«p jEdECA-JE® Illustrating the INCREASE of POPULATION in the CITY of NEW ORLEANS during a period of 94 years, together with the TOTAL MORTALITY for each year and the DEATH RATE per 1000 inhibitants perannum,also deaths fromYELLOW FEVER, MEAN.MAXIMUM^MINIMUMTEMPERATURE^RAINTALL for a number of years,as far as obtainable. ue.^ed by Prepared from Statistics, compiled by Prof. «JOSE1'H «JONES,M.D.Presideut Board of Health. '*'* * ' ■ i ' I - - -I A A . N O I.itK4En. Co 78 Sl Ch.rtaB St . ' -" T 1 ' '' ' " "V'"* 1, ,,,, ., , - ■ '| -,- ' ■ - -r r- 'I I" _ repr wnte foM number of Death?, „ munAer of death? from lelloiv J^ve/: Pcati/ flw/e per 7000 inTiabitanTs per annum from a/7 rouses-, x _ /7 j^J^llpw Peter. repTrseats Inarase of 'Population,. „ Majr^Atin. fernvi/trs/A Tb/tps/rrlm', * A/mual Ifautfall finch™/, MEDICAL AND SUR01GAL MEMOIR CONTAINING INVESTIGATIONS ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, CAUSES, NATURE, RELATIONS AND TREATMENT - OF- F VARIOUS DISEASES, 1855-1890. BY JOSEPH JONES, 7^. D„ Profe.soi f Chemistry and Clinical Medicine, Medical Department Tulane University of Louisiana; I 'siting Physician of Charity Hospital; Honorary Fellow of the Medical Society of Virginia; j or 'erly Surgeon in the Provisional Army of the Confederate States; President of the Board of Hei h of the State op Louisiana, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884; President of the Medical Society op Louis' tna, 1888; President of Section XV. {Public and International Hygiene) Ninth International Med ' Congress, Washington, D. C., U. S. A., 1887; etc., etc. VOLUME III. 1 PART II. Monographs illustrating the followingsubjects: Philosophical Principles of Education and their Scientific Application to the Development and Perfection of the Medical Profession, Vital Capacity of the Human bungs in Health and Disease, Contribution to Teratology, General Medicine, Diseases of the Nervous System, Congenital and Acquired Insanity, Advancement in the Treatment of the Insane during the Nineteenth Century, Treatment ot the Insane in Louisiana, Medical History of the Insane Asylum of the State of Louisiana, 1848-1S89. The Relation of Quarantine to Commcrce.in the Valley of the Mississippi River. The Use of Antipyretic Remedies in Febrile Diseases, Public and International Hygiene, Progress of the Discov- • ery of Disinfectants and their Application for the Arrest of Contagion, A History of Maritime Hygiene as applied by the Great Naval Powers Illustrated by eight Chromo-Lithographic Plates; twenty-one Maps and Charts; twenty- two Extensive and Elaborate Tables, and seventeen Engravings. VinCe XI al um Bond. new Orleans', la.: Joseph Jones, M. D., 150 Washington Avenue, Cor. Camp St., ^th PjstriCT 1890. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, MEDICAL AND SURGICAL MEMOIRS, By JOSEPH JONES, M. D., OF NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA. VOTjTJIMIE III. 1890. FART II. MONOGRAPH^ ILLUSTRATING THE- FOLLOWING SUBJECTS: Philosophical Principles of Education and their Scientific Application to the Develop- ment and Perfection of the Medical Profession. Vital Capacity of the Human Lungs in Health and Disease. Contribution to Teratology. General Medicine, Diseases of the Nervous System, Congenital and Acquired Insanity, Advancement in the Treatment of the Insane during the Nineteenth Century, Treatment of the Insane in Louisiana, Medical History of the Insane Asylum of the State of Louisiana. The Relation of Quarantine to Commerce in the Mississippi Valley, The Use of Anti- pyretic Remedies in Febrile Diseases, Public and International Hygiene, Progress of the Discovery of Disinfectants and their Application for the Arrest of Contagion, The History of Maritime Hygiene as applied by the Great Naval Powers. By JOSEPH JONES. M. D„ 156 Washington Avenue, Corner Camp Street 4th District, NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA. CONTENTS. PHILOSOPHICAL PRINCIPLES OF EDUCATION, AND THEIR SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND PERFECTION OF THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. Page Importance of Education to the Citizens of the American Republic 3 Education in Ancient Greece 4 Power of Education over Natural Life 5 Effects of Universities upon the Science and Learning of Europe 5 The Present and Future Prosperity and P'reedoin of the United States of Amer- ica Dependent upon its System of Education q The State Responsible for the Moral and Intellectual Education of Her Citizens 11 Education in Louisiana 11 Defects in the Constitution of the State of Louisiana in the Mode of Obtaining its Revenues for the Support of Hospitals and Public Schools 12 Nature and Ends of Education 14 Physical Constitution and Physical Relations of Man 16 Relations of the Intellectual and Moral Faculties 18 Classification of the Faculties of the Mind 19, Functions and Structure of the Brain and Nervous System.. 21 Connection of the Mind with the Brain 22 The Mode in which the Mind Constructs Science 30 Science Rests upon the Supposition that the Physical Universe is Governed by Fixed Laws • 35 Character, Order and Relative Value of the Different Departments of Knowl- edge in the Work of Education 37 Language 37 Value of the Ancient Languages in Education 38 Natural Sciences 40 The Study of the Natural Sciences Leads to Enlarged Views of the Physical Universe, and Leads to the Devout Acknowledgment of Unity of Design, and the Existence of a Great First Cause 41 Logical Classification of the Departments of Science . 44 Logic 45 Mathematical Sciences 46 Astronomy 48 Physics, Chemistry and Physiology 49 Physiology 51 Field for Moral, Physical and Intellectual Development of Man 52 The University ..... 55 Natural History 55 Theoretical and Applied Mathematics 55 Physics, Astronomy, Mechanics and Chemistry 55 Medical Science and Art 55 Legal Science 56 Language 56 History 56 Military Science. Naval Science 56 Theology 56 Arts-Fine Arts 56 Medical Education 58 Physics and Chemistry 59 Medical Physics and Medical Chemistry 61 Classification of the Elements in Electro-Chemical Magnetic and Diamagnetic Order 62 Classification of the Elements in Groups According to their Chemical Equiva- lency or Relation to Hydrogen 63 8 CONTENTS. Page. Elements Concerned in the Chemical Changes Taking Place in Life 64 Composition of the Earth's Solid Crust 65 Analytical Classification of the Metals . 67 Organic Chemistry 69 Organic Chemistry, or the Chemistry of the Hydro-Carbons and their Deriva- tives 69 Classification of the Carbon Compounds 69 Questions Relating to the Science and Practice of Medical Chemistry 72 Materia Medica 72 Pharmacy 73 Anatomy 76 Pathological Anatomy and Histology 77 Biology 79 Human Physiology 82 Pathology 86 Therapeutics , 90 Science and Practice of Medicine 92 Hygiene 93 Science and Practice of Surgery 95 Obstetrics, Gynaecology, Diseases of Women and Children 99 Medical Jurisprudence 101 Clinical Medicine 102 Clinical Investigation and Instruction in the Charity Hospital of New Orleans. 104 The Vital Capacity of the Lungs in Health and Disease 117 Vacuum Pneumatic Spirometer ny Contribution to Teratology-Definition of Teratology 124 Mexican and Aztec Dwarfs 126 Relative Capacity of the Crania of Men and Animals 131 Causes of Congenital Anomalies •. 133 Classification ot Monstrosities 134 Four-Legged Child-J. Myrtle Corban 139 Four-Legged Woman-Mrs Bicknell 142 Pregnancy of the Four-Legged Woman, Mrs. Bicknell 143 Double Monster with Two Bodies United at the Sternum 14^ Double Monsters with Lower Portion of their Respective Trunks United 148 Double Monster with Single Head, Four Arms and Four Legs 149 Siamese Twins 150 The Hungarian Sisters, Helen and Judith 154 The Bohemian Sisters, Rosalie and Josepha 154 The Carolina Twins, Millie and Christine • 154 Singular and Distressing Case of the Malformation of the Genital Organs 156 Case of John H. Allen (Hermaphrodite) • 156 Hermaphroditism 157 Miss E. Landry, the Bearded Girl of Louisiana 158 General Conclusions 160 General Medicine-Diseases of the Nerves 168 Insanity 171 Congenital Insanity 172 Acquired Insanity 173 Classification of Insanity 174 Causes of Acquired Insanity 178 Masturbation 178 Alcoholic Poisonings 179 The Constitutional Effects of the Action of the Poison of Alcohol 182 Epilepsy, Congenital, Hereditary and Acquired 182 Religious Excitement 182 Political Excitement . . 184 Persistent, Deep Seated and Uncontrolled Grief 184 Disappointed Affections 184 Sudden Reversions in Business 184 Melancholia following Gynaecological Operations 185 Climacteric Changes 185 Sunstroke » 185 Remittent Fever 185 Morphine, Cocoaine, Tobacco and other Poisons 185 The Action of Various Poisons, as those of Malaria, Lead, Mercury and Arsenic 185 CONTENTS. 9 Page The Treatment of the Insane 185 Progress of Opinion as to the Nature of Insanity 186 The Advancement in the Treatment of the Insane during the Nineteenth Century 189 Treatment of the Insane in Louisiana 192 Treatment of the Insane in New Orleans, Louisiana 192 Treatment of the Indigent Insane in New Orleans, Louisiana 194 Temporary Asylum for the Indigent Insane in New Orleans in 1856 195 Report of the Committee of Medical Men in 1878, on the Condition and Con- duct of the Insane Asylum in New Orleans 198 Report of Senate Committee of the Legislature of Louisiana in 1882, on the Conduct of the Insane Asylum in New Orleans 205 Present Condition in 1889 of the Indigent Insane in the City of New Orleans and Parish of Orleans 208 Report of Sister Mary Jane with Reference to Condition aud Operations of the Louisiana Retreat 212 Grand Conclusions with Reference to the Treatment of the Indigent Insane of New Orleans 213 Establishment and Operations of the Insane Asylum of Louisiana at Jackson.. 214 Laws Governing the Admission of Patients into the Insane Asylum at Jackson, Louisiana 214 Financial and Political History of the Insane Asylum at Jackson, Louisiana, Pending the American War, 1848 -1860 215-222 Insane Asylum of the State of Louisiana at Jackson, during the American Civil War, 1861-1865 222-227 Insane Asylum of the State of Louisiana at Jackson, subsequent to the Civil War, 1866-1889 • 227-246 Medical History of the Insane Asylum of Louisiana at Jackson, 1848-1889 246-282 Medical Statistics of the Insane Asylum of Louisiana at Jackson 247-249 General Conclusions 281-282 THE RELATIONS OF QUARANTINE TO COMMERCE IN THE VALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER DURING A PERIOD OF EIGHT YEARS, 1880-1887, INCLUSIVE, WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENERAL MORTALITY OF NEW ORLEANS, 1880-1887. Statistics of the Customhouse of New Orleans 285 Exports of Domestic Merchandise from 1878 to 1887, inclusive, Port of New Orleans 285 Imports of Merchandise to New Orleai s, 1878-1887, inclusive, with Weights of Coffee Imported during said years 286 First Period-Total Value of Exports and Imports, New Orleans, Louisiana, 18S0, 1881, 1882 and 1883 286 Second Period-Total Value of Exports and Imports, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1880, 1881, 1882 and 1883 i 286 Falling Off in the Value of the Exports of New Orleans during the years 1884- 1887, inclusive, $34,315,086 287 Falling Off in the Value of the Imports of New Orleans during the years 1884- 1887, inclusive, $9,772,042 287 Total Falling Off in the Value of the Exports and Imports of New Orleans during four years, 1884-1887, inclusive, $44,087,128 .. 287 General Results Accomplished by the Board of Health of the State of Louis- iana, during four years, 1880-1883... 288 Defence of the .Quarantine System of Louisiana, during the years 1880,1881, 1882 and 1883 290 Address of Dr. Joseph Jones to the General Assembly of Louisiana, May 8, 1882, Invoking the Aid of the State Government in the Defence and Maintenance of the Quarantine Laws of Louisiana 293 Efforts of the President of the New Orleans Auxiliary Sanitary Association and by Various Agents of Ships, Steamships and Railroads to Defeat and Abolish the Quarantine Laws of Louisiana 292 Successful Vindication of the Quarantine Laws of Louisiana and the Main- tenance of a Uniform System of Quarantine on the Mississippi River and at Other Points on the Main Channels of Commerce 295 The Decision of the Supreme Court of Louisiana, in Case No. 8755, January 21, 1884, Confirmed the Position Held and Defended by the President of the Board of Health, and Affirmed the Right of the State to over $22,000 Due for Unpaid Quarantine Fees by the Morgan and Cromwell Lines of Steamships.. 299 10 CONTENTS. Page Decision of the Supreme Court of the United States Sustaining the Quarantine Laws of Louisiana , 299 Acknowledgment ot the Labors of the Board of Health, 1880-18S4, in its Defence of the Quarantine System of New Orleans by Formal Resolution of the Board of Health, May 14, 1886 306 Acknowledgment of the Labors of the Board of Health, 1880-1884, by His Excellency the Governor of Louisiana 306,307, 308 Action of the General Assembly of Louisiana with Reference to the Acceptance and Appropriation of Moneys Won by the Action of the Board of Health of 1880-1884, in the Defence of the Quarantine Laws 308, 309 Removal of the Quarantine Station 309 The Decrease in the Imports and Exports of New Orleans, during the years 1884, 1885, 1886 and 1887, Attended with an Increase in the Number of Deaths, during this Period over the Deaths in the Preceding Period 310 Comparative Mortality of New Orleans, La., during the Past Eight Years, 1881 - 1887, Divided into two Series of Four Years Each 310 Discussion of the Causes of the Increased Mortality of NewOrleans, during tjie Four Years, 1884-1887, Inclusive 311 Population of New Orleans 311 Registration Statistics 312 Prevalence of Contagious and Infectious Diseases. 315 Utter Neglect of Sanitary Laws in New Orleans in 18S6 and 1887 317 Loss of Influence by the New Orleans Auxiliary Sanitary Association 319 Diphtheria-Causes of its Prevalence in New Orleans, 1885-1888 3J3_323 Causes of the Diminution of the Exports and Imports of New Orleans during the four years, 18S4-1887, inclusive 323-326 Measures for the Relief of Commerce and the Exclusion of Foreign Pestilence. 326 State, Interstate, National and International Sanitary and Quarantine Code, Proposed for the United States of America 327-329 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE USE OF ANTIPYRETIC REMEDIES ON FEBRILE DISEASES. General Observations on Antipyretic Remedies •••• 333 Pratical Observations on the Treatment of Malarial (Paroxysmal) Fevers 337 Intermittent Fever (Treatment) 337 Treatment of Acute Sthenic Intermittent and Remittent Fever 338 Treatment of Mala'rial Fever of Long Standing 341 Treatment of Pernicious or Congestive Malarial Fever 343 Treatment of Haemorrhagic Malarial Fever- 345 Measures for the Arrest of the Febrile State 346 General Propositions with Reference for the Employment of Antipyretic Rem- edies, Various Diseases Attended with Abnormal Duration of Animal Heat, as Typhus and Typhoid Fevers, Pneumonia, Dysentery, Phthisis and Rheumatism 349-359 PUBLIC AND INTERNATIONAL HYGIENE ADDRESS BY JOSEPH JONES, M.D., AT THE OPENING OF THE XV SECTION, NINTH INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL CONGRESS, WASH- INGTON, D. C. 1887. Description of the North American Republic 362 Divisions of Public and International Hygiene 364 Domestic Hygiene • 365-370 ■ Public and National Hygiene 370-388 International Hygiene >■ 388-398 PROGRESS OF THE DISCOVERY OF DISINFECTANTS AND THEIR APPLICATION FOR THE ARREST OF CONTAGION, EMBRACING A HISTORY OF MARITIME HYGIENE AS APPLIED BY THE GREAT NAVAL POWERS. Sanitary Condition of Europe During the Middle Ages 401 Disinfection Practiced by the Ancients, but its Scientific Investigation of Mod- ern Origin 402 Experiments of Sir John Pringle, 1750 403 Ventilation of Ships in 1755, by Dr. Stephen Hales 404 Dr. John Huxham on Fevers 405 Experiments of Dr. David McBride in 1764 on Antiseptics 405 Disinfection as Practiced in the Hospitals of Malta, and in the Levantine Laza- rettoes 406 Hydrochloric Acid, Nitrous Acid, Nitric Acid, Peroxide of Nitrogen and Chlor- ine as Disinfectants 408 CONTENTS. 11 Page Experiments of Guyton-Morbeau in 1778 tor the Purification of Infected Air, and the Prevention of Contagion, by Fumigation with Muriatic Acid 409 Method of Fumigation adopted in Spain 413 Experiments on the Purification of Air by Nitric Acid Fumes, by Dr. Charmi- chael Smith, 1780-1796 414 Acid Fumigations, according to the Method of Mr. Cruickshank 417 Chlorine 418 Methods of Fumigation Practiced in the British Navy in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries 419 Observations of John Hunter on the Means of Preserving the Health of Seamen in the West Indies, 1781-1788 422 Observations of Sir Gilbert Blane on the Causes of Sickness in Fleets, and the Means of Prevention, 1780-1799 - 423 Rules for the Prevention of Yellow Fever Proposed by Sir Gilbert Blane in 1798, 429 Observations^ of Sir William Pym on the Means of Arresting the Spread of Yellow Fever 431 Dr. Samuel Jackson, of Philadelphia, on the Arrest of Yellow' Fever 432 Sulphurous Anhydride and Sulphurous Acid 434 Method of Sulphurous Acid Anhydride Fumigation, Proposed by Dr. Alfred W. Perry of Louisiana, in 1874 435 Method of Fumigation and Disinfection Practiced at the Mississippi Quarantine Station 437 Germicidal Properties of SO3 438 Heat as a Disinfecting Agent .• 439 The Degree of Heat Held to be Necessary for the Disinfection of the Contagion of Infectious Diseases ... 441 Investigations on the Germicidal and Disinfectant Uses of Dry and Moist Heat, Steam and Super-Heated Steam, Steam under Pressure 444-446 Carbolic Acid 446 Antiseptic and Germicidal Properties of Carbolic Acid 446 History of the Use of Carbolic Acid as a Disinfectant and Germicide in Europe and America, and Especially in New Orleans, Louisiana 447-495 Number of Deaths Caused by Yellow Fever Annually in New Orleans, 1847-1883 457 History of Desinfection with Carbolic Acid and other Sanitary Measures in New Orleans, Louisiana... 458-495 Yellow Fever and Cholera in New Orleans in 1886 458 Yellow Fever and Cholera in New Orleans, 1867 439 Yellow Fever, 1870 465 Sanitary History of New Orleans and Carbolic Acid Disinfection, 1866, 1867, 1869, and 1870 458-460 Sanitary History of New Orleans, and Carbolic Acid Disinfection, 1871, 1872 470-480 Cholera and Yellow Fever in New Orleans, 1873..' 480-485 Yellow Fever in New Orleans, 1876 485 Yellow Fever in New Orleans, 187S 492 Tabular view of the monthly deaths by Yellow Fever in New Orleans during a Period of Thirty-two Years, 1847, 49 General Conclusions as to the Value of Disinfectants, and of Various Measures for the Arrest of Yellow Fever 493-495 Outline of investigations into the nature, causes and prevention of EPIDEMIC DISEASES, DURING A PERIOD OF THIRTY YEARS, WITH A CLAIM TO PRIORITY IN THE DETERMINATION OF THE CHEMICAL AND MICROSCOPICAL CHARACTERS, AND CHANGES OF THE BLOOD IN THE VARIOUS FORMS OF MALA- RIAL FEVER, AND THE APPLICATION OF THESE RESULTS TO MEDICAL DIAGNO- SES AND MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE, BY JOSEPH JONES, M. D 496-531 A NEW METHOD OF TESTING THE GERMICIDAL AND ANTISEPTIC FORMS OF CER- TAIN MINERAL AND VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES, EMPLOYED EXTERNALLY AND INTERNALLY IN THE TREATMENT OF WOUNDS, TUMORS, ENLARGED GLANDS, ULCERS AND SYPHILIS AND IN CERTAIN SANITARY OPERATIONS OF DOMESTIC AND PUBLIC HYGIENE 532-551 .Uto • , 7 ■ j T R 1. .t Quest manjU U levee lemjuvU de LE VICE ADMIRAL PAIR DE FRANCE, Ministre Secretaire d'Etat au departement de la Marine et , des Colonies. MINISTERS Certifie: de la Marine et des L Que M. de Pauger (Adrien) etait a la date du 29 Mai, Colonies. 1724, Ingdnieur en chef du governement Francais de la Louisiane ; 2. Que le plan de la Nouvelle Orleans, dresse a la meme Direction des date par cet Ingdnieur, btant un document officiel, a dft Colonies. et doit etre Conserve legalement dans les archives du depot des fortifications des colonies, dont le directeur actuel est M. Simon, chef de bataillou du gfinie. BUREAU Paris, le 25 Novembre, 1845. du Personnel et des Pour le Ministre et par son ordre : Services Le sous Secretaire d'Etat. Al IT TT'ATT?!?^ JULLELIN, MiijiiAiix . par je Ministre Le Conseiller d'Etat Directeur des Colonies. URSIN JULU. Paris, le 25 Novembre, 1845. Monsieur le Consul, j'ai 1'honneur de vous faire le renvoi de la copie d'un plan de la Nouvelle Orleans, que vous MINISTERE m'aviez adressee pour etre certifiee conform & 1'original de la Marine et des dresse en 1724, par M. de Panger, ingdnieur en chef de la Colonies. Louisiane, et depose aux archives du depot des fortifications des Colonies. Jejoins en outre ici un certificat constatant la quality Direction des officielle de M. de Panger. Colonies. J'ai lieu de penser que ces documents rempliront vos vues. Recevez, Monsieur le Consul, l'assurance de ma consider- ation tres distinguee. BUREAU Le Vice Admiral Pair de France, du Personnel et des Ministre Secretaire d'Etat de la Marine et des Colonies. Services Pour le Ministre et par son ordre : .rTT Tm * mro Le sous Secretaire d'Etat. MILI1 AIRES. JULLELIN, A Monsieur Robert Walsh, Consul des Etats-Unis d'Amerique, 4 Paris. CITY OF PARIS, ? Kingdom of France. ( I, the undersigned, Consul of the United States of America for the City of Paris, do hereby certify that the annexed signature A. SIMON, is to me well known to be truly that of Monsieur A. Simon, Chief of the Battalion of Engineers, Director of the Depot of Colonial fortifications, and that to all acts by him so signed, full faith and credit are due in Court and thereout as official authority of this Kingdom of France. In Testimony Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal of office, this fourth day of December, in the year of our Lord, 1845. ROBERT WALSH, U. S. Consul. PHILOSOPHICAL PRINCIPLES OF EDUCATION AND THEIR SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION TO THE Development and Perfection of the Medical Profession. Philosophical Principles of Education and Their Scientific Applica- tion to the Development and Perfection of the Medical Profession. Fellozvs of the Louisiana State Medical Society:-It is impossible to look round upon this assemblage of learned and skilful physicians, intelligent citizens, and fair ladies who have honored us with their presence without the wish to say something worthy of the occasion. Whilst I feel that I am personally but little fitted for the task intrusted to me, I am on the other hand strengthened by the knowledge that the desire of doing good will stand with you in the place of oratorical display. Upon the present occasion we desire to consider, as far as the brief space of time at our command will allow, a sub- ject of great importance to students, instructors, professors and practitioners of medicine; namely: The Philosophical Principles of Education and Their Scientific Application to the Development and Perfection of Medical Science. No subject is of greater importance to the citizens of this great republic than education. The strength and progress of this republic depends upon the virtue and wisdom of the entire people who control its destinies, and it is the solemn duty of each generation to transmit to its successor not only the forms of good government, but also a thorough system of education, by which the citizens shall be wise enough to protect their liberties, preserve their institutions, and develop their material resources and be capable, by their virtues and their valor, at all times to defend the republic from internal and external enemies. We need no labored arguments to establish the pre- eminent importance of education, and of the discussion of the principles of education. Who will deny that the stabil- ity of our government, the preservation of our civil and religious liberties, of our national honor and independence, and the maintenance and advance- 4 ment of our position amongst the nations of the earth, by the advancement of science, the development of our re- sources, and the diffusion of knowledge, has depended, and will always depend, upon the moral and intellectual education of the people ? Who will deny that the .intel- lectual, moral and political development and progress of every nation, past or present, demonstrates the importance of a correct system of education ? The Importance of This Inquiry Demonstrated by The General Results of Education in Ancient Greece. The physical perfection, the strength and valor of the Spartan race were due to the'system of culture inaugurated by Lycurgus, the fundamental principle of which was that all children belong immediately to the State. The intel- lectual superiority of the Athenians was due not so much to differences of race, soil, geographical position or of surrounding circumstances, as to the extent and freedom of their system of education, and to the example, teachings and writings of such men as Solon, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. The great fundamental principles of education were more generally understood, and more ardently practised by the Athenians than by the moderns: and to this day, the splendid achievements of the great sculptors, orators and philosophers of Athens stand unequalled. Who amongst the ancients or moderns formed, by his unaided powers, the highest conception of the divine omniscience, justice, and foresight, and of the dignity and immortality of the soul? Who amongst the ancients or moderns battled most ardently against corruption, error, superstition and sophistry? Was it not Socrates, the Athenian, who, after his splendid exertions in the pursuit of truth, and in the cause of education (exertions which resulted in the de- velopment and education of such men as Xenophon, Plato andyEschines), would accept no reward but that of a pure mind? Where do we find in ancient or modern times a purer and nobler life, a healthier body and soul, than that 5 of Plato, the Athenian, the pupil of Socrates, whose works remain to this day the great models of Athenian genius, elegance and urbanity, and whose philosophy has been the admiration of all ages? Whose intellect towers head and shoulders above all modern and ancient philosophers ? Is it not the intellect of Aristotle, the pupil of Plato, who stands second to none of the distinguished sages of the past or present, in brilliancy of genius, strength of intellect and philosophic depth and acumen? Power of Education over National Life. What preserves inviolate the arbitrary divisions of soci ety and tyrannical religious and civil usages of the Hindoos,, notwithstanding the bloody conquests and iron rule of British arms ? Why have the Hindoos for two thousand years followed the same beaten track without advance- ment or retrogression either in arts, religion, politics or society ? The education of the people is arbitrary, rigid and stereotyped, and as a necessary consequence, the reli- gious, political and intellectual belief, and the whole cons- titution of society are arbitrary and stereotyped. Effects of Universities upon the Science and Learning of Europe. The end of the twelfth century was marked by the rise of Universities'. Bologna devoted itself to law and numbered 12,000 students at the end of the twelfth century; Salerno adopted as its special province the study of medi- cine ; and Paris was thronged with students from all parts of Europe who were anxious to devote themselves to a theology which passed by indefinite gradations into philos- ophy. The thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth centuries wit- nessed the rise of universities in almost every portion of Europe. The comparison of the condition of Europe before and after the establishment of universities of science and learn- ing, the mental activity of England, France and Germany, 6 demonstrate in the clearest and most unequivocal manner the importance of well-devised systems of education. The English universities, Oxford and Cambridge, before the collegiate system had undermined and supplanted the university system, composed the strength and bloom of the nation, picked from all ranks and orders, and whilst every pulsation of the nation's life was felt in great power at the universities, the national science and learning, on the other hand, received its most vigorous impulses from these cen- tres of ecclesiastic, political and scientific learning. So intimate was the connection of Oxford, in her palmiest days, with all parts of the little world of which she was the centre, that popular opinion looked upon the university riots as presages of civil war, and the sanction of the university was solicited for royal acts. Within the walls of Cambridge in the seventeenth cen- tury were found two men, Bentley and Newton, who, in the promotion of classical learning, criticism and science, were the leaders not alone of England, but of all Europe; and to this day Cambridge, rendered illustrious by the great fame of Newton, and excited by the memory of his great achievements, stands pre-eminent above all the insti- tutions of the world, for the attention which she devotes to the studies of mathematics and physics. Men of the greatest learning and research have cele- brated the power and influence of universities upon the pro- gress of civilization and religion in Europe. Thomas Babington Macaulay says : "The power of the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge has during many ages been great, but it was at its height during the latter part of the seventeenth century. None of the neighboring countries could boast of such splendid seats of learning. The schools of Edinburgh and Glas- gow, of Leyden and Utrecht, of Louvain and Leipsic, of Padua and Bo- logna, seemed mean to scholars who had been educated in the magnifi- cent foundations of Wykeham and Wolsey, of Henry the VI and Henry the VIII. Literature and science were, in the academical system of Eng- land, surrounded with pomp, armed with magistracy, and closely allied with all the most august institutions of the State. To be the chancellor of an University, was a distinction eagerly sought by the magnates of a realm. To represent an University in Parliament was a favorite object of the ambition of statesmen. Nobles and even princes were proud to receive from an University the privilege of wearing the doctoral scarlet. The curious were attracted to the Universities by ancient buildings, rich 7 with the tracery of the middle ages, by modern buildings which exhibited the highest skill of Jones and Wren, by noble halls and chapels, by mu- seums, by botanical gardens, and by the only great libraries which the kingdom then contained. The state which Oxford especially displayed on solemn occasions, rivalled that of sovereign princes. When her Chancellor, the venerable Duke of Ormond, seated in his embroidered mantle on his throne under the painted ceiling of the Sheldonian Theatre, surrounded by hundreds of graduates robed according to their rank, while the noblest youths of England were solemnly presented to him as candidates for academical honors, he made an appearance scarcely less regal than that which his master made in the Banqueting House of White- hall. At the Universities had been formed the minds of all the eminent clergymen, lawyers, physicians, wits, poets, and orators of the land, and of a large proportion of the nobility and of the opulent gentry. It is also to be observed that the connection between the scholar and the school did not terminate with his residence. He often continued through life, a member of the academical body, and to vote as such at all important elections. He therefore regarded his old haunts by the Cam and the Isis, with even more than the affection which educated men ordinarily feel for the place of their education. There was no corner of England in which both Universities had not grateful and zealous sons. Any attack on the honor or interests of either Cambridge or Oxford was certain to excite the resentment of a powerful, active, and intelligent class, scattered over every county, from Northumberland to Cornwall. The resident graduates, as a body, were perhaps not superior positively to the resident graduates of our time; but they occupied a far higher po- sition as compared with the rest of the community. For Cambridge and Oxford were then the only two provincial towns in the kingdom in which could be found a large number of men whose understandings had been highly cultivated. Even the capital felt great respect for the authority of the Universities, not only in questions of divinity, of natural philosophy, and of classical antiquity, but also on points in which capitals generally claim the right of deciding in the last resort, From Will's Coffee House, and from the pit of the theatre royal in Drury Lane, an appeal lay to the two great na- tional seats of taste and learning. Plays which had been enthusiastically applauded in London were not thought out of danger till they had un- dergone the more severe judgment of audiences familiar with Sophocles and Terence."* Who can estimate the influence of Erasmus in the de- velopment of the education of the Renaissance, or of Luther and Melanchthon in the wonderful intellectual and moral transformation wrought by the Reformation. The marvelous resurrection of the mind and spirit of Europe sprang from the touch of the dead hand of an ex- tinct civilization. Its history belongs rather to the general history of literature than to that of education. Luther brought the school-master into the cottage and laid the foundation of the system which is the chief honor *The History of England, by Thomas Babington Macaulay. Harper & Brothers, New York, 1852, Vol. II, pp. 210, 212. See also: The English Universities, by V. A. Huber. Translated by F. W. Newman, London, 1843, Vol. I, pp. 66, 69, 71, 82, 85. Vol. II, pp. 7, 12, 329. Vol. Ill, pp. 600 666. History and Antiquities of the University of Oxford," etc., by A Wood, 5 vols. 4 to 1786, 90. 8 and strength of modern Germany, a system by which the child of the humblest peasant, by slow but certain grada- tions, receives the best education which the country can afford. The purification and widening of education went hand in hand with the purification of religion, and these claims to affection are indissolubly united in the minds of his countrymen. Melanchthon, from his edition of school-books and his practical labors in education, earned the title of Precep- tor Germanie. Aristotle had been dethroned from his place in the schools and Melanchthon attempted to supply his place. He appreciated the importance of Greek, the terror of the obscurantists, and is the author of a Greek grammar. Melanchthon wrote elementary books in each department of the Trivium, grammar, dialectics and rhetoric. He made some way with the study of the ^uadrivium^ and wrote Initia Doctrince Physicoe, a primer of physical science. He lectured at the University of Wittenberg, and for ten years, from 1519 to 1529, he kept a schola -privata in his own house. Horace was his favorite classic; his pupils were taught to learn the whole of it by heart, ten lines at a time. " The tender, refined lines of his portrait show clearly the character of the pain- ful, accurate scholar, and contrast with the burly, powerful form of the genial Luther. He died in 1560, racked with anxiety for the church which he had helped to found. If he did not carry Protestantism into the heart of the peas- ant, he at least made it acceptable to the intellect of the man of letters." Even in this age of progress what can be more interest- ing or instructive than the views of the immortal John Milton, in his Tractate of Education, addressed to Mr. Samuel Hartleb, and probably foreshadowing a project of establishing a university in London? The universities taught men to think, to reason. Out of thought, and freedom of discussion, grew free- dom of action. 9 The principles of religious and civil liberty thus engen- dered and fostered in the universities of England, France and Germany, led to revolutions which shattered the foul-monarchical institutions, broke the fetters of a bigot- ed, insolent and bloody church, and led to the establish- ment of governments and republics in which the civil and religious rights of all men are acknowledged and main- tained. The Present and Future Prosperity and Freedom of the United States of America Depend- ent Upon its System of Education. The history of the past and present should teach us that in no country in the world is a correct system of edu- cation in all the departments of knowledge more important than in the United States. Whilst truth does not change from age to age, the search of men after truth changes from age to age ; and that nation which has thrown off the shackles of ignorance and super- stition, which has gained her liberties through blood and fire, with the edge of the sword, and at the cannon's mouth, will have learned the truth, and gained her freedom and perfected her experience, by such fearful experiments, that she will be far more firmly seated in the possession of the true principles of government than nations which have passed through no such process of development. The country which has gained her freedom after the throes of anarchy and rebellion, which has shaken off the fetters of superstition, injustice and ignorance, and indeed, passed through a fiery education, is in a very different state from a country which has been free from her birth, and in whom legislation has just commenced. The laws of the nation which has experimented and been experi- mented with, are the permanent expressions of the result of her experiments ; whilst the laws of the nation which has neither experimented nor has been experimented with, may be the result of speculation or of abstract reason, which are not as firm and lasting as the laws of experience. 10 Whilst the constitution and laws of the United States of America embody the wisdom and experience of the past and present; whilst the government of the republic has been strong enough to survive the throes of a bloody and mighty civil war, which upheaved the very foundations of society, and not only broke the shackles from the arms of an inferior and servile race, but elevated four millions of slaves to the rights of citizenship; still it is morally certain that without a correct system of education, even the prin- ciples of civil and religious liberty for which our ancestors left their homes and fire-sides in the old world, and for which they fought and bled upon the western shores, will be forgotten. Corruption in politics, drunkenness, debauchery and dishonesty in high places, the increase of crime and law- lessness, in virtue of the reckless disregard of the constitu- tion and the most solemn civil and moral contracts, by the exercise of the pardoning power in behalf of thieves, rob- bers, assassins and murderers; the great power of wealth in politics and in social life; the unblushing advocacy and advancement of private interests by legislative and munici- pal bodies, in violation of every principle of honesty and every sentiment of patriotism, demonstrate that the edu- cation of the young men of the United States is defective. The true mode of rescuing our common country from the evils which have destroyed former republics, is to inculcate in the family, in the private and public sohools, in the college and in the university, the great principles of morality, justice, truth and equality, which inspired the lives and governed the actions of their ancestors. The stability of this government will depend upon the care and diligence with which its citizens study and practise the great intellectual, moral, civil and religious truths re- vealed by the dealings of Providence, in the rise, develop- ment, progress and decline of nations; and by the teachings of the book of Nature and of Divine Revelation. The sta- bility of this government and the advancement of knowl- 11 edge will depend upon the moral, religious, political and professional education of the people. Control the education of a people, and you control the belief of that people : and when you control the religious and political belief of a people, you control its principles of moral, religious and political advancement. The despot knows the power of education and belief, and maintains his throne by controlling the fountains of learning and educa- tion and suppressing free speech, free discussion and the freedom of the press, The State Responsible for the Intellectual and Moral Education of her Citizens. The constitution of the State should not merely defend the inherent rights of man, define the police powers, pro- claim the principles of justice and protect and foster agricul- ture, commerce, and manufactures, but it should be the highest exponent of a lofty, unspotted and incorruptible morality. No greater crime can be committed by legislators than the inculcation, through the medium of the constitution of immoral acts and principles. The State is responsible for the diffusion of knowledge amongst the masses through the common schools, founded and maintained by the taxes collected from the people. The State is responsible for the foundation and main- tenance of universities of learning, and she has no right to delegate her institutions of learning founded by her patriotic citizens, to self-constituted guardians of the public funds and institutions, and to self-perpetuating corporations. The surrender of sacred trusts by the State tends to fos- ter the spirit of monopoly, and leads to injustice, bigotry and nepotism. Here in Louisiana, the problems connected with educa- tion are of the gravest character on account of the follow- ingcauses: i. Diversity in the origin and nationalities of the white population of Louisiana. 12 2. The existence of two distinct races, the white and the negro, in nearly equal numbers in Louisiana. 3. Deep-seated and apparently irreconcilable differences of religious belief. 4. The recognition, by the Constitution of Louisiana, of the Lottery as a means of gaining wealth, and of support- ing charitable institutions and common schools. This is not the occasion for the discussion of the pre- ceding propositions, and we desire merely to enter our solemn protest against the evil influence upon the citizens of our State of all ages and condition, regardless of race, color or previous condition, by the embodiment in the Constitution of Louisiana, of a section permitting, protect- ing and sustaining lotteries. Article 167* of the Constitution of the State of Louisiana, adopted in convention at the city of New Orleans, July 23d, 1879, rea^s thus: "Article 167."-The General Assembly shall have power to grant lottery charters or privileges; provided each charter or privilege "shall pay not less than forty thousand dollars per annum in money into the treasury of the State ; and provided further, that all charters shall cease and ex- pire on the 1st of January, 1895, from which time all lotteries are prohibited in the State." "The forty thousand dollars per annum now provided by law, to be paid by the Louisiana State Lottery Company, according to the provisions of its charter, granted in the year 1868, shall belong to the Charity Hospital of New Orleans, and the charter of said company is recognized as a contract binding on the State, for the period therein specified, except its monopoly clause, which is hereby abrogated, and all laws contrary to the provisions of this article are hereby declared null and void: provided said company shall file a written renunciation of all its monop- oly features in the office of the Secretary of State within 60 days after the ratification of this constitution. "Of the additional sums raised by licenses on lotteries,, the hospital of Shreveport shall receive ten thousand dollars- 13 annually, and the remaining sum shall be divided each year among the several parishes of the State, for the benefit of their schools." Constitution of the State of Louisiana, 1879, P* 47- For a whole generation has the form of the wanton harlo t of chance been planted in the centre of the constitution of a great State; and the vice of gambling is none the less heinous, because a minute portion of the immense sums acquired by the revolutions of the "Wheel of Fortune" is devoted to the maintenance of hospitals and common schools. Imprudent speculation, intemperance and vice fill our charitable institutions with the sick and dying, and the desire to gain wealth by speculation and the "Wheel of For- tune," rather than by honest labor and virtuous efforts converts our youth into idle vagabonds, fills our prisons and penitentiaries with defaulters, forgers, bank robbers, thieves and murderers. Is the owner of the gilded saloon, gambling and drinking hell, however high he may stand in church or State, more holy or noble than the miserable, drivelling drunkard who staggers into our hospitals or is committed to our insane asylums and prisons? Did the African slave trade with its floods of poisonous rum, and the untold horrors of the middle passage as con- ducted by the merchants of the New England States in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, yield finally any other result than the gigantic, bloody civil war of 1861- 1865, whereby the soil of the United States of America was drenched in the blood of her sons, and the entire land ■clad in the garb of sorrow and mourning? Can the heart of a great State as revealed in her consti- tution be rotten, and her children be pure, healthy and virtuous ? What inducement is there to honest labor and virtuous endeavor, when the mother points to the gaming table and the deceitful smiles of Chance as the Royal Road to Wealth and Position in State and Church ? 14 Let the work of moral education in Louisiana com- mence with the purification of her constitution. Gentlemen, we are then interested in the discussion of the principles of education, not only as students of diffi- cult and useful sciences, and practitioners of medicine, but also as citizens of a powerful and free nation, which has a high political, religious and scientific destiny to ful- fil amongst the nations of the earth. Upon the present occasion, with the limited space of time at my command, I can only give an outline of this important subject. Nature and Ends of Education. The word Education signfies drawing out, develop- ment; and the true principles of education should be based upon the knowledge of the constitution, properties, powers, and relations of the subject capable of development. The education of man should be founded upon the knowledge of his physical, physiological, mental and moral constitution ; and upon a knowledge of his relations to the universe, to his fellow-men and to his creator. To understand the true nature and scope of education we must understand : ist. The structure, development and relations of the material part of man. 2nd. The structure and relations of the intellect. 3rd. The structure and relations of the moral nature. 4th. The relations of the material, intellectual, and moral natures to each other, to the exterior universe, and to the Creator. The ends of education are threefold. ist. The development and perfection of the individual physically, intellectually and morally, for time and eternity, as an individual. 2nd. The development and perfection of the individual physically, intellectually and morally, with reference to his fellow'-men. 3rd. The development and perfection of the individual 15 physically, intellectually, socially and morally with refer- ence to his relations to his Creator, in time and in eternity. It is evident therefore that the true destination of educa- tion is indicated by the noblest wants and loftiest facul- ties of man, and that every system of education is defec- tive, which does not comprehend man in all the varied relations of his physical, intellectual and moral natures. In view of the mighty objects of education, it may be said with truth, that "Man cannot propose a higher or holier object for his study than education, and all that pertains to it. According to a fine expression of Kant's, there is in every man'a divinity, the ideal of a perfect man, conform- ing to the type according to which God fashioned him; just as in a block of Parian marble an image of a Hercules or of an Apollo would be found, if a divine artist had traced there by means of the natural veins of the marble, the contour and form of the future statue. This statue it is the aim of education to free from the rubbish that conceals it-it is the object of our entire life to evolve its form; this inherent ideal of divinity it is the duty of education to reveal to our consciousness, and to enable us to realize it by aiding the development of all those germs and dispositions placed within us by God when he made man according to his own image, dispositions which constitute our rational nature-the true nature of the human race. The true method of developing the physical, mental and moral constitution and faculties of man cannot be deter- mined by any process of abstract reasoning; it must be discovered by observation, experiment, analysis and syn- thesis. A true theory of education should be evolved out of the study of history, past and present; for it has taken all the past to make the present; it has required every event of the past, every work of art, every experiment, every dis- covery in science, in politics, in morals and in religion, to bring our race to its present state of development. 16 Physical Constitution and Physical Relations of Man. The progressive study of the phenomena of the universe known to the human mind finds the last, most compre- hensive and typical work in man, governed by the me- chanical, astronomical, physical and chemical laws of inorganic bodies, and comprehending within himself all or- ganic nature-composed of inorganic elements, prepared and grouped into definite compounds in the vegetable kingdom, by the combined action of the forces of matter, and of the sun. under the guidance of the vital principle-endowed with a body perfect in its mechanical structure, and in the arrangement of its parts, with the size of its organs, the strength of its muscles and bones, and the vigor of its forces, constructed and arranged with exact reference to the force of gravity, the size of our globe and its relations with the sun and all other worlds in the universe; worked by forces,the result- ants of the chemical changes of those substances which, in the vegetable kingdom, have been elevated into a state of force by the action of the sun; unable to create or annihi- late any force, any more than to create or annihilate matter; endowed, in common with all vegetables and animals, with vital force, and arising from the same com- mon origin, the cell, and, like plants and animals, passing through various stages of development; possessing, in common with all animals, and in contradistinction to vege- tation, a nervous system, endowed with special sensibili- ties relating the various organs and apparatus to each other, in such a manner that, amidst an innumerable num- ber of complicated actions, unity and harmony result, and relating the mind with the exterior world in such a manner that it is capable of obtaining a view of its own changing relations-endowed with intellectual and moral faculties capable of receiving impressions through the nervous sys- tem, and of exciting the forces by which they are sur- rounded, and of directing and controlling them, so as to Questions Relating to the Science and Practice of Medical Chemistry, PROPOUNDED TO THE CANDIDATES FOR GRADUATION, By JOSEPH JOHES, ZML ID., I i ofessor of CHemistry and Clinical Medicine, Medical Department, Tulane University of Louisiana. 1. What branches of knowledge are em- braced under the general head of medical physics and chemistry? 2. What elements should chiefly engage the attention of the medical student? 3. Present the names, symbols and com- bining equivalents of the non-metals. 4. Present the names, symbols and com- bining equivalents of metals. 5. How many simple bodies enter into the composition of the human body? Give their names, symbols and combining equivalents. 6. W hat is the science which relates to the constitution of matter called? 7. Describe the general properties of mat- ter as included under the science of soma- tology. 8. What is the probable ultimate compo- sition of matter? Give the molecular hy- pothesis. 9. Give experimental and theoretical illus- trations of the ultimate constitution of mat- ter. 10. Describe the crystaline force, the forms of crystals and the circumstances which modify the action of this force. 11. Mention the name of the instrument used for the measurement of the angles of crystals, and also give a classification of the different systems of crystals. 12. What is meant by isomorphism, di- morphism, allotropy and osmosis? 13. Give illustrations of the properties of matter known as divisibility, porosity, dila- tability, elasticity and cohesion. 14. What is meant by capillary action and the diffusion of liquids? Give the relations of these phenomena to absorption, exudation and the phenomena of dropsy. 15. Describe the condition known as drop- sy, and detail the causes which induce this pathological state in the living human body. 16. Describe the phenomena of the diffu- sion of gases, and the relation to this process of respiration? 17. Describe the process of filtration, the filter, wash bottle, precipitation, and the dis- placement apparatus. 18. Describe the mode of extracting the active principles of various medicinal agents by the displacement apparatus and by decoc- tion. 19. Describe the methods of determining the specific gravity of solids, fluids and gases, and give the application of these methods to pharmaceutical, chemical and pathological investigations. 20. Give an outline of the phenomena and sources of heat, and describe Fahrenheit's, Centigrade and Reautner's thermometers, and give rules for the conversion of the scales into each other. 21. Describe the various apparatus em- ployed in the laboratory for the application and regulation of heat. 22. What is the source of animal heat, and what are the various modes of investigating heat in health and disease? 23. What is the mechanical equivalent of heat, and how is this equivalent determined? 24. Describe the relations of heat to climate and to plants and animals, and to the physical features of the surface of our globe, and to the nature and geographical distribu- tion of diseases. 25. Describe the phenomena of vaporiza- tion, evaporation and steam, with practical applications. 26. Describe the process of distillation- the still; and its application to the prepara- tion of alcoholic liquors and various medic- inal compounds. 27. Give the chemical constitution of sugar, starch, cellulose and alcohol, and explain the processes of vinous, alcoholic and acetous fermentations. 28. Describe the apparatus and the mode of determining the relative proportions of alc®hol in wine, whisky, rum, gin and in malt liquors, and state the value and uses of alcohol in the arts and medicine. 29. Give facts illustrating the relations of heat to electricity, and describe Mthe Therm electric machine. 30. Give the main facts illustrating the phenomena of static electricity, and describe the various forms of friction machines for the development and application of static electricity to the treatment of diseases. 31. Give the main facts illustrating the phenomenaof dynamic or galvanicelectricity, and describe the principles of the machines chiefly used in the treatment of disease? 32. What are the mutual relations of heat, light and electricity, and what are meant by the terms correllation of forces and conservation of force? 33. Describe the magneto-electric ma- chine and its application to the treatment of disease. 34. Describe the spectroscope and spectro- scopic analysis. 35. Detail the several parts of the simple and compound microscope, and describe their mode of use in chemical, physiological and pathological investigations. 36. Describe the relations of the forces contained in the rays of the sun to chemical and electrical actions, and to the development and preservation of plants and animals upon the surface of this earth. 37. Of how many elements is terrestrial matter composed, and in what state do these elements occur in nature? 38. Give the difference between an element and a compound, and enumerate the chief non-metallic and metallic compounds used in medicine. 39. Mention some of the most common and important compounds of the non-metals and metals in the surrounding universe. 40. Give the symbol and combining equiv- alent of oxygen, and describe six sources and detail six methods for the evolution of this gas. 41. Mention the chief properties of oxygen and describe its relations to respiration, and to animal heat and chemical changes in living animals. 42. Give an analysis of the atmosphere, and state the exact proportion of its constitu- ents in one hundred parts. 43- Is the proportion of oxygen constant in the atmosphere, and why? 44. Describe the chemical relations of the animal and vegetable kingdoms to the at- mosphere. 45. Give the symbols, combining equivalent, physical and chemical properties of nitrogen, and describe the part which it plays in the atmosphere and in animal and vegetable sub- stances. 46. Describe the properties, combining equivalent and modes of obtaining hydrogen by electrical agency and chemical methods. 47. Why is a mixture of hydrogen and at- mospheric air explosive, and what are the results of the union of the hydrogen and ox- ygen? 48. Give a detailed description of the ap- paratus and methods of obtaining oxygen from mercuric oxyde, potassium chlorate, manganic oxide and potassium nitrate. 49. Why is manganic dioxide mixed with potassium chlorate in the preparation of oxygen? '50. What is the essential act of respiration and what experiments demonstrate the pres- ence of carbonic acid in the expired air? 51. What are the ultimate products of the combustion of sugar, starch, alcohol and salts in living animals' 52. Give the composition of coal gas, and explain the effects of chemical results pro- duced by the ignition cf a mixture of atmos- pheric air and coal gas. 53. What is the nature of combustion, and what is the meaning of the terms combusti- ble and supporter of combustion? Describe the structure of flame and enumerate the products of combustion. 54. Give the relative specific gravity and distinguishing properties of hydrogen, oxy- gen, nitrogen, carbonic acid and aqueous vapor. 55. Describe the relative effects of oxy- gen, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbonic acid, and heavy and light carburetted hydrogen on living animals. 56. Give rules for the recovery of persons from asphyxia caused by drowning or poi- sonous gases. 57. Give a general description of the phys- ical and chemical properties and uses of water, detailing its relations to plants and animals and its value to the chemist. 58. Describe the apparatus and method of obtaining phosphorus, its combining equi- valent and its chemical and poisonous prop- erties. 59. Why does phosphorus bnrn in air, and what remains when ignited phosphorus com- bines with all the oxygen in a confined space ? 60. Describe the chemical and therapeutic differences of action of phosphorus and its components, including its phosphites, hypo- phosphites and phosphates. 61. What are the symptoms and mode of treatment of phosphorus poisoning ? 62. Give the properties, chemical relations, combining equivalent and mode in which chlorine is prepared for chemical and medic- inal uses ? 63. Give the names of the chief components of chlorine. 64. Give the names and chemical consti- tution of the chief disinfectants, and give the details of their practical application. 65. Explain the bleaching, deodorizing and disinfecting properties of chlorine. 66. Explain the composition, combining equivalents and mode of manufacture of the following mineral acids, namely: Hydric sulphate, nitric sulphate and chloric* sul- phate. 67. Explain the medicinal and poisonous properties of sulphuric, nitric and hydro- chloric acids, and the proper methods of treating their poisonous properties. 68. Give the tests for chlorine, for sul- phuric and nitric acids; and describe the methods of separating them from inorganic and organic compounds. 69. In what diseases does chlorine disap- pear from the urine, and how is its presence and amount determined? 70. Detail the methods of testing the purity of sulphuric, nitiric and hydrochloric acids? 71. Give the characteristics of pure (pot- able) and impure water, and give the chemi- cal and microscopical tests for the same. 72. Give a detailed statement of the appa- ratus, methods and reagents employed in the analysis of water. 73. Give the combining equivalents, prop- erties, chemical relations, equivalents and mode of origin and preparation of iodine and bromine. 74. Give the tests for chlorine, iodine and bromine,'and describe the mode of proceeding analytically for their separation. 75. State the sources, forms, physical prop- erties and relations of carbon. 76. State the relations of carbon and its compounds to vegetable and animal sub- stances. 77. Give the properties, uses, chemical and medicinal compounds of sulphur. 78. Give the physical and chemical prop- erties of boron silicon and fluorine. 79. Describe the mode of manufacturing sulphuric acid, its physical and chemical properties and its effect upon living animal tissues. 80. Describe the composition, mode of preparation, value and uses as a chemical agent, and the poisonous effects of hydric sulphide? 81. What is the color of the human blood in poisoning by sulphuretted hydrogen? By carbonic acid? By carbonic oxide? By nitrous oxide? By nitric oxide? By illumi- nating gas? 82. Mention some of the compounds con- taining nitrogen, and describe the method of preparing nitrogen protoxide and its effect upon living animals. 83. Describe the mode of preparing po- tassic nitrate and sod io nitrate, and the mode of obtaining nitric acid from these chemical compounds. 84. What are the local and constitutional effects of nitric acid, and how is the presence of this acid determined in organic mixtures? 85. Describe the chemical effects of hydric nitrate on copper. 86. Describe the mode of preparing aqua ammonia; state its value as a reagent and its effects upon animal tissues. 87. What is meant by chemical affinity, and how is this force distinguished from heat, electricity and gravitation? 88. How may the results of chemical ac- tions be expressed, and explain chemical nomenclature and notation. 89. Describe the atomic theory of Dalton; explain the difference between an atom and a molecule, and give the three laws which regulate chemical combination. 90. Point out the physical and chemical differences between acids, alkalies and bases. 91. Give a list, with the symbols and com- bining equivalents, of the metals. 92. Mention the metals which enter into the composition of the human body and those which act as poisons to plants and animals. 93. Describe the different modes in which metals occur in the strata of the earth, and describe in general terms the arts and modes of mining. 94. Classify the simple bodies, non-metals and metals, according to their magnetic, dia- magnetic, electric and chemical qualities, and enumerate them underthe head of mon- ads, dyads, triads, tetrads and hexads. 95. Give an analytical classification of the metals into five groups, in accordance with their chemical relations to certain reagents. 96. Describe the distribution, mode of extraction, chemical compounds and chemi- cal relations of arsenic? 97. Describe the poisonous symptoms in- duced by arsenic, and enumerate its anti- dotes? 98. Give in detail the solid and liquid tests for arsenic, the reduction test, ammonio sulphate 'of copper, aminonio nitrate of silver, Marsh's test, Reinsch's test. 99. Describe the method of separating arsenic from the animal fluids and solids. 100. Describe the toxic effects of antimony and give the distinguishing tests between this substance and arsenic. 101. Mention the names and chemical constitution of the chlorides, iodides, sulphates and nitrates of mercury. 102. Give the formula for the manufacture of black wash and yellow wash. 103. Describe in detail four methods for the manufacture of calomel. 104. Give the method for the manufacture of the green and red iodides of mercury? 105. Give the symptoms of poisoning by corrosive sublimate; the chemical tests for the same in powder and in solution, and de- tail the process for the separation of mercury from the tissues. 106. Enumerate the chief chemical com- pounds of lead; describe the symptoms of lead poisoning, and detail the antidotes. 107. Describe the sources and mode of manufacture and the chief medicinal compo- unds of potassium and sodium. 108. Mention the compounds of silver, iron, copper, zinc and bismuth chiefly em- ployed in medicine, and give the tests for the same. 109. How is caustic potassa prepared, and what is its effect upon the living tissues? no. What is the relation between salts whose specific names end in the syllable ate and those ending in ite, and acids ending in ic and those in ous? and what is the distinc- tion between a normal or neutral and an acid salt? 111. Enumerate the carbonates of the al- kalies and alkaline earths. 112. Enumerate the inorganic compounds and their chemical constitution, and relations of the alkalies and alkaline earths. 113. Give the sources, mode of prepara- tion and chief chemical components of cal- cium, magnesium, manganese, bismuth and lithium. 114. Define the terms analysis and synthe- sis, proximate analysis, qualitative, quantita- tive and elementary analysis. 115. Give a list of the chief reagents em- ployed by the chemist in analytical pro- cesses. 116. Give the formula for the chief re- agents employed by the chemist? 117. Mention the more important sub- stances which the chemist employs in his reagents in the analysis of water, urine, bile and blood. 118. Give the mode of analysis of organ- ic compounds. 119. Give the principles of classification of organic compounds. 120. State the differences between organic and inorganic bodies, and between organic and organized bodies. 121. What is meant by fermentation? De- scribe the various kinds of fermentation, and distinguish between the chemical constitution of their products. 122. Define the differences between vinous and acetous fermentation on the one hand, and putrefaction on the other. 123. Describe the chemical constitution of cellulose, starch, cane sugar, grape sugar, milk sugar, dextrine, lactine and the pro- ducts of their fermentation. 124. Describe the still and the processes of fermentation and distillation. 125. Descrbe the method of determining the amount of alcohol in malt liquors, claret, beer, ale, sherry, port wine, whisky, gin, rum and other liquors. 126. How many varieties are there of alcohol? 127. Give a classification of the alcohols according to their derivation and chemical products. 128. Describe the manufacture, chemical constitution and chemical relations of ether. 129. Describe the chemical origin, consti- tution and manufacture of chloroform, and give the tests for the purity of sulphuric ether and chloroform. 130. Enumerate the comparative uses, ef- fects and applications of alcohol, sulphuric ether and chloroform. 131. Describe the origin, chemical consti- tution and mode of manufacture of chloral hydrate, antipyrine and antifebrine. 132. Enumerate the names and give the chemical composition and relations of the principal organic acids. J33- Give the chemical and medicinal ap- plications of acetic, oxalic, citric, tartaric, tanic and gallic acids. 134. Describe the origin, chemical consti- tution and relations of hydrocyanic acid. 135. Describe the poisonous properties of hydrocyanic acid, and describe the mode of its analysis in vegetables and animals. 136. Give the chemical composition of fats, fat acids and fat salts. 137. What is surgeon's plaster and how is it prepared? 138. Give the origin and chemical proper- ties of glycerine. 139. What is meant by an alkaloid? Give examples. 140. Give the physical and chemical com- position of opium, and enumerate the methods of separating its principal alkaloids? 141. Give the sources, chemical composi- tion and differences of strychnia and brucia. 142. Give the differential diagnosis between the symptoms of poisoning by hydrocyanic acid, morphia and strychnia. 143. Draw a comparison between the symptoms produced by strychnia and prussic acid on the one hand, and traumatic tetanus and hydrophobia on the other. 144. Give the characteristic tests for mor- phia, brucia, strychnia, quinia and salacine- 145. Give the constitution of normal saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic juice, muscular juice and brain tissue. 146. Give the normal and abnormal con stitution of the bile. 147. Give the normal constitution of the urine of man. 14S. Detail the variations of the urinary constituents in health and disease, in the following general order: Water, solid mat- ters, coloring matters, acidity, urea, uric acid, free acid, chlorine, phosphoric acid and sulphuric acid, creatine, creatinine, so- dium, potassium, lime, magnesia and iron. 149. Describe the mode of determining the specific gravity of the urine. 150. Give a rule for the determination of the specific gravity of the urine. 151. State the rules to be observed in the determination of the solid matters of the urine. 152. Demonstrate the presence of urea in human urine, and illustrate its variations during various states of diet, thirst, starvation, rest and exercise, and of febrile excitement. 153. Describe the apparatus and detail the reagents necessary for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the urine. 154. Enumerate the French and English systems of weights and measures, and give rules for the conversion of the one into the other. 155. What are the characters of diabetic urine and the main symptoms of diabetes mel- litus? 156. Describe the apparatus and reagents, and the mode employed in analyzing the urine and animal solids and fluids, qualita- tively and quantitatively, for glucose (diabe- tic sugar). 157. Give the mode of performance and the chemical rationale of the following tests for sugar in animal fluids, namely, Moore's, Trommer's and Fehlug's and the fermenta- tive tests. 158. What are the chemical and micros- copical characters of the urine in Bright's disease of the kidneys? 159. Give the tests and analytical processes for the qualitative and quantitative determi- nation of albumen in human urine- 160. Give the microscopical and chemical tests for spermatozoa in human urine. 159. Give the microscopical and chemical methods of determining the presence of the blood corpuscles and albumen of human blood in the urine. 160. Detail the mode of determining the difference between the blood of man and animals in medico-legal investigations. 161. Give the physical, chemical and microscopical characters of urine contain- ing blood, albumen, casts and spermatozoa. 162. Describe the apparatus and detail the chemical processes and reagents for the determination of mineral poisons, as lead, arsenic, antimony and mercury, in the urine. 163. Name the constituents of the human bile, and give in detail the chemical com- position of the coloring matters and acids of the bile. 164. Describe the method and detail the reagents necessary for the determination of the coloring matters and acids of the bile in human urine and blood. 165. Describe the methods and the reagents necessary for the qualitative and quanti tative determination of urea in healthy and diseased human blood. 166. Give a list of urinary calculi. 167. Explain the mode and cause of the formation of urinary, biliary, salivary, pan- creatic, intestinal and prostatic calculi. 168. Give the physical characters and chemical constitution of uric acid calculi, and explain their relations to remedial agents. 169. Explain the mode of origin and de- velopment of phosphatic calculi, and their physical and chemical relations to remedial agents. 170. Define the chemical, microscopical, physiological and pathological characters of oxalite of lime and oxalic calculus. 171. Detail the name and chemical consti- tion of human blood. 172. Explain the chemical composition and relations of protine, albumen, fibrin caseine and musculin. 173. Describe the changes of the blood due to malarial and yellow fevers. 174. Describe the changes and characters of human urine due to malarial fever, mala- rial hematuria and vellow fever. table t-t- Meteorological and Mortuary Statistics of New Orleans, for tin Year 1881, Giving the Daily Mange of Mortality and of the Thermometer, Barometer and Rain-Fall, for the Entire Year. Also Deaths Reported by the ( orohGr, and those which Occurred in Charitable and Public Institutions Including the Charity Hospital oil New Orbans, during the Year 1881. Consolidated from the Records of the Board of Health, under the Direction of Joseph Jones, M. D., 156 Washington Street, Corner ofCamp, Fourth District, January 1, 1882. ' ' ■ - ■-L 2 2 i 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 24 29 30 31 Mean. S d . 30.2 . 30.3 . 30.1 29.9 29.8 29.9 30.2 30.1 29.9 29.9 30.2 30.3 30.0 29.9 29.9 29.9 30.0 30.1 30.1 29.8 29.9 30.1 30.3 30.2 39.31 30.4. 30.51 30.51 30.4! 30.2 30. i: 30.1. Bai a ft Cl 1 30.1 0 30.2 e 30.1 29.8 7 29.8 6 29.41 4 30.1 3 30.0 > 29.8 I 30.0 1 30.2 30.2 I 29.9 29.9 29.8 29.9 30.1 > 30.1 ) 30.0 29.7 > 29.9 30.2 30.2 30.2 30.3* 30.4 30.41 30.51 30.41 30.21 30.01 30.1$ omelet a ft Ci 8 30.2 8 30.2 0 30.1 ) 29.9 6 29.8 7 30.1 5 30.1 5 30.0 8 29.8 5 30.1 7 30.3 5 30.1 29.9 1 30.0 29.8 29.9 30.1 30.1 29.9 1 29.8 30.1 ) 30.3 30.2 30.2 30.4 30.5 30.5- 30.5: 30.3' 30.11 3d. OS 30.15 a OS © 1 30.2 30.2 2 30.1 29.9 29.8 30.0 30.1 3 30.0 29.9 30.0 1 30.2 30.2 ) 29.9 1 29.8 > 29.8 5 29.9. 30. r 30.1 29.9 29.8 ) 30.0 30.2 30.2 30.2 30.4 30.4 30.51 30.5! 30.4 30.21 30.0! 30.14 a a <3 4 5 4 5 4 6 5 5 5 4 4 5 6' 6 (8 7' 6' 7. 7 5 5' 4 4 4 5 55 5 5' 5< 6 7. 56.1 Temp a a '5 § 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 4 4. 4' 51 5. 5f 6! 5£ 4' 4: 3. 3. 3S 3S 4! 4 3! ; 4' 5' 43. eratur © b£ P ci Ph 1 I 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1< 2 11 IS 1. 1( 1( 11 1- 11 1 2( 1! IS 13.1 9. a ce © 37. 44. 46. 50. i 45. 49. 47. 52. 50. 41/ 42. 46.. 61.' 52.( 56.S 64.( 61.( 65.J 67.J 544 48.( 45. 40.( 38.( 44.,' 45.( 484 464 49.( 564 664 504 Ri a a 7 7 2 6 8 9 8 8 ) 6 8 7 9 7; 71 7! 81 7f 8$ 9( 94 94 8" 95 68 4t 8( 65 5f 5: 6( 5" 93 94 7' lative a ft Ci 4 6 9 8 8 4 5 6 8 7 6 51 6< 6. 8! 6S 8l 81 91 5S 61 4! 31 58 41 31 4' 4C 58 78 8( 68 Hm»h a a 0 > 6 5 7 2 9 8 7 7 7 7 8 6 6 7 8 5 8 8 9 9. 9. 91 6! 6S 9( 7' 6? 7 6; 54 7! 8S 8! r dity. f 1 6 3 5 6 1 | 9 1 5 1 5 If ( t 8 7 co Qi 0 - a 51 .0 58 10 2.8* 38 .8 32 .1 57 55 76 .2 31 .7 77 .1 56 56 77 70 53 77 12 )0 1.9. 13 2.4! 79 1.4 4 0 >8 ' .If 1 * .2! >9 >5 5 1 5 6 8 3 11.If c e 5 3 .6 1 !8 i 18 9 23 18 19 19 24 25 19 17 21 19 10 17 1 15 13 15 9 1 15 । 25 19 22 21 21 19 18 11 543 1 2 3 4....... 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Mean. . a a 30.1: 30.15 30.13 30.12 30.01 30.0-. 29.95 29.99 30.04 30.07 30.16 30.21 30.31 30.12 29.99 29.92 29.94 21.97 29.94 29.90 29.91 29.93 29.97 29.98 29.98 30.03 30.03 29.92 29.83 29.79 •49.84 30.00 Hiro a ft Cl 30.13 30.13 30. Ot 30.05 30.04 29.97 29.92 29.98 30.02 30. K 30.1.' 30.21) 30.04 30.01 29.92 29.90 29.92 29.93 29.89 29.87 29.89 29.91 29.93 29.94 29.96 30.01 29.98 29.83 29 80 29.79 29.86 29.97 meter. a ft Ci 30.1; 30.12 30.0- 30.01 30.02 29.9: 29.94 30.02 30.07 30.11 30.17 30.20 30.1. 29.99 29.88 29.88 29.91 29.91 29.88 29.90 29.90 29.94 29.97 30.00 30.00 30.02 29.94 29.84 29.80 29.78 29.82 29.9.' p © 30.13 30.1: 30.09 30.07 30.03 29.91 29.94 30.00 30.05 30.09 30.1f 30.20 30.15 30.02 29.92 29.89 29.92 29.93 29.90 29.89 29.90 29.93 29.96 29.98 29.99 30.02 29.97 29.86 29.81 29.79 29.84 29.98 a p a ? 84 81 82 83 80 80 80 77 82 82 82 83 85 89 90 88 86 83 85 82 81 85 86 85 82 83 85 86 84 84 86 83.6 Temp a *p § 6t 68 69 67 70 69 67 67 70 71 68 70 71 70 74 74 73 69 70 70 68 72 70 72 71 72 73 73 73 72 70.3 mature bf) P rt Ph It- 13 13 16 10 11 13 10 12 11 14 1 H 19 16 14 13 14 15 12 13 13 16 13 11 11 12 13 11 12 14 13.2 p 05 © 75.0 75. 75.5 75.0 75.0 74.5 73.5 72.0 75.0 76.0 75.0 76.0 78.0 84.0 82.0 81.0 79.5 76.0 77.5 76.0 74.5 78.5 78.0 78.5 76.5 77.5 79.0 79.5 78.5 78.0 79.0 77.0 Re a a 96 84 76 78 76 77 82 87 93 92 92 76 83 7' 76 73 54 45 70 80 80 81 .79 '77 86 7'7 71 73 73 79 80 78 ative i a ft Cl 58 57 49 62 63 66 64 70 70 76 63 57 56 43 47 38 38 29 43 50 64 66 57 57 73 64 74 36 63 54 75 57 Tumid a ft Ci 81 79 80 75 79 83 81 83 86 87 7- 84 66 56 59 62 44 56 59 63 77 67 75 85 84 76 68 63 75 71 81 73 ity. a p © a 78 73 68 72 73 75 76 80 82 84 75 71 68 58 61 58 Co Qi Q> •S § ' 12 .14 .06 1.20 ft e A 13 10 17 22 25 21 29 17 27 30 16 18 21 31 13 26 15 1> 24 24 29 15 30 36 23 16 17 29 18 17 28 683 p; w sa S K 0. K 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1(1 ..... 11 12 H 14 15 6 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 30 Mean .. ?0.08 JO. 07 30.01 29.99 30 04 30 07 30 05 3 J. 08 30.08 30.07 30.08 30 03 30 01 29.87 29 62 29.91 30.10 30.08 3 03 30.02 30 00 30.02 30.05 30 04 30.03 30.00 29.96 30.01 30 00 ■ 30.01 '30.01 Baroi a a Cl 30.06 30.01 29.98 29.93 30.05 30.06 30.04 30.05 30.04 30.03 30.04 30.01 29.95 29.78 29.70 29 97 30.06 30.03 29.97 x9.98 29.96 30.00 30.02 30.00 29.99 29 96 29.98 29.99 29.95 29.99 29.99 meter. a ft Ci 30.07 30.03 29.96 29.95 30.06 30.06 30.06 30.08 30.03 30.07 30.07 30.05 29.93 29.72 29.83 30.05 30.09 30.01 30.01 29.99 30.00 30.03 30.03 30.02 30.01 29.98 30 02 30 01 30.00 30.02 29.99 p p © 30.07 30 04 29 98 29.96 30.05 30.06 30.05 30.07 30.05 30.05 30.06 30.05 29.96 29 79 29.72 29.98 30.08 30.04 30 00 30.00 29.08 30.01 30.03 30.02 30.01 29.98 29.99 30 01 29.98 30.01 30.00 a p a P a 88 88 91 92 90 90 87 86 87 86 89 90 87 82 79 77 78 84 84 84 86 85 85 87 84 84 84 86 86 86 85 7 Tempe p 76 76 77 78 77 78 78 76 75 76 78 75 73 73 67 65 63 69 71 72 72 73 74 74 74 75 75 75 75 73 8 rature. © bJO P p 12 12 14 14 13 12 9 11 11 11 13 12 12 9 6 10 13 21 15 13 14 13 12 13 10 10 9 1> 11 11 11.9 P p © a 82.0 82.0 84.0 85.2 84.0 84.4 82.7 80.6 81 4 80 7 82 0 84.0 81.0 78 0 76 0 72.0 71.0 73.5 76.5 77.5 79.0 78 5 79.0 80.5 79.0 79 0 79.0 80 0 80.0 80 0 80.1 Rei g a 88 81 76 74 88 82 79 85 82 77 82 79 79 85 71 70 45 54 66 76 90 90 90 90 9'1 90 91 97 90 85 80 ative T g ft 55 52 43 44 54 60 67 57 52 63 49 47 67 74 64 37 30 44 49 49 48 44 61 52 82 63 90 74 67 6> 57 rumidi a ft Ci 79 72 65 71 82 81 79 76 77 74 67 74 69 90 60 44 41 52 76 76 76 77 85 82 85 85 90 88 84 91 751 fy- p p © 1 74 68 61 63 75 74 75 73 70 71 66 67 72 83 65 50 39 50 64 67 71 70 79 75 ' 86 79 90 86 80 80 10 Co s .02 .12 .04 1.19 1.22 .17 s 00 .30 .16 1.15 08 .02 4.47 © eg "8 A 14 21 19 11 11 16 20 13 12 11 11 22 16 9 11 11 13 8 17 16 18 10 15 15 8 23 11 12 16 17 427 DEATHS REPORTED BY THE CORONER AND I CHARITY HOSP1T3 NAMB OF DISEASE- GENERAL DISEASES. Small-pox Measles Scarlatina Enteric or Typhoid Fever - Remittent Fever Intermittent Fever Malarial Fevers Congestive Fever Typho-Malarial •• • Malarial Fever (unclassified) Cholera Morbus Cholera Infantum Diphtheria. Erysipelas Atrophy Eczema Leprosy Pyaemia Puerperal Fever Chronic Rheumatism Syphilis ' Syphilis Congenital Cancer Lupus Scrofula. Tubercular Meningitis Phthisis Pulmonahs Tabes Mesenterica Diabetes Anaemia HOS lL c g w. 1 "6 ii 2 4 3 1 i i 2 "2 3-i 12 1 37 4 ii 18 i 3 7 13 3 7 2 1 4 "i 3 ' 7 E T IF J O. 2 1 1 7 1 23 8 12 5 "i 2 1 2 3 68 10 3 10 2 1 ii 3 "5 1 3 33 16 1 2 2 "7 "3 34 '1 "'2 YHI( 1EW : 5 5 S X IF. 2 1 . 1 . 2 3 . i 2 . 8 2 8 . 2 . "6 22 8 4 11 12 3 5 i6 3 1 1 4 3 "3 "i "5 DH OB > J 0. 2 "2 2 1 "6 1 "■4 "4 3 *'i 3 OCC .LE^ * I r 8 8 IF. 1 . 1 . "6' 5 6 15 1 22 2 2 1 "i i 2 1 1 6 1 12 1 io7 "i 2 URI (NS, O. ... 1 1 4 'll 1 ... 1 ... ... ... 1 "2 2 1 7 1 1 '66 1 LED IN CHARITABLE AND PUBLIC TnsttitIt LOUISIANA, DURING THE YEAR ]88i. - NAME OF DISEASE. Local Injuries. Concussion of Brain Compression of Brain Fracture of Skull Z Fracture of Spine Fracture of N eck Z Fracture of Leg ' Fracture of I ibnla Fracture of Ribs ' Fracture of Femur •run-shot AVound of Head '' Z 3-un-shot Wound of Chest \\ Jun-shot Wound of Abdomen Jun-shot Wound of Spine \ Jun-shot Wound of Arteries Jun-shot Wound of Leg " Jun-shot Wound. not stated / Injury7 to Spine " Incised or Penetrating Wounds. Wound of Abdomen . Wound of Chest •1 Wound ot Neck Wound of Knee-joint ' ' ' Wound of Thorax " ' ' ' ' " " ' Wound of Ribs Intestinal Worms DN IF 1 S INC © (3 0. 1 2 2 - .. 4 3 . 2 ... 1 . 4 "3 ' 1 1 . 4 2 . 8 ' "2 '. ' "i 1 1 :::::: . : I Charitable ll/ll I:::::;::;-:::::: I? § : : : : : : : i „l THE i s'5 ■g g § V. C. ■ 2 .... 1 .... 7 .... 1 .... 1 .... 2 1 2 .... 1 .... 1 1 2 .... 1 2 2 1 .... 1 1 1 .... 1 1 1 1 Z i 1 2 .... 45 43 57 C4 74 71 70 73 81 72 71 57 70 68 79 69 t .00 .01 * .02 * 1.43 05 t .00 .17 3.20 I* as p 65 w W 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Mean.. Barometer. Temperature. Relative Humidity. a 1? 1 Qi ft A K - 1 2 3 4 6.\^" 7 8 9 10. It 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 21L 30 J Mean .. Barometer. Temperature. Relative Humidity. CO Qi •S .01 * 1.30 * .12 *t .00 .01 * \64 .11 .01 .01 .60 2.84 ii ft Cg c Qi A © 19 35 15 35 16 17 20 20 31 34 35 7 35 28 29 34 31 25 .9 24 27 34 34 27 31 16 18 16 21 13 733 as id 8 O © 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 » 10 11 (2 13 14 15 16 17 - 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Mean . Barometer. Temperature. Relative Humidity. 8 A 1.08 .14 .03 .66 .02 .00 .04 .09 .34 1.22 .22 .02 .19 .65 .80 4.84 c© 8 Qi A ^6 12 9 18 14 13 18 13 16 9 17 8 11 16 15 14 12 26 16 13 9 16 16 9 18 18 11 21 19 15 11 0 442 a gS 30.05 30.15 30.10 30.06 29.98 29.6f 29.84 29.89 29.60 29.91 29.72 30.24 30.36 30.40 30.30 30.3t 30.37 30.07 30.13 30.21 30.34 30.31 30.31 30.22 30.14 29.99 29.75 30.07 30.09 a © a 30.08 30.12 30.09 30.02 29.88 29.72 29.92 29.73 29.77 29.85 29.95 30.28 30.34 30.34 30.33 30.38 30.26 30.05 30.18 30.24 30.32 30.31 30.26 30.19 30.11 29.86 29.83 30.14 30.09 a a S cs 66 54 58 58 58 64 64 61 64 66 68 50 52 48 63 64 67 78 62 56 58 62 71 70 70 70 72 62 62.7 - © 76.5 77.5 82.0 79.5 80.5 79.0 81.5 80.0 84.0 84.0 84.0 84.5 85.0 87.0 86.0 90.0 87.5 85.0 85.4 86.2 88.6 90.0 87.5 87.2 86.1 86.0 85.6 85.5 84.4 S3.4 83.0 Tumor of Ovary a Ci 30.04 30.12 30.08 30.02 29.90 29.66 29.95 29.80 29.71 29.87 29.85 30.23 30.31 30.32 30.30 30.36 30.26 30.03 30.18 30.24 30.31 30.31 30.25 30.18 30.10 29.86 29.75 30.11 30.07 a ft 30.12 30.12 30.09 30.01 29.83 29.79 29.94 29.61 29.87 29.81 30.12 30.32 30.35 30.31 30.35 30.40 30.22 30.06 30.21 30.25 30.31 30.30 30.24 30.17 30.09 29.78 29.90 30.18 30.09 a 0 a a § 52 43 44 47 52 57 55 54 58 51 47 38 37 36 41 49 49 57 57 48 45 47 49 53 49 57 55 49 49.1 © b£ P C3 14 11 14 11 6 7 9 7 6 15 21 12 15 12 22 15 18 21 5 8 13 15 22 17 21 13 17 13 13.5 § © a 59.0 48.5 51.0 52.5 55.0 60.5 59.5 57.5 64.0 58.5 57.5 44.0 44.5 42.0 52.0 56.5 58.0 67.5 59.5 52.0 51.5 54.5 60.0 61.5 59.5 63.5 63.5 55.5 _56a a a 100 84 77 86 74 94 88 94 77 80 95 55 53 53 76 79 79 88 82 72 70 71 72 70 79 88 88 41 77 a ft Ci 95 59 69 58 86 94 94 94 89 78 59 31 39 41 54 42 50 72 55 69 51 33 28 43 57 95 58 26 61 a ft Ci 80 72 80 81 94 94 94 94 70 89 51 76 31 60 80 69 76 95 73 87 61 58 55 61 82 94 64 52 74 -- 9 7 7 7 8 9 9 9 8 6 : 5 7 6 6 . 8 i 7 1 7 6 5 5 5 7 9 7 ~ ^2 3 1 •S A a 29.79 29.81 29.92 30.00 30.02 29.95 30.01 30.03 30.00 30.00 29.98 30 .'05 30.08 30.06 30.08 30.02 30.04 29.98 29.95 29.94 29.87 29.81 29.84 29.98 30.03 30.05 30.08 30.06 30.06 30.03 29.92 p Cl 29.76 29.81 29.90 29.98 29.95 29.99 30.00 29.99 29.98 29.98 29.97 30.03 30.05 30.03 30.07 30.05 29.99 29.93 29.93 29.91 29.80 29.78 29.89 30.00 30.01 30.03 30.01 30.04 30.05 30.03 29.95 a a. 29.75 29.81 29.91 29.98 29.96 29.98 29.98 29.99 22.95 29.95 29.97 30.01 30.02 30.07 30.02 30.01 29.96 29.94 29.95 29.87 29.79 29.80 29.93 29.92 30.02 30.04 30.07 30.08 30.02 307m 29.90 p 3 29.76 29.82 29.91 29.99 29.97 29.97 29.99 30.00 29.97 29.97 29.97 30.02 30.04 30.06 30.05 30.02 29.96 29.95 29.94 29.90 29.81 29.80 29.90 29.95 30.02 30.01 30.06 30.06 30.04 30.02 29.92 a p .a 82 84 90 87 87 87 88 89 90 91 90 91 92 95 94 96 92 91 91 91 94 97 91 93 93 93 91 92 90 TH 90.5 a 0 a '0 71 71 74 72 74 71 75 71 78 77 78 78 78 79 80 81 83 79 79 81 83 83 81 81 79 79 83 79 70 77.9 © tc p ft 11 13 16 15 13 16 13 18 14 12 13 14 16 14 12 9 12 12 10 11 14 13 12 14 14 10 13 10 12.9 p 77 81 74 60 71 70 86 78 76 80 83 70 73 66 60 79 74 79 68 67 71 64 64 70 76 73 83 71 ir 73 a ft Ci 67 57 45 41 37 85 72 61 60 52 56 45 49 41 47 44 53 57 58 45 45 39 55 61 54 52 42 56 61 n-r 53 a 0. C5 75 68 77 66 65 84 83 81 75 '2 70 77 65 70 61 66 73 67 66 63 66 55 61 71 69 64 79 79 79 70 p p © a 73 69 65 56 58 80 81 73 71 67 69 6s 61 61 58 56 68 66 68 59 59 56 60 65 61 64 65 73 70 66 30.04 30.16 30.18 30.11 30.02 30.02 30.15 30.18 30.18 30.14 30.14 30.20 30.30 30.24 30-16 30.17 30.11 30.08 29.99 30.08 30.12 30.11 30.03 29.97 30.08 30.08 29.98 29.88 29.92 29.87 30.08 Cl 30.08 30.15 30.16 30.03 29.95 30.09 30.14 30.17 30.14 30.09 30.14 30.21 30.27 30.16 30.13 30.12 30.04 30.00 29.96 30.04 30.10 30.07 29.97 29.96 30.05 30.03 29.87 29.83 29.88 29.87 -3U.0S 30.05 a ft 30.14 30.17 30.14 30.14 30.01 30.15 30.20 30.19 30.15 30.12 30.17 30.25 30.26 30.15 30.16 30.14 30.06 30.03 30.02 30.09 30.13 30.07 29.97 30.00 30.04 30.01 29.86 29.86 29.91 30.00 30.0a 30.08 p p © 30.09 30.16 30.16 30.06 29.99 30.09 30.17 30.18 30.16 30.12 30.15 30.22 30.28 30.18 30.15 30.14 30.07 30.04 29.99 30.07 30.12 30.08 29.98 29.98 30.06 30.04 29.91 29.86 29.90 29.91 30 O1 30.07 a p 85 86 86 87 88 81 81 83 81 83 84 81 83 83 83 84 84 85 82 75 78 78 83 77 71 74 77 79 79 76 CO 81.1 g 0 _g '0 § 72 74 74 74 74 73 73 71 72 71 72 72 70 7l 72 72 73 64 59 69 69 68 58 57 64 6. 68 62 co 69.2 © bJO 13 11 12 13 14 7 8 10 10 11 13 12 11 11 13 13 12 13 9 11 19 9 14 9 13 17 13 12 11 14 10 11.9 p © 78.0 80.1 80.0 80.1 81.0 77.1 77.0 78.0 76.0 77.5 77.5 78.0 77.5 77.5 76.5 77.0 78.0 78.5 77.5 69.5 68.5 73.5 76.0 72.5 64.5 65.5 70.5 73.0 73.5 69.6 ri n 75.2 a p 90 91 90 90 90 85 76 85 90 90 84 85 85 85 84 90 87 87 85 81 88 86 90 86 72 70 84 83 92 87 Hl 85 a ft Cl 74 74 51 51 48 77 74 58 77 57 49 67 63 56 55 61 49 65 (2 66 65 85 72 70 57 43 60 84 85 69 63 64 g ft 90 91 82 77 69 69 76 82 85 82 76 85 85 82 84 82 82 74 76 6« 84 97 100 78 68 73 84 94 94 68 78 81 p © 85 85 74 72 69 77 75 75 84 76 69 79 78 78 78 77 72 75 77 71 79 89 87 78 66 62 76 87 90 75 74 LOCAL DISEASES. Diseases of the Nervous System. Congestion of the Brain Meningitis Encephalitis Softening of Brain Abscess of Brain Apoplexv Sun-Stroke. Chronic Hydrocephalus Atheroma Spinal Meningitis Myelitis. Paralysis .... j J ) Paraplegia Paralysis (unclassified) Locomotor Ataxia Tetanus Traumatic Trismus Ngscentium Convulsions Infantile Epilepsy Delirium Tremens Dementia Mania, Melancholia, Paralysis of the Insane Diseases of the Respiratory System. Croup Laryngitis. Bronchitis, (Edema of Glottis Asthma Pneumonia^ Gangrenous Parotiditis Emphyocn.a of .......... . . - . - . Haemoptisis (Edema of Lungs 8 1 *2 1 11 4 "i 1 2 2 1 3 2 "2 5 1 1 "5 1 3 27 1 e 1 1 1 1 5 1 i "4 "i 1 4 "2 1 ■4 1 "2 "i "i 1 30 1 '2 Tumor of Abdomen 1 .... Suicide. By Fracture of Skull 1 1 .... 2 .2; 2 5 5 5 .U 4 1.9 2 .5 4 .1 9 .1 2 8* .1 4 ..... 1 1 0 7 8 5 .(J 0 .17 6 .U 1 ; 4 ( 2 8 3 2 l.ffe 9 .« 9 5.30 21 18 11 20 11 25 20 10 16 12 14 20 14 20 19 20 17 15 16 23 24 15 10 10 15 21 15 14 466 By Drowning By Hanging By Shooting By Cutting or Stabbing ''"'" " '' 1 i Byr Poisoning. i 1 i \ Killed or Murdered. By Shooting .... By Stabbing ." " " ' " By Poisoning "'.. '. " " 1 1 8 3 8 1 . 4 1 . 2 'i .... 1.... Total Deaths Still-born 4' 2 546 9 101 . 240 52 17 308 NUMBER OF DEATHS IN EACH INSTITUTION. Charity Hospital Small-Pox Hospital '..... " Home of Aged and Infirm Insane Asylum- Boys House of Refuge . Louisiana Retreat " ' ' House of Good Shepherd st. Elizabeth Asylum ■ . ... . . St. Mary Orphan Boys Asylum . ... .\ ' St. Vincent's Infant Infirmary Holy J?mully JArsVlLiiia St. Anna Asylum Touro Infii-mary Total. 825 4 10 69 1 6 18 1 3 32 5 17 1 4 15 33 7 1 1 1 1 | MARCH. Barometer. Temperature. Relative Humidity. a •§ s ft Co Qi A £ 11 10 8 20 21 14 16 16 20 16 25 33 15 16 14 24 19 15 18 20 30 13 19 19 10 36 12 1 2 3 4 6... / ' 7 8 9 10 11 12 Barometer. Temperature. Relative Humidity. CO Qi Qi •<s» .65 3.25 ' .13 >i A c ft co A 31 12 14 20 20 21 13 18 36 11 21 15 21 15 20 22 5 13 19 13 18 12 29 17 21 18 24 21 15 11 25 5.71 ci w P5 S K 1 2.... . 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Barometer. Temperature. Relative Humidity. Co Q) Qi A .23 Qi ft Qi 11 21 17 11 13 13 23 23 26 11 10 25 10 17 17 21 15 19 10 18 15 12 14 19 23 22 25 12 20 508 J ewish Home- Seventh Street Orphan's Home 1 1 1 Parish Prison Diseases of the Circulatory System. 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 32 1 3 a C3 30.22 30.03 29.87 30.08 30.02 30.11 30.03 30.05 30.10 30.04 29.83 29.77 29.97 30.02 29.99 29.94 29.90 29.81 29.82 30.04 30.03 30.11 30.19 30.15 30.13 30.08 30.24 30.07 29.84 30.07 30.10 30.021 ft c? 30.17 29.94 30.00 29.90 29.98 30.05 30.01 30.03 30.08 29.66 29.69 29.76 30.00 30.00 29.98 29.90 29.91 29.71 29.86 29.98 29.88 30.04 30.13 30.11 30.06 30.11 30.17 29.97 29.89 29.97 36.01 29.98 a ft 30.16 29.93 30.13 29.91 30.02 30.10 30.02 30.05 30.06 29.96 29.63 29.84 30.03 30.01 29.97 29.90 29.92 29.61 29.96 30.00 30.00 30.14 30.13 30.13 30.06 30.19 30.14 29.93 30.08 30.03 30.03 a gS © a 30.17 29.96 30.03 29.95 30.01 30.09 30.02 30.05 30.08 29.98 29.69 29.80 30.01 30.01 29.98 29.91 29.91 29.68 29.90 30.01 29.98 30.Il 30.15 30.13 30.08 30.15 30.17 29.97 29.97 30.02 30.04 a a rt 3 72 74 65 67 61 60 59 63 64 67 69 72 69 68 68 77 71 71 71 60 66 59 64 72 73 66 64 70 64 62 64 a 0 s s a 50 54 55 48 46 46 50 53 51 50 53 60 55 55 57 66 64 65 56 51 50 42 44 53 54 66 46 49 52 46 49 52.4 © b£ P C3 M 16 20 10 19 15 14 9 10 13 17 16 12 14 13 11 11 7 6 15 9 16 17 20 19 19 10 18 21 12 16 15 14.2 p co © a 58.0 64.0 60.0 57.5 53.5 53.0 54.5 58.0 57.5 53.5 61.0 66.0 62.0 61.5 62.5 71.5 67.5 68.0 63.5 55.5 58.0 50.5 54.0 62.5 63.5 61.0 55.0 59.5 58.0 54.0 56.5 59 .'9 a a 66 81 89 46 36 44 94 74 55 73 81 71 69 70 94 95 95 84 75 46 57 51 48 63 87 83 49 66 82 63 34 68 a ct 40 46 32 19 22 43 87 48 38 46 89 25 38 56 94 77 94 90 35 32 41 31 40 37 58 39 27 48 54 27 15 47 a ft Ci 70 89 40 53 31 80 94 58 64 76 95 66 65 88 95 90 94 90 42 40 41 43 58 52 84 48 63 77 54 35 52' 65 a © a 5< 75 5^ 3! 3( 51 9: 6( 5s 6; 8t 54 5' 71 94 8* 94 88 51 39 46 42 49 51 76 57 46 64 63 42 34 60 a a 30.01 29.93 30.02 30.08 30.07 30.09 30 11 30.08 30.05 30.08 30.09 30 04 30.03 30.00 30.92 30.10 30.41 29.97 29.89 29.91 30.03 30 06 29.97 29.91 29 92 29.94 29.92 29.91 29.91 29.96 30.02 a & 29.94 29.93 30.05 30.04 30.06 30.09 30.08 30.05 30.02 30.08 30.05 30.02 30.02 29.98 30.06 30.14 30.05 29.87 29.83 29.90 30.04 30.01 29.91 29.90 29.90 29.91 29.91 29.88 29.92 29.99 30.01 a ft Ci 29.96 30.00 30.09 30.05 30.07 30.10 30.07 30.02 30.07 3 '.09 30.04 30 03 30.00 29.99 30.08 30 10 29.96 29 87 29.85 29.98 30.03 29.97 29.92 29.91 29.93 29 92 29.91 29.90 29 94 29.99 29.99 29.99 p G5 © 29.97 29.95 30 05 30.06 30.07 30 09 30.09 30 05 30.05 30.08 30.06 30.03 30.02 29.99 30.05 30.11 30 04 29.90 29.86 29.93 30.(3 30 01 29.93 29 91 29.91 29.92 29 91 29.89 29 92 29.98 30.01 29.99 a 0 a s a 92 87 86 87 90 92 92 92 95 92 92 90 85 86 '83 88 90 92 88 90 91 93 93 92 93 90 89 96 90 90 89 90.11 a p *p § 76 73 73 75 77 77 78 79 81 77 80 80 75 78 75 75 75 77 80 78 80 79 80 79 78 78 80 78 78 77 76 © bC P gS 16 14 13 12 13 15 14 13 14 15 12 10 10 8 8 13 15 15 8 12 11 14 13 13 15 12 9 18 12 13 13 p ce © a 84.2 80.5 79.5 81.0 83 5 84.5 85.0 85 5 88.0 84.5 86.0 85.0 80.0 82.0 79.0 81.5 82-5 84.5 84.0 84 0 85.5 86.0 86.5 85.5 85.5 84.0 84.5 87.0 84.0 83 5 82.5 84.4 a gS 77 84 87 81 66 60 76 82 77 58 80 77 74 82 88 90 77 82 82 82 80 82 82 79 80 88 88 82 54 62 82 a ft Cl a ft Cl p p © £ 69 72 80 68 61 59 68 67 63 60 70 70 78 84 83 81 63 a p b- 30.04 29.99 30.07 30.22 30.12 29.94 29.94 30.02 30.12 30.14 30.06 29.92 29.99 30.20 30.35 30.30 30.21 30.09 30.05 30.29 30.17 30.07 29.94 30.29 30.48 30.41 30.37 30.29 30.18 30.07 30.14 a ft co 29.98 29.88 30.11 30.12 30.06 29.76 29.96 30.01 30.09 30 10 29 99 29.95 29.99 30.22 30.32 30.27 30.15 30.03 30.14 30.22 30.08 30.00 29.93 30.31 .,0.42 30.37 30.30 30.22 30.12 30.02 a ft Ci 30.01 29.98 30.21 30.09 30.08 29.91 29.99 29.98 30.15 30.09 29.99 29.98 30.11 30.31 30 36 30.23 30.16 30.05 30 29 30.24 30 12 30.01 30.12 30.44 30.42 30.40 30.34 30.20 30.09 30 12 0 0 a 30.01 29.95 30.13 30.14 30.09 29.87 29 97 30.00 30.12 30.11 30.01 29.95 30.03 30.24 30 34 30.27 30.17 30.06 30.16 30.25 30.12 30.03 30 00 30.31 30.44 30.39 30.34 30.24 3'1.13 30.07 30.13 a a p 75 77 62 62 65 62 64 79 80 76 79 73 68 69 68 70 75 79 72 58 65 62 60 54 48 63 64 64 72 a .a *a 58 58 51 49 52 55 58 58 68 67 69 63 59 56 54 55 64 65 45 52 56 46 38 31 40 45 48 50 57 © bJC P p 16 18 10 13 12 7 6 21 12 9 10 10 9 13 14 15 11 14 20 13 13 6 14 16 17 17 18 16 14 15 § 66.7 68.0 56.8 55.9 55 8 58.0 61 0 68.0 74.0 71 .0 74 0 68 0 63 0 62.0 61 0 62 0 69.0 72.0 62.0 51.5 58.5 59.0 53 0 46.0 39 5 48.5 54.0 56.0 57.0 64.5 g a 87 84 72 56 80 93 89 93 95 92 96 98 72 71 47 74 91 90 93 56 74 93 98 60 60 51 74 84 82 9t 80 g ft CT 52 64 44 46 84 93 90 74 65 85 74 55 42 42 42 78 76 65 81 45 93 93 71 37 29 57 37 47 68 84 63 a ft Ci 78 78 49 69 84 87 100 90 90 94 97 60 67 60 60 92 93 90 55 57 93 93 71 43 59 71 69 62 100 100 a p © 72 75 55 57 82 91 93 86 83 90 89 71 60 58 50 81 87 82 76 53 87 93 80 47 49 6 60 64 Little Sisters of the Poor Asylum French Asylum St Joseph's Convent Louisiana Asylum Convent of Adoration 5 24 City Work-house V alvular Disease of Heart. 2 Hypertrophy of Heart 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 .01 Dilatation of Heart Fatty Degeneration of Heart Aneurism of the Aorta.... Heart Disease (unclassified) Angina Pectoris. Diseases of the Digestive System. Teething... i '. Goitre i 1 25 7 1 "i 1 31 1 24 i 3 5 1 1 1 8 .82 71 55 44 44 54 51 52 5( 58 6C 74 82 79 72 38 46 66 66 54 56 59 56 54 68 61 54 32 66 81 82 69 72 3 68 60 7j 72 74 82 88 82 82 73 67 79 74 80 74 72 67 88 80 82 72 63 80 67 75 NATIONALITIES. C Ry oroner. Charitable Institutions. 3 X £ 3 : * 1.31 .07 2.99 t .00 Foreign Countries. Austria Africa Belgium and Holland 1 1 2r 3 '2 7 4 3 20 25 83 2 12 13 14 15 .3* i * .04 * .40 .1-9 .22 .03 .02 1.73 3 2 •ii .23 • 0« * .31 * .20 * .0! 13 14 15 16 17 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Enteritis Dysentery. 4 Obstruction of the Bowels 7 3 6 4 r 8 .... 15 Canada 17 18 19 20 t .00 .42 .82 .53 .38 Gangrene of the Bowels 1 4 1 2i 1 1 "7 "1 China - Denmark 4 1 9 25 63 2 1 54 13 1 1 2 1 3 2: 18 29 65 76 74 71 * .02 Diarrhoea 19 Hernia England France .01 20 21 Abscess of Abdomen. ...... Germany 22 23 21 20 21 22 23 Fistula in Ano Greece. 23 71 65 74 79 77 69 50 69 68 Hepatitis Abscess of the Liver Cirrhosis of the Liver 3 1 "1 3 "3 Hungary Ireland. 48 6 132 11 i 6 * .14 * .05 * 1.13 Italy .... • ..... 25 26 27 28 29 30 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Mean .. •••••• Gangrene of the Liver Malta 27 2- 29 30 31 Mean .. Peritonitis 2 1 3 1 Manilla •••••• Ascites .... Mexico * .02 •••••• Gall Stones 1 2 13 15 551 .62 t 00 Diseases of the Urinary and Generative Organs. Chronic Blight's Disease* 3 12 13 3 1 1 Norway and Sweden ' 3 4 1 2 4 8 8 4 94 .05 7.24 Poland 2.75 Mean .. Portugal Scotland 1 2 6 2 3 1 196 14 1 1 3 4 I • ** 1 Az4 • 4 Oil • 1U OV Spain P 1 2 3 , Barometer. Temperature. Relative Humidity. a •S •§ § .19 Qi ft co e Qi A £ 16 20 11 24 12 28 25 18 12 12 21 18 18 15 19 11 12 17 18 17 19 14 17 20 19 12 16 19 20 29 Temperature. Relative Humidity. s ft Qi ft Co c Qi A £ 7 14 13 20 10 15 It 12 15 17 19 7 20 14 24 15 18 13 22 17 11 19 19 15 15 9 23 17 9 16 16 472 PS M as K M © Q 1 Barometer. Temperature. S' A © A Co 8 A .0 19 16 22 12 23 14 18 16 4 16 18 16 12 8 13 15 25 1! 21 2< 16 9 15 1! 1( li i: 1. 2- 1 2 48 Enlargement of T'rostate. Switzerland P P Barometer. Relitive Humidity CO •5 'e A Stricture of Drethra, AVest Indies 1 2 122 Ovarian Dropsy Prussia a 30.06 30.38 30.20 30.11 30.17 30.03 29.86 29.77 30.09 30.26 30.12 29.96 29.83 30.11 30.o6 30.17 30.19 30.11 30.02 30.00 29.98 29.97 29.99 30.03 30.02 29.96 30.03 30.11 30.13 30.12 a ft Cl 30.14 30.30 30.14 30.08 30.09 29.96 29.69 29.82 30.14 30.21 30.07 29.91 29.85 30.04 30.02 30.16 30.19 30.01 29.99 29.97 29.95 29.97 29.97 30.01 29.99 29.97 30.02 30.05 30.09 30.08 a ft Ci 30.26 30.23 30.04 30.12 30.06 29.94 29.67 29.91 30.17 30.17 30.04 29.92 30.00 30.05 30.06 30.17 30.13 30.01 29.95 29.96 29.93 30.05 29.97 30.02 29.99 29.97 30.03 30.06 30.10 30.09 a © £ 30.18 30.28 30.10 30.11 30.09 29.97 29.72 29.85 30.14 30.20 30.07 29.92 29.92 30.06 30.05 30.17 30.16 30.04 29.98 29.97 29.94 30.01 29.97 30.02 30.00 29.97 30.03 30.07 30.11 30.09 a a a 57 56 60 62 67 74 74 80 74 68 74 80 71 64 74 78 79 78 82 81 80 74 76 79 82 80 78 82 84 83 a 0 a 'a 48 38 50 53 46 52 62 64 58 55 55 65 53 48 53 59 58 59 68 67 68 64 64 69 68 68 67 66 69 70 © b£ P Gj M 9 18 10 9 21 22 12 16 16 13 19 15 18 16 21 19 21 19 14 14 12 10 12 10 14 12 11 16 15 13 14.9 a ci © a 54.0 47.0 55.0 57.5 56.5 63.0 68.0 72.0 66.0 61.5 64.5 72.5 62.0 56.0 63.5 68.5 68.5 68.5 75.0 74.0 74.0 69.0 70.0 74.0 75.0 74.0 72.5 74.0 76.5 76.5 67.2 a a 74 48 80 61 49 74 94 84 49 47 75 89 95 52 68 £2 88 94 85 80 90 90 79 90 85 95 90 85 80 80 77 a p ct 24 32 87 34 28 59 85 39 30 46 59 58 78 31 40 38 27 57 59 70 62 74 68 69 70 77 57 49 34 53 53 a a< Ci 32 59 94 45 59 89 95 41 48 65 84 76 67 53 69 75 79 85 76 85 85 84 95 81 86 85 76 76 69 81 73 p C3 © a 43 46 87 47 a a 29.95 29.86 29.86 30 01 29.99 29 87 29.87 29 95 30.04 30.02 29.94 29.99 30.02 29.98 29.93 29.93 29.95 29.99 30.02 30 01 29.99 29 95 29.97 30.06 30.09 30.04 29.96 29.87 29.89 30.05 30.08 29.97 a ft Cl 29 92 29.83 29.89 30.04 29.94 29 82 29.90 29.96 30.03 29.97 29.94 29.98 30 01 29.92 29.84 29.91 29.98 29.98 30.00 29 97 29.94 29.93 29.93 30.05 30.07 30.00 29.93 29.80 29.94 30.07 30 08 29.96 a ft Ci 29.90 29.80 29.97 30.00 29.90 29.86 29.93 30.00 30 03 29.93 29 93 29.97 29.94 29.91 29.90 29.95 29.98 30.00 29.97 29.98 29.91 29.95 30.02 30.05 31.05 29.98 29.89 29.79 30.00 30.08 30.0s 29.96 p © s 29.92 29.83 29.91 30 03 29.94 29.85 29 90 29 97 30 03 29.97 29.94 29.98 29.99 29 94 29.89 29.93 29.97 29.99 30.01 29.99 29.95 29.94 29.97 30.05 30.07 29.98 29.93 29.82 29 94 30.07 30.08 29.96 a p a 'S s 88 87 88 85 85 81 85 87 88 89 91 87 90 91 •94 88 88 88 88 88 91 92 93 91 88 88 89 91 91 89 87 88.6 a a 'a § 77 77 75 78 79 75 75 75 75 75 77 75 77 78 75 77 77 74 75 76 76 79 7- 76 78 75 75 76 77 77 77 73.1 © bC P 05 11 10 13 6 6 10 12 13 14 14 12 13 13 19 11 11 14 13 12 15 13 15 15 10 13 14 15 14 12 10 15.5 p p © 82.5 82.0 81.5 81.5 82.0 78.0 80.0 81.0 81.5 82 0 84 0 81.0 83.5 84.0 84.0 82.0 82.0 81.0 81.0 82.0 83.0 85.0 85.0 83.0 83.0 81.0 82.0 83.0 84.0 83.0 82.0 82.8 a a 69 82 77 82 88 77 88 90 88 82 85 80 82 82 82 77 72 74 74 73 76 82 82 78 74 64 71 73 74 74 79 78 a ft Cl 6( 59 64 7) 83 79 67 67 51 63 65 6') 50 49 a ft Cl 79 69 88 80 88 89 88 82 79 74 74 79 74 74 79 82 69 62 67 67 74 74 74 80 62 72 61 63 74 82 79 75 p © 68 69 70 75 81 87 85 79 78 71 74 75 72 68 70 a a 30.37 30.52 30.22 30.12 30.27 30.24 30.11 29.97 29.98 30.22 30.24 30.22 30.07 30.08 30.36 30.43 30 39 30.30 30.20 30.06 30.03 30.13 30.26 30.24 30.09 29.91 30 08 29.98 30.09 30.31 30.15 g 30.17 30.21 30.14 30 13 30 25 30.15 30.06 29.90 30.06 30.24 30.22 30.16 30.02 30.08 30.38 30.41 30.32 30.27 30.11 30.02 29.98 30.03 30 22 30.18 29.94 29.92 30.02 29.90 30.18 30.22 29.99 g ft 0 30.24 30.23 30.15 30.22 30.27 30 12 30.03 29.96 30.17 30.25 30.22 30.12 29.98 30.31 30.45 30.42 30.32 30.26 30.10 30.05 30.08 30.18 30.29 30.18 29.84 30-03 30.05 29.95 30.32 30.20 29.97 p p © 30.20 30.23 30.17 30.16 30.27 30.17 30.06 29.94 30.07 30.24 30.22 30.16 30.02 30.13 30.40 30.42 30.35 30.28 30.14 30.04 30.03 30.11 30.26 30.20 29.96 29.95 30.05 29.94 30.20 30.24 30.04 g 0 g M p a 68 67 74 70 62 67 68 71 65 62 73 73 77 72 55 55 63 62 67 72 71 63 57 52 54 62 65 70 64 59 67 g 0 g 'g § 60 55 57 58 55 51 60 58 58 54 53 58 63 42 40 44 50 58 63 53 47 43 44 48 52 49 56 53 4' 47 r © bC P p Ph 8 12 15 12 7 16 8 13 7 8 20 15 14 20 13 15 19 12 0 9 18 16 14 8 6 10 If 14 11 12 2( 19 .S § © a 64.0 61.0 66.5 64.0 58 0 59.0 64.0 64.0 61.0 58.0 63.0 65.0 70.0 62.0 48.0 47.0 53.0 56.0 62.5 67.5 62.0 55.0 50.0 48.0 51.2 57.0 57.6 63.4 58.4 53.2 57.0 60 9 a a 88 82 81 92 85 73 93 91 94 75 80 57 93 94 51 60 76 94 93 100 93 68 53 7€ 8( 8( 7S lOf 7.' 4£ r g ft CT 70 68 71 84 50 58 70 76 90 67 53 64 69 84 29 44 56 78 93 7f 84 3€ 48 7S 93 5( 6f 8f 2. If 4: a ft Ci 78 84 93 75 62 78 84 87 87 62 84 61 90 61 42 63 73 78 100 84 72 44 71 7" 104 6S 7t 91 3: 3! 7- p p © 78 78 81 84 66 71 82 85 90 68 72 61 84 80 41 56 6f AFFECTIONS CONNECTED WITH PARTURITION. 2 1 2 Totals United States. Alabama 330 19 1 1 2 1 2 2 12 4 1 18 200 20 1 3 30 13 12 3 7 8 7 2 9 8 6 4 77 1 Diseases of the Organs of Locomotion. Necrosis .• 2 Arkansas At Sea .06 .08 * 1.41 * .62 ' 1.48 .03 .02 .03 Connecticut 3 3 4 5 6 •••••• .... 1 .... .... ... Delaware •••••• Diseases of the Cellular and Cutaneous System. District of Columbia 2 1 7 2 1 15 55! 14 2 3 19 C 3 4 5 •••••• Florida Georgia 6 7 74 91 71 42 53 73 74 80 45 59 7...... .07 .09 .09 Illinois. * .06 .01 Indiana 8 9 10 11 9 10 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Kentucky Louisiana 111 Maryland t .00 t .00 2.32 Conditions not Necessarily Associated with General 0 Local'Diseases. Premature Birth 1 1 2 8 1 1 5 1 1 5 6 1 1 Maine 12 13 14 15 13 M assachusetts Mississippi * 1.26 .48 Missouri 15 North Carolina 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 8 9 2 2 7 63 58 64 64 65 75 ... 5 5 0 4 4 .. 4 ... 4 New Jersey New York 12 ■ 79 75 78 79 83 81 80 80 86 74 70 61 71 68 19 9f 87 83 4! ■ 5' T. 91 6( 7 9 4 3 6 .73 .72 .34 1 Debihty...'.;™^ 1 1 0 1 4 1 Ohio .. 20 21 22 23 Pennsylvania ( Arsenic 1 Rhode Island 21 22 23 1 ... South Carolina 1 4 * .77 * 1.55 52 50 -i7 .12 44 40 -1-0 5)5 - 1 ... . Tennessee 69 61 56 58 55 63 70 Poisoned by.... j wins]ow'M Syrup . Texas 1 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Mean. 1.2f t .0 Lead Poisoning General Injuries. 9 1 .. 5 ft . 1 1 1 ... 7 . United States, State not stated 5< 2 Virginia 26 27 28 29 30 Mean .. *T1 .08 Vermont 1.0 Wisconsin 73 1 6 7 Total 8 17 0 474 21 2 330 2 825 ...... 3.92 70 4.21 1 6.6 Multiple Injury 10 1 42 7 2 .. 2 1 2 ... . Country not stated . Total Foreign Countries ... 8 IS 101 4 6 12 8 29 - Exposure to Cold Drowning -■ •... 1 .. 1a . Grand Total 17 act upon the exterior universe-formed by the Eternal in His Own Image, for purposes stretching into infinite ages, and with capacities of rejoicing forever in the warm beams of God's universal and all-vivifying love. It is a universal law that the component parts of the uni- verse have not in themselves the entire aim or reason of their existence-every form of matter is definitely related to every other form of matter upon the face of the globe, and the combinations of these various relations and actions and re-actions of terrestrial masses, form the essential con- ditions for the manifestations of the designs of the Creator. As man is composed of inorganic elements, and governed by all the laws, physical, chemical and astronomical which govern the exterior world, it follows as a necessary conse- quence that the peculiar constitution and relations of the inorganic elements of the crust of our globe must affect the physical and moral endowments of man. The solid portion of the globe has been constructed for man, just as the body has been made for the soul. The material relations of the solid and fluid portions of our globe, and the distribution of the forces of the sun have exerted no small influence upon the physical and mental development of the human race. The endless circulation of matter resulting from the combined actions of the forces of the sun, and the forces of the matter of our globe-every earth- quake which, in past or present times, has fractured and dislocated the solid strata of the earth, ele- vated the bed of the ocean or depressed the level of the continents-every volcano which has poured forth the liquid contents of the interior of the earth-every flood which has swept over the ancient continents, has contributed more or less to the formation of a suitable soil for the maintenance of plants and animals, and the development of the human race. The examination of the material relations of celestial and terrestrial motions, and animated beings, demonstrate that 18 the existence of man is absolutely dependent upon the re- lations of the component members of the universe-that a single alteration in the chain of phenomena would destroy the existence and manifestation of the phenomena of man. That the forces of man are resultants of the combined actions and emanations of sun and fixed stars, which keep up a never-ending circulation and change of matter upon the surface of our globe - that man cannot create or annihilate matter, that the great law of the indestructibility of force, action and reaction, ap- plies to the phenomena of man; and, consequently, the intellectual and moral faculties are limited to the guid- ance and direction of the forces with which the Creator has endowed the universe-that man comprehends within him- self all phenomena, astronomical, physical, chemical, physiological and psychological, and is therefore a type of the universe-that the knowledge of the structure, phenom- ena and relations of man includes a knowledge of science whether relating to matter or mind. The phenomena of man are complicated and restricted, and depend for their manifestation upon the general phe- nomena which affect all bodies. Relations of the Intellectual and Moral Faculties. As the material part of man has been constructed with exact reference to the exterior universe, so the intellect of man has been constructed with exact reference to the exterior universe. The material part of man has also been constructed with exact reference to the structure of the intellectual and moral natures; it stands between the exte- rior world and the mind, and as a portion of the exterior world, a machine governed by the laws of exterior bodies, typical of the great mechanism of the surrounding universe, it forms a fit instrument for the manifestation of the spirit breathed into it by the Creator of the universe. The material part of man, with its complicated machin- 19 ery, appears to have been constructed with exact reference to the action of the intellectual and moral nature; it stands between the exterior world and the mind, and as a portion of the exterior world, a machine governed by the laws of exterior bodies, typical of the great mechanism of the sur- rounding universe, it forms a fit instrument for the manifes- tation of the spirit breathed into it by the Creator of the universe. The material body of man with its complicated machinery, appears to have been constructed with exact reference to the action of the intellectual and moral nature. Thus, the complicated apparatus of the nervous system relates the mind of man through the nerves with the exterior world; and the complicated muscular apparatus obeys the volitions of the mind through the nervous system and accomplishes various mechanical actions by which matter is moulded and forces controlled and directed according to the interior ideal creations of the intellectual faculties. The forces which work the muscular locomotive system, are developed by the chemical changes of the elements of the muscular and nutritive fluids. The office of the diges- tive, circulatory and respiratory system is to prepare materials which will readily enter into chemical changes and thus generate the forces by which, under the guidance of the mind, the locomotive apparatus of the body may be moved and the barriers and obstacles in nature overcome, and the forces of nature controlled and directed so as to accomplish definite effects. Classification of the Faculties of the Mind. In whatever manner the intellect of man be regarded, whether as an indivisible, immaterial agent, or as a prod- uct or secretion of the brain, many metaphysicians have found it convenient, if not absolutely indispensable, to divide and classify its powers or faculties. Thus, for purposes of systematic study, analysis and comparison, metaphysicians have designated: I. The simple cognitive faculties, by which we attain the knowledge of individual objects in the concrete, as: 20 (i.) Sense perception, by which we know material sub- stances in certain modes, or in the exercise of certain qualities; and, (2.) Self-consciousness, by which we know self in cer- tain states. II. The retentive and reproductive powers, as (1.) Memory, which recalls what has been before the mind in time past; (2.) Imagination, which puts what has been before the mind in new and non-existing forms. Both of these pos- sess an imaginary or pictorial power, which enables us to represent objects by signs. Above the presentative and representative powers, we have: III. The correlative faculties, discovering such relations as that, (1.) Of whole and parts; (2.) Of sameness and difference, in respect of such qualities as space, time, quantity and active property ; and (3.) Of cause and effect. IV. The moral faculty, determining in regard to certain mental states that they are right or wrong. Associated with the exercise of the powers we have : V. The emotions, attaching us to certain objects and withdrawing us from others. VI. The will, or operative power, choosing or rejecting among the objects presented to the mind. It should be added that there are laws of association, determining the order of succession of the states produced by the various powers. The object of education is to develop these faculties in their true relations with each other, and in subserviency to the great ends of being. The mind has no direct communication with exterior bodies; its relations with the exterior world are through the nervous system, endowed with special sensibilities, and developed upon the exterior into the organs of sense. 21 Functions and Structure of the Brain and Ner- vous System. The organs of sense are nothing more than portions of the nervous system adapted by conformation and the ad- dition of peculiar apparatus, to receive and transmit im- pressions from exterior bodies. The mind can have no other knowledge of the ex- terior world than that which is derived from the cog- nizance of the excited states, modifications or disturb- ances in the apparatus endowed with special sensibility, when acted on by the impressions of external bodies ; and if all the organs of sense were absent, the mind would be shut up to itself, and would never acquire any knowledge of the various forms of matter and the various affections and motions of matter in the exterior world. The brain must be regarded as a composite organ, whose parts have each some special function, and are to a certain extent independent of each other; one part is essential to vital processes, hence its destruction causes death; another part presides over the various movements of the body, hence paralysis of motion is the result of the destruction of any portion of this area; a third part enables the mind to appreciate touch, temperature and pain ; a fourth region presides over sight; and in the same way, smell, hearing and taste are governed by dis- tinct portions of the brain. When a combined action of different parts is demanded, as in the exercise of the reason, judgment, imagination and will, the knowledge gained by means of the special senses can be contrasted and become food for thought. The nerves have been compared to telegraphic wires, that put the brain and spinal cord in direct connection with the muscles, the spine, and the various organs and tissues; the nervous centres are therefore to be compared to the main offices of the telegraphic system, whose messages are being constantly received and dispatched. 22 Every message sent out is more or less the result of some message received by the nervous centres, which are con- stantly in receipt of afferent impulses or impressions of sight, smell, taste, hearing and touch. As the result of the information so gained, the mind con- stantly sends out from the nervous centres afferent or motor impulses to the muscles. Connection of the Mind with the Brain The cerebro-spinal system in man consists of three de- partments independent one of another, yet intimately con- nected. i. The cerebrum proper. 2. The cerebellum and the apparatuses of cerebella innervation. 3. The medulla spinalis and its encephalic expansions. In the study of the education or development and action of the mental and moral faculties we are chiefly concerned with the minute anatomy of the cerebrum proper, which consists of two lobes or hemispheres united to one another by a series of white transverse fibres, which form an anastomosis between the homogeneous regions of each lobe, so as to constitute a twin system, of which all the molecules are consonant one with another. Each central lobe, taken alone, presents for considera- tion in its turn: 1. Masses of gray matter. 