I, m: ^ v,; -.t&awCTi iWHfcBH u u lirt jUSjafcifr■■"* i i 3a&** '(i£ -d-^ *;\<-Hs *>*« *L' >'£*- -i-s ■ 'v'ifflffymv^*^ ' ^rj»w%*?*» NLfl DDlDEEbT 0 SURGEON GENERAL'S OFFICE LIBRARY, Section No. 113, NO. W.D.S.G.O. u ■' n?y NLM001022690 <&&££&» Plate I. >■. ^ '.-V-'*.'- CtREBCUUM DELTOID MUSCLE BICEPS MUSCU *4. POSITION OF THE INTERNAL ORGANS. E.B. TREAT N.Y PUBLISHER. \ \ >■ " j^o. ^ Plate I The New CYCLOPEDIA OF FAMILY MEDICIN Li, iin~ E"VER^" FAMILY BY GEO. M. BEARD, A. M., 31. D., AIVD OTHERS, HJ.I'STRATED. NEW YORK: E. B. TREAT. THE NEW CYCLOPEDIA OF FAMILY MEDICINE. HOME PHYSICIAN: % poplar (Suite TO THE Art of Preserving Health and Treating Disease; WITH PLAIN ADVICE FOB AIX THK MEDICAL AND SURGICAL EMERGENCIES OF THE FAMILY. CONTAINING CLEAR DESCBIPTIONS OF THE Structure and Functions of the Human Body ; the Influence of Occupation oa Health and Longevity ; the Laws of Inheritance; with new and original chapters on Diet, Stimulants and Narcotics, Air, Sunlight, Exercise, Climate, Electricity, and Nervous Diseases of modern times; and full directions tor the care of the Sick, and the management of Infants and Children; with a general description of recent Medical Discoveries and Improvements ; and all possible self-aids for the Treatment of Accidents and Disease, in plain language adapted to the wants of the Household, and for those who are beyond the ready call of a Physician. BASED ON THE MOST RECENT AND THE HIGHEST AUTHORITIES IN TnE SEVERAL DEPARTMENTS, AND BROUGHT DOWN TO THE LATEST DATES. BY GEORGE M. BEARD, A.M., M.D., hi Formerly lecturer on Nervout D'seases in the University of the Ci'y of New York ; Fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine; Member of the New York and King* Counties Medical Societies; of the American Medical Association; of the American Neurological Atiociatlon ; Author of" Hay Fever," " Stimulants and Narcotics," "Eating and Drinking," UA- New Tlieory of Trance ; " one of the Authors of " Medical and Surgical Electricity," etc. assisted by eminent medical authorities in the city op new york. Revised and Enlarged. WITH NUMEROUS CUROMO AND WOODCUT ILLUSTRATIONS. SOLD BY SUBSCRIPTION. NEW YORK: 1881. <£ I MtWI RCAV E. B. TREAT, 757 Broadway. \^ : Entered according to Act of Concrete, in the year 1869, by E. B. Treat & Co., in the Clerit'i Offlce of the Dlttrict Conrt i the United State* for the Southern Diitrlct of New York. COPTBIGHT, B. B. TREAT, 1878. TroVs Printing kxd Booksncikg Ca, 205-213 E.ut nt/i St., MEW YOIUC. PREFACE. The objects of this book are : 1. To prevent disease, by presenting in a popular form informa- tion concerning the laws of health. 2. To shorten disease, by enforcing the necessity and the duty of taking bad symptoms in time, and stopping the beginnings of evil. 3. To diminish the evil and fatal effects of disease, by giving plain advice for all the medical and surgical emergencies of the family, and simple rules for arresting and controlling disease for those who are beyond the ready call of a physician. Its purpose, therefore, is not so much to enable its readers to dispense with a physician^ as to teach them how to dispense with disease. ■i. To give popular information concerning the progress of me- dical science, by briefly describing and illustrating the recent inven- tions, discoveries, and improvements by means of which physicians are now enabled to study and to treat disease so much more satis- factorily and successfully than in former times. Although many of the instruments and appliances that are represented cannot, of course, be used by my readers, and may indeed never be seen by them, yet a general knowledge of their nature and uses cannot fail to be both interesting and valuable to the afflicted of every class, and should have the effect to convince the most sceptical that a profession which has done so much and so nobly for humanity is worthy of the highest respect and most fervent gratitude. What is here said concerning the structure of the human body and the functions of its organs; on diet, stimulants, narcotics, air, sunlight, exercise, bathing; on the care of the sick-room, the man- ao-ement of infants and children ; on the general laws and history of disease; and on the treatment of accidents and emergencies, and descriptions of familiar remedies,—is designed for all persons and for every household. What is here said concerning the special care and treatment of obscure and grave diseases, and the application of powerful re- medies, is designed chiefly for those who, like planters, miners, sailors, travellers, and dweilers in remote districts and on the plains, iv PREFACE. are beyond the reach of skilful medical aid, and must either be treated by themselves or by their friends, or left to suffer, and per- haps to die. The work, as now arranged, not only includes all that has ever been attempted in similar works, but also several hundred new sub- jects in the department of health that have never before been men- tioned in any or all of the popular treatises on medical science thai have yet appeared. I have sought to mention and describe every recent medical discovery and improvement that can possiMyb'e of any service to my readers. I have endeavored throughout the work to keep in mind that I was writing for the great masses of the people, who know little or nothing of medical language. There- fore I have aimed to make the descriptions brief, clear, and elemen- tary. There are many methods of studying disease, many hard terms which would only bewilder the general reader, though they are very familiar to physicians. Of such I make no mention. My aim has also been to make the work so clear that the wayfar- ing man might not err therein, and yet so thorough and exhaustive that the educated physician should find in it much to perfect his knowledge and refresh his memory. It will be seen that the types, phases, and names of diseases have changed wonderfully during the past twenty-five years. We now have less of fevers and inflammation, and more of dyspepsia, neuralgia, hysteria, hypochondria, and other forms of nervous dis- ease. In our method of treatment, a greater revolution has been wrought than in the types of disease. Instead of bleeding and calomel, tartar-emetic and low diet, we now give tonics and stimu- lants—iron and quinine, strychnine and arsenic, cod-liver oil and whiskey, air and sunlight, passive movements, general electriza- tion, abundance of sleep, and a large and palatable variety of nour- ishing food. The result of all this scientific progress is, that we are much more successful in the treatment of diseases than formerly. Con- sumption is now much oftener held in check, relieved, and cured than it was twenty-five years ago. Statistics now show that it is much less frequently fatal under the new system of treatment than under the old. Catarrh oi the nose and larynx (rhinitis, pharyngitis. and laryngitis),' dyspepsia, neuralgia, hysteria, hypochondria, in- sanity, the special diseases of women, affections of the eye, the ear, ami the skin—all of which were until recently ignored and neglected by the \ rofession—are now treated with signal success. Among the new remedies and methods of treatment that have been found most PREFACE. V successful, I may here mention bromide of potassium, carbolic acid, the sulphites and hypophosp/iites of soda, pepsin, cod-liver oil, strychnine, Swedish movements, general and locedizcd electrization, podophyllin, pyrophosphate of iron, veratrvm viride, nitrous oxide, oxygen, phosphorus, glycerine} chlorate of potash. This work is intended to be a compend of the wlcole of the pop- ular medical science of our time, so far as it can be interesting or useful to my readers. Under Anatomy are presented those gen- eral facts in regard to the structure of the body, that every one, young and old, should be acquainted with. Under Physiology there are introduced many recent experiments and researches in this most fascinating branch of science. Under Hygiene arc given in detail important rules for the care of the health and the art of prolonging life. This is a subject of the highest importance, and one to which I call the special attention of my readers. The large portion of the book devoted to the care of the health will be found to contain new, reliable, and interesting facts, many of which have never before been published. The facts and views that I present on the subject of Food, Stimulants and JVarcotics, Exercise, Sleep, Laws of Inheritance, Influence of Occupation on Health and Longevity, Man compared with other Animals, certain of the nervous diseases, will probably take most of my readers by surprise. This surprise will be all the greater because the people have usually obtained their instruction on these matters from bad or ignorant men, who knew nothing whatever of science. I have tried also to present this department of hygiene in a somewhat attractive and in- teresting style, so that every one into whose hands the books may fall will read them first, even though all other sections are neglected. In speaking of the various