaria, 110 Cherry Laurel, 302 Chestnut, 159 Chicot, 254 Chili Saltpetre, 350 Chimaphila, 168 Chimaphila Corymbosa, 168 Chimaphila Umbellata, 168 Chimaphillin, 484 China, 169 China Clay, 295 China Regia, 169 China Root, 211 Chinese Musk, 340 Chinese Sumach, 57 Ghininum Arsenicum, 169 Chininum Arsenicosum, 169 Chininum Muriaticum, 170 Chininum Hydrochloricum, 170 Chininum Purum, 170 Chininum Sulphuricum, 171 Chinoidin, 173 Chiococca Racemosa, 140 Chionanthin, 484 Chionanthus Virginica, 173 Chloral, 174 Chloral Hydras, 174 Chloral Hydrate, 174 Chloralum, 174 Chloralum Hydratum Crystallisatum, 174 Chloras Kalicus, 289 Chloras Magnesicus, 312 Chloras Platinicus, 388 Chlorate of Potash, 283 Chlorate of Potash, 289 Chloric Peroxide, 284 Chloride of Ammonium, 70 Chloride of Arsenic, 99 Chloride of Barium, 118 Chloride of Calcium, 145 Chloride of Ethylene, 174 Chloride of Ethylidene, 174 Chloride of Gold, 113 Chloride of Gold and Sodium, 114 Chloride of Iron, 235 Chloride of Lime, 145 Chloride of Platinum, 388 Chloride of Potassium, 289 Chloride of Zinc, 476 Chlorinated Lime, 142 Chlorine, 178 Chlorinum, 178 Chloro-Aurate of Soda, 114 INDEX. 501 Chlorocarbon, 153 Chloroform, 176 Chloroformum, 176 Chlorogenic Acid, 139 Chlorohydric Acid, 36 Chlorum, 178 Chocolate Tree, 136 Chongras, 384 Chop Nut, 383 Chopping Board, 4 Chopping Knife, 4 Christmas Rose, 257 Chromic Acid, 28 Chromium, 279 Chrysomela Septempunctata, 185 Chrysophanic Acid, 29 Churukuku, 298 Cicuta, 178 Cicuta Aquatica, 178 Cicuta Virosa, 178 Cimicifuga, 179 Cimicifuga Racemosa, 179 Cimex Lectularius, 179 Cina, 180 Cina Americana, 167 Cinchona Calisaya, 169 Cinchona Officinalis, 169 Cinchoniae Sulphas, 180 Cinchoninum Sulphuricum, 180 Cinereus, 135 Cinnabar, 181 Cinnabaris, 181 Cinnamon, 182 Cinnamomum, 182 Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, 182 Cissampelos Pareira, 376 Cissampelos Smilacina, 320 Cistus Canadense, 183 Cistus Canadensis, 183 Citrate of Iron and Strychnia, 229 Citric Acid, 30 Citrullus Colocynthis, 190 Claviceps Purpurea, 423 Cleavers, 242 Clematis, 183 Clematis Cordata, 184 Clematis Erecta, 183 Clematis Hirsutissima, 399 Clematis Purshii, 184 Clematis Virginiana, 184 Clematis Vitalba, 184 Club Moss, 309 Cluster-flowered Snowberry, 140 Clutia Eluteria, 158 Cnicus Benedictus, 157 Cnicus Marianus, 157 Coal Oil, 380 Cobalt, 185 Cobalt-glance, 101 Cobaltum, 101 Cobaltum Metallicum, 185 Cobra di Capello, 344 Cobweb, 451 Coca, 185 Coccionella, 185 Coccionella Indica, 186 Coccionella Septempunctata, 185 Cocculus, 186 Cocculus Indicus, 186 Coccus Cacti, 186 Coccus Chamelacus, 332 Cochineal, 186 Cochlearia Armoracia, 95 Cockspur, 423 Cock-up-hat, 438 Cocum, 384 Cod Liver Oil, 364 Cod Oil, 364 Codeia, 187 Codein, 187 Codeinum, 187 Coffea, 188 Coffea Arabica, 188 Coffea Cruda, 188 Coffee, 188 Coffeinum, 139 Colchicum, 188 Colchicum Autumnale, 188 Colic Root, 58, 107, 211 Collinsonia, 189 Collinsonia Canadensis, 189 Collinsonin, 484 Colocynth, 190 Colocynthis, 190 Colorado Beetle, 214 Color Indicus, 266 Coltsfoot, 228 Colt's Tail, 219 Coluber Naja, 344 Columbine, 89 Columbite, 436 Comfrey, 446 Common Artemisia, 102 Common Barb, 207 Common Barberry, 122 Common Chamomile, 79, 165 Common Dwale, 119 Common European Walnut, 276 Common Grape Wine, 470 Common Herb Christopher, 52 Common Horsetail, 218 Common Juniper, 277 Common Life-Everlasting, 248 Common Marigold, 147 Common Marjoram, 371 Common Mushroom, 55 Common Nettle, 461 Common Nightshade, 431 502 INDEX. Common Papaw, 103 Common Rest-harrow, 368 Common Rush, 276 Common Salt, 349 Common Smartweed, 263 Common Toad-Flax, 85 Common Wood-louse, 367 Common Wormwood, 23 Common Virgin's Bower, 184 Comocladia Dentata, 190 Compass-Plant, 429 Compound Pills of Antimony, 485 Condor Plant, 191 Condurango, 191 Cone-Flower, 410 Conium, 191 Conium Maculatum, 191 Consolida Majoris, 446 Consumptive's Weed, 220 Convolvulus, 192 Convolvulus Arvensis, 192 Convolvulus Duartinus, 192 Convolvulus Scammoniae, 192 Copaiba Balsam, 193 Copaiba Officinalis, 193 Copaifera Glabra, 193 Copaiva Off., 193 Copper, 202 Coptis, 193 Coptis Trifolia, 193 Corallium Rubrum, 194 Corallorhiza Odontorhiza, 195 Corallorhiza Wistariana, 195 Coral Root, 195 Coral Viper, 216 Coriandrum Cicuta, 191 Corks, 4 Corn Cockle, 57 Cornea, 195 Corn Fever-Few, 165 Cornin, 484 Corn Smut, 462 Cornus Alba, 196 Cornus Circinata, 195 Cornus Ccerulea, 196 Cornus Cyanocarpus, 196 Cornus Florida, 196 Cornus Rugosa, 195 Cornus Sericea, 196 Cornus Tomentulosa, 195 Corpse Plant, 336 Corrosive Chloride of Mercury, 329 Corrosive Sublimate, 329 Corundum, 63 Corvisartia Helenium, 267 Corydalin, 484 Corydalis Formosa, 197 Cosmolin, 197 Cosmoline, 197 Cotton Plant, 248 Cotyledon, 198 Cotyledon Umbilicus, 198 Coumarouna Odorata, 212 Countryman's Treacle, 411 Cow-bane, 178 Cowhage, 212 Cowitch, 212 Cow-parsnip, 130 Cowslip, 148 Crab Orchard Salt, 313 Cranesbill, 244 Crane Willow, 163 Craw-fish, 149 Cray-fish, 149 Creeping Buttercup, 403 Creeping Crowfoot, 403 Creosote, 296 Creosotum, 296 Cresyl-salicvlic Acid, 42 Crocus, 198" Crocus Autumnalis, 198 Crocus Hispanicus, 198 Crocus Sativus, 198 Cross-Wort Gentian, 243 Crotalus Cascavella, 199 Crotalus Durissus, 199 Crotalus Horridus, 199 Croton Coccineus, 294 Croton Eleutheria, 158 Croton Jamalgota, 200 Croton Oil, 200 Croton Tiglium, 200 Croton Tree, 200 Crow-flowers, 95 Crowfoot, 402 Cryolite, 347 Cryptomorphite, 128 Cuban Spider, 449 Cubeb Pepper, 201 Cubeba, 201 Cubeba Officinalis, 201 Cubebs, 201 Cubic Nitre, 350 Cuckoo-pint, 102 Cucumis Agrestis, 217 Cucumis Colocynthis, 190 Cucurbita Pepo, 201 Culver's Root, 304 Cunila Pulegioides, 256 Cupri Acetas, 203 Cupri Carbonas, 204 Cupri Subacetas, 203 Cupri Sulphas, 204 Cupric Acetate, 203 Cupric Sulphate, 204 Cuprum, 202 Cuprum Aceticum, 203 Cuprum Ammoniatum, 203 INDEX. Cuprum Arsenicosiira, 204 Cuprum Carbonicum, 204 Cuprum Metallicum, 202 Cuprum Oxydatnm Arsenicosum, 204 Cuprum Praecipitatum, 202 Cuprum Sulphuricum, 204 Cuprum Sulphuricum Ammoaiatum, 203 Cuprum Vitriolatum, 204 Curare, 206 Curcus Purgans, 275 Curd Soap, 419 Curled Dock, 411 Cursed Crowfoot, 403 Cuscus, 77 Cusparia Bark, 78 Cuttle Fish, 427 Cyanide of Mercury, 323 Cyanide of Potassium, 285 Cyanide of Zinc, 477 Cyanuret of Mercury, 323 Cyanuret of Potassium, 285 Cyanuretum Hydrargyricum, 323 Cyclamen, 206 Cyclamen Europaeum, 206 Cynanchum Vincetoxicum, 107 Cynocrambe=, 322 Cypripedin, 484 Cypripedium, 207 Cypripedium Pubescens, 207 Cyprinus Barbus, 207 Cytisus Scoparius, 433 Damiana, 208 Dandelion, 449 Daphne, 208 Daphne Indica, 208 Daphne Lagetta, 208 Daphne Mezereum, 332 Daphne Odora, 208 Daphnidostaphylis Feudleri Ana, 462 Darnel, 308 Datura Arborea, 208 Datura Stramonium, 438 David's Root, 140 Deadly Nightshade, 119 Dead Nettle, 301 Dead Oil, 27 Dead Tongue, 362 Decimal Scale, 8 Delphinium Staphisagria, 437 Delphinus Amazonicus, 209 Delphinus Geoffroyi, 209 Deutoioduretum Hydrargyri, 325 Devil Tree, 61 Devil's Bones, 211 Devil's Dung, 104 Devil's Snuff-box, 130 Dextro-Tartaric Acid, 48 Dhak Tree, 295 Diadem Spider, 90 Diamond, 53 Dicentra Eximia, 197 Dictamnus, 209 Dictamnus Albus, 209 Dielytra, 197 Digallic Acid, 47 Digitalin, 484 Digitalis, 210 Digitalis Minima, 250 Digitalis Purpurea, 210 Dihydric Oxalate, 39 Dilute Alcohol, 5 Dioscorea, 211 Dioscorea Paniculata, 211 Dioscorea Quinata, 211 Dioscorea Villosa, 211 Dioscorin, 484 Diosma Crenata, 134 Dippel's Animal Oil, 363 Dipsacus Svlvestris, 211 Dipterix OJerata, 212 Dirca Palustris, 212 Disodic Carbonate, 347 Disulphate of Quinia, 171 Distilled Water, 5 Dog Mercury, 322 Dog Parsley, 55 Dog Poison, 55 Dog's Bane, 87 Dolichos Pruriens, 212 Dorema Ammoniacum, 64 Doryphora Decemlineata, 214 Double Spruce, 22 Dracontium Foetidum, 213 Dragon's Root, 103 Dried Plants, 8 Drosera, 214 Drosera Rotundifolia, 214 Drugs, 7 Drvobalanops Aromatica, 215 Dryobalanops Camphora, 215 Duck's Foot, 394 Dulcamara, 215 Dulcis Amara, 215 Dumb Cane, 140 Dwarf Elder, 89 Dwarf Stinging Nettle, 461 Ecbalium Officinarum, 217 Echites Scholaris, 61 Eclectic Preparations, 483 Elaps Corallinus, 216 Elaterium, 217 Elder, 416 Elecampane, 267 Eleis Guineensis, 217 Elleborum Album, 464 504 Emetic Herb, 306 English Daisy, 120 Epeira Diadema, 90 Epigaea Repens, 218 Epiphegus Americanus, 372 Epsom Salt, 313 Equisetum Arvense, 218 Equisetum Hyemale, 218 Erechthites Hieracifolia, 219 Ergot, 423 Ergota, 423 Erigeron Canandense, 219 Eriodictyon Californicum, 220 Eriodictyon Glntinosum, 220 Erva Carneira, 374 Erva de Pipi, 380 Eryngium Aquaticum, 220 Eryngium Maritimnm, 221 Eryngium Petiolatum, 220 Eryngium Yuccaefolium, 220 Erythraea Chilensis, 149 Erythrina Monosperma, 295 Erythroxylon Coca, 185 Esere, 383 Ethene, 154 Eucalyptus Globulus, 222 Euchlorine, 284 Eugenia Jambos, 221 Euonymin, 484 Euonymus Atropurpureus, 223 Euonymus Caroliniensis, 223 Euonymus Europseus, 223 Euonymus Tristis, 223 Eupatorin (Perf.), 484 Eupatorin (Purp.), 484 Eupatorium Aromaticum, 223 Eupatorium Perforatum, 224 Eupatorium Purpureum, 225 Eupatorium Salviaefolium, 224 Euphorbia Corollata, 225 Euphorbia Hypericifolia, 226 Euphorbia Pilosa, 226 Euphorbia Resinifera, 227 Euphorbia Sylvestris, 226 Euphorbia Villosa, 226 Euphorbium, 227 Euphorbium Tenella, 227 Euphrasia, 227 Euphrasia Officinalis, 227 Eupion, 228, 296 European Elder, 415 European Hellebore, 464 European Snake-Root, 105 European Worm Seed, 180 Eustachya Alba, 304 Evening Primrose, 362 Eve's Cup, 419 Exogonium Purga, 274 Eyebright, 227 INDEX. Faba Calabarica, 383 Faba Febrifuga, 265 Faba Physostigmatis, 383 Faba Pichurim, 384 Fagopyrum Esculentum, 228 Fairy Fingers, 210 False Acacia, 409 False Angustura, 133 False Unicorn, 258 Farfara, 228 Feather Geranium, 167 Female Dogwood, 196 Fennel Flower, 357 Ferula Asafcetida, 104 Ferula Sumbul, 446 Fermented Mare's Milk, 485 Ferri Acetas, 231 Ferri Bromidum, 232 Ferri Carbonas Saccharata, 233 Ferri Chloridum, 235 Ferri Lactas, 234 Ferri Oxidum Magneticum, 235 Ferri Phosphas, 236 Ferri Pyrophosphas, 237 Ferri et Strvchniae Citras, 229 Ferri Sulphas, 238 Ferric Acetate, 231 Ferric Chloride, 235 Ferro Iodidum, 233 Ferrocyanide of Potassium, 286 Ferrocyanide of Zinc, 477 < Ferrocyanuret of Potassium, 286 Ferrous Carbonate, 233 Ferrous Hydric Phosphate, 236 Ferrous Iodide, 233 Ferrous Lactate, 234 Ferrous Sulphate, 238 Ferrum, 229 > Ferrum Aceticum, 231 Ferrum Arseniatum, 231 Ferrum Arsenicum, 231 Ferrum Bromicum, 232 Ferrum Carbonicum, 233 Ferrum Hydrogenio Reductum, 229 Ferrum Iodatum, 233 Ferrum Lacticum, 234 Ferrum Magneticum, 235 Ferrum Metallicum, 229 Ferrum Muriaticum, 235 Ferrum Oxydatum Aceticum, 231 Ferrum Oxydatum Magneticum, 235 Ferrum Phosphoricum, 236 Ferrum Pyrophosphoricum, 237 Ferrum Pyrophosphoricum cum Am- monio Citrico, 237 Ferrum Reductum, 229 Ferrum Sesquichloratum, 235 Ferrum Sulphuricum, 238 Fetid Buckeye, 54 INDEX. Fever-tree, 222 Fever-Wort, 459 Ficus Infernalis, 275 Figwort, 422 Filix Mas, 239 Fireweed, 219 Firewood, 219 Five Fingers, 245 Five-leaved Water-Hemlock, 381 Flammula Jovis, 183 Flesh-colored Asclepias, 106 Flesh-colored Swallow-wort, 106 Flower-de-luce, 272 Flowering Dogwood, 196 Flowers of Sulphur, 443 Flores Sulphuris, 443 Fluoric Acid, 32 Fluor-Spar, 143 Fly Agaric, 56 Fly Trap,'419 Flystone, 101 Fceniculum Aquaticum, 381 Fceniculum Caballinum, 381 Foetid Hellebore, 213 Fole's Foot, 105 Fool's Parsley, 55 Formic Acid, 32 Formica Rufa, 239 Fox-gall, 471 Foxglove, 210 Fox Grape, 376 Fox-liver, 471 Fox-lungs, 471 Fragaria Vesca, 240 Fragrant Sumach, 406 Frankincense, 367 Frasera Carolinensis, 240 Frasera Walteri, 240 Fraxinella, 209 Frazerin, 484 French Metric Weights and ures, 489 Fresh Plants, 7 Fresh Water Sponge, 115 Fringe Tree, l73 Frostwort, 183 Fruits, 7 Fucus Vesiculosus, 241 Fuga Daemonum, 264 Fulminating Gold, 113 Fumitory, 197 Fungus Lands, 126 Fungus Ovatus, 130 Funnels, 4 Fuzz-ball, 130 Galbanum, 370 Galena, 390 Galiopsis, 422 Galipea Cusparia, 78 Galium Aparine, 242 Gallic Acid, 33 Gallopsidis Maculata, 301 Gallo-Tannic Acid, 46 Gallow Grass, 150 Gamboge, 242 Gambogia, 242 Ganja, 150 Garden Angelica, 78 Garden Daisy, 120 Garden Hemlock, 55 Garden Lettuce, 299 Garden Patience, 411 Garden Spider, 90 Garget, 384 Garlic, 59 Gelsemin, 484 Gelsemium, 243 Gelsemium Nitidum, 243 Gelsemium Sempervirens, 243 Genista Scoparia, 433 Gentiana Cruciata, 243 Gentiana Lutea, 244 Gentiana Majoris, 244 Gentiana Minoris, 243 Gentiana Rubra, 244 Geoffroya Inermis, 77 Geranin, 484 Geranium, 244 Geranium Inordorum, 245 Geranium Maculatum. 