2. Agglomerations of white fibres. The masses of gray matter, which are composed of many myriads of cells, and are the essentially active regions of the system, are arranged at the periphery in a thin undula- tory continuous layer, which constitutes the cerebral cortex; and in the central regions in the form of two gray ganglions, coupled together, which are the gray substance of the optic thalami and corpora striata. The white substance, essentially composed of nerve tubules in juxtaposition, occupies the spaces comprised be- 23 tween the cortical periphery and the central ganglia. The fibres of which it consists represent lines of union between various regions of the cortical periphery, and the regions of the central ganglia, and run like a series of electric wires stretched between two stations in two principal directions. Some directly unite the different points of the cortical periphery with the cen- tral ganglia and are lost in their mass; the others, on the contrary, have a transverse direction, they proceed from one hemisphere to the other, thus uniting the homologous regions of the brain, right and left, They therefore serve as an anastomosis and commissure between the homologous regions and are thus the agents which produce unity of action between the two cerebral hemispheres. The dense and compact network which unites all the nerve cells of the cerebral cortex one with another, is so delicate that when enlarged to 286 diameters the fibres of which it is composed become visible like single hairs in appearance and magnitude. It is evident from these facts that the cerebrum is the sum total of the cerebral convolutions united one with another, with those on the same side and with those on the other, and simultaneously with the central optic striate ganglia. We find in the cortical substance a few anatomical elements, an ultimate morphological unit, the nerve cell with its various attributes and definite configuration, its nerve fibres, connective tissue and capillaries. These small pyramidal bodies are disposed in series parallel to one another, united to one another by means of an intermediary network, and are moreover regularly stratified, thus forming layers successively piled up like the strata of the cerebral cortex. The cerebral nerve fibres enter into intimate connection with the network of cells, and are insensibly lost in the surrounding tissue. All the nerve cells have a pyramidal form; they are of unequal volume; the smaller occupy the superficial or sub- meningeal, the larger the deeper region ; these latter are, on an average, double the size of their fellows and 24 the transition from small to large cells is accomplished by- insensible gradations, the cells of the intermediate zones in general presenting mixed characters. While all the cells, are pyramidal in form, the summit of each is, so to speak, attracted towards the superficial regions, like a series of needles magnetized so as to point towards the pole so that their bases are all parallel and are directed towards the point from which the nerve fibres arise. They give off from their substance a species of very delicate, rootlet-like, hirsute fringe, which gradually spreads out and forms on all sides a surrounding network ; and as each cell presents a similar arrangement, the result is that a close union between them is produced, so that they form throughout the cerebral cortex a continuous true plexus, all the molecules of which are by some means arranged so as to vibrate in unison. By their prolongations, which form the base of the pyramid, they enter more or less directly into relation with the afferent nerve fibres, while their apices send out a filamentous prolongation, which pro- ceeds either to be lost in the surrounding network, or to enter into contact with certain zones of cells situated above. The number of cells in the cortical substance must be estimated at many thousands. In a space of cortical sub- stance equal to i square millimeter, and of a thickness of i of a millimeter, 100 to 120 nerve cells of various sizes have, on an average, been counted; if, now, we form in imagination an estimate of the ratio of this small portion of the cortical substance to the whole, we shall arrive at an estimate of many thousands. The internal structure of the cerebral cell seems to grow more complex the deeper we proceed in the minute study of its elements. Some years ago anatomists admitted of an investing membrane and a contained substance, with a nucleus and a nucleolus in the constitution of the cell; later they discovered that its investing membrane was noth ing more than the external layer of an amorphous proto- 25 plasm surrounding the nucleus of the cell, and prolonging itself externally in the form of multiple ramifications. The structure of the cerebral cell, however, seems to be much more complicated, for that eminent anatomist, J. Luys, of Paris, has lately discovered that the substance called the protoplasm of the cerebral cell is formed by a true tissue organized in a special manner; that this tissue, consisting of very delicate fibrillae, interlaced like the wicker-work of an osier basket, has a tendency to agglomerate towards the nucleus of the cell, which thus becomes a true point of concentration; that the nucleus itself is not homogeneous; that it is endowed with a special structure, radiated in appearance; and that, lastly, the nucleolus, considered as the final expression oi the unity of the nerve cell, is in its nature divisible into secondary filaments. It has been well said that the new means of investigation, which the scientific methods of the nineteenth century have placed within the reach of our generation, show that in the long process of evolution which extends through ages, man only arises step by step at the fragments of truth which he snatches, and that even his most persever- ing efforts only seem to cause the unknown to recede a few paces backward. It is strange to find that, as fast as. any progress is accomplished and new discoveries regis- tered, new problems incessantly start up; and that just as we thought we had arrived at the utmost limits of the known world, at the demonstration of elements, simple, fixed, definite, our perfected methods of study enable us to see new complexities and unexpected hardships. What will be the end of these unforeseen details which present themselves in the train of each adaptation of a new method of study to our researches into the nervous system? No one knows as yet; it seems as though the secrets of nervous organization escape from our eyes, as fast as we press further into the regions where they conceal themselves. Imagination is confounded when we thus penetrate into the 26 world of the infinitely little, when we find the same infinite divisions of matter that so vividly impress us in the study of the siderial world; and when we thus behold the mys- terious details of the organization of an anatomical ele- ment, which only reveal themselves when magnified from 700 to 800 diameters, and think that this same anatomical element repeats itself a thousand-fold throughout the whole thickness of the cerebral cortex, we cannot refrain from wonder and admiration; especially when we reflect that each of these little organs has its autonomy, its individu- ality, its minute organic grouping; that it is united with its fellows; that it participates in the common life; and that above all it is a silent and indefatigable worker, directly elaborating those nervous forces of the psychic ac- tivity which are incessantly expended in all directions, and in the most varied manners, according to the different calls which are made upon it and set it vibrating. The nerve fibres which represent the bonds of union be- tween the cortical substance and the central regions of the brain emerge from the nuclei of the plexus of cells. They all at first appear as isolated filaments, as a derivation, medi- ate or immediate, from the tissue proper to each cell-; then by degrees, as they proceed between the ranges of cells, they enlarge, their sheath thickens, the interposed fatty sub- stance becomes more abundant, and they are insensibly transformed from gray to white fibrils. It would be foreign to our purpose to enter into the mi- nute anatomy of the other elements which enter into the structure of the brain, as the neurologia, lymphatics and capillaries, destined for the mechanical support, and nutre- tion of the nervous elements, and we conclude with the rep- etition of the generalization, that the brain represents an immense instrument constructed of nervous elements, each gifted with its proper individuality, and yet internally con- nected one with another. The series of cells arranged in stratified zones, and the connections of the different strata communicating one with another, imply the idea that the 27 nervous activities of each zone may be indefinitely evok- ed; that they may be associated one with another; that they may be modified in passing from one region to another, according to the nature of the intermediary cells brought into play ; that, in a word, nervous actions like vibrating undulations, must propagate themselves, through one point of contact after another, following the direction of the or- ganic substance that underlies them, either transversely or vertically from the superficial to the deep regions, and vice versa. The cerebrum considered thus in its totality is an instrument essentially sensory-motor. The nervous and muscular forces must be regarded in the light of the revelations of chemical, physiological and physical sciences as similar to, if not identical, with electric- ity. The doctrine of the unity and correlation of forces pro- pounded by Mayer in 1842, not only led to the recognition of the essential unity of the so-called imponderables, name- ly, the chemical forces, heat, light and electricity and mo- tion, but also slowly but surely revolutionized the theories of physiologists, and led to the reference of all chemical, physical and vital forces or processes to a single force or power, which originally appeared as light from the sun_ and excited in inorganic matter and living organisms, heat, mechanical motion, chemical change, electricity, and nervous and muscular force. Philosophers have announced the theory, that there is in reality but one single force, which runs through an eternally changing round in dead or inorganic, and in organic nature. As far as the knowl- edge of man extends, matter and force are indestructible. Force changes its form; heat is changed into motion; chemical action developes force in accordance with the amount and character of the matter altered, and in all chemical and physical changes the resulting power or force maintains a constant magnitude-animal heat is de- pendent upon chemical changes, and the resulting forces, heat and motion, and muscular and nervous forces, are de- 28 pendent upon and are equivalent to the sum of the power of the simultaneously produced chemical processes. The immaterial, intellectual, moral soul of man has no direct communication with the exterior world. The mind receives impressions, transmits its volitions and excites the material structures of the engine by which it is envi- roned, through the nervous system, which is endowed with special sensibilities. If we cut the nerve of the eye, the mind will be de- prived of all luminary impressions. So also, if we cut the nerves supplying all the senses, the mind will be cut off entirely from all communication with the external world. The impressions of exterior bodies upon the nervous system are always attended by a change of the structure of the nervous system, and all the organs of sense are ex- cited by changes of matter. The excitement of the nervous system and transmission of the impressions are at- tended by a change of matter. Every act of the mind which excites the nervous system is attended by a change of the chemical elements of the nervous system. The intellectual and moral faculties of man work through and by the physical and chemical forces; they are distinct from matter, they are superior to matter, they ex- cite matter to action, they direct and control the actions of matter. The intellect of man is free to act according to its own volitions and will. Matter on the other hand acts always under like circum- stances in the same manner. The intellect is to the human locomotive what the en- gineer is to the steam locomotive. It employs the extraordinary powers of this magnificent mechanism to mould exterior material nature, after its own interior spiritual nature, evolved in ideas and thoughts. By his intellectual and moral nature, man overcomes all the barriers and obstacles of nature, not by a suspension or 29 alteration of her immutable laws, but by peculiar applica- tion of those forces and laws. His locomotive machinery, under the guidance of the in- tellect, ascends the loftiest mountains, penetrates the earth, descends into its bowrels and brings forth its buried treas- ures, traverses the ocean more rapidly than a whirlwind and -communicates its thoughts by the lightning of heaven. What is this mysterious agent? Whence came this immaterial spirit? Place all the elements which compose the material uni- verse in every conceivable circumstance; act upon them by all the physical and chemical forces combined, and you cannot produce even the simplest human being, plant or animal, much less the intellect of man. Analyze the brain and nervous system: do we discover the mind? Three gases, a solid and a small quantity of ■earthy salts, is all that our analysis discovers. Analyze carefully every organ, tissue and solid of the human body, and the results will be the same. Let the sharp scalpel of the skilled anatomist dissect the anatomy of the brain and organs, and let the most powerful micro- scope reveal their minute structure and unfold their won- derful machinery : does the immortal, immaterial spirit re- veal itself to the sight, touch, smell or hearing of man? The creation and existence of the mental and moral faculties of man must be referred to a being distinct from matter, who constituted and controls matter and all its forces, who has life in himself, and who has imparted life, intelligence and moral being to the organism of man. Of all animated beings on this globe, man alone observes and stores up the results of his reason. Man alone constructs science and controls the forces of nature. Man alone constructs implements, weapons, tools and machines and philosophical apparatus for the application of the forces of nature. Man alone forms laws for the government of society, 30 holds courts of justice, presides as a judge and ruler, erects temples and daily prostrates himself in humble adoration of his Creator, Preserver and Lord. The possession of moral and intellectual faculties com- bined, thus distinguishes man from every other form of mat- ter and from every other being upon our globe. There is no demonstrated transmission between the genus homo and the highest types of the lower mammalia; an impassable gulf separates them, and no process of development and no struggle for existence has ever elevated the most highly organized animal into the plane of the in- tellectual and moral life of man. The Mode in Which the Mind Constructs Science. No correct theory of education can be founded or com- prehended, without the formation of clear ideas of what constitutes science and of the methods by which science is constructed. The word science, derived from scio, I know, strictly means knowledge. According to the modern acceptation of the word, " science" is the knowledge of the laws of phenomena whether they relate to mind or matter. The term -phenomena meaning a collection of associated facts, and the term law, the relation which pervades a class of facts, it is evident that the study of the laws of phenomena must necessarily include the study of the phenomena them- selves and their individual facts. By mind, we understand that which thinks, wills, and is capable of moral emotion. By matter, we understand that which affects our senses. It is evident that in the construction of every science we must have external objects with their phenomena and laws, and a mind which observes these external objects,notes their peculiar properties, and, by comparison and analysis, de- termines their relations to one another. Science, then, is the product of mental operation. The method of developing, educating the intellectual 31 faculties must be acquired by a careful study of the history of the origin and progress of science, for this is the true history of the development, progress and mode of action of the human mind. The methods or modes of action of the human mind, in viewing the phenomena of exterior nature, and in discovering their relations and laws, have been the same amongst all peoples and in all ages. Science is the interpretation by the mind, of the actuali- ties of existence. The ideas of the mind are science or truth, only when they are correct expressions of the phe- nomena and laws of the universe. The great end of science, and the great proof of its truth is the power which it confers upon man of predicting future events. For the discovery of truth, and the establishment of sci- ence, we must have a mind endowed with special facul- ties, capable of analyzing and comparing its own phenom- ena and of inferring their fixed relations or laws; capable of receiving impressions through the nervous system and organs of sense, from exterior bodies, and of decomposing, analyzing, classifying and determining the fixed relations or laws of the exterior universe. If the faculties of the mind be altered, whilst the surrounding machinery of the material body and of the external universe remain unal- tered, the discovery of the relations of the facts and phe- nomena of the external universe would be impossible. Thus, the love of Truth, as Truth, and for no other rea- son, is a fundamental principle of the human mind, the knowledge of the existence of which is derived from con- sciousness: it is a primary principle, whose existence must be referred immediately to the Divine Command. This is true of all the faculties of the mind-; we can give no other reason for their existence and modes of action, than the will of the Creator. If the love of Truth was not a fixed disposition of the human mind, it would be impos- sible to receive any fact on testimony-it would be impos- sible to carry forward any investigation-it would be im- possible to construct any science. In Lke manner, if the 32 structure and functions of the nervous apparatus, which relates the intellectual faculties with the exterior world, be ^altered, whilst the intellectual faculties and the exterior world remain unaltered, the discovery of truth would be impossible. It is evident therefore, that imperfections of the senses, imperfections of the nervous apparatus, and peculiarities of mental endowments are the first sources of error in the prosecution of knowledge. The mind has no direct communication with exterior bodies, its relations with the exterior world are through the nervous system, endowed with special sensibilities, and developed upon the exterior into the organs of sense. The organs of sense are nothing more than portions of the nervous system adapted by conformation and the addition of peculiar apparatus, to receive and transmit impressions from exterior bodies. The mind can have no other knowledge of the exterior world, than that which is derived from the cognizance of the excited states, modifica- tions or disturbances in the apparatus endowed with special sensibility, when acted on by the impressions of external bodies; and if all the organs of sense were absent the mind would be shut up to itself and would never ac- quire any knowledge of the various forms of matter, and of the various affections and motions of matter in the exte- rior world. The phenomena or associated facts of the exterior world are innumerable ; matter is never at rest, it is constantly undergoing alterations of form, appearance and constitu- tion-perpetual change is written everywhere; even the sun with his planets are sweeping majestically through space, around a distant unknown centre; these changes of states, forms and conditions and these modifications of relations are the subjects of sensations and perceptions and are represented to the mind as simple ideas. The causes of the incessant activity of the component members of this world and of the universe, cannot be discovered by 33 the unaided senses ; because the senses represent only the superficial exterior appearances and relations of bodies, and cannot penetrate beyond, and are therefore limited in their respective capacities to the reception of simple ideas, and can never give any information of the immutable laws which govern all matter; the true nature, therefore, of ex- terior objects, the laws which regulate the phenomena of matter and the relations between the component mem- bers of the universe, are problems which the reasoning powers of man and not his senses can solve. After the observation of the facts and phenomena of the exterior world, the intellectual faculties, by their powers of analysis, synthesis, causation, and judgment, separate each fact from dissimilar facts, and arrange the simple ideas into species, genera and orders ; thus, acquiring a knowledge of new phenomena and associations of facts inaccessible to the external senses. By decomposing phe- nomena into their component facts by analysis and com- parison of these facts, the intellectual faculties form abstract ideas which sum up the principles and laws of associated facts. The perfection * of every science will, therefore, depend upon the diligence and care with which its culti- vators study the simple properties and relations of bodies, and analyze and decompose and compare the more com- plicated phenomena. In the language of Bacon, " Man as the minister and interpreter of nature, does, and under- stands, as much as his observations upon the order of na- ture permit him, and neither knows nor is capable of more." The neglect of this, the only true method of acquiring a knowledge of the laws governing inorganic and organic bodies, has been the cause of the failures of the ancient systems of philosophy. Upon the imperfect knowledge of a few ill observed facts and phenomena the ancients reared immense superstructures, whose bases were points and their summits infinity. The history of the origin and progress of human knowl- 34 edge at all times and in all places, demonstrates that in the pursuit of knowledge and in the direct study of nature, facts alone do not constitute science, and reasoning alone does not constitute science. We must have for the con- struction of science, the exercise of the senses furnishing the primary ideas, facts and phenomena of the exterior world;-and then the exercise of the reasoning powers determining in virtue of their constitution and relations through the senses to the exterior world, the fixed relations or laws of these facts and phenomena. To the formation of science two things are requisite; observation of things without, and an inward examination, decomposition, analysis and comparison of the results of observation. It has been well said, 'that true knowledge is the inter- pretation of nature ; and therefore it requires both the interpreting mind and nature for its subject; both the doc- ument and the ingenuity to read it aright. Thus inventionr acuteness and connection of thought are necessary on the one hand for the progress of philosophical knowledge; and on the other hand, the precise* and steady application of these faculties to facts well known and clearly per- ceived.' The great end, therefore, of all human knowledge and investigation is to determine the fixed relations or laws of the universe; so that the precise condition of things at any future time may be predicted with absolute certainty, and so that the human mind may appreciate its relations with the universe and with the great Creator of the Universe. It is evident from these principles that education should commence with the exercise and discipline of the senses. The intellectual faculties should be taught, carefully to observe and note the properties and relations and forces of surrounding bodies, and to arrange and classify the phe- nomena. In the first exercises of the senses and intellectual fac- ulties, we should imitate in a manner the action of the human 35 mind in the first dawn of science when it first began to ob- serve phenomena and accumulate facts ; and the method in which at the present time it originates and developes new sciences. Man commenced the construction of science by viewing general classes of phenomena; the chronological commencement of science, therefore, is with the complex mass, whilst the logical develop- ment is with the individual elements. Thus, Astron- omy which is conversant with the sublimest and most striking phenomena in nature, had the earliest origin; its first cultivators were shepherds who confined their atten- tion to noting the most obvious phenomena of the motions and eclipses of the sun and moon, and the rising and set- ting of the stars. These, the first builders of astronomy, slowly accumulated materials for the formation of science, and in due time the reasoning faculties compared the indi- vidual facts with each other, separated the dissimilar and combined the similar, and thus arrived at a knowledge of the fixed relations or laws which sum up and express the whole details of associated facts. It is evident from the mode in which the mind obtains its ideas and constructs science, that science is the result of patient and hard labor. The first knowledge acquired by the ancients consisted of isolated facts ; gradually facts were accumulated, complex phenomena observed, de- composed, and their component elements arranged and compared, and the errors of the senses corrected, and it was not until after many ages, that the great fundamental laws of astronomy and physics were established. In the work of education it should ever be remembered that the rise and progress of the science and philosphy of the whole human race, is similar to that of each individual mind. Science Rests Upon the Supposition that the Physi- cal Universe is Governed by Fixed Laws. Science, therefore, is the resultant of the combined operation of the senses and intellectual faculties, and has 36 for its object the determination of the laws or fixed rela- tions of the phenomena of the universe, and is founded upon the supposition that these laws are fixed and immut- able. The end of all science is prevision, and when perfected it will enable us to predict with absolute certainty the future course of events. The perfection of science depends, therefore, primarily upon the truthfulness of the im- pressions of the senses, and secondarily upon the care and accuracy with which the mind decom- poses, analyzes and compares the facts and phenomena of the exterior world. The errors of the ancient systems of philosophy were not due to defective operations of the mind, or to an absence of the love of the truth or to defec- tive physical and mental vigor, but to the neglect of the knowledge derived by actual observation through the senses. All sciences approach perfection, as they approach to a unity of fixed principles, or certain high elementary con- ceptions, which are the representatives of the great archi- typal ideas, according to which the whole system is ar- ranged. Inductive conceptions, are the exponents in the human intellect of the great principles in nature. The laws and profound principles which regulate the mechan- ism of the universe, are the originals, the conception and expression of them in the mind of man only the copies. The vast assemblage of physical causes, whether the great principles of cosmical forces, or the minute molecular affections, as they exist in the heavenly spaces or among terrestrial atoms, are the realities; the exposition and demonstration of them in the mind of the philosopher, only their images. Science is the partial reflexion in the human mind, of "the great all-pervading reason of the universe" : and the unity of science is the reflexion of the unity of nature, and of "the unity of that supreme reason and intelligence which prevails and rules over nature, and 37 from whence all reason and all science is derived. All induction begins and ends in the conception of order, ar- rangement and uniformity throughout nature; and this, however inadequately comprehended by our science, is again the evidence of a supreme mind, and the universality of order in time and space, the manifestation of the uni- versality of that supreme mind. Law is the supreme rule of the universe; and that law is wisdom, is intellect, is reason, whether in the formation of planetary systems, or in the organization of the worm." The eternal laws by which and in accordance with which nature acts, are the mandates of an infinite perfect reason; so that the students of nature live in a constant con- templation and adoration of the omnipresent, infinite and all powerful divinity. "The laws of nature are the thoughts of nature, and these are the thoughts of God." We are now prepared to examine the: Character, Order and Relative Value of the Different Departments of Knowledge in the Work of Education. Language. In the development of knowledge, we must have signs and sounds, to denote the properties and actions and rela- tions of matter exciting changes in the organs of sense, and sensation in the nervous system. We must have signs and sounds to denote the objects of thought. Without signs and sounds, there could be no communication of ideas be- tween intelligences, because they are the permanent rep- resentatives of our ideas. It is evident, therefore, that Language was the necessary result of the action of the mind, and advanced in perfection and power, and compass, just as the human mind and science were developed. Hence the Study of Language should be the Starting Point of all Education. In this utilitarian age, the philosophical study of language, unfortunately, is too often neglected, and treated with con- tempt, as a waste of time. Nothing can be more erroneous. Language presents a stereotyped expression of the mode 38 of action and development of the mind. The ancient languages of Greece and Rome present a pleasant field, upon which all minds in all nations may meet and converse with the mighty dead. Ancient languages resemble geological strata, rich in the accumulated remains of ages -each word is a fossil, which gives evidence of former organization and life, of ancient convulsions and mighty revolutions. In the study of languages every word has a history of its own, and must also be studied in its relations with other words, and with analogous words in other languages; every sentence has its own construction and relations to previous sentences, and conveys a definite idea, which is related to preceding and subsequent ideas ; the impossibility therefore of rendering the meaning of every sentence absolutely, and the consequent exercise of select- ing the nearest and bestofthetwo or more approximated renderings, cultivates in an eminent degree precision and judgment. Value of the Ancient Languages in Education. In the work of education, the ancient languages should never be exchanged for the modern languages. The modern languages are degenerate and composite; it is well known that Latin enters into the vocabulary of the German tongues, and is the ground-work and frame- work of Italian, French, Spanish and kindred languages; consequently the study of the Latin language forms the best preparation for the acquisition of the modern lan- guages. The relations of the ancient to the modern languages have been thus aptly illustrated. Indeed, when one considers these venerable forms of speech in connection with the history of Europe from the time in which they were spoken to the present day, one is tempted to compare them to splendid edifices reared by the genius of antiquity, fairly proportioned and presenting 39 an outline of squared and polished blocks of the finest mar- ble; but which, at a period when time had begun to impair without destroying their beauty, an earthquake and tempest suddenly coming on shook them from their foundations and hivered them into fragments. With whatever material came into our way, we moderns, when the storm had subsided, built ourselves habitations, convenient enough in point of ac- commodation, and destined to lodge many a gifted ten- ant, but, nevertheless, devoid of the grace, and decoration and exquisite symmetry of the original structure. And if a few specimens of this architecture have es- caped the wreck of ages, and survive in all their primitive chasteness and elegant simplicity, shall we not teach our youths to visit them, to admire their fair proportions, to study their cunning workmanship and to imitate whatever is imitable of their perfection? Languages can only be learned thoroughly and scien- tifically by comparing them with each other; hence, learn- ing Latin and Greek, the student learns English also in a far more thorough manner, and at the same time acquires in many respects a more perfect and powerful instrument of thought and expression. The critical study of languages not only develops and strengthens the memory and reasoning faculties, but it also, in a manner that can be accomplished by no other study, and, in fact, not by all studies combined, refines the taste, enriches and purifies the imagination, and stores the mind with useful information in history and philosophy. The sublimest poetry, the deepest, most powerful and most learned works in politics, morals, law, medicine, philoso- phy and theology were written in dead languages, and in most cases remain still in the dead languages-the works of Aristotle and Plato will remain to the end of time, the text-books of the statesman, metaphysician and philoso- pher, the works of the greatest physician that ever lived were written and have been preserved in Greek; all the medieval records of medicine, and all the terms of the 40 materia medica are found in Latin, and this is the language in which at this very day the physician writes his prescriptions, and while the Roman law is absolutely in- dispensable to the perfection and accomplishment of every lawyer, as the most comprehensive and self-connected of all the systems of jurisprudence, its study is absolutely nec- essary to the Latin philologist and antiquarian, for the most successful cultivators of ancient literature have been cultivators of Roman law, and it is well known that the knowledge of the dead languages is even more important and essential to the theologian than to the lawyer, phy- sician, statesman or philosopher; for the interpretation of the sacred books, the most important function of the theo- logian supposes a profound knowledge of not only the lan- guages, but also of the spirit and history of the languages of antiquity. As therefore the study of languages develops all the faculties of the mind, the reason, judgment, memory, imagination and the taste, it is unquestionably the best basis of all education, general or professional, legal, medical and theological. The study of languages is the best basis of general and professional education, but it is not the only basis or means of harmoniously evolving the faculties and capacities of the mind in their relative subordination to the great ends of being. The grand phenomena manifested by the immense masses of matter, moving in the great ocean of space, the innumerable forms of matter, solid, fluid and gaseous, composing the atmosphere and crust of our globe, are related to man, and have at all times excited his wonder, and exercised his loftiest faculties in the search after their hidden causes; man's power over the forces and properties of matter, and his social elevation and power depend upon his knowledge of the properties, forces, relations and laws of the component parts of the universe; the highest faculties of the greatest men, of Naturae Sciences. 41 Pythagoras, Aristotle, Archimedes, Galileo, Copernicus, Euler, Newton and Laplace, have found their most glorious field of action, and have been developed and en- nobled, and have achieved those great triumphs which have elevated, dignified, and ennobled the human race, in the search by observation and experiment after the knowl- edge of the fixed relations and laws of the phenomena of the universe; when, therefore, we assert that the Study of Science is an effective means of developing harmoniously the powers of mind, and at the same time of endowing the mind with that knowledge by which it can alone direct and control the forces of nature for the advancement of the physical, social and intellectual good of the human race, we do nothing more than echo the sentiments of the il- lustrious founders of science. The Study of the Natural Sciences Leads to Enlarged Views of the Physical Universe and Leads to the Devout Acknowledgment of Unity of Design and the Existence of a Great First Cause. The labors of the natural philosopher and chemist have demonstrated a uniformity in the molecular and chemical constitution of all matter in the visible universe. Thus, according to the atomic theory in its widest concep- tion, as held by the philosophers of the nineteenth century, every portion of the whole universe, or at least that part of it which is accessible to us by means of the telescope, is occupied by atoms inconceivably minute, hard and un- changeable, separated from each other by attraction and repulsion. This assemblage of atoms constitutes the matter of the material universe; and the attractions and repulsions, the forces by which they are actuated, and to which is referred all the power or energy which produces the changes to which matter is subjected. The atoms thus endowed form a plenum throughout all 42 space, constituting what is called the ethereal medium, and in it at wide intervals from each other, are isolated masses of grosser matter, which constitute our world, the planets, the sun and stars. These also consist of atoms of another order, or of groups of atoms, with spaces between them, wide in comparison with the size of the atoms, and these spaces are pervaded by the minute atoms of this ethereal medium. These bodies move in the medium without sensible resistance, or such as is only rendered evident by the minute retardation of the nebulous masses denominated comets. According to this theory, the various isolated bodies of the universe act upon each other by means of the force of gravitation, and also by tremors or vibrations in this medium, radiating in every direction from each body, as a centre. All matter, therefore, is porous, whether in the liquid, gaseous or solid condition. The pores may be considered to be of different orders, namely: pores between the atoms, between the molecules or assemblages of atoms, and between the still larger par- ticles. We are obliged to assign to the ethereal medium a simi- lar constitution to that possessed by grosser matter, name- ly, that it consists of inert atoms, at great distances from each other, relative to their own size, and each kept in position by attracting and repelling forces. Through this medium impulses or minute agitations are transmitted over celestial space, from planet to planet, from system to sys- tem, and these tremors or waves constitute light, heat, and other emanations, which we receive from the sun, or in other words, the solar emanations are not matter, but mo- tion communicated from atom to atom, beginning at the luminous body, and diffused in widening, spherical sur- faces, enlarging in size and diminishing in intensity to the farthermost portion of conceivable space. The atoms of the ethereal medium are perfectly free to move in all di- rections, so that the earth and dense masses experience no retardation as yet measurable, though light bodies, as 43 comets, apparently exhibit an effect of this kind, for the same reason that a stock of cotton is more retarded in falling through the air than a piece of lead. Spectrum analysis has not only placed a new power in the hands of the chemist, which enables him to detect by the simplest and most expeditious process, the presence of chemical substances with a degree of accuracy and deli- cacy almost incredible, and thus enlarged the bounds of his knowledge of terrestrial matter, but it has armed him with an instrument by which he is able to overstep the narrow bounds of this earth, and to determine with as great a degree of certainty as appertains to any conclusions in physical science, the chemical composition of the atmo- sphere, of the sun and far distant fixed stars. It has been demonstrated that in the solar atmosphere, at a distance of ninety-one millions of miles, substances such as sodium, calcium, barium, magnesium, iron, chro- mium, nickel and copper, zinc, strontium, cadmium, co- balt, hydrogen, manganese, aluminum and titanium, which enter into the composition of this earth, are present in the state of luminous gases. Simple elementary bodies, well known to us on this earth, have been shown to exist in the atmosphere of planets and fixed stars and comets. The discoveries of the spectroscope have confirmed those of the telescope, and established a uniformity of chemical composition, as well as of the physical constitution of mat- ter throughout the visible universe. Aggregated into masses which, though differing from one another in com- position, like the various veins of ore which occur in masses upon the surface of our globe ; yet, all suns, worlds and comets are evidently of common origin, all obey the same laws, and all possess a chemical nature similar in kind. Standing on the elevation below which the material uni- verse, in its everlasting order, lies fresh and youthful for- ever, the truth is borne to us, that the revolution of a planet is only the repetition of the fall of a stone; in the path of a 44 stone whirled through the air, the graceful curve of a jet of water, or the course of a drop of spray, in the energy through which a sparrow falls, we behold the power obeyed by the mightiest suns and planets of the universe. Throughout the realm of nature, the highest order cog- nizable by man is subject to profounder ordinances; pre- cisely as knowledge advances have the views of man been enlarged; once the thunder was a prodigy, yet it belongs to powers which beneficially nourish whatever is beautiful on the earth ; the raging hurricane springs from the delicious breezes of the tropics, and is an essential portion of the harmonious system of the winds. In the universe change rises above change, cycle grows out of cycles in magnificent procession ; ever new and ever widening like the circles that emanate from a spark of flame, enlarging as they ascend, finally to be lost in the empy- reum. " And if all that we see; if from earth to sun, and from sun to universal star-work-that wherein we but behold images of Eternity, Immortality and God; if that is only a state or phase of a course of being, rolling onward ever- more ; what must be the Creator, the Preserver, the Guide of all? He at whose bidding these phantoms came from nothingness, and shall again disappear; whose name amid all thing's alone is existence. I am in that I am." Logical Classification of the Departments of Science. In the pursuit of science, either as a means of develop- ing the faculties of the mind, or as a means of controlling the powers of nature, we should follow the historical de- velopment and logical classification of the various depart- ments of science. If the human intellect was able to view at once all the phenomena and laws of the universe, the classification and division ot' science into separate departments would be unnecessary, and all knowledge would be comprehended under one science. Some philosophers have even gone so 45 far as to suppose that all the laws of the universe will be ultimately reduced to a single all-pervading law, which will be the expression of all the facts and phenomena of the universe. Science being the interpretation of the actualities of the exterior world, the realities of existence, it is evident that it cannot be divided into different departments arbitrarily, but must be divided in accordance with the phenomena and laws of the exterior world, and of the phenomena of the mind. In the pursuit of science, either as a means of develop- ing the faculties of the mind, or as a means of controlling the powers of nature, we should follow the historical de- velopment and logical classification of the various depart- ments of science. Those sciences have attained to perfection first, which treat of the most general and simple phenomena, which form the foundation of complex restricted phenomena; the philosophical system of education should therefore com- mence with the study of the most general and universal sciences. Logic. Logic, the science of the laws of thought, which gov- ern every act of the mind, objective and subjective, in- ductive and deductive, was developed by Aristotle, when astronomy, mechanics and physics were nothing more than accumulations of isolated facts, and chemistry and physiology were without a name. Logic is the most general and abstract of all sciences, because the mind reasons in a fixed manner concerning all phenomena, and because the phenomena of the uni- verse, simple or complex, are related to each other in a fixed manner, and are governed by fixed laws, and because the human mind has been constructed with exact refer- ■ence, and in exact correspondence to the exterior universe. Logic, therefore, may be studied immediately after the study of languages, independent of all sciences; while 46 all sciences are constructed logically, and are therefore dependent upon logic; on the other hand, logic is necessa- rily connected with the philosophic study of language alone, for whenever the mind acts upon any subject, it acts according to certain laws, and under certain condi- tions. Mathematical Sciences The mathematical sciences stand next to logic, because they are related to every branch of human knowledger and are indebted to none, and enable the human mind to deduce the greatest results from the smallest data-and because they are the great instruments of exact inquiry relative to number, quantity, space, time and force, and consequently the great instrument of establishing the fixed relations of the component members of the universe, which exist in space and time, and are related to fixed laws. Without mathematics there could be no science of me- chanics, astronomy or physics, because abstract and concrete mathematics form not only the most powerful instrument in the investigation of the fixed relations of the- component members of the universe, but they also con- stitute the great mass of astronomical and terrestrial physics. Without mathematics man would never have been able to overcome the obstacles and barriers of nature, and control and direct the forces of matter and predict the- course of future events, because without mathematics, mechanics, astronomy, the measurement of time and sys- tematic navigation which laid the foundation of the civili- zation of the world, would never have existed-without mathematics, the most splendid generalizations of the most splendid minds, of Galileo, of Newton, and of Laplace, would have been impossible, and the comprehension of the unity and harmony of the order of nature, and of the infinite power of the Creator, as manifested in the vast- ness of the universe, would never have been possible. All the useful and ornamental arts and occupations of life are- 47 indebted to mathematics. Mathematics are necessary to the architect, miner, railroad constructor, civil engineer, mining engineer, machinist, surgeon, ship-builder, and military and nautical men. The architect in planning the humblest cottage, or in building the most lofty bridges and public edifices, has all his works in exact mathemati- cal measurements; out of geometry as applied to astrono- my, grew the art of navigation, which has made possi- ble the enormous foreign commerce which supports a large portion of our population. The. success of nearly all modern manufactures depends on the application of rational mechanics; the properties of the lever, the wheel and axle, are involved in every machine, which must be regarded as a solidified mathematical theorem, and in the nineteenth century we owe nearly all production to machinery. These facts demonstrate not only the importance of mathematics, but also the true position which they should occupy in the scale of sciences, and in the true system of education: the study of mathematics is indispensably preliminary to the study of all sciences, and should there- fore, in conjunction with languages, form the point of de- parture of all education general or professional. The mathematical sciences should be studied in the order of their complexity, historical development, and logical classification. Thus, the study of abstract mathematics should precede the study of concrete mathematics; because, as an exten- sive and immense application of the principles of logic to number and quantity, they are purely instrumental, logical and rational, and form the necessary and absolute founda- tion of concrete mathematics, which notwithstanding the simplicity of the phenomena are founded upon observation of the exterior world. Mathematics are to be studied rather in their relations to the physical sciences, and necessary arts of civilized life, than for themselves as a means of developing the mental 48 faculties : for whilst they are of advantage in correcting the habit of mental distraction, and in cultivating the habit of continuous attention; the exclusive and extensive study of mathematics especially of the abstract division, so far from developing the powers of the mind most needed in the business of life, and in the discussion of the highest and most intricate truths, has a manifest tendency to debilitate the imagination, invention and reasoning fac- ulties, and induce scepticism in morals, philosophy and religion. « To obtain the ends of education, concrete mathematics are more valuable than the abstract, because they exercise the powers of observation to a much greater extent, and the procedures are more open to the light, and are attended with greater consciousness and understanding. Astronomy. The application of the principles of abstract and con Crete mathematics, to the most general phenomena of the universe known to the human mind, resulted in the estab- lishment of the fixed relations of number, form, quantity and arrangement and motions of those members of the universe whose phenomena came within the range of man's observation-resulted in the science of Astron- omy. The simplicity, and at the same time the univer- sality of the phenomena of astronomy; the necessity of the long drawn and complex reasonings of abstract and con- crete mathematics, of the principles of the calculus in its widest extent, of geometry, synthetic and analytic, and of mechanics, in solving the problems of astronomy; and the appearance of new phenomena and relations different from those of logic and mathematics, demonstrate that astronomy is more complex than mathemat- ics-demonstrate that the laws of astronomical phenom- ena could never have been determined without the aid of mathematics-demonstrate that in the logical classification and philosophical system of education, astronomy should stand next to mathematics. TABLE I. Comparative Meteorological Records of the Years 1850, 1860, 1870 and 1880, in which the United States Census was taken, and in which Yellow Fever did not Prevail to any Extent. Consolidated from Original Reports and Records, Collected and Classified by Joseph Jones, M. D., New Orleans, Louisiana, U. S. A., 156 Washington Street, Corner Camp, January 1st, 1882. ja-Isttjatety SEPTEMBER. Date. Thermometer. Barometer. Humidify. Bain-fall. 'L e Cl 1 2 Thermometer. Barometer. Humidity. Bain-fall. _A_ 1 2 3 4 Thermometer. Barometer. Humidity. Bain-fall. Maximum. Minimum. Mean. Mean. Mean. Inches. Maximum. Minimum. Mean. Mean. Mean. Inches. Maximum. Minimum. Mean Mean. Mean. Inches. 1850 5c 54 5( 61 75 74 7( 62 7( 72 74 7C 5£ 62 71 i: 77 78 77 62 64 7fl 71 77 7e 78 79 79 78 77 70.1 1860 4( 34 41 44 41 42 52 5! 52 7C 70 69 63 51 50 4' 4( 44 4( 54 57 50 58 68 67 69 55 50 55 58 73 55.3 1870 52 51 5' 49 5c 61 5£ 49 45 55 61 66 65 69 69 69 71 57 55 63 64 70 72 66 59 66 66 60 60 70 70 611 1880 70 72 73 73 7c 7c 74 71 72 74 75 72 66 65 68 68 72 68 71 70 69 68 59 56 52 62 65 68 71 74 72 69.0 1850 38 3* 41 41 41 53 5' 53 52 53 5' 58 47 48 4! 5( 52 53 54 54 40 44 46 47 48 49 47 49 50 52 51 48.6 1860 22 24 25 34 43 41 48 44 47 55 57 54 57 44 47 35 34 34 35 43 44 40 40 43 49 40 35 32 37 43 33 40.6 1870 44 31 34 38 31 41 48 41 35 3S 38 48 56 52 58 57 59 52 45 47 51 55 56 57 42 40 41 42 47 43 48 45.6 1880 58 5! 61 or 63 64 62 62 62 63 62 6t 49 58 57 57 58 66 59 63 59 46 42 46 46 49 51 53 61 61 57.0 1850 46.3 51 : 56.1 54.1 55 66.3 70.1 65.' 64.( 65. ( 67.1 68.3 62.3 50.0 55.7 59.7 64.3 65.3 73.0 64.0 62.0 56 0 61.0 65.0 66 7 67.0 64.3 63.7 6i.O 65.3 63.7 62.0 1860 38 3 30.( 39.' 40.1 44.3 46.0 54.0 52.0 53.7 62.3 64.3 60.3 56. ( 48.3 51.0 41.0 41.3 36 7 42.3 48.3 51 0 48.0 53.0 56.7 57.7 57.7 45.3 43.7 46.3 51.0 65.0 49 2 1870 49.1 45. ( 49.' 45.' 48.' 55.' 50.' ■ 46.( 40.' 49.* 56.0 62.3 61.7 65.3 68.0 66 3 64 0 54.7 52.7 60-3 67.7 70.3 62.7 53.7 57.3 59.0 53.3 56 3 64.7 61.7 56.6 1880 64.1 65.5 67.1 68.1 69.(J 69.5 68.0 67.5 67.0 68.5 68.5 69.0 59.0 57.0 63 0 62.5 64.5 63 0 63.5 64.5 66.0 63.5 52.5 49.0 49.0 54.0 57.0 59,5 62.0 67.5 66.5 63.0 1850 30.28 30.2c 30.1! 30.1' 30.21 30.09 30.03 30.05 30.lt 30.14 30 07 30.00 30.07 30.16 30.11 30.08 30.01 29.98 29.95 29 83 29 85 30 14 30.11 30.13 30.11 30.09 30.00 30.01 30 10 30.24 30.27 30.09 1860 30.41 30.3c 30.31 30.2.* 30.21 30.0* 29.82 29.98 30.00 29.98 29.90 29.97 30.00 30.0b 29 95 30.08 30.09 30.10 3111.13 30.12 30.00 30.00 30.02 30.03 29.97 29.90 30.13 30.12 30.06 30.00 29.82 30 06 1870 29 90 30.05 29.92 30 2" 30 27 30.20 30.22 30.30 30.31 30.1! 30.22 30.12 30.07 29.90 29.93 29.82 29.95 30.22 30.21 30.22 30.16 30.12 30 00 29.88 30.08 30.03 30 12 30.12 30 13 30.10 30.07 30 09 1880 30.30 30.25 30 25 30.2' 30.24 30.24 30.24 30.09 30.00 30.10 30.14 30.23 30.30 30.19 30.18 30.14 30.11 30.20 30.14 30.04 29.82 29.87 30.04 30.08 29.97 29.83 29.97 30.12 30.11 30.14 30.17 30.12 1850 ...... 1860 35.1 35.( 37. ( 45 ( 1870 1880 83 87 84 82 82 81 84 82 79 78 77 84 58 74 83 80 78 59 69 1850 1860 1870 1.26 1880 .13 1850 79 81 76 78 80 81 82 71 79 79 81 79 79 80 82 81 84 82 81 82 83 82 83 82 84 85 81 88 89 87 86 81.5 1860 67 75 76 79 82 80 81 1870 74 73 79 84 86 78 R6 1880 68 68 77 80 82 81 82 82 83 86 84 83 82 81 77 77 80 80 81 76 85 86 87 85 81 81 81 83 83 87 88 81.2 1850 48 47 46 45 49 47 49 49 56 64 60 58 60 62 63 61 64 65 66 67 66 67 68 69 69 75 76 77 76 74 71 61.7 1860 46 64 64 66 69 68 69 67 47 45 68 70 71 69 70 71 72 71 72 73 69 74 76 76 72 73 70 73 74 68 71 67.9 1870 64 57 60 52 66 67 60 59 56 58 60 59 58 60 59 60 59 64 62 68 69 70 68 66 64 69 70 69 70 74 63.1 1880 63 63 63 66 67 68 69 69 70 70 74 69 69 73 69 67 67 69 71 71 72 73 73 70 70 70 73 74 75 75 69.8 1850 75.0 76.7 72.3 74.7 68.3 67.3 68.0 66.7 71.3 73.0 77.3 70.3 68 7 71.7 73.0 75.7 75.7 77.3 77.0 79.3 78.3 79.3 78.7 79.7 80.3 82.7 83.7 84.0 79.7 78.3 75 5 1860 62.0 69.0 70.7 74.0 76.7 75 0 74.7 76.7 59.7 71.7 72.7 75.0 75.3 77.0 76.7 77.3 76 7 78.0 78.0 77.3 77.0 78.7 79 7 79.7 79.7 80.7 80.0 81.0 77.0 76.3 75.4 1870 72.0 70.7 74.7 80.0 80.7 75.3 78.7 73.0 76.7 78.0 74.3 74.7 73.7 75.3 78.0 73.7 77.7 79.3 80 3 82.0 83.3 85.0 85.0 82.0 81 .3 83.0 83 J 83.3 86.0 82.0 78.9 1880 65.5 65.5 70.0 70.3 74.5 74.5 75.5 75.5 76.5 78.0 79.0 77 5 75.5 75.0 75.0 73.0 73.5 73.5 75.0 73.5 78.0 79.0 80.0 79.0 75.5 75.5 73.0 78.5 81.0 81.5 75.5 1850 30.21 30.15 29.96 29.85 29.98 30 13 30.03 29.89 29.95 29.91 29.96 29.90 29.82 29 80 29.86 29.93 30 09 30.13 30.14 30.11 30.12 30.12 30.14 30.15 30 16 30 16 30.09 30.04 30.02 29.97 29.88 30.02 1860 30.01 29.99 29.96 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.02 29.92 29.88 29.90 29 94 29.95 29.96 29.93 29.92 29.92 29.97 30.00 30.00 29.86 29.88 30'bo 30.00 29.92 29.83 29.88 29.92 2 > 94 1870 29.90 29 95 29.97 29.90 29.90 29.93 29.88 30.09 30.05 30.03 29.99 30.07 30.12 30.12 30.03 30.03 30.15 30 18 30.18 30.17 30.08 30.03 29.95 29.83 29.81 29.83 30.00 30.00 31.00 1880 30.24 30.07 30.00 30.00 29.99 30.01 30. Ou 29.93 29.93 1850 1860 61.6 64 3 1870 1880 52 76 76 75 1850 1860 1870 .84 1.93 .89 1880 .21 1850 85 87 87 88 89 1860 93 93 92 92 92 90 90 91 93 92 90 89 85 85 77 83 83 85 86 83 69 79 82 87 86 87 88 89 88 83 1870 82 86 88 85 88 . 89 88 87 86 86 86 84 84 86 85 86 87 88 87 86 87 86 86 86 87 84 85 83 77 82 1880 90 89 85 86 88 87 85 80 76 74 80 86 87 81 81 79 82 85 84 84 82 85 86 80 81 84 85 79 1850 74 70 73 74 74 74 71 72 72 71 70 70 80 76 75 76 74 73 74 74 74 72 71 75 72 70 67 70 1860 85 86 87 86 86 85 84 84 84 82 82 80 76 78 75 78 79 75 65 68 72 77 78 80 80 81 81 77 1870 12 62 70 69 70 71 72 70 69 70 71 70 69 68 69 66 69 71 70 69 70 68 70 69 69 70 70 69 69 62 1880 76 78 76 75 75 76 75 70 64 64 71 75 74 71 67 68 70 73 73 71 73 74 72 73 72 72 74 64 64 63 1850 77.7 77.7 79.0 81.0 82.7 83.3 83.3 81.0 80.0 79.3 79.6 80.7 79.3 79 0 83.0 83 0 82.7 83.0 84 0 83.7 83.7 84.3 84.3 83.7 82 7 84.7 83.3 81.3 80.7 80.3 1860 89.0 89.3 89 0 89.3 88 7 87.0 86.0 87.6 83.3 88.0 85.6 84.6 80.3 81.0 76 0 80.0 80.0 81.3 82.0 78.3 70 0 73.3 77.3 81.7 81.3 83 0 83.7 84.6 83.3 80.0 1870 77.7 81.3 83.0 81-3 85.0 85.0 85.3 83.3 83.0 82.7 81.7 81.7 81.0 82.7 81.3 82.0 83.3 82.3 83.3 82.7 82.3 80.3 81.7 82.7 83.0 82.0 82.0 79.3 75.0 57.0 1880 83.0 83.5 80.5 80.5 81.5 81.5 80 .-0 75.0 70.0 69.0 75.5 80.5 80.5 76.0 74.0 76.(1 79 0 78.5 77.5 77.5 79.5 78.0 76.5 76.5 78.0 79.5 69.5 71.5 1850 30.08 30.13 30.14 30.12 30.12 30.03 30 03 30.08 30.04 30.08 30.09 30.18 30.13 30.15 30.04 30.04 30.11 30 09 30.07 30.04 30.09 30.11 30.11 30 16 30.18 30.18 30.04 30.07 30.07 1860 30.10 30.17 30.24 30.12 30.14 30.11 30.12 30.12 30.08 30 08 30.14 30.16 30.13 31.20 29.96 30.10 30.09 30.11 30.10 30.15 30.27 30.27 30.19 30.12 30.15 30.24 30.24 30.19 30.14 30.09 1870 29.88 29.90 29.88 29.97 30.01 30.06 30.08 30.09 30.05 29.98 29 95 29.93 29.93 29.98 29.96 29.94 29.92 30.07 30.03 30.03 30.08 30 09 30.03 30.05 30.00 29.98 29 97 29 90 29.88 29 87 1880 29.86 29.99 29.97 29.96 30.01 29.98 29.90 29.94 30.06 30.06 30.14 30.12 30.04 30.02 30.04 30.05 30.05 30.05 30.12 30.12 30.09 30.08 30.05 30.04 30 01 30.01 30.01 30.10 30.15 30.21 1850 I860 82.0 82.3 82.3 1870 1880 67 70 71 78 70 76 1850 I860 1870 1.39 1880 i.30 .30 .30 .41 .18 1.65 .16 2 .18 3 68.0 69.7 70.3 4 1 34 82.7 80.7 78.6 79.3 79.0 76.7 79.6 77 3 75.6 73.3 75.0 74.0 76.3 73.0 75.0 75.6 72.3 61.3 66.0 71 3 75.3 75 6 77.6 77.3 79.0 76.6 75.3 4 o» • • • • • 51.0 57.0 55.0 60.3 .41 6 60.6 73.7 72.3 74 75 72 74 .15 6 89 89 6 7 7 ...... .10 .03 8 82 79 64 . 82 79 85 80 79 83 80 83 80 83 81 83 86 82 81 84 83 85 j 84 86 87 85 89 85 89 80 92 84' 90 1.77 .84 .51 .21 .17 8 88 87 86 85 89 87 88 88 89 88 87 88 87 88 88 88 87 88 89 88 85 84 85 82 70 88 89 79 88 67 73 77 76 71 74 66 82 81 82 90 88 81 86 58 60 55 1.24 8 .02 .01 .005 9 10 63.6 66.0 70.3 9 10 66.3 68.0 66.3 30.00 30.02 29.95 29 83 29.90 30.09 30.22 30.14 30.05 29.99 29 98 29 88 29.99 29 99 29.97 29.91 29.92 .08 .19 10 11 .003 1.92 .07 .75 .82 .015 .44 11 73 11 12 69.7 71.6 74.0 7ii a 70 75 1.87 12 .01 .04 .005 12 .14 .05 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 .24 .02 .01 13 13 14 15 54.3 50. ( 55.7 48 3 49.3 49 3 69 72 64 67 69 68 88 78 74 77 87 88 86 82 82 76 72 75.0 14 15 16 17 i 18 1.80 16 17 76.3 75.6 77.6 74 0 75.0 76.7 77.3 79.3 18 .25 19 19 51.7 57.3 59.0 58.0 60.0 60.0 62.3 49.3 76 84 62 49 44 47 54 52 68 65 83 83 72 4 37 .93 .11 20 20 .03 2.80 1.27 .25 .17 21 21 21 22 .07 .08 .06 4.07 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 22 .19 .66 1.03 .26 .31 .43 .03 24 25 26 86 87 79.3 79.0 78.7 77.0 78.0 79.0 77 3 .11 .03 .75' 1.13 2.06 .39 45 .05 24 25 26 27 28 " ii .02 87 87 86 89 87 91 48.0 52.7 58.7 63 0 54.2 86 9Q.Q0 .59 28 29 30 .06 .48 29 30 30 03 29.99 - 29 8> 90 .57 .61 .48 .40 9.45 31 84 84 81.8 84.3 78.3 31 Mean.. 8.99 1.02 Mean .. 6.40 1 ,58 4.41 6.58 Mean .. 87 3 86.7 85.6 82.0 72.9 79.4 69.1 71 81.7 82.9 81.8 77.0 . 30.12 30.15 29.98 30.04 76.3 76 1.84 1.80 1.64 7.48 FEBRUARY, JUM E- OCTOBER. 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 BM:::::: 65 66 63 46 43 50 68 69 70 72 72 69 59 58 60 64 61 65 65 67 69 71 74 73 <0 43 45 53 62 72 60 50 56 57 58 57 58 68 73 71 76 65 60 67 64 6C 51 49 60 66 55 57 69 61 57 55 59 63 64 73 75 74 72 70 74 51 59 51 51 61 72 62 57 56 56 56 55 54 55 60 64 70 71 73 69 63 62 66 71 74 64 58 69 65 71 72 49 48 34 30 31 35 42 46 49 49 47 40 42 37 43 46 47 47 48 49 52 53 56 25 27 37 50 60 50 37 35 39 45 43 47 60 60 68 49 45 59 57 51 42 35 44 41 47 39 41 54 41 38 37 43 46 53 58 60 59 55 59 31 32 34 29 40 52 41 4a 46 43 43 43 45 43 45 48 50 51 57 65 59 48 50 53 56 62 56 48 56 53 60 60 VI 51.7 56.7 53.0 41.3 40 0 43.3 54.7 57.7 57.7 60.7 60.7 59.0 51.7 52.3 50.7 51.7 52.3 55.7 57.0 60.0 61.0 62.7 64.0 67.3 oy .3 37.3 36.7 44.7 55.3 68.0 57.0 44 3 49.0 49.0 51 0 51.0 51.0 61.0 67.7 67.7 70.3 62.0 52 7 62.7 60.3 62.0 49.0 44.3 40.U 55.0 59.3 51.0 50.7 56.7 57.7 51.7 50.0 52.7 56.3 61.0 66.7 69.0 68.7 67.7 59.0 68.7 42.7 51.3 43.0 44.0 57.3 64.7 55.0 oy. i 51.5 49.5 49.5 49.5 50.0 48.5 50.0 54.0 57.0 60.5 64.0 69.0 64.0 55 5 56 0 59.5 63.5 68.0 60.0 53.0 62.5 59.0 66.5 66.0 . .J 30.18 30.00 30 11 30.50 30.48 30 44 30.28 29.85 29.96 30.0s 30.03 29.84 29.85 30.03 30.07 30.14 30.14 30.14 30.12 30.05 30 08 30.15 30.11 30.06 ay. ya 30.03 30 01 29.92 30.09 30.28 30.20 30.10 29.83 29.78 29.75 29.79 30 08 30.10 29.98 30 00 30.18 30.00 29.93 29.80 29.63 29.57 29.86 29.96 29.55 29.75 29.89 30.14 30.29 30.20 30 03 29.95 29.93 30.13 29.98 29 77 30.00 30.05 29.95 29.91 30.16 30.15 30.10 30.00 30.02 29.95 29.77 29.75 29.95 29.92 30.22 30.12 30.21 30.20 29.87 29.71 30.03 30.09 29.79 30.13 30.26 30.35 30.44 30.47 30 35 30.28 30.26 30.11 29.87 29.91 30.11 30.33 30.33 30.26 30.21 30.38 30.29 30.10 30.09 30.11 30.08 30.02 30.07 39.06 30.09 30.17 40.7 40.7 46.7 57.7 64.0 58.7 50.0 47.7 54.0 55.3 58.3 53.3 59.7 67.0 65.7 61.7 67.7 62.3 53.7 58 0 63.3 62.7 55.3 46.3 51.3 58.0 63.3 63.7 58.3 73 63 46 51 68 57 49 60 80 79 84 87 57 49 53 60 68 85 71 63 81 83 77 77 81 73 71 78 69 2.89 2.43 3.27 .02 .07 0.18 .40 4.54 .41 .11 .01 1.77 .06 1.03 .99 .71 .23 .33 .005 .95 .25 .03 .62 1.69 .43 .02 .03 .16 1.15 .31 .03 .08 01 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 81 83 79 78 82 81 79 78 77 79 84 87 85 84 82 85 86 85 86 87 89 91 94 89 85 86 87 88 88 89 89 89 89 89 90 88 89 90 90 87 89 91 89 89 89 89 87 87 86 88 86 89 89 90 90 90 89 86 85 88 84 79 83 79 81 85 85 89 88 90 86 86 85 86 90 91 90 89 86.9 88 88 86 88 89 86 86 88 89 88 87 89 87 90 90 87 83 85 88 85 81 79 85 85 8? 89 88 87 86 86.0 74 76 73 71 71 70 66 63 60 62 65 69 67 09 68 67 68 69 70 72 74 74 74 71 69 69 74 76 69.5 72 73 74 75 76 78 77 77 76 77 78 78 78 76 76 70 70 68 74 79 78 74 65 76 70 73 74 74.2 69 70 70 70 71 71 73 72 70 63 65 64 71 62 67 67 70 70 71 71 72 73 70 72 69 71 70 71 72 69.5 74 78 74 ■ 75 75 76 76 74 76 76 76 76 76 69 71 73 69 70 71 73 73 75 73 73 73 77.0 78 0 77.0 75.0 75.3 75.0 72 0 69.7 68.3 69.7 71.7 79.0 78.0 78.3 77.0 79.3 80.7 80.0 81.3 80.7 82.0 84.0 85.3 81.3 77.0 79.7 81.0 81 .0 83.7 77.9 80.7 81.0 81.7 83.0 83.7 83.7 83.0 82 7 82.3 8.3 3 81.7 82.3 83.0 83.7 82.0 81.0 80.0 83 3 82 3 83.0 83.3 81.7 81 .0 79.0 84.0 83.0 83.7 84.0 85.7 85.0 85.7 80.3 79.7 86.0 81.7 79 0 76.0 79.3 79.7 83.0 81.3 84.0 84.0 85.0 82.7 81.7 81.0 85.6 85.7 85.3 85.3 84.7 82.7 81.0 83.0 80.0 81.5 82.0 80.5 81.0 82.0 81.5 82.0 81.0 82.5 81.5 83.0 83.0 81.0 76.0 78.0 80.0 79.0 75.0 74.5 78.0 79.0 80 ii 30.08 30.06 30.11 30.13 30.17 30.16 30.18 30.12 30.07 30.03 30.16 30.12 30.07 30.08 30 03 30.04 30.10 30.16 30.11 30.16 30.16 30.12 30 07 29 91 2JL99 30.07 30.09 30.07 30.09 30.08 29.96 29.99 29.86 29-83 29.75 29.79 29.86 29.90 29.93 29.86 29.88 29.93 29.92 29.92 29.90 29.88 29.89 29.90 29 82 29.84 29.82 29.88 29.88 29.93 30.08 29.95 29 92 29.99 30.00 29.95 29.96 29.98 30.02 29.95 29.85 29 84 30 00 30.00 29.98 30.02 30.05 30.08 30 06 30.02 30.05 30.10 30.15 30.17 30.04 30.04 30.07 30 05 30.01 29 99 30.00 30.00 30.02 30.04 30 08 30.08 30.06 30.02 29 99 30.01 30.05 30.10 30.10 30.04 29.90 29.89 29 92 29.98 80.0 79.6 79.3 79.6 80 6 79.6 83.0 80.6 81 0 81 .3 80.6 81 .3 82.3 82.0 81.0 79.3 79.6 81.0 79.6 80 3 81 6 80.3 77.3 73.0 76.0 73 75 73 75 79 76 71 70 78 76 76 69 67 67 52 58 1 3 64 64 80 76 79 1.04 "",59 30 .17 .02 5 It .14 .10 3.94 1.05 .25 .005 .26 .87 .07 ,59 .05 .18 .02 .005 .008 .03 .08 .18 .19 .52 1.08 .03 .25 .02 .05 .46 24 .24 .13 1 2 3 4 6 ..... 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 ■26 84 84 82 80 81 82 80 82 81 82 81 80 81 80 81 81 78 79 76 74 72 74 75 76 68 84 79 83 86 81 85 88 86 78 78 79 72 65 62 63 68 74 68 65 69 71 72 74 76 79 80 75 72 76 73 75.5 81 79 81 82 76 77 80 77 76 82 80 78 73 77 79 80 78 79 80 69 70 76 80 74 79 80 80 89 82 77 78.1 78 80 80 76 72 77 81 77 72 71 83 83 84 84 81 76 66 69 67 69 7.1 65 66 75 75 74 61 63 65 74.0 72 69 67 66 67 66 65 67 64 69 71 73 72 74 72 54 61 59 56 51 53 66 45 41 77 75 77 80 79 79 80 82 72 70 72 68 62 55 54 58 61 64 62 58 63 64 64 66 63 61 62 63 58 57 58 61 59 60 67 61 53 52 56 60 62 62 64 49 47 54 57 61 65 71 70 65 66 67 70 67 66 69 72 71 70 58 54 53 55 59 61 58 55 09 63 56 56 56 52 62.1 79.0 79.7 77.0 76.3 76.7 76.7 75.3 76.7 74.7 77.3 76.7 77 0 76.3 77.3 77.3 76.3 75.3 68.0 66.7 65.7 65.7 66.7 70 7 55.7 52.3 48 3 52.7 64.0 69.9 89.0 77.9 80.0 82 6 80.0 82 0 84.0 84.0 75.0 74.3 76.0 70.0 63.3 59.3 60.0 63.6 68.0 65.7 63.3 64.3 66.7 67.6 69.0 75.6 71.6 69.7 72.0 72.0 72.1 77.0 74.0 77.0 76.7 71.0 71.7 73.0 72.3 71.7 77 0 75.0 73 0 67.7 69.0 72.7 74 7 74.0 74.3 74.7 61-3 67.0 67.7 74.3 71.0 7.1:3 74 0 74.3 74.0 75.3 72 0 72.6 69.5 72.5 74.5 68.5 71.5 74.0 73.5 69.0 70.0 76.0 77 5 78 0 77.5 77.0 67.0 60.0 61.0 61.0 64.0 66.5 65.5 59.0 60.5 03 Ji 69.0 66 0 58.5 59.5 58.5 68.0 30.06 30.09 30.16 30.04 30.07 30.07 30.09 30.05 30.11 30.08 30.11 30.06 3'1.08 30.10 30.11 30.04 29.95 30.07 30.20 30.19 30.18 30.18 30.15 30.16 SB-18 30.16 30.18 30.22 30.13 30.12 30.11 30.00 29.72 29.93 30.00 30.06 30.08 30.08 30.08 30.09 30.04 30.08 30.23 30.29 30.35 30.42 30.41 30.19 30.14 30.04 30.06 30.15 30.19 30.20 30.17 38'12 30.11 30 18 30.20 30.14 30.03 30.12 29.82 29.90 30.00 30.02 30.03 3 1.02 29.98 29.96 30.00 29.88 29.88 29.90 30 13 30.11 30.10 30.10 30.08 30.02 29.86 29.87 30.05 30.18 30.10 30.05 30.20 30.13 30.05 29.96 29.99 29.99 29.93 29.92 30.02 30 03 30.09 30.16 30.12 30.11 30.00 30 05 30.29 30.38 30.29 30.17 '30.08 30.09 30.25 30.38 76.6 75.3 77.3 79.0 78.0 78.6 80.0 79.6 66.3 68.3 70.6 62.0 55.3 52.6 54.3 50.0 62 6 57 7 56.0 59.3 63.3 62.3 62.3 6?-1! c'y.'t) 71.3 68.0 66.6 68.0 70.3 67.2 60 79 79 70 82 80 75 78 79 93 84 81 83 77 77 72 41 46 62 71 75 62 54 57 Oil .77 .12 .52 .48 .23 4.81 .30 .11 .01 ".005 .bi 1.32 .02 .18 .31 .04 .07 .25 26 27 28 29 77 78 78 66 0 58 60 63 66 59.9 69 73 71 63.9 76 77 76 65.9 66 67 66 49.6 39 44 57 58 47.1 50 48 48 45.1 67 63 66 61 53.7 71.0 71.7 72.3 57.4 46.7 55.7 59.3 62.0 54.4 65.7 67.0 64 3 57.7 71.5 70 0 7l 5 68.5 59.8 29-90 30.00 29.98 8.86 2.30 10.63 03 3.60 .09 4.62 28 29 30 Mean .. 90 78 89 87 90 88 91 84.9 87.5 74.7 80.7 82.0 81.1 82.0 81.5 80.0 79.5 80.3 30.00 30.05 30.00 30.07 29.90 30 08 30.06 29.99 29.98 30.02 30.13 30.09 30.10 30.12 30.03 78.7 81 .3 81.0 80.3 •79.8 . . • • A . 80 14 72 1.04 .31 .37 10.98 1 .37 .29 5.70 .05 3.43 .04 .23 82 .03 6 43 27 28 29 30 31 Mean .. 69 66 61 63 69 76.5 38 37 35 39 44 59.7 72 70 68 68 71 68.5 61 61 60 60 60 59.0 30 19 30.19 30.10 30-10 3.1.03 30 03 29.87 29.80 29.82 29.95 30.12 30 08 83 89 76 82 77 73 2.00 .05 .06 ""io 5.66 1.85 .03 .98 1.88 JTJIuY. NOVEMBER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 82 81 83 81 80 79 78 77 75 73 71 72 78 79 81 87 88 87 81 83 84 79 76 75 70 67 53 57 59 64 68 75.7 65 66 69 71 74 76 79 76 64 61 58 60 60 58 60 58 58 62 68 67 68 73 73 62 69 63 56 57 57 59 63 64.8 74 66 70 75 75 81 56 55 54 62 66 72 66 70 59 57 56 61 64 80 72 73 65 62 65 66 74 74 77 61 64 66.8 68 68 78 78 81 81 80 70 70 80 79 71 68 64 55 75 71 66 63 63 68 72 73 77 77 76 69 67 73 72.0 69 68 69 60 59 58 51 52 48 40 39 38 39 44 49 49 49 40 37 41 48 37 42 46 47 45 34 45 48 50 53 48.2 58 60 61 62 60 62 63 50 46 44 43 43 47 49 50 48 49 54 52 44 53 62 63 52 50 47 45 48 46 43 52 51.8 47 48 58 61 60 51 39 35 31 46 47 43 43 51 30 37 37 39 40 46 57 59 54 52 55 50 46 54 44 43 46.9 57 58 64 64 68 69 66 64 61 58 67 67 60 63 64 49 42 ' 51 58 56 56 54 54 57 56 59 67 58 55 53 55 59.0 73.7 74.7 75.7 73.0 69.7 69.7 68.7 68.3 68.7 66.7 64.7 63.7 68.7 69.3 73.7 75.7 76.3 74 7 67.7 73.0 76.7 72.7 57.0 60.0 59.0 63.7 45.0 53.3 56 0 60.3 64.0 62.2 61.7 63.3 65.3 67.0 69.0 70.0 73.0 68.7 58.0 55.0 51.3 51.0 52.0 55.0 57.0 56.0 54.7 58.0 60.0 59.7 60.7 68.0 68.3 57.3 62.3 59 7 53.7 54.7 52.7 55.7 58.3 59.9 65.7 61 0 65.3 70.3 68 3 74.0 53 3 50.7 49.0 54.3 61.7 68.0 58.0 64.0 54.3 50.3 51.3 53.0 58.0 69.7 67.7 68.0 62.7 57.7 62.7 62.7 65.0 66.3 70.3 56.0 58 7 61.2 62.5 63.0 71.0 71.0 74.5 75.0 73 0 69.5 65.5 64.0 73.5 73.0 .65.5 65.5 70.5 56.5 48.5 63.0 64.5 61.0 59.5 58.5 61.0 64.5 64.5 68.0 72.0 67.0 62.0 61.0 64 0 65.5 29.92 29.90 30.03 30.07 30.06 29.97 30 06 30.11 30 10 30.08 30.12 30.08 30 04 30.10 30.07 30.07 30.04 30.05 30.08 30.09 30.00 29.97 30.15 30.16 30.09 29.80 29.80 30.05 30.08 29.98 29 97 30.03 30.00 30.02 30.09 30.00 29.98 29.97 29.95 29.95 30.17 30.15 30.20 30.02 30.15 30.12 29.84 29.75 29.75 29 .'(75 29.91 30.07 30 15 30.15 30.13 29.96 29.95 30 02 30.10 29.96 29.99 29.92 29.89 30.00 30.08 30.16 30.06 30.00 29.91 29.76 29.90 30.16 30.27 30.20 29.79 29.55 29.81 29.78 30.01 30.08 30.15 30 20 30.12 30.00 29.92 30.00 30.12 29.98 29.76 29.77 29.99 29.90 29.80 29.88 29.95 29.97 30.18 30.22 30.09 30.01 30.04 30.06 30.02 29 91 30.01 29.97 29.89 29.98 30.06 30 06 29 87 30.11 30.18 29.88 30.05 39.22 30.35 30.18 30.17 30.17 30.16 30 01 29.95 30.02 30.10 30.17 30.12 30.07 63.0 62.0 64.3 66 6 66.0 69.0 72.3 71.6 53.0 56.6 52.7 60.0 51.0 54.7 58.7 58.7 58 7 59.6 62.7 60.7 59.7 62.6 66.3 63.7 57.0 58.7 52.0 53 0 54.3 58.0 65.3 60.4 '""j 76 82 79 82 77 78 79 84 72 86 87 85 84 91 83 68 64 87 73 58 79 90 65 54 60 69 65 33 47 52 61 72 .07 .07 .03 .01 95 1.02 2.15 .43 .49 " ".bi .93 .34 .01 .32 .04 .37 .44 .04 .04 .01 .005 .39 .81 .02 2 84 .61 2.81 .55 .03 .54 30 .24 .62 .06 .02 .13 .13 .38 .84 6.66 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 >1 22 23 24 25 26 27 2® 29 30 31 Mean .. 91 90 91 92 93 92 93 93 92 88 88 89 90 89 89 90 91 92 92 91 91 92 9' 90 88 89 88 92 91 91 92 90.7 88 88 89 92 93 94 91 94 94 94 94 94 93 93 91 90 90 91 89 88 90 93 92 90 93 93 92 92 90 89 89 91 4 90 91 92 90 91 90 !'l 90 90 90 92 90 91 91 90 89 87 85 86 87 90 89 89 85 85 86 87 89 87 87 85 88.8 89 89 90 91 92 89 89 89 89 90 89 91 89 88 89 89 89 90 91 90 89 84 83 84 88 87 88 87 84 85 86 88.3 76 77 79 78 78 78 79 77 74 72 76 75 76 79 82 83 82 80 83 86 82 78 73 74 73 78 81 81 84 78.2 76 77 78 78 80 80 82 84 81 78 75 76 76 78 74 76 79 84 79 78 80 81 80 80 77 76 75 77.9 72 72 73 71 71 72 73 75 72 73 75 75 76 75 71 69 71 74 75 69 68 70 70 72 73 72 72.2 74 76 77 77 78 79 76 75 76 76 78 78 75 73 76 76 78 '77 78 '77 71 '72 74 77 75 74 74 75 75.7 81.7 82.7 83.7 85.0 86.3 87.2 88.0 89.0 88.3 83.3 83.3 86.0 87.7 84.3 83.7 85.3 86.0 86.7 86.7 85.0 86.0 87.3 86.0 83 7 82.3 82 7 82.0 85.0 85.7 86.0 87.7 85.3 83.0 83.7 83.7 85.3 85.7 85.0 85.3 86.7 86 7 87.7 87.7 88.0 85.3 88.0 86 0 83.7 82 0 81.0 79.7 83.7 87.0 88.0 86.7 86.0 86.7 87.7 85.3 85.0 83.0 82.0 8,1.7 85.0 86.3 86.3 86.3 83.3 85.0 86.3 87.7 86,3 86.0 86 3 88.0 87.3 87.0 86.3 87.0 85.7 78.0 81.0 83.0 84.3 86.0 85.0 82.7 80.0 77.3 78.7 83.0 85.3 84.0 83.0 81.3 84.3 81.5 82.5 83.5 84.0 85.0 84.0 82.5 82.0 82.5 83 0 83.5 84.5 82.0 80.5 82.5 82.5 82.0 84.0 84.0 84.0 83.0 79.5 77.0 78.0 81.0 82.0 81.5 81.0 79.0 79.5 80.5 _82.6 30.06 30.09 30.09 30.09 30.09 30.10 30 00 30 00 30.03 30.01 30.03 29.98 29.90 29.93 29.94 30.11 39.10 30.05 29.99 30 06 30.08 30.12 30.04 30.01 30.08 30.02 30.12 30.17 30.14 30.12 30.15 J10.06 29.99 29.98 30.03 30.10 29.83 29.89 29.90 29 93 29.97 30.07 29.92 29.83 29.88 29.95 29.95 29.97 30.05 30.00 30.00 29.96 29.96 29.99 29.95 29.90 29.89 29.89 29.88 29.88 29.95 29.99 30.02 30.02 30 03 30.05 30 05 30.12 30.09 30.09 30.05 30.02 30.07 30.15 30.12 30.15 30.06 30.13 30.18 30.18 30.10 30 00 29.90 30.03 30.07 30.11 30.07 30.07 30.08 30.07 30 08 30 J5 30.13 30.09 30.11 30.05 30.02 30 01 30.02 30.03 30.03 29.99 30 06 30.06 30.04 30.06 30.06 30.08 30.00 30.07 30.06 81.0 81.6 82.6 82.6 82.6 80.3 81 6 82.0 84.6 85.0 85.6 83.3 80.6 81.6 81 0 81.3 80.6 80.6 80.3 82.0 82.0 82.0 83.3 83.0 82.6 83 0 82.6 81.3 81.6 82.3 82.3 82.2 80 71 63 62 63 73 79 78 77 71 70 70 75 67 72 62 61 82 75 70 72 77 84 82 84 80 74 73 1.45 2.73 .89 .04 1 .10 .95 1 27 .97 .97 .01 .27 10.66 .85 .09 .38 .40 " ". 03 .04 "".66 .04 2.49 .37 .36 .23 '".07 .01 .01 .90 1 25 .22 .17 .20 1.10 ,50 .05 .53 .21 6.08 1.64 1.10 .24 1.68 .08 .97 .02 .07 .57 .28 .01 .04 1.26 .04 .78 .82 .42 .07 1.10 4.03 11.22 1 2 3 4 6.."" 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 24.'. ". . 25 26 27 28 29 30 Mean .. 75 79 78 79 81 79 68 64 66 67 66 65 67 64 66 59 54 60 71 71 64 72 72 66 67 71 75 64 63 63 65.2 61 66 74 72 73 74 78 67 61 69 71 71 74 67 67 67 69 76 72 66 69 62 49 63 72 79 67 60 67 67.9 80 79 82 82 80 81 80 79 74 68 74 74 76 70 62 52 56 62 58 65 48 52 60 56 55 62 68 71 70 64 68.0 62 62 68 74 68 68 53 59 72 73 67 66 6 i 58 61 63 60 56 60 51 48 54 50 60 61 57 75 69 68 62.0 63 64 65 64 67 68 53 54 52 57 53 50 49 39 37 35 47 61 50 51 51 51 51 56 66 60 54 50 51 54.1 52 49 57 57 59 65 63 65 52 46 47 53 58 61 63 58 56 54 59 56 52 56 45 38 40 62 70 54 50 50 54 8 60 60 62 60 69 64 63 60 63 46 50 58 59 44 40 36 38 39 40 44 31 35 38 36 37 42 44 50 48 49.0 49 57 59 65 64 49 43 47 62 54 53 43 43 45 54 36 34 47 43 44 37 47 48 54 56 56 53 55 50.1 71.3 74.0 72.3 71 .0 72.0 72.7 61.3 58.7 59.3 59.7 59.3 58.0 57.7 55.3 57.0 53.3 48.3 54.0 65.0 67.3 61.0 64.3 64.0 58.7 66.7 73.3 76.3 60.3 59.0 57.7 62.3 56.0 57.7 65.3 63.6 66.6 68.0 70.7 67.3 54.3 53.3 58.0 62.7 64.7 67.0 65.0 62.0 61.0 60.6 67 6 66.6 54.3 64.3 53.3 43.7 53.6 68.0 74.0 60.6 55.0 58.3 61.5 74.7 73.7 74.7 77.0 76.0 76.3 74.0 74.3 69.7 61.7 67.3 69.3 71.0 67.3 54 3 48.0 50.7 56.0 52.7 55.0 46.7 45.7 53.3 50.0 49.0 54.7 64.7 64.0 63.3 58.3 62.4 55.5 59.5 63.5 69.5 66.0 58.5 48.0 53.0 63.5 67.5 60 5 58*0 49.0 50.5 58.5 48.0 45.0 53.5 47 0 46.0 45,5 48.5 54.0 57.5 53.5 65.5 61.0 61.5 56.0 30.08 30.12 30.09 30.08 30.02 30.02 30.10 30.14 30 17 30.13 30 08 30.05 30.08 30.08 30 09 30.07 30.09 30.16 29.99 29.96 30.09 30.13 30.33 30.04 29.96 29.94 30.08 39.12 29.98 30.08 30.18 30.18 30.24 30.26 30 20 30.14 30.11 30.03 30.20 30.29 30.22 30.18 30.16 30.19 30.14 30.14 30.23 29.95 30.09 30.23 30 01 30^50 30.40 30.13 30.06 30 10 30.21 30 19 30.17 29.98 29.93 30.98 30.00 30.00 30.10 30.10 30 00 30.10 30-13 29.82 30.03 30.17 30.32 30.20 30.18 29.93 29.92 29.93 30.18 30.20 30.00 30.10 29.93 30.03 30.04 30.16 30 04 29.91 29.94 29.97 30.10 30.22 30.04 29.92 30.05 30.18 30.19 30 15 30.28 30.17 30.19 30.18 30.37 30 18 30.19 30.34 30.43 30.42 30.22 30.15 30.23 30.14 30.09 3 1.23 30.05 30.16 53.6 55.0 62.6 61.6 64.3 66.0 65.0 65.6 51.6 48.6 52.3 59.0 60.6 63.3 63.0 56.6 55.0 56.0 63.3 63.7 48.7 60,0 51.7 38.3 49.3 65.0 70.3 59.3 50.7 53.3 57.8 57 78 91 89 90 62 58 74 91 61 67 68 89 82 50 60 88 70 68 80 67 45 42 88 93 89 91 94 88 100 70 .14 .45 .12 .34 .74 1 79 .02 .80 """ i.ib ""03 1.30 0.03 1.00 4.28 2.08 1.00 1.26 .02 .68 .02 .03 "'.04 5.14 .08 .28 .35 1.18 .30 '".26 .09 1.38 .33 .02 .97 .15 .bi .03 .25 M2 .i5 .07 .02 6.04 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28-' 29 30 31 APRIL AUGUST DECEMBER. 1 2...... 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 .... 29 30 69 70 74 76 71 69 70 74 76 72 6.7 63 65 71 72 71 74 77 84 85 84 86 84 79 84 86 84 78 76 79 75.6 68 69 76 79 78 77 82 83 83 84 82 78 80 80 81 78 76 77 77 78 82 82 75 75 68 68 66 72 67 74 76.5 68 69 68 67 72 72 73 67 73 72 78 79 82 80 78 68 64 70 73 75 77 78 79 81 77 80 81 77 81 80 74.6 75 72 81 81 81 82 79 61 62 70 75 64 73 80 80 83 83 83 81 72 78 82 83 82 84 82 79 81 83 75 77.6 59 59 58 59 50 49 50 52 53 51 41 39 41 46 48 46 49 51 56 58 57 56 55 57 56 53 49 50 54 51.9 56 58 68 66 63 59 70 69 70 69 70 63 66 64 65 70 68 66 67 67 68 66 64 53 50 50 52 43 44 45 61.6 44 45 43 46 50 50 48 56 53 53 46 55 57 61 44 49 43 51 55 51 54 53 56 61 61 59 60 62 62 52.8 57 65 69 72 70 70 61 49 49 53 56 51 51 58 67 70 72 70 71 64 67 70 71 72 71 72 69 70 71 65 ; 64.8 65.0 66 3 70.3 71.3 70.0 65.0 66.3 67.7 69.3 68.3 60.0 58.0 59 0 63.0 69.0 68.3 69.0 70.3 73 7 74.7 76.0 78.3 79.7 73.3 79.3 79.7 78.7 71.3 70.7 72.0 70 1 60.3 65.0 71.3 73.3 72.7 71.7 73.7 78.3 77.7 77.7 76.7 72.0 72.3 74.0 75.0 73 3 68.7 72.0 72.0 72.0 74.7 73.0 71.3 69.0 62.3 64.7 61.7 64.0 61.0 68.0 70.6 61.3 63.3 61.3 62.3 65.3 66.3 64 7 63.3 67.7 67.7 69.3 74.0 73.3 74 0 74.3 60.7 60.7 63.0 69.7 68.7 70 0 70.7 72.7 74.7 73.0 75 3 75.7 74.0 76.3 76.0 69.0 66.0 68.5 75.0 76.5 75.5 76.0 70.0 55.0 55.5 61.5 65 5 57.5 62.0 69 0 73.5 76.5 77.5 76.5 76.0 68.0 72.5 76.0 77.0 77 0 77.5 77.0 74.0 75.0 77.0 70.0 71 2 29.97 29.80 29.84 29.89 30.05 30.05 30 07 30.09 30 07 29.97 29.95 30.02 30.06 30.10 30.19 30.16 30.19 30.17 30.20 30.14 30.09 30.05 30.05 30.15 30.03 30.04 29.97 30.03 30.16 30.15 30 06 29-73 29.80 29.75 29-70 29.73 29-81 29-90 29-85 29-83 29 92 30 00 30-11 30-15 30 08 29 97 29 94 29-96 30-02 30 00 29 99 29-83 29-80 29-82 29-9'5 30-08 30.00 29-99 30-0.0 30-^0 30-d 0 29 92 30.02 30.00 29.98 30.01 30.07 30.08 29.99 29.79 29.75 29.95 30.01 30.06 30.10 30 12 30.03 30.13 30 02 29.98 29.87 29.98 30 02 30.10 30.12 30 08 30.06 30.08 30.00 30.00 29.97 29.93 30.01 30.06 29.95 29.99 30.04 30.05 30.02 30.06 30.18 30.28 30.18 30.19 30.38 30.27 30.14 30.03 29.98 30.02 29.95 29.95 30.09 30.11 29.98 29.88 29.88 29.99 30 05 30.12 30.05 30.10 30.29 30.07 64.0 62 0 67.3 72.3 72.0 72.3 74.3 76.3 76.0 76.3 75.0 69.3 65.3 72 0 74.0 75.0 73.3 74.0 75.6 75.3 75.3 75.0 75.3 73.3 61.3 61.3 59.6 61 0 64.7 67.7 70.5 70 90 81 82 77 75 68 75 44 48 ; 48 ; 58 66 ; 78 ; 80 I 79 • 77 i 75 80 80 i 84 78 1 78 80 7s 6' 7! 7( .54 1 73 "'S9 1.23 .17 ..... .1' .2! 1.80 "i'i • 6.2. :::::: "3.20 ".bi 3.21 6.47 "".78 \b= • 9( • 9c .0 9.25 "1.78 .01 "'.02 .82 ""02 i 26 1.95 .63 .21 .19 6.88 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16.• 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Mean . 91 90 92 92 93 90 90 91 91 92 90 89 89 89 90 89 87 88 89 88 9C 92 9 92 91 91 9( 8! 8( 8! 8" 89. 89 89 89 88 90 88 89 89 90 89 84 83 88 88 88 88 88 86 8t 81 88 8f 9( 8! 91 8! 9( 8< 8 8 9 88 89 87 88 88 89 88 88 88 88 90 89 87 87 87 89 89 88 91 90 92 91 91 87 88 90 9 90 91 8* i 8' 8( 88.' 86 88 88 79 84 86 88 86 77 87 82 86 87 88 89 88 89 88 89 89 87 89 90 89 89 90 88 88 8£ 92 8' 87.: 80 82 87 86 83 80 82 82 84 86 75 79 83 81 82 80 70 74 71 82 83 89 82 84 8£ 8( 7( 7-5 7! 7 6' 79. 78 80 81 78 80 81 78 79 77 73 70 73 65 76 76 77 78 79 81 77 7! 8C 81 81 8 8 81 r 71 8( 78. 79 72 71 70 72 73 74 70 73 73 74 7c 74 74 7! 71 i 7' i 7t 7 I 7^ ' 7$ i 7. 7- : 7: I 7 ' 7 7 ' 7 11 73. 74 77 75 73 71 74 76 75 75 72 73 76 77 77 78 78 78 77 71 77 7' 78 78 71 71 7c 71 7' It 1^.' 8'.3 87.0 88.0 88.3 87.3 86.3 87.3 S6 0 ■86.7 86.7 81.7 84.3 86.3 84.' 85 ( 85.1 '78-' 80.' 84.: 85.1 86.1 87.1 86.' 87.' 88.: ■85. .84.' 82.: «o.: 82. 88.. 85.1 83.3 83.3 84.3 82.0 85.0 83.7 84.3 84.3 83.0 81.3 78.1 79.3 81.3 81.' 82.3 81.3 82.3 80.' 81.3 82.1 83.1 84.1 84.' 83.1 84.' 84.' 85.' 84/ 81.' 82.1 84. 82. 84.3 82.7 83.3 83.7 84.3 84.3 84.0 84.7 83.7 86.0 84.3 83.3 81.0 82.0 85.0 85.0 86.( 85 ' 87.( 87.1 87.' 84. 80.' 84.' 85.' 16.1 86 86.1 85 82.1 80.1 83.1 80.0 82.5 81.5 76.0 77.5 80.0 82.0 80.5 81.0 81.0 77.0 78.5 81.5 82.5 83.0 82.5 83.5 83.5 84.1 83. 81.5 83.1 83 5 82.5 82,' 83.1 82.( 81.0. 80.0( 84.0. 82, 81, 30.18 30.19 30.17 30.09 30.10 30.11 30.09 30.08 30.11 30.07 30.03 30 05 30.02 29.99 30.0.- 30.08 30.0' 30.08 30.08 30.0! 30.11 29.94 29.91 29.91 29.91 30.11 30.11 30.11 30.0' 30.01 29.98 30 01 29.89 28.88 29.87 29.85 29.80 29.83 29.88 29.82 29.79 29.72 29.58 29.72 29.82 29.83 29.88 29.89 29.88 29.90 29.90 29.81 29.82 29.91 29.8' 29.9: 29.91 29.91 29.95 29.9£ 29.9-. 29.9-1 29.81 29.81 30.03 30 04 30.05 30.05 29.98 29.95 30.00 30.06 30.05 30.05 30.07 30.08 30.1'5 30.05 30.01 29 97 29.92 30 01 30-Ot 30 Cl 30.0 30.01 29.91 30.(1 30.0' 30.01 30.01 30 0- 30.01 29.91 29.91 30.0: 30.06 29 04 29.86 29.96 30.03 30.01 30.07 30.07 30 00 30.00 30.07 30.07 30.03 29.99 1 30.02 30.14 30 18 30.13 30.02 29.9? 29.92 30.02 30.0c 30.0: 3U 01 30.02 30 0; 29.9. 29.7! 29.6' 30.01 .... 80.7 83.0 81.7 79.7 80.7 81.3 82.0 81.3 82.0 76.7 74.7 76.0 71.7 70 7 73.3 77.0 79.0 78 7 79.0 j 79.3 80.3 78.' ! 80.' 81.: ! 81 : 1 81.3 ] 78.( I 80.( 1 76.' 79 j 81.1 1 79 ( 76 74 73 84 67 66 67 79 79 79 95 84 80 79 75 73 70 71 67 66 72 70 75 6! 65 72 75 63 67 73 .44 "".42 "".37 .35 .17 3.44 "".27 " " 07 -74 1.59 .24 1.58 .89 1 10.93 118 "'.06 .03 .17 2.13 "' .09 "".49 i.bi .79 .39 6.34 '"47 1 53 .13 2.17 .005 .10 .80 2.20 .03 .04 '".69 1.48 .23 .... .03 .99 .77 1 11 58 .11 .02 1.17 1.31 .17 -37 ,54 .56 .29 .02 .01 4.60 1 2 3 4 b'" '" 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Mean.. 70 80 80 79 65 49 33 35 54 58 63 67 68 69 69 78 64 66 74 65 76 62 60 56 60 58 69 59 46 44 49 62.1 62 66 64 46 45 57 71 71 73 69 56 61 68 66 53 54 63 69 73 62 74 52 58 68 64 58 55 65 55 40 41 1 60.6 62 64 63 70 75 66 76 62 64 57 56 59 62 55 57 53 51 53 60 51 42 34 37 30 42 52 60 51 50 60 63 56.0 76 69 65 76 78 65 56 68 59 51 55 62 66 70 70 76 71 70 62 47 50 47 49 56 56 48 50 49 46 33 36 59.0 61 67 68 62 47 27 29 29 33 37 43 53 56 56 58 51 52 62 63 47 44 44 52 54 54 42 39 39 41 49.0 52 47 53 42 36 35 57 59 63 61 45 44 50 56 46 45 50 57 61 54 53 40 51 54 56 45 54 61 45 37 34 49.8 49 45 43 42 43 46 49 48 43 48 43 39 41 47 44 42 42 45 47 37 30 29 22 16 20 42 41 42 35 33 39 39.7 67 67 60 65 65 49 42 44 49 37 38 44 55 59 59 66 64 60 47 38 38 35 40 44 45 38 41 37 23 20 26 47 1 65.0 71.3 74.7 71.7 61.3 46.7 31.3 32.7 43.3 48.7 54.0 59.0 60.7 63.0 64.0 67.0 58.3 60.7 67.3 64.0 69.0 57.3 53.0 51.0 55.3 E6 0 61.3 57.0 44.3 42 3 45.7 56 9 57.6 56.3 58.0 43.6 39.3 39 0 64.0 65.0 67-6 65.0 50.0 52.0 59.6 62.3 69.3 50.3 56.6 64.3 66.0 57.0 62.0 47.0 54.3 62.6 61.0 51.0 54.3 62.3 51.7 38.7 38.3 53.3 57.0 58.0 56.0 61.0 66.7 59.3 74.7 56.7 57.7 53 7 48.0 52.7 56.3 52 7 52.3 49.0 47.7 50.7 57.3 44.7 38.0 32.3 33.0 25 3 34.7 48-7 55-7 48.0 45.0 49.7 54.: _ 50.8 71.5 68.0 62.5 70.5 71.5 57.0 49.0 56.0 54.0 44.0 46.5 53.0 60.5 64.5 64 -5 71.0 67.5 65.0 54.5 42.5 44.0 41.0 44.5 50.0 50.5 43.0 45.5 43.0 34.5 26.5 31.0 53.1 29.87 29.90 29.96 29 99 30.02 29.99 30.34 30.38 30.25 30 29 30.26 30.20 30.21 30-22 30.11 30.02 30.16 30.13 30.03 30.10 30.07 29 98 30.26 30.31 30.20 30.13 29.84 29.73 30.23 30 22 30 26 30.12 30.28 30.26 30.13 30.26 30.25 30.23 30.21 30.31 30 21 30.18 30 38 30 29 30.15 30.20 30.39 30.42 30.29 30.07 29.89 30.05 29.94 30.12 30 21 30.15 30.20 30.34 30.23 30.10 30.18 30.25 30.34 30.21 30 12 30.12 30.07 30.05 30.05 30.12 29.92 30.07 29.91 29.66 29.80 30.10 30.13 30.25 30.12 30.05 30.02 29.93 29 72 30.05 30.22 30.12 30.31 30.55 30.42 30.27 30.05 29.93 30 17 30.10 30 20 30.08 30.02 30.15 30.08 29.91 29 88 30.30 30 48 30.37 30.47 30.53 30.35 30.07 30.00 29.99 29.91 29.83 ,29.87 29.90 29.89 30.14 30.27 39.29 30.21 30.07 30.15 30.17 30 18 29.94 30 30 30.45 30.34 30.14 :::::: 49 6 51.0 55.6 38.6 36.3 41.3 59.0 60.7 62.3 61.0 44.0 47.6 56.3 59.7 46 0 48.0 54.6 63.0 61.0 51.7 56.7 43.3 50.3 59.7 56.7 46.7 53.0 61.3 50.0 37.3 35.6 51.5 91 82 88 91 89 51 41 62 64 38 43 68 85 84 91 92 98 82 81 58 63 64 70 79 74 65 64 66 60 49 54 70.0 57 .47 " .65 1 1.13 .68 1.12 .65 5.28 .08 "".04 1.16 .56 "".03 1.50 .35 2.74 "'.bi 6.05 .07 i.3i .70 .61 .10 .38 ".io .29 9.52 .12 .08 .36 .02 .87 .18 "".bi .06 .07 "2.00 .03 .71 '''.02 1.05 .10 .10 .67 6.45 Mean of Temperature, 1850, 70.5; 1860, 69.0; 1870, 70.1; 1880, 69.5; average for 4 years, 69.7. Mean of Maximum Temperature, 1850, 77.1; i860, 74.7, 1870, 75.2; 1880, 75.4; average foi 4 years, 75.5. Mean of Minimum Temperature, 1850, 60.3; 1860, 62.7 ; 1870, 57.1; 1880, 63.3; average for 4 years, 60.9; Minimum Temperature, 1850, 27 ; 1860, 22; 1870, 16; 1880, 20. Maximum Temperature, 1850, 93; I860, 94; 1370, 92; 1880, 92. Mean Barometer, 1850, 30.08; I860, 30.02; 1870, 30.02; 1880, 30.08; average for 4 years, 30.05. Rain-fall, 1850, 76.13; 1860, 45.91; 1870, 68.76; 1880, 69.86. inches. 49 In the survey of terrestrial bodies and phenomena which logically follow the study of astronomical phenomena, all bodies and phenomena are divided into two great classes, Inorganic and Organized. Physics, Chemistry and Physiology. Inorganic bodies enter into the structure of organized bodies, form the necessary conditions for their existence and the manifestation of their phenomena, and at the same time are wholly independent of organized animate bodies, are less complex in structure, and the laws of their existence are more universal; the study of inorganic bodies should therefore precede, and form the basis of the study of organized bodies. The sciences of inorganic bodies should also be studied with strict reference to their historical development, and the position which they occupy in the scale of logical classification; thus physics, which teaches the laws of the general phenomena of bodies and of the general motions or affections of matter which are unat- tended by any permanent change of the individual mole- cules, as heat, light and electricity, and which affect all bodies in similar manners, should precede chemistry, which teaches the laws of the compositions and decompositions which result from the mutual actions of dissimilar mole- cules, and which in every instance present something specific. While Inorganic bodies are homogeneous in structure, and would remain forever at rest and unchanged, physically and chemically, unless acted upon by extraneous forces, organized animate beings on the other hand, although composed of inorganic elements and governed by all the laws of inorganic bodies, are not homogeneous in structure (all vegetables, from the simple cell to the most highly developed, and all animals, from the simple cell animalcule, to the complicated organism of man, are composed of cells, variously developed and grouped, so as to form organs and apparatus, capable of accomplishing definite results, when 50 moved by the physical and chemical forces, resulting from the changes of inorganic matter) ; and living bodies, even the simplest forms of vegetables and animals, manifest new phenomena, (the development of a form from a formless mass, and the preservation of that form amidst unceasing chemical and physical changes; nutrition, secretion and generation, due to the combined actions of the physical and chemical forces guided by the vital principle) ; and the higher forms of animated beings present another set of phenomena dependent upon the existence of the nervous system and intellectual faculties; and in man we have another set of phenomena dependent upon the constitution and relations of the intellectual and moral faculties ; it is- evident therefore, not only that the phenomena of living beings, plants and animals, are more complicated and less general than those of inorganic inanimate bodies, but also that the study of organized beings should commence with the most simply constructed, the conditions of whose existence are less complicated, and proceed step by step, first through the vegetable kingdom and then through the animal kingdom up to the most complicated and restricted. The study of the mechanical, astronomical, physical, and chemical phenomena of the globe; the study of the me- chanical, physical and chemical structure and relations of all vegetables and animals; the study of the relations of the physical and chemical forces to each other, and the vital principle, form the necessary introduction to the study of the phenomena of man; the elements of whose physical structures are derived from the exterior world through the vegetable kingdom and undergo perpetual changes, like those carried on amongst the elements of the surrounding universe, under the action of the great forces, heat and gravitation, which work unceasingly throughout all nature -whose structures pass through successive stages of de- velopment, analogous to the progressing stages of develop- ment manifested in a permanent form in the lower animals,. 51 and are worked by mechanical and physical forces-and whose intellect directs and controls the forces of matter. The complete knowledge of the relations of the intel- lectual and moral constitution of man alone, requires the knowledge of the relations of the moral and intellectual faculties of man, to the material structures by which they are surrounded-requires the knowledge of the nature, origin and development of all science-requires the knowledge of the constitution, phenomena and progress of the moral and intellectual faculties as revealed in all history scientific, civil, and religious, past and present. Physiology, whi^h rests upon astronomy, physics, chemistry and anatomy, and which could never have at- tained to the rank of a science, without those fundamental sciences, should form the third grand division of medical sciences ; and can never be thoroughly comprehended with- out the knowledge of astronomy, physics, chemistry and anatomy. That physiological phenomena depend as absolutely for their existence and manifestation upon astronomical phenomena, as upon physical and chemical phenomena, may be rendered evident by even a casual glance at the facts, that astronomical phenomena affect all bodies, whether they belong to this world or to the countless sys- tems scattered through the great ocean of space; the law of gravity affects all bodies, inorganic and organic,inani- mate and animate, and forms an essential condition for the existence of the universe in its present order; the plants and animals of our globe have all been constructed with exact reference to its structure, mass, and force of gravity, and the forces of the sun and sister planets, and fixed stars; if the mass and force of gravity of our earth were increased or diminished whilst the plants and animals retained their present constitution, the mechanics and chemistry of organized beings would be deranged ; the weight of the moon and her distance from the earth, the Physiology. 52 ■distance of the earth from the sun and sister planets, the relations of the earth with the fixed stars, the length of the year and day, the inclination of the earth's axis, the size and shape of its orbit, and the duration and revolution of the seasons, and the character and intensity and distribution of the forces of the sun, have all been arranged by the great Architect, with exact reference to the constitution and preservation of the organized beings existing upon our globe; a single alteration in the astronomical relations of our globe would result in the complete destruction of ani- mated beings. We will consider more fully the extensive application of the facts of chemistry, to all the arts of life-to metallurgy, to agriculture, to medicine and to physiology and hygiene. All the essential facts of physiology and of sanitary science rest absolutely upon the labors and discoveries of the chemist. It is to the chemist that we look for all the essential knowledge of the wonderful phenomena of circulation, respiration and nervous action. We have thus presented a general view of the relations of the grand divisions of science, and endeavored to un- fold the principles of the logical classification and philosoph- ical evolution of the departments of human knowledge. Field for Moral, Physical and Intellectual De- velopment of Man. The great fields for the physical, moral and intellectual development {education} of the human race are: ist. The Family. 2d. The Church. 3d. The School. 4th. The College. 5th. The University. The first four schools should furnish the essentials of a moral, intellectual, scientific and liberal education, and prepare the individual for the prosecution of special lines 53 of study, such as the application of physics and chemistry to the arts, agriculture and medicine, and furnish rules for the moral conduct of man in his social and political re- lations. The earliest education at all times, past and present, is that of the family. Every child must be trained to acquire that knowledge and those arts which will help in the maintenance of the economy of the household and which will add to the com- fort, happiness and support of the parents. The child should be taught to yield cheerful and impli- cit obedience to the parental authority, and love should be founded upon mutual respect and confidence. As the family is the fountain of life and strength to the State and nation, we cannot have a law-abiding and united people, and a vigorous and healthy national life, if the edu- cation of the children in the family be defective. A wholesome respect for the sanctity and majesty of law must first be engendered in the heart of the boy in his own home and by the father and mother who bore him. Law- lessness and vice in the social relations, and corruption in politics and injustice in the conduct of government and in the administration of the laws, have their origin in defective family education. We cannot expect the development of a pure, healthy and noble race of women and men, when the blood of the mother and father has been poisoned by the contagion of vice, and the debasing effects of alcohol.. Can the vulture breed the eagle ? Can the jackal en- gender the lion ? From all ages the Church has been a source of education. The earliest physical and intellectual training of man was acquired by the practice of the arts of the chase and war, and subsequently of those of agriculture. Savage man viewed all natural phenomena with superstitious awe, and he was easily led to hero worship, and the erection of the physical forces of nature, into innumerable benign and evil deities, the fantastic creation of his own fears and imagina- 54 tion. The belief in the immortality of the soul, and of a fu- ture existence of pain or pleasure in accordance with the good or bad acts of each individual, has been wide-spread at all times and amongst most races, and has underlain and given form and life to religious superstitious systems, beliefs and rights. As soon as an educated priesthood took the place of diviners, sorcerers and jugglers, who abused the credulity of the earlier races, the Priest or representative of the superstitious and religious ideas, became a potent factor in the affairs of education, as well as those of government. We find the Schools of the Prophets established at an early day in Egypt and Persia. The training required for imposing religious ceremonials, the life of the priest apart from the family, the accomplish- ments of writing, reading and music, formed a nidus for the organization of culture, and an opportunity for the efforts of a philosopher in advance of his age. The schools* of Egypt, Assyria and Persia, although in a manner theo- logical, were largely educational. The Hebrews had little or no effect upon the progress of science, but the obliga- tions of the human race to the learning and science of the priests of the Nile valley are great indeed. Much of their learning is obscure at this day; but there is reason to con- clude that there is no branch of science in which they did not progress, at least so far as observation and careful registration of facts could carry them. The priests of Egypt were a source of enlightenment to surrounding nations, even to the great law-giver of the Hebrews; and those poets, historians and philosophers who at a later age were most active in stimulating the nas- cent energy of Hellas, wrere careful to trace their ideas and philosophy and cosmogonies and arts to the wisdom of the Egyptians. Greece, in giving her undying name to the lit- erature of Alexandria, was only repaying the debt she had incurred centuries before. Education became secular in those countries where the 55 priesthood did not exist as a separate body. At Rome, until Greece took her conqueror captive, a child was trained in the arts of life in the Forum and in the Senate House. The Greeks were the first to de/elop a system of educa- tion distinct from ecclesiastic training, and Plato is the author of the first systematic treatise on education. The University. The university should furnish great libraries, museums, laboratories, schools of arts and sciences, lecture rooms, lec- turers, instructors, original investigators, philosophers and learned professors, with every facility and appliance for the full and free prosecution of the highest branches of human knowledge. The fully equipped university should embrace distinct departments for theoretical, practical, scientific and pro- fessional education, as: i. Natural History.-(a) Botany; (b) Mineralogy; (c) Zoology; (d) Biology; (e) Comparative Anatomy; (f) Ethnology; (g) Physiology; (h) Climatology; (i) Physical Geography; (j) Geology; (k) Natural History, or geographical distribution and progressive development and comparative embryology and structure of plants, ani- mals and man. 2. Theoretical and Applied Mathematics, Physics, Astronomy, Mechanics and Chemistry.-(a) Mathe- matics, theoretical and applied, abstract and concrete; (b) Astronomy; (c) Physics; (d) Mechanics; (e) Civil Engineering; (f) Metallurgy; (g) Mining Engineering; (h) Mineralogy; (i) Chemistry, inorganic and organic; (j) Technical Chemistry; (k) Agricultural Chemistry; (1) Agriculture. 3. Medical Science and Art.-(a) Physics in their relations to mechanical, chemical, cosmic and vital phenomena; (b) Inorganic and Organic Chemistry ; (c) Chemistry in its application to the preparation, manufac- ture and determination of reagents, tests, chemicals and 56 medicinal agents; (d) Physiological Chemistry;(e)Patho- logical Chemistry ; (f) Materia Medica, medical botany, medical mineralogy, physical and chemical and therapeut- ical properties, and physiological and toxicological action of remedial agents-natural history, origin and preparation of mineral and vegetable medicines; (g) Comparative and Human Anatomy; (h) Pathological Anatomy; (i) Pathol- ogy,^} Biology, embryology; (k) Physiology, compara- tive and human; (1) Therapeutics ; (m) Toxicology; (n) Theory and Practice of Medicine ; (o) Obstetrics; gyne- cology ; abdominal and genitourinary surgery; (p) Diseases of Women and Children ; (q) Theoretical and Practical Surgery, surgical pathology, laryngology, dental and aural surgery; ophthalmology, otology, surgery of abdominal and genito-urinary organs; (r) Hygiene; (s) Medical Jurisprudence. 4. Legal Science.-(a) General Principles of Civil, Commercial and International Law; (b)Civil Law; ( c)Crim- inal Law; (d) Commercial Law; (e) National and Inter- national Law. 5. Language.-(a) Ancient Languages'. Sanscrit, Arabic, Chinese, Hindoo, Egyptian, Greek, Latin; (b) Modern Languages: English, French, German, Russian, Italian and Spanish; (c) Philosophy of Language; (d) History of Language, mode of origin and progressive de- velopment. * 6. History.-(a) History of Ancient Nations; (b) History of Modern Nations; (c) Philosophy of History. 7. Military Science. 8. Naval Science. 9. Theology.-(a) Didactic; (b) Pastoral; (c) Logic; (d) Mental Philosophy; (e) Philology; (f) Languages: Sanscrit, Hebrew, Egyptian, Greek, Latin; (g) Natural Theology; (h) Theoretical and Practical Theology. 10. Arts-Fine Arts.-(a) Drawing; (b) Painting; (c) Sculpture ; (d) Music ; (e) Poetry. It appears to be reasonable to hold that the United 57 States of America should establish at a locality as near as possible to the center of population of the Republic, a NationalUniversity to which all the colleges and univer- sities of the individual States should be tributary. Each State should be represented by its most eminent men in the various branches of human knowledge, and the National University should be amply endowed with schol- arships, to be filled by the most intelligent and worthy young men of the several States, who have won their special positions by competitive examinations. Thus, the humblest, as well as the richest citizen of the United States, would have an opportunity, upon merit, and merit alone, to enter the door of the temple and be maintained free of expense during the prosecution of his studies, and would have unfolded to him the theoretical and practical learn- ing, wisdom and science of all countries and of all ages. The National University should be removed from political influences and should be situated within the great valley of the Mississippi, so as to be equally accessible to all por- tions of this vast republic. The government of the United States of America. maintains its army and navy, and its military and naval schools ; why then should not the money of the people be applied to the accomplishment of the greatest good by the development and education of the highest and noblest powers, intellectual and moral, of her citizens? t The system of education in each State should be mod- elled upon the highest and most philosophic plan, and the individual public schools, colleges and State universities should form component parts of one grand system, culmi- nating and finding its highest expression in the National University. Each State should organize a graded system of public schools and colleges, from the grammar school up to the university. Education descends from above to the masses; from the highly educated to the ignorant; hence, the State promotes the highest ends of education, not merely by the estab- 58 lishment of common schools, accessible to all, but also by founding and sustaining institutions in which the highest and best instruction in the branches of theoretical and ap- plied science, In chemistry, mathematics, mechanics, phys- ics, agricultural chemistry, languages, law, medicine, and in all the branches of human knowledge, maybe accessible to the best minds in the commonwealth. Medical Education. The principles upon which the education of medical students should be conducted do not differ from those already unfolded; the student who designs becoming a physician should, in his collegiate course, bend his mental energies to those branches of science as Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Comparative Anatomy, Physiology and Botany, which are most intimately connected with the science of medicine. The want of preliminary and thorough scientific training is the source of incalculable and almost unremed- iable difficulty to the medical student in the pursuit of the different branches of Medical Science. It is of importance that the medical student should form correct and enlarged views, as to the nature, scope and mutual relations of the different branches of knowledge included under the general term Medical Science. Up to a comparatively recent period the majority of American medical colleges presented in their working courses seven Professorships or Lectureships under the following heads: i. Chemistry and Pharmacy. 2. Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 3. Anatomy. 4. Physiology and Pathology. 5. Obstetrics. 6. Surgery. 7. Theory and Practice of Medicine. The advances made in all branches of knowledge, and especially in the science of medicine, during the past 59 century have exceeded in extent and value those of all past ages ; and it is no longer possible to compress its vast domain within the narrow limits of "Seven Professor- ships," or to compass its circle within the brief span of less than THIRTY MONTHS. The present age owes its wonderful progress to experi- mental scientific research. The value and perfection of modern educational systems are due to a large extent to practical demonstrations in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology, pathology, thera- peutics and clinical medicine. Universities of learning and science must be regarded as composed of two distinct bodies. On the one hand must be ranged the organizing powers and executive officers-the trustees and professors; and on the other hand, the greater and more useful body, the grand army of the Alumni. The voice of the latter should not be silent, but should speak in thunder tones, demanding a firm, wise and steady enlargement and practical advance of the colleges and universities all along the lines of literature, art and science. We propose to consider the relations of the various branches of knowledge, grouped under the head ck the Art and Science of Medicine, and to present such an analysis of each, as shall illustrate at once their mutual and scientific developnjent and possibilities. In accordance with the principles of classification previously laid down we shall proceed from the general to the complex and restricted. The science of medicine will thus resemble a pyramid, the broad base of which rests upon the physical and chemical phenomena of inorganic, organic and living matter. Physics and Chemistry. The study of the physical forces should precede that of chemistry proper. The science of chemistry has contributed more to the physical and industrial progress and wealth of the human 60 race than all the other branches of knowledge. Chemistry is the basis of hygiene and physiology, and it has furnished facts of inestimable value to the agriculturist, to the mining engineer, and to the manufacturing chemist. The introduction of the study of inorganic and organic chemistry into the public schools of Louisiana and of all the States and territories of the Republic will not only aid in the intellectual training of the children, but will aid materially in the agricultural and mining progress and de- velopment of the States. Chemistry is an experimental science. Its conclusions and principles are supported by facts. If our knowledge were bounded simply by the observation of the facts and phenomena presented by nature it would be limited and uncertain in its nature. To supply the deficiency, the philosopher has resorted to experiments. It may be said, without exaggeration, that nine-tenths of the facts upon which the science of chemistry is found- ed have been evolved by artificial means; and without the great body of truth thus furnished by experiment, the science could not have existed. It is impossible for the student of ch emistry and of medical science, to overestimate the importance of this great branch of knowledge, which not only enlarges to the greatest extent the power and dominion of man over the powers and properties of matter, administers to the wants and comforts and pleasures of life, and arms the skillful physician with his most sure and potent weapon in the treatment and prevention of disease, but it also, in a pre-eminent degree, develops and strengthens the mind of the medical student, by the habit of careful experimental research, accurate observation and patient and deep thought, which its practical study in the laboratory de- velopes. In becoming familiar with chemical experiments and manipulation, the medical student not only observes the most important properties and phenomena of nature, by 61 actual demonstrations, but he gains that knowledge which may enable him when properly applied, to extend the bounds of our knowledge. After he has learned not only how to devise experiments, but also skillfully to perform them, whenever a doubt or question arises in his mind, as for instance concerning the purity and efficacy of his drugs, or the nature and action of morbid products, he will find that it will be best answered by the result of actual experiment. Whatever preliminary knowledge therefore enables the medical student to perform experiments in the quickest and most correct manner, should be esteemed by him of the utmost value. Experiment becomes to the student like the external senses to the mind-channels of information, by not merely unfold'ng and illustrating the direct object of inquiry, but also opening collateral views, which pursued and extended, terminate in additional chains of information and discovery. "Nothing" as Dr. Johnson observes, "is to be consider- ed as a trifle by which the mind is inured to caution, fore- sight and circumspection. The same skill, and often the same degree of skill, is exerted in great and little things." Medical Physics ane Medical Chemistry A comprehensive course of lectures on Medical Physics and Medical Chemistry, to be of practical value to. the practitioner of medicine, should embrace : .1. Medical Physics. Molecular Constitution of Matter. Specific Grav- ity. Weights and Measures. Osmosis. Diffusion of Gases. Heat. Manufacture and Uses of Thermometers. Agencies of Heat. Cli- mate. Heat as a Therapeutical Agent. Sources of Heat. Light. Structure and Uses of the Microscope. The Spectroscope and Spectroscopic Analysis. Relations of Light and Heat to Plants and Animals. Electricity, Static and Dynamic. Magnetism. Gal- vanism. Relations of Elect.icity to Chemical Affinity. Agencies of Electricity. Application of Electricity to the treatment of dis- eases. Relations of the Physical, Chemical and Vital Forces. II. Medical Chemistry. Chemical Affinity. Chemical Nomenclature and Notation. Classification of Elements and their Compounds. Chemical Reagents. Analysis. Synthesis. Inorganic Chemistry. Chemistry of the Non-Metals. Pharmaceutical Operations with the Metalloids. Toxic properties and therapeutic properties of the 62 Non metals and their Compounds. Chemistry of the Metals. Phar- maceutical prerarations of the Metals and their Compounds. Or- ganic Chemistry. Carbon and its Compounds. Pharmaceutical preparation, therapeutic application and toxic properties of Or- ganic Compounds. III. Vegetable Chemistry. IV. Animal Chemistry. V. Pathological Chemistry. Each simple body may be considered in its relations to the physical forces, and with reference to its relative chem- ical powers, as will be fully illustrated by the following tables: Table I. - Classification of the Elements in Electro-Chemical* Magnetic and Diamagnetic Order. , Electro-Chemical Order. * Electro-Negative. Electro-Positive. , Magnetic and Diamagnetic. , Magnetic. Diamagnetic. Iron, Nickel, Cobalt, Manganese, Chromium, Cerium, Titanium, Palladium, Crown Glass, Platinum, Osmium, Oxi gen. Bismuth, Phosphorus, Antimony, Zinc, Silico-bor. of lead' Tin, Cadmium, Sodium, Flint Glass, Mercury, Lead, Silver, Copper, W ater, Gold, Alcohol, Ether, Arsenicum. Uranium, Rhodium, Iridium, Tungsten* Nitrogen. Oxygen, Sulphur, Selenium, Nitrogen, Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Phosphorus, Arsenicum, Chromium, Vanadium, Molybdenum, Tungsten, Boron, Carbon, Antimony, Tellurium, Silicon, Hydrogen, Gold, Platinum, Palladium, Mercury, Silver, Copper, Bismuth, Tin, Lead, Cadmium, Cobalt, Nickel, Iron, Zinc, Manganese, Uranium, Aluminium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium, Lithium, Sodium, Potassium. 63 Table II.-Classification of the Elements in Groups, According to Their CHEMICAL EQUIVALENCY in Relation to Hydrogen. The Atom of One Element is by no Means Necessarily Equivalent in Chemical Power to the Atom of Another. Element. MONADS. Elements Usually Equi- valent to I DYADS. Elements Usually Equi- valent to 2 TRIADS. TETRADS. Elements Elements Usually Equi- Usually Equi- valent to 3 valent to 4 PENTADS. HEXADS. Elements Elements Usually Equi- Usually Equi- valent to 5 valent to 6 Atom of Atoms of Atoms of Atoms of Atoms of Atoms of Hydrogen. Hydrogen. Hydrogen. Hydrogen. Hydrogen. Hydrogen.. Hydrogen. Oxygen. Nitrogen. Carbon. Niobium. Molybde- Fluorine. Sulphur. Phosphorus.Silicon. Tantalum. num. Chlorine. Selenium. Arsenicum. Titanium. Vanadium.. Bromine. Tellurium. Antimony. Tin. Tungsten. Iodine. Barium. Bismuth. Zirconium. Osmium. Lithium. Strontium. Gold. Thorium. Chromium Sodium. Cadmium - Rhodium. Lead. Manganese Potassium. Rubidium. Caesium. Thallium. Silver. Magnesium Zinc. Copper. Mercury. Lanthanum Didymium. Glucinum. Boron. Platinum. Aluminium. Palladium. Iridium. Ruthenium. Iron. Cobalt. Nickel. ■ Cerium. Uranium. affixing dashes or Roman numerals to its symbol The equivalentpower of an element may be indicated by Table III.-Classification of the Elements. I.-Non-Metals. The non-metallic elements are fourteen in number, exclusive of Arse- nic, which by some chemists has been grouped with Sulphur, Selenium, Tellurium and Phosphorus. We have, however, classed Arsenicum amongst the metals which it resembles in some of its properties. Atomic (i). Oxygen, Hydrogen Symbol, Weight. O 15.96 H I Nitrogen N 14.OI Carbon C 11.97 (3). Phosphorus.. P 30.96 Sulphur s 31.08 Selenium Se 78.0 Tellurium .... T 128.0 Symbol. Atomic Weight. (2). Chlorine Cl 35-37 Bromine Br 79-75 Iodine I 126.53 Fluorine F 19.00 (4). Boron B 11.0 Silicon Si 28.0 II.-Metals: 49 in number. (5). Potassium K 39-04 Sodium Na 22.99 Lithium Li 7.01 Rubidium Rb 85.2 Caesium ..Cs 133.0 (6). Calcium Ca 39.9 Strontium St 87.2 Barium Ba 136.8 (n). Manganese Mn 54-8 Iron Fe 55.9 Cobalt Co 58.6 Nickel Ni 58.6 (12). Chromium Cr 52.4 Molybdenum ..Mo 95-6 Tungsten W 184.6 Uranium U 240.0 64 (7). Beryllum t.. .Be 90. Magnesium , Mg 23.94 Zinc Zn 64.9 Cadmium Ca 111.6 {8). Lead Pb 2064 Thallium Th 203.6 1(9). Copper Cu 63.0 Silver Ag io7.66 Mercury Hg 198.8 (10). Yttrium Y 93. Cerium Ct 141.2 Lanthanum La 139.0 Didymium Di 147. Erbium Er 169. Aluminium Al 27.3 Iridium Ir H3-4 (13). Tin Sn n7.8 Titanium Ti 48.0 Ziiconium Zr 90,0 Thorium Th 231-3 (14). Vanadium V 51.2 Arsenicum As 74.9 Antimony Sb 122.0 Bismuth." Bi 210.0 Tantalum Ta 182.0 Niobium Nb 94.0 (15). Gold Au 196.2 Platinum Pt 196.7 Iridium Ir 196.7 Osmium Os 198.6 (16). Ruthenium Ru 103.5 Rhodium Rh 104.1 Palladium Pd 106.2 Of these 63 elements, a distinction must be drawn as to their relative utility and importance to the medical student; and this elimination of the extended consideration of the more rare and less useful elements and their compounds from the curriculum of medical chemistry has proved of value and great importance to the speaker, in that it has en- abled him to concentrate the energies of his students upon those elements and their compounds which enter into the composition of the body of man, and which furnish his most valuable remedial agents. This proposition will be illustrated by the following: Table IV.-Elements Concerned in the Chemical Changes Taking Place in Life. •Non-Metallic- Metallic Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Silicon, Sulphur, Phosphorus, Chlorine, Iodine. Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium. Aluminium, Iron, Manganese. Of the preceding 16 simple bodies connected with the chemical changes taking place in life, we find that very few are absolutely essential to the formation of the proto- plasm of the vegetable and animal kingdoms, namely: oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon. Oxygen and ni- trogen constitute the atmosphere; oxygen and hydrogen combine to form water, the most widely diffused of all 65 liquids, and absolutely essential to all animal and vegetable development, evolution and growth; carbon, in various combinations with oxygen and hydrogen, fcyms the basis and frame-work of all organic compounds. The physics and chemistry of water embrace the phys- ics and chemistry of the crust of our globe and of the ani- mal and vegetable kingdoms. Without the physical and chemical properties of water we could have no manifestation of animal or vegetable life. Without the peculiar chemical and physical constitu- tion of the atmosphere all life would be impossible as now known to the human intellect. Of the 63 elements only 4 occur in the air; about 30 have been detected in the sea, and the remainder are found irregularly distributed through the solid mass of our earth. The following table gives the proportion of the chief con- stituents of the earth's crust; all the other elements occur in quantities less than any of those mentioned. Table V.