Accidents, Diseases, and Itcmedies, the aim has been to be brief, clear, direct, and explicit; to intro- duce nothing that would mislead, to omit nothing that can be of practical service to any one. I have tried to draw the lines beyond which patients should never attempt to cross, and have pointed out those conditions in which patients should never allow them- selves to be treated by themselves or their friends, and should con- sult the best medical advice or none at all. It will be seen that a large number of diseases which the masses of the people suppose to be incurable are now, under our modern systems of treatment and in skilful hands, susceptible of relief and of cure. All over the land there are thousands of cases of cataract that a skilful oculist might operate on with success ; thousands of cases of deafness which, if taken in time, might be wholly or par- tially cured; thousands of cases of dyspepsia, neuralgia, paralysis, vi PREFACE. and other nameless forms of chronic nervous diseases, that, if the;v only knew where to go, without falling into the hands of the phi- listines, might be permanently relieved. All about us there are aching heads, weary nerves, that cry bitterly for relief and know not where to find it. This knowledge of the best way to consult a physician, and the best means of treatment, especially for diseases that have been regarded as incurable, I endeavor here to supply. There are yet among the people those who have a blind faith in some one school or exclusive system of treatment. To all such, let me say that the wise physician of our tim,e uses for his patients all things that have been proved to be beneficial. On this principle this work is based. The best physicians of our day are not nar- row or bigoted, as some suppose, but are on the whole more liberal and progressive than almost any other class in society. I undertake the enterprise with a full appreciation of the re- sponsibilities of my position as a pioneer. Accordingly, I have leit no stone unturned to make the work fully represent the best and most recent opinions and experience of the leading authorities of our time in the various departments. This book, as now completed, is the work of so many hands, that I might perhaps be more properly called its editor than its author. Of the "Domestic Medicine" prepared by Imray and other able writers, on which the work is based, I have taken of the general descriptions, especially in the department of Anatomy, such por- tions as in their very nature cannot be A^ery progressive, and are therefore of permanent application. I have been assisted in the department of the Eye and Ear, by Prof. D. B. St. John Roosa; in Surgical Accidents and Emergen- cies, by Prof. Benjamin Howard ; in Obstetrics and the Diseases of Women, by an eminent physician. In the general revision of the work and correction of the proofs I have received indispensable assistance from my professional associate, Dr. A. D. RockwTell. In collecting Vital Statistics I have at various times received invaluable suggestions from those eminent hygienists, Dr. Edward Jarvis and Dr. Elisha Harris, Registrar of Vital Statistics of the New York Metropolitan Board of Health. In the sanitary department I have had the benefit of the experi- ence of the well-known sanitarian, Dr. John H. Griscom. To each and all of these gentlemen I desire to express my warmest acknowledgments, not alone for special assistance, but for general encouragement in my labors. I have quoted extensively from my translation of Tobold's Chronic Diseases of the Larynx, from my works on The Brain and PREFACE. vii Brain-Workers and Hygiene for Students, both of which are now being prepared for early publication ; and also from a work on General and Locilized Electrization, by Dr. A. D. Rockwell and myself, which is now in press. To Messrs. Tiemann & Co. my thanks are due for courtesy and promptness in furnishino- a number of the cuts of instruments with which the work is illustrated. I have consulted and freely quoted the standard works in the special departments of medical science that have appeared durino- the last few years. A partial list of the more prominent of these writers, with the titles of their books, will be found under a separate heading. The task that is here undertaken is one of unusual difficultv and delicacy. To prepare a comprehensive popular treatise on the recondite science of medicine that shall say just enough to instruct, and not so much as to bewilder; that shall fairlv represent the various departments in language both clear and attractive, as well as accurate and instructive; that shall make broad and plain the boundaries between those subjects which the people can and should know, and those which they should not attempt to know ; that shall treat all this large variety of themes in such manner as not to offend the taste of the best-ordered household,—this is probably the severest test to which a scientific writer can possibly be brought. In the absence of any respectable model, I have been compelled to proceed without guide or precedent, and to create my own ideal. Accordingly, it has been my aim to write here in the pages of this book just what I say every day in my office to my patients; just what I have been accustomed to teach in my populai- essays and in my lectures before schools and lyceums ; just what the family physician would tell his patients if he had the time and strength to give instruction in science to the families under his charge. G. M. B. > PREFACE TO REVISED EDITION. The preparation of this work was, in the first instance, an experiment for which there had been, in this country, no satisfac- tory precedent. It was undertaken only after repeated solicitation and careful deliberation. It was a question how far the populariza- tion of medical science could be carried. The reception that has been accorded to the former editions, not by the people only, but by the medical press and by the profession in all parts of the country, has encouraged the author to believe that the experiment has not been entirely unsuccessful, and that the work supplies a legitimate want. It is especially a gratification to learn, from various sources, that the portion of the volume devoted to Hygiene has not been neglected, but has been the means of correcting serious and wide-spread errors. In these days medical science and art advance rapidly, and a work of this kind that is not occasionally revised, soon falls behind the times and fails to represent what even the people ought to know of these subjects. Since the publication of the first edition, a number of new and important remedies have been introduced, old remedies have been applied differently from before, and in the departments of Physi- ology and LLygiene, certain points have been gained and novel theories broached, with which all intelligent people everywhere should have, at least, a general acquaintance. Those who have no confidence in medicine, and are disposed to regard physicians as the only non-progressive class in society, are reminded that during the last ten years, hydrate of chloral, bromo- hydric acid, caff'ein, iodoform, guarana, gelsemen, nitrite of amyl, salicylic acid, jaborandi, bromide of camphor, and other bromides, apiol, apormorphia, chinoidin,phloridzin, coca, Cedabar bean, grindelia, viburnum, ingluvin, koumiss, trimethy lamine, duboisin, salicin, cotoin, damiana, and other potent drugs, have come into general use, while the art of electro-therapeutics in the various methods of application to medicine and surgery, triumphing over a century of opposition, has developed far bevond the* dream of its most enthusiastic pioneers and advo- cates. In the department" of Diseases of the Nervous System X PREFACE to revised edition. especially, the progress made during the last decade has been of a most radical and satisfactory nature; the symptoms, the hygiene, and the treatment of all affections of this class having been studied with greater thoroughness and success than at any previous epoch in the history of medicine. Very many of these diseases, formerly neglected, and endured as necessary evils, are now found to be not only relievable but curable. Some of the advances made in the department of nervous diseases will be found in the sections devoted to Alcoholism, Inebriety, Neuras- thenia (Nervous Exhaustion), Musicians'' Cramp, Telegraphers'1 Cramp, locomotor Ataxy, Neuralgia, Paralysis, Spinal Con- gestion, Hay Fever and Writers' Cramp, Massage, Mental Thera- peutics, Hystero- Epilepsy, Opio-Mania, Sunstroke, Trance, and Insomnia,. These advances are explained, so far as is consistent with the plan of this work in the present edition. In this, as in the previous editions, I have described many remedies and modes of treatment that the people are not expected to use, save, perhaps, in absolute emergencies, but in regard to which all intelligent persons properly desire to have, at least, a general acquaintance. The Department of the Eye and Ear was revised by Dr. D. B. St. John Roosa; and that of Diseases of Women and Children by an