244 Geranium Pulillum, 244 Geranium Robertianum, 245 German Chamomile, 165 German Viper, 470 Germanea Urticaefolia, 389 Ginseng, 245 Ginger, 482 Gingiber Albus, 482 Gingiber Nigra, 482 Glacial Acetic Acid, 23 Glasses, 3 Glass-stoppered Bottles, 3 Glanderin, 483 Glauber's Salt, 354 Globules, 6 Glonoin, 246 Glonoine, 246 Glonoinum, 246 Glycerin, 247 Glycerina, 247 Glycerine, 247 Glycerinum, 247 Glycerinum Amyli, 487 Glyceroles, 487 Gnaphalium Polycephalum, 248 Gold, 112 Gold Thread, 193 506 INDEX. Golden Alexanders, 453 Golden Ragwort, 425 Golden Rod, 433 Golden Seal, 261 Golden Sulphur, 83 Golden Sulphuret of Antimony, 83 Gonorrhin, 483 Goose-Grass, 242 Gorgonia Nobilis, 194 Gossypin, 484 Gossypium Herbaceum, 248 Grana Moschata, 21 Grana Tiglii, 200 Granatum, 249 Graphites, 250 Graphites Cerate, 487 Gratiola, 250 Gratiola Officinalis, 250 Gravel Root, 225 Great American Cockroach, 126 Great Hairy Rudbeckia, 410 Great or Large Nettle, 461 Great Lobelia, 307 Great Wild Valerian, 463 Greater Plantain, 387 Green European Lizard, 298 Green Hellebore, 464 Green Iodide of Mercury, 325 Green Osier, 195 Grindelia, 251 Grindelia Robusta, 251 Grindelia Squarrosa, 251 Ground Hemlock, 450 Ground Laurel, 218 Ground Lemons, 394 Guaco, 252 Guaiac, 252 Guaiacum Officinale, 252 Guano, 253 Guano Australis, 253 Guao, 190 Guarana, 253 Guara Timbo, 377 Guarea Trichiloides, 254 Guazouti, 165 Guilandin Dioica, 254 Gum Ammoniac, 64 Gum Olibanum, 367 Gum Plant, 446 Gummi Guttae, 242 Gun Metal, 436 Gyguirioba, 432 Gymnocladus Canadensis, 254 Gypsum, 147 Haematoxylon, 255 Haematoxylon Campechianum, 255 Hagenia Abyssinica, 131 Hamamelin, 484 Hamamelis, 255 Hamamelis Virginica, 255 Hart's Tongue, 109 Hashish, 150 Hayo, 185 Hazel-wort, 105 Heal All, 422 Healing Herb, 446 Heart's Ease, 469 Hedeoma, 256 Hedeoma Pulegioides, 256 Hedge-Hyssop, 250 Hedysarum Udefonsianum, 257 Hekla Lava, 256 Helianthemum Canadense, 183 Helianthus, 257 Helianthus Annuus, 257 Helleborus, 257 Helleborus Albus, 464 Helleborus Niger, 257 Helleborus Trifolius, 193 Helonias Dioica, 258 Helonias Lutea, 258 Helonias Viridis, 464 Helonin, 484 Hemlock Spruce, 21 Hemp, 150 Hens and Chickens, 120 Heracleum Sphondylium, 130 Herb-Robert, 245 Herba Anthos, 410 Herba Cvriaci, 453 Herba Sardoa, 403 Herba Solis, 264 Herba Paris, 376 Herba Venti, 399 Herbs, 7 Heteromeris Canadense, 183 Henbane, 263 Hepar Sulphuris, 259 Hepar Sulphuris Calcareum, 259 Hepar Sulphuris Kalinum, 259 Hepatica, 260 Hepatica Triloba, 260 Hibiscus Abelmoschus, 21 Hickory Nut, 158 High Cranberry, 467 Hippocastanum Vulgare, 54 Hippomane Mancinella, 316 Hippomanes, 260 Hoary Basil, 361 Hogbean, 263 Hogweed, 130 Holly Rose, 183 Honey Bee, 86 Hooded Snake, 344 Hood Wort, 422 Hop-Hornbeam, 373 Hop Tree, 398 INDEX. Hop Vine, 308 Hordeum Causticum, 412 Horned Rye, 423 Horse Chestnut, 54 Horse-radish, 95 Horsetail Rush, 218 Horse Weed, 189 Houseleek, 425 Humulus Lupulus, 308 Hundred-Leaved Rose, 409 Huntsman's Cup, 419 Hura Braziliensis, 261 Hydrargyri Ammonio-Chloridum, 327 Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum, 329 Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite, 324 Hydrargyri Cyanidum, 323 Hydrargyri Iodidum Rubrum, 325 Hydrargyri Iodidum Viride, 325 Hydrargyri Nitrico Oxydum, 327 Hydrargyri Oxidum Rubrum, 327 Hydrargyri Perchloridum, 329 Hydrargyri Subchloridum, 324 Hydrargyri Sulphas, 330 Hydrargyri Sulphuratum Rubrum, 181 Hydrargyrum, 331 Hydrargyrum Aceticum, 322 Hydrargyrum Animoniatum, 327 Hydrargyrum Bichloratum Corro- sivum, 329 Hydrargyrum Biiodatum Rubrum, 325 Hydrargyrum Chloratum Mite, 324 Hydrargyrum Depuratum, 332 Hydrargyrum Iodatum, 325 Hydrargyrum Iodatum Flavum, 325 Hydrargyrum Iodidum, 325 Hydrargyrum Nitricum Oxydula- tum, 326 Hydrargyrum Oxydatum Rubrum, 327 Hydrargyrum Oxydulatum Ni- grum, 328 Hydrargyrum Oxydulatum Nitricum Ammoniatum, 328 Hydrargyrum Praecipitatum Al- bum, 327 Hydrargyrum Sulphuretum Nig- rum, 330 Hydrargyrum Sulphuricum, 330 Hydrastin, 484 Hydrastis, 261 Hydrastis Canadensis, 261 Hydrated-dibasic Cupric Carbonate, 204 Hydrated Oxide of Bismuth, 124 Hydrate of Chloral, 174 Hvdric Cupric Arsenite, 204 Hvdric Nitrate, 37 Hvdric Phosphate, 40 Hydrobromic Acid, 26 Hvdrochlorate of Morphia, 338 Hvdrochlorate of Quinine, 170 Hydrochloric Acid, 36 Hydrocotyle Asiatica, 262 Hydrocotyle Nummularioides, 262 Hydrocotyle Pallida, 262 Hydrocyanic Acid, 33 Hydro-Diammonic Phosphate, 72 Hydrophyllum Virginicum, 262 Hydropiper, 263 Hydrophobinum, 311 Hylax Fraxineum, 472 Hyoscyamin, 484 Hyoscyamus, 263 Hyoscyamus Niger, 263 Hypericum, 264 Hypericum Perforatum, 264 Hypophosphis Kalicus, 287 Hypophosphis Potassicus, 287 Hypophosphite of Calcium, 144 Hypophosphite of Lime, 144 Hypophosphite of Potash, 287 Hypophosphite of Soda, 348 Iberis Amara, 264 Ice Plant, 336 Ictodes Fcetidus, 213 Isrnatia, 265 Ignatia Amara, 265 Ilex Aquifolium, 265 Ilex Opaca, 265 Illicium Anisatum, 79 Imbiri, 151 Impure Calcic Sulphide, 259 Impure Carbonate of Lime, 142 India Berries, 186 Indian Acalypha, 23 Indian Apple, 394 Indian Caustic Barley, 412 Indian Fig, 370 Indian Ginger, 105 Indian Hemp, 87, 150 Indian Lettuce, 240 Indian Paint, 417 Indian Pennywort, 262 Indian Pipe, 336 Indian Posey, 248 Indian Tobacco, 306 Indian Turnip, 103 Indicum, 266 Indigo, 266 Indium, 266 Indium Metallicum, 266 Intybus Augustus, 300 Inula, 267 Inula Helenium, 267 Iodide of Ammonium, 69 Iodide of Antimony, 82 Iodide of Arsenic, 100 Iodide of Barium, 118 Iodide of Calcium, 145 508 INDEX. Iodide of Iron, 233 Iodide of Lead, 393 Iodide of Lime, 145 Iodide of Potassium, 288 Iodide of Sulphur, 445 Iodide of Zinc, 478 Iodine, 268 Iodinium, 268 Iodium, 268 Iodoform, 269 Iodoformium, 269 Iodoformum, 269 lodohydrargyrate of Potassium, 326 Ioduretum Kalicum, 288 Ioduretum Plumbicum. 393 Ioduretum Sulfuris, 445 Ipadu, 185 Ipecac, 270 Ipecacuanha, 270 Ipomcea Bona Nox, 192 Ipomoea Jalapa, 274 Ipomcea Purga, 274 Iridium, 271 Iridosmine, 271 Iris Hexagona, 272 Irisin, 484 Iris Versicolor, 272 Iron, 229 Iron Wood, 373 Isis Nobilis, 194 Isopathic Remedies, 483 Italian Viper, 470 Itu, 404 Jaborandi, 273 Jacaranda Braziliensis, 273 Jacaranda Caroba, 273 Jack in the Pulpit, 103 Jalap, 274 Jalapa, 274 Jambosa Vulgaris, 221 Jamestown or Jimson Weed, 438 Janipha Manihot, 274 Jatamansi, 446 Jatropha Curcas, 275 Jatropha Manihot, 274 Jerusalem Oak, 167 Jodium, 268 Joe Pye Weed, 225 Juglandin, 484 Juglans Cathartica, 275 Juglans Cinerea, 275 Juglans Regia, 276 Juguerioba, 432 Juncus Effusus, 276 Juncus Pilosus, 277 Juniper, 277 Juniperus Communis, 277 Juniperus Sabina, 412 Jusquiami, 263 Kakerlat Americana, 126 Kali Acetas, 278 Kali Aceticum, 278 Kali Arsenicosum, 279 Kali Bichromicum, 279 Kali Bromidum, 280 Kali Carbonicum, 282 Kali Causticum, 283 Kali Chloricum, 289 Kali Cyanatum, 285 Kali Cyanuretum, 285 Kali Ferrocyanatum, 286 Kali Hydroiodicum, 288 Kali Hypophosphorosum, 287 Kali Jodatum, 288 Kali Muriaticum, 289 Kali Nitricum, 290 Kali Sulphas, 293 Kali Sulphuricum, 293 Kalium Borussicum, 286 Kalium Bromatum, 280 Kalium Cyanatum, 285 Kalium Ferrocyanatum, 286 Kalium Iodatum, 288 Kalium Sulphuratum, 259 Kalmia Latifolia, 294 Kamala, 294 Kameela, 294 Kaolin, 295 Kaolinum, 295 Kava-Kava, 386 Kaym-puti, 364 Kermes Mineral, 83 Kidney-leaved Asarabacca, 105 Kidney-wort, 198 Kimis, 485 King's Yellow, 99 Kino, 295 Kiwach, 212 Knot-Root, 189 Knot-weed, 395 Koosso, 131 Kosbo Sika, 131 Koumiss, 485 Koumys, 485 Koumyss, 485 Krameria, 296 Krameria Triandra, 296 Kreosote, 296 Kreosotum, 296 Kumiss, 485 Kumys, 485 Kumyss, 485 Kupfernickel, 356 Laboria Pulmonaria, 438 Lacerta Agilis, 298 INDEX. 509 Lacerta Stirpium, 298 Lachesis, 298 Lachnanthes, 299 Lachnanthes Tinctoria, 299 Lactate of Iron, 234 Lactic Acid, 35 Lactuca Crispa, 299 Lactuca Foetida, 300 Lactucarium, 300 Lactuca Sativa, 299 Lactuca S /lvestris, 299 Lactuca Virosa, 300 Lady Bird, 185 Lady Cow, 185 Lady's Slipper, 207 Lagetta Lintearea, 208 Lamium Album, 301 Lamium Laevigatum, 301 Lampblack, 153 Lana Gossypii, 248 Lana Philosophica, 478 Lapathin, 29 Lapathum Acutum, 301 Lapis Albus, 302 Lapis Causticus, 283 Lappa Major, 91 Lappa Officinalis, 91 Larch Agaric, 126 Larch Boletus, 126 Lare, 308 Large-flowering Spurge, 225 Lark Spur, 437 Laudanum, 369 Laughing Gas, 72 Laurel, 294 Laurel Magnolia, 315 Laurocerasus, 302 Laurus Camphora, 148 Laurus Cinnamomum, 182 Laurus Sassafras, 420 Lead, 390 Leather Charcoal, 153 Leatherwood, 212 Ledum, 303 Ledum Palustre, 303 Leontice Thalictroides, 160 Leontodin, 484 Leontodon Taraxacum, 449 Leopard's-bane, 95 Lepidium Bonariense, 303 Lepidium Iberis, 264 Lepidium Mastruco, 303 Leptandra, 304 Leptandra Virginica, 304 Leptandrin, 484 Leptus Autumnalis, 459 Lesser Hemlock, 55 Lesser Periwinkle, 468 Leucorrhin, 483 Levant Wormseed, 180 Lever Wood, 373 Libanotis, 410 Lichen Pulmonarius, 438 Lignum Vitae, 252 Lilium Tigrinum, 304 Lime Tree, 456 Linaria Vulgaris, 85 Linden Tree, 456 Lion's Foot, 344 Liquor Ammoniae Fortior, 68 Liquor Ammonii Acetatis, 65 Liquor Ammonii Caustici, 68 Liquor Arsenici Chloridi, 99 Lithanthrakokali Simplex, 80 Lithic Carbonate, 305 Lithii Bromidum, 305 Lithii Carbonas, 305 Lithium Bromatum, 305 Lithium Bromicum, 305 Lithium Carbonicum, 305 Lithium Hydrobromicum, 305 Liver Lily, 272 Liver of Sulphur, 259 Liverwort, 260 Loadstone, 235 Lobelia, 306 Lobelia Cardinalis, 307 Lobelia Cerulea, 307 Lobelia Glandulosa, 307 Lobelia Inflata, 306 Lobelia Syphilitica, 307 Lobelin, 484 Logwood, 255 Lolium Arvense, 308 Lolium Robustum, 308 Lolium Temulentum, 308 Long Birthwort, 94 Lotions, 487 Louse Seeds, 437 Love Apple, 309 Lunar Caustic, 93 Lung Moss, 438 Lungwort Lichen, 438 Lupulin, 308 Lupulina, 308 Lupulus, 308 Luzula Pilosa, 277 Lychnis Githago, 57 Lycoperdon Bovista, 130 Lycopersicum, 309 Lycopersicum Esculentum, 309 Lycopin, 484 Lycopodium, 309 Lycopus, 310 Lycopus Virginicus, 310 Lycosa Tarantula, 450 Lyssin, 311 Lytta Vesicatoria, 151 510 INDEX. Mace, 359 Macropiper Methysticum, 386 Macrotin, 484 Macrotvs Racemosa, 179 Madar,'311 Magisterium Bismuthi, 124 Magnesia, 314 Magnesia Calcinata, 314 Magnesia Carbonica, 311 Magnesia Muriatica, 312 Magnesia Phosphorica, 313 Magnesia Sulphurica, 313 Magnesia Usta, 314 Magnesii Carbonas, 311 Magnesii Chloridum, 312 Magnesii Sulphas, 313 Magnesite, 313 Magnesium Carbonate, 311 Magnesium Chloride, 312 Magnesium Metallicum, 312 Magnesium Sulphate, 313 Magnetic Oxide of Iron, 235 Maguey, 56 Magnolia, 315 Magnolia Glauca, 315 Maize Smut, 462 Majorana, 315 Majorana Hortensis, 315 Malabar Plum-tree, 221 Malacca Bean, 76 Malandrinura, 483 Male Fern, 239 Mallotus Philippinensis, 294 Manchineel, 316 Mancinella, 316 Mandrake, 394 Manganesii Acetas, 316 Manganesii Carbonas, 317 Manganous Acetate, 316 Manganous Carbonate, 317 Manganum Aceticum, 316 Manganum Carbonicum, 317 Manganum Metallicum, 317 Maniacum, 119 Manihot Utilissima, 274 Manioca Mandi, 274 Manioca, 274 Mapato, 296 Marcassita Alba, 124 Marine Acid, 36 Marjorana Syriaca, 453 Marking-nut Tree, 76 Marsh Buttercup, 402 Marsh Crowfoot, 403 Marsh Marigold, 148 Marshmallow, 61 Marsh Tea, 303 Marsh Trefoil, 321 Marum Verum, 453 Master wort, 130 Mastruco, 303 Matico 317 Matricaria Chamomilla, 165 May-Apple, 394 May Pop, 377 Meadow Anemone, 399 Meadow Crowfoot, 401 Meadow Parsnip, 453 Meadow Saffron, 188 Measuring Glasses, 4 Mechoacanna Nigra, 274 Medicated Globules, 11 Melanosinapis Communis, 430 Melanpodium, 257 Melanthium Sabadilla, 412 Melartizainuloides, 472 Melastoma Ackermanni, 318 Melastoma Tapixrica, 318 Melilotus, 318 Melilotus Alba, 318 Melilotus Officinalis, 319 Melissa Pulegioides, 256 Meloe Majalis, 319 Meloe Proscarabaeus, 319 Meloe Vesicatorius, 151 Menispermin, 484 Menispermum Canadense, 320 Menispermum Cocculus, 186 Mentha Hercina, 320 Mentha Piperita, 320 Mentha Viridi Aquatica, 320 Menyanthes, 321 Menyanthes Trifoliata, 321 Mephitis, 321 Mephitis Putorius, 321 Mercurialis Annua, 322 Mercurialis Montana, 322 Mercurialis Perennis, 322 Mercuric Cyanide, 323 Mercuric Oxide, 327 Mercuric Potassium Iodide, 326 Mercuric Sulphate, 330 Mercurius Acetatus, 322 Mercurius Aceticus, 322 Mercurius Auratus, 323 Mercurius Cyanatus, 323 Mercurius Dulcis, 324 Mercurius Iodatus Flavus, 325 Mercurius Iodatus Ruber, 325 Mercurius Nitrosus, 326 Mercurius Praecipitatus Albus, 327 Mercurius Praecipitatus Ruber, 327 Mercurius Solubilis Hahnemanni, 328 Mercurius Sublimatus Corrosivus, 329 Mercurius Sulphuratus Ruber, 181 Mercurius Sulphuretum Nigrum, 330 Mercurius Sulphuricus, 330 Mercurius Vivus, 331 INDEX. 511 Mercurous Iodide, 325 Mercury, 331 Mercury Vine, 407 Metal Magnesium, 312 Metallic Aluminium, 63 Metallic Arsenic, 101 Metallic Bismuth, 122 Metallic Cobalt, 185 Metallic Indium, 266 Metallic Manganese, 317 Metallic Nickel, 356 Metallic Silver, 91 Metallic Tin, 436 Metallic Zinc, 474 Metals, 7, 8 Metric Weights and Measures, 489 Mezereon, 332 Mezereum, 332 Mikania Guaco, 252 Mild Chloride of Mercury, 324 Mild Water Pepper, 395 Milfoil, 333 Milk Parsley, 226 Milk Thistle, 157 Milk-weed, 106 Milk Weed, 225 Millefolium, 333 Mimosa Humilis, 334 Minerals, 7, 8 Mispickel, 101 Mistletoe, 470 Mitchella Repens, 334 Moccasin Plant, 207 Molybdic Acid, 36 Momordica Balsamina, 335 Momordica Elaterium, 217 Monniera Trifoliata, 273 Monkshood, 50 Monobromated Camphor, 335 Monobromidum Camphorae, 335 Monotropa Morisoniana, 336 Monotropa Uniflora, 336 Moor-Grass, 214 Moosewood, 212 Morning Glory, 192 Morphia, 336 Morphiae Acetas, 338 Morphiae Hydrochloras, 338 Morphiae Sulphas, 339 Morphine, 336 Morphinum Aceticum, 338 Morphinum Sulphuricum, 339 Morphium, 336 Morphium Aceticum, 338 Morphium Muriaticum, 338 Morphium Purum, 336 Morphium Sulphuricum, 339 Mortars, 4 Moschus, 339 Moschus Moschiferus, 339 Moschus Orientalis, 339 Moschus Tibetanus, 339 Moschus Tunquinensis, 339 Mossy Stone Crop, 424 Mountain Balm, 220 Mountain Laurel, 294 Mountain Mint, 371 Mountain Parsley, 370 Mucuna Pruriens, 212 Mudar, 311 Mugwort, 102 Mullein, 465 Murex Brandaris, 341 Murex Purpurea, 341 Muriate of Ammonia, 70 Muriate of Apomorphia, 88 Muriate of Gold, 113 Muriate of Iron, 235 Muriate of Linle, 145 Muriate of Magnesia, 312 Muriate of Morphia, 338 Muriate of Platinum, 388 Muriate oi Quinia, 170 Muriate of Strontia, 439 Muriate of Strychnia, 441 Muriatic Acid, 36 Murich, 386 Murina, 132 Murure Leite, 341 Muscus Clavatus, 309 Musk, 339 Musk-root, 446 Musk Seed, 21 Mygale Avicularia, 342 Mygale Lasiodora, 342 Mygale Lasiodora Cubana, 342 Myrica Cerifera, 342 Myricin, 484 Myristica Moschata, 359 Myristica Sebifera, 343 Myrospermum Peruiferum, 115 Myroxylon Pereirae, 115 Myrtle, 343 Myrtus Communis, 343 Myrtus Jambos, 221 Nabulus Albus, 344 Nabulus Serpentaria, 344 Naja, 344 Naja Tripudians, 344 Naked Lady, 188 Naphthalene, 345 Naphthalin, 345 Naphthalin um, 345 Naphtha Montana, 380 Naphtha Natri, 358 Naphthylamina, 345 Narcotia, 345 512 INDEX. Narcotin, 345 Narcotina, 345 Narcotinum, 345 Nardum Rusticanum, 105 Narrow-leaved Piper, 317 Narthex Asafcetida, 104 Natri Arsenias, 346 Natri Phosphas, 351 Natrum Arsenicum, 346 Natrum Biboracicum, 128 Natrum Bromatum, 348 Natrum Carbonicum, 347 Natrum Chloratum Purum, 349 Natrum Hydrobromicum, 348 Natrum Hypophosphoricum, 348 Natrum Hypophosphorosum, 348 Natrum Muriaticum, 349 Natrum Nitricum, 350 Natrum Phosphoricum, 351 Natrum Salicylicum, 352 Natrum Sulpho-carbolicum, 353 Natrum Sulphuricum, 354 Navel wort, 198 Nectandra Puchury Major, 384 Nenuphar Luteum, 358 Nepata Cataria, 355 Nerium Album, 363 Nerium Oleander, 363 Nerium Variegatum, 363 Nettle-leaved Vervain, 466 Neutral Substances, 5 New England Boxwood, 196 New Jersey Tea, 161 Niccoli Sulphas, 356 Niccolum, 356 Niccolum Carbonicum, 355 Niccolum Metallicum, 356 Niccolum Sulphuricum, 356 Nickel, 356 Nickel Carbonate, 355 Nickel Sulphate, 356 Nicotia, 357 Nicotin, 357 Nicotina, 357 Nicotina Tabacum, 447 Nicotinum, 357 Nicotylia, 357 Nigella Damascena, 357 Night-blooming Cereus, 137 Nihilum Album, 478 Nipple Nightshade, 432 Nitras (Azotas) Sodicus, 350 Nitras Kalicus, 290 Nitrate of Ammonium, 71 Nitrate of Mercury, 326 Nitrate of Potash, 290 Nitrate of Potassium, 290 Nitrate of Silver, 93 Nitrate of Soda, 350 Nitrate of Strychnia, 441 