- The Composition of the Earth's Solid Crust in ioo Parts by Weight. Oxygen .. ................. .. ....... 44.0 to 48.7 Silicon . 22.8 to 36.2 Aluminium 9.9 to 6.1 Iron 9.9 to 2.4 Calcium 6.6 to 0.9 Magnesium 2.7 to 0.1 Sodium 2.4 to 2.5 Potassium 1.7 to 3.1 What determined this distribution of the elements? Why should oxygen, the most important of all elements to the origin and development and perfection of plants, be at the same time the most abundant and widely distributed of all the elements? Did the vegetable and animal kingdoms pre-arrange and pre-determine the chemical and physical proportions and relation of Jhe crust of the globe and its aqueous and aerial envelopes ? Were the forces emanating from the sun, by which all vegetable and animal life is sustained on this earth, engen- dered by, or in any manner related, as cause and effect to he physical and chemical forces of the sun? 66 Everywhere in this universe we find a mutual relation and correlation of the physical and chemical forces; and upon their uniform relations or laws, as determined by one all-pervading and all-mighty cause, rest manifestations of life and intellect. The great importance of a thorough knowledge of the chemistry of oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen to the medi- cal student and practitioner, is most clearly illustrated by the following table, giving the chemical equivalents of cer- tain organic compounds : Table IV.-Chemical Equivalents. Albuminoids (Lieberkuhn), C72H] !2N1 8SO23 Excretin C7±,H 4 5SSO2 Taurocholic acid C26H45NOjS Glycocholic acid C26H43NO# Cholic acid C24H40O5 Taurin C2II7NO3S Glycocin C2HftNO2 Bilirubin C4 6Hr 8N2O3 Biliverdin C16H20N2O5 Tyrosin CgHnNO;, Leucin C6H13NO2 Hippuric acid C9H9NO3 Xanthin C5H4N4O2 Cystin C3H7NSO2 Kreatin C4H9N3O2 Kreatinin C4H7N3O Uric or lithic acid C7H4N4O3 Urea CH4N2O ' Oxalic acid C2H2O4 Starch Co H(0O5 Dextrin CtiII10O5 Glycogen C6H10O5 Cane sugar Cl2H22Oll Glucose CtiH12O6 Lactose C6H12O8 Inosite 1 CgHj 2OG Lievulose C8Hj 2OS Cholesterin C26H44O For purposes of systematic study we have arranged the non-metals in four groups and the metals in twelve groups, but it must be observed, i. That such classifications are, to a certain extent, arbitrary. Thus we may arrange the metals in eight groups as follows : i. Metals of the Alkalies, 5 in number-1, Potassium; 2, Sodium, 3, Lithium; 4, Caesium; 5, Rubidium. 2. Metals of the Alkaline Earths, 3 in number-6, Barium; 7 Strontium: 8, Calcium. 3. Metals of the Earths,8 in number-9, Aluminium; io, Glucinum; 11, Yttrium; 12, Erbium; 13, Terbium ; 14,Cerium; ^Lanthanum; 16, Di- dymium. 4. Metals More or Less Analogous to Iron, 6 in number-17, Cobalt; 18, Nickel; 19, Uranium: 20, Iron; 21, Chromium; 22, Manganese. 5. Magnesian Metals, 3 in number-23, Magnesium; 24, Zinc; 25, Cadmium. 6. Metals Which Yield Acids When Their Higher Oxides are Combined With Water, 12 in number-26, Tin; 27, Titanium; 28 Zir- conium; 29, Thorium; 30, Molybdemum; 31, Tungsten; 32, Niobium; 33, Tantalum; 34, Vanadium; 35, Arsenicum 536, Antimony; 37, Bismuth. 67 7. Four Metals-38, Coppei ; 39, Lead; 40, Thallium; 41, Iridium. 8. Noble Metals, 9 in number-42, Mercury; 43, Silver; 44, Gold; 40, Platinum; 46, Palladium; 47, Rhodium; 48, Ruthenium; 49, Osmium; 59, Iridium. If a strictly natural order were to be followed in group- ing the elements it would be necessary to modify the fore- going arrangement. In many instances these natural relations between the individual elements thus grouped together are very striking, in others they are more obscurely marked and in the case of the metals of the earth proper, as well as of the noble metals, the natural chemi- cal relations of their elements with the others are as yet but incompletely known. The metals may also be classified for analytical purposes and for purposes of ready detection, according to their be- havior with certain chemical reagents as hydrosulphuric acid, hydrosulphate of ammonia and carbonate of am- monia, as in the following table. ANALYTICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE METALS. I. II. III. IV. V. Metals, the solu- tions of which are precipitated by HYDRO- C H L O R I C ACID, because their com- pounds with chlorine (chlo- rides) are in- soluble or nearly so, in water and in diluted acids. Lead. Silver. Mercury (in the mercur- o u s or proto-salts) Metals, the solu- tions of which are precipitated by HYDRO- SULPHURIC ACID in the presence of hydr o c h 1 o r i c acid, because their com- pounds with sulphur (sul- phides) are in- soluble in water and cold diluted acids. Lead. Mercury (in the mercu- ric or per- salts) . Bismuth. Copper. Tin. Antimony. Arsenic. Metals, the solu- tions of which are precipitated by HYDRO SUL PH ATE OFAMMONIA in the presence of amm onia, because the sul- phides of the first five and the oxides of the last two are in- soluble in water and in ammonia or its salts. Iron. Nickel. Cobalt. Manganese. Zinc. Aluminium. Chromium. Metals, the solu- tions of which are precipitated by CARBO- NATE OF AMMONIA be- cause their car- bonates are in- soluble in water and in ammonia or its salts. Barium. Strontium. Calcium. Metals,the solu- tions of which are not precipi- tated by the foregoing tests. Magnesium. Potassium. Sodium. Ammonium. The preceding facts illustrate the vast extent and com- plexity of/the science of chemistry, and the impossibility of covering the entire field in the short space of five months. 68 The great defect in the system pursued in the majority of American medical collegesis the want, in the first place, of preliminary training, and, in the second place, of the necessary time, and, in the third place, of carefully graded courses. It is manifestly impracticable for the professor of chem- istry to give an equal amount of time to the consideration of the individual elements. An extended experience as a teacher of medical chemis- istry has led to the adoption of the following plan of in- struction as best adapted to establish the most thorough knowledge of those branches of chemical science which will be of the greatest scientific and practical utility to the medical student and practitioner: 1st. The individual elements are considered in their relative importance in their relations to the chemical con- stitution and processes, and to the treatment of diseases of man, as in the following order : Non Metals. 1. Oxygen. 2. Hydrogen. 3. Nitrogen. 4. Carbon. 5. Phosphorus. 6. Sulphur. 7. Chlorine. 8. Bromine. 9. Iodine. Metals. i. Potassium. 2. Sodium. 3. Calcium. 4. Magnesium. 5. Iron. 6. Antimony. 7. Arsenic. 8. Mercury. 9. Lead. 10. Copper. 11. Zinc. 12. Silver. 13. Bismuth. 14. Tin. 1^. Nickel. 1'6. Gold. . 17. Manganese. 18. Lithium. 2d. Each element is considered in its four-fold rela- tions, namely : (a) Natural history, properties, geological and geo- graphical distribution, mode of extraction and prepara- tion. (b) Physical and chemical properties, relations and compounds. 69 (c) Physiological and therapeutical properties and re- lations. Relations to organic compounds. (d) Poisonous properties. Toxic effects and anti- dotes. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY The complexity and the vastness of the field now covered by the modern science of Organic Chemistry may be demonstrated by a mere enumeration of the more im- portant chemical processes and compounds. Organic Chemistry, or the Chemistry of the Hydro CARBONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES. Organic Analyses: Classification of Organic Bodies; Metamorphorsis; Synthesis. Differences between Organized and Organic Bodies. Differ ences between Organic and Inorganic Compounds. Ultimate Organic Analysis: Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxy- gen, Nitrogen, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Phosphorus, Sulphur, and other elements. Calculation of Analysis, Determination of Vapor Density. Determination of Molecular Formulae. Empirical and Rational Formula:. Classification of the Carbon Compounds. I. Fatty Bodies.-Paraffins. Fractional distillation. II. The Compounds of the Monad Alcohol Radicals. The Alcohols and their Derivatives. General Principles of Classifica- cation, Homologous Series; Illustration from the Alcohols. Collateral series. Theory of Compound Radicals. Theory of Isolated Radicals- Atoms. Molecules. Chemical Types. Theory of Multivalent or Polyad Elements. Production of Chemical Metamorphosis by Oxidation, Reduction ahd^ Substitution. Synthesis of Organic Compounds. ■ ■ Different Varieties of Fermentation. Products of Fermentation. Synthesis of the Primary Alcohols and the' Fatty Acids. Secondary Alcohols and Ketnos. Tertiary Alcohols. The Methyl Group. Methane or Methyl Hydride. Methyl Alcohol. Methyl Oxide or Di-Methyl Ether. Ethereal Salts of Methyl. Sulphur, Tellurium, Selenium, Compounds of Methyl. Nitrogen Basis of Methyl, Cyanogen, Compounds of Methyl. Nitro-compounds of Methyl. Phosphorus Compounds of Methyl. Ar- senic Compound* of Methyl, Cacodyl or Dimethylarsine Compounds. Compounds of Methyl with Antimony, Boron, and Silicon. Metallic Compounds of Methyl, Trichlormethane or Chloroform. The Formyl Group. Formic Aldehyde: Formic Acid, the Formates. The. Ethyl Group. Ethane, Ethyl Alcohol, Alcoholometry. The Alcoho- lates, Ethylates, Ethyl Ether,or Ethyl Oxide, Chlorine substitution products of Ether. The Ethereal Salts of Ethyl or Ethyl Compound Ethers: Ethyl Sulphuric Acid, Ethyl Sulphates, Ethyl Nitrites and Nitrates, Phosphites and Phosphates of Ethyl. Arsenites, Arsenates and Borates of Ethyl, Ethyl Silicates, Carbonates, Ethyl Formates, Sulphur Compounds of Ethyl, 70 Xanthic Acid, Compounds of Ethyl with Selenium and Tellurium, Ni- trogen bases of Ethyl, Cyanogen Compounds of Ethyl, Ethylated Ureas, Ethyl Semicarbonides, Ethylated Thio-Ureas, Nitro-Compounds of Ethyl, Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth, Boron and Silicon Compounds with Ethyl, Compounds of Ethyl with the metals. Actyl Compounds'. Acetic Acid, the Acetates or the Salts and Ethers of Acetic Acid, Haloid Compounds of Acetyl, Sulphur and Nitrogen Compounds of Acetyl. Acetonitril and its Derivatives. Methyl Cyanide, Pulmonuric Acid. Substitution Products of Acetic Acid. Chlorine substitution products, Mono-Chloracetic Acid, Dichloracetic Acid, Trichloracetaldehyde or Chloral, Chloral Hydrate, Trichloracetic Acid, Bromine and Iodine sub- stitution products. III. Compounds Containing Three Atoms of Carbon, or the Pro- phyl Group. IV. Compounds of Four Atoms of Carbon or the Butyl Group. U. Compounds Containing Five Atoms of Carbon or the Pentyl Group. Pentane and its derivatives. Isopentine and its derivatives. The Amyl Compounds. The Amyl Ethers. VI. Compounds with Six Atoms of Carbon or the Hexyl Group. VII. Compounds Containing Seven Atoms of Carbon or the Heptyl Group. VIII. Compounds Containing Eight Atoms of Carbon or the Octyl Group, Octyl Compounds, Tetra-Methyl, Butane and its derivatives, Hex-Methyl Ethane, Octric Acids. IX. Compounds Containing Nine Atoms of Carbon or the Nonyl Group. X. Compounds Containing Ten Atoms of Carbon or the Decatyl Group, the Capric or Decatyl Acids. XI. Compounds Containing Eleven Atoms of Carbon or the Hendccatyl Group. XII. Compounds Containing Twelve Atoms of Carbon or the Dodecatyl Group. XIII. Compounds Containing Thirteen Atoms of Carbon or the Tridecatyl Group. XIV. Compounds Containing Fourteen Atoms of Carbon or the Tetradscatyl Group. XV. Compounds Containing Fifteen Atoms of Carbon or the Pen- tadecatyl Group. XVI. Compounds Containing Sixteen Atoms of Carbon or the Hecdecatyl Group. XVII. Compounds Containing Seventeen Atoms of Carbon. XVIII. Compounds Containing Eighteen Atoms of Carbon. XIX. Fatty Acids Containing from Nine to Twenty-five Atoms of Carbon. The Waxes, Fatty Acids, Soap. ATV. Compounds Containing Divalent Radicals. Dyad Alcohol Radi- cals. Dioxysuccinic or a Tartaric Acid. Uric Acid Derivatives. The aloxan, para- banic, and allantoin groups, xanthine, sarcine, and guanene caffeine and theobromine guanines. XXI. Compounds of Trivalents or Triad Radicals. Propenyl alcohol or glycerine-the fats or glycerides and glycine acid. 71 XXII. Compounds of the Monad-Alcohol Radicals. Compounds con- taining from ten to fifteen atoms of carbon. Oleic Acid. XXIII. TribasicAcids. Citric Acid, Citrates, Aconitic Acid. XXIV. Drying Oils: XXV. Alcohols of the Tetratomic Radicals. Alcohols of the Hexatomic. Radicals. Carbohydrates. The sugar group. The Amylose group The Saccharoses. ALYUZ. Aromatic Compounds, or Compounds Rich in carbon. Aro- matic hydrocarbons. Isomerism in the aromatic group. XXVII. Dihydroxy-benzine and allied products. XXVIII. Trihydroxy-benzine, Pyrogallol. ALYZ1Y. Dia m idoben zenes. XXX. Essential Oils and Resins. Essences, Resins and Glucosides Coloring Matters, Yellow Dyes, Red Dyes, Blue Dyes. Products of Destructive Destination. Compounds of Cyanogen: Bases of Animal Origin, Uric Acid and its deiivatives. XXXI. Bases of Animal Origin. - Urea, Kreatine, Kreatinine, Sarkosine, Methyluramine, Guanine, Xanthine, Hypozanthine, Glycosine, Alanine, Leucine, Tyrosine. XXXII. Uric Acid and its Derivatives, Urates, Products of the decom- position of Uric Acid. XXXIII. Albuminoid and Gelatinous Principles.-Gelatine, Products of the Oxidation of the Albuminoid and Gelatigenous Groups. Protein and its Derivatives, Albumin, Paralbumin,Globulin,Vitellin, Fibrin, Casein, Legumin, Gelatin, Orsein, Chondrin. XXXIV. Chemical Properties of the Solids and Fluids of Animals. Bones, Cartilage, Silk, Feathers, Hair Sponge, Chitin Cartilage, Muscular Tissue, Juice of Flesh, Inosic Acid, Inisate, Inosin (Muscle-Sugar). Components of the Brain. Cerebric and Oleophosphoric Acids, Myelin, Protagon and Neurine. Plastic Nutrient Animal Liquids. Blood, Hemoglobin,Crurorin or Hemato-Crystalin, Hematin or Hematosin. The Chyle, Milk, Lymph, Saliva, Gastric Juice, Pancreatic Juice, Mucus-Mucin. The Bile.-Glycocholic Acid, Cholic Atid, Cholates, Choloidic • Acid, Dyslysin, Choloidanic Acid, Taurocholic or Cholic Acid, Hyocholic Acid, Taurin, Cholesterin, Cholesterolin, Cholesteric Acid, Lithofellic Acid, Biliary Calculi, Colouring Matters of the Bile, Bilirubin, Cholepyrrhin, Biliverdin. ^YALYU. Excrementitious Products. - The Urine in Health and Disease, Constituents of the Urine, Normal, Abnormal, Urinary Sediments and Calculi, Diabetic Urine, Albuminous Urine. Sweat, Cutaneous Excretions, Pulmonary Excretions, Solid Excrements, Excreatine, Excretolic Acid. We have thus only given the mere names of the subjects and genera of the substances which at present are group- ed under the head of "Organic Chemistry," and the bare recital of this formidable catalogue is sufficient to appal and dishearten the brightest and most sanguine student. 72 How absolutely essential to the progress of the medical students is the faithful guidance of the professor of chem- istry who after a survey of the entire domain of organic chemistry selects, arranges and illustrates those subjects and substances which are of the greatest value to the medical student and practitioner? How shall we estimate the value of careful demonstra- tions of the great organic groups and of the most important processes of analysis, and of the most important bodies, as the alcohols alcaloids, vegetable and animal products-the composition of the urine and blood in health and disease with all the most important tests, chemical, microscopical and spectroscopical demonstrations ! II.-MATERIA MEDICA. Materia medica designates that department of medicine which is devoted to the consideration of the chemical, physical, botanical and medicinal properties of remedies. A thorough knowledge of the nature, strength, source and purity of remedies, should embrace the study of (a) Botanv. (b) The geographical and geological distribution of minerals, plants and animals, yielding remedies for the treatment of diseases. (c) The mineralogical characters of remedies. (d) The chemical relations, reactions and incompatibles of remedies, whether derived from the inorganic or organic kingdoms. The progress of materia medica as a branch of medical knowledge has beeh largely dependent upon the progress of chemistry. In the present state of knowledge we appear to be al- ways on the verge of the most amazing results, and wee are often at a loss to know when or where the outcome will be. Chemistry, which used to be chiefly analytical, has latterly shown signs of progress in a new and unex- pected direction; it has now become synthetical. There are virtually no limits to the substances which can be made synthetically. Thus, Berthelot, in considering the possible number of combinations with acids of certain alcohols, cal- culates that if you give each a name, allowing a line for the 73 name, then print 100 lines on a page, and make volumes of 1000 pages, and place a million volumes in a library, it would require 14,000 libraries to contain this catalogue. Berthelot properly calls such bodies infinite, instancing the synthetical construction of the alcohol and aldehyde series, of the organic acids, of the amides, of urea, and the millions of possible bodies which loom in the future. It is well known that bodies of this nature have import- ant relations to the properties of the nervous system in man. We have but to mention sulphuric ether, chloro- form, chloralhydrate, nitrite of amyl and the various amides. The experiments of Bernard on amygdalin have shown that this question is even more intricate and vast than was expressed by Berthelot. It is manifest, therefore, that the possible agents for affecting the human body are infinite, and that the prob- lems relating to pathology and therapeutics, which may be experimentally discussed and solved in the higher anima] organisms, are equally infinite. It is customary in many medical colleges to combine Materia Medica and Therapeutics tinder the same division or chair. Such combination, however, is neither neces- sary nor philosophical. Therapeutics, in that it treats of the use and administra- tion of medicines in the cure of disease, necessarily pre- supposes on the part of the student something more than a knowledge of chemistry and materia medica-it demands also a knowledge of physiology and pathology. III.-Pharmacy. Pharmacy treats of the collection, classification, prepar- ation, preservation and dispensation of medicines. The physical and chemical processes and analytical and syn- thetical methods of pharmacy do not differ from those of organic and inorganic chemistry. In like manner the chemical reagents are all the results of the operations of the chemist. 74 A systematic course on Pharmacy should embrace the following subjects : fa) Laboratory and dispensary stove, furniture, apparatus and im- plements. (b) Analysis of the various pharmacopoeias, used bv the United States of America, the British Empire, the German Empire, the French Republic and other nations. (c) Specific gravity, weights and measures; modes of generating, measuring, regulating and applying heat, trituration, crystalization, fil- tration, solution, evaporation and distillation; percolation or the displace- ment process. (d) The different parts of plants, their collection, desiccation and powdering. (e) Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Non-metallic elements and their medicinal preparations; Inorganic acids, monad metals and their medicinal preparations; dvad, triad, tetrad and pentad metals and their medicinal preparations. (f) Quantitative and qualitative analysis. Reagents, test solutions, volumetric solutions. (g) Pharmacy in its Relations'™ Organic Chemistry. (h) Lignine fibre and its derivatives. (i) Farinaceous, mucilaginous and saccharine principles. Starches, amylaceous medicines, etc. Gums and mucilaginous medicines. Sugars, tests for sugars and oilier carbohydrates, saccharine group of medicines. (j) Animal products used in medicines. (k) Fermentation, alcohols and ethers; alcohol and its derivatives Ether: chloroform, chloral, iodoform, etc. (1) Fixed Oils and Fats. Fatty Acids. Lead Plaster. Glycerine. Fixed Oils and Fats used in Medicine. (ml Volatile Oils, Camphors and Resins, and their use in Medicine (n) Organic Acids used in Medicine. (o) Organic Alkalies and Alkaloids. Natural and Artificial Quaterna- ry Alkaloids. Native Tertiary Alkaloids. Artificial Tertiary Alkaloids. Opium, Cinchona, Strychnos, Solanaceous and Tertiary Alkaloids. Alka- loids of Animal Origin. (p) Neutral Organic Principles. (q) Galenical Pharmacy. (r) Medicinal Waters. (s) Infusions, Decoctions, Spirits and Tinctures, Medicated Wines, Vinegars, Elixirs and Cordials. (t) Fluid Extracts. (u) Syrups, Honeys and Glycerites. (vj Opium and its Derivatives. Assay of Opium. (w) Liniments, Powders, Abstracts and Extracts, Resins and Resinoids, Conserves, Confections, Lozenges, etc. (x) Pills, Pill Masses, Suppositories, Cerates, Ointments, Oleates and Plasters. (y) Extemporaneous Pharmacy.-Prescriptions. Language and Mode of Writing Prescriptions. Of the Art of Selecting and Com- bining Medicines. (z) On Dispensing and Compounding Prescriptions. The Furniture of a Physician's Dispensing Office. Dispensing. The source of medical instruction furnished by a thoroughly equipped medical college should be so full and comprehensive, that the diploma conferring the degree of 75 Doctor of Medicine should also qualify the graduate to practise the subordinate and inferior art of the druggist or Master of Pharmacy. The success of the druggist should depend absolutely upon the support and encouragement of the physician, otherwise the druggist would usurp the office of the physician and prescribe for diseased people, as well as compound and vend his medicine. Every graduate of a recognized regular school of medicine has undoubtedly the right not merely to prescribe, but also to compound and dis- pense his own medicines to the sick under his care. If the surgeon is empowered by his diploma to use his knives in operations upon the living human body, in like manner the physician has the inalienable right of preparing and dis- pensing his own medicines. Without this right the prac- tice of the medical profession would be impossible through vast districts of the United States. We observe at the present day a constant tendency on the part of retail and wholesale druggists, pharmaceutists and manufacturing chemists, to usurp the functions of the medical profession. The retail druggist, in many instances, not only retails intoxicating liquors, and sells deadly poisons, but he pre- scribes for diseases and sells his own preparations or those of the patent medicine vendor. The retail druggist also frequently recommends the prescriptions of the neighbor- ing practitioner, and in not a few instances has obtained patents for the exclusive use of the same. When druggists pretend to devise and prepare certain medicinal compounds, which they recommend to the public as specifics for the cure of certain diseases, and sell the same to any and every ignorant and unsuspecting dupe, they deliberately usurp the powers and privileges of the regular medical profession, and should be prosecuted for practising medicine without a license. The question of malpractice is also worthy of consideration. The large manufacturing drug and chemical houses of the commercial centres of the United States and foreign coun- 76 tries not merely subsidize the'public press, which literally fattens on their advertisements, but they have invaded the sacred temple of medicine, and planted their emblems, fitly represented by the hog and other unclean beasts, in the very heart of the medical literature of the day. Whether the medical profession possesses the inherent power to control these evils by first purging its garments, and then invoking the strong arm of the law, remains as one of the grave problems of the future. The plain duty of our medical schools is to impart that amount of thorough and comprehensive knowledge in chemistry, materia medica, pharmacy, physiology and therapeutics, as will furnish a corps of thoroughly educated and skilled physicians, fully equipped, to guard and guide the public in all matters relating to the preservation of health and the healing of diseases. The true independence of our beloved Southern country in this and in all other matters relating to her physical and intellectual welfare and progress, must be achieved by en- larging and perfecting our institutions of learning and sci- ence, and by the most careful training and the highest moral, intellectual and scientific development of her sons. The province of Anatomy is to determine the construc- tion, form and relations of the structures of organized bodies. (a) Comparative Anatomy. (b) Human Anatomy (Anthrppotomy). (c) Developmental or Embryological Anatomy, (d) Morphological Anatomy. (e) Teleological or Physiological Anatomy. (f) General Anatomy, Anatomy of the textures and organs. His- tology, Microscopical or Minute Anatomy. (g) Regional Anatomy, Anatomy of the organs and tissues and bloodvessels in their natural positions and relations. (h) Surgical Anatomy, the Anatomy of the bones, muscles, nerves and bloodvessels considered in their relations to the nature and objects of surgical operations. " (i) Morbid or Pathological Anatomy. From its manifold aspects, Anatomy forms the basis of the biological sciences; and a thorough knowledge of this IV. Anatomy. 77 fundamental branch of medical science is absolutely essen- tial to the physiologist, pathologist, obstetrician, surgeon and practitioner of medicine. Human Anatomy, the dissection or separation of parts by cutting, can only be learned thoroughly and practically in the dissecting room and in the dead-house. An abundant supply of well injected and well preserved human bodies exposed in well ventilated and well lighted rooms, is absolutely essential to the successful pursuit of practical anatomy by the medical student. The utmost caution and the highest skill should be ex- ercised in the preparation and preservation of human bodies designed for dissection and the study of practical Anatomy in the warm, moist climate of New Orleans and other Southern cities. Every facility should be furnished to the medical student for the careful and thorough examination of the organs and tissues by the aid of the microscope. It is impossible to teach Anatomy by the aid alone of lectures, class demonstrations, models and drawings. The medical student should regard the dissection of the human body as at once his highest duty and most valuable privilege. V. PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY. The advance of medical science necessitates the separa- tion of pathological anatomy into a distinct branch of medi- cal science, which should receive the care and attention of a teacher or professor especially devoted to its develop- ment and illustration. A well ventilated, commodious and well lighted laboratory supplied with the latest improvements in optical instruments, (microscopic, photographic instruments, spectroscopes and polariscopes), and stocked with the necessary instruments for making minute dissections, and sections of the diseased organs and tissues should at all times be at the command of the professor of pathological anatomy for the through and systematic instruction of his students. 78 All the best reagents for staining and preserving tissues, as- well as all the necessary apparatus for the study of bac- teria and their culture, should be liberally supplied. It is impossible to overestimate the value of the results which might flow from the careful and systematic investi- gation of the pathological anatomy of such diseases as yellow fever and the various forms of malarial fever. If the teachers of pathological anatomy had spent more time in the dead-house and had labored more assiduously with the microscope, the profession would have been sup- plied with substantial facts as to the true pathological ana- tomy of many diseases, and more especially of yellow and malarial fevers. We should no longer hear the absurd and false statement that yellow fever has no recognizable patho- logical anatomy-no distinctive pathological lesions. If any substantial advance is to be made in the knowl- edge of the causes and rational treatment of insanity, it must be based upon and arise out of the careful deter- mination of the pathology of the cerebro-spinal nervous system. Those in charge of hospitals and asylums for the insane should embrace every opportunity for the thorough phys- ical, chemical and microscopical examination of the struc- tures of the cerebro-spinal and sympathetic nervous systems. The systematic and practical course in Pathological Anatomy and Histology, should embrace the following subjects. (a) The method of making post-mortem examinations. (b) Methods of preparing pathological specimens, and of prepar ing them for study. (c) Morbid changes in the heart and blood vessels. (d) Morbid changes in the blood. (e) Degenerations. (f) Changes caused by inflammation. (g) Structure and mode of development of tumors: fatty tumors; cancers, etc. (h) Pathological changes characteristic of phthisis, leprosy, syphilis, etc. (i) Pathological anatomy and histology of the various organs, tex- tures, as the integuments; muscular and fibrous tissues; circulating and respiratory apparatus, nervous system, digestive system, genito-urinary system, etc. (j) Animal parasites. 79 (k) Bacteria: microscopical and chemical examinations; culture experiments; methods of demonstrating the presence and effects of bac- teria, methods of staining etc. (1) The lesions found in general diseases (fevers, etc.), in poisoning and in violent deaths. VI. Biology. Biology deals with the phenomena manifested by living matter. Though it is customary to group apart such of these phenomena as are termed mental, and such of them as are exhibited by men in society, under the heads of Psychology and Sociology, yet it must be allowed that no natural boundary separates the subject matter of the latter sciences from Biology. Psychology is inseparably linked with Physiology, and the phases of social life exhibited by animals other than man, fall within the'province of the biologist. The Biological Sciences are sharply marked off from the abiological, or those which treat of the phenomena manifested by non-living matter, in so far as the properties of living matter distinguish it absolutely from all other kind of things, and as the present state of knowledge furnishes us with no link between the living and the non- living. Distinctive Properties of Living Matter.-The distinc- tive properties of living matter are : i. Its chemical composition, containing one or more forms of a complex compound of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen, the so-called Protein, which has never yet been obtained except as a product of living bodies, united with a large proportion of water, and forming the chief constituent of a substance which in its primary unmodified state is known as protoplasm. 2. Its universal disintegration and waste by oxidation and its concomitant reintegration by the intus-susception of new matter. Lime is constantly associated with the breaking up of the protoplasm into oxides, of the elements Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen. The new matter taken in to make good this loss is either 80 a ready formed protoplasmic material supplied by some other living being, or it consists of the elements of proto- plasm, united in simple combinations which consequently have to be built up into protoplasm by the agency of living matter itself. In either case the addition of molecules to those which already existed takes place, not at the surface of the living mass, but by interposition between the existing molecules of the latter. The decrease, increase or stationary condition of the protoplasm depend upon the balance between these two processes. 3. The tendency of living matter to undergo cyclical changes. All living matter proceeds from pre-existing living matter, a portion of the latter being detached, ac- quiring an independent existence. The new form takes the character of that from which it arose, exhibiting the same power of propagating itself by means of an off-shoot, and sooner or later, like its predecessor, ceases to live and is resolved into the more highly oxidated compounds of its elements. 4. The activities of living matter depend upon moisture and upon heat, with a limited range of heat and with cer- tain structural organization. 5. Even in the simplest forms of living matter the mi- croscope reveals that they are heterogenous optically, and that the different parts differ chemically and physically, and that in more highly organized things more heteroge- neity is exchanged for a definite structure, whereby the body is distinguished into visibly different parts, which possess different powers or functions. Living things which present this visible structure are said to be organized. Living matter or protoplasm and the products of its metamorphosis may be .regarded under four aspects : 1st. External and internal form or structure. 2d. It occupies a certain position in space and in time. 3d. It is subject to the operation of certain forces, in TABLE J. Comparative Meteorological Records of the Years 184?, 1853, 1858 and 1878, in which Yellow Fever Prevailed in the Epidemic Form. Consolidated from Original Reports anti Records, Collected and Classified by Joseph Jones, M. 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S Pp2§ggg38SSSg88gg3S^gggggg3gg2g 3 :•:3£gg55g2gg 1 51 • • • 8 5 8 b-} jo c q I pH:SS8g55£gg£ >a ...88888 8 b 8 b b 2g£3£32gb55£b£Sg?£3 ©W©©L4C0W©1414©<!<joZ4©Z<tZ4 to • ^Ci^HQWWCDOX^>-OCCJ-OOC to to to to © © H-1 CO H- to >u U 4^4ccowwwowbw^b Jr S ppppp£pppSS^SS£g^ggg2gggggg;^^g« --22222222.2 2 2 = = c J - 8 8 - b 8 b b b w b 8 b b b i ca W C5 • W W -4 CO CO o © CO co co -j co © o co co w - CD P P b : 8b3££8§b888bbb88838bb888888b3£ t £ «P^^ggS3SS^^j3^g38gggggSS8g£33S C £2ggg£5£g2£gg£5£bg W -4 -4 CC ©©CC -4 CC © O -1 o Lj $JT Iq o P pp3pppp£pgS££gag5bg£ggS53gggga§ ®..®•^o-»^oowc-^ow-^obao68888ebMr1baaa■ GO ca co ca . © co CO © CO CO CO CO -1 © © CO CO -4 CO CO CO © -4 co CO -J © co CO CO O -4 <J © 7 b : 88b888888b8bbb88bb£88bS28££8£g P P?S8c?3S;38£g82.8ggg8£g8ggg§8g3gg£ 3 :::££3gg2gg33 CH * . . tO CH tO © <? 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Barometer. g1:gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg 3 gggggsggggsg§ggggs«""ggggggg«gw 29.98 30.1« 30.07 30.1? 30.03 30.0.5 29.70 30.0' 30.18 30.1» 30 37 30.22 30 27 30.2? 30.15 30.2? 30.10 30.0'^ 30.07 29.90 30.09 | 30.0!* 30.10 30 10 30 03 30.03 30.00 30.08 30.15 30.16 30.21 30.18 30.15 30.15 30.15 30.10 30.10 30.08 30.02 30.00 5 : 58£28SgSSSS£g858SS5:bbg^^2gg8 • u:j .22 .02 .89 .89 .21 .19 .09 .95 .12 .14 .20 .16 - .12 ^535£8SSgg^8Ei^ g pp^gggggSgg^ggggggggggggggga o g£gSSggSS^iS"P<2-b8bbbbb88-b;ahbba co ca g ;gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg 73 , :. p ppppSppSggggggggggggggggggggggg 29.90 30.1!' 30.0(1 30.1(» 30.3? 30.2? 30.2? 30.21! 30.0? 30.1(» 30.if 29.8? 29.8!' 30.2? 30.3? 30.3? 30.2? 30.1? - - pr-HJ-Pjocpop S ppppppggggggggg§gg"«g«gggggwggg^ S ca 'g :gggggggggggggggggggggssggggggg £ : §8S§g§$S£gSgSgS8g888SS33SS8ggb£3 g ggg§Sggggggg«gggggggggggggwggg« 3 gSSSg§8£g8g3gS£ggSgg£3g3ggj2jggggg . H "- bt £C to >- to cc cc c ^? ?? 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Humidi io • Z • • Z .' • i j^S: H 3: : j : SjS: j jgj j : j : 2.48 25 .12 .45 .25 1.56 5.13 .15 .45 4.66 :: 5g: ::::::: gs: : b: w • • ca • io -j io m Z Z --. . 00 a CD QQ & sf £ ::::::: gH ::::: g: : 2: :::::::: g: : .21 .01 2.18 .17 .49 .01 .87 .23 2.80 .01 1.05 8.03 5 : : : : : H H bp: : . z : z z z z . z z r* j°: . z co • • CH. cnccnc. . b: :••:::£: H :::£8S::::g£: • • i • • c 7 1853 to Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 8 :' i :' :' :' :' :' w 05'2 co- 1.17 .02 .03 .12 3.27 .10 5.71 2 > .17 .60 1 4.30 2 • 2.31 9 .07 7 6 .01 2 • 1.14 3 4 1 U'£ |6 51'1 |' lEiil =i ,84 : :: : k: s: : s : : g : b: 1 - 00 ca co 3 ::::::: II .13 .38 .03 .12 .08 .77 .24 .31 2.73 .03 .02 :::::: .51 .05 .74 4.63 3.50 •■®:55::£:gg::::: ....^ .7? .25 .01 5.31 8: : : : : : io: : b k: 3 K Sg8$bp$ppbppppppp^ppt § z : z z z z Z z p :::::::::::: : : : : : : : : : : : : : ::::: : I | j p 5 8 p £ 8 b r8ppppppwpp tl . 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 > 29 > 30 31 Mean . -x ■ ■ cn o. • ■ ■ • . . 55 ppppppgwpppppcn^coiot- Date. AVN ~~ g 8 gg3gg£2222SS§SS^«SS3aS3£ag££S23 w b aagggggggs!agaaggcaggggggSgSggggS £ : b I 7^2R?9S)?9cp29pp2e9E1999C 3bE5§££3££3£S£ggg3 ■■ 3 Maximum. Thermometer. g s 8 §B8S3g8a§8g3£8£gSSgSg?33ggg38338gg an i2SS£b£g££g£b b b b b bb b it 8' 84 8C 81 81 77 83 90 91 88 82.7 £ : 8 : 82J$£Jg3£SS$g£S3S833g;S£2gSgggS§ I85b5gg^££gbag a 82 8 5 g 1853 | 1858 g b _S112Sgl2g8Illg£SlS38SS>SlSSS£gg_ S b 8^8g§g88£S8g888gggg3g§Bg3£888iggg g : ^J888g33£$£S3ggg£$gggggg3§5§Sgg_ $ s 8 ggggggs^gs^sgssgggggggssgss^g § ^_S^S£S2X8^Sggggjg82O^S2^r338aig_ =2-2=2222E3S55§gg£§gg?'£g2b«g;g2Sgi^b££ £ : b_ : $?SBSS3Sg5SS2£gg;^§ggg£,%gg3§"2£3g£ E boo^^sggggb 5 : cn • u- >- 0 S 5 5 S Jo g 0 S -5 5 5 S 5 5 0 5 Ln 5 £ 5 £ 5 b 5 S. 8 bbbSSbb^s^ri®: S H r2 ® 00 Minimum. b 8 888£§£S£gb88b88£88b8bbS£8b888bb b 3SS8s2x'3a? £ : b'SbgbbbSbbbbbbbSbbbbbSbbbgbbSS 7b © UI © © © © cn 8( CC -t co ca « 8 8 £g838w8£88b8£b8b£w£888£wb8braw£8 a? ^-U^222i222SH22222222222222 b 5 g £ b b b : b :5gbbg8g33bbbbbb£8£S8bbbbbbbb8b © 00 co ca 00 8 b £££888b888bbb8bbbbb8b88bb888888 3 8 5 : 1? • 'y'C5C5^T,^^^Z^24SSo0^4^4CH^OO©^©CnS©o!Z^CHCnO<Z^Z^ -- " oeej^_^ol^!2222_222j2222002 3 oo 00 co sbw^bbbbbbo^ 3£3S£g35gggbg2g£gS§ 2 • sbbbssgp'bssgsbbsgsssassgsffgsgg - • M 00 m oinanb^ bbbbbbbw 8 5885885 888888 W © © w to »- © co © / io6i)©ioadi ^^(^^^^^©□□^©©^©tSWCD©^^^^^!© i b ppbbbSbSbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb^bggb co Mean. w^cnaxiocojocowotao-ijooo-jooooooK) p» I H S g£8££8Sg8g88S£g£3£S8t£££888£8£3g © C0-4<JOC0CaC0©--4©C0©~4C0C0C0--4 ©CO © COCO CO -4 © © -1 -i C Ci w _ U 3 S3££a?£ggg3g3££388^2!g8§.g^£g"gS I-1 w W CO I4 io 0 CO CO <? © CO CO © CO © CO © CO Lj O CC © © © 0 CO CO CO rt S : S£p3abb38£8£££ggb£gbg222SSag88S8 i-1 • owo«bZ4w^ww©QpQ^QfclQQ^wj(C^^w^^^j).^ 8 ^"SbbbbSbbbbSbbSbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb 00 w 8 b8b£££££g8S8£S8gS£88££££888888g 3 ■ 8 888£8££8gg£8S888£83§gg3g"£?sgggg U C0©©»4C0©«-4«4©©^»4C0-'l©©-.l©^O>.I^C0-4©CC©0CC0©bj W " :g£SSgbSgg£S£ggS5bbgSSg££2£g£ga K Ct b pppppppbbbbggbbbbSbw'Sbbbbbbbbbb co ca © QO-1-4-40-4-4CPG0-l©Q5-1-4©-4©©©3-ICO©-4-3©COCO-4-3 (Jj 3 g88S§g££8S888££££SS3££88£$3S88£ ? 8 "£8888838338££SS88333838S383b38 ® : ~8pS££2£g88£££8SbSS'§5gbS88g£gg£ * to © 0 -4 © © © © © © © CJ< © c;< © cn -4 © CJ' cn -4 © ca -4 © cn io © © © O *'J^°Cc:^-'-^'^Z^coZ^cOCCC5-Jo'<t©ocC©CC<tl5C^WWW^COWC0 b p8£bbSSgbbbbbbb£Sbbbbbbbb22§bbb co GO co ~ ^c. Ju.»^-na»tJ»c»e^ow-i o»qq -!-kt-j-> o ■: =->-< g ggggggggggggggggggggggggiigggggg S 3»«SgggKwwwSSgS5gSC~-SSSSSSSSgSS g gggJgggggggggggggggggggggggggggg 8 33383553.555E3E^3gG858£888r3§8£8g g :gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg £ : £gwiS55£3££5S55gg8Sg££gggggggqg g pppop=pppppg3ggggggggggSggggggg 00 Mean. Barometer. g ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg 8 8888888888888888888888888888888 -0 = w S£S3£SSS3a££S8Sb?gg 8 :SSSSgggggggggggggggggggggggggg w • 5 c-. Scc5a.5555obS5 5555b5g55boc5£gg co OJ g 8 Ln Li '(» 8 W Ci liii^SooSSSaK <7 2 00 CO 00 cccc o o o 8 o g ca ©©©to©©©©!-'COCOU'COOOCni-ID1-'«C'IH^4^CO©CC©©©©CO^^ - 88888^88^38SSgggggggsgggggggggs 5 S5gbg£SbgggSSgbgbhg8X8£ggSgg,5ag g ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg K SSESgaESSSSSSgwSg^S^gSJSggSiSiSg g ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg 5 SgS2^g5S55^555 35_8Sg^33SS5S555 55 g :gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg 5_ • S35S55S<3555555gggbSg35£g5555bS 5 88888888g8gggggggggg^gggggggggg 5 bgg£35g£gggggg £8iS£gi2 = £g:C7SS9g8g 5 CJt co g ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg 8 Sg288£8£S888g5S2££283£88£83gS8£ P pSggggggggggggg^gggggggsggggggg 3 g§£ag3S3g83iSg§S33g§S2££gggggS£g g :gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg g : Sg£ggg3££iSSSSg££Sgg£g£gS£2 = 5gg ~ pppg^ggg8g8ggggggggg3ggggggg>g<2g L_g83^OS58898ga8^£8gSS8888^ 00 00 2 3 8bg83b88£8£83b8bb888bb8S8b£888£ 3 £3333553g5i5g^Sb£g3ba!S5a3SgS3533 5 : b§£b8b33gg35gb£g£b22g£££g3££5£3 © = 38bggg-gbb?£3g££ggb££3gg^g££S^g£ co co Mean. Humidit • 1-1 co • to 5 S:88:888 r. .: g! ::::::gggs:::::::S£2:S: .21 .1' .12 .32 2.11 .12 3.11 1.12 .51 • 7.r .71 .01 .51 .25 .10 .61 .02 2.22 .17 1.25 .15 2.92 .12 17.88 .02 .15 .05 .12 .32 .16 .09 .35 7.22 w to Z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z St: ::::::::::::: : .33 2.75 45 .92 .22 : £_ 00 Inches. y Rain-fall. .14 .16 .23 .23 4 93 : S: g: : :3: ::883^§82::s: : 5 5. ...5:::: w g »® 5 3£g3g55Saag: : : : 2 = 35ih35si?h35^5g .16 .49 .10 .02 .01 .43 2.22 :::5:gbb::::::::: : : : : >3: : : : : : : .01 .50 "■ © • : : 8 co ca 8 : : : ggg:: • §: : SS: ::§::: 83: :§:::: .02 .93 .01 ■4'54 .07 .10 .50 .19 .20 .01 55 .60 7.72 S :::::Sbgggg::g : : : : : b£::££:b§: : : :::::£:&:::: :§:::::: s: : : g ca GO 2 2 .01 2 .01 2 .01 2 2.05 2 .14 3 .03 3 4.90 :::::: s: : 8288: : : : i 2°g°28 T2 U cn z Z I I Z I z z z z z z z z z j^jsjjgsg: : : 3: : : aa: : 35^: : : : gg: gs: £ : ss: gb: : : §: : : : .01 .04 .73 .71 .33 .76 .01 72 .03 z z z z z z z z z 0 : : : : j: : : : : Z to z z z z z :: sis: £8: : : : : s OD -o^co^mcn^wtow 3ppfe3ppppte3p55pS5pp535pppmppwK>^ K £SS£3S&x8giig5p bppppppppppcp^coj.^ § a tc : 8g£bp8£ab2isi oppppppppppe xpp ppp "" 1 : : i Date. 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Rain-fall. 7.131 .24 .22 2.40 .07 .77 3.90 .60 2.20 .15 .10 03 10.68 z • z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z :3:ggg:: :::g:: : i:: :::g°: : : : i : • • -4 • • • • ca z z z z z z z 5 : : : : gg: gg: : : : : : -• • • gg::::::::::::S CH io :$:::::::$::: ::::SgsggbsEg a: b3 ca co 3.20. .10 .01 .46 .30 .02 .31 .10 .69 1.43 3.42 : ' 3: : : : : : : gg: : : : g: : : : g: : g: : g; : • • • • a g: : gg: sb: £: : : : 2 .14 .12 .01 .40 .71 .30 w :::£::: s: : Sb: co g g| ggg: : : ggy: sss: : : : ^5: : : ggg:::::5 3 .23 1.83 .61 1.77 .53 2.13 .68 3 : : SS: : : : s: : : : g: : : : : ggg::g::::a to "';-;-.-;-.-~-, ;-; : : : : : : : • sitH • • : : H • • • • bpg: ©io©^- 00 81 virtue of which it undergoes internal changes, modifies ex- ternal objects and is modified by them. 4th. Its form, place and powers are the effects of cer- tain causes. In correspondence with these four conditions or aspects of living matter biology is divisible into four chief subdi- visions. 1 st. Morphology. 2d. Distribution. 3d. Physiology. 4th. .-Etiology. Morphology includes anatomy, histology (minute or mi- croscopal anatomy) ; development, or the history of the an- atomy of a living being at the successive periods of its ex- istence and of the manner in which an anatomical stage passes into the next; taxonomy, or the arrangement of liv- ing beings into groups according to their degrees of like- ness. Distribution.- Differences produced or manifested in fauna and flora by land and water, by latitude, elevation and by climate should be considered in present and in past geological epochs. Physiology.-Living beings are not only natural bodies having a definite form and mode of structure, growth and development; they are machines in action, and under this aspect the phenomena which they present have no parallel in the mineral world. The actions of living matter are termed its functions, which may be referred to three cate- gories : 1. Functions which affect the material composition of the body and determine its mass, which is the balance of the processes of waste on the one hand, or those of assimi- lation on the other. 2. Functions which subserve the process of reproduc- tion, which is essentially the detachment of a part with the power of developing into an independent whole. 3. Functions in virtue of which one part of the body is able to exert a direct influence on another and the body 82 by its parts or as a whole becomes the source of molar motion. The first may be termed sustentative, the second genera- tive and the third correlative. 4. Etiology.-Morphology,distribution and physiology, instigate and determine the facts of biology. ^Etiology has for its object the ascertainment of the causes of these facts and the explanation of biological phenomena, by showing that they constitute particular cases of general physical laws. VII.-Human Physiology The word physiology may be used in a general or in a restricted sense. It has been used of old to denote all in- quiry into the nature of living beings; but the phenomena can be studied from two apparently different points of view. The most striking character of a living being is, that it is an agent performing actions and producing effects in the world outside of itself. We have on the one hand the peculiar molecular chemi- cal and vital actions of the living being; and on the other its relations to the medium in which it lives and performs its acts. Physiology embraces a study of: ist. The living phenomena of the human body in their natural or healthy state. 2d. The physical structure and conformation of the solid parts. 3d. The determinate chemical composition of the solids and fluids. 4th. The dynamical characters. 5th. The nature, occurrences, character and correlation of certain chemical, physical and vital changes which go on during that active state which we call life. Life results from the concurrent exercise of the several functions performed by various organs. The living state follows a determined evolutional history from the com- mencement of life to its close. As anatomy teaches the structure of an organized body, organic chemistry, its chemical constitution, and physics its physical properties; so physiology deals with the phys 83 ical, chemical and vital actions which occur in an organ- ized body during life. Physiology, therefore, requires a knowledge of physics, chemistry and anatomy. In the older sense Physiology embraced morphological problems and so corresponded with Biology; in the more modern sense, physiology leaves these matters on one side and deals only with the actions of living beings on their surroundings (the study of these necessarily involving cor- relative study of the effect of the surroundings on the living being), and appeals to matters of form and structure only so far as they throw light on problems of action. It is evident that man regarded as a machine capable of accomplishing definite results, must be governed by physi- cal laws capable of expression in the exact terms of physics. On the other hand, physiology presents problems peculiar to the condition known as life. The three-fold problems of physiology may be thus represented: ist. The determination of the laws according to which the complex unstable food is transmuted into the still more complex and still more stable living flesh, and the laws according to which this living substance breaks down into simple stable waste products, void or nearly void of energy. The amount of these chemical changes and the resultants in muscular and nervous force and in the form of animal heat can be made the subject of accurate ex- periment. 2d. The determination of the laws according to which the vibrations of the nervous substance originate from extrinsic and intrinsic causes, the laws according to which these vibrations pass to and fro in the body, acting and re-acting upon each other, and the laws according to which they finally break up and are lost, either in these larger circles of muscular contraction whereby the move- ments of the body are affected, or in some othei* way. 3rd. The determination and consideration of the abstruse problems as to how these neural vibrations become attend- ed with changes of consciousness, as well as the less subtle 84 vibrations of the contracting muscles, are wrought out of sudden complex chemical decompositions of the nervous and muscular substances ; or in other words, to determine how the energy of chemical action is transmuted into and serves as the supply of that vital energy which appears as movement, feeling and thought. Physiology depends for its advancement upon well de- vised and carefully executed experiments, and a correct knowledge of this branch of medical science can never be acquired by the student from mere lectures, tables, dia- grams and artificial models. Those only have advanced physiology who have interrogated nature and extorted her secrets by direct research and well devised experiments. The foundation of scientific Physiology was laid by Wil- liam Harvey, in the year 1616 (the year of Shakespeare's death), when he delivered his lectures in St. Barthol- omew's Hospital, London, and first brought forward his views on the movements of the heart and blood, which were published in his treatise on the blood, in 1628. His great work on Generation, published in 1651, laid the foundation of scientific Morphology, and solved many of the most im- portant problems of Biology. In his final deed of gift of his property to the college and library which he had erected, and for the endowment of an annual oration, the orator, Dr. Harvey, orders in bis deed of gift to " exhort the fellows of the college to search out and study the secrets of nature by way of experiment, and also, for the honor of the profession, to continue mu- tual love and affection among themselves." The discovery of Oxygen by Joseph Priestley, on Au- gust 1st, 1774, which he obtained by heating the red oxide of mercury by means of the sun's rays concentrated with a burning glass, not merely directed the attention of chem- ists to the composition of the atmosphere, but led to the overthrow of the phlogistic theory, and formed the found- ation of the splendid labors of Lavoisier, who placed chemistry in the path which it has ever since followed. 85 The discoveries of Black, Priestley, Scheele and Caven- dish, as well as his own experiments, enabled Lavoisier to establish the correct theory of combustion and of the origin of animal heat, and placed the science of the phys- ics and chemistry of living beings upon its true basis. Scarcely one hundred years have elapsed since the sci- ence of physiology has been placed upon the unalterable laws of physics and chemistry. The experiments, dissections and original researches of John Hunter enlarged the bounds of comparative and hu- man physiology, and established important principles in surgical pathology. The all-important questions relating to: ist. The Functions of the Brain. 2d. The Functions of the Spinal Cord. 3d. The Functions of the Sympathetic Nervous Sys- tem. 4th. The Relations of the Cerebro-Spinal and Sympa- thetic Nervous Systems to each other, and to the processes of Respiration, Circulation, Nutrition, Animal Tempera- ture and to such diseased states as Fatty Degeneration, In- flammation and Fever. r 5th. The Relation of the Cerebro-Spinal Nervous System to spasmodic diseases, such as Traumatic Tetanus, Epilepsy, Catalepsy, Hysteria and Hydrophobia. 6th. The determination of the functions of the indivi- dual portions of the brain and their relations to motion, sensation and intellectual action, memory, language, imagi- nation and will. These and other important inquiries have been made the careful subject of experiments upon living animals, by a host of able and learned physiologists, and the further advance of our knowledge with reference to these abstruse subjects must depend mainly upon: ist. Careful observation of the phenomena of living animals. 2d. The careful record of pathological phenomena dur- ing life and of pathological changes after death. 86 3d. Vivisections. The injury or ablation of definite portions of the cerebro-spinal and sympathetic nervous systems by the knife, electricity, or certain physical and chemical agents. The continuous practice of experiments upon animals (vivisection} is absolutely necessary to the progress and perfection of the physiology of the nervous system, and each thoroughly organized medical college should be furnished with a well equipped physiological laboratory furnished with the instruments, re-agents and living animals necessary for the scientific elucidation and demonstration of the most abstruse problems. VIII.-Pathology. Pathology, The Science of Disease, cannot be defined unconditionally, for the terms health and disease, well and ill, local and constitutional, and diatheses are, to a certain extent, indefinite. The doctrine of disease (or that which is suffered} has varied in different ages and with the different sects of philosophy and medicine. Although Hippocrates laid down the broad principle that the medical art, upon which all men are dependent, should not be made subject to the influence of any hypothesis, and that the care and cure of the sick shotfld not be subor- dinated to Pathological theory, but should be guided by experience; yet the practitioners of medicine have at no time been able to dispense with theory. Even the avowed followers of Hippocrates, whilst apparently remaining steadfast amidst the rise and fall of systems, have been more or less influenced by theory at every step of their practice. The view held by Cullen has met with the approval of physicians, as presenting a rational view: "You will not find it possible to separate practice from theory altogether; and therefore if you have a mind to begin with theory, I have no objection... .to render it safe it is necessary to cultivate theory to its fullest extent." Dr. Charles Creighton has well said: " The progress of pathology hitherto has been exactly parallel with the 87 progress of philosophy itself, system succeeding system in genetic order. No other department of biological science has shown itself so little able to shake off the philosophi- cal character, or to run in the career of positivism or pure phenomenalism. This unique position of pathology among the natural sciences is doubtless owing to the fact that it is a theory of practice, a body of truth and guess- work existing for the benefit of a working profession which is daily brought face to face with emergencies and is constantly reminded of the need of a reasoned rule of conduct. It is idle to attribute the philosophising habit in medicine, or the habit of system-making, to an unscientific method in past times. The extremely various points of view from which the problems of diseased life are ap- proached in the very latest and most authoritative writings, are an evidence that the difficulty is really inherent in the subject matter. " The positive progress of the biological sciences doefe not essentially depend on the philosophical conception of life as action and reaction; but the notion of action and reaction comes to the fronton every page of a pathological treatise, and at every step of practice. In considering the forms of diseased life, if not in the study of living things themselves, we are constantly driven back to that ultimate analysis. The influences from without which make up Etiology, or the doctrine of the causes of disease, assume a position in medicine, the urgency or immediate interest of which far exceeds that of the biolog- ical problem, the correspondence between life and its circumstances." The standing difficulty in pathology has been its rela- tion to aetiology, or the relations of the " ens morbi to the agens morbi." The great truths enunciated by Thomas Sydenham in the seventeenth century have been recognized more and more by the medical profession, from the death of the English Hippocrates, in 1689, to the present moment. 88 Sydenham advanced the cause of medical science by advocating and practising the inductive method of Hippocrates. Thus, Sydenham taught: ist. The improvement of physic depends-first, upon collecting a genuine and natural history of all diseases; and second, laying down a fixed and complete method of cure. 2d. All diseases ought to be reduced to certain and de- terminate kinds, with the same exactness as we see it done by botanical writers in their treaties of plants. 3d. In writing a history of a disease, every philosophical hypothesis which hath possessed the writer in its form, ought to be totally laid aside, and the manifest and natural phenomena of diseases, however minute, must be noted with the utmost accuracy, imitating in this the great exact- ness of painters, who, in their pictures, copy the smallest spots or motes in the original. 4th. In describing any disease, it is necessary to enu- merate both the peculiar and constant phenomena or symp- toms, and the accidental ones separately; of which latter kind are those which differ occasionally by reason of the age and constitution of the patient, and the different methods of cure. * * t 5th. The seasons of the year that principally promote any particular kind of diseases are to be carefully remarked. Some diseases happen indiscriminately at any time, whilst many others, by a secret process of nature, follow the sea- sons of the year with as much certainty as some birds and plants. A knowledge of the seasons in which diseases ordinarily arise, is of great use to a physician towards dis- covering the species of the disease as well as the method of curing it; and the consequence of neglecting this knowledge leads to ill success, both in the discovery and cure of diseases. These principles constituted the work of Thomas Sydenham, the Novum Organon of the Medical 89 Sciences in the seventeenth century, as the great work of Lord Bacon, which had appeared in 1620, was the im- mortal Novum Organon of all the physical and ^natural sciences. A clear distinction should be made between that which is esopathic and that which is endopathic in disease; and general pathology should follow the direction and order of physiology. Pathology deals with : 1. The causes of disease-Etiology. JEtiology is related with and gets its subject matter from : («) Cosmical Physics. (#) Meteorology. (c) Geology. (tZ) Physical Geography. (<?) The chemical constitution and relations, and the fauna and flora of the atmosphere, earth and terrestrial waters. (y) Chemistry. (o) Botany. (Zz) Zoology. (?) Sociology. It has well been said that JEtio logy is without limits. 2. To ascertain the esoteric connections existing among diseases themselves. There are certain groups of symptoms which recur with the uniformity of a type in the most various diseases, which depend upon one constant factor-the human body and its structural and functional tendencies. The causation of disease may be classified as: (i) Exoteric-Exopatiiic. («) Injury from without, climate and terrestrial causes. (A) Parasites; including Bacteria, Bacilli, etc. (c) Morbific ferments and poisons engendered without the living organism. (2) Esoteric-Autopathic. (a) Deficient rudiments and defective growth, premature morbidity or obsolescence, hypertrophy and atrophy. (#) Derangement of the chemical changes and disturbances of the balance of the forces by over-exertion. (c) The development of morbific agents within the body itself. 90 Diseases may also be considered in a systematic treatise on general pathology. As General or Local- Under the head of General or Constitutional diseases, nosologists have classed such diseases as yellow fever, mal- arial fever, typhoid, typhus and relapsing fevers. Under the head of Local diseases have been ranged: Diseases of the respiratory, circulating and nervous sys- tems, of the locomotive, digestive and excretory organs and absorbents. The larger number of maladies do not arise autochthon- ously, and the exopathic point of view may be regarded as the dominant one at present; and it is from the ^Etiological side that the most wide-spread and fatal contagious and infectious diseases are chiefly studied. IX.-Therapeutics. Therapeutics is the most practical and useful branch of medical science, for it is the cure of disease which both the practitioner and patient seek. Therapeutics necessitates for its successful study and practical application a knowledge of chemistry, materia medica, pharmacy and pathology; and should be based upon: ist. The accurate study of the natural history of disease. 2d. The effects of remedies upon the healthy human or- ganism. 3d. The effects of remedies as determined by carefully and well executed experiments upon living animals. 4th. The effects of remedies during diseased states of the human organism. The power of the physician over disease depends main- ly upon the force and culture of his intellectual powers upon the extent and character of his knowledge of the symptoms and pathology of various diseases and upon his knowledge of the effects, power and value of therapeutic measures and agents. 91 Therapeutics has advanced as the knowledge of man has advanced as to the pathology of exopathic and endo- pathic diseases, and with the enlargement and perfection of the materia medica. The progressive advances of chemistry have furnished the physician with his most potent and valuable remedies, as Quinine, Salicine, Salicylic Acid, Salicylates, Antipyrin, Antifebrine, Morphia, Brucia, Strychnia, Cocaine, Bromi- des and Iodides of Sodium, Potassium and Calcium, Ether, Nitrate of Amyl, Chloroform, Chloral, Nitro-Glycerine and a host of others. No limits can be placed upon the pos- sible therapeutic agents which may be developed bv the labors of the chemist, and hence therapeutics is the most progressive of the branches of medical science. It must be admitted that the therapeutics of the day are to a large extent empirical, and that numerous careful clinical observations by the bed-side, and careful experi- ments upon living animals in the therapeutical laboratorv are needed to place this branch of medical science upon a firm and broad scientific basis. By experimental Physiology the functions of various parts of the body and their relations to each other are be- ing gradually determined. In experimental Pathology, diseases are induced artifici- ally in order that we may discern the alterations produced by them in the functions. In experimental Pharmacology drugs are administered in order to determine the part of the body which thev affect, and the nature of the alterations which they pro- duce in its functions. In Rational Therapeutics the physician endeavors to recognize from the symptoms of the patient the organ affected by disease, the nature of the disturbance in its function and to apply a remedy which will counteract such disturbance. Great advances must in our day be made in rational therapeutics before we can hope to ob- tain such exact knowledge as we desire. 92 When the efforts of the physician are directed towards the removal of the cause of disease it has been called Pathogenetic Therapeutics. In Symptomatic Therapeutics, when the cause of the disease cannot be recognized or cannot be removed, the treatment is directed to those parts of the organism on which the cause of disease acts, so as to lessen or remove the symptoms which it would otherwise produce. When the physician can neither remove the cause nor remove the symptoms, but is forced to trust to the vis medicatrix nature?, and endeavors to maintain the patient's strength by food and nursing, the terms expectant treatment or expectant therapeutics have been employed. In its widest acceptation expectant therapeutics includes nursing, climate and measures of treatment, such as regulated exercise, gymnastics, friction, massage, the application of heat and of simple or medicated cold and hot water. The science of medicine rests upon the knowledge of diseases, of the conditions under which they arise, of their nature, causes, and their modification or cure; and neces- sarily implies a knowledge of Chemistry, Materia Medica, Patholog^* and Therapeutics. If the student of medicine has mastered the essential laws and facts of Medical Physics and Chemistry, and of Materia Medica, Pathology and Therapeutics, he is prepared to consider Medicine as an Art of practical value, to diagnose, to prevent, to cure diseases, to alleviate human suffering and lengthen out human existence. The art of Medicine should be founded upon facts and principles capable of clear demonstration and^of universal applicability. What we have stated with reference to pathology and therapeutics in the uncertain and empiriouljapplication to the causes and cure of many diseased states applies with equal force to medicine regarded as an art. X.-Science and Practice of Medicine. 93 The terms science and art of medicine must be regarded as generic, and the professor of a chair having this title, or the author of "The Practice of Medicine," must neces- sarily draw their materials from pathology and therapeu- tics, and find their illustrations in the careful and ample records of clinical medicine. The Art of Medicine may be divided into two distinct branches: 1st. The cure of disease and the relief of those who suffer (therapeutics). 2d. The prevention of disease and the preservation of health (hygiene). XL-Hygiene. The prevention of disease and the maintenance of the conditions for the preservation of health must be based upon the sciences of chemistry, physiology and pathology. Medicine has ever been related to humanity, but its re- lations to the wants of man have been increased, and are ever increasing, in the complex state of modern society, with the exigencies of its fast growing population. In our day, preventative and public medicine (Hygiene) has become an important branch of medicine, when one of the peculiarities of modern life is shown from statistics to be the tendency to increase of population in great towns, and to the creation and support of vast standing armies. In England, between 1841 and 1851, there was an in- crease in the population of towns of over 100,000 inhabi- tants of 23 per cent., and in the following decennial period, 1851-1861, there was in France, in towns of similar mag- nitude, taken collectively, an increase of 50 per cent.; in the United States of America the tendency to accumulate and concentrate the population in great centres has been equally great; and in our Southern country, since the civil war, the negro population has shown a constant tendency to crowd the cities, and add to their unhygienic condition, and increase their mortality. 94 The active, restless population of our great American Republic is advancing all along the lines of science and art. By her'position, by the character of her population and by her commercial intercourse with all nations of North, South, Central and Insular America; of Europe, Asia and Africa, the United States is the very heart of our world, and should of all the nations of the earth be the foremost in the promotion of domestic, public and international hy- giene. Hygiene should be considered and studied under the following heads. Hygiene. I. Domestic Hygiene. (a) Meteorological Conditions (Climate). (b) The Soil or Site of the Dwelling. (c) The Character of the Sub-soil, Water and Air. (d) The Materials of Dwellings. (e) Drainage and Sewage. (f) Ventilation. (g) Water Supply. (h) Heating and Lighting of Dwelling. ( i) Clothing and Personal Cleanliness. (j ) Work and Exercise. (k) Food Supply. II. Public Hygiene, National Hygiene. (I) Boards of Health. t ' (m) Location of Towns and Cities. (n) Drainage and Sewage. to) Construction of Houses and Street-Paving; Open Squares, etc. (p) Relations of Race to Public Hygiene and to the National Death- rate. (q) Public Sanitation. (r) The Arrest of such Contagious and Infectious Diseases as Yellow Fever and Small-Pox. Vaccination. (s) Disinfectants: Their Chemical Relation, Their Relative Value and Mode of Use, Heat, Corrosive Sublimate, Carbolic Acid, etc. (t) Quarantine, Domestic and Maritime. (u) The Conduct of Railroads during the Progress of Epidemics. (v) Hygiene of Armies and Navies. (w) Hygiene of Schools, Public Buildings, Jails and Prisons. III. International Hygiene. (x) Quarantine Considered as an International Regulation. (y) The Establishment of National Commissions for the investigation of contagious and infectious diseases, and for the prompt communication from one nation to another of all facts relating to the existence of diseases prejudicial to the public health. (z) The Treatment and Continuous Exchange of Prisoners of War. 95 XII.-Science and Practice of Surgery In all countries, the accidents of ordinary life, of per- sonal conflicts and of war, led to the application of surgery and surgical art from the earliest times, in the setting of bones, the staunching of blood, the extraction of arrows and the binding up of wounds. A knowledge of the healing powers of the tissues was known to men in all nations and at all times. In both branches of the Aryan stock surgical practice as well as medical, reached a high degree of per- fection at a very early period. It would be foreign to our purpose to inquire whether the Greeks derived their medi- cal and surgical knowledge from the Hindus through the medium of the Egyptian priesthood, or whether the Hindus owed that high degree of medical and surgical knowledge and skill which is reflected by Charaka and Susruta, com- mentators of the Yajur-Veda, to their contest with Western civilization after the campaign of Alexandria. We have a strong argument for the former view of the Eastern origin of medical and surgical science, in the close correspondence between the Susruta and Hippocratic collections in the sections relating to the ethics of medical practice; the description of lithotomy, and the description in the Susruta of certain dexterous operations, as that of Rhinoplastic of native invention ; besides the use of such remedies as arsenic, mercury, zinc and many other substan- ces of permanent value, not containing a single article of foreign source. There is also evidence in Strabo, Arrian and other writers that the East enjoyed a proverbial reputation for medical and surgical wisdom at the time of the invasion of Alexander the Great. The testimony of Herodotus indicates great advances among the Egyptians at an early era in medicine and sur- gery; and it is worthy of note that the tendency of the present day is to the multiplication of special branches in the practice of the arts of surgery, and to the devotion of 96 physicians to special lines of study and practice, as was the habit with the ancient physicians of Egypt. Thus Herodotus says, that the art of medicine is thus divided amongst the Egyptians: " Each physician applies himself to one disease only, and not more. All places abound in physicians : some physicians are for the eyes ; others for the head, others for the parts about the belly, and others for internal disorders."-Herodotus: Euterpe ii, p. 125. Surgery may be considered as a science and as an art under two heads : 1st. Scientific or general surgical principles of surgical pathology. 2d. Operative surgery. The special divisions of Surgery as applied to actual practice are as follows : (a) Military Singerv. (b) Naval Surgery. (c) Ophthalmology. (d) Dental and Oral Surgery. (e) Otology. (f) Laryngotomy. (g) Abdominal Surgery. (h) Pelvic Surgery. (i) Genito-Urinary Surgery. (i) Anal Surgery. (k) Orthopaedic Surgery. (1) Uterine Surgery. Such divisions are to a certain extent arbitrary, and the same general principles of physiology, pathology and thera- peutics must govern the scientific surgeon. regard- less of the special branch of his art to which his energies are devoted. The increase of specialists in our day has not tended to elevate the standard of professional ethics, but, on the con- trary, has promoted discord in the ranks of the profes- sion. Without doubt, important advances have been made during the past twenty years, in the application of the well- known principles and agents of chemistry to the antiseptic treatment of wounds, and abdominal surgery owes much of TABLE K, COMMERCIAL STATISTICS OF NEW ORLEANS, FROM THE CESSION OF THE TERRITORY OF ORLEANS TO THE UNITED STATES, 1803, TO 1882, INCLUSIVE, COLLECTED, CLASSIFIED AND CONSOLIDATED FROM ORIGINAL SOURCES BY JOSEPH JONES, M D., 156 WASHINGTON STREET, FOURTH DISTRICT, NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA, JANUARY, 1883. (1) EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OE NEW ORLEANS, 1805-1882. 1882 | 1882 S ■ 11,637,168 9,634; 253 - 11,340,900 8,725,751 (14) TOTAL EXPORTS OF GRAINS OF ALL KIND^ 4 FROM THE PORT OF NEW [23] EXPORTS OF COTTON FROM NEW ORLEANS FOR TEN YEARS (COMMENCING SEPTEM- BER 1 AND ENDING AUGUST 31). [27] ACCOUNT OF THE VARIOUS QUANTITIES OF ARTICLES IMPORTED FROM THE INTERIOR TO NEW ORLEANS DURING THE NINE YEARS ENDING WITH THE 30TH OF SEPTEMBER, 1836. THESE, OF COURSE, FORM ALSO THE ARTICLES OF EXPORTATION. [33] EXPORT OF SUGAR FROM NEW ORLEANS FROM THE YEAR 1834 TO 1855 [42] TABLE OF INCREASE OR DECREASE IN RECEIPTS FROM INTERIOR. Exports. Imports. ORLEANS FROM AUGUST 1, 1880, TO JULY 31, 1881, INCLUSIVE. INCLUSIVE. BALES. ARTICLES. Incre'si over 1863-64 lucre's over 1859-60 e Decr'se from . 1863-64 Decr'se from 1 1859-60. ARTICLES. lucre' se! over 1863-64. "ncre'se over 859-60 Decr'se from 1863-64. Decr'se from 1859-60. Indian Corn Wheat. Oats. Rye. Barley. Whither Exported. 1880-81. 1879-80. 1878-79. 1877-78. 1876-77. 1875-76. 1874-75. 1873-74. 1872-73. 1872-71. YEAR. Exported to Atlantic Ports. Exported to W estern States. First Receipt ol New Crop. YEAR. Exported to Atlantic Ports. Exported t< W estern States. First Receipt of New Crop. ■ Year. 1834. 1833. 1832. 1831. 1830. 1829. 1828. Domestic. Foreign. Total. 1881 $10,699,470 11 095 472 10 008,341 11 279,251 7,015 512 6 073,260 4,489,636 3,245,320 2,287 602 7,303,164 7,538,245 9,401 420 $90,206 693 1 12,574,647 10 0 r- x • ARTICLES. 1836. 1835. 1881 $820 54 865 59 1,100 4l 1 052 88 1,870 22 916 83 931,25 631 61 765 32 1,615 49 949,87 1 054 59 Bushels Value Bushels : Value Bushels Value ' Sushels V alue Bushel Value Ipples, bbls Jacon, asst.csks,etc. 3acon, bbls, and bxs. 3acon, Haras, hhds.. Sacon in bulk, lbs... lagging, pieces Dale Rope, coils leans, bbls latter, kegs lutter, bbls Iran, sks leef, bbls and tcs . leef, Dried, lbs Jotton, bales Jorn, in ears, bbls Jorn, shelled, sks... Jotton Seed, sks ... Jheese, bxs Jandles, bxs Joal, Western Iried Apples,etc,bbl flaxseed, tcs flour, bbls feathers, bags Hassware, bxs Temp, bales Iides lay, bales Ton, Pig, tons zeather, bdls 51( 416! 2321 821 ii' 69221 " 2801 139971 i4323. 947( 729475 " 37( 39092' 2231 225( ""349 3791 1348 i2450 13361 2 " ".;" 9103 2654i 31514: 314331 1040! 36205] 39000 15056 107613 'i6465 1327! 1609631 18393 87426 1984433 31922 1168666 68524 78688! 1905230 696 183516 931 66628 2324 153617 Lard, tcs. and bbls. Lard, kegs .. Lime, Western, bbls. Lead, pigs Lead, bar, kegs .... Molasses, bbls Jats, bbls. and sks. Onions, bbls Oil, Lard, bbls Potatoes, bbls Pork, tcs. and bbls. Pork, hhds Pork, in bulk, lbs... Porter and Ale,bbls. Packing Yarn, reels. Skins, Deer, packs.. Shot, kegs Sugar, hhds Sugar, bbls Soap, bxs Shingles, M.. Staves, M Tallow, bbls Tobacco, Chew ,bxs. Tobacco, Leaf, hhds. Tobacco, bales Twine, bdls. Whisky, bbls Wheat, bbls and sks. 4230 1345 230800 3199 706 48 i7441 1006 1561 275 io47 252 4628 1495 15046 2352 612 25 124675 456624 119092 25227 580 62803 83396 19114 80959 1638 295115 380612 8849 6826 176175 174728 1874 2381976 9336 2959 1425 " 3984 185840 2763 " 5936 8271 693 605 78545 195 1357 163799 11092 Apples, bhls Apple brandy, bbls. Bacon, assorted hhds. and casks Bacon, boxes Bacon hams, hhds Bacon hams, boxes Bacon in bulk, lbs Bagging, Kentucky, pieces Bale rope, coils Beans, bbls Butter, hhds Butter, kegs and firkins 25834 44 7271 370 7315 505 851268 55067 32803 1922 49 5663 4871 7 8962 779 8243 1257 1519529 47972, 31554 339 38 6190] 9866 50 5046 523 7318 758 615324 23324 23263 1123 8072 11131 4228 216 12218 51 4851 370 2724 65 907380 23950 22973 2833 13 5014 4500 5427 1207 2096 305 1282354 25936 435601 1648] 5I 4219 8762 169 30658 312 322 176 309017 12306 20288 2989 1 5846 1779 59 3629 752 2902 1157 291001 13472 16054 1920 1 4140 10225 78 4147 1190 1423 456 229756 5972 17038 773 4 4047 - Belgium Cent. American States Denmark France Germany England Ireland Nova Scotia British West Indies.. British Honduras ... Mexico Netherlands Scotland Cuba. 1,448,349 46 883,866 2,639,474 1,045,694 2,106,181 195,915 209,852 82 297 61,438 489.258 $801,297 32 418.109 1,460,378 529,143 1,156,592 110,829 110,877 57 160 38,259 251,086 958,553 4,024,685 933,559 32,456 496,787 "987,505 29,932 $1,086,112 4,73'4,922 ' 1,084,969 35,702 593,830 1,137,941 32,924 '1000 10( "es $. ... "460 "40 32 45 423 $ 39,817 $. . ' 3 Liverpool London Cowes, Fal- mouth, etc.. Queenstown, Cork, etc.... Havre. Bordeaux Marseilles Nantes, Cette and Rouen.. Amsterdam... Rotterdam and Ghent Bremen Antwerp, etc.. 939,441 4,969 327,092 8,612 2,843 9,124 124,008 8,304 1,963 2,000 31,736 20,787 57,100 901,031 6,576 265,320 9,592 668,656 8,203 211,739 837 5,923 3,261 6,263 81,422 5,237 28,772 17,305 19.156 743.126 79,366 316,928 166 8,378 5,875 8,736 120.439 17,389 8,799 29,861 8,436 28,655 667,094 26,104 324,500 31 6,545 6,911 2,539 68,681 4,171 863 5,402 36,576 6,650 17,373 726,526 55 5,504 34,807 316,027 174 350 7,777 18,250 1,604 90,050 13,296 3,071 5,965 30,888 15,851 35^506 554,55 10,19 22,73 246,53 3,99' » 607,992 9,026 16,402 249,393 ' 587 11,146 3.368 71,973 9,220 23,527 3,200 47,553 50 16,841 692,62t 10.70S 29,674 192,35' 1.731 5,447 5,789 73,397 21.081 540,764 8,046 19.707 13!),841 3,202 1 32,505 20,961 21,023 45,460 284 7,696: Hhds Hhds. 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 18:1 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1821 1825 1826 1827 1828 $2 338 483 2 357 141 3 161 381 537 711 344 303 1.753 974 2 501 842 1 ■ 25 602 1,013 667 383 709 5 055 858 5 251 833 8,241 254 12 176-910 8 950,921 7 242 415 6 907 599 7 303 461 6 769 410 6 442 946 10 965 234 9 048 506 10 602 832 10 163 334 10 898 183 13 042 740 12 835 531 14.105.118 16 133.457 23 759 607 31 265 015 32 226 565 31 546 275 30 077 534 30 995 936 32.898 059 32-865.618 27.427,422 37 698,277 53 968 013 48 076,197 67 768 726 60 656 785 55,088,827 80,197,988 90,916 289 88,070 134 100 884 655 107 788 295 101,385 257 $1,033 062 1 530 182 1 159 174 723,390 197 621 136 978 148 208 31 869 31 486 3 482 46 752 351 115 783 551 747 399 817 832 352 742 364,572 675 181 1 009 662 1 485 874 1 617 699 1 235 874 1 126 165 1 781.058 1 487 877 2 445 952 3 926 458 2 425,812 2 807 916 2 797 917 5 005 808 4 953 263 3 792 422 1 424,714 2 188,231 1 238 877 1,521,865 976,727 407 073 445,940 250,716 523,934 275,345 318,881 349 975 597 997 312,304 750 279 605 272 $3 371 545 3 887 323 4,320 555 1 261.101 541,924 1 890 952 2 650 050 1 060 471 1.045,153 387 191 5 102,610 5 602 948 9 024 81v 12 924 309 9,768 752 7 596 157 7 272,172 7 978 645 7,779 072 7 928 820 12 582 924 10 284.380 11 728 997 11 947 400 12 386 060 15 488 692 16 761 989 16 530 930 18 941 373 26,557 524 36 279 823 37 179,818 35 338 697 31 502 248 33 184 167 34 136 936 34,387,483 28 404,149 38 105 350 54 413,963 48,326.912 68 292 660 60.932,130 55,400 711 80,547 962 91,514 286 88,382 438 101,634 952 108 393 567 3 397 521 4 041 47-1 7 310 022 33 393 464 11 lid 3. 5,500 unus. 1834 1835 1836 1837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 45.500 1,500 26,300 24,500 26,500 42.600 38,500 28,000 63,000 34.000 101,000 79,000 44,500 23,500 35,000 32,500 32,500 58,000 46,500 50,000 60,000 52,000 70,000 75,000 October 15. Novembers. November 1. November 1. 1 October 17. October 13. 1 October 14 1 Ictober 13. 1 Ictober 12 1 October 22. 1 Ictober 3. October 4. 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855. Total ..... 4 70,000 October 7. 115.000 October 2. k 108,000 October 5. . 125,000 October 11. 123,OOOOctober 17. - 149,000 October 19. ! 206,000 October 9. 185,000 October 6. 143,000 October 4. ) 1880 406 7311 .820 1 T880 g Q Ph © 1821 15 665218 29301! 20718 13918 84,000 90.000 90,000 45,000 42,000 82,000 166,000 122,000 39,133 816 ,5of 778 7,681 5,673 5,638 1,083 L 137 1.104 3 215 CO 10 0 1 8919 $3,379 717 3.817 238 4 283,125 4 539 769 4 290 034 4 167 521 4 531 645 6 217 881 6 857 209 7 599 083 9 766 693 8 871-652 9,590 505 13 781,809 17 519 814 15 117 649 14 029 912 9,496,808 12.864,942 10 677 190 10 256 350 8 033 591 10 760 499 12 528 460 12.800 000 13 654 113 14 402 150 12 923 608 17 183.327 24,981 150 19 586 013 18 319 516 20 920 819 82 919 000 1 011 462 1 848 657 4,458 354 17 705 655 18,333 580 20 006 777 18 285 527 13 472 483 11 637 168 9 631.252 11 240 900 P af 1879 $10 912 11,199 11,924 6,938 3 850 1,398 814 47 069 ANS LA. 1879 >05 :of 06 • WL (62, 191$ GO ing results: "".541 "21i 6,151 71,153 9,855 5,831 26,462 20,656 30,021 42,72( "4,80. 37,611 3,981 18,328 Butter, bbls Beeswax, bbls Beeswax, boxes. Beeswax, lbs Beef, bbls Beef, hhds Beef, dried, lbs Buffalo robes, packs Dotton, La and Mississippi, bales.... Jotton, Mobile, bales Dotton, Lake, bales Dotton, N. Alabama and Teun., baies.. Jotton, Missouri and Illinois, bales.... Jotton, Arkansas, bales ... 333 255 51 22190 9631 56 115223 3180 358931 16472[ 11166 96142 "'5738 6882 3564 8782 255462 293862 247 216 1790 85328 443 1176 222 338J 287191 72 8 1815 70 37 9650 7 21832 44878 16194 973 47 1681 66 196 20 50935 10061 '18 30052] 2674 345970 17456 10826 148132 3134 2764 3084 1532] 227845 172613 217 46 26 45756 21 60 386 6268 285705 192 2627 183 31 9200 21 905 35046 35967 1127 3611 1 3341 80 478 28750 5455 - 180 59160 1835 307421 5063 9223 135542 "1616 5321 917 1655 98584 62900 117 511 1199 65000 319 1080 361 3720 320665 67 6 479 330 13600 32 27 36 41439 38934 998 3123 68 2351 j 199201 ! | 631 i 20310 42 160 384 185 50 5350 204 83910 1937 292748 1533: 11974! 93303 2862 165 2 374 4550 3 172410] 1992 198620 17663 7354 114934 "1187 ' 9499 446 332 183 500 10696 80 40600 2554 242427 367 83 811 73 441 7566 22 200 3061 74194 6093 "795 40 5400 5405 133 2100 15210 150570 6350 8753 99355 20 1332 770 69 6484 5622 33 17272 19987 191176 3484 8017 92648 109 1201 1543 498 89876 "147 73ll 646 338 140 285 260 152593 6 8 271 285 56 350 724 256 12931 23298 167 "ii 1082 115645 |U*VllVUUl AU. ... 1819 1 114 . "36496 9 .""". 8963 46545 0 "sii i2305 ' 24085 " 208 65808 6193 245 17 ,655 ,530 ,377 ,527 1,316,033 1,934,52' I"' ( :gn IMPORTS-Nl ILEANS. $17,705 18,333 30,008 18,285 13,472 9.030.443 $4,876,819 7.463.477 $8,706,400 1,711 4n 49.2 *30817! $3 - ( [34] VALUE OF PRODUCE OF THE INTERIOR 1 A Table Showing the Receipts of the Principal Articles from tne Interior, During the Year Ending- August 31. 1857, with their Estimate Average and Total Value. Ii 877 | 1878 $1,363,939 683,752 944.577 774,673 584,266 724 226 510,160 662,138 358 477 322,989 1 132,150 664 404 8,725 751 CO 00 $13 262 638 12,308,773 12,441,529 9 45o 481 5,809 167 3 323 197 1 015 580 544 997 927,754 2,035 737 5,777 033 7,469,507 74 366,388 ■ . ■ ... - . - ■ ■ ■' -• [15| TOBACCO. Receipts and Exports of Tobacco at the port of New Orleans. 1822-1882. [161 COTTON. Receipts and Exports of Cotton at the port of New Orleans. 1822-1882. [13] The total number of vessels that cleared at th ' New Orleans Customhouse for the year just ended 1881-82 was 953 of which 520 were steamers. Hamburg Gottenburg & Stockholm.. Spain, Gibral- tar, etc .... Mexico, West Indies, etc. - Genoa, Trieste, etc J 1,43b 4,143 [19] DATES OF FIRST RECEIPTS OF COTTON IN NEW ORLEANS DURING THE YEARS SPECIFIED. 24,518 ARTICLES. Value. V 1 V alue. 1 ] t- 77,965 :97,005 189 242 ,85 158 !09 233 (89,605 >02, ■ 22 >54,948 >23,599 '48,329 >40.831 >'0,356 W0 593 186,751 786 122 986 461 716 754 013,38i 468,83c 334,80: 496,65! 977,48 055,55 777,88 545,91 3 171616 1769 2024 68806 7 uan- ity. Aver'gi Price. ARTICLES. Q Aver'ge nan- Price, ity. Receipts Hhds. Exports Hhds. Receipts Bales. Exports Bales. 1829 1830 - 1831 1832 1833 * 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 • • • ( 1840 1841 1842 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1862 1863 1864 1865 1870 (2) FOREIGN EXPORTS-PORT OF NEW ORLI 1876 I 18 $ ',262 874 $10.4 12 117,160 9 3 14,836,9-8 7 3 7 275,944 5 5,340 216 5,? 3,805, "70 3,; 2,120,330 1,4 1,713,594 1,033,138 5, -94,838 4.' 8 314 903 8,( 10 233 681 12, 81,387,836 70. Hl w r-1 From the preceding tables we obtain the follow TOTAL FOREI Ol 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 Total YEAR. YEAR. We give for reference first receipts iu previous years as follows : 1849 Aug. 7 1872 Rio Grande....July 17 1850 Aug 11 1872 Miss. Vai Aug. 4 1851 July 25 1873 R. Grande ....July 10 1852 Aug. 2 1873 Miss. Vai Aug. 1 L853 ..Aug. 2 1874 R. Grande ....July 13 Russia....... Oth'r for. ports New York ... Boston, etc.... Provid'nce, etc Philadelphia... Baltimore Maine Other coast- wise ports.. By river and rail Total .... 97,672 ' i.77,339 890 9,078 2,906 86,085 '211,666 26,475 12,981 3,572 3,291 185,910 172,974 11,657 6,742 876 403 77,033 30,771 169.586 13,253 6,014 13 3,819 57,059 " 179,585 23.487 8.022 432 834 1,162 6.567 46,92( ' 109,62 38,79; 7,68' 5,78( 3( 5,89' 77,036 148,949 32,560 12,339 4,753 2,478 63,886 143,363 58,193 16,011 5.911 1,683 3,807 48,665, 137,423 40,2191 10,690 4,848 152 5,145 Jotton, Florida, b des. Dotton, Texas, bales • ", Dorn meal, bbls Dorn, in ears ".. i Jorn, shelled, sacks Jheese, casks ") ; " ; "; Candles, boxes Cider, bbls ; Joal, Western ■ ■ • • • Dried peaches .. J. " Dried apples. ' Feathers, bags / Flaxseed, bbls " " " " Flour, bbls. Furs, hhds Furs, boxes Furs, bundles Gin, bbls. "i"" Ginseng, bags and cases Ginseng, lbs Hemp, bundles Hempen yarn, reels / i i" Packing yarn Hides....'.., . Horns '' "' ' Hay, bundles. Iron, pig, tons Iron, wrought Lard, hhds "' Lard, bbls Lard, -kegs Lard, Tbs "W""".""." Leather, bundles Leather, sides I.tnw Woc+a™ Ki.:... . ■.; Lead, pig, pigs. Lead, bar, kegs and boxes Lead, lbs ' " Oats, bbls Onions, bbls Oil, linseed, bbls ' Oil, bear, bbls 6278 155 2963 91593 66693 145 1819 898 24120 29 3521 193 2443 42397 2U90l 1791 622 635 40800 136 231 98 724 133700 80 12 387 10 138 6429 398 88 15823 29192 1025 328 "6 2907 284 6849 91882 -'' "84 318 455 336 126 373 541 157323 67 21 431 143 47 2137 379 18439 17327 IT, -19 531 110206 Dollars Dollars. Dollars. 1 Dollars. 55711 " 2i" 7401 ..." 5 60 "643 25401 2 0,175 Apples, bbls ..... Sacon asst., hhds and casks iacon asst., boxes lacon hams, hhds. and tcs.. Jaeon in bulk, lbs Sagging, pieces Sale rope, coils Scans, bbls Butter, kegs and firkins Batter, bbls .... Beeswax, bbls Beef, bbls Beef, tcs Beef dried, tbs Dotton, bales ....... 1 Dorn meal, bbls Dern in ears, bbls Dorn shelled, sacks 1 Cheese, boxes. Candles, boxes Cider, bbls Coal, Western,.-bbls Dried apples & peaches,bbls Feather, bags Flaxseed, tcs Flour, bbls ... Furs, hhds. bdls. and boxes. Glassware, packages Hemp, bales Hides Hay, bales Iron. pig. tons .^... . Lard, kegs leather, bundles Lime, Western, bbls 3661 3912 885 3280 766 3202 11234 313 3234 106 8 2930 165 3088 51324 85 1471 43705 4897 7439 1 77000 63 82 26 2905! 171 308; 1301 16554 5931 1030s 5 0 100 0 45 0 75 0 ) ' 1 8 16 0 6 10 0 9 8 0 5 10 0 0 35 0 7 50 0 7 15 0 1 25 0 0 1 7 57 0 6 5 0 9 12 1 1 7 9 5 0 1 8 0 7 5 0 0 6 0 8 0 3 50 0 1 12 0 7 7 0 9 5 3 30 6 3 1 5 ^7 35 ' 183060 3912700 398475] ) 2460300 ) 766: ) 512448 ) 1123460 0 25112: 0 323450 0 371001 0 4350] 0 439605 0 41275 2 3705 0 86255079| 0 4280 5 18398 5 2514839 0 244895 0 595128 0 85 5 1150500 0 5040] 0 41150 0 3132 0 903417!)! 600000 0 154295' 0 390090] 0 579411 0 296805 A 0 3605945 0 657013 >0 194400 Z5 49540 zead, pigs zead bar, kegs and boxes. zead white, kegs Molasses (estim. crop) galls. 41 Dats, bbls, and sacks Inions, bbls lit, linseed, bbls Dil, castor, bbls Dil, lard, bbls 'otatoes, bbls ... 'ork, tierces and bbls ?ork, boxes 'ork, hhds 'ork in bulk, tbs 3 Dorter and ale, bbls Jacking yarn, reels Sum, bbls Skins, deer, packs Shingles, M Shot; kegs.... ,... Soap, boxes Staves, M Sugar (estimated crop), hhds Spanish moss, bales Tallow, bbls Tobacco leaf, hhds Tobacco strips, bhus. Tobacco stems, hhds Tobacco chewing, kegs&bxl' Twine, bundles and boxes . - 18291 365 85 182380 193171 14670 10 956 8074 74133 243228 10924 2872 117340 1788 1435 435 794 6000 2745 9538 7000 73976 8475 965 47867 5851 1350 3261 3132 1354 1 Wl R' 5 00 21 25 5 35 1 60 5 00 40 00 60 00 45 00 2 50 20 00. 45 00 80 00 08 10 00 6 00 30 00 30 00 3 00 27 00 4 00 65 00 110 00 30 00 30 00 1 210 00 | 3tf0 OO 03 01 25 00 12 0C 6 Of VI Ol 91455 j1 7756 454 2685309 629073 73350 400 57360 363330 |] 185332 4864560 ( 491580 1 229760 ] 273387 1 17880 j 8610 13050 23820 18000 74115 38152 455000 8137360 254250 28950 '[ 10052070 1755000 85050 81525 37584 8124 wyii-rq 2327886 6500000 [ 1876 $1,363,518 624,882 543 819 827,933 1,157 804 746,155 812 883 572 631 571 922 741 653 562,084 1,109,019 j 9,634 253 1822-3.. 1823-4.. 1824-5.. 1825-6.. 1826-7.. 1827-8.. 1828-9 . 1829-30. 1830-1.. 1831-2.. 1832-3.. 1833-4.. 1834-5.. 1835-6.. 1836-7.. 1837-8.. 1838-9 . 1839-40. 1840-1.. 1841-2.. 1842-3-. 1843-4.. 1844-5.. 1845-6.. 1846-7.. 1847-8.. 1848-9.. 1849-50. 1850-1 - - 1851-2.. 1852-3.. 1853-4.. . 17,542 25,733 18,049 19,383 31,704 36.345 29,432 33,781 32,708 31.174 20,627 25,771 35,059 50,555 28,501 37,585 28,153 43,827 53,170 66,855 91,454 82,435 71,493 72,596 55,588 55,582 52,335 60,304 64,030 88,655 75,010 48,905 56,090 29,361 25,910 17,849 18,480 26,570 35,411 25,491 29,028 34,968 35,056 23,637 25,210 33,802 41,634 35,821 35,555 30,780 40,438 54,667 68,053 89,891 81,259 68,679 62,044 50,375 60,366 52,896 57,755 54,591 93,715 64,075 53,043 1822-3. 1223-4. 1824-5. 1825-6. 1826-7- 1827-8. 1228-9. 1829-30 1830-1. 1831-2. 1832-3 1833-4. 1834-5. 1835-6. 1836-7. 1837-8. 1838-9. 1839-40 1840-1. 1841-2. 1842-3. 1843-4. 1844-5 1845-6. 1846-7. 1847-8. 1848-9. 1849-50 1850-1. 1851-2. 1852-3. 1853-4. 161,959 141,524 206,358 249.881 336,573 295,853 268,639 362,977 429,392 345,646 403,832 467,984 495347 605,813 57^ 514 954,445 822,870 740,155 1,089,642 910,854 979,238 740;669 1 213,805 1.142,382 '837,723 995,030 1,429,182 1,664,864 1,440.779 171,872 143,843 259,681 304; 073 367,736 35L237 423,942 358.104 410,524 461,026 536,991 490,495 588,969 738,313 949; 320 821,288 l,088;870 895.375 984,416 1,054,857 724.508 1,201,8071 1,167,303-J 838,591 997,458 1,435,815 1,644,981 1,429.180 23,772 11,684 6,042 71047 7112 329 127 789 50000 47 250 143 887 210887 149 12 671 468 270 497 333 16 12929 30267 1155 30 1241 151420 ""325 • • ■ ' ■ ■ ■ ' ] '122933 42194 290754 120 103 239 50 438 400 360580 103 17 318 "162 "" 27 18 22716 32686 247 411 " "10 [48] EXPORTS OF SUGAR FOR TEN YEARS (UP THE RIVER EXCEPTED). EXPORTED TO 1864-65.118 64-65. 1863-64.j 1863-64. 1 862-63. 1862-63.1 1861-62. 861-62. 1860-61. 1860-61. ) 023 228 1,693,475 1,991 780 J 054,562 5,451,878 2754 809 I 668 540 663,003 599,570 5 714 766| 9,523 188 3 166 877 5,695 700 0 Ps O 1875 $.162,979 1,558,622 850 154 543 444 862,579 520,628 801 265 809 272 903,280 1,156.140 1 661 104 1,004,404 11 637.168 1854 Ju lv 1«74 1YI1SS. v ai Aug. 1^ ionr. T> -Tnlvr I Hhds. I Ibis. Hhds. Bbls. Hhds. Bbls. Hhds. Bbls. Hhds. Bbls. 1 EXPORTS-NEW EANS. 1856 July 15 1875 Miss. Vai. ...July 16 857 Aug. 15 1876 R Grande June 30 1858 July 25 1876 Miss Vai Aug 4 1859 July 28 1877 R Grande... .July. 10 L860 July 5 1877 Miss. Vai Aug 1° 861 Aug. 11 1878 R. Grande,... .June 30 862 ' 1878 Miss. Vai July 31 863 Sept. 7 1879 Texas July 7 864 Aug. 14 , 1879 Miss. Vai.. . July 31 865 Aug. 11 1880 Texas July 14 866 Aug. 7 1880 Miss. Vai Aug. 8 L867 Aug. 15 1881 Texas ...July 30 868 Aug. 10 1881 Miss. Vai ....Aug. 1 I860 Aug. 3 1882 Texas July 12 870 July. 28 1882 Miss. Vai Aug. 1 871 July. 27 The receipts of new crop at this port up to Aug. 31 lave been as follows: 1870, 109 bales ; 1871; 22 ; 1872, .641 ; 1873, 71 ; 1874, 320 ; 1875, 342 ; 1876, 420 ; 1877, 19; 1878, 1,113; 1879, 842; 1880, 1.798; 1881, 4,279; 882 114 bah • 76,695,76 - 81,387,83 - 70,270,59 . 74,366,38 CD CO 1 loo: 200 Slew York >hiladelphia Jharleston, S. C Savannah 'rovidenceA Bristol,R.I. loston laltimore Norfolk. Richmond and Petersburg, Va Alexandria, Va Mobile .. J \palachicola A Pensacola Other ports Total 831 15 3i ' 3 10 13 4 " i2i 46 23 34185 2836 2336 120 "7 1278 114 "i38 i48 393 81645 5964 7 9856 774 is 2 8037 555 7 941 4 ""il2 313 66993 3080 "4461 1496 "i0287 55 4471 119 2 178 3 21436 1876 2491 151 4 151 287C 2966 7225 1355 1631 607 2 2 i 4 90 i25i 2357 405 r-4 i-i t- 1 833 882 1.696.718 1.435,336 1 704 794, 1.396,896 1.583.064 1.160.2T 1.348.393 1.406.021 1.087.453 910 262739 279 76 876 509 191 375 85 22352 28645 1634 1274 148 680 126276 "'856 ) 180062 2904 1874 $1,69. 349 1,291 975 874 194 1,157 580 559 891 836,431 951,377 484 635 784,234 1,449,367 1,985,534 1,402 886 CO I 1181 $15 318 267 12 524 255 13 067,764 11 278 515 6 467.956 3 264 524 1 284 508 1 427 867 681 936 4-238 938 7,812 686 10 577 581 87 9(4,797 recapitulation. 1 1875 1876 1877 1878 W HITHER Exported. 1880-81. 1879-80. 1878-79. 1877-78. 1876-77. 1875-76. 1874-75. 1873-74. 1872-73. 1871-72. OOI______________________ FOREIGN 1873 h 01 0 0 cc :o t- 1873 $13,746,651 17 665,978 12 286 395 13 175,218 8 840 103 5 335 754 2 548 430 1,1M 991 502 308 4 880 861 6,268,231 14 528 387 I 100,960,307 $2 534 1 1 739 1 1,873 5 1,711.6 1,289 7 1,016,8 943 0 1,330 l,340,C 1,772,5 1,342,5 1,490,4 18,285,5 B ORE Great Britain.. France N. of Europe.. South Europe, Mexico, etc.. Coastwise. ... Total 944,410 335,704 245,914 109,623 198,231 907,607 274,912 179,075 77,139 257,985 676,859 218,499 282,093 65,233 192,652 822,492 325,406 238,271 66,952 251,673 693,198 331.076 119,338 60,599 192,685 766,837 324,328 189,565 82.245 220.089 587,48 250,52 94,45 59,93 167,80 633,420 3 249,981 7 199,470 1 64,444 8 201,079 733,00' 194,081 185,17' 64,78 228,96 568,517 140,666 126,353 53,440 198,477 TOTAL FO] 882 217 39484 2070 98266 9969 86372 4773 42163 4724 1 7.L81 $1'824,739 1,056.126 1,562,702 2 615,615 1.959 860 1,219,234 946,232 1,301,575 1,356 434 2.040,849 1,822,218 2 300,793 cl The shipments of Sugar up the river for two years, ending August 31, 1865, were as follows : 1872 $11,322 732 15,412 087 13,942 594 10,414 556 8 196 621 3 401.486 2 191 868 319 038 1 832 482 6 533 311 10,253,662 12,130 505 95,950 942 1,833,882 1,696,718 1.435,336 1,704.794 1,396.896 1,583.064] 1,160.212' 1,348,393 1,405,02 > 1,087,453 PORTS. 1864-65 1864-6 1863-64 1863-64. PORTS. 1864-65. 1864-65. 1863-64 1863-64. [24] CUSTOM-HOUSE RECEIrXa. 1358! 117 I va lorn OK QKn 169315 256036 131111 505 489 151251 70276 214 240 25480 Hhds Bbls Hhds Bbls. Hhds Bbls. Hhds. Bbls. lx- 1)1,385,257 93,532,797 95,950,942 100,930,307 87,974,797 [20] AMOUNTS OF COTTON darned by the Chicago, St. Louis and New Orleans Railroad, during the Years Specified. 1880-81. 1880-81 210f 701 391 29^64' 70; 3274 1024 1 2f 25173! 68- 12000 74073 519 312 j 13o] 385 1146203183712 St. Louis, etc M 87 ?l 810 2099 I; 76 124 5l 101 24 t 585 6 5 6 Cairn nfp. Total 41 126' 1874 1875 1876 1877 87 974 797 75 695 700 81,387 836 70 270 593 781,918 ' 866,084 117 457 i,087 119 137 575 761 537 517 511 ,350 297 342 431 .842 3 <8 847 362 911 134 532 797 1871 1,634-501 2.265 881 1 519-731 1 726 351 1 768,931 l,604,20r 1,281,34c 717,13 1.016,781 2,086,70' 1,286,07 1.935,80 IO cQ 2 1879-80. 1879-80 & Vinegar, bbls Wheat, bbls, and saci 406 1 August ... September .. $ Mi 79 Qfi? ns !m<>v,.i> 46 [April 57 May.. 33[ June 12i|July 291 96|i Total 297,427 6'. * K&S 3 01 Louisville, etc. 7714 944 2330 590 & 1877-78 1878-79 11550-81 147,413 232,301 02 5184 37 28309| 1 [49] EXPORTS OF MOLASSES FOR FIVE YEARS (UP THE RIVER EXCEPTED). - - pv 3 ; -5 75j 2^ O IQ - ^1 r > -4 ~1 >r- y-1 1 - -1 ot GN EXPOR' ILEANS. 1855-6 . 59.074 1855-6. Months. Bales Bales । Bales Bales Bales Bales October 150,4^3 462,864 45 245500 2169 554 57 18 347 25 6 57 ) 230 7842 67672 5 30 4114096 1 1516 i .... 3 397 3 3809 197 ) 1196 j 7 76 0 251000 ) 700000 2 ) 720 1587 30015 11468 ) 1447 2272 126 ' 11 970 • 64 37012 1195 409641 521 ( 541 2941 25' 161 21' 24' 15 ) 21 588 4911 S 60 894140 42 7 41 ) 621 8 15 8 243 14 0 447 33100 9 85600 2 ) 7 390 2943 457 213 44 13 2815- Total value. [158061369 j. 822 3,336 185 598 221,031 81., 4 420 102 719 367 8 2,19 000 11 800 977 12 574 647 1 -e 3 -1 d 5 1870 1871 1872,--.. 1873 1874 Total 1856-7 . 1857-8.. 1858-9.. 1859-60. 1860-1■ 1861-2.. 1862-3.. 1863-4.. 1864-5.. 1865-6.. 1866-7.. 1867-8. . 1868-9. . 1869-70. 1870-1.. 1871-2.. 1872-3.. 1873-4.. 1874-5.. 1875-6.. 1876-7.. 1877-8.. 1878-9.. 1879-80. 1880-1.. 1881-2.■ 55,067 87,141 75,925 80,955 34,892 1,063 155 1,363 2,410 15,412 12.107 15; 304 28,036 19,093 23,801 27 425 30,191 17,221 5,119 26,671 9,317 14,162 2,694 6,858 11,584 5,046 50.181 72,215 79,974 82,689 39,806 2.224 12.556 797 1,831 6,921 16,380 21 ',284 16,450 26,713 19^984 26.010 8,668 17,652 9408 14,243 5,419 2,981 9,52" 1 2,584 1856-7. 1857-8. 1858-9. 1859-60 1861-2. 1862-3. 1863-4. 1864-5. 1865-6. 1866-7. 1867-8. 1868-9. 1869-70 1870-1 1871-2. 1872-3. 1873-4. 1874-5. 1875-6. 1876-7. 1877-8. 1878-9 1879-80 1880-1 11881-2. 1,513,247 1,678,616 1,774,298 2,255,448 1,849,312 38,880 22,078 131,044 271,015 787,386 780,490 668,395 841,216 1,207,333 1 '070^239 1,407,821 1,359.890 1'C°4','441 ijsffio: 1,437,76* 1,726,188 1,878,614 1,371,661 1,516,921 1,659,707 2;214;296 1,915,852 27,678 23,750 128,130 192,351 768,543 ' 668,395 841,216 1,185,050 1,541,359 1,087,453 1.406,026 1,348,393 L 583; 064 1,396,896 1,704.794 1,438,536 1,696,718 1,833.882 1,440,748 Sept . 13.207 50.895 64; 709 72,166 38,897 34,001 9 965 6,929 7.740 1,191 364 340 1,864 4,699 42,732; 12,496 69,157 59,975 80.388] 89,371 60,187 38,189 13,954 81,829 82.140 75,511 37,689 48,158 39,128 15,418 8,587 9.652 1 5,86. - November December,. January February. . 209,444 69 303,546 83 232,612 36 134,111 43 244,560 384,428 195,328 266,951 188,917 80 285,390 23 208.292 16 137,905 25 ' 1795 379 16 4 129 17 31 3 109 1356 7881 8 541697 75 14 139 433 6 136 10 58000 102000 10 588 33 4993 106 "155 27 4 427 5 3319 286' 109( 1551( 90* 64 ) 61 >| 50 ) 38 )| 2 7 4 8 126 8 843 6 9338 7 12 6 716093 6 4 ) 53 8 141 8 261 5 9 1 247 0 141 0 36860 0 100000 5 3 7 127 5 44 4 3578 5 139 94 1 320 51 > 7 4901 sl IS 5 3644! 1 7891 )l 10031 1685 143 51 9 1 36 28 ) 28 1 704 9198 1 26 4 263386 9 172 7 50 ) 208 0 509 1 17 7 206 4 2 5 158 0 5501 0 200000 7 5 0 58 ) 71 7 2496 i 238 14 123 25 6 922 15 3243 349 .... 244001 1 1041! '• 892 > 48! 1 15' 1 27. 9 40 1 8 7 3 84 5 1312 5 5937 8 17 0 419619 3 73 0 6 9 177 3 522 4 31 4 122 0 7 8 186 0 70200 0 85000 0 2 0 111 2 193 3 2136 3 284 5 180 8 282' 8 23 6 42 2 622! ' 951 33931 3171 1852 80!) 1666 151 572 1! 98: 272! 6215' 1.1 95320 20 "'68 280 14 309 40 99000 19' 63 3270 187 102. ' 202 21 4691 124 30579 2115 4111 132. 184( 141 72 201 23 10 106 514 3540 3 121112 63 8 408 1 12 > 452 134 933o6 77 133 3378 166 63 26 6 413 ... 1763 357 2637 63 . 91 192 747 88 780 5 1852 35817 362 863690 i 536 6 "286 5 3160 ) 155 S 1127 6 213 5 6906 ) 0 827000 2 11 0 612 2 30345 4978 2821 > 183 ) 234 6670 1725 44407 459 1880 • ol 102 52 1870 | $13 338,380 13 767 270 17 896 410 12 708 895 9 906 033 6 036,907 2 946 087 1,642 184 907 177 3 345 129 9 425,125 9 465 660 101 385 257 1870 $1,401,168 1 710.255 1 456 041 1,390 538 1 566 052 • 833,981 1,053,442 851 960 1,384,566 1,633,784 2,331,337 2,092 531 1 17,705,655 11 15,224 80G55 69,518 45,155 24,171 51,207 68;388 16,462 19.173 16,307 3; 896 5,051 609 505 [35] VALUE OF PRODUCE OF THE INTERIOR. PORTS. 1864-65. 1864-65. 1863-64 1862-63 1861-62. 1861-62 1860-61 1860-61. 1881 90.206 693 Jctober.. Vov Dec.. .. Jan Feb March ... April .... May. ... lune Inly. .. August .. Total ._ $2,820,561 44 $2,308,035 30 Hhds. Bbls. Hhds. Bbls. , Hhds. Bbls. Hhds Bbls. EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF NEW ORLEANS DURING THE YEAR 1882. I 25J S U B-TK EAS U K x - uh, castor, uoi Peach brandy, 3 bbls ARTICLES. 1856-57 1855-56 1854-55 ARTICLES. 1856-57 1855-56 1854-55 New York .... Philadelphia Charleston, S. C [Savannah Providence and Bristol, R. I Boston Baltimore Norfolk. Richmond and Petersburg, Va.. Alexandria, Va Mobile .j. Apalachicola and Pensacola Other ports Total 4004 541 529 136 46 10 68315 8341 ' "i" 673. 8. 21 11 145061 1842 39 2212 981 "" 7' "7 >[ . '' z 1335 116 i42 60 62i4 17 40088 4281 7765 328 5628 5 10344 5752 3343 30726 7933 6324 OREI O 4.5,t)J» ) "is ) The following tabulated statement of the. business of the port of New Orleans for the year ending December 31, 1882, was prepared by General Badger, Collector of the Port: January February March April May June July August September October November December ...... Total ...;- tary ■uary 311 1 list ember ber maber smber Total Grand Tot 20,746, 22,343 9,015 7,133 4.670 2,435 1,380 458 34.513 13,550 11.790 8,642 5,397 1,726 The following is a statement ot receipts and disbursements oy lit assistant-±reasurer oi tne united States at New Orleans, La., daring the fiscal years ending June 30, 1880, 1881 and 1882. Pickles, bbls Pickles, kegs Potatoes, bbls ' " Pork, bbls Pork, hhds Pork, in bulk, lbs. Porter and ale, bbls Rum, puncheons Rum, bbls Skins, deer, packs Skins, bear, packs Shot, kegs Shot, bags Soap, boxes. Shingles, boxes Staves, boxes. Segars, bbls Moss, Spanish, bales Tallow, bbls Tobacco, leaf, hhds ". Tobacco, chewing, kegs and boxes Tobacco, carrots Tobacco, bales Twine, bundles Twine, boxes. Venison hams Vinegar, bbls. Whisky, bbls Window glass, boxes. Wheat, bbls and sacks L ollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. gl O RECEIPTS. 7172 DOMESTIC EXPORTS FOR 1882. Cotton Sugar Tobacco Flour Pork Lard Lead Molasses Bacon Corn Whisky Wheat Bagging Beef Hemp 36255079 703 0 51390720 0 18025020 5 7215195 5 5553166 5 4980557 8 4092530 0 359290 2 4255000 3 4993154 1 2402440 6 1306248 5 87606 0 608670 9 610414 0 940050 Bale rope Butter Hay Hides Coal Potatoes Staves • Tallow Feathers • Oats orn meal Other articles Total 1123460 360550 296805 579411 1150500 185332 455000 28950 41150 629073 4280 9557967 1013310 395065 612350 454293 444150 456390 232350 32265 32676 587180 960 8888412 667352 267628 366370 189670 559900 • 176343 188000 21330 30184 549972 1013 7260001 537 540 ACCOUNT. 1880. 1881. 1882. 8137360 11973645 9034179 5859287 4262958 91455 2685309 6772241 2533237 2329132 2327886 512448 484585 390090 1619989 807277 840730 558450 338127 40994 458224 457036 302003 178503 278247 61029 82428 504a4 Austria Belgium Brazil ■ ■ Central American States France Germany England Scotland Ireland Gibraltar - Canada British West Indies $70,080 1,158,998 1,000 61,687 17,370.880 4,657,240 1 42,884,456 If 111,587 ( 1,430.561 ,1 58,000 221,938 1 54.7711 British Honduras taly.... Mexico Netherlands 'ortugal - Russia . Spain Juba... United States of Colombia Total 251,548 2,458,452 1,182,647 414,137 36,815 5,407,539 2,645,899 237,179 33,508 Alar Apn May June July Aug Sept Octo Nov Dece , $ 3,5 1.0 300,405 333,397, 27a,4o9 401,DA 4 J -tn UR Customs - Internal revenue.. Sales of lands Postoftice Department - - • Transfers.. Disbursing officers - Miscellaneous. Totals $ 2,332,996 21 1,182,576 40 17,169 86 786,751 48 3,215,752 42 3,762.023 54 1,279,350 79 $ 3,127,801 74 927,021 96 45,792 56 629,283 10 13,034,692 30 32,551 95 35.136 97 /5) Total Sugar Orop of Louisiana; Annual Values, with Total Deaths from all Causes and from Yellow Fever. nuucase over ,;•■•■ : IS"7 1880-81 --: 137,320 bales. Decrease unde. 1880 81 .. dan & MOREY, Freight Agent, A. A. B. New Orleans, August 31, 1882. 752,766 96 1,001,788 24 13,319,396 44 5,992,563 91 862,607 41 Year. A Total Crop. Pounds. verage Price Per Hogshead. Total Value. Deaths in New Orleans from all Causes. Deaths in New Orleans from Yellow Fever. 5266 8353 J| 18714 II 7887 18 5 122512 5,687.166 83 165,681 16 [50] THE SHIPMENTS OF MOLASSES Up the River for Ttoo Years, Ending August 31, 1865, were as follows: 1828-33 1834-35 1835-36 1836-37 1837-38 1838-39 1839-40 1840-41 1841-42 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 ■ 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 281,000,000 .. 100,000,000 30,000,000 70,000,000 65 000,000 70,000,0<;0 115,000,000 87,000,000 90,009,000 140,000,000 100,000,000 200,000,000 186,650, >00 140,000 000 240,000,000 220,000,000 269,769,000 231,194,000 257,138,000 368,120,000 495,150,000 385,720,000 254,569,000 81,373,000 307,666,700 414,796,000 255 115,750 263,065,000 528,321,500 95,954 100 84,484,100 10,780,000 19,886,900 42,900,000 41,400,000 95,100,000 99,500,000 168,900,000 146,900,000 125,300,000 103,200,000 » 134,500-000 165,450,000 194,901,000 149,469,000 251,088,860 211,740,062 272,982,899 159 874,950 of sugar in Louisia alf years of the civi .882,' it is less than 01 nust be attributed t< f 1861-1865. is of sugar were ma< $60 00 90 00 60 00 62 50 62 50 50 00 55 00 40 00 42 50 60 00 45 00 55 00 70 00 40 00 40 00 50 00 60 00 50 00 48 00 35 00 52 00 70 Ou 110 00 $6 000,1'00 2,700,000 4,200,000 5,062,500 4,375,000 5,750,1'00 4 785 000 3,600,000 4,750,000 6,000,000 9,000,000 10,265 750 9,800,000 9,600,000 8,800,000 12,396,150 12,678,180 11,827,350 15,452,688 15,726,340 18,025,020 16,199,890 8,137,360 17,900.608 24 998,424 18,190,880 14,468,627 25,095,271 7.749.602 13,801,139 1,994,300 2,847.442 5,360,000 5,800,000 11,161,0 -0 10,442,000 14,261,000 13,911,000 10,900,000 8,558,000 11,265,000 11,578,000 15,616,001 9,107,000 14,704,290 15,345,000 20,084,888 12,890,439 diminished, and his calamity the ct of 1861, under n of the slaves d in 1861, the twe iron of snear ws 3,687 3,873 2,734 4,807 2,606 3,931 2,977 4,549 3,375 4,050 4,476 2,783 4,220 7,303 8,885 9,572 7,531 7,275 8,379 15,287 11 341 7,501 5,335 95 284 5 1,300 17 800 3 1,325 211 487 148 2 160 2,506 808 769 107 17 456 7,849 2,425 2,670 74 $26,556,811 88 $80,748,922 ■ 158061369 144256081 117106823 DISBURSEMt TS. PORTS- 1864-6! 1864-6 5. 1863-64 .1863-64. PORTS. 1864-65 1864-65 1863-64 1863-64. IMPORTS FOR 1882. (17) TABLE SHOWING THE VALUE OF THE SOUTHERN STAPLES AND WESTERN PRODUCE RECEIVED AT NEW ORLEANS EACH YEAR. ACCOUNT. 1880. 1881. 1882. [36] TOTAL VALUE OF ALL PRO- DUCTS RECEIVED AT THIS PORT FROM THE INTERIOR, FROM SEPTEMBER 1, 1841 TO AUGUST 31, 1854. 37] IMPORTS INTO NEW ORLEANS FOR FOUR YEARS Hhds . Bbls . Hhds Bbls. Hhds. Bbls. Hhds Bbls. Brazil British West Indies British Honduras Belgium Central American States Cuba Denmark. Dutch West Indies • • England . France Germany $2,108,379 116.212 329,936, 110,702 J 219,082 1,559,764 11,4091 4,439 4,314,897 779,351 139,0091 taly. Mexico Netherlands 'ortugal Scotland Spain. Jnited States of Colombia french West Indies Ireland ■ ■ ■ Total. 495,787 461,292 58,409 661 107,042 34,593 3,481 300 147,899 Treasury drafts Postoffice warrants Disbursing officers' checks Transfers Miscellaneous Totals I $ 2,765,056 72 705,227 69 4,716,637 65 5,414,700 00 7.689 00 $ 3,199,070 37 681,623 94 4,353,161 17 14,117,864 59 7,272 00 $ 3,215,367 22 866,472 69 6,298,436 00 13,494,042 57 323,559 06 St. Louis Cincinnati, etc Louisville, etc 41 1 60 57 9 54 1 10 72 .. 2 17290 2475 1498 Cairo, etc Total- 70 543 441 • 1344 ) 3 2 25880 YEARS. Cotton. Sugar. Molasses. Tobacco. Other Products. Total. Year ending June 185 Year . ending J June 1854 Year ending Tune 1855 Year ending June 1856 [39] VALUE OF RECEIPTS FROM THE INTERIOR FOR 1859-60, 1863-64, 1864-65. $13,609,311 06 $22,358,992 07 $24,197,877 54 2439 4741 1 2644! ] 915 Years. Value. Years. Value. ARTICLES. 1864-65. 1863-64. 1859-60. 1841-42 1842-43 1843-44 1844-45 1845-46 1846-47 1847-48 1848-49 1849-50 1850-51 $41,885456 48,756,764 $12,396,150 12,678,180 11.827,350 15,452,688 15,726,340 18,025,020 16,199,890 8,137,360 17,900,608 24,998,424 18,190,880 $2,400,000 2,625,000 4,026,000 5.140,000 3.720,000 i;255,000 4.582,242 2,685,300 4.601.015 6,470,817 6.250,335 " " $6 166,401 7 736,601 7,196.18: 7.938,651 4.228,101 7,111.371 7,982,801 11.892,121 13,628,32' 9,161,751 8,499.32-' $34,049,171 35427,531 36,109,95 53 782.054 60,094,716 57,196,122 77,193,464 90,033,256 79,779,151 81,989,692 96,897,873 106,924,083 108,051,708 [26] IMPORTS INTO NEW ORLEANS FROM THE INTERIOR, FOR TEN YEARS, FROM SEPTEMBER 1. TO AUGUST 31. IN EACH YEAR. 11,002,644 [28] EXPORTS OF COTTON AND TOBACCO FROM NEW ORLE ANS FOR SIX YEARS, COM- MENCING SEPTEMBER 1, AND ENDING AUGUST 31, 1851-1857. 1853-54... 1852-53... 1851-52... 1850-51... 1849-50. . 1848-49... 1847-48... 115336798 134233735 108051708 106924083 96897873 81989692 79779151 1846-47.. 1845-46.. 1844-45.. 1843-44.. 1842-43.. 1841-42 . 90033251 77133464 57196122 60094716 53782054 45716045 Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Amount. | Average Price. Amount. Average Price. Amount. Average Price. 1 Value. Dollars. I FOREIGN EXPORTS FOR 1882. Dutiable. ... free lullion and Specie. Total 801902 427225 9 8272449 2 3876573 2 2253128 6939002 4297170 1687436 8990583 6417595 1775148 Fl Value Dollar ARTICLES 1856-57 L853-54 1852-53 1851-52] 1850-51 1849-50 Germany Cuba England $12 577 6,796 41,819 245,197 9,940 British West Indies... Jentral k merican States United States of Colombia 408 851 131 181 D-Dt) 2449 4-DD 2523 1848- 19 18' 7-4S COTTON. TOBACCO. 136283 p Apples, bbls Bacon, asst. casks, etc - Bacon, boxes and bbls.. Bacon hams, hhds Bacon in bulk, tbs..... Bagging, pieces Bale rope, coils Beans, bbls Butter, kegs. Butter, bbls Beeswax, bbls Beef, tbs. and tcs Beef dried, tbs Buffalo robes, peks Cotton- La. and Miss., bales... Lake, bales N. Ala. & Tenn., bales. Arkansas, bales Montgomery, bales ... Mobile, bales Florida, bales.... Texas, bales Corn meal, bbls Corn iu ears, bbls. Corn shelled, sacks Cheese, boxes Candles, boxes Cider, bbls Coal, Western, bbls Dried peaches, bbls...... Dried apples, bbls Flaxseed, tierces Flour, bbls Fur, hhds. bxs., bds.... Feathers, bags Glassware, boxes . Hemp, bales. Hides, bales. Hay, bales Iron, pig Lard, hhds Lani, tcs. and bbls ..... . Lard, kegs. Lime, Western, bbls..... Lead, pigs -■■--••• Lead, bar, kegs •.. Lead, white, kegs Molassi s, bbls 36612 39127 8855 32804 7760 32028 112346 3149 32345 1060 87 30958 30880 30 1068385 4137 277545 80933 18991 4104C 470t 1750; 85l 1471! 143705 4897 7439 1' 177000 25 37 26 1.29059 174 82 3085 1300 16554 5936 7 10302 9385 2830 1829 36 8 8416 47451 37664 9931 32155 121000 45263 102274 13459 47649 1934 Kit 40011 31601 12 961526 19239 256594 107566 33798 31008 9368 21680 355 48404 1740267 58132 72299 89 1000000 2704 464*. 192 874256 1048 137'. 2485' 19992 112481 7266J 511 43306: 11047' 21 aa< 74291 211 544 341471 48388 50347 4009 42868 134300 64144 121553 9494 44444 2184 194 78791 18900 17 1135172 21614 328176 95032 23095 38324 7861 14685 1788 . 17621 122503 3949' 68791 3t 700001 251 197* 127 80867 73 204 1340 1764 10146 17500 12 10 J1813 15967 - 3385 21028 15 72 25462 44695 1771 20356 46734 3626 38488 281280 60044 90272 6598 44786 1778 171 52850 26100 1300 967679 15202 304153 85430 21760 15606 4807 14546 2514 163008 1397132 72441 53936 300 850000 336 468 ! 519 927212 > 2136 206 5 19251 3 17149 1 123687 9 53431 3 125496 2 157689 - 40305 7 267564 1138 > 1368 233923 3 463273 8 17184 54808 48602 9274 44478 235000 72304 107224 4236 54967 2720 230 48066 15300 155 618156 14399 236821 62798 18051 24473 11091 9252 3662 42526 1298932 78894 80748 245 700000 2685 4168 204 941106 3645 16428 25116 140338 48281 152 325505 629 184483 479741 1427! 37244 38336 28941 19335 209045 58321 86104 9307 51058 1772 367 65671 48219 358 474411 10902 249683 44890 17501 23647 10601 6088 5187 42719 1114897 62809 55306 903 600000 934 661 21' 591981 444 5901 488' 34791 43541 5625! 2< 21 22801 30236 3206( 41540 63 597 1$!)81 32579 1302 19518 1365411 3 14302350 12923608 17183327 Alcohol bbls Apples " 956 85902 $182 50 7 00 174470 251314 1780 39693 $93 60 4 83 166608 191717 67416 h 5 00 337080 40787 32056 32156 19834 217000 72941 93332 13157 57972 2144 481 70590 20300 23 811205 15781 217078 46733 9839 25325 5065 11356 12097 295711 706312 51287 28362 1189 315000 469 2495 1188 1013177 200 3939 19856 30570 54241 413 791 214362 275485 10411 508557 94! » 7795 5 155807 > 266559 6898 45119 1851-2 1851-2 Hhds France ■ Mexico. British Honduras Total $305,731 1856 1857 : 858 1859 860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865-66 1866-67.... 1867-68 868-69 1869-70 1870-71 1871-72 1872-73 1873-74 1874-75 1875-76 1876-77 1877-78 1878-79 1879-80 1880-81 1881-82 The production last three and a 1 sixteen years, in ished production of the civil war 0 The largest cro 64 00 69 00 82 00 63 25 54 62 88 84 179 70 203 50 157 50 137 50 154 00 138 00 120 00 98 00 108 00 100 50 90 50 95 00 83 00 95 50 72 00 70 50 89 00 92 00 100 75 na was greatly . war ; and after re-half the produ the emancipatio le in 1853, 1858 an r. The largest 5,223 11,372 6,494 7,341 5,<>99 6.278 7,011 8,566 6,699 7,342 9,586 4,838 5,593 6.942 5.595 6,122 7,505 6,798 6,117 6,241 6,708 I",318 5,129 5,623 6,106 n fact, almost des increase was slow the system of sla md the general re former years wer is made in ls78. a 199 4,845 91 75 2 2 6 I 192 3,107 3 3 587 54 226 11 61 42 1 1851-52 1852-53 1853-54.... 1854-55. - 1855-56 1856-57 1857-58 1858-59 1859-60 48,592.222 68.759,424 54,749,602 51,390,720 70.371,720 86,255,079 37.442,971 36,912.75! 36,421,71! 45,119,421 49,091.511 42,798,251 40,283,87* 42.881,481 134,233,735 115,336.798 117,106,823 144,256,081 158,061,369 167,155^546 172,952,669 185,211,254 2732 28751 173760 33905 101331 6758 33119 1825 >130 61059 19010 1 1170693 4652 379434 102154 O lOJr 36542 5186 23601 240 41924 1990995 42652 82893 59 987000 286 2761 230 1120974 ) 1030 ; 77c ; 30321 i 16818 ; 151431 146737 331 1 7 110711 B 83791 t) 16551 L 8662' 5 341 5 6i 9 288811 587181 0 1447' 3492 31371 232920 40578 95336 4690! 33874 1017 141 41587 23850 865699 4128 286758 16323 15764 4147 16690 225 10701 1110446 45245 56383 14 1018000 397 855 281 673111 802 1078 16384 31335 84298 73271 17 104 144036 98326 19233 70514 301 269 310718 439978 11665 ' 18539 381140 77682 74325 20485 45213 1156 698 50260 56100 14 883144 13734 227561 64294 "10857 4208 10007 47543 509583 1083465 52362 16750 344 320000 385 1173 4393 706958 411 2594 4260 21584 47662 61934 701 459 216031 303661 14920 606966 787 9203 0 Hhds Hhds [38] RECEIPTS FROM THE INTERIOR, FOR NEW ORLEANS. Bacon, asst, .hhds A csks. [Bacon, asst boxes. [Bacon Hams, .hhds A tcs. Bacon in bulk lbs. Bagging pieces. Bale Rope coils. Beans bbls. Butter.... kegs and firks Butter bbls. Bran sacks Beef bbls Beef. tcs Beef, dried. - lbs Cotton bales Cotton Seed sacks ( orn Meal bbls Corn in ear. " Corn, shelled sacks Cheese boxes (Jandles boxes oal, Western.:... . bbls Dried Apples A peaches " [Feathers .... bags [Flaxseed bbls [Flour " [Furs.. hhds, bdls and bxs [Glassware pkg's iHemp bales [Hides Hay bales Horns ... Iron, pig tons Lard bbls and tcs Lard .kegs Leather' bdls Lime, Western bbls Lead : ■ pigs Lead, bar. .. .kegs and bxs Lead, White kegs [Molasses gals Oats sacks Onions bbls ,Oil, Linseed. bbls (Oil, Castor " Oil, Lard " [Oil Cake : tons Potatoes bbls [Pork .. tcs and " 13582 4942 1609 6371 17876 12381 21880 179 113314 23566 2975 6300 271615 18199 18907 4170 553273 26781 31717 994770 1214 425 790824 "2861 2559 9951 226764 14650 " 298i 7303 3575 14029 551 749000 278938 17552 135 95 2507 3152! 