MEDICAL 
ELECTRICITY 
MASON 
MEDICAL BRIEFS N9 3 BERTS' 
of Medicine. 
xna firm. j=.in ^rkrxGED EDITION. JUST READY. 
Recommended as a Text-book at University of Pennsylvania, Long Island 
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A HANDBOOK OF THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF MEDICINE. 
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Hospital; Assistant Physician in Brompton Consumptive Hospital. The 
Fifth Edition, partially rewritten, and carefully revised throughout. 
Price, in Cloth, $3.00; Leather, $6.00. 
RECOMMENDATIONS. 
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P. BLAKISTON, SON A CO., Publishers and Booksellers, 
1012 WALNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA. YEO'S 
Manual of Physiology. 
300 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
FULL GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 
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King's College, London. Demi-octavo, 750 pages. Over 
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a work which is unsurpassed, but its great size and comprehensiveness, and its some- 
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ESSENTIALS OE PATHOLOGY. 
JUST PUBLISHED. 
The object of this book is to explain to the student, in a plain, practical way, 
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THE ESSENTIALS OF PATHOLOGY. By D. Tod Gilliam, 
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formerly Professor of General Pathology, Columbus Medical 
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No. 3. MEDICAL ELECTRICITY. A Compend of 
Electricity and its Medical and Surgical Uses. By Chas. F. 
Mason, m.d., Ass't Surg. U. S. Army; with an introduction 
by Charles H. May, m. d., Instructor in Ophthalmology, 
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A 
COMPEND 
OF 
ELECTRICITY 
AND ITS 
MEDICAL AND SURGICAL USES. 
BY 
CHARLES F. MASON, M.D., 
ASSISTANT SURGEON U. S. ARMY. 
WITH AN INTRODUCTION 
By CHARLES H. MAY, M.D., 
INSTRUCTOR IN OPHTHALMOLOGY, NSW YORK POLYCLINIC. 
PHILADELPHIA: 
P. BLAKISTON, SON & CO., 
1012 Walnut Street. 
1887. Copyright, 1887, by P. P.lakiston, Son & Co. TO 
EDWARD G. JANEWAY, M. D., 
AS A TOKEN OF RESPECT FOR HIS GREAT LEARNING 
AND 
IN ADMIRATION OF HIS SUPERIOR SKILL 
AS A DIAGNOSTICIAN, 
THIS SMALL VOLUME IS DEDICATED 
BY THE AUTHOR. PREFACE. 
From the large amount of literature upon the 
subject of medical electricity, the author has endeav- 
ored to select and classify such facts and principles 
as would present to the student and general prac- 
titioner a clear, short, and yet comprehensive view 
of this important and so illy-understood branch of 
therapeutics. He believes that a work having the 
scope thus laid out, will prove of value to the under- 
graduate and to the physician who have neither the 
time nor patience to wade through some of the 
larger treatises on the same subject. 
U. S. Army, December, 1886. CONTENTS. 
CHAPTER I. 
PAGE 
Magnetism 23 
Natural Magnets 23 
Artificial Magnets .. 23 
Armatures 24 
Magnetic Curves 24 
Electricity 24 
Static Electricity 25 
Conductors 25 
Insulators 25 
Induction 26 
Potential 27 
Electrical'Machines „ 28 
Leyden Jar 30 
Dynamic Electricity 31 
Galvanism 31 
Galvanic Couplet 32 
PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRO-PHYSICS. 
XI XII 
CONTENTS. 
PAGE 
Electricity-Electro-motive Force 33 
Electrical Units 33 
Ohm's Law 34 
Arrangement of Elements 35 
Effects of Galvanism 36 
Faradism 37 
Magneto-electrical Apparatus 37 
Electro magnetic Apparatus 37 
Primary Current 39 
Secondary Current 39 
CHAPTER II. 
FORMS OF ELECTRICAL APPARATUS FOR MEDICAL 
AND SURGICAL USE. 
Constant Elements 41 
Grenet Elements 41 
Daniell Elements 42 
Storage Cells 42 
Accessory Apparatus 43 
Galvanometer 43 
Rheostat 43 
Cell Enumerator 43 
Commutator 43 
Interrupter 44 
Rheophore 44 CONTENTS. 
XIII 
CHAPTER III. 
PAGE 
Electric Bath 49 
Electrization by Sparks 49 
by Shocks 50 
Galvanic Excitation of Motor, Sensory, and Mixed Nerves.. 50 
Normal Polar Formula 51 
Voltaic Alternatives 51 
Anelectrotonos 51 
Katelectrotonos 51 
Faradic Excitation of Motor, Sensory, and Mixed Nerves.. 52 
Motor Points 53 
Excitation of Striated Muscle 53 
of Non-striated Muscle 53 
of Heart Muscle 53 
of Spinal Cord 53 
of Cervical Sympathetic 53 
of Pneumogastric Nerve 54 
of Organs of Special Sense 54 
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY. 
CHAPTER IV. 
ELECTRO-DIAGNOSIS. 
Normal Reactions 55 
Quantitative Changes 56 
and Qualitative Changes 56 XIV 
CONTENTS. 
PAGE 
Degeneration Reaction 56 
Changes in Sensation 59 
in Special Senses 59 
Practice of Electro-diagnosis 60 
CHAPTER V. 
ELECTRO-THERA PEUTICS. 
Magnetism 62 
Static Electricity 62 
Dynamic Electricity 64 
General Remarks 64 
Polar Method 64 
Directional Method 64 
Methods of Electrization 67 
Special Therapeutics 70 
Paralysis 70 
Spasm and Cramp 71 
Anaesthesia 72 
Hypera.'sthesia, Pain, Neuralgia 72 
Diseases of the Brain 74 
Spinal Cord 77 
Functional Cerebro-spinal Diseases 79 
Diseases of the Peripheral Nerves 82 
Toxic Paralyses 84 
Diseases of the Organs of Special Sense 84 
of Muscles and Joints 85 CONTENTS. 
XV 
PAGE 
Diseases of Heart and Lungs 86 
of the Abdominal Organs 87 
of the Genito-urinary Organs 88 
of the Skin 90 
General Diseases 91 
CHAPTER VI. 
Electrolysis 95 
Aneurism 95 
Naevi 96 
Tumors 96 
Extra-uterine Pregnancy 97 
Stricture of Urethra 97 
Galvano-causty 97 
The Electric Light 98 
Authorities Consulted 99 
ELECTRICITY IN SURGERY. A COMPEND 
OF 
ELECTRICITY. 
INTRODUCTION. 
Within the last ten years, Electricity has extended 
its usefulness with great rapidity. Immense strides 
have been made in its application to modern im- 
provements in every-day life ; so great has been this 
advance, that this branch of physical science now 
furnishes occupation for many hundreds of trained 
minds, and the profession of electrician has many 
followers. And though in the application of this 
power to medicine no such phenomenal discoveries 
have been made as the telephone and the various 
forms of electric lights and motors, still, the devel- 
opment of the science as applied to medicine and 
surgery has by no means remained at a standstill; 
17 18 
ELECTRICITY. 
new uses have been proposed and established by 
continued observation, and the knowledge and appli- 
cation of this very potent therapeutic measure have 
very extensively increased of late years. 
Notwithstanding the undoubted and great utility 
of Electricity in medicine and surgery, it is surprising 
that there still remains a large class of practitioners 
who rarely employ it, and are apparently content to 
remain in almost complete ignorance of the subject. 
This may be explained by the fact, that the busy 
practitioner is frightened at the prospect of having 
to wade through large and exhaustive treatises on the 
subject, and is thus dismayed by the mass of scien- 
tific information and of technical terms which he is 
expected to understand. 
The undergraduate also is disheartened upon at- 
tempting the study of Electricity from full and 
lengthy treatises; and though this should not be a 
reason for completely ignoring the subject, yet as a 
matter of fact it often forms his excuse for so doing. 
Hence the necessity arises for concise and short 
treatises upon this therapeutic resource. 
In all the better medical colleges in the country, 
a knowledge of the subject is required for graduation, INTRODUCTION. 
19 
and rightly so. What student of medicine would 
profess to have a good knowledge of Materia Medica, 
and have omitted studying an important drug, such 
as belladonna or opium ? And yet Electricity can- 
not be said to occupy a position in Therapeutics 
secondary to that accorded the drugs just mentioned. 
Some of its achievements in medicine and surgery 
stand unrivaled ! Its relief of pain, of which Bar- 
tholow says, "there is no effect more certain than 
the power of galvanism to relieve pain," its allaying 
spasm, and its action in causing a favorable termi- 
nation in cases of tubal pregnancy-these will serve 
as examples of brilliant results accomplished by the 
use of this great physical agent. 
Then again, we have not many agents which are 
credited so often with saving life in failure of the 
heart and respiration from various causes. Many 
other examples of the inestimable advantages from 
the use of Electricity might be cited. Not only in 
general medicine, but in every specialty it has its 
frequent applications ; and certainly no physician's 
office can be considered satisfactorily equipped with- 
out at least a faradic and a galvanic battery. 
It is interesting also to consider the variation in 20 
ELECTRICITY. 
the estimation in which this agent is held by different 
practitioners, and to solve the causes of the discrep- 
ancy in the favor with which it is received by them. 
There will be found a large portion of the profession 
who are most enthusiastic in its use, praise it highly 
and apply it often. Another portion are almost 
absolute disbelievers ; they look with suspicion upon 
anything with which Electricity is mentioned, and 
give it no more credit of valuable effects than that of 
being a good and powerful placebo. 
The explanation of this difference of opinion will 
become plain, when it is known that the number of 
the first grows larger while that of the second class 
diminishes as the knowledge of the subject increases ; 
in other words, that the lack of confidence in the 
remedy is usually the result of an absence or insuffi- 
cient knowledge of the subject. It is no exagger- 
ation to say that a not insignificant number of prac- 
titioners make use of the different kinds of electrical 
currents indiscriminately and without sufficient re- 
gard for the laws of Electro-therapeutics which should 
govern their employment; these are naturally dis- 
appointed in the results, and it is not surprising that 
they look upon the agent with suspicion. INTRODUCTION. 
21 
That it is used not infrequently merely to act upon 
the patient's mind when other therapeutic resources 
have been exhausted, cannot be denied ; but such use, 
whether legitimate or not, does not undervalue its 
status when scientifically employed for well-estab- 
lished indications. To accomplish good results, it 
must be used according to fixed laws which are sim- 
ple and easily understood ; and with increased know- 
ledge comes a higher opinion of the value of the 
remedy, and the disbeliever often changes to an 
enthusiast. 
With a daily enlarging knowledge and a con- 
stantly widening field of applicability, no physician 
can expect to compete with his brethren in thera- 
peutic skill, who fails to secure at least an average 
acquaintance with the science. 
The undergraduate also will find that he cannot 
afford to be without an understanding of the sub- 
ject ; for he will become aware that the building of 
his practical learning upon the largely-theoretical 
foundation laid during his college years will be very 
seriously handicapped by the omission to give this 
subject a fair share of his time. He cannot be ex- 
pected to read exhaustive works, but a very good 22 
ELECTRICITY. 
idea of the rudiments is to be expected; and since 
an understanding of medical and surgical Elec- 
tricity would be difficult, if not impossible, without a 
knowledge of at least the elements of physical science, 
so much of the latter as is necessary for the proper 
assimilation of the text has been inserted. 
The use of technical terms employed in expressing 
the units of force, quantity, etc., has become so com- 
mon, that an acquaintance with their significance 
may be considered indispensable ; hence their use 
in the following pages is an advantage, and, being 
explained in a simple manner, does not give rise to 
any difficulty in comprehensibility. 
Charles H. May, m. d. 
202 East 38th Street, 
New York, Jan. 3d, 1887. CHAPTER I. 
PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRO-PHYSICS. 
I. MAGNETISM.-Magnetism is the property- 
certain bodies have of attracting iron ; substances 
possessing this power being known as magnets. 
The natural magnet is the magnetic oxide of iron 
or lodestone, a not uncommon ore. 
The artificial magnet is made by rubbing a piece 
of soft iron or steel with a natural magnet, or by the 
action of galvanism, the piece of metal being placed 
within a helix of insulated wire, through which the 
current is made to pass. 
Soft iron magnets soon lose their power and are 
hence known as temporary magnets, but steel magnets 
are permanent. 
Magnetic substances are such metals as iron, steel, 
nickel, etc., which are attracted by and are capable 
of being made magnets. Diamagnetic substances are 
such as are repelled by a magnet. 
If a magnet be suspended so as to move freely, 
23 24 
ELECTRICITY. 
it will be found that one end always points to the 
north, while the other points to the south ; hence the 
terms north and south pole of the magnet. Bring a 
second magnet into the neighborhood of the first, 
and we see that 11 like poles repel, unlike poles attract." 
Armatures are pieces of soft iron used to connect 
the poles of a magnet; the iron becomes temporarily 
magnetized, and reacting on the magnet prevents any 
loss of its power. 
Magnetic curves are the imaginary concentric lines 
radiating from each pole of the magnet, through 
which experiment has shown the magnetic force to 
be exerted ; the space embraced by these curves is 
known as the magnetic field. 
Magnets are of various shapes; that of a bar, or of 
a horseshoe is usually employed. 
A magnetic battery consists of a number of magnets 
bound together with their like poles in the same di- 
rection. 
II. ELECTRICITY.-" Electricity is a power- 
ful physical agent, the existence of which is made 
known chiefly by attraction and repulsion, but also 
by luminous and heating effects, and various other PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRO-PHYSICS. 
25 
phenomena. Its action is excited by friction, pres- 
sure, chemical operations, heat and magnetism." 
i. Static or Frictional Electricity is that form 
which is excited by friction; it is called static in 
contradistinction to dynamic or current electricity, 
because it is not in motion, but is restrained in a 
state of high tension. 
It is supposed that there are two kinds of electric- 
ity pervading all bodies, positive or vitreous, and 
negative or resinous; in the unelectrified condition 
these fluids just neutralize each other, but may be 
separated by chemical action, friction, etc. 
If a glass rod be rubbed with a piece of silk it will 
attract a pith ball, charge it with positive electricity 
and at once repel it; if the positively charged pith 
ball be now brought near a negatively electrified sub- 
stance, the ball will be attracted, negatively charged 
by conduction, and again repelled; hence the law, 
"unlike electricities attract, like electricities repel." 
Conductors are substances which offer very little 
resistance to the passage of a current of electricity 
through them; those bodies offering considerable 
resistance are known as non-conductors or insulators. 26 
ELECTRICITY. 
The terms are, however, only relative, there being 
no absolute conductors or insulators. A list of the 
more important members of each class is here given: - 
CONDUCTORS. 
Water, 
Saline solution, 
Acid solution, 
Charcoal, 
Graphite, 
Metals, etc. 
INSULATORS. 
India rubber, 
Dry air, 
Dry paper, 
Silk, 
Glass, 
Shellac, etc. 
Induction is the influence which an electrified sub- 
stance exerts over a body placed near but not in con- 
tact with it, in decomposing its neutral electricity, 
attracting the unlike kind to the proximal end, and 
repelling the like kind to the distal end. The fol- 
lowing tables will render clear the differences between 
induction and conduction. 
INDUCTION. 
(a) Manifested in insulators 
and conductors. 
(b) The inducing body loses 
no part of its electricity. 
(r) The imparted electricity 
is of opposite kind. 
(a) The body to be electrified 
must be in connection with 
the earth. 
CONDUCTION. 
(a) Manifested in conductors 
only. 
(b) The conducting body loses 
part of its electricity. 
(c) The imparted electricity is 
of same kind. 
The body to be electrified 
must be completely insu- 
lated. PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRO-PHYSICS. 
27 
Dielectrics are insulators through which electricity 
may act inductively. 
Electricity does not penetrate into the interior of 
bodies; hence the amount of electricity in any given 
body depends not upon its mass, but upon the 
amount of surface it affords. 
Another peculiarity to be always borne in mind is 
the marked tendency for electricity to accumulate at 
and discharge itself from acute points. 
Potential is the electrical level of a body 
above or below that of the earth, which is taken 
as the standard of comparison and assumed to 
be zero. 
Just as when we place two buckets full of water at 
different levels above the earth's surface the water 
readily flows from the higher to the lower, and from 
the lower to the earth, so electricity flows from the 
higher level, or potential, to the lower. If the elec- 
trical level of an object is above that of the earth, 
it is said to have positive potential; if it is below that 
of the earth it has negative potential, and electricity 
flows from the earth to the object. Two substances, 
both positive or both negative, but having different 
degrees of potential, are positive and negative in 28 
ELECTRICITY. 
relation to each other. This is what is known as 
relative potential. 
In order to produce large quantities of electricity 
for medical purposes various electrical machines are 
employed; some of these act by friction and in- 
duction, while the more modern forms, as the 
Toepler-Holtz, depend upon induction alone. 
One of the latest forms of the Toepier Holtz machine is 
shown in Fig. I. It consists of two thin circular plates of 
glass, a short distance apart; the larger one is properly sup- 
ported and fixed; the other, smaller in diameter, turns on a 
horixontal axle by means of the multiplying wheel and band 
seen to the right in the figure. The larger or fixed plate is 
provided with armatures, i. e., gilt paper glued upon the posterior 
surface, and these as well as the plates are varnished. In front 
of the movable plate, at the level of the armatures, are two 
brass combs attached to two brass conductors, supported in front 
upon condensers, and terminating in large brass knobs through 
which pass brass rods-dischargers; the latter terminate cen- 
trally in small metal knobs, and laterally they are provided 
with vulcanite handles. Upon the front of the revolving plate 
are a number of small brass buttons which, when the plate 
revolves, are touched by the teeth of a brush, arranged so as to 
connect this surface with the armatures. 
To work the machine, the knobs of the discharger are PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRO-PHYSICS. 
29 
THE NEW UNIVERSAL TCEfLER-HOLTZ MACHINE. 
Fig. i. 30 
ELECTRICITY. 
brought together, and the movable plate electrically charged by 
rubbing it with fur, turned for a few seconds and then the knobs 
slightly separated. A crackling ensues, and sparks pass across 
the interval between the discharging knobs. 
The action is as follows: " The small brass disks on the an- 
terior surface of the plate, when this is revolved, rub against the 
metallic brushes; a small amount of electricity is thus generated 
and carried around to the armatures upon the back of the large 
stationary plate. The initial charge is thus given to this, which 
in its turn acts upon the revolving plate." Thus through in- 
duction a constant supply of electricity is kept up as long as the 
plate is revolved. 
By connecting the inner and outer coating of the condensers, 
a current similar to that produced by the faradic battery may be 
obtained, and is being used considerably at present; the con- 
nection is made by attaching sponge electrodes to metal chains 
and fixing one of these to the left-hand discharging rod, and the 
other to the base of the condenser on the right-hand side. The 
strength of the current is regulated by the distance between the 
discharging knobs. 
The Leyden jar is also employed at times. It con- 
sists of a glass bottle, lined within and without to a 
short distance from the. top with tinfoil. The mouth 
is closed by a cork, through which passes a brass rod, 
one end being in contact with the inner coating of PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRO-PHYSICS. 
31 
the jar; the other terminating externally in a knob. 
Through the knob the interior receives positive elec- 
tricity from the prime conductor of an electrical 
machine, and by induction charges the exterior 
negatively. The jar is discharged by connecting the 
inner and outer coatings by means of a discharging 
rod. 
A battery of Leyden jars is made by connecting 
their outer coatings with each other and with the 
earth, their inner coatings being also mutually con- 
nected. 
2. Current or Dynamic Electricity. 
{a) Galvanism.-Other names for this form of 
current are voltaism, contact electricity, chemical cur- 
rent, constant current, primary current, etc. 
"The galvanic current is generated by the con- 
tact of dissimilar substances in the presence of chemi- 
cal action, or of heat {thermo-electricity)." 
When two metals (or carbon and a metal) are 
placed in a liquid which acts more strongly upon one 
than upon the other, a difference in their electrical 
potential results. If, now, they be connected by 
metallic wires, the electricity flows from the higher to 32 
ELECTRICITY. 
the lower potential, and the equilibrium is restored ; 
but chemical action continuing, the constant current 
is the result. Such an arrangement constitutes a 
galvanic couplet or cell, and is shown in Fig. 2. 
The electricity flows from the plate most acted on 
Fig. 2. 
(zinc} through the liquid to the conducting plate 
(carbon}, thence through the connecting wires to the 
zinc again. Thus, as will be seen, the zinc consti- 
tutes the positive plate but negative pole, the carbon 
forming the negative plate and positive pole. The PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRO-PHYSICS. 
33 
circuit is said to be "open" when the wires are 
separated, "closed " when they are in contact. 
The property of creating difference of potential, 
upon which the electrical current depends, is known 
as electro-motive force. 
Electric force moves matter. Electro-motive 
force is an imaginary force moving an imagi- 
nary fluid electricity; its amount depends entirely 
upon the nature of a cell, and not at all upon 
its size. 
To secure accuracy of admeasurement "electrical 
units" are employed ; the more important of these 
are as follows:- 
UNIT 
SYMBOL. 
NAME. 
of Quantity, 
Q. 
Weber. 
of Current strength, 
c. 
Ampere. 
of Electro-motive force, 
E. 
Volt. 
of Resistance, 
R. 
Ohm. 
" The use of the term Weber is restricted to the 
unit of quantity; the Ampere denotes the same quan- 
tity, but includes the twin factor implied in the word 
current." 34 
ELECTRICITY. 
"The Volt is a little less than the electro-motive 
force of a freshly-charged Daniell's cell." 
All the parts in a galvanic circuit offering more 
or less resistance to the passage of a current, ob- 
viously the current strength (C), will be equal to 
the electro-motive force (E) divided by the resistance 
(R), or C = 4 (Ohm's law). 
Fig. 3. 
The resistance offered by the wires is in- 
versely proportional to their sectional area and 
directly to their length; it also varies with 
the specific conducting power of the metal of 
which they are composed. 
The resistance of the human body, practically that 
of the epidermis, is very great; it may be diminished PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRO-PHYSICS. 
35 
by increase in the size of the electrodes, of the 
amount of pressure made by them, and of the dura- 
tion of their application ; also by increase in the 
moisture and vascularity of the skin. 
By electric density is meant the proportion ex- 
isting between the sectional area of a conductor 
and the quantity of electricity conveyed by it; 
the greater the sectional area, the quantity remain- 
ing,the same, the less the density. 
Fig. 4. 
Arrangement of Elements.-In the simple circuit 
or arrangement in surface all the zinc plates 
are connected, forming the negative pole, all 
the carbon plates forming the positive pole. See 
Fig- 3- 
When the carbon of the first cell is connected 
with the zinc of the second, and so on throughout 
the series, the first zinc forming the negative and the 36 
ELECTRICITY. 
last carbon the positive pole, we have a compound- 
circuit or arrangement in series. See Fig. 4. 
The cells may also be variously grouped. The 
arrangement in any particular case will depend upon 
the amount of resistance to be overcome, and upon 
the object to be attained. As a general rule, the 
grouping should be such as to make the internal re- 
sistance as nearly as possible equal to the external. 
For ordinary galvanic application to the human 
body, whose resistance is very great, the cells 
are connected in series; whereas, for electrolytic 
and heating purposes, the arrangement in surface 
is adopted. 
When the current is passed through a portion of 
the body, a flow of the interstitial fluids occurs from 
the anode to the kathode; this is known as the cata- 
phoric action of galvanism. 
Luminous and heating effects may be obtained by 
causing a strong current to pass through a platinum 
wire. 
Chemical Effects.-Electrolysis is the decompo- 
sition of a body,-oxygen and acids collecting at 
the anode; hydrogen, alkalies, and bases at the 
kathode. PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRO-PHYSICS. 
37 
(£) Faradism, or Induced Electricity. 
" The faradic current is generated by the induct- 
ive influence of galvanism or magnetism, in presence 
of variation in intensity of this influence." An 
electrical current is developed in a closed coil of 
wire when a magnet is brought near, and another, 
but in the opposite direction when it is withdrawn. 
Upon this principle depends the construction of the 
old magneto-electrical apparatus, which the recent 
discovery of a commutator, by which the currents 
may be collected and sent in the same direction, 
will probably again bring into use. A galvanic 
current induces a current in a neighboring wire, 
at the moment of closure in the opposite di- 
rection, at the moment of opening in the same 
direction. 
When the current traverses an insulated helix 
within which is placed a soft iron bar, the bar 
becomes a magnet on closure of the circuit, to be 
instantly demagnetized when it is broken. These 
are the principles involved in the construction of 
the electro-magnetic, the common faradic battery. 
Their application can be clearly understood from 
Fig- 5- 38 
ELECTRICITY. 
Z, zinc element; C, carbon element; P, binding-posts for the 
primary coil; S, binding-posts of the secondary coil; a, the 
interrupter when the circuit is passing to the helix ; b, the inter- 
rupter when the circuit is broken. The screw (shown in contact 
with a) allows of the adjustment of the interrupter to the bundle 
Fig. 5. 
{From Ranney*) 
of soft-iron wires within the primary helix, thus making the 
interruptions fast or slow at the will of the operator. The pa- 
tient is connected with the battery in action by means of cords 
attached to the binding-posts at P or -S'. These cords are not 
*" Practical Suggestions respecting the Varieties of Electric 
Currents and the Uses of Electricity in Medicine," by Ambrose 
L. Ranney, M.D.: D. Appleton & Co., 1885. PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRO-PHYSICS. 
39 
shown in the diagram, but are shown in Fig. I. The arrows 
show the direction of the currents. The zinc is marked as the 
negative element (-), and the carbon as the positive (-|~) ele- 
ment of the battery. Note that the wire of the primary coil is 
represented as coarser than that of the secondary; that the 
secondary coil has no connection with the elements of the cell > 
that the current going to the primary binding-posts is generated 
by the iron core, and is not that which originates in the galvanic 
cell; and that the interrupter has a small piece of platinum 
soldered upon it where it comes in contact with the screw, so as 
to prevent oxidation at that point. Patients feel the current 
made by the " break " more than that from the " make " of the 
circuit; hence one electrode apparently gives a stronger current. 
The primary current is that which results from the 
inductive action of the coils of the inner helix upon 
each other, strengthened by the inducing influence 
of the magnet. 
The secondary current is that which passes to and 
fro in the outer helix ; each electrode is alternately 
anode and kathode, but the direct current is so much 
the stronger that it may be alone considered, and this 
current being understood, we may properly speak of 
anode and kathode in reference to faradism. 
The strength of the induced current is in direct 
proportion to the number of coils in the outer helix, 40 
ELECTRICITY. 
and to the strength of the exciting galvanic current. 
It may be increased by withdrawing the metallic cyl- 
inder which surrounds the helix, and thus lessens the 
inductive influence. 
The faradic current has no marked chemical nor 
heating effects; it has not the penetrating power 
possessed by galvanism. CHAPTER II. 
FORMS OF ELECTRICAL APPARATUS FOR MEDICAL AND 
SURGICAL USE. 
Constant Elements.-In the simple "one-fluid 
cell " already described, it is found that, practically, 
the current is not constant. The zinc is rapidly dis- 
solved, the fluid becomes saturated with salts, and 
the hydrogen from the electrolytic decomposition of 
the water accumulates on the carbon plate, polarizing 
it, and so preventing the passage of electricity to and 
through it. All these influences aid in rapidly 
reducing the current to a minimum. 
The destruction of the zinc and the weakening of 
the current by the formation of numerous small 
couplets between particles of zinc and the impurities 
they contain is prevented by amalgamation. Polar- 
ization is prevented by having two fluids so arranged 
as to chemically utilize the liberated hydrogen. 
Cells so constructed are said to be constant. 
Of single fluid cells, the Grenet may be taken as 
the type; the elements are zinc and carbon im- 
41 42 
ELECTRICITY. 
mersed in a dilute solution of sulphuric acid, bichro- 
mate of potassium being added as a partial depolar- 
izer. This form is often used in faradic batteries. 
The Daniell is a good example of the " two-fluid 
element." A glass vessel contains solution of sul- 
phate of copper and a perforated copper cylinder 
with a rim above; on the rim rest crystals of copper 
sulphate, which keep the solution saturated. Inside 
of the copper cylinder is a porous earthenware vessel 
containing a zinc plate immersed in solution of dilute 
sulphuric acid. The hydrogen set free by electrolysis 
decomposes the copper sulphate, forming copper and 
sulphuric acid, the former being deposited on the 
copper cylinder, the latter going to reinforce the 
sulphuric acid already present. Good cells of this 
type are those of Siemens and Halski, Leclanche, the 
chloride of silver, etc. 
For electrolysis, Stohrer's elements are specially 
commended by Bartholow. 
For luminous and heating effects, we use either 
large cells or small elements connected in surface. 
Among the best are Piffard's and Byrnes' s. Polari- 
zation or storage cells are also used for these pur- 
poses. " When two plates of platinum are dipped FORMS OF ELECTRICAL APPARATUS. 
43 
into water and attached to the poles of a battery, 
they become polarized; that is, the anodic plate 
becomes covered with bubbles of oxygen, the kath- 
odic with bubbles of hydrogen. If now the plates 
are connected with the terminals of a galvanometer, 
it is found that a polarization current is set up from 
the hydrogen through the liquid to the oxygen (i. e., 
in the opposite direction to the battery current), and 
that this polarization current may last a long time if 
the plates are large enough. This property has been 
made use of in the construction of Plante's storage 
cell and Trouv6's Electrical Polyscope. 
Accessory Apparatus.-The Galvanometer is 
an instrument used to show the presence, strength and 
direction of a current of electricity. 
The Rheostat is so constructed as to allow an accu- 
rate gradation of current resistance when it is placed 
in the circuit. 
The Selector or Cell-enumerator is an arrangement 
by which any desired number of cells may be at once 
brought into circuit. 
The Polarity Changer or Commutator affords a 44 
ELECTRICITY. 
means of instantly changing the direction of the 
current and then reversing the poles. 
The Interrupter (for the galvanic current) is usually 
contained in the handle of the electrode; a button is 
pressed upon, and this by means of a spring makes 
and breaks the contact. 
Electrodes are the direct means of applying elec- 
tricity to the body; they are of very various forms, 
as shown on pages 45 and 47. 
Disks of carbon covered with waste leather are 
preferable to those of metal covered with sponge. 
Rheophores are the wires connecting the electrodes 
with the battery; they should be of ordinary tele- 
graph wire insulated by a rubber coating. FORMS OF ELECTRODES USED IN THE VARIOUS KINDS OF ELECTRICAL APPLICATIONS. 
I. Laryngeal (Dr. Strawbridge's Eu- 
stachian Tube) Electrode. 
2. Eye " 
3. Tongue " 
4. Ear " 
5. Nasal " 
6. Interrupting Handle Electrode. 
7. For Special Nerves " 
8. Large Sponge " 
9. Uterine and Rectal " 
10. Urethral " 11. Cup-shaped, for Mouth of Womb. 
12. Vaginal Electrode. 
13. Sympathetic Nerve " 
14, 15 and 16. Disks, Olives, Points, etc. 
17. Carbon Electrode. 
18. Wire-brush " 
19. Foot-plate " 
20. Spinal " CHAPTER III. 
ELECTRO-PHYSIOLOGY. 
I. MAGNETISM.-Of the physiological effects 
of magnetism little is definitely known; the north 
pole seems to cause irritation, the south pole seda- 
tion. 
II. STATIC ELECTRICITY.-r. In the 
electric bath the patient is placed on an insulated 
stool, is connected with the prime conductor by 
means of a chain, and is charged, positively or nega- 
tively, as desired. The electricity enters and leaves 
the body painlessly, slight tingling of the surface is 
experienced, face becomes flushed, hair erect, action 
of heart accelerated, and in a few moments a general 
perspiration breaks out. 
2. Electrization by sparks.-When the body is 
charged as above, if we bring near a conductor 
(metallic knob usually), sparks can be withdrawn 
through the clothes; these are accompanied with 
burning sensations and the production of wheals. 
49 50 
ELECTRICITY. 
3- In electrization by shock, the part to be acted on 
is placed in the circuit between the inner and outer 
coatings of a Leyden jar, when a severe shock is felt. 
4. Motor Effects.-By a special arrangement of 
the static machine a so-called "static induction cur- 
rent " is produced; this current has the motor effects 
of faradism, with the advantage that it is painless. 