Nitrate of -Uranium, 461 Nitre, 290 Nitric Acid, 37 Nitric Ether, 358 Nitri Spiritus Dulcis, 358 Nitrite of Amyl, 75 Nitro-benzine, 121 Nitro-benzol, 121 Nitrobenzolum, 121 Nitrocodeia, 188 Nitroglycerin, 246 Nitroglycerinum, 246 Nitronaphthalins, 345 Nitrum, 290 Nitrum Cubicum, 350 Nitrum Flammans, 71 Nomenclature, 20 Northern Jalap, 384 Nose-bleed, 333 Nosodes, 483 Notch-leaved Alder, 60 Nuces Aromaticse, 359 Nuces Sassafras, 384 Nucis Vomicae Cortex, 358 Nuphar Luteum, 358 Nutmeg, 359 Nux Juglans, 276 Nux Moschata, 359 Nux Myristica, 359 Nux Vomica, 359 Nymphaea Alba, 360 Nymphaea Lutea, 358 Nyraphiea Odorata, 360 Oak-leaved Goosefoot, 168 Oak Lungs, 438 Oassacu, 261 Ocimastrum, 422 Ocimum Canum, 361 Odontenecrosine, 483 OSnanthe, 362 GSnanthe Apiifolia, 362 OSnanthe Crocata, 362 QSnanthe Phellandrium, 381 QSnanthe Sarmentosa, 381 Oenothera Biennis, 362 Oenothera Gauroides, 362 GEnothera Parviflora, 362 Ohio Buckeye, 54 Oil Beetle, 319 Oil of Cajeput, 364 OilNut,*275 Oil of Sandal-Wood, 365 Oil of Turpentine, 452 Oil of Vitriol, 44 Ointments, 486 Old Man, 22 Old Man's Beard, 184 INDEX. Oleander, 363 Olefiant Gas, 154 Oleum Animale JEthereum, 363 Oleum Animale Dippelii, 363 Oleum Cajaputi, 364 Oleum Cornu Cervi, 363 Oleum Hepatis Morrhua?, 364 Oleum Jecoris Aselli, 364 Oleum Ligni Santali, 365 Oleum Morrhuae, 364 Oleum Palmae Christi, 366 Oleum Petrae, 380 Oleum Ricini, 366 Oleum Santalum Album, 365 Oleum Santalum Citrinum, 365 Oleum Tartari per Deliquium, 282 Oleum Terebinthinae, 452 Oleum Terrae, 380 Olibanum, 367 Onagra Biennis, 362 Onion, 162 Oniscus Ascellus, 367 Ononis Spinosa, 368 Onosuris Acumenata, 362 Opium, 369 Opopanax, 369 Opopanax Chironium, 369 Opuntia Humifusa, 370 Opuntia Vulgaris, 370 Orange Apocynum, 107 Orange Spider, 454 Oreoselinum, 370 Organg, 371 Origanum Majorana, 315 Origanum Vulgare, 371 Ornithogalum Maritinum, 421 Orobanche Virginiana, 372 Orpiment, 99 Orpiment, red, 101 Orpiment, yellow, 101 Ortho-phenolsulphuric Acid, 353 Osmiridium, 271 Osmium, 372 Ostrya Virginica, 373 Ottonia Anisum, 273 Ova Barbae, 207 Oxalate of Calcium, 146 Oxalate of Cerium, 164 Oxalate of Lime, 146 Oxalic Acid, 39 Oxide of Antimony, 82 Oxide of Bismuth, 124 Oxide of Zinc, 478 Oxycantha, 122 Oxyduli Ferri, 234 _ Oxydum Hydrargyricum, 327 Oxysulphuret of Antimony, 83 Padus Avium, 397 Padus Laurocerasus, 302 Paeonia Officinalis, 373 Pale Rose, 409 Pali-mara, 61 Palladium, 374 Palm Tree, 217 Palma Christi, 408 Palus Sanctus, 252 Panacea Arvensis, 374 Panax Quinquefolium, 245 Pancratium Verum, 421 Pancreatin, 375 Pancreatinum, 375 Pansy, 469 Papal Cross Spider, 90 Papava Hortense, 369 Papaver Somniferum, 369 Pappoose Root, 160 Paraffin, 375 Paraffinum, 375 Paraphenolsulphonic Acid, 353 Parcelia Triloba, 108 Pareira Brava, 376 Parientinic Acid, 29 Parietin, 29 Paris Quadrifolia, 376 Parsley, 381 Partridge Berry, 334 Parts of Plants, 7 Pasque-Flower, 399 Passiflora Incarnata, 377 Passion Flower, 377 Pastinaca Opopanax, 369 Paullinia Pinnata, 377 Paullinia Sorbilis, 253 Paullinia Timbo, 377 Paul's Betony, 310 Pauson, 417 Pavia Glabra, 54 Peachwood, 255 Pearl White, 124 Pediculus Capitis, 378 Pellets, 6 Pellitory, 472 Pennsylvania Sumach, 406 Pennywort, 198 Penthorum Sedoides, 378 Peony, 373 Peppermint, 320 Pepsin, 379 Perchloride of Iron, 235 Perchloride of Mercury, 329 Permanganate of Potash, 292 Permanganate of Potassium, 292 Peroxide of Mercury, 327 Persulphate of Mercury, 330 Pes Leoninus, 309 Pes Ursinus, 309 Pestilence Wort, 460 33 514 INDEX. Petasites Vulgaris, 460 Petiveria Mappa Graveolens, 380 Petiveria Teirandra, 380 Petroleum, 380 Petroselinum, 381 Petroselinum Sativum, 381 Peucedanum Oreoselinum, 370 Pewter, 436 Phellandrium Aquaticum, 381 Phellandrium, 381 Phenic Acid, 27 Phenol, 27 Phenolsulphonate of Sodium, 353 Phenylic Alcohol, 27 Phosgene Gas, 177 Phosphas Natricus, 351 Phosphate of Ammonium, 72 Phosphate of Iron, 236 Phosphate of Lime, 146 Phosphate of Potash, 293 Phosphate of Potassium, 293 Phosphate of Soda, 351 Phosphate of Sodium, 351 Phosphate of Strychnia, 442 Phosphide of Zinc, 479 Phosphoric Acid, 40 Phosphorus, 382 Phosphuret of Zinc, 479 Photo-Santonic Acid, 418 Phu Germanicum, 463 Physic Nut, 275 Physostigma, 383 Physostigma Venenosum, 383 Phytolacca, 384 Phytolacca Decandra, 384 Phytolaccin, 484 Picao de Praia, 389 Pichurim, 384 Pichurim Beans, 384 Picraemia Excelsa, 400 Picrasma Excelsa, 400 Picric Acid, 41 Pigeon Berry, 384 Pigmentum Indicum, 266 Pilocarpin Muriate, 385 Pilocarpinum Muriaticum, 385 Pilocarpus Pennatifolius, 273 Pilocarpus Pinnatus, 273 Pilot Weed, 429 Pilulae Antimonii Compositse, 485 Pimpinel, 385 Pimpinella Alba, 385 Pimpinella Hircinae, 385 Pimpinella Nostratis, 385 Pimpinella Saxifragra, 385 Pimpinella Umbellifera, 385 Pinitis Succinefer, 443 Pink Root, 434 Pinus Canadensis, 21 Pinus Sylvestris, 386 Piper Angustifolium, 317 Piper Cubeba, 201 Piper Methysticum, 386 Piper Nigrum, 386 Piper Trioicum, 386 Pipi, 380 Pipperidge Bush, 122 Pipsissewa, 168 Pismire, 239 Pitcher Plant, 419 Plant Louse, 86 Plantago Major, 387 Plaster of Paris, 147 Platina, 388 Platina Chlorata, 388 • Platina Chloridum, 388 Platinic Chloride, 388 Platinum, 388 Platinum Metallicum, 388 Platinum Muriaticum, 388 Plectranthus Fructicosus, 388 Pleurisy Root, 107 Plum-leaved Viburnum, 468 Plumbago, 250 Plumbago Littoralis, 389 Plumbi Acetas, 391 Plumbi Carbonas, 392 Plumbi Iodidum, 393 Piumbic Carbonate, 392 Plumbic Iodide, 393 Plumbum, 390 Plumbum Aceticum, 391 Plumbum Carbonicum, 392 Plumbum Iodatum, 393 Plumbum Metallicum, 390 Plumbum Metallicum Praecipi 390 Plummer, 485 Plummer's Pills, 485 Podalyria Tinctoria, 116 Podophyllin, 484 Podophyllum, 394 Podophyllum Peltatum, 394 Poison Ash, 407 Poison Dogwood, 408 Poison Elder, 408 Poison Ivy, 407 Poison Nut, 359 Poison Oak, 407 Poison Sumach, 408 Poison Tobacco, 263 Poison Vine, 407 Poison Wood, 408 Poisonous American Arum, 140 Poisonous Pediveau, 140 Poke, 384 Polecat, 321 Po.ecat Weed, 213 INDEX. 515 Polygala Senega, 426 Polygonum Acre, 395 Polygonum Fagopyrum, 228 Polygonum Hydropiper, 263 Polygonum Hydropiperoides, 395 Polygonum Mite, 395 Polygonum Punctatum, 395 Polypodium Filix Mas, 239 Polyporus Officinalis, 126 Poma Amoris, 309 Pomegranate, 249 Pompholvx, 478 Pool Root, 223 Poorman's Mercury, 374 Poor Man's Weather Glass, 76 Poor Robin, 242 Populin, 484 Populus, 396 Populus Tremuloides, 396 Porcelain, 295 Porcupine, 434 Potassa Alum, 62 Potassa Caustica, 283 Potassae Bichromas, 279 Potassae Chloras, 283 Potassie Hydras, 283 Potassae Nitras, 290 Potassae Permanganas, 292 Potassae Sulphas, 293 Potassii Acetas, 278 Potassii Bichromas, 279 Potassii Bromidum, 280 Potassii Carbonas, 282 Potassii Chloras, 283 Potassii Chloridum, 289 Potassii Cyanidum, 285 Potassii Cyanuretum, 285 Potassii Ferrocyanidum, 286 Potassii Hypophosphis, 287 Potassii Iodidum, 288 Potassii Nitras, 290 Potassii Permanganas, 292 Potassii Phosphas, 293 Potassii Sulphas, 293 Potassii Sulphuratum, 259 Potassio-aluminic Sulphate, 62 Potassium Acetate, 278 Potassium Arsenite, 279 Potassium Bichromate, 279 Potassium Chloras, 283 Potassium Hydrate, 283 Potassium Sulphate, 293 Potentiation, Class I, 12 " 11,13 " " III, 13 « " IV, 14 " " V—a, 15 « " V—b, 15 " VI—a, 16 Potentiation, Class VI—b, 16 Potentiation on the Centesimal Scale, 9 Potentiation on the Decimal Scale, 9 Potentiation of Dry Substances, 9 Potentiation of Liquid Substances, 8 Potato Bug, 214 Pothos Fcetidus, 213 Precipitated Carbonate of Zinc, 476 Precipitated Phosphate of Calcium, 146 Preliminary Manipulations, 7 Prenanthes Alba, 344 Preparation of Potencies or Attenua- tions, 8 Prickly Ash, 472 Prickly Pear, 370 Pride Weed, 219 Prince's Pine, 168 Procuring of Medicinal Substances, 7 Proportions of Measure and Weight, 12 Propylamin, 396 Propylaminum, 396 Protoiodide of Barium, 118 Protoiodide of Mercury, 325 Protonitrate of Mercury, 326 Protoxide of Mercury, 328 Prunus Amygdalus, 75 Prunus Communis, 397 Prunus Instititia, 397 Prunus Laurocerasus, 302 Prunus Padus, 397 Prunus Racemosa, 397 Prunus Spinosa, 397 Prunus Virginiana, 163 Prunus Vulgaris, 397 Prussic Acid, 33 Pseudo-acacia Odorata, 409 Psorinum, 398 Ptelea Trifoliata, 398 Ptelea Viticifolia, 398 Ptelein, 484 Pterocarpus Marsupium, 295 Puccoon, 417 Puck-ball, 130 Puff Ball, 130 Puff-ball, 449 Puffin, 130 Puka-Puka, 130 Puke Root, 306 Pulmo Vulpis, 471 Pulmonaria Reticulata, 438 Pulsatilla, 399 Pulsatilla Nigricans, 399 Pulsatilla Nuttaliana, 399 Pulsatilla Patens, 399 Pulsatilla Pratensis, 399 Pumacuchu, 296 Pumpkin, 201 Punica Granatum, 249 Pure Barytes, 118 516 INDEX. Pure Clav, 63 Pure Flint, 428 Pure Quinine, 170 Pure Tin, 436 Purging Agaric, 126 Purging Nut, 200, 275 Purple Boneset, 225 Purple Glove, 210 Purple Willow, 414 Purpura Patula, 341 Purvain, 465 Pycnanthemum Linifolium, 400 Pyrocatechin, 353 Pyrola Umbellata, 168 Pyrophosphate of Iron, 237 Quadrihydrated Nitric Acid, 38 Quaker Buttons, 359 Quaking Aspen, 396 Quassia, 400 Quassia Amara, 400 Quassia Simaruba, 430 Queen of the Meadow, 225 Queen's Delight, 438 Queen's Root, 438 Quercus Marina, 241 Quicksilver, 331 Quillaya Saponaria, 401 Quillaya, 401 Quinia, 170 Quiniae Arsenias, 169 Quiniae Hydrochloras, 170 Quiniae Sulphas, 171 Quinoidine, 173 Quinquino, 115 Quiver Leaf, 396 Rabbit Foot, 458 Ragged Lady, 357 Rana Bufo, 135 Ranunculus Acris, 401 Ranunculus Alismaefolius, 402 Ranunculus Bulbosus, 402 Ranunculus Californicus, 401 Ranunculus Canus, 401 Ranunculus Delphinifolius, 401 Ranunculus Flammula, 402 Ranunculus Lanuginosus, 403 Ranunculus Lingua, 402 Ranunculus Palustris, 403 Ranunculus Repens, 403 Ranunculus Sceleratus, 403 Ranunculus Tomentosus, 403 Ranunculus Tuberosus, 402 Raphanus Hortensis, 404 Raphanus Nigrum, 404 Raphanus Sativus Niger, 404 Rapuntium Inflatum, 306 Ratanhia, 296 Rattlesnake, 199 Rattlesnake Milkwort, 426 Rattlesnake Root, 344 Realgar, 101 Red Alder, 60 Red-ant, 239 Red Clover, 458 Red Coral, 194 Red Iodide of Mercury, 325 Red Lobelia, 307 Red Oxide of Mercury, 327 Red Pepper, 152 Red Phosphorus, 383 Red Precipitate, 327 Red Root, 161, 299 Red. Rot, 214 Red Sulphide of Mercury, 181 Red-Wood, 254 Reed, 104 Relative Value of Wine or Apotheca- ries' and Imperial Measures, 490 Remora Alopecuroides, 368 Remora Aratum, 368 Remora Urinaria, 368 Resina Itu, 404 Resinoids, 483 Resorcin, 354 Resta Bovis, 368 Rhabarbaric Acid, 29 Rhabarbarin, 29 Rhabarbarum, 404 Rhaponticin, 29 Rhatany, 296 Rhein, 29 Rheum, 404 Rheum Palmatum, 404 Rhodium, 405 Rhododendron, 405 Rhododendron Chrysanthemum, 405 Rhubarb, 404 Rhus Aromatica, 406 Rhus Carolinense, 406 Rhus Chinense, 57 Rhus Elegans, 406 Rhus Glabrum, 406 Rhus Humile, 407 Rhus Pubescens, 407 Rhus Radicans, 407 Rhus Toxicarium, 407 Rhus Toxicodendron, 407 Rhus Venenata, 408 Rhus Vernicifera, 408 Rhus Vernix, 408 Rhus Verrucosa, 407 Rib-Grass, 387 Ricinus Africanus, 408 Ricinus Communis, 366, 408 Ricinus Europaeus, 408 Ricinus Laevis, 366 INDEX. 517 Ricinus Lividus, 408 Ricinus Majoris, 275 Ricinus Viridis, 366 Ricinus Viridus, 408 River Crab, 149 River Sponge, 115 Robinia, 409 Robinia Pseudo-acacia, 409 Rock Oil, 380 Rock Rose, 183 Roman Chamomile, 79 Roots, 7 Rope bark, 212 Rorella Rotundifolia, 214 Rosa Benedicta, 373 Rosa Centifolia, 409 Rosa Mucosa, 409 Rosa Provincialis, 409 Rose-apple, 221 Rose-bay, 363 Rosebay, 405 Rose-colored Silk Weed, 106 Rose Laurel, 363 Rosemary, 410 Rosin, 452 Rosin Weed, 429 Rosmarinum Sylvestre, 303 Rosmarinus, 410 Rosmarinus Officinalis, 410 Rottlera Tinctoria, 294 Rough Parsnip, 369 Round-Leaved Dogwood, 195 Round-leaved Sundew, 214 Rudbeckia, 410 Rue, 411 Rumex, 411 Rumex Crispus, 411 Rumex Obtusifolius, 301 Rumicin, 29 Rumin, 485 Russian Musk, 340 Russula Emetica, 55 Ruta, 411 Ruta Graveolens, 411 Ruta Latifolia, 411 Rutile, 457 Sabadilla, 412 Sabadilla Officinarum, 412 Sabina, 412 Sabina Officinalis, 412 Saccharated Carbonate of Iron, 233 Saccharum Album, 413 Saccharum Lactis, 6 Saccharum Officinarum, 413 Saccharum Saturni, 391 Saffron, 198 Sage, 415 Sal Ammoniac, 70 Sal Soda, 347 Sal Tartari, 282 Sal Volatile, 67 Salicor, 347 Salicylate of Sodium, 352 Salicylic Acid, 41 Sal is A man", 311 Salix Alba, 413 Salix Nigra, 414 Salix Purpurea, 414 Salt of Tartar, 282 Saltpetre, 290 Salvia Officinalis, 415 Sambucus, 415 Sambucus Canadensis, 416 Sambucus Nigra, 415 Sambucus Nigra e cortice, 416 Sancratium, 421 Sandarach, 101 Sanguinaria, 417 Sanguinaria Acaulis, 417 Sanguinaria Canadensis, 417 Sanguinaria Vernalis, 417 Sanguinarin, 485 Santonin, 417 Santoninic Acid, 417 Santoninum, 417 Sapo Animalis, 419 Sapo Domesticus, 419 Sapium Sylvaticum, 438 Sarazina Gibbosa, 419 Sarothamnus Scoparius, 433 Sarothamnus Vulgaris, 433 Sarracenia Heterophylla, 419 Sarracenia Purpurea, 419 Sarsa, 420 Sarsaparilla, 420 Sassafras, 420 Sassafras Nut, 384 Sassafras Officinale, 420 Satanic Boletus, 127 Satan's Fungus, 127 Satween, 61 Savine, 412 Savoyan, 242 Scabious, 219 Scabish, 362 Scabwort, 267 Scammony, 192 Scarlet Pimpernel, 76 Scheele's Green, 204 Schoenocaulon Officinale, 412 Scilla, 421 Scilla Maratima, 421 Sclerotium Clavus, 423 Scolopendrium Officinarum, 109 Scotch Fir, 386 Scotch Pine, 386 Scouring Rush, 218 518 INDEX. Scrofula Plant, 422 Scrophularia Nodosa, 422 Scullcap, 422 Scutellaria, 422 Scutellaria Lateriflora, 422 Scutellarin, 485 Sea-dew, 410 Sea Holly, 221 Sea-kelp, 241 Sea Onion, 421 Sea-wrack, 241 Secale Cornutum, 423 Sedinha, 423 Sedum Acre, 424 Seeds, 7 Seleniate of Soda, 424 Selenium, 424 Semecarpus Anacardium, 76 Semen Abelmoschi, 21 Sempervivum Minoris, 424 Sempervivum Tectorum, 425 Seneca, 426 Seneca Snakeroot, 426 Senecia Gracilis, 425 Senecin, 485 Senecio Aureus, 425 Senecio Hieracifolius, 219 Senega, 426 Senna, 426 Sepia, 427 Sepia Octopus, 427 Sepia Officinalis, 427 Sepiae Succus, 427 Serpentaria, 428 Sesqui-chloride of Iron, 235 Sesqui-oxide of Bismuth, 124 Shag-Bark, 158 Shave-grass, 218 Shellbark, 158 Sheep's Berry, 467 Shepherd's Purse, 455 Shrubby Trefoil, 398 Siberian Musk, 340 Side-saddle Flower, 419 Sieves, 4 Signum Campescanum, 255 Silex, 428 Silica, 428 Silicea, 428 Silicea Terra, 428 Silicious Earth, 428 Silicio-Fluoride of Calcium, 302 Silk-Weed, 106 Silphium Laciniatum, 429 Silver, 91 Silybum Marianum, 157 Simaba Cedron, 162 Simaruba, 430 Simaruba Amara, 430 Simaruba Guianensis, 430 Simaruba Officinalis, 430 Simple Cerate, 486 