4170'' 190 00 80 00 139 50 i9 50 16 00 9 00 49 00 117 50 ■ 2 20 20 50 30 75 18J 270 54 1 20 7 50 2 20 2 90 7 50 14 50 1 65 20 00 42 00 17 40 .9 80 6'56' 63 50 2 70 6 20 5 56 00 11 50 42 00 3 00 12 50 6'96' 884 4 00' 7 30 72 00 163 00 77 00 50 00 4 00 30 30 2580580 395360 224455 124234 286016 111429 1072120 21032 249290 483103 91481 1149 73320398 21838 ■ 141802 9174 1604491 200857 459896 1641370 24280 210 7395 7750075 ""i&si 162496 26867 1405936 732 166936 83984 150150 42087 62 4903 662865 1115752 128129 'ma 15485 193039 250 126092 1525517 14930 4432 14059 13361 2208 14495 11555 30983 62 44093 53082 40 3500 131044 3729 7496 40665 410138 35744 48262 265298 2025 55 399897 612 303 22256 170956 158132 60 18027 9655 3358 14641 30 3301 5738400 735562 13322 90 86 1162 150615 67022 118 22 49 77 108 87 13 16 60 13 00 12 38 37 11 103 50 2 30 14 64 21 96 14i 356 20 1 30 6 00 1 50 3 40 6 27 13 43 3 00 13 75 16'66' 9 18 ' is 00 40 00 3 24 7 69 6 50 00 37 37 7 69 88 35 3 50 17 50 "'8'75' 66 4 90 6 00 80 00 100 00 54 00 4 25 25 80 1765024 230580 1530603 1736 36652 188435 143050 1149779 6417 101413 777120 878 507 46677872 11347 44976 60999 1394569 224114 648158 795894 27843 880 3671054 9180 12120 72099 1314651 9487 3000 673668 74266 296679 51243 525 28883 3127344 3604253 7W WJOO 62748 640113 1729167 45015 5987 37814 39000 21427 125429 8889 38345 1506 216677 35318 9616 93726 2255448 538 36092 1722039 35596 110405 2900000 1121 936 375 965860 1501 68879 4883 163568 152659 643 65784 90699 6115 33143 80964 1658 1842 17858100 659550, azz tor ! 1020 571 9333 207698 216523 90 00 15 00 55 00 08 15 00 9 00 4 56 10 00 35 00 1 25 12 00 18 00 10 48 50 'BOO 1 00 1 75 3 50 7 00 40 12 00 22 00 12 00 6 25 15 00 5 00 21 00 3 00 4 70 30 00 30 00 6 00 30 00 1 65 5 00 17 50 3 00 35 2 00 <J V<!( 30 00 44 00 34 00 2'75 17 00 4051350 89805 2079770 3120 321405 1128861 40000 383450 52710 270846 423816 173088 9372 109389228 1614 36092 3013568 124586 772835 1160000 13452 20592 4500 6036625 2265 344395 102543 490704 717497 19290 1973520 544194 183450 54685 404820 29015 5526 6250335 1310100 IStfllKf 30600 25124 317322 ""571169 3680891 Bales. I 72HH 13980 5494 8900 1 2833 I 5463 4330 6736 55835 15089 11500 19294 58530 17737 Sales. Bales. Bales. Bales. 1 Sales. Hhds Hhds Hhds VALUE OF GOODS RECEIVED IN THIS PORT IN TRANSIT AND SHIPPED TO CANADA AND MEXICO. (THESE DO NOT APPEAR AMONG THE IMPORTS.) Liverpool London Glascow, Greenock, etc. Cowes, Falmouth, etc... Cork, Belfast, etc Havre Bordeaux Marseilles Nantes, Cette and Rouen Amsterdam Rotterdam and Ghent .. Bremen.... Antwerp, etc Hamburg Gottenburg & Stockholm Spain, Gibraltar, etc.... Mexico, etc 779021 "12851 15611 6253 185254 1285 > 2019 ' 5013 1310 32349 9010 23709 869835 50 . 39767 12434 '202957 2317 5098 1154 1375 1982 14621] 22232 10531] 7392] 51443 20693 76902 37502 73043 151580] 16028 19362 5126] 1200 751172 11700 7211 2159 183054 1554 4308 7338 259 1507 10248 24562 17694 6634 4764.' 11919 75093 15046 101938 13862! 4561 15594 474.' 4' 120( 6164 5179 103 "143 213 932 14 623 10667 3725 "121 4671 5457 6245 1446 843 66 '"32 - 293 460( ".384 19 190 56 824 874 '82 1427 "447 432 717 140 ■ 41 5272 7571 [ ■■ 5491 843o' 3056 6661 100 ) 5293 2492 46 S 904 1 7618 2 4947 3714 6 6019 8 739 0 489 103 2 97 6360 5048 573 5707 2317 4423 624 644 7970 392# 768 6282 1928 2479 4318 126 190 50 110 53043 9458 6082 "eib 1482 169 1257 800 282 15053 4034 125 414 10175 1966 2647 "7231 1331 ' 681 124 14' 7844 5197 982 "9056 1916 2976 1157 222 15515 7618 475 1 1229 7662 11134 L.3'^ 1 13347 1941 1296 385 230 2601 860 | 83! 8 8621 5 3461 ARTICLES. 864-65.11 863-64. 862-63. 861-62. 1860-61.11859-60.1 858-59 1857-58. 1856-57.1 1855-56. England France $201,337 19,876 ftaly T'n+nl 166 $225,476 88. 09, 27,340 137.794 ■ 109,389.228 20458] 187! 227152 168651 Alcohol ;.bbls. Apples ... - " Bacon, asst cks, etc. Bacon bbls and bxs Bacon, Harns hhds. Bacon in bulk lbs Bagging ..pieces. Bale Rope coils Beans bbls. Butter kegs. Butter bbls. Bran sk s. Beef bbls and tcs. Beef, dried lbs Cotton - La. and Miss ... bales. Lake " N. Ala. and Tenn- " Arkansas..,. " Montgomery " Mobile..... " Florida " Texas " Corn in ears bbls. Corn, shelled sacks. CottonSeed....... " Cheese boxes I Candles " Coal, Western bbls. Dried Apples, etc .. " Flaxseed Flour " Feathers bags. Glassware boxes.. Hemp bales. Hides.- Hay bales. [Iron, Pig tons. Leather . . .bundles Lard tcs and bbls Lard kegs. 956 85902 13582 4942 1609 6371] 17876 12381 21880 179 113314 26541 6300 241085 4333 229 358 16776 630 7604 4170 18199 26781 31717 994770 1214 425 ■ 790824 285J 2559 9951 2267G4 3575 2981 1780 39693 14930 4432 14059 13361 2208 14495 11555 30983 62 44093 53082 3500 124182 1001 647 5214 40666 410138 8729 35744 48262 265298 2025 55 399897 303 22256 170956 60 3358 18027 178 30081 12433 1853 12490 "48 3139 13454 26178 86 33943 41355 18815 1959 '606 8 690 19698 165220 510 29286 29940 3420 20 264601 42 10 16931 87570 2356 9495 307 24127 4073 681 3420 784399 1223 2455 2098 5036 322 65746 13622 34594 3585 701 22216 315652 258750 3941 5265 1262 16 281645 51 3S3 11865 40578 59 10340 6069 3193 74276 38188 6344 25636 8554 49083 10127 22447 354 230916 23389 6000 1324849 3511 249150 168089 11551 48270 13279 30613 122644 3383911 207555 59429 46165 1628000 1692 459 1009201 373 S2148 1602 93786 152173 215 9768 39633 ' 67416 45015 5987 37814 39000 21427 125429 8889 38345 1506 274277 44934 93726 1588947 3481 341658 163339 28473 34179 16335 49036 36092 1722039 95305 110405 2900000 70 1121 974340 936 68879 4883] 163568 152659 643 6115 65784 43320 35491 3815 37829 10000 34706 127321 7771 76952 35557 2143 32451 343833 35691 133276 7678 33733 1227 ' 32672 30450 1201789 6586 258692 105342 67451 9160 29596 62405 1289665 54410 72183 2501000 35 3809 1538742 886 206621 137871 1031741 84287 257 112970 36612 39127 8855 32804 7660 32028 112346 3139 32345 1060 30958 30880 1068385 4137 277545 80933 18996 41040 ■ 4708 17503 14719 1437051 48979 74391 1770000 - 255 630 1290597 823 3085.0 13003 165546 59361 77 103027 62449 36454 2732 28751 173760 33905 101331 6758 33119 1825 61059 19010 1170693 4652 379434 102154 37031 36542 5186 33601 41924 1990995 42652 82893 987000 286 3046 1120974 778 30320 16818 151431 146737 332 110713 trermany STATEMENT OF VESSELS ENTERED AND CLEARED AT NEW ORLEANS IN 1882. (18) COTTON. ... ,, tn+.n! nroduct of Cotton, with the past vc<ir amounted to 16,1 <1,000 bales, ag<uu>st iu.ilu,- 800 in 1880-81. We copy the following tables of cotton movements from the blackboard of the New Orleans Cotton Ex- change : RECEIPTS AT UNITED STATES PORTS From September 1, 1881, to Aligns) 31, 1882. 881 603 780 640 5823 1814 2138 2016 8317 7834 3053 5134 15146 15' 121 179501 ) 3481 2 487! 7| 187. 8 2945 7 787 ENT RANCES- -FOREIGN. - CLEARANCES-FOREIGN. lame snow x receipts at New Orle each year ms, and the total crop oi Steam. Steam. Sail. Total Vessels. - Total Crop, G bales. A. vera ge Price Cts. per tb. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. rosb at New Or- leans, bales. 25113 1880-81. | 1879-80. 4 47154] 58796 547 54554 27700 1231942 5072 317456 104804 13540 59703 6684 35097 5000 759438 60533 86434 2145000 81 468 1084978 1373 61029 11220 1092'32 107141 488 78564 1881-82. Great Britain France Germany Spain,. Denmark Italy Belgium Portugal Netherlands. . Central America.... South America Mexico Malta Cape Verde Islands. U. S. of Colombia.. West Indies Russia British America Total 134 10 4 5 ""i6 3 "'48 7 49 1 3 6 138 207,305 23,520 6,027 7,446 26,037 5,332 25,013 7,811 62.093 1,445 3,402 7,166 177,082 43 24 • 8 1 1 12 4 7 2 70 32 36 f 3 63 43,821 17,388 8,465 620 760 6,229 3,751 3,654 1,143 8,120 18,695 5,229 1,028 2.402 27,564 '17 3 1 2 11 2( 7 251,126 4 40,908 2 14,492 6 8.066 1 760 8 32.266 7 9,083 7 3,654 2 1,143 8 33,133 9 26,506 5 67,322 1 1.445 5 4[430 9 9,568 1 204,646 159 55 12 7 6 10 3 44 ' ' 28 27 13 3 266,566 86,716 17,551 8,521 8,503 13,835 4,605 22,633 26,0^3 19,957 17,431 3,351 53 43 15 47 15 1 43 37 56 14 44,980 43,591 13,779 26,123 8,914 1,506 5,655 '5,176 "7,057 8,663 7,753 1,567 212 . 98 27 54 "21 11 3 87 "65 27 311,546 130,307 31,330 34,644 17,417 15,341 5,655 4,605 27,809 33,130 ' 27,960 25,184 4,918 1 A 1. 1 1B7B 7 4322 4 0 "6995 9 11867 4 145 2 810 3 407 0 2 5 < 12240 9634 "58168 5 113851 8 5 14054 ) 4057 0 258 4.347,006 2.974,351 3,930,508 4.170,388 3;827,845 4,632,313 4.474,069 4.773.865 5,074,155 5,761,252 6,605,750 5.401.000 4,046 19 2 royed, during the and at the end of very. The dimin- sults and disasters e cbaracteiized by fter the civil war. 1870-71 1871-72 1872-73 1873-74 1874-75 1875-76 1876-77 1877-78 1878-79 1879-80 1880-81 1881-82 1,S4B,1OO 1,070.239 1,407,821 1,224,340 1,157;597 1,604,441 1.389.774 1.689.483 1,437,769 1,726,188 1,878,614 1,371,666 205-16 18| 15$ 14 7-16 11 7-16 10 9-16 9i 11 13-16 11 1-16 11 23-32 New Orleans.. ■■ Galveston Indianola Mobile Pensacola Charleston Port Royal Savannah Brunswick Wilmington Norfolk 1,177,087 438.753 15,143 263,620 10,139 498,345 22,736 733,667 6.884 133.731 611,977 176,823 38,660 84.458 172,895 12,497 235,826 18,195 1,586.078 691,497 16,264 390,186 8,672 625,164 44,486 887.114 4,981 116,749 70'1,044 198,846 59,515 19L812 21,722 187,125 489,049 476.432 8.694 357.089 4.548 462,632 32,677 738,810 3,805 77,256 583,933 165,689 20,529 44,678 229.416 34,938 233,884 St Petersburg, etc Other foreign ports New York Boston Providence, R. I Philadelphia Baltimore Portsmouth Other coastwise ports Western States Total. H Ilf 1 151 3332 3666 0653 3133 4090 3979 " 94 when 4046 deaths were occasioned by yellow fever. As the sugar-cane comes to its highest perfection m the Island of Cuba, and tropical regions, a large yield in Louisiana of sugar appears to indicate the prevalence of weather approaching to that of Cuba and other places in which yellow fever is supposed to be endemic. The sugar crop of Louisiana was as follows in the years specified: 1823, 30,000 hogsheads; 1824, 32,000; 1825 30 000 • 1826, 45,000 ; 1827, 71,000 ; 1828, 88,000 ; 1829, 48,000 ; 1832, 70,000 ; 1833, 75,000. City and West Baltimore Philadelphia New York. j • Providence ■ 'Boston Minor ports 6921 342702641429180 16449811143581! 1 50.181 5907 1 64100 6407. >1 93715 - Receipts at New Orleans Av'rage Price Per' Bale. Total Value RECAPITULATION. 2 70 reasons. COTTON. TOBACCO. 424 559,679 308 148,869 7! 8,548 367 495,742 331 174,1041 698 669,846 1870-71.... 1,548,136 1,070,239 1.407.821 1,359,896 1 151,Sl»7 1,604,441 1 389,774 1.689,483 1,437,769 $65 25 92 03 84 37 69 58 65 40 52 65 52 00 48 05 44 95 101,015,87- 98.494.09. 118,760,751 94,621,56' 75,706,84 84,473.81 72,268,24 81,179,65 64,623,261 95,544,50 100,657,29 (3) Value of the Products of the Interior, received at the Port of New Orleans, 1841-1842 to 1881-1882. (6) SUGAR CROPS OF 1880-1881 AND 1881-1882-IN HOGSHEADS. From Mr. A. Bouchensan'B Annual Sugar and Hie© Crops Book we copy the following : (7) MOLASSES. Louisiana crop returns of the past five years as foL ows: . . Sugar. Molasses. Hhds. Barrels. 1877-78 125.100 323-247 1878-79 208,571 322,044 1879-80 172,424 274,440 1880-81 ....218,314 338-556 1881-82 122,982 2"6,194 1871-72 . . 1872-73 1873-74 .... 1874-75 1875-76 .... 1876-77 1877-78.... 1878-79 Total Corrections 1'Overland ami Southern COlisumpumi 4,651,436 *29,000 *720,763 5,815.047 63,059 727,6-14 4,964,069 62,962 734,221 1856-7I 1855- 6 1854-i 1853-41 1852-3| 1851-2 ' L856-' 1855- -61854-; s ]Hhds 1853- 1852- 1851-2 Y»ars Amounts. 1841-2' $ 45,716,045 1842-3 53,782,054 1843-4 60,094,710 1844-5 "• 57,199,122 years. Amounts. 1862-63 29,766,454 1863-64 7^,233,985 113,649,280 1865-66 201,722,179 1866-67 1867-68 Bales. [I Sales. Bales. 2 717321 1 17882: 5 62635 2 10916- 0 20231' Bales. Bales. |1 Dales. "772242 19625-1 75950 134657 256712 L lilnV Hhd Hhds 1198 1244 1393 988 479 I Ihds Hhds Great Britain France .... North of Europe S. Europe, Mexico, etc> Coastwise ] 749485'; 258163 156450! 129619 223204 98662 24481 16267 17881 22210 . 81373G 193571 93375 922086 211526 95635 1490381 266696! 11441 1281 15151 1366: 75 59 133 230 91 SI 13392 12: 1814" 70 924" 75 1586 56 744 1^1 Et 14023 13948 J 26814 21731 17199 Tot alj nat rop *5,401,199 6.605,750 5.761,252 290 2079 ) 1469 952 CO *KRtii ed. 59460 184s-6 77,193,464 1846-7 90,033,256 1847-8 79,779,151 1848-9 81,989,692 1849-50 96,897,873 ,050-1 106,924,083 ,o5, .0 108,051,708 7059.3 134,233,735 tjKi-rF 115,336.798 117,106,823 1855A-: 1 7 • • • •158,161,369 167,155,546 1858-9 172,952,664 to59.fi0 185,211,254 ,ora, ' 155,863,564 51.510.990 OO 2 1879-80. .. 1880-81.... 1,726.188 1.878,614 1,371,666 55 35 53 90 55 50 'sources" of RECEIPTS AT NEW ORLEANS: ' 1881-82. 1880^8L Oats, bbls and sacks. . • ■ Onions, bbls.... Oil, linseed, bbls Oil lard, bbls Pickles, kegs and bbls... Potatoes, bbls Pork, tcs and bbls Pork, boxes Pork, hhds Pork in bulk, tbs Porter and ale, bbls Packing yarn, reels Skins, deer, packs. .. Shot, kegs Sugar, hhds Sugar, bbls Soap, boxes Shingles, M Staves, M Tallow, bbls Tobacco, leaf, hhds. Tobacco, chew, boxes. .. Tobacco, bales ...... Twine, bundles Whiskey, bbls 39317 1467 1 807 11 7413 24322 1092 287 341734 1-78 143 79 274 6246 399 953 600 700 96 5506 326 15 298 17916 22891 53! 243C 1421k 45' 20627! 24918! 15201 1756 12646601 1770 2441 30! 367c 274900 1224c 9173 3120 2500 371 48905 461' 384' 12892c 184943 7960 192527 . 863' 7303 9655 12032 4290 61237 90699 331'*" €><>304 1658 313840 659550 26401 1020 571 9333 332 207698 216523 71 1874 3803500 20940 3748 1542 4001 195185 4808 12202 7000 10178 1025 80955 14544 274 3508 185042 63592 93240 1:W43 iiaur 1242 339343 568649 12135 208 1472 12800 162 210481 278480 200 4330 7357291 6350 2061 ""1712 1871 ' "202783 6020 9857 6100 11500 905 87141 3006 121 45085 125207 401 93859 83790 1R6AI 00024 341 288811 587180 14477 163 1521 10881 197 182556 277841 6823 2893 7480384 1687 3314 406 3398 155319 8526 10287 5000 4647 1195 56090 3599 109 3658 148753 |Pork ... ,boxe« uo.u hhds roriv in ouiK ms [ Porter and Ale ....... bbls ■ Packing Yarn reels (Pickles. bbls and kegs Rice sacks [Rosin bbls Rum " [Skins, Deer packs [Shot kegs Soap boxes {Spirits Turpentine... .bbls Staves .... Al Shingles M [Sugar hhds 1- -21 40 00 2840 1868-69 167,559.651 1869-70 200,820,499 179,100^419 169,653,107 1872-73 184,620,047 1873-74 156,944,215 [874-75 151,5*2,054 1875-76 155'358'^J2 1876-77 135,27<»,726 L877-78 143,440,569 [878-79 127,069,939 1879-80 179,771,600 1880-81 197F5?'^5 1881-82 159,516,72" Parishes. 0 O CL 17 11 26 10 38 34 55 93 79 71 127 40 39 38 81 51 72 34 26 23 5 13 28 0 fl 0" 4,201 1,935 2,939 932 2,025 3,549 9,099 24,.732 15,900 14,231 20,898 5,531 9,444 25 4,950 19,293 16,913 17,328 10,688 6,871 5,570 797 3,467 12,556 85 120 214,159 4,155 gfl- 1,430 650 1,439 153 863 1,631 4,268 14,907 13,000 10,567 12,850 2,799 4,436 2,052 7,472 7,976 9,590 5,338 5,042 2,944 479 2,462 7,937 300 120,594 2,388 76,127,46 ) 16! ■> sor 1 10881 i 197 1 182551 8 277841 6823 2891 ) 7480384 1687 3314 406 3398 ; 155319 8526 10287 ) 5000 4647 ; 1195 56090 359! 109 3658 148753 348 061 7 13332 206 70539 276393 7458 3067 6263650 1216 1723 493 3435 189742 13175 7783 1908 4000 711 53348 4153 62 3249 108854 178 *893 162922 325008 1980 10513895 384 4190 1119 2044 18675 9484 50 9000 6164 64030 4115 220 3156 157741 88797 109 000 1471 24 16600 54369 13961 86243 80' 413 443. 143915 993 600 436' 6080 15 211 11775 3750 140( 8842 639 146116 18279 18499 10273680 1838 1301 4377 125592 5879 6520 80 3800 5622 5233.' ~ 3! 206' 129021 238911 2337 1100 5401 505 151861 256480 14201 13564430 3492 1361 5258 128112 5580 60 2000 4357 55882 6390 118 2264 135333 1491R1 LULOOZA'i - 1 5I lici Lead, bar . • • ■ • kegs. Molasses bbls. Oats bbls and sacks. Onions .. ■ • bbls-. Oil, linseed ' Oil, castor J ()il, lard ' Pickles kegs & bbls. Potatoes , Pork tcs and ' Pork bxs. Pork .... bhds Pork in bulk - lbs. Porter and Ale bbls Packing Yarn reels Bice sacks Rosin bbls. Skins, Deer .packs. Shot kegs- Spirits Turpentine bbls. Sugar hhds. Sugar bbls. Soap boxes. ocu 25 202616 201919 11622 195 422 767 2714 157687 50327 200 "2569 ' 21090 222 25 8553! 8499 19664 w.? 36 401404 45348 2419 5 50 339 121 6826!) 11452 51 370 61021!) 361 10 23471 2716 225356 7907 8427 1475 g 792 106; 6361 31a 101 3855 176C ■mail 410 353715 249736 22196 598 1213 20377 26 123502 266580 175 ■ 2828 5969550 11466 1673 2184 2375 '257225 5241 13983 365 84169 393171 14670 10 956 8074 113 74133 243228 10924 2872 3417340 1788 1435 794 2745 62463 3995 9538 6000 7000 965 55067 3261 151 2982 179164 230801 11604 789 3468 13443 1648 21 117 17 36287 147 1064 1907 9800 Ui 22 00 12 50 14 50 63 00 16 00 86 00 130 00 200 00 8 50 138 00 75 00 7 50 203 50 33466 255281 986; 5028f 84690* 26361 180( 1521C 340C 30843! 2028( 7980C 14302 199430( ry 266245 209400 22488 9500 30840 81620 85414 508900 28000 18190880 1881-82.... d7.4D| 4001 i HD 1421»1.80 iu 0 LOO >4 041 Uli 0304 51 anTID 18725 278938 17552 135 95 2507 3468 31523 41795 230800 11604 789 13443 1648 117 17 147 9345 2045 36287 143460 735562 13322 90 86 1162 2178 150615 67022 580 ""8465 83 25816 90 69 225 19 75153 8238 18846 1298 313260 552738 26857 399 • 389 7772 151 257190 213983 "1734 2612776 19515 731 4761 74558 261 2890 13425 174637 5976 9201 8207 7635 608 35892 8864 134 2572 2171 93352 13 00 13 20 10 75 10 70 39 66 120 00 22 00 62 50 6 65 164 00 150 00 12 00 179 70 109265 20940 3748 475 1542 4001 12202 ibl78 7000 _ 221840 10 00 6 00 "26 00 20 00 20 40 7 00 "50 do 4 00 82 00 (8) RICE-LOUISIANA CROPS. Total 12 J/. OO Ouachita ? Im. > tS;iO7 141>C 61 20432 1 31659 1 267 254 1298581 114 281 42 223 18600 1069 691 3 600 131 7501 1088 7 452 13851 7 14381 7j 228095 2 276606 303 2478 8800000 ) 406 2093 998 2704 141046 11213 5308 40 ) 731C 1307 ) 89655 j 4779 1 162 1 2341 146352 64918 - .... . - -j---- r\TT>»/,m Titn.-wiT.o nn r>nu>Tziiz> i.-> ermn A vr> a i T T F R rrTrr.>T?T? VW AT?4 FROM. 83 2178 25816 90 1864 6* 225 1884C If 34C 51 76801 1095 23413 276489 3569 223680 1518 14062 125325 3116 51900 696 13801139 Rapides Avoyelles teen years indicates the p Bbls and Sacks 1865-66 20,973 1866-67 24,914 1867-68 33,985 1868-59 53,194 1869-70 54,334 1871-71 52,843 1871-72 40,190 1872-73 73,424 •ogress of the culture : Bbls and Sacks 1874-75 105,865 1875-76 158,76! 1876-77 167,810 1877-78- ■ ■ 145,672 1878-79-- 141,2% 1879-80 135,822 1880-81 236,814 lt81-82 200.191 EXPORTS. SEPTEMBER 1 TO AUGUST 31. ol. ljclliu.1 y Lafayette Vermilion St. Martin Iberia St. Mary Terrebonne Lafourche Assumption Pointe Coupee West Baton Rouge East Feliciana East Baton Rouge Iberville Ascension St. James ; St. John the Baptist........ St. Charles Jefferson Orleans St. Bernard Plaquemines Livingston St. Tammany : ■ ; ■ ■ Other parishes cultivating small patches Actual sugar-house crop... 3 p. c. cistern bottoms on 138,509 hhds (1880-81) 3 p. c. cistern bottoms on 79,611 hhds 1881-82) G ARTICLES. 1856-57. 1855-56 1 854-55. 1855-56. 1 854-55. B. France. Cent. Chan Total. AilSS. JAI C ONSUMPTION AND OVERLAND. ARTICLJSS- [1856- 57. 453 531 IGO 778 New Orleans Galveston.. - Mobile Savannah ... Charleston Wilmington. Norfolk .. Baltimore ... New York .. Boston Philadelphia Port Royal. Other ports.. 659,637 160,082 138,600 145,683 308'822 91.427 438.459 143.637 81,946 9,277 3,758 273,872 15,145 6,313 17,230 23,772 1,430 2,580 ' 39,573 224.054 64,798 180,243 130.054 7,756 17,358 400 4,209 21,049 4,600 3,558 1,178.61 262,08 46,36 304; 10 332; 31 145,57 143;63 82,34 13,48 Taken for Consump- tion by Northern Spinners. Overland Move- ment to Mills Direct. Coffee, Cuba, etc., bags Coffee, Rio, bags Sugar, Cuba. bxs. and bbls.. Sugar, Cuba! hhds. Suear. Brazil.etc.,bxs & bags 11 440903 29367 21394 8306 10885 385982 31665 6639 2287 341138! 20111 443! Vlolasses, Cuba, ' Molasses, Cuba, ' Sa1!. Liverpool, si Salt, Turk's I-Di ihds bls s d, e DKS & tc tc.,b s. 24 ..! 2!) .. 1051 u.! 592 122 1683 1033284 735282 114 2261 603298 382298 -- --- - -- 1873-74 186.494 The following from Mr. A. Bouchereau's Annual Statement, shows the crops by Parishes, during the past two years: Crops of Clean Rice.-> 1880-81'. 1881-22. Bbls. Bbls. Avoyelles 800 500 St. Landry 1,500 900 [30] COMPARATIVE ARRIVALS, EXPORTS AND S'l' BACCO AT NEW ORLEANS FOR TEN nm»rnw A NII [401 VALUE OF RECEIPTS FROM THE INTERIOR FOR 1659-60. isfiQLM ex (4) COFFEE TRADE OF NEW ORLE Imports of Rio Coffee into New Orleans for the Years ANB- specified. UBA COFF 1881-82 1880-81 1881-82 1880-81 ^EARS; FROM 1st Continued. -(af Period of six years preceding American Civil WYears Bags. Total. ,□5, 55 ' 341 138 341,138 1^-56 " 375,477 Coastwise 23,867 399,344 c Years. EE. x Bags. September -• October 8 November • • December - 0 January • ■•• 77,590 252,295 341,896 342,137 163,324 65,229 102,785 79,426 100,441 *125,000 64,000 178,341 312,014 284,662 267,574 187,918 82,172 94.375 82,239 160,331 25,308 85,021 103,914 94,835 26,399 19,536 63,269 102,811 79,461 76,887 40.159 SEPTEMBER EACH YEAR ARTICLES. 1864-65. 1863-64- 1859-60. 1862-63 392 1863-64 138 1864-65 L514 YEARS. TOBACCO- - - 76 ' COTTON. Am'tJ Aver'ge Price. V alue. Dollars. Am't. Aver'ge Value. Dollars. $169? 394 34075 288 85104 4239 3999 770 124612 354 400000 Am't. Aver'ge Total Last year .,. 2 271 727 379,915 829,587 3,534 Arrivals. Bales Ar. Stocks. Hhds. Total 2,044 Total Rio and Cuba coffee imported into New Orleans during three years of Federal occupa- tion, 1862-65 41,697 Annual average, Rio 6,601 Annual average, Cuba • • 340 Annual average, Rio and_Luba, 1852-65 6,949 (d) Period ofsixteen years following the American Civil War, 1865-1882: BIO COIFEK. Years. Rag8, 1865-G6 53,748 1867-68 113,519 1868-69 - 109,841 1869-70 139,742 1870-71 208,945 1871-72 152,178 190,443 1873-74 130,085 1874-75 200,531 1875-76 195,451 1876-77 149,14" 1877-78 202,88' 1878-79 144.47 1879-80 199,86 Lafayette 700 200 Vermilion 2,000 Iberia 110 St. Mary 94 650 Terrebonne 2,998 1,590 Lafourche 36,590 38,106 Assumption 6,00" 6,922 Iberville 23,933 24.886 Ascension 12,341 17,260 St. James 31,545 30,155 St.John the Baptist. 20 312 29,215 St. Charles 19.543 15,143 Jefferson 8,888 4,670 Orleans 7,657 9,584 St. Bernard ' ' 6,684 3,182 Plaquemines 84,554 55,003 St. Tammany .;... ■ 400 Other Parishes cultivating rice in 2;8O7,118 552,133 1.149,550 31.016 4.539,81 7 I ebruary • • • March April May ■ • • • June - -•/ t Jul-V , • ' ' ( 38,024 23,302 24,424 *30,000 28,004 30,831 28,036 46,830 508,327 Wheat, bbls, and sacKs. Rot XCE WGI -- Bales. STOCKS. Bales. 21 95 25 21 Hhds. Shingles -M Staves .... M Tallow bbls Tobacco, leaf hhds Tobacco, chewing, .boxes Tobacco bales Twine bundles Wool, .v bags Whisky bbls Wheat bbls and sks 1907 1064 332 2410 13939 79 2151 573 58 346 57 1363 14184 96 1899 220 155 4619 44 1263 747 33a 6000 13706 855 75925 9201 112 4233 "152916 Price. Price. Dollars. 1856-57 Coastwise 1857-58 1858-59 " 1859-60 . 6,147 451,036 . 309,732 404,883 280,926 RECEIPTS AT PORTS INCLUDE : 1881-82. 1880-81. 1879-80 Gulf ports 1,904,742 2,692,697 2,33a.81 "U.U 1'. 18 ' Ama cn > I 1OO 750 2 628.25 [29] EXPORTS OF SUGAR AND MOLASSES YEARS (UP THE RIVER E SEPTEMBER 1 T0 I NEW ORLEANS FOR THREE pted), from JST 31. 1856-57 - 1855-56 1854-55. 1853-54 1852-53 1851-52 1850-51 1849-50 1848-49 1847-48 ■ 1,513,24" 1,759,29. 1,284,761 1,440,77 1.664,86 1,429,18 995,03 837,72 1,142,38 1,213.80 1,516,921 1,795,023 1,270,264 1,429,180 1.644,981 1,435,815 997,458 838,591 1,167,303 1.201.897 6J 39, 55 56 48 89 64 60 L.J5 067 50,181 090 59,074 348 64,100 905 53,043 010 64,075 675 93,715 030 54,501 304 57,955 335 52,896 882 60,364 13,711 9,125 12,653 24,045 29,166 18,831 23,871 14,842 13,293 14,851 [Spanish Moss, bales I Tallow, bbls Tobacco, Leaf, hhds [Tobacco, Strips, hhds Tobacco, Stems, hhds Tobacco, bales [Tobacco, Chew-, kegs and boxes.. [Twine, bills, and boxes [Vinegar, bbls [Wool, bags Whisky, bbls •••• {Wheat, sacks • ■ ■■■■ ■■ Other various articles, estimat dat 1125 332 2410 79 13939 2151 6124 573 21243 2024 $27 00 61 00 349 00 "44 00 100 00 15 00 13 00 32 50 86 50 4 50 $3037 2025 84109 347 139390 3226 7961 1862 183751 910 600000 5 1272 2 57 3 1363 6 "96 0 14184 5 1899 2 3533 2 220 9 16615 8 529 0 $13 30 69 25 250 00 30 00 60 00 21 00 12 00 35 00 75 00 6 70 7 8604 7 1025 0 67883 ■ 10904 . 2168 0 ... 0 14544 6 3508 6 1206 0 3753 5185042 5 13116 0 $14 00 30 00 95 00 85 00 115 00 is 00 9 00 4 00 5 00 9 00 2 25 $120456 30750 6448885 2017980 32460 'aieiso 31572 4824 131355 1665378 29511 7750000 Atlantic pons a, c±u,ua-» - - 1855-56. 1854-55. 10'532 0,758 15390 16,6'2 15,466 3^401 Total bags ot coilee imported into New Orleans from Rio, during six years, 1854-1860 2,187,059 During this period the importations of coffee from Cuba were as follows: Years. 1855-56 10>8™ 1856-57 11 1857-58 1'321 1858-59 , 3,2 8 5 815 047 4.964.06 J rn..1..U. 1.650 193 1.713.626 470,763 WHITHER EXPORTED. ; . i 1856-57. sales of "futures" in this market during th 20241 529 • *Estima. MOLASSES. suGar. molasses. 81 Hhd (JAR. MOLASSES. 1911 EXPORTS OF COTTON AND TOBACCO FROM NEW Of EANS DURING EACH OF THE NINE Ihds iBbls. Ihds Bbls. ihds 3 ils- Hhds ,B bls. 31 0 bls. Ihds IBbls. [41] RECEIPTS FROM THE INTERIOR IN YEAR ENDING AUGUST 31. This comprehensive table serves to exhibit the losses inflicted on~ the commerce of New Orleans, by a comparison of the receipts of principal articles Irom the interior, m 1859-GO, in 1863-64, and m 1864-65, which Total 1,01 218,314 122,982 YEARS ENDING THE 30th OF S E PTEMBER, 1836. New York Philadelphia Charleston, S. C Savannah. . Providence ami Bristol, R. I. Boston Baltimore Norfolk, Richmond and Peters- burg, Va. ....... Alexandria, Va, ... Mobile. Apalachicola and Pensacola... Other ports Total 387 171 38 "(>80 508 4()j 15 ♦ - • 6917 1184 1330 340 50 1226 13721 1622] 14479 2840 3688 759 439 ' 11380 4618. 3438 1 5- 55' 15745] 10863 12932 4001 1201 12227 15784 6037 591 20208 3872 9506 749' 1 13. 6116 320 10 6 214 143 866 621107452 20788 [31] STATEMENT OF THE RECEIPTS AND EXP0RTS OF COTTON AND TO- (9) BACON. The following shows the prices and movement dur- ing the year : 1 Total 1879-80 ^.^75 Total 1878-79 20,Uo Total 1877-78 ^54 la,2b q Total 1876-77 Total 1875-76 ■ -15,919 9,597 ) Total 1874-75 -IgdAb BALES OF COTTON 5018 854 2654 14445 6424 . 843 7070 734 2118 204 1782S 504' 127! 25501 2136t 1U3( BACCO AT THE PORT OF NEW ORLEANS IN EACH YEAR, FROM 1822-23 TO 1856-57, A PERIOD OF THIRTY-FIVE YEARS. & 11101 icw ■ 8792330ft $185211254 1830-31. 223.374 60,913 2.911 1829-30. 1828-29. 130,514 78,370 12 953 Whither Exported. 1835-36 1834-35 1833-34. 1832-33 1831-32 827- 28. 182 6-27. 1859-60 Total bags of coffee imported from Cuba Total Q VU YEARS. COTTON. TOBACCO. YEARS. - tobacco. ARTICLES. 1864-65. 18G3-64. 1859-60 1864-65. 1863-64. 1859-60. Total in 1861-62. 51510990 155863564 dur- •266,658 240,966 Great Britain France 236,526 133,881 17,989 12,074 92,535 259,123 141,872 4,368 6,918 122,484 289,169 101,253 9,742 1,384 60,705 225,667 82,302 3,338 1,690 94,223 203,365 78,138 4.423 64J28 196,892 93,446 4,213 66.42E 8,21E go; 101 9,270 l°TTON. 1 ALO. Total in 1860-61 ing six years, 1854-60 23,34. 111] FLOUR. 1 1881-1882. Receipts. Sales. Exports. Stock September 69117 30,313 10,772 25,84 October 59417 19,853 19,461 33,04 November 62925 20,560 15,922 42,10 December....... 00'032 23,860 31,018 43,22 January.... . 43'297 29,078 23,156 29,65 February 71 934 28,765 21,214 34,65 March 64 041 42,273 32,601 22,92 April 48 592 36,961 13,108 21,19 May 65291 32,982 12,062 23,64 June 48 515 35,363 22,365 18,08 Exports. Receipts. E xports. <eceipts K vports. Sales. Receipts F Hhds. xports. Hhds. Apples, bbls. 85902 39693 6741 5 Lard, tcs and bbls. > ! Lard, kegs ' 7 (Lime, Western, bbls 4 Lead, pigs 0 Lead, bar, kegs 7 Molasses, bbls 9 Oats, bbls, and sks I Onions, bbls 5 Oil. lard, bbls 6'Potatoes, bbls. 7 Pork, tcs ami bbls.. 4iPork,hhds 6 Pork, m bulk, lbs .. 81 Porter ami Ale, Bbls. 2 Packing Yarn, reels " Skins, deer, packs.. ■] shot, kegs ' )5 Sugar, hhds )5 [Sugar, bbls )0 Soap, bxs "0 Shingles, y 21 Staves, M WlTallow,bbls .... sli Tobacco, Leal, hhds 79 [Tobacco, Chew., bxs 831'Tobacco, bales 68 [Twine, bdls. 2981 7303 14029 '"18725 278938 17552 2507 3152! 41795 230801 1160 J 78! 11" T 934 204 3628 106 190 33 241 1393 7 215 2124 202 18027 9655 14641 30 143460 735562 13322 116; 1506R 6702; 581 840 8 6 22 7515 823 1884 5 34 2 5 65784 rv-n TAT niTT) TT/'VTTTX . - - _ . . -r-tTnl.T - - Total number of bags of coffee imported from Rio and Cuba during six years, 1854-60. • • .2,209,40' Yearly importation of Rio coffee, bags 364,50* Yearly importation of Cuba coffee, bags 3,72' Average yearly importation of Rio and Cuba North of Europe | South ot Europe 2 Coastwise Oi 2 400 135,086 424 1,223 5.095 41,017 267.949 1.371 86,28! 304,84f 66,76! 329,681 5050 539 578 1870 6662 2777 499 7696 1161 3459 41 141 588 z" "226 2565 74 2634 301 1694 Bales. Bales. Hhds. Hhds. Hales.. Bacon, asst, casks, etc Bacon, bbls, and bxs 1 Bacon, Hams, hhds Bacon, in bulk, lbs Baggff>g> pieces ) Bale'Rope, coils > Be ns, bbls Butter, kegs Butter, bbls 6 Bran, sks -■ ■■ 5 Beef, bbls and tcs. 1 Beef, dried, lbs 5 cotton, bales - .•••• ••• 5 Corn, in ears, bbls 1 Corn, shelled, sks 1 । 'otton Seed, sks 4 Cheese, bxs. - 1 andles,bxs... ■ - Coal, W estern, bbls . - 1 Dried Apples, etc., bbls.... Flaxseed, tcs Flour, bbls • 1 Feathers, bags •• Glassware, bxs Hemp, bales - Hides Hay, bales Iron, pig, tons. 13582 4942 16Q9 "6371 17876 12381 21880 179 113314 26541 6300 271015 4170 . 553273 18199 26781 31717 . 994770 1214 427 790824 285; 255! 9951 22676' >"357. 14930 4432 14059 13361 2208 14495 11555 30983 62 44093 53082 3500 131044 40666 410138 8729 35744 48262 265298 2025 x 39989"; 612 303 22251 17095f 6C 4501 598 3781 3900 2142 12542 888 3834 150 27427 ~4493 22544 360! 17220! 953( 11041 290001 11' 9743 688 48 1635 1526 6 90699 33143 80964 1658 313841 65955C 26401 933: 207691 216521 ) 187- 380350 > 2094 5 374 • 154 5 400 1 19518 8 480 6 1220 8 700 L 1017 7 102 ? 8095 4 1454 5 27 9 350 5 18504 9 1311 [olj EXPOKlb ur i uiviv, BACON, LARD, WHISKY AND CORN 1 Ron 0 D22-23 _ 1823-24 4 1824-25 [ 1825-26 ? 1826-27 1827-28 1828-29 1829-30 1830-31 ■ 1831-32 1832-33 1833-34 1834-35 1835-36 1836-37 .... 1837-38 .... 1838-39 - 1839-40 1840-41 161959 141524 206358 249881 336573 295853 268639 362977 429392 345646 403833 467981 536172 495442 605813 742720 578514 954445 822870 171872 143843 203914 259681 326511 30407! 36773) 35123' 42394' 35810 41052 46102 53699 49049 58896 73831 57917 94932 82128 16292 25262 17759 18242 29681 29443 24637 32438 32098 31174 20627 25871 35059 50555 > 28501 ! 37588 • 28153 6 43827 8 53170 28624 25910 16849 18231 26540 35098 25288 26023 33872 35056 23637 25210 3380! 41604 35821 35555 30852 40431 5466' 1841-42 1842-43 ... 1843-44 .... 1844-45 11845-46 .... 1846-47 1847-48 ■ 1848-49 H0155 1089642 910854 97923g 1053633 740669 1213805 1142382 83772", 99503G 1429183 1664864 1440779 . 1284768 17;>9293 749267 1088870 89537; 984611 1054857 724508 1201807 116730! 8'.'>8591 997451 14358l-r 1644981 1429151 127026' 179502: 1516921 2718185! 67555 92509 82435 71493 72896 55588 55582 52335 60304 64030 89675 75010 49905 53348 56090 55067 68051 8989 8124 6867 6204 5037 6036 5289 5795 5450 9371 6407 5304 6410 5907 5018 | mJix 1WU XKAKS. 1880-81 1881-82 . Total bags of Rio coffee imported into Ne Orleans during a period of sixteen year . 216.40 8 (10) LARD. 5 Total 7 534,765 462,258 E1OGSHEj» 407,220 lDS of t OBAGCO- 2525 24556 >1018 £2 42967 1129487] 10466 26b 25744 ! PORTS. 18J4-65. 1863-64. (b) Period of two years; city occupied by Confed erate forces: There are no records to show the amount of coffe imported into New Orleans during the period of occu pation of the city by the Confederate Governmen and troops. w . 9.671.75 The following gives the montniy rece ports compared with last year: E Rec T tports. 0 5 Whither Exported. 1835-36 1834-35. 1833-34. 1832-33 1831-32. 1830-31. 1829-30. 1828-89 1827-28 1826-27 EXPORTS OF FLOUR, PORK, BAGOT LARD, BKEF, WHlSlvl ANU CORN FO1 CPTEMBER 1 TO AUGUST 31. l<iour Bbls. Bbls. ( coil -L J'sks I leg i- ±seei. s. Bbls. W'ky Bbls. Corn. Sacks Flour Bbls. PorK Bbls- r> co C'sk n Lard. Beef V Bh]s ^'ky Corn. Amount of coffee imp01164 into New Orleans, fror t Cuba, Laguara, Vera Cruz and other ports, exclusiv of Rio de Janeiro, during thirteen years, 1870-82. Q e Receipts. need t< ierces. 6 ' Great Britain. 3 France ' North of Europe 0 South of Europe _ Coastwise Total 15,49' 1,19 5,94 1,98 19,32 6,338 1,460 4.262 1,962 1 20,343 8,112 301 4,610 1,455 10,448 4,875 4,320 424 14.047 8 418 571 7,157 1.401 15,39'~ 6,131 95^ 4,815 2,524 21,240 1,792 451 5,161 6,64' 13,980 4.567 230 3,732 8,288 -8,674 5,40 38 6.52 4,29 18,50 ) 2.83' > 77 6 4.18 1 2,76 9 16,02 ) _ -- i [New York ' [ Boston Philadelphia • i-- Baltimore Other U. S. ports. ■ Great Britain. ] Cuba 8 Ot her foreign ports Total-. ■ o -- 177259 113618 974 ; ieioe 1710 2499 . 18061 1243 2440 10121 "ioj 54 103 io9 127 ' 137 72 21 4 64 39 58 605 11 253 57 '22 64 25 32 194 311 10 '725 ' 852 2ou92 '2709 2000 16113 8099 5168 450 "560 6194 30140 FiF 11 ""29 ' i?9 2H 2791 vo I ( 1 ei 8 4800 2 4 05 I i4429 1 2833a 175 58 . "io' 196 4 "45 "'3 59 "bid 300 34101 0 -1880-81.-> Tcs. Kegs. ^--1881-8 Tcs. K 2-s 80-81 '81-82 July . 30.146 •39>4I^ JJ268 14,13 1856-57. 1851-52 1852-53 .. 1853-54 1854-55 11855-56 | J 856-57 | Total.. • (c) Period of three years; New Orleans occupied b Federal troops: BIO COFFEE. Years. Bag 1862-63 y Years. io7n 1,669 187? ' 2,428 I!™ 12,922 loU . 1 1873 ^59 4 1874 2,059 181875 2'^8 -1878 00 724 * ears. xsag '878 27,80 1879 19,86 1880 29,38 egs. ikuguav 94.70 Total 1881-82 .718 0. Total 1880-81 . 219,316 199,569 21,02 Z 1 Flour. S Bbls. 0 < iasks a ] Lard. ® I I > |Bbls. J5 Sks. j E ! Flour. 1 Bacon. £ Lard. ibis. " 1 i. j Whisky. 5 i Corn. 0 1 September.... 7 October 3 November.... - December .... 4 January February ... 0 March April e May e June ... . e July.... at August n 1,773 2,671 1,723 1,910 2.371 1,958 1,271 2,840 1,754 1,332 1,388 519 2,419 2,880 1,945 3,110 2,291 1,336 1,511 2,715 2,945 4,418 755 3,404 1,044 1,793 1,017 2,756 1,175 1,638 2,977 1,700 921 1,862 961 2,464 900 1.706 3,680 4,153 1,504 1,535 4,282 3 888 4,095 4,750 4,651 4,222 1,207 491 261 309 580 594 234 326 232 311 242 401 271 201 24 54 48 59 40 12 22 20 24 30 3,86 n 435.234 43,94 34,365 9 4 cm 9a 701 32.97- 34,968 28,028 25.491 35,11 1 26.57 •p®g-1 a 0 Bbls. Total 1879-80.. "090'468 478,258 206,900 - Total 1878-79..." 050 131 491,601 192,165 1882 Total . . 28,8^ rooi -fTYvn-RTS OF COTTON AND TOBACCO FROM NEW ORLEANS, FOR SIX YEARS, COM 1; 13247 34 18B3-04 1864-65 Total • .■■■■L"-"' Average annual number ot bags of coffee im during thirteen years, 17,236. The present system of quarantine was estab] 15,8* ... 224,2r total 1877-78.. ) Total 1876-77..." < Total 1875-76.. '' 639 304 43»,oo^ R" t'601 463,296 205,270 ™1 701 438,941 331,039 MENCING SEPTEMBER 1. AND ENDING AUGUST 31. 272018661 16 12481 VPS, 162558 FROa . 3G0237 [5 13908 2]'EX 530- POR 2()! rs 02 1099 OF S'T 1891 'AVI ^314 50641 Iff A 6| 47589 Pcs 439 111 3464 aorte ishef 1 into New Orleans from Laguara and Mexic in 1855, and during the 0P®^*>n of this act the coffc .A ooriod nreceding the American civil war, tl Total 1874-75 .. ..864 242 586,698 .121,195 5 n^TQI^lN^HlPME NTS. i Chief Grain Inspector J- B Belknap, in hi 6 meat of shimn,.,., . ,.r .naiu for the past yea is| G't. 'Britain.. a a id Coastwise.... L Total...... 1857-56 L856-55 COTTO 1855-54 BALE? 1854-52 6 1 5 1853-52 18 1857-6 1 TUB. 856-5 7.531 5,942 3,370 3.075 9,156 >9,074 lUCO, 1855-4 13,391 18,14' 9,24' 11854-3 1853-2 16 150 1852- 14,(1 13,9 26,8 21,7 17,1 J)3,7 1 New York - Boston 13 Philadelphia 8 Baltimore. .. .... 14 Other coast ports. Great Britain 11 Cuba )9 Other foreign ports .5 Total Ml 1" 24146 14114 7275 1727 29077 90491 t 46628 6 53725 '. "3847 2 18874 8 15958 4 1420 6 4722 0145174 297* 2728 2563 471 174 64 3844 183681 | 148( J 794 >15361 18509 1 4975 7,64880 103= . 3( 12i ) 3 I 91 7 1956 7 8925 849 | 351 6 46884 9 4 )3 1088 26087 1 d5322 204608 - ,250641 1 59735 [115235 315' 0017 0861 998C 39' 851' 1 60632 1) 52624 , 4565 6 30707 2 9863 7 2653 17 17638 412" 437. '2464 199 143 44 154788 122216 1533 . 26351 )130624 3 212771 2 94534 14147 13998 1346 4949 235 1504 1762 4454 67 187 51402 754 779 1956 50 1132 11743 50 1047 3 [•'>■'] IMPORTS OF SPECIE Al' new ORLEANS 19 SEPTEMBER 1 3'0 AUGU [''OK ST 31 TWELVE Ei IKS 0 136 1 1418 1 9 I 189 5 - 4 destination. 3 1863-64. 1863-64. TOTALS. its.'''' 1864-65. 1863-64. annual average imports of coffee amounted to 368'233 bags. The Ang»* ^^^oyed ft™*4 trade of New Orleans. After the civil war, the coffee trade ®a" padno^ yet reached the proportions of 1859 and 1860. Quarantine restrictions' t matic and scientific onerations of the coffee trade of New Orleans; but, on the contrary, during thesy paa the present board of health, as administered during 1880, 1881 and 1882. th? coffep be n1 a mark 1 - ' ■ in the amount of coffee imported, Thus, whilst the annual average of R iSSl-S^g1?™^'^ years, 1865-1882, was 165,109 bags, in 1880-81 the amount reached264,589, an ^16 408 bags. In like ma uer the imports of coffee from Cuba and Mexico have increased during •< 17,236 pF® yeai8> 1880> 12 ' 1881, 62,937; 1882, 281,883 bags, while the annual average for three yea^sjf^^-^-_ 8 1882 shows th - corn against 9, 2 wheat against to have been on \ bnshe [37 373 for 1880-81. and 2.4 74,581 buslu 6,523,747. Iu 4 ye 31, 1881 no less than steamers ai kTm-ried gram cargoes from th 749,485 258,163 156,450 129,619 223,204 1,516,921 986,622 244,814 162,675 178,812 222,100 1,795,023 717,328 178,823 62,632 109,164 202,317 1,270.264 813,7: 193,5' 93,8' 922,086 211,526 95,635 149,038 266,696 1,644,981 196,254 75,950 11,446 1,288 15,150 13,665 8,632 150481 12J47 16,932 9.889 4,794 53,048 2;*)08 20,798 14 698 9,521 64,075 62 ' 74 I Years. Value. Years. Value Years. Yalui 1 YE Value 59 [Whisky, I'bis 43 [Wheat, bbls, and sks I 1661 1 52 2 Havre 6 Bordeaux Barcelona. ~ Genoa u New York [Boston. ■ 66500 650600 47750 15737 176762 idoo 10000 8000 Total to France Total to Spain. To other Fnronean P* 717100 4775(1 192499 iddb 18000 >f| Total ie 1879-80 n '878-79 ...... 1 I 1877-78 ;- 1876-77 21,540 24,644 21,586 22,217 24,889 29,721 30,41( 33,471 34,12 31,62 19,308 4J17 5,689 8,i 99 8,401 ... ended August 116 sailing ve 135,971 192,527] 1,429,1801 134,657 256,712 7g35?E1 15,86' 7,44' 64,191 75 -- 49 1856-57 ■ - 1855-56 57 1854 55 $6500015 4913540 3746037 1853-54 .T~ 1852-53 .... 1851-52 $696705 786522 627852 i 1850-51 ■" 5 1849-50 1] 1848-49... $79371 37926 _25oi2 19 1847-48 . • • • ID $184581 66800. 18720" )g ' - y ' - , ' >o The above table is set iofth, as to results; below, exhibiting more clearly, t'16 increa8e or decrease O receipts the last commercial-year, as_compared Total to U. S. ports Total yL'-V ■ • ■ ■ . port, while durum the Past 5'ear 011 7 01 steamers ai . 2 sailing vessels wei.e thus employed. 5 18726' 60058!71162g 1294 12178682 3701 5 742817 36179 58621 116760 50! 1845-46_-^lA<1_ 764850 211799 97 its increasing success to the scrupulous attention to the laws of hygiene on the one hand, and to the scientific use of antiseptics. Modern surgery has made marked advances in the treat- ment of the brain and nerves and wounds of the abdominal viscera by operative procedure and antiseptic measures, as will be shown bv the following brief outline : Intercranial Hemorrhage. Trephining is now recognized as a legitimate operation in the treatment of intercranial haemorrhage following a trau- matic injury where life is endangered from compression of the brain due to this cause. Intercranial haemorrhage from the middle meningeal artery is now looked upon by surgeons as a positive indi- cation for the use of the trephine whether the skull is fractured or intact. Abscess of the Brain During the last few years a number of cases of deep- seated chronic abscesses of the brain have been success- fully treated by incision and drainage. In most cases a positive diagnosis was made before the operation and when this was not possible, the abscess was actually located by making one or more exploratory punctures. Tumors of the Brain. The removal of endocranial tumors by operative procedure constitutes the most recent advancement of cerebral surgery. The success of such dangerous opera- tions as the evacuation of abscesses and the removal of tumors of the brain manifestly depend upon: ist. The position and extent of the abscess or tumor, as determined by accurate diagnosis based upon extensive anatomical, physiological and pathological knowledge of the anatomical structures and physiological functions of the brain. 2d. The proper use of Anaesthetics. 98 3rd. The mode of operating. 4th. The previous preparation of the patient. 5th. The actual size and location of the abscess or tumor as determined by the operation. 6th. The technique of the operation including: (a) The treatment of the wound; (b) The treatment of the brain; (c) The use of antisepticsand antiseptic sutures and dressings. Cysts of the Brain.-Trephining for Epilepsy. Recent experience in the treatment of epilepsy has strengthened the faith of the profession in this method of treatment in well selected cases where some tangible lesion in the skull or its contents can be brought into direct connection with the development of the disease. The operation of trephining has been shorn of its risks since the introduction of antiseptic surgery, and hence the modern surgeon regards himself as warranted in proposing and performing an operation in all intractable cases of this dreadful disease. When he is able to detect some latent cause amenable to direct treatment, and if he fails to cure the disease, he has the consolation that his interference did not expose the patient to any great risks of life, and seldom if ever, is followed by aggravation of symptoms. Surgery of the Abdomen The brilliant results obtained in cerebral surgery ac- complished largely through the study of symptoms, thus leading to correct diagnosis, has stimulated surgeons who perform operations upon the organs of the abdominal cavity to increase and define their knowledge in this re- spect: the methods of operative procedure have been greatly improved and the details so well defined as to as- sure successful results when faithfully carried out; and the careful study of symptoms has greatly advanced knowledge in the direction of diagnosis, so that the field of diagnosticated laparotomy has been lessened. 99 The operative treatment of penetrating wounds of the abdomen complicated by visceral injury of the gastro- intestinal canal, is now sanctioned by the best surgical authorities and may be considered as a well established procedure based as it is upon the results of experi- mentation and clinical experience. A visceral wound of the stomach or any portion of the intestinal canal sufficient in size to give rise to extravasation into the peritoneal cavi- ty must be looked upon as a mortal injury unless promptly treated by abdominal section. The great difficulty that presents itself to the surgeon in the absence of positive symptoms, is the differential diagnosis between a simple penetrating wound and a penetrating wound complicated by injury of the gastro-intestinal canal. Dr. N. Senn, of Chicago, has sought to solve the doubts in such cases and to enlarge our means of accurate diag- nosis by demonstrating by a series of well devised experi- ments that " the rectal insufflation of' hydrogen gas is an infallible test in the diagnosis of visceral injury of the gastro-intestinal canal in penetrating wounds of the abdo- men. Increasing experience demonstrates that the best results are obtained in operations upon the abdominal cavity when they are performed under rigid antiseptic methods, which are each day being simplified, and in this way it becomes in the power of surgeons even in localities most remote to employ them. The great achievements of abdominal surgery have been accomplished only through the methods of antiseptic sur- gery, and the medical schools should imbue their pupils with the principles and practice of antiseptic surgery. XIII.-Obstetrics, Gynaecology, Diseases oe Women and Children. Every woman bearing children, from the primeval or original mother of the human race, has experienced with greater or less severity the pangs of labor, and hence from 100 the earliest times the occupation of the Midwife has been recognized. In ancient times the midwife was clad in the modest garb of woman; but in our day her representative of the male sex is booted and spurred, and brandishes his flashing forceps and dazzling speculum, and boasts that obstetrics is both a science and an art. The teacher of obstetrics deals with the condition of normal and abnormal labor, with the surgical operations necessitated by the emergencies of labor or by the pelvic diseases incident to females and peculiar to their genito- urinary system; he also treats of the septic fever and accidents, as hemorrhage and pelvic abscess, peculiar to the puerperal state, and of the diseases incident to child- hood. These subjects are grouped together rather from their connection in time and space than from any scientific prin- ciples of classification. Under the head of obstetrics, gynaecology, and diseases peculiar to women and children may be included the fol- lowing: (a) Embryology. (b) Morphology. (c) Normal labor (Physiological labor). (d) Abnormal labor due to the action of extrinsic or intrinsic causes. The natural or physiological course of labor may be deranged by the states of the system induced by scant and improper diet, by the ac- tion of febrile poisons; by the existence of the syphilitic or scrofulous or tuberculous diathesis, Bright's disease, cardiac disease, dropsy and va- rious nervous derangements as epilepsy and insanity; by the occurrence of premature labor, hivmorrhage, convulsions; the pelvis also may be so malformed as to prevent the natural delivery of the child, and to ne- cessitate either the destruction of the foetus or the performance of the Caesarean section. (e) Abdominal Surgery (Ovariotomy). (f) Pelvic Surgery. (g) Hygiene, and the antiseptic treatment of the puerperal state. (h) Uterine Surgery. (i) Diseases peculiar to women; hysteria, disease of uterus and ovaries: prolapsus uteri, etc. (j), Diseases peculiar to childhood and especially to the period of dentition. (k), Principles regulating the nutrition and physical training and development of children. The recent successes achieved by obstetrical surgeons in the performance of the Caesarian section in this country illustrate in a forcible manner the progressive nature of 101 this branch of medicine, and must be attributed to the fol- lowing causes: ist. To the performance of the Caesarean section at the earliest practicable moment, without waiting until the pow- ers of the patient have been exhausted in fruitless efforts to expel the foetus. 2d. To the maintenance of the strength of the patient by suitable nourishment, administered in small quantities at regular intervals. 3d. In the systematic and scientific application to the wounded surface of antiseptic sutures and antiseptic dress- ings. 4th. The careful attention to ventilation and cleanliness -to all the requirements of an enlightened hygiene. XIV.-Medical Jurisprudence. The duty of the physician is not merely to prevent and cure diseases, but he is the natural guardian of the lives of his fellow-citizens, by detecting poisons, and pointing out the nature of the weapons and injuries inducing death. The scientific physician has often to summon all his skill and wisdom, and press into the public service all his knowledge in chemistry, microscopy, physiology and pa- thology, in the investigation of cases of poisoning, rape, and injuries inflicted by firearms, and weapons of every description. The life of a human being often turns upon the decision of the chemist and microscopist as to the na- ture of the spot or stain upon a garment, whether paint or blood, or upon the determination of the presence or ab- sence of arsenic, antimony, lead, morphia, strychnia, or some other poison in food, drink or in the stomach and organs of man. We cannot overestimate on the one hand the responsi- bility of the conscientious and learned physician who undertakes a medico-legal investigation; andon the other the obligations of the public for the invaluable services 102 rendered to law and justice by exposing crime, which, but for the learning of the chemist, microscopist and patholo gist, would remain forever hidden. We may truly say that the scientific and pure-minded physician is the Natural and Ordained Guardian of the Public Peace and Health. A knowledge of Medical Jurisprudence necessitates the careful study of the following branches of science : («) Chemistry Qualitative and quantitative analysis). Q) Toxicology. (c) Microscopy. Spectroscopic analysis. (d) Physiology. (e) Pathology. (f) The general principles of civil and criminal law, as applicable to Idiocy, Imbecility, Insanity, Illegitimacy, Rape and Murder, or attempt to Murder, by firearms, instruments of all kinds, by drowning, strangula- tion, and poisoning. XV.-Clinical Medicine. Clinical medicine can be successfully pursued by the students in the wards of the Hospital, by the bedside of the patient, and under the direction of learned and ex- perienced teachers. Clinical medicine, though a special department of knowledge, is so intimately connected with other sciences that, when the claims of these are satisfied, it has been said that nothing would remain to it; it would not even be too much to assert that, were it possible to compress in one human intellect all that is now known of other sciences, such knowledge would be compatible with entire igno- rance of the department of clinical medicine. Clinical work stands apart, but has the most intimate re- lations to all that surrounds it; it is elucidated by the light of physics, chemistry and physiology, yet is not compre- hended by them. Whatever theoretical notions the physician may have entertained as to the nature or treatment of disease, when brought face to face with the sick and suffering in the presence of his earnest and intelligent students, he is com- pelled to submit every question to the crucial test of actual observation. His duty lies in giving an exact and scienti- 103 fic character to his observations, and to investigate the phe- nomena of disease with that concentration which is neces- sary in every physical inquiry, and with all those aids which are afforded in increasing perfection by modern science. The clinical teacher should have no system to satisfy, and no dogmatic opinions to enforce ; and he should go to his daily bedside work, untrammelled by any exclusive the- ories in pathology or therapeutics, but he should investi- gate disease in every possible way and by all the appliances of medical science. The clinical teacher must bring into the court of inquiry all possible evidence, and decide upon it by the light of science and experience. The constant study of disease gives certainty to diagno- sis by following the subjects of fatal diseases to the dead house, and subjecting all the organs and tissues to a rigid post-mortem examination ; and bringing to our aid chemical reagents and microscopical investigation, gives precision to our pathological knowledge. In the present age the means of physical diagnosis and of careful clinical study have increased with unexampled rapidity, and no bounds can be set to the possible con- quests of medical science. Half a century ago there was no conception of those means of modern investigation and research which are ap- plied daily to the discovery and explanation of physiologi- cal and pathological phenomena. To the interpretation of sounds heard within the body, Laennec and a host of subsequent observers, brought pre- cise acoustical observation and experiments, and showed us how to map out the condition of internal parts, the action of which we hear but cannot see. By the application of optical instruments, Czermak, Desormeaux and Cruise have laid open to us many organs of the body, before inscrutable-the pharynx, the vocal chords, the trachea, the vagina, the uterus, 104 the urethra, the bladder; so that the actual, but hidden causes of many phenomena are no longer matters of argu- ment, but of sight and demonstration. The secrets of the eye have been disclosed by the physical contrivances of Helmholtz and others; and the proposition has been worked out by Ogle and Allbutt and others, that some states of the eye are not very important in themselves as local abnormities, but as being pathognomic of other suspected conditions in other and distant organs. The skillful apparatus of Marey has so supplemented the sense of touch that the very phenomena of the pulse and heart are registered; and thereby, through indirect clear induction, we can fathom the secrets not only of the circulating apparatus, but of nerve action and nerve lesion behind and beyond. In every practitioner's hand the mi- croscope and the test-tube answer in a moment questions of the gravest moment, which were once unanswerable. The exploration of the nervous system by physical agencies, by manometers and the like through the labors of M. Duchenne and others; and the registration of changes of temperature, in evidence of chemical altera- tions, and in proof of corresponding alterations in the or- ganism, may also be cited as illustrations of the advances of physical inquiry as applied to the investigation and correct diagnosis of disease. Clinical Investigation and Instruction in the Char ity Hospital of New Orleans. During the past twenty years I have followed the plan now indicated, in the prosecution of my clinical labors and in the instruction of medical students in the wards of the Charity Hospital of New Orleans. i. Investigation and Record of Cases. (a) History of Case', name, date of admission ; number of ward and bed; age, nativity, occupation, weight, height, temperament; general description of person; habits, temperate or intemperate; indications; preceding diseases or injuries; history of present attack. (b) Expression of countenance; complexion; state of intellect; general appearance of body, full or emaciated; appearance and expression of eyes; color of conjunctiva; condition of tongue; results of physical 105 exploration of different parts of the body and of the different regions; state of appetite and digestion; condition of bowels, constipated or loose. (c) Pulse full, soft, rapid, feeble; tracing of pulse by means of the sphygmograph; action of heart: condition of general and capillary cir- culation; description of aneurisms, etc. (d) Examination of fauces, larynx, etc., by laryngoscope; ausculta- tion and percussion of heart and lungs; physical signs; detail of all facts relating to the normal and abnormal sounds in the heart, pericardium, pleura and lungs, etc.; mensuration, palpation and succussion. (e) Condition of abdomen and abdominal organs; size and condi- tion of spleen, liver, kidneys, etc. (f) Condition of cutaneous system; presence or absence of erup- tive diseases. (g) Condition of biliary and urinary and intestinal secretions. (h) Changes of temperature; number of beats of the heart and of the respirations during the minute; character of the changes of circula- tion, respiration and temperature. (i) Condition of blood; qualitative and quantitative and microscop- ical examination of the blood. (j) Amount and character of the urinary secretion ; qualitative and quantitative analysis of urine; amount, color, nature of urine and urina- ry deposits; presence or absence of albumen, diabetic sugar, sperma- tozoa casts, blood, etc. (k) Daily and hourlyrecord of all important symptoms. (1) Careful post-mortem examinations in fatal cases, illustrated by microscopical and chemical analysis. II.-The Clinical Lectures by Bedside of Patients inWards of the Hospital. The daily lectures in the Hospital are illustrated by: (m) Demonstration of the physical apparatus, and chemical and mi- croscopical reagents and methods adapted to the investigation of disease. (n) Instruction of the student in case-taking, clinical records, meth- ods of physical examination and exploration. (o) Auscultation, Percussion, Physical Diagnosis, Careful Diagrams illustrating the pathological lesions and stages of Pulmonary and Cardiac Diseases. (p) Diseases of the Cutaneous, Nervous, Digestive and Urinary Sys- tem illustrated by lectures, diagrams, microscopical drawings and demon- strations. (q) Local Diseases, such as Laryngitis, Bronchitis, Pneumonitis, Pleu- ritis, Endo-Carditis, Carditis, Valvular diseases of the heart, Aneurism, Peritonitis, etc. (r) General or Constitutional Diseases-Fevers: Gastric Fever, Inter- mittent. Remittentpernicious malarial fever. Yellow Fever, continued fever, Typhus, Typhoid and relapsing fevers, Rheumatism, Syphilis, sep- tic and zymotic diseases, Cholera, Small-Pox. Scarlatina, Measles, etc., Phthisis. (s) Diseases of Nervous System. (t) Diseases of Respiratory, Circulatory, Digestive, Genito-Urinary and Lymphatic systems. HI.-Illustration and Demonstration of the Relative Position, Size and Color, and Microscopical Character and Pathologi- cal Appearance of the Organs by Paintings, Charts and Models. IV.-Post-Mortem Examinations. V.-Chemical and Microscopical Examinations and analysis of the Blood, Urine, and, in Fatal Cases, of the Secretions, Ex- cretions and Organs, in the Practical, Chemical and Patho- logical Laboratory. 106 The preceding gives but a brief and imperfect outline of our labors and plan of instruction which we have pursued in the Charity Hospital of New Orleans. The extent and value of the Charity Hospital of New Orleans for clinical study and instruction will be illustrated by the following table: Charity Hospital of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America-Table of Admissions, Discharges and Deaths for Fifty-six Years. Year. *1832 1833 1834. 1835 <836. 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842. 1843 1844 1845 1846...., ...... 1847 1848 1849 1S50 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 *857 1858 1859 y 3°9 169 262 265 228 271 239 267 3H 383 401 Si 829 609 719 572 644 < 2,170 3.851 5-841 6,205 4.754 6,103 4,687 4.833 5.041 4.38o 4.404 5,013 5,846 6,136 8,044 11,890 ",945 i5»55S 18,476 18,420 18,035 13,759 13,192 12,192 9,432 8,897 n,i37 12,775 £ ,rt c p 1,703 568 2,617 1114 4,745 1052 4,999 1226 4,163 585 4,640 1420 3,890 683 3,6n 955 4,370. 619 3,093 "56 3-516 761 3,672 1041 5,059 713 5,446, 563 7,074 855 9,3692037 10,010 1897 12,13312745 15,989 1884 16,777 1871 15,057 2098 io,733 3i64 9,9762702 9,7oi 2391 8,601: 974 7,914 1017 8,993 2290' 11,257 132 it Year. i860 : 1861 1S62 +1863 1864. 1865 1866... . 1867 1868 1869. . 1870 1871 1872 1873 . 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 •- 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 s y 730 891 373 423 640 738 637 660 717 672 700 570 543 554 693 600 604 643 534 559 668 620 556. 639 722 < 14,000 8,665 6,016 4,861 6,466 9,329 8,612 4,981 6,177 7,837 6,671 5,541 5,090 5,231 4,945 5,690 6,002 5,878 5,248 5,527 5,843 6,980 8,152 7,280 6,143 5,807 5,999 f i .g * 12,25711390 7,919 798 5,532 7i9 3,999 812 5,580 669 8,108 1122 7,2601438 4,365 49° 5,327i 784 6,764 1118 5.73°j 891 4,846! 825 4,124 993 4,360 860 4,121, 753 4,78o| 742 5,290 805 4,615 1120 4,39° 693 4,140 658 4,35i 825 5,375| 805 7,i34 1013 6,245 985 5,212 1005 4,764 960 4.336 941 ♦Present buildings erected in 1832. fNo report for 1863. Grand total of Admissions 432,187 Grand total of Discharges 360,331 Grand total of Deaths 63,321 Mortality 14.65 percent. The Charity Hospital of New Orleans forms the grand- est field for the study of the diseases of tropical and sub- 107 tropical regions; and no men enjoy superior advantages for the study of Southern diseases, and especially for the clinical investigation of the fevers and diseases characteris- tic of warm climates than the students of medicine who are daily admitted to its wards, or the resident students, who reside permanently within its walls. The importance with which the medical students gath- ered annually in New Orleans from many of the Southern, Southwestern and Western States of the great Valley of the Mississippi, view the position of resident student, will be seen from the following correspondence : Petition of Medical Students of Tulane University of Louisiana, tvith Reference to the Appointment of Resident Students-Rep<y of Joseph Jones, AI. D., President of the Louisiana State Medical Society. Medic?L Department of Tulane University of Louisiana, New Orleans, February 13, 1888. J To Professor Joseph Jones, AL D., President of the Louisiana State Medical Society: Sir:-It is with feelings of great pleasure and satisfaction that we, the undersigned, students of the Medical Department of Tulane University of Louisiana, acknowledge your efforts to have repealed the Legislative Act of 1886, whereby the selection of medical students for positions in the Charity Hospital was restricted to applicants then resident in the State of Louisiana. Believing, as we do, that a better selection can be made by choosing the most worthy, regardless of section or State; and furthermore, believ- ing it to be of the greatest importance to have the ablest and most proficient students as sub-medical attendants in immediate charge of the various wards of the institution, subservient to the orders of the attending physicians and surgeons, thereby securing the most careful and intelligent attention, medical and ministerial, to the thousands of suffering poor who seek the comfort and shelter of this noble institution to be cured of their diseases and healed of their wounds; and believing, furthermore, that the continued enforcement of said act will tend to impair the growth of the Medical Department of Tulane University, said Medical Depart- ment having been enabled to offer her most proficient students to the ser- vice of the Charity Hospital regardless of section or State, and at the same time offering, as an incentiveto all students desirous of so doing, the opportunity to compete in examinations, necessary to appointment to resident studentship. Whereas, the continued prosperity of the above mentioned Uni- versity, and the interests of the Charity Hospital, are matters of great importance to us; therefore we respectfully ask that you, in your official position as President of the Louisiana State Medical Society, give this matter the attention it deserves, and use your efforts to have it brought before the next Legislative Assembly, urging its repeal. We, knowing your devotion to your chosen profession, to the State of Louisiana and to the city of New Orleans, to the Charity Hospital, to which you have given so many years of valuable service, conferring bene- fits to suffering thousands, whom you have treated within its walls, whose testimony can be had from many portions of the civilized world; a knowledge of the above facts makes us feel that we can ask this of you 108 with the confident assurance that your best efforts will be expended in its accomplishment. We know your kindly regard for ourselves, and your untiring efforts to place us in the position of the most valuable practical and advanced ideas in medical science; and appreciating your disregard for self-interest and advancement, we hope to emulate those noble and elevated sentiments whereby we can rise superior to sectional thought, and render justice where merited. We hope that your efforts may be strengthened to the accomplishment of the purpose as herein set forth; and again asking that you give this matter your attention, and use vour best efforts to have it brought to the attention of the Legislature of Louisiana, we hereunto subscribe our names. (Signed) A. W. Boren, and by 160 other students of the Medical Department of the Tulane University of Louisiana. 156 Washington Avenue, 4111 District, 1 New Orleans, La., February, 15, 1888. J To A. IV. Boren, and the medical students of the Medical Department of Tulane University of Louisiana: , Gentlemen-I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your com- munication of February 13, 1888, and beg leave to submit the following: The act to which you refer, containing the proscriptive legislation regulat- ing the mode of selecting the resident students of Charity Hospital of New Orleans, was passed by the General Assembly of the State of Louis- iana at the regular session of 1886, Act No. 47, "Making appropriations to defray' the ordinary' expenses of the State Government." * * * "Approved July 3, 1886, by S. D. McEnery, Governor of the State of Louisiana." The following is the portion of Act 47 which relates to the subject referred to in your communication : "Charity Hospital in New Orleans. To support of Charity Hospital in New Orleans for year ending |une 30, 1887, forty thousand dollars. For the year ending June 30, 1888, forty thousand dollars: Provided, that none but resident Louisianians be admitted as resident students. Act of General Assembly of Louisiana, 1886, p. 72." We will not discuss the question of the legality of an act of the General Assembly of Louisiana, which makes an appropriation for the support of the destitute sick, contingent upon the performance of an act by the Board of Administrators, of which His Excellency, Governor S. D. Mc- Enery, is President, which related solely to the nativity' of the students to be appointed, and not to the mode of expenditure of the funds devoted to such charitable purposes as the purchase of food and medical supplies, and the payment of the salaries of the house surgeon, assistant house surgeon, treasurer, and other employees of the hospital. It is more im- portant that we should inquire into the official interpretation of the special and proscriptive legislation of Act 47. Through the courtesy of Edwin Marks, Esq., Secretary and Treasurer of the Charity Hospital, we have been able to make the following ex- tract from the letter of Governor S. D. McEnery, of February 9, 1887, giving his official interpretation of that part of Act 47 which relates to the class of students to be selected as resident students: Executive Department State of Louisiana, I Baton Rouge, February 9, 18S7. J Edzoin Marks, Esq., Secretary Charity Hospital, N. O.-Dear Sir: * * * Mv interpretation, in the Act or the General Assembly' referred to, of the words " resident Louisianians," is that they mean citizenship. Any citizen of the State is a Louisianian, and the words do not imply or mean that the person should be native born. I presume that vour inquiry is made in order to ascertain whether the medical students at the Tulane University from other States can be admitted as resident students in the 109 Hospital, from the fact of their residence in the State during the time they have been pursuing their studies. This residence is not sufficient. If the student is under age, he of course cannot select his residence; but if he is of age and came to the State with the intention of acquiring a res- idence in the State, and of remaining permanently here, then he is en- titled to admission. It is the intention of the act of residence coupled with the intention of remaining permanently, which fixes his residence, and which will entitle the party to become a resident student of the hospital. (McRowan vs. McGwin, 15 and 637.) Respectfully yours, (Signed) S. D. McEnery, Governor. Regarding the action of the General Assembly of Louisiana of 1886, in Act 47, relative to the appointment of resident students in the Charity Hospital as unjust and unwise, and as injurious to the best inter- est of the students and patients, I embraced the earliest opportunity to ob- tain the sense of the highest medical authority in the State, to the end that the obnoxious clause might be repealed, or rather that such legisla- tion might never again be repeated. To accomplish this end, I attended the meeting of the Louisiana State Medical Society held in the month of April, 1887, in Alexandria; as will be seen from the following extracts of the proceedings of that Society. Resident Students of the Charity Hospital of Netv Orleans., La. Dr. Joseph Jones offered the following: Whereas, The Charity Hospital of New Orleans receives the distressed and destitute, sick and wounded, of the States of the Union, and all the nations of the world, be it Resolved, By the members of the Louisiana State Medical Society, that the position of resident students in this great and noble institution should be open to the competition of all honorable, intelligent and ac- complished medical students. Be it further Resolved, That the General Assembly of the State of Louisiana be re- spectfully and earnestly requested by the Louisiana State Medical Society to rescind the law enacted by the General Assembly of 1886, excluding all medical students from competition for the position of resident stu- dents of the Charity Hospital except natives and residents of Louisiana. Resolved, That the action of the General Assembly of Louisiana of 1886 was in violation of those true, generous and patriotic principles which have ever characterized the philanthropic citizens of Louisiana. Resolved, That the President of the Louisiana State Medical Society be empowered to urge the abrogation of this law of 1886, establishing, for the first time in the history of Louisiana, the unwise and illiberal policy of excluding from the competitive examination of the medical service of the Charity Hospital the intelligent and enterprising medical students of other States. Dr. Joseph Jones supported the preceding resolutions by the following arguments: (a) The object of this great and noble institution is the relief of suffer- ing humanity, the healing of disease, the restoration of the sick to the performance of the active duties of life, and the advancement of the highest intellectual, moral, and physical welfare of the commonwealth. (b) The generous citizens of Louisiana have not confined their bene- fits and ministrations to their own citizens. Upon a careful examina- tion and classification of statistics of the Charity Hospital of New Or- leaps during the period of forty years (1836-1876), we find that 310,659 patients were admitted, and of this number 248,011 were foreigners, 54,403 natives of the United States outside of Louisiana, and only 11,761 were natives of Louisiana: It is evident from these statistics that the noblest and broadest charity has actuated the citizens, and especially the 110 medical profession, of Louisiana, in the charitable ministrations to the destitute sick of all States and countries. (c) By again throwing open the field for honorable competition of all accomplished medical students, regardless of their nativity, the State of Louisiana will secure the most effective service and achieve the greatest good to suffering humanity. Duly seconded and carried. Tn conclusion, allow me to direct the attention of the students of the Medical Department of the Tulane University of Louisiana, and of our sister States, who may in future desire to compete for the position of resident students in the Charity Hospital of New Orleans, to the following, important facts: i. That Act 47 is not a law of the State of Louisiana. 2. The operation of Act 47, as far as the appointment of resident students of the Charity Hospital is concerned, ceases absolutely on July 1 st, 1888 • 3. Unless the General Assembly of Louisiana, at its subsequent meet- ting, is induced to repeal this unwise and proscriptive legislation, the Board of Administrators of the Charity Hospital of New Orleans, will, after the 30th of June, 1888, be untrammelled in their appointment of resi- dent students. They may, or let us hope they will, act regardless of State lines, basing the appointments upon merit and merit alone. As your friend and professor, and as a representative of the medical profession, I shall cheerfully comply with your request, and exert any in- fluence at my command to avert similar legislation in the future. With thanks for the kind and courteous terms in which you have been pleased to couch your petition, and with kind regards, I remain as ever your friend, Joseph Jones, M. D., President Louisiana State Medical Society, One of the most important measures for the advance- ment of the medical profession, and for the promotion of its higher education in the State of Louisiana, is the estab- lishment of a State Medical Library, for the preservation of the archives of the Society, the diffusion of medical knowledge, and the promotion of original scientific re- search in all the departments of medical science. The speaker urged the consideration of this important subject upon the attention of the Louisiana State Medical Society, as is well known, at its Ninth Annual Meeting in Alexandria, April, 1887. The Charity Hospital, of New Orleans, would seem to be the proper place for the collection and preservation of the Archives of the Louisiana State Medical Society, in virtue of its being the great medical centre of clinical ser- vice and clinical study, and investigation of all diseases, but especially of those peculiar to our Southern States. The medical profession of the valley of the Mississippi 111 should at all times have access to these valuable archives, sheltered within the walls of an institution, whose portals are open by day and by night to the sick and destitute of all States and all nations. The students also, who annually throng the wards of the Charity Hospital in the prosecution of their clinical studies, would have free access to the State Medical Library. Conclusion. 1 have thus endeavored to lay before the members of the Louisiana State Medical Society the results of our investi- gations relative to the principles of education and THEIR SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL SCIENCE. No nobler or grander theme has ever engaged the ener- gies of my life; and if the sketch has been imperfect and meagre, the failure rests with my own imperfections, but not with the importance of the subject. We hold ist. That the students should be thoroughly prepared and equipped for the study of medicine by a systematic and philosophic preliminary course of study of the funda- mental branches of science. 2nd. That a thorough course of medical instruction should embrace not less than fifteen chairs or departments with the necessary number of professors and instructors, furnished with all the necessary instruments, reagents, agents and well constructed and thoroughly equipped chemical, anatomical, physiological, therapeutical and pathological laboratories. 3rd. Medical students should be taught by actual ex- periments and demonstrations in ' chemistry, physics, physiology, pathology and therapeutics. 4th. Students should be prepared by their course of study, not only for the practice, but also for the develop- ment and advancement of medical science. 5th. The course of medical studies should be graded, 112 and should embrace for their completion not less than four years. 6th. Clinical instruction is essential to the perfection and advancement of medical knowledge with the student of medicine-and should be prosecuted from the inception to the end of the medical course of study. In presenting an outline of this vast subject we fear that we have taxed beyond endurance the patience of this in- telligent and cultured audience, but we crave indulgence in view of the importance and elevated character of the science of medicine; its object, the preservation of the health and lives, and the healing of the diseases and the amelioration of the physical and mental sufferings of our fellow-human beings, its extent embracing a knowledge of all science, whether relating to matter or mind. Health has ever been looked upon as the first of all bless- ings, and the truly wise and good physician is justly en- titled to the regard, esteem and even veneration with which he has been held in all ages and amongst all nations, even the most barbaric, and by the afflicted and destitute poor, as well as by kings and princes. " Homines ad deos nulla re propioies accedunt quam salutem hominibus dando," is the expressed opinion of the celebrated Roman orator. The nobleness of medical science has been well shadowed by the ancient poets, in that they made 2Escu- lapius to be the son of the sun, the one being the fountain of life, the other of health or the second stream. But how infinitely more honored by the example of our Saviour, who, as Lord Bacon has said, made the body of man the object of his miracles, for we read not that he vouchsafed to do any miracle about honor or money, except that one for giving tribute to Cassar, but only about the preserving, sustaining and healing of the body of man ! While we should be duly impressed with the dignity and responsibility of the medical profession, at the same time it should ever be remembered that the true phy- sician is endowed with the modesty of the philosopher, 113 and even in his highest and most self-sacrificing labors for the good of humanity must expect to encounter the opposition and neglect not only of his fellow-men, but even of the profession itself. Whilst the dream of the elixir of life and of the philos- opher's stone no longer animates the ardent child of na- ture, a pure mind and heart, actuated always by a sense of duty and by a lofty endeavor after the truth, may well re- ceive the description of the Angelical stone of the alche- mist: The Angelical stone can neither be felt, seen nor weighed; it zvill lodge in the fire to eternity without being prejudiced ; it hath a divine pozver, celestial and invisible, and endozvs its possessor zvith divine gifts. The physician works with deadly knives, and still more deadly medicines ; he is entrusted with the lives of his fel- low mem; his life is spent in the nearest communion with the sick and dying, in sight of the very gates of eternity ; the work of the physician, therefore, requires the highest self-command, the loftiest moral training, and the purest religious belief. The intimate association with disease and death, the frequent view of the effects of vice in all its forms; the temptation to promote private interests and elevate one's- self in the good opinion of others by the secret undermining of the professional reputation of rivals ; the great power which the privacy with which a physician works, confers of injuring rivals by those delicate and almost imperceptible stabs, which are all the more powerful and fatal, because inflicted at a time when all the sympathies are aroused; the temptation to exaggerate personal qualification and power over disease : all tend, if not restrained by a noble, self- sacrificing spirit, by high moral culture and pure religious belief, to degrade the noblest profession, the noblest field for the exercise of the highest intellectual and moral facul- ties, into a field of strife-into a dark school for the devel- opment and education of the meanest and lowest principles of evil. As immortal beings, and as members of a profes- sion which deals with immortal beings in their last extrerq- 114 ities, you cannot if you would, shut your eyes to the im- portance of Moral Education. Happily the very pursuit of knowledge tends to develop the moral faculties. It has been truly said, " that knowlegde is not a couch whereon to rest a searching and restless spirit, or a terrace for a wandering and variable mind to walk up and down, with a fair prospect, or a tower of state for a proud mind to raise itself upon, or a fort, or commanding ground for strife and contention, or a shop for profit and sale; but a rich storehouse for the glory of the Creator and the relief of man's estate." The end of scientific education is the reflection in the human mind of the relations and laws of the members of the universe and the enrichment of the intellect with that knowledge which enables man to predict the course of future events, and direct and control the forces of nature to the advancement of his physical and social position. In all our labors we should be encouraged by the thoughts that the humblest cultivator of natural science and especially of medical knowledge, is like the coral insect, helping to rear an edifice, which, emerging from the vexed ocean of conflicting credence, shall be first stable and secure, and at last shall cover itself with verdure, flowers and fruits, and bloom beautiful in the face of heaven. VITAL CAPACITY OF THE LUNGS IN H&AL/PH AND DISEASE, VACUUM-PNEUMATIC SPIEOMETEE. BY JOSEBH JONES, M. D., Piesident Louisiana State Medical Society; Professor of Chemistry and Clinical Medicine, Medical Department Tulane University of Louisiana; Visiting Physician, Charity Hospital,^ew Orleans. Delivered before the Louisiana State Medical Society at its ioth Annual Session, Monroe, Louisiana, April 25th, 1888. Vital Capacity of the Lungs in Health and Disease- Vacuum-Pneumatic Spirometer. The instruments for measuring the vital capacity of the chest have been designed to measure the total amount of air expelled from the chest by the deepest respiration following upon the deepest inspiration. The instrument now described acts in a reverse manner, namely: to determine the amount of air inspired into the lungs after the deepest or fullest expiration. Our most im- portant knowledge of Spirometry was derived from Dr. Hutchinson's exhaustive paper in the Medico-Chirurgical Transactions of 1846. The instrument designed by Hutchinson consisted of a mouth-piece and tube, communicating with a gasometer of registered and graduated capacity, into which the patient breathed. Mr. Towne has, of late years, invented a convenient and accurate spirometer which works on the principle of the anemometer. The advantage of this instrument is its portability. As is well known, the anemometer is a contrivance used by the meteorologist for indicating the rate or velocity and direction of the wind. Dr. Waldenburg has described a spirometer, identical in principle with Hutchinson's, but more elaborate and capable of being employed for the purpose of inhalation of com- pressed or rarified air. The chief results of Dr. Hutchinson's labors may be thus summarized. The vital capacity of the lungs varies according to height, weight, age and disease. 1st. Height. There is an increase of 8 cubic inches in vital capacity for every inch in height, between 5 feet and 6 feet. Thus the vital capacity of a healthy person at 5 feet to 5 feet 1 inch being 174 cubic inches; at 5 feet 4 118 inches it would be 174 cubic inches + 32 = 206 cubic inches; at 5 feet 8 inches, 238 cubic inches, etc. 2d. Weight. Excess in body-weight is associated with diminished capacity in the proportion of about 1 cubic inch per pound excess. 3d. Age. from 30 to 60 years the vital capacity de- creases nearly 1 and per year. 4th. Disease. The spirometer furnishes a very accu- rate standard of health, or of the extent of disease as re- gards the chest, the vital capacity in lung diseases dimin- ishing from 10 to 70 per cent. Whenever the quantity of air is 16 per cent deficient there is reason to suspect some local affection of the chest. Dr. Graham Balfour has followed up these investiga- tions of Dr. Hutchinson on the chest. Dr. Balfour has es- pecially examined how far a capacity, under the average, may be taken as an indication either of a tendency to pul- monary disease, or of a feeble constitution, rendering such men liable to a higher rate of mortality than.that to which men of or above the average are subject. He found that the loss to the British army by consumption was much greater among the men having a "vital capacity" under the average, than amongst men of average capacity, or above it; and although the proportion of deaths did not differ materially amongst those three classes, yet the invalidity was four times as high among men under the average as among others. A " vital capacity" below the average may therefore be considered as indicating a generally feeble organization, less capable of resisting the deteriorating influences to which a soldier is exposed.-Contributions to the Study of Spirometry, Med.-Chir. Transactions, vol. xlviii. Such functional incapacity is further indicated by the " breathing being shorter, with less breath motion." The expiration is quick and feeble; and there is a minimum quantity of air taken in by ordinary inspiration. Such lessened respiration tends of itself to induce accumulation 119 of mucus in the air cells, and thereby to set up inflamma- tion. Everything which tends to impede or to interrupt or obstruct the regular, complete and constant performance of the respiratory act has a most prejudicial effect upon the lungs (especially of " growing lads "), favoring accumula- tion of growing material in the air cells, which may event- ually degenerate and form a cheesy mass, in all respects resembling tubercle. Life not only depends on breathing, but the energy and the vigor of life are in a great measure ruled by the capacity and the free play of the breathing organs.- (Sib son.} During the past eighteen years I have employed the following apparatus as an important aid in the diagnosis of phthisis pulmonalis and other acute and chronic diseases of the pleura and lungs. Engraving No. i. Vacuum-Pneumatic Spirometer. A. Large glass receiver contain- ing liquid-pure or medicated water. B B. Glass tube and small grad- uated receiver. C. Brass stop-cock, to entrance of graduated glass receiver. D. Flexible tube communicating with graduated receiver B. E. Mouth-piece communicating with flexible tube. F. Graduated line indicating the capacity of the receiver in cubic inches. 120 The instrument has also proved useful in my hands for the determination of the vital capacity of the lungs as in- fluenced by age, -weight, stature, development and growth of the skeleton; the growth of the muscles in relation to the bones', the progressive increase or decrease of the mus- cular force with advancing years, and the effects of pre- ceding attacks of pleuritis, pneumonitis, pneumo-thorax, hydro-pneumo-thorax, bronchitis, asthma, emphysema and traumatic injuries of the lungs. The vacuum-pneumatic spirometer consists of a large glass globe or receiver. This receiver should be furnished with water to the amount of at least half its capacity. It is best to dissolve about one ounce of the permanganate of potassium in the water so as to remove by oxidation all dele- terious organic matters which at any time might be absorbed. Diameter of large glass receiver, 15 inches; circumference of largest part of large glass receiver, 48 inches.-B. B. Glass tube and small graduated glass receiver. Diameter of large glass tube connected with small graduated receiver, inches* The tube and small graduated receiver may be compared to a large displacement funnel, covered on the top by a brass cap and tube with stop-cock, capable of opening and closing. Diameter of graduated receiver, 6 inches; circumference of graduated receiver, 20 inches; length of graduated receiver, 12^ inches; length of glass tube attached to graduated receiver, 11^ inches; height of entire apparatus from the base of the large receiver to end of stop- cock, 30 inches. The summit of the large glass globe is covered by a brass cap, 4 inches in diameter, with an in- ternal opening of about 2 inches, through which the large glass tube or prolongation of the graduated receiver passes. The brass cap is also perforated by eight openings, circular and about 7-10 of an inch each in diameter. These openings allow free communication between the external air and that contained in the large receiver above the liquid which it contains. The tube of the graduated receiver passes through the brass cap or support on the top of the large receiver and reaches to within about 2 inches of the bot- 121 tom of the liquid. From this arrangement if air be blown through the flexible tube E, it will pass out of the receiver and tube, and bubble through the liquid and escape through the brass cap. The base or lower portion of the graduated receiver is supported by the brass cap, covering the neck of the large receiver. F, graduated lines, indica- ting the capacity of the receiver in cubic inches. The o mark is at the lower extremity of the large glass tube or funnel-like prolongation of the graduated receiver, and the graduation proceeds regularly upwards to 240 cubic inches. The graduated portion of the receiver holds 240 (two hundred and forty) cubic inches, or about 3952.2 cubic centimetres (or about 128 fluid ounces - one gallon). Mode of Using the Vacuum-Pneumatic Spirometer. The patient is directed to expell all the air out of the lungs, bending the body gently and steadily forward, as he expires, so as to aid the expulsion of all the air, if possible, from the lungs. The mouth-piece of the flexible tube is then placed between the lips and firmly held, whilst the patient inflates his lungs from the air confined in the graduated receiver. A partial vacuum is thus formed and the pressure of the atmosphere, about 15 pounds to the square inch, forces the water in the large receiver into the the tube and small receiver. The amount of air thus inspired corresponds to the column of liquid which rises in the graduated receiver, and is indicated in cubic inches. General Results of Investigations on the Vital Capacity of the Lungs in Healthy and Diseased Individuals, as Shown by the Indications of the Vacuum-Pneumatic Spirometer . i. The accuracy of the conclusions of Dr. Hutchinson as to the relation of height, weight, age and disease to the vital capacity of the lungs has been confirmed by over 1000 experiments. The general results of the investiga- tions of Dr. Balfour have also been confirmed. 122 2. In cases of incipient tuberculosis, or in the early stages of this disease, the cubic vital capacity of the lungs, irrespective of the height, or weight, or age of the adult patient (male), does not exceed on an average 130 cubic inches. 3. In advanced stages of phthisis pulmonalis the vital capacity of the lungs in adult males ranges from 60 to 120 cubic inches. 4. No correct estimate can be made of the cubic ca- pacity of the female lungs, unless the corsets and all ban- dages be removed from the thorax and abdomen. Similar decrease in vital capacity of the lungs is noticed in the fe- male suffering with phthisis pulmonalis. 5. The vital capacity of the lungs is diminished in chronic bronchitis and in pleuritis. In the latter disease the diminution of vital capacity in the lungs will corres- pond with the amount of liquid effused into one or both pleural cavities. 6. The vital capacity of the lungs is diminished in emphysema ; in asthma during the paroxysm when the dis- ease is spasmodic; in permanent asthmatic conditions of the lungs; and to a limited extent in chronic bronchitis. 7. Certain cases of general paralysis and loco-motor ataxia are attended with diminution of the vital capacity of the lungs, without structural alteration or the deposit of tubercles in these organs, such diminution being due to the loss of muscular power in the thoracic walls. 8. If the liquid contained in the large glass receiver be medicated with carbolic acid, iodine, petroleum or other volatile substances, beneficial effects may result from the use of the vacuum-pneumatic spirometer. 9. The daily inflation of the lungs, by the use of the vacuum-pneumatic spirometer, has proved beneficial in some cases by enlarging the capacity of the air cells. We have the means of observing accurately the changes in the capacity of the lungs of each individual under treatment. 10. The use of the vacuum-pneumatic spirometer gives precision to diagnosis and accuracy to prognosis, CONTRIBUTION TO TERATOLOGY. BY JOSEPH JONES, M. D., President Louisiana State Medical Society; Professor of Chemistry and Clinical Medicine, Medical Department Tulane University of Louisiana; Visiting Physician, Charity Hospital, New Orleans. Definition of Teratology; Giants and Dwarfs; Classification of Mon strosities ; Four-Legged Child, J. Myrtle Corban; Siamase Twins; Hungarian Sisters; Carolina Twins, Millie and Christine; John Allen; Hermaphroditism; Miss Emily Landry, the Bearded Girl Delivered before the Louisiana State Medical Society at its ioth Annual Session, Monroe, Louisiana, April 25th, 1888. CONTRIBUTION TO TERATOLOGY. Definition of Teratology. The word Teratology which we owe to Geoffroy St. Hilaire, literally means the science oi monsters ; and in the present article we shall apply the term to the doctrine of congenital deformities. Teratology in a scientific sense constitutes a part of pathological anatomy, which comprises all anomalies of the organization; those which occur during intra-zderine life are called congenital, and those which arise during extra-uterine life, acquired. What are com- monly called monsters, are most generally referable to the former; that is, to the imperfections of the primitive for- mation. Teratology, therefore, as a department of Morphological Science, treats of the deviation from the normal develop- ment of the embryo. The term " embryo " is conven- tionally limited in human anatomy to the ovum in the first three months of its intra-zderine existence, in which it is still developing and acquiring the rudiments of its form ; the term foetus being applied to it in the subsequent months during which the organism grows in the lines of the development already laid down. It is mostly in the first or embryonic period that these deviations from the normal type occur which present themselves as monstrosities at the time of birth. These early traces of deviation within the embryo may be slight, but they "grow with the growth and strengthen with the strength," until they amount to irreparable defects, accretions often incompatible with extra-uterine life. Although monstrosities both in the human species and ani- mals tend to repeat certain definite types of erroneous de- velopment, they do not fall readily into classes. It is remarked by Vrolik that a scientific classification is 125 impracticable from being too cumbrous, and that a conven- ient grouping is all that need be attempted. The most usual grouping originally suggested by Buffon (1800), is into monstr a per excessum, monstr a per defectum, and monstr a per fabricam alienam. Some writers, however, place the more simple cases of excess and defect side by side, and separate the double monsters from the single, the theory of the former being a distinct chapter in Teratology The origin of monstrosities has been referred to two main causes: 1. To the original malformation of the germ. 2. To the subsequent deformation of the embryo by causes operating on its development. It is evident that giants and dwarfs are not referable to the action of these causes, because in both forms of mon- strosity nothing peculiar may be noticed at birth. The in- fant of the future giant may be small and well proportion- ed, and that of the dwarf large and well proportioned. Giants are conventionally limited to persons over seven feet in height, and after the examination of one dozen ex- amples of giants and about the same number of dwarfs, the results of my observations may be thus formulated: (a) In rare instances the development of the giant is sym- metrical; in many cases (excluding of course those indi- viduals who have suffered from rickets or injuries of the spine in infancy or youth), dwarfs are well formed. (b) In giants the skull is relatively small. Accurate measurements even in the best proportioned cases prove, when reduced to a scale, that other parts besides the skull, especially the thigh bones and the feet, may be undersized though overgrown. The brain case especially is under- sized. (c) In many giants the muscles and viscera are not suf- ficient for the overgrown frame, and they are usually of feeble intelligence and languid disposition and short-lived. (d) In most cases the indications of great stature do not appear at birth, and in some individuals not until the ninth 126 year, and they generally attain their full height before the 21st year. (e) Giants are not born of gigantic parents and are most generally sterile. (f) Dwarfs, which are conventionally limited to persons under four feet in height, are more intelligent and more lively and more symmetrically formed than giants. (g) In the dwarf as a general rule the proportion be- tween the several parts is good, corresponding with those of the normal adult, the diminutive stature depending not upon the relative imperfect growth of any one of the seg- ments, or upon the permanence of a foetal or child-like con- dition, but upon the general want of growth. When disproportion occurs in a true dwarf, it takes the form of a large-sized head, broad shoulders and capacious chest and undersized lower extremities. (h.) Although dwarfs are generally strong, active and long-lived, and endowed with strong passions and acute in- telligence, as in the case of giants, they are usually sterile. Mexican or "Aztec" Dwarfs. At various times idiotic Mexican and Central American dwarfs have been exhibited in various parts of the United States, as descendants of the Aztecs who founded the City of Mexico, and were conquered in 1518-1520 by Cortez. These dwarfs were characterized by black short hair, copper-colored skin, large prominent nose, retreating forehead and small crania. In profile they strongly resem ble many of the ancient Mexican and Central American carvings. Traditions of the existence of races of dwarfs have existed in various portions of North and South America, and it has been affirmed that portions of the Cumberland valley, in Tennessee, of the isthmus of Panama and of Peru were inhabited by dwarfs. I have, in the years 1866 and 1867, investigated the graves of the so- 127 called ancient pigmies of Tennessee, and found them to be occupied by the skeletons of children. The carvings, however, upon some of the ancient Central American monuments would appear to confirm the tradition that a race of dwarfs existed in former ages, and took part in military operations and political changes. In 1855, I examined, in Philadelphia, two idiotic Mexi- can children, exhibited publicly, as "The Aztec Children." These dwarfed and (idiotic Central American children have thus been described by Dr. John C. Dalton, in his " Treatise on Human Physiology P 4th ed., p. 409. "There were a boy and a girl, aged respectively about seven and five years. The boy was about 2 feet 9^ inches high, and weighed a little over twenty pounds. The girl was 2 feet 54^ inches high, and weighed seventeen pounds. Their bodies were tolerably well proportioned, but the cranial cavities were extremely small. The antero-posterior diameter of the boy's head was only 4^ inches, the trans- verse diameter less than 4 inches. The antero-posterior diameter of the girl's head was 4^ inches, the transverse diameter only 3^ inches. The habits of these children, so far as regards feeding and taking care of themselves, were those of children three or four years of age. They were incapable of learning to talk, and could only repeat a few isolated words. Notwithstanding, however, the extremely limited range of their intellectual powers, these children were remarka- bly vivacious and excitable. While awake they were in almost perpetual motion, and any new object or toy pre- sented to them immediately attracted their attention, and evidently awakened a lively curiosity. They were accord- ingly easily influenced by proper management and under- stood readily the meaning of those who addressed them, so far as this meaning could be conveyed by gesticulation and the tones of their voices. Their expression and general appearance, though de- 128 cidedly idiotic, were not at all disagreeable or repulsive, and they were much less troublesome to the persons who had them in charge than is often the case with idiots pos- sessing a larger cerebral development." During the past ten years I have examined five other similai " Aztec idiots, four of which are represented in the following engraving (No. 2). Mexican Idiots.'- "Descendants of the Ancient Aztecs of Mexico." In 1885, a girl with Aztec fea- tures, with excess- ively small cra- nium, was exhibit- ed on Canal street, and although the coloring and fea- tures were Mexi- can, her keeper affirmed that she was a native of Bay St. Louis, Miss., and was of Indian parentage. This girl, of about 12 years of age,was not larger than an ordinary child of 6 years of age. Although lame from an injury of the left hip, the femur having been broken and the limb shortened, the child was in perpetual motion; had no power of speech. When a pet dog was brought near she passed her hands through the cage in which she was con- fined and caught its leg and seized it with her teeth. She Engraving No. 2. 129 also endeavored to scratch and bite all the children who approached her cage. At the close of the recent Exposition in New Orleans, I obtained two Mexican babies preserved in alcohol, which presented the same prominent features, with small crania, which characterized all these so-called Aztecs. In figure No. 2, A A and C C, are represented the fe- males, and in B B and D D the males. A A and B B were exhibited together in 1884, and C C and D D had been exhibited in this city some years previously. The woman represented by the figure A A died in this city whilst on exhibition at Grunewald Hall, on Baronne street, of what her attending physician styled retro-pha- ryngeal abscess. At the request of her exhibitor, Mr. Keller, the body was delivered to the Medical Department of the University of Louisiana for dissection, as will be seen from the fol- lowing letter of Dr. A. B. Miles, at that time Demonstrator of Anatomy. Medical Department, University of Louisiana, 1 New Orleans, La., February 14, 1884. ) My Dear Doctor-I enclose certificate of death of a Mexican woman, who, during life, was on exhibition at Grunewald Hall. The manager of the show proposes giving the body to the College. With your permission, I will have it removed to-night. If a written permission be necessary, you will oblige me by sending by bearer. Im am very respectfully, A. B. Miles. Dr. Joseph Jones, President Board of Health, State of Louisiana. The necessary permit was granted, and I made careful examinations of the body, internal organs and cranium. I record the following results of my observations and cranial measurements. Engraving No. 3 represents the front and side view of the cranium of this woman. Engraving No. 3.-Cranium, front and side view of Mexican (Aztec) woman, see Engraving No. 2, A A. Mexican woman, A, Engraving No. 2. Died from retro-pharyngeal abscess, at Dime Museum, Baronne street near Canal, February 14, 1884. Well-formed; fat plump trunk and extremities. Marks of extensive cicatrix, apparently caused by a burn on right side of buttock and thigh. 130 Engraving No. 3.-Cranium of Mexican (Aztec) Woman. No marks of previous pregnancy. Apparent age, about 21. Wisdom teeth perfectly formed. Chest well-developed and full; mammee well- formed and firm. Hands and feet and upper and lower extremities well formed; the former small and beautiful. Limbs round; they as well as the abdomen and body generally encased in a thick layer of fat. Height about 4 feet 4 inches. Cranium remarkably small, with retreating fore- head and prognathous jaws. Teeth full and perfect, 16 above and 16 below. Lower jaw large-boned and powerful. Facial angle, 62°; frontal diameter, 2f inches. Contents ot cranium, 360 cubic centimeters = 23.5 cubic inches. Biparietal diameter, 3^ inches; occipito-frontal diameter, 5% inches. Intermastoid diameter, 4^ inches; diameter vertical from margin of foramen magnum to most prominent portion of arch of cranium, 4$ inches. Frontal diameter, between the antero-inferior angles of the parietal bones, 2-^ inches. Vertical diameter, from the fossa between the condyles of the occipital bone to top of skull, 3.5 inches. Intermastoid arch, from one mastoid process to the other ovei- the arch of cranium, 9.8 inches. Intermastoid line, distance in straight line between the points of the mastoid processes, 9.2 inches. Occipito-frontal arch, posterior margin of foramen magnum to the suture of os frontis and nasal bones, 14)^ inches. Horizontal periphery, os frontis above superciliary ridge and most prominent part of occipital bone, 13X inches. Vertical circumference of cranium over meatus of foramen magnum, 8f inches. Diameter meatus to meatus, 3^ inches; cubic capacity of cranium, 23'4 cubic inches; length of each ramus of lower jaw, 3^ inches: greatest width of lower jaw, 3inches; greatest width of each ramus, if inches. Distance of posterior border of foramen magnum to occipital protu- berance, 2 inches; distance of anterior border of foramen magnum to symphysis of rami (chin), 4-1L0- inches; diameter of foramen magnum (large), i^ inches. 131 After many measurements of the crania of various races, as the Mound Builders of the Mississippi Valley, the North American Indians, the Anglo-Saxon, the Negro of Africa, the mummies of Egypt, Arabs, Malays and Chinese, I have found the cranium of this Mexican woman to be of less cubic capacity than any which has ever come under my observation. So remarkable was the smallness of the brain of this Mexican woman that I instituted careful measurements of the crania of such animals as it had been in my power to procure and prepare for my private collection of compara- tive anatomy, as will be shown in the following table: Capacity Capacity Name of Animal. or cranium in cubic of cranium in cubic Mexican Woman (Aztec) centimeters. 360 inches. 23-5 Fossil Sloth (Megalonyx Jeffersonii) 52O 32-0 American Bison (Buffalo), male. 560 34-6 Horse (draught) 660 40-7 Horse (draught) 670 4i-3 Mule 750 46.5 Texas Steer (long horns) 560 34'6 Bull (short horns) SIG 31.6 Sheep (Ram, long horns) IIO 6.8 Goat (long horns) IO5 6.4 Sheep (Ram, long horns) 130 S.o Sheep (Yew) 120 7-4 American Deer (Buck, long horns) 165 10.2 American Deer (Buck, long horns) l6o 9.9 Large Dog (cur) IOO 6.2 Hog (male) 170 10.5 Hog (female) IIO 6.8 Large Brown American Bear 250 15-5 Brown American Bear 230 14.2 Brown Russian Bear , 24O 14-9 The most interesting cranium embraced in the preceding measurements is that of the fossil sloth of the Missis- sippi Valley (Megalonyx Jeffersonii), which I have figured in engraving No. 4, figure No. 1. This specimen was found in the loess near Natchez, Mississippi. The drawing represents only a fragment of the tooth, 5 inches in length. The entire tooth was formerly 10 inches in length. 132 Engraving No. 4.-Fossil Mammalia of Mississippi Valley i FIG. 3 FIG. 2 *FIGI Figure I.-Cranium of Megalonyx Jeffersonii. Cubic capacity of cranium, 520 cc = 32 cubic inches. Length of superior surface of cra- nium, 13 inches. Width of opening of proboscis, 3% inches. Perpendicu- lar diameter of cranium, 7 inches. Length of cranium from border of foramen magnum, to end of upper jaw, 14 inches. Figure 2.-Molar of Mastodon giganteus, Adams county, Miss. Length, 9 inches; from crown to end of fang, 8 inches. Figure No. 3.- Molar of Elephas primogenius or Mammoth, from St. Landry parish, La. From the preceding explanation we obtain the remarka- ble results that the cubic capacity of this Mexican (Aztec) idiotic dwarf is 160 centimeters less than that of the ex- tinct North American sloth, Mcgalonyx Jeffersonii', 200 less than that of the American bison; 310 less than that of the horse; 390 less than that of the mule; 200 less than that of the Texas steer, and only no cubic inches more that that of the cranium of the American brown bear. The capacity of this Mexican cranium was not more than about one-fourth of the well-developed human cra- nium. 133 Causes of Congenital Anomalies. I. Original Malformation of the Germ. If the germ be considered as a product or secretion by the female organism, upon which the male sperm acts with its material and vital influences, the germ may be originally malformed, owing to some influence proceeding either from the female or male sex. II. Deformation of the Originally Well-Formed Germ. (a) By mental impression of the pregnant woman. (b) By external injuries suffered by pregnant women. (c; By the supervention of diseases during the period of pregnancy. There are instances of the foetus being the subject of intermittent fever (P. Russell) ; of sudden death, occasioned by frightful agitation of the mother (Wienholdt); of jaundice communicated by the mother (Kerckring); of small-pox (Jenner, Montgomery, Fried- lander); of syphilis and scarlet fever (R.Lee); of yellow fever (Joseph Jones, M.D.)-all derived from the mother. III. Diseases of the Ovum and Fcetus. (a) Acute and chronic placentitis. (b) Destruction of the coats of the ovum. (c) Formation of pseudo-membranes; brides placen- taires of Professor St. Hilaire. (d) Morbid states of the coats of the ovum: molcefungo- sce, carnosce^ crzienta, and tendinosoe. Valentin distinguishes in the sanguineous mass of mola carnosa a net of vessels, from which the blood issues. It is the vascular net of the chorion, in which the mass of blood has been collected, in consequence of too great a supply from the uterus. By these means the villi are dis- tended and removed. The ovum being thus degenerated, occasions defective respiration and nutrition of the foetus, which, in consequence, soon dies. The ovum, however, may still continue to grow, and is finally expelled. In this manner these molce are frequently the cause of miscarriage. 134 IV. Impeded Development of the Fcetus from Some Remote or Unknown Cause. It has been a subject of dispute whether the deforming cause operates on the foetus in its totality, or whether it af- fects originally only one system, which spreadsits deform- ing influence over all the others. This last idea was em- braced by Tiedemann, who at first deduced all monstros- ities from some defect of the vascular, and later from the nervous, system. W. Vrolik has ably contested this view of Tiedemann. Classification of Monstrosities. We shall avoid a critical examination of the systems pro- posed by Licetus, Huber, Wigtel, Malacarne, Buffon, Blu- menbach, Breschet, Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Gurlt, Otto and Bischoff, and we shall adopt the simple grouping of the learned Dr. W. Vrolik, taking embrvogenesis as the basis. I. Malformation of the Ovum. ( a ) Molabotryoides or Hydatica, Hydrometra A quatica : This is a degeneration of the chorion into vesicles of dif- ferent sizes, filled with a serous liquor, which were erro- neously taken for hydatids. (b) Separation of the Placenta into Lobes, or Cotyledons. (c) The Vesicles of the Umbilical Cord are separated near the placenta and meet at a considerable distance from it. (d) The Umbilical Cord too long. The common length of the cord is 20 inches, but it maybe 48 inches, and some- times 5 feet. This abnormal length of the cord may cause its circumvolution around the foetus, strangulation and death, or, by constricting one of the extremities, causing spontaneous amputation. (e) The Umbilical Cord too short. The minimum meas- ure has been stated at 7 inches, but the cord may, however, be much less. This condition may cause ectopia of the abdominal viscera. (f) Absence of one of the Umbilical Arteries. This 135 may be observed in double monsters, but occurs princi- pally in Ectopia Viscerum Abdominalium, and in defective formation of the inferior parts of the body. (g) Increased Number of the Vesicles of the Cord. (h) Persistence of the Umbilical Vesicle. (i) Constriction of the Umbilical Cord. (j) The Umbilical Cord too thick. II. Malformation of the Fcetus. A. Monstrosities Produced by the Arrest of Devel opment. i. Non-closure of the Anterior Part of the Body. (a) Fissure of the whole anterior wall of the body. (b) Fissure of the thorax. (c) Fissure of the anterior abdominal wall. Complete •ectopia of the abdominal viscera; congenital umbilical hernia; congenital ventral hernia; acquired umbilical her- nia. (d) Fisszire of the -pubic and hypogastric regions. Formation of a cloaca; congenital fissure of the urinary bladder, ectopia vesicae urinariae, inversio vesicas urinarias. (e) Cervicalfisszire (fistula colli congenita}. (f) Fissure of the face. Complete fissure of the face; double labium leporinum ; single hare-lip; fissure of the palate without a hare-lip; fissure of the under-lip. 2. Fissure of the Skull-Acrania. (a) Want of the brain and exposure of the whole basis of the skull. (b) The denuded surface of. the basis cranii occupied by a spongy substance instead of brain. (c) The surface of the basis cranii only partially denuded and a spongy tumor occupying the place of the brain. (d) The skull flat and closed, but having an opening through which the brain protrudes as a hernia. 3. Fissure of the Back Part of the Body. (a) Hydrorachis and spina bifida. 136 4 Hydrocephalus Congenitus. (a) Hydrocephalus Internus. (b) Hydrocephalus Externus. 5. Acephalia or Fcetus Without a Head. 6 Want and Defective Formation of the Trunk,- Acomia. 7. Defective Formation of the Extremities. • 8 Cyclopia. 9. Deficiency of the under jaw-Monotia. B. Monstrosities Produced by an Excess of Devel- opment. 1. Fcetus in Fostu. The human foetus may be in another foetus or adhere to its body. This may happen in two different manners: First, a foetus more or less perfect contained in the cavity of the body of its twin brother or sister. Second, the more or less developed rudiments of a foetus adhere, in the form of a tumor, to the external surface of a second body, and are covered by the external integuments. 2. Double Monsters-Heteradelphi, in which one of the foetuses is more or less perfect and the other merely an appendix to it, and these are called Het er a delft hi. Under this name, Heteradelfths, which we owe to Geof- froy St. Hilaire, we understand that species of double monster, of which one foetus is large and perfect, and an- other, or part of another, adheres to it like a parasite. They should be considered as twins, of which one has been developed at the expense of the other, which other some- times becomes partially included in its body. According to the more or less perfect state of the appendix, they are reduced to different species: First species, the appendix consists of a head only; second, the appendix consists of more or less developed extremities only; third, the appen- dix is an acephalus with four extremities; fourth, the ap- pendix a complete body, with a head and four extremities. 