III. CURRENT ELECTRICITY. 
1. Galvanic excitation of motor, sensory and mixed 
nerves.-When a galvanic current of average strength 
traverses a motor nerve, a muscular contraction results 
only at the moment of making and breaking the 
circuit, and upon variations in the current strength; 
the amplitude of the contraction will depend upon 
the rapidity of the changes, and upon the pole that 
is placed over the nerve. 
Place a large electrode over the sternum or some 
other indifferent point; then with a small one over a 
motor nerve or muscle ascertain the minimum current 
strength necessary to produce a contraction upon 
closing (C) and opening (O) the circuit, first with 
the kathode (K), then with the anode (A). 
The increase of current strength necessary will be ELECTRO-PHYSIOLOGY. 
51 
found to occur in a regular order known as the nor- 
mal polar formula, and is as follows:- 
I. Weak current KCC 
2. Medium current ACC AOC 
3. Strong current KOC 
The contractions resulting from sudden reversals 
of polarity by means of the commutator are 
known as voltaic alternatives, and are much more 
powerful than those resulting from simple makes 
and breaks. 
During closure the excitability of the nerve is 
diminished at the point of contact with the anode, 
{anelectrotonos'), increased at the kathode (katelectro- 
tonos'), so that excitation of the nerve results from 
AO., i.e., the return to normal from anelectrotonos, 
and from KC., i.e., the production of katelectrotonos. 
Excitation upon closure really only occurs at the 
kathode; upon opening only at the anode, KOC and 
ACC being accounted for on the theory of virtual 
electrodes, which cannot be discussed here. (See De 
Watteville.) 
Nothing is gained by placing both poles over the 
nerve, for the current proceeds in all directions from 52 
ELECTRICITY. 
the electrode, and at a short distance the nerve is 
practically devoid of current. This diffusion of the 
current gives rise to "induced contractions" in 
neighboring muscles. 
Pain results from excitation of a sensitive nerve, 
even when the current flows continuously, and is felt 
both at the point of application and in its peripheral 
distribution. In mixed nerves the effects are pain 
and muscular contractions. 
2. Faradic excitation of motor, sensory and mixed 
nerves.-When a slowly interrupted faradic current 
traverses a motor nerve, a muscular contraction occurs 
at each break, but if the interrupter vibrates rapidly 
the contraction becomes tetanic. Similar stimula- 
tion of a sensitive nerve causes pain, and of a mixed 
nerve pain and motion. 
The effect of galvanism when applied directly to 
muscle is the same as that resulting from stimulation 
of its motor nerve, but the short duration currents of 
faradism do not so readily affect it; indeed, the con- 
tractions from faradism are probably due to stimu- 
lation of the intra-muscular nerve elements. The 
reactions to both currents are more powerful by direct 
stimulation, in which the electrode is placed over the ELECTRO-PHYSIOLOGY. 
53 
point of entrance of the motor nerve into the muscle 
(motor point}; * but in the case of large muscles with 
several motor points the whole muscle is best thrown 
into contraction by indirect stimulation-the electrode 
being over the nerve itself. A healthy muscular con- 
traction is abrupt and sudden in its rise and fall. 
Non-striated muscle reacts to both currents in its 
normal vermicular manner. The heart muscle does 
not react to the direct application of faradism, but 
does to galvanism ; its rhythm may be increased 
or diminished by corresponding interruptions of the 
galvanic current. Percutaneous electrization of the 
brain, from before backward, causes a sickly sensa- 
tion of cerebral disturbance; from side to side in- 
duces nausea and vertigo. Faradic currents do not 
affect the brain. 
Although it is established that the spinal cord is 
penetrated by electrical currents, yet the effects pro- 
duced are confounded with those resulting from the 
inevitable stimulation of the nerve roots, and cannot 
be distinguished. 
It is still a disputed point whether the cervical sym- 
* See pages 92, 93. 54 
ELECTRICITY. 
pathetic can be influenced by electrical currents in 
the living subject. 
A strong current passed through the pneumogastric 
nerve arrests the heart in diastole, and the respiratory 
movements during inspiration ; a weak current in- 
creases the frequency of the heart's action. 
Faradization of the pneumogastric causes vomit- 
ing and arrest of intestinal peristalsis; quiescence 
of the stomach is induced by galvanism. 
Galvanization of the eye causes flashes of light 
upon current opening and closure, KC and AO pro- 
ducing one set of colors, and KO and AC another 
different set. 
Subjective noises from electrization of the ear 
occur only on KC and AO. A current passing 
through the tongue causes the "galvanic taste;" 
through the nose, subjective odors. 
All the abdominal organs containing muscular 
fibre may be acted on by percutaneous electrization. CHAPTER IV. 
ELECTRO-DIAGNOSIS. 
In certain diseases of the nervous system the neuro- 
muscular apparatus does not respond in the usual 
manner ; the normal polar formula is altered. Upon 
examination we may find: - 
I. Normal Reactions.-These indicate a healthy 
condition of the anterior spinal cornua and of the 
nerves arising from them, notwithstanding the part 
affected may be the seat of spasm or paralysis. 
They occur i. In all cerebral diseases unaccom- 
panied by secondary changes in the cord. 
2. In spinal diseases of the white matter only, at 
least in the early stages. . 
3. In circumscribed transverse spinal lesions in 
parts below, though degenerative reaction (De R) 
will be present in organs supplied directly by the 
seat of lesion. 
4. In mild affections of peripheral nerves from 
cold or pressure. 
55 56 
ELECTRICITY. 
II. Quantitative Changes. 
i. Excitability augmented. - In early stages of 
cerebral hemorrhages, locomotor ataxia, facial pa- 
ralysis, etc., and in tetanilla. Also occur in first 
stage of De R. 
2. Diminished excitability accompanies De R in 
some of its phases; occurs, also, in old cerebral pa- 
ralyses with secondary degeneration, old leuco-my- 
elitic diseases, certain cases of progressive muscular 
atrophy and pseudo-hypertrophy, in simple muscular 
atrophy from disuse, wasting diseases, and joint affec- 
tions. Its occurrence excludes poliomyelitis, hyste- 
ria, purely cerebral disturbances, and shamming. 
III. Quantitative and Qualitative (Serial and 
Modal) Changes : Reaction of Degenera- 
tion. 
i. Alterations in nerve reactions.-A more or less 
rapid diminution, ending usually in loss of reaction 
equally to both currents. The duration of this 
period varies, but excitability usually reappears about 
the time that the nerve becomes capable of transmit- 
ting motor impulses. 
Qualitative changes are rare. ELECTRO-DIAGNOSIS. 
57 
2. Alterations in muscle reactions.-The changes 
in the reactions to faradism pursue exactly the same 
course as in the nerves, and are due to the degenera- 
tion of the intra-muscular nerve elements. 
The galvanic reactions are characteristic :- 
(a) Quantitative Changes.-A temporary dim- 
inution is followed by a rapid increase of excitability, 
reaching its maximum in the second week, and then 
gradually falling to or below normal. 
(A) Qualitative Changes.-A modal alteration 
consisting of increased sluggishness of muscular con- 
traction with tendency to become tetanic. 
Serial Changes.-These consist in reversal of the 
normal polar formulas, ACC occurring with a con- 
stantly diminishing current strength until it finally 
overtakes KCC; and in the same manner KOC over- 
takes AOC, but the opening contractions soon dis- 
appear. 
De R may still be present after months have elapsed, 
and may persist after motility is restored, if this has 
been lost. 
The presence of De R means a specific "degen- 
eration atrophy" of the neuro-muscular apparatus, 
due to a cutting off of the trophic influence of the 58 
ELECTRICITY. 
anterior spinal cornua, from disease of these cornuas, 
or of the nerves proceeding from them. It is not 
inconsistent with the preservation of motility; is 
present in anterior poliomyelitis, lead paralysis and 
severe cases of paralysis from peripheral nerve lesions. 
Fig. 6. 
This diagram represents the points of entrance and exit of the 
current in a nerve submitted to percutaneous excitation with one 
electrode, and the consequent formation in it of two zones of 
opposite electrical character; anodic and kathodic. The anode 
is supposed to lie over the ulnar nerve, whilst the kathode rests 
on the trunk. The polar anodic zone is shaded. The two ELECTRO-DIAGNOSIS. 
59 
brackets show that, owing to the diffusion of current, the unipolar 
excitation of the imbedded nerve sets up in it a descending as 
well as an ascending current. The signs - indicate that under 
such circumstances the electrotonic condition of the nerve in the 
neighborhood of the electrode may be found the opposite of that 
set up immediately under the electrode. 
In partial De R the galvano-muscular reactions 
are the same as in the complete form, but the farado- 
muscular and the galvano-nervous and farado-nervous 
reactions are normal or slightly diminished ; here the 
trophic influence is in some unknown manner cut 
off from the muscles, but not from the nerves. It 
occurs in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (not always), 
progressive muscular atrophy (of central origin), 
bulbar paralysis, mild acute poliomyelitis, and in 
mild forms of peripheral paralysis. 
IV. Changes in sensation.-Electro-diagnosis 
only enables us to ascertain the presence, location, 
and degree of hyperaesthesia and anaesthesia. 
V. Special senses.-We have as yet no certain 
data in the diagnosis of the diseases of the organs of 
vision. 
Of taste, we can only judge whether it be present 
or absent. 60 
ELECTRICITY. 
The presence of galvanic hyperexcitability of the 
acoustic sense affords an indication for treatment in 
certain cases where the hyperexcitability is accom- 
panied by subjective noises ; upon KC these noises 
often disappear at once and completely. 
PRACTICE OF ELECTRO-DIAGNOSIS. 
The patient is so placed that symmetrical parts 
are in the same position and equally relaxed. A 
large, well-moistened electrode is fixed over the 
sternum, and a smaller one with interrupting handle 
used as the exciting electrode. Comparison of sym- 
metrical parts is best, but if the disease be bilateral, 
some other part, the condition of whose reactions is 
known, must be selected. First, with a current of 
ten cells, having a galvanometer in circuit, ascertain 
the amount of deflection when the electrode is placed 
over each point to be tested ; by this means we may 
eliminate the error arising from difference in tissue 
resistance. Mark the points tested so that the elec- 
trode may be placed exactly over them, and see that 
the duration of closure and opening is exactly the 
same on the two sides. Now, with a slowly inter- 
rupted faradic current, note the amount of withdrawal ELECTRO-DIAGNOSIS. 
61 
of the cylinder at which the first contraction occurs, 
and also the maximal contraction with very strong 
currents. 
Next, with the galvanic current, ascertain the mini- 
mum number of cells with which a contraction occurs 
upon KC, AC, AO and KO, in the order given ; 
also note the manner of the contraction. 
A bifurcated rheophore may be usefully employed 
in these experiments, enabling us to compare reac- 
tions on different sides of the body at the same time 
and with the same current. 
In testing sensation, the skin should be dry and 
dusted with some drying powder; the wire brush 
or Erb's electrode may be employed. 
In examination of the eye, the active electrode is 
placed over that organ ; of the ear, in front of the 
tragus or introduced into the ear,which has previously 
been filled with water. The sense of taste is tested 
by placing a small kathode over tongue, etc. Vari- 
ous electrical explorers have been invented for the 
purpose of detecting the presence of metallic foreign 
bodies in the body, but so far they have not been 
satisfactory. CHAPTER V. 
ELECTRO-THERAPEUTICS. 
I. Magnetism.-There is much difference of 
opinion both as to the curative power of magnetism 
and as to the manner in which it should be applied. 
The most remarkable cures have been obtained in 
those cases where the symptoms were subjective, and 
the influence of psychical impressions could not be 
eliminated,-viz., in the various manifestations of 
hysteria, in neuralgia, anesthesia, and chorea. In 
neuralgia the south pole is stroked over the seat of 
pain or held upon it; in the other affections named, 
a variable number of horseshoe magnets are bound 
upon the parts for a variable length of time. 
Both permanent and electro-magnets are also suc- 
cessfully used for the extraction of bits of metal from 
the interior of the eye, a magnetized needle being 
passed into the neighborhood of the foreign body. 
II. Static Electricity.-The static induced cur- 
rent may be advantageously substituted for the faradic 
62 ELECTRO-THERAPEUTICS. 
63 
in case of paralysis ; also in muscular contraction, 
such as occurs in torticollis, histrionic spasm, etc.; 
here a weak, rapidly interrupted current often affords 
great relief. 
Remarkable cures are effected in anesthesia, hyper- 
esthesia and neuralgia by insulation and the with- 
drawal of sparks from the affected parts. 
Hysteria is particularly amenable to Franklin- 
ism. Cases of hystero-epilepsy are reported as cured 
by it. 
Good results are obtained in chorea by insulation 
and sparks. 
In muscular rheumatism, and in stiff joints from 
chronic rheumatism and gout, sparks are withdrawn 
from the affected parts, with marked relief in many 
cases. 
By withdrawal of sparks from the various organs 
of the body, tonic and invigorating effects are 
obtained in cases of neurasthenia, exhaustion, and 
debility from various causes. 
Torpid liver, gastralgia, dyspepsia, and constipation 
have been relieved by drawing «parks from over the 
affected organs, the action being reflex, or, as asserted 
by some, directly upon the organ. 64 
ELECTRICITY. 
III. Dynamic Electricity.-i. General remarks. 
The only accurate knowledge we possess of the 
physiological effects of electricity concerns its stimu- 
lating and modifying action on nerve and muscle; 
obviously these are insufficient to account for thera- 
peutic results, but another very powerful factor is its 
so-called "catalytic action" embracing: - 
(a) Electrolytic and cataphoric effects. Stim- 
ulation of the flow of blood and lymph, directly 
by excitation of the vessels, indirectly by excitation 
of the vaso-motor nerves. (/) Stimulation of the 
trophic tracts and centres. 
These effects are those of galvanism; the faradic 
current is markedly stimulating, slightly modifying, 
and its catalytic action, if it existat all, is very slight. 
You will be guided in the selection of the proper 
current in individual cases by these considerations. 
As a general rule, the faradic current is best for 
stimulation and the galvanic for sedation, but to 
excite contraction in degenerating muscle the gal- 
vanic current is vastly superior. 
There are two chief modes of applying electricity 
therapeutically-the polar and directional methods. 
For a discussion of the merits of each, the reader is ELECTRO-TH ERAPEUTICS. 
65 
referred to De Watteville, whose conclusions are 
adopted here, viz., that no peculiar effects result 
from the direction per se, but that this method may 
sometimes be employed as a matter of convenience 
on purely physical grounds. For the production of 
electrotonic effects the polar method only can be 
used, the anode being the sedative and the kathode 
the stimulant pole. The polar method is usually 
employed in other cases also, because it affords the 
best means of reaching the affected part with a cur- 
rent of maximum density. 
This consideration will also guide us in the choice 
of size and position of electrodes. No matter where 
the points of application, the current diffuses itself 
throughout the entire body, but it will be strongest 
where it has greatest density, i. e., under the smaller 
electrode. 
For a small point not deeply placed, e. g., a motor 
point or an individual nerve, place a small electrode 
over the spot and a larger one at a considerable dis- 
tance. For a large part {e. g., deltoid muscle) simi- 
larly placed, use moderate-sized electrodes closely 
approximated; for a large joint or a deeply-seated 
part, as the brain or bladder, large electrodes placed 66 
ELECTRICITY. 
on opposite sides, so that the part to be affected is 
in the straight line between them ; for an elongated 
organ like the spinal cord, large electrodes over the 
part, but as widely separated as possible. 
In dosage we must take into consideration the 
part to be affected, the size of the electrodes, the re- 
sistance of the part, and the absolute current strength 
as indicated by the galvanometer. 
Always first try the effect of the current upon 
yourself, on the cheek, or, in case of weak currents, 
upon the tongue. 
Avoid unnecessary pain by a gradual increase of 
strength, and by firm and uniform pressure on the 
electrodes. In nervous affections, applications should 
be made to the seat of disease as well as to the seat 
of symptoms; the peripheral treatment, besides its 
local action, often reflexly affects favorably the cen- 
tral lesion. 
In central applications we desire catalytic effects 
chiefly, and hence employ galvanism only. 
In conditions of generally impaired nutrition, and 
in constitutional disease, one of the methods of gen- 
eral electrization is employed. 
Electrization of one part should not continue longer ELECTRO-THERAPEUTICS. 
67 
than two (2) minutes, and an entire sitting not more 
than ten (10) to fifteen (15) minutes. Sittings should 
occur not oftener than once daily, and in chronic 
cases two or three times a week will suffice. We 
should be guided, however, by the duration of the 
effects produced. 
2. Methods of Electrization. 
(d) Localized galvanization.-To obtain the seda- 
tive effect alone, the electrode should be stationary 
{stabile}, and the current uniform or gradually in- 
creasing ; by sponging over the part with an elec- 
trode, without, however, breaking the contact {labile 
method}, we get catalysis combined with muscular 
contraction. For purposes of stimulation, the current 
should be interrupted. 
{b} Localizedfaradization.-If a whole limb has to 
be faradized, the labile method may be resorted to, 
the motor points being sought for when individual 
muscles are to be treated, the motor nerve where the 
muscles cannot be reached directly. 
In faradization of the skin, when employed for its 
reflex effects, the current should not be strong enough 
to excite muscular contraction. 68 
ELECTRICITY. 
(r) General faradization.-In this method the 
entire body is subjected to the influence of faradism. 
The patient is seated in a chair, with the feet resting 
on a metallic plate, which constitutes the kathode; 
the operator, taking the anode in his left hand, passes 
his well-moistened right hand with firm pressure from 
the forehead over the head to the occiput, and then 
over the anterior portion of the neck; now, the hand 
being substituted by the electrode, this is sponged 
over the trunk and limbs, the entire sitting lasting 
15-20 minutes. This method seems to be very ser- 
viceable in the treatment of constitutional diseases, 
the neuroses, and all affections in which general 
debility, muscular or nervous, forms a prominent 
feature. 
(d) General galvanization is too powerful ever to 
be required, except in a few rare cases which prove 
insusceptible to the preceding method. 
(/) Central galvanization.-According to Rock- 
well, this method is most useful in those neuroses, 
such as hysteria, chorea, etc., when muscular and 
nutritive changes are not well marked. The kathode 
is held over the epigastrium and the anode passed 
over the head from vertex to occiput, thence along ELECTRO-THERAPEUTICS. 
69 
the anterior edge of the sterno-mastoid muscle to the 
clavicle, and again from the occiput along the whole 
length of the spine, thus bringing the entire nervous 
system, cerebro-spinal and sympathetic, under the in- 
fluence of the current. 
(/) Electric bath (galvanic or faradic).-The elec- 
trodes are placed in the water contained in a tub of 
some non-conducting material, or one electrode is 
placed in the water and the other is connected with 
a large sponge, with which the patient sponges his 
entire body. This method is only useful in general 
diseases. 
(g) Subaural galvanization.-This term has been 
applied by De Watteville to a method of treatment 
in which the kathode is placed just beneath the ear, 
and the anode over the lower cervical and upper dor- 
sal vertebrae, a current of 5-10 cells being passed 
for 3-4 minutes on one or both sides. Good results 
have been obtained from this practice in very vari- 
ous affections. The effects produced were formerly 
supposed to be due to stimulation of the cervical 
sympathetic; but though this may be a factor, the 
simultaneous excitation of the spinal cord, medulla, 
pneumogastric, etc., must be taken into consideration. 70 
ELECTRICITY. 
(^) Galvano faradization.-In this method the 
batteries are so arranged that the two currents may 
be utilized at the same time and through the same 
electrodes. It economizes time when both currents 
are indicated, prevents the fatigue which may result 
from the ordinary faradic stimulation of muscle, and 
may prove useful in other ways. 
3. Special Therapeutics. 
(a) Paralysis.-The modifying, stimulating and 
catalytic effects of the current being exerted directly 
upon the part to which it is applied, and its stimu- 
lant influence by reflex action upon the centre pre- 
siding over this part, it is evident that, to obtain the 
best results, the treatment must be "in loco morbi" as 
well as "in loco symptomatis." The seat of lesion 
should be galvanized by a weak current, stabile if 
central, stabile or labile if peripheral. The obstacle 
to conduction is best overcome by interrupted 
kathodic galvanization above the seat of lesion, or, if 
this be not possible, by faradization of the sensory 
end of the reflex arc containing the lesion. Fara- 
dization and interrupted kathodic galvanization are to 
be used upon the nerves and muscles, the seat of symp- ELECTRO-THERAPEUTICS. 
71 
toms; finally, faradization of the skin is to be em- 
ployed for its reflex nervous and vaso-motor effects 
on the centre. 
(£) Spasm and Cramp.-This class of affections 
is not so much benefited by electrization as are the 
paralyses. The indications are to obtain the sedative 
effects of the current by anodic galvanization of the 
seat of lesion, and of the peripheral motor nerve; to 
induce exhaustion of the neuro-muscular apparatus 
by over-excitation, by means of powerful interrupted 
kathodic galvanization, or faradic currents of increas- 
ing strength (" swelling faradic currents"); to act 
upon painful and pressure points by weak anodic 
galvanization ; to stimulate the antagonist muscles. 
These various means to be tried successively in indi- 
vidual cases. 
Facial spasm, when recent, may often be relieved by 
galvanization. De Watteville employs for this purpose 
a large anode placed over the lower part of the 
ascending frontal and parietal convolutions on the 
opposite side, a weak stabile current being passed for 
5 minutes; failing in this, the various methods de- 
scribed for spasm in general should be tried. The 
more localized affections, blepharospasm and nys- 72 
ELECTRICITY. 
tagmus, are treated on the same principles. Trismus, 
when of peripheral origin, may be relieved by weak 
stabile anodic galvanization. When rheumatic in 
character, torticollis often yields readily to swelling 
faradic currents or to stabile galvanization of the 
affected muscles; but in old cases, and in those of 
central origin, all methods of electrization fail. 
Cutaneous faradization of the epigastrium is rec- 
ommended by Erb in singultus, sneezing, and other 
respiratory neuroses. 
(c) Anaesthesia.-The principles of treatment 
are much the same as in the paralyses. Our chief 
objects will be to overcome the obstacles to sensory 
conduction, and to increase the excitability of the 
sensory receptive organs, central and peripheral, 
employing for these purposes peripheral cutaneous 
faradization, and labile kathodic galvanization, the 
anode resting on the point of origin of the nerves. 
It has been found that faradization of a small part of 
the anaesthetic area will often effect a cure of the 
whole, and may even relieve special sense anaes- 
thesia. 
(d) Hypersesthesia. Pain. Neuralgia.-Elec- 
trization effects remarkable cures in cases of local- ELECTRO-THERAPEUTICS. 
73 
ized pain, especially in that form known as neuralgia. 
It is in idiopathic neuralgia, and in the gouty, rheu- 
matic and neurotic forms that the best results are ob- 
tained. First, we fulfill, if possible, the causal indi- 
cation by treating the disease of the brain, cord or 
nerves, or the constitutional condition, by the 
methods to be described later on ; next we treat the 
finer nutrititive change, the so-called neuralgic 
change upon which the pain directly depends. A 
weak galvanic current is passed through the nerve, 
the anode being over the seat of pain, or both 
poles may be over the nerve. Faradic currents, 
employed in the same manner, are sometimes 
successful, and counter-irritation with the faradic 
brush is often useful. Painful and pressure points 
must be treated in the manner already indi- 
cated. 
Trigeminal neuralgia being often due to deep- 
seated organic changes, the results of treatment are 
usually only palliative. A galvanic current (5-10 
cells) is employed; anode being over point of 
emergence of nerve from the skull, kathode over nape 
of neckj this may be repeated two or three times 
daily. To affect the deeper parts of the nerve, trans- 74 
ELECTRICITY. 
verse conduction through the mastoid processes may 
be used. 
Galvanism, the anode being over points of emer- 
gence, is efficient in the treatment of cervico-occipital 
neuralgia. 
The cervico-brachial form usually yields readily to 
stabile, or, when associated with paralytic symptoms, 
to labile galvanization, anode above the clavicle, 
kathode over the periphery. 
Intercostal neuralgia, especially that form associ- 
ated with herpes zoster, is very rebellious to treat- 
ment. Strong currents (30-40 cells) are to be em- 
ployed, anode near spine, kathode over periphery. 
Mastodynia requires the same treatment. Excel- 
lent results are usually obtained from electrization 
in sciatica. Strong currents (30-40 cells), a large 
anode over sciatic foramen; kathode being moved 
over periphery; or one electrode may be placed in 
rectum; or electro-puncture may be employed. 
Neuralgia of the lumbar plexus is treated on the 
same principle. 
(^) Diseases of the Brain.-The forms of brain 
disease which we can hope to affect favorably by 
electrical treatment are functional disorders, by re- ELECTRO-THERAPEUTICS. 
75 
moving the finer nutritive changes upon which they 
depend ; disorders of circulation, by the vaso-motor 
effects of the current; cerebral hemorrhage and soft- 
ening from thrombosis and embolism, by removal of 
circulatory disturbances, restoration of the function 
of neighboring parts lost from inhibition or sym- 
pathy, and improved nutrition of the affected and 
surrounding parts; inflammatory and degenerative 
changes by improving nutrition and circulation. 
We treat the brain directly by cerebral galvaniza- 
tion ; indirectly by subaural galvanization ; reflexly 
by faradization of the skin. In applications to the 
brain use large, well-fitting electrodes, weak currents 
(2-10 cells) gradually increased and diminished and 
without breaks, sittings of from one to three minutes. 
Longitudinal galvanization - anode over occiput, 
kathode over forehead-is said to increase the cerebral 
circulation and the reverse position of the electrodes 
to diminish it. 
Electrical treatment of hemiplegia from cerebral 
hemorrhage, and from thrombosis or embolism, should 
not be begun until about four weeks after the date of 
attack. Galvanization of the brain so as to include 
the seat of lesion should then be cautiously used, 76 
ELECTRICITY. 
the paralytic symptoms, at the same time, being 
treated in the manner already indicated. If, after a 
week or ten days, no improvement is manifest, farther 
treatment is useless; and the same may be said when 
improvement has begun, but ceases after a few days. 
The supervention of " late rigidity" also renders 
the prognosis of improvement unfavorable. 
Aphasia is treated on the same principles. 
In monoplegia and monospasm of cortical origin, the 
affected convolutions are subjected to galvanism, 
appropriate treatment being instituted for the symp- 
tom. 
Headache and insomnia, when due to cerebral an- 
cemia, are relieved by mild, unipolar galvanization, 
the electrode (anode or kathode, according to indi- 
vidual susceptibility), being slowly passed over all 
parts of the head; also by general faradization. The 
same affections, when a symptom of cerebral hyper- 
cemia, are to be treated by longitudinal galvanization, 
kathode on occiput, anode on forehead; and by gen- 
eral cutaneous faradization. 
In the impaired memory, confusion of mind, vertigo, 
hypochondriasis, etc., the result of imperfect nutrition 
from atheroma of the cerebral vessels, Bartholow has ELECTRO-THERAPEUTICS. 
77 
obtained excellent results from a transverse transmis- 
sion of the current through the brain. 
In bulbar paralysis, besides central treatment, ap- 
plications should be made to lips, palate and tongue, 
and to the side of the neck, in order to stimulate 
movements of deglutition. 
In the treatment of the various psychoses some good 
results have been obtained, especially in the incipient 
stages, and in cases not due to organic change. In 
these mild cases longitudinal conduction through the 
brain is employed, together with general faradization 
if anaemia and impaired nutrition be coexistent. In 
cases with torpor and apathy, cutaneous faradization 
is useful. General hyperaesthesia, and especially 
psychical hyperaesthesia, is a contraindication to the 
use of electricity in these disorders. 
(/) Diseases of the Spinal Cord.-Improve- 
ment is to be looked for in the same class of cases as 
in diseases of the brain ; we have here, however, no 
physiological data upon which to base our treatment; 
this may be: ist, direct, if the disease be localized, 
one electrode over the seat of lesion, the other 
at an opposite point; if it involves the whole 
length of the cord, one electrode stationary over 78 
ELECTRICITY. 
either end, the other slowly moved up and down 
over the spine. 
2d. Indirect. General faradization, and cuta- 
neous faradization over the cord or over distant 
parts. Anodal galvanization of pressure points. 
Very large electrodes; sittings, three to five minutes, 
weak currents (8-10 cells) gradually increased to 
43-50 cells in some cases. 
Excellent results have been obtained in chronic 
myelitis and in acute myelitis after the subsidence of 
the active symptoms. The "direct treatment " de- 
scribed above is to be used, and the paralyses treated 
on general principles. If there be paralysis of the 
bladder or rectum, faradization is to be employed,- 
one pole over the sacrum, the other in the shape of a 
special electrode introduced into the affected organ. 
In multiple sclerosis, lateral sclerosis and posterior 
spinal sclerosis {locomotor ataxia), galvanization of 
the cord, and in the case of the first-named affection 
galvanization of the brain, is to be employed. The 
treatment must be long continued. Excellent results 
in locomotor ataxia have recently been claimed for 
cutaneous faradization over spine and limbs for several 
minutes daily. ELECTRO-THERAPEUTICS. 
79 
In acute anterior poliomyelitis electrical treatment 
is to be instituted as soon as the fever subsides, gal- 
vanization stabile with anode over seat of lesion, and 
labile to the affected muscles. 
This method of treatment proves still more effi- 
cient in subacute and chronic anterior poliomyelitis. 
In pseudo-hypertrophic paralysis and in progressive 
muscular atrophy the same methods are to be em- 
ployed, though in these instances with very little 
hopes of improvement. 
Electricity exerts a very favorable influence in acute 
ascending paralysis during the stage of convalescence. 
Hemorrhage into the spinal cord and meningeal apo- 
plexy, after the symptoms have become chronic, are 
to be treated in the same manner as the corresponding 
affections of the brain. 
Chronic meningitis is benefited by stabile galvani- 
zation of the entire length of the cord. 
(^) Functional Cerebro-spinal Diseases.- 
These affections are not so amenable to treatment as 
at first sight they would seem to be; being of a gen- 
eral character, the more general methods of treat- 
ment are specially indicated. In neurasthenia, spi- 
nal irritation and railway spine, very mild ascending 80 
ELECTRICITY. 
galvanic currents are to be applied to the cord, to- 
gether with galvanization of the brain in cases with 
cerebral symptoms. Cutaneous faradization over 
spine, and general faradization are also very useful. 
Tender points are to be treated in the usual manner. 
Hypochondriasis is often improved by general fara- 
dization combined with galvano-faradization of the 
abdomen. 
The cures in hysteria are not so large as might a 
priori have been expected. Begin with weak currents 
very cautiously applied ; central and peripheral appli- 
cations. 
In essential epilepsy, chorea minor, and chorea 
major, good results have been obtained from gal van i. 
zation of the brain, in conjunction with subaural gal- 
vanization and general faradization. 
Writers' cramp, and a similar affection in pianists, 
telegraphists, etc., may in its earlier stages be relieved 
by electrical treatment, aided by rest and massage. In 
the spastic cases stabile or labile galvanic applications 
to the affected parts, anode being over brachial plexus; 
in the paretic form faradization proves more useful. 
Cases of tetanus have been reported as cured by elec - 
trization. Mild stabile galvanic currents with polar ELECTROTHERAPEUTICS. 
81 
applications of anode over spine, and over sensory 
nerves and skin of extremities; stabile descending 
currents to cord. 
Tetany is treated in the same manner with favor- 
able results ; faradization of the spine and peripheral 
motor nerves may also be employed in this affection. 
The faradic brush is used in catalepsy to arouse the 
patient from his trance. 
Not much good is accomplished by the electrical 
treatment of tremor, per se; the stimulant and invig- 
orating applications of the current are those indicated. 
The electric bath is sometimes useful in mercurial 
and lead tremors. Paralysis agitans is not benefited 
by electricity. 
Marked improvement and even cures have been 
reported from the use of galvanism in Basedow's dis- 
ease ; galvanization of the pneumogastric and brain, 
and subaural galvanization are the methods employed. 
In cases of migraine the galvanic current should be 
passed daily during the interval from nape of neck 
to epigastrium, and through the head ; during the 
attack applications to the head of the " faradic hand " 
are extremely useful. 
Diabetes, insipidus and mellitus are treated by cen- 82 
ELECTRICITY. 
tral galvanization ; in the first, cures have been re- 
ported, but in the last the results have been chiefly 
negative. 
(X) Diseases of the Peripheral Nerves.- 
The results of treatment will necessarily depend upon 
the form of disease-traumatism, neuritis, degenera- 
tive changes, etc. The catalytic, modifying and 
stimulating effects of the current are those desired, 
and to obtain them galvanism is chiefly employed ; 
applications above, below and at the site of lesion. 
In paralyses of the oculomotor, trochlear and abdu- 
cens, the affected muscles are to be galvanized, anode 
being over nape of neck, and kathode gently stroked 
over closed eyelid ; 6-12 cells. Also stabile galvan- 
ization of seat of lesion. 
The presence of De R in affections of the facial 
nerve indicates a severe lesion, and recovery, if it oc- 
curs at all, will be only after several months. The 
mild cases usually get well in a few weeks. Labile 
kathodic galvanization of the affected nerve, and 
muscles supplied by it, anode being over auriculo- 
maxillary fossa. Faradization in the same manner is 
also useful. 
Paralyses of laryngeal nerves are treated by percu- ELECTRO-THERAPEUTICS. 
83 
taneous galvanization, anode over nape of neck, 
kathode stroked over sides'of larynx and trachea; 
also by direct applications to laryngeal muscles. 
Phrenic nerves-Artificial respiration.-To induce 
artificial respiration a strong faradic current is made 
for one or two seconds, and broken for same length 
of time. A bifurcated rheophore is employed; the 
kathode being placed just behind the edge of the 
sterno-mastoid muscle on both sides, a large anode 
over lower end of sternum. During passage of the 
current the arms and trunk are fixed, and during the 
interval expiration is assisted by pressure on the chest. 
Nerves of the upper extremity.-In many cases ap- 
plications may be made above the seat of lesion by 
placing one electrode in the supra-clavicular fossa, 
over the lower cervical vertebrae, or in the axilla. 
The treatment of the muscular paralysis presents no 
unusual features. Currents of 15-25 cells should be 
employed. 
Nerves of lower extremity.-Here proximal excita- 
tion is not so readily attained; current must be 
strong and electrodes large; one placed over lumbar 
region or introduced into rectum; in other respects 
treatment is the same as for the upper extremity. 84 
ELECTRICITY. 
(/) Toxic Paralyses.-In drop wrist the most 
frequent form of lead paralysis, labile kathodic gal- 
vanization of the affected muscles is employed, anode 
being over lower cervical vertebrae. The various 
forms of diphtheritic paralysis are treated on general 
principles. 
(7) Diseases of the Organs of Special 
Sense.-Eye.-In applications to the eye a small 
concave electrode should be employed ; weak cur- 
rents, 4-8 cells, for five to ten minutes daily. Sta- 
bile galvanization with anode, or, in more chronic 
cases, kathode over the closed eyelid, the indiffer- 
ent electrode being over cervical vertebrae. Subaural 
galvanization is also useful. Some good results from 
these methods have been obtained in retinitis pigmen- 
tosa, and to a still more marked degree in inflamma- 
tory atrophy of the optic nerve, but in the primary 
form of optic atrophy improvement is exceptional. 
Faradization of the affected part, with or without the 
brush, is sometimes useful in chronic conjunctivitis 
and keratitis. 
It is chiefly nervous affections of the ear that are 
benefited by electricity. In cases of tinnitus, tha1 
electrode (usually the anode) under whose influence ELECTRO-THERAPEUTICS. 
85 
the noises diminish, is placed in front of the tragus, 
the other being at an indifferent point; the strength of 
the current should be great enough to check the tin- 
nitus without producing too much dizziness; should 
last about ten minutes, and should be very gradually 
diminished to zero, this gradual diminution being 
very important. 
In cases of deafness, the electrodes are employed in 
the same way, but interruptions and voltaic alterna- 
tives are made. 
(k} Diseases of Muscles and Joints.-Simple 
muscular atrophy from disuse, joint diseases, etc., is 
relieved by daily galvanic and faradic stimulation ; 
care being taken not to induce exhaustion. Weak- 
ness and stiffness of joints and muscles from injury may 
be removed by the same treatment. 
Sprains in the acute stage are much benefited by 
weak currents through the affected joint; when more 
chronic, by stronger galvanic and faradic currents, 
as well to the surrounding muscles as to the joint. 
Excellent results are attained in the treatment of 
muscular rheumatism, especially in that form known 
as lumbago. The methods of treatment are the fara- 
dic brush, faradization of the muscles with strong 86 
ELECTRICITY. 
currents, and stabile galvanization, with a few voltaic 
alternatives toward the close of the sitting. 
Acute inflammations of the joints are benefited by 
passing a stabile galvanic current through the affected 
part, together with labile galvanization of the neigh- 
boring muscles. Faradization may be used in the 
same manner. Authorities are not agreed as to the 
utility of electricity in the rheumatic form of acute 
inflammation. 
Chronic articular rheumatism is treated in the same 
manner as muscular rheumatism, with the addition of 
the use of the galvanic brush, so as to produce small 
eschars over the affected joint. Arthritis deformans 
is treated in the same manner, but the results are at 
best only palliative. Subaural galvanization should 
also be tried in this affection. 
In chronic gout temporary relief of the pain may be 
obtained from local galvanization or faradization. 
(/) Diseases of the Heart and Lungs.-Va- 
rious methods of electrical treatment are employed 
with benefit in nervous asthma. De Watteville uses 
galvano-faradization, one electrode over occiput, the 
other moved on each side from the subaural position 
to the sternum; sittings, five to ten minutes. ELECTRO-THERAPEUTICS. 
87 
Good results have been attained in Angina pectoris 
during the attack by strong cutaneous faradization of 
the praecordial region; also by galvanization, anode 
over praecordia, kathode moved from subaural posi- 
tion over cervical and upper dorsal region. This 
latter method, the position of the electrodes being 
reversed, is also useful in nervous palpitation. Weak 
currents and short sittings. 
(ni) Diseases of the Abdominal Organs.- 
Here, in accordance with physical principles, we 
must employ very large electrodes and strong cur- 
rents. To reach the stomach a wire may be intro- 
duced through the stomach-tube, but usually the per- 
cutaneous application will suffice. 
In nervous vomiting benefit is obtained from gal- 
vanization of the pneumogastrics and stomach ; a 
large electrode being over epigastrium and the other 
applied successively to occiput and sides of neck, 
two to three minutes in each position. 
Dyspepsia is treated by faradization of the 
stomach from before backward, and from side 
to side, and by galvanization, from before back- 
ward. 
Gastralgia, enteralgia, hepatalgia, etc., are bene- 88 
ELECTRICITY. 
fited by the stabile galvanic current passed from 
before backward. 
In gastrectasia the anode is held over dorsal verte- 
brae, while the kathode is moved over epigastrium ; 
frequent interruptions and voltaic alteratives. 
Flatulence is treated on the same principle. 
Chronic constipation may often be cured by galvani- 
zation or galvano-faradization of the abdomen ; one 
pole over lumbar region, the other moved over course 
of colon and in a circle around umbilicus; strong 
currents, frequent interruptions, daily sittings. Fara- 
dization may be employed alone, but if so, one elec- 
trode should be introduced into rectum. The same 
plan of treatment is sometimes successful in intestinal 
obstruction; in this case applications may be made 
several times daily. 
In congestion of the portal circulation galvano-fara- 
dization of the abdomen is useful; it also promotes 
the absorption of fluid in cases of ascites; rapid 
diminution and even disappearance of the effusion 
sometimes occurs under its use. 
(«) Diseases of the Genito-urinary Organs. 
-In affections of the bladder applications may be 
external, one electrode pressed down over symphysis, ELECTRO-THERAPEUTICS. 
89 
the other over sacrum for the detrusor muscle, over 
perineum for sphincter; or they may be internal, 
one electrode above symphysis, the other, a urethral 
electrode, introduced into the bladder, previously 
partially filled with water. 
External stabile applications suffice in spasm of the 
bladder; anode over seat of spasm. Paralysis of the 
bladder should be treated by both internal and exter- 
nal applications; faradization and interrupted gal- 
vanization, the latter current being weak, and of 
short duration. This plan of treatment is also very 
efficient in enuresis nocturna. 
In functional spermatorrhoea and impotence a large 
plate electrode is fixed over lumbar region, while the 
kathode is stroked over perineum, groins and geni- 
tals. Galvanization or galvano-faradization with 
strong currents and voltaic alternatives ; if the symp- 
toms be irritative, weaker stabile currents should 
be used. The vesiculse seminales may be reached 
through the rectum, and the orifices of their ducts by 
a urethral electrode. 
Electrization often proves very useful in arnenor- 
rhoea; a large electrode being fixed over the lumbar 
region, the kathode is introduced into uterus or 90 
ELECTRICITY. 
pressed down above pubis; weak galvanic currents. 
The same method is useful in dysmenorrhoea, the 
anode being near the intra-uterine electrode. 
In menorrhagia and metrorrhagia, in chronic me- 
tritis and in displacements, faradism so employed as 
to act on the uterine muscular tissue has been claimed 
to be advantageous. 
Inertia uteri during labor and hemorrhage occurring 
at this time may be overcome by the same method ; 
kathode being against cervix, anode over lumbar 
region. 
Recently several cases of tubal pregnancy have 
been reported, in which a transference to the uterus 
was secured by the action of a galvanic or a faradic 
current. 
The various pelvic neuralgia are benefited by gal- 
vanism, kathode over hypogastrium, anode labile over 
lumbar region ; weak currents gradually increased ; a 
few voltaic alternatives. 
The secretion of milk may be much stimulated by 
faradization of the breasts with strong currents; sit- 
tings, ten to fifteen minutes, and frequently repeated. 
(o) Diseases of the Skin.-As the neurotic 
origin of many skin diseases is being recognized, ELECTRO-THERAPEUTICS. 
91 
their treatment by electricity is coming into vogue, 
and even many forms not neurotic are benefited. 
Labile galvanization of the affected part is usually 
employed, the poles being alternately active so as to 
secure to the greatest extent the catalytic effects of 
the current. Central treatment should not be ne- 
glected. In regard to acne, Bartholow says that "a 
cure can usually be effected by persevering treatment 
in the worst cases. ' ' 
Chronic eczema, psoriasis and prurigo are other 
affections benefited by electricity. De Watteville 
has employed the same agent successfully in local 
asphyxia, scleroderma and chilblains. 
Alopecia is much benefited by galvanism, both 
poles being placed close together on the skin. 
The same treatment is useful in bed-sores and ulcers. 
(p) General Diseases.-Anaemia and chlorosis 
are much benefited by the general methods of electri- 
zation, special attention being paid to subaural gal- 
vanization in chlorosis. EXPLANATION OF FIG. 7. 
i. Seventh or facial nerve supplying the frontal muscle. 
2. " " " " levator labii superioris alseque nasi. 
3. " " " " zygomaticus minor. 
4. " " " " orbicularis oris and quadratur menti. 
5. Phrenic nerve supplying the diaphragm. 
6. Musculo-cutaneous nerve supplying biceps, brachialis, etc. 
7. " " " " brachialis anticus. 
8. Ulnar nerve supplying muscles of forearm and hand. 
9. Radial " " flexors of thumb and fingers. 
10. Ulnar " " palmaris brevis, abductor min. digit., opponens 
min. digit., etc. 
11. Obturator nerve supplying sartorius, adductor longus, etc. 
12. Crural " " adductor longus, vastus internus, etc. 
13. " " " vastus externus. 
14. Anterior tibial nerve supplying flexor com. digit. 
15. Musculo-cutaneous nerve. 
16. Internal saphenous nerve. 
17. Occipital nerve supplying posterior neck muscles. 
18. Musculo-spiral nerve supplying triceps, etc. 
19. Intercostalis " " lumbar muscles. 
20. Gluteus " " adductor magnus, etc. 
21. Popliteal " " gastrocnemius externus. 
22. " " " soleus. 
92 Fkj. 7. 
MOTOR POINTS, AND DISTRIBUTION OF CUTANEOUS NERVES. CHAPTER VI. 
ELECTRICITY IN SURGERY. 
For purposes of electrolysis, the external resist- 
ance being small, the internal resistance should not 
be great. Stbhrer's or Grenet's cells are employed, 
and the current should be accurately measured. The 
needles should be well insulated for two-thirds of 
their length, the remaining one-third being gilded to 
prevent its solution. 
In the treatment of aneurism, our object is to se- 
cure, not decomposition, but coagulation of the blood. 
The clot formed about the anode being firmer, the 
needles are usually connected with this pole; their 
uninsulated portion is introduced completely into 
the sac in order to prevent diffusion of the current 
into the surrounding tissues, and the inflammation 
and sloughing which might result from such an acci- 
dent. The kathode is placed at an indifferent point. 
The current strength should be sufficient to coagulate 
egg albumen in twenty to thirty minutes. Duration 
of sitting about thirty minutes, repeated according 
95 96 
ELECTRICITY. 
to results obtained. Great caution must be used in 
withdrawing the needles. 
In the treatment of navi, our object is to induce 
coagulation to such an extent as will facilitate absorp- 
tion without causing sloughing. Usually one needle 
(kathode) will suffice. Begin with a few cells and 
gradually increase, if necessary. In port-wine stain 
we destroy the skin by introducing a number of 
needles superficially; the new skin is pale, but the 
cicatrix from a galvanic eschar does not contract. 
Warts, moles, and single hair follicles may readily 
be destroyed by the kathodic needle. 
Malignant tumors are treated by introducing a 
number of needles through the base; sloughing oc- 
curs, and the resulting ulcer heals by granulation. 
Enlarged glands and small superficial tumors are often 
successfully destroyed by electrolysis. In cystic tu- 
mors both needles are introduced, with the object of 
acting on the lining membrane, so as to facilitate 
absorption. Successful results have been thus ob- 
tained in ovarian cysts, hydrocele, cystic goitre, hyda- 
tids of the liver, etc. 
By electrolysis, at least the growth of fibroids of the 
uterus can be arrested. The same means is very sue- ELECTRICITY IN SURGERY. 
97 
cessful in causing the death of the foetus and 
arrest of the growth of the cyst in extra-uterine 
pregnancy. 
Excellent results have been obtained from electro- 
lysis in the treatment of stricture of the urethra. A 
large bougie with a metallic point connected with 
the kathode is carried down to the stricture, while the 
other electrode is placed over the abdomen or peri- 
neum. Begin with 5-6 cells and gradually increase ; 
repeat after a few days' interval, if necessary. 
Galvano-causty.-For galvano-caustic purposes, 
a special electrode handle is employed, to which may 
be attached the loop, the cautery dome, or the 
knife. Its advantages are that it can be used in 
localities where other means would not be applicable ; 
that it causes no hemorrhage, and that it is followed 
by less pain than cutting operations. The loop 
is of great service in the removal of polypi of the 
larynx, nose, ear, uterus, and rectum, also in removal 
of hemorrhoids, and in amputation of tongue, penis, 
and cervix uteri. It should be placed in position, 
then brought to a dull red heat, and gradually tight- 
ened as it cuts its way through. 
The knife has been successfully employed for tra- 98 
ELECTRICITY. 
cheotomy, and for cutting through the vaginal wall 
into the cyst of a tubal pregnancy. 
The cautery dome is applicable for all the purposes 
of an ordinary cautery, io control hemorrhage, destroy 
hypertrophies, stimulate ulcers, etc. 
The Electric Light.-The incandescent wire is 
now being used in a variety of forms for the illumi- 
nation of the various cavities of the body, for the 
purpose of examination as well as operation. AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. 
(A) BOOKS. 
La Pile Electrique (M. Alfred Niandet). 
Medical Electricity (G. D. Powell). 
Lectures on Electricity (Rockwell). 
Lectures on Electricity in Medicine (Ranney). 
Handbook of Electro-therapeutics (Erb). 
Medical Electricity (Bartholow). 
Medical Electricity (De Watteville). 
Elementary Principles of Electro-therapeutics 
(Haynes). 
Medical and Surgical Electricity (Beard and Rock- 
well). 
Text Book of Physics (Kiddle). 
Medical Physics (Draper). 
Therapeutics, Materia Medica and Toxicology 
(Wood). 
Manual of Electro-therapeutics (Amidon). 
Text Book of Electricity in Medicine and Surgery 
(Poon). 
Medical Electricity (Althaus). 
99 100 
ELECTRICITY. 
Clinical Electro-therapeutics (Hamilton). 
Clinical Uses of Electricity (Reynolds). 
Galvano-therapeutics (Nigtel). 
Handbook of Medical Electricity (Tibbits). 
A Treatise on Electricity (De la Rive). 
Electro-physiology and Therapeutics (Morgan). 
A Treatise on Localized Electrization (Duchenne) 
Electricity and Magnetism (Gordon). 
(B) JOURNAL ARTICLES, MONOGRAPHS, ETC. 
Onimus. 
Seiler. 
Blackwood. 
Hutchinson. 
Schweig. 
Garrigues. 
Night. 
Newman. 
Noyer. 
Apostoli. 
Morton. 
Bland. 
McKendrick. 
Bennet. 
Stevenson. 
Fox, and others. INDEX. 
PAGE 
Alopecia 9i 
Alternatives, voltaic 51 
Amenorrhoea 89 
Ampere 33 
Anaemia 76 
Anaesthesia 72 
Anelectrotonos 51 
Aneurism 93 
Angina pectoris 87 
Aphasia 76 
Apoplexy, meningeal 79 
Apparatus, accessory 43 
electro-magnetic 37 
magneto-electric 37 
Armature 24 
Asthma 86 
Bath, electric 69 
Battery, Faradic 37 
Leyden jars 31 
magnetic 24 
Bladder, paralysis of 78 
spasm of. 89 
Blepharospasm 71 
101 102 
INDEX. 
PAGE 
Catalepsy 'll 
Catalysis 64 
Cataphoric action 36 
Cell, constant 41 
Daniell 42 
enumerator 43 
galvanic 32 
Grenet 41 
single fluid 41 
storage 42 
two-fluid 41 
Cells, arrangement of. 32 
Cerebrum, softening of 75 
Chlorosis 91 
Chorea 63 
Circuit, compound 36 
simple 35 
Commutator 43 
Conduction % 26 
Conjunctivitis 84 
Constipation 63 
Contraction, induced 52 
Cord, spinal, action of current on 53 
Cramp, writers' 80 
Current, primary 39 
secondary 39 
static 50 
Curves, magnetic 24 
Deafness 85 
Degeneration, partial 59 
reaction 56 INDEX. 
103 
PAGE 
Diabetes, insipidus 81 
mellitus 81 
Dielectrics 27 
Dysmenorrhoea 90 
Dyspepsia 63 
Ear, diagnosis of 61 
tinnitus 84 
Eczema „ 91 
Effects, cataphoric 36 
chemical 36 
luminous and heating 36 
Electric light 98 
Electricity, dynamic 31 
static 25 
Electrization by shock 50 
sparks 49 
Electrodes, virtual 51 
Electro-diagnosis 55 
Electrolysis 36 
in aneurism 95 
cystic tumors 96 
extra-uterine pregnancy v 97 
fibroids 96 
malignant tumors 96 
naevi 96 
removal of superfluous hair 96 
stricture 96 
warts 96 
Embolism „ 75 
Enteralgia 87 
Enuresis nocturna 89 104 
INDEX. 
PAGE 
Epilepsy 8° 
Exophthalmic goitre 96 
Eye, diagnosis of 61 
action of electricity on 84 
FaRADISM 37 
Faradization, general 68 
local 67 
Field, magnetic 24 
Flatulence 88 
Force, electric 33 
electro-motive 33 
Foreign bodies, removal from eye 62 
search for... 61 
Formula, normal polar 51 
Galvanism 31 
Galvanization 89 
central 68 
general 68 
local 67 
sustained by 91 
Galvano-causty 97 
for amputations 97 
hemorrhage 98 
hemorrhoids 97 
polypi 97 
Galvano-faradization 7° 
Galvanometer 43 
Gastralgia 63 
Gout 63 INDEX. 
105 
PAGE 
Headache 76 
Heart, palpitation of 87 
Hemiplegia 75 
Hemorrhage 75 
cerebral 75 
of uterus 90 
Hemorrhoids 96 
Hyperremia, cerebral 7$ 
Hypochondriasis 76 
Hysteria 63 
Hystero-epilepsy 63 
Impotence 89 
Induction 26 
Insomnia 76 
Interrupter 44 
JAR, Leyden 30 
Katelectrotonos 51 
Keratitis 84 
LAW, Ohm's 34 
Locomotor ataxia 7$ 
Lumbago 85 
Machine, Holtz 29 
Magnet, artificial 23 
natural 23 
permanent 23 
temporary 23 
Magnetism 23 106 
INDEX. 
PAGE 
Meningitis 79 
Menorrhagia 90 
Method, directional 64 
polar 64 
Metritis 90 
Metrorrhagia 90 
Migraine 81 
Muscle, atrophy of 79 
non-striated, action of current on 53 
of heart, action of current on 53 
striated, action of current on 53 
rheumatism of 63 
Myelitis ; 78 
N/EVI 96 
Nerve, motor, action of current on 52 
optic, atrophy of 84 
pneumogastric, action of current on 54 
sensitive, action of current on 52 
sympathetic, action of current on 53 
Neuralgia 63 
cervico-brachial 74 
occipital 74 
of heart 87 
of lumbar plexus 74 
intercostal 74 
pelvic 90 
trigeminal 73 
Neurasthenia 63 
Nystagmus 71 
Ohm 33 INDEX. 
107 
PAGE 
Paralysis 7O 
agitans 81 
of bladder 78 
diphtheritic 84 
facial 82 
infantile 82 
laryngeal 82 
pseudo-hypertrophic 79 
of rectum 78 
toxic 84 
Points, motor 93 
Poliomyelitis, anterior 79 
Polypi 97 
Potential 27 
negative 27 
positive 27 
relative 28 
Progressive muscular atrophy 79 
Prurigo 91 
Psoriasis 91 
Psychoses 77 
Rectum, paralysis of 78 
Respiration, artificial 83 
Retinitis pigmentosa 84 
Rheophore 44 
Rheostat 43 
Rheumatism, articular 86 
muscular 63 
Rheumatoid arthritis 86 
Scleroderma 9r 
Selector 43 108 
INDEX. 
PAGE 
Sensation, diagnosis of 59 
Spasm, facial 71 
Spermatorrhoea ... 89 
Spinal cord 53 
inflammation of 79 
irritation of 79 
lateral sclerosis of 78 
multiple sclerosis of 78 
posterior sclerosis of 7$ 
Stimulation, direct 52 
indirect 53 
Stricture 97 
Substances, diamagnetic... 23 
magnetic 23 
Sympathetic nerve, action of current on 53 
T ETANUS 80 
Tetany 81 
Thrombosis 75 
Torticollis 63 
Tremor 81 
lead 81 
mercurial 81 
Trismus 72 
Tumors, cystic 96 
fibroid 96 
malignant 9$ 
ovarian 96 
Volt 33 
Vomiting 87 
Weber 33 HOLDEN'S ANATOMY. 
Octavo. 208 Illustrations. Cloth, $5.00; Leather, $6.00. 
IN OIL-CLOTH BINDING, $4.50. 
A Manual of Dissection of the Human Body. By Lu- 
ther Holden, m.d., f.r.c.s., Eng. Fifth Edition, 
revised and enlarged, and with new illustrations. Ed- 
ited by John Langton, m.d., Surgeon to, and Lecturer 
on Anatomy at, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, 
etc.; with 208 Illustrations. 8vo. Oil-cloth binding, 
$4.50; Cloth, $5.00; Leather, $6.00. 
*** This edition of Holden's Anatomy is eminently a Student's 
book, without as well as within. As a text-book it has become so 
well known that it is unnecessary to speak of its contents. The 
printing and binding of this new edition, however, should be ex- 
plained. It has been printed on very handsome paper, so that the 
minutiae of each wood-cut is clearly brought out; and the student 
will meet with no difficulty in tracing each muscle, nerve, artery, 
vein or organ in the illustrations. Many of the cuts have the ex- 
planations printed on them ; a very great advantage, enabling the 
reference to be made quickly, and fixing the fact more surely. Mar- 
ginal references have been inserted throughout the text, to catch 
the eye, at each important paragraph. The binding has been put 
on so that the book will lay open at any page. It being used so 
largely in the dissection room suggested to the publishers the bind- 
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it will not retain the odors of the dissecting table, does not soil 
easily, it may be washed without damage, and while quite as dura- 
ble, allows of our making a lower price for the book than in 
either oloth or leather binding. It is, therefore, particularly well 
suited for the dissecting room, operating table or students' use 
generally. 
SUPPLIED BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. NOW READY. SECOND REVISED EDITION. 
Landois' Human Physiology. 
With nearly GOO Illustrations. 
SECOND AMERICAN, FROM THE FIFTH GERMAN EDITION. 
A Text-Book of Human Physiology, including Histology and Mi- 
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of Physiology and Director of the Physiological Institute, Uni- 
versity of Greifswald. Translated from the Fifth German Edi- 
tion, with additions by Wm. Stirling, m d., sc.d., Brackenburg, 
Professor of Physiology and Histology in Owen's College and 
Victoria University, Manchester; Examiner in the Honors' 
School of Science, University of Oxford, England. Second Edi- 
tion, revised and enlarged. 583 Illustrations. 
"A Bridge between Physiology and Practical Medicine." 
One Volume. Royal Octavo. Cloth, $6.50; Leather, $7.50. 
Fig. 251. Landois' Physiology. 
Deposit from a case of catarrh of the urinary bladder (ammoniacal 
fermentation), a, detached epithelium; b, pus corpuscles; c, 
triple phosphate ; d, micro-organisms. 
SUPPLIED BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. Potter's Materia Medica, Pharmacy 
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A Handbook of Materia Medica, Pharmacy and 
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Drugs, Special Therapeutics of Diseases, Official and 
Extemporaneous Pharmacy, etc., etc. By Sam'l O. 
L. Potter, m.a., m.d., late A. A. Surgeon U. S. Army, 
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"Quiz-Compends" of Anatomy, Visceral Anatomy 
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The favor with which Dr. Potter's Compends have been received 
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The Appendix contains numerous Tables comprising doses, 
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The Index will be a special feature. Extreme care will be taken 
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SUPPLIED BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. Waring's Practical Therapeutics. 
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A Manual of Practical Therapeutics, considered with 
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744 Pages. Cloth, $3.00 ; Leather, $3.50. 
This edition has been thoroughly revised and, in a 
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manual. There are many features of arrangement and con- 
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mer editions successful and render it especially valuable. 
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SUPPLIED BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. CATALOGUE No. 7. MARCH, 1887. 
A CATALOGUE 
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The arrangement of the subjects, illustrations, types, etc., 
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by students of any college of medicine, dentistry or 
pharmacy. 
No. 1. ANATOMY. 117 Illustrations. 
FOURTH EDITION, ENLARGED. 
A Compend of Human Anatomy, including Visceral 
Anatomy, formerly published separately as No. 8 of 
this series. By Saml. O. L. Potter, m.a., m.d., 
Late A. A. Surg. U. S. Army; Professor of Practice, 
Cooper Medical College, San Francisco. 117 Ulus. 
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Nos. 2 and 3. PRACTICE. 
NEW REVISED EDITIONS. 
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No. 4. PHYSIOLOGY. Illustrated. 
THIRD REVISED EDITION. 
A Compend of Human Physiology. By Albert P. 
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Third Edition. Enlarged and Revised. 
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TICS AND PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 
Fourth Edition. 
A Compend on Materia Medica, Therapeutics and 
Prescription Writing, with especial reference to the 
Physiological Actions of Drugs. By Saml. O. L. 
Potter, m.a., m.d., Professor of Practice, Cooper 
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Army. 
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By Orville Horwitz, a.m., m.d., Demonstrator of 
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STUDENTS' TEXT-BOOKS AND MANUALS. 
ANATOMY. 
Holden's Anatomy. A manual of Dissection of the Human 
Body. Fifth Edition. Enlarged, with Marginal References and 
over 200 Illustrations. Octavo. Cloth, 5.00; Leather, 6.00 
Bound in Oilcloth, for the Dissecting Room, $4.50, 
" No student of Anatomy can take up this book without being 
pleased and instructed. Its Diagrams are original, striking and 
suggestive, giving more at a glance than pages of text description. 
* * * The text matches the illustrations in directness of prac- 
tical application and clearness of detail."-New York Medical 
Record. 
Holden's Human Osteology. Comprising a Description of the 
Bones, with Colored Delineations of the Attachments of the 
Muscles. The General and Microscopical Structure of Bone and 
its Development. With Lithographic Plates and Numerous Illus- 
trations. Sixth Edition. 8vo. Cloth, 6.00 
Heath's Practical Anatomy. Sixth London Edition. 24 Col- 
ored Plates, and nearly 300 other Illustrations. Cloth, 5.00 
CHEMISTRY. 
Bartley's Medical Chemistry. A text-book prepared specially 
for Medical, Pharmaceutical and Dental Students. With 40 
Illustrations, Plate of Absorption Spectra and Glossary of Chemi- 
cal Terms. Cloth, 2.50 
*** This book has been written especially for students and phy- 
sicians. It is practical and concise, dealing only with those parts 
of chemistry pertaining to medicine ; no time being wasted in long 
descriptions of substances and theories of interest only to the 
advanced chemical student. 
Bloxam's Chemistry, Inorganic and Organic, with Experiments. 
Fifth Edition, nearly 300 Illustrations. Cloth, 3.75; Leather, 4.75 
Richter's Inorganic Chemistry. A text-book for Students. 
Second American, from Fourth German Edition. Translated by 
Prof. Edgar F. Smith, ph.d, 89 Wood Engravings and Colored 
Plate of Spectra. Cloth, 2.00 
Richter's Organic Chemistry, or Chemistry of the Carbon 
Compounds. Translated by Prof. Edgar F. Smith, ph.d. 
Illustrated. Cloth, 3.00; Leather, 3.50 
Watt's (Fowne's) Chemistry. 13th Edition. 2 Volumes. 
Volume 1, Inorganic, 2.25 ; Volume 2, Organic, 2.25 
These volumes are based on Fowne's Chemistry, being, in 
fact, the 13th edition of Fownes, etc. 
See pages 2 to J for list of ? Quiz-Compends f STUDENTS' TEXT-BOOKS AND MANUALS. 
Chemistry :- Continued. 
Trimble. Practical and Analytical Chemistry. A Course in 
Chemical Analysis, by Henry Trimble, Prof, of Analytical Chem- 
istry in the Phila. College of Pharmacy. Illustrated. Second 
Edition. 8vo. Cloth, 1.50 
Wolff's Applied Medical Chemistry. By Lawrence Wolff, 
m.d., Demonstrator of Chemistry in Jefferson Medical College, 
Philadelphia. Cloth, 1.50 
CHILDREN. 
Goodhart and Starr. The Diseases of Children. A Manual 
for Students and Physicians. By J. F. Goodhart, m.d., Physi- 
cian to the Evelina Hospital for Children; Assistant Physician 
to Guy's Hospital, London. American Edition, Revised and 
Edited by Louis Starr, m.d., Clinical Professor of Diseases of 
Children in the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania; 
Physician to the Children's Hospital, Philadelphia. Containing 
many new Prescriptions, a List of over 50 Formulae, conforming 
to the U. S. Pharmacopoeia, and Directions for making Arti- 
ficial Human Milk, for the Artificial Digestion of Milk, etc. 
Just Ready. Demi-Octavo, 738 Pages. 
Cloth, 3.00; Leather, 3.50 
The New York Medical Record says:-" As it is said of some 
men, so it might be said of some books, that they are ' bom to 
greatness.' This new volume has, we believe, a mission, particu- 
larly in the hands of the younger members of the profession. In 
these days of prolixity in medical literature, it is refreshing to meet 
with an author who knows both what to say, and when he has said 
it. The work of Dr. Goodhart (admirably conformed, by Dr. Starr, 
to meet American requirements) is the nearest approach to clinical 
teaching, without the actual presence of clinical material, that we 
have yet seen. The details of management so gratefully read by 
the young practitioner are fully elucidated. Altogether, the book 
is one of as great practical working value as we have seen for many 
months." 
Day. On Children. A Practical and Systematic Treatise. 
Second Edition. 8vo. 752 pages. Cloth, 3.00; Leather, 4.00 
Meigs and Pepper, The Diseases of Children. Seventh 
Edition. 8vo. Cloth, 5.00; Leather, 6.00 
Starr. Diseases of the Digestive Organs in Infancy and 
Childhood. With chapters on the Investigation of Disease, 
and on the General Management of Children. By Louis Starr, 
m.d., Prof, of Diseases of Children, Hospital of the University 
of Pennsylvania. Ulus. Cloth, 2.5® 
See pages 2 to 5 for list of ? Quiz- Compends P 
7 8 
STUDENTS' TEXT-BOOKS AND MANUALS. 
DENTISTRY. 
Flagg's Plastics and Plastic Filling, ad Ed. Cloth, 4.00 
Gorgas. Dental Medicine. A Manual of Materia Medica and 
Therapeutics, by Professor F. J. S. Gorgas, m.d., d.d.s., Pro- 
fessor of the Principles and Practice of Dental Science, in Den- 
tal Dept., University of Maryland. Second Edition. Cloth, 3.25 
Harris' Principles and Practice of Dentistry. Including 
Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology, Therapeutics, Dental Surgery 
and Mechanism. Eleventh Edition. Revised and enlarged by 
Professor Gorgas. 744 Illustrations. Cloth, 6.50 ; Leather, 7.50 
Richardson's Mechanical Dentistry. Fourth Edition. 458 
Illustrations. 710 pages. 8vo. Cloth, 4.50; Leather, 5.50. 
Stocken's Dental Materia Medica. Third Edition. Cloth, 2.50 
Taft's Operative Dentistry. Dental Students and Practitioners. 
Fourth Edition, too Illustrations. Cloth, 4.25 ; Leather, 5.00 
Tomes' Dental Anatomy, Human and Comparative. Sec- 
ond Edition. 191 Illustrations. Cloth, 4.25 
Tomes' Dental Surgery. New Revised Edition. Preparing. 
DICTIONARIES. 
Cleaveland's Pocket Medical Lexicon. Thirty-first Edition. 
Giving correct Pronunciation and Definition of Terms used in 
Medicine and the Collateral Sciences. Very small pocket size, 
red edges. Cloth, .75 ; pocket-book style, 1.00 
Longley's Pocket Dictionary. The Student's Medical Lexicon, 
giving Definition and Pronunciation of all Terms used in Medi- 
cine, with an Appendix giving Poisons and Their Antidotes, 
Abbreviations used in Prescriptions, Metric Scale of Doses, etc. 
24mo. Cloth, 1.00; pocket-book style, 1.25 
EYE. 
Arlt. Diseases of the Eye. Including those of the Conjunc- 
tiva, Cornea, Sclerotic, Iris and Ciliary Body. By Professor 
Fred. Ritter von Arlt. Translated by Dr. Lyman Ware. Illus- 
trated. 8vo. Cloth, 2.50 
Macnamara. On Diseases of the Eye. Fourth Edition, 
revised, with Marginal References, numerous Colored Plates and 
Diagrams, Wood Cuts and Test Types. Cloth, 4.00 
Meyer. Diseases of the Eye. A complete Manual for Stu- 
dents and Physicians. With numerous Illustrations and two 
Colored Plates. 8vo. In Press. 
Morton. Refraction of the Eye. Third Ed. Ulus. Cloth, 1.00 
4®' See pages 2 to 5 for list of I Quit-Compends f STUDENTS' TEXT-BOOKS AND MANUALS. 
HYGIENE. 
Parke's Practical Hygiene. Sixth Edition, enlarged. Illus- 
trated. 8vo. Cloth, 3.00 
Wilson's Handbook of Hygiene and Sanitary Science. 
Sixth Edition. Revised and Illustrated. Cloth, 2.75 
MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. 
Biddle's Materia Medica. Tenth Edition. For the use of 
Students and Physicians. By the late Prof. John B. Biddle, m.d., 
Professor of Materia Medica in Jefferson Medical College, Phila- 
delphia. The Tenth Edition, thoroughly revised, and in many 
parts rewritten, by his son, Clement Biddle, m.d., Past Assistant 
Surgeon, U. S. Navy, assisted by Henry Morris, m.d., Demon- 
strator of Obstetrics in Jefferson Medical College. 8vo., illus- 
trated. Just Ready. Cloth, 4.00; Leather, 4.75 
" The larger works usually recommended as text-books in our 
medical schools are too voluminous for convenient use. This work 
will be found to contain in a condensed form all that is most valuable, 
and will supply students with a reliable guide."-Chicago Med. JI. 
Merrell's Digest of Materia Medica. 8vo. Half Calf, 4.00 
Potter, Materia Medica, Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 
Including Action of Medicines, Special Therapeutics, Pharma- 
cology, etc. Cloth, 3.00; Leather, 3.50 
The most complete compendium of its subjects published, con- 
taining information not hitherto collected in one volume. 
Roberts' Compend of Materia Medica and Pharmacy. By the 
author of " Roberts' Practice." Cloth, 2.00 
Headland's Action of Medicines. 9th Ed. 8vo. Cloth, 3.00 
Waring. Therapeutics. With an Index of Diseases and an 
Index of Remedies. A Practical Manual. Fourth Edition. 
Revised and Enlarged. Cloth, 3.00; Leather, 3 50 
MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE. 
Reese. A Text-book of Medical Jurisprudence and Toxi- 
cology. By John J. Reese, m.d., Professor of Medical Juris- 
prudence and Toxicology in the Medical and Law Departments 
of the University of Pennsylvania ; Vice-President of the Med- 
ical Jurisprudence Society of Philadelphia; Physician to St. 
Joseph's Hospital; Corresponding Member of The New York 
Medico-legal Society. Cloth, 3.00; Leather, 3.50 
" Professor Reese is so well known as a skilled medical jurist, 
that his authorship of any work virtually guarantees the thorough- 
ness and practical character of the latter. And such is the case in 
the book before us. * * * * We might call these the essentials 
for the study of medical jurisprudence. The subject is skeletonized, 
See pages 2 to 5 for list of ? Quiz- Cont/ends ? 
9 10 
STUDENTS' TEXT-BOOKS AND MANUALS. 
Medical Jurisprudence :-Continued. 
condensed, and made thoroughly up to the wants of the general 
medical practitioner, and the requirements of prosecuting and de- 
fending attorneys. If any section deserves more distinction than 
any other, as to intrinsic excellence, it is that on toxicology. This 
part of the book comprises the best outline of the subject in a 
given space that can be found anywhere. As a whole, the work is 
everything it promises, and more, and considering its size, con- 
densation, and practical character, it is by far the most useful one 
for ready reference, that we have met with. It is well printed and 
neatly bound."-New York Medical Record. 
Abercrombie's Students' Guide to Medical Jurisprudence. 
izmo. Cloth, 2.50 
Mann's Manual of Psychological Medicine, and Allied Ner- 
vous Diseases. Their Diagnosis, Pathology and Treatment, and 
their Medico-Legal Aspects. Illus. Cloth, 5.00; Leather, 6.00 
Woodman and Tidy's Medical Jurisprudence and Toxi- 
cology. Chromo-Lithographic Plates and 116 Wood engravings. 
Cloth, 7.50; Leather, 8.50 
MISCELLANEOUS. 
Beale. Slight Ailments. Their Nature and Treatment. Illus- 
trated. 8vo. Paper cover, .75 ; Cloth, 1.25 
Dulles. Surgical and other Emergencies. Illustrated. Sec- 
ond Edition, izmo. Cloth, .75 
Fothergill. Diseases of the Heart and Their Treatment. 
Second Edition. 8vo. Cloth, 3.50 
Tanner. Memoranda of Poisons. Their Antidotes and Tests. 
Fifth Edition, izmo. Cloth, .75 
Allingham. Diseases of the Rectum. Fourth Edition. Illus- 
trated. 8vo. Paper covers, .75; Cloth, 1.25 
OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY. 
Parvin's Winckel's Diseases of Women. Edited by Prof. 
Theophilus Parvin, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia. 
130 Illustrations. Cloth, 3.00; Leather, 3.50 
Galabin's Midwifery. A New Manual for Students. By A. 
Lewis Galabin, m.d., f.r.c.p., Obstetric Physician to Guy's 
Hospital, London, and Professor of Obstetrics in the same Insti- 
tution. 227 Illustrations. Cloth, 3.00; Leather, 3.50 
" The illustrations are mostly new and well executed, and we 
heartily commend this book as far superior to any manual upon 
this subject."-Archives of Gynaecology, New York, June, 1886. 
Rigby's Obstetric Memoranda. By Alfred Meadows, m.d. 
4th Edition. Cloth, .50 
See pages 2 to 5 for list of ? Quiz-Compends f STUDENTS' TEXT-BOOKS AND MANUALS. 
Obstetrics and Gynaecology;-Continued. 
Meadows' Manual of Midwifery. Including the Signs and 
Symptoms of Pregnancy, Obstetric Operations, Diseases of the 
Puerperal State, etc. 145 Illustrations. 494 pages. Cloth, 2.00 
Swayne's Obstetric Aphorisms. For the use of Students 
commencing Midwifery Practice. 8th Ed. i2mo. Cloth, 1.25 
PATHOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY. 
Rindfleisch's General Pathology. By Tyson. For Students 
and Physicians. By Prof. Edward Rindfleisch, of Wurzburg. 
Translated by Wm. H. Mercur, m.d., of Pittsburg, Pa., Edited 
by James Tyson, m.d.. Professor of Pathology and Morbid 
Anatomy in the University of Pennsylvania, rzmo. Cloth, 2.00 
Gilliam's Essentials of Pathology. A Handbook fot Students. 
47 Illustrations, izmo. Cloth, 2.00 
***The object of this book is to unfold to the beginner the funda- 
mentals of pathology in a plain, practical way, and by bringing 
them within easy comprehension to increase his interest in the study 
of the subject. Though it will not altogether supplant larger works, 
it will be found to impart clear-cut conceptions of the generally 
accepted doctrines of the day, and to prevent confusion in the mind 
of the student. 
Gibbes' Practical Histology and Pathology. Third Edition. 
Enlarged, izmo. Cloth, 1.75 
PHYSICAL DIAGNOSIS. 
Bruen's Physical Diagnosis of the Heart and Lungs. By 
Dr. Edward T. Bruen, Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine 
in the University of Pennsylvania. Second Edition, revised. 
With new Illustrations, izmo. Cloth, 1.50 
*#*The subject is treated in a plain, practical manner, avoiding 
questions of historical or theoretical interest, and without laying 
special claim to originality of matter, the author has made a book 
that presents to the student the somewhat difficult points of Physi- 
cal Diagnosis clearly and distinctly. 
PHYSIOLOGY. 
Yeo's Physiology. Second Edition. The most Popular Stu- 
dents' Book. By Gerald F. Yeo, m.d., f.r.c.s., Professor of 
Physiology in King's College, London. Small Octavo. 750 
pages. Over 300 carefully printed Illustrations. With a Full 
Glossary and Index. Cloth, 3.00; Leather, 3.50 
" The work will take a high rank among the smaller text-books 
of Physiology."-Prof. H. P. Bowditch., Harvard Med. School, 
Boston. 
" The brief examination I have given it was so favorable that I 
placed it in the list of text-books recommended in the circular of 
the University Medical College."-Prof. Lewis A. Stimpson, 
M. D., 37 East 33d Street, New York. 
See pages 2 to 3 for list of ? Quiz-Compends ? 
11 12 
STUDENTS TEXT-BOOKS AND MANUALS. 
Physiology :- Continued. 
Kirke's Physiology. uthEd. Ulus. Cloth, 4.00; Leather, 5.00 
Landois' Human Physiology. Including Histology and Micro- 
scopical Anatomy, and with special reference to Practical Medi- 
cine. Second Edition. Translated and Edited by Prof. Stirling. 
583 Illustrations. Cloth, 6.50; Leather, 7.50 
" So great are the advantages offered by Prof. Landois' Text- 
book, from the exhaustive and eminently practical manner in which 
the subject is treated, that, notwithstanding it is one of the largest 
works on Physiology, it has yet passed through four large editions 
in the same number of years. Dr. Stirling's annotations have 
materially added to the value of the work. . . . Admirably 
adapted for the practitioner. . . . With this Text-book at his 
command, no student could fail in his examination."-Lancet. 
Sanderson's Physiological Laboratory. Being Practical Ex- 
ercises for the Student. 350 Illustrations. 8vo. Cloth, 5.00 
Tyson's Cell Doctrine. Its History and Present State. Illus- 
trated. Second Edition. Cloth, 2.00 
PRACTICE. 
Roberts' Practice. Fifth American Edition. A Handbook 
of the Theory and Practice of Medicine. By Frederick T. 
Roberts, m.d. ; m.r.c.p., Professor of Clinical Medicine and 
Therapeutics in University College Hospital, London. Fifth 
Edition. Octavo. Cloth, 5.00; Leather, 6.00 
*** This new edition has been subjected to a careful revision. 
Many chapters have been rewritten. Important additions have 
been made throughout, and new illustrations introduced. Recom- 
mended as a Text-book at University of Pennsylvania, Long Island 
College Hospital, Yale and Harvard Colleges, Bishop's College, 
Montreal, University of Michigan, and over twenty other Medical 
Schools. 
" I have become thoroughly convinced of its great value, and 
have cordially recommended it to my class in Yale College."- 
Prof. David P. Smith. 
" I have examined it with some care, and think it a good book, 
and shall take pleasure in mentioning it among the works which 
may properly be put in the hands of students."-A. B. Palmer, 
Prof, of the Practice of Medicine, University of Michigan. 
" A clear, yet concise, scientific and practical work. It is a capi- 
tal compendium of the classified knowledge of the subject."- 
Prof. f. Adams Allen, Rush Medical College, Chicago. 
" It is unsurpassed by any work that has fallen into our hands, 
as a compendium for students preparing for examination. It is 
thoroughly practical, and fully up to the times."-The Clinic. 
Aitken's Practice of Medicine. Seventh Edition. 196 Illus- 
trations. 2 vols. Cloth, 12.00; Leather, 14.00 
Tanner's Index of Diseases, and Their Treatment. Cloth, 3.00 
" This work has won for itself a reputation. ... It is, in 
truth, what its Title indicates."-N. Y. Medical Record. 
OV See pages 2 to 5 for list of f Quiz-Comp ends ? STUDENTS' TEXT-BOOKS AND MANUALS. 
PRESCRIPTION BOOKS. 
Wythe's Dose and Symptom Book. Containing the Doses 
and Uses of all the principal Articles of the Materia Medica, etc. 
Sixteenth edition. 32010. Cloth, 1.00; Pocket-book style, 1.25 
Pereira's Physician's Prescription Book. Containing Lists 
of Terms, Phrases, Contractions and Abbreviations used in 
Prescriptions, Explanatory Notes, Grammatical Construction of 
Prescriptions, etc., etc. By Professor Jonathan Pereira, m.d. 
Sixteenth Edition. 32010. Cloth, 1.00; Pocket-book style, 1.25 
SKIN DISEASES. 
Anderson, (McCall) Skin Diseases. A complete Text Book, 
with Colored Plates and numerous Wood Engravings. 8vo. 
In Press. 
Van Harlingen on Skin Diseases. A Handbook of the Dis- 
eases of the Skin, their Diagnosis and Treatment. By Arthur 
Van Harlingen, m.d., Prof, of Diseases of the Skin in the Phila- 
delphia Polyclinic; Consulting Physician to the Dispensary 
for Skin Diseases, etc. With colored plates, nmo. Cloth, 1.75 
***This is a complete epitome of skin diseases, arranged in 
alphabetical order, giving the diagnosis and treatment in a concise, 
practical way. Many prescriptions are given that have never been 
published in any text-book, and an article incorporated on Diet. 
The plates do not represent one or two cases, but are composed of 
a number of figures, accurately colored, showing the appearance of 
various lesions, and will be found to give great aid in diagnosing. 
" This is an excellent little book, in which, for ease of reference, 
the more common diseases of the skin are arranged in alphabetical 
order, while many good prescriptions are given, together with clear 
and sensible directions as to their proper application."-Boston 
Medical and Surgical Journal. 
Bulkley. The Skin in Health and Disease. By L. Duncan 
Bulkley, Physician to the N. Y. Hospital. Ulus. Cloth, .50 
SURGERY. 
Heath's Minor Surgery, and Bandaging. Eighth Edition. 142 
Illustrations. 60 Formulae and Diet Lists. Cloth, 2.00 
Pye's Surgical Handicraft. A Manual of Surgical Manipula- 
tions, Minor Surgery, Bandaging, Dressing, etc., etc. With 
special chapters on Aural Surgery, Extraction of Teeth, Anaes- 
thetics, etc. 208 Illustrations. 8vo. Cloth, 5.00 
Watson on Amputation of the Extremities, and their Compli- 
cations. 2 colored plates and 250 wood cuts. 8vo. Cloth, 5.50 
43" See pages 2 to 5 for list of ? Quiz- Compends I 
13 14 
STUDENTS' TEXT-BOOKS AND MANUALS. 
THROAT. 
Mackenzie on the Throat and Nose. By Morell Mackenzie, 
m.d., Senior Physician to the Hospital for Diseases of the Chest 
and Throat; Lecturer on Diseases of the Throat at the London 
Hospital, etc. 
Vol. I. Including the Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, etc., with 
Formula and 112 Illustrations. 
Vol. II. Diseases of the CEsophagus, Nose and Naso-Pharynx, 
with Formula and 93 Illustrations. 
The two volumes. Leather, .7.50 
Vol. II, separately, Cloth, 3.00; Leather, 4.00 
" It is both practical and learned ; abundantly and well illustrated; 
its descriptions of disease are graphic and the diagnosis the best we 
have anywhere seen."-Philadelphia Medical Tinies. 
Cohen. The Throat and Voice. Illustrated. Cloth, .50 
James. Sore Throat. Its Nature, Varieties and Treatment, 
tamo. Illustrated. Paper cover, .75; Cloth, 1.25 
URINE AND URINARY ORGANS. 
Acton. The Reproductive Organs. In Childhood, Youth, 
Adult Life and Old Age. Sixth Edition. Cloth, 2.00 
Beale. Urinary and Renal Diseases and Calculous Disorders. 
Hints on Diagnosis and Treatment, i2mo. Cloth, 1.75 
Ralfe. Kidney Diseases and Urinary Derangements. 42 Illus- 
trations. tamo. 572 pages. Cloth, 2.75 
Legg. On the Urine. A Practical Guide. 6th Ed. Cloth, .75 
Marshall and Smith. On the Urine. The Chemical Analysis 
of the Urine. By John Marshall, m.d., Chemical Laboratory, 
University of Pennsylvania, and Prof. E. F. Smith, ph.d. With 
Colored Plates. Cloth, 1.00 
Thompson. Diseases of the Urinary Organs. Seventh 
Edition. Illustrated. Cloth, 1.25 
Tyson. On the Urine. A Practical Guide to the Examination 
of Urine. By James Tyson, m.d., Professor of Pathology and 
Morbid Anatomy, University of Penn'a. With Colored Plates 
and Wood Engravings. 5th Ed. Enlarged, izmo. Cloth, 1.50 
VENEREAL DISEASES. 
Hill and Cooper. Student's Manual of Venereal Diseases, 
with Formulas. Fourth Edition, izmo. Cloth, 1.00 
Durkee. On Gonorrhoea and Syphilis. Ulus. Cloth, 3.50 
4S- See pages 2 to 5 for list of f Quiz-Compends ? Richter's Chemistries. 
AUTHORIZED TRANSLATIONS. 
By EDGAR F. SMITH, M.A., Ph.D., 
Prof, of Chemistry in Wittenberg College, Springfield, Ohio ; 
formerly in the Laboratories of the University of Pennsylva- 
nia and Muhlenburg College; Member of the Chemical 
Societies of Berlin and Paris; of the Academy of 
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, etc., etc. 
EACH VOLUME'SOLD SEPARATELY. 
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. Second American, 
from the Fourth German Edition; thoroughly revised 
and in many parts rewritten. With 89 Illustrations 
and Colored Plate of Spectra. Cloth, $2.00 
THE CHEMISTRY OF THE CARBON COM- 
POUNDS, or Organic Chemistry. First Ameri- 
can, from Fourth German Edition. Illustrated. 
Cloth, $3.00 
The success attending the publication of the first edi- 
tion of Richter's Inorganic Chemistry encourages the 
translator and publishers to believe that the companion 
volume will have an equally warm reception. Professor 
Richter's methods of arrangement and teaching have 
proved their superiority, abroad, by the very large sale 
of his books all over the Continent, translations having 
been made in Germany, Russia, Holland and Italy. 
From Prof. B. Silliman, Yale College, New Haven, Conn. 
" It is decidedly a good book, and in some respects the best 
manual we have." 
From John Marshall, m.d., nat. sc. d. (Tiibingen), Demonstra- 
tor of Chemistry in the University of Pennsylvania, Medical 
Department. 
" The work is of undoubted value. The theory of chemistry, 
which is generally the bugbear of students, is, in this book, very 
clearly explained, and the explanations are so well distributed 
through the book that students are brought easily from the simplest 
to the most difficult problems. 
" That part descriptive of the elements and their compounds is 
full, and all that could be desired in a text-book, while the cuts, 
with which the work is profusely illustrated, are an excellent aid to 
the student. Altogether, it is one of our best modern works on 
chemistry." A New Series of Manuals 
FOR 
Medical Students. 
Price of each Book, Cloth, $3.00 ; Leather, $3.50. 
MIDWIFERY. By Alfred Lewis Galabin, m.a., m.d., Ob- 
stetric Physician to, and Lecturer on Midwifery and the Diseases 
of Women at, Guy's Hospital, Landon, etc. 227 fine Engrav- 
ings. 753 pages. 
PHYSIOLOGY. By Gerald F. Yeo, m.d., f.r.c.s., Professor 
of Physiology in King's College, London. Second Edition, re- 
vised. 750 pages. 301 carefully printed Illustrations. 
MATERIA MEDICA, PHARMACY AND THERAPEU- 
TICS, including the Physiological Action of Drugs, Special 
Therapeutics, Official and Extemporaneous Pharmacy, with 
numerous Tables, Formulae, Notes on Temperature, Clinical 
Thermometer, Poisons, Urinary Examinationsand Patent Medi- 
cines. By Sam'l O. L. Potter, m.a., m.d., Professor of 
Practice of Medicine, Cooper College, San Francisco, late Sur- 
geon U. S. Army. 750 pages. 
CHILDREN. By J. F. Goodhart, m.d., Physician to the Eve- 
lina Hospital for Children; Assistant Physician, Guy's Hospital, 
London. American Edition. Revised and Edited by Louis 
Starr, m.d., Clinical Professor of Diseases of Children in the 
Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania: Physician to the 
Children's Hospital, Philadelphia. 50 Formulae, and Directions 
for preparing Artificial Human Milk, for the Artificial Digestion 
of Milk, etc. 738 pages. 
PRACTICAL THERAPEUTICS, With an Index of Diseases. 
By Ed. John Waring, m.d., f r.c.p. Fourth Edition. Re- 
written and Revised. Edited by Dudley W. Buxton, Assistant 
to the Professor of Medicine, University College Hospital, Lon- 
don. 744 pages. 
MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE AND TOXICOLOGY. By 
John J. Reese, m.d., Professor of Medical Jurisprudence and 
Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, etc. 6c6 pages. 
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. By Prof. Victor von Richter, 
University of Breslau. Translated from Fourth German Edition 
by Edgar F. Smith, m.a., ph.d., Professor of Chemistry, Wit- 
tenberg College, Springfield, O., formerly in the Laboratories of 
the University of Pennsylvania, etc. Illustrated. 710 pages. 
DISEASES OF WOMEN. By Dr. F. Winckel, Professor of 
Gynaecology, etc., Royal University of Munich. The Transla- 
lation Edited by Theophilus Parvin, m.d., Professor of Ob- 
stetrics and Diseases of Women and Children, Jefferson Medical 
College, Philadelphia. 132 Engravings, most of which are new. 
700 pages. 
*** Other Volumes in Preparation. A complete illustrated circu- 
lar with sample pages sent free, upon application. 
Price of each Book, Cloth, S3.00; Leather, $3.50. VAN HARLINGEN 
On Skin Diseases. 
WITH COLORED ILLUSTRATIONS. 
A HANDBOOK OF THE DISEASES OF THE SKIN, their Diagnosis 
and Treatment. By Arthur Van Harlingen, m.d., Professor of Dis- 
eases of the Skin in the Philadelphia Polyclinic, Consulting Physician to 
the Dispensary for Skin Diseases, etc. Illustrated by colored lithographic 
plates. 
12mo. 284 pages. Cloth. Price, $1.75. 
RECOMMENDATIONS. 
" It is a most useful compendium of the knowledge to be had at the present time upon the 
important subjects to which it is devoted; and is in all respects a credit to the well recog- 
nized abilities of its author."-James Nevins Hyde, M.D., Professor of Skin and Vene- 
real Diseases, Kush Medical College, Chicago. 
" This new handbook is essentially a small encyclopedia of pathology and treatment of 
Skin Diseases, in which the subjects are arranged alphabetically. This arrangement was that 
followed by the late Tilbury Fox, of London, in his handbook, which we believe was re- 
markably successful; and we have no doubt it will be equally appreciated in the present 
work, which (compendious in form) contains a very complete summary of the present state 
of dermatology. Dr. Van Harlingen's position in the profession, being at present vice- 
president of the American Dermatological Association, which he served as secretary for 
several years, and the high standard of his communications to his department, are sufficient 
to warrant the confidence in his teachings, which is fully sustained by an examination of this 
handbook, which we heartily commend for its brevity, clearness and evident careful prepa- 
ration."-Philadelphia Medical Times, October iSth, 1884. 
RINDFLEISCH. 
The Elements of Pathology. 
A Text-Book in the University of Pennsylvania. 
THE ELEMENTS OF PATHOLOGY. For Students and Physicians. 
By Edward Rindfleisch, m.d., Professor of Pathological Anatomy in 
the University of Wurzburg. Anthorized translation by William H. 
Mercur, m.d., of Pittsburgh, Pa. Revised by James Tyson, m.d., Pro- 
fessor of General Pathology and Morbid Anatomy in the University of 
Pennsylvania. 
12mo. 263 pages. Cloth, $2.00. 
RECOMMENDATIONS. 
" The practical views of one of the best of the modern histologists is placed before the 
profession in this admirable work, in a most careful and systematic manner. The author, who 
is one of the leading pathologists, sets forth not only the ground-work in his department, 
but treats and makes clear many of the more difficult points of the study of pathological 
processes. The work is divided into a consideration, first, of the local outbreak of diseases ; 
second, into the anatomical extension of disease; thirdly, into the physiological extension 
of disease, and lastly, into an examination of special parts."-The Medical Bulletin. 
P. BLAKISTON, SON & CO., Publishers and Booksellers, 
1012 WALNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA. BIDDLE'S 
Materia Medica. 
TENTH REVISED EDITION. 
Contains all Changes in the New Pharmacopoeia. 
Recommended as a Text-book at Yale College, University of Michigan, 
College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore, Baltimore Medical 
College, Louisville Medical College, and a number of other 
Colleges throughout the United States. 
BIDDLE'S MATERIA MEDICA, For the Use of Students 
and Physicians. By the late Prof. John B. Biddle, m.d., 
Professor of Materia Medica in Jefferson Medical College, 
Philadelphia. The Tenth Edition, thoroughly revised, and 
in many parts rewritten, by his son, Clement Biddle, m.d., 
Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Navy, assisted by Henry Morris, 
m.d., Demonstrator of Obstetrics, Jefferson Medical College, 
Philadelphia. Containing all the additions and changes made 
in the last revision of the United States Pharmacopoeia. 8vo. 
Bound in Cloth. Price $4.00; Leather, $4.75. 
RECOMMENDATIONS. 
" It will be found a useful handbook by students, especially, who may be 
under the instruction of its able and accomplished author."-American Med- 
ical Journal. 
" In short, it is just the work for a student, embracing as it does what will 
be discussed in a course of lectures on materia medica."-Cincinnati Medical 
News. 
" In truth, the work is well adapted to the wants of students."-The Clinic. 
" Nothing has escaped the writer's scan. All the new remedies against 
disease are duly and judiciously noted. Students will certainly appreciate its 
shapely form, grace of manner, and general multuni in parvo style."-Ameri- 
can Practitioner. 
" Biddle's ' Materia Medica ' is well known to the profession, being a stand- 
ard text-book in several leading colleges."-New York Medical Journal. 
" It contains, in a condensed form, all that is valuable in materia medica, 
and furnishes the medical student with a complete manual on this subject."- 
Canada Lancet. 
" The necessity for a new edition of this work in so short a time is the best 
proof of the value in which it is held by the profession."-Medical and Surg- 
ical Reporter. 
" The standard ' Materia Medica ' with a large number of medical students 
is Biddle's."-Buffalo Medical and Surgical Journal. 
"The larger works usually recommended as text-books in our medical 
schools are too voluminous for convenient use. This work will be found to 
contain in a condensed form all that is most valuable, and will supply students 
with a reliable guide."-Chicago Medical Journal. 
*** This Ninth Edition contains all the additions and changes in the U. S. 
•Pharmacopoeia, Sixth Revision. 
P. BLAKISTON, SON & CO., Publishers and Bookseller^, 
1012 WALNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA. REESE'S 
Medical Jurisprudence 
AND 
TOXICOLOGY. 
✓ 
A 1'EXT-BOOK FOR STUDENTS AND PHYSICIANS. By John J. 
Reese, m.d., Professor of Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology in the 
University of Pennsylvania; Vice-President of the Medical Jurisprudence 
Society of Philadelphia; Member of the College of Physicians of Phila- 
delphia; Corresponding Member of the New York Medico-Legal Society 
606 pages. Demi-octavo. 
Bound in Cloth, $3.00; Leather, $3.50. 
RECOMMENDATIONS. 
" 1 have just concluded a careful review of Dr. John J. Reese's ' Text-Book of Medical 
Jurisprudence and Toxicology,' and I take great pleasure in saying that it is by far the 
best book of its size on this subject which I have ever seen. * * * It is, for the medical 
student and the general practitioner, a much more convenient, readable, and in most respects 
better book than the voluminous treatises, to say nothing of the fact that it is a much less 
costly book than are these."-IVillis G. Tucker, M. D., Professor of Inorganic and Ana- 
lytical Chemistry and Medical Jurisprudence, Albany Medical College. 
" There has long been needed a work like this one. The student of the subject has had to 
choose between very prolix and expensive treatises by American writers, or those prepared 
by foreigners, whose customs and laws differ so much from ours that it materially detracts 
from their usefulness. 
" In this single volume, printed in clear type and on excellent paper, Dr. Reese presents 
all that the student or the general practitioner will have occasion to learn about the sub- 
ject."- The Medical and Surgical Reporter, Philadelphia, October nth, 1884. 
" I have examined the work, and find it to be a well compiled manual of the various doc- 
trines obtaining, both in law and in medicine, upon the subject of which it treats. In a field 
so wide as that of medical jurisprudence, it is a matter largely of individual choice as to the 
scope which shall be given by an author to the treatment of its several topics. Professor 
Reese seems to me to have struck the golden mean in this respect, and to have combined 
lucidity of style with brevity of statement, so as to give to each topic its due proportion of 
development. It cannot fail to become a most useful handbook for students who desire to 
have in outline the whole body of medical jurisprudence, including even the special depart- 
ment of toxicology, with all which that now embraces."-John Ordronaux, Professor 
of Medical Jurisprudence in Columbia College, New York, and in Dartmouth College, 
Hanover, N. H. 
" It may be called a practical encyclopaedia, giving just those things which are wanted 
in medico-legal inquiries. * * * * The thoroughness and skill of the author is ap- 
parent on every page, and the work may be especially commended as the best single volume 
on this subject in print."-Quarterly Journal of Inebriety, October, 1884. 
" It not only treats of the medical side of the subject, but gives much valuable legal infor- 
mation as to the rights and duties of physicians in such cases."-Popular Science News, 
October, 1884. 
" It comes to the profession at an opportune time, as a valuable addition to the subject of 
State medicine, and the volume should be in the hands of every medical man."- Prof .James 
F. Harrison, University of Virginia. 
" We might call these the essentials for the study of medical jurisprudence. * * * * 
If any section deserves more distinction than any other, as to intrinsic excellence, it is that 
on toxicology. This part of the book comprises the best outline of the subject in a given 
space that can be found anywhere. As a whole, the work is everything it promises and 
more, and considering its size, condensation and practical character, it is by far the most 
useful one for ready reference that we have met with. It is well printed and neatly bound." 
-N Y. Medical Record, Sept. 13th, 1884. 
P. BLAKISTON, SON A, CO., Publishers and Booksellers, 
1012 WALNUT STREET. PHILADELPHIA.