Simuraba Excelsa, 400 Sinapis Nigra, 430 Sison Aureus, 453 Sium Trifoliatum, 453 Skoke Root, 384 Skunk, 321 Skunk Cabbage, 213 Slaked Lime, 142 Sloe, 397 Small Burnet Saxifrage, 385 Small Buttercup, 401 Small Crowfoot, 402 Small Pox Virus, 463 Small Yellow Pond Lily, 358 Smilax Medica, 420 Smilax Officinalis, 420 Smooth Sumach, 406 Smyrnium Aureum, 453 Snake-Head, 166 Snowball, 467 Snow-flower, 173 Soapbark, 401 Socotrine Aloes, 60 Sodae Arsenias, 346 Sodae Carbonas, 347 Sodae Phosphas, 351 Sodae Sulphas, 354 Sodic Biborate, 128 Sodic Nitrate, 350 Soldier's Herb, 317 Sodii Arsenias, 346 Sodii Boras, 128 Sodii Bromidum, 348 Sodii Carbonas, 347 Sodii Chloridum, 349 Sodii Hypophosphis, 348 Sodii Nitras, 350 Sodii Phosphas, 351 Sodii Sulphas, 354 Sodii Sulphocarbolas, 353 Sodium Bromide, 348 Sodium Chloride, 349 Sodium Sulphide, 354 Sodium Sulphocarbolate, 353 Soft Rush, 276 Solanum, 431 Solanum Aculeatissimum, 431 Solanum Arborean Indicum Maxi- mum, 359 Solanum Arrebenta, 431 Solanum Dulcamara, 215 Solanum Furiosum, 119 Solanum Lycopersicum, 309 Solanum Magnum Virginianum, 384 Solanum Mammosum, 432 Solanum Maniacum, 88 Solanum Nigrum, 431 Solanum Oleraceum, 432 Solanum Quadrifolium Bacciferum, 37 Solanum Somniferum, 119 Solanum Tuberosum ^Egrotans, 432 Solder, 436 Solfare, 443 Solfatare, 443 Solidago Virga-aurea, 433 Solution of Acetate of Ammonium, 65 Sophora Tinctoria, 116 Southernwood, 22 Sow-bread, 206 Sow-Bug, 367 Spanish Bayonet, 473 Spanish Black Radish, 404 Spanish Fly, 151 Spartium Scoparium, 433 Spatulas, 4 Spermaceti Ointment, 486 Spermcedia Clavus, 423 Sphingurus Martini, 434 Spider's Web, 451 Spiderwort, 457 Spigelia, 434 Spigelia Anthelmintica, 434 Spiggurus Martini, 434 Spina Acida, 122 Spindle-tree, 223 Spiny Clotbur, 472 Spirit of Mindererus, 65 Spirit Weed, 299 Spirit of Wine, 5 Spiritus JEtheris Nitrosi, 358 Spiritus Mindereri, 65 Sponge, 435 Spongia, 435 Spongia Officinalis, 435 Spongia Palustris, 115 Spongia Tosta, 435 Spongilla Fluviatilis, 115 Spongilla Lacustris, 115 Spoons, 4 Spotted Arum, 102 Spotted Hemlock, 191 Spurge, 226 Spurge Olive, 332 Spurred Rye, 423 Squaw Mint, 256 Squaw Root, 160, 372 Squaw Vine, 334 Squaw Weed, 425 Squid, 427 Squill, 421 Squilla Hispanica, 421 Squirrel Corn, 197 Squirting Cucumber, 217 Stagger Weed. 197 Stag's Horn, 309 Stannic Salts, 436 Stannic Sulphide, 98 Stannous Salts, 436 Stannum, 436 Stannum Indicum, 474 Stannum Metallicum, 436 Staphisagria, 437 Staphisagria Pedicularis, 437 Staphydis Agria, 437 Star Anise Seed, 79 Star Fish, 110 Star Grass, 58 Star Thistle, 157 Starwort, 258 Stavesacre, 437 Steffensia Elongata, 317 Stibio-Kali Tartaricum, 84 Stibium Sulphuretum Nigrum, 81 Stibium Sulfuratum Rubeum, 83 Sticta, 438 Sticta Pulmonaria, 438 Stillingia, 438 Stillingia Sylvatica, 438 Stillingin, 485 Stinking Blite, 110 Stinking Goosefoot, 110 Stinking orache or arach, 110 Stinking Weed, 167 Stitzolobum Pruriens, 212 St. John's Wort, 264 St. Mary's Thistle, 157 Stone Clover, 458 Stone Coal, 80 Stone Root, 189 Stramonium, 438 Strong-scented Lettuce, 300 Strontiana Carbonica, 439 Strontianae Carbonas, 439 Strontianite, 439 Strychnia, 440 Strychniae Hydrochloras, 441 Strychnia? Nitras, 441 Strychniae Phosphas, 442 Strychniae Sulphas, 442 Strychnine, 440 Strychninum, 440 Strychninum Muriaticum, 441 Strychninum Nitricum, 441 Strychninum Phosphoricum, 442 Strychninum Purum, 440 Strychninum Sulphuricum, 442 Strychnos Oblumbrina, 359 Strychnos Ignatia, 265 Strychnos Ligustrina, 359 Strychnos Tieute, 460 Subchloride of Mercury, 324 Submuriate of Mercury, 324 Subnitrate of Bismuth, 124 Succinic Acid, 43 520 INDEX. Succinum, 442 Succus Thebaicus, 369 Sugar Cane, 413 Sugar of Lead, 391 Sugar of Milk, 6 _ Sulphate of Aluminium and Potassium, 62 Sulphate of Atropia, 112 Sulphate of Cadmium, 138 Sulphate of Calcium, 147 Sulphate of Cinchonia, 180 Sulphate of Copper, 204 Sulphate of Iron, 238 Sulphate of Lime, 147 Sulphate of Mercury, 330 Sulphate of Morphia, 339 Sulphate of Nickel, 356 Sulphate of Potash, 293 Sulphate of Quinia, 171 Sulphate of Quinine, 171 Sulphate of Soda, 354 Sulphate of Sodium, 354 Sulphate of Strychnia, 442 Sulphate of Water, 45 Sulphate of Zinc, 480 Sulphide of Arsenic, 98 Sulphocarbolate of Barium, 353 Sulphocarbolate of Sodium, 353 Sulphocarbolic Acid, 353 Sulphophenate of Sodium, 353 Sulphur, 443 Sulphur Iodatum, 445 Sulphur Sublimatum Lotum, 443 Sulphurated Antimony, 83 Sulphurated Potash, 259 Sulphuret of Antimony, 81 Sulphuret of Carbon, 155 Sulphuret of Potassium, 259 Sulphuret of Lime, 259 Sulphuretted Gold, 114 Sulphuric Acid, 44 Sulphuric Iodide, 445 Sulphuris Iodidum, 445 Sulphus Quinicus, 171 Sumach, 406 Sumatra Camphor, 215 Sumbul, 446 Sumbulus Moschatus, 446 Sun Chafer, 185 Sunflower, 257 Surinam Quassia, 400 Surukuke, 298 Suterberry, 472 Swamp Dogwood, 196 Swamp Hellebore, 464 Swamp Milk Weed, 106 Swamp Sassafras, 195 Swamp Sassafras, 315 Swamp Sumach, 408 Sweet Bav, 315 Sweet Clover, 318, 319 Sweet Gale, 342 Sweet Marjoram, 315 Sweet-scented Spurge-Laurel, 208 Sweet-scented Violet, 469 Sweet-scented Water-Lily, 360 Sweet-scented Wood-ruff, 109 Sweet Spirits of Nitre, 358 Sweet Sumach, 406 Sweet Vernal Grass, 80 Swertia Diffbrmis, 240 Sycotinum, 483 Symphytum, 446 Symphytum Officinale, 446 Symplocarpus Fcetidus, 213 Syphilinum, 483 Syrian Herb Mastich, 453 Tabacum, 447 Table for Converting Apothecaries' Weights and Measures into Gram Weights, 490 Table of Weights and Measures, 489 Table Salt, 349 Tablet Triturates, 488 Tag Alder, 60 Tall Speedwell, 304 Tall Veronica, 304 Tamus Communis, 448 Tanacetum Vulgare, 448 Tannic Acid, 46 Tannin, 46 Tansy, 448 Tapioca Plant, 274 Tapixirica, 318 Tarantula, 449 Taraxacum, 449 Taraxacum Dens-leonis, 449 Taraxacum Officinale, 449 Tarentula Cubensis, 449 Tarentula Hispana, 449, 450 Tartar Emetic, 84 Tartar Root, 245 Tartarated Antimony, 84 Tartarian Southernwood, 180 Tartaric Acid, 47 Tartarus Emeticus, 84 Tartarus Stibiatus, 84 Tartrate of Antimony and Potassium, 84 Taxus Baccata, 450 Tea, 453 Tecoma Radicans, 450 Tegeneria, 451 Tela Aranea, 451 Tela Domestica, 451 Tellurium, 451 Terebinthina, 452 Teriodide of Antimony, 82 INDEX. 521 Terra Salitrosa, 351 Tersulphuret of Antimony, 81 Tetrachloride of Carbon, 153 Tetter-Wort, 166 Tetterwort, 417 Teucrium, 453 Teucrium Marum, 453 Thapsus Barbatus, 465 Thaspiura Aureum, 453 Thea Cbinensis, 453 Thein, 139, 454 Theina, 454 Theobroma Cacao, 136 Theridion Curassavicum, 454 Thlaspi Bursa Pastoris, 455 Thorn Apple, 438 Thoroughwort, 224 Thuya, 455 Thuya Occidentalis, 455 Thymus, 456 Thvmus Serpyllum, 456 Tickweed, 256 Tiger Lily, 304 Tiglium Officinale, 200 Tela Medicinalis, 451 Tilia, 456 Tilia Europaea, 456 Timbo-Sipo, 377 Tin, 436 Tinctura Cupri Acetici Rademacheri, 203 Tinctures, Class I, 12 " II, 13 " " III, 13 " IV, 14 Tincture Triturations, 488 Tinstone, 436 Tin-white Cobalt, 101 Titanium, 457 Toad, 135 Toad of South America, 135 Toadstool, 56 Tobacco, 447 Tomato, 309 Tongo Bean, 212 Tonka Bean, 212 Tonquin Bean, 212 Tooth-leaved Maidenplum, 190 Tormentilla, 244 Tradescantia Commelina, 457 Tradescantia Diuretica, 457 Tragoselinum, 385 Trailing Arbutus, 218 Traveller's Joy, 184 Tree of Heaven, 57 Tree of Life, 455 Tree Lungwort, 438 Tree Primrose, 362 Tree Stramonium, 208 Trembling Poplar, 396 Tricalcic Diarseniate, 141 Tri-chloride of Gold, 113 Tri-ferric Diarseniate, 231 Tri-ferro-tetroxide, 235 Trifolii Tragiferi, 240 Trifolium, 458 Trifolium Amarum, 321 Trifolium Arvense, 458 Trifolium Officinale, 319 Trifolium Pratense, 458 Trigonocephalus Lachesis, 298 Trihydride of Arsenic, 100 Trillium, 458 Trillium Album, 458 Trillium Pendulum, .458 Trillin, 485 Trilopus Dentata, 255 Trimethylamina, 396 Triosteum Perforatum, 459 Triturating Mortars, 4 Trituration, Centesimal Scale, 9 Trituration, Decimal Scale, 10 Trituration of Dry Medicinal Sub- stances, 17 Trituration of Fresh Vegetable and Animal Substances, 19 Trituration of Liquid Substances, 18 Triturations, 9 Triturations, Conversion of, into Liquids, 10, 11 Trombidium Holosericeum, 459 Trombidium Muscae Domesticae, 459 True Love, 376 Trumpet Creeper, 450 Trumpet Weed, 225 Turkey Pea, 197 Turmeric, 417 Turnera Aphrodisiaca, 208 Turnera Microphylla, 208 Turtle-Head, 166 Tussilago Farfara, 228 Tussilago Petasites, 460 Ubium Quinatum, 211 Umbilicus Pendulinus, 198 Unicorn Root, 58 Upas Tieute, 460 Upas Tree, 460 Upland Sumach, 406 Upright Virgin's Bower, 183 Ura Lupulina, 376 Uranic Nitrate, 461 Uranii Nitras, 461 Uranium Nitricum, 461 Urari, 206 Uraster Rubens, 110 Urginea Maritima, 421 Uric Acid, 48 522 INDEX. Urtica, 461 Urtica Dioica, 461 Urtica Minora, 461 Urtica Urens, 461 Ustilago Maydis, 462 Utensils, 3 Utensils, cleansing of, 4 Uvaria Triloba, 108 Uva Ursi, 462 Vaccine Virus, 463 Vaccininum, 463 Valeriana Officinale, 463 Valerianate of Ammonium, 73 Valerianate of Zinc, 481 Value of Apothecaries' or Troy Weigl in Metric Weights, 490 Variolinum, 463 Varnish Tree, 408 Vegetable Antimony, 224 Vegetable Charcoal, 156 Vehicles, 5 Veratrin, 485 Veratrum Album, 464 Veratrum Luteum, 258 Veratrum Nigrum, 257 Veratrum Viride, 464 Verbascum, 465 Verbascum Thapsus, 465 Verbena, 466 Verbena Hastata, 465 Verbena Maris, 466 Verbena Officinalis, 466 Verbena Urticaefolia, 466 Verdigris, 203 Vermillion, 181 Veronica Americana, 467 Veronica Anagallis, 467 Veronica Beccabunga, 467 Veronica Virginica, 304 Verruca? Equorum, 159 Vervain, 466 Vespa Crabro, 467 Vetiver, 77 Vetiveria Odorata, 77 Viburnin, 485 Viburnum Edule, 467 Viburnum Opulus, 467 Viburnum Oxycoccus, 467 Viburnum Prunifolium, 468 Vinca Minor, 468 Vinca Pervinca, 468 Vincetoxicum Officinale, 107 Vine Maple, 320 Viola Imberis, 469 Viola Odorata, 469 Viola Suavis, 469 Viola Tricolor, 469 Viola Trinitatis, 469 Vipera Redi, 470 Vipera Torva, 470 Virginia Hoarhound, 310 Virginia Snakeroot, 428 Virginia Stone-Crop, 378 Virginia Thyme, 400 Virginian Creeper, 74 Virginian Swallow-wort, 106 Virola Sebifera, 343 Viscum Album, 470 Viscum Flavescens, 470 Vitex Agnus Castus 57 Vitis Alba, 134 Vitis Canadensis, 407 Viti-vayr, 77 Vitis Vinifera, 470 Vitriolic Acid, 44 Vitriolum Album, 480 Vivana, 77 Viverra Putorius, 321 Volatile Salt, 67 Vulpis Fel, 471 Vulpis Hepar, 471 Vulpis Pulmo, 471 Wafer Ash, 398 Wahoo, 223 Wake Robin, 102 Warneria Canadensis, 261 Wasp, 467 Washed Sublimed Sulphur, 443 Washing Soda, 347 Water-Dropwort, 362 Water Eryngo, 220 Water Hemlock, 178, 362 Waterleaf, 262 Water Lovage, 362 Water Nymph, 360 Water Parsnip, 178 Water Pennywort, 262 Water Pepper, 263 Water Plantain, 59 Water Shamrock, 321 Water Smartweed, 395 Waxmyrtle, 342 Way Bread, 387 Weights, 4 Weights and Measures, 489, 490, 491 ■ White Agaric, 126 White Archangel, 301 AVhite Arsenic, 96 White Bay, 315 White Beth-Root, 458 White Bryonia, 134 White Cedar, 455 White Dittany, 209 White Hellebore, 464 White Indian Hemp, 106 | White Laurel, 315 INDEX. 523 White Lettuce, 344 White Melilot, 318 White Oxyde of Bismuth, 124 White Pond Lilv, 360 White Poppy, 369 White Precipitate, 327 White Snake-Root, 223 White Sugar, 413 White Swallow-wort, 107 White Vervain, 466 White Vitriol, 480 White Walnut, 275 White WilloAv, 413 Wicopy, 212 Wild Cherry, 163 Wild Elder, 89 Wild Ginger, 105 Wild Hops, 134 Wild Hvssop, 465 Wild Indigo, 116 AVild Ipecac, 225 Wild Liquorice, 420 Wild Nard, 105 Wild Pine, 386 Wild Rosemary, 303 Wild Smartweed, 395 Wild Teasel, 211 Wild Thyme, 456 Wild Yam, 211 Wind-Flower, 399 Wing Seed, 398 Witch-Hazel, 255 Witch Meal, 309 Witherite, 117 Wolfsbane, 50 Wolf's Bane, 464 Wolf's Claw, 309 Wood-ant, 239 Wood Charcoal, 156 Wood-Rush, 277 Wood Rowel, 109 Woods, 7 Wood-strawberry, 240 Woody Nightshade, 215 Wormgrass, 434 Worm Seed, 167 Woorara, 206 Woorari, 206 Wourali, 206 Wourari, 206 Wyethia Helenioides, 472 Xanthium Spinosum, 472 Xanthopicrit, 121 Xanthoxylin, 485 Xanthoxvlon Americanum, 472 Xanthoxylum Fraxineum, 472 Yarrowj 333 Yaw Root, 438 Yellow Cinchona, 169 Yellow Dock, 411 Yellow-flowered Rhododendron, 405 Yellow Gentian, 244 Yellow Iodide of Mercury, 325 Y'ellow Jasmine, 243 Yellow Locust, 409 Yellow Melilot, 319 Yellow Parilla, 320 Yellow Peruvian Bark, 169 Yellow Prussiate of Potash, 286 Yellow Puccoon, 261 Yellow Root, 261 Yellow Weed, 401 Yellow Wood, 472 Y^erba Santa, 220 Yew, 450 Youth Wort, 214 Yucca, 473 Yucca Filamentosa, 473 Zinc, 474 Zinci Acetas, 475 Zinci Carbonas, 476 Zinci Bromidum, 475 Zinci Carbonas Praecipitata, 476 Zinci Chloridum, 476 Zinci Cyanidum, 477 Zinci Ferrocyanidum, 477 Zinci Iodidum, 478 Zinci Oxidum, 478 Zinci Phosphidum, 479 Zinci Sulphas, 480 Zinci Valerianas, 481 Zincic Acetate, 475 Zincic Iodide, 478 Zincic Sulphate, 480 Zincic Valerianate, 481 Zincum, 474 Zincum Aceticum, 475 Zincum Bromatum, 475 Zincum Carbonicum, 476 Zincum Chloratum, 476 Zincum Cyanuretum, 477 Zincum Ferrocyanatum, 477 Zincum Hydrocyanicum, 477 Zincum Iodatum, 478 Zincum Metallicum, 474 Zincum Muriaticum, 476 Zincum Oxydatum, 478 Zincum Oxydatum Purum, 478 Zincum Phosphatum, 479 Zincum Sulphuricum, 480 Zincum Valerianicum, 481 Zingiber Officinale, 482 Zizia Aurea, 453 Ziziphora Pulegioides, 256 CORRIGENDA. Page 5, line 37, for fusil read fusel. 6, " 8, « fusil read fusel. 9, " H, k 11-18 read 12-19. 9, " 24, ti 11-18 read 12-19. 36, " 19, n Hydrochloridum read Hydrochloricum. 56, " 29, « Aloe read Aloe. 89, " 32, and wherever else occurring, for Micheaux read Michaux 126, " 35, for Agaracus read Agaricus. 140, " 9, « Jaquin read Jacquin. 151, " 28, it Meleo read Meloe. 212, " 1, it Oderata read Odorata. 214, " 26, k Rotundifolio read Rotundifolia. 322, " 20, « Montane read Montana. 322, " 37, « Acetate read Acetatus. 330, " H, a Nigrium read Nigrum. 339, " 39, u Tunguinensis read Tonquinensis. 365, " 39, it Ligi read Ligni. 377, " 34, tt Pinnati read Pinnata. 380, " 26, tt Liquidem read Liquidum. 384, " 10, n Virginiam read Virginianum. 427, " 12, tt Sepia Succus read Sepiae Succus. 455, ,; 29, to Synonyms of Thuya add Thuja. 456, " 30, for Europcea read Europaea. 460, " 2, tt Petasitides read Petasites. 