137 This form of Heteradelph makes the transition to the an- terior duplicity. The appendix has but to be more equally proportioned to the chief body, and a completely double monster is formed. 3. Double Monsters. (tz) Anterior Duplicity.-It has been observed that some of the rarer kinds of Heteradelphia approximate closely to the double monsters. (^) Lateral Duplicity.-In lateral duplicity the two bodies are not set opposite to one another, but are turned sideways from one another. They have a common tho- racic cavity, for the formation of which, at least in the high- est degree of duplicity, the right ribs of one body and the left of the other proceed towards the anterior and posterior aspects, and are there connected with an anterior and pos- terior sternum. The numerous varieties of lateral duplicity may be divid- ed into two principal sets. The first begins with the com- plete duplicity of the whole body and ends with its perfect singleness; in the second, the duplicity of the body re- mains, but the head gradually becomes single. The forms herein included may be divided into 13 groups. (c) Inferior Duplicity.-This division of double mon- sters includes those cases in which there are two complete bodies, with the lower portions of their respective trunks united, so that there is a head with upper extremities both above and below (the bodies being placed in the same straight line) and on either side of the part at which they meet two lower limbs. (zf) Posterior Duplicity.-In this form two bodies are united by their backs, or apart of them. The union may be at the pelvis (which is most common), and occurred in the well-known Hungarian sisters, who lived to their twen- ty-second year; or at the back of the vertebral column, or at the back part of the heads. (^) Superior Duplicity.-In superior duplicity the two children are connected by their skulls, the bones of which 138 are united so as to form a single skull-all these are true double monsters. 4. Triple Monsters. This form of monstrosity appears to be very rare as it appears that but one instance has been recorded in the hu- man subject. The preceding brief analysis of the labors of various writers, but more especially of W. Vrolik, enables us to refer to their position in the classification of monstrosities those cases which have come under our observation. We do not propose upon this occasion an exhaustive de- scription and anatomical dissection of the numerous cases of double monsters in the lower animals, now in our possession, as a double-headed snake (Coronella ge- tula), the two perfectly formed heads being joined upon the same lateral plane of the common neck; several spec- imens of doubled-headed chickens; double-headed chick- ens with four legs; double-headed pigs, with two anterior and four posterior extremities; eight-legged calf, etc. We desire to place on record two or more cases which appear to be worthy of study and preservation. As far as my observations have extended those remark- able cases of monstrosity, when two or more individuals are united, the changes may be referred to definite laws of union, and of altered or aberrated development of the ovum. In such cases, the unions are symmetrical, or may be referred either to the union at an early stage of two or more impregnated ova, or to a division or fission of the sin- gle ovum, or to an excess of the developmental powers of the ovum. But we never have in such monstrosities a new sfenus or species produced. The acephalous monster, the double- headed monster, and all the varied forms of monstrosity in the human race partake of one common nature, and are incapable of propagating their peculiarities, and are thus incapable of originating new species or genera. T A. B L E IC CONTINUED COMMERCIAL STATISTICS OF NEW ORLEANS, FROM THE CESSION OF THE TERRITORY OF ORLEANS TO THE UNITED STATES, 1803, TO 1882, INCLUSIVE, COLLECTED, CLASSIFIED AND CONSOLIDATED FROM ORIGINAL SOURCES BY JOSEPH JONES, M D., 156 WASHINGTON STREET, FOURTH DISTRICT, NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA. JANUARY, 1883. [43] DIRECT IMPORTS FROM FOREIGN PORTS. [571 The following table exhibits the product of Low Middling to Good Middling cotton, on an average for each year, for ten year past: Ft § 0 3674 1671 22^ 29 : ; :1 : : 133 21 40 :3 • • 0 ; ; • ; • G u 1 RECAPITULATION. 5345 251. 4203- 194. 5059 Gl S [69] VALUE OF PRODUCE dF THE INl'ERldR. A Table showing the receipts df the principal articles from the interior during the years Gliding Atigust 3i 1877 arid 1876, with their estimated average and total valuri. [b8] LIVE STOCK MARKET-(Prices Continued.) 18-7< 1877-78 [77] ARRIVALS OF SHIPS,BRIGS, SCHOONERS, SLOOPSANI) STEAMBOATS FOR FOUR YEARS, ENDING THE :WH OF SEPTEMBER, 1836. sjroqiuuajs 66 73 140 173 142 125 104 84 68 35 31 40. OQ i(78] MONTHLY ARRIVALS OF SHIPS, BARKS, BRIGS, SCHOONERS AND STEAMBOATS FOR THREE YEARS, FROM SEPTEMBER 1 TO AUGUST 31. LC cc epoqureojs 1 - 187 220 284 356 271 268 332 259 190 136 142 If [85] MONTHLY CLEARANCES OF SHIPS, BARKS, BRIGS, SCHOONERS AND STEAMSHIPS, For three years, from September 1 to August 31. 30 58-59 Date. 18?7-^78 1878-79 1877-7S 1878-79 1877-78 18 ARTICLES. 64-65 63-6 l! 62-63 59- AR.TICLES. 64-65 63-64 62-63 59-60 58-59 SEASONS. Total Crop. Bales. Rec'd atN. O. Bales. Av'ge Price Cents Per ib. SEASONS. Total Crop. Bales. lec'd at N. O. Bales. Av'ge Price Cents Per its. •pm 80 85 154 131 183 138 147 137 86 66 47 50 1 ■pm |; 187 201 218 209 198 157 178 146 115 64 69 1 S > © O ,3 0 & 1 Calves,. ■F head- Galyas, head. . CD 0 J a qO (X © $ JR 1 AND ENDING AUGUS TOBACGO-HHDS. X- CD § 3643 2412 485 "'740 100 130 5023 1098 1346 12 4764 588 922 21 G G 6540 970- 612.1 6710 943 Gl Articles 1^76-77^ 1875-76. Sheep, head. •sdo'o[g sdupuivois | *■ ^cOt-OGldCGGlCiCiLO'^' ^^-tr-iGlGlGlGlQl'^^^T-t 1 d MONTHS. 1878-79. 1877-78. 1876-77. Coffee- Cuba, &c., bags... Rio, bags Sugar- Cuba, bxs & bbls.. Cuba, hhds Brazil, &c. bxs&bgs 1514 15848 35010 9397 13 1337 780 27 3 392 1 10431 । rl 981 46 809 169 315 3 15 3218 16 404883 14 10604 29 636 32 470 Molasses- Cuba, hhds & tcs . Cuba, bbls Salt- Liverpool, sacks... Turk's Isl'd,&c bus Sicily, bush 2652 13837 12800 47' 777. 10891 101 64220 12460 17419 5604 848327 371182 1205 • 842 636218 185398 • d CD s 5 D Cl OO •sionooqos 33 30 37 45 72 61 46 30, 18, 25 20 0 0 1 s 1855-56 1856-57 1857-58.... 1858 -59.... 1859-60.... 3527845 2939510 3113962 3851481 4675770 9 121 Hi 111 10g 1860-61.... 1861-62.... 1862-63 ... 1863-64 .. 1864-65.... 3700000 1849312 38880 22078 131044 271015 11 10 55| 85 691 Amount. Average Price. value. Dollars Amount. Price. , V ante* Dollars. X'earl I CD Tn m 1 1 2 3 4 5 3 1 24 £ 1 Schooners. I Steamships. 0 H CD ft Si | Schooners. | Steamships. 0 CD CD Barks. Sc Schooners. Steamships. 3 © 151 (247 1678616 1774298 2255448 ■3 GO 567 "1149 : 1948 I 1318 20 I 3193 0802 I 9£ 1 10TS 1 ! 650 2367 2L 19984 22582^ 26713 164?>n 567 4415 3213 5867 26 24 52 46 59 45 48 45 27 28 15 13 1 1 a •sSlict [8 Alcohol, bbls. Apples, bbls. .... : ,.. Bacon, sides and shoulders, casks. Bacon, sides and shoulders, box:es. Bacdri Harris, tierces...;; Baggirig, pieces . ..» Bale Rope, coils. Beaiis, bbls Hutter, kegS ; Brail, sacks Beef, tierce® Beef, biris .. Broom Corri, bales. Cotton, bales ,, Corri Meal, bbls Corn, shelled, .sacks Corn. bulk..bushels Cdttori Seed, sacks Cheese, boxes Ui Caridles, bpxes. ... * *« 'pal, Western , bbls I •••:,• Cow P<>as. sacks. ....... Dried Apples arid Peaches, bbls.... Bggs, bbls Eggs, boxes.. Feathers, bags ■■■■•■ Flour, bbls. Glassware, packages Dry Salt Meat, lbs Hides Hay,, bales. , Lard, tierces. Lard. kegs. Le th er; bundles , Lime, Westem, bbls. Lead, White, kegs. Molasses icrop), gallons Moss, bales Oats, sacks - Onions, blds Oil, Coal, bbls Oil, Coal, boxes Oil, Castor, bbls.. Oil, Lard, bbls Oil < 'ake. sacks Pickles, bbls Potatoes, bbls Pork, bbls Porter. Ale and Beer, packages.... Rice, bbls Rosin, bbls Shot, kegs. Soap, boxes . .. Spirits Tdrpeiitihe, bbls Staves, ML Sugar (crop), hhds. Stutch. boxes Shingles, M TalloW, bbls; .... Topaccb. I^eaf. * 521 82564 $ 90 00 1 50 90 00 50 00 38 00 13 50 10 00 9 00 11 00 1 50 18 00 13 00 14 00 52 00 2 80 1 50 55 65 3 50 5 60 ; 2 ,9 00 15 00 16 00 20 00 6 50 2 85 7 3 75 3 00 32 00 5 00 40 00 1 25 3 25 43J 7 00 2 00 2 25 12 00 3 00 44 00 45 00 2 50 10 00 2 75 16 50 14 00 10 35 2 00 27 00 3 5b 13 00 110 00 05 50 1 50 3 bb 08 ob 102 62 $ 46800 123846 1092600 1(6000 602186 201725 12680 16056 439538 210876 1044 51753 18536 72268248 153635 1659617 1243504 764910 147567 220814 498250 211844 12195 25230 152656 1280 4105413 42673 1295744 1414316 461418 796448 158125 151320 74918 24655 4835978 84042 834762 46577 312264 27606 582075 434068 1000 503850 1197834 841386 1736834 94094 03505 210735 53651 507820 156464J4 05131 32496 552 42913 15916 9597 15369 23041 0378 3448 32673 161485 2225 8107 1742 1604441 131487 902700 1432742 1363400 49840 . 46382 4769073 45141 2860 1061 11454 ■105 791701 14887 12726365 281332 144675 23634 3'1431 3674 52075 8445 10011288 11143 391608 07788 17077 7252 6987 189879 49 190562 74430 35065 158761 31355 0662 40798 4106 4090 139501 55817 9818 1489 26671 $ 94 25 4 ob ibb ob 50 00 50 00 13 5b 6 50 11 00 , 90 18 00 10 00 15 00 52 65 2 T5 1 00 60 60 3 50 5 60 30 3 00 14 00 18 00 20 00 20 00 5 75 3 00 3 50 3 00 37 50 ,6 00 41 00 1 40 3 25 43 8 00 2 95 1 75 8 00 2 45 54 25 50 00 1 25 10 00 2 00 21 00 13 00 10 35 2 50 07 Ob 4 ob 10 50 105 00 83 ob 1 50 3 00 06 00 160 ob $ 52081 85826 1591600 479850 168450 338054 03780 02412 359403 145337 40050 81070 26130 84473819 361589 1107319 859645 818040 174440 259739 1430722 135423 40010 ,2269g 229080 ■ 2100 4552281 44p61 1177189 984662 434025 886275 206586 150634 12905 27446 4304854 80144 881118 48620 136616 17767 340350 037349 49b 381124 1503219 455845 1643176 7$38§ 71871 171192 5(575 429450 11578583 83726 29401 , 3^714 4267360 Sept.. 1st qual. 2d Oct....1st " 2d " Nov.. 1st " Sd " Dec... 1st " ■ . 0d " Jan...1st (' 2d " Feb .. .1st " 2d " March 1st " 2d " April.. 1st " •i M " May . .1st " 2d " June.. 1st " 2d " July...1st " 2d " Aug...1st " 0d " $3 00^1 5 00 2 00.. 2 50 3 00.. 5 00 2 00.. 2 50 3 50.. 4 50 2 00.. 2 50 3 00.. 4 00 2 (f0.. 9 50 3 00 . 5 00 2 00 . 2 50 4 O'O.. 5 00 2 00 2 50 3 00.. 5 00' 2 00'.. 2 50 3 50 . 5 00 2 00 . 2 50 0 00.. 4 00 2 00.. 0 50, 3 00'.. 4 00' $00 00@7O 00 30 00. .50 00' 60 0,0, .70 00 30 00..50 00 75 00..90 00 50 00..70 00 75 00..90 00 50 00..70 00 05. 00. .90 0.0 30 00 .50 00 65 O'd. .75 (h\ 25 00..50 00 65 00..75 00' 25 00..50 00 65 00 .75 00 25 00..50 00 65 00. .75 00 25 00' .50 00 65 00 fa 00 25 00 50' 00 65'00,. .75 00 $65 00®8( 40 00 (i€ 65 00. .'80 40 00. ,6( 80 00 100 50 00..75 80 00.100 50 00..75 75 00..90 40 60..70 75 dd..90 40 00..70 75 00..90 40 00.70 75 00..90 40 00..70 75 00..90 40 00..70 75 00..90 40 dd 70 00..70 30 nn 00 00 60 00 00 01) 00 00 00 00 00. dd 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00. 00 00 00 00 P 50® 8 0 O 00 . 7 0 7 00.. 8 0 6 0'0,.. 7 0 7 00'.. 8 0 .. 6 0 6 00.. 70 4 50.. 50 6 00.. 70 5 00 - - 6 00.. 70 5 00.- 6 00 7 0 5 00..-' - 6 00 7 0 5 00.. 6 00.. 70 5 00.. O 00.. 7 0( 0 7 ) 6 9 7 0 0 o' 8 1 6 8 6 ) 7 - 6 • 7 4 T 7 6 8 7 8 7 7 6 7 0 7 50.. 8 00 10.. 7 00 50.. 8 00 00.. 7 00 dhi. o 80 90'.. 7 5t BO. .10' 00 JO.. 7 50 50.. 8 00 10 . 7 OO! 50.. 8 OOj >0. . 7 00 50'.. 8 00 fd.. 7 00 )0.. 9 0v0 )0.. )0.. 9 00 )0 >0. . 8 00 )0.. 7 00 >0.. 8 00 V 7 00 $9 5( 8 0C 9 5( 8 01 9 01 8 0'1 9 01 8 01 10 01 8 01 10 00 8 0(J 10 00 8, 00 te do 8 00 10 00 8 00 9 00 10 00 9 00 .10 00 .. 9 00 ..10 00 9 00 ..10 00 i. .^-= - .id do .. . .12 00 .. 9 00 12 00 .. 9 00 ..12 00 .. ,9 00 ..13 00 . 9 did ..12 00 .. 9 00 . .10 00 .. 8 00 ..11 00 : no 00 11 10 11 10 10 to 10 9 11 10 11 10 ( 1'0 .9 II 9 9 8 9 8 11 8 10 .12 )0 - )0 12 10 00 •sdtqs 21 31 65 39 52 32 46 46 29 20 Lt •S4l«a |' iGrt<c©^i> tTOGl- Cl CC CC CO Gl r-( Ql Gl T-( H 1 LG The trade done through the New and Old Basins has been a prominent feature in our commercial history for years. The following tables exhibit the receipts at both Basins for the year ending August 31, 1865 : [58] The following table will be of use : O oq 3476 2195 515 ""1084 903 2068 335 '5496 518 1888 19 2386 CJ ■ ■ T-l ' US 0 0 • ■ ' » CO Gl • • * CO ©I ■ • • 6186 4055 6350 7555 3 § 15201 15847 15387 00 T£-££8I sjBoqtuhaJS 62 109 118 97 112 118 107 100 69 51 43 19 !1422!1005 •sdtqs | * 119 89 94 75 81 55 79 50 41 14 11 Is 1 1 5 11 13 18 27 16 10 6 1 3 112 25 44 67 99 125 156 ■ 188 128 76 53 47 36 1044 2 1 19 29 21 25 22 18 12 3 2 1 155 5 6 20 19 22 15 16 9 16 12 9 23 172 3 14 20 27 45 37 33 33 22 11 6 1 252 Qotations for Middling Cotton at the close of each month during the year 1861-65, with rate of Gold and Sterling Bills at same date. Quotations of highest and lowest points in each month for the year 1861-65, for Low Middling to Middling. 10..12 00 10" 12 00 >0..11 Off 0..10 00 0 .12 00, 0..-; 0..12'00 10 . 1 p. .12 00[ )0. -- d. ,12s od 0 .10 00! 0. 10 00 0 . 9 00 0. .10 00 0 . 9 00' 0. .12 00 0. .10 00 •pm 71 128 195 184 135 iS2 162 126 99 50 4.7 43 1855-56. I Cu-NCi-Gr-CiGiGU mponnrT'HQ 1 Gi OO iG u- GO LG Ci blLOqUlUUl^ - GLN G N N 72 CC 11 September. .... October November - December J anuary February March A pril May J tine July August Total 3 2 1 . 0 2 3 21 7 5; 5 s; 4 61 8 3 0 2 8 2 6 7 3 8 8 47 7 11 14 22 28 37 34 30 21 19 10 2 235 12 21 36 41 42 48 67 41 33 18 23 20 402 s 6 29 40 40 37 24 54 30 4 5 5 283 2 7 12 5 8 6 6 3 2 51 7 10 20 55 29 38 27 35 32 11 16 15 22 28 47 38 54 45 25 43 36 12 17 15 40, 47 122 174 149 153 104 156 113 32 40 36 166 1 1 1 7 3 12 1 13 3 12 4 31 0 20 27 7 36 53 1 19 23 13 20 32 31 27 33 46 40 31 34 43 22 17 43 66 86 118 130 138 132 133 100 93 55 42 1136 ci *7 § 244 1154 1192 7i 105 [im 850 2 8761 1814 2335 9 244 2353 6214 11427 2344 a ir G 1 1784 39958 140584 58 3981 , 1324 1389774 ,153039 1106411 2260917 1176785 42162 . 39431 1993000 5^961 1355 1682 9541 , 64 631602 14973 185J0625 377151 153806 24889 31625 3783 59934 7586 11117190 12006 417381 20701 26022 9202 " 12935 173627 100 183218 72596 60099 167810 47047 875 60210 4127 5162 163837 63487 10832 1625 9317 [44j Receipts at New Canal. Cotton, bales 4,348 Lumber, feet. 6,309,000 Wood, cords 5,894 Bricks, M 220,000 Sand, bbls 14,400 Shells, bbls 10.300 Charcoal, bbls 3,100 Shingles, M 23 Staves, M 24 Rosin, bbls 1,814 Turpentine, bbls 70 Tar, bbls 826 Tar, kegs 02 Oysters, bbls 110 Cross Ties, pieces 350 Cattle, head 74 Sheep, head 110 Hides 200 Horns 6,000 1 non Receipts at New Canal. Pork, bbls 70 Lard, tcs 10 Knees, pieces 100 Receipts at Cakondelet Canal. Cotton, bales 767 Cotton, bags 81 Charcoal, bbls 27,240 Lumber, feet 965.000 Wood, cords 3,424 Sand, bbls 3.880 Oysters, bbls 50,200 Tar. bbls 50 Shells, bbls 530 Bricks, M 70,000 Staves. M 28.000 Shingles, M 22,000 Rosin, bbls.... 105 •sdoois OHHOHGOOIOHHO PPL | x 203 289 221 287 165 201 230 131 163 109 57 1 c5 •s.tattooqas 23 32 60 63 66 58 34 34 22 23 15 sdrqsunwjs 1 " O co CC Cl U* GOG r- Ci cc Gl QI ©I Gl r-< Gl Cl Gl r-< 410 '"3077 1669 • i " 1750 5298 1891. 1947 10 10 161 410 4746 3761 8939 'I s 1864-65. Middling Cents th Sterling F Cent. Gold 1864-65. Highest. Lowest. £ 3 J •sSujf .23 42 82 79 49 54 48 46 31 22 19 12 s ■saouooqos | O Ci ** Ci Ci Gl O 1G GO GO GGGTrG-r-r.N NN- ■F Dollar. •sdtqs 25 53 52 42 19 67, 44 34 5 4 16 •sSua | - *G Cl u- CC Gl -r IG 60 EXPORTS OF COTTON AND TOBACCO FROM NEW ORLEANS FOR TEN YEARS, COMMENCING SEPT co ^c> • • ■ ■r*' P- 05 1O • • • rf ©? ©1 co • • •«» T-i • . • ©1 rd 5343 1060 65 2432 1 4550 60E _ _ £5 05 6S99 P Gl 1856 3700 6467 6983 7004 0 n 186a § Gl 1834-35 spoqtuuujs 74 101 141 135 115 119 104 108 105 53 48' 69 evug | - C*. r-f O Ci Tf Tt< Cl GO -f -» O Gl *G iG CI CC 'ri' w CC Gl - 18 August September October November. December January February March. April May June July 1874@19 282A @305 242J@247 - @235 235 @260 239 @250 2161@23O 220 @225 170 @185 150 @165 140 @150 146 @155 154 @150 262 @265 223 @225 - @215 215 @220 221 @222 205 @206 202 @202^ 17U@172 145^©1494 133 @133j 1394® 140 150 @151 iber ^100 156® 160 -@115 115® - 115@116 75@ 78 64® 66 54© 55 27® 28 -@ 34 29 @ 31 27 @ 37 33® 44 161 @163 U7*@120 127 ©128 118 @130 79 @ 82^ 74 © 75 - @ - 35 @ 36 38 © 40 - © 40 41 © 43 October November December January February March April May J mie July ... August - ©130 135® 127© 128 107© 108 74© 75 -® 75 35® 36 -® 45 42® 43 46® 47 36® 38 •pm 123 158 198 153 146 217 183 144 91 66 64 58 o ■edfqs | V 99 134 90 130 62 ■ 80 104 43 68 27 10 Is VW 37(5 ■ ■ • • g ; O CO ©J O O O OO S9£ 81 1855 081 [8(5] STATEMENT OF NUMBER AND TONNAGE OF VESSELS ENTERED THE PORT OF NEW ORLEANS, DURING THE YEAR ENDED JULY 31, 1877. 1875-76.11874-75. T-l • • • W O Q go :• • • , 0 cg ©$ CO io co 481 159 390 1945 S GO z uv . 3 00.. 2 00.. 4 DU 50 7 00.. 6 00.. 8 0( •sdoop ,-«f r-f r-H t-i O O Gl' O Gl ri t-4 -1 1856-57. spoqtuno^s | - 234 279 331 253 287 298 250 225 210 129 118 I LG 1 d O Gl 50 00. .80 00 60 00. .70 20 00 . .40 00! 30 00 50 •sj9uooqo§ ! 41 ' 37 : 55 1 65 i 82 i 82 > 53 > 49 1 3® ! 24 > 18 s PPI, 1 06 . 154 ' 206 > 196 1 231 i 226 ! 234 1 188 1 164 1 128 1 67 l 57 1 2 688 1140 2544 1095 0 OS . ; co • • 873 1 5058 co • • ■ • 2 CO Gl ; Gl ; u ; >0 CO co Gl CO -4 0 00.. 2 50 00 -i" 6 0W 9 bd MONTHS. Vessels. Coastwise. American Vessels from Foreign Ports. Foreign Vessels from Foreign Ports. TOTAL TONNAGE. •y^LGG 1574334. 908710[ 258442 J . 2741.486 . 69568 . 13867 3 co »G «G C; O. Gl CO ©I -< j 1012432 1 3387353 >THE RIVER: EXCEPTED), FROM SEPT. 1 TO AUG, 31. GO CC 5 S ft 55989 1 11798 1726 | 4672 | • Gl 3645 15059 1100 9086 ■ i J J *1 J " J " •. CC'*O*G'^'O'>©CC>GIGIGI'-^ sdiqsuTBO-is " its d d Gl Gl Gl■ ^ •sduis CD W Cl O -( © ^ ® 1G LG I- 'J' ^^-r-^^^-COLGr-ir-iT-tGl 5 d-ft o. GO O Tri1 C d n « Ql LGb lO « d H [S ; • ; S ; 'sC O co r- O Gl S • • -To Gl ' T-< ' ' ' * 0 With Cargo. In Ballast. GO ■ 174 771 1325 515 174 2611 2464 2142 2017 O AUGUST 31 w itn cargo. m Ballast. Ci sjBoqnwbfs 94 113 144 156 120 160 144 127 114 68 56 76 Gl •s®tjg Ci Gl GT CC CC iQ -( GO - d (J? CT N CI G N - d r- Is [45] YEAR'S RECEIPTS IN CATTLE MARKET. . Laixl. [ Tierces CO 0 t • GO 0 L tf© Gl ■ s r-( 2464 1433 2387 892, T-' X U Lio • A ons. [59] COMPARATIVE ARRIVALS, EXPORTS AND STOCKS OF COTTON AT NEW nDTU AVC' wad ti?xt vtjadc! wnxj C'TPTxrvivTDVto i pahit • < 1317 24 5960 3026 441 098 46011 13336 1 32 31975 6553 55957 24598 < 7 Hlubs. | Bbls. 7396 ( 5f 1890! 464[ 91 1912 TC August September October November December January February March April May J une July 24 28 27 33 36 29 27 25 26 19 20 20 17542 22641 21455 . 25826 26285 20891 19971 21460 20610 17837 17784 16792 21 18 19 13 15 18 15 23 34 22 20 7 10903 8918 11458 10744 8997 6022 5776 7455 19615 6838 6990 2431 1 9 6 13 19 7 2 11 8 1 1 1176 8974 4236 13899 15005 6748 2510 11965 8134 1274 1118 11 11 21 19 33 21 13 18 22 14 is 9 10103 10426 28058 17211 32908 23896 11521 18873 18523 11679 12738 5472 1 2 5 8 3 2 1 1 4 2919 0 10916 4 23969 4 43596 2 59804 8 30954 0 18228 4 13253 9 14776 7 3559 5 4603 5 3038 6 7 9 135 18. Ill 7' 9] 10! 6! 6< 41 •piox Hl] 143 195, 155 161; 147 169 1-19 82 62 73 73 § •sv«a ~ GO-rdOO©OCTLOrt© d CC -ri' CC 'ri'- Ql' Q? CC d r- 1 729 3211 42643 61875 89176 111276 142999 88511 58006 73006 81658 41187 43233 COTTON-BALES. 1867-68 324555 d 3059 147093 27 .... 1 34565 "'7283 592 1- GO P- C* O O'C f- C HlO P CO rH 54779 37651 - 1067 6294 417 Gl c6 CT.' O «Q CO G? "C - ■ CO - Gl Cl , Gl JO O ' CC r-l i- co CO Beef Cattle. logs. Sheep Cows. Veal Cattle. Beef Cattle. Veal Cattle. •sdoois •sdtqs " 65 100 89 94 96 77 74 43 25 H 20 Hogs. Sheep >ows. L, ID nvn I ILA IT. Bacon- Casks. Uf* i CfJ Gl LO * ; 3317 1434 2665 3499 LG 0 - YEARS. Arrivals Exports. Stocks. YE A RS . ■ Arrival s. Exports. Stocks. ' 0 55 00 84€K!OOqOg •sSug 38. 25 40 37 69 66l 52 70 40 63 42 64 56 60 41 51 34 28 18 25 23 29 19 19 1 4721 537 MONTHS. U "I 5 00 0 rH • CO O GO 208 1294 41595 100 9762 6176 91 Wt 8£ 19 9L£? 9H62 127186 67025 6792 5792 1577 14499 u? Cl CD 342249 165282 73743 38260 222R71 LG g Detober. November (December . [January .... February March April May ..., Mune &nlv 1864-Sept Oct Nov Dec 1865-Jan Feb March.... April 2079 2190 3859 1724 1914 2838 1580 2268 607 644 1620 1345 594 . 909 1405 1440 2481 1151 1600 991 860 867 42f 13: 27( 16; 9' 144 11" 15951 1263 1621 578 728 796 505 1865-51 ay June July August. .. Total. For 1863-64... 1490 2147 3079 4826 1439 1390 968 1226 1756 2888 931 5891 248 192 129 242 973 1646 1886 2440 OO • • • OO ©i ■ . . - A1 GO - - Pork. Bbls. 4 3 CA BOE 19105 016 5Sf s i 1864-65 1863 64 1862-63 1861-62 27101 13104 2207 3888 8:1239 4575 120 1' 5 192351 4 128130 8 23750 0 27678 1859-60 1858-59 i 2255448 ' WAX'S 2214296 1777171 1659707 1516921 1795023 73934 26022 30230 7321. 6995 1875-76. c 2 67551 4164 14 19[ 2241 19032 3386 8311 £ 1869-70 j iQ Cl 4351 259223 7858 "'70661 : 630 1 17103 600 ! 52156 10322 i 10177 ! 27197 115280 53535 ' 4338 1 5333 : 134 '900 11850501 549603 259223 124049 72655 179520 SEPTEMBE sdiqs CC o Ci CI C. Gl ce O IG C© »G CO IG CC »G LG r- r- CI CC § 39012 19713 14364 29593 22213 14154 2327 1837 15068 10583 1G CO 1856-57 1855-56 1 1513247 1759293 es 0 To Cl • 46108 8899 Gl O GO CO co 7- 52521 24882 63577 19314 ci 0 g LG § MONTHS. October November (December ffauuary February March iApiil ........... .... IM ay J uno [inly |k ugust (September r 27 733 106147 1 210 201408 •4U/U 1.500 104 HMD Statement of Cotton-Port of New Orleans, September 1, 1865. Stock On hand September 1, 1864, bales 4575' Arrived since the 24th ultimo 15607 Arrived previously .' 255408 Total receipts for 12 months 2710151 275590 Exported since the 24th ultimo 22660 Exported previously 169691 Total exports 12 months ....' 1923511 Stock on hand September I, 1865, bales . rwm! (1870-71 767791 '2709 52532 118568 568 35 24217 1477 127016 31126 । 16709 4504 i 61448 18127 37776 37932 "155391 60645 . 8069 ! 6406 : 506 "7813 | 1541359 823032 119171 242981 117351 238824 e CD S 105, 53[ 8643 139 1&703 £ S g it 'i [46] EXPORTS OF COTTON FROM NEW ORLEANS FOR TEN YEARS. 2 3 CO OQ . 3031493! 1828035 . 1095013 s 1G Cl LG 3663 J " 43482 s 172201! 632787 281098 123694 5 s 1 72454281 [87] STATEMENT OF NUMBER AND TONNAGE OF VESSELS CLEARED FROM THE PORT OF NEW ORLEANS, FOR THE TWELVE MONTHS ENDING JULY 31, 1877. EXPORTED TO 1864-65 1863-64 1862-63 1861-62 1860-61 1859-60 1858-59 1857-58 1856-5' 1855-56 O . • -r O -t1 • 4- • O i" L ' O • ■ CO C5 <05 • 1O • • H H 825 3202 ' 32505 20961 21020 45466 284 7696 48665 137423 40219 । 10690 4848 1 152 5145 1087453 568517 140666 126353 'T Tf co oc HO cr JG 5 E YEARS, FROM M 91 6 OS SIS8 226 969 13345 8967 4766 :« CD © CT ® Gl CG Gl OD 1G 0 0 Gl CO 0 LG co s 2374, 1603 1229 1259 »G s 05 Ci 'ci' । GO Gl ] MONTHS. Vessels. Coastwise. American Vessels from Foreign Ports. Foreign Vessels from Foreign Ports. TOTAL TONNAGE. Liverpool London ■Glasgow, Greenock, etc. Cowes, Falmouth, etc... Queenstown, Cork, etc.. 21326 "5952 1155 4023 2070 '1849 1312 472 1074131 153 32767 10034 42263 384938 3704 " "34II 1700 65073 12343 5551 10426 72471 6269 34618 23538 29539 94307 4897 855 100 "2481 1348163 107 16437 19147 43112 303157 2395 4004 2949 5205 60999 16362 9079 13522 50317 17725 61228 28019 62936 131648 5717 • 5257 1247 "1829 985528 9043 14527 12598 947703 996712 11081 6621 226624 721111 13986 5494 8906 247481 2386 931541 26018 8605 20458 227152 2811 1 ©J CO s 10705 29674 92357 1731 5447 5789 73397 21081 11436 4143 46266 24518; 63886 143363 58193 , 16011 5911 M83, ""3807 733007 194088 185179 64784 228968 X) ' SUGAR. (MOLASSES ft 109S53 1-345 502 2197 9615 3857, 5673 • OO LG Bacon. Casks. T-•< di • Gl O • rr LG ■ r- 0 ( 2.788 i 1446 ■ 4381 1 3465 § rG With Cargo. In Ballast With Cargo. In Ballast. 58; 11146 3368 7197.3 9220 23527 3200 0 ct- =0 CO -2 cO IQ ■ P- s? 00 33420 49980 994.70 No. A GO 05 • Ol O 05 • 05 • ' ® ; i 1 45500 115:31 Tons. 11 Mo. Tons. No. n v 3074 39 54 Tobacco cob six years, commencing septem-I - 55 gI . Gl . ~ ft $ • VG Th LG ?? g 89 ■6488 ! tons. 124 "174' 165 NO. ions. 167 ' '462 144190 15993 2735 1355 '231 "145 162 109149 12793 "'703 372 "17859 1418 40 142 21571 ''''4116 109 98 5463 4330 6736 55835 15089 11500 19294 58530 17737 53352 43666 50653 153133 4090 13979 1255 6032 7807 6400 58238 18147 21382 20167 83174 17291 78347 30534 51340 151469 2834 10532 3173 1540 EXPORTS OF COTTON AND Tobacco, StbniS; lilids , Tobai CO; ClieWiilg, packages. Twinb, bundles u..;: Vinegar, bbls...;; ;• • ... Wdol, bag®,...; ; Whisky, bbls, Wheat, bushels ., • ;■: ; .* ■ 'i Other various articles, estimated at Total value, dollars...;; " 63806" 1117 3375 28352 45539 110561 ' 2b 66 7 bo 4 5b 45 ob 45 ob 1 25 1270120 7810 isigs 127840 2051055 138201 12000000 " 52127 1506 3850 17934 42202 82812 20 00 7 00 40 00 5b 00 1 35 1042540 S55 .42 mu 717360 2110100 111796 12000000 RD AND CORN FOR THRE >7? r . >-■< iG «G Ci OO Ci Gl ci ■ EXPORTS OF SUGAR A ND" AIDE ASSES FROMiNEW ORLEANS FORFIVE YEARS (UI [89] STATEMENT OF THE NUMBER AND TONNAGE OF VESSELS CLEARED FROM THE PORT OF NEW ORLEANS, FOR THE TWELVE MONTHS ENDING JULY 31, 1878. August September October. November December January February March April ... May June July... Totals 30 26 25 29 40 41 41 33 31 28 31 20 21770 17168 21654 22125 27317 26075 23722 24692 16851 20921 22457 17024 13 15 21 26 32 13 23 23 30 26 19 12 90 1 1 3 1 5 1 88 261 ' 109 2821 397 9 12 29 46 59 88 69 56 46 34 23 is 4S9 53 53 66 101 132 142 134 115 111 95 74 50 37336 33064 68786 87406 108509 103780 98815 87618 69542 76880 56101 AN illlLrS, 1/ClLU, AlUUCll. .. Amsterdam Rotterdam, Ghent Bremen Antwerp, etc Hamburg Gottenburg & Stockholm Spain, Gibraltar, etc Mexico, etc Genoa. Trieste, etc St. Petersburg, etc Other foreign ports New York Boston Providence, R. I Philadelphia Baltimore ^... Portsmouth Other coastwise ports... Western States Total 4826 9945 66850 17152 9440 12334 75889 16578 54496 61948 5856 25464 157117 5582 1129 '1442 3912 1815 50783 . 10749 3464 5356 56948 22615 45891 42527 34076 125679 2238 1974 670 BER 1 AND ENDING AUGUST 31. 0 • • 0 OT • ■ P* C/J "Q • • (M • T 37615 3988 18328 46926. CO O 0 ■ I ■ Gl O co GO co • 0 1 • CO P- CO jr -OQ GJ GO t- -RO 0 6856 7471 23102 28287 10016 12903 10499 13341 19146 15900 7210 9040 39661 42179 52900 67689 62066 52226 39067 33827 17347 14565 1875-76 1874-75 US9J3 J6101 sssjes 587488 2505281 94457' 59931 167808 § ■ • a Floor | 1 Bbls.- | ^5 OO 0 • • P i : ' 300 585 8021 4560 4197 0 s i| 85515 WHITHER EXPORTED. BALES OF COTTON. HOGSHEADS TOBACCO. Cl • 3 • • Cl • • Cl 1850 17143 c? cd Ci LG t-H LG 47908 1 19073 . 53181 22781 Cl CO 726526 5504 34807 316027 174 350 0969 itoi: 965£l 09006 W91 05981 till 30888 15851 35506 57059 179585 23487 1 8022 432 834 1162; 6567 co 0 CD H'S 766837 324328 189565 82245 220089 "G1 - MONTHS. Vessels. TOTAL TONNAGE. ©I co 1 co co 1880-81 0 op 3 1878-79 00 £ 00 r-1 2 ! 00 I s 3 CD CO <0 Y CD OD <30 1877-78. i § GO I' ' § O ft 143845 3169! • 4uib( 9312 | 4464 1 4060' 0 $ LG Gl Cl B GO (;orn Bush. 1158025 1410540! 823535, | 3392100 . 207855 1, 41964 Gl 155263! 581898 180700 58045 g ■1 46178251 Wi Foreign Ports fore I arg gn Pbrts. 3 667094 ' 26104 324500 31 6545 6911 2539 68681 4171. 863 5402 36576 6650 17373 .307.71 169586 13253 6014 13 693198 331076 119338 60599 192685 Ci GO $134123726 $155388802 voasiwi se. s. 353 221 th Cargo, i In Ballast With C J it Ballast. Liverpool London Cowes. Falmouth, etc Queenstown, Cork.et Havre. Bordeaux . Marseilles. Nantes. Cet te&Rou'n Amsterdam . Rotterdam & Ghent Bremen Antwerp, etc Hamburg.. Gottenb'g&Stockh'm Spain. Gibraltar, etc. [Mexico. W. I., etc. Genoa, Trieste, etc. [Russia.... Other foreign ports [New York Boston, etc Providence, etc Philadelphia [Baltimore Maine Other c'stwise ports. By river and rail.... Total 11 672161 7902 271714 2241 68218 783 19533 939441 4969 327092 8612 2843 9124 124008 8304 1963 2000 31736 20787 57100 97672 177339 8908 9078 2906 901031 6576 265320 9592 6151 71153 9855 "5831 26462 20656 30021 86085 211666 26475 1298! 3572 3291 668656 ' 8203 211739 837 5923 3261 6263 81422 5237 ' 28772 17305 19156 185910 172974 11657 6742 876 "4O.3 743126 79366 316928 "100 8378 5875 8736 120439 17389 8799 29861 8436 28655 77033 210175 23772 11684 6042 667094 26104 324500 31 6545 6911 2539 68681 4171 863 5402 36576 6650 17373 30771 169586 13253 6014 13 3819 1 1644 12 6 376 40 "441 1435 "53 82 "7610 13 11 "Ui "181 5 "100 "13 17 "1440 "o 10 1385 "5 ICO "281 15 4057 245 2 107 "'497 "'115 1226 59 558 126 6 4546 1065 2157 4211 "289 174j ..... 771 1325 ...q 2464 Me 1626 1764 253 Total in 1874-75...... < $151582054 156944215 184620947 169653107 179100419 000820499 167559051 - Tons, j - ■ 38799 • Tota in 1873-74.. ;; • ■ • ■ • - Lard. Tierces GO . O • Cl IG 01 0 'I 0 g ; 5 Cl § 03 8 : 5 CD CD s : 7481 684 7678 Gl' 89130 i 36954 Xo Ton 0. Tons. Mo Tons. No Ions. No Mo Tons. 375 261776 244 163721 12 3621 437055 463 1 126 860039 a 0 X a g Liverpool London Glasgow, Greenock, etc.. .. Cowes, Falmouth, etc... .,„ Queenstown, Cork, etc...... Havre . Bordeaux Marse illes s, Cette and Kouen< .. ndam. dam and Ghent Il.... M-p, etc...- iwg iburg and Stockholm,. i 'pain, Gibraltar, etc [ Mexico-. West Indies;, etc... I Genoa, Trieste, etc Russia Other foreign ports New York... Boston, etc , Providence, etc 1 Philadelphia Baltimore Maine... ; Other coastwise ports Total ! Great Britain. . . France North off Europe souih Europe, Mexico; eto... Total iti 1871-72 ;; .. Total in 1870-71.:...; ", nil Z"""" Total ill 1869-70 Total ih l$68-69 .;;; ... .. August September October November December J anuary [Fribfuaty Mareri... April May.... Juffe July. Tokais ...{.. 22 X J: 21 5( 48 4: 3( 3f 4 32 2" 20 21 6 8 5 19 23 16 21 30 28 26 19 9 3127 2858 1180 15898 ^44 10685 12890 19662 16767 13504 14094 3539, i i "1 78 78 to' 12 10 33 60 79 95 92 86 77 50 31 16 9420 8127 . 41396 53689 ... 68333 98828 91963 . 81631 . 64418 ... 51301 25533 16966 . 1 45 i ie' 41 42 71 108 152 159 156 153 138 117 84 52 32945 32206 74994 94313 124992 146687 133526 125507 107175 93118 60744 42635 Monthly Arrivals of Vessels in the Port of New- Orleans for Pive Years, 1876-81 (September 1 to August 31 of each year, 1876-77. •S(|BOqUIBO^S 176 280 211 252 259 292 294 170 187 299 247 203 © OO d g •e^oqurB^s 154 199 303 382 335 214 300 282 ; 253 ■ 246 221 215 ! Bacon., Casks. • • OO • • OJ co Gl . i A 988 693 373 3194 cc 1G co co aG ft I rj W • • Cd Tif • • ' * '• • ci O GO CG M CO g 32438 24726 34415 37174 28673 24136 25002 28313 21023 25130 94 1212 [7b] value of Produce in the Interior; A Table showing the receipts of the principal articles from the Interior, during the years ending August 31, 1879 and 1878, with their estimated average and total value. VT 'NOOVU •mox 54 98 82 159 93 100 122 152 69 73 38 52 d 0 •IiUOj; 54 107 171 166 92 119 124 125 104 96 73 81 d cc r-! 192351 128130 23750 27678 1915852 2214296 1777171 - 1 ■ Pork. Bbls. . »G ' O Ui x- Jh 0 s s O O O Gl U- * • 155; 2376 14239 3431! 1 4925: QO • IG Ci 04 1659707 1516921 1795023 MOLASSES •sdjqsureaig 20 36 20 22 23 28 46 45 30 35 20 c© L© •sd[qstntJ9t)g 32 53 69 65 1 34 51 44 52 42 54 36 52 RECAPITULATION. 3 © H ARTICLES. 1878-70. 1877-78. Flloiiir. 1 Bbls. i 6640 260 . [ 3525 LG Gl O 79657 .. 18739 GO Cl lG • LG Cl 18585 17583 23468 22433 S a Gl CC' *0 •SJ9uooq3§ 12 15 11 44 19 21 27 31 25 18 9 4 © d •sjanooqos 4 7 16 16 10 14 21 24 25 14 8 4 Great Britain France ... North of Europe S. of Europe, Mexico, etc Coastwise Total • • 21326 5952 402 167 164504 1155 4023 307 122645 2070 1849 "'372 19459 23750 1312 472 21571 4323 1159348 388925 122042 113358 132179 1915852 1426966 313291 136135 129270 994696 256447 182475 146963 1016716 236596 116304 125454 164637 1659707 © i r - 5 =00? CO 258163 156450 129619 223204 244814 162675 178812 1 ft 7464 77 10067 S Gl 22377 31867 82637 234324 "9530 17508 Ariiount. Average Price, .Value Dollars, Amount. Average Price. Valub Dollars, 43* 339628 222 144548 3 234 649 623168 2 61 11 323 1107639 -4 (90) STATEMENT OF VESSELS BELONGING TO THE PORT OF NEW ORLEANS, •sSug; dCOdg^OOdgW^GlGl i- •sSug; 'T 5 CT -V -V t- IO t- <N ; T-4 IG 8634 4296 19 6590 7'171 S r 22100 |63] COMPARATIVE ARRIVALS, ahd Stocks of" Cotton and Tobacco at ? for ten years-from September 1 each 65] EXPORTS OF 1ISCELLANEOUS PRODUCE, FROM SEPTEM- ber 1, 1878, and 1877, 'O date. Apples, boxhs and bbls - ;; ... . Bacon, sidhsand shoulders, casks. Bacon, sides and shorildeis. boxes. Bacon Hams, tierces Bagging, pieces Beans, bbls. Butter, pkgs .. Brap sacks ..a Brief,bbls Cqttoh, bales Cottoii Sedd, sacks bill Meal, bbls. Corn, shelled, sack® Coin bulk, bushels Cheese, boxes Candles, boxes . ;; oal, Western, bbls Cow Peas, sacks Dry Salt Meat..... Eggs, bbls Eggs, boxes Flour, bbls..;......; Hides Hay, bate® Laid, tiefee® ....... Lard, kbgs U.. Lime, Wbsterri, barrels Lead, White, kegs Mohissbs (crop), gallons Moss, bates Oat®, sacks. Oliions, bbls ........ Oil Cake, sacks. Po'atdes, bbls . Pork, bbls Rye, bushels Rice, bbls Rosin, bbls Soap, boxes Spirits Turpentine, bbls staves, M .. Sugar (crop), hhds Starch, boxes Shingles, M Tallow, bbls Tobacco, Leaf, hhds Tobacco, Strips, hhds Tobacco, Stem, hhds Tobacco, Chew, pkgs Wool, bags u hisky, bbls Wheat', bushels miier various articles, estimated at 47768 18847 • 20475 19574 20749 2424 43199 142031 3t>82 1437769 1255068 127233 833093 3094007 30245 37708 617668 66552 22289218 1512 13826 656131 203993 155456 21586 33474 55870 8741 14491980 7779 488110 22987 312862 149291 7(1958 295624 141278 29884 59949 3472 4704 208571J 60828 8670 3609 2694 ""(12332 24943 35786 2282054 $ 2 50 55 00 30 ob 34 0b 10 25 7 50 11 00 1 00 11 75 44 95 50 2 40 1 25 424 3 50 4 50 30 2 00 4 14 00 12 50 5 25 3 75 2 70 25 00 3 50 1 25 3 5b 27 6 00 1 75 1 75 2 00 1 75 9 75 55 11 50 1 75 2 10 12 00 135 00 70 50 1 25 3 00 22 00 93 60 "18 00 44 00 50 00 1 05 119420 590585 614250 685090 212677 18180 475189 142031 , 43263 64623266 690287 | S0i>359 1041^66 1697491 137357 [ 169686 185300 133044 891568 21168 172825 3444688 764974 419731 539650 117176 69837 30593 3912834 46674 854192 40227 782155 111968 691840 162593 1624697 52297 125892 41664 635040 14704290 76035 26010 79398 252158 1121976" 1317492 1789300 2396156 18000000 127200939 52599 7654 15213 20851 19532 2861 40814 149688 4030 1689483 1836872 103193 1217975 4846424 419$6 30846 3751000 66098 22508385 2848 15112 639304 325839 176554 22217 34126 52566 906b 13526374 9058 421859 22648 321678 221959 66755 618686 145672 35899 62600 2576 5251 125100 73878 9660 5258 14172 1200 500 39527 29567 39449 1048857 $ 2 5b 70 00 35 0b 35 00 11 00 8 50 11 00 1 05 13 23 48 05 70 2 50 1 2b 53 3 50 5 ob 3b 2 ob 5J 13 00 15 00 5 75 3 75 2 50 28 bb 4 00 1 bo 3 5b 30^ 6 00 2 00 2 00 2 50 1 50 13 00 65 11 50 1 75 3 00 12 00 150 00 72 00 1 30 3 00 22 00 132 80 150 00 15 00 20 00 45 00 48 00 1 25 131491 535780 532455 729785 214852 24318 448954 157172 60349 81179058 13-5880 257983, 1497570 256800-7 146951 184230 1114500 132196 1237961 37024 226680 3675998 1221896 441385 622070 136504 52566 .31710 4140794 57948 843718 45296 804195 867815 402145 1675228 .62823 187800 9007200 96041 28980 115676 1882041 180000 7500 790540 - 1330065 1893552 1311071 17068099 143441560 FLOUR, PO tn B Ps O ft [(Great Britainj [France. Other Iransatlantie ports T otal (transatlantic Cuba Brazil; Other, foreign 1 ports-. Total other foreign ..... New York: Other Atlantic posts Total Atlantic ports Galveston, Indianela, etc Mt>bite;-.ete.. ................... Pensacola. Apalaehiieola, etc Other .Southern; United States ports... Total 'Soutbem c®astwi se Total: M ft- A- - I • • 4 ? CO co S 09 Gl ci r* LG •7J iG rr 192351 128130 27678 221 177 1516921 95023 EXPORTS Jew Orleans ear. [ A S3 Cl 1878. 'sqjBg Ci - GGGCOGffliBH^^ dCGCGGl^dd vH r-« Cl d •sqiBg; 11 29 45 59 38 39 37 34 26 20 23 12 [47] EXPORTS OF TOBACCO FOR TEN YEARS. Vessels. Tons. WHITHER EXPORTED. New York 1 Philadelphia,. ! Charleston, S C Savannah) Providence and Bristol, R. Is.... Boston B dtimor®-.. Mobile,, eta. Pensacola & other Florida ports^ Galveston, Indianola, etc Othar ports ... Western States, etc., by rail;.... TotaS ■sdiqS -^CG^O'ri'I-'G'^'dCGlGCG-^' d ^4 rH HV p •edtqg 7 14 27 14 6 11 15 9 4 4 4 2 EXPORTED TO 1864-65 185 19 '1585 42 1863-64 1862-63 1861-62 1860-61 1859-60 1858-59 1857-58 1856-57 f 1855-56 Years. Cotton-Bales. Tobacco- Hhds . QO (| [71] EXPORTS OF Oceaii sterirnOrs .■ Riy&r riteamete .... ..................................... Sailitig vrisriefe ... Barges ; an...... Total 19 142 335 11 21901 27180 13982 1329 1877-78. s|uoqnn?d(}s 184 237 331 353 356 321 297 265 225 123 116 141 ci © CD 'S^uoquiBa^s AI Continental . Port a. Coastwise BdrtS 0 Liverpool London Glasgow, Greenock, etc.. Cowes, Falmouth, etc Queenstown, Cork, etc.. Havre Bordeaux Marseilles Nantes, Cette and Rouen. Amsterdam Rotterdam and Ghent .. Bremen Antwerp, etc Hamburg Gottenburg & Stockholm. Spain, Gibraltar, etc ... Mexico, etc Genoa, Trieste, etc St. Petersburg, etc Other foreign ports New York Boston ..... Providence, R. I Philadelphia Baltimore Porstinouth Other coastwise ports ... Western States Total . . 7 ' 123 "3 '"'664 569 "2359 780 830 1361 733 2040 "343 3155 226 43 117 ioo 536 "1248 303 37 1436 3017 '"SOU 3179 328 1037 406 5084 1067 20 '"9560 7539 1816 1969 213 98 26 8844 6308 2013 2010 3212 3197 1143 1735 13694 4735 64 1951 10848 8847 '"4640 7392 1310 261 140 345 9549 8207 2388 3757 2192 3927 40 2183 14417 5616 373 970 8022 ' 7441 "4447 4601 944 ""426 180 *294 5995 7241 ' 497 7835 3261 5068 "668 3791 1744 103 15415 3468 7198 8030 906 "671 161 166 6164 5179 "'103 143 213 932 14 623 10667 3725 121 4671 5457 3537 6245 1446 "843 66 "32 2931 4600 Z" " 3844 191 1904 56(T 8240 3747 823 14279 4472 4324 7176 1408 410 "162 440748 1833882 16967181 1435336 1704794 1396896 2584 9527 29811 5419 14243 9408' Arrivals. | 1 Exports Stocks-. Arrivals-. ,ticleA For'gn Gt Ports <3 Exports. •tern 43 121 155 149 146 105 86 132 76 31 25 44 421 11113 •moj; U-C©X^©^QDd©jGlGlG wd r-4 © © w Aiuvni Jll ULDl A 1V71N. 507 64393 Great Britain. . France.. North of Europe S. Europe, Mexico,et. Coastwise Total 1 680066 273055 151588 73777 261362 944410 335704 245914 109623 198231 907607 274912 179075 77139 257985 676859 218499 2820»3 65233 192652 822492 325406 238271 66952 251673 693198 331076 119338 60599 192685 5 130 1440 16 1390 100 296 4302 1'09 612 1226 743 4552 3222 4500 174 2611 2464 2142 2018 [83] MONTHLY ARRIVALS OF SHIPS, BARKS, BRIGS, SCHOONERS, STEAM- SHIPS AND STEAMBOATS, For five years, from September 1 to August 31. •sdiqsurrois 23 55 40 49 46 | 45 1 29 43 35 I 1 22 13 21 •edjqsmro^g 52 15 53 53 47 35 32 54 48 28 25 27 24 14 W Butter, pkgs Bran, sks. Chfeesb, bxs. Cornmeal, bbls - Cotton Seed Oil Hides Hams, tcs Hay, bales ... Lumber, M feet Oats, sks .... Oil cake, sks : Oak Staves, M Rice, bbls Wool, bales Whisky, bbls • 509 4024 567 462 752 3047 286 1362 5021 7729 77'4 17267 402 . 2615 33262 4129 16751 6803 322926 3110, 9327 226[ 1 883921 5 1'061 [ 44 114667 22233 9865 3 37 4 17 84 322 6 9 1 101 473 4 114 22 9 124 281 39t 211 121 15" 311 58c 5t '31 J7C 36" 61 344 214 1061 451-. 17< 1" 81! 636* 3; 83£ : 324 67 75 33 45 64 51 27 80; 12 69 46 55 94 41 1644 18 857 82 7623 11 323 1878-79 1877-78 1876-77 1875-76 1874-75. 1873-74 1872-73 1871-72 1870-71 1869-70 1437769 1689483 1389774 1604441 1157597 1359896 1407821| 1070239 1548136 12073331 1435336 1704794 1396896 1583064 160'212 1348393 140602'6 1087453 1541359 1185050 4610 4086 22008 29377 9976 15953 7177 6259 25323 20696 2694 14172 9317 26671 5119 17221 30191 27425 23801 19093 5419 14243 9408 17652 8636 26010 19984 22582 26713 16450 1297 6668 8584 11081 3212 7817 17.385 8512 4434 8781 •sjonooqag 14 15 19 25 18 19 24 19 3 , 5 12 •s.ieuooqas c©J>'P"'-|©d'*t<CO©GOQO© © c 440748 1833882 1696718 1435336 1704794 1396896 2584 9527 2981 5419 14243 9408 MONTHS. 1876-77 1875-76. 1874-75. •SJoLIgf d c© c© d-lg r-«G • co d © •sSujT T-iiOb-LGLOGlC'OfOeOCl [62] IMPORTS INTO NEW ORLEANS, FROM THE INTERIOR, FOR TEN YEARS [72] VALUE OF PRODUCE OF THE INTERIORS. A Table showing the receipts of the principal articles from the Interior, during the years ending 31 1882 arid 1881, with their estimated average and total value. Xugtisi © co From September 1 to August 31, in each year. 4 ft CD ft CD 3 o. [ Steamships- H o § Wl 176 280 241 252 259 292 294 170 288 299 247 202 3000 Tn S | is ~ io 4*.-i w io w- | Barks- •rP ft i & I cc n m i Steamboats. Ci I Ci CO O 4ft. Ci O. Qi. co jO 1 CD I I Al CD ft ft Schooners. Steamships. .© ft steamboats. •si[nja i*CCrM10 00Ci^-©lM0010cO d lg co dd a5 d •sqrBft 5 27 42 50 41 21 38 38 31 14 13 4 § ARTICLES 1881-82. 1880-81. 1879-80 1878-79. 1877-78. 1876-77. 187.' r-76. 1874-75. 1873-74 1872-73 J [64] IMPORTS INTO NEW ORLEANS. FROM NORTHERN PORTS, BY STEAMSHIP and Sailing Vessels, for three years, from Septem ber 1, to August 31, each year. ARTICLES. 1881-82. 1880-81. •sdtqs 1 5 ! 20 [ 36 26 30 9 1 12 1 '5 ! » 5 00 © •sdiqs 11 15 25 28 3 13 7 11 3 3 11 in - RLSl 16" Amount. Averagti Price. | .Value | Dollars. Amount- Avefaj Price ratue ollars. nppiVM • . .DXS HIKI DUi Bacon tcs and ck Bacon .... ...boxe Bacon Hams tc Bagging ,... .piece Beans .bbl Butter pkg Bran sack Beef- bbl Cotton- M. R. and Bayous .. Red River.......... Ouachita River Arkansas River .. C. St. L. & N. O. R. ] Morgan's Railroad. N O. 1 acific Railroa Lake Mobile Florida Texas Cotton Seed sack Corn Meal bbl Corn, shelled. .. sack [Corn, bulk bus .Cheese boxe ' audios " Coal, Western bb' Cow Peas ...... sack | ry Salt Meat tr> (Eggs bb (Eggs bx Flour bbl Hides Hay bale Lard tc T.ard keg [Limp AVestern. . 1>1>1 s 2908 s 11016 s 9910 s 48890 s 11022 s 56597 s 132000 s 6715 . 596286 127265 72226 12951 1 280703 92329 d 34 2799 . 133977 113 47983 s 1728424 s 158944 s 278560 1 3237108 s 49204 31364 s 9197436 s 49233 s 31403320 s 2711 si 19945 8 718013 . 240501 sj 135897 s 19308 s 39366 66432 3777 17289 17071 21909 958 57687 122876 6928 753968 183506 102343 28460 425614 107115 3872 200030 1407 722"8 1383078 125833 502256 10253045 46433 29474 2605978 59708 26781'242 1927 12231 642460 298109 208517 21510 29729 57710 7037 17843 21316 7109 3127 93432 134935 4806 779744 138842 119261 51592 400220 10000 3479 166180 56815 2006404 162624 974544 8740695 43729 43286 2964666 75285 26421188 1649 22'02 626468 179666 166816 24644 30418 54378 47768 10847 20475 19574 20749 2424 43199 142031 3682 630942 139567 111164 17057 283430 ' 3726 177280 480 74123 1255068 127233 833093 3994097 39245 37708 617668 66522 22289218 1512 13826 656131 203993 155456 21586 33474 52599 7654 15213 20851 19532 2861 40814 149688 4932 670270 185623 118824 75007 339634 2136 177418 11 120560 1836972 103193 1247975 4846424 41986 36846 3715000 66098 22508385 2848 15112 639304 325839 176554 22217 34126 82564 12140 15201 15847 15387 .1784 39958 140584 3981 655033 141944 61782 16260 316275 "3478 84245 214 110543 1176785 153635 1106411 2260917 42162 39431 1993000 521'61 18510625 1682 9541 631602 377150 153806 24889 42913 15916 95(17 15369 25041 3448 32673 161485 8107 796433 160701 96778 46432 318701 4065 67685 369 113277 1363400 131487 922760 1432742 49840 46382 4769073 45141 12726365 1261 11454 791701 981332 67578 18666 7207 16549 7818 2365 27938 125770 9978 512660 143221 63744 73427 93416 47355 13301' 22853 8340' 4523 33606 195392 9075 1240384 140377 479 26581 890370 158278 1406204 1878910 59326 63708 1455139 12634277 2460 14031 1046124 518483 181417, 48299 58419; [66] Fror Cotton, 1 Moss, ba Molasst s Charcoal S 'nd, bb Shells, b Onions, I Potatoes Sugar, h Lumber. Bricks Staves . Laths .. Shingles Wood, cc Seed Col Beeves, Sheep, h [67) Annual Basil Cotton, 1 Cotton S Lunibet, Shingles Laths Bricks . Rosin, b Turpent Tar, bbl Charcoa Shells, b Sand, bb Sugar h Molasses RECEIPTS AT OLD BASH n September 1, 1878, to August 31, ales es • ■ • • bbls bbls s >ls >bls bbls hds feet >rds .. • • • ton, sacks I. 878. 77 7 480 376,900 42,150 2,910 1,083 923 189 13,763.000 1,019,000 2,359,500 285,000 2,330,000 21,006 333 295 415 D 1878-79. •S|t?oqurB94s 104 207 306 376 350 351 322 240 222 197 209 118 d MONTHS. 1 S 2 Eg ! 5 1 e? 30969 9247 19039 5727 3321 24132 120986 12133 ^eptenfbef..... October Nbvember .... December January February Marcii Afiril May -lune July August .. .... Total .... 1 d. i( 3' 1' J 4 ir 9 21 33 69 23 18 23 22 11 4 11 252 2 3 2 10 1 1 8 12 12 3 4 2 2 71 12 15 11 44 19 21 27 31 25 18 9 4 236 20 36 20 22 23 28 46 45 30 35 20 31 356 54 98 82 179 93 80 122 152 69 73 38 52 1092 4 20 20 12 27 19 15 16 11 6 10 8 168 1 2 6 3 14 8 9 18 7 7 13 2' 90'1 7 15 17 17 19 24 18 34 41 17 T 13 229 13 23 32 22 26 23 17 33 32' 28 20 23 2921 32 73 97 87 160 120 83 115 117 63 56 51 054 8 - 37 3g 29 ii! 61 15 4 J 3 6 1 1 169 5 5 18 2 39 11 28 38 23 7 I8' 7 25 9 7! 1 10 4 17 16 6 3 5 2 201 105 J 3 26 ' 20 13 ; 24 21 J 179 25 37 38 17 33 24 30 20 19 19 18 10 290 50 107 138 117 97 81 99 45 70 79] 371 24 944' 168 208 202 324 300 276 320 259 273 248 175 17 17 7 Apples, boxes an< bbls 80903 2988 110(6 ,9910 48890, 11022 56597 132000 6715 1371666 1728424 158944 278560 3237108 49204 31364 8678974 49233 31403320 19945 718013 240501 135897 19308 39366 9691104 606179 30896 205381 192357 40131 200191 27860 77199 3186 $ 2 75 no 00 55 00 40 00 12 00 9 00 26 00 2 00 13 50 55 50 60 4 00 2 50 80 6 00 5 00 50 4 00 8 17 00 6 50 3 15 4 00 38 00 6 00 19 2 75 3 00 2 60 3 00 19 50 12 1)0 2 50 3 00 22 Oh 100983 328080 605880 39'6400 586080 .99198 1171522 264000 90652 76127463 1037054 635776 696400 2589686 295224 175638 1839487 196902 2512265 330065 4667084 901879 543588 733704 236196 4748641 1 1006992 101688 538990 577071 782554 2402292 ' 63605 231597 _70092 72135 3777 17289 17071 21909 958 57687 122876 6928 1878614 1383078 125833 502256 0258045 46433 29474 2605978 59708 36789242 12231 642460 298109 208517 21510 29729 15255030 631272 15340 280304 150380 41468 $ 2 25 $0 00 40 00 30 00 Il 00 7 00 22 00 1 75 12 00 53 90 60 3- 25 2 00 53 5 00 5 00 50 2 00 7 15 00 6 25 3 75 3 50 35 00 5 00 33 2 50 3 00 2 75 2 25 15 00 11 50 2 50 3 50 18 00 ^Oli 1 50 22 00 175 00 19 00 62 00 60 00 1 30 162303 301160 691560 512130 240999 , 6706, 1269114' 215033 83136 100657295 829847 4089571 1004512 5434114 232165 147370 1302989 119416 1875247 183465 4015375 1117909 729809 752850 148645 5034160 1578180 46020 770836 338355 622020 27'23361 99900 245329 35406 20dm1 119127| 45496 2027200 1347860 3360214 2711340 8720377 25000000 Bacoii. Sides and Bion dets, casks. 167 । 392 1 989 ARTICLES. 1878-79. 1877-78 1876-77 Bacoii, Sides arid Shoulders, bo'xe®. Bacon Ham, tiei'ebs Bagging, pieces.. Beans bbls Butter, pkgs Bran, sacks Cotton, bales Cotton Seed, sacks Corn Meal, bbls Corn, shelled, sacks Cora, bulk, bushels (Reese, boxes Candles, boxes Coal. Western, bbls CowPeas, sacks Dry Salt.Meat, pounds Eggs, boxes Flout; bbls HU... Hides;. Hay, bale® Lard, tierces;m. Lard, kbgS .... ;;;;;; Mtilassbs (cfori), gatloris . Oats, srieks Ohibiis, bbl®. Oil Cake, ®hck®..;; Potatoes,, bbl® Poik, bbl® Rice, bbls Rosin, bbls ;; Soap, boxes Spirits TriiReritinb, bbls 36 76 96 185 147 95 103 94 34 1 47 J •sdiqsurtmis 797 Apples, bbls Beans, bbls Beef, bbls Bagging, pieces Blitter, kegs Bale rope, coils Bacon. tcs and casks Bacon, boxes Candles, boxes Cement, bbls Cheese, boxes. Coffee, sacks Coffee, bales Dried apples, bbls Dried peaches, bbls Feather, sacks ... Fish, bbls, etc Hay, bales Hams, tcs and boxes Oil, bbls Lime, bbls Onions, bbls Potatoes, bbls Pork, bbls Pig Iron, tons Pickles, kegs 'ugar, bbls Sugar, half-bbls. Sugar, tcs and hhds .. Sugar, boxes. Syrupbbls ' 6384 1535 21537 15657 12307 2 303 195 17372 6055 15647 538 "36651 1769 124 1833 312 2311 696 '15237 350 ,3065 6561 1141 39798 1674* 1581' 4; 27; 2f 10554 583f 13354 68 4291'f 201 272 177" 43" 4471 6857 72 '28711 60. 645 7366 1301 28719 12654 10089 26 80 155 8274 8121 23835 150 150 44533 2816 124 1289 3155 8868 128 20989 155 COrfOOQO-^QCCCSS^P'Ci -; io M "<3* Ol y-< • 1831 12556 2224 39806 82689 79974 ^0074 •siouooqos RECAPITULATION. 1224340 4 8 11 38 16 14 22 24 4 14 9 3 Great Britain France North of Europe South Europe, Mexico,etc Coastwise Total 185 19 1627 123 3 664 569 3969 2094 2383 3541 100 536 1248 340 • 7464 4544 6577 18915 2306 17165 8419 23322 24335 9448 20144 9876 23599 19910 6445 13733 16164 6306 26081 9931 11446 1288 15150 13665 8632 7531 5942 13370 23075 9156 20041 < 252468 •sSjajr WCOGlOOOr-tfl^^COlQ-O rH s MONTHLY ARRIVALS OF SHIPS, ETC.-Continued. •sqing; O CO d IG r-4 Cl Ci C©c© o r- 1-1 d LG CO r- Gl v-4 LG LG d 138046 107245 173 694 24755 27617 803105 884888 146230 169111 1051260 1215645 312129 1433467 38366 41561 MONTHS. 1873-74. 1872-73. 1831 797 12556 2224 39806 82689 79974 72215 50181 59074 •Sdtqs OOLOCO,rf*r-ir-'*®^OllG'^ d CD .& 02 rn .£* Tn Schooners. - Steamboats. [53] OF MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES OF PRODUCE, .SP s Schooners. Steamships. G ft 1 1 r | 1 spoqwreeig CD ft CD .SP £ Steamships. u EL teart- • ead-• • DVOF 1 jotal value in 1876-7 , dollars •. ■ • ■' MONTHS. ::::::: aD © jNot aireaay menuonea. me exports lor tne year enaing August 31, 186a, v eie as follows: TPTS AT NEW BASIN w Cai 9: 3,f U 24.815,1 4,792.1 3O0.( 2.00° zuu 7. 1, 1, 410, 14, 50, lai 140 )00 100 )00 )oo| Tot a 7 $135070726 155388802 151582b54 156914215 184620947 169653(07 179100419 200820499 g £ jinb ber nnbi mbe ary uari •,h..' 1... ) .. ust. 3 © ft ARTICLES. Gulf Ports. Continental Ports. © M • 0 ARTICLES. Gulf Ports Coastwise Ports. 40230 2165970 58965 13623380 1095 11881 864242 01 705.1 141879 27849 42943 11501 210730 12763 421808 23689 28297 15149 97919 140265 72321 105865 22675 45999 2301 6921 104779 1641 77895 7179 2696 5119 86756 13051 49829 145485 59418 1488751 18582 14821465 3154 14014 1001504 Statement of Receipts in the Ne 1 for the year ending August 31, 18' ales .. eed, Sacks...,... .. XOVUl 111 rTotal in 1874-45 ;;;; ....; Septi Octo Novi Dece Janu Febr Mari •S ©0 = ® s-g 3; 10 Continei Ports. Dota Tota Tota Tota Tota m ism ei •;; in 18 2-73 " (I in 1871-72....; in 1870 71 ; in 1869-70 .;.. September October N ovember December. January 14 16 33 22 35 15 32 24 2 10 12 21 19 45 40 ; 36 ?? 4 5 10 12 15 6 10 4 3 12 9 8 1 15 35 28 30 24 29 40 24 32 28 32 4U 30 28 >8 • 132 "2 ; 110 16 : 211 >7 1 248 "0 ] 238 )6 j 168 w. 152 m 167 5 22 26 27 30 13 29 22 9 13 17 20 39 50 17 23 29 I 17 2 10 8 12 15 11 11 6 in 7 11 13 18 | 31 1 22 30 18 L 03 1 I 12 1 5 1 1 . 10 ' 23 33 29 29 39 33 32 35 23 27 19 23 50 93 96 125 165 96 125 110 L §2 53 43 47 131 181 191 178 210 208 251 241 1251 Coastw Ports [94] STATEMENT OF THE NUMBER AND TONNAGE OF VESSELS CLEARED from the Port of New Orleans during the year.ending July 31, 1881. Apples bbls Bagging pieces Bale Rope coils Beans bbls Brandy " Butter,k'gs & firkins Cotton Seed sks Cheese boxes Candles boxes Coffee bags Claret casks Claret. ....boxes Empty bbls Empty casks Gunny Bags,bales... Hides Horns Hay bales Iron bars Iron, old tons Lumber M feet Nails kegs 735 519 391 300 630 425 824 2434 163 751 6005 9354 625 "'916 86 4350 130 130 30 160 '2332 52 70 2982 7132 41 22 135 7347 38 114 420 142 398 26380 550 233 91668 44477 1361 2136 1802 723 46 805 3631 7523 341 oaf 560 7347 862 2548 583 893 6553 35734 31175 233 94000 44477 2277 2222 1802 5125 176 Oats sacks Onions bbls Peter and Ale.. " Potatoes " Pitoh " Rice sacks Rosin Rags bales Soap boxes Sp. Turpentine, .bbls Spanish Moss bales Starch boxes Shingles . M ■mlt sacks Specie dollars Tea,... chests Tar bbls Tallow.. " Tobacco, Chew, bxs Tobacco bales Vinegar bbls Wool bags 2120 623 842 7517 50 8497 16 125 421 5171 41 117129 78 885 230 814 130 ' 12 287 200 25 5095 69 98 921 "674 3182 66 97 2438 9205 758980 " 1410 808 130 ""535 7215 692 930 8438 20 724 3182 8575 113 2850 421 5171 9246 876109 1488 1893 385 814 130 535 b 4675 3634 4431 ^445 2578 1141 150597 31195 46462 tcet ....... ....... [79] MONTHLY AKRIV. 185 ILS 6-57 O1 f FLATBOATS FOR| iso] abRIVALS OF S EA-C bacu al toi rOING VESSELS 399 700 19 60 94 67 ^4 18 68 February March April MflX, July August 1 i 1 7 2 4 5 1 FROM FOREIGN PORTS. [Molasses bb Moss bale Oats sack (Onions bb Oil ' [Oil boxe Oil Cake sack Potatoes bb Pork ' Rve bus Rice bb Rosin 1 Soap ..... boxt Spirits Turpentine bb Staves k Sugar hhc Sugar bid Starch boxe (Shingles ]\ Tallow bbl Tobacco, leaf hh<l Tobacco, chewing pkg Wool bag Whisky bb' Wheat bushel 8 192889 s 9178 s 606179 s 33896 62958 8 5415 s 205381 S 192357 40131 h 200 s 200191 27866 s 77199 s 3186 1 5721057 s 85113 s 70553 s 59171 1 9598005 s 577 s 5046 s 54588 s 54447 s 41351 s 3376601 331800 10301 631272 15340 59016 3256 280304 150380 41468 45208 236814 39960 70094 1967 2800 171617 47435 79418 10358 . 2068 11584 70940 54197 45189 6707982 w&yi ■ 248728 12330 457941 18495 107762 222C 494557 216593 75718 40084 135822 48385 63242 4984 5473 143045 7907 66407 8602 1831 6858 90224 30539 42434 5169487 ST 11 297468 7779 488110 22987 60236 718 312862 149291 70958 295624 141278 29884 59949 3472 4704 177624 4124 60828 8670 3609 2694 62332 24943 35786 2282054 1T015O 313687 9658 421859 22648 60585 2673 321678 221959 66755 618681, 145672 35899 62600 2576 5251 109164 1052 73878 9660 5258 14172 39527 29557 39449 1048857 7586 254646 12006 417381 20701 38957 9202 173627 183218 72596 167810 47047 60210 4127 25 9537 154414 "O 161276 5701 566999; 31837 2560T 12357 tns 8131 205030' 99326 "'73424 12114[ 28240 2496 4157 95837 1560 63323[ • 8277 5840, 30191 72946 12171 54318 896 Syrup, tcs Soap, boxes Starch, boxes Shot, bags Tobacco, boxes Vinegar, bbls - • Whisky, bbls White Lead, kegs ""8917 2838 3119 2068 122 U 756. "1811 384' "122 40' .. 12250 353 2394 1 3551 " 663 188 >is me, bbls 100] jool 300 [ 200 325 500 350 300 570 MONTHS. .2 O 0 : I : j Kentucky. - 1 - IO 4^ ©I CO I-l t© ■ • • 1 a "2 13 7 20 18 40 15 4 17 ; ...... Virginia. 2 . l-i • JO • ' - - • [ ^ 1 jo jo ; 1 : j Pennsylvania. 1 • • • 1 : : : : : : । Illinois. IO 1 • • ■ G W t-i • ■ IO - 1 . ! ; ; ; : I Arkansas. . . U) rr - 1 e m . Tennessee. J CD ! 3 1 2 1 1 "3 Uli Itittjio, Tor 1860, with their tot iiscai yoiiL* ±o*>u- mage and the Sugar (crop), hhds Starch, boxes Tallow, bbls . Tobacco, Leaf, hhds Tobacco, Strips, hhds.; Tobacco, Steins, hhds Tobacco, Chew, pkgs ■.. Wool, bags Whisky, bbls ... - ■ Wheat, bushels ... ... ( Other various articles, estimated at Total value, dollars 122982 70553 577 5046 54588 54447 41351 3376601 100 75 1 80 22 00 130 00 "20'60 55 00 65 00 1 50 12390436 196995 12694 655980 1091760" 2094585 2687815 5064901 25000000 2183 794 20 5 8 6 2 1 '• •' no 1 15 ! 148 S । 137 5 7 3 o 6 I 1 3 6 4 125 118 130 MONTHS. Vessels. Coastwise. --' AMERICAN VESSELS. FOREIGN VESSELS. Total Tonnage- 39160; 27788 24064 7252 189879 190562 74439 158761 31355 42798 4126 4090 124470 1235 55817 9818 1489 26671 52127 17934 42202 82812 467210 18519 27524 13221 tns 4051 147258 78344 186498 24147 30560 2230 5371 76984 1098 67727 11060 7010 17221 65274 12845 34675 325287 .bbls •••• bls Is hds ' k1*13 average tonnage of each vessel. 11584 70940 54197 45189 6707982 Total 196 237 81 199 365 10 8 l_2083 IQ* i 1085 2139 YEARS. Average tonnage . per vessel --- - . With Cargo 1 ! In Ballast. Number of vessels 1 arrived- Aggre- gate Tonnage [84] MONTHLY CLEARANCES OF SHIPS, BARKS, BRIGS, SCHOONERS AND STEAMSHIPS, For three years, from September 1 to August 31. With Cargo In Ballast. - No. Tons No. Cons No. 1 ■■ons. No. Tons No. Tons - [68] LIVE STOCK MAR Arrivals of Stock from September 1, 18 KET. NEW ORLEANS, August 31 78. to August 31. 1879 1879. September.... October. November .... December .... January February. March April May ... June July August 1 2 3 2 15 13 17 4 7 1 1 1 1 2 5 3 9 36 26 121 50 841 62] 42 51 4911 No. Tons 1 1 2 16 8 11 16 17 20 1850-51 1851-52 1852-53 853-54 1854-55 855-56 856-57 857-58 858-59 1859-60.■■■ 2054 2266 2383 1972 1973 2313 2179 2023 2062 2052 7680L 9108J 9869' 88541 9985t 11551: 10827: 107991 118201 121205 8 374 5 402 5 414 6 490 5 506 6 490 5 497 4 533 12 573 !9 590 159516729 197758175 MONTHS. 1876-77. 1875-76. 1S74-75. August September October " ("' " '. November December "' January ", February " ( March (' " April M'ay June July 17 24 24 24 34 28 28 19 20 26 19 19 23408 31470 30783 37171 44121 ! 3681(5 ! 34318 : 26305 23735 1 2'657 25967 23132 13 13 6 12 20 1 9 18 1 26 1 21 1 17 18 1 6 8261 7454 3443 7402 9281 5307 1116 6714 6442 7114 2243 3672 ...... 5 4 3 2 1 466 2263 3698 380 231 66 27 42 53 74 87 79 75 76 93 67 51 42 37530 52918 81956 96557 93434 83897 81156 77817 01870 78627 65042 SOVAS ..... "2 1381 1532 47 79 83 111 141 117 126 125 138 112 90 74199 91842 116182 141130 156836 126486 128853 124534 143808 113629 105384 Total in 1879-80 Total in 1878-79 Total in 1877-78 Total in 1876-77 Total in 1875-76 ... Total in 1874-75 Total in 1873 74 Total in 1872-73 Total in 1871-72 .' Total in 1870-71 $ 79771600 27000939 43440569 35270722 55388806 L5158.052 56944214 84620945 69653107 79100417 5162 142008 1832 EZ 1 2( 2' 4. 3' 31 3: 2i 1 i | Steamships. 3 i 3 ir. ~2 6 15 14 10 26 31 I 42 15 i 10 5 6 2 5 ft CD tc CO 3 11 13 16 15 31 36 20 4b 35 37 14 15 Steamships. p Ships. Barks. ft 2 6 4 25 9 3 7 3 > 4 6 2 2 © s 9 14 10 26 33 35 27 24 22 16 8 231 .p, © 31 35 38 21 38 34 34 26 29 24 22 16 'UK 46 66 74 127 122 130 139 107 80 69 54 28 1541 COTTON RECEIPTS FOR THE COMMERCIAL YEAR ENDING august 63487 10832 1625 9317 63806 28352 45579 110561 31, 1865, Were 271,015 bales; sales, 149,100; exports, 192,351; stock on hand, September L 1864, 4575 bales: on hand. September 1. 1865, 83.239 bales. Of the exports for the year, 21,326 bales were to Great Britain ; 5952 to France ; 1402 to St. Petersburg ; 167 to Spain; 15,993 to Poston ; 144,190 to New York ; 2735 to Providence ; 1355 to Philadelphia, and 231 to Northern ports. Of the general movement for the year, the following table gives a good idea : Beef Cattle Hogs. Sheep- Milch Cows. Calves and Yearlings. - September October November December January February March. ' April May June July August. Total ( 20 19 22 15 Id 9 16 12 9 22 3 1 3 14 lfl i: 7 7 9 4 5 1 12 13 12 31 20 27 36 53 19 23 13 20 32 31 27 33 4b 40 31 34 43 22 17 4 6 8 11 13 13 13 13 10 9 s 8 9 10 22 44 56 63 55 21 28 11 3 1 3 4 4 15 7 8 15 2 7 6 2 19 29 21 21 35 21 21 52 37 25 34 32 41 60 66 76 135 154 143 210 110 107 71 57 4 12 1( 34 4( 18 3 18 4' 28 3 19 3' 13 1 4 1 3 1 1 September October November December January February March April May June July August Total Last year 4280 4301 5158 5733 5336 3497 3590 3412 5327 4382 4197 4732 962 1854 3455 4071 3521 2658 3189 1175 1899 1394 812 1399 733 1930 1976 1540 1300 840 1740 2413 2026 1116 471 1442 17121 15389 87 43 3825 3696 3995 2419 2829 2462 3216 3157 4411 3674 3984 HD [81] ARRIVALS OF SEA-GOING VESSELS AND STEAMBOATS At the port of New Orleans each year, from 1847 to 1865, inclusive. [91] STATEMENT OF THE NUMBER AND TONNAGE OI THE PORT OF NEW ORLEANS, DURING THE YEAR VESSELS ENTERED AT ENDING JULY 31, 1879. - 282 364883 179_ ] 1844! 16 7104 766 1041471 3 2913 1257 79613 1402496 [73] EXPORTS OF MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCE From September 1, 1880 and 1881, to date, [74] DIRECT IMPORTS OF COFFEE, SUGAR, MOLASSES AND SALT For three years, from September 1 to August 31. 122 183 56 50 46 131 74 81 44 53 850 1433 (95) STATEMENT OF VESSELS BELONGING TO THE PORT OF NEW ORLEANS, July 31, 1881. YEARS. Vessels from Sea. •s^uoquujoqs years. Vessels from Sea. Steamboats. '- - Exports. Sales. Exports MONTHS. Vessels. Coastwise. American Ves Foreign P SP]S from orts. Forei Fc gn Vessels froi reign Ports. n TOTAL TONNAGE. DATE. Receipts. Sales. J DATE. Receipts. ARTICLES. 1881-82. 1880-81. CD C'u Ships, Birks and Brigs. Schooners. Steamships. CD 3 1 Schooners. Hast. iy -- .. , , ■ - . articles. 1881-1882 1880-1881 1879-1880 n Ba 1st. Sept. 1, 1864 to Mi 63747 33655 64755 43300 19400 32499 61740 13912 41101 75598 Bacon, casks Butter, pkgs Bran, sacks Cora Meal, bbls Cora, sacks Cora, bulk, bushels ... Cheese, boxes Cotton Seed Oil, bbls Flour, bbls Hides Hams, tierces Hay. bales Lard, tierces Lumber, M feet .. Molasses, bbls Oats, sacks Oak Staves. M Oil Cake, sacks Pork, bbls Rice, bbls Rye. bushels Sugar, hhds Sugar, bbls Wool. bales . Whisky, bbls Wheat, lutsbels 2562 10634 33562 26684 653930 553563 8913 75737 219136 626754 3548 12710 3862 4533 184917 130597 5181 404989 3758 150911 50149 151063 49790 9800 2065021 3530 4450 34490 25625 332582 9032346 12878 59325 116516 '681899 8970 5160 5191 14889 270571 122524 4364 488493 2704 156464 45423 107516 113593 60499 8872 6536689 itn uaigo 1 with Cargo. Vessels. 1865, inclusive June, 1865 July, 1865 August, 1865 Bales 53000 <0 Tons No Tons. No_ 2 1 10 22 6 10 5 6 1 1 ons. No 8 13 15 31 21 27 23 28 10 9 5 198 Tons No. Tons. No Tons Tons. 2 Z-i _ 148100 192351 ■ ■■ . " - A ugust September October November December January. February . ... March April May ... June J uly Total 13 10 10 18 32 22 30 35 28 24 23 19 15729 12976 12917 18114 35233 26915 28347 31057 19793 19848 22866 16146 21 13 10 14 12 14 18 22 23 8 9 12 9522 9071 5369 7936 5109 6896 9198 10360 6804 2953 2718 6414 1838 6024 9158 13984 15435 37148 25236 37075 27809 31826 13311 4173 10 31 51 83 63 32 25 16 8 4 3 5608 7950 39505 63066 77320 51449 26978 15529 15774 6801 3370 2096 49 42 77 108 180 126 117 110 101 51 45 39 1039 38721 39790 77164 113003 166283 114464 108440 89637 80546 42946 33127 27602 1 172 25s 7' 259 376 113 B 182 330 74 289 355 1230 154 23 73 Oc Ri -- ■ [55] The following table will be of interest: 53945 56348 26081 21914 42015 45510 1847-48 1848-49 1849-50 1850-51 1851-52 1852-53 1853-54 206 136 147 190 213 244 204 225 234 1926 1594 1379 1250 1465 1524 1266 1166 1510 795 456 666 704 673 596 478 426 399 2977 2873 2784 2918 2778 3252 3076 2763 2956 1856-57 ■ ■ 1857-58 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 1863-64 1864-65 . 212 267 300 315 252 47 278 386 213 1281 1250 1289 1282 1038 137 578 523 321 441 388 409 321 289 57 1198 2071 915 2745 3264 3259 3566 3171 1456 655 1414 14S1 635 5489 8452 11473 3968 6842 4912 6349 1130 STATEMENT OF VESSELS BELONGING TO THE PORT OF NEW ORLEANS 1S77 ean Steamers ver Steamers 21 166 359 6 27919 72-100 29809 97-100 26880 54-100 700 08-100 PRICES: - nailing vessels I^nTCTAa • SEASONS. Total Crop. Receipts N. O. Av. Price Per Bale. Total Value. Receipts of New Crop To Sept. 1. - -.... Date m receipt of First Bale. C°tfee, Mexico, ba0*3 Coffee, Cuba, etc., baos ... . 28883 "216408 105 18571 56 1437 54 154993 56791 6116 264589 9557 5131 '' 755 328398 28386 998 199869 79; 15911 2831 1351! 281204[ 944 Vessels. Tons. Total . .... 552 85310 31-10 0 ar - 90027 Aug VU11CU, XvH Sugar, Cu uags. boxes Date. 1878-79 1877-78 1878-79 1877-78 1878-79 1877-78 1878-79 Ocean ste ners 13 132 332 6 483 13308 27174 11970 1318 53770 (96) STATEMENT Oh' THE NUMBER AND TONNAGE OF VESSELS ENTERED at the Port of New Orleans during the year ending July 31, 1881. 1853-54 1854-55 90 1440779 1284768 1759293 1513247 1678616 1774298 2255418 1849312 38880 22078 131044 271015 $38 00 40 00 40 00 57 00 52 50 53 00 48 50 50 00 45 50 231 32 356 20 270 54 $34749602 51390720 70371720 86255079 88127340 92037794 109389228 92465600 1769040 5107082 46677872 73326398 1853 0 74 Sugar, Cuba, hhds 1855- 56 .. Hi ver steamers Sailing vessels 'f Barges Total nnra rPUirUV'F nr'IH-TU VTTMnVO A A'rx A WUCr" 2847339 3527845 2939519 3113962 3851481 4675770 3699926 1854, July 25 1855, July 26 1856, July 15 1857, Aug. i5 1858, July 25 1859, July 23 I860, July 5 1861, Aug. n 1862 1863, hept. 7 1864, Aug. 14 1391 23282 1166 33 4834 9698 36670 61 12 22 Sugar, Brazil etc., bX8 * bags Mo asses, Cuba, hhds & tcs. Molasses, Cuba, bbls e'J' ';lvt;1l,0°1-sacks.. Salt, lurk's Island. etc bu Joi n fed Beeves- ? lb gross. Join fed Beeves- P* th gross. 1 0? • CD © Beeves- head. CD CD P . SP tc Hogs, i* th gross. Sheep. F head. 50888 2946 1228 1856-57 OJ © Beeve F heat on 11 0, , OL1LA1V1- SHIPS AND STEAMBOATS. For t'vo years, from September 1, 1863, to August 31, 1865. 264 269941 176 82350 70 22 331 315446 942853 MONTHS. Vessels Coastwise- FROM FOREIGN PORTS. Total Tonnage. 1857-58 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 0 [92] STATEMENT OF THE NUMBER AND TONNAGE OF VESSELS CLEARED FROM THE PORT OF NEW ORLEANS, FOR THE TWELVE MONTHS ENDING JULY 31, 1379. |mj imruKTS FROM NORTHERN PORTS, By steamship and sailing vessels, from September 1, 1881 and 1880, to date. Sept.. 1st qual. 2d " Oct....1st " 2d " Nov...1st " 2d " Dec .. .1st " 2d " Jan...1st " 2d " Feb...1st " 2d " March. 1st " 2d " April..1st " 2d " May...1st " 2d " June . 1st " 2d " July...1st " 2d " Aug. 1st " 2d " - @ - 4/4* 2J .. 34 34 4j 2J .. 3 4 . - 2* .. 31 4J .. 5' 2* .. 3| 4 .. 44 3 .. 34 4 .. 5 3 .. 34 34 .. 44 3" .. 4 .. 44 3 .. 34 3 ® 4i 2J .. - 3 .. 4% 2J .. - 41 .. 5 2^ . . 3 4J .. 5 24 .• 3| 44 .. 6 24 .. 34 5 .. 54 24 '.. 34 44 ' 5 24 .. 34 44 .. 5 24 34 34 -- 44 24 .. - 34 -• 44 24 -- 3 34 .. 44 24 .. 3 p25 00 40 0 10 00 20 ( 25 00. 35 0 10 00..20 0 25 00 35 0 10 00 20 ( 25 00 35 6 10 00 .20 ( 25 00 35 ( 15 00 .20 ( 25 00..35 0 15 00..20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 $30 00® 40 00 15 00 25 00 30 00 .40 00 15 00..25 00 25 00 .35 00 10 00 .15 00 20 00. 35 00 10 00..15 00 20 00..35 00 10 00. .15 00 20 00.35 00 10 00. 15 00 20 00..30 00 10 00..12 00 20 00..30 00 10 00 12 00 20 00..30 00 10 00..12 00 25 00..30 00 10 00..20 00 25 00..35 00 12 00. 18 00 35 00..45 00 15 00..25 00 ~a 3 . 44 34 54 .. 64 4 .. 5 54 .• 61 4" .. 5" 5 .. 6 4 .. 44 4 .. 5 3j .. - 4 .. 5 3 .. 34 4 .. 44 3 .. 31 34 -■ 44 3 .. - 34 - - 4 3 .. - 34 - - 44 3 .. - 34 •• 44 3 .. - 4 .. 41 3 .. 34 4 44 - .. 3 $3 00®3 2 00..2 3 00. 3 2 00 .2 3 00. .4 2 00 2 3 50. - 2 00 3 3 50 .- 2 00..2 3 50..4 2 00..- 3 50..4 2 00..2 3 00..4 2 00 - 3 00..4 2 00..- 3 00..4 1 50 .2 3 00..4 1 50..2 3 50..4 1 50 2 50 50 50 50 00 50 MONTHS. 1864-65. 1863-64. [_O0J O L 2k X DL-IDL^ A v/x j. aj-a-j xv -MLN 1. THE PORT OF NEW ORLEANS, DURIJ IO- TOT seis fr< ENTERED AT FIE YEAR ENDING JULY 31, 1878. AMERICAN VESSELS. FOREIGN VESSELS. 186:1-64 1864-65 Total 12 years articles. 1881-1882.... 00 CD 1 co CD '5 5 8 •• 3i ■g; •• 2* 24 "3 2i ? 5 34.: 4 2i •- 3 t - 44 5 .. ? 34 .. 44 1 :: ■ 3$ O ■■ CD .£* CD ci 0D ebJO S , Schooners. a j Steamships. 0 t 1 Steamboats. 72 □5 W s Schooners. CD P4 0 H Steamboats. MONTHS. Vessels. Coastwise. American Vessels from Foreign Ports Foreign Vessels fro T71 • ... nnl-tc, n TOTAL TONNAGE. MONTHS. Vessels. Coastwise. American Ves >m Foreign Vessels from TOTAL TONNAGE. With Carg 0 In Ballast. With Cargo In Ballast. 16289873 $817225507 [76] NEW ORLEANS CLEARING-HOUSE ASSO- CIATION. Statementof the clearing and balances for theyears ending June 1, 1873-74-75-76-77-78-79. s ce AV x-orts. AV foreign rorts. 00 50 IM w itn uargo. In Balla 5U. 3. th C; rgo In Ballast. With cargo. In Ballast- ith Cargo. In Ballast No. Tons No. Ton< 5 No. Ions. No. Tons. No. Tons. [56 J The comparative prices of Middling Cotton on the first day of each nve years, ending August 31. 1865, were as follows ; £ No. 26 11 24 43 43 41 45 43 32 31 28 Tons No Tons. No Toll No Tons. No Tons. No Tons - No Tons. Xo | Tons. No . Tons. No Tons. N o. Tons. No Tons. No. Tons - Clearings. Balances. September ....... October November December January February March April May June July August Total 6 4 4 4 ■"2' 3 2 2 4 4 5 9 9 7 11 3 8 8 13 19 11 5 11 4 9 8 11 12 7 10 14 8 12 7 18 10 34 33 35 26 30 24 58 72 48 20 16 11 8 5 11 12 13 34 34 60 42 68 55 62 51 66 71 24 127 105 IB | 33 26 27 18 26 28 36 29 44 65 58 7 6 4 8 8 17 10 13 11 6 9 6 11 18 17 27 26 33 28 23 10 10 43 13 8 10 7 14 18 20 25 14 15 6 3 13 21 19 27 18 38 60 47 42 43 32 29 14 10 18 15 15 16 17 19 14 14 11 11 58 63 58 74 82 115 140 132 104 88 68 61 11 17 46 92 82 25 14 20 18 18 14 24 August September........ ].. October November December January February March ..' April May June July Total 16850 9485 8562 18386 36724 32790 28829 29569 30747 22629 20471 21947 9 10 11 17 19 21 33 24 15 12 8 4906 3769 3673 6002 7187 14233 10389 24254 16554 10437 7588 4082 11 11 1! 3' 61 8f 91 9' 5. 31 15 1 10926 14639 20252 47591 7262C 89215 97554 89080 54785 37346 9632 7102 49 29 36 72 123 150 158 172 122 80 55 47 32682 24893 32487 71979 116531 136238 136772 August £ 2 , < 8 16754 7 25532 2 33730 0 26230 8 35497 3 30596 5 26571 5 23939 8 26710 19 22514 -0 18255 21 19916 6 10 10 15 13 17 13 17 22 22 20 10 5068 5092 7373 9849 8392 8209 3559 10341 9925 3516 10001 5649 1 1 1124 3 1216 9 9165 2 8888 7 3957 1 8317 7 4227 1 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 8 7730 1 8434 8 32701 1 21034 3 35592 5 25146 3 29002 1 24924 0 23610 1 17422 1 10153 8 6643 6 5091 6 4793 35 37402 64 51859 65 58736 77 76457 40 37912 47 37624 41 30358 20 12357 9 6136 4 1966 39 57 114 142 156 163 108 118 11! 84 61 43 35767 45067 120371 117860 142174 148725 101271 103814 97834 61177 45543 34174 August September October November December January February March ((( April May lune July 7"' 21 27 . 27 . 22 28 33 22 . 18 27 29 19 23 296 3322 3838 3908 3480 3940 4085 3012 2872 3533 3981 2485 3088 4155.' 6 g 4 22 13 6 13 1 13 8 16 1 20 2 19 2 16 1 9 3I 180 86t 97! 58 1451 92 104 76 104 102 116 97 42 1125 8 3 .3 ... 6 3 50 8 36 S 11 5 32 5 57 4 73 2 84 1 OS 3 21 ... 09 42 153' 335£ 840£ 5761 378 462 388 423 105 300 4024 13 15 27 27 36 31 28 35 36 36 7 23 26 8| 333 15341 21849 35270 34791 43622 46223 28035 42529 38695 47185 24583 31065 409188 18 29 54 57 65 34 21 45 36 25 14 6 404 2533' 4292( 7606f 5389' 6520' 24881 2348! 4345( 3963f 26601 1601( 773f 44524! 69 86 121 136 150 116 89 118 121 110 75 64 1255 84132 112879 159592 146454 168283 126145 93907 129055 128174 126390 78820 73905 1422726 50, 50 (10 00, 00 50 00 50 00 50! OTpumun October November December January February. March April May •• June July DATE 1864-65 1863-64 1862-63 1861-62 DATE 1864-65 1863-64 1862-63 cents. .@80 ", @72 . .@60 " ,'a).. " 'a)., @53 1861 60 1860-61 Coffee, sacks Coffee, bales ' ' ' _ f. Fish, bbls, etc Sugar, bbls. . Sugar, half bbls Sugar, tierces and hhd« Sugar, boxes .... Syrup, bbls """^. Syrup, hhds . . .... Z .... • Syrup, tierces 7160 1013 39222 22791 530 25534 1155 10 16835 3 47757 23850 627 "7529 541 39 93' 20 00 30 12 00 18 25 00..35 15 00 20 CEN 1872-73 1873-74 1874-75 1875-76 1876-77. 1877-78. ■■■ 1878-79. $501716239 476235854 406829492 426266105 414527870 428750803 372651000 9 is attribntei $58933605 52751419 45293424 47937793 4721'6575 46341350 44469000 to the vellow CENTS. CENTS. CENTS. CENTS. CENTS. CENTS. CENTS• IS. D... zu 04 z>... z> . . . . CENTS. Sept.. Oct. .. Nov... Dec... Jan... Feb . . ....'CD..- 161@163 U9@120 127® 128 118© 120 6s@ 70 ...©... 62© 68 65@73 71 ©72 72 @73 76 @77 ....@,, ...@ . @64 ....@54 @52 ....@ 62 9@10 I 8J@ 9 1 9 ® 9J 1 ]103@ll 1 10 @11 1 10 @11 1 Og@10J M@10g H®114 0 @io| ll@12 0j@lli March April. May .. June.. July .. Aug .. .. @75 ....@... 35 @36 42® 43 40®.. 42 @44 72 @73 .. .@70 82 @83 92® 93 @ 161 160® 163 11 7 9U •...I ....7 10J@lli 12j @123 104 @ 11 - © 11J 10 @104 10 @11 ( ( 1 fl 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 10 7 3 3 ... 208( 0412 7091 313 '80 c 8 8 2 1 698b 7231 368 998 ^-. @... fever epidemic of July to November, 1878. inclusive. Shot, bags . 12 00 18 0 40 114 107 415 186 1 862 408 105__ 223 153 389 174 1043 381 374 277989 186 113074 531 547742 1093 93 Totals 1 3 16 323036 182 94405 59' "^52477 z----- 22 9 247863 119 363729 124; 1081510 139 Four-Legged Child-J. Myrtle Corban. One of the most remarkable instances of monstrosity which has come under my observation is that of the four- legged infant, J. Myrtle Corban, examined and described by Prof. Paul F. Eve and myself in Nashville, Tennessee, June 16, 1868. The following engraving (No. 5) represents the appear- ance of this monstrosity : Engraving No. 5. Four-Legged Child, J. Myrtle Corban, June 16, 1868, About 5 Weeks of Age. The following description of the infant, J. Myrtle Corban, was prepared by the late Prof Paul F. Eve and myself. Nashville, Tenn., June 16, 7868.-The undersigned, in response to the request of a number of physicians and the relatives and friends of the unfortunate subject of this investigation, give the following testimony: The infant, J. Myrtle Corban, has four legs and two distinct external female organs of generation, with two external openings of the urethra and two external openings of the double rectum. The external genito- urinary organs are as distinct as if they belonged to two separate human beings. The fteces and urine are passed (most generally simultaneously, particularly the urine) from both external urinary and intestinal open- ings, situated respectively between the left and right pairs of legs. The head and trunk are those of a living, well-developed, healthy, ac- tive infant of about five weeks, whilst the lower portion of the body is divided into the members of two distinct individuals, near the junction of the spinal column with the os sacrum. As far as our examination could be prosecuted in the living child, we are led to the belief that the lower portion of the spinal column is divided or cleft and that there are tivo pelvic arches supporting the four limbs, which are situated upon the same plane. Photographs of this infant have been made by the advice and under the supervision of one of our number. The reality in this case surpasses expectation, and we are of the opinion that this interesting living monstrosity exceeds in its curious manifestation of the powers of nature in abnormal productions, the celebrated "Siam- ese Twins." Joseph Jones, M. D., Prof, of Phys, and Path., U. of Nashville. Paul F. Eve, M. D., Prof, of Surgery, University of Nashville. 140 Further remarks by Profs. Jones and Eve.-Josephine Myrtle is the third offspring of W. H. and Nancy Corban, aged twenty-five and thirty- four, the wife being the senior by nine years. They are so much alike in appearance, having red hair, blue eyes and very fair complexion, as to produce the impression of their being blood kin, which, however, is not the case. Mrs. Cobban is from North Alabama, had borne one child to a former husband, the child having dark coloring, and resembling mostly the father, who had black hair and eyes. Her three children are all girls; the one already alluded to, now six years old, another three, and this infant monstrosity, now to be more minutely described, born the 12th of May, 1868, in Lincoln county, Tennessee, five weeks ago. Mr. Corban is a Georgian, served in the Confederate army through the war, and was severely wounded in the right and left hands. The parents are in fair health, though the mother is ancemie. She recollects no fright or disturbance during her last pregnancy. The presentation was fortu- nately her head, which accounts for the preservation of the life of the child. It would be curious to speculate on the trouble which might have been produced had the feet or breach presented, while the result, in all probability, would have proved fatal to the infant, and possibly to the mother. Mrs. Corban says that there was nothing peculiar in the labor or delivery. When three weeks old the child weighed ten pounds. It now nurses healthily, is thriving well, and we saw it urinate simultane- ously, between the tivo pairs of labia of the tivo vagince, situated about six inches apart. From the crown of the head to the umbilicus the child measures twelve inches, and from this point to the toes of the right and left external feet, eleven inches. From the umbilicus up, all is natural and well-formed; all below this, extraordinary and unnatural. An inch below the navel is a mark of an apparent failure for a second one. There are four distinct pretty well developed, lower extremities. They exist in pairs on both sides of the median line, which resembles the cleft of an ordinary pair of legs; but here there are no marks whatever of anus or genital organs, and upon pressure we discover no os coccygis or sacrum. The outer legs of both sides are the most natural of the four (though the foot of the right one is clubbed), but are widely separated by the two- supernumerary ones, which are less developed, except at their junction with the body, from which they taper to the feet and toes more diminu- tive and which are turned inwards. One toe is bifid on the left extra in- ward extremity. At birth these extra legs were folded flat upon the abdo- men. We are led to believe that there are tivo uteri as ivell as tivo recta; in fact, that the pelvic organs are double. Of course a minute dissection would alone expose the true condition of these parts. Should this infant reach maturity and the internal generative organs be double, there is nothing to prevent conception on both sides. The first difficulty will, however, be in her walking. The outer, or external legs, may be used for progression; the inner or inturned ones, probably never. These might be successfully amputated at the knee, or higher up. One of us recollects of being in London, in January, 1830, at an exhibi- tion of the Siamese Twins, when Sir Astley Cooper gave an opinion ad- verse to an operation with a view to separate them, but which has always appeared to us feasible and without much risk of peritonitis; an opera- tion, too, which should undoubtedly be performed in case of the death of one of them, for no medical man believes in the vulgar impression that they must die simultaneously. In the present case all surgical interfer- ence is, of course, out of the question, except that alluded to-removal of the extra legs. Cases somewhat similar to the above have occurred and been described. Rokitansky refers to two completely distinct bodies conjoined at their ossa sacra or coccyges, as in the well-known Hungarian sisters, Helena and Judith, born in 1701, who survived their twenty-second year. Geoffroy St. Hilaire alludes to cases of a trunk with two heads, some even Janus-like, having four upper and four lower extremities. 141 The case, however, recalled most vividly by Josephine Myrtle, is that of Rita-Christina, well-known in Europe, and accurately described in this country years ago by Frof. Meigs. In this wonderful instance there were two heads, two necks, four arms, but only two legs; and was thus the re- verse of our case. From the umbilicus down there was one well-formed child, but above this all the organs were double; in reality there existed two beings. The rectum and bladder were common to both, but all else in the trunk was double and distinct. One would sleep while the other played, etc., for they had two spinal marrows, two brains, two hearts, but the last two occupied a common pericardium. Unfortunately, after surviving a little over a year, one sickened and died, when the other, then in health, instantly expired. Rita and Christina were born in Sardinia, 1829, and described by Dr. De Michaelis, Professor of Surgery in the Royal University of Sassari, and' lived eighteen months. The late Prof. J. C. Warren, of Boston, first described the Siamese- Twins brothers, when purchased of their mother by Capt. Coffin and Mr. Hunter (Joint owners), and brought to that city in 1829. The infant, J. Myrtle Corban, described by Prof. Paul1 F. Eve and myself in 1868, appears to be one and the same individual as the lady described in the following report of the Alabama State Medical Association, published in the New Orleans Picayune of April 13th, 1888 : Montgomery, Ala., April 13, 1888.-The State Medical Association ad^ journed without day this evening, having been in session here since Tues- day morning. Dr. Milton C. Baldridge, of Huntsville, was elected president, Dr. B, F. Cross, of Decatur, vice-president, and Dr. B. M. Hughes, of Birming- ham, orator. Mobile was chosen as the place for holding the next annual meeting. A wonderful case of deformity or freak of nature, which is without a parallel in all history, has come to light in Alabama. Dr. Lewis Whaley r of Birmingham, read a paper presenting the strange case to the State Med- cal Association last night. The phenomenon is in the person of Mrs. Clinton Bicknel, a white lady, who resides in Alabama. She is a perfectly double woman in her body and lower extremities, having four legs, four feet and two separate and distinct but complete sets of physical organs. Dr. Whaley was called to see the lady some weeks ago, and was non- plussed by her strange sickness and symptoms. He called in two other physicians to assist him in making a diagnosis of the case. Thev found on examination that Mrs. Bicknel was in a state of pregnancy on one side only-the left side. They found it necessary to- produce an abortion and she gave premature birth to a well-formed child. Sometimes, the doctors say, the lady suffered with diarrhoea on one side of her body and constipation on the other. She was formerly Miss Josephine Myrtle Corban. At 18 she married Clinton Bicknel and is now 20 years of age. At present she enjoys good health. Photographs of the lady were presented to the Association by Dr. Wha- ley, illustrating the marvelous case of deformity which has attracted more attention than anything that has ever come to the notice of medical science in Alabama. I was compelled to rely upon the report of the Picayune until a brief answer was received from my letter of inquiry 142 addressed to the President of the Alabama Medical Asso- ciation, which we here record. Birmingham, Ala., May 17, 1888. Dr.Joscph Jones-Dear Doctor: Your surmises are correct. Yesterday evening for the first time since yours of the 4th inst., I saw Dr. Lewis Whaley. The lady, Mrs. Bicknel, of Blount county, Ala., is the Myrtle Corban of days gone by. Attractive in face, physically well and able to attend to all her household duties. Dr. W. has seen her quite recently. He promised me yesterday evening to have some photographs taken from his latest and will give me one to send to you at the earliest practical date. I regretted that I could not find a delegate to your meeting at Monroe and urged my successor, Dr. Baldridge, of Huntsville, to send one. Some of these years, if I can find leisure from my busy work, I will come myself. Your old friend, E. H. Sholl. I have recently received the following letter from Dr. Lewis Whaley, of Birmingham, communicating valuable information with reference to Myrtle Corban, and enclosing two excellent photographs, taken at the ages of about 4 years and 17 years. Engraving No. 6. Miss J. Myrtle Corban, about 4 years of age. It will be seen that at the age of four or live years, the difference be- tween the two outer and the inner limbs was much more marked than during the period of infancy. The difference between the inner and outer limbs becomes still more marked at the age of seventeen ; the former presenting an atrophied appearance,due without doubt to the ab- sence of muscular exer- cise and pressure. Birmingham, Ala., June 13, 1888. Dr. Joseph Jones-Dear Doctor: I will give you as complete descrip- tion of Myrtle as I can. I have known her from childhood, but never fully realized the peculiar development until called to attend her in the case reported to the Association. She was 20 years old the 12th of May. One photo taken about 4, the other near 17 years of age. You know the 143 inferior extremities were the same length in infancy, and I sup itpose was the pressure which retarded the growth of the inner ones. Her health has usually been good, and she is very intelligent. Is about five feet high-has fair skin, blue eyes and red curly hair. Holds her hands slightly extended in walking as if to balance herself. The genital organs are perfect, though small. I can't account for the doable development, unless it be that two ova blended and were impreg- nated at once. A brief sketch of her pregnancy is as follows: I found her with pain in left side, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, except for certain articles. Had not menstruated for two months; headache and fever. Pain over pubis, and she thought an abscess was forming there. After watching and treating symptoms, making thorough examinations fre- quently, I decided she was pregnant in her left side, and told her so. She replied, she thought- I was mistaken, but could have believed it more readily if it had been the right side. The outlet to the pelvis being so small, I decided it would be necessary to produce abortion, and she was then very much emaciated. I requested consultation, and two physicians were summoned, who agreed with me as to the pregnancy, also that abortion would be necessary. We introduced the uterine sound and gave extract ergot. After watting two days, I introduced the sound again, and was satisfied I had pierced the membranes. The next day I was sent for in haste, and she was soon delivered of a well-developed foetus of three and one-half months. You can have the pictures engraved if you wish. I shall be pleased to read the article to which you allude, and thank you for the circular you sent of John Allen. That case is unfortunate, for one does not know where to place such anomalies. I will take pleasure in assisting you in any way I can, and in answering any questions which may occur to you, and remain, Respectfully yours, Lewis Whaley. The progressive de- velopment of the two outer legs, in the case of J. Myrtle Corban, is well marked and is worthy of consideration. Something similar was noted in the remarkable example of the Siamese twins. When exhibited they were not exactly opposite to each other, but stood side by side, or rather, obliquely, one by the other; but this position was acquired by the attempts which they had evidently made to separate from Engraving No. 7. Miss J. Myrtle Corban, age 17 years. 144 each other in walking, or in lying and sitting down, and by the extension they have thus effected in their bond of union, which was considerably more slender than in any other yet described. It was quite impossible for them to remain always face to face; therefore their bodies acquired an oblique direction, in which they also moved. The con- sequence of this was that the right limbs of the one and the left of the other individual were the principle or- gans of movement; and that the intermediate limbs, that is to say, the left of the one and the right of the other, re- mained merely passive (Dubois). The thanks of the medical profession are due to Dr. Lewis Whaley for the valuable record of the subsequent history of the wonderful case of Myrtle Corban. One individual was stronger than the other and seemed to control him; nevertheless, in organic and animal relation of life, the Siamese twins seemed to be in- dependent of each other, each having his own circulation of blood, his own respiration and digestive function. W. Vrolik, and other physiologists concluded that, whilst there did not seem to be a large anastomosis of vessels between the two bodies, nevertheless, reasoning from analogous cases, the twins were connected by the ends of their sterna and by some of their abdominal organs. As proof of this connection, they adduced the results of the observation of Mr. Mayo communicated at the Conversa- zione of the College of Physicians, March 8, 1831; that when either of the Siamese twins coughed, the bond of union swelled up in its whole length, proving that they had but one peritoneal cavity, of which a transverse prolonga- tion passed through the connecting medium. From these observations W. Vrolik and others concluded that an at- tempt at separation could not be made with probability of success. The probability of having to cut through a piece of liver, or a peritoneal cord, must render an operation unwarrantable, unless after the death of one of the bodies during the healthy state of the other. As we shall see in 145 the progress of these observations, the opinion expressed ■by anatomists and surgeons relative to the severance of •the bond of union between the Siamese twins was sus- tained by the results of post-mortem examination. Engraving No. 8. - Infans Bicorporeus Xyphopagus.* Double Monster with two bodies united at the sterna. Engraving No. 9.-Thoraces of Double Monsters united by sterna. In the case represented by engravings 8 and 9, the two bodies are more nearly united than the Siamese twins. The two bodies, in a state of nearly equal development, are placed nearly opposite to one another, with their sterna connected together, and with their abdominal cavities coalesced. The umbilical cord was single, notwithstand- *Tabula Nonagesima Octava. Tabulae ad illustrandam embryogenesin hominis et mammalium, tam naturalem quam abnormem, Auctore W. Vrolik, Med. Dectore, etc. Amstelodami, 1849. 146 ing that the heart was perfectly double. The rest of the sterna and ribs were distinct, and the thoracic cavities, with their viscera (heart and lungs), were thereby separated. When the sterna are more completely fused than in the preceding case, or entirely absent, only a single heart, or one partially double with two ventricles and four auricles or otherwise malformed is found. In these as in all other kinds of double monsters, there is no constant relation be- tween the respective states of the external and internal organs, for the condition of the two digestive canals, even in those which are externally alike, is subject to still greater varieties than the condition of the heart. The abdominal organs are always in some degree con- nected; the two livers are usually continuous. A spleen, pancreas and stomach are commonly found in each body, and each stomach has its own duodenum, which, after some length (being continued into the jejunum), unites with the other to iorm a single tract of small intestine, which again divides into two canals, lead- ing respectively to the large intestine of each body. The lungs, the urinary and the genital systems are always double.* Wands has recently reported a case of Thoracopagus, in which both children, females, except for the area of union, were perfectly formed. There were two thoracic cavities, but only one abdominal; one placenta and abdom- inal cord supplied both. It was divided for a short dis- tance from the abdominal wall. A slight condition of ecto- pia abdominalis existed, and through the opening Dr. Wands was able to feel the liver, which was single, and lay across the cavity. The bodies weighed n lbs., each was over 17 inches in length, and the two measured 16}^ in circumference around the waist. Van Henkelom has described the anatomy of a double monster in the Boerhaave laboratory, very similar to the *The Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Phvsiology, edited by Robert Bentley Todd, Vol. iv, Condonj 1S52; Article Teratology, W. Vrolik, pp. 942-976. 147 above. The union, however, was by the thoraces as well as the abdomen; a single line, triangular in form, with a sulcus in the centre, showed where the union had taken place. The heart was single, there were two stomachs, and two duodena, united to a single jejunum. The ilium was double. Herrgott records a case of thoracopagus, in which union was by the thoraces and abdomen. With the excep- tion of a double hare-lip on one of the children, they were apparently well formed. Skibbe reports a similar case, in which one heart was hypertrophied, and the other defective, presenting a high grade of stenosis of the tricuspid valve. The greater portion of the intestinal canal was common to both. (An- nual of the Universal Medical Sciences, etc., edited by Chas. E. Sajous, M. D.; Phila., 1888; vol. V, p. 447.) Under the head of Inferior Duplicity have been included those double monsters in which there are two complete bodies, with the lower portions of their respective trunks united, so that there is a head with upper extremities both above and below (the bodies being placed in the same straight line) and on either side of the parts at which they meet two lower limbs. In the following case two children were stuck together by their buttocks, and so fixed with wide-spreading lower limbs; a common trunk being thus formed, with a head at each end, with two upper limbs, both above and below, and with two lower limbs, one be- longing to each foetus on the right, and two on the left of the united portion. The two children represented in engraving No. 10 were born about fifty years ago, at Boyle, in the County of Ros- common, Ireland. They were born alive and lived for more than a week; after their death, they were sold to the College of Surgeons in Dublin, in whose museum a preparation of their skeleton is preserved.* * The Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology, edited by Robert B. Todd, M. D. Lon- don, 1839.' Vol. 11, p. 317. See, also, case by Dr. Alcock, in Dublin Medical Essays, Vol. 11, p. 33, and Hall on the Caesarean Section, p. 470, 148 Engraving No. io. Inferior Duplicity. Double Monster with the Lower Portion of their re- spective Trunks United. The Two Children were Stuck Together by their Buttocks. Born at Boyle, in the County of Roscommon, Ireland. These monsters have been known to live a considerable length of time, their capacity for life being probably owing to the separation of their hearts and the absence of mal- formation in the more important organs of the body. The umbilical cord is single and never has a double set of vessels'. This fact has been regarded by some embryologists as an apparent proof that the one body is but formed of the materials of two; This view is confirmed by similar ex- amples in other classes of monsters, and by the concomi- tant singleness of the anus and urinary bladder and the union of the intestinal canals. On the other hand, such cases have been regarded by W. F. Mongomery * and others in contradiction to the theory of W. Vrolik f as due to the cohesion or intus- susception of germs, in consequence of more than one ovum being contained within the same vesicle, under which circumstances unnatural union may take place between two foetuses, and give rise to such anomalies of organiza- tion as we have just described. ♦Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology. Vol. II, 1839, p. 317. jCyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology, Vol. IV. 1852, p. 972. 149 In the following remarkable monstrosity, figured in engraving No 11 we have the union of two crania, and the coalescence of the common body with four arms, and the division of the common thorax at the point of the junction of the umbilical cords into two lower portions provided with two well-formed pelves, to each of which are attached two well-formed extremities. Engraving No. ii. Infans Deformis Bi- CORPOREUS 'MO N O C E- PHALUS ET JANICEPS.* Engraving No. 12. Skeleton'of Monster representedin preceding engraving (Infans Defcrmis Bicorporeus Mo- nocephalus et Janiceps.) f * Tabula Nonagesima Sexta. Tabulae ad illustrandam embryogenesin homi.iis et m ammalium tarn naturalem quam abnormem. W. Vrolik. Amstelodami, 1S49. f Tabula Nonagesima Septima, W. Vrolik, loc. cit. 150 Engraving No. 13. Base of Brain of Monster Represented in Engraving No. 11. Infans- iDefor.mis, Bicor- poreus, Monocephalus et Janiceps.* In engraving No 12 we have the representation of the skeleton of this remarkable monstrosity. The two skele- tons are attached to a common cranium, by two distinct vertebral columns. The base of the brain figured in engraving No 13 illus- rates the existence of two cerebellar masses, two pontes, and two medullas oblongatce. Such examples might be cited to illustrate the doctrine that the origin of monsters arose from the original conform- ation and changes of the cerebro-spinal system, but there are other examples to show that the formative 'power or force precedes nervous action or the appearance of the nervous system. Siamese Twins. The subsequent history of the Siamese twins shows that the eminent surgeon, Sir Astley Cooper, was correct in his opinion adverse to an operation with a view to separate them. The Siamese twins died in 1874, at ^e aSe °f sixty- They were joined by a thick fleshy ligament from the lower end of the breast bone (xiphoid cartilage), having the common bond on the lower border; the anatomical exami- *Tabula Nonagesima Septima. W. Vrolik, loc. cit. 151 nation showed, however, that a process of peritoneum extended through the ligament from one abdominal cavity to the other, and that the blood-vessels of the two livers were in free communication across the same bridge. There are one or two cases on record in which such a ligament has been cut at birth, one at least of the twins surviving. Twins may be regarded as 'the physiological analogy of double monsters and from the cases like the Siamese twins, in which the monsters have come very near to being two separate individuals, there are all grades of fusion of two individuals into one, down to the condition of a small frag- ment or parasitic body on a well-grown infant, fcetus in fcetti. The infant, J. Myrtle Corban, is with difficulty referred to a special form of monstrosity, as whilst the head and trunk are those of a healthy, active infant, the lower portion of the body is divided into. the members of two distinct individuals near the junction of the spinal column with the os sacrum. We were led to the belief that the lower portion of the spinal column was divided or cleft, and that there were two -pelvic arches supporting the four limbs, which are situated upon the same plane. We were led to believe that there were two uteri as well as two recta, in fact that the pelvic organs were double. Now, if we refer Myrtle Corban to the class of hetera- delphs or Double Monsters, in which one of the foetuses is more or less perfect, and the other merely an appendix, it is difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish the original and perfect foetus from the appendix. It looks rather as if during the development of the ovum there had been a true fission or division of the spinal cord and of the intestinal tube and genital organs. Nothing but a careful dissection of the parts will finally settle the questions suggested by this remarkable case. I have recently examined the case of a white lad about 14 years of age, a native of Louisiana, who was supposed 152 to have scrotal hernia, but I found upon careful examina- tion no varicocele and no hernia, but three large well- developed Testicles. In another case of a married man " who had never had btit one testicle" I was called to see him in great pain, with rapid pulse and incessant vomiting. The attending physician had pronounced the case to be one of strangulated hernia, and was preparing to operate, to which procedure, however, the patient ob- jected. Upon careful examination I found a hard tumor about one inch in length, three-fourths of an inch in diam- eter in the right inguinal region. By careful taxis I brought the testicle out of the ring into the scrotum, and left the patient rejoicing in the possession of two testicles instead of one. These facts illustrate the difficulty of forming correct conclusions in the absence of the most rigid examin- ation. Of course, in the living infant the determination of the presence or absence of one or more uteri was imprac- ticable. The monstrosity, J. Myrtle Corban, appears to be a deviation, not from the usual kind of twin gestation, but from a certain rarer physiological type of dual development. In most cases twins have separate appendages, and have been developed from distinct ova; but in a small propor- tion of recorded cases there is evidence in the placenta and enclosing structures, that the'twins have been devel- oped from two rudiments arising side by side in a single blastoderm. It is to the latter physiological category that double monsters in many cases belong, and there is some embryological evidence to support this opinion. Thus, Allen Thomson observed in the blastoderm of a hen's egg at the sixteenth or eighteenth hour of incubation, two primitive traces or rudiments of the back bone forming side by side; and in a goose's egg incubated five days he found in one blastoderm two embryos, each with rudi- ments of upper and lower extremities, crossing or cohering in the region of the future neck, and with only one heart between them. Similar observations had been published 153 by Wolf, von Baer and Reichert. Malformations in the earliest stages of the blastoderm have of late been observed in the ovum of the pike, pointing not so much to the symmet - rical doubling of the primitive trace, as to irregular bud- ding from the margin of the germinal disc. In any case the perfect physiological type appears to be two rudiments or one blastoderm whose entirely separate development pro- duces twins (under these rarer circumstances), whose nearly separate development produces such double mon- sters as the Siamese twins, and whose less separate devel- opment produces the various singular forms of two individ- uals in one body. There can be no question of a literal fusion of two embryos; either the individuality of each was at no time complete, or if there were two distinct prim- itive traces, the uniaxial type was approximately reverted to in the process of development, as in the formation of the abdominal and thoracic viscera, limbs, pelvis or head. The Siamese twins are an instance of the union at the um- bilical region, with the viscera distinct in every respect, except a slight vascular anastomosis and a common process or peritoneum; but it is more usual for union in that region to be more extensive, and to entail a single set of abdominal and thoracic viscera. The pelvis is one of the commonest regions for double monsters to be joined at, and, as in the head and abdomen, the junction maybe slight or total. The Hungarian sisters, Helena and Judith (1701-1723), were joined at the sacrum, but had the pelvic cavity and pelvic organs separate; the same condition obtained in the South Carolina negresses, Millie and Christina, known as the two-headed nightingale, and in the other recent case of the Bohemian sisters, Rosalie and Josepha. The following is an accurate representation of the interesting double monster or negro female twins united at the sacrum. Millie and Crissie were quite intelligent and sang sev- eral songs with good effect. It is affirmed that they were but one being with but one common genital organ. 154 The Carolina Twins, Millie and Christine, are united by their lower lumbar vertebrae, sacrum and coccyx; there is a single anus and a single vulva, but two hymens, two clitorides, and, very probably, two vaginae and two uteri. The Hungarian Sisters, Helen and Judith, had but one vaginal orifice, although the upper part of that organ was divided into two, and the two intestines met in a single anus, placed between the four thighs. The Bohemian Sisters, Rosalie and Josepha, more re- cently exhibited, in whom there is a junction of the pos- terior wall of the pelvis, present, apparently, a single urethra and a single anus, but a double vagina. Engraving No. 14. South Carolina Twins, or Double- Headed Nightingale, Millie and Crissie. I had the opportunity of ex- amining these South Corolina twins, during their exhibition in New Orleans, about the year 1869. There was evident fusion and decussation of the nervous elements of the spinal cord in the sacral region. Pressure, prick- , ing or pinching the lower extrem- ities of either twin was distinctly felt by the other. This was not the case with the upper extremities. Impressions made upon the hands, arms, head or heels of one twin were not felt or recognized by the other. The four-legged child, J. Myrtle Corban, and the South Carolina Twins, Millie and Christine, may be referred to Monsters, or Malformations by Excess. Two ova may be formed in one Graffian vesicle, for double-yelked eggs are well known; but there is no evi- dence to show that these would form a double monster. Thus, Professor Allen Thomson found, on incubating a TABLE L. niUSTBAHNfl THE PBOOBBSS OK EOPuAhON TN T.OT.TSIANA, 1810-1W; ALSO IS NEW ORLEANS, 1W1SS0; TOOETHEB WITH A GENERAL VIEW OF THE POPULATXOK OP THE ISBIVTOUAL STATES AND CITIES OP THE UNITED STATES OF AMFBTCA- COLLECTED CLASSIFIED AND CONSOLIDATED FROM THE ORIGINAL RECORDS, BY JOSEPH JONES, M. D., 156 WASHINGTON STREET, NEW ORLEANS, LA., JANUARY, 1883. TABLE M. METEOROLOGICAL, MORTUARY AND VITAL STATISTICS OF NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA DURING the vpap iqqo THE DAILY RANGE OF MORTALITY, AND OF THE THERMOMETER BAPOMPtop Axrn I ■ x? * T t Ax1882; GIVING BECOBDS, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF JOSEPH JONES, M. D, PRESIDENT BOARD OF HeIltH StItE W LOUISIANA LOUISIANA-1880. rComnlete.l AiTITFoPULATION OF LOUISIANA IN THE AGGREOATB, AND AS WHITE, FREE COLOKED, SLAVE, CHINESE AND INDIAN, AT EACH CENSUS TAKEN FROM 1810 TO 1880. (No. 10.) LOUISIANA-POPULATION OF CITIES, TOWNS, ETC. [United States Census of I860.] (No. 16.) POPULATION. DEATHS AND DEATH-RATES PER 1000 POPULATION BY AGE AND RACE, IN NEW ORLEANS, IN 1880. PARISHES. The State Ascension Assumption Avoyelles Bienville Bossier Caddo Calcasieu Caldwell Total. 939,946 16.895 17,010 16,747 10.442 16,042 26.296 12,484 5,767 2,416 10,277 18,837 14,914 15,603 19,966 12,134 15,132 6,495 6.188 16,676 17,544 5,328 12,166 13,235 19 113 11,075 5,258 13,906 14,206 Male. 468.754 8,506 8,631 8,665 5,234 8,189 13,157 6,473 2,886 1,216 5,245 9,460 7,526 7,722 10,038 6,325 7,341 3,280 3,096 8,532 8,892 2,636 6,184 6,708 9,761 5,555 2,694 7,087 7,086 Female. 471,192 8,389 8,379 8,082 5,208 7,853 13.139 6,011 2,881 1,200 5,032 9,377 7,388 7,881 9,928 5,809 7,791 3,215 3,092 8,144 8'652 2,692 5,982 6,527 9.352 5,520 2,564 6,819 7,120 Native. 885,800 16,440 16,789 16,474 10,421 15,952 25,657 12,170 5,737 2,363 10,191 18,803 14,795 15,533 19,457 11,966 14,890 6,417 6,161 16,190 17,176 5,324 11,170 12,970 18,733 11,048 5,121 13,750 14.111 19,458 174,933 14.443 10,691 17,549 23,203 8,540 8.360 7,313 4,016 6,987 7,456 14,392 9,415 39,475 12,439 19.019 6,547 9,365 17,645 17,647 13,475 8,580 5,149 5,184 9,924 7,549 2,756 12,646 5,835 Foreign. 54,146 455 221 273 21 90 639 314 1 30 53 86 ' 34 119 ! 70 ] 509 168 242 78 27 486 368 4 996 265 380 27 137 156 95 ! 249 1 41,175 ; 242 884 [ 236 360 33 1 80 31 389 174 48 322 271 529 224 872 340 273 170 310 51 1 148 [ 11 i 6 1 81 1 118 1 20 163 | 11 1 White. 454,954 5,968 8,938 8,4-3 5,455 3,256 6,921 9,919 2.870 2,087 5,724 8,541 1,320 5,116 7,103 1,023 4,497 2,701 3,320 8,100 4,784 2,925 4,864 7,694 11,282 6,177 4,265 1,261 3.547 7,638 158,367 4,502 4.254 4,785 9,512 2,507 3,161 5,486 2,104 1,401 3,328 4,850 3,855 20,473 5,783 6,717 4,258 5,608 1,571 8,613 8,014 6,771 4.783 3.475 4,322 2,252 1.339 2,287 4,797 Colored.* 484,992 10,927 8,072 8,264 4,987 12,786 19,375 2,565 2,897 329 4,553 10,296 13,594 10.487 12,863 11,111 10,635 3,794 2,868 8,576 12,760 2,403 7,302 5,541 7,831 4.898 993 12,645 10,659 12,069 57,723 10,183 7,321 13,000 14,051 6,066 5,279 1 858 2,301 5,760 4,176 9,864 5,831 19,531 6,880 13,174 2,629 4,030 16,244 9,344 5,512 1,957 377 1,715 5,683 5,415 1,437 10,522 1,049 Ascension Assumption Avoyelles Bienville Bossier Caddo Calcasieu Caldwell Cameron Carr di Catahoula Claiborne Concordia DeSoto East Baton Rouge East Feliciana Franklin Grant Iberia Iberville Jackson Jefferson Lafayette Lafourche Livingston Madison M orehouse Natchitoches Orleans Ouachita Plaquemines Pointe Coupee Rapides Richland Sabine St. B rnaid St. Charles St. Helena St, James St. John the Baptist... A REG ATE. WHITE. FREE COLORED. SLAVES. Chinese 1870 2 1 12 1 2 '4 19 23 Indians. CITIES, TOWNS,&c PARISHES. Total Free. Aggregate. 1870 11577 13234 12926 10636 12675 21714 6733 4820 1591 10110 8475 20240 9977 14962 17816 13499 5078 4517 9042 12347 7646 17767 10388 14719 4026 8600 9387 18265 191418 11582 10552 12981 lt015 5110 6456 3553 4867 5423 10152 6762 1860 11484 15379 13167 11000 11348 12140 5928 4833 18052 11651 16848 13805 13298 16046 14697 6162 14661 9465 15372 9003 14044 4431 14133 10357 16699 174491 4727 8494 17718 25360 5e28 4076 5297 7130 1J499 7930 23104 12674 16816 5406 16078 12091 10389 4324 4708 7312 11671 6876 708002 1850 10752 10538 9326 5539 6962 8884 3914 2815 8789 7132 7471 7758 8023 11977 13598 3251 12278 5566 . 25093 6720 9532 3385 8773 3913. 14228 119460 J 5008 7390 11339 16561 4515|. 3802 5120 4561 11098 7317 22253 11761 13697 6364 -9040' 7724 8203 3409. 3408 6270 13245 517762; LOG 1840 6951 7141 6616 5282 2057 2017 4237 4955 6185| 9414 8138 11893 8495 10470 7841 7303 2315 5142 14350 02193 4640 5060 7898 14132 3237 4700 3525 8548 5776 15233 8674 8950 4598 4410 1838 2649 4638 10910 52411 I8IA 1830 542 566 348 258 176 466 669 824 704 684 565 550 790 4982( 514( 448< 593f 757. 835( 514 402 764 567 1259 720 644 286 212 228 308 862 21552 NA- 1820 6 3728 9 3576 4 2245 2287 .... 2 2626 8 4808 7 12667 ) 4414 1 3748 7486 41351 2896 2354 4912 6065 2635 3862 3026 5660 3854 10085 12063 1723 > 2517 2335 1 1152923 -Conf 1810 2219 2472 1209 1164 2895 1463 2679 1995 2870 24552 1077 1549 4539 2200 1020 3291 3955 2990 5048 7369 76556 inner 1870 4265 6247 6751 5589 3505 5913 5171 2596 | 1249 : 2380 43M 9630 ' 720 5111 | 6471 । 4106 2233 2078 4531 3669 4203 6709 5631 8060 3085 936 3012 7312 140923 1860 3940 7189 5904 5900 3348 4733 4451 2888 ■ 4124 5492 8996 1242 4777 6944 4081 2758 '3793 5367 9964 4307 7500 3120i 1640 3784 6304 49063 1850 3340 5170 4059 3623 2507 3634 2718 1584 2336 3585 4949 823 3549 5347 4060 1664 3568 3406 18046 3390 5142 2524 1416 1877 5466 91431 1840 2255 4103 3066 2416 1349 1354 1146 2935 3846 1380 3750 3992 2523 4866 4474 3986 1533 1210 7042 59519 1830 1725 3760 2114 1643 1539 1025 3168 3571 2380 1596 3177 3310 3802 21281 1820 1495 2409 1438 1524 827 2600 5434 2019 2652 4745 19244 1810 1141 1915 783 808 1279 706 1429 1691 1213 8001 1870 7310 6984 6175 5047 9170 15799 1457 2224 342 7718 4083 10608 9257 9851 11343 9393 2844 2414 4510 8675 3443 11054 4755 6659 933 7663 6375 10929 50456 1860 168 94 74 100 69 305 20 46 4 21 14 532 23 2 188 287 231 149 16 4 959 10939 1850 146 27 106 21 42 239 10 19 1 24 279 24 14 104 2 851 160 22 19 4 30 881 9961 1840 143 50 78 29 226 14 9 22 44 31 182 30 85 618 134 71 43 9 657 19226 1830 134 28 35 18 10 20 182 24 161 343 109 40 532 11906 1820 104 18 25 12 12 132 69 116 128 415 7161 1810 47 10 22 8 "-35 82 45 15 181 5727 9 239 104 123 10 150 70 389 278 7585 CITI 1860 7367 8096 7185 5000 8000 7338 1171 1945 13908 6113 7848 12542 8507 8570 10593 3402 10680 4098 4120 4463 6395 1311 12477 6569 9434 14484 2840 5385 12903 15358 "1713 2240 4182 3711 8090 4594 11436 7358 13057 1841 14592 6785 3745 1316 1690 5340 9571 1354 331726 ES O 1850 7266 5341 5161 1895 4455 5208 957 1231 1 6443 3528 2522 6934 4450 6351 9514 1573 8606 215t 6196 3170 4368 842 7353 2006 7881 18068 2708 4779 7811 11340 1168 2323 4132 2196 7751 4540 10871 6489 9850 2363 8138 4328 3425 1067 1037 4350 10666 244809 f n: 1840 455 298 347 283 48 64 308 199 229 800 420 787 588 4981 323: 324( 73< 3921 6651 23441 243t 338. 543( 10511 213' 372? 1571 5711 344-! 7121 4641 628( 194( 230( 56: 79 314 875 J 6845 EW 1830 1 3567 1881 1335 1 920 215 3617 3348 4652 4508 4907 l| 2367 i 2153 3571 16639 2145 3188 4210 5329 ' 2519 . 4118 1359 | 5029 3493 4970 3987 4304 ) 1360 1"^" '"1033 ' ' 587 1932 6345 2109588 OR LI 1820 2129 1149 782 751 1787 '"2076 7164 2279 968 2326 14946 836 1566 3630 3489 1923 2987 830 3086 2209 3951 5707 631 559 1303 69064 ES 1810 1031 547 404 348 '"1581 675 1205 " 289 1476 10824 1870 3 i 105 ii 2 2 i 25 "i 8 1 16 1860 4 i 1 2 '2 V) fl 3 Females. h K. J "o H <KE1 fl © § Females 1 : ! £ BED SL fl © C3 s Females. : AGES. United States Census 1880, advance bulletin. Population. Annual Report Louisi- ana State Board of Health. Deaths. Death-Ra tes. Total, i Alexandria Algiers Bastrop Baton Rouge Bayou Sara Cari oilton Delhi Donaldsonville Floyd Homer Jefferson Minden New Orleans First Ward Second AVard Third Ward Fourth AVard Fifth Ward Sixth Ward Seventh Ward Eighth Ward Ninth Ward Tenth Ward Eleventh Ward.... Total New Orleans Rapides Orleans Morehouse B Baton Rouge West Feliciana. Jefferson Carroll Ascension Carroll Claiborne Jefferson Claiborne Orleans Orleans Orleans Orleans Orleans Orleans Orleans Orleans Orleans Orleans Orleans Orleans 583 2483 184 2009 221 827 104 1977 111 466 2241 244 6127 9145 12009 4440 7139 4030 5582 7396 7017 3936 8431 397 1984 133 1684 139 86f 49 1963 74 393 2015 227 6295 8405 9148 4219 6408 3982 5525 6678 6075 4029 8585 980 4467 317 1 3693 360 1693 153. 3940 185 859 4256 471 . 12422' 17550 21157' 86591 135471 8012| 11107 14074 13092, 79651 17016 55 111 1 257 16 22 77 1 1 54 95 72 328 400 813 561 784 566 588 43 222 76 139 231 12 41 1 91 1 77 132' 1381 5081 680' 1186! 880 951 666 802! 70 204 131 250 1 488 28 63 1 168 2 131 227 210 836 1080 1999 1441 1735 1232 1390 113 426 1111 4717 318 4181 388 1756 154 410s 185 861 4387 471 12649 17760 21993 9739 15546 9453 12842 15306! 144821 80781 17442 157 625 67 556 69 6 4003 56 281 350 325 828 710 846 353 747 403 242 174 161 265 653 193 474 96 691 83 15 3373 309 370 350 785 862 922 607 1121 1205 603 226 289 443 940 350 1099 163 1247 152 21 7376 113 590 720 675 1613 1572 1768 960 1868 1608 845 400 450 708 1593 1461 5816 481 5428 540 1756 175 11484 298 1451 5107 1146 14262 19332 23761 10699 17414 11061 13687 15706 14932 8786 19035 Vhite. Color'd Total White. Color'd Total. White Color'd Under 1 year From 1 to 2 years From 2 to 5 yerrs From 5 to 10 years }• rom 10 to 15 years From 15 to 20 years From 20 to 25 years From 25 to 30 years From 0 to 10 years From 10 to 20 years Enmi 20 to 30 years From 30 to 40 years From 40 to 50 years From 50 to 60 years From 60 to 70 years From 70 to 80 5 ears From 80 to 90 years 90 and over 90 years Unknown 3753 2835 11725 18454 18743 16571 16265 12703 36767 35314 28968 20629 17333 11318 5819 1850 356 41 0 1288 1005 4156 6514 5914 4453 5484 5243 12963 10367 10727 8676 6921 4200 2437 996 307 154 0 504 384 1588 2496 2465 2102 2174 1794 4973 4568 3969 2930 2425 1551 824 284 66 19 774 0 240 1 244 8 142 7 64 4 82 9 176 6 159 0 1400 1 146 51 335 51 373 4 430 8 391 6 305 6| 153 1 69 5 21 0 14 473 133 144 69 51 47 105 108 819 98 213 207 171 143 144 81 62 42 6 1247 373 388 211 115 129 281 267 2219 244 548 580 601 534 449 234 131 63 20 206.2 84 6 20.9 7.7 3.4 4 9 10 8 12.5 38 0 4.1 11 5 18 1 24.8 34 5 52 4 82 7 193.8 512 2 367 132 34. ( 10.i 8.1 10J 19 20 ( 63 9.4 19.8 23 24 34 59 81.? 201.S 272.1 247.3[ 97.1 24-4! 8 5 4.6j >, 6 1' 12 9 | 14.9 ; 44 61 1 5 3 13.8 19 81 24.8 34.4 53.71 82 2 107 5 323.1! Catahoula Claiborne Concordia De Soto East Baton Rouge East Carroll East Feliciana • • • Franklin • Grant Iberia.. Iberville • Jackson Jefferson Lafayette Lafourche Lincoln Livingston Madison Morehouse 75252 69349 144601| 4472 6217 10689 155290 5382 8003 13385)168675 Natchitoches • Orleans Ouachita Plaquemines Pointe Coupde Rapides Red River Richland 19,707 216,090 14,685 11,575 17,785 23,563 8,573 8,440 7,344 4,405 7,161 7,504 14,714 9,686 40,004 12,663 19,891 6,887 9,638 17.815 17,957 13,526 8,728 5,160 5,190 10,005 7,667 2,776 12,809 5,846 9,760 100,892 7,384 6,242 9,102 11,964 4,347 4,430 3,691 2,437 3,719 3,803 7,630 5,023 20,538 6 327 10,564 3,521 4,882 9.039 9,300 6,739 4,364 2,520 2,635 5,143 3.965 1,402 6.352 2,914 9,947 115,198 7,391 5,333 8.683 11,599 4,226 4,010 3,653 1.968 3.442 3,701 7,084 4,663 19,466 6,336 9,327 3,366 4.756 8,776 8,657 6,787 4.364 2,640 2.555 4,862 3,702 1,374 6.457 2,932 3759 3703 3752 7742 2405 4592 1640 897 2509 3275 2715 1887 2595 4094 9711 4115 1771 938 3413 3348 3037 10703 4984 3475 3153 1479 5131 6641 3001 2996 1859 2036 5480. 