eminent physician in Obstetrics. In both of these depart- ments important advances have been made which are here noted. The Department of Diseases of the Skin was revised by Dr. George Henry Fox of this city, who has also exhibited a general interest in the work, and has given many valuable suggestions. The elegant chromo-lithographs—which alone make this edition far more attractive and valuable than previous editions—were prepared under the direction of Dr. Fox. They were made from colored photographs of patients who have been under his own professional observation, and were selected out of hundreds of cases. In conclusion, the author may express the hope that the work, in its present improved form, will continue to be not only a ready and friendly guide in emergencies, but a stimulus to scientific thought and a means of diffusing and enforcing right ways of thinking on scientific subjects. G. M. BEARD. New York, February 1, 1879. INTRODUCTION. I. REASONS WHY ALL PEOPLE SHOULD HAVE SOME GENERAL KNOWLEDGE OF MEDICAL SCIENCE. It is one of the most cheering signs of our times that science ia being diffused among the masses of the people. On every hand we see evidences of an increasing love for scienti- fic truth, even among those classes who formerly had no love for knowledge of any kind. Works on familiar science are now read with considerable eagerness; and the certain prospect is, that in a few years they will command a much wider circle of readers than they do at the present time. The people are beginning to learn that science is for them and not for the few, and are now informing themselves of some of the general principles and facts of astronomy, of geology, and of che- mistry ; and our periodical literature is helping on the good work, oftentimes unconsciously. It is hard to find any prominent and popular newspaper or magazine that does not now and then present some interesting and valuable scientific facts and theories; and there are quite a number of journals which regularly devote a certain space to popular science in all its branches—chemistry, astronomy, geology, and medicine. Nor is this all. Quite recently a journal has been established, one of the professed objects of which is to disseminate popular science among those classes who are the most eager readers of fiction. These signs of the times are, I say, full of cheer. They give promise of a more generous culture, larger views, and more kindly tolerance in the future, among all ranks of society ; for the tendency of scientific knowledge is always to liberalize. The one great cause of the prevailing (but happily diminishing) narrowness in our current theologies, systems of education, and social customs, is ignorance. Ignorance begets prejudice, and for the poison of prejudice the only antidote is knowledge. While, then, bidding God-speed to all who, like Agassiz, and Xii REASONS WHY ALL PEOPLE SHOULD HAVE SOME Huxley, and Toumans, and others, are endeavoring to popularize natural science, I desire here to make a special plea for the popnla' study of the Human Body in health and disease. There are reasons why, especially at the present time, every one should make it a pleasure and a duty to become acquainted with some of the general facts in regard to the structure and functions of the human system, as well as the rules for preserving health, and checking or modifying disease. These reasons are :— 1. Because the human body is the greatest wonder of creation. Nothing that man can devise, and nothing else that God has created, is worthy to be compared with the complex, wonderful machine which we call man. A distinguished theologian truly and eloquently says : " Men wib cross the ocean to see a mountain or a waterfall, but there is more of grandeur in the human spirit than in all material nature." Now the human spirit is manifested through the material organ ization—the body; it therefore becomes necessary that we should study the structure and functions of this body before we can well and truly understand the spirit of which it is the agent. The human brain, through which the soul is manifested, is a far more wonderful object than the loftiest mountain or the broadest ocean. It is true that the gigantic and imposing objects of nature,—mountains and oceans, forests and cataracts,—appeal more directly to the uneducated senses than do those objects which are comparatively minute and insignificant. The element of size, the grandeur of immensity, the awfulness of height and depth, of length and breadth, can be much better appreciated by the great mass of unthinking and unreasoning hu- manity than objects which, though far more wonderful and suo-o-es- tive, are yet less imposing and pretentious. Humanity the world over is more impressed by quantity than by quality. In proportion however, as men advance in knowledge, in proportion as reason ob- tains supremacy over imagination, in that proportion will men cease to be impressed by mere size and quantity, and will learn to appre- ciate the beauty and grandeur of nature as revealed in objects that to the untaught mind would not only not be impressive, but would actually be revolting. There are those who feel that the study of material substance is undignified and disagreeable. They declare that the study of anatomy suggests the dissecting-room, that the reading of hygiene tends to hypochondriasis, and that all discourses of medicine bring up horrid images of the hospital and sick-room. To all such objec- GENERAL KNOWLEDGE OF MEDICAL SCIENCE. xiii tions I reply that knowledge itself is dignity, and in turn dignifies and ennobles that which to the untutored senses is insignificant and revolting. The human body is always small and insignificant in comparison with thousands of other created objects, animate and inanimate, and only in exceptional cases is it attractive or beautiful to the eye; and yet it is the most wonderful and suggestive of all. The brain is btit a small portion of the human body: its yield- ing and sightless mass can readily be held in the hollow of the hand; but in comparison with it all other wonderful objects of nature sink into insignificance. Place but a'minute section of that brain beneath the microscope, and what before, to the unaided vision, was as simple in its structure as a formless mass of clay, reveals itself as a vast congeries of cells, group after group, layer on layer, of every variety of shape, infinite in their number, infinite in their communications, and infinite, too, as we may suppose, in their functions. Subject a fragment of that brain to the tests of chemis- try, and we learn that the elements of which it is composed are substantially similar to those out of which are developed thousand?. of organized products of uature; and thence we are forced to infer that the vast superiority in function and capacity over all other created objects must be due solely or chiefly to some subtle and mysterious difference of molecular arrangement, which neither the microscope nor chemistry have yet been able to fathom. 2. A general knowledge of medical science ioM aid us in pre- serving health and prolonging life, and thus will add much to our usefulness and happiness. The great art in medical science is not so much to cure disease as to prevent it. The great progress that medicine has made in recent times is shown not so much in the actual treatment of dis- ease—although here also we are far more successful than formerly —as in forestalling and preventing it by obedience to the laws of health and wholesome sanitary reform. For all that we are, and for all that we do in life, we are depen- dent on the body. The difference between one man and another is the difference in quantity and quality of bodily formation ; for the soul manifests itself through the brain, which is an organ of the body, and is as much dependent on the brain for the character of its manifestations as the digestion is dependent on the apparatus of digestion. Strictly speaking, there can probably be no such thing as a dis- ease of the mind without a corresponding disease of some part of the body, and usually of the brain, which is the organ of the mind. In view of this consideration we see that it becomes a high am.1 xiv REASON'S WHY ALL PEOPLE SHOULD HAVE SOME solemn duty for every one to obtain some general knowledge of the human system in health and disease, in order to guard against evil, to ward off injury, to intensity and prolong existence. It should be remembered that every evil that is experienced by the human system, every pain, every sorrow, every disease, cornea by the operations of the great law of cause and effect. Nothing evil or good comes to us by chance. Contagions, epidemics, malarias, the myriad forms of nervous disease, the subtle and saddening phases of insanity and delirium—all these myriad woes of the human races are dependent on definite causes, many of which ma}' be guarded against by those who have the requisite knowl- edge. A general knowledge of medical science will help us to fulfil more intelligently and successfully our various duties as members of society. Science must not be confined to scientific men. A knowledge of science in its various departments, and especially a general knowledge of the structure and operations of the human body and of some of the laws of disease, will make us better lawyers, better clergymen, better merchants, better farmers, better laborers, better mechanics and artisans, better wives and mothers and husbands and fathers, better citizens, and better in every condition and relation of society. The habit of studying and reading on science is important, not only for the facts that we learn, but on account of the habit which we thereby form of looking at questions from a scientific point of view. We are all of us too much inclined to form our opinions from prejudice, and from a general impression, without regard to truth or facts. The consequence is that society is filled with error. The consequence is, that even in this enlightened age and throuo-hout this enlightened country, the opinions of masses of people on nearly every important subject are more or less erroneous. On nearly every page of this present work I have been obliged to refute some deeply rooted, widely-spread error concerning diet, or stimulants and narcotics, or sleep, or exercise, or some form of disease. Erroneous views on medical science confront the physician wherever he turns—in the street, in the store, at public assemblies, in the halls of legislatures and chambers of justice, in the periodical litera- ture and in our standard works of genius, in every family, and by every bedside. These are not the results of ignorance alone. They are the results of a deficiency in the scientific spirit, and an excess of doo-. matic prejudices in society. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE OF MEDICAL SCIENCE. XV The scientific spirit differs from the dogmatic spirit in these respects: First. In the pursuit of trutJi it endeavors to dismiss all pre- judice, edl preconceived impressions. It has no theories to prove and no wishes to gratify, except the love of truth. Secondly. It never assumes that anything is true until it is proved to be true / and edways holds itself ready and willing to change any viev)s, however dear or long-cherished, as soon as they are proved to be erroneous. Thirdly. When it has found the truth on any stdjject, after careful and patient balancing of all the facts that bear upon it, it eagerly embraces and proclaims that truth, without ever asking for an instant yjhether its apparent tendencies may be good or evil. The great want of our country at the present time is a wider diffusion of this scientific spirit, so that men will form their opinions, especially on social and political topics, less by their hopes and desires, expectations and fears, and more by the facts. AVhen I write on the ignorance of the country on matters of science, I know not where to begin or where to end. This igno- rance is not confined to the lower classes; it is even more promi- nentlv observed and far more injuriously felt among the educated and influential. In our country this scientific ignorance is espe- cially to be deplored, because here all men are created free and equal, all have equal voice in the administration of government, and all have equal chance to rise to positions of honor and influ- ence. Our present social, legislative, and judicial systems are so defective, that men who know nothing whatever of science are continually called upon to decide important scientific questions affecting the rights, the privileges, and the duties of those who, perhaps, know far more than they, not only of science, but of every other department of thought. Legislatures, not one of whose members can answer the simplest fundamental question concerning the nature or the history of stimulants and narcotics, who do not know and have not thought to inquire whether they came chiefly into use fifteen hundred years before Christ or fifteen hundred after, are yet every year called upon to enact laws to prohibit or regulate their use in society. Is it surprising that their legislation is so absurd and inconsistent? Judges and juries, who have not the faintest conception whether insanity is a symptom of disease of the brain or of the liver—who in all their lives have never given five minutes of consecutive thought to any scientific subject whatever—are compelled, under our present system of laws, to decide on this momentous question Xvi REASONS WHY ALL PEOPLE SHOULD HAVE SOME of sanity or insanity, not only in cases of life and death, but also in cases where property even, so much more valued than life, is at stake. Is it surprising that the wicked so often escape and the ir- responsible are so often punished? Clergymen, editors, and public teachers, who know all subjects better than they know the science of life, are expected and required to pronounce upon the right or wrong of questions which do not and should not rise into the sphere of morals until they have first been determined in the sphere of experience. Is it surprising that even our most conscientious public instructors must sometimes put darkness for light and light for darkness on many of these impor- tant themes ? Parents and guardians, who have never themselves been properly taught concerning the structure or the functions of the human body, are obliged to train up their children to the same dogmas and pre- judices and erroneous impressions by which they themselves have been inspired. Is it surprising that our children grow up in error? Would it not indeed be still more surprising if they possessed any true or real knowledge on any question of hygienic or medical science ? The truth is, that there is scarcely any important social, political, or religious question of our time that may not be aided in its solu- tion by a knowledge of the leading principles of medical science. The rights and duties of women, the status of the Africans, the future of the Chinese, and many other analogous questions of minor im- portance, would be solved much more readily and more correctly if philanthropy would not so blindly refuse the aid of physiology. But, unfortunately for the cause of truth, only those who have at least some general knowledge of medical science, or who have en- joyed some training in that department, are willing to listen to arguments based on the facts of science, especially when they mili- tate against their prejudices and desires. Prof. Goldwin Smith, in his masterly address on education recently delivered at Albany, said that the voice of physiology should be heard on this great question of the education of woman ; but until the people, both the leaders and the masses, are educated into a scientific spirit, the efforts of physiology will be vain. Though she cry aloud in every language and on every corner of the street, yet her speech will be in an unknown tongue, and her voice will be drowned in the jeers and groans of the multitude. It cannot be denied that even at the nresent time there exists a deeply-seated prejudice against scientific men. They are regarded as the enemies of truth, although their professed object is the pur- GENERAL KNOWLEDGE OF MEDICAL SCIENCE. xvii suit of truth. They are branded with meaningless but repulsive epithets,—materialists, infidels, atheists,—and are held up before the people as solemn and impressive warnings. The cure for this unfortunate prejudice lies in the general diffusion of scientific know- ledge. 4. The study of the principles and facts of medical science is exceedingly pleasurable. If the pursuit of knowledge is the highest and most enduring pleasure of life, the study of science is the most enjoyable depart- ment of knowledge. The calm and unworried pursuit of science is probably the purest and most enduring intellectual pleasure of which human nature is capable. It is also exceedingly conducive to health. As will be shown in my essay on the Influence of Occupations on Health and Longevity, philosophers and men of science attain a great average longevity. Children should be instructed in the interesting and important departments of physiology and hygiene, not only at school, but in the family circle. It is not right nor necessary that the study of these subjects should be made dry and dismal. By the aid of maps, charts, pictures, attractive books, and especially by the exercise of kindly care on the part of instructors, these theories can be made not only instructive but actually fascinating. The commandments of physiology and hygiene should be taught diligently unto our chil- dren, line upon line, precept upon precept, here a little and there a little, in the house and by the way, at their lying down and their ris- ing up. Much of the scientific instruction given to children in early life will not be fully understood in all its transcendent im- portance until after years; but in time of need they will both re- member and appreciate its value. They will remember it when they rise to positions of responsi- bility and posts of honor, and will guide their judgment and inspire their lives by its teachings. They will remember it in the hour of temptation, and will derive therefrom wisdom to direct and strength to resist the force of mastering passions. They will re- member it in the time of darkness and sorrow, and will rejoice in the light of its truths, and find the rarest of consolation in the activity of its pursuit. They will remember it when they them- Belves are parents, and in turn will teach it to their children, and they again to their children's children, unto the remotest gen erations. II. REASONS WHY THE PROFESSION SHOULD LABOI TO DIFFUSE A GENERAL KNOWLEDGE OF MED] CAL SCIENCE AMONG THE PEOPLE. The duty of the profession to diffuse a knowledge of medical science among the people is rendered imperative by these four considerations: 1. Because all people everywhere need, and shoidd have, some general knowledge of the human body in health and disease. The time has gone by when it was thought to be necessary that ^earning should be confined to the few. It is the glory of our century that knowledge of all kinds is diffused among the masses of the people. The time was when theology was confined to the clergy, and was the privilege of monks and cloisters; religion is now the duty and the joy of the ignorant and the lowly. The time was when all government and law were in the hands of a few aristocrats, and even of some single monarch; in our day and country the people rule, and kings and queens, presidents and senators, are but their servants. Science must now follow in the wake of theology and govern- ment. If the masses of the people are to have all the power in Church and State, they certainly must not be left in ignorance. For the ignorance of humanity there is only one antidote, and that is knowledge. Of all departments of knowledge, none is so im- portant as that of ourselves. It is impossible to know ourselves without knowing the structure of the human body, the functions of its organs, and the laws of health. It is impossible to acquire this knowledge without careful study, diligent reading and patient repetition, in all the recognized methods of imparting knowledge. It must be taught to children in the school and by the domestic fireside, and in juvenile literature. It must be taught to parents from the pulpit, the platform, and in the periodical press, and in such works as these. The present ignorance of society in regard to anatomy, physiology, and the laws of health is truly appalling. Even the clergy, who are so advanced in general culture, and who should be the teachers of hygiene as a part of morality, are as a profession utterly in the REASONS FOR DIFFUSION OF MEDICAL SCIENCE. Xl'x dark in regard to the simplest laws of life and health. Theologians and professors, college presidents and pulpit orators, who have learned all important languages, living and dead, who can repeat at call the names of all the imbecile and insane kings of Europe and the dates of their administrations, do not even suspect the nature of the pro cesses of respiration or of digestion every moment going on in theii own bodies ; and even give no reason for the faith that is in them, that the brain rather than the liver is the organ of the mind. Even men of general science, who plan great inventions and understand all the machinery of man's devising, know nothing of the most wonderful machine of all—the human body. If these things be done in the green tree, what shall be done in the dry ? If our teachers, and the teachers of our teachers, know little or nothing of themselves, what shall we say of the great masses of the people ? What shall we say of the millions of farmers, mechanics, laborers, and the solid yeomanry of our land, on whose virtue and intelligence the welfare of the republic must ever depend ? The profession must exert its influence to introduce tlie sys- tematic study of hygienic science in all of our colleges and in- stitutions of learning. Time was when the standard of scholarship was necessarily estimated by the extent of one's familiarity with dead lan- guages ; when the span of a thousand years—the dark ages of humanity—intervened between the scholar in the cloister and the literary wealth of the world; when, in short, the student was forced to choose between treasuring up the learning of ancient times, and knowing nothing at all. That necessity has long since gone by, but the system of in- struction to which it gave rise in its leading features lives to-day Bacon never uttered a profounder or more beautiful thought than when he said that what is called the antiquity of the world is really its youth. If the ancients could be alive again to-day, they' surely would be the first to bow at the feet of the nineteenth century. When we consider the marvellous scientific progress they are more scholarly and more honest. It is only by a general diffusion of popular science that the rast army of charlatans—that are now working such ruinous havoc in the best ranks of society—can be successfully combated and dis- persed. The scientific man is pained to his heart's core when he sees—as every day he is compelled to see—the best educated and finest cultured minds of the country—our leaders in literary, pro- fessional, and business life—ruined in health and in purse by tho vilest quacks that ever disgraced any age or country. The quack- ery of our day feeds and fattens on the ignorance of the learned. It derives its rich support from the fact that the people know all other things better than they know science. The scientific physi- TO DIFFUSE A KNOWLEDGE OF MEDICAL SCIENCE. Xxiil cian who long gazes upon this great rush of humanity after quack doctors, quack books, quack medicines—after all forms of error and one-sided "pathies" and "isms," feels much like the philanthropist wdio, from the bank of a mighty stream, sees his fellow-beings hurried along in the flood and ingulfed in the whirlpool, while he'ia powerless to save. Salvation from quackery will only come from popular instruction. Besides all this, it is the duty of the profession, through the popu- larization of science, to make itself a power in society. It is our duty in this way to make our influence more widely felt as a ruling force through all the departments of modern activity. For all these reasons we hail with joy the recent endeavors of some of our leading physicians to popularize medical science. The system of lectures on science lately attempted by Professors Huxley and Carpenter in London; the noble example of Professors Willard Parker and E. R. Peaslee in New York; the recently published essays of Bowditch, Jarvis, Allen, Youmans, Hammond, Flint, Mit- chell, Griscom, Peters, Roosa, Harris, By ford, Jeffries, Smith, and other leading authorities in our profession; all these are the emphatic protests on the part of the profession that the people shall no longer dwell in darkness, that the medieval age of narrow and selfish exclusiveness has pased away, and that men of science shall hereafter follow in the path of theologians and law-givers, and sow the good seed of truth broadcast through society. In order to popularize science it is not enough to provide text- books for the young. We must sow beside all waters. We must make the magazines, the daily and weekly press, the platform, the lecture hall, the organizations of philanthropy, the pulpit and the Sabbath-school, channels of communication, through which know- ledge of science shall flow to the uttermost corners of the earth. PUBLISHER'S NOTE. Tins revised and enlarged edition of Our Home Physician is presented with many new and valuable features. The departments of Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene have been carefully corrected and illustrated. The portion of the woik pertaining to diseases, their causes, symptoms, and treatment, has been largely rewritten and very much extended in scope and detail, and arranged in Cyclopaedia form. In order to make the work complete and authoritative, and in all respects fully abreast of the times, the revision of the several departments of the work has been entrusted to well known and able authorities in their respective departments. They have called to their aid the experience and skill of the medical world, as set forth in the vast domain of medical literature of this country and of the continent of Europe. (See List of Authorities,page 20.) It is believed that this was the first work of the kind in this country that has been prepared by regular physicians of education and character. In this present revised and enlarged form, by the aid of a corps of Medical Authorities of high professional standing, it may be claimed without question, that no other similar work, in Europe or America, equals or approaches it in fullness and comprehensiveness of plan, convenience of arrangement, or in lucidity and attractiveness of matter and style. The high rank accorded to the former treatise has induced the publisher to venture the investment of a large sum in the produc- tion of a series of Chromo Plates of Anatomy and Diseases of the Skin, carefully excluding any and all that pander to a morbid curiosity. These plates are reproduced from life-photographs; printed in seven colors, and represent the various phases of skin disease—an enterprise never before attempted in a domestic work. This has been done under the supervision of Dr. George Henry Fox,* who selected the photographs from several hundred rare and special cases in his experience in hospital, dispensary^and private practice, and which have never before been published. The general diffusion of illustrations throughout the work, and especially of medical plants, is a feature of great value and interest to the public. ^ 1 E. B. TREAT. * Clinical Professor of Diseases of the Skin in the Woman's College of the New York Infirmly; Surgeon to the New York Dispensary, Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Editor ol Photographic- Illustrations of Skin Diseases, etc. EXPLANATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR THE READER. 1. In order to get information on any subject treated of in this book. look in the index. Although the departments of Anatomy, Physiology, Hygiene, Descrip- tion of the Principal Diseases and Remedies (alphabetically arranged), Prescriptions and List of Medicines are so arranged that one who is familiar with the book can tell at once where to look for information on any par- ticular theme, yet the surest and easiest way is to consult the index at once. 2. The subjects of Physiology, Diet, Sleep, Air, Sunlight, Exercise, Stimulants and Narcotics, Influence of Occupation on Health and Lon- gevity, Laws of Inheritance, Influence of Climate, Management of Infancy, and many of the principal diseases, are so treated that they can be read with interest and studied with profit, as well as merely referred to. 3. The doses of the medicines prescribed in this book are designed for adults. The rule for graduating the dose for children, according to the age, is given on page 595. When any remedy is recommended for the treatment of any disease, the dose is not usually given, because it must necessarily vary with the age of the patient. The way to ascertain the dose in all such cases is to refer to the description of the remedy itself, which can be found in the index. In those exceptional cases where the dose is given it is designed for adults, unless specially ordered otherwise. 4. Under the treatment of the diseases, I have given principles of treatment rather than minute and bewildering details. The tendency with patients is almost always to give too much medicine, and to give it in too large doses. It will be observed that the treatment recommended, even for the most serious diseases, is frequently quite simple—consisting chiefly in good nursing, refreshing drinks, thorough ventilation, and the cautious administration of perhaps one or two medicines. Those who have been accustomed to indiscriminate dosing with great combinations of drugs, will no doubt be surprised, on consulting this book, to find even some of the most terrible diseases are treated by a few remedies and by simple prescriptions. It has been found in recent times, that, with some exceptions, simple prescriptions, containing but one, two, or three substances, are more sure and reliable than those containing a larger variety. As will be explained XXviii EXPLANATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS TO THE READER uuder " Prescriptions" combinations of a large number of substances are in certain cases of advantage; but these combinations should not usually be made by patients, but by convpetent druggists. 5. Throughout the work the prevention of disease is kept continually prominent. The laws of health are treated of in great detail, because it is believed that by thoroughly knowing and observing them, 'much of the disease of the world could be prevented. The power of medicine at best is limited. Most of fevers run their course, and all that medicine can dc is to relieve, to mollify, and sustain. The positive efficacy of medical science is most observed in the treatment of those chronic diseases where nature is incapable of effecting a cure, but where various combinations of remedial measures assist her to accomplish tasks to which, without such assistance, she would be unequal. Most of chronic diseases, especially of the nervous variety, are besi treated by the same methods by which they should be prevented—that is, by obedience to the laws of health. Therefore, in the treatment of all these nervous diseases, references are continually made to the subjects of diet, sleep, air, sunlight, exercise, and other important departments of hygiene. PARTIAL LIST OF AUTHORITIES CONSULTED, QUOTED, AXD REFERRED TO IN THIS W011K. Anything like a complete list of all the sources from which the infor- mation in a work of such a character as this is derived, is manifestly impossible. I have only attempted to acknowledge those authorities in English, Erench, and German, that are nearest at hand, and to which I am chiefly indebted. I have also liberally consulted the medical and scientific periodicals, American and foreign, and have thereby received indispensable aid in my endeavor to represent the most recent views and experience of physicians of all countries. Aitken, "William, Science and Practice of Medicine. II. 1868. Edited by Dr. Meredith Clymer. Allen. Nathan, Intermarriage of Relations. 1869. ------------The Law of Human Increase. 1868, ------------Physical Culture in Amherst College. 1869. Allinghan. W., Maladies du Rectum. 1877. American Public Health Association. Art. 1. Report for 1875. Annalen, der Stadtischen Allgeraeinen Kiankenhauser. Atkinsox, E. T., Change of Air. 1867. Atkinson, E. T., Physics. 1868. Bains, M. A., Excessive Infant Mortality. London. Baudtjy, J. K., Diseases of the Nervous System. Barnes, R., Medical and Surgical Diseases of Women. 1878. Bartholow Rorert, Therapeutics. 1878. Bastlan, II. C, Paralysis from Brain Disease. 1875. Bazin, Lecons sur les Affections Cutanees. 1868. Beale, L., Protoplasm, or Matter and Life. Beard, G. M., Eating and Drinking. 1877. ___.---------Stimulants and Narcotics. 1877. .-----------Hay Fever, or Summer Catarrh. 1876. ..___________Archives of Electrology and Neurology. 1874-76. ___________The Scientific Basis of Delusions. A New Theory of Trance. Beard & Rockwell, Medical and Surgical Electricity. 1878. Bedford, Gunning S., The Principles and Practice of Obstetrics. 1868. ___________________Clinical Lectures on the Diseases of Women and Children.1 1862. Betgel Hermann, The Human Hair. 1869. Bknedtkt, Moriz, Elektrotherapie. 1838. Bennett, John Hughes, Pysiology as a Branch of General Education and of Natural Science for Students in Arts. 1869. XXX PARTIAL LIST OF AUTHORITIES. Binz, C, The Elements of Therapeutics. 1877. Bouchut, Pathologic Generale. Bhinton, AV., Trait e des Maladies de 1'estomac. Brodie, B., Mind and Matter. Brown. Lknnex, Diseases of the Throat. London. 1878. Brown-Skcjuard, C. E., Course of Lectures on the Physiology and Pathology of the Central Nervous System. 1860. ___________________Lectures on the Diagnosis and Treatment of the Principal Forms of Paralysis of the Lower Extremities. 1861. Buckle, Hexky Thomas, History of Civilization in England. Two volumes. Bulkley, Archives of Dermatology. Burnett on the Ear: Its Anatomy and Physiology. Carpenter, AV. B., Human Physiology. 1878. Cazeaux, P. L., A Theoretical and Practical Treatise on Midwifery. 1863. Chailly, Acconcheincnts. Chambers, on Restorative Medicine. Chat-man, John, Sea-sickness, and How to Prevent it. 1868. Charcot, J. M.. Lectures on Briexit's Disease of the Kidneys. Translated by Henry B. Milliad, M.D. 1878. ----------■---On Diseases of the Nervous System. -------------Localization in Diseases of the Brain. Translated by E. R. Fowler, M.D. 1878. Chavasse, Pie Henry, Advice to a Mother. 1868. ------------------Advice to a Wife. 1868. Churchill, Fleetwood, On the Theory and Practice of Midwifery. 1851. Cock. Thomas F., A Manual of Obstetrics. 1853. Cohen J. Solis, On Inhalations. 1868. Condie, D. Francis, A Practical Treatise on the Diseases of Children. 1858. Cruveii.iiier, Anatomic Pathologique. Dai/ton, J. O, A Treatise on Physiology and Hygiene. 1868. Dalton, John C, Jr., A Treatise on Human Physiology. 1861. Damon, Howard F., Neuroses of the Skin. 1868. Darwin. Charles, The Origin of Species. 1867. -------------— Animals and Plants. --------------Expression of the Emotions. Davis, Henry G., Conservative Surgery. 1867. Denman, James L., " What Should we Drink ? " 1868. Derby, George, Twenty-fifth Registration Report, Mass. 1868. -------------Influence of Anthracite Fires upon Health. 1868. Dickson, Henry Samuel, Elements of Medicine. 1859. Draper, John William, Human Physiology. 1868. Druitt, Robert, The Principles and Practice of Modern Surgery 1860 Dcchenne, G. B., L'Electrisation Localises. 1861. Duiiring, Diseases of the Skin. 1877. Dunglison, R, Dictionary of Medical Science. 1860 Encyclopedia Britannica. Am. ed. 1878. Ericiisen, J. E., Concussion of the Spine, 1875. Erichsen*s Surgery. Ericiisen. John, The Science and Art of Surgery. I860 Fauvel, Traits pratique des Maladies du Larjnx 1876 FLINT' Acstix' A '£rL'at'se 5>" the Principles and Practice of Medicine. 1866 tv"---—A frachcal/Treatise on the Chest, Physical Exploration and Diagnosis of Diseases Affecting the Respiratory Organs 1866 Flint. Austin, Jr.. Physiology of Man. 1872 Fonssagbives, TheVapeutique. Fort, Pathologic et Clinique Chiruro-icales Fothergill on the Antagonism of Therapeutic Agents Fothergill s Practitioner's Handbook of Treatment " ^ournier. Alfred, Lrons Cliniques surla Svuhilis 1879 Fownes's Chemistry. 1879. ^P'mis. 187d. PARTIAL LIST OF AUTHORITIES. xxxi Fox, Geo. Henry. Photographic Illustrations of Skin Diseases. 1879 *ox, Tillbury, Skin Diseases. 1873. Gibb, Duncan George, Diseases of the Throat and Windpipe. 1864. Gosseltn, Clinique Chirurgicale. Gray, Henry, Anatomy, Descriptive and Surgical. 1862. Griffith's Universal Formulary. Griesinger, Des Maladies Mentales et de leur Traitement. 1868. Grindon, Leo. H., Life: Its Nature, Varieties, and Phenomena.' 1866 Gross's System of Surgery. Gubler^ Lecons de Therapeutique faites S la Faculte de Medicine de Paris. 1877. Guerin, Alphonse, Clinique des Maladies des Organs Genitaux Internes de la Fern me. 1878. Hamilton on Fractures and Dislocations. Hammond. William A., A Treatise on Hygiene. 1863. Hardy, Atlac des Maladies de la Pean. Paris. 1868. Harrison. John, Athletic Training and Health. 1869. Hartshorne, Henry, A Conspectus of the Medical Sciences, 1869. Haydn's Dictionary of Popular Medicine. Edited by Edwin Lancaster, M.D. London. 1874. Headland, Frederick William, The Action of Medicines. 1859. Hebra, Lehrbuck der Hautkrankleiten. Heinze. Dr. O., die Kehlkopfschwindsucht. Herterich, Dr. M., zur Lehre der Paralysis Agitans. Hodge on Diseases of Women. Hufeland's Art of Prolonging Life. Edited by Erasmus AVilson. 1867. Humphry, M. G., The Human Foot and the Human Hand. 1861. Hunt, James, Stammering and Stuttering. 1865. Huxley. T, Physical Basis of Life. 1869. Jaccoud, Traite de Pathologie Interne. 1877. Jaccoud, Lecons de Clinique Medicale. 1874. Johnston, James F., Chemistry of Common Life. 1857. Klkinwachter, Dr. L., die Kunstliche Unterbrechung der Schwangerschaft. Laycock, T., Mind and Brain. 1869. Lecky, AY. E. H., Rationalism in Europe. 1868. Lewes, H. G., Physiology of Common Life. 1860. Loomis. Ellas, Meteorology. 1868. Mackenzie, Morell, The Use of the Laryngoscope in Diseases of the Throat. Marcet AAr., On Chronic Alcoholic Intoxication. 1868. Maudsley, Henry, Physiology and Pathology of the Mind.' 1867. Meyer, Moritz, Electricitat. 1868. Miller, James, Practice of Surgery. Mitchell's Injuries of Nerves and their Consequences. Moreau, T, La Psychologie Morhide. 1859. Morgan, Charles E., Electro-Physiology and Therapeutics. 1868. Morton, George Samuel, Types of Mankind. 1855. MuRcnisoN, G., Lecons Cliniques sur les Maladies du Foie. 1878. Naphey's, G. H., Medical Therapeutics. 1878. -------------Surgical Therapeutics. 1875. Neill and Smith's Compend of Medicine. Neumann, Lehrbuch der Hautkrankheiten. 1873. New York Academy of Medicine Transactions. 1876. Nott, J. O, and Gliddon, Types of Mankind. Packard, John II., A Manual of Minor Surgery. 1863. Paget, James, Lectures on Surgical Pathology. 1860. Parsons, S., Toothache. 1868. Pavy, On Food and Dietetics. Piffard, Diseases of the Skin. Pettigrew, Thomas Joseph, On Superstitions Connected with the History and Practice of Medicine and Surgery. 1844. xxxii PARTIAL LIST OF AUTHORITIES. Porter, Noah, Human Intellect. 1868. _ Profeta, Un Decennio di Clinica Dermo-Sifilopatica. Palermo. 18*8. Rabuteau, A.. Traite glementaire de Chimie Medicale. 1878. Report of Medical Society for the State of New York. 1868. Reynolds, Russell J., System of Medicine. 1868. Richardson. J. G., Diseases of Modern Life. Rinfleiscii, Histologic Pathologique. Ringer, Sidney, Handbook of Therapeutics. 1878. Romberg, Moritz Heinrich, Manual of the Nervous Diseases of Man. 1853. Roosa, D. B. St. John, Diseases of the Ear. 1878. Sappey, Atlas d'Anatomie Descriptive. 1S77. Skiler, T, De la Galvanisation. 1860. Sims, J. Marion, Clinical Notes on Uterine Surgery. Skene, J. C, Diseases of the Bladder and Urethra. 1878. Smith. J. Lewis, Diseases of Children. Smith Henry H., Anatomical Analysis, Illustrative of the Structure of the Human Body. 1859. Smith, S., Surgical Operations. 1863. Spencer, Herbert, Principles of Biology. 2 vols. 1868. Stellwag yon Carion, Diseases of the Eye. 1868. Translated by Drs. Ilackley and Roosa. Stille, Alfred, Materia Medica. 1868. Tanner, T. H., A Manual of the Practice of Medicine. Thackrah, Influence of Occupation. Thomas, T. Gaillard, A Practical Treatise on the Diseases of Women. 1869. Tobold, Adelbert, Chronic Diseases of the Larynx. Translated by Dr. G. M. Beard. 1*68. Toynbee, J., Diseases of the Ear. 1865. Troltsch, Treatise on the Diseases of the Ear, including the Anatomy of the Organ. Translated by D. B. St. John Roosa, M.D. 1869. Trousseau, A., Lectures on Clinical Medicine. Translated by Bazin. 1867. Yirciiow, R., Ce'lular Pathology. Wake, S. ('., Chapters on Man. 1868. AVaiung, Geo. E., The Sanitary Condition of City and Country Houses. 1877. AVatson, T., Practice of Medicine. AVecker and Jaeger, Traitg des Maladies du Fond de rOeil. AVest, Charles, Lectures on the Diseases of Infancy and Childhood. 1860. Wilkes, J., Diseases of the Nervous System. AVilson's Lectures on Dermatology. 1878. Wilson, Erasmus, A System of Human Anatomy, General and Special. 1859. --------------On Diseases of the Skin.—1863. AVinslow, Forbes, Light; its Influence on Life and Health. 1867. ■-------------Obscure Diseases of the Brain and Mind. 1866* AVislizenus, A., Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis AVood, George B., and Bache, Franklin, The Dispensatory of the' United States or America. Wood, George B., Therapeutics. 1860. --------------A- Treatise on the Practice of Medicine. 1858 Wood, Rev. J. G., Insect Architecture, by James Rennie. 1869 Wundi', Physique Medieale. Ziemssen, Hugo, Electricitat in der Medicin. 1866. -------------Cyclopedia of Medicine. Am. edition. 1878. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Index XXXlll LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. COLORED PLATES. PAGK Plate I.—Position of the Internal Organs...........Frontispiece. " II.—The Circulation ; the Aorta and Branches........... 121 " III.—Diphtheria, Primary Stages......................... 593 " Secondary Stages. IV.—Measles............................................ 74!) Scarlatina. V.—Pimples (Acna).................................... 469 Barber's Itch (Sycosis). VI.—Milk Crust (Eczema Infantis)......................- 627 Scalled-Head (Eczema Facies). VII.—Smoker's Cancer (Epithelioma)...................... 905 Leprosy (Elephantiasis Grecorum). VIII.—Salt Rheum (Eczema Palnue)....................... 72o Itch (Scabies). IX.—Small-Pox (Variola)................................ S-M Chicken-Pox (Varicella). X.—Erysipelas..........................................-035 Wine-Mark (Nsevus). XL—Scaly Tetter (Psoriasis).............................. 969 Moist Tetter (Eczema). XII.—Liver Spots (Tinea Versicola)........................ 737 Dry Tetter (Lichen). " XIII.—Ring-worm........................................ 8;>( Favus. XIV.—Fever Blisters (Herpes).............................. 891 Shingles (Zoster). XV .—Ulcers.............................................] °01 Rupia. XVI.—Lupus Rosacea.....................................10" XVII.—The Heart: its Valves and Circulation of Blood.... 129 (Four Illustrations.) " XVIII.—Muscles of the Face............................... 131 XIX.—Muscles of the Body............................... ™ XX.—The Air-cells and Plexus of the Lungs.............. 133 XXL—Mucous Membrane of the Stomach and Intestines---145 (Six Illustrations.) XXII.—The Human Skeleton.............................. OJ XXXIV XXIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. ANATOMICAL AND OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Plate 1.—Infant Teeth.......................................... 49 The Permanent Teeth. 2.—Exterior View of the Skull............................ 4"> Vertical Section of the Brain. " 3.—Surface of the Cerebrum.............................. 81 Under Surface of the Brain. The Brain Exposed. Transverse Section of the Neck. " 4.—Turkish and Russian Bath............................. 285 (Four Illustrations.) " 5.—The Internal Female Organs...........................1077 Vertical Position of the Same. " 6.—Temperament and Mental Development................. 97 (Thirteen Illustrations.) " 7.—Development of the Brain Compared.................... 161 (Six Illustrations.) " 8.—Abnormal Conditions of the Hair....................... 669 (Four Illustrations.) 9.—Irregularities of the Teeth............................. 949 (Four Illustrations.) " 10.—Fractures and Dislocations.............................413 (Six Illustrations.) " 14.—Fractures and Dislocations.............................421 (Four Illustrations.) 12.—Our Home Physician in every Emergency............... 4(J1 (Nine Illustrations.) 13.—Poisonous Insects and Animals..................... 821 (Five Illustrations.) " 14.—Vertical Section of the Brain..................... 167 " 15.—Arteries and Veins ........................... " -ion Organs of Digestion. 16.—Nerves of the Brain and their Distribution.............. §9 (Two Illustrations.) 17.—Expressions of the Face................... 1ti (Six Illustrations.) 18.—Teeth: their Formation and Growth............. oqi (Three Illustrations.) 19.—Deformities of the Spine and Feet.....................909 (Four Illustrations.) 20.—Wryneck and Deformities of the Limbs................ i09l (Four Illustrations.) 21.—Portrait of Sam'l C. Hahnemann M D ,«, ' 22.—Vignette Title-page .... ...........-''.....I4°' r s .........................Frontispiece LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XXXVI ILLUSTRATIONS OF MEDICAL PLANTS. (See Description, Page 1153.) Plate A. Plate B. Plate C. Plate D. Plate E. Plate F. Plate G. Plate H. Plate I.- Plate J.- Plate K. Plate L. Plate M Plate N. Plate O. Plate P. Plate Q. Plate R. Plate. S. Plate T. Plate U. Plate V. —Aconite Agrimony —Bryony Burdock —Colocynth Barberry —Dandelion Figs —Elecampane Foxglove —Aloe Balm-mint —Ginger-root Geranium —Horse-mint Myrrh —Iceland-moss Castor-oil —Ipecacuanha Henbane —Allspice Arnica —Lime Rue —Jalap Poppy —Aniseed Copaiva —Cardamom Wormwood —Olive Pink Root —Cascarilla Euphorbium —Hemlock Crocus —Sandal Lemon —Manna Statice —Buckthorn Raspberry —Blood-root Bitter-sweet Dogwood Indian Hemp Chicory Cinnamon Juniper Onion Clove Assafetida Horehound Liquorice Camomile Century Bitter-sweet Coltsfoot Nux vomica Nettle Sassafras Scammony Male Fern Arrow-root Peppermint Lovage Balsam of Fir Coriander Rhubarb Meadow Saffern Sarsaparilla Spearmint Deadly Nightshade Thorn Apple May Apple Virginia Snake-root Lungwort Orange Mezereon Cowhage Pepper Pomegranate Ground Iva Bladder Wrack Avens Pennyroyal Poison Ivy Pokeweed Asparagus Thorough Wort Bay-berry Cayenne Pepper Horse-chestnut Tamarind Genserg Linseed Hops Peruvian Bark Sage Cubebs Castor-oil Hellebore Plantain Sweet Fennel Garlic St. John's Wort Marjoram Indian Tobacco Gum-Arabic Marsh Mallow Gentian Quassia Hyssop Tansy Bitter Almond Bitter Damson Coffee Tapioca Rosemary Valerian Galls G uiacum Nutmeg Dogbane Iris Angelica Tea Oak Squill Logwood Spikenard Pleurisy-root xxxvn LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. MISCELLANEOUS ILLUSTRATIONS. PAOK ............. 67 The Human Skeleton................................ g.. The Nervous System.................................... 104 The Eye Explained...................................... -^ The Ear Explained....................• •---• •' ..... 114 The Larynx. Fig. A. The Vocal Cords Distended................. J " B. The Vocal Cords Closed.................... ^ ......... \o£ The Lungs Explained................................ 139 The Stomach........................................... ^0 The Chest and Abdomen....................................... ^0 Skeletons (from Huxley). The Gibbon........................... " °™ng............................. }J5 «• " . " Chimpanzee....................... i0U " Gorilla............................ 160 ...... « Man.............................. 160 Ventilation. Figs. A, B, and C................................... 26^ Pan for Sponge or Hand-bath..................................... 28(5 Compressing Artery of Leg....................................... 4"1 Arm....................................... 401 by Twisted Handkerchief...................... 401 " " of Leg by a Tourniquet........................ 401 Arm " " ........................ 401 Cutting Adhesive Strips......................................... 409 Applying " " .......................................... 409 Rolling a Bandage............................................... 410 Bandaging the Leg.............................................. 410 " " Figs, land 2................................ 411 " " Finger and Hand.................................. 411 " Head. Figs. 1 and 2.............................. 412 Irrigating a Wound............................. ................ 412 Apparatus for Broken Collar-bone................................. 417 Bandage for Broken Ribs......................................... 418 Setting the Shoulder............................................. 423 " a Dislocated Shoulder.................................... 424 Dislocated Jaw.................................................. 426 Setting the Jaw................................................. 426 Restoration from Drowning. Figs. 1 and 2........................ 437 Poisonous Mushrooms. Figs. 1 and 2............................. 449 .......................................... 450 Pneumatic Aspirator............................................. 492 Piffard's Galvanic Cautery Battery................................ 544 Club Foot. Figs. A and B........................................ 559 Dynamometer................................................... G07 Ear Trumpets. Figs. 1, 2, and 3.................................. G26 Conversational Tube............................................. 626 The Otoscope................................................ 626 Kidder's Galvanic Battery........................................ 629 Electro-magnetic Machine. Figs. 1 and 2.......................... 629 Methods of Applying Electricity. Figs. 1,2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.......... 630 Electrolysis Needles............................................. 632 '' Handle and Clamp............................ 632 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XXXVI11 PAGB Esthesiometer................................................... 633 ................................................... 634 Hair, Structure of............................................... 668 Hip-joint Splints. Figs. 1,2, and 3............................... 693 Hypodermic Syringes. Figs. 1, 2, and 3........................... 702 Method of Injecting the Arm..................................... 702 Ice-Bags. Figs. 1 and 2........................................ 707 Steam Atomizer................................................. 720 Newman's Atomizer............................................. 720 Goodwillie's Inhaler............................................. 720 Spray-Producer.................................................. 721 Laryngoscope................................................... 735 Microscope...................................................... 764 Movement Cure. Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5........................... 774 Dumb-bells..................................................... 775 Indian Clubs. Figs. 1 and 2..................................... 776 Exercises with Indian Clubs. Figs. 1 and 2....................... 777 " Wand. Figs, land 2.............................. 777 " Rings. Figs, land 2............................778,781 " Dumb-bells. Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6........778, 779, 780 « Ladder........................................... 780 " in Rowing............................................ 781 Nasal Douche. Figs. 1 and 2..................................... 784 Ophthalmoscope. Figs. 1, 2, and 3................................ 806 Pessaries. Figs. 1, 2, and 3...................................... 814 Pleximeter and Hammer. Figs, land 2........................... 820 Speculum for the Ear.......................................... 906 « Vagina. Figs. 1 and 2......................... 906 Sphygmograph. Figs. 1,2, 3, and 4.............................. 907 Spine, Curvature of.............................................. ™* Spine Braces. Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5........................909,910,911 Stethoscope. Figs. 1 and 2....................................... 923 Supporters for Rupture. Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4....................... 936 " Falling of the Womb.............................. 936 Abdominal Belts. Figs. 1, 2. 3, and 4.......................936,937,938 Diagram for Self-measurement ................................. jj«j' Syringes. Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9......................... £jb Laryngeal Syringe................................ ' J Posterior Nasal Syringe.................................... ' ' Universal Douche.............................................. . . Teeth, Irregularities of. Figs. 5, 0, 7, 8, and 9..................... ^J Thermometers. Figs. 1 and 2.......................... g73 Toe-nail, Ingrowing..................•---• • •........... ' innfi Uvula, or Palate Defects. Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ••••••••.......... ™b » Treatment of. Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 .......... 1014 Varicose Veins.......................... jq22 Elastic Stocking.................................... "«10^g Fibrous Polypus............................... * 1Q4g v:lr„\T~ of w„m'b.'' Fig3Vi; i s. 4.'5;»; ■»:: : i«. Worms. Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4................................. \\