467, " 2, tt Verionica read Veronica. BOERICKE & TAFEL'S HOMEOPATHIC PUBLICATIONS. ALLEN, DR. T. F. The Encyclopedia of Pure Materia Medica; a Record of the Positive Effects of Drugs upon the Healthy- Human Organism. With contributions from Dr. Kichard Hughes, of England; Dr. C. Hering, of Philadelphia; Dr. Carroll Dunham, of New York; Dr. Adolph Lippe, of Philadelphia, and others. X volumes. Price bound in cloth, $60.00; in half morocco or sheep, . . . $70 00 This is the most complete and extensive work on Materia Medica ever attempted in the history of medicine—a work to which the homoeopathic practitioner may turn with the certainty of finding the whole pathogenetic record of any remedy ever used in homoeopathy, the record of which being published either in bookform or in journals. The volumes average about 640 pages each. ALLEN, DR. T. F. A General Symptom Register of the Homoe- opathic Materia Medica. By Timothy F. Allen, M.D., Author of the Encyclopaedia of Pure Materia Medica. 1340 pages in one large volume. Price in cloth, $12.00; in sheep or half morocco, . $14 00 This Index to the Encyclopaedia of Materia Medica is at the same time the best arranged and most complete Eepertory ever attempted. Its inge- nious selection and arrangement of different kinds of type greatly facilitate its use. ANGELL, DR. H. C. A Treatise on Diseases of the Eye; for the Use of Students and Practitioners. By Henry C. Angell, M.D.: Professor of Ophthalmology in the Boston University School of Medicine, etc etc. Fifth edition, enlarged and illustrated. 343 pages. 12mo. Cloth,....... ..... $3 00 The fifth edition of this standard work has just been issued from the press, and shows that the whole work has been thoroughly revised and brought up to the latest dates ip ophthal- mology. Exquisite clear photographic illustrations have been added, and an exposition given of the dioptric or metric system, as applied to lenses for spectacles. BAEHR, DR. B. The Science of Therapeutics according to the Principles of Homoeopathy. Translated and enriched with numerous additions from Kafka and other sources, by C. J. Hempel, M.D. Two volumes. 1387 pages,.........$9 00 " In short Dr. Baehr has presented us with the results of his observations at (he bedside rather than of his researches in the study. It is this which renders his work valuable and which at the same time accounts for his occasional imperfections. We know 9 BOEKICKE & TAFEL'S of no work of the kind in homoeopathic literature where the suggestions for the choice of medicines are given in a fresher or clearer manner, or in one better calculated to interest and inform the practitioner. We have only to add that the two volumes are highly credit- able to the publishers. The type is good, the paper good, and the binding excellent."— Monthly Homoeopathic Review. BECKER, DR. A. C. Dentition, according to some of the best and latest German authorities. 82 pages. l2mo. Cloth,. 50 cts. BECKER, DR. A. C. Diseases of the Eye, treated homceopathi- cally. From the German. 77 pages. 12mo. Cloth. Out of print. BELL, DR. JAMES B. The Homoeopathic Therapeutics of Diarrhoea, Dysentery, Cholera, Cholera Morbus, Cholera In- fantum, and all other loose evacuations of the bowels. 1^8 Second edition by Drs. Bell and Laird. 275 pages. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50 This little book had a very large sale, and but few physicians' offices will be found with out it. The work was, without exception, very highly commended by the homoeopathic press. BERJEAU, J. PH. The Homoeopathic Treatment of Syphilis, Gonorrhoea, Spermatorrhoea, and Urinary Diseases. Revised. with numerous additions, by J. H. P. Frost, M.D. 256 pages. 12mo. Cloth,............$1 50 "This work is unmistakably the production of a practical man. It is short, pithy, and contains a vast deal of sound practical instruction. The diseases are briefly described; the directions for treatment are succinct and summary. It is a book which might with profit be consulted by all practitioners of homoeopathy."—North American Journal. BREYFOGLE, DR. W. L. Epitome of Homoeopathic Medi- cines. 383 pages,......... $1 25 Interleaved with writing paper. Half morocco,. . . . $2 25 We quote from the author's preface: " It has been my aim, throughout, to arrange in as concise form as possible, the leading symptoms of all well-established provings. To accomplish this, I have compared Lippe's Mat. Med.; the Symptomen-Codex ; Jahr's Epitome; Bcenninghausen's Therapeutic Pocket- Book, and Hale's New Eemedies." BRYANT, DR. J. A Pocket Manual, or Repertory of Homoeo- pathic Medicine, Alphabetically and Nosologically arranged, which may be used as the Physicians' Vade-mecum, the Travellers' Medical Com- panion, or the Family Physician. Containing the Principal Eemedies for the most important Diseases; Symptoms, Sensations, Characteristics of Diseases, etc.; with the Principal Pathogenetic Effects of the Medi- cines on the most important Organs and Functions of the Body, togethei with Diagnosis, Explanation of Technical Terms, Directions for the seleo tion and Exhibition of Eemedies, Eules of Diet, etc. Compiled fr^m the best Homceopathic authorities. Third edition. 352 pages. 18mo, Cloth,........• • • - $1 50 BUTLER, JOHN. A Text-Book of Electro-Therapeutics and Electro-Surgery, for the Use of Students and General Prac- titioners. By John Butler, M.D., L.E.C.P.E., L.E.C.S.I., etc., etc. Second edition, revised and enlarged. 350 pages. 8vo. Cloth, $3.00 " Butler's work gives with exceptional thoroughness all details of the latest researches oa HOMOEOPATHIC PUBLICATIONS. 3 Electricity, which powerful agent has a great future, and rightly demands our most earnest consideration. But Homceopathia especially must hail with delight the advent from out the ranks of her apostles of a writer of John Butler's ability. His book will also find a large circle of non-homoeopathic readers, since it does not conflict with the tenets of any therapeutic sect, and particular care has been bestowed on the technical part of electro- therapeia."—Homceopathische Rundschau. DAKE, DR. WM. C. Pathology and Treatment of Diphtheria. By Wm. C. Dake, M.D., of Nashville, Tenn. 55 pages. 8vo. Paper, 50 cts. This interesting monograph was enlarged from a paper read at the Third Annual Meeting of the Homceopathic Society of Tennessee, held at Mem- phis, September 19, 1877. It gives a report of one hundred and seventy-six cases treated during, a period of eleven months. It well repays a careful perusal. DUNHAM, CARROLL, A.M., M.D. Homoeopathy the Science of Therapeutics. A collection of papers elucidating and illustrating the principles of homoeopathy. 529 pages. 8vo. Cloth, . . $3 00 Half morocco,..........$4 00 " After reading this work no one will attempt to justify the practice of alternation of remedies. It is simply the lazy man's expedient to escape close thinking or to cover his ignorance. The one remedy alone can be accurate and scientific; a second or third only complicates and spoils the case, and will inevitably ruin a good reputation. But to come to more practical matters, more than one-half of this volume is devoted to a careful analysis of various drug-provings. It teaches us Materia Medica after a new fashion, so that a fool can understand, not only the full measure of usefulness, but also the limitations which surround the drug. . . . We ought to give an illustration of his method of analysis, but space forbids. We can only urge the thoughtful and studious to obtain the book, which they will esteem as second only to the Organon in its philosophy and learning."—The American Homoeopathist. DUNHAM, CARROLL, A.M., M.D. Lectures on Materia Medica. 858 pages. 8vo. Cloth, •........$5 00 Half morocco,........ . . $6 00 . . . " Vol. I is adorned with a most perfect likeness of Dr. Dunham, upon which stranger and friend will gaze with pleasure. To one skilled in the science of physiognomy there will be seen the unmistakable impress of the great soul thalt looked so long and stead- fastly out of its fair windows. But our readers will be chiefly concerned with the contents of these two books. They are even better than their embellishments. They are chiefly such lectures on Materia Medica as Dr. Dunham alone knew how to write. They are pre- ceded quite naturally by introductory lectures, which he was accustomed to deliver to his classes on general therapeutics, on rules which should guide us in studying drugs, and on the therapeutic law. At the close of Vol. II we have several papers of great interest, but the most important fact of all is that we have here over fifty of our leading remedies pre- sented in a method which belonged peculiarly to the author, as one of the most successful teachers our school has yet produced. . . . Blessed will be the library they adorn, and wise the man or woman into whose mind their light shall shine."—Cincinnati Medical Ad- vance. EGGERT, DR. W. The Homoeopathic Therapeutics of Uterine and Vaginal Discharges. 543 pages. 8vo. Half morocco, $3 50 The author'brought here together in an admirable and comprehensive arrangement everything published to date on the subject in the whole homceopathic literature, besides embodying his own abundant personal ex- perience. The contents, divided into eight parts, are arranged as follows: Part I. Treats on Menstruation and Dysmenorrhea; Part II. Menor- rhagia; Part III. Amenorrhea; Part IV. Abortion and Miscarriage; Part V. 4 BOERICKE & TAFEL'S Metrorrhagia; Part VI. Fluor albus; Part VII. Lochia ; and Part VIII. General Concomitants. No work as complete as this, on the subject, was ever before attempted, and we feel assured that it will meet with great favor by the profession. " The book is a counterpart of Bell on Diarrhoea, and Dunham on Whooping-cough. Synthetics, Diagnosis and Pathology are left out as not coming within the scope of the work. The author in his preface says: Remedies and their symptoms are left out, and the symp- toms and their remedies have received sole attention—that is what the busy practitioner wants. The work is one of the essentials in a library."—American Observer. " A most exhaustive treatise, admirably arranged, covering all that is known of therapeu- tics in this important department."—Homoeopathic Times. GUERNSEY, DR. H. N. The Application of the Principles and Practice of Homoeopathy to Obstetrics and the Disorders Pe- culiar to Women and Young Children. By Henry 1ST. Guernsey. M.D., Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of "Women and Children in the Homceopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, etc., etc. With numerous Illustrations. Third edition, revised, enlarged, and greatly improved. 1004 pages. 8vo. Half morocco,......$8 00 This standard work, with the numerous improvements and additions, is the most com- plete and comprehensible work on the subject in the English language. Of the previous editions, almost four thousand copies are in the hands of the profession, and of this third edition a goodly number have already been taken up. There are few other professional »vorks that can boast of a like popularity, and with all new improvements and experiences diligently collected and faithfully incorporated into each successive edition, this favorite work will retain its hold on the high esteem it is held in by the profession, for years to come. It is superfluous to add that it was and is used from its first appearance as a text-book at the homoeopathic colleges. GUERNSEY, DR. E. Homoeopathic Domestic Practice. With Full Descriptions to the Dose to each single Case. Containing also Chapters on Anatomy, Physiology, Hygiene, and an abridged Materia Medica. Tenth enlarged, revised, and improved edition. 653 pages. Half leather,........ . . $2 50 GUERNSEY, DR. W. E. The Traveller's Medical Repertory and Family Adviser for the Homoeopathic Treatment of Acute Diseases. 36 pages. Cloth,.......30 cts. This little work has been arranged with a view to represent in as compact a manner aa possible all the diseases—or rather disorders—which the non-professional would attempt to prescribe for, it being intended only for the treatment of simple or acute diseases, or to allay the suffering in maladies of a more serious nature until a homoeopathic practitioner can be summoned. HAHNEMANN, DR. S. The Lesser Writings of. Collected and Translated by E. E. Dudgeon, M.D. With a Preface and Notes by E. Marcy, M.D. With a Steel Engraving of Hahnemann from the statue of Steinhauser. 784 pages. Half bound,.....$3 00 This valuable work contains a large number of Essays, of great interest to laymen as well as medical men, upon Diet, the Prevention of Diseases, Ventilation of Dwellings, etc. A? many of these papers were written before the discovery of the homoeopathic theory of cure, the reader will be enabled ir peruse in this volume the ideas of a gigantic intellect when di- rected to subjects of general and practical interest. HOMCEOPATHIC PUBLICATIONS. 5 HAHNEMANN, DR. S. Organon of the Art of Healing. By Samuel Hahnemann. Aude Sapere. Fifth American edition, translated from the Fifth German edition, by C. Wesselhgsft, M.D. 244 pages. 8vo. Cloth,...........$1 75 This fifth edition of " Hahnemann Organon " has a history. So many complaints were made again and again of the incorrectness and cumber- some style of former and existing editions to the publishers, that, yielding to the pressure, they promised to destroy the plates of the fourth edition, and to bring out an entire re-translation in 1876, the Centennial year. After due consideration, and on the warm recommendation of Dr. Constantine Hering and others, the task of making this re-translation was confided to Dr. C. Wesselhceft, and the result of years of labor is now before the pro- fession, who will be best able themselves to judge how well he succeeded in acquitting himself of the difficult task. " To insure a correct rendition of the text of the author, they (the publishers) selected as his translator Dr. Conrad Wesselhceft, of Boston, an educated physician in every respect, and from his youth up perfectly familiar with the English and German languages, than whom no better selection could have been made." " That he has made, as he himself de- clares, ' an entirely new and independent translation of the whole work,' a careful compari- son of the various paragraphs, notes, etc., with those contained in previous editions, gives abundant evidence; and while he has, so far as was possible, adhered strictly to the letter of Hahnemann's text, he has at the same time given a pleasantly flowing rendition that avoids the harshness of a strictly literal translation."—Hahnemannian Monthly. HALE, DR. E. M. Lectures on Diseases of the Heart. In Three Parts. Part I. Functional Disorders of the Heart. Part II. Inflamma- tory Affections of the Heart. Part III. Organic Diseases of the Heart. Second enlarged edition. 248 pages. Cloth, . . . . $1 75 HALE, DR. E. M. Materia Medica and Special Therapeutics of the New Remedies. Fourth edition, revised and enlarged. In two Volumes. Vol. I. Special Symptomatology. With new Botanical and Pharmaco- logical Xotes. 672 pages. Cloth,......$5 00 Vol. II. Special Therapeutics. With Illustrative Clinical Cases. 900 pages. Second enlarged edition. Cloth, . . . . $5 00 N p,.—Same in half morocco, per Volume, . . . . $6 00 " Dr Hale's work on New Remedies is one both well known and much appreciated on this side of the Atlantic. For many medicines of considerable value we are indebted to his re- searches In the present edition, the symptoms produced by the drug investigated^ and those which they have been observed to cure, are separated from the clinical observations, bv which the former have been confirmed. That this volume contains a very large amount of invaluable information is incontestable, and that every effort has been made to secure both fulness of detail and accuracy of statement, is apparent throughout. For these reasons we can confidently commend Dr. Hale's fourth edition of his well-known work on the New Remedies to our homoeopathic colleagues."—Monthly Homoeopathic Review. , . . „ "We do not hesitate to say that by these publications Dr. Hale rendered an inestimable •e to homoeopathy and thereby to the art of medicine. ' The school of Hahnemann in rv country owes him hearty thanks for all this; and allopathy is beginning to share our 3e"to homoeopathy, and thereby^to tfie art of medicine. < peschool^Hahnemann^in ever) for which'the'third one°had been taxed rather severely, by restoring in Vol. II the 'special therapeutics,' instead of the 'characteristics' of the third edition."—British Journal of Ho- moeopathy. The author is given credit for having in this fourth edition corrected the mistake 6 •BOERICKE & TAFEL'S HALE, DR. E. M. The Medical, Surgical, and Hygienic Treat- ment of Diseases of Women, especially those causing Sterility, the Disorders and Accidents of Pregnancy, and Painful and Difficult Labor. By Edwin M. Hale, M.D., Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the Chicago Homoeopathic' College, etc., etc. Second enlarged edition. 378 pages. 8vo. Cloth, . . . $2 50 " This new work embodies the observations and experience of the author during twenty-five years of active and extensive practice, and is designed to supplement rather than supersede kindred works. The arrangement of the subjects treated is methodical and convenient; the introduction containing an article inserted by permission of Dr. Jackson, of Chicago, the author upon the ovular and ovulation theory of menstruation, which contains all the obser- vations of practical importance known on this subject to date. The diseases causing sterility are fully described, and the medical, surgical, and hygienic treatment pointed out. The more generally employed medicines are enumerated, but their special or specific indications are unfortunately omitted. The general practitioner will find a great many valuable things for his daily rounds, and cannot afford to do without the book. The great reputation and ability of the author are sufficient to recommend the work, and to guarantee an appreciative reception and large sale."—Hahnemannian Monthly. HAYWARD, DR. JOHN W. Taking Cold (the Cause of half our Diseases): Its Nature, Causes, Prevention and Cure; its frequency as a Cause of other Disease, and the Diseases of which it is the Cause, with their Diagnosis and Treatment. Fifth edition, enlarged and improved. London, 1875. 188 pages. 18mo. Cloth,............50 cts. We quote from the author's preface: " This Essay was originally published under the conviction that, by attention to the di- rections it contains, persons may not only very frequently avoid taking cold, but may them- selves frequently cure a cold at the onset, and thereby prevent the development of many of those serious diseases that would otherwise follow. The favorable reception it has met with is a sufficient testimony that it has been found useful." HELMUTH, DR. W. T. A System of Surgery. Illustrated with 568 Engravings on Wood. By Wm. Tod Helmuth, M.D. Third edition. 1000 pages. Sheep,.........$8 50 This third edition of Dr. Helmuth's great work is already in appearance a great improve- ment over the old edition, it being well printed on fine paper, and well bound. By increas- ing the size of the page, decreasing the size of type, and setting up solid, fully one-half more printed matter is given than in the previous edition, albeit there are over 200 pages less. And while the old edition, bound in sheep, was sold at $11.50 by its publishers, this im- proved third edition is now furnished at $3 less, or for $8.50. The author brought the work fully up to date, and for an enumeration of some of the more important improvements, we cannot do better than to refer to Dr. Helmuth's own Preface. HEMPEL, DR. C. J. The Science of Homoeopathy; or, A Critical and Synthetical Index of the Doctrines of the Homceopathic School. Second edition. 180 pages. Large 8vo. Cloth, . . $1 75 HEMPEL, DR. C. J., and DR. J. BEAKLEY. Homoeopathic Theory and Practice. With the Homoeopathic Treatment of Surgi- cal Diseases, designed for Students and Practitioners of Medicine, and as a Guide for an intelligent public generally. Fourth edition. 1100 pages,............$3 00 HOMOEOPATHIC PUBLICATIONS. 7 HERING, DR. C. Condensed Materia Medica. Second edition. More condensed, revised, enlarged, and improved, . . . $7 00 In February, 1877, we were able to announce the completion of Hering's Condensed Ma- teria Medica. The work, as was to be expected, was bought up with avidity by the profes- sion, and already in the Fall of 1878 the author set to work perfecting a second and im- proved edition. By still more condensing many of the remedies, a number of new ones could be added without much increasing the size a*nd the price of the work. This new edition is now ready for the profession, and will be the standard work par excellence for the practitioner's daily reference. HEINIGKE, DR. CARL. Pathogenetic Outlines of Homoeo- pathic Drugs. Translated from the German by Emil Tietze, M.D., of Philadelphia. 576 pages. 8vo. Cloth, . . . . $3 50 This work, but shortly issued, is already meeting with a large sale and an appreciative reception. It differs from most works of its class in these respects: 1. That the symptomatic outlines of the various drugs are based exclusively upon the "pathogenetic" results of provings. 2. That the anatomico-physiological arrangement of the symptoms renders easier the understanding and survey of the provings. 3. That the pathogenetic pictures drawn of most of the drugs, gives the reader a clearer idea, and a more exact impression of the action of the various remedies. Each remedy is introduced with a brief account of its preparation, duration of action, and antidotes. HTLDEBRANDT, PROP. H. Catarrh of the Female Sexual Organs. Translated with the addition of the Homoeopathic Treatment, by S. Lilienthal, M.D., Out of print. HOLCOMBE, DR. W. H. Yellow Fever and its Homceopathic Treatment,..........10 cts. HOLCOMBE, DR. W. H. What is Homoeopathy ? A new expo- sition of great truth. 28 pages. 8vo. Paper cover, per doz., $1.25, 15 cts. " Prove all things, hold fast that which is good."—££. Paul. HOLCOMBE, DR. W. H. How I became a Homoeopath. 28 pages. 8vo. Paper cover, per dozen, $1.25, . . . .15 cts. HOLCOMBE, DR. W. H. Special Report of the Homceopathic Yellow Fever Commission, ordered by the American Institute of Homoeopathy for presentation to Congress. '32 pages. 8vo. Paper, per 100, $4.00,..........5 cts. This Report, written in Dr. Holcombe's masterly manner, is one of the best campaign documents for homoeopathy. The statistics must convince the most skeptical, and every homoeopathic practitioner should feel in duty bound to aid in securing its widest possible circulation. HOMCEOPATHIC POULTRY PHYSICIAN (Poultry Veterina- rian) ; or, Plain Directions for the Homceopathic Treatment of the most Common Ailments of Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Turkeys, and Pigeons, based on the author's large experience, and compiled from the most reliable sources, by Dr. Fr. Schroter. Translated from the German. 84 pages. 12mo. Cloth,..........50 cts. We imported hundreds of copies of this work in the original German for our customers, and as it gave good satisfaction, we thought it advisable to give it an English dress, so as to make it available to the public generally. The little work sells very fast, and our readers - raw the attention of their patrons to it. 8 BOERICKE & TAFEL S HOMOEOPATHIC COOKERY. Second edition. With additions by a Lady of an American Homoeopathic Physician. Designed chiefly for the Use of such Persons as are under Homceopathic Treatment. 176 pages,............50 cts. HUGHES, DR. R. Manual of Pharmacodynamics. 500 pages. American reprint out of print. See list of British books. HUGHES, DR. R. Manual of Therapeutics. 540 pages. American reprint out of print. See list of British books. HULL'S JAHR. A New Manual of Homceopathic Practice, Edited, with Annotations and Additions, by F. G. Snelling, M.D. Sixth American edition. With an ApjDendix of the New Remedies, by C. J. Hempel, M.D. 2 vols. 2076 pages,...... $9 00 The first volume, containing the symptomatology, gives the complete pathogenesis of two hundred and eighty-seven remedies, besides a large number of new remedies are addtid by Dr. Hempel, in the appendix. The second volume contains an admirably arranged Reper- tory. Each chapter is accompanied by copious clinical remarks and the concomitant symp- toms of the chief remedies for the malady treated of, thus imparting a mass of information, rendering the work indispensable to every student and practitioner of medicine. JAHR, DR. G. H. G. Therapeutic Guide; the most Important Re- sults of more than Forty Years' Practice. With Personal Observations regarding the truly reliable and practically verified Curative Indications in actual cases of disease. Translated, with Notes and New Eemedies, by C. J. Hempel, M.D. 546 pages,......$3 00 " With this characteristically long title, the veteran and indefatigable Jahr gives us another volume of homoeopathies. Besides the explanation of its purport contained in the title itself, the author's preface still further sets forth its distinctive aim. It is intended, he says, as a 'guide to beginners, where I only indicate the most important and decisive points for the selection of a remedy, and where I do not offer anything but what my own individual experience, during a practice of forty years, has enabled me to verify as absolutely decisive in choosing the proper remedy.' The reader will easily comprehend that, in carrying out this plan, I had rigidly to exclude all cases concerning which I had no experience of my own to offer.....We are bound to say that the book itself is agreeable, chatty, and full of practical observation. It may be read straight through with interest, and referred to in the treatment of particular cases with advantage."—British Journal of Homoeopathy. JAHR, DR. G. H. G. Clinical Guide, or Pocket Repertory for the Treatment of Acute and Chronic Diseases.. Translated by C. J. Hempel, M.D. Second American revised and enlarged edition. From the third German edition, enriched by the addition of the Xew Remedies. By S. Lilienthal, M.D. 624 pages. 12mo. Half mo- rocco. Out of print. $2 50 " To those of our readers who have used the old edition, nothing need be said to induce them to procure a copy of the new. To others, however, we feel free to state that as a volume of ready reference to lie on the office desk, or be used at the bedside, it is very valu- able, and will save many tedious and distracting hunts through the symptomen codex. The typographical execution of the book is excellent."—Hahnemannian Monthly. JAHR, DR. G. H. G. The Homceopathic Treatment of Diseases of Females and Infants at the Breast. Translated from the French by C. J. Hempel, M.D. 422 pages. Half leather, . . . $2 00 This work deserves the most careful attention on the part of homoeopathic practitioners. The diseases to which the female organism is subject are described with the most minute correctness, and the treatment is likewise indicated with a care that would seem to defy criticism. No one can fail to study this work but with profit and pleasure. HOMCEOPATHIC PUBLICATIONS. 9 JAHR, DR. G. H. G. Diseases of the Skin; or, Alphabetical Reper- tory of the Skin Symptoms, and External Alterations of Substance, to- gether with the Morbid Phenomena observed in the Glandular, Osseous, Mucous, and Circulatory Symptoms. Arranged with Pathological Re- marks on Diseases of the Skin. Edited by C. J. Hempel, M.D. 515 pages. 12mo. Cloth, Out of print. JAHR, DR. G. H. G. The Venereal Diseases, their Pathological Nature, Correct Diagnosis, and Homoeopathic Treatment. Prepared in accordance with the author's own, as well as with the expe- rience of other physicians, and accompanied with critical discussions. Translated, with numerous and important additions, from the works of other authors, and from his own experience. By C. J. Hempel, M.D. 428 pages. 8vo. Cloth, Out of print. This is the most elaborate treatise on the subject in print. The work is divided into four divisions, of which the first treats on Primary Forms of Venereal Diseases, in four chapters: On the Venereal Phenomena in general; the Different Forms of Gonorrhoea; the Various Forms of Charicre; and other Primary Forms of Syphilis. The second division, on Second- ary Forms of Syphilis, treats in three chapters, of Secondary Syphilis generally; Syphilitic Cutaneous Affections, and Intermediate Forms of Syphilis. The third division: General Pathological Observations on Syphilis and its course generally, in three chapters; Patho- logical Nature and Origin of Syphilis; on Venereal Contagia; General Development, Course, and Termination of Syphilis. The fourth division: General Therapeutic Observa- tions on the Treatment of Syphilis; General Diagnostic Remarks; General Therapeutic Observations; Pharmaco-dynamic Observations, and Addenda. INDEX to the first eighteen volumes of the North American Journal of Homoeopathy. Paper,........$2 00 JONES, DR. SAMUEL A. The Grounds of Homoeopathic Faith. Three Lectures, delivered at the request of Matriculates of the Depart- ment of Medicine and Surgery (Old School) of the University of Michi- gan. By Samuel A. Jones, M.D., Professor of Materia Medica, Thera- peutics, and Experimental Pathogenesy in the Homceopathic Medical College of the University of Michigan, etc., etc. 92 pages. 12mo. Cloth, per dozen, $3; per hundred,-$20,......30 cts, Lecture first is on The Law of Similars ; its Claim to be a Science in that it Enables Perver- sion. Lecture second, The Single Remedy a Necessity of Science. Lecture third, The Mini- mum Dose an Inevitable Sequence. A fourth Lecture, on The Dyna.mization Theory, was to have finished the course, but was prevented by the approach of final examinations, the prepa- ration for which left no time for hearing evening lectures. The Lectures are issued in a con- venient size for the coat-pocket; and as an earnest testimony to the truth, we believe they will find their way into many a homceopathic household. JOHNSON, DR. I. D. Therapeutic Key; or Practical Guide for the Homceopathic Treatment of Acute Diseases. Tenth Edition. 347 pages. Bound in linen,..........$1 75 Bound in flexible cover,........$2 25 This has been one of the best selling works on our shelves; more copies being in circula- tion of this than of any two other professional works put together. It is safe to say that there are but few homceopathic practitioners in this country but have one or more copies of this little remembrancer in their possession. JOHNSON, DR. I. D. A Guide to Homoeopathic Practice. De- signed for the use of Families and Private Individuals. 494 pages Cloth, . • • ...... $2 00 10 BOERICKE & TAFEL'S This is the latest work on Domestic Practice issued, and the well and favorably known author has surpassed himself. In his book fifty-six remedies are introduced for internal ap- plication, and four for external use. The work consists of two parts. Part I is subdivided into seventeen chapters, each being devoted to a special part of the body, or to a peculiar class of disease. Part II contains a short and concise Materia Medica, i. e., gives the symptoms peculiar to each remedy. The whole is carefully written with a view of avoiding technical terms as much as possible, thus insuring its comprehension by any person of ordi- nary intelligence. A complete set of remedies in vials holding over fifty doses each, is fur- nished for §7, or in vials holding over one hundred doses each for $10, or book and case complete for $9 or $12 respectively. Address orders to Boericke & Tafel's Pharmacies at New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Chicago, New Orleans, or San Francisco. JOSLIN, DR. B. F. Principles of Homoeopathy. In a Series of Lectures. 185 pages.\ 12mo. Cloth,.....60 cts. JOSLIN, DR. B. F. Homoeopathic Treatment of Epidemic Cholera. Third edition, with additions. 252 pages. 12mo. Cloth, Out of print. This work offers the advantage of a threefold arrangement of the principal medicines, viz., with reference, I—to the varieties of cholera; II—to its stages; and III—to its symptoms as arranged in repertories. These last will give the work a permanent value in treating the more frequent complaints of summer. LAURIE AND McOLATOHEY. The Homceopathic Domestic Medicine. By Joseph Laurie, M.D. Ninth American, from the Twenty. first English edition. Edited and revised, with numerous and important additions, and the introduction of the new remedies. By P. J. McClatchey, M.D. 1044 pages. 8vo. Half morocco,.....$5 00 " We do not hesitate to indorse the claims made by the publishers, that this is the most complete, clear, and comprehensive treatise on the domestic homceopathic treatment of dis- eases extant. This handsome volume of nearly eleven hundred pages is divided into six parts. Part one is introductory, and is almost faultless. It gives the most complete and exact directions for the maintenance of health, and of the method of investigating the con- dition of the sick, and of discriminating between different diseases. It is written in the most lucid style, and is above all things wonderfully free from technicalities. Part two treat9 of symptoms, character, distinctions, and treatment of general diseases, together with a chap- ter on casualties. Part three takes up diseases peculiar to women. Part four is devoted to the disorders of infancy and childhood. Part five gives the characteristic symptoms of the medicines referred to in the body of the work, while Part six introduces the repertory."— Hahnemannian Monthly. " Of the usefulness of this work in cases where no educated homceopathic physician is within reach, there can be ho question. There is no doubt that domestic homoeopathy has done much to make the science known; it has also saved lives in emergencies. The prac- tice has never been so well presented to the public as in this excellent volume."—New Eng. Med. Gazette. A complete set of remedies of one hundred and four vials, containing over fifty doses each, is furnished for $12, put up in an elegant mahogany case. A similar set in vials containing over one hundred doses each, is furnished for §18, or book and case complete for $17 or 823 respectively. Address orders to Boericke & Tafel's Pharmacies at New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Chicago, New Orleans, or San Francisco. LILIENTHAL, D!R. S. Homoeopathic Therapeutics. By S. Lilienthal, M.D., Editor of North. American Journal of Homoeopathy, Professor of Clinical Medicine and Psychology in the New York Homceo- pathic Medical College, and Professor of Theory and Practice in the New York College Hospital for Women, etc. Second edition. 8vo, $5 00 Half morocco,..........$6 00 " Certainly no one in our ranks is so well qualified for this work as he who has done it, and in considering the work done, we must have a true conception of the proper sphere of HOMOEOPATHIC PUBLICATIONS. 11 such a work. For the fresh graduate, this book will be invaluable, and to all such we un- hesitatingly and very earnestly commend it. To the older one, who says he has no use for this book, we have nothing to say. He is a good one to avoid when well, and to dread when ill. We also hope that he is severely an unicum."—Prof. Sam. A. Jones in American Homoz- opalhist. "... It is an extraordinary useful book, and those who add it to their library will never feel regret, for we are not saying too much in pronouncing it the best work on therapeu- tics in homoeopathic (or any other) literature. With this under one elbow, and Hering's or Allen's Materia Medica under the other, the careful homceopathic practitioner can refute Neimayer's too confident assertion, ' I declare it idle to hope for a time when a medical pre- scription should be the simple resultant of known quantities.' Doctor, by all means buy Lilienthal's Homceopathic Therapeutics. It contains a mine of wealth."—Prof. Chas. Galchel in Ibid. LILIENTHAL, DR. S. A Treatise on Diseases of the Skin. A new edition in preparation for the press. LUTZE, DR. A. Manual of Homceopathic Theory and Practice. designed for the use of Physicians and Families. Translated from the German, with additions by C. J. Hempel, M.D. From the sixtieth thousand of the German edition. 750 pages. 8vo. Half leather,...... . . . . . $2 50 This work, from the pen of the late Dr. Lutze, has the largest circulation of any homoeo- pathic work in Germany, no less than sixty thousand copies having been sold. The intro- duction, occupying over fifty pages, contains the question of dose, and rules for examining the patient, and diet; the next sixty pages contain a condensed pathogenesis of the remedies treated of in the work; the description and treatment of diseases occupy four hundred and eighteen pages, and the whole concludes with one hundred and seventy-three pages of reper- tory and a copious index, thus forming a concise and complete work on theory and practice. MALAN, H. Family Guide to the Administration of Homoeo- pathic Remedies. 112 pages. 32mo. Cloth, . . 30 cts. MANUAL OF HOMCEOPATHIC VETERINARY PRACTICE. Designed for all kinds of Domestic Animals and Fowls, prescribing their proper treatment when injured or diseased, and their particular care and general management in health, Second and enlarged edition. 684 pages. 8vo. Half morocco,........ . $5 00 " In order to rightly estimate the value and comprehensiveness of this great work, the reader should compare it, as we have done, with the best of those already before the public. In size fulness, and practical value it is head and shoulders'above the very best of them, while in many most important disorders it is far superior to them altogether, containing, as it does recent forms of disease of which they make no mention."—Hahnemannian Monthly. MARSDEN, DR. J. H. Handbook of Practical Midwifery, with full instructions for the Homoeopathic Treatment of the Dis- eases of Pregnancy, and the Accidents and Diseases incident to Labor and the Puerperal State. By J. H. Marsden, A.M., M.D. 315 pages. Cloth,......... . $2 25. "It is seldom we have perused a textbook with such entire satisfaction as this. The author has certainly succeeded in his design of furnishing the student and young practitioner, within as narrow limits as possible, all necessary instruction in practical midwifery. The work shows on every page extended research and thorough^ practical knowledge. The style is clear the array of facts unique, and the deductions judicious and practical. We are par- ticularly pleased with his discussion of the management of labor, and the management of mother and child immediately after the birth, but much is left open to the common-sense and practical judgment of the attendant in peculiar and individual cases."—Homceopathic Times. 12 BOERICKE & TAFEL'S MILLARD, DR. H. B. The Climate and Statistics of Consump- tion. Read before the American Geographical and Statistical Society. With extensive additions by the author. 108 pages. Cloth, . 75 cts. MOHR, DR. CHARLES. The Incompatible Remedies of the Homceopathic Materia Medica. By Charles Mohr, M.D., Lecturer of Homceopathic Pharmaceutics, Hahnemann Medical College, Philadel- phia. (A paper read before the Homoeopathic Medical Society of the County of Philadelphia ) Pamphlet, in paper cover, . . 10 cts. This is an interesting paper, which will well repay perusal and study. It gives a list of fifty-seven remedies and their incompatibles, diligently collated from the best-known sources. MORGAN, DR. W. The Homoeopathic Treatment of Indiges- tion, Constipation, and Haemorrhoids. Edited with Notes and Annotations by A. E. Small, M 1). 166 pages 12mo. Cloth, 60 cts. Diseases resulting from irregularity or debility of the digestive organs are so frequent in their occurrence, that scarcely a family can be found in which one or more of its members are not sufferers thereby. The present work gives in a concise manner the hygienic meas- ures as well as the medical treatment that should be observed, calculated not only to obviate the necessity of recourse to dangerous palliatives, but to promote a complete restoration of health. MORGAN, DR. W. The Textbook for Domestic Practice; being plain and concise directions for the Administration of Homceopathic Medicines in Simple Ailments. 191 pages. 32mo. Cloth, . 50 cts. This is a concise and short treatise on the most common ailments, printed in convenient size for the pocket; a veritable traveller's companion. A complete set of thirty remedies, in vials holding over fifty doses each, is furnished for $4.50, in stout mahogany case; or same set in vials holding over one hundred doses each, for $6.50; or book and case complete for $5 or $7 respectively. Address orders to Boericke & Tafel's Pharmacies, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Chicago, New Orleans, or San Francisco. •* MURE, DR. B. Materia Medica; or, Provings of the Principal Ani- mal and Vegetable Poisons of the Brazilian Empire, and their Application in the Treatment of Disuses. Translated from the French, and arranged according to Hahnemann's Method, by C. J. Hempel, M.D. 220 pages. 12mo. Cloth,..........$1 00 This volume, from the pen of the celebrated Dr. Mure, of Rio Janeiro, contains the patho- genesis of thirty-two remedies, a number of which have been used in general practice ever since the appearance of the work. A faithful wood-cut of the plant or animal treated of ac- companies each pathogenesis. NEIDHARD, DR. 0. On the Universality of the Homceopathic Law of Cure,..........30 cts. NEW PROVINGS of Cistus Canadensis, Cobaltum, Zingiber, and Mer- curius Proto-lodatus. 96 pages. Paper,.....75 cts. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HOMCEOPATHY. Pub- lished quarterly on the first days of August, November, February, and May. Edited by S. Lilienthal, M.D. Vol. X, New Series, commenced in August, 1879. Subscription price per volume, in advance, . $4 00 Complete sets of the first twenty-seven volumes, in half morocco binding, including Index to the first eighteen volumes, . . . $90 00 Index to the first eighteen volumes.......$2 00 HOMCEOPATHIC PUBLICATIONS. 13 OEHME, DR. F. G. Therapeutics of Diphtheritis. A Compilation and Critical Eeview of the German and American Homoeopathic Litera- ture. Second enlarged edition. 84 pages. Paper, . . . 60 cts. Same, in cloth, .......... 75 cts. "This pamphlet contains the best compilation of reliable testimony relative to diphtheria that has appeared from the pen of any member of our school."—Ohio Medical and Surgical Reporter. '"Although he claims nothing more for his book than that it is a compilation, with 'criti- cal reviews,' he has done his work so well and thoroughly as to merit all praise."—Hahne- mannian Monthly. " Dr. Oehme's little book will be worth many times its price to any one who has to treat this terrible disease."—British Journal of Homozopathy. "It is the best monograph we have yet seen on-diphtheria."—Cincinnati Medical Advance PETERS, DR. J. C. A Complete Treatise on Headaches and Diseases of the Head. I. The Nature and Treatment of Headaches. II. The Nature and Treatment of Apoplexy. III. The Nature and Treatment of Mental Derangement. IAr. The Nature and Treatment of Irritation, Congestion, and Inflammation of the Brain and its Membranes. Based on Th. J. Eiickert's Clinical Experiences in Homoeopathy. 586 pages. Half leather, ......... $2 50 PETERS, DR. J. C. A Treatise on Apoplexy. With an Appendix on Softening of the Brain and Paralysis. Based on Th. J. Eiickert's Clinica lExperiences in Homoeopathy. 164 pages. 8vo. Cloth, $1 00 PETERS, DR. J. C. The Diseases of Females and Married Fe- males. Second edition. Two parts in one volume. 356 pages Cloth, . . . . ........$1 50 PETERS, DR. J. C. The Diseases of Married Females. Disorders of Pregnancy, Parturition, and Lactation. 196 pages. 8vo. Cloth, $1 00 PETERS, DR. J. C. A Treatise on the Principal Diseases of the Eyes. Based on Th. J. Eiickert's Clinical Experiences in Homoeopathy. 291 pages. 8vo. Cloth,........$1 50 PETERS, DR. J. C. A Treatise on the Inflammatory and Organic Diseases of the Brain. Based on Th. J. Eiickert's Clinical Experi- ences in Homoeopathy. 156 pages. 8vo. Cloth, . . . $1 00 PETERS, DR. J. C. A Treatise on Nervous Derangement and Mental Disorders. Based on Th. J. Eiickert's Clinical Experiences in Homoeopathy. 104 pages. 8vo. Cloth,.....$1 00 PHYSICIAN'S VISITING LIST AND POCKET REPERTORY, THE HOMCEOPATHIC. By Eobert Faulkner, M.D. Second edition,......., • ■ • $2 00 " Dr. Faulkner's Visiting List is well adapted to render the details of daily work more perfectly recorded than any book prepared for the same purpose with which we have hitherto met. It commences with Almanacs for 1877 and 1878; then follow an obstetric calendar; a list of Poisons and their Antidotes; an account of Marshall Hall's ready method in As- phyxia; a Repertory of between sixty and seventy pages ; pages marked for general memo- randa ; Vaccination Records; Record of Deaths; Nurses; Friends and others; Obstetric 14 BOERICKE & TAFEL'S Record, which is especially complete; and finally, pages ruled to keep notes of daily visits, and also spaces marked for name of the medicine ordered on each day. The plan devised is so simple, so efficient, and so clear, that we illustrate it on a scale just half the size of the original (here follows illustration). The list is not divided into special months, but its use may be as easily commenced in the middle of the year as at the beginning. We heartilv recommend Faulkner's List to our colleagues who may be now making preparations for the duties of 1878:"—Monthly Homceopathic Review, London. RAUE, DR. C. G. Special Pathology and Diagnosis, with Thera- peutic Hints. 1072 pages. 8vo. Half morocco. Second edition, $7 00 Thio standard work is used as a textbook in all our colleges, and is found in almost every physician's library. An especially commendable feature is that it contains the application of nearly all the new remedies contained in Dr. Hale's Work on Materia Medica. RUDDOCK, DR. Principles, Practice, and Progress of Homoe- opathy, 5 cts.; per hundred, $3; per thousand, . . . $25 00 RUOFF'S REPERTORY OF HOMCEOPATHIC MEDICINE. Nosologically arranged. Translated from the German by A. H. Okie, M.D. With additions and improvements by G. Humphrey, M.D. 251 pages. 12mo. Cloth,.........$1 50 As a book of reference for the practitioner, the present work farexcels every other work, presenting him at a single glance what he might otherwise seek for amidst a confused mass of records and never find. The indefatigable author has drawn his matter from the infallible results of experience, leaving out all guesswork and hypothesis. RUSH, DR. JOHN. Veterinary Surgeon. The Handbook to Vet- erinary Homoeopathy;-or, the Homoeopathic Treatment of Horses, Cattle, Sheep, Dogs, and Swine. From the London edition. With numerous additions from the Seventh German edition of Dr. F. E. Gunther's " Ho- mceopathic Veterinary." Translated by J. F. Sheek, M.D. 150 pages. 18mo. Cloth, ..........50 Cts. SCHAEFER, J. C. New Manual of Homceopathic Veterinary Medicine. An easy and comprehensive arrangement of Diseases, adapted to the use of every owner of Domestic Animals, and especially designed for the Farmer living out of the reach of medical advice, and showing him the way of treating his sick Horses, Cattle, Sheep, Swine, and Dogs, in the most simple, expeditious, safe, and cheap manner- Translated from the German, with numerous additions from other veteri- nary manuals, by C. J. Hempel, M.D. 321 pages. 8vo. Cloth, $2 00 SCHWABE, DR. WILLMAR. Pharmacopoeia Homceopathica Polyglottica. Second edition. Cloth, . . . , . $3 00 Of this valuable work, the second edition has just been issued. SHARP'S TRACTS ON HOMCEOPATHY, each, . . 5 cts. Per hundred,...........$3 00 No. 1. What is Homoeopathy? No. 7. The Principles of Homoeopathy. No. 2. The Defence of Homoeopathy. No. 8. Controversy on No. 3. The Truth of " No. 9. Remedies of No. 4. The Small Doses of " No. 10. Provings of No. 5. The Difficulties of " No. 11. Single Medicines of " No. 6. Advantages of " No. 12. Common-sense of HOMCEOPATHIC PUBLICATIONS. 15 SHARP'S TRACTS, complete set of 12 numbers, ... 50 cts. Bound,...........75 Cts. SMALL, DR. A. E. Manual of Homceopathic Practice, for the use of Families and Private Individuals. Fifteenth enlarged edition. 831 pages. 8vo Half leather,.......$2 50 SMALL, DR. A. E. Manual of Homceopathic Practice. Trans- lated into German by C. J. Hempel, M.D. Eleventh edition. 643 pages. «vo. Cloth,..........$2 50 SMALL, DR. A. E. Diseases of the Nervous System, to which is added a Treatise on the Diseases of the Skin, by Dr. C. E. Toothacker. 216 pages. 8vo. Cloth,........$1 00 This treatise is from the pen of the distinguished author of the well-known and highly popular work entitled, " Small's Domestic Practice." It contains an elaborate description of the diseases of the nervous system, together with a full statement of the remedies which have been used with beneficial effect in the treatment of these disorders. STAPF, DR. E. Additions to the Materia Medica Pura. Trans- lated by C. J. Hempel, M.D. 292 pages. 8vo. Cloth, . . $1 50 This work is an indispensable appendix to Hahnemann's Materia Medica Pura. Every remedy is accompanied with extensive and most interesting clinical remarks, and a variety of cases illustrative of its therapeutical uses. TESSLER, DR. J. P, Clinical Researches concerning the Eto- mceopathic Treatment of Asiatic Cholera. Translated by C. J. Hempel, M.D. 109 pages. 8vo. Cloth,.....75 cts. TESSLER, DR. J. P. Clinical Remarks concerning the Homceo- pathic Treatment of Pneumonia, preceded by a Retrospective View of the Allopathic Materia Medica, and an Explanation of the Homceo- pathic Law of Cure. Translated by C. J. Hempel, M.D. 131 pages. 8vo. Cloth,..........75 cts. THOMAS, DR. A. R. Post-Mortem Examination and Morbid Anatomy. 337 pages. 8vo. Cloth,.....$2 50 VERDI, DR. T. S. Maternity; a Popular Treatise for Young Wives and Mothers. By Tullio Suzzara Verdi, A.M., M.D., of Washington, D. C. 450 pages. 12mo. Cloth, . . . . $2 00 " No one needs instruction more than a young mother, and the directions given by Dr. Verdi in this work are such as I should take great pleasure in recommending to all the voung mothers, and some of the old ones, in the range of my practice."—George E.Shipman, M.D:, Chicago, III. " Dr. Verdi's book is replete with useful suggestions for wives and mothers, and his medi- cal instructions for home use accord with the maxims of my best experience in practice."— John F. Gray, M.D., New York City. VERDI, DR. T. S. Mothers and Daughters: Practical Studies for the Conservation of the Health of Girls. By Tullio Suzzara Verdi, A.M., M.D. 287 pages. 12mo. Cloth,.....$1 50 " The people, and especially the women, need enlightening on many points connected with their physical life, and the time is fast approaching when it will no longer be thought sin- 16 BOERICKE & TAFEL'S HOMOEOPATHIC PITBLTCATIONS. gular or 'Yankeeish' that a woman should be instructed in regard to her sexuality, its organs and their functions. . . . Dr. Verdi is doing a good work in writing such books, and we trust he will continue in the course he has adopted of educating the mother and daughters. The book is handsomely presented. It is printed with good type on fine paper. and is neatly and substantially bound."—Hahnemannian Monthly. WILLIAMSON, DR. W. Diseases of Females and Children, and their Homceopathic Treatment. Third enlarged edition. 256 pages. 12mo. Cloth,.........$1 00 This work contains a short treatise on the homoeopathic treatment of the diseases of females and children, the conduct to be observed during pregnancy, labor, and confinement, and di- rections for the management of new-born infants. HOMCEOPATHIC JOURNALS. THE NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HOMOEOPATHY. Samuel A. Lilienthal, M.D., Editor. Boericke & Tafel, Publishers. Quarterly. Subscription price per year, payable in advance, $4 00 CTTTST PUBLISHED. ALLEN, DR. T. F. A General Symptom Kegister of the Homoeopathic Materia Medica. 1330 pages. Cloth, $12.00; full sheep or half morocco,.....$14 00 ALLEN, DR. H. C. The Homoeopathic Therapeutics of Intermittent Fever. 232 pages. 12mo. Cloth,.............$1 50 EATON, DR. M. M. A Treatise on the Medical and Surgical Diseases of Women, with their Homoeopathic Treatment. Fully illustrated. 782 pages. 8vo. Sheep, $6 50 EDMONDS, DR. W. A. A Treatise on Diseases peculiar to Infants and Children. 300 pages. 8vo. Cloth,............$2 50 HAGEN, DR. A. A Guide to the Clinical Examination of Patients and the Diagnosis of Disease. Translated from the second revised and enlarged edition by Dr. G. E. Gramm. 223 pages. 12mo. Cloth,...........$1 25 HAHNEMANN, DR. S. Materia Medica Pura. Translated from the latest German editions by A. E. Dudgeon, M.D., with annotations by A. Hughes, M.D. Vol. I. 718 pages. 8vo. Cloth, $5.00 ; half morocco, $6.00. Vol. II printing. HART, DR. C. P. Diseases of the Nervous System; being a treatise on Spasmodic, Paralytic, Neuralgic, and Mental Affections. With ample clinical illustrations. 409 pages. 8vo. Cloth,............$3 00 HEINIGKE, DR. C Pathogenetic Outlines of Homoeopathic Drugs. Translated from the German by Dr. E. Tietze. 576 pages. 12mo. Cloth, . . . . $3 50 TESTE, DR. A. A Homoeopathic Treatise on the Diseases of Children. 345 pages. 12mo. Cloth, .............$1 50 VON TAGEN. DR. C. H. Biliary Calculi, Perineorrhaphy, Hospital Gangrene, and its kindred Diseases, with their respective Treatments. 154 pages. 8vo. Cloth, $1 25 WILSON, DR, T. P. Special Indications for Twenty-five Remedies in Intermittent Fever. 53 pages. l2mo,...........40 cts. WORCESTER, DR. S. Repertory to the Modalities, in their relations to Tempera- ture, Air, Water, Winds, Weather, and Seasons. 160 pages. 12mo. Cloth, . §1 25 B@~ All the Medicines mentioned in this work can be obtained in their utmost purity and conscientiously prepared at BOERICKE & TAFEL'S Dn HOMEOPATHIC PHARMACIES. ESTABLISHED IN 1835. NEW YORK, 145 Grand St PHILADELPHIA, 1011 Areh St PHILADELPHIA, 1216 Girard Ave, BALTIMORE, 135 West Fayette.St. NEW ORLEANS, 130 Canal St. CHICAGO, 35 South Clark St. SAN FRANCISCO, 234 Sutter St. NOTICE TO PHYSICIANS. Mother Tinctures. In the preparation of our Mother Tinctures, we make use of none but fresh, green plants, for the proper collection of which we have un- usual facilities. Most of these are collected by ourselves within a radius of less than twenty miles from Philadelphia. Plants indigenous to the West we procure through our branch in Chicago; those of the South, through our branch in New Orleans; while plants growing on the Pacific Coast, the Sandwich Islands, etc., are furnished by our branch at San Francisco. Thus saturated tinctures made from fresh plants, gathered when in full vigor, may at all times be relied upon. European Homoeopathic Tinctures we import from the best known sources, i. e., irom reputable Homoeopathic Pharmacies. The only exceptions to above rule are tinctures from plants growing in distant countries, as Nux vom., Rheum, Ignatia, etc., which of necessity are made from carefully selected dry material. Triturations. Our Triturations are made with Pure Sugar of Milk in steam triturators with the latest improvements. Having ample facilities, we are enabled to accord to each trituration fully two hours, whereby an unusual degree of excel- lence is obtained. Remedies such as Sepia, Mercurius v., Graphites, are triturated four hours or longer, until the desired grade of comminution is secured. Dilutions. Our Dilutions are all conscientiously made by hand. We com- menced by running up one hundred remedies to the 30th, retaining all intermediate attenuations and using a separate box for each remedy. Gradually the list has in- creased until to-day we carry in stock over seven hundred remedies, and are able to supply any of them like the 12th, 15th, 24th, etc., as readily as the 3d or 6th. Each of our eight pharmacies carries such a set in stock, and our patrons thus have ab- solute surety of obtaining any intermediate potency called for. Our Pharmacies are devoted exclusively to the sale of Homoeopathic Medi- cines and Books; and as all Branch Establishments are supplied from our Labora- tory in Philadelphia, Medicines of our uniform standard quality, may be obtained alike from either of our establishments. In conclusion, we beg to assure the profession that, it has ever been our en- deavor to excel in the quality of our preparations; that while furnishing our medi- cines at a moderate advance on cost, we do not intend to compete with establish- ments whose sole claims lie in cheap prices. Our endeavors have met with hearty acknowledgement by the profession, and the generous support accorded to our es- tablishments, bears witness to our ability to give satisfaction to our many patrons. Complete Price List and Illustrated Catalogue sent free to Physi- cians on application. 124 6 3 ■"■••■ arz •?s* .;.#■ NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE NLfl 0Q13T723 5 iVar.v.- ■ •^ NLM001397232