357456) 2292 2221 2968 5037 3347 1406 867 2354 3285 2586 10140 4743 3423 3642 900 3305 4778 2328 2367 1815 2473 255491 2188 1351 2087 3243 1035 874 1945 2762 2141 7179 3549 2366 2353 2075 1273 1856 1371 2064 158457 2938 1082 1471 2133 780 871 2624 2557: 1980 6712 2810 1912 1318 1063 1695 1004 2190 89231 2016 637 1092 2491 ' 667 727 2164 2522 1532 5368 5862 1053 1957 908 73383 Area i 784 557 1248 996 628 820 1962 1402 2989 7823 6845 9229 10267 2705 1847 1913 3963 2914 6877 4044 11694 5064 9607 2175 2994 11018 6172 4374 1047 939 3404 8915 909 364210 >. 6.) 514 721 291 65 177 6 61 299 965 311 251 412 7 3 7 22 113 64 41 28647 POPI 8 390 560 184 73 121 11 62 191 1242 529 424 359 2 91 14 4 105 106 17462 JLArI 14 324 381 378 65 104 7 75 191 925 484 298 305 35 2 2 120 91 25502 HON 219 255 113 158 45 60 204 909 408 226 186 25 4 148 94 16710 OF '] 151 190 85 148 32 52 113 766 494 39 1 124 10476 RHE 753 3187 1081 382 2321 1952 1518 1670 3132 34660 . LA 71 FAYE' 4 6 17 3 83 20 50 1 199 1 1 1 5G9 fTE 21 33 103 i _173 AND Opelousas Pineville Plaquemine Providence Shreveport St Landry Thibodaux Vermilionville Washington LOUISL UNI Alabama | Ai-kansas.. California Connecticut D.Jowm-o Geoi'gia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana ? Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota. Mississippi Missouri New Hampshire.... New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio St. Landry Rapides Iberville Carroll । addo St. Landry Lafourche Lafayette St. Landrv 310 154 551 237 1287 4905 561 172 273 313 139 474 193 857 4035 478 133 237 623 63 2931 4 10251 69 430! 3 2144 20 9570 ! 385 10391 14 305| 16 510; 11 100 6 61 5, 26, 391 25' 40 15 163 10 130 8 46 776 39 56 26 786. 303' 1155 438 219 10 <46 1078 361 536 53 236 61 148 60 37 272 83 154 77 90 508 144 302 137 786 393 1663 582 2190 10346 1380 498 536 Totals 158395 57848 21614 3 3637 1986 5623 22.9 34.' 26 0! (No. 17.) POPULATION. DEATHS AND DEATH-RATES PER 1000 POPULATION, BY SEX AND RACE, IN NEW ORLEANS, IN 1880. [Advanced Census Bulletin.] Saint Bernard Saint Charles S int Helena Saint James Saint J ohn Baptist Saint Landry Saint Martin Saint Mary Saint Tammany Tangipahoa , Tensas Terrebonne Union Vermilion Vernon Washington Webster West Baton Rouge West Carroll West Feliciana Winn St. Landry St. Martin St. Mary St. Tammany- Tangipahoa Tensas Terrebonne Union Vermilion Washington West Baton Rouge West Feliciana.. Winn Total PARISHES. 9 13 5 12 12 11 4 : 11 4 726 UDO 370 860 586 928 419 451 685 528 330 114 499 954 915 42 42 34 49 14 60 7< 34 23 17 15 40 3620 36 03 11 14 O0 80 11 30 01 0 33 44 65 3 3» 1 II 959 311 (N< VNA TED 12078 1314 37 378 105 635 9028 507 581 43 3112 14294 639 1321 1350 79 20 15041 1199 191 481 5538 2810 1594 -NATIVITIES [United St STATES. Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee- •. - - - Texas Vermont Virginia.... Wisconsin District of Columbia Teriitoiies At sea Not stated )F T ites C 3 2339 146 5011 3520 1248 217 2986 45 112 9i 24: 7207 HE FREE BORN Census of I860.] FOREIG Asia \ frica Australia Atlantic Islands.... Belgium British America.... Central America... China Denmark England Europe,not specified France German States- Austria 399! Bavaria 3621 Baden 4685 Hesse 1006 Nassau 155 Prussia 2739[ Wurtenberg... 889 Germany, not specified 11120 PO N C 73 49 6 34 29W 830 27 10 309 3989 68 4938 PULATION. OUNTRIES. specified Greece Holland Ireland 1 taly v - ■ . ■ M exico Norway Portugal 1 Poland Pacific Islands Russia Scotland Spain Sweden Sardinia Switzerland South America Turkey West Indies Wales Aggregate Foreign. Aggregate Native.. 1 18 262 28207 1101 320 63 145 196 2 84 1051 1806 193 145 878 24 3 1154 97 81029 295247 376276 SEX. White males. , White females Total whites Colored males Jolored females Total colored Total males Total females Population. 75693 82702 158395 25247 32501 57748 100940 115203 Deaths. 2050 1587 3637 1003 983 1983 3053 2570 Death-Rates. , 27.1 19.2 22 9 39.7l 30 21 • > 34.4 30.2] 22.3 * Including, in the State, 473 Chinese, Hiu Indians ami ndii-uira b, o iv.u-vuu,^, " East Indian : in Ascension parish. 72 Chinese; m Assumption parish 4 Chinese and 1 Indian ; in AvojeUes parish, 15 Chinese and 36 Indians ; in Bossier parish, 7 Ch-nese ; in Caddo paiish 1 al lAXnla in Calcasieu parish, 156 Indians; in Caldwell parish, 1 Indian; in Cameron parish. 1 Indian ; m Catahoula parish, 26 Indians ; in Claiborne parish, 1 Indian; in East Carroll parish. 20 Chinese, 4 Hall-C nnese and 1 Half-breed Indian ; in Franklin parish, 1 Chinese ; in Grant parish, 5 Indians ; in Iberia palish, 1 Indian , in Iberville parish, 1 Chinese ; in Jefferson parish, 6 Chinese and 1 Indian ; in J; 'YV™??®' in Natchitoches parish. 31 Chinese and 6 Indians; in Orleans parish, <6 Chinese, 14 Indians, 1 W€»t Indian and 1 East Indian ; in Ouachita parish. 3 Chinese : in Plaquemines parish, 103 Chintse and . Indians in Pointe Coup6e parish, 1 Indian ; in Rapides parish, 5 Chinese and 104 Indians; in Red ei pai 1. , dian ; in Sabine parish, 11 Indians and Half-breeds ; 111 Saint Bernard parish, parish, 14 Chinese; in Saint James parish. 2 Chinese and 1 Half-Chinese; in Saint John Bapt.^P^ Chinese and 1 Half-Chinese; in Saint Landry parish 127 Indians; in Saint Martn .pai ish Saint Mary parish, 10 Chinese. 2 Half-Chinese, and 49 Indians and Halt-breeds ; in Sa 34 Indians: in Tangipahoa parish, 1 Chinese, and 15 Indians and Halt-bieeds , in Io. P.. , wi and 1 Indian ; in Terrebonne parish, 20 Chinese and 210 Indians ; in Washington parish. 3 Indians in W mn parish, 2 Indians. - Area in Square Miles. PARISHES. Area in 1 Square Miles. e 442 400 483 596 642 582 646 590 395 262 . 1,024 485 600 672 842 PARISHES. Xatchitoches Orleans Ouachita Plaquemines PointeCoupde.. • • Rapides Red River Richland Sabine Saint Bernard. - • • Saint Charles... •• Saint Helena Saint James Saint John Baptist Saint Landry Square Miles. 1,290 187 640 930 575 1,498 386 578 1,008 680 284 423 308 190 2,276 PARISHES. Saint Martin Square Miles. 618 MCJ JOIN UGH 1UWJN . Total males ami females 216143 5623 26.0' HU L rum luu oixiii vemsu XXrTTTTiT? DnwrTT A fT'TnM Ul LUU UIIILC'I OLULUH ) COLORED POPULATION. CENSUS OF THE CITY OF NEW ORLEANS. OF 1880, BY WARDS AND DISTRICTS The State Ascension. Assumption Avoyelles Bienville Bossier Caddo ■ alcasieu 45,420 373 327 852 856 773 852 3,400 East Baton Rong East Car roll.... East Feliciana.. Franklin Grant Iberia Iberville • Jackson J efferson Lafayette Lafourche Lincoln Livingston Madison Morehouse Saint Mary Saint Tammany.. Tangipahoa .' Tensas Terrebonne Inion Vermilion ........ Vernon Washington 648 923 790 612 1.806 910 1,226 1,540 668 CITY OF NEW ORLEANS Municipality No. 1 Fauxbourg Tiemd Municipality No. 2- g j Total White a | Colored. Aggregate Native 295247' 1 ACCORDING TO RACE AND SEX, FURNISHED BY L. E. LEMAR1E, SUPER- VISOR OF CENSUS, AUGUST 16. 1880-SAME AS PUBLISHED TN UNrrFD Male. 13010 3729 2865 3301 2987 7913 33805 Female. 7967 3198 1351 2111 2447 6739 23813 803 Free. Slaves. Total. 12803 Total. 20977 6927 4216 5412 5434 14652 57618 1901 Male. 1787 1673 198 123 313 4216 8310 128 Female. 3090 Male. 2830 1264 639 699 723 2834 8989 806 Female. 5096 STATES CENSUS BULLET! N NO. 224. ' 1 Caldwell Cameron Catahoula Claiborne Concordia De Soto 535 1,545 1,378 796 680 856 W ebster We st B aton Rouge West Carr oil West Feliciana... Winn • • 612 210 380 370 970 2216 287 174 396 4488 10651 137 2271 752 799 858 2978 12754 899 7424 1876 1795 2290 14516 40704 1970 14351 6092 7207 7724 29168 98322 3871 Total Germany | >4614 DISTRICTS. First District- First Ward White White i. Black. Black. Total by Total by tied "Colored" are included Chinese, Japanese and Indians. ? NE' X U1X1 ••••■>• .... LOUISIANA-Continued. No. 2.) POPULATION AND MALES OF VOTING AGE IN EACH PARISH OF LOUISIANA (CENSUS BULLETIN No. 294), TENTH CENSUS UNITED STATES, 1880. Population. Males of 21 Years of Age and Over. J p9J0{0Q uSioioi 155 2.485 19,018 14,003 143 2,150 538 2.07S 165 3,085 209 3,045 23 1,196 56 l,07( 24 335 216 78( 104 1,61( 26 69s 198 2,54 152 1,46 335 3,89' 149 1,31 563 3,48 184 58. 149 77 121 3,87 204 2,16 33 93 99 32 8 6 5 27 54 1,00 91 1,32 18 28 >10 • 3,10 7 18 li st vv Secord Third Municipa Total ard Ward Yard.. ity No. 3 (No. 11.) POPULATION 01 V ORLEANS. Males. 5225 6167 F'mak 6318 7060 9239 4991 6676 4895 6451 4274 6903 9047 7906 3407 2004 901 2640 604 984 s Males. 1123 1460 3372 1547 2706 1502 3373 774 1197 1332 1497 806 781 300 j 1650 903 598 F'males 1769 2132 4270 2102 3504 1940 4317 905 1290 1934 2147 890 973 328 2185 1029 595 Wards. 14435 16819 26191 12717 19266 12686 20130 9878 15580 19192 18343 8305 5405 2319 8856 3116 3121 Di str's. 57445 44669 45588 37535 16029 8856 6237 Wards. Distr's. (No. 4.) THE FOLLOWING TABLE SHOWS THE NUMBER OF ACKibb vr CANE AND THE NUMBER OF HOGSHEADS OF SUGAR AND GALLONS OF [Extract from the Ninth Census of the United States-1870. 1 14416 .... 16818 .... - SeennJ Ward -poaoioQ -eitqM City of Lafayette.. (No [Extract f 624 1 846 I 2470 ) POPULATION the Seventh Cem WHITE POPULAT 737 ] N. Third Ward Second Fistrict- Fourth Ward.... Fifth Ward Sixth Ward Third District- Seventh Ward-.. Eighth Ward.... Ninth Ward Fourth Districts Tenth Ward Eleventh Ward.. Sixth District- Twelfth Ward... Thirteenth Ward Fourteenth Ward 7,638 12,069 1,61 158,367 57,723 20.3' 4,502 10,183 l,0C 4,254 7,321 81 4,785 13,000 1,0' 9,512 14,051. 2,05 2,507 6.066 55 3,161 5,279 7^ 5,486 1,858 1,15 2,104 2,301 4 1.401 5,760 31 3,328 4,176 7( 4,850 9,864 1.0( 3,855 5,831 8( 20,473 19,531 3,9( 5,783 6,880 1,11 6,717 13,174 1,3! 4,258 2,629 7' 5,608 4,030 1,0 1,571 16,244 4 8.613 9,344 1,6 8,014 5,512 1,7 1 6,771 1,957 1,2 1 4,783 377 9 • 3,475 1,715 7 i 4.322 5,683 9 2,252 5,415 4 I 1.339 1,437 3 » 2 9«7 in ^oo a i 4,797| 1,049 9 MOLASSES PI THE CENSUS STATES. Total Alabama ■ ■ Florida tODUCI OF 188 Acres. 227,776 6,627 7,938 15,053 ID THE 3. SUM Sugar. Hhds. 178,872 94 1,273 601 REFROA MARY B Molasses Gallons. 16,573,273 795,199 1,029,868 1,565,784 I IN THE YEAR 1 Y STATES: STATES. Louisiana Mississippi South Carolina Texas 879. AS Acres. 181,592 4,555 1,787 10,224 RETURN Sugar. Hhds. 171,706 18 229 4,951 MED AT Molasses. Gallons. 11,696.248 536,625 138,944 810,605 . 7. rom 01 UIS I'N F NEW ORLEANS of the United States-1850. COLORED popctlatio First Ward White 11132 14519 16914 9083 12324 8068 10699 8129 10442 15913 12188 3765 3023 922 3802 140923 3153 144076 Color'd 2236 3523 8232 3838 5581 3739 7789 2125 1552 3244 2493 1039 1571 516 3017 50495 3342 53837 Total- 13368 18042 25146 12921 17905 11807 18488 10254 11994 19157 14681 4804 4594 1438 6819 191418 6495 197913 Fe Popi White 384 253 775 8806 15224 17346 1568 229 951 668 427 11223 47854 >reign ilation. Total. Color'd.! -- 15 i 399 1 254 161 936 39 8845 15 15239 15 17361 3 1571 66 295 21 166' 593 108 11331 621 48475 4077 6380 4349 5989 3925 6190 6878 6793 3202 1647 790 2382 580 944 261 >4 12618 19239 12685 20119 9889 15575 19185 18317 8305 5407 2320 8855 3081 3087 57408 44542 45583 37502 | 16032 | 8855 '6168 NEW ORLEANS. Grand Total White and Cc ored. Ans Cub Frai Gen Gref Itab Mex Spai ma a moi 1 107,977 Natchitoches 1 19.707 • Orleans 216.090 14.685 11,575 17,785 23,563 8,573 8,440 7,344 1 4,405 7,161 7,504 14,714 aptist 9,686 40.004 12,663 19,891 ny 6,887 9,638 17.815 .... 17,957 13,526 8,728 5,161 5 1SI 10,005 Rouge 7 66* 2,771 na 12 am 1 5,841 Male. Female. Total. Fr Male. ee. Female Slai . Male. *es. Female Total Col- ored Pop- ulation . Second Ward 1 bird AVard Fourth Ward Fifth Ward Sixth Ward Seventh AVard Eighth Ward Ninth Ward Tenth Ward Eleventh Ward Twelfth Ward Thirteenth Ward Fourteenth Ward Fifth District Total Cai rollton Grand total ice nany it Britain and Ireland.. ico n PARISHES. First Municipality- First Ward Second Ward Third Ward Fourth Ward... Fifth Ward Sixth Ward Seventh Ward Second Municipality- First Ward Second Ward Third Ward Fourth Ward Fifth, Sixth & Seventh Waids Third Municipality- First Ward Second Ward Third Ward Fourth Ward 1822 1471 1279 2329 2476 6400 1354 2137 1571 2515 5115 14828 3205 1503 2642 1145 1423 1277 1042 1635 2073 2445 1235 1981 1764 2979 3895 8019 2978 1580 2311 1000 3245 2748 2321 3964 4549 8845 2589 4118 3335 5494 9010 22877 6183 3083 4953 2145 146 219 117 219 625 256 532 40 52 68 29 219 988 184 106 199 305 317 247 353 706 428 827 56 71 93 33 423 1384 253 142 268 364 129 183 536 520 657 416 284 166 383 486 1436 530 123 415 196 728 165 405 976 908 1279 844 329 336 457 492 1726 778 212 337 221 1543 830 952 2084 2759 2620 2619 709 619 1001 1040 3804 3680 772 1000 884 4788 3578 3273 6048 7308 11465 5208 4827 3954 6495 10050 26681 9863 3855 5953 3029 Chinese Switzerland West Indies All other foreign countries.. Total foreign countries Louisiana United Spates (not Louisiana) Total native born Grand total PARISHES. Acres. LOI Sugar. Hhds. JISIANA Molasses Gallons. -Continued. PARISHES. Acres. Sugar. Molasses. Fifth District- Fifteenth Ward Seventh District- Sixteenth Ward '.. Seventeenth Ward Total 78209 14860 93069 140923 36487 114696 13387 28247 Hhds. Gallons. 2,859 Ouachita ! 2,002 Plaquemines. ! 1,828 Point Couple ! 808 Rapides ) 2,723 Red River... ! 4,099 Richland ! 495 Sabine l| 549 (Saint Bernard J 59 Saint Charles li 859 Saint Helena 1 1,663 Saint James . 1 3,315 Saint John B 3 1,866 Saint Landry 1 3,112 Saint Martin I 2,789 Saint Mary.. ) 1,927 'Saint Tamma 1 709 Tangipahoa.. 5 580 [Tensas 1 1,821 Tei rebonne.. 2 3,213 Union 4 389 Vermilion... 8 2,0(10 Vernon 1 994 Washington 5l 1,931 [Webster.... 1 821 [West Baton ' 5 189 West Carroll 3 [ 3,082 West Fei I ei a 3[ a, lad w inn 49874 50405 142943 74848 4280 24921 32310 216359 216359 216090 216090 Population. Males of 21 Years of Age and Over. •pMOIOQ The State Ascension Assumption Avoyelles Bienville 181,592 15,545 12.945 890 108 7 1 67 39 51 24 99 34 3,584 169 6,501 16,687 52 6,136 783 12,249 232 127 78 28 1,162 171,706 13,427 11,931 1,374 11,696,248 848,381 789,898 90,835 11,087 444 52 3,676 3,192 3,087 2,100 10,115 3,337 292,650 18,520 297,654 1,220,518 5,155 529.630 30,889 832,943 25,303 8,989 10,601 1.875 72,890 Ouachita Plaquemines Point Coupde Rapides Red River. Richland sabine Saint Bernard Saint Charles Saint Helena Saint lames 36 12,684 6,027 1,875 9 3 85 2,879 7,787 114 15,227 9,453 2,711 3,525 17,396 90 396 15,390 60 1,574 22 68 120 6,400 22 41 8D, 17B8 14.017 4,933 1,832 4.100 970,324 334,985 134,531 1,048 455 9,539 149,580 559,755 10,147 1,017,352 586,563 190,937 181,617 913,843 7,513 43,346 897,355 5,261 66,672 2,570 7,210 10,409 471,365 2,220 3,730 810, 1820 The colored population comprises : Total male persons 90279 Chinese 23 Total female persons 101139 Indians 10 Total 191418 Total 33 fNo. 19.) STATEMENT OF THE POPULATION OF THE 100 PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES, IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER. Total I First A Second 51792 1437 1496 1387 1212 908 37667 1213 1271 1399 1232 764 89459 2650 2767 2786 2444 1672 3999 10 13 63 44 17 5906 18 12 63 59 33 6818 82 100 226 134 74 10193 135 127 341 226 94 26916 245 252 693 463 218 116375 2805 3019 3479 2907 1890 (No. 12.) LOUISIANA-POPULATION OF THE CITY OF NEW ORLEANS IN 1870, 1860 AND 1850 riTnifed States Census of isyn 1 g - uSiojoi s 241 15? 18? If 5! 371 22f 24 3f 62 2Z 7' 4 291 9' 13( 5' If 30 22 50 21 23 2 8 11 5 Bossier <^addo 3,373 8,892 1 14.251 9,614 2,877 3,253 16,536 14 138 13,751 " " i,295 io' 6,325 4 , 1797, 1 AFAYETTE. Cities. Albany Allegheny Atlanta • Auburn Augusta Baltimore Bay City Boston Bridgeport Brooklyn Buffalo' Cambridge Camden Charleston Chelsea. Chicago Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Covington Davenport Dayton Denver DesMoines Detroit Dubuque Elizabeth Elmira Erie Evansville Fall River Fort Wayne.... Galveston Grand Rapids.. Harrisburg Hartford Hoboken Holyoke Indianapolis.... Jersey City Kansas City.... Lancaster Lawrence Louisville ...... Lowell Lvnn Manchester Memphis Milwaukee Minneapolis .... Mobile Nashville Newark New Bedford... New Haven.... Vew Orleans... Newport County. Albany Allegheny Fulton Jayuga t.. Richmond Bay., Suffolk Fairfield Kings Srie Middlesex laniden Charleston Suffolk . look lamilton Cuyahoga Franklin Kenton Scott Montgomery.... Arapahoe.. Polk Wayne Dubuque Union Chemung Erie Vanderburgh... Bristol Allen Galveston Kent Dauphin Hartford Hudson Hampden Marion Hudson Jackson Lancaster Essex Jefferson ■Middlesex Essex Hillsborough ... Shelby Milwaukee Hennepin Mobile Davidson Fssex Bristol New Haven.... Orleans Campbell State. N. Y. Pa. .. Ga... N. Y. Ga. .. Aid .. Mich. Mass.) Conn. N. Y. N. Y. Mass. N. J. s. c. Ill. .. Ohio . Ohio . Ohio . Ky... Iowa. Ohio . Colo . Iowa. Mich. Iowa. N J.. N. Y. Pa. .. Ind .. Mass. Ind .. Tex.. Mich. Pa ... Conn. N J. Mass. Ind .. N.J.. Mo... Pa ... Mass. Kv... Mass. Mass ■ N. B. Tenn. Wis.. Minn. Ala.. Tenn. N. J. Mass. Conn. La ... Ky... N. Y. Va. .. Cal .. Neb.. N. Y. N. J. HL... Va... Pa ... Pa ... Me... N. Y. R.I.. 111.... Pa. .. Va... N. Y. Cal... Mo.. Mo.. Minn Mass Utah • Tex. • Cal . • Ga. . . Pa. . ■ Mass ■ Ill .. • Mass . Ohio ■ N. Y • Mass • Ind . • Ohio ■ N.J. • N. Y • N.Y • I). C • W.V • Pa.. • Del . Total Population. 1880. Calcasieu Caldwell Cameron Catahoula Claiborne 28 10 "9 3.366 9 6,399 15,273 " " 6,041 631 11,185 43 864 imv Al? Ward * QAI^X 454,954 484,992 81,777 5,968 10,927 1,203 8,938 8.072 1,749 8,483 8,264 1,829 5,455 4,987 1,142 3,256 12,786 791 6,921 19,375 1,533 9,919 2,565 1,945 2,870 2.897 617 2,087 329 371 5,724 4,553 1,270 8.541 10,296 1,884 1,32C 13,594 381 5,116 10,487 1,111 7,103 12,863 1,527 1,023 11,111 299 4,497 10,635 884 2 701 3,794 616 3,320 2,868 685 | 8,100 8 576 1,559 1 4,784 12,760 1,052 1 2,925 2,403 624 . 4.8641 7,302 743 J 7.694 5,541 1,479 11.282 7,831 2,216 1 6,177 4,898 1.285 4.265 993 869 1.261 12,645 379 3 3471 10,659 834 Saint John I Saint Landr Saint Marth laptist.... Third Ward Fourth Ward Fifth Ward Grand Total 1880 90758 78682 37409 21924 21891 332313? 20693 362839 27643 566633 155134 1 52669 41659 49984 21782 503185 2551392 160146 51647 29720 21831 38678 35629 22408 116340 22254 28229 20541 27737 29280 48961 26880 22248 .32016 30762 42015 30999 21195 75056 120722 55785 25769 39151 123758 59475 38274 32630 33592 115587 46887 29132 43350 136508 26S45 62882 216090 20433 1206299 21966 34555 30518 21116 51031 29259 21656 847170 156389 33810 20207 104857 27268 43278 63600 89366 2142(1 32431 350516 41472 27562 20766 20551 23395! 30701 4585( 2493 1974 3334 2073 5179 2121 1870 L 69492! 53180| 21789 17225 15389 167554 1 © 13770 18489 17677 10940 9827 57393 © © fe 46988 40193 19732 10984 12064 174920 9375 90571 14222 294415 78230 27645 21736 27399 >46280- 29647 79972 25238 15528 11227 19709 14090 10877 59577 11399 14621 10792 13985 15052 25798 13163 11182 15833 16002 21869 15745 11607 38193 60803 23786 13557 21366 64776 32622 20031 17932 17290 58112 21596 15943 22438 70431 14474 32420 115198 )0508 *>15785 11897 16438 13414 11061 26266 14692 11877 441195 77918 18058 10937 55070 ' 13979 22179 3411' 4697^ 914! 1459! J17099f , 191b 1497- 1 1081 L 987 810135 ' 1677 2268 3 1306 5 993 7 1757 3 1016 5 2711 8 1088 8 1291 4 2510 1 1498 4 2959 6 1824 0 7898 7 1561 1 1188 ' ^172 H936 © 66991 5924. 35991 1698: 2069 27617 1138. 248043 20204 388969 103866 37001 37164 46034 >7187 298326 183480 00737 42576 23233 14936 31432 26924 18205 70695 16107 20644 16967 20031 23177 25386 21028 17202 22016 28446 31420 18004 11000 62446 81464 46484 22390 21885 100602 36421 31234 20151 29621 69514 31874 26195 40325 96178 20922 47214 174933 15422 721629 21131 23534 20588 15555 32329 22134 21300 642835 111784 26908 16413 7678? 20706 39654 60260 62744 14372 26771 245501 2639f 201 Lr 1309; 1495? 112971. 1 2771 ) 2999 ) 1925 3 1545 1 2580 7 1764 7 3877 5 1608 1 2205 3 3578 1 2419 3 3980 8 2458 13305 2462 1703 3680 '© s fe 23765 19437 1416 4943 1198 56136 9304 114796 7439 77694 51268 15668 4495 3950 4595 >04859 71659 59409 9071 6487 6895 7246 8705 4203 45645 6147 7585 3574 7706 6103 23575 5852 5046 10000 2316 10595 12995 10915 12610 39258 9301 3379 1J266 23156 23054 7040 12479 3971 46073 15013 2937 3025 40330 5923 15668 41157 5011 178670 835 11021 9930 5561 18702 7125 356 204335 44605 6902 3794 28075 6562 3624 334 ( 26622 704S 565€ 10501I 1507. 7441 767. 559 10424 299 1585 568 428 753 308 1301 512 ) 399 1434 571 1693 933 1424 611 630 567 © 1 89694 76620 21079 21514 11771 278584 20541 356826 27194 558427 154268 51151 38065 22699 019-11 496495 246912 158084 48628 27928 21600 37683 34344 21787 113475 22106 27477 19835 27513 26565 48801 26753 16884 31584 27855 40682 30915 21880 68538 119351 47613 25248 38996 102847 59292 37710 32576 18677 115280 46509 16885 27005 133181 25290 60648 158367 20116 1185843 11898 31973 29678 20983 50339 28765 9950 815362 152292 33474 19513 101211 25760 42921 3576i 8885! 1918( 2920 32819 4097 2735 2058 1751 1 21049 1504 4570 2485 1841 I 3256 1 1836 8 5119 2110 2 2527 9 4920 9 2853 8 5618 3 3366 2 9889 2999 0 2272 3700 © © 0 1056 2059 16330 403 10109 53716 151 5873 443 8095 851 1504 357! 27271 -SI! 6481 817f 2038 3010 1790 231 991 1046 612 2821 145 750 702 222 2712 144 124 5348 429 2903 1280 74 31 6504 1340 8143 518 150 20905 177 564 49 14896 304 362 12240 16337 3311 1541 2192 57617 315 19663 10068 593 789 115 670 482 11701 31699 4077 327 691 1 3582 1508 351 2783? 49' 451 322' 22251 " 46f 20 > 8 303 6 162 •1565 6 14 4 132 77 8 236 9 59 2 11 6 76 6 92 4 137 5 55 4 25 5 4837 8 72 0 60 4 546 © © 3 3 1 11 4 1 118 4 121 5 171 38 23 8 2 3 238 9 10 2 3 3 15 4 43 10 4 13 21 25 1 5 17 3 0 4 6 14 1 31 95 2 731 1974 14 3 16 12 "'78 20 8 1 23 1781 8' S2174 -> 1 0 ••• o---' i I 1 •••. 1 J Q C? ft a J ij 1 .(X ...6 9 "ii> 2| 201 4] 1 13, . ..j '37] 10[ 1 ,.1| 1 ■34 1 2; 4] .a 11 1' .... 8 y i •paroioo East Baton Rouge East Feliciana Iberia Iberville Jackson Jefferson Lafayette Lafourche Lincoln Livingston Morehouse Natchitoches Orleans Saint Mary Saint Tammany Tangipahoa Terrebonne Union V ermilion Vernon Washington Webster - ..... West Baton Rouge.... West Feliciana Winn PT.FANS. 17 58232 43546 LOI 101778 HSIA 4146 NA. 6091 7434 11116 28787 [130565 WARDS. Total. N ative. 1870. Foreign White 1409? 11K 1451 1691 90t 1231 80( 106 81' (Colored I 18 White. 60. Colore 185C d White. C olored Algiers New Orleans First Ward Second Ward Third Ward Fourth AVard ; Fifth Ward Sixth AVard Sc-rentli Ward Eighth Ward Ninth Ward Tenth Ward Eleventh Ward Twellth Ward (r) Thirteenth AVard (r) Fourteenth AVard (r) Fifth District (s). 191418 13368 18042 25146 12921 17905 11807 18488 10254 11994 19157 14681 4804 4594 1438 6819 142943 9906 13046 18430 9367 12583 8807 15015 7312 8454 14479 11054 3685 3853 1232 5720 48475 3462 4996 6716 355^ 5322 3001 3473 2942 3540 4678 3627 1119 741 20C 1099 •moi CO Ci ... 16,895 ... 17,010 ... 16,747 ... 10.442 ... 16,042 ... 26.296 ... 12.484 5,767 ... 2,416 ... 10,277 ... 18,837 ... 14,914 ... 15,603 ... 19 966 ... 12,134 ... 15.132 6,495 6,188 ... 16.676 ... 17,544 5,328 • 12,166 ... 13.235 ... 19,113 . , . 11.075 . ■ 5,258 g - (No. 8.) POPULATION OF CITIES AND TOWNS/ SEX, TION-CENSUS OF 1850. COLOR AND CONDI « 50495 2,' 2236 9 3523 4 8232 )3l 3838 J4[ 5581 58' 3739 hl! TT89 »l 2125 •2 1552 13 3244 '8 2493 55: 10391 23! 1571 22, 516' )2| 3017! 4467 114596 12422 17550 21157 8659 13547 8012 11107 14074 13 240 18 17 26 20 38 30 25 16 18 8 20 19 74 89459 10 ?2 )4 10 >7 K 19 !. so 32 j. 10 21 19 26916 < 1104 50526.1 18969 960992 17714! 396341 20045} 489561 18971'2 16239jl£ 928291 31274 24505 20038 30473 4759 12035 79577: 18434] 20832 15863 19646 21830 26766] 17718 138131 16507 23104 37180 20297 10733 48244 82516 32260 20233 ■ 28921 100753 40928 28233 23536 40226 71440 13066 32034] 25865 105059 21320' 508401 1914181 15087' g 40292 19229 10500 16083 20910 33579 22849 18950 674022 86076 31413 20080 68904 24052 33930 1 51038 | 62386 16283 19565 310864 | 20030 | 24117 12854 12256 |149473 )[ 28235 35092 14685 17364 ) 26703 1 12652 i 43051 J, 18629 72268 3421 722,'8 (6904 15024 9923 12585 [00S >6900 254 92 10174 26409 4192 0604 8969 21539 1531 56763 0855 3608 9749 3752 14228 23163 13717 11066 16183 14760 20146 15254 10308 36863 59919 31999 12212 17785 58982 26853 18243 14698 16302 57475 25291 13189 20912 66077 12371 30462 00892 9925 905H 10069 181U 11104 10055 24765 14567 9779 05975 78471 15752 9270 49787 13281 2109! 29487 4238t 1227 1783' 17952 2236 1253 995 1067 13260 1393 2317 1187 980 1576 1056 2467 1032 1312 2503 1492 2715 1561 6831 1512 H4-r 2075 2892 PARISHES. in 2 n Rouge I oil.. dana 1S ■ cv fl s (JNO. O.) P Ui ULAllVD Lill FT 7 AND 1830. SEX, COLOR. AND CONDITION. 1CITIES AND TOWNS Alexandria Barataria. Baton Rouge Bayou Saia Carrollton Franklin Gretna Han-isonburg Homer Mechanics Village Minden Monroe Natchitoches New Iberia New Orleans First Municipality- First Ward Second Ward Third Ward Fourth Ward PARISHES. Rap:des Jefferson East Baton Rouge... West Feliciana Jefferson St. Mary Jefferson Catahoula Claiborne Jefferson Claiborne Ouachita Natchitoches St. Martin Orleans Orleans Orleans Orleans Orleans Orleans.. •• Orleans. ••• Orleans Orleans Orleans Orleans Orleans Orleans Orleans Orleans Orleans Orleans •••• Total White, j Total Yee Colored 'fl 0 H 420 672 2813 378 1386 598 633 160 194 219 365 247 787 227 3696 3284 2685 4536 5880 9529 3948 4214 3458 5655 9072 23519 8555 3520 Total Slav en D fl • iL = 672 1176 3905 t 1470 891 717 t 418 533 435 1261 306 478t- 3578 3273 6048 7308 11465 5208 4827 3954 6495 10050 26681 9863 3855 5953 3029 * ; I D *Note.-In the colt a? ' Females. co 1 'fl 0 H Ere 00 0 CD Females. 0 ored. 0 b GO 'fl Xi Females. 5 o 72 'fl © Grand Total. fl © fl 246 350 1441 201 684 315 271 93 117 101 204 134 334 116 1822 1471 1279 2329 2476 6400 1354 2137 1571 2515 5115 14828 3205 1/503 2642 1145 fl © 8 148 307 1121 145 629 225 t39 67 77 102 161 113 337 92 1423 1277 1042 1635 2073 2445 1235 1981 1764 2979 3895 8049 2978 1580 3311 1000 0 394 657 2562 346 1313 540 510 160 • 194 • 203 365 ■ 247 • 671 208 3245 2748 2321 3964 4549 8845 2589 4118 3335 5494 9010 22877 6183 3083 4953 2145 fl 8 6 112 10 34 29 61 fl © "fl fl © Pm 18 9 139 22 39 29 62 "o H 26 15 251 32 73 58 123 fl <© 'fl s 114 313 528 63 31 151 51 81 115 +74 73 225 25 364 129 183 536 520 657 416 284 160 383 486 1436 530 123 415 196 Females. eg 0 H S52 104- 159 121 37 30 9 38 13092 7960 1701€ The State Ascension Assumpti Avoyelles Bienville. Bossier.. Caddo ... Calcasien Caldwell. Cameron. Catahoula Claiborne Concordia DeSoto.. East Bato East Can East Felic Franklin. Grant.... Iberia.. • • Iberville. Jackson . 1 J efferson Lafayette Lafourche Lincoln .. Livingsto Madison. 1 Mwi cho fl a 191 564 82 53 142 33 85 109 *94 115 249 54 728 165 405 976 908 1279 844 329 336 457 492 1726 778 212 337 221 504 1092 145 84 193 84 166 ?24 168 188 474 79 1092 294 588 1512 1^8 1936 1260 613 4)6 840 978 3162 1338 335 752 417 (r.) In 1870 city of Jefferson to city of New Orleans, Twelfth, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Wards. 1769 1785 1803 9 ) 1288 311 498 0 0 1 6 (No. 13.) POPULATION OF NEW ORLEANS IN 1880, BY AGES, SEX, NATITITY AND RACE. (No. 3.) SUMMARY OF AREAS OF STATES, TERRITORIES, ETC., IN SQUARE MILES. 80i 1797 1830-Parish of Orleans on the right bank 0 the river and on the left bank all belov Mandeville street Lower suburbs of New Orleans Northern suburbs of New Orleans Fort Pike. Upper suburbs of New Orleans Old square of the city of New Orleans Total parish of Orleans, 1830 358 859 f 63 65 100 6 295 727 1260 6' 2745 0 5318 8 599 7 566 9 730 6 10 6 1836 4 4940 0 8681 6331 13908 1237 1223 1739 76 4792 12214 21281 ' 2432 142 465 352 380 20 63 53 . 495 5 623 2 34 2 109 4 88 D 7 2709 4 1236 7 201 6 650 2 I 1530 8 3369 61 6988 ' 4322 927 371 701 5 1554 6093 9651 5961 7031 2)63 572 1351 3384 9462 16C39 17242 27176 3744 2892 3976 83 9437 29694 49826* 2 5 7 STATES, ETC. Gross Areas. Coast Waters (Bays, Gulfs, Sounds,etc). Rivers and Smaller Streams. Lakes and Ponds. Total Water Surface Total Land Surface. 49 4 146 219 117 219 625 256 532 40 52 68 29 219 988 184 106 199 67 15 305 317 247 353 706 428 827 56 71 93 33 423 1384 252 142 268 116 19 451 536 364 572 1331 684 1389 96 123 161 62 642 2372 437 248 467 9905 28 25 126 103 5C 332 19 147 21 16 -u; AGES. Under 1 year From 1 to 2 years. From 2 to 5 yeiffs From 5 to 10 years From 10 to 15 years From 15 to 20 years From 20 to 25 years From 25 to 30 years From 30 to 40 years From 40 to 50 years From 50 to 60 years From 60 to 70 years From 70 to 80 years From 80 to 90 years From 90 to 100 years 100 years and upwards Total (No. 15.) CHANGES IN TH] Aora rn? on AT Total Total. W HITES. Colored. .... 4 16 8 li .... 1 ' '.'. 4; k-/ i... ... ... ... ... ii 10' 4; 2 1 14 2 2 13 7 11 7 37l ,.30| 1 41 1 4 ' ' 1 15 26 ....1 11 45 J2 "2 '3 1 1 4 5 2 671 3234 4864 89 478 704 0 156 4 801 2 1190 and females. White & Col'd. Total. Natives. Foreign. *Total population of the city of New Orleans, as per resum6 m U-S-Census ReporVoM^^ rnrn warn Sixth AVard Seventh Ward... Second Municipality First W. rd Second AVard.. • • © _J- 2511 1891 8015 12309 11890 91081 9251' 8100 13656 11617 7320 3864 1101 250 43 14 100940 )PULA J YF.A1 fl 1 fe 2530 1949 7866 12659 12767 11916 12498 9846 15649 12637 8198 4392 1745 413 94 44 115203 TION F?K DI fl © 1880 1383 5966 9140 9079 7377 7251 5980 9989 8413 5539 2827 731 127 10 1 75693 OF J TPTNi £ 1873 1452 5759 9314 9664 9194 9014 6723 10640 8920 5779 2992 1110 220 24 ( 8270? JEW I TO 187 137 592 903 887 704 657 452 538 284 14? 76 2C t .. • • 5588 OR fl © 5 1864 7 1447 0 5727 3 9205 7 9421 5 871! 1 8209 5 5341 6 6078 4 296' 4 157J 6 93; 2 361 8 7? 2 >5 6192. LEAK QTA A © 6 46 107 202 332 ! 680 1 1455 ' 4603 1 5569 1 4115 2061 529 89 ( 8 1 ? 19808 'S, BI 0 c 9 5 32 109 243 481 805 1382 4562 5953 4204 2057 754 157 I" 4 20771 3TW fl © 63 50 204 316 281 173 200 212 366 320 178 103 37 12 3 1 2524 EEN © © fe 657 497 2107 3345 3103 2722 0 3484 0[ 3123 7 5009 4 3717 1 2419 7 1400 0 626 3 184 3 70 3 38 7 32501 THE Total Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Indian Territory Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana M aine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Unorganized territory Delaware Bay Raritan Bay and Lower New York Bay. •• •. . 3,025.600 17,200 14,500 23,900 55,600 2,970,000 (No. 9.) POPULATION OF NEW ORLEANS. fl © a 52,250 . 113,020 53,850 . 158,360 . 103,925 4,990 149,100 2,050 70 58,680 59,475 84,800 56,650 36,350 64,690 56,025 82,080 40,400 48,720 33,040 12,210 8,315 58,915 83,365 46,810 69,415 146,080 76,855 110,700 9,305 7,815 122,580 49,170 52,250 41,060 96,030 45,215 1,250 30,570 42,050 . 265,780 84,970 9,565 42,450 69,180 24,780 56,040 97,890 5,740 620 440 540 25 30 ' 1,800 150 l,O6o" 545 1,850 125 30 205- 350 3,260 50 135 215 2,510 1,780 1,380 "" 620 260 80 540 240 270 80 610 60 10 390 300 200 515 330 600 450 380 375 540 300 500 60 260 360 340 630 410 630 35 80 120 115 300 250 140 500 200 10 180 200 800 80 50 520 560 135 420 85 10 20 265 1,600 10 40 790 2,250 45 310 135 110 100 1.700 2,300 90 1,225 3,800 100 50 360 40 925 220 35 5 900 160 160 920 30 20 5 100 180 2,700 380 25 360 "1'170 230 710 100 805 2,380 280 i 145 j 1,400 ! 90 10 4,440 495 510 650 440 600 550 380 400 3,300 3,145 2.350 275 1,485 4,160 470 680 770 670 960 ' 300 360 120 1,550 3,670 300 1,470 230 165 400 300 3,490 2,780 430 2,325 2,300 135 1,590 315 620 51,540 112,920 53,045 155,980 103,645 4,845 147,700 1,960 60 54,240 58,980 84,290 56,000 35,910 64,090 55,475 81,700 40,000 45,420 29,895 9,860 8,040 57.430 79,205 46,340 68,735 145,310 76,185 109,740 9,005 7,455 122,460 47,620 48,580 40,760 94,560 44,985 1,085 30,170 41,750 262,290 82,19(> 9,135 40,125 66,880 24,645 54,450 97,575 5,740 [Extract from til WI e Eighth Census UTE POPUL ATI'N of the United >States-1860. J COLORED POPULATION. S § Grand Total, White and Colored. 1 turd w ard Fourth AVard 5th, 6th, 7th Wards Third Municipality- First AVard Second Ward Third Ward Fourth Ward Total Lafayette First Ward Second Ward Third Ward Fourth Ward Fifth AVard Total St. Francisville...... • St. Martinsville Shreveport Thibodeauxville *These are all the tow tThe slave column co uncertain, are omitted. tCouldnotbe detinec 5041 3840 15881 24968 24657 21024 21749 17946 29305 24254 15518 8256 2846 663 137 58 216143 a pc \1D 5 Female Total. 12422 17550 21157 8659 13547 8012 11107 14074 13C92 7965 17016 Free. Slaves • 261 2 4 8 2 2 Male. Male. 95 72 328 400 813 561 784 566 588 43 222 Fe male Male 828 710 846 353 747 403 242 174 161 265 653 Female | Total Col | Populal Jefferson Jefferson Jefferson Jefferson Jefferson Jefferson West Feliciana St. Martin Caddo Lafourche ns that can be asceri ntains slaves owned 51792 1437 1496 1387 1212 908 6440 124 264 681 491 ained but 37667 1213 1271 1399 1332 764 587S 10£ 241 431 41C 'rom t not li 89459 3 2650 2767 2786 2444 1672 12319 233 5P5 1112 907 ie schec ving in 999 10 13 63 44 17 147 4 63 7 9 uh the 5906 18 12 61 59 33 185 15 84 14 7 tow 9936 26' 279 291 6818 82 100 226 134 74 616 60 293 157 gregate 10193 135 127 341 226 94 923 93 302 162 beii 17011 217 2'27 56' 3tiC DE 1531 151 531 311 g tL 116375 2895 3019 3479 2907 1890 14190 t 1728 1242 "refor e New York New York Norfolk... > [Norfolk • Oakland .Alameda Omaha [Douglas Oswego | Oswego Paterson Passaic 785 862 922 607 1121 1205 603 226 289 443 940 1840 1782 2604 2040 3867 3049 2580 1632 1840 1821 2019 14262 19332 23761 10699 17414 11061 13687 15706 14932 8786 19035 2547 1722 12651 252 652 1133 923 he ag New Orleans- First Ward Second AVard Third Ward Fourth Ward. Fifth Ward bixthWard Seventh Ward Eighth Ward Ninth Ward Tenth Ward Eleventh Ward Total Jefferson City Carrollton 6127 9145 12009 4440 7139 4030 5582 7396 7017 3936 8431 6295 8405 9148 4219 6408 3982 5525 6678 6075 4029 8585 132 138 508 680 1186 880 951 666 802 70 204 Peoria Petersburg Philadelphia.... Pittsburg Portland. Poughkeepsie .. Providence Quincy Reading Richmond Rochester Sacramento.... St. Joseph St. Louis St. Paul Salem Salt Lake City. San Antonio... San Francisco. Savannah Scranton Somerville Springfield .... Sptingfield .... Springfield .... Syracuse T aunton _ Terre Haute... Toledo 3 Trenton 1 Troy 3 Utica Washington ... Wheeling v Wilkesbarre... Wilmington ... _ Worcester Peoria Dinwiddie Philadelphia... Allegheny Cumberland ... Dutchess Providence .... Adams Berks Henrico Monroe Sacramento.... Buchanan Ramsey Essex Salt Lake Bexar San Fraficisco. Chatham Lackawanna... Middlesex Sangamon . Hampden . Clarke . Onondaga . Bristol . Vigo . Lucas.. . Mercer . Rensselaer . Oneida . Ohio . Luzerne . New Castle... 75252 2241 827 63349 2015 866 144601 4256 1693 4472 54 22 6217 77 . 41 5382 350 8003 370 24074 851 63 168675 5107 1756 (No. 14.) CHANGES IN THE POPULATION OF NEW ORLEANS IN 1860, 1870, 1880. YEAR. 1870 1880 ♦Population of 1860 is that of Orleans until 1870. Population of Total Total. Whites. Grand total NA England 1 • • Ireland Scotland British America.... German States France Other countries.. -. Total foreign popu- riviT 3045 24398 736 562 19752 10564 5564 IES- 78320 I860. 66230 150. >50 PC I ( 4548 PULAT 'ER ENT IF 1850. 6335 ION OI PERU 5732 1 NE IDS, 8373 W ORLE IS GIVE 24988 ANS A N IN 175538 T DIF- JENSUS YEAR. I860* 1870 1880 Total co © fl ■<p 174491 191418 216143 Tot White <! fl 'fl 88325 90279 100940 al. c Col'd fl 'fl fl © k-i 8616 10113 11520 Tot 11. fl fl © Ph 71330 72293 82702 Nat fl 'fl 42236 44498 55885 Ies. Aes. Fore fl © 35497 24132 19808 ign. fl © *fl s a> fR 30500 23722 20774 Col fl <© 'fl a 105(1 216 2521 0 w ro m Females. e fl 0 © 3 8823( 8511 9325 Orlea New White fl © 4655C 39381 42624 ns Paris Means I & Col'd fl © s <D Fr 4168 4572 5063 Ii. Algi )ity in 'J fl © Co tai. fl © JL 3416 3158 3520 hided s 168, N fl © 3 tin: 5 ir 7 191 whi 875- itives. fl © © Fr 29 +1325 39 138! 26 224+ ch latte Foi fl © 5 +2427 6 1774 5 1230 r was eign. © 2 © fe^ 8 +2090 5 1769 7 128C not a © 8 49 2 99 2 109 part fl © © fe 43 752 01 1414 91 1533 of Nei Louisiana All other States in the Union Total native popula- tion Total foreign popu- lation Total slaves 18142 90669 64621 13385 Year. 1769 1785 1788 1797 1810 Popula- tion . 3190 4980 5331 8056 Year. 1820 1830 1840 1850 Popula- tion. 1- 27176 46310 102193 . 116375 fl a 6 77733 9 68630 3 75693 © c 0 A 40830 48571 61928 6 41607 6 29484 0 31633 its inc 860 wa 26042 16103 50137 31584 29910 22874 56747 46465 33914 28804 147293,109199 30737 19280 23339 10174 42478 30841 100 100 - 100 lation 64621 Grand total. 168675 17242 - . vv orc ester Mass • l 582911 41105 42667 1562 5752 4 76 I 1 I-^00 small to mt t Thunder and light g 1 s gggt $ 2 g©5 o^ipo ■ft 03 i3- 1-X o co CO -4 CTCT^ 1 2 • s gg r 3? 2 g s s ■j - •" - u xt 0 * = 0 » -t » ~ 0 22 23 24 25 26 27 "« 29 30 I ' Mean S2®?????':?"t=^pcoa>r 27 28 29 30 31 Mean i.:.::r::::::::j 3 5 pCTCTwJoCTggg^SptrSSCTSpXCTpCTCTWtO Meam......... ?rrF?rr 5pps? ???■?? p p CT^ • • , sgissssaseisssa k' :::::::::::: : I iiiHiiiiiiii ; HnunnHi ^^^P^^^topoo^mCT^WtCH- ::::::::::::::::: o ::::::::::::::::: i> H H H : : H H H H « c ft-4 oi ft 03 03 03 ■ g ggg g = s ggggggbggggagy L iiiSgiggigis^sig^s'SaSaa^s^^'aJg'gJgg^gooo 8 §8^SgggSgS8SSS88888S8sa gg-ggg g aaagg aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa 8 a ggaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaagaaa^sgga a gaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa - If s g£gaaSSaa i lOBiOiililBi I GO 2 2 2 g sHgMSsS glgp § 10^§i§§§ai2§i§§0g0a^ 2 i 32 182 164 019 388 E S S 098 084 875 075 8 «s © .065 213 .225 .246 277 .248 098 039 081 .088 135 .108 .042 .102 106 067 099 051 td ft ft ft ft Ps L 5 1 isjgigigsggigSSSSSSSSg 8 aafeS8aa88 gjgggggggsggggg^ gggggg § aaaag gaaaggsaaaaaaaaaaaaaogaoa ° a sgaaaaagggggaaaaaaaag aa a ggaaaaaaaaaaa ga©ao©aaaaaaaaaaaa ft c H^SiiSGSSisssgs^ D CO CO 2 2 slii2iifgl|L ^86 - i 1910 980 ,980 806 '804 888 398 288 S66 861 g 988 851 188 818 610 080 rio Sg§j§| |_JMMlj pms^gg^foogpiy 1- § . SBSSIEStSSSBS ?.a5ggg§&laaO|yg Oifiligfopi 2g§§gi§g§§isa^5^ § o 3 -3 i 1 S 5 3 sea g 'O?gJg!g!g!g?gSS!gas3a3Ss 88 S8888888aaa 8 aa5aggsJi8888888sag8888aa a a 0 a a a a a a a a a geaaaaaaaaaaaogaaaaaaaaaa a a ©©aaaaaagaa sssaaaaaagaaaagoa a agaaaaaoagoog sggggggaaaaaaaaaaa £ s sbg: 3 §§^§§22 2 2 O8°B2§ s CT F. itisssmmmsmmu la™3§s§gsog^ss§a^ iJ i i ialiiiniiiii ismsssigsmsm i )GICAL TOGET t § gS2ggS252S§SSSSSSS2gSSSS5S28g$ g ggggglg-g S §§^2§2S SSgaaSssgggiggg 5381£§§2^2S3 2 820 a 2 5 113'08 181'08 ;w. u;n; 30.028 29.943 29.835 29.821 29.724 29.863 29.H5H 30.093 30.175 30.185 29.991 29.887 29.869 29.855 129.769 29.931 30.042 30.066 30.028 30.017 ee.982 30.010 30.150 29.945 29.840 30.044 30.136 30.203 30.216 30.077 630.22 030.21 30.200 30.161 30.072 30.022 aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa ? i §! a s sgaaaaaaggaaaaggaagagaaaagaa g§s»gH§sSss§sgasssSgggi3W a ggggagggggggg | UfgiiiiiMS iI =aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa Mean- ft g 2 2 © 222o2S3SoSSg § 2gS3ggS3SSS^StgcJ^S2g k 28SSSS88S882 O' co or O' g 82.0 83 84 86 81.2 78 73.5 68.5 68.8 67.5 71 5 80 82.5 81.5 80.2 83 80 78.5 79.4 82 85 84.3 80 73 78.9 79.5 70.8 73.5 76.5 77.5 74.9 AI 78 78 78.5 76.5 78.5 81.2 aaaaaa2S3asa^asa32asaa^£!s CC CT CT CT CO W - - ' 5 69.5 •- w § sggaaaagg£-2a2 ft ,'CT_ . . . CTCTW CT a a a a a a a s a a a a a a a 3 g g Maximum. w ifl _ . . . EEC HEE j a 03 WtnCn^ GOW W ..- aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa I ? t a2Sd2SSa§32 S3S883SS2 CT W CT CT CT CT 5JS232SS2® CT > a 2Sc'CT3SwwSS3i32SgjyS£ggg§Sti CT CT CT CT CT CT ks CT CT 70 62 58.9 57.4 57.5 60.9 "EIL 62.7 64 63.5 63 67.5 71 aasasggggggssggsaggggsgag CT io io CT _ CT io CT S i § ft ?SgSSgfegg££ggggSSgg2SESS£5 zsa ft ft a E&gggsgfeggggfc >• 1 © CT CT CT 00 t £ggg££gg33S22gg3£:& Minimum. K) CT ft i a & OEI) WIT © CO K CO CT C to CT -x i-i >-x - 0 CT O CDCX ;ssc _on S w 03 O'l CD 0 co S 03 03 03 W M c*< Co on CD 03 03 4- 03 03 O to co S 0 © © to S 4^ © O' 4^ 10 13 16 14 16 12 9 6 11 9 15 15 10 11 10 10 16 15 16 19 14 6 9 12 9 8 14 19 20 14 15 14 15 13 11 10 18 16 13 13 14 9 13 12 12 15 15 13 14 17 13 16 14 13 15 19 11 12 11 13 14 co K 13 15 13 18 12 12 13 8 9 15 12 CCD t o -t 2 oo ct a a 13 21 11 15 14 12 14 14 10 10 18 13 16 13 RY. ggcowtnccMH4©©©>ZtoSZ©cnw Range. ft OF H IL © - - c ft4 © ft4 0 03 CO on .n I4 O< M 60 CH On O< 00 O-' 00 to 03 CTCTCT CT CT CO CT X O'CO ►£-4X. CO cn CO tn on C'cn GO cn bp Ct w W 0 CT cn CO CT W W CO CT CT CO CO W CT Ct - S wot CT->^ O CT CT K> W 2 W >0 co w to to CT Jx p W -J pooaoooaooooo'Toooooooooqo'»cppocoooooco~irJ2>oto^ri»CTCT 2 ^S2§S0'^2g2^ On ga'Sa'SSS ^g2S^^SsJ 28 0 SsJaio^CT;^ ^a^^sssCTSa'w^aaz s^gj^a 3 asssa r'S2ag^22x'gSa£agg£§S3ii^23a a 3 33g£EgEE^^a^^a3S32gg33gEgSgS 3 gggss&Eggaas^ sgaggaggaagggggygs Mean. 5^ .k 0 03 l_X to CO TO CT •4 £- CT to -4 -> CT WK) K> CT CT CT CT CO K W co CT CO 00 K> K) CT CT -.0 CT CT CT CT K CT W CO CT <0 cote CT WCTCTCT^CT^IO CT Ct CT CT K) *. O 05 IO CT CT L_ I tn _ tn tn tn tn on tn CT CTCTCT CT CT CT CT CT -4 00 00 00 - W w S CT_M ~I W CT ft 5 O CO co X it © cc x it © 2. - 3 s uesssssg 22§3^2S£8£gS88®S!"w®"£®S 2 33?$®SSo3g3gggggggS^oS5®g = .... . ... 90 73 50 86 86 79.9 75 91 90 90 94 97 sggaaaaasggg^Esaasaasasaa 2 CD I io CT gS8gg535ggSggggg3gSggg^^3S3g 8 © © M © W 00 CD to 00 2 CC © © i gggggggggggggggaSa 6 a.m. 2 o O ft 1 w i g2ggggg£gE£gggS£ 2aS3Sa83S£S®£& g ggg83£SS$®gSgkSS8& gSi£8885SS ± 76 58 42 44 37 57.4 58 47 42 43 65 62 aaa^^aggaaasas^3feSE22a£2a 3 |£'O9 ^sa^ag32E3gg£^ga ggSgag£fe£g33 S gggS2£2gfiS3ggi ^gsasa2££a£2gg3g£2 2p.m. § H £ a ag3SSaSSa ^p^SSES^ 3gg22S§ i^£ i S2^ngs22g2S£ ggysssgssssgsssssyg j 83 68 78 68 72 76.2 81 73 66 84 84 85 aagsgaaagasaaas^aaaagaaas g J78.8I ggggSSS&EgEEgggEgE^aSg^SSEgg £ gg^agggggfesga^ §g£ggg33gggSSE3aga 10p.m. . ! CITY OF ITY. s §?aaaaaaa3£©agg3aaEwaaSo£wS"^S3 s 03 MW 03 -n gag'c26S2SgSS2 EJ888S ; O CC W M -4W CO W M CO CO CO .-* "s^saps 4 ggggs CT to tO CT CT w«L L w w L L it it 3 -= L? | co ag£g££g£ a a a j ^333Esaggga33ggga a ggsaEEEgsagga^ §£££2g£gg32g2aagga Mean. A» a 8| 2.7 M-l WO. * # O in O w -4 - * ft r x- • • * * . • is * * * . . =1: ' * I I 2 to g 83 js?e : : gg gits • ■ i GO r 9T4 16 •* 10' 1.8 ' : ,»: • : : w *4 * * »* ; ggH H gig g kJJ_U__ S : : : : i 1.- .01 ....f t.- * : .41 . 17 2_ .02 .75 1.19 *■95 : : ggi as : gg: TST 60' 8c' -4 SO' H' 89' . : : r. . . : .*. ::::::: Rainfall in inches MS: :::::: NEW 1| 561 £ CT - 0. O © © -1 •X- 1 KgSSSi °S5 ■4 5 4^ D CD CD eggs 2S^32£ e gg CT Sts D 2? gK! G' S! 32! g! X - 25 g pgfgrt-sssccgsggg^r^-sSciwCTjsr 19 12 11 18 15 465 13 14 11 21 20 23 12 15 17 12 14 11 19 13 10 17 14 14 13 19 23 10 21 17 12 13 19 12 20 16 o Is 5 ©2gg -1 to © © -4 x 4^> © an CC M x bo Z c o> t © co co © tn to 6 20 17 9 18 15 22 17 10 16 12 9 15 468 sctctwio©o©iS£wwctwctEct*^ Daily Mortality. t-Too small to measure. *Thunder and lightning. Mean wi gggg ggg; 2! 2' gSE 15 : 16 17 2 - ® c D CO X -4 JtCT^ X 1 -3 -1 |H g d : f' §; oc 0 4C 51 3 -- 0 - = = • oc 0 JC »: 31 CTt 0 I : ' . ' • • • • • • • gpOTCTpCTCTWIOCTppcoCT 27 28 29 30 Mean 1 2 6 ^CTEwtOCTOOOoSpCTCTWtOCTpOCO^lpCTCTWtOt 5! SgggSggESSS O © 00 " ^OCTCTW «■ © ° * Jt^S 2ag^2§a£g3£g©o g :::::::::::::: § = = : = = : j : = = ? : : j DATE. 1 3 4 5. 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 = 5 T *ggg ggg 30: g g ggg KgSSKS»»V«««»«»«S i is Sasggggagggggggggggggggggggggg § i 29.98312 29.818|2 29.85612 29.915 2 29.8642 29.876'2 29.939i2 30.038'3 30.0092 29.961 2 29.9332 29.969 2 30.009 2 30.0082 30.024,3 30.10) 3 30.16713 30.171 3 30.188 3 30.136 3 30.066|3 30.0382 29.981|2 29.9612 aaaaga g aassg WHS- B-iiiii ggggaaaaaaaaaaaagggaaaaaas 1 I boo i z i h ggggggggaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaagggaa a ogooaa©aaaaaas l4iiwiililtMl ggggggggaaaaggaaa KKISttiffiUt® ft g 06'06 ITS'06 ISI '06 St'S'Of: It'S'08 TS'OE gggg! SctS£= §? §§g ggssgggggs c i oooocoocoooocdoooocoooooocooooooo wgisgissHgaaagsmim^^ i 2gS2S!§SS8SSSS2 MSB l-|pr L M SIHIttWI IMO-E ! f « = £ «I MM- © ©©©©©©©©©©©©©© 2 p m' ft o H 9130.190130 45 gggggg g£ESSg Wil thri s g sW^W gg g g g g g a ? a a a a a 2$i at ok °2n 5 c 5c 11 a i £10'0 0T6'6' S66'6< 190'0 680'0 liSU'O :69l'O : iii'O :j8ii'O ,000'0 a a a a a a a a a a a a a a WiiaiHt a 0 a a a a a a a a a t Iggjl | |ggl §aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaooooaaaaa= ^g55§§g?.g§^2O5^?2i2g§i • o o ocoP coco jo 555o 5000© 0005 SSooSoo co co too © ©©©©©©©©©©©©©© g gggpg^gsaggf oSoSooooSooooooco ^aag§gfg£l§gg^ 10p-m- H O ft ia sssigga 8; 8 Sggggaass'ag aaaasa a aasgt Soooaoaagaaaaaaooooooooaas i aaag©g©ggoooogoaaaaaoaaaaao®oaa a aaaaaggsgaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaagggaa ft o 1 ^i?^558Ea^gi?$8is^ 1 l§3§£2£SSgl 3§ s 5 2 ' s LaSMsisssBsssgSsWiHgSa §§§§§§ 1 mi! . * I Sgggg^lggjggss S §I5OmSHOi 5Sg = Sg^S§§Sg2g5g § © O 03 as fiag883SS8889£8:35J8a888&83&8S88 a L ft i ? 0 s g ? aasaaa $ s 22322 ?2;Ia?g3S33333^3 332^3 3aS3S32 w ? ?, 33S3£333£gaSgg£g3E3 EgE-ggggEg&gg ►> ct ®33ggao£asCTCTgg ggggg333g£3EEg3£3 Maximum. H o H4 o 1 M to CT 0 a CO IO W CT W O CT CT 0 • O 03 C 0 O' 0 0 on © O 0 - O' © © C € ft '- )_ __±-J~3ECTCT CT CT 0 CT> C 0 =2 CT CT CT = O 0 C C5 0 C5 CT O OCTCTOOCT CO w © © cnw tn tn O' tn tn H i . ' OOOCTCOOOOOCOOOCTOO CTOOCT CTOC 50 OCTCTOCTO wo £H CT CTOCTCTOCTCTO00OC0CTOCT OOIJCTX^OO-TO-IOCT^O-J© s ? ft '91 II O CT O -1 CT O CT O p ntn©_©^^_o®_UL®_^i=L^>^^ .1 CT CT CT *. W W CT CT -f. >£- CT W t£ J- CT CT £ £ W w L s g S§&gS3g2 S£££25 0 1S&K3E32 '828888^2 S g S3Sg$ggg£®gSgCT'CT'gSg^c!S&'g^CT, assggg g 2 aasss saaas^ss^^aaa^spjpigsa;^ ft p S S £1 ct' S a a r S $ £ ct S S a'S a a r' aaaaaaas jaaaa o cn M © © tn CO W © © ^ ^ © © M © ©©M^©MMtn^^<kJ©^oo©©© Minimum. ft 3 ft C0O03G30HC0O- On O« C C ® OI O' 03 O' GO O' C C to c ft =* _ CT O CTO CT W CT a OCT C OOOOWptOCTCTCTOOOOCT OCT OCT tOO _ fj O CT CO CT rn CT CO CT to CT CT CT -1 CT W W C- -.1 © to © tn © GC © tn w O © tn O © CO tn tn O tr o p CO O K) c co CC CT a -t CO p CTO 00CT O 00 o o w tn © ©©©tn©tn©c©^o©©©cn o ft ST 0 a> v< to = © o o a o -t CT w to c o on 03 © 03 tn ) 19. 5 19. ) 10. 1 20 1 18 3 8 9 22 5 16 9 19 5 16 5 11 0 24 0 16 3 15 14. SEE. 14.. 13. " 16.. 00 cc = 7 ,J: ft M CD 4i on £ 0 K £ 11.f 13.1 12.( 12.. 12. w C£ 6'31 6 'll 6't'l STI on S'SI 1'91 rn S'Ol I.L STI 10.3 7.5 10.0 12.2 11.5 12.5 10.5 12.8 14.0 12.2 11.7 13.1 13.6 11.C ft OlOtOCTOCO ' to CO to CT r ia.u 12.7 10.5 12 13.2 14.5 14 7.3 6.5 9.9 13 12.8 12.5 7 13 13.2 12.5 13.4 13.5 11.( 11.8 11.5 16.3 15 12 EE. 12 7 11.3 9.0 11.2 11.0 10.5 7.8 12.3 10.0 12.3 12.0 -I - it S'Sl r ii S'Ol O'£l 9'9 5'6 Til STI 5'Sl S'Sl 5'81 O'£ 0'6 O'SI ctS 12. 12.C 9." 10. 12. 5.8 10.; 10." 6.5 14.5 10.5 10.' 10.5 10.3 11.0 r. x-xto©S©©hZ~'G©c2w©t'tt^S Range. i H COED.-C .1 54 KI O 00 w c &^^^^^ra^WpWTO^3™5!5?«5apL=lC0WCTO_ ssgggggg&gassgsssssssssss ^8838888828 2 ;§822SS^S3Sg§SSC'SS £ CT CT CO K)K) is CT CT CT C. CT K) CT CT W 00 O tO CO CT w CO CO - -J saaap W CO CT CO CO «» CT CTCTK -' a CO CT W CO W io io CT tO CT CT - CT it io CT CT cc g = g2agSgaSSaS^223£g225jag2S2gSS3S3 OKxtwCTCT-j-d-ttowwtocowMW-tiowtoioaioCToioMCTiooo g1EEEgsagsaaaaas EEggggEgagSaagggE Mean. 0 .0 75 ^iOjp^-tp jojpj-L-t o ;p-±_p.^ PP.P-P g$8a8Sg®4aS!a886fe&8SS8888&S38g^£ 828SgS82S^gS2 gSSg§§2S§ggg 2 i 8S88 ■ g SSSS8S § SSS33ggg3^g25g^ag3aa2gaSS 3 g33332o5gg3^US33333aag3g33g33SE 3133gg£gg£3gggaE 3aa£aggg2£sg2gaaa 6a.m. o s S' g 33gS3m3gS2g2ag 2g^§S§gg2g8®S®3e;g g gS88eeS8£83S5!£8gSg22tS&&2ag8388 1 & sswgag^ssg^assagsiossssstt'st Ogasas a EfeaEasgggfeEaaa^gaaasaaas^ CT £ assaa^gsgaggag t33S22gggaagasg§g 2P.m ft med. g agEggsagggsaaaassggasgg^ 8 £2£§8§2S& 3822 -> 2^2358^2 S £22£8Sg8g££g£S£S ?sagg§ a ggssa s aaagggg z aasgsaaa a sgsgggagagsgga sggggaggESsassags io p. m. ! S gS32SaSS3SS333a&Sgo? gg £588% $ Sgaggg^g2£2gg3'^SSg^ S3S2S22 22 w OCTWWCTCTW-CTOawCTCTCTWWOOCTWC=Oo£ 63.7 63 69.7 81.3 85.3 71.2 87.0 79.0 78.0 71.7 77.3 saaapfa^s^aasaaEEcJSCT'saaass CO CO CO CO CO <? CO-4*-! MC0C0C0 CO --I CO -4 a ia 1 C0MM©©©©©©©©M©^©©^^©MMC0MC0M^> co m © m co gggEggaisggEgsa saagaaaggasgsasas Mean. -4 C 0 -4 -4 03 03 ccc: o 05 □ *1 c I : • r'k'r S; -4 -4 "4 • 5® j : 03 C • W ft ■ O -4 : © 03 io sis r 1 gss 8 7 1 i to NnHHin gig: : : : : ik : : g t - .24 1.59 1.43 *_ n;: k k n 1 k n ; jsk n 3 1 . . f: w r. ,Eg1:ggg3SSfeE : ft: : 325 sag e aiiisil 1 iiskl 1 ;-; ; ;-; ;-;-; -- r .I.::....::.:: : Rainfall in Inches. Sga: g::2gS2: :g: : : f| 3 gj st Ci - • 00 M M gKgZ >5 Sg Z it Z © © Z © © ss re CT Ji 00 S3 r,ssgs23sr,^ s O'. © 03 4- g co © 0 8 X) s © z .u CO © 8 19 17 16 13 10 14 14 17 13 S5SSSg»g55f2t§5SS£ 10 16 14 16 17 400 5 9 15 7 21 19 19 8 11 15 19 14 12 16 9 6 8 14 10 16 11 14 14 15 15 14 7 18 14 9 & s » CT CO 00 © tn X h4 © © © see cesss CT - X c 5 © 56 ^2 s aaasasEsassissKt -55XXaXS5©SS5aaSg Daily Mortality. 155 dozen of such eggs, that not one produced a double embryo; while Wolff observed two completely separate foetuses developed upon a single yelk. The arrival of two impregnated ova in the uterus at the same time will prob- ably give rise, not to double monsters, but to twins, and fusion seems almost impossible. Embryologists have thus been led to the opinion that monsters by excess depend chiefly on an error of development taking place in a single germ; and this idea has been supported by the fact that Allen Thomson has shown that in birds two primitive grooves may be formed in one yelk, and in the area germinativa\ and in this way the most complete cases of doable monstrosity can be explained. In confirmation of this theory the researches of Tireboullet may be cited. This observer has seen, instead of the single budding of the blastoderma, which is ordinarily developed into the embryo of the fish, two or even three buds marked off; and these, during the process of development, would meet at same point, and in this manner produce distinct parts of embryos when they are separate, whilst a corresponding region of a single organism only would be formed at the point of junction. According to the mode and extent of the junction of the blastodermic buds, the monsters would vary; and so would be derived all the different varieties, from a duplicity of the face or head, the upper or lower extremities, to such extreme cases as those which we have cited, as the Hun- garian Sisters, the Siamese Twins and the Carolina Twins. The following singular and distressing case of malfor- mation of the genital organs must be referred to an arrest of the development of the testicles during foetal life : This curious case of malformation of the genital organs came under my observation, and was brought before the medical class of the University of Louisiana. 156 Singular and Distressing Case of Malformation of Genital Organs. J. H. Allen, age 23, height 5 feet 7 inches, weight 150 lbs., native of Illinois, U. S. A. Dresses in male attire. Voice fine, like that of a woman. Face full and smooth, without any sign of a beard. Features resemble more nearly those of a woman. Mamma; larger than is usual in men, but smaller than those of women. Nipples small, but well formed, with a distinct dark areola. No hairs around the mammae or on the breast, which is smooth like that of a woman. With the ex- ception of the pubes and scalp, the body is devoid of hair. The general form is that of an ath- letic, masculine woman. Hips full, wider than chest. Circum- ference around hips 39% inches; circumference of chest during full inspiration, 35 inches; cir- cumference of chest during ex- piration, 32 inches. Has a small, well-formed penis, three-fourths of an inch in length, and one and eight-tenths of an inch in circumference, with glands, fraenum, prepuce and urethral opening. The patient discharged urine through this opening in my presence. Below the penis there is a slight swelling or fulness of the integuments, with a distinct raphe or tramis, like that which divides the scrotum in men into two parts, extending from the anterior part of the anus to the extremity of the penis. Upon careful examination, however, no testicles can be felt on either side of the raphe, or within any portion of the fulness which corresponds to the scrotum. A careful examination by the introduction of the finger into the rectum, whilst firm pressure was made upon the abdomen above the pubes, failed in disclosing the existence of any body corresponding to a uterus. This examination, however, was not entirely satisfactory, on account of the fulness of the abdominal walls. Buttocks and thighs full and round. The upper line of the hairy pubes terminated abruptly, without any fading off in the median line, as in males. I gathered the following facts from this individual: Father of John H. Allen a strong, healthy man, native of Boston, Mas- sachusetts; mother a healthy, well-formed woman, native of Pennsylva- nia; parents have had nine children, eight of whom were well-formed; the eldest, a woman aged 25, has had three well-formed children. The subject of this examination is the second child. The third child, aged 21, is a woman and married. The remaining children were three boys and three girls; and of this number one girl and two boys have died; one boy, 13 years of age, well formed, living; two sisters, aged respectively 10 and 2 years, living. The subject, J. H. Allen, has always been called Johnny, and was dressed as a boy from early childhood. Was not aware that there was anything peculiar in his organization until after the age of 12 yearshad been attained; upon one occasion, when swimming with a number of Engraving No. 15. John H. Allen. 157 boys, it was discovered that he was not formed like a boy, and was called by his companions " a half boy and half girl." Attended school up to the age of 17, and since this time has followed the occupation of "bar- tender." Has been taken up by the police upon several occasions as a woman in man's clothing, and, after being examined, has been released as a " nondescript," but has always been compelled by the authorities to wear male clothing. Prefers the male sex; never loved a woman, regards women as sisters; has loved a man devotedly, but always feared to divulge the passion. Loves the dress of a woman and despises that of a man. When insulted feels like crying, as is common with women. When travelling on the Mississippi boats has several times been approached by rough men, who threatened rape, declaring that Johnny was a woman in man's clothing. Upon one or more occasions has excited the jealousy of women, on ac- count of the supposed attentions of their husbands. When acting with a stock company, in the character of a woman, the wife of one of the actors who played the part of a lover to Johnny, was excited to violent jealousy. When dressed in women's clothing neither men nor women ever sus- pect Johnny to be anything but what the dress and general appearance would indicate. The condition of Johnny is most distressing; it is with great difficulty that a position or work of any kind can be secured or retained, on ac- count of being suspected as a woman in man's clothing; and when trav- elling in strange places, or when walking upon the streets at night, is li- able to insult and arrest. His most earnest wish is to be allowed to weai' women's clothing and to enter the stage as an actress. As far as my inquiries extended, there has not as yet been any periodic discharge of blood from the urethra, rectum, stomach, or nostrils, which could be considered as connected with the menstrual function, although the patient described certain vague and uncomfortable feelings in the ab- domen and certain periodic changes of the complexion and features. We have in the case of John H. Allen a strange ad- mixture of the male and fe- male natures. The male character is represented by the minute but well-formed penis, whilst the form of the body, as shown by the photographs which I caused to be taken, approach- ed most nearly to that of a female. The members were in like manner feminine. This case resembles a Herm- aphrodite in one sense, and in another a natural Eunuch. Engraving No. 16. 158 The engravings Nos. 15 and 16 represent the body and thighs and genital organs of John II. Allen. In striking contrast to the case of John Allen, we have the following: Miss E. Landry, the Bearded Girl of Louisiana. This hairy and bearded girl was a native of Terrebonne parish, Louisiana, where she was born in the year 1873 ; and was exhibited during the last three years of her life to the public accompanied by her mother, Mrs. Landry. Her father, who still resides in Terrebonne parish, is a farmer. The following is an accurate representation of Miss Landry. It will be seen that Miss Landry, at the age of thirteen years, when her photograph was taken, presents the appearance of a stout, plump, well-formed young woman, with well-developed mammas and full round hips. Engraving No. 17. Miss Emily Landry, The Beard- ed and Hairy Girl of Louisiana. Miss Landry was well form- ed and well grown for her age. Accompanying drawing repre- sents her in the thirteenth year of her age, and shortly before death which occurred in De- troit, Mich., from diphtheria, contracted in Minneapolis, April 20th, 1887. The body was embalmed and was ship- ped to New Orleans, where it arrived April 22d, 1887. Through the courtesy of the undertaker I was enabled to make a careful examination of the embalmed body, and found 159 that the mamma and female organs were characteristic, and that with the exception of the beard, moustache and unusual growth of hair, she was what she was represented to be, a well-formed young woman. A relative informed me that Miss Landry had menstruated at three years of age ; and that when her mother was pregnant she constant- ly gazed upon an oil painting of Christ, whose face was represented with a full beard. The child was born with a beard, and the mother attributed this freak of nature to the effects of the portrait of Chrjst. Miss Emily Landry was covered with a moderatety thick growth of soft light-brown hair from head to foot, and possessed a full beard of brown hair ; the upper lip was covered with a light moustache. Eyes brown; hair dark- brown and abundant. On the father's side, many of the males were said to be characterized by an excessive growth of hair. The singular case of John Allen may be referred to the class of Hermaphrodites. Under the head of Hermaphro- ditism, or Hermaphrodism, may be included, ist, some varieties of malformation in which the genital organs and general sexual configuration of one sex approach from imperfect or abnormal development, to those of the other; and, 2d, other varieties of malformation in which there actually exists in the body of the same individual more or fewer of the genital organs and distinctive sexual charac- ters both of the male and female. Hermaphroditism may be regarded as due to a failure of purpose, or to an uncertainty in the nisus formativus at an early stage of development. There is a point of time following about the eighth week, up to which the embryo may develop either the reproduc- tive organs of the male or the reproductive organs of the female; in the vast majority of cases, the future develop- ment and growth are carried only on one line or the other, but in a small number there is an ambiguous development leading to various degrees of Hermaphroditism or doubtful 160 sex. The primary indecision, so to speak, affects only the ovary or testes respectively, or rather the common germinal ridge, out of which either may develop; the uncertainty in this embryonic sexual ridge sometimes leads actually to the formation of a pair of ovaries and a pair of small testes, or to an ovary on one side and a testis on another; but even when there is no such double sex in the essential organs, as in the majority of Hermaphrodites, there is a great deal of doubting and ambiguity, entailed in the sec- ondary or external organs, and parts of generation. These parts, which are rudimentary or obsolete in the male, but highly developed in the female, and those parts which are rudimentary in the female, but highly developed in the male, tend in the Hermaphrodite to be developed equally, and all of them in an imperfect manner. In some cases the internal organs of one sex go with the internal organs of the opposite sex. It is possible that in the case of John Allen, the ovaries and uterus were developed partially, whilst the only repre- sentative of the male organs is the diminutive but well formed penis ; hence the strange mingling of the male and female natures, the latter predominating in strength. Genpsral Conclusions. I. Monsters, giants and dwarfs occur in all countries, and amongst all races. 2. Whilst giants and dwarfs do not exhibit at this stage of the human race marked tendencies to reproduce them- selves, it is not improbable that in the early ages of the development and multiplication of the human race special peculiarities of physiognomy, form and size may have been propagated and fostered by artificial and natural selection. 3. The peculiar flat, small head and prominent nose, characteristic of the ancient Mexicans and Peruvians, is oc- casionally reproduced at the present day. Such facts indi- cate that the peculiarly shaped heads represented upon the ruined temples and buildings of Mexico, Central America 161 and Peru, were natural representations of the ancient race. The artificial flattening of the cranium, practised by cer- tain ancient nations of Europe and Asia, and by certain tribes of the aborigines in North, Central, Insular and South America, may have been suggested for the purpose of imitating the natural conformation of the heads of cer- tain distinct tribes. 4. The hairy covering of the cave-dweller of ancient times is occasionally reproduced at the present time in the case of hairy men and bearded and hairy females. 5. The origin and mode of development of human monsters still constitutes one of the most important and interesting subjects for the study of the embryologist, anatomist and physiologist. On the subject of the origin of double monsters, three hypotheses have been entertained : A. The double monster has been supposed to have proceeded from two distinct embryos, which have become united during the course of development. B. The double monster has originated in a single germ, which has become double or has been subdivided. C. The germ is abnormally compound from the first; the organs and parts comprising the double monster are at once produced from this germ without either separation or coalition of its parts other than belong to the natural pro- cess of development. On the comparative merits of the first and second hy- potheses as parts of the general doctrine of monsters, one of the most interesting physiological discussions extant is recorded in the Memoirs of the Academy of Science of Paris, between 1724 and 1743. The chief disputants were Lemery and Winslow; the contest lasted nineteen years; it engaged the attention of all anatomists, and called forth writings by Haller and a host of authors of less note, and was only terminated by the death of Lemery. Every argument that could be brought to bear upon the knowledge of those days was 162 urged , and the subject for the time was utterly exhausted. The subsequent labors of anatomists, biologists and em- bryologists have, however, accumulated such volumes of facts in latter years, that the same question between or- iginal and acquired monstrosity, as far as it relates to double monsters, may even claim the attention of anato- mists and embryologists as being worthy of further discus- sion. 6. The following generalizations have been drawn from the facts recorded with reference to double monsters. (a) The double monsters form collectively one class of organic beings, which, however different in their several degrees of malformation, may be arranged in one contin- uous series. (b) There is no constant or positive relation between the external and internal organs as to their degrees or modes of duplicity. (c) Parts placed on the surface of the body are more liable to multiplication than the internal organs, and duplicity of a single part is therefore much less rare than the formation of a complete double body. (d) The upper half of the body is more frequently doubled than the lower. (e) The union of the two bodies takes place only be- tween similar parts. (f) The more each of the bodies is developed the less is the bond of union between them. (g) The probability of growing up is greater in the same proportion as the bond of union is smaller, and the coincident fusion of internal organs less. (h) The further the several organs*are from the situa- tion at which the bodies are united, the more perfect they are. (i) One body is almost always less developed than the other. (j) There are commonly not any signs of a double monster having been at first two individuals. Except in 163 the cases of posterior and superior duplicity, and some singular examples of attachment of the umbilical cord of one foetus to the head or body of the other,there is never more than one placenta and one cord, and they usually contain only a single set of vessels, which divide when they reach the abdomen. (k) In double monsters, the twins are of the same sex. (1) Finally, we adopt the generalization of W. Vrolik, that it is probable that the whole class of monsters by excess owe their origin to different degrees of one com- mon fault, and consequently that the explanation of their origin ought to be the same for all; that no kind of fusion can account for the production of supernumerary individual organs, the rest of the body being single; but that it is not impossible that excess of power in the ovum, which all ad- mit, can alone explain the lower degrees of duplicity, may, in proportionately higher degrees, perhaps by the forma- tion of two primative grooves, produce the more complete double monsters, or even two such separate individuals as are sometimes found within a single amnion. GENERAL MEDICINE DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Insanity, Congenital Insanity', Acquired Insanity', Classification of Con- genital and Acquired Insanity', Causes of Acquired Insanity', The Treatment of the Insane', Progress of Opinion as to the Nature of Insanity', Advancement in the Treatment of the Insane during the Nineteenth Century', Treatment of the Insane in Louisiana', Treat- ment of the Insane in Nevj Orleans', Establishment of the State Insane Asylum of Louisiana at Jack son; Outline of the Financial and Medi- cal History of the Insane Asylum of the State of Louisiana. By JOSEPH JONES, M. D., Professor of Chemistry and Clinical Medicine, Medical Department, Tulane University of Louisiana; Visiting Physician Charity Hospital; Vice-Pre-ident of the Medico- Legal Society of New York; President of the Board of Health, State of Louisiana, 1880-1883; President of the Fifteenth Section Public and International Hygiene, Ninth International Medical Congress, 1887; President Louisiana State Medical Society, 1888, etc. Delivered before the Louisiana State Medical Society at its iith Annual Session, New Orleans. La., April, 1889. GENERAL MEDICINE. DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Mr. President and Members of the Louisiana State Med- ical Society: Gentlemen-The chairman of the Section on General Medicine respectfully submits the following: On the 14th of January, 1880, I received the following official commu- nication from the Secretary ot this Medical Society: New Orleans, Jan. 14, 1889. Dr. Joseph Jones, Chairman of Section on General Medicine of the Louisiana State Medical Society: Dear Doctor-Dr. Newton has appointed you chairman of the Section on General Medicine of our Society. I have defetred notifying you until the present time, thinking the best interests of the Society would thus be served. Yours truly, P. B. McCutcheon, M. D., Recording Secretary Louisiana State Medical Society. The Louisiana State Medical Society held its Tenth Annual Meeting in Monroe, April 25 and 26, 1888, and adjourned to meet in New Orleans on April 9, 1889. It will thus be seen that the secretary allowed nearly nine months of the year 1888 to elapse before giving official notice of my appointment as chairman of the Section on General Medicine. Less than three months were allowed for the consideration of the vast field of general medicine. The eminent and venerable author of the resolution to divide the work of the Society into six sections, held that it shall be the duty of the chairman of each section "to solicit essays, papers, reports, and to see that all the advances in the science and art of medicine, appertaining to his sec- tion shall be fully brought before the Society at its annual meeting.'1' What an immense amount of work is here indicated, and what vast resources of time and money are required by this Medical Society for the consideration, discussion and publication of all the advances in the "Science and Art of Medicine." Where can you find in this or other countries six physicians, however learned and energetic, who are capable of grasping and digestingin three months, or even in twelve months, the labors of the entire medical world? The Ninth International Medical Congress, which assembled in Washing- ton in 1887, required five large, closely-printed volumes, profusely illus- trated, to record the contributions to the various branches of medical knowledge. The execution of this work consumed about twelve months, and will cost, probably, over $30,000, representing the contributions of over 2500 physicians. The Louisiana State Medical Society numbers less than 200 active members, or more exactly, 174, or a little more than twice the organized corps of editors of "The Annual of the Universal 168 Medical Sciences." This yearly report of progress of the general Sani- tary Sciences throughout the world, edited by Charles E. Sajous, M. D., of Philadelphia, and seventy associate editors, assisted by over two hun- dred corresponding editors, collaborators and correspondents, fills five large, closely-printed volumes annually, profusely illustrated by chromo- lithographs, engravings and maps. The Profession also has at its command the admirable annual compends of Rankin and Baithwaite, and a score of weekly and monthly medical journals, filled with original articles and abstracts, which furnish the practitioner with a true and valuable history of the daily advances in the Science and Art of Medicine. , Why, then, should the attempt be made to impose upon a few busy practitioners the herculean task of endeavoring to compass the vast and ever widening circle of Medicine? However grand the idea involved in this partition of the domain of Medicine may be, its realization is impracticable. General Medicine. I shall, as chairman of the section on General Medicine, not attempt the utterly impossible, if not absurd, task of bringing fully before this learned body all the advances pertaining to this section, but will endeavor to present the results of such partial investigation and research as have been in my limited power. I shall consider subjects of great importance, not merely to this assembly of physicians and to the entire medical profession, but also to the people of Louisiana and of the entire republic. Diseases of the Nervous System. The labors of the Anatomist, Physiologist and Patholo- gist are at the present moment establishing an intimate relationship between the minute anatomy of the cerebro- spinal system and functional and structural derangements and alterations. The careful observers of this day are bringing many of the results obtained by vivisection into harmony with pathological data. Nature, through the agency of diseased processes, performs experiments upon human brains, and the symptoms so produced may be recorded during life and compared with the changes found in the brain after death. The brain is a composite organ, whose parts have each some special function and are to a certain extent independ- ent of each other. The cortical gray substance may be mapped out into areas, whose limits, as well as their indi- vidual functions and relations and functional associations with the individual senses, may be defined with various degrees of accuracy. 169 The parts of the brain have each some special function,, and are to a certain extent independent of each other. One part is essential to vital processes, hence its destruction causes death ; another part presides over the various move- ments of the body, hence paralysis of motion is the result of the destruction of any portion of this area; a third part enables the mind to appreciate touch, temperature and pain; a fourth organ presides over sight; and in the same way smell, hearing and taste are governed by distinct por- tions of the brain. The power possessed by the Neurologist to diagnose in an accurate and comprehensive manner the portion of the brain involved in certain diseased states, as in abscess,, hemorrhage, tumor, cancer, sclerosis, degeneration of the ganglionic cells, neurologia, commissures, blood vessels and lymphatics, must be based upon a thorough and exhaustive study of the minute anatomy, functions, pathological altera- tions, relations and normal and abnormal manifestations of the component parts of this composite organ. The knowledge of the learned and skilful physician should decide the necessity and nature of operations on the brain, and his judgment should guide the hand of the sur- geon in the use of the trephine for the relief of intercranial hemorrhage, abscess, tumor, cyst of the brain and epilepsy, resulting from traumatic injuries. In my inaugural address* before this learned body of ex- perienced physicians, I dwelt at some length upon : (a) Relations of the Intellectual and Moral Faculties. (b) Functions and Structure of the Brain and Nervous System. (c) Connection of the Mind with the Brain. (d) Advances of Modern Surgery in the Operative Treatment of Dis- eases and Injuries of the Nerves and Brain. A work published by the authorf in 1876 was mainly devoted to the general and minute anatomy, physiology, pathology and diseases of the nervous system, and embraced memoirs upon the following subjects: (a) Introduction to the Study of Diseases of the Nervous System. (b) Historical Analysis of the Labors of Ancient and Modern Writers,, relating to the Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System. *Philosophicai Principles of Education and their Scientific Application to the Develop- ment and Perfection of Medical Science, by J oseph J ones, M. D. Transactions of the Louisiana State Medical Society at its Tenth Annual Session, held at Monroe, La., April 25, 1889, pages 69, 88, 148, 149. New Orleans, 1888. fMedical and Surgical Memoirs, Containing Investigations on the Geological Distribu- tion, Causes, Nature, Relations and Treatment of Various Diseases, 1855-1876. By Jo- seph Jones, M. D., etc.. Volume 1. Introduction to the Study of Diseases of the Ner vous System. Investigations on Traumatic Tetanus, Epilepsy, Paralysis and Cerebro- Spinal Meningitis. New Orleans, I876. 170 (c) Results of the Microscopical and Anatomical Investigations of the Minute Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord in Vertebrate Animals. (d) Results of Investigation directed more especially to the Deter- mination of the Functions of the Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Medulla Oblon- gata, Spinal Cord, Motor and Sensitive Ganglionic and Nerves, and of the Sympathetic Nervous System. (e) Minute Structure and Anatomical Relations of the Brain and Spinal Cord; Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Cerebro- Spinal Nervous System. (f) Effects of Disease and Pathological Lesions upon the Component Parts of the Cerebro-Spinal System. (g) Disturbances of Nervous Functions by Sections of the different Ganglionic Masses. (h) Irritation or Excitation of Definite Portions of the Brain by means of Electric Currents. (i) Destruction of Definite Portions of the Brain in Young Animals, and Observations upon the effects of such Lesions upon the Nutrition and Growth. (j) Destruction of Small Portions of the Brain by the Injection of Corrosive Substances, and by Small Needles Introduced into its Substance. (k; Relations of the Cerebro-Spinal and Sympathetic Nervous Systems. (1) Actions of the Sympathetic Nerve in Involuntary Motions. (m) Sensitive Functions of Sympathetic Nerves. (n) Organic Functions of the Sympathetic Nerves. (o) Experiments on Section of the Nerves, Illustrating the Relations of the Sympathetic to Nutrition, Secretion, Circulation, Respiration and Animal Temperature. (p) Investigations Concerning the Nature of the Nervous Force. (q) Relations of the Muscular and Nervous Forces. (r) Physical and Intellectual Constitution and Relations of Man. (s) Investigations on the Nature, Causes, Relations and Treatment of Traumatic Tetanus, Illustrated by Observations on the Various Diseases of the Nervous System, and by Experiments on Living Animals with Certain Poisons. G) Tabular View of the Symptoms of Tetanus and Hydrophobia, and of the Poisonous Effects of Strychnine, Woorara and Hydrocyanic Acid. (u) Table showing the Age, Sex, Nature of Injury, Results and Methods of Treatment in Four Hundred and Eighty (480) Cases of Traumatic Tetanus. (v) Observations on the Natural History, Pathology and Treatment of Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis, and more especially as it appeared amongst the soldiers of the Confederate States Army, 1861-1865. The preceding monographs covered 553 closely printed pages of the 820 pages of the first volume of the "Medical and Surgical Memoirs." It was the earnest desire of the author to present a crit- ical analysis of the labors of original investigators of the anatomy, physiology, pathology and diseases of the nerv- ous system during the past twelve years (1876-1888 inclus- ive), for the consideration of the Louisiana State Medical Society at this, its eleventh annual session. But this her- culean task requires for its completion much more time and protracted labor than has fallen to our lot, and the completion of this important work rests with the future. 171 We shall close this branch of general medicine with some observations on a subject of paramount importance in its medical and medico-legal relations. Insanity. Over one thousand cases of the various forms of insan- ity have come under the observation of the author, repre- senting various races, different occupations and profes- sions, and all the conditions of civilized life, from extreme ignorance to the highest intellectual and moral culture, and from abject poverty to abundant wealth. It has been necessary to deal with insanity in all its var- ious relations, including its physical and moral treatment and its legal protection and restraint. It has been necessary to consider on the one hand cases of Congenital Insanity, including all cases in which brain development has been arrested, with consequent im- potentiality or development of the mental faculties, and on the other, cases of Acquired Insanity, including all cases in which the brain has been born healthy, but has suffered from morbid processes affecting it primarily, or from dis- eased states of the general system implicating it second- arily, or from traumatic injuries. In endeavoring to classify the various forms of insanity we are met with difficulties, arising from the fact that the true nature and limits of insanity itself have been very im- perfectly recognized. The essence of insanity is the man- ifestation of disease through some deviation from the healthy standard of mental action. It is a condition of mental unhealth analogous to bodily unhealth; but there are no facts to show that there is a class of marked men- tal manifestation which are independent of the conditions of the physical frame. Mental action is not independent of physical condition, and there is no pathological condi- tion of the individual in which both mind and body are not affected, but in some diseases the mental symptoms come into prominence, in others the physical; therefore it is not true that there is something in insanity altogether dis- tinct from bodily disease. The study of insanity must be based upon the accurate and comprehensive study of cerebral pathology. Proceeding on the broad view of the recognition of all mental symptons as phenomena whose nature cannot be ascertained without a full consideration of the physical 172 symptons of disease by which they may be accompanied, Schroeder Van der Kolk and others have endeavored to in- troduce a rational system of classification. Dr. Skae pro- posed a classification based on the belief that every mental disorder has a relation to some bodily disease, acute or chronic, analogous to what the delirium of fever does to the fever in whose course it is manifested. However imper- fect the classification of insanity by Skae may be, it must be admitted, however, that he has given a most important impulse to the purely medical, as opposed to the metaphy- sical mode of studying insanity, and important progress has been made in the works on Histology of Insanity by Clouston, Batty Tuke, Robert Laundy, Luys and others. It is by a careful record of all the mental and physical symptoms of the insane during life, and by accurate post- mortem examinations of all the organs, and more especially of the Cerebro-Spinal and Sympathetic Nervous Systems after death, that we may finally be enabled to group to- gether conditions that are similar, not only in their men- tal, but also in their physical characters, and obtain units which may ultimately contribute to the building up of a more perfect system. In pursuing the study of the morbid histology of the brain and spinal cord, two methods of investigation have been recommended by pathologists: i, the examination of the tissues in the fresh state; 2, the examination of the parts in situ by means of sections made after submission of portions of nervous tissue to hardening agents. The con- dition of the constituents of the recent brain can then be observed by coloring small specimens of sections with rosaniline and other coloring agents. The modern method of freezing and section by means of the microtome, designed by Mr. Bevan Lewis, has rendered the investigation of histological brain changes a compara- tively easy task. CONGENITAL INSANITY. Idiocy. From the earliest ages the term Amentia has been applied to idiocy, in contradistinction to Dementia, the mental weakness following an acquired insanity. Dr. Ireland, in his work on Idiocy and Imbecility, classi- fies idiots from the standpoint of pathology, as follows: i. Genetous idiocy; in this form, which he holds to be complete before birth, he believes the presumption of he- 173 redity to be stronger than in other forms ; the vitality of the general system is less than normal, the palate is vaulted and narrow, the teeth misshapen, wrongly placed and prone to decay, and the patient dwarfish in appearance, the head is generally unsymmetrical, and the commissures occasionally atrophied. 2. Microcephalic idiocy. 3. Eclampsic idiocy, due to the effects of infantile con- vulsions. 4. Epileptic idiocy. 5. Hydrocephalic idiocy, due to water on the brain. 6. Paralytic idiocy, a rare form, due to the brain injury causing the paralysis. 7. Traumatic idiocy, a form produced by the third class of causes above mentioned. 8. Inflammatory idiocy. 9. Idiocv by deprivation of one or more of the special senses. Dr. Ireland subdivides idiots for the purpose of educa- tion, into five grades : 1st. Idiots who can neither speak nor understand speech. 2d. Idiots who can understand a few easy words. 3d. Idiots who can speak, who can be taught to work. 4th. Idiots who can be taught to read or write. 5th. Idiots who can read works for themselves. Cretinism.-Cretinism is a form of congenital insanity, inasmuch as the cretino-genetic miasma acts before birth. It is endemic in many mountainous countries, and is said to occur most frequently in magnesian-limestone forma- tions, but never at an elevation above 3000 feet. Although all cretins have not goitre, and all goitrous persons are not cretins, there is a very intimate relationship between the two conditions. Acquired Insanity. Almost every writer on acquired insanity has suggested a special classification of the forms founded either upon the aetiology or sympatology of the disease ; and the number- less classifications founded on psychological considerations that have been advanced differ more in terminology than in principle, and when analysed are reducible to the prim- itive forms of Hippocrates and Pinel, mania, melancholia and dementia. 174 Of the classifications based on symptoms none is simpler than Griesinger's: (i ) States of mental depression. (2) States of mental exaltation. (3) States of mental weak- ness. Griesinger placed general paralysis and epilepsy, apart as mere complications of insanity. His groups, therefore, correspond broadly with the old divisions of melancholia, mania and dementia. Pritchard asserted that mental symptoms were divisible into two great classes, according as the intellectual and moral faculties are implicated. This division is without scientific value, from the important fact that the primary symptoms in all insanities is the perversion of the moral sense, and that the perversion pervades all cases of mental disease to their termination. The change of morale amounts to various degrees of perversion of the ordinary character and disposition of the individual. He becomes indifferent to social considerations, apathetic and neglectful of the personal and family duties, evinces dislike and suspicion of friends and relatives, and may betake himself to excess in alcoholic stimulants and other forms of dissipation. There is a general concentration of his ideas on himself, which is often spoken of as the selfishness of the insane. Esquirol thus describes the conditions of insanity: (1) Melancholia, or, as he terms it, Lypemania, disorder of the faculties with respect to one or a small number of objects, with predominance of a sorrowful and despairing passion; (2) Monomania, in which the disorder of the faculties is limited to one or a small number of objects, with excitement and predominance of a gay and expansive passion; (3) Mania, in which the insanity extends to all kinds of objects, and is accompanied by excitement; (4) Dementia, in which the insensate utter folly, because the organs of thought have lost their energy and the strength requisite for their functions. In 1852 Schroeder Van der Kolk, and in i860 Morel, laid the foundation of a classification more in accordance with pathological science. Schroeder Van der Kolk included the different forms of the disease under two great classes; "Idiopathic insanity " comprising all cases produced by primary affections of the brain; and "Sympathetic insanity S including those due to morbid conditions of the general system. Morel divides the insanities into six groups: 1. Hereditary insanity, including congenital nervous 175 temperament, moral and impulsive insanity, imbecility and idiocy. 2. Toxic insanity, including conditions caused by insuffi- cient or injurious food, poisons, or noxious air or water. 3. Hysterical, epileptic and hypochondriacal insanity. 4. Idiopathic insanity, depending upon disease of the brain ; or its membranes. 5. Sympathetic insanity. 6. Dementia, or the condition of terminative enfeeble- ment. Dr. J. Batty Tuke adopts the following system, based upon the propositions of Schroeder Van der Kolk and Morel, which marked a great advance in the study of in- sanity : Idiopathic mania. Melancholia and dementia. General paralysis of the insane 1. Idiopathic insanity. 2. Traumatic insanity. 3. The insanities as- sociated with other neuroses. Epileptic insanity. Hysterical insanity. Hypochondriacal insanity. 4. Insanity resulting from the presence of adventitious products. 5. Insanities resulting from morbid condi- tions of the general system. Phthisical insanity. Rheumatic insanity. Gouty insanity. Syphilitic insanity Insanity from sunstroke. Anaemic insanity. 6 Insanities occurring at evolutional peri- ods. Insanity of pubescence and adolescence; Climacteric insanity. Senile insanity. Insanity of pregnancy. Puerperal insanity 7. Toxic insanity. The classification of the insanities according to the pre- dominant mental symptoms has been adopted by many writers. Thus Krafft-Ebing gives the following classification: A. Physical diseases of the developed brain. I. Psycho-neuroses. (i) Primary, curable states: (a) Melancholia simplex; (b) Melancholia attonita ; (c) Mania; (d) Maniacal exaltation; (e) Acute delirious ma- nia; (f) Stupor; (g) Hallucinatory delirium. (2) Secondary, incurable states: (a) Secondary monomania; (b) Terminal dementia; (c) Dementia agitata; (d; Dementia apathetica. 176 II. Physical degenerative states: (al Constitutional affective insanity ; (b) Moral insanity; (c) Primary monomania; (d) Insanity with compulsory representations; ( e) Insanity from constitutional neuroses ; (f) Periodical insanity. III. Brain diseases with predominant psychical disturb- ances : (a) Dementia paralytica; (b) Lues cerebralis; (c) Alcoholismus chronicus; (d) Dementia senilis; (e) De- lirium acutum. B. Arrests of -physical development. (a) Idiocy; (b) Cretinism. In the recent elaborate classification of insanity, pro- posed by Dr. Theodore H. Kellogg, we have two groups. A. Somato-etiological; B. Psycho-symptomatological. The first group is divided into six classes, and these are subdivided into nineteen orders. The fifth class, which includes two orders, is further subdivided into thirteen genera. The seventh class, w'hich includes two orders, is subdivided into six genera. The second group is divided into three classes, and sub- divided into six orders, ten genera and seventeen subdi- visions or species. In brief, his classification presents the various forms of in- sanity under the divisions of two groups, nine classes, tzventy-five orders and thirty-six genera. The confusion which would ensue from the adoption of such a cumbrous classification is shown by the following facts : («) The terms group, class, order and genera are not used in the method usual in natural history classifications. (/>) Under the head of the second class, such indefinite terms as instinctive insanity of childhood, primary mono mania, moral insanity, and periodic insanity are erected each into distinct orders. (c) Under the head of class V. " General systemic morbid statesorder i, " Toxic," includes four genera^ namelv: I, Alcoholism; 2, Morphinism; 3, Plumbism; 4, Hydrargyrism. If such a complicated system of classification be adopted the genera might be indefinitely extended to tobaccoism, cocainism, chloroformism, chloralism, absynthism, and to all poisonous drugs and agents which are capable of in- 177 ducing structural alterations or chronic perversions of the functional operations of the cerebro-spinal system. (d) Under the second order of the fifth class, Diathetic, we find nine genera, and note : i, Phthisical; 2,Podagrous; 3, Rheumatic; 4, Pellagrous; 5, Limopsoitosic; 6, Malari- ous; 7, Anaemic; 8, Post Febrile ; 9, Myxoedematous. If malaria causes a genus of insanity, how many species may be included under this head, and if such a system of clas- sification be admitted, why should not a genus of insanity be made for each and every febrile poison, as typhus, ty- phoid, yellow, scarlatina, and variola. It is unnecessary to pursue this analysis further. From the facts presented it is evident that the classifica- tion of the insanities according to the predominant mental symptoms is neither so scientific nor so convenient as a clas- sification based on pathology. Dr. J. Batty Tuke has well observed that: Mania, mel- ancholia and dementia are merely symptoms of brain dis- ease; if these symptoms were constant in even a consider- able majority of all cases, there would be better warrant for employing them as a basis of nosology ; but they vary so widely in kind and degree, they run so closely one into another, they may all appear in an individual case within so very short a space of time that their use is generally misleading, even as indicating the mental condition of a patient. In many cases of insanity mania may present itself to-day, melancholia to-morrow and dementia the day after, being, in fact, indications of the course of the com- plaint. It is undoubtedly true that in a proportion of the insane there is a general predominance of one or other of these conditions, but it is equally true that there is an equal proportion to which the application of any one of these terms is open to question. Thus we may have a melancholic mania or a maniacal melancholia. Moreover, there are many forms of insanity of which the connection with the causation is so intimate that even those authors who adhere to the archaic classification cannot refuse to acknowledge them as pathological classes, and are com- pelled to treat of them under their pathological designa- tions; puerperal insanity, epileptic insanity, senile insanity and general paralysis may be cited as prominent examples. To say of a man that he is maniacal is not saying more than to say of one who has lost the power of one of his limbs that he suffers from palsy, a diagnosis which no 178 scientific physician of the present day would be content with, as it conveys no definite idea as to the pathological character or cause of impairment of mobility. It is evident from the preceding facts and observations that medical science is not yet able to base a nosology of the insanities on the highest pathological platform, that of morbid anatomy. Causes of Acquired Insanity. We have, after critical study and analysis, been able to refer those cases of acquired insanity, which have come under our immediate observation and professional care in Georgia, Tennessee and Louisiana, to the following causes: i. Hereditary constitution of the cerebro-spinal nervous system, induced by intemperance, syphilis and other causes acting upon one or both parents, as self abuse and excessive venery. Hereditary insanity, implying heredi- tary weakness of the nervous system, generally comes on without the interruption of appreciable exciting causes. The nervous system seems to be peculiarly liable to be in- volved in the effect of hereditary degeneracy, and this is frequently evinced by the occurrence of mental symptoms at those periods of life when either rapid strictural • devel- opment takes place, special functional altering is and was exhibited, or is ultimately arrested, or upon the advent of senile decay. We have thus an insanity of pubescence, a climacteric insanity and a senile insanity. Idiocy and imbecility are also frequent results of hereditary weak- ness showing itself during foetal life, or during the period of dentition. The insanity which often affects women at parturition, insanity of pubescence, climacteric and senile insanity may often be traced to hereditary weakness of the nervous system. Masturbation. 2. The excitement incident to the habitual and frequent indulgence of the unnatural practice of Masturbation leads to the most serious constitutional effects and in some cases to the loss of the higher moral feelings, entire degradation of the moral sense and hopeless insanity. The effects of Masturbation are more especially mani- fested in the nervous system, the functions of which are 179 more or less perverted. The mental faculties become more or less affected-there is great despondency, loss of memory, irritability, irregular action of the heart, derange- ment of digestion, prostration of strength, headache, neuralgic pains. There is general loss of health and strength ; chronic hypochondriacal invalidism, epileptic seizure, ending in many cases in impotency and hopeless insanity. Guardians, parents and teachers cannot be too careful in guarding those entrusted to their care from this most degrading and pernicious of all habits. The effects of Mas- turbation in inducing insanity may be witnessed in its victim long after the cessation of the pernicious prac- tice. The child of the masturbator is liable to hereditary insanity. Alcoholic Poisoning. 3. Alcoholic insanity is met with in three forms: 1. Acute alcoholic insanity. 2. Chronic alcoholic insanity. 3. Delirium tremens. Acute alcoholic insanity seldom occurs except when there is a strong hereditary tendency to mental disturbance, or when the cerebral energies have been notably impaired by excesses or overwork. When all these predisposing causes exist, it may not require a large dose of alcohol to bring on an attack. The most frequent form of the affection is violent maniacal delirium, known as mania aypotu, with a tendency to homicidal acts. In some cases the mental disorder takes the melancholic form, and it becomes necessary to guard especially against the strong suicidal tendency which generally characterizes it. Unless the brain has been weakened by repeated attacks, both forms are curable and generally of short duration. " Chronic alcoholic insanity is one of the results of chronic alcoholism, and illustrates in a forcible manner the solidarity of the psychical and somatic functions of the nervous system and the inter-dependence of their morbid manifestations. The mental symptoms are gener- ally present from the beginning, though not always prom- inent enough to attract special attention. The sleepless- ness so characteristic of commencing mental disorder is an early symptom; then restlessness and depression, 180 with suicidal tendency, sometimes passing rapidly into ■complete dementia, but generally passing gradually through a course of moral and mental degradation, which pro- gresses step by step, with the symptoms of failure of physical nervous power. Chronic alcoholic insanity pre- sents many points of resemblance to general -paralysis of the insane, and is in some cases only to be distinguished from it by the presence of the mental depression, which is seldom more than a transitory symptom in the general paralysis. Delirium tremens. It is important to note that after the acute symptoms have passed away, in some cases there is left behind a state of subacute insanity of a characteristic nature. At first suicidal symptoms are apt to appear, sus- picions of poisoning, fear of impending evil, and hallu- cinations of hearing are also frequent. That ordinary vinic or ethyl alcohol, in any and every shape, is a sufficient exciting cause of alcoholic insanity is beyond doubt. The more concentrated the form in which alcohol is taken, the more surely and rapidly are its characteristic effects induced ; and although some beverages give a greater liability to certain forms of disease than to others, yet the ultimate tissue changes produced by all are practically similar and of a markedly degenerate charac- ter. The purest alcoholic fluids will also induce the acute forms, but some of the phenomena observed in the worst cases of alcoholic poisoning have been referred, with some probability, to admixture with fusel oil, essential oil of wormwood, cocnlus indicus and other substances more deleterious than corn alcohol itself. Chronic habitual drinking is undoubtedly hereditary in many cases; not that the ancestors have been necessary drunkards, but that the family is of unstable nervous organization, and that the neurotic trait which shows itself in other members in such affections as epilepsy, hysteria, insanity, is manifested in these cases by an intense craving for alcohol. Sometimes a pernicious education, by foster- ing habits of indulgence in early youth has lead to subse- quent excess and chronic alcoholism; and the injudicious prescribing of stimulants has occasionally been productive of similar harm. It is well-known to pathologists that a large amount of ardent spirits acts on the nerve centres as a narcotic poison, and causes rapid death by coma; smaller quanti- TABLE M-CONTINUED. TABLE N. I'KKVAILING "INKS. Nl MBMC of <* 'Jf!.!,?, ,L H .J j. . Ji.„ J. .A kv \FW OKIFYNS FOK Till: YEAKS Im7« l»», 1a®. 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IN EACH IXBTITVnOX. til £ ■ •J ,n «ii .. MB 'A. m ■= - .. . " „ X'-'= . = "Z-- ,... . •• ■' 1 .B.RS.cas. i f I - seeJIiJISm ! •1 • • ? * I; ,• > , 1 . S I I j . iis ill o ••'•'■•- ■ ■ .. '■ 7. ..■ ..-J .. - .« ; • ■ ! .! . J "•i= x ' ' 2 I B g ! < -a«-| ; = i . . . • 4 - a - ■ • • • •• ») MOBTAUTTOF NEW ORLEANS IHHlNO 1-7 HEATHS IN I I BLIC INWTITCTIOXs. AND THOSE RECORDED L « i.°~" I Be 1 1 » 1 Ike blMAAKK J -- 1 r~ ~ 1 ra>AM» - -jdh'. .• ■ ■ . - m ~ ' ti ■ ciji tfl U.liltieH il I IX. c 1 I- ~ - > >3. > «. ■ tn in. . u. . r . m.n.r . ... 11.... tit* J - II ! 5 '« Sil ti £53 1 «! : 5* I ' s» w |nin . : "grcl- £ ajn_-sa.n*.-k<_ - .« w ..~S'uVw SS w "7-»*S77?''i .7^"5 b'S7TS*u"i s '- . ' -irsv^ : • i ' ■ . u; ,r 7' .: : i.ji ': . ' ■ Mi NEW ORLEANS DVB1XO THE H n HI iiTMi ill!!!!!!!!!!!! . 1 sir : Hl '"7 ■ ■ DEATH.. N ,: - •• J " " " « - .... . ■- 1 ?! :■ i ■ LS ! H » i fei » ii «- : i : i »U_. - : ••• : - > . ^sj miiuui t-Mi I? d B13 :w:i i 111 8»i« « 8 mt 'j mi iiri tUlil 1 IL AIM. ; I. 1 ill HI. i II s i? » ?■ -,t nJ :«!£? • « - m j dMi j?. i kiiuiiitkiuui si t s minii 5 < f i icn s • I-J U?L8ii 1 i » H.. it iiu irf |h« .Ui? 8 ",u । |j | i 8 UL i s Ji_l il; :sr i « ins । Ills •'■'*■ -iM.'l.b -' h ■ wbLL. si! • s 'k £ ii ;• » s ®a. 31 IlWWll.l HIRT := i i J i ■ ' 1 " ! " 1 - " " . ., iST" ■ ■ n- ! •r " ' " •*! T " ' "' f | i * i $ ? " * * . ■ " 'e~. ; .: . . ■: 5 s i E I "* ''M****. * 11 '? i :?i fe - - BM M .■> • "..S .w • f " .. . ,, *" " '« S T i ; gp I 1 "i 1 • i_ -!- '■ J- J- 181 ties produce intoxication, accompanied with or followed by an acute congestion and catarrh of the alimentary canal, especially of the stomach and duodenum. Habitual dram drinking by altering the chemical com- position of the blood and checking the normal changes of its corpuscles, excites an injurious influence on the nutri- tion of the tissues. This is increased by the lessened con- sumption of food and by the alteration in the calibre of the blood-vessels, set up at first by a special action on their vaso-motor nerves, and afterwards maintained by degeneration of their coats, as well as frequently of the heart itself. Alcohol interferes directly with the nutrition of the cell-elements of the various organs, including the cerebro-spinal system, as it circulates through them, and it retards the elimination of effete materials-carbonic acid, uric acid and urea. In chronic alcoholism the amount of fat in the blood is increased. Chronic congestion and catarrh of the stomach leading to atrophy of the glands, and an increase in the submucous connective tissue is very common. The liver is at first enlarged from congestion, and may continue so from a sulsequent infiltration of fat, but more frequently it shrinks owing to cirrhosis. Lobar emphysema, chronic bronchitis and hypostatic pneumonia are common. The heart is flabby, dilated and presents fatty infiltration, and even degeneration of its muscular tissue, but it may be hypertrophied probably as a result of coexistent disease of the kidneys. The arteries and endocardium are studied with other small deposits; the capilliaries are congested, and the veins varicose. The kidneys exhibit the fatty, or more com- monly, the granular form of.Brights' disease. The muscles are pale and flabby, and even in the bones, the formation of fat takes place at the expense of the bony texture. The nervous centres are atrophied and tough, the convolu- tions are shrunken, the nerve cells and nerve fibres are wasted and an increased amount of serous fluid exists in the ventricles and sub-arachnoid space. The abnormal adhesion of the dura-mater to the cranium, the large Pac- chionian bodies, the opaque arachnoid and the thickened pia-mater, all testify to an aggravated development of fibroustissue. Occasionally, haemorrhage with, or soften- ing of the brain, consequent on the diseased state of the bloodvessels, is met with. 182 We have in the preceding well-known pathological alterations induced by the continuous and intemperate use of alcoholic drinks, an explanation of the terrible effects of intemperance in filling our jails, prisons, hospitals and insane asylums with miserable, diseased, suffering and incurable human beings. The Constitutional Effects of the Action of the Poison of Syphilis. 4- Insanity may result from the degeneration of the gan- glionic cells, nerve tissues, and from the formation of gum- matous tumors upon various portions of the cerebro-spinal •nervous system. When constitutional syphilis affects the brain and nervous system, the mental symptom^ that arise are found in the majority of cases to present marked sim- ilarity in their character. The mental disturbance is gen- erally preceded by distressing sleeplessness; this is gener- ally followed by increasing depression of mind. Reli- gious anxiety of a peculiarly hopeless character frequently shows itself. Exaggerated self-accusings are earnestly uttered by those who have previously been unusually cal- lous as to the results of their actions. The feeling of alarm which accompanies these symptoms sometimes develops into a violent excitement, which may be called maniacal. The development of gummy products within the cranium is frequently evinced by symptoms similar to those of gen- eral paralysis. Headache of persistent character, giddiness, vertigo and epileptoid fits occur, accompanied at first with mental depression. During the progress of the disease attacks of acute delirium are not unusual. Sometimes- extravagant delusions, such as are frequent in general paralysis are exhibited, but generally the progress of the disease is characterized by a gradual falling into dementia- 5. Ejqile^sy, Congenital, Hereditary and Acquired. 6. Religious Excitement. The contemplation of certain hypotheses and dogmas,, held and vehemently urged from the pulpit by some reli- gious sects have, without doubt, produced great excite- ment and alarm in the minds of persons of excitable and unstable nervous organization. The burning eloquence and moral pictures of the religious enthusiast and fanatic, and the horrible revelations of the melancholy and sinister imagination of Dante have converted the souls of the un- wary and timid into indescribable forebodings ancl alarm. 183 Certain dogmas, often represented and illustrated by fiery language and by the subtle power of the painter's brush, as the fires and tortures of a burning hell, a verita- ble lake of fire, whose fiery billows eternally wrapped the bodies and souls of the damned, and whose shores forever resound with the piercing but hopeless shrieks of those inhabitants of this earth who have failed to enter heaven on account of the commission of personal sins-veritable living devil, ever on the alert to seduce and damn the souls of men, women and children, and drag the unwary down to everlasting confusion and suffer- ing in the bottomless pit-the unpardonable sin-have for centuries terrified the weak and timid devotees of certain phases of religious faith with hopeless insanity. The violent exercises of certain sects, during the per- formance of so-called religious exercises, such as shouting, hopping, jumping, dancing, "demoniacal" "holy" laugh- ing, otten induce epileptic seizures and inaugurate such congestion and such exhaustion of the nervo-us structures as induce religious melancholy and end in hopeless insanity. The hallucinations which, in the experience of the author, exercise the greatest influence on the victims of religious insanity, are: i. The firm belief by the victim that he is the child, the slave and the abject subject of The Devil. To all remonstrances the victim replies that he must obey his master, the devil. I have observed and treated cases where the victim of religious melancholia and hallucination has for days and weeks refused all food, because his master, the devil, commanded him not to eat. In some cases every agent and every effort to induce the patient to take food have failed, and death has resulted from starvation. 2. The Commission of the "Unpardonable Sin." 3. The Eternal Damnation of the Human Soul. Lost, lost, lost forever. In all cases of insanity resulting from religious excite- ment, which I have examined from their inception, the following appears to be the order of symptoms : 1st. Congestion of the brain, with more or less fever. 2d. Increased rapidity of the circulation. 3d. Per&istent sleeplessness. 4th. Intense activity of the three ganglionic centres espe- cially connected with the imagination. 184 5th. High colored urine, with an increase of phosphoric acid. 6th. Foul breath, furred tongue and loss of appetite and derangement of digestion. I have never observed a case of so-called religious in- sanity whid did not present marked physical derangements in addition to the mental phenomena-the physical dis- orders often preceding and always revolutionizing the men- tal aberrations. I have treated a certain number of cases of "religious insanity" and hereditary or congenital imperfections of the nervous system, chronic alcoholism and masturba- tion. The ill effects of masturbation may appear in mental derangement long after the habit has been abandoned. 7th. Political excitement and certain political and race changes, such as those wrought by the great American civil war of 1861-1865. 8th. Persistent, deep-seated and uncontrollable grief, caused by domestic afflictions, loss of parents, children, husband, wife. 9th. Disappointed affections, domestic quarrels with their attendant existing unhappiness, and oftimes moral degrada- tion. 10th. Sudden reverses in business, loss of property and money. The privations, exposures, temptations, humiliations, and vices incident to poverty are fruitful sources of cere- bral excitement, marked depression, melancholia, mania, and insanity. The unparalleled destruction of property and the un- paralleled disasters and degradations which befell the peo- ple of the southern states of the American republic were not productive of such dire effects in the production of insanity, from these causes: 1. The consciousness in the justice of the cause for which their lives and fortunes were risked. 2. The brave and heroic nature of the Southern people. 3. The physical development and perfection of the men and women of the Southern States. 4. The four years of incessant marching, entrenching and fighting which characterized the campaigns of the Southern army during the struggle (1861--1865) inured the soldiers to hardship, hard work, frugal and scant meals, and educated their minds to face, without a murmur, dis- ease, disaster and death. 185 A heroic struggle tried the hearts of the entire male population of the southern States in the fierce fires of bat- tle, and prepared them to struggle manfully with subse- quent degradation resulting from defeat. It is, however, true that in the southern States the num- ber of cases of insanity has been increased in virtue of the changes wrought by civil war. ii. Melancholia following gynaecological operations on the female sexual organs. The effects upon the nervous system of the numerous abdominal sections and frequent ablations of the uterus and ovaries have not been fully described and are subjects of careful investigation. 12. Climacteric changes. 13. Sunstroke. 14. Remittent fever. 15. Morphine, cocaine, opium, tobacco and other poisons. 16. The action of various poisons, as those of malaria, lead, mercury and arsenic. It would be foreign to the purpose of the author to discuss the effects of race, occu- pation, climate, age, education and many other subjects upon the production, increase or decrease of insanity. Neither is it his purpose to dwell upon the treatment of in- sanity or the construction and managament of asylums. The grand object of this report is the unfolding of the present condition of the Indigent Insane in Louisiana. The incentive to the entire labor is the hope that these investigations may result in exciting the public interest in the most distressed and the most unfortunate class of our fellow-ciitzens, to the end that abuses may be corrected, wrongs righted and the amount of human suffering lessened. We will use the term insanity in a generic sense as ap- plied to certain morbid mental conditions produced by de- fect or disease of the brain, and as synonymous with mental disease, alienation, derangement or aberration, mad- ness, unsoundness of mind. There are many diseases of the general system produc- tive of disturbance of the mental faculties, which, either on account of their transient nature, from their being associ- ated wtth the course of a particular disease, or from their The Treatment of the Insane. 186 slight intensity, are not included under the head of insanity proper, which may be defined as a chronic disease of the brain inducing chronic disordered mental symptoms. The great fact to be impressed upon the medical pro- fession, and the public generally, is that insanity is the result of disease of the brain, and is not a mere immaterial disorder of the intellect; the brain is the organ through which mental phenomena are manifested, and, therefore, it is impossible to conceive of an insane mind in a healthy brain. On this basis insanity has been defined " as consisting in morbid conditions of the brain, the results of defective formation or altered nutrition of its substances, induced by local or general morbid processes, and characterized es- pecially by non-devolopment, obliteration, impairment or perversion of one or more of its phsychical functions.'' In adopting this view the medical profession of the nine- teenth century have returned to the philosophical conclu- sions formulated by Hippocrates more than two thousand years ago; and the legislators of our day have wisely enacted that certificates of insanity shall be given by medical men, and by medical men alone, and to their care shall be committed those who are insane. Progress of Opinion as to the Nature of Insanity. In ancient times and during long ages, up to the writings of Hippocrates, 460 B. C., the civil and social status of the insane and their treatment were determined by reli- gious and superstitious hypotheses ; they were regarded as afflicted by the gods or possessed by demons. Hippocrates propounded certain truths which formed the basis of the science of psychiatry. He taught that the brain was the organ of the mind, and that it was subject to physical laws and diseases like other organs, and that insanity followed abnormal conditions of the brain. He described disorders of the mind corresponding with mania, melancholia and dementia; denied the important bearings of heredity and indicated the value of a study of tempera- ments in the treatment of cases. The teachings of the father of medicine, based upon scientific observation, became the accepted medical doc- trine, which was perfected and enlarged by such writers as Aretaeus (60 A. D.), Ceelius Aurelianus (100 A. D.), Galen (160 A. D.), and others. 187 Twenty-three centuries ago the learned physicians of Greece and Rome had emancipated themselves by scien- tific induction from the brutal superstitions of the priest- hood, and they clearly and boldly taught that insanity was brain disease with prominent psychical symptoms ; that there are mental and bodily causes; that medicinal and diatetic means of cure should alone be employed, and that all severe measures of punishment and restraint should be rejected. With the downfall of the Roman empire, and with the decline of civilization, these humane and enlightened views were displaced by gross ignorance and superstition, and the lot of the insane became more wretched than at any previous time. The insane were again supposed to be possessed of evil spirits and were subjected to the most ingenious and hor- rible means of torture; and if they survived the free use of steel and fire they were left to wear out their lives in chains and in foul, stinking dungeons. Thousands of them were executed as witches by brutal religious fanatics, and the insane constituted a large portion of the fifty thou- sand persons executed as witches or effectually persecuted to death from 1400 to 1700 A. D. This pitiful condition of the insane continued throughout the Middle Ages down to the beginning of the nineteenth century, and it was not until long after the Reformation, and the revival of letters and science, that there was any very essential amelioration in their condition. The sacer- dotal phase of medical history that had extended from ancient Egypt and the Levitical physicians to the FEscula- pian priests of Greece and Rome and throughout the Mid- dle Ages, finally gave way to the philosophic phase of medical science of the seventeenth and eighteenth centu- ries, after the appearance of Kepler and Gallileo as the heralds of the advance of modern science, after Descartes had founded modern philosophy, after Bacon had aroused the thinking world by his inductive method in the study of nature, and after Harvey had published his researches on the circulation of the blood. In Germany, in the beginning of the eighteenth century, the labors of Nasse, Jacobi, Vering, Friedrich and others of the somatic school led to the thorough and systematic study of the somatic symptoms and to the doctrine that physical disease was the cause of insanity. The Somatic school established a belief in the curability of insanity; a 188 point of great importance with reference to the general amelioration of the condition of the insane, who had ordinarily been dealt with as beyond hope of cure. In France, Pinel, in 1792, gained great renown by the humane and fearless manner in which he removed mechan- ical restraints from his patients in the Bicctre and classed insanity among the neuroses, and to a certain extent con- formed to the views expressed by Sauvage (1762) in his great work, Nosologie Methodique. Esquirol followed in the main the classification of his master, Pinel, and arranged insanity into : 1st, Lypoma- nia; 2d, Monomania; 3d, Mania; 4th, Dementia; 5th, Imbecility and Idiocy. In England, Thomas Sydenham advanced the cause of medical science by advocating and practicing the inductive method of Hippocrates, and from the time of his death in 1689, to the present moment, the value of his teachings and writings in all the branches of general medicine have been recognized. Cullen, in 1772, ten years after the publication in France of the great book of Sauvage's Nosologie Methodique, adopted a similar plan under natural science methods, and classified diseases into classes, order, genera and species. In the Nosology of Cullen insanity formed order IV, among the neuroses, and had four general divisions: 1st, Amentia; 2d, Melancholia; 3d, Mania: 4, Onceirodynia (Somnambulism and other derangements of sleep). The sub-divisions were numerous and based on symptomato- logical or etiological distinctions that corresponded in many respects very truthfully with clinical facts. It is worthy of note that Pinel, who wrote some twenty years after the appearance of Cullen's Nosology, in like manner classed insanity among the neuroses, and grouped it ^pon a purely symptomatological principle under four heads-Mania, Melancholia, Dementia, and Idiotism. In 1786 Arnold of England published a treatise on in- sanity, with a nosological arrangement based on Hartley's modification of Locke's tenet, that the source of all human knowledge is sensation and reflection ; therefore any mental changes must be included either among senso- rial ideas, or the notions formed by reflection. It would be foreign to our purpose to give an analysis of the works of Arnold, Crichton, Good and other English writers who employed psycho-symtomatological classifica- 189 tion and displayed both practical knowledge and meta physic acuteness in the description of the different forms of insanity. Neither would it be possible in the brief space of time devoted to this report to give an analysis of the works of Griesinger, Ray, Rush, Maudsley, Bucknill and Tuke, Morel, Skae, 'Parchappe, Voisin, Luys, Lay- cock, Meynert, Schule, Ball, Spitzka, and of many other writers who have enriched and advanced this most impor tant branch of medical science. One of the most important objects which we have in view is to show that the scientific and humane treatment of insanity is of modern date, and in fact is one of the great achievements of the medicine of the nineteenth century. The Advancement in the Treatment of the Insane DURING THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. Dr. Benjamin Ward Richardson of London,* in a re- cent article, entitled, "Medicine Under Queen Victoria," dated July 25, 1887, has clearly shown, by indisputable facts, that this first great advancement in the science of medicine commenced practically in the year when Queen Victoria ascended the throne half a century before and consisted in the adoption of the method of treating the insane without violent physical restraint. What the practice of medicine in the treatment of the insane had been previous to 1837 it is in this day almost impossible to conceive. Dr. Benjamin Ward Richardson says : "There was in it no science and certainly no humanity. "I remember perfectly as ayouth, climbing the wall of a barn in order to look through a small grated window at a poor lunatic, who for twenty-five years had been chained in one corner of the place, and in that condition had been retained and kept by his relatives as a dog, or other savage an- imal might have been. He was bedded down in straw just as other ani- mals were, and except that it was put for him on a platter, his food was given to him as migh. have been given to a dog. He took his food in his hands and tore it with his teeth, the idea being that it was not safe to let him have a knife or fork, or anything more than a wooden spoon as a help for feeding. The people who had this man in charge were'not more cruel than the rest of mankind. They labored under the idea that it was for the safety of themselves, and on the whole for the benefit of the in- sane man that he should be kept as he was kept. Had he been set at large he would have done some mischievous or dangerous thing for which he would have been punished, and for which they would- have been responsible. It is true, they might have sent him. to *The Asclepiard. A book of original researches and observations in the sci- ence, art and literature of medicine, preventive and curable. By Benjamin Ward Richardson, M. D., F. R. S. Third quarter, 1887, page 201. Longmans, Green & Co., Paternoster Row, London; J. Blakiston, Son & Co., Philadelphia, U. S. A.; Cuppies, Upham & Co., Boston, U. S. A. 190 a madhouse, but there he would certainly not Iwve been better cared for than at home. He would have been under the rod of strangers, and might have been exhibited as a show to those who were curious for strange sights. He might also have been irregularly fed or imperfectly clothed to meet the variations of seasons. As it was, he was kept out of mischief; he did not complain, he gave little trouble, and he was not merely safe himself, but was a safeguard to the lonely home or lodge attached to the barn in which he was domiciled. For strangely enough the poor helpless creature was a terror to the supersti- tiously wicked, to the prowling vagrant, the thief, the burglar, and the in- cendiary. When he cried or howled or laughed maniacally, the wicked were alarmed into flight. The notion in those days was also common that -the insane at particular times were under spiritual influence, and that lunatics were under the influnce of the moon; that lunacy was a lunar problem was indeed a belief as absolute as that the moon herself appeared monthly in definite quarters, and that she governed the tides. This belief is not effaced yet, but so strong was it at the period I have been speaking of-the latter part of the last reign-that the brother of the lunatic, to whom reference was made above, would make his calculations as to the states of mind into which the lunatic would pass by reckonings of the moon, and sometimes it really seemed as if his predictions were correctly ■cast. "As an illustration of the barbarities which were practiced in these insti- tutions, my late fiiend, the distinguished George Cruikshank, gave me this engraving, which he etched in his time from an original drawing by G. Arnald, A. R. R., of a man named William Norris, an insane American, who was riveted alive in iron, and was for many years confined in that state by chains twelve inches long to an upright massive bar, in a cell in Bethlehem Hospital." " I have no personal recollection of the state of asylums at the first period of the present reign, but I have heard from others much that excites the surprise of the present generation when it is told. The asylums were conducted on the worst and cruelest of systems. All gov- ernment, if such it may be called, was by force and fear. The insane were looked upon as endowed with superhuman strenght and craft, as human machines of great power, cunning and viciousness, uncontrolled by reason or any attribute of common sense. It was but, therefore, to keep them at all times under restraint and to make in some cases the form of restraint unchangeable, permanent and irresistible. " The system of pinioning the insane in so decisive a manner as Norris was pinioned, was probably exceptional, but pinioning in a milder man- ner was the rule rather than the exception. Manacles attached to the limbs and secured by chains to the bunks or beds in which the insane slept were in common use, and what was called the straight waistcoat, by which the upper limbs were kept under bandage, was so universal, that it remains by name, a word of reproach towards the violent, until the pres- ent hour. ' He ought to be put in a straight-waistcoat,'is still a frequent, vulgar declaration. "The centrifugal and the centripetal treatment on a wheel were other methods followed out for the management of the insane up to the latter part of the period preceding the Victorian. It had been in- geniously surmised that the amount of blood supplied to the brain could be increased or lessened by placing a living human body on a horizontal plane attached at a right angle to the axis on a large revolving wheel. If the head of the sufferer were placed on the circumference of the wheels, then it was assumed that the blood in the body would be forced into the brain as the wheel went swiftly round. If, on the contrary, the sufferer were placed with the head to the centre and the feet to circumference, the brain.would be emptied of blood as the wheel revolved. One of the medical friends of my early days saw this machine in motion and made 191 inquiries as to the effect it produced. His record in respect to it was, that if the prayers of the sufferers not to be put upon it, their screams on it, and their giddiness and sickness when they came off it were to be ac- cepted as signs of improvement, then the treatment might be considered to have been of value; but that he could trace out no instance whatever in which any insane person had been cured by the experiment. "The Rev. Dr. P., a very learned man, who, in my first days of prac- tice, was a patient under my care, told me that in a great asylum, of which he was for a time a governor, the attendants were detected in the act of dressing the insane under a system of the most astonishing kind, called by them ' the long stocking quietner.' When a patient was to be dressed in the morning, the attendant went to the bed or bunk of the vic- tim, passed round his neck a long, soft stocking, and gently, but firmly, twisted the stocking until the throat was sufficiently compressed to pro- duce a temporary asphyxia and insensibility. Then another attendant came, and, while this rough anaesthesia was sustained, dressed the semi- suffocated body for the day. The plan, on being exposed, was not with- out its defenders, who urged that the process gave no pain, that it was attended with no bad results, that it saved hours of possible suffering, and that it was humane, because it did away with all necessity for chas- tisement, with stripes and struggles, and with injuries to the dressers as well as to the dressed. " These various modes of government of the insane were not confined to those of the insane who were poor, and, if it be fair to use the term, friendless. The rich were shut up in separate houses, large or small, and were subjected to the caprice which the unwatched powerful, almost of necessity extend to the unprotected weak. Even royalty itself did not escape. From the moment when the unfortunate .monarch, George HI, betrayed his insanity in his speech at the opening of parliament-' My lords and gentlemen, and woodcocks cocking up your tails,'-he shared with his subjects the servitude of the insane. There are some pictures of him extant, showing him during the period of his insanity, which are simply appalling in the misery they exhibit. They are pictures of fear concentrated and abiding, as well as of a mind weakened and feeble. The story so often repeated, that the king, while in confinement at Windsor, was chastised into obedience, was largely credited, and was excused as a necessary part of the treatment of the insane. The exhibition of the king by his keepers for gain was not considered as at all a detestable measure, and that he received hard usage is, I fear, but too true. While visiting a large asylum in i860 the proprietors brought to me a man of advanced life, who had been engaged in his zenith as ayounger or assistant keeper of the poor king during the pitiful and painful Windsor period, and this man told us that he himself had seen his majesty knocked down for his obstinacy. "Such is the background of the picture of insanity and its treatment previous to the present reign. I should rather say it is a portion of the background only, for to fill it up entirely would indeed be a task impos- sible. "For some time previous to the Victorian era there had been a few good and humane efforts to relieve the insane of a certain amount of the oppression to which they were subjected. Their names, in connection with this effort, deserve special mention : Pinel of the Bic6tre, in Paris, the elder Tuke in the retreat of York, and Dr. Charlesworth in the city of Lincoln, Lunatic Hospital, in which institution the grand final and triumphant experiment of entire freedom of the insane was carried out." The Asclepiard, 3d Quarter, 1887, pp. 201-209. Dr. Benjamin Ward Richardson concludes his valuable observations on "The First Advancement; The Treat went of the Insane," in the following words: 192 "There is nothing more striking in the course of medical science than the improvement ot the insane by the abolition of restraint. It may be considered as a complete conversion, extending throughout all our wide confine. It has planted us first among all nations as physicians of mental disease, and has yielded the best literature on insanity that has ever been produced. "Strangest fact of all, we have obtained, as an outcome of the system of treatment under the love that casteth out fear, a literature of the insane by the insane, as remarkable as it is curious. The Morningside Mirror, written, edited, printed, I believe, and published by the inmates of the Morningside Asylum in Edinburgh, is one representative of the literature which would alone suffice to illustrate the success of the first instalment of practical medicine in the history of the people living under the sceptre of Victoria." The Asclepiard, 3d Quarter, 1887, p. 214. Treatment of the Insane in Lousiana. Much has been accomplished in the alleviation of the condition of the insane of Louisiana, but much remains to be accomplished, and many abuses, such as those which we have described in the preceding pages, remain to be rectified. We shall give no fancy sketches, but will present au- thentic facts as revealed in official reports, which we have obtained after much careful research. Treatment of the Insane in New Orleans, Louisiana. New Orleans was founded about one hundred and seventy-one years ago, but what was the fate of tne unfortu- nate insane during the dominion of France and Spain, and during the early occupation of the United States in the early part of the nineteenth century must remain in doubt and obscurity. After a careful search we find no authentic records of the early French and Spanish hospital in New Orleans ; they appear to have been removed together with other archives to the respective foreign governments. The following facts are of importance in the light which they throw upon the history of the Charity Hospital of New Orleans, and will serve to aid us in ascertaining as far as possible the materials available for the preparation of a his- tory of human efforts towards the proper treatment of the insane in this city. The Charity Hospital of New Orleans, commenced its career as a private hospital and continued so from 1779 to 1811, when it was given to the city of New Orleans. In 1830 it became a state institution, and has remained so ever since. 193 From 1830 to 1840 it was supported by a tax derived from licensed gaming-houses, which was ample for the pur- pose. In 1846 to 1847, the legislature levied a tax of two dollars and fifty cents ahead on all immigrants from foreign countries landing from vessels at the port of New Orleans. This income was large and continued for several years, but it gradually diminished, from $76,000 collected in 1854 to $14,000 in 1859. It was consequence of the diminished revenue derived from foreign immigrants, that the Charity Hospital became more and more a burden to the state treasury. It is evident from the preceding facts that the city records of the Charity Hospital date from 1811 and the state records from 1830. It is evident that the Charity Hospital of New Orleans was occasionally charged with the care of the indigent insane, for we find that in 1843 the number of cases, entered upon the hospital records as due to insanity, was 48, with 5 deaths, 23 discharges and 20 remaining. In 1832 mania is credited with 21 cases and 7 deaths; melan- cholia, 2 cases; monomania, 3 cases. The records of the hospital are not at this time accessible to the writer- between the years 1833 and 1842-but we have reason to believe that the insane of the city received at different times assistance, either directly or indirectly, through the administrators of the Charity Hospital. In such reports as I have been able to examine, between the years 1832 and 1849, destructive effects of alcoholic stimulants are well marked. Thus in 1832, 32 cases of delirium tremens were entered, with 13 deaths; 79 cases of intem- perance, with 15 deaths. In 1842, mania a potu, 122 cases and 29 deaths. In 1843, mania a potu, 81 cases, 21 deaths; inebriety, 23 cases. In 1845, delirium tremens, 47 cases, 4 deaths; inebriety, 46 cases, 3 deaths; mania a potu, 51 cases, 5 deaths. In 1846. delirium tremens, 159 cases, 25 deaths ; mania a potu, 16 cases. In 1848, delirium tremens, 177 cases, 15 deaths; inebriety, 52 cases, 5 deaths; mania a potu, 8 cases, 2 deaths. .In 1849, delirium tremens, 214 cases, 59 deaths; intemper- ance, 84 cases ; mania a potu, 10 cases. After careful examination of the archives of the Charity Hospital of New Orleans, with the kind assistance of Sister Superior Philomena and Sister Agnes, the following facts were established : 194 I. The wooden building on the right of the main build- ing on Common street was devoted to the treatment of the indigent insane of New Orleans up to the time of their re- moval to Jackson in 1848. 2. The lower rooms were used as cells for the violent patients. The third story of this wooden building (now known as the female department on Locust street) was occupied as sleeping apartments by the attendants of the insane. 3. The iron bars remained on the windows of this wooden (Locust street) building of the hospital until 1872, when Sister Agnes had them removed. 4. The insane department of the Charity Hospital was in full operation in 1846, and was visited and inspected in this year by Sister Philomena, on her way to Natchez, Mississippi. 5. It is probable that the report of the division for the insane was for a portion of the time, at least, rendered sep- arately from that of the hospital generally. I have sought information from all available sources amongst those who have resided in New Orleans during a considerable portion of the present century, and was re- warded by the following communication from Judge Charles Gayarre, the venerable and learned historian of Louisiana: New Orleans, May 8, 1889. Professor Joseph Jones, M. D., 156 Washington Avenue: My Dear Sir-I have always understood that, before the existence of the insane asylum at Jackson, demented persons, who, before 1848, were not numerous, used to be taken care of at home by their own families, when this could be done. Otherwise, those unfortunate beings were sent to the Charity Hospital, where, if I am not greatly in error, there was a part of the building appropriated for them. I regret to say this is all that I know on the subject. I gladly avail myself of this opportunity to renew to you the expression of my high esteem and distinguished consideration. Very truly yours, Charles Gayarre. The preceding statement of Judge Gayarre corresponds to all the facts that I have been able to collect with refer- ence to the disposition of the indigent insane in New Orleans prior to the year 1848. Treatment of the Indigent Insane in New Orleans, Louisiana. The legislature of Louisiana, in March, 1847, passed " An Act to Establish an Insane Asylum in the State of 195 Louisiana." The asylum was first thrown open for the reception of patients in December, 1848. Previous to this time a portion of the indigent insane were cared for by the administrators of the Charity Hospital of New Orleans. Upon their arrest the indigent insane were first incarce- rated in a building attached to the Parish Prison, consist- ing of a series of ill-ventilated cells, and this continued to be the custom up to the use of the United States Marine Hospital building as a city insane asylum. "Temporary Asylum for the Indigent Insane " of New Orleans in 1856. Notes furnished by Dr. C. Delery, city physician, upon the Temporary Insane Asylum in New Orleans.* "When Dr. Delery entered upon his duties, Dec. I, 1856, the asylum contained 56 persons; one of them had been there for a year, others for several months. The insane were huddled together in the cells, and they often fought each other at night, and some came forth in the morning with their heads barbarously bruised with the blows they had received. "Dr. Delery has addressed some petitions to the com mon council to inform them of the abuses which reigned in the asylum. Upon the entry on his duties a lunatic was competed to undergo a detention of sixty days before he could be conveyed to Jackson. Upon Dr. Delery's de- mand the council, some three or four weeks since, adopted a resolution authorizing the city physician to demand, whenever he should judge proper, the conveyance to the asylum at Jackson of every lunatic, sent to the temporary asylum, without the delay which heretofore they had been compelled to undergo at the said temporary asylum. " The city physician complains that lunatics, beggars, and persons afflicted with delirium tremens, are all sent, without distinction, to the temporary asylum. He deems it a violation of the laws of humanity thus to con found two classes of persons separated by the abyss of insanity. " He deems it of the highest importance to expedite as much as possible the conveyance to the Jackson asylum of the insane sent to the temporary asylum, for the hygienic condition of the temporary asylum is entirely unsuitable to *New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, January, i8s8. 196 -the treatment of insanity, whilst the same hygienic condi- tions at Jackson offer the same advantages; besides, that this last establishment is perfectly prepared for the treat- ment of this sad affliction. " The city physician further thinks that there should be another asylum similar to the one at Jackson, near the city, and for the following reasons : ist. Since most of the insane are furnished by the city, the proximity of the place will enable the relations to visit them easily, and more frequently. 2d. The expense will be much dimished, since the transportation of the insane from the city to Jackson is very expensive. 3d. It will- be a source of emulation to the physician of the Jackson asylum, who, instead of being isolated as now and abandoned to his own solitary exertions, will find him- self surrounded by confreres, with whom he would be en- abled to exchange the lights of experience. ■ " In the present state of thingsan individual, upon being sent to the temporary asylum, is submitted to the examin- tion of the physician of this establishment (the city physician), who retains him until he has obtained accurate information of his mental condition. He is sent in virtue of an order of a recorder, which order is issued upon the affidavit of anyone. If the individual is attacked with de- lirium tremens only, the doctor retains him, and only re- stores him to liberty when he has perfectly recovered his senses. If he finds that thp individual is afflicted with mental alienation, he fills up one of the blanks furnished by the city attorney, and sends it to the Judge of the First District Court. The judge then fixes a day for the exam- ination of those designated as insane. The city physician is summoned, is put upon his oath, and swears that his af- fidavit (contained in the above-mentioned blank form), is true. After this the judge orders the sheriff to have the insane (who has thus passed through the form of the law) sent to the asylum at Jackson." Dr. Barkdull, physician of the Insane Asylum at Jack- son, wrote in 1857, on this subject: " The opinion I have formed respecting this prison has not been derived from anybody, or friends of patients, but from a more reliable source than either of these, namely, from the filthy condition in which we received those who have been confined there any length of time." 197 It appears that the city of New Orleans continued to forward its indigent insane to Jackson until the fall of New Orleans in 1862. After the close of the civil war in 1865 the civic authorities sent up to the asylum at Jackson 72 patients and paid the administrators for the maintenance of these patients $2470. We find upon the report of Dr. Preston Pond, physician of the Insane Asylum of Louisiana at Jackson, that during the year 1865 73 patients were admitted from the par- ish of Orleans out of a total of 84 admissions during this year, thus leaving only 11 patients from the other parishes of Louisiana. Of the 84 admissions 13 were colored, and this ele- ment, heretofore of diminutive proportions, now assumes prominent proportions in all subsequent admissions into the institutions in New Orleans and in Jackson. The report of Dr. Preston Pond, asylum physician for 1866, shows only 24 admissions, only 2 of which were from the parish of Orleans. It is evident therefore that the civic authorities of New Orleans sent no insane to Jackson in 1866. The whole number of patients introduced into the Louis- iana Insane Asylum up to Dec. 31, 1866, was 1157. I have been unable to find reports of the Asylum at Jackson as published by the Legislature for 1867, 1868 and 1869. The report for 1870 is brief and has no allusion to any insane patients from New Orleans. The total num- ber of admissions in 1870 from all sources was only 42. In 1871 the insane admitted numbered 31, of which only 5 were from the parish of Orleans. The total number of insane entered upon the register up to Dec. 31, 1871, is stated by the superintendent, Dr. T. A. Burgess, to be 1263, an increase of 106 during the years 1867, 1868, 1869, 1870, 1871, and an average during the five years specified of 20.1 patients per annum. We conclude from the preceding facts that New Orleans commenced to care for her indigent insane in 1866 and continued to do so until 1882, when the insane confined at the Marine Hospital in New Orleans were transferred to the Louisiana Insane Asylum at Jackson. The author inspected the insane confined at Jackson, as well as those confined in the Marine Hospital in New Orleans, and has also exhausted every available source of .information accessible to him in New Orleans, in Jackson 198 and in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, bearing upon the treat- ment of the insane, and presents the following reports and facts as the result of his inquiries: Report of the Committee on the Insane Asylum. City Hall, New Orleans, Tuesday, Feb. 5, 1878. To the Honorable Mayor and Administrators of the City of Nezu Or- leans:- By virtue of the resolution passed by the honorable the city council, on the 4th of December, 1877, the mayor appointed a committee, consisting of Drs. Ernest L. Lewis, John J. Castellanos, Charles Bickham, Isaac L. Crawcour and Charles Turpin, to inquire into the condition of the inmates of the City Insane Asylum, and to "report if such condition can be improved, and in what manner, together with such other sugges- tions as the committee may deem fit and proper to make, always keeping in view, however, the financial condition of the city." On the 17th and 23d of December we repaired to the Insane Asylum, on Common street. This building was originally constructed by the general government, and for awhile used as a marine hospital. It was afterwards declared to be unfit for this purpose, and recognized as unhealthy on account of the swamps surrounding it, which continually exhale infectious odors. We respectfully submit to the honorable mayor and members of the city council the results of our observations, as embodied in the following report: Building.-Large white fences form a parallelogram, the greater por- tion of which is covered by the asylum and its accessory buildings. At the entrance is seen a large graveled walk, used as a promenade ground for the female invalids; in the centre a circular bed of flowers, which contrasts in a striking manner with the gloomy blackness of the asylum walls. The principal building consists of two stories; a circular gallery, rest- ing on pillars, allows air and light to circulate freely and surrounds the front and one of the sides. There is a similar one in the second story, surrounded, however, by a railing. The superintendent's room, the pharmacy, the officers' room, the sitting and reception rooms, the linen room and twelve cells, used as dormitories, comprise the first building. The dormitories are in the second story. There is only one flight of wooden stairs by which they can be reached. We consider that in case of fire this single avenue of escape is insuffi- cient and dangerous, and that, as a precautionary measure, this arrange- ment should be attended to; but there are still greater dangers. We allude to the imperfections in the locking of the cells, each of them having a special and differently constructed lock and key. The committee are of opinion that, in order to prevent all possibility of accident, the same key should open all the cells, in case the latter be retained. The male department is distributed and arranged in the same manner as the female, but we shall not dwell on it at present, as we intend treat- ing specially each department in its proper place. In the yard adjoining the store-room we were shown a small house without front windows or doors. Cells and Solitary Confinement. - We cannot attempt to conceal the painful impression we experienced when, having reached the further- most extremity, we found ourselves facing twelve black doors closing a corresponding number of bare cells, eight feet in length by only three in width, and painted in black from top to bottom; devoid as these are of all means of ventilation, and receiving only the small supply of air which 199 passes through the railing above the doors and a small railing window, they are constantly filled with uiinary exhalations, which no amount of cleansing can possibly remove. We wish to make no comments, but we cannot refrain from dwelling upon the sufferings which might be entailed upon the wretched ones im- prisoned there in the cold days of winter and the sultry days of summer. It is true,the superintendent informs us,they remain there but a few hours but how about the maniacs who cannot be safely allowed to remain in the main building, and who would thus be compelled to spend the whole night there? If we now add that a part of the ground in front of the cells is saturated with the water used for washing purposes, and which largely contributes to vitiate the surrounding atmosphere, we shall have com- pleted the painful picture of a sad reality which can be removed only by reform at your hands. The men also have their cells, which are similar to the others, and which differ from them only by the fact of having a gutter which carries off the water used for washing purposes. We most positively and unequivocally condemn the use of cells as con- trary to the laws of hygiene, and as a punishment not proportionate to the nature of the offences committed by the invalids, even were they to remain there but a few hours. The committee would desire to see soli- tary confinement system abolished, and that some other department of the asylum be devoted to raving maniacs, who could readily be controlled by the straight-jacket, an effective means of compulsion used in all in- sane asylums. * * * During the last visit the committee were pained to see two chained invalids-a man considered dangerous, and yet allowed to circulate freely, and a mad woman chained to a w ndow. This sad state of affairs should cease and the straight-jackets be adopted. * * * A part of the first story, occupied by the men and the women, is con- verted into a small dormitory. The second story is entirely devoted to the large dormitories. We shall make a few remarks relative to the cells in the first story. One of these, a verysmall one in fact, contains three beds; it is gloomy, and light and air penetrate into it only through a window which opens immediately in front of the privy. It should be condemn ed as unhealthfuly and the inmates lodged elsewhere. This remark also applies to the cells situated near the difining-room tables. It is a source of inconvenience to patients during their illness, and, at the same time, a real nuisance to those who are taking their meals. Dormitories-The whole space covered by the domitory is divided into compartments, which stretch in equal lines on both sides, having an alley in the middle; these compartments are made of wooden beams and planks nailed to the floor and ceiling, and are about three inches apart. At regular intervals are doors leading into cells containing some five or six beds. Nothing can be more gloomy nor more heartrending than these cells, so much resembling the cages of wild beasts, a real forest of planks and pieces of wood; they obstruct the free circulation of air and light, which otherwise could be easily supplied by the numerous and large windows. The lower portion of the whitewashed wall is painted in black, and this greatly adds to the sombre appearance of the domitory. It is difficult for us to realize what led to the adoption of the system, of cells on such an extensive scale, and even how its necessity became at all evident; nor can we understand the reason why black paint has been so freely lavished on all sides. If economy led to its selection, it is a rather poor one; if for a hygienic purpose, its success is still doubtful. Such a large number of patients should not be crowded into one place, regardless of the danger which might arise therefrom and of the impair- ment of general health. The air which is there inhaled is heavy, and impregnated with a pecu- liar, indefinable odor, chiefly caused: 200 I. By constant atnmoniacal emanations arising from buckets used as urinals, and peimanently located in the cells. 2. By the matresses of doubtful cleanliness, which might properly be considered as hot-beds of disease; and 3. By the coal tar paint on the walls, which contributes a fair propor- tion to the general average of unpleasant odors. To the patients it offers the danger of contagion, and besides so large an accumulation of wood heaped within so small a space can at any moment cause a conflagration. * * * Linen-Room.-A complete reorganization of the linen-room would be a great benefit to the inmates, on the grounds of both cleanliness and hygiene. It should substitute warm and clean clothing to the threadbare, ragged and soiled accoutrements that they wear, and should provide them with clothes better suited to the inclemencies of the winter season. * * All had shoes on the day of our visit, but none wore stockings. The latter should be furnished them during winter, as a large number suffer from such deprivation. We think that in the interest of the patients and through hygienic con- siderations, it might be well and very advantageous to adopt a summer and winter uniform. Bedding-.-The dormitories contain iron and wooden beds; the former being more easily attended to and less liable to vermin, should entirely replace the latter. Each bed has one matress, one pillow (without slip), one sheet and one blanket. The matresses ought to be fumigated at least once a month with sul- phurous vapors, this process being very easy and cheap. The coverings of the matresses, together with the moss, should be occasionally washed in order to eliminate all unpleasant odors. It might be preferable and still more economical to use pine shavings for filling matresses instead of moss. The committee believe that it is necessary to have on hand a larger quantity of sheets, so as to allow of their more frequent renewal; and that the blankets should be warmer, because, though double, their material is too light and flimsy to be an effective protection from cold. Infirmary.-There is a great deficiency and extraordinary omission in the distribution of the asylum; there is no infirmary. If there be a de- partment truly indispensable and of paramount necessity, it is undoubtedly this one. In the present state of affairs, the inmates who happen to suffer from some general disease are condemned to keep their cells. * * * It is easy to perceive the inconvenience and danger attending so great a lack of forethought, and how difficult it must be to treat properly the patients thus promiscuously distributed. Not only is this dangerous to their neighbors, but in fact to all those who are in good health, and who are to remain in the same room. These are made the sufferers from this unwise arrangement, being compelled to inhale an atmosphere laden with odorous emanations, and thereby exposed to all the dangers of contagion. It seems to us that a community of misfortune need not carry along with it a community of unpleasant odors, and that more regard should be enter- tained for natural repugnance and the laws of hygiene. Pharmacy.-We have no remarks to make relative to the pharmacy; it is in good condition and contains the principal drugs in general use. Baths.-A small cottage in the yard is used as a bath-room. Upon entering it we perceive, on one side of it, a long, narrow trough, in which the inmates perform their morning ablutions in the same water. This practice, so contrary to all notions of cleanliness, is evidently conducive to the propagation of contagious cutaneous diseases, and compels the inmates to apply to their faces and hands water filled with innumerable secretions and nameless filth. At the lower end stands a large wooden box, 4 feet in width by 10 in length, which constitutes the bath-tub. The only way to enter it is by 201 straddling over one of the sides. It is no easy matter to get in or out of it, and for some, particularly the women, it is a source of great inconve- nience. They are allowed to bathe io minutes, six at one time. We shall not repeat what we said above relative to ablutions, but shall simply call attention to the fact that in the last case the water is still more contami- nated, and that the whole body being made bare, the dangers of contagion are still greater. Kitchen and Cooking-.-We can say nothing as to the quantity of raw meat provided, because on the day of our visit it had been prepared in the shape of a stew. For the same reason we can say nothing about the veg- etables. The bread we saw was white, well baked, and had a good taste. There was plenty of it, and every one was given a liberal share. * * * Dining-room.- The dining-room is situated in the male department, it is a large, airy room, kept in good order. Three meals a day are there allowed; the whites and the colored eat separately. The eatables consist of bread, fresh and salt meat, vegetables, potatoes, rice, peas, tea, sugar, and sometimes molasses is added to the list. No fermented beverage is ever given. Store-room.--The store-room is clean and kept in good order; it con- tains rice, peas, beans, sugar, tea, codfish, lard, green meat and molas- sess. These articles are choice and of good quality. Water.-The great distance from the waterworks necessitates the use of cisterns, of which there are now only foui on the premises. The water is clear and odorless, of good taste, and in al! respects well qualified for drinking. The only objection we make with regard to the distribution of water is to the mixture of cistern and well water in the bath-tub and trough; we find no reason why the well water should not be alone re- stricted to the uses of washing and cleansing of the grounds and floors. Its vellowish color and swampy smell denote its origin; the well which supplies it lies in deep layers of the soil, and brings to the surface the rain water which has long remained at the bottom. It always contains a large proportion of dissolved animal and vegetable matter, which renders it unfit for bathing. There can be no doubt that the daily use of it brings about swamp fever. By the construction of a large number of cisterns, and the consequent increase in the supply of water, the requirements of health would be abeyed. Heating and Ventilation.-From the nature of their infirmity the in- sane are liable to sensible variations in their heat producing faculties, and they frequently suffer from cold, although they are heedless of it. The rooms occupied by the men and women on the first floor, together with the refectory, are the only ones now heated with stoves; the dormitories have none. Though we ardently desire that the inmates should enjoy all the comforts of warmth procured by heat-producing apparatuses, we are well aware that the city cannot at present possibly carry out our suggestions. If we mention the fact it is only with the nope that in days of future prosperity the sum necessary to put up these costly apparatuses may be provided for. The inconvenience attending stoves is their liability to induce variations in the temperature of the rooms, making breathing diffi- cult, and to impart excessive dryness to the air. In the sick-room the inconvenience is made still greater, because when the stove is overheated headaches and congestion of the brain are to be feared, and these must necessarily aggravate their condition. A constant renewal of air from without and the care of placing a kettle filled with water upon the stoves are the only means, under these circumstances, of imparting to the air the moisture which it should hold. Ventilation.-We have already remarked that there is a great lack of proper ventilation, and we regret that the means of securing it should be too expensive to be entertained. * * * Lighting.-We were suprised to hear the dormitories are not lighted, 202 because it is said light is a source of excitement to the patients. We think that this privation is injurious to them, and may be dangerous in case of fire. * * * Privies.-Of all odors th at vitiate the atmosphere the most disgusting and tenacious is that which emanates from the privies; nothing can offer a more repulsive aspect than these privies when badly kept. The gas and miasmas which they exhale are not only disagreeable, but always dele- terious in the highest degree. Near the end of the women's gallery, beyond the main building, we find the privy, with the front painted black. Six openings lead to narrow recesses,which are rendered so dark by the black covering of their walls that even in the full light of day it was impossible for us to see anything distinctly therein. A small aperture at the lower end affords the only means of ventilation and exit to the characteristic ammoniacal odor that clings thereto and increases on damp days. In answer to our questions the superintendent complained that the employees instructed with the duty of removing the excrement every morning per- formed their task with a negligence and rapidity calculated all the more to increase the intensity of the stench. * * * General Hygienefacts we have established conclusively prove that the general hygiene of the asylum is defective. Located as it is on a low plain, subject to overflows, the swampy miasmata which surround it in all seasons of the year render it unhealthy; add to this defects in con- struction and want of foresight in the general distribution of its depart- ments, and you will have the full complement of valid reasons why it should be condemned as a permanent insane asylum. * * * The allowance of space, which enters so largely in the treatment of mental affections, is here too restricted; the air is vitiated by the causes mentioned above; light is scarce in s®me places, and only reaches them imperfectly, and water, which should be abundantly, is only sufficiently supplied. Quiet and the receuillement, which are so essential for a cure, here become ineffectual through the want of a systematic classification of patients. * * * To avoid repeating we shall silently pass by the other departments in which the laws of health have neither been respected nor obeyed, and a careful study of the facts we have submitted to your consideration will only tend to increase your conviction that reform of a sweeping nature is neces- sary to the attainment of the improvements we all so ardently hope for. Physician.-The physician does not reside in the asylum; he pays three visits a week, and in urgent cases it becomes necessary to apply for medical assistance to the Charity Hospital, which is at a great distance. These details, furnished us by the superintendent, suggest to our minds reflec- tions which may enlighten you as to the actual and urgent necessity of the reform you have so honorably attempted to effect. In America and Europe the principle of residence of the physician in the asylum has been recognized by all those who have concerned them- selves with the organization of hospitals as the one most favorable to a proper administration, and the surest means of securing to the patients the care required by their sad condition. Inmates.-According to the report kindly furnished us by the adminis- trator, the asylum contained 161 inmates from November i to December 31; three deaths and twelve dismissals left a total number of 146 persons, distributed asfollows: White males, 53; colored males, 16; white females, 56; colored females, 21. Their nationality is asfollows: United States, 99; Ireland, 25; Germany, 25; France, 7; Scotland, Greece, Sweden, Jamaica, Italy,. Mexico, Spain, Portugal and Hanover, 1 each. Without any desire of entering into a detailed discussion as to the nature of the affliction of the patients, we shall simply call your attention to a matter of the greatest importance; we allude to certain patients who are an incumbrance to the asylum. 203 In the first category we find 16 afflicted with stupidity, n imbeciles, 3 idiots, 7 epileptics, 1 paralytic and 3 with St. Vitus' dance; a total of 41. We think that their presence should not be tolerated in an asylum intended for lunatics. Idiots are nowhere considered as lunatics; their faculties are asleep, while, on the contrary, insanity is the derangement of these faculties. Neither should those afflicted with imbecility or stupidity be allowed; there are too many of them; and too many degrees of it; as they may suffer from loss of mind, they are not insane for all that. They do not violate the liberty and security of others, and confinement can only be justifiable when the two rights are threatened. The same prin- ciple holds good as to those subject to occasional mental alienation; from a legal standpoint their sojourn in the asylum is no more justifiable than that of paralytics, epileptic and choraists, who have never been looked upon as insane. To send them to some other asylum or to their families would certainly be a painful step, but you will feel the necessity of taking it, if not at preseut, at least in the future. We suggest this because it is our duty to watch over the sacred interests of the really insane, who are alone entitled to our consideration in this case, and to lighten the heavy load of expenses this city has to bear. Their presence precludes the pos- sibility of room for those who are really afflicted, and they become obstacles to any good system of internal regulations or architecture re- quired by a methodical and rational treatment of the insane. Finally, as a last reason, because the conditions of internal poverty, incumbrance, ventilation, etc., of the asylum places the inmates in a state injurious, not only to their prospects of cure, but to the hope of bettering their health or even keeping up their lives. The second category is wholly composed of thirteen furious maniacs, who also should not be in the asylum. The present accommodations are nbt, as you know, suited to the requirements of patients dangerous or in- jurious to their companions. It would be far better to send them to the Jackson Asylum, where they could be properly treated. We are given to understand that they could not be received there; if such be the case we ask of you to request the city members of the Legislature to obtain an appropriation to support them until further developments. It is customary (why, we do not know), to call criminal lunatics persons who in a moment of temporary insanity, have committed a crime, and are considered as irresponsible by the law. These should never be ad- mitted to the asylum, for the reasons we have given. Still less should admission be granted to murderers, who, though originally held to be re- sponsible, become insane after legal condemnation. Jackson is the only place that suits them, because they are under constant supervision, such as it is not possible to bestow upon them at the Insane Asylum. In order to avoid in the future this crowding of patients, we think that every one should be classified by the physician ten days after his admis- sion, and it would then be determined if he is to remain in the asylum. If you weigh well the importance of these measures you will reduce all the more current expenses and will be better able to introduce improve- ments. Admission.-Already have confiding pity, want of experience and the interpretation of a crude and hastily framed law, caused the crowding in of a great many inmates who are entitled to our sympathy, but neverthe less have no right to be there. Intelligent and scientific classification could alone place the right of admission on a just and orderly footing; it would chiefly be intended to establish the status: 1. Of lunatics who can be cured. 2. Of those who are susceptible of improvement. 3. Of those who are dangerous to society and to themselves. Thanks to this classification you will put a stop to the abuses we have spoken of; thus the asylum contains at present a population, the major portion of which cannot be considered as insane. Orders issued by recorders or the chief of police compel the admission 204 of wretches who arrive here by boats and railroads from the neighboting parishes and states; left in abandonment on the streets, they are picked up by the police and immediately sent to the Insane Asylum, never again to leave it. This provision of the law relative to admission should be reexamined, and some qualification and restriction placed on the power granted recorders and the chief of police. We think that in whatever manner we consider the destination of the Insane Asylum the law should require upon every application for admis- sion: t. A certificate proving that the family is indigent. 2. A certifi- cate of interdiction by a competent court. Human dignity, order, jus- tice and public security would then have moral guarantees of liberty that every freeman should seek to keep inviolate both for himself and his fel- lowmen. * * * Budget.-The asylum's budget consists of two essentially distinct ele- ments: One invariable, the other variable. The invariable element consists of the quantities which experience shows to be indispensable to the legitimate satisfaction of all the needs, both individual and general, of an institution of this kind, and it consists of a certain number of objects appertaining to every branch of the budget; for instance, the rations of bread, meats, groceries, given the inmates and employes; the quantity of goods and bedding articles respectively necessary to the dressing and resting of the inmates and servants; the objects indispensa- ble to the preservation of the furniture and utensils, those necessary to the cleanliness of the rooms, to heating, lighting, washing, keeping up of buildings and fences and the purchase of drugs, and finally the expen- ses of the administration, the bureau, etc. All these quantities should be calculated from an exact knowledge of the needs of the asylum and the data furnished by experience; they cannot be increased without prodigality, nor diminished without causing suffer- ing- The budget of the asylum from the 1st to the 13th of December, 1876. and from the first of January until the 30th of November, inclusive, is $20,632 51 for current expenses, viz.: 1. Bread bills $3044 70 2. Other supplies, provisions, fuel, etc. 9249 16 3. Salaries 7338 65 It is not our province to discuss the above figures. We shall simply re- mark that all the expenses of a patient for one day amount to twenty- three cents. If this figure be compared with the amount allowed the inmates of the parish prison, forty cents apiece per day, you will agree with us that it should be increased, because it is now insufficient. We leave it to your sense of justice to do this, and shall not fix the amount. As a means of economy, we suggest: 1. That provisions of all kinds, wood and coal included, be purchased on the system of public bids, and that their quality and quantity be exam- ined by the administrator and superintendent on delivery. 2. We suggest the establishment of a bakery in the asylum. We think that after the payment of the oven and appurtenances this would be a source of great economy to the asylum. We submit to your consideration the offer made by the Lousiana Re- treat Asylum to take patients at the rate of forty cents apiece per day, everything included. This proposition, which would meet with our ap- probation, and by us be met with an affirmative answer, you alone can dis- cuss and accept from an economical standpoint. Finally a last plan has been presented to us by the mayor, who told us that he could secure for the asylum a number of sisters whose zeal, charity and administrative habits would be precious to the patients. But previous to your accepting this proposition, we shall remind you that in its present condition the internal distribution of the asylum could not afford them 205 decent lodging, and that in order to avail yourselves of the advantages they offer, you would have to build a small house for their exclusive use. * * The causes to which we.are obliged to revert in order to explain the present state of affairs are numerous: haste in transferring patients to an old building long before condemned, and in no manner fit for their reception; absolute ignorance of the rules to be observed in the distribu- tion of the asylum, considered by alienists a part of the treatment; the extraordinary omission of an infirmary, want of precaution for the furious maniacs and the self-fouling, are so many proofs that the conception was an ill-inspired one as to details, and has shown itself worthless as to the special needs and requirements of an insane asylum. According to Euro- pean alienists, comfort and luxury are justly regarded as necessary and not as superfluous; their sumptuous asylums are constructed by the State at great expense, and loudly proclaim the truth of our assertion. * * * To progress, and to have fruitful improvements at present and in the future, you must solve the question as to whether the asylum shall be tem- porary or permanent. If you decide to make it temporary, certain improvements should be made according to what we have suggested above, and, if possible, you-i would do well to carry them out. If, on the contrary, you decide in favour of permanency, you will have to incur immense expense without attaining your end. In this case the best improvement would be to abandon the asylum and to build: another with greater qualifications of salubrity and hygiene, and the city cannot undertake this for the present. * * * The committee now have the pleasure of returning thanks to the admin- istrator and superintendent for their courtesy and readiness in giving all required information, and for the good zeal and will with which they have labored to better the lot of the unfortunate persons confided to their care. Charles Turpix, D. P., John J. Castellanos, M. D., C. J. Bickham, M. D., I. L. Crawcour, M. D., E. S. Lewis, M. D. The authors of the preceding report gave their testi- mony, establishing in the clearest manner the brutal mode in which the indigent insane were treated. Their report,, however, would have possessed greater value had thev consolidated and published the medical statistics of the insane asylum, giving the annual number of admissions, the number of deaths and causes of those deaths. We have in the following report, not only a confirmation of the statements of Drs. Turpin, Castellanos, Bickham, Crawcour and Lewis, but also definite data with reference to the actual amounts expended by the city of New Orleans for the support of the indigent insane during a period of eleven years: Senate Chamber, Baton Rouge, Tuesday, June 20, 1882. To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives of the State of Louisiana-The board of administrators of the asylum for the insane of the State of Louisiana beg leave to memorialize your honorable body on behalf of that most hopeless and unfortunate class of human beings-the Insane. About one hundred and eighty of our afflicted fellow-creatures 206 are confined in what may be properly called a prison for the insane in the rear of the city of New Orleans, and about forty more insane persons are languishing in different parish jails throughout the State. This deplor- able and shameful condition of things, unparalleled, we believe, in anv other State of the Union or any other civilized country, is owing to the fact that there is no room for these unfortunates at the State Asylum at Jackson. The building in which the indigent insane of New Orleans are incarcerated is located in a malarial swamp in the rear of the city. The unfortunate inmates, having no opportunity of labor or of obtaining out-of- door exercise and recreation, are thus deprived of the means most essen- tial to their recovery. No medical man resides in the institution, but the coroner and a physician visit it professionally, prescribe for the sick and leave to attend to other and more exacting duties. For several years past an average of about one hundred and seventy have been confined in this place; sixty-nine died during the year 1881- a year in which there was no epidemic or contagious disease. This rate of mortality, shocking to the best feelings of humanity, should compel you to take steps for the removal of these people to the Asylum at Jackson, Louisiana. In protection of person and property, the primary duty of all govern- ments, the indigent insane must be taken charge of by the State. The humane spirit of modern civilization, as well as an enlightened economy, demand that this incarceration should be marked by kind indulgence, not only gratifying to our feelings of humanity, but as conducive to the cure of the afflicted and the consequent relief of the State. This prison for the insane poor of New Orleans was originally intended to be merely a temporary place of confinement until the patients could be removed to the State Asylum, but the institution has become permanent for want of room at Jackson to retain them. It has cost the taxpayers of New Orleans as follows: 1881 $18,942 69 1880 20,004 °4 1879 24,14843 1878 21,465 10 1877 15,470 89 1876 19,008 09 1875 $17,731 79 1874 21,019 01 1873 i5,259 J9 1872 41,121 05 1871 16,625 13 All ot the city patients, as well as those in the different country jails, can be cared for at Jackson,with six additional attendants, at an expense of $1260 per annum in salaries. The city asylum for the insane costs the taxpayers of New Orleans about $20,000 yearly, not including medical attendance, etc. These patients can be supported at Jackson at the ex- pense of $13,600 per annum. In the city asylum they have no flower garden, no vegetable garden, no poultry yard', no farm, no orchard, no pleasant prospect, no regular employment or exercise as they have at Jacksoi . At Jackson, out of 337 insane patients, in 28 months, only 47 died; from Jan. 1 to April, 1882, only one died. In the New Orleans Asylum for the Insane, out of amaverage of 170 patients in 1881, 69 died in one year. There were during this year 131 persons in the city asylum, many of them cases of dipsomania or .temporary insanity, and the movement is much more rapid in the city asylum than at Jackson. Of the 170 insane in this prison 25 are residents of the country parishes of Louisiana. Of the 127 patients admitted in the 28 months preceding March 31, 1882, into the State Asylum, only 8 were from the parish of Orleans, and half of them pay their own support. The taxpayers of New Orleans pay five- eighths of the State taxes, and have for fifteen years supported alone her own indigent insane, and six-eighths or seven-eighths of the indigent insane of the country parishes. Humanity to the insane, economy to the taxpavers and justice to the people of N<pw Orleans alike demand that they should take charge of the insane of this prison, in the swamp back 207 of New Orleans, at once, and to provide for their care and treatment at the State Asylum at Jackson. This city prison for crazy people has seventeen attendants, not including physicians, at an expense for salaries of $7200 per annum. In the State Asylum at Jackson all that is necessary to care for these unfor- tunates, including some 220 in the city and country prisons, is the money to finish the buildings at Jackson, and to support the patients when there. We therefore ask that the St. Louis Hotel, lately used as a State house in New Orleans, be sold and its entire proceeds be appropriated to this purpose. That the State appropriations to the City Insane Asylum, and the State warrants in the hands of the city authorities for the years 1880, 1881 and 1882, be turned over to the State Asylum. That the city of New Orlerns be authorized and required, as soon as room is prepared at Jackson, and the superintendent notifies the mayor that he is ready to receive them, to send the patients in the City Asylum at once to the State Asylum; and with them all materials, clothing, beds and bedding, and all the removable property connected with the city asylum. W. B. Loudon, President, Thos. S. Jones, H. B. Barrow, Wm. Wilson Matthews, J. W. Taylor, B. R. Forman, J. J. Mellon, Archibald Mitchell. In the preceding report we have the startling statement that in] 1881, 69 died out of 170 patients confined in the New Orleans Insane Asylum. These figures give an annual mortality of 40.5 per cent.; or 405 deaths in every 1000 insane patient's. I have searched in vain at the City Hall for the record of this fearful " slaughter of the innocents," but without result. These defenceless insane prisoners were in 1882 trans- ferred to the Insane Asylum at Jackson, herded together as wild beasts, and allowed to fester and rot in their own filth. They carried pestilence and death with them. Even the superintendent of the asylum, Dr. Thomas S. Jones (one of the authors of the preceding report), was at- tacked with a contagious fever, and barely escaped with his life. In response to my inquiries Dr. L. G. Perkins furnished the following facts, which, although pertaining to many points of interest connected with the Insane Asylum at Jackson, are here introduced for the light which they throw upon the important question of the origin and spread of such contagious diseases as typhoid fever and typhoid dysentery. 208 Insane Asylum, Jackson, La., April 29, 1889. Dr. Joseph Jones, New Orleans: Dear Doctor-Your favor of the 23d inst. is received. I regret that I have not extra files of reports of the Board of Administrators, the one on file in this office being the only one in preservation, and it is incomplete. It being the property of the board, I do not feel at liberty to dispose of it until their consent is obtained. I have compiled the data you desire, which is as complete as can be gained, and trust you will be able there- from to glean the information you seek. A careful observation of the records discloses the fact that from 186S to 18S2 there were but (12) twelve deaths from dysentery, while from 18S2 to 1887 there were (102) one hundred and two deaths from same cause, as follows: 1883, 44? 1884, 15; 1885,15; 1886, 28. From 1S68to the admission of the patients from New Orleans in 1S82, I find eight deaths from typhoid fever and but few of a kindred nature. From 1882 to 1888 I find 39 deaths from typhoid fever and many from typhoid pneumonia, typhoid dysentery, etc. These are the deaths, to say nothing of recoveries; hence we must conclude that the introduction »: these " insanes," if they did not bring these diseases with them, by over- crowding the institution brought about an atmospheric condition which greatly favored their propagation. Relative to the transfer of patients from New Orleans, Dr J. W. Jones, who was in chaige at the time, has promised to make up a statement, which I will forward as soon as obtained. I am informed that they came from New Orleans by steamboat to Port Hudson, the boat being boxed in as for transferring cattle; men and women being herded together indis- criminately. At Port Hudson they were placed on flat cars and con- veyed to Midway, thence in lumber wagons to Jackson. For particulars of this transfer I will rely on Dr. Jones' statement. Referring to the insane of Louisiana I will say that apart from the sixteen now in New Orleans awaiting transfer, we have on file applications for twenty-seven from various parishes, now confined in jails, but am unable to state as to their condition. I am pleased fo say that with a population of 491 inmates our institution is in a very healthy condition, there being not a case of acute sickness in the house. Not being familiar with the insane asylum of New Orleans, and having no data for reference, I am unable to answer your fourth question. I would indeed be pleased to have you make us a visit and trust you will find it convenient to do so at an early day. With kind regards, I am Truly yours, L. G. Perkins, M. D., Superintendent. Present Condition of the Indigent Insane in the City of New Orleans and Parish of Orleans. Upon careful examination of the proceedings of the House of Representatives during the session of 1888, we find the following communication of His Honor Mayor Shakspeare, transmitting resolutions of the City Council of New Orleans with reterence to the care of the indigent insane: Mayoralty of New Orleans. City Hall, May 31, 1888. Hon. J. C. Gilmore, House of Representatives:-I transmit herewith a copy of the resolutions unanimously adopted at a regular meeting of the council, May 22, 1888, and earnestly urge that in the interest of the 209 city and as a matter of equity they receive the careful consideration and active cooperation of yourself and colleagues in securing such legislation upon the subject as will relieve the city from the great expense to which it is subjected in providing for the insane of this and other ad- joining parishes, which unfortunate subjects should be cared for by the State. Respectfully, Joseph A. Shakspeare, Mayor. RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF NEW ORLEANS, MAY 22, l888. Whereas, The city of New Orleans is under a daily expense of eighty ■dollars ($80), with the prospect of the amount being increased, for the care of the insane of this and the adjoining parishes; and, Whereas, The city has borne the expense of this unfortunate class of our population for the past two years; and, Whereas, The State is not only equitably but legally bound for the care and maintenance of the same; therefore, Resolved, That our Senators and Representatives in the General Assem- bly be and they are hereby requested to use all possible efforts to have the appropriation for the State Insane Asylum made sufficiently large to pro- vide for all the indigent insane of the State, thereby relieving us of th.® unequal and inequitable burden. Resolved further, That a copy of this resolution be forwarded through his Honor, the Mayor, to each of our Senators and Representatives and the chairman of the committee on appropriations of the General Assem- bly ot the State of Louisiana. Mr. Gilmore moved that the memorial be referred to the Committee on Appropriations. We observe : i. That the council claim that " the City of New Or- leans is under a direct expense of eighty dollars ($80) for the care of the insane of this and adjoining parishes." 2. If the preceding statement be correct the annual ex- pense of the insane of New Orleans amounts to $29,200. 3. The municipal affairs of New Orleans are conducted in such a manner that the insane of adjoining parishes are allowed to enter the city and impose themselves upon the taxpayers. The names of the adjoining parishes are not given, nor are we informed as to the number of the insane received from the adjoining parishes. 4. The City of New Orleans, through its legal repre- sentatives, possesses the power to protect herself from un- just imposition of the insane of the adjoining parishes, and the General Assembly of the State could not be ex- pected to refund that portion of the money expended by the officials of one parish, for the care of the insane of ad- joining parishes. In order to obtain full and accurate data relating to the indigent insane of the parish of Orleans I addressed a se- ries of inquiries to His Honor Mayor Shakspeare, to which the following reply was received : 210 Mayoralty of New Orleans. City Hall, April 24, 1S89. Joseph Jones, M. D.: Dear Sir-I regret that it is not in my power to obtain the data you request. In the change of form of the municipal government the records of the officer having charge of the insane asylum under previous administration cannot be found in the offices of the newly created departments. The city authorities here do not as other cities do have the reports of the several departments embodied annually in book form; hence the difficulty after the lapse of years of obtaining reports that might prove of sublime interest. In 1878 under Ord. 4241 admin, series, a commission of five physicians was appointed by the mayor to inquire into the condition of the insane patients in the City Insane Asylum, and to report if such condition can be improved and in what manner, together with such suggestions in reference to the indigent insane as in their opinion they might deem proper. This committee submitted their report to the council on the 5th of February, 1878, and I enclose to you a printed copy of same. I will submit your communication to the coroner of the parish, with the request that he furnish you with all the data on the subject of your inquiry that may be in his possession. With sentiments of the highest regard, I remain Very respectfully, Jos. A. Shakspeare, Mayor. I inspected the Louisiana Retreat on the 25th of April,. 1889, and found only a few, not exceeding nine, indigent insane, who have been confided by the municipal author- ities to the care of the Sisters of Charity in charge of the Retreat. The wooden building, constructed by the Sisters of Charity for the reception of the male indigent insane, consists of a double row of small rooms on either side of a hall way. In this building I observed two insane men and one insane child. One of the men was confined in a sitting posture, with hands and feet pinioned to the chair and his head was enclosed in a wire mask. One man and two women were observed in the main building, who were wards of the city. These three patients.were under no. apparent restraint, and were said to assist in some of the lighter duties, assweeping, etc. On the 28th of April I called at the coroner's office, at the Central Police Station on Basin street. In the absence of the coroner, his clerk was unable to furnish any data relating to the indigent insane. An inspection was also made of the Police Jail or Work- house, situated in an unhealthy locality, adjoining the Girod Cemetery. In the absence of the superintendent I was assisted in my inspection by one of the residents of the Work- 211 house, temporarily in charge of the establishment. I was informed that there were at that time thirteen indigent insane persons in the Police Jail. I saw three men and two women working at large with the other prisoners in the yards of the male and female departments of the Police Jail. I also carefully inspected three men confined in separate cells, who were declared to be dangerous maniacs. The cells in which these men were confined were about 8 feet in length by about 5 feet in breadth and about 7 feet in height, and appear to have about the same cubic space of air as the ill-ventilated cells of the Central Police Station, at the corner of Common and Basin streets. The cells for the insane at the Police Jail (Workhouse) were without any ventilation, and without any furniture, except an oblong, shallow tray, on four legs, used as a bed. I was informed that no straw was allowed and no bedding of any character, with the exception of small blankets. The only apparent apology for ventilation was a small grated opening in the door, through which the food and water was handed to the patients. The wild beasts of our manageries have better con- structed and ventilated cages than the unfortunate indigent insane confined in the Police Jail (Workhouse) of New Orleans. I was informed that some of the "batch of insane" had been confined in the Workhouse for varying periods, rang- ing from one to five months. I was informed by the Sister of Charity in charge of the Louisiana Retreat that twenty- four insane had been sent to this institution by the city during the past six months. The following appeared in the Daily Picayune of the 29th of April, 1889: " Indigent Insane-During the early part of the week another batch of indigent insane people will be taken to the insane asylum at Jackson. The names are as follows: Jane Murphy, Philomen Judice, Mrs. L. Tampo, Mary Smith, Elizabeth Wrinkel, alias Wolfen, Lena Schaff, Sardah Brown, Harriet, Ellen Wise, Barbara Matter, Victor Perrateau, Michael Mullen, Sidney Facende, Frank Arthur, Annie Pratt, George Harris, Catherine Bernard, Addie Wise, George McCrystall, Samuel Douglas, Lucie Manceau and Lizzie Kennedy." • The mode of dealing with the indigent insane in the parish of Orleans at the present day is as follows : An affidavit is made charging the unfortunate individual with insanity. The party is arrested by the police and is committed to the city police jail or workhouse, and is there 212 incarcerated along with common felons. The coroner of the parish of Orleans, accompanied by a judge of one of the civil district courts, at intervals examine the indigent insane and give an order to the civil sheriff of the parish of Orleans for their removal to the Louisiana Retreat or directly to the State Insane Asylum at Jackson, La. It is evident that this mode of dealing with the insane is a disgrace to the civilization of the nineteenth century. The General Asssembly of Louisiana should investigate this entire subject of the mode of dealing with the insane and enact such laws as will effectually protect the citizens from unjust arrest on the one hand and brutal treatment on the other. In response to my request to Sister Mary Jane, in charge of the Louisiana Retreat, the following valuable outline has been furnished: Louisiana Retreat, New Orleans, May i, 1S87. Dr. Joseph Jones, Nev. Orleans, La.-I received your communication of April 27, and have on enclosed paper answered such questions relative to the Retreat as were in my power. Being a private institution we have never made up an annual report until the last four or five years, and our duties would not permit us to undertake the task of searching the register for statistics of so many years. Hoping that the statements given may be satisfactory, I am respectfully, Sister Mary Jane. 1. The old Retreat on Nashville avenue was opened for patients March 14, 1864, with ten insane sent from Hotel Dieu. Patients were transferred to present building Nov. 1, 1877, the number having much increased. 2. . 3. The grounds of the Louisiana Retreat comprise six squares, situated between Henry Clay avenue and Audubon park, Camp and Perrier streets. The building is a four-story brick building, built especially for the care of the insane and capable of accommodating about 350 patients. Rooms are of different sizes; smaller sleeping apartments are 12x9 feet and 13 feet high, and about the same space allowed to each patient where there are dormitories. 4. There is also a frame building erected temporarily for the reception and treatment of the city indigent insane, while waiting for them to be transferred to the State Asylum, the main building being at that time too small and the city not having a suitable place for the care of the insane. This has been used for male patients and will accommodate about thirty- six patients, sleeping apartments separate, same size as in the main build- ing. The city indigent insane have only been sent to the Retreat since February, 1883. 5. Statistics of ahnual admission, discharge and mortality of city indi gent insane from February, 1883, to present date: 213 4 o ■ 1883 18S4 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 g ►- O O O C/J to Cn OOj-*- ~ Ln O Admitted. to Ul 29 ?! 55 29 32 3 White Males. £ IO 44 43 33 29 24 6 White Fem ales. * m 4* Oo \O Ln -> C/o Colored Males. ' 48 m Oo Cao 4^ X ~ CO Colored Females. 46 1 94 92 48 25 29 Sent to Jackson. £ 1 4 1 24 20 24. 3i 43 1 Dis- charged. • Ln to to m • White Males. Ux • Caj • * White Females. DEA' -k : : : : . . W tO M • • Colored Males. 'SHJ Colored Fem ales. 6. The city agreed with the Louisiana Retreat to pay $i per day for these patients. Their condition when brought in, sometimes sick as well as insane, and the constant changing of patients, when they were trans- ferred to Jackson every few weeks, made it impossible to properly care for them for less than that. 7. From the foundation to present date the Louisiana Retreat has received one thousand six hundred and fourteen ("1614) patients, exclusive of city indigent insane. 8. The sole object of the Louisiana Retreat is the care of the poor insane. The means of supporting them is obtained by receiving pay patients. This is the only income of the Retreat, and without it we would have no means of support for our poor patients, of whom we have had for the last twelve years from thirty-three to forty-three every year. There are nine city indigent insane still in the Retreat. The thirty-one not under headings on list have been taken as private pay or charity patients. General Conclusions with Reference to the Treat- ment of the Indigent Insane of New Orleans. t. The General Assembly of Louisiana should appoint a committee of its own members, composed of its most eminent statesmen, lawyers and doctors, charged with the thorough investigation of all subjects relating to the dis- position of the indigent insane. This committee should be charged with the framing of all suitable laws for the commitment, speedy examina- tion and immediate disposition of the indigent insane in suitably constructed temporary and permanent asylums. 2. The plan of treating the indigent insane as felons, and confining them in foul cells in company with violent and degraded men and women, and with abandoned pros- titutes, thieves, liars and inebriates, should be summarily and forever abolished. 3. The indigent insane should, as soon as legally con- victed, be placed under the care of the Sisters of Charity in charge of the Louisiana Retreat, and cared for until such time as the authorities are able to fonvard them in a decent and humane manner to the Louisiana Insane Asy- lum at Jackson. 214 Establishment and Operations of the Insane Asylum of the State of Louisiana at Jackson. In March, 1847, the Legislature of Louisiana formally passed " An Act to Establish an Insane Asylum in the State of Louisiana." The asylum was located at Jackson, and was first thrown open for the reception of patients in December, 1848. Laws were also enacted governing the admission of patients into the State Asylum, which were sufficiently full and explicit, and are as follows : Laws Governing the Admission of Patients into the Insane Asylum of Louisiana at Jackson. " When it shall be made known to the judge of the district by the peti- tion or oath of any individual that any lunatic or insane person within his district ought to be sent to or confined in the insane asylum in the State it shall be the duty of the said district judge to issue a warrant to bring be- fore him, in chambers, said lunatic or insane person, and after proper in- quiry into all the facts and circumstances of the case, if in his opinion he ought to be sent to or confined in said insane asylum, to make out his war- rant to the sheriff of the parish, commanding him to convey the lunatic or insane person to the insane asylum, for which duty the sheriff shall have the right to demand the same fees as are now allowed by law for the convey- ance of convicts to the penitentiary of the State, which shall be paid out of the parish treasury upon the order of the district judge, and likewise all other expenses previously incurred in bringing said insane person be- fore the district judge. " The board of administrators shall have authority to receive insane per- sons not sent to the asylum by a district judge on such terms and condi- tions as they may deem fit to adopt, and money so received shall be ap- plied to the support of the institution. " All persons received into the asylum as insane shall be charged at a rate not less than ten ($10) dollars a month, unless the police jury of the parish from where the insane person came, or municipal council if from a city or town, or clerk of the court shall certify that said person is in in- digent circumstances. " Whenever any person arrested for any crime or misdemeanor before any court of this State shall be acquitted thereof by the jury, or shall not be indicted by the grand jury, by reason of the insanity or mental de- rangement of said person, and the discharge and going at large of said person shall be deemed by the court dangerous to the safety of the citizens, and the peace of the State, the courtis authorized and empowered to commit such person to the State Insane Hospital, or any similar in- stitution in any parish within the jurisdiction of the court, there to be de- tained until he be restored to his right mind, or otherwise delivered by due course of law." Such were the regulations established by the Legislature for the State of Louisiana at large. The people of Louisiana, through their representatives, manifested a generous interest in the liberal support of this institution, and up to the year 1858 more than one hun- dred and twenty-five thousand dollars were appropriated by the State to its maintenance. The following statistics 215 present the whole number of patients treated in the asylum with the cost of subsistence in each year specified: Year. Whole Number of Patients. Cost. 1854 248 $18,381 1855 220 18,759 1856 I92 18,193 1857 i85 20,458 The preceding figures relating to moneys appropriated for the actual support of the insane patients do not embrace the moneys expended in buildings and perma- nent improvements. Thus, in 1852, the Legislature of Lou- isiana appropriated $85,500 for charitable purposes, dis- tributed as follows : To private associations in New Orleans $21,500 Charity Hospital 12,000 Insane Asylum at Jackson 22,500 Institution for deaf, dumb, and buildings for them 27,500 Asylums at Donaldsonville and at Baton Rouge. . 2,000 Total $85,500 The joint committee of the Louisiana Legislature of 1853 recommended an appropriation of $20,000 for build- ings and $15,000 for the support of the insane at the Jack- son Insane Asylum. Condensed Statement of the Receipts and Expenditures by the Treasurer of the Insane Asylum of Louisiana for and during the year 1854. Receipts. From Hon. D. J. Fluker, late treasurer, unex- pended balance of funds received by him in 1853 $Li79 50 From State Treasury 35,000 00 From pay patients in asylum 2,857 80 From miscellaneous sources 213 35 Total receipts $39,250 65 Amount of expenditures 31,029 62 Balance on hand $8,221 03 Respectfully submitted, P. Fisiiburn, Treasurer. Jackson, La., fan. 2, 1855. 216 It will be observed from tbe preceding statement that pay patients yielded only $2857.80 in 1854, $1718.50 1855. In 1856 the pay patients yielded $1718.50; in 1857, $1432.50, and in 1859, $6710.84. We observe a marked increase in the amount yielded by pay patients in 1859, un6er the superintendence of Dr. J. D. Barkdull, and but for the occurrence of the civil war of 1861 to 1865 the influence and usefulness of the asylum for the treatment of pay patients would have steadily in- creased. Condensed Statement of the Receipts and Expenditures of the Insane Asylum of Louisiana, at Jackson, for and during the year 1856 : Receipts. From balance in hand at date of statement for 1855 $ 5,935 88 For subsistence 20,000 00 For building 20,000 00 From pay patients. .; 1,718 50 From miscellaneous sources 125 40 Total receipts $47*779 78 The Expenditures for 1856. Subsistence . .. .$18,749 01 Buildings 16,905 51 Total expenditures $35,654 52 Balance $12,123 26 The financial report of 1856 was submitted to the Board of Administrators by F. Fishburn, who held the position of both treasurer and administrator. The Board of Admistrators of the asylum asked for and were granted by the Legislature in 1857- For subsistence $18,000 00 For completion and furnishing central building and for enclosure and incidental expenses 7,000 00 For erection of infirmary 8,000 00 $33,000 00 217 The Board of Administrators reported in 1857- For subsistence $20,458 99 For building 18,101 34 $38,560 33 Condensed Statement of Receipts and Expenditures of the Insane Asylum of Louisiana, at Jackson, during the year 1857: Receipts. From balance in hand January, 1856 $12,165 2$ From State Treasury- For subsistence 18,000 00 For building and furniture 15,000 00 From pay patients r»432 5° Other resources 56 25 To4al receipts $46,654 01 Expenditures brought over 38,564 33 Balance on hand $ 8,089 68 Respectfully submitted, Charles McVea, Treasure*'. Condensed Statement of Receipts and Expenditure of the Insane Asylum of Louisiana, at Jackson, during the year 1859: Receipts. From balance on hand January 1, 1859 $ 5'7°6 00 From State Treasury 18,750 00 From pay patients 6,710 03 Total receipts $31,166 03 Expenditures brought over 31,128 61 Cash balance on hand $ 38 32 Warrant on State Treasury due April 1, i860. . 6,250 00 Sum total $ 6,288 32 Respectfully submitted, Alfred Huzerd, Treasurer. I have thus presented all accessible data which would place in a clear light the humane and generous spirit mani- 218 fested by the representatives of Louisiana in the establish- ment and liberal support of the insane asylum at Jackson up to the commencement of the civil war. The site for the asylum was carefully selected by the Board of Administrators on account of its central position, and healthful and mild climate, and elevation above the surrounding country. The village of Jackson is situated about thirteen miles from Bayou Sara, the nearest port on the Mississippi river, and about thirty miles from the capital of the State, Baton Rouge. The Board of Administrators, in their first report, dated January, 1848, state that the land on which the asylum is located is within a convenient distance of the business portion of Jackson, and at all times of an easy access to the same, but separated from the noise and bustle of the village by a valley and small stream, which renders it sufficiently secluded to protect the inmates from the annoying gaze of the idle and curious. " There are about 150 acres of land owned by the asylum, 100 well- timbered, and the balance enclosed for the use of the pa- tients. " The Board of Administrators consider themselves re- markably fortunate in securing a site so well adapted for all the purposes of an institution of the kind, because of its acknowledged salubrity of climate, and the central po- sition (being within a convenient distance of the capital of the State, and but a few miles from the Great River, which is the common thoroughfare of the country), and, further, because it possesses capabilities as regards land- scape beauties unsurpassed by any other location of the State. The situation comprises an elevated plain, cox ered with forest trees and evergreen shrubs, among the former of which are many noble specimens of the glorious magno- lia, towering aloft in all the beauty of their native grandeur, while the smaller growths, consisting of a variety of fruit and flowering trees of a diversity of form and hue, impart- ing a gardenlike aspect to the place, and verifying, in fact, its familiar and appropriate appellation of ' Flowery Hill.' " The buildings, occupying an elevated position, com- mand an extensive view of the surrounding country. The field of vision embraces within the compass of a mile on the north and west the quiet and pleasant village of Jack- son, including the beautiful structures and picturesque lo- 219 •cation of Centenary College and the various mansions in the neighborhood; on the south and east we have hill and ■dale, wood and lawn, interspersed with rural cottages and cultivated fields in their most agreeable combinations, the whole forming a landscape view seldom to be enjoyed in this section of the Union, and which must be a source of unfailing interest to a large portion of the inmates, as such views are sure to please the eye and relieve the sad mus- ings of a melancholy mind." In 1857 the buildings of the insane asylum of Louisiana at Jackson consisted of two wings, each ninety-four feet in length and forty-eight feet in depth, three-stories high, with a ten-foot gallery on the south and west sides of each story. There are in the first and second-stories nineteen rooms each, thirty single apartments and eight large ones, the latter to be used for day rooms or parlors, offices, etc. In the third story there are six large rooms, to be used for assistant dormitories or other purposes, making in all forty- four apartments, besides a piazza or hall twelve feet wide, running the whole length of the building on each story. These wings are, the one for male and the other for female " State patients." The principal structure, the central building, which stands between these wings, is four-stories high above the basement, and measures, exclusive of the projections that ■connect it with the wings, seventy-three feet front and twenty feet in depth. It embraces a suite of apartments for the superintendent and his family, office and reception room, dormitories, etc., sufficient to accommodate any number of pay patients likely to seek admission into the institution. The basement will afford secure storage room for provisions and space for the construction of hot furnaces and such other fixtures as may be needed. The wingsand the projections connecting them with the main building are three-stories high, and the combined structure has a front of three hundred and fourteen feet. The edifice in ques- tion, so far as designed for the use of patients, is exclu- sively for those who pay, and it will include apartments and other accommodations graduated to their means and habits of life, from the frugal in mediocre circumstances to the luxurious of ample pecuniary resources; and con- nected with it is a separate enclosure of several acres in extent, which it is designed to embellish with walks, shrub bery and other attractive objects. * * * 220 " In addition to the buildings already described there are two others for the temporary confinement of those whose violent and unmanageable condition imperatively re- quire it. These buildings are intended one for each sex. They are detached from the main buildings and sufficiently distant to prevent the noise and disturbance of the raving maniac from interfering with the welfare and repose of others. They are of brick, like all the other permanent buildings, some ninety feet in length, and contain each nine rooms, in which two or more patients may be conve- niently confined. They are very secure, kept perfectly clean and are comfortable places of lodging, being well ventilated and warmed with hot air. An attendant is kept on guard day and night to protect them from self-injury and to administer to their wants. "The plan of buildings embraces, as far as circum- stances will permit, all the improvements recently intro- duced into modern institutions for the insane. The entire plan contemplates the erection of a structure amply suffi- cient to accomodate with comfort and security about two hundred and fifty patients, with the usual number of officers, attendants, etc., a number which is considered by the best authorities on the subject as the maximum that should be collected in a single establishment of this kind. " Connected with the three principal buildings are dis- tinct yards separately enclosed, one for the pay patients, and one for each building of the male and female State patients. They are each of three or four acres extent, covered with the natural growth of forest trees-magnolia, pine, oak-and are a delightful resort at all seasons of the year, and in the summer especially cool and shady." The asylum was thrown open for the reception of patients in December, 1848. The asylum received the support of the Legislature of Louisiana, and was yearly subjected to the critical exami- nation of a committee of that body. Thus in 1853 we extract the following from the Report of the Committee on Charitable Institutions: "Of all the claimants on the State's bounty there are none to whose appeal for protection our people respond with such unanimity as for the care of the insane. " Of the unnumbered woas to which man is hen- theirs is the grand climax of affliction, and the erection by the State of an asylum at Jackson, for the proper care and 221 treatment of these people, was but the effect of active sym pathies common to all the people of our State. " Not deeming it necessary to give particular details we will merely say that our examination of the affairs and management of this asylum was highly satisfactory. "The new building is being urged to completion at the earliest possible period, and the additional relief which it will give is greatly needed, all the rooms in the old build ing having been crowded to their utmost capacity. "Eighty-six persons are in the asylum, and not less than fifteen of these maniacs are necessarily lodged every night in one room alone. " While in New Orleans we visited its Parish Prison, accompanied by Mayor Crossman, and in it we found forty one insane persons, thirty-two of whom had been ordered to Jackson by the city courts, but could not be received for the want of house room ; crowded within the walls of the wilhom prison, their condition is truly deplorable." This report was submitted by Edward M. Millard, Chair- man Senate Committee, and John M. Sandige, Chairman House Committee. Mr. Lacoste of the Committee on Charitable Institutions submitted a minority report, from which we quote the following : "We arrived at the asylum at half past io o'clock; I thought upon entering I would find these unfortunate creatures in the same condition as that in which they were at the Charity Hospital: I was greatly sur- prised when I saw these unfortunate creatures representing the most dreadful poverty. They are for the most part, especially the women, ema- ciated; a part of them hardly dressed, and some barefooted. I addressed a few questions to those who seemed less alienated, but almost every one answered that the want of food contributed greatly to increase their in- sanity. Then, wishing to be perfectly satisfied, I waited until their din- ner hour, and saw that it was composed as follows: A corn soup, of which each had about a teacupful; a piece nearly as large as a hen's egg of boiled meat, which had served to make that soup, and also a piece of good bread. To go through that frugal meal it took them about five minutes. They swallowed the soup and chewed the beef, and each one carried his bread away. Upon my propounding to them why they carried the bread away they answered that it was for their lunch. They further informed me that their breakfast was composed of coffee; and, at night they had a piece of bread and a cup of tea. " Being interested in the matter I waited to see and examine every- thing closely. I caused several of the cells which were shut to be opened. In the first of these cells I found an unfortunate woman almost naked and covered with her own excrement. In the second I found another woman almost naked who had a piece of cloth no larger than a handkerchief with which she was trying to hide her nakedness. The day was a very cold one. The bodies of these unfortunate women were frozen. 222 "I then asked the guardian, who was along with me, why these women had no clothes; upon which he answered that in their fits of frenzy they tore them off. Why should they not then have a blanket, and should not their rooms be warmed by the calorific machine adopted by the establish- ment? The sight of such sufferings caused my heart to grow faint, and I gave up going into further investigations and retired." The Report of the Special Committee on Insane at Jack- son, Louisiana, dated Jackson, La., April 29, 1853, was hightly favorable, and did not sustain the minority report of the preceding year. We quote the following: " Our visit was made just before the dinner hour, which gave us an opportunity to inspect every article of food, and as our visit was not anticipated we are satisfied that the dinner was a fair average. We found each subject supplied with a piece of good fresh beef, a pint of very good soup and a sufficiency of fresh (baker's) bread. We next proceeded to the sleeping apartments, where we found everything neat and clean. Four witnesses were examined on oath, three of whom testified to the fact, that the establishment was well managed; that the patients were humanely treated, and supplied w ith plenty of good, wholesome food. The other wit- ness (a gentleman who furnishes the asylum with fresh beef) testified that the beef furnished was of the same quality as that furnished the citizens of Jackson. "The establishment is visited daily (and oftener when necessary) by a physician who stands high in this community as a practitioner. An examination of his books satisfied us that he had not been remiss in his duty." The committee, composed of James Perkins and A. G. Carter, ex- pressed their conviction " that the asylum is kept in a manner creditable to the State and to the best interests of the unfortunate inmates." Insane Asylum of the State of Louisiana, at Jack- son, DURING THE AMERICAN ClVIL WAR, 1861-1865. The State of Louisiana had expended for buildings and for the support and care of the insane at Jackson, from 1847 to the close of i860, a period of almost fourteen years, not less than half a million of dollars. That portion of the buildings which had been con- structed with so much care for the treatment of pay patients had yielded less than $12,000 (twelve thousand dollars). The expenditures by the State government were forty times greater than receipts from pay patients, and this difference alone would have been sufficient, with- out the disasters of war and the great social convulsion attending the emancipation of the negro slaves, to have convinced the most sanguine economists that all expecta- tions of revenue from this benevolent institution were base- less. The institution received but a portion of the insane of the State during the period preceding the civil war, as will be shown by the following: f 223 Statistcs of the Insane Asylum at Jackson, 1848- Jan. 1, i860. Males. Females. Total Whole number admitted.....'. 521 330 851 Discharged (recovered)............................ 133 92 225 Removed 35 23 58 Eloped 36 1 37 Died 231 143 374 Remaining Dec. 31, 1859 89 68 T57 In eleven years there had been 851 insane admitted into the asylum, giving an average of 78 patients per annum. Louisiana in 1850, according to the United States census, had a total population of 517,762, whites, 255,491; free colored, 17,462; slaves, 244,809; total insane, 200; white insane, 144; free colored insane, 11 ; slaves insane, 45. According to the estimate there were in Louisiana in 1850 oneinsane to 1800 whites, 1600 free colored and 5500 slaves. Previous to the civil war of i86i-'65, not more than a score of free negroes were received into the asylum, while slaves were excluded. The planters and merchants and professional men sent their insane to northern institutions, or kept and cared for them at home. The insane slaves, who were comparatively few in numbers, were cared for on the plantations by their owners. During the entire period before the war and during the war up to the complete overthrow of the Southern Confeder- acy and the practical abolition of slavery, the negro slaves formed no part of the insane population of the asylum at Jackson. The parish of Orleans contributed more than one-half of all the insane, previous to the civil war. Thus, out of a grand total of patients admitted up to Jan. 1, i860, num- bering 851, Louisiana furnished 803 and other States 48. Of the 803 from Louisiana, the parish of Orleans furnished 496, while it contained not more than one-third of the population of the entire State. The effects of the war upon the number of patients received into the asylum annu- ally can only be determined approximately, owing to the absence of published reports covering this important period in the history of this institution. The whole number of patients which had been admitted up to Jan. 1, i860, was 851; the total number admitted up to Jan. 1, 1866, was 1135; the number admitted during i860, 1861, 1862, 1863 224 1864 and 1865 (6 years), was therefore 284, or an average of 47 per annum. We have seen that during the first eleven vears of the existence of the asylum the annual admissions numbered on an average 78. The Civil War therefore greatly reduced the number of admissions, and the diminution was clearly referable to the casualties of war, and not to any actual diminution of in- sane people within the borders of Louisiana, for from the occupation of New Orleans by the Federal forces in April, 1862, to the surrender of the Confederate forces in 1865, the asylum received no patients from the parish of Or- leans. Immediately after the close of the war in 1865 the municipal authorities sent up to the asylum 72 insane patients, which number was included in the preceding figures. From the report of P. Fishburn, Thomas S. Jones, A. J. Nimrod, L. F. Gayden, John C. Miller, Administra- tors, dated Jackson, La., January 8, 1866, addressed to the Honorable the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of Louisiana in General Assembly convened, the following interesting facts have been gathered : The Insane Asylum of Louisiana, at Jackson, continued under the care of the administrators to subserve the pur- poses of its organization through all the discouragements and disturbances of the Civil War. After the occupation of New Orleans by the Federal forces, and up to October, 1864, the asylum was depend ent for support on that portion of the State under Confed- erate control, and the provision made for it by the Legis- lature thereof was nominally liberal, but as early as Octo- ber, 1863, it was found impracticable to procure, with the depreciation of currency then received, clothing and many other things needed. Under these circumstances the administrators purchased, on terms deemed favorable, 100 bales of cotton, and sought and obtained from the Fed- eral authorities in New Orleans permission to introduce- and sell the same and procure the needed supplies. This result was accomplished after many delays and difficulties, which have been fully detailed in the report before men- tioned. Up to October, 1864, the officers and attendants of the asylum were paid in Confederate and State scrip, though dor a time at a nominally enhanced rate of compensation 225 but then the depreciation of those currencies became so great that no one would any longer receive either for per- sonal service, while for supplies of- any kind, payable therein, exorbitant prices were demanded, and of neces- sity conceded. It cost the asylum $1000 per week for beef alone. So situated, the administrators had but two alternatives to choose from : either to close the institution, and consequently to turn loose upon the world over one hundred poor creatures bereft of their reasoning faculties, or of providing in the manner before stated, by the pur- chase and sale of cotton. During most of the time from the summer of 1862 up to that of 1865 no supplies of food other than what could be drawn from the surrounding country were attainable, and the prevalence of war and its ravages enhanced the money value of everything eatable; hence one cause of indebted- ness. All who could that were appealed to furnished more or less of what was needed, and at current prices, though knowing that the time of payment was uncertain and per- haps distant. At the close of the war, of such means as the Shreveport legislature could furnish, there was a surplus. Twenty7 thousand dollars of the last appropriation made was not drawn for, and there was an unexpended balance of $8000 in State scrip in the asylum treasury. "After the advent of peace, and when speculations in cotton could no longer be looked to as a source, a want of supplies, and of means to satisfy the claims of attendants again embarrassed the operations of the asylum. Nothing but some clothing to each, and a small percentage of their wages had been paid them since the ist of October, 1864, and a majority of them, as was natural, became discontented and insubordi- nate. An appeal was made to Governor Wells, who responded thereto promptly and with strong assurances of his sympathy; but with an empty "treasury and a destitution of State credit he was powerless to help. Through him, however, an overture was made to General Canby, and re- lief came. "General Canby awarded the institution the sum of $5000 in cash, and also directed to be issued to it from the Quartermaster's stores at Port Hudson, rations for four months for 200 persons. The rations received were, in the most, good and suitable, and the money served both to hush the clamors of attendants and to procure a supply of blankets and of winter clothing for the patients." The administrators of the asylum also state that, in ad- dition to what was received from General Canby, the city •of New Orleans paid $2470 on account of seventy-two pa- tients sent up from there since the close of the war, and on the ist of January, 1866, $1696 were to accrue from the same source. 226 The Board of Administrators in closing their report asked the legislature to appropriate- For payment of debts $23,000 For repairs 5,000 For subsistence 30,000 Total $58,000 Dr. Preston Pond, asylum physician, states that when he entered upon his duties on the 1st of April, 1865, he found upon the entry books the names of one hundred and fifty- one patients, but only one hundred and thirteen could be found; discrepency 38. This irregularity mav in a meas- ure be explained by the following statement in the report of the administrators already referred to : "On the death of Dr. Barkdale, late superintendent of the asylum, the administrators, believing that economy in its management was a primary duty, instituted some changes with especial reference to this end. There were, at the time, but few patients in the institution other than such as there was no hope of benefiting in the way of restoration to reason, and for whom the most that could be done was a kind at- tention to their physical wants. The war, too, was still in progress, and until its cessation no material addition to the number of patients was expected. Under these cir- cumstances an unprofessional man, but one known to the administrators as otherwise peculiarly fitted for the place, was secured as superintendent, his wife taking the part of matron, at a joint salary of fifteen hundred dollars a year, and at the same time an old and experienced medical practi tioner was named as visiting physician, at a salary of eight hundred dollars a year." Dr. Pond gives the following statistics of the asylum for 1865: Patients in the asylum April i, Admitted up to January i, 1866 1865, Males. 53 40 Females. 60 44 Total 113 81 Total 93 104 i97 Males. Females. Total. Discharged recovered... 5 2 7 Eloped 1 3 4 Died 7 7 14 Total 13 12 25 Remaining December 31, 1865 80 92 172 227 Of the 84 admissions in 1865 thirteen zvere colored people. From the year 1865 the Negro began to occupy an im- portant numerical position among the insane of Louisiana. The patients admitted in 1865 were from the following named parishes and States: Parish of Orleans, 73; West Feliciana,i; East Baton Rouge, 1 ; Lafayette, 1; State of Mississippi, 1; Claiborne, 1; St. Landry, 3; Living- ston, 1 ; East Feliciana, 1: State of Arkansas, 1. In 1865 there were but three pay patients in the asylum. The condition of the asylum in 1865 is thus described by Dr. Pond: "There is properly not room for over one hundred and fifty patients, independent of what is reserved (in the cen- tral edifice) forthose who pay. "The rooms in the detached buildings for the accom- modation of the violent and the filthy are neither sufficient nor in a safe condition. They have to be washed out daily, sometimes oftener, and this keeps them so damp as to prejudice the comfort and health of their occupants. The floors, too, and the joists that support them, are in partial decay from the cause stated, and their giving way (which is to be apprehended) might cause serious injury, if not death, to those in them. These rooms should be numerous enough to admit of a dry one being ready for use while the one before occupied is undergoing ablu- tion and its accompanying processes of preparation." The insane asylum of Louisiana at Jackson survived the devastations of the civil war of 1861-1865, and was pre- pared to carry forward and enlarge its humane labors in behalf of suffering and distressed humanity. Insane Asylum of the State of Louisiana at Jackson Subsequent to the American Civil War, 1866- 1889. The total number of patients received into the Louisiana Insane Asylum up to December 31, 1866, was 1157. In 1866 the following statistics were recorded: 228 Males. Females. Total. Patients in the Asvlum, Dec. 31, 1865 .... 80 92 172 Admitted since .... 15 9 24 - - - 95 IOI 196 Males. Females. Total. Discharged cured 4 4 S Removed 1 1 2 • Escaped 4 1 5 Died -. 4 6 10 13 12 25 -- - - ■■ - Remaining December 31, 1866 82 89 171 Ten of those admitted were either naturally feeble- minded, idiotic or epileptic. Five of the twenty-four were colored. Only two patients were admitted from the Parish of Orleans, and it was evident that the City of New Orleans had ceased to forward patients to the Asylum. The receipts for 1866 were : From the City of New Orleans $ 3,820 co From the State Treasury-For repairs 2,500 oo For indebtedness ... 23,000 00 For subsistence 25,000 00 From pay patients 2,399 00 From lands sold 180 00 From the old lease 193 75 $ 57,O92 75 Total expenditures $ 57,092 75 Total indebtedness, January 1, 1867 4,604 66 After the year 1867 a long period of darkness and gloom settled over the politics of Louisiana. Her liberties were restricted, her finances ruined and squandered, her purest and best citizens thrust aside and dishonored, and adven turers, carpet-baggers and political clowns, thieves and robbers were elevated to the highest positions of honor and trust. Even this asylum of demented wretches did not escape the claws of these foul birds of prey. No report was printed during the years 1868-1869 and hence we have failed to find the asylum reports in th? official documents in the State Library Dr. A. W. Smythe, president of the Board of Admin- istrators, and Messrs. J. S. Walton, W. R. Fish, H. C. Dibble and W. C. Williams, state in their report for 1870: "At the last session of the General Assembly an appro- priation of thirty thousand dollars was made for im- provements. 229 "From the treasurer's report it will be seen that the dis- counts in State warrants for the year exceeded the sum of fourteen thousand dollars. This loss, with the loss of re- pairs, so exhausted the appropriation as to preclude the idea of contracting for a furthur extension of the building dur- ing the past year. "The necessity of increasing the building so as to make room for the insane at present confined in the parish prison of New Orleans, is so great and generally so well under- stood that no doubt can be entertained regarding the action of the legislature in making the necessary provision. At least one hundred thousand dollars should be appropriated for the erection of two wings during this coming year." - Documents State of Louisiana, fan., 1871. Dr. A. W. Smythe, president, and Messrs. J. S. Wal- ton, W. R. Fish, H. C. Dibble and W. C. Williams, in their report for 1871, state: "That the contemplated extension of the building in two wings, recommended in last year's report, for which the legislature appropriated the sum of one hundred and thirty thousand dollars, we are sorry to say, has not yet been commenced. The plans and specifications have been made by Mr. Henry Howard, architect, at a cost to the State, in warrants, of two thousand dollars, and this sum alone has been paid out of the appropriation. "At the time the plans and specifications were ready for making a contract with builders the value of State warrants was reduced to 50 per cent, discount, and at this rate only one wing of the proposed extension could be put up. The commencement of the work was delayed on this ac- count, his Excellency the Governor, and Hon. John Gra- ham, State Auditor, objecting to the sacrifice of $60,000 to the State by selling warrants at so great a loss." In the meantime, the lavish appropriation of $120.00, in- addition to some $40,000 for subsistence, appears to leave the entire asylum deeper and deeper in abject poverty and distress. Dr. L. A. Burgess in his report for the year 1871 says: "But few repairs were made during the year, though in some instances badly needed. The slate roofs of the two- corridors connecting the main entrance with the wings are leaking badly, causing the plastering beneath them to crumble and the framework to decay. The lower gal- lery floors of the two wings and at one end of the de- 230 tached buildings, which are of brick and cemented, are in a very bad condition and require immediate attention." -Documents State of Louisiana, 1871. Neglect, squandering of the public funds and suffering among the insane, characterized the years 1872 and 1873. President J. M. J. Clark, and the Superintendent, Dr. L. A. Burgess, made the following statement in 1873 : "With one-half the entire appropriation in the hands of the treasurer we were forced to accept them, whether it was good or bad to do so. He realized the advantage of his position, and I regret to say has made a bad use of it, and has by the total disregard of the trust confided to him, inflicted the privations and hardships upon the unhappy inmates so fully and so justly set forth in the report of the superintendent. "The health of the inmates during the year has not been good From April to July diarrhoea was quite prevalent, but easily controlled, and nothing approaching cholera was manifested. Malarial fevers were com- mon during the latter part of summer and early fall. During the preva- lence of yellow fever in various places in the State a rigid quarantine was established, and no patient admitted who had come from or passed through a known or suspected infected place, and no case of that disease occurred here " The inmates, without exception, are suffering from marked debility, brought on for want of a suitable diet and by exposure to cold." The patients were bereft of their usual supplies and fresh beef, and confined upon salt bacon or salt pork. Were it not for the vegetables raised by the patients themselves it would have been impossible to fix the death rate within any bounds. Owing to scanty clothing a number of frost bites occurred. Over one-third of the inmates even in the cold weather of winter were barefoot and without shoes or stockings. With reference to the constitution of the Board of Ad- ministrators of the Insane Asylum the Superintendent, Dr. L. A. Burgess, writing in his report dated Dec. 31, 1873. says : "The statute provides that a board consisting of five members shall be appointed every two years. This arrangement effectually destroys all permanency in the asylum government or any well-digested plan of oper- ations looking to its future advancement and usefulness. Before any plan, no matter how well devised, can be carried to a successful conclusion, there usually follows a change in the board of administrators, new mem- bers are appointed, new plans adopted, and the result is that instead of advancing, the asylum remains stationary or retrogrades in the scale of usefulness. "Then again the custom, for there is no law requiring it, of selecting all the members to compose the board from the immediate neighborhood of the asylum, has proved its bane, and is highly objectionable for reasons which I do not choose to state here. "The city of New Orleans pays two-thirds of the amount annually ex- pended for the support of this institution, and besides this has to main- tain an asylum of its own at a cost of nearly twenty thousand dollars a year. The average annual expenditure here for the last five years has been forty thousand dollars. Of this amount New Orleans pays twenty- six thousand six hundred and sixty-six dollars a year, or in the five jears one hundred and thirty-three thousand three hundred and thirty 231 'dollars; and within that time has gained admission for eighteen patients, which is paying at the rate of seven thousand four hundred and some dol- lars per patient. " Insane persons from that city are excluded from this asylum for the same reason that so many others are from the different parishes of the State-for want of room to accommodate them. " By paying such an extraordinary proportion of the expenses of this institution without reaping much benefit from it, would it not be avisable for the people of the city to be represented on the board of managers, to see if something could not be done to relieve the asylum, and make room for the one hundred and thirty lunatics on their hands and at their expense, and to see how their twenty-six thousand and sixty-six dollars, annually paid to this asylum is expended? I know it would be much better and more satisfactory, and room can be made to take the number of lunatics now in New Orleans without incurring a greater expenditure than it now costs a year to support them here." It is evident, as Dr. Burgess states, that the city of New Orleans during the years 1868, 1869, 1870, 1871 and 1872, paid $I33»33O, and had only gained admission for eighteen patients, whilst her own insane were confined in the old Marine Hospital building (City Asylum), situated in a swamp in the rear of the city, the exhalations of which sapped the health and strength of the inmates and closed every avenue for recovery or improvement. The physician, Dr. Burgess, in summing up the condi- tion of the Asylum at the close of 1873, says : " The condition of the Asylum and its wants have been so often laid before the public that a transcript from former reports is all that can now be offered. "Absolutely nothing has been done to repair the decay and deteriora- tion of the building, to remove the numberless inconveniences under which the institution labors, to introduce modern and labor-saving im- provements, and to make the inmates comfortable, which is now far from being their condition; and the most casual perusal of this report will readily convince any one that the Asylum is nothing more than an alms- house, and a very poor one at that."-Documents, State of Louisiana, 1833 Dishonesty, misrule and wild speculation in State war- rants went on unchecked and brought forth disease, starva- o 7 tion and death to the wards of the State. The following memorial, presented to the General Assembly of 1876, and representing the condition of the Insane Asylum of Louisiana in 1874 and 1875, will give no uncertain sound as to the condition in which rapacity, dishonesty and brutality had left its victims. Memorial to the Honorable Senate and House of Representa- tives of the State of Louisiana. Your memorialist, president ot the Board of Administrators of the Insane Asylum at Jackson, La., begs leave, in his own name, and in Behalf of his co-administrators, to respectfully yet urgently represent: That owing to the deep destitution and painful privations endured by the inmates of this institution in the year 1874, which were prolonged 232 during a portion of the year just closed, and the arrearage due the attendantsand employees, in addition to the indebtedness for indispensa- ble supplies furnished previously, and also in the first six months of the year 1875, together with the necessity of cash payments for continued supplies, the appropriation of twenty-four thousand dollars made by the legislature, although administered with a prudent hand, is entirely ex- hausted. And, furthermore, that unless a special provision is made by your hon- orable body to meet absolute wants of the Asylum, until such time as the general appropriation bill is passed, desertions from service by the attendants and employees, to all of whom we are now greatly in arrears for faithful and uncomplaining labors, will occur. That consequences too awful to contemplate will befall us, and will reflect dishonor and disgrace not only at home, but throughout the entire world. The twenty-four thousand dollars only netted in currency some thirteen thousand dollars, a sum far too small for six months' expenses of such an institution; yet, by pinching economy, we made it bring us safe thus far, by leaving nnpaid superintendent and attendants. The end is now reached, and untold, unspeakable suffering' must and will follow, unless your honorable body grants immediate relief to these unfortunates by a special and temporary appropriation. They are your peculiar wards, helpless creatures, wholly dependent on your kind care and attention, special objects of your tender mercies, and it is to be hoped your compassion as men and duty as guardians of so sacred a trust will prompt you to act without delay. State paper is at such a heavy discount, a sum should be appropriated that will net at least the sum of ten thousand dollars in currency. All of which is respectfully submitted. W. B. Louden, President Board of Administrators and in Behalf of His Co-Admin- istrators. The condition of the Asylum in 1877 was wretched in the extreme, according to the report of the Board of Ad- ministrators, which is as follows : Annual Report of the Board of Administrators of the Insane Asylum, State of Louisiana, to the Governor. To the Honorable the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of Louisiana-The Board of Administrators of the Insane Asylum of Lou- isiana make the following report for the year endingDecember 31, 1877: The appropriation of $25,000 in State warrants, together with sums re- ceived from pay patients and private donations, amounted to $21,199.50 in currency. The average number of patients for the year was 189, which, with 21 employees and 3 officers, amounted to 213 persons. The income of the Asylum for the year just past gave only about $115 per head for the pay of officers and attendants, and the subsistence of the patients, a sum al- together insufficient, as will appear by reference to the reports of similar institutions in other States. The Board of Charities and Corrections of the State of New York of 1876 states that the average annual cost of main tenance of each lunatic was $272.30. This may appear exceptionally high. But on collating the reports of the asylums of the different States the average cost of maintenance per head is not less than $234 per annum or $4.50 per week. There are no exceptionally favorable circumstances in this State to diminish the cost below the average of similar institutions of other States. After a reduction of expenditures of at least $200 per 233 month ,on the pay roll of officers and attendants, affecting, however, only the disbursements of the last six months, there is a deficit of $2000 in the amount necessary to defray the expenses of the year. There are only 21 employees in the Asylum, including gate-keeper, gardener, cooks and farm laborers; of this number only 8 are in attend- ance upon the patients, where there should be 19, as in other asylums, one for every 10 patients. Besides we are not able to hire a night- watch, so necessary to the safety of the property and the welfare of the patients. The appropriation was not sufficient to procure a supply of suitable food and clothing. These unavoidable ch cum- stances have made the Asylum a mere poorhouse, where 194 unfortunate insane are kept from nudity and starvation. As more than 50 applications for admission have been postponed for want of room, there is no probabil- ity that the number of inmates can fall below the average of the past year. Many of the buildings and fences are in a ruinous condition, no re- pairs having been made for several years, and the longer the repairs are put off the more they will cost the State. Unless provision is made for repairs some of the buildings and fences must soon fall. The floors of the bath-rooms of the cell-buildings are in a very dangerous condition, liable to fall through at any time. The tanks and the pipes for convey- ing water into the buildings and waste water from the buildings are out of repair and cannot be used. The buildings used for dining-rooms and kitchens being very old and rotten are in danger of falling, and are not suitable for comfortable horse stables. The cooking is done on two old, worn-out stoves. The number of patients and attendants to be fed cer- tainly demands a comfortable kitchen, supplied with modern improve- ments. The underground cisterns are out of repair, and there is only one well, which furnishes a scanty supply of water. The washing is done by hand in the old-fashioned wash-tub, requiring the services of ten or twelve women, without supplying the wants of the inmates. Nothing less than a steam laundry can meet the wants of an institution containing an aver- age population of more than two hundred. The engine could also be ad- justed to the uses of the kitchen and bakery, and would serve various other useful purposes. By reference to the report of the Superintendent you will see that a hospital where the sick can be taken care of and treated with more satis- faction and efficiency is indispensable. Another matter to which he al- ludes is the construction of cottages for the use of the quiet and orderly patients who have been on hand for years, and who are known to be eas- ily controlled. The plan of putting patients in detached cottages has been tried and found to add greatly to their successful treatment. To preserve the property of the Asylum from further dilapidation; to increase the comfort and improve the sanitary condition of the patients; to provide in some measure tor the increasing demand for accommoda- tions, and to render the operations of the institution more efficient, we earnestly request that you will appropriate for the support of patients not less than $45,396, for repairs $15,000, and for furniture $10,000. We also ask an appropriation sufficient to construct twelve cottages large enough to accommodate eight patients each. The estimated cost of their erec- tion is $2400. Owing to the insufficiency of the appropriations for the support of the Asylum for several years past debts, some of thbm already in judgments, have accrued to the amount of $35,711.11. Most of these claims are due to men of small means, who have contributed to the support of the Asy- lum, either by their labor or by supplying provisions, relying on the jus- tice and good faith of the State. These claims are just, and we urge special provision for their liquidation. We especially invite a visiting committee from your body, who can more readily see and appreciate the true condition and wants of the Asylum. 234 Under the supeiintendency of Dr. J. W. Jones the patients have had vigilant care and attention. His medical treatment is efficient. As the result of this treatment and care a reasonable percentage of those re- ceived have been restored to soundness of mind, to useful lives, to society and friends. Respectfully submitted. W. B. Louden, President; O. P. Langworthy, J. W. Dederick, * F. V. D. Hagaman, Eli S. Norwood, John F. Keller, T. S. Jones. 235 The following statistics will illustrate the general opera- tions of the Insane Asylum of Louisiana for the years specified, number treated, discharged and died: April *7, I 1884- ' 1S86.J April ] 17. I 1882- f 1S84.J April "j r7, I iSso- f 1882.J 1S7S.. ) >679.. i 1S76.. I 1S77.. j •"^Si 1S73.... 1871.... 1870.... 1 >1 to £ 8 * £ Co $ *0 | Males. Re D< Pr 239 462 125 144 0 to 0 102 19$ 9X1 96 S' 87 '63 03 | Females. Total. maining jc. 31st, seeding vear. to to 0 -I to £ - to Go Males. av sO to to to to 0 0 to O 80 Fem ales. q H M 0 436 * to X' Co '© to u> "o Total. S' 'bJ 0 v© to 0 Cn Males. n K W Oo to fx to [X Females. > Q x - 0 « 0 249 2 - 'O Total. w 1 QO 369 ■5 to to 8 CZ) 0 g Males. r-f- % to & to 0. C\ s £ F emales. " E H -* M u to 5 to CZ) to 0 to & £ Total.' 1 lent. K) tv " * 18 29 Qi to to 0 CO -1 GO (Z) Males. Females. Diet 206 Os to to w •-1 Ml to Total. A A A •54; I total, 295. I males, j >41; females, 1 Colored 1 patients: I 194. 1884-1886 - 1 109; total, ! 57; total, I 115. r 1882-1884- Number patients: colored males, 85; females, 1 asylum: 1 males, 58; females, ' 1880-1881 - Colored patients in 1 43; total, 1 80. Colored males, 37; females, 36; total, < 70. 1879- patients: males, 34; females. I 40. 1 1877- I Colored ! 21; total, females. 1 asylum 1 1875- 1 males, 19; 5 7) 5 5 I 4; total, 7. f Colored 1 males, 3; 1 females, Colored males, 5; females, I 4; total, 9. f Colored 6; total, L 12. ? 3 3 £ CD - 7) r Colored Remarks. 236 Receipts and expenditures Insane Asylum of Louisiana, Jackson: «s7 187 187 187 187 IS7 1 s7 1 §7 187 '87 188 188 188 188 188 188 Ost M to □ 3 to Os 8 to 8 to 1 • □ ■0 D 3 $1,650 89 $ 1,795 00 Pay Pa- tients. to Gm O O ¥§ 88 From State for Build- ing, etc. RECE p 3 § 000'oS ooo'obj From State Subsistence ■- 3 3 88 202,440 21 123,652 89 1 41,841 81 79>211 73 s to § □ 1 13,926 00 ! tn O sO ;? 73,792 79 Total Re- ceipts. Building. Subsistence EXP - to M J yo r to D to □ to io ^-T ■ to 3 00 9?6'£i S°-495 74 $ 73,792 79 Total Ex- pendit'res. ENDITUB 18,052 49 38,230 90 $ 1,043 °° 7,199 72 8,077 01 8,987 73 9,109 04 7 539 44 2,000 co Deficiency. w The Insane Asylum of Louisiana claimed the attention of the members of the General Assembly after the reorgani- zation of the State government upon democratic principles,- and as an evidence of the generous sympathy entertained by the people of Louisiana we present complete copies of the reports made by the special committees charged by the Senate and House with the investigation of the affairs of the Insane Asylum. Senate Chamber, Baton Rouge Tuesday, June 20, 1882. To the Honorable President of the Senate, Speaker of the House and Members of the General Assembly-Your joint committee of the Senate and House of Representatives appointed to visit the charitable institutions of the State, having visited the Asylum for the Insane located at Jackson, report the condition, and recommend with regard to said institution as follows: So far as your committee is capable of judging from an inspection necessarily brief, the institution is conducted in a manner best calculated to restore to reason and health those patients who are not so far demen- ted as to be beyond hope of recovery and to mitigate the suffering of those unfortunate persons. We found wisdom and humanity presiding over the institution, and feel there are no hands into whose care and keeping we could more confidently trust the insane of this State than, with the present manager of the institution. One of the various means de- signed tor their comfort and health by giving moderate employment to body and mind is a large farm attached to the institution and cultivated by the inmates. Also a large building attached to the west end of the main building is in process of construction and designed for the male department. Your committee found cleanliness, system and order in the institution and are satisfied that the most rigid economy is practiced in the management of it. For more particular specifications as to the workings of the institution we respectfully refer you to the report of the Board of Administrators to the Governor 237 In view of the fact that there are numbers of insane persons scattered ■over the State, some in the parish prisons, some have to be guarded for the reason that the asylum is crowded and cannot receive them. Your committee adopt the recommendations of the Board of Administrators: i. That the $3000 worth of warrants of 1880, and the $50,000 worth of warrants of the year 18S1 now on hand, also $30,000 for the year 1882 be returned into the treasury, and the legislature requested to make some provision whereby the amount of appropriation for those years may be readily realized, and the loss to the asylum or $13,109 in discounts upon sale of $47,000 of the warrants of 1880 be made good. 2. That the sum of $20,200 be appropriated to furnishing, supplying cooking apparatus and furnishing another similar wing in the female department. 3. That an appropriation of $5000 per annum for two years be made to cover needed repairs. That an annual appropriation of $36,000 be made for two years for subsistence, salaries, wages, etc. Should provision be made to finish the building now in course of construction, we would further recommend an annual appropriation for two years of $15,000 for the support and subsistence of 100 patients contingent upon their admis- sion into the asylum. With the above stated additions to the asylum it will be capacitated to receive the insane of the New Orleans Asylum, also 100 insane persons from the country. Your committee would state that the above appropria- tions seem extravagant in view of the depressed financial condition of the State, but we consider that the first and most important duty of the State is to provide comfort and sustenance for the unfortunate people, no matter what the burdens of the government are. Your committee have scrutinized the various items of appropriation recommended in this report and are satisfied that every dollar of the amount will be required for the construction of another building, to finish the one now in process of construction, to make needed repairs and for the support of the inmates. Therefore we submit the above report hoping that it may be -adopted and the appropriations made as above recommended. Respectfully, John G. Archer, Chairman, John R. Phipps, House Committee. Thomas Campbell, Chairman, B. F. Brian, John Settoon, Senate Commitfee. Senate Chamber, June 25, 1884. Mr. Jones, Chairman of the Joint Committee to visit Charitable Insti- tutions, submitted the following report: To the Honorable the Speaker and Members of the House of Representa- tives-The joint committee appointed to visit the Insane Asylum, situated at Jackson, to investigate its workings and to ascertain the condition of its inmates, beg leave to report: That in compliance with your instiuctions we visited the asylum on the 13th day of June, and on our arrival found the officer of the institution and the Board of Administrators present. These gentlemen offered us every opportunity and facil- ity to become acquainted with all the details and w.orkings of the asylum, and the condition of its inmates. We examined the books and accounts of the institution and found them accurately kept, and true and correct. We examined the vouchers accompanying these statements, together with many of the invoices of goods, and found that the goods, groceries, drugs, etc., had been bought at remarkably moderate prices. In this branch of the management of the asylum it is gratifying for us to state that we discovered the most commendable economy, and a 238 thorough knowledge and acquaintance with the needs of the institution" and the comforts and necessities of its inmates. We examined every ward and we believe almost every room in each ward. A bath-room is attached to each ward, and every patient is required to bathe at least once a week. The rooms are well kept and the bedding, sheets and mattresses are clean. The males and females are kept in separate wards and separate grounds. The male apartments or divisions are under the charge of male atten- dants or employees; the female apartments exclusively under the charge and control of female attendants, and we think the care, patience and tenderness shown by these attendants to their hopeless charges deserves our special notice and attention. We could discover no difference in the treatment of the colored and white in- mates. They occupy different wards in the same building and different tables in the same dining-room, yet their rooms, bedding and food are the same, and they are subjected to the same treatment. There is not suffi- cient room for the inmates. The only social hall in the whole establish - ment is used as a male hospital, greatly to the detriment of the patients,, especially during bad weather. Each sex has a detached building, called a cell room, used for the violent or runaway patients. These were built 30 years ago. They are too small, insecure and much dilapidated, and totally inadequate for the proper use of such an institution. The inmates are given all possible freedom. All evidence of confine- ment and imprisonment is removed, as little restraint as possible is placed upon the inmates, corporal punishment, shower baths, shackels and cruel words are discarded. The straight jacket is only used in extreme cases to- prevent the patients from injuring themselves. The most cordial relations- exist between the officers and attendants and the inmates, and it is grati- fying for us to state that the able and exemplary superintendent is both loved and respected by the inmates. The sanitary condition of the Asylum is specially cared for, and young Dr. Jones seems to lend all his fine abilities to the faithful discharge cf the tunctions of his office, and is justly proud of the sanitary regulations and requirements of the institution. We visited the dining-rooms where dinner was being served. The kitchen is clean and neat. The food well cooked and served and we are satisfied from observation and investigation that the inmates are well fed We hereto attach a sample of a bill of fare, which, we are told, is bulletined on each Monday morning. There are now some four hundred and seventy odd inmates in the Asylum, representing every class and condition of life and all ages, from the centenarian to the child ten years- of age. The cost per capita per annum for the last two years has been $114. This includes the salaries of officers and employees, food, clothing, drugs and all the running expenses of the Asylum. We think this sum too small, and while we think $150 per capita a moderate sum, yet in the straightened and unsettled condition of our finances we would recommend an appropriation of at least $125 per capita. The aggregate number of employees per month is sixty-six, at a monthly cost of $138?. The State owns the buildings, grounds and about 750 acres of land, 150 acres of which is in cultivation and worked almost exclusively by the inmates. Some one hundred acres cultivated in corn and the balance in Irish and sweet potatoes, pumpkins and a garden. The garden, poultry yard, and farm contribute largely to the support of the Asylum. There are some fourteen mules, six oxen, farming implements, etc., attached to the farm. There is also a fine brickyard in successful operation, worked by the inmates. These bricks are now being used for building purposes, at a cost of some $2.50 per thousand. There is now in process of construc- tion two large brick buildings, to be used for the inmates. The Asylum is overcrowded. These buildings are absolutely necessary, and we recom- mend the sum of $20,000 for their completion and furniture. W'e likewise lecommend $1500 for a workshop-asked for by the administrators. This shop will be an important adjunct to the farm;, besides, which, it will afford occupation to the artisans and mechanics who are inmates; will utilize their skill and preserve and quicken, as far as possible, the lingering intelligence of these helpless people. We think the sum of $90,000 a moderate appropriation for the year 1884 and $70,000- for the year 1885. Your committee have gone somewhat into detail in this report, but »e have done so with the view and hope of impressing upon the General Assembly the prime importance of providing liberally for the poor, unfortunate beings confined to this institution for treatment and custody. The Superintendent is kind, humane and skilful in his treatment of the patients. The administrators are gentlemen, devoted to the advancement of the institution and its every interest. Every dollar entrusted to them, we feel will be judiciously and honestly expended. Wisdom and human- ity mark the treatment of the inmates. Economy and honesty preside over the administration of its finances, while marked ability on the part of all of the officers signalize a judicious and disinterested administra- tion of the entire business of the institution. Murphy J. Foster, T. S. Fontenot, R. M. Armstrong, C. W. Ball, M. D., Alfred Voorhies, Thomas Price, Geo. M. Eldridge, E. E. Smart, E. F. Davis, G. W. Munday, Thomas Richardson, G. L. P. Woren, E. A. E. Cassidy, V. Dickerson. Senate Chamber, June 2, 1886. Mr. Brice, chairman of the special committee on the part of the Senate appointed to visit the Insane Asylum at Jackson, submitted the following report: Baton Rouge, June, 1886. To Hon. Clay Knobloch, Lieutenant Governor and President of the- Senate-The joint committee appointed to visit the insane asylum situated at Jackson, for the purpose of investigating and reporting upon its condi- tion, and the condition of its inmate.', and also upon its financial affairs, respectfully submit the following in compliance with your wishes: We visited the asylum on the 24th day of May, and on our arrival we found all the officers of the institution present except several of the Board of Administrators, whose excuses for non-attendance were in the hands of the Superintendent and were duly read to us. We take pleasure in stating that these gentlemen offered us every oppor- tunity and facility to become acquainted with the details and workings of the asylum and the condition of its inmates. The books and accounts of the asylum were examined by a sub-committee appointed from our body, who reported to us after a careful and scrutinizing examination,, that they found them accurately kept, true and correct. Your committee regret to state that the warrants appropriated by the State for the main- tenance of the asylum and for building purposes, were negotiated at an average of 51 per cent., thus affording to it a little over one-half of the assistance your body intended it should enjoy; and this fact we present to your consideration and expressly present same to the committee on appropriations for consideration at the moment of fixing the appropria- tion for this noble institution. We find the management economical and thoroughly acquainted with the need and comforts of the institution, as. well as with the necessities of the inmates. We made a thorough exami- nation of the vast buildings, ward by ward, and we are gratified to report the rooms well kept, and that the bedding, sheets and mattresses were in a perfect state of cleanliness. The cell-rooms in the rear of the main, buildings, used for the violent patients, we find all insecure and much di- 240 1 apitated, and too small, requiring the crowding of too many patients in one cell, and we urgently recommend that you adopt the proper measures to secure the enlargement of said cell-rooms. We find that in the general management of the institution, that all evi- dence of confinement and imprisoment is removed, and that little or no restraint is placed upon the inmates, and that love and confidence greet the superintendent on every hand. On the first day of April there were 600 inmates in the asylum, forty odd have since arrived and several more are asking admission, and therein are represented every class and condi- tion in life. The aggregate number of employees per quarter, the amount paid them per month, and their occupation will appear as per payroll herewith attached. We recommend that an appropriation of $121,500 be made for the maintenance of the asylum for the year 1S86, and a like sum for the year 1887, basing our estimate upon the probable average of 675 patients at $15 per month, or $180 per year, which includes expenses of every nature. And we wish to impress upon your minds the fact that $15 per month for all expenses, incidental and contingent, is very small for such patients. We respectfully call your attention to the fact that the buildings of the asylum are not insured, and further that the amount we recommend is sufficient to pay the insurance which ought to be carried. James Brice, Chairman on Part of Senate. Executive Department State of Louisiana, Baton Rouge, May 10 18S6. Insane Asylum.-This institution has in the last few years been greatly improved in the management and treatment of the unfortunate inmates, in the erection of new buildings or additions, and in the adornment of the grounds. The report shows that the Superintendent is able and compe- tent, active, energetic and economical. The labor of patients able to work is utilized, resulting in an improvement of their health and a large saving to the State. There are now 600 patients in the asylum, and at the pres- ent rate of increase it is estimated that in the next two years the number will reach 800. There is a recommendation for a separate institution for the incurable insane, and also further improvement in the present buildings, as to sew- erage, light and ventilation. All these recommendations are concurred in as being necessary and important. It will require a large outlay of money - an appropriation more than the present revenues will justify, but a be- ginning can be made, and I advise the improvements recommended for the present building and premises before attempting to establish another institution for the incurable insane. S. D. McEnery, Governor. Report of the Committee on Charitable and Public Institutions. Baton Rouge, La., June 28, 1888. To the Honorable Speaker and Members of the House of Representa- tives-Your committee on charitable and public institutions having met at Jackson, La., on June 21, 1888, for the purpose of examining into the in- sane assylum at that place, beg leave to submit the following as our report: We carefully examined the building and grounds of the institution, which we found in excellent condition. The building is kept scrupulously neat and clean in every department, and the ventilation in all parts of the building is good. The total num- ber of rooms in the different wards is m, not including the main build- ing, chapel, bathrooms, etc. There are about four hundred and sixty patients occupying the wards, and the number of attendants required to attend to them is about fifty, 241 these being equally divided as to sex. In this number is not included the superintendent, his assistants, nor the workmen required to operate the machinery of the institution. There are doubtless but few members of this body who have the slightest conception of the magnitude of this great institution; therefore it is necessary that your committee go some- what into details, and give an idea of its importance and place its claims for recognition fairly before you. The buildings of the asylum have a floor area of about 138,000 square feet, or over three acres, and is systematically arranged to care for the insane. The wastage attendant upon caring for the nature of patients treated here is very great, as they are very violent at times and destroy considerable property, but this item of expense has not figured largely in the reports of the institution, as the plan adopted by the management, of employing partially insane persons, enables them to repair and replace much of the destroyed bedding, clothing and furniture, without extra cost to the State. The farm attached to the institution is also worked by the inmates, and the products raised are a very material aid to the State's donation in feed- ing the patients. The garden, which is also worked by the inmates, is also an important factor in the bill of fare of the inmates. The cold water supply and the electric lights are sufficient for all practi- cal purposes, with the exception that the boiler of the electric light engine has broken down, and is utterly useless, and should be replaced by a new one. The request made by the superintendent to have appropriations made to improve the sewerage, for putting in hot water supply pipes, heating ap- paratus to heat the building by steam, diningroom and kitchen improve- ments, and leather clothing for violent patients, are very just and should secure due consideration at the hands of this body. The grounds in front of the buildings have been beautified and laid off into a well cultivated and attractive flower garden, and adds very ma- terially to the appearance of the place. We wish to call the attention of this body to the important fact that the donations of the State to this worthy institution for the past have been too small to admit of the patients being supplied with the proper food and nourishment; not even the invalid patients in wards have suitable food, to say nothing of the bedding, clothing, etc., that must be furnished to the great number of patients. Your committee carefully examined the books, and beg leave to make the following corrections in table of Treasurer McKowans, as laid before you in his biennial report under the head of "disbursements," which should be tabled as follows: By cash paid salaries and labor $3,211 65 By cash paid drugs and medicines 265 00 By cash paid fresh beef . 3,214 80 By cash paid supplies 9,337 97 By cash paid sewerage account 100 00 Interest , 170 66 Balance on hand April 1, 1888 4,577 67 Total $19,876 95 We found the error in the report, not in the book, as the accounts were kept correctly, though we do not approve of the style of bookkeeping employed, nor can it be expected that the board could get efficient service for the meagre salary of $25 per month, which is the amount paid for all clerical services secured, including the great volume of correspondence for all the inmates to be done by the clerk. We are reliably informed that many fit subjects for this institution are refused admittance on ac- 242 count of the lack of funds to provide for their proper support and main- tenance. We call the attention of the House to the fact that the build- ings of the asylum have never been insured against loss by fire, but we would not think that insurance was so absolutely necessary if the institu- tion was warmed by steam instead of the dangerous fireplaces now used, by which the halls of the building alone can be heated, and is also a con- stant menace to the safety of the property and lives of the inmates, though we would recommend that both the heating appliance be put in and the property insured. In view of the fact that the appropriation heretofore has been too small to properly care for the objects of charity who have found a home under the roof of this, the State's most worthy institution, we respectfully recommend that the appropriation be increased from the amount already passed by this body to one hundred thousand ($100,000) dollars per an- num, and trust that the House will take immediate action thereon. Respectfully submitted. Warren Homes, Chairman pro tern. Senate Chamber, Baton Rouge, La., July 5, 1888. To the Hon. James Jeffries, President of the Senate of the State of Louisiana-Your committee on health, quarantine, etc., beg to submit the annexed report of the sub-committee, who visited the Insane Asylum, Jackson, La,, and earnestly ask the careful consideration by the Senate of the suggestions therein contained. Respectfully submitted. J. Numa Augustin, Chairman. To the Honorable President and Senate of the State of Louisiana- Your committee on health, quarantine, drainage and charitable institu- tions beg to submit the following report ot the sub-committee appointed to visit the Insane Asylum and examine into its condition and affairs. The sub-committee, composed of J. Numa Augustin, Chairman; Aug. Levert, John J. Barrow. C. C. Duson, K. A. Cross and Oliver O. Pro- vosty, visited the Insane Asylum, Jackson, La., on Friday, June 29, 1888. On entering upon this investigation your committee felt fully impressed with a high sense of its responsibility, tor of all the institutions depend- ent upon the charity of the State this one excites the greatest feeling of pity and sympathy. We are now prepared to give the Senate our honest, impartial and just conclusions, and will do so with but one idea in view, and that is, the duty ot the State to this most interesting class of its wards, and the protection of, and the improvement in the condition of these unfortunate beings. The country is woody and hilly; the build- ings of the asylum occupy apparently one hill or range of hills, in the immediate vicinity of the town of Jackson. Between the asylum and the town there flows a little creek which ought to be susceptible of being utilized for purposes of drainage. Those of your committee who had never before seen the place were struck with the magnitude and imposing appearance of the buildings, which are seen from a considerable distance on the road, as they rise up among the wood-clad hills. The road just before reaching the asylum lies along an extensive and well cultivated field of about 200 acres, which your committee was informed is worked by the inmates under the direction of paid labor. The asylum is of easy access by the Mississippi Valley Railroad, the distance between the nearest station and the asylum, six miles, being made in hacks over a very good road. It is close enough to the town for all purposes, while it is from the nature of the country sufficiently isolated. The grounds consist of an extensive front yard, planted in shade trees, flowers and shrubbery; of the several yards or courts attached to the dif- 243 ferent wards, and divided so as to keep separate the various classes of in- mates; and a large field, which by nature of the soil permits the employ- ment of many of the inmates in agricultural labor, thus diverting the ■mind, fortifying the body, and at the same time providing the asjlum with a sufficiency of vegetables, corn, etc., which, it must be observed, is of itself a great saving in the cost or maintenance of the inmates. The buildings are large, commodious and in fairly good condition. Your committee found the buildings, porches, galleries and halls very clean, and after a careful inspection through the several wards would say, that, so far as these are concerned, there was a fair appearance of care and attention shown. The front yard is very well kept and presents ■quite a pleasing view, but the inner courts do not evince the same atten- tion; the drainage is deficient, and there is little shade, many of the inmates being observed standing in the hot sun singly or in groups. Dr. J. W. Jones, the superintendent, and Dr. Phil. A. Jones, his assistant with Dr. Thos. S. Jones and Mr. R. H. McClellan, members of the board of administrators, were on hand to receive your committee and conduct it ovei- the entire place. The first thing visited was the machine-room, which is a small wooden structure with ground floor. Here also the mammoth well, which easily supplies the Asylum with thirty-five thousand gallons of water per day. This water is said to be chemically pure. It is sent to all parts of the building by means of a force pump. The machine-house appears also to be utilized as a wood shed, judging from the loose cord wood which lay in disorder on the floor and around the building. The wash-house is scarcely large enough, nor is it adapted to such a purpose, and it can be easily improved upon. The bakery building is not prepossessing in appearance, but the bread which was being baked at the time of the committee's visit was of good quality and appetizing. The functionaries were a hired baker and two inmates acting as assistants. The carpenter shop appeared to be sufficient and well ordered. It was in charge of a hired carpenter and two inmates, the latter evincing quite a proficiency in their ti ade. In passing through the sveral courts or yards your committee was struck by the appearance of the inmates, who were ■ quiet in their demeanor and gave no signs of their unfortunate condition, but walked about singly or in groups, or sat or reclined on the steps of the galleries or on the ground. Here it must be observed that the absence of any benches or contrivance to permit the inmates to enjoy the advan- tages of an outdoor rest was quite a surpise to your committee. The bull-pen for males was next visited. This is a separate building with a small court closed by a high fence in which dangerous inmates are placed. Your committee was somewhat surprised to find that blacks and whites were kept together and that these supposed dangerous in- mates were allowed to be free in their movements within this enclosure to the great danger of their seriously injuring one another before any assis- tance could be given from the outside. The only protection against the sun is a gallery which fronts the cells, and it is evident that those placed there must suffer a great deal from the heat and glare, for your commit- tee noticed a number of them crouching along the fence taking advantage of every inch of shade. Your committee personally experienced the dis- comforts of the sun and glare. In this connection your committee is told that shade trees were repeatedly planted in this yard, but that the inmates have torn them down by climbing on same. What is here said of the bull-pen for males equally applies to that for females. In this connection your committee regretfully observed that in the buil-pen for females, where there were at that time none but colored d'emales, the guards were two young white women. The floor fronting the cell was torn off, but your committee was assured that it was on ac- •count of repairs and that it wou'd be replaced at once. 244 As stated above the main buildings are clean and commodious. The several wards were visited and found in a very clean condition. The most noticeable feature of the majority of wards for males, white and black, and for black females, is the entire absence of any furniture. The mattresses are laid on the floor; they are covered with clean white sheets. The mat- tresses should be made over, for in general they present a lumpy appear- ance, which causes wonder as to the possibility of any one being able to obtain any rest by lying on the same. In these wards was also noticed the absence of any chairs, benches, or of any contrivance whatever of this nature. The unfortunate inmates are left either to stand all day or to sit or lie upon the floors of the wards or galleries. Your committee is decidedly of the opinion that stationary benches should be placed in all the wards, in the halls or on the galleries. The wards are heated by means of open fireplaces, which not only are totally inadequate for the purpose intended, but this mode of heating largely increases the danger of fire, and it is perfectly obvious that the burning of this institution and the sacrifice of lives which would inevi- tably ensue, would be a catastrophe beyond the power of words to describe, and your committee cannot too strongly insist upon an imme- diate and sufficient appropriation being made to provide for the heating of the institution in a more modern way. This course is dictated by every feeling of humanity, and every consider- ation of economy and common sense. The last report of the superintend- ent calls attention to this matter. Your committee was not shown any pharmacy or appliances and apparatus for the treatment of the inmates, and calls your attention to this want. If any such things do exist your committee's attention was not called to them in any manner whatsoever. The condition of the inmates was found to be quite unsatisfactory. Those of the inmates who are not confined as dangerous appear to have the liberty of the whole establishment; and grounds, except that the males and females are carefully and strictly kept separate. Though it does so with much diffidence, your committee must in duty bound add that the inmates are not kept in that condition of cleanliness which it seems should be an im- portant feature of such an institution. These unfortunate creatures are scarcely clad, in many instances being without shoes, and the clothing they are made to wear is in a dilapidated and often unclean condition. This is probably accounted for by the habits of life resulting from their infirmity and the insufficient attendance which the circumstances permit. Sufficient care is not taken to prevent them from denuding themselves, and even during the visit of your committee several such cases were no- ticeable, yet this did not seem to attract the attention of the attendants. It would seem that the State ought to clothe these unfortunates in such a way that their outward appearance would not appeal to sympathy and pity almost as strongly as their mental condition, and further that by some attention they might be made more careful of the condition of their dress. Your committee cannot animadvert too strongly upon the condition of the mess hall of the male inmates. This room, located several feet under ground, is very damp and dark, and even in the cleanest condition, as it was when visited by your committee, it emits an odor which makes re- pugnant the idea that any human being, and much less an unfortunate in- sane, should be made to take his meals therein. Another place should be selected at once. The superintendent recognizes this fact, and stated this place is only used on account of necessity. The examination of the buildings, wards, etc., being concluded, your committee called upon the secretary to produce his records, and upon the treasurer his books and accounts, which these gentlemen promptly proceeded to furnish. In regard to these records, none are kept with the exception of a register upon which for many years back are entered on the day of their admis- 245 sion the name, age, last residence, sex, character of insanity, and date of discharge or of death of each inmate. In this register the names are not kept alphabetically, nor by parishes, nor are they indexed. It is, there- fore, necessary to rely upon the memory of the officers of the asylum, or to search through the whole list to discover any name, or to obtain any in- formation. There should be kept a register with alphabetical indexed pages, so as to facilitate the researches for names, etc., and a list of names by parishes should also be kept. Your committee found with surprise that no regular system of books is kept by the treasurer for the financial affairs of the asylum. The treasurer keeps a check-book, a cash blotter, but no ledger or any itemized books are kept. It is therefore the work of an expert to prepare any intelligent report or statement of the receipts and expenditures of the asylum and of its present financial condition. An investigation of the accounts of the asylum was an impossibility, for it would have taken more time than your committee could afford to separate the different amounts disbursed under the proper and several headings. We were told that the executive com- mittee of the board checked off the vouchers for all disbursements. Your committee believes that it is impossible to get at the amounts expended for the several and distinct accounts under such a system, and lurlher wonders by what process under the existing system the officers and admin- istrators of the asylum can make annually any estimate of the expenses of the asylum in each of its departments, and thus in considering their bud- get determine where an economy can be made and where the funds of the asylum can best be used. Your committee would insist on the necessity of a complete set of books being kept. The distribution of an appropria- tion of $80,000 is no small matter, and it should be done in a business- like manner. We suggest that a cash-book, a ledger and whatever auxiliary books are required be kept henceforth. Your committee is informed that the present treasurer has accepted the position only temporarily and as a matter of accommodation, and has been in office only since the month of January, 1888. Under these circum- stances he has not deemed proper to inaugurate any change in the system adopted by his predecessor. Your committee deem it their duty to call your attention to the fact that although many insane persons have been within the last month re- fused admission to this institution on the ground of want of room and in- sufficiency of means, yet it is their decided opinion that with an econom- ical and intelligent administration, and considering that a large portion of the food of the inmates is grown on the place by the labor of the in- mates themselves, and that much of the work of repairing and building is done by these same inmates, that six hundred patients could be housed and properly cared for in this institution. Your committee in closing this report, in which many defects and short comings have been reluctantly alluded to, would say that it behooves this General Assembly to provide liberally for the wants of this institution, and respectfully recommends an increase of appropriation which will per- mit the carrying out of the suggestions contained in this report and in that of the committee of the House of Representatives. Very respectfully submitted. J. Numa Augustin, Chairman. John J. Barrow, Oliver O. Provosty, C. C. Duson, Aug. Levert. 246 Extract from Governor's Message, Executive Department, State of Louisiana, Baton Rouge, May 14, i883. Insane Asylum-The report ot the Board of Administrators and of the Superintendent will give you information in relation to this institution, its present condition and its urgent needs. In the last few' years the ac- commodations for the insane have been increased 50 per cent. This has not been sufficient. The overcrowded condition of the Asylum, the always increasing number of applicants for admission and the accelerated increase of the number of the afflicted in future, in proportion to the growth of our population, admonish us of the necessity of making further provisions for this stricken class of sufferers in the near future. The State can acquire sitas with ample grounds, in wholesome sec- tions, for limited sums of money, for two or more asylums, so located as to be most convenient to the inhabitants of each section. The financial condition of the State may not admit of immediate establishment of these asylums, but an appropriation should be made at this session, and from time to time, until the needed work is completed. In this manner there will be secured full accommodations for the increase, the cost of their transportation will be decreased, the expense ot their care and subsistence lessened, and the Asylum at Jackson will be relieved of the now growing and excessive population of the inmates. I recommend the legislation, suggested in the reports. For the successful management of the Asylum I deem it essential to change the manner of appointing the Board of Administrators. The members of the board should all be appointed at large from the State. At present the board is localized, and as a result the administration falls too much under local influences and is trammeled and impeded by local jealousies. I will also suggest as a matter of prime importance to the wel- fare of the Asylum that the Governor should be ex officio a member of the Board of Administrators, and that he should appoint the superintendent and the physician of the Asylum. You will find that a vigorous effort will be made to defeat this important change, for the same local interest that dictated the present system will oppose the substitution ot another. An effort is being made by some philanthropists to have the United States Government establish a postoffice at each asylum, so that the inmates can have free and unrestricted correspondence with parties w#»o are interested in their welfare. The Board of Administrators and the managers of private asylums should be compelled to furnish the inmates with a reasonable quantity of writing materials. Each inmate should be permitted to select some person with whom he desires to correspond, and this correspondence should be free from inspection or supervision. A. box for the reception of letters should be placed conveniently in some accessible place in or about the Asylum, and these letters should be sent to the postoffice. There is no complaint of any restriction upon corres- pondence at the Asylum, but this will be a means of letting the com- plaints of the inmates be heard, and in private asylums may be the means of securing the release of persons illegally detained. Medical Statistics of the Insane Asylum of Louisiana, at Jackson. I have exhausted every avenue of research in order to obtain reliable data illustrating the rate of mortality and the causes of death amongst the Insane confined in the Insane Asylum of Louisiana, at Jackson; and shall en- deavor to present a brief outline of some of the most important results. [I am indebted to the present able and accomplished 247 Superintendent, Dr. L. G. Perkins, for a portion of the data contained in the following table of the admissions and deaths, classified by sex, from the foundation of the Insane Asylum of Louisiana in 1848 to 1888-a period of forty years.] Statement of Admissions and Deaths in the Insane Asylum of Louisiana from 1848 to 1888. Male. Female. TotaL. From 1848 to 1854 Under treatment 191 134 32S 1854 4 4 44 I42 106 248- 1855 - 44 II4 106 2 20- 1856 44 III 8l 192 1857 <4 44 102 83 185 j858 : 44 44 127 82 209 1859 4 4 44 J 45 89 234 * 1860 44 4< 130 IO8 238 1865 44 44 93 IO4 J97 1866 4 4 44 95 IOI 196 1867 <4 44 9i 93 184 41870 44 4< 93 94 187 1871 '4 44 101 93 i94 1872 <4 4< 98 97' i95 1873 <4 44 87 99 186 1874 44 44 - 189. 1875 44 44 102 104 206 ^877 44 4 4 II4 116 230 1879 44 4 4 122 126 248 From Dec. 1st, 1879, to April 1st, 1882 " Api. 1st, 1882 " " 1884 u 4< 171 166 337 n 44 369 352 721 " " 1884 " " 1886 4 4 478 430 908 " " - 1886 " " 1888 a 44 359 359 718 From 1848 to 1854 Died 60 35 95 1854 44 55 33 88- 185 s - . 4 4 11 12 23 1856..... ; : 44 40 16 56 1857 44 J9 10 29. 1858 44 17 10 27 1859 44 28 9 37 *1860 44 J9 15 34 j86s; 44 7 7 14 1866 i 4 4 6 10 1867 . 44 6 5 11 41870 44 4 8 12 1871 44 8 7 15 1872 4 4 10 8 18 1873 4« 7 4 11 1874 44 9 4 1875 44 18 13 3i + 1877 ...... " 11 10 21 1879 44 1.5 12 27 From Dec. 1st, 1879, to April 1st, 1882.. " Api. rst, 1882 " " 1884.. 44 18 29 47 ' <4 75 89 164 " " 1884 " " >886.. 4 4 122 84 206. " " 1886 " " 1888... 44 76 106 182= *During the war, from i860 to 1865, no reports were made. fFrom 1867 to '870 reports not on file. jFrom 1876 to 1879 reports not on file. The records simply show the death of males and females, not stating their color. 248 Total Insane Male and Female, and Total Deaths, Male and Female, in the Insane Asylum of Louisiana at Jackson, 1848- 1S88. Per Cent, of Deaths and Deaths per 1000 of Male and Female Patients. Total Insane Male and Female under treatment. Total Deaths Male and Fem'le Per Cent. of Deaths Male and . Female. Total Deaths in 1000 Insane Male and Female. T848-1854 - 325 05 29.2 292 1854 ....248 88 3i-4 3H 1855 ...220 23 IO.I IOI 1856 ...192 56 29.I 291 1857 ....185 29 15-7 157 1858 ....209 27 12.9 129 1859 ■ -234 37 15-8 158 i860 - 238 34 14.2 142 1865 .... 197 14 7.6 76 1866 ....196 xo 5-1 51 1867 ...184 11 5 9 59 1S70 ... 187 12 6-5 65 1871 • -194 15 7.6 76 1872 -195 18 9-i 91 1873 ... 186 11 5-9 59 '874 . ....189 13 7-i 7i 1875 -• ...206 31 150 150 1877 ... 230 21 9.0 9° *879 .... 248 27 10.9 109 Dec. 1, 1879-April 1, 1882. -337 47 13-9 !39 April 1, 1882-April 1, 1884. 721 164 22.7 227 April 1, 1884-April 1, 1886.. ...908 206 22.9 229 April 1, 1886-April 1, 1888. ...718 182 25-3 253 Table Giving the Mortality per One Hundred and per One Thous- and of the Male Insane Patients under Treatment in the In- sane Asylum of Louisiana, 1848-1888. Years. Deaths per 100. Male Patients. Deaths per 1000. Male Patients. 1S48-1854 31.4 3H 1S54 38.7 387 1855 9-7 97 1856 36-0 36 1857 18.6 186 1858 13-4 '34 1859 19.3 193 i860 14.6 146 186^ 7-i 7i 1866 4-2 42 1867 6.5 65 1870 4-3 43 1871 7-9 79 1S72 10.2 102 1873 8.0 So 1875 - 17-6 176 1877 9.6 96 1879 12.2 122 Dec. 1, 1879, to April 1, 1882...k 10.5 ioq April 1, 1882, to ?Kpril 1, 1884 20.3 203 April 1, 1884, to April 1. 1886 2.5-3 253 .April 1, 1886, to April 1, 1888 21.1 211 249 Total males under treatment during the years specified,. 3432. Total deaths among this body of Insane Males dur- ing the years specified, 621. Per cent, of deaths for total number of males, 18.1. Deaths per one thousand, total males, 181. Table Giving the Mortality per ioo and per 1000 of the Female Patients Treated in the Insane Asylum of Louisiana, 1848-1888. Years. Deaths per 100 Female Patients. Deaths per rooo Female Patients. 1848-1854 25-9 2.59 1854 3!-o 310 1855 ii-3 "3 1856 19.7 197 1857 12.0 120 1858 12.1 121 1859 10.1 IOI i860 13-8 138 1865 6-7 67 1866 5-9 59 1867 5-3 53 1870 8.5 85 1871 7-4 74 1872 8.2 82 1873 ' 4.0 40 1875 12-5 125 1877 8.6 86 1879 9-5 95 Dec. 1, 1S79, to April 1, 1882 i7-4 174 April 1, 18S3, to Abril 1, 1884 ... 25.2 252 April i, 1884, to April 1, 18S6 19-5 195 April 1, 1886, to April 1, 1888 29.4 294 Whole number of Insane Females treated during the' years specified, 3233. Total deaths amongst insane females during the years specified, 528. Per cent, of deaths amongst total number of females treated, 16.3. Deaths per 1000 of total number of females treated, 163. From the preceding figures it is evident that during the years specified, 6665 insane persons, male and female, were treated in the Insane Asylum of Louisiana at Jack- son (1848-1888), and of this number 1149, or 17.2 per cent., died. This mortality is placed in a clear light when compared with the great Charity Hospital of New Orleans. During a period of fifty-six years (1832-1887) the grand total of admissions into the Charity Hospital of New Orleans was 432,187; discharges, 360,331 ; deaths, 63,- 341; mortality 14.65 per cent. The mortality was heavier in the Insane Asylum of Lou- 250 isiana at Jackson than in the Charity Hospital of New Or- leans, notwithstanding the existence of various pestilential deseases in this latter institution. The highest annual mortality occurred in the Jackson Insane Asylum, 1848, 1854, 1856, 1857, 1875, 1882, 1884, z886, 1888. The heaviest mortality amongst the Louisiana insane -occurred in 1854. The following is the record for the asylum for 1854: Total. Males. Females. In the Asylum,Dec. 31, 1853 132 68 64 Admitted in the year 1854 116 74 42 Whole number during the year 248 142 106 Discharged, recovered *9 6 Removed 6 5 1 Eloped 5 5 0 Died 88 55 33 Whole number of deductions 118 78 40 Remaining Dec. 31, 1854 *30 64 66 The deaths in 1854 were from the following causes: Flux, 28; diarrhoea, 27 ; dropsy, 8; phthisis pulmonalis, ■7; scurvy, 1 ; tetanus, 1; suicide, 1; oedema of the brain, 1; infirmity from age, 2; palsy, 1; fits, 7 ; marasmus, 3; gastritis,i; diabetes 1; venereal, 1. Of those who died 72 were from New Orleans, and 16 from other par- ishes, and " a large majority of the entire number were broken down by disease at the period of admission into -the asylum. Sixty-nine were foreigners,/ 18.. Ameri- cans, and one whose place of nativity was unknown. Here we have a mortality in the entire asylum, amongst males and females, of 35.5 per cent. The administrators of the asylum in their report for 1854 make the following statement: It will be seen that the mortality amongst the patients was proportionately much greater in 1854 than in any pre- ceding year. The existence of dysentery as an epidemic was one known cause of this excessive mortality, and the? introduction of an unusual number of patients in a very feeble condition of body was another; both these causes -combined do not account satisfactorily for the melancholy aggregate of deaths. Extra efforts were made to stay the waste of human life, but they were of no avail. Profes- sional skill and sanitary precaution proved separately and together alike inefficacious, and change of season, from wet and sultry to dry and cool, seemed but to aggravate, rather -than ameliorate the tendency to disease and dissolution." 251 Dr. Preston Pond, physician to the Asylum, stated that ■of the four hundred and forty-one patients admitted up to the end of July, but fifty-one were pay patients; the re- maining three hundred and ninety were at the expense of the State. With reference to the condition of the patients in 1854 Dr. Pond stated: "This institution from its commencement has been more an almshouse than an insane asylum. Many are sent here in the last stages of bodily disease and whose prospect is speedv death. Some of them have not the power of locomotion, and could be nursed in a poor-house, or in any other house, quite as well as here, and probably at less cost, and their absence from this institution would make room for such as require its care. " In my former reports I was able to say that no epidemic had visited the Asylum since its establishment, but I cannot say so now. The flux or dysentery has prevailed as an epidemic during the past year, and proved very fatal in some places. It began here in April and has contin- ued to prevail more or less until now. In the town it has proved quite manageable, having caused but one death that I know of, but in the Asylum, amongst our diseased and crowded subjects, it has proved quite different; they have fallen before it like grass before the scythe. " I feel conscious of having made due exertion to preserve the lives of those entrusted to my care, and by permission of your body called to my aid Drs. James and L. G. Perkins, who attended the institution with me for some time, but were unable to advise any more effective plan ot treat- ment or prevention than that which was pursued." The health of the Insane Asylum appears to have undergone some improvement in 1855, as out of a total of 220 males and females only 23 deaths were recorded, giv- ing a mortality of 10.1 per cent. In 1856 the inmates again suffered from diarrhoea and dysentery, and we have the death rate running up to 36 per cent, amongst the males and to 19.7 amongst the females. The following is the report of the physician, Dr. J. E. T. Gourlay, for the year 1856: Total. Males. Females., Remaining in the Asylum, Dec. 31, 1855 133 74 59 Admitted in 1856 59 37 22 Whale number within the year IQ2 Discharged, Recovered 28 18 IO Died ........ 56 40 l6 Remaining Dec. 31, 1856 102 49 53 Causes of deaths in 1856: Diarrhoea, 41; dysentery, 5; paralysis, 1; typhoid fever, 1; apoplexy, 1; scurvy, 1; cancrum oris, 1; acute gastritis, 1; general debility, 1; consumption, 1. Up to the end of 1856 the whole number of patients ad- mitted in the Asylum was 587; males 347, females 240. Deaths, 282; males 166, females 116. The percentage of 252 deaths amongst the patients admitted up to the end of 1856, was 48 per cent. Dr. J. D. Barkdull, Physician and Superintendent, in his report to the Board of Administrators of the Insane Asylum gives the following statement of its operations during the year 1857 : Total. Males. Females. Remaining in Asylum, Dec. 31, 1856 102 49 53 Admitted in 1857 79 51 28 Readmitted in i8>7 Whole number within the year 185 102 83 Discharged recovered 27 11 16 Removed male occupants 2 0 2 Removed female occupants 1 0 I Eloped 1 1 O Died 29 *9 IO Whole number of deductions 60 3l 51 Paying patients. H 11 3 Remaining Dec. 31, 1857 125 7i 54 The deaths during the year 1857 were from the follow- ing causes: Chronic diarrhoea, 13; chronic gastritis, 2; general debility, 2; typhoid fever, 2; consumption, 1; marasmus, 2; disease of the heart, 1; paralysis, 2; apoplexy, 1 ; hepatization of the lungs, 1; ascites, 1; abscess of the liver, 1. Percentage of deaths: males, 18.6 per cent. ; females, 12.0 per cent. Per cent, of deaths in total patients treated in 1857 (male and female), 15.1. Dr. J. D. Barkdull gives the following statistics of the asylum, which evidently combine the years 1849, *850, 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857, as the asylum was not opened un- til October, 1848. Statistics of Asylum. Total. Males. Females. Whole number of patients admitted 670 400 270 Discharged, recovered 1.50 87 72 Removed 41 25 16 Eloped 34 34 O Died : 3" 186 12.5 Whole number of deductions 595 322 213 Remaining Dec. 31, 1857 124 7i 59 Of the whole number of patients admitted up to Dec. 31,. 1857, 634 were from the State of Louisiana and 36 from other States. The parish of Orleans contributed 398 in- sane patients. Percent, of deaths: males, 46.5; females, 46.2; malesand females, 21.54. Total, 46.3. The nativity of the patients treated in the asylum during the year 1857 was as follows: Ireland 38, Germany 16, France 21, England 3, Canada 3, Prussia 1, Poland 2, Holland 1, Hungary 1, Austria 1, Texas 1, Louis- 253 iana 23, Tennessee 5, North Carolina 2, South Carolina 1, New Hampshire 1, Alabama 3, Indiana 1, Georgia 1, Massachusetts 1, West Indies 1. Dr. Barkdull states that among the State patients in 1857 were " 8 free persons of color." Tzvo-thirds at least of the inmates are of foriegn birth, principally Irish and Ger- man, and these are mostly brought from the city of New Orleans. We also have quite a number of Creole French of the poorer class. It does not appear that colored insane slaves had been admitted into the asylum up to the close of 1857. Dr. J. D. Barkdull, physician and superintendent of the Insane Asylum, presented the following valuable statistics in his report for 1859: v Males. Females. Total. Remaining in the Asylum, Dec. 31, 1858... ... 80 57 137 Admitted during the year 1859 - 65 32 97 Whole number within the year - 145 89 234 Discharged, recovered ... 24 10 34 Discharged, improved .... 4 2 6 Died ... 28 9 37 Remaining Dec. 31, 1859 .... 89 68 i57 " Of those remaining 21 are supported at the expense of friends and 136 at the expense of the State. The average daily support was 164. Probably not much to exceed ten per cent, of those still in the institution will ultimately recover, and the rest may be regarded as life-long occu- pants of the wards." The deaths occurred from the following causes: chronic diarrhoea, 19; acute diarrhoea, 5; apoplexy, 1; hydro- cephalus, 1; pneumonia, 1; marasmus, 2; consumption, 2; paralysis, 1; maniacal exhaustion, 3; gastritis, 2. A majority of the deaths recorded were from among a hopelessly diseased lot of patients, admitted from New Orleans in the early part of the season, several of whom died within a few days, and others lingered out a miserable existence till death came to their relief. Table Showing the Form of Mental Diseases of those in the Asylum in 1859. Males. Females. Total. Mania, Acute 12 5 17 Mania, Chronic 20 12 32 Imbeciles 2 2 Idiotic 7 7 Dementia . 58 32 9° Dementia, with Epilepsy - 7 8 Not Insane 2 2 254 Table Showing the Whole Number Admitted and Discharged, from the Organization of the Asylum ut' to Dec. 31, 1859. Whole number admitted Males. 521 Females. 33° Total. 851 Discharged recovered 133 92 22s Removed 35 23 58 Eloped 36 I 37 Died 231 M3 374 Whole number of deductions 435 259 694 Remaining December 31, 1869 89 68 157 This table is of great value, for it shows the exact mor- tality occurring amongst all the patients admitted. In the table previously given, with the percentages calculated, we gave for each year the entire number of patients ad- mitted and remaining. Here the basis of calculation is solely for the admitted patients, nothing being repeated a second time upon the annual register. The Asylum was opened near the end of 1848, so we may regard this period as eleven years. Total admissions, 851; males, 521 ; fe- males, 330. Total deaths, 274 : males, 231; females, 143. Percentage of deaths, 43.9; males, 44.5: females, 43.3. Total number of patients from Parish of Orleans, 496; from other parishes of Louisiana, 307 ; from other States, 48. According to the report of the asylum physician, Dr. Preston Pond, the following was the record for 1865 : Males. Females. Total. Patients in Asylum, April i, 1865 53 60 I 13 Admitted since 40 44 84 Total under treatment Males. Discharged 5 93 Females. Total, 2 . 7 104 197 Eloped 1 3 4 Died 7 13 7 14 12 25 Remaining December 31, 1865 80 92 172 Of the eighty-four admissions, thirteen were colored persons. The deaths in 1865 were from the following causes: Diseased bowels, 1; dropsy, 2; anaemia, 1; maniacal exhaustion, 1; age and exhaustion, 1; cause unknown, 1; diarrhoea, 2; abdominal tumor, 1; general paralysis, 1 ; congestive chill, 1 ; epileptic fit, 1 ; diseased kidnevs, 1. Seventy-three of the eighty-four admissions were from the parish of New Orleans. Only three of the patients pay ; the remainder, 194, are cared for by the State. Whole number of patients admitted up to close of 1865, 1135. According to Dr. Preston Pond the statistics of the asylum for 1866 were as follows : 255 Males. Females. Total. Patients in the Asylum, Dec. 31, 1866 ..... 80 92 172 Admitted since • Males. Females. Total. Discharged, recovered 448 Removed 1 1 2 Eloped ;....; 415 13 12 25 15 95 9 101 24 196 Remaining December 31, 1866 82 89 171 Five of the twenty-four admissions were colored. Only two patients were admitted from parish of New Orleans. The deaths were from the following causes in 1866: Phthisis pulmonalis, 3; epileptic fits, 2; marasmus, 1; softening of brain, 11; general paralysis, 1; typhoid fever, 1; chronic diarrhoea, 1. Whole number of patients ad- mitted, 1157. Dr. L. A. Burgess, Superintendent, reported 1870, 1871 and 1873, as follows; Males. Females. Total. Patients remaining Julv i, 1870 70 75 H5 Admitted during the year 23 19 43 Of this number there were colored 6 6 12 Whole number under treatment QI 187 Discharged as improved 5 4 9 Eloped. . 2 2 Died 4 8 12 Remaining Dec. 31, 1870 80 •83 163 The deaths were caused by consumption 2, pneumonia 1, chronic di- arrhoea 2, maniacal exhaustion 1, softening of brain 1, senile decay r, gastro-enteritis 1, epileptic fits 1, chronic cystitis 1, congestion of brain 1. Males. Females. Total. Patients remaining January i, 1871 - 80 83 163 Admitted during the year 21 IO Of this number there were colored • 5 4 9 Whole number during year IOI 93 194 Discharged recovered 9 2 11 Died 9 7 15 Remaining Dec. 31, 1871 82 86 168 The deaths were caused by apoplexy 3, aortic aneurism 1, exhaustion from epilepsy 2, general paralysis 1, pysemia 1, phthisis pulmonalis 3, senile de- bility 1, marasmus 3. Males. Females. Total. Patients remaining Jan. i, 1S73 76 87 163 11 Of this number there were colored 3 4 ^3 7 Whole number treated during 1873 87 99 185 Discharged relieved 2 6 8 Removed improved 1 » 1 Eloped 1 ./ Died 7 4 11 Remaining Dec. 31, 1873 76 89 165 The deaths in 1873 were caused by diarrhoea acute 1, pneumonia 2, consumption 3, paralysis 1, marasmus 1, starvation 3. 256 It is certainly a matter of astonishment that in the latter portion of the nineteenth century three deaths should be recorded as due to starvation in an asylum. We have reason to know that these cases of starvation were due to scarcity of supplies of food. But two of these patients came from the parish of Orleans. Dr. J. W. Jones, superintendent, reported for 1875, as follows: Males. Females. Total. Number Jan. i, 1875 73 94 167 Admitted during the year 29 10 39 Total present in the year 112 104 206 Discharged, recovered 9 3 12 Discharged, improved 1 I Eloped 1 I Died 18 13 31 Remaining Dec. 31, 1875 - 75 $7 162 The authorities duly state that "more deaths have occured than usual, but this is in consequence of the priva- tions and sufferings from the want of proper clothing and necessary heating apparatus during the last winter. It really seemed to us that 'the powers that be' actually begrudged the poor unfortunate inmates the small pittance of legislative charity conferred upon them." The number of colored inmates were males, 19; females, 21; total, 40. It is evident that about one-fifth of the inmates in 1875 were colored. The deaths were caused by general debility, 2; apoplexy, 1; influenza, 3 ; general paralysis, 1; disease of the heart, 1; consumption, 3; caries, 1 : marasmus, 2; epileptic exhaustion, 4; exhaustion, 2; ascites, 1; dysentery, 9; meningitis, 1. Dr. J. W. Jones reports for 1877 : Males. Females. Total. Patients remaining Jan. i, 1877 .... 8l 96 176 Admitted, 1877 - 34 20 54 Total treated ... 114 2 70 Discharged .... IO 4 14 Died .... II 10 21 Remaining .... 92 102 II4 Colored Patients in the Asylum, 1877. Males. Females. Total. Number in the Asylum Jan. i, 1877 23 26 49 Admitted during the year 11 IO 21 Number at the end of the year 26 33 59 These figures were included in those relating to the entire Hospital. It is thus evident that in 1877, of the entire number, 230, in the Asylum, more than one-fourth, or 59, were colored. 257 The deaths occurring in 1877 were referred to the fol- lowing causes: Epilepsy, 3; general debility, 1; ex- haustion, 5; dysentery, 2; general paralysis, 1; rup- ture of blood vessel of brain, 1 ; fracture of the skull, 1 ; apoplexy, 1; consumption, 3; dropsy, 1. The following are the statistics for 1879: Males. Females. Total. Patients in Asylum January i, 1879 96 102 198 Admitted during the year 26 24 50 Total present in 1879 122 126 248 Discharged recovered 9 2 11 Died ..... 15 12 27 Remaining at end of the year 98 112 210 Colored Patients in 1879. Males. F emales. Total. Number at beginning of 1879 26 31 57 Number admitted during the year I I 12 23 Number at the end of the year 30 36 66 These figures were included in those given above. Form of Insanity, 1879. Males. Females. Total. Acute Mania 8 8 16 Chronic Mania 5 8 13 Epilepsy 6 2 8 Dementia 2 2 4 Idiocy 2 1 3 Periodical Mania O 0 0 Senility , O 1 1 Puerperal Mania o 2 2 Homicidal Mania I 0 Melancholy - 2 0 2 ■ • Total : 26 24 50 Males. Females. Total. •General debility I 2 3 Exhaustion 2 o 2 Chronic meningitis 3 o 2 Hydrophobia i o I Typhoid fever . o 2 2 Disease of heart J o I •Congestion of brain I o I Hemorrhoids I o I Phthisis o 3 3 Apoplexy I i 2 Chronic dysentery o I I Marasmus o I I Paralysis. o I I Malarial fever 3 o 3 Epilepsy " i o i Acute meningitis o I i - ■ Total i5 12 27 Deaths and the Causes, 1879. Dr. John W. Jones, superintendent, furnishes the follow- ing statistics of the asylum from December 31, 1879, to -April 1, 1882. 258 Patients in Asylum, Dec. ist, 1879 Admitted since, to April 1, 1882 Males. IOO 71 Females. I IO 56 Total. 211 127 Whole No. cases under treatment during time.... 171 166 337 Discharged from Dec. 1, '79, to April 1, '82 52 4i 93 V iz.-Recovered 29 IO 39 Removed, improved 1 2 Eloped, improved 4 1 5 Eloped, not improved 1 1 Died 18 29 47 Patients remaining April 1, 1882 119 125 244 Viz.-Supported by self or friends IO ' 5 15 Supported by State 109 120 229 Average present 107.03 120.3 227-33 Males. Females. Total. Number in Asylum, December i, 1879 3° 36 66 Number admitted since 28 21 49 Number in Asylum on April 1, 1882 40 43 84 Number of Colored Patients. Cause of Death. Males. Females. Total. General debility 3 4 7 Exhaustion from chronic mania 2 General paralysis I i 2 Consumption.. 4 4 Epilepsy 2 8 IO Exhaustion from acute mania 2 Dysentery I I Disease of the heart i I Typhoid fever 4 4 Old age 2 2 Meningitis I I Ascites I I Congestion of the bowels I I Urema 1 I Congestion of brain I I Hepatitis I I Congestive fever I I "Unknown... „ 1 I Showing a total of 17 3c 47 The percentage of discharges based upon the number of admissions shows much more favorably than for former years. The statistics of mortality for the whole period of twenty-eight months show but forty-seven deaths. If the report set forth the mortality of each year and part of years separately the rate per cent, of deaths, calculated- upon the total present during the whole time, would fall much below the average of former years. Among those whose names appear upon the mortuary list are some who have been inmates of the Asylum for more than the average lifetime of the insane and others who were among the first admitted when the institution was opened for the reception of the insane. Mary J. Robinson was admitted in 1849. Kate McIntyre, then but 13. years of age, and Mary Reardon, were admitted in 1848. What is now the extreme left wing of a splendid and magnificent collection of build- ings and used as dormitories of the male patients, at that time constituted the Insane Asylum of Louisiana. Kate McIntyre and Mary Reardon died in 1S81, the former of consumption, the latter of old age. Kate was an inmate or the Asylum for thirty-two years and Mary for thirty-three years.. A female patient, name not known, but registered as " Blind Mary,'' died, in 1880, whose age was supposed to be over one hundred years. 259 Were the facilities of the Asylum sufficient to receive all cases of insanity in their early stages, the number of deaths would, no doubt, be less, and the percentage of recoveries greater. But taken, as many are, from prison after a long confinement, calculated to intensify the malady and undermine the constitution even of the healthy and strong,, many reach the Asylum in the last stages of nervous and physical exhaustion, and yield an easy prey to death. The attention of the Board is again referred to the fact that the Asylum is not strictly devoted to the purpose for which it was originally designed. All manner of cases are presented, demanding admission under judg- ments of courts decreeing insanity. The idiot from birth, who never had a mind to be diseased was never insane; the epileptic, lucid during the interval of his paroxysms, and capable under proper control and manage- ment of contributing to his own support, yet each without any hope of benefit or recovery, claim the care, attention and accommodation of the institution to the exclusion of the really insane. This class of patients when once admitted become life members and are discharged only upon the death book or by elopement. Forming as they do a large proportion of the admissions to the Asylum, their presence serves in a remarkable manner to reduce the ratio of recoveries to the total admissions in any year, as only the truly insane ever recover. I would therefore earnestly and urgently recommend that some separate provision be made for these classes of unfortunates by the creation of a suitable retreat for their accommodation and treatment. Trusting that the importance of the disassociation of the really insane from all circumstances and relations, which have a tendency to intensify their malady and endanger their recovery, may command the thoughtful consideration of the General Assembly, I now submit for your information the work of the farm, gar- den, etc., since the last report. From 1848 to April 1, 1882, the number of insane ad- mitted into the Louisiana Insane Asylum at Jackson was 1650. The following table gives the nativity of the inmates of the Asylum: Nativity of Inmates of the Insane Asylum of Louisiana from 1848 to April i, 1882. Louisiana 531 Other States '. 400 Total Natives Germany 199 Ireland 248 England ...' 32 France ....... 77 Spain 15 Italy 13 Scotland . 7 Canada 7 Sweden 5 Portugal 3 Malta . 3 Belgium 2 Switzerland 2 Cuba 2 931 St. Domingo 2 Jamaica 2 Martinique 1 West Indies T Mexico 1 Nova Scotia 1 Prince Edward's Island 1 Hungary 1 Holland 1 Norway . 1 Orkney Islands 1 Austria ; 1 Wales 1 'Total inmates Foreign birth 630 Unknown 89 719 260 We have pointed out the fact that the year 1882 was memorable in the history of insanity in Louisiana from the removal of the inmates in the Insane Asylum of New Orleans to the Louisiana Insane Asylum at Jackson, and the development of a malignant form of dysentery from the careless and brutal crowding of these miserable beings whilst en route and after their arrival. The following statistics cover this important period: Patients in Asylum, April i, 1882 Admitted since, to April 1, 1884 Males. 119 250 Females. 125 227 Total. 244 477 Whole number cases under treatment during time 369 352 721 Discharged from April, 1882, to April 1, 1884 136 113 249 Viz.-Recovered 3« 21 59 Removed, improved 6 I 7 Removed, unimproved 7 I 8 Eloped, improved 7 7 Eloped, not improved 3 3 Not insane I 1 Died 75 89 164 Patients remaining April 1, r884 233 239 472 Viz.-Supported by self or friends 14 13 27 Supported by State 219 226 445 Average present 241. 18 226.01 267.19 Occupation of Those Admitted. Males. Fe- males. To- tal. Laborer 67 3<J 103 Housekeeoer 34 34 None 51 64 "5 Farmer ...... 23 23 Planter 16 16 Sailor 3 3 House servant 7 7 Merchant 3 3 Bookkeeper 2 2 Journalist 1 1 Barber 1 1 Painter 2 2 Unknown 25 75 100 Carpenter 3 3 Photographer 1 1 Baker 1 1 Butcher . 2 2 Tailor • ■ 1 3 Milkman I I Blacksmith I .... I Lawyer 3 3 Mechanic 1 2 Fisherman 2 2 Deputy sheriff 2 2 Barkeeper 2 .... 2 Pantryman 1 1 Preacher ... 2 2 Clerk 7 7 Saddler . Males. I Fe- males. To- tal. Swamper I I Brakeman I I Schoolgirl I I Engineer . I I Cabdriver I I Dairywoman I Cook I I 2 Lottery vendor. .. I I Seamstress 3 3 Student I I Cigarmaker 2 2 Tobacco dealer... ...... I I Recorder I I Actress I I Cardriver I I Nurse I I Teacher 2 I 3 Cabinetmaker I 1 Shepherd I 1 Engineer I 1 Plumber I 1 Music teacher 2 2 Cotton screwman I I Liv st'ble keep'r.. I I Policeman 2 2 Musician I I - - -- - Showing total of.250 227 477 261 Age of Patients Admitted During Past Twenty-four Months. Males. Females. Total Under fifteen years of age ■ 4 3 / Fifteen to twenty years 15 5 20 Twenty to twenty-five 44 13 57 Twenty-five to thirty 36 34 70 Thirty to thirty-five 34 36 70. Thirty-five to forty ....................... 4i 32 73 Forty to forty-five 14 29 43 Forty-five to fiftv 20 23 43 Fifty to sixty . 29 29 5* Sixty to seventv IO 11 21 Seventy to eighty 3 IO 13 Eighty to one hundred .... 2 2 Making a total of 250 227 477 Civil Condition of Those Admitted Fe- To- Males. males. tai. Single 154 92 246 Married 70 72 142 Widowed 9 53 62 Fe- To- Males. males, tai.. Unknown 17 10 27 Showing total of. 250 227 477 Education of Those Admitted, Males. Fe- males. To- tal. Good 62 31 93 Read and write . .... 56 "5 IOI No education . 114 IIO 224 Males. Fe- males. To- tal.. Unknown . 14 39 53. Finished ... 4 2 6 - - - Showing total of..250 227 477 Six hundred and thirty-four were supported by the State- and thirty-seven by relatives or families. Mortality of the Colored Population. Males. Females. Total. Number in asylum, April i, 1882 40 49 89 Number admitted during year 45 65 I IO Number in asylum April 1, 1884 60 89 149 Cause of Death. Males. Females. Total Consumption I IO 11 Exhaustion 4 7 I I Exhaustion from epilepsy 3 3 6 Exhaustion from melancholia i 3 4 Exhaustion from chronic mania 2 6 8 Exhaustion from acute mania 2 3 5 Exhaustion and malaria O i i Suicide O 2 O' Epilepsy 3 O 3 Pneumonia i o x Typhoid pneumonia 2 o 2 Peritonitis I o I Paralysis 2 I 3 Chronic diarrhoea 2 I 3 Accident 2 o 2 Cirrhosis of liver O I I 262 Males. Females. T otal Erysipelas I O I Apoplexy 2 4 6 Senility O 3 3 Typhoid fever 5 5 IO Congestion 6 7 13 Scrofula o i I Malarial fever o i I Dvsentery 23 i7 40 Typhoid malarial fever o i I Dropsy 3 i 4 Heart disease, fatty degeneration o i 1 Heart disease, rupture of auricle I o 1 Heart disease, rupture of ventricle ... I o i Heart disease, valvular I 4 5 Laryngeal abscess o i 1 Softening of the brain o i I Carcinoma o i I Chronic dysentery 2 o 2 Marasmus 2 3 5 Spinal meningitis I o 1 Typhoid dysentery I o 1 Showing a total of 75 §9 164 The increase of admissions over those of the last re- port was largely through the dissolution of the insane asy- lum in New Orleans. From the ist of April, 1882, to April 1st, 1884, there were admitted 477 (males, 250; females, 227), showing a total number under treatment during this time of 721- 369 males and 352 females. Of the 477 admissions, 129 were received on 30th day of September, 1882, from New Orleans, 73 of whom were males, and 56 were females. The superintendent. Dr. John W. Jones, has given the following important facts with reference to the mortality which prevailed in the asylum after the advent of the pris- oners from New Orleans in 1882 : Contrary to our past experiences our percentage of deaths has been large and is traceable to two direct causes: First, to the over-crowded condition of the building; second, to the character of the cases admitted. The laws of health imperatively demand one thousand cubic teet of air for each person. The laws of the State compel us to admit any person brought with a judgment of insanity and furnished with a certificate of indigence. In compliance with this law we have opened the doors of the Institution to all insane of the State confined in jails, to the idotic, the epileptic and the senile hitherto unconfined. Within the last eight months the Asylum has been crowded far beyond its intended capa- city, thereby forcing us to put two and three in a room originally intended for the accommodation of but one person. The closest scrutiny has failed to detect any unsanitary cause for the epidemic of dysentery which prevailed and swept off so many of our population. The disease was not at all confined to this Institution, it being general throughout the sur- rounding country, and may be attributed to the unprecedented quantity of rainfall in the spring and followed by drouth of extraordinary length and severity. Many of the cases admitted were brought to the Institution 263 in a state of exhaustion, reduced by disease, want and poverty to a state of mental and physical bankruptcy. Having resorted to every means in my power to discover and eradicate the cause of this epidemic, I invited the Medical Association of East Feliciana to investigate and point out the reason of and the remedy for this infection. In compliance with this request they visited the wards and entire premises, and after a most care- ful examination, made the following report which I append : Report of the Medical Association of East Feliciana. At a meeting of the East Feliciana Medical Association, held April i. 1884, a committee was appointed at the request of the Superintendent of the Insane Asylum of Louisiana to examine and inquire into the sanitary condition of the asylum for the purpose of ascertaining, if possible, the cause or causes of the prevalence of a low type of dysentery, which has been so fatal among the inmates of this institution during the last fifteen months. We, the special committee appointed to report the result, respectfully submit: That after making a thorough examination of the entire premises, and inquiring into all of the facts pertaining to the insti- tution and its management, and the particulars referring to the prevalence of- this disease and its fearful fatality, we find everything connected with the Asylum in a sanitary condition, and can find no cause whatever for disease of any kind, except the crowding together of too many patients in too small a space, and thereby not allowing to each sufficient pure atmos- phere to sustain health; and when we take into consideration the class of patients brought from New Orleans to the Asylum at the time specified in the communication of the Superintendent, together with their numbers and condition when brought there, being fit subjects for disease, and with little power to resist disease or recuperate therefrom, we verily believe these to have been the sole cause. We furthermore submit that we arrived at this conclusion by excluding every other possible apparent cause, and further submit that every means known to the profession has been resorted to to prevent the spread of the disease and for the cure of those attacked, all of which is respectfully submitted. E. M. Hooper, M. D. A. A. Carruth, M. I). Special Committee. Of four hundred and seventy-seven admissions during the past twenty- four months there were eleven cases of paresis, forty-five cases of epilepsy, two were admitted in articulo mortis, two were admitted supposed to be one hundred years of age, three were blind, thirty-one were idiots; there was a history of syphilis in twelve cases, and thirty-six were admitted in which alcohol was stated as the direct cause of insanity; six patients were admitted of a homicidal and five of a suicidal tendency; with the cunning characteristic of their malady two of the latter (females) con- trived to effect their own destruction, the one by ripping off the covering of a cistern and throwing hersel into it; the other, equally determined, accomplished her end by tying a pair of stockings around her neck and suspending herself from an iron pipe in the basement of the building. The mortality of the insane continued high during the years 1884, 1885 and 1886. We extract the following from the biennial report of Dr. J. W. Jones, the Physician and Superintendent, for April 1, 1884, to April 1, 1886. Character of Admissions. The character of admissions has been such as to suggest, at first glance, the importance of erecting an institution especially designed for the •chronic and incurable insane, and I strongly recommend the establish- 264 ment of such a home. I observe that this sentiment is growing among the medical superintendents of both sane and insane hospitals, and I doubt not that the fraternity will bear me out when I say that full justice cannot be done the acute and curable cases when crowded together with a preponderance of old, chronic incurables, and that the latter should be placed in an asylum to themselves. By this means happy results will fol- low. The institution could be made in a measure self-sustaining by the cultivation of gardens, orchards, and their labor otherwise utilized, while the patients would be greatly benefitted by such employment and out-of- door exercise, which is essential to health. The admission of the senile and chronic insane must always debar the curable, and at the same time swell our death rate. During the last biennial period fourteen were admitted here with gen- eral paralysis, two with chronic diarrhoea, two with typhoid fever, one with pneumonia, two with consumption, two with Bright's disease, one with diabetes mellitus, three in articulo mortis Twenty-seven were ad- mitted over sixty years of age, and two have died who had passed 100 years. One of those admitted lived 2 days, one 4 days, one 5 days, one 7 days, two 9 days, four 12 days, one 13 days, and two 14 days after admission. That persons having such a slight tenure of life should die is not strange, but in strict accordance with the established law of nature. That idiotic and imbecile children of tender years, for whom there can be no hope of improvement, should not be admitted here is a fact that can hardly be questioned, and so long as it is made a home for this class of the .afflicted, the object for which it was intended must fail and its results be dwarfed. Health and Hygiene. The health of the patients during the last biennial period, although much better than it was my duty to state in the period covered by my la«t report, has been by no means good. Low types of typhoid fever and dysentery have prevailed to a greater or less extent during the entire time. Their presence is by no means mysterious, and is positively and directly attributable to two great causes: First, the total absence of any system of ventilation; and, second, to defective drainage. In the original design and construction of these buildings and at a period when the value of these important agents were not realized and their relation to health not properly understood, they were by some strange fatality overlooked and neglected. These diseases are beyond doubt preventable and the method is plain. Every hall, corridor or room should be amply ventilated, and sewers which deposit their contents at a close and dangerous proximity to the buildings must be extended at least one-half mile beyond. It is an undisputed fact that the most important factor in the hygienic success of hospitals and asylums is ventilation and sewerage, and they should be a matter of as much importance, and be made as much a part of public building as the roof or floor. It is to be regretted that in the building of our asylum both have been left out. It is my duty to place these facts before you in their true light, and to indicate the means of relief. Pre- vious to the influx of this great body of patients the matter of sewage was easily disposed of and the necessity of ventilation little felt. The Board of Administrators made the following recom- mendations in 1886: There are now six hundred patients in the Asylum, and at the present ratio of increase it is certain that before the Legislature convenes again the number will have reached nearly eight hundred and probably nine hundred. In view of which, we would recommend an appropriation of $140,000 in cash, or its equivalent in Warrants, per annum, for mainten- ance. This amount may appear large, but it is based upon an attendance 265 of eight hundred patients at $175 per capita per annum, and which is less than the average appropriations of asylums in the United States, as shown by the various reports. We would also ask the appropriations for build- ings, lights, ventilation, sewers, etc., as suggested in the report of the Superintendent. * * * Very respectfully, your obedient servants, W. B. Loudon, President Board of Administrators, Thomas S. Jones, Chairman Executive Committee, J. W. Taylor, A. M. Smyi ie, H. B. Barrow, William Wilson Matthews, J. J. Mellon, William T. Hardie. Showing Cost Per Capita for Maintenance in Twenty Insane Asylums. Danver's Lunatic Hospital, Massachusetts $ 188 24 New Jersey Lunatic Asylum, Trenton 236 25 Tennessee Hospital for Insane 173 68 State Lunatic Hospital, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 205 92 McLean Hospital, Massachusetts 832 00 Connecticut Hospital for Insane 182 00 Boston Lunatic Asylum 286 52 Worcester Lunatic Hospital, Massachusetts 193 01 Iowa Hospital for Insane 181 94 Western North Carolina Insane Asylum 215 00 Dayton Asylum , 179 68 Government Hospital for Insane 233 33 Central Hospital for Insane, Jacksonville, Illinois 162 24 Western Pennsylvania Hospital for Insane, Dixmont 236 08 Illinois Hospital for Insane, Kankakee 160 08 Lexington, Kentucky, Insane Asylum 164 25 Kansas State Insane Asylum 257 49 State Lunatic Asylum, Austin, Texas 218 16 State Asylum for Insane, Auburn, New York 195 99 Western North Carolina Insane Asylum, Morganton 215 go Male. Female. Total. Number present April ist, 1884 Number admitted since to April 1, 1886... 233 239 472 245 191 436 Total under treatment 478 430 908 Discharged from April 1, 1884, to April 1 , 1886, viz. 69 33 102 Recovered 30 26 56 Removed, improved 7 2 9 Removed, unimproved 18 5 23 Eloped, improved 3 0 3 Eloped, unimproved 11 0 11 Died 122 84 206 Average present 323-17 274-15 597 Showing Movement of Population. 266 Occupation of Those Admitted. Tailor Laborer Clerk c 3 « 5 © S £ f-< 5 - 5 103 36 J39 16 .... 16 Blacksmith 2 .... 2 Cardriver 1 .... 1 Servant ... ... . Housekeeper 16 16 Farmer 11 .... 11 Cooper 1 .... 1 Sugar refiner.... 2 .... . 2 Seamstress 2 2 Student 1 1 Merchant 2 1 3 Mechanic . - . 3 - 3 Washwoman 2 2 Planter 8 .... 8 Bookkeeper - 3 - 3 Drayman 1 9 1 Boilermaker 2 .... 2 Physician . 1 .... 1 Sailor 1 .... 1 Lithographer 1 .... 1 0 * c s 0 h Governess I l Teacher 2 2 4 Gardener 2 2 Druggist I 1 Barkeeper I 1 Engineer 2 2 Painter 2 Cook 2 2 Brass moulder I I Musician I I Fisherman 1 I Deputy sheriff I I Chicken vendor I I Saddler........................... I I Baker I I Not assigned 3° 59 89 Telegraph operator... i I None ■ 29 87 Plasterer 1 1 Printer 1 1 - - - 245 191 43^ c s 2 Xi H Rapides ■ 9 3 12 Bossier . 6 4 IO St. Marv ■ 4 3 7 St. Landry 3 I 4 Orleans 109 109 218 Natchitoches 9 8 17 DeSoto 3 4 7 Morehouse 4 3 7 Avoyelles IO 2 12 East Feliciana 9 2 11 West Feliciana 4 6 Bienville 3 3 Ascension 7 5 12 Iberia 1 3 4 Caddo 4 5 9 East Baton Bouge 9 3 12 West Baton Rouge 1 0 1 St. Helena 1 1 2 Iberville 5 3 8 Lincoln 5 6 Claiborne 4 4 Assumption 2 2 Sabine 2 2 Ouachita 2 1 3 Concordia I 1 Vernon 3 3 Richland 2 1 3 Residence of Those Admitted.-Parish. o Ct E 0 s - Union 2 2 4 Tensas I I 2 Tangipahoa I 1 Cameron I I Webster I I St. Tammany 1 I Pointe Coupee I 3 4 Calcasieu 2 I 3 Red River I 2 3 St. John the Baptist... I 2 3 Madison 2 I 3 Livingston 2 I 3 Jefferson I I 2 Lafayette 5 5 Vermilion i I Plaquemines 2 I 3 St. Martin I 1 Catahoula I I 2 St. Charles I 1 East Carroll I I 2 West Carroll I 1 St. James 2 Terrebonne I 1 Franklin I I --- - -- 245 191 436 267 Male. Female. Total. Acute mania 62 31 93 Chronic mania 89 98 187 Acute dementia 17 6 IQ Chronic dementia "St 36 46 Senile dementia 6 18 Acute melancholy 8 5 !3 Chronic melancholy 4 8 J2 General paralvsis 12 5 17 Imbecility 11 5 l6 Idiocy 4 5 9 - - - - Total 245 191 436 Form of Insanity of Those Admitted. Duration of Insanity of Those Admitted. Male. Female. Total. Under one month 5 One to three months 18 Three to six months . .. 16 9 25 Six to nine months 4 2 6 Nine to twelve months 23 17 40 Twelve to eighteen months Eighteen to twenty-four months 15 12 27 Two to three years 16 12 28 Three to four years 7 6 13 Four to five years 12 8 20 Five to ten years 32 Ten to fifteen years 9 9 18 Fifteen to twenty years 9 6 1.5 Twenty to twenty-five years 5 7 Twenty-five to thirty years 2 2 4 Thirty to forty years 2 Forty to fifty years I I Not assigned 78 72 I5° Total 245 191 43<> □ fa 0 b Barbadoes 4 0 4 Louisiana 14c IOO 245 New York I 2 2 Tennessee 6 8 England 3 2 5 Maryland 2 0 2 Alabama 5 6 11 Germany 11 25 Virginia 9 9 18 Georgia 9 6 15 France 6 2 8 Mississippi 8 13 21 Massachusetts 3 0 3 Denmark 3 0 3 Ireland 6 9 15 Unknown 6 7 13 Nativity of Patients Admitted for Twenty-four Months. s E D s 0 South Carolina o 3 3. China I 0 I Maine 2 0 2 Arkansas O 2 2 Italy ] I 2 Austria I O I Illinois I 0 Kentucky 3 3 6 Spain i 0 1 Texas.. 2 1 3 North Carolina I 4 Belgium ....) r 0 I Florida o I I United States 8 0 8 1 . - - ■■ 245 191 436 268 Under fifteen years IO 3 13 Fifteen to twenty 15 11 26 Twenty to twenty-five 34 13 47 Twentv-five to thirty 36 26 62 Thirty to thirty-five 27 22 49 Thirty-five to forty 29 18 47 Forty to forty-five 34 17 5i Forty-five to fifty 19 12 3i Fifty to fifty-five 13 13 26 Fiftv-five to sixty 9 20 Sixty to seventy 7 8 '5 Seventy to eighty 4 5 9 Eighty to one hundred 1 2 Not stated 5 33 38 ■ ■ ■ ' 245 191 436 Showing Ages of Those Admitted Supposed Cause of Insanity of Those Admitted. Male. Female. Total. •Child bearing 6 6 Epilepsy. 15 43 Domestic trouble 4 5 9 Religion ■■ T5 7 22 Old age 5 15 20 Alcohol 16 2 18 Fright 2 I 3 Ill health * 6 i3 19 Business trouble 6 6 Hereditary 6 4 10 Masturbation -• it 11 Dysmenorhea 6 I I Isolation Malarial fever 2 2 Meningitis 4 4 Congenital 6 7 13 Jealousy 2 2 Poverty and grief i 3 4 Injury to head 8 8 Syphilis 3 3 Lead poison I I Shock from a burn I I i I ill treatment '. I 2 3 Overwork I I 2 Cancer of liver I 1 Disappointment 4 2 6 Parturition - 2 2 Dime novels i 1 Amenorrhcea I 1 Tvphoid fever i 1 Uterine derangement 2 2 Injury to spine 2 2 Climacteric period 2 2 Opium I I Loss of property I I Desertion I I Not stated 102 93 l95 - - - Total - 245 191 436 269 Civil Condition of Those Admitted. Male. Female. Total. Married 94 69 163 Single 139 60 199 Widow 62 62 Widower 7 7 Divorced 1 1 Not stated 4 4 - - Total >....................... 245 191 436 Cause of Death. Male. Female. Total' Senility 2 12 14 Cerebral Apoplexy. 12 4 16 Epilepsy 8 4 12 Cvstitis i I Consumption. IO 6 l6 Pneumonia 6 i 7 Accident or suicide i I ( Dementia 5 i 9 | Chronic Mania 2 8 IO Exhaustion from Melancholia 4 3 7 | Acute M nia 2 3 5 [ Epilepsy 3 3 Congestive Fever 2 i 3 Dy.-entery 18 5 23 Erysipelas i 1 Typhoid Fever 11 4 4 15 8 Chronic Diarrfioea 4 Cirrhosis of Liver i i 2 Tabes Mesenterica... i 1 General Paralysis 9 4 13 Gastritis i i 2 Ovarian Tumor i 1 Emphysema, complicated with Perineal Abscess i 1 Bright's Disease i i 2 Marasmus Cervical Sarcoma Concussion of Brain, from being thrown on the floor i 1 by a patient i 1 Progressive Muscular Atrophy i 1 Pet itonitis i 1 Medullary Apoplexy i 2 3 Softening of the Brain 2 Anasarca I 1 Diabetes Mellitus I 1 f Rupture of Ventricle I I 2 I Endocarditis I 1 1 Valvular Ossification 2 2 4 Disease of HeartEmbolism 2 2 1 Fatty Degeneration 3 2 5 1 Pericarditis i I 2 ^Gastro Enteritis i 1 Suicide 2 I 3 - - - Total 122 84 206 270 Male. Female. Total. By the State 237 J 80 417 By the family 8 11 J9 ■ II «- II ■ m - Total 245 181 436 Movement of Colored Population. Male. Female. 1otal. Number on hand April i, 1884 69 84 153 Admitted to Aprif 1, 1886 72 70 142 - ■ - - - Total 141 T54 295 By Whom Supported. Articles Manufactured in Sewing Room. Female. Dresses 1,153 Underskirts 979 Chemises 800 Drawers, pairs 230 Oversacks 476 Undersacks 373 Nightgowns 203 Aprons 85 Bonnets 157 Male Coats 25 Pants 103 Shirts I»595 Drawers, pairs 620 Aprons 80 Suspenders, pairs 612 Flannel shirts 75 Sheets 1,277 Pillow cases 1,175 Bolster cases 285 Bed ticks 600 Pillow ticks 400 Table cloths 250 Roller towels 284 Towels 200 Straight jackets 61 Door mats 20 Table napkins 72 Mosquito bars 3 Covered collars 20 Bolster ticks 12 Total number of articles....12,225 Medical History of the Insane Asylum of Louisiana, 1886-1888-Plan for Drainage and Sewage. The report of the Treasurer, Dr. J. W. Jones, shows that the total receipts of the Insane Asylum of the State of Louisiana from April 1, 1886, to January 15, 1888, amount- ed to $92,353 35, and the total disbursements to a like sum of money. From the report of his successor, W. R. McKnowen, we gather that the receipts from January 15, 1888 to April 23, 1888, amounted to $32,289 06, and the expenditures $23,886 59. We extract the following from the Biennial Report of the Superintendent of the Insane Asylum of the State of Louisiana, 1886-1888. Movement of Population. Present last report... Admitted to April i , 1S88 Male. 284 75 Female. 3l6 43 Total. 600 118 359 359 718 271 Male. Female. Total. Died 76 106 182 Discharged 52 32 84 Discharged, recovered 33 19 52 Discharged, improved 19 13 32 Total present April i, 1888 231 22T 452 Showing Age of Those Admitted. Male. Female. Total. Under fifteen years J. 1 O I Fifteen to twenty 1 I 2 Twenty to twenty-five 2 I 3 Twenty-five to thirty .. II 7 18 Thirty to thirty-five - 14 5 J9 Thirty-five to forty ■ 5 1 6 Forty to forty-five 5 4 9 Forty-five to fifty - •• 7 2 9 Fifty to sixty ■■ 5 1 6 Sixty to eighty • 3 2 5 Eighty to ninety 1 0 1 Not stated . 20 J9 39 Total « « * ■ 75 43 0 118 V 1 Residence. ° Residence. i ci s " £ Avoyelles i o i Madison I 0 I Ascension 224 Natchitoches. I 2 3 Assumption 1 0 1 Orleans 30 16 .|6 Baton Rouge, East 224 Ouachita 4 0 4 Bossier 0 1 1 Pointe Coup- ee 0 1 1 Bienville 1 0 1 Richland 1 1 2 Carroll, East 0 1 1 Red River . 2 1 3 Carroll, West oil Lincoln 2 1 3 Cameron 202 Sabine 0 2 2 Caddo 1 1 2 St. Bernard 2 0 2 Claiborne 3 0 3 St. Landry... 1 2 3 Catahoula 1 0 1 St. John the Baptist.. 2 0 2 De Soto 3 0 3 Tensas 2 0 2 East Feliciana 2 3 5 Terrebonne ... 1 0 1 Grant 1 0 1 Tangipahoa... 0 1 1 Iberville 123 Webster 1 0 1 Iberia 1 t 2 St. James Livingston 1 1 2 1 0 1 Lafourche 1 1 2 Total ..._ 75 43 "8 Form of Insanity. Male. Female. Total Acute mania 30 44 Chronic mania 21 17 38 Acute dementia 3 I 4 Chronic dementia 4 4 8 Acute melancholy 4 1 5 Chronic melancholy 4 1 5 Senile dementia 3 3 6 Idiocy 1 2 Paralytic dementia 5 0 5 Total 75 42 117 272 Male, Female. Total* Under one month 3 I 4 One to three months 6 5 II Three to six months IO 3 13 Six to nine months 3 3 6 Nine to twelve months o 1 I Twelve months to two years 12 4 16 Two to four years 7 1 18 Four to five years *2 4 Five to ten years 4 1 5 Ten to fifteen vears 2 0 2 Fifteen to twenty years 2 2 4 Twenty to thirty years O 1 1 Thirty to forty years I 1 2 Not stated 19 14 33 Total 76 44 120 Duration of Insanity. Male. Female. Total. Religious excitement c 3 8 Overwork 2 o 2 Heredity 2 i 3 Loss of property I i 2 Alcohol 2 i 3 Domestic trouble I i 2 Masturbation I i 2 Epilepsy I o I Old age 2 I 3 Exposure O I i Remorse I o i Syphilis T o i Not stated 54 31 Fright I o 1 ■Grief I I 2 Uterine disorder o I 1 Total.'. 75 43 118 Supposed Cause of Insanity Cause of Death. Male. Female. Total. Exhaustion from- Epilepsy.... 3 I 4 Acute mania 2 I 3 Melancholy 5 4 9 Chronic mania 6 8 H 1 Dementia i Typhoid fever Heart disease- ii 7 18 Valvular 2 4 6 Fatty degeneration I 1 Pericardial effusion 2 2 .'Senility 2 2 4 Typhoid pneumonia I 3 4 Apoplexy 3 3 6 General anasarca : I 2 3 Progressive muscular atrophy I 1 Dysentery 12 i7 29 Congestive fever T 4 5 Marasmus 2 4 6 Typhoid fever comp, with senility Typhoid fever comp, with pericarditis I i 1 1 273 Male. Female. Total. Typhoid fever compared with heart disease I I Uterine hemorrhage I I Typhomania I I Chronic diarrhoea 2 2 Dysentery comp, with senility I I Emphysema I I Gastro enteritis I I General paralysis 6 8 14 Bright's disease 1 I Consumption of lungs 3 IO 13 Cerebro spinal meningitis 1 I Progressive pernicious anaemia 2 2 Carcinoma I I Epilepsy 4 3 7 Gastritis i 1 2 Hemorrhage of bowels i 1 Gangrene of lung 1 1 Chronic ulceration of bowels i 1 2 Senility comp, with cancer of oesophagus i 1 Cirrhosis of liver i 2 3 Tabes mesenterica 1 1 Paralysis of brain 1 1 General paralysis comp, with cerebro spinal me- ningitis 1 1 Homicide i 1 Accident i 1 Meningitis i 1 Total 78 103 172 Overcrowding. Previous to the adjournment of the last General Assembly the asylum was receiving patients at the rate of twenty-two per month, the result of which was an overcrowding to an extent which would not have been permitted in any other state under any circumstances. As has been shown in our former reports, as well as those of all similar institutions, this massing of so many human beings together in necessarily limited quarters was at- tended with most unfortunate results, and was well calculated to handi- cap the management to an extent which can scarcely be overestimated. Had not the action of the Legislature in making a minimum appropria- tion forestalled the admission of indigent patients, the welfare of those already present would have precluded further influx for want of room. In refusing to admit indigent patients the action of the board of administra- tors commends itself in the eyes of all thoughtful and humane men, as the opposite action would have been nothing short of murder, and would forever be a blot upon their established reputation and intelligence. If the state was too poor to provide for her insane, or failed to act upon the principle so well known and so scrupulously adhered to by other States of making liberal provision for the most unfortunate of human beings, it was indeed no fault of the board, and in the matter it can only be said that they did exactly what was indicated under the circumstances. In my re- port of 1882 I made use of the following language: "I cannot conceive it to be the wish or the intention of the State of Louisiana to catalogue her insane asylum as an almshouse or a prison when elsewhere they are referred to as objects of state pride." Although six years have elapsed since that time nothing has occurred to invalidate the force of the posi- tion therein assumed. There are no peculiar circumstances more favor- able to the management of institutions of this character in the State of Louisiana than elsewhere, yet her appropriations have never been up to the standard of other States. 274 Health and Hygiene. The health of the institution during the last biennial period has been better than at any time since the sudden expansion of the asylum, inci- dent to the abolishment of the asylum at New Orleans, and in conse- quence of which the board considered itself obligated to admit any and all applicants properly recommended by law. I stated in my last report that I had made a limited number of changes relating to the preservation of health, but that the means at my command were inadequate to the de- mand, and recommended a special appropriation of $4000 for the exten- sion of sewers and complete remodeling of our sanitary system. This request was met by the appropriation of $3500. In accordance with the necessities of the case and the instructions of the board, I secured the services of an emiment sanitary engineer, whose ample and exhaustive report is herewith appended, setting forth the most expedient and judi- cious method of treating the sewerage, and at the same time the approx- imate cost of the most economical plan that we could adopt. By refer- ence to this report it will at once be seen that the $3500 set apart by the legislature is insufficient for the completion of the work, hence it must remain unused and the work unfinished until further aid is given in that direction at the hands of our General Assembly. Feeling and believing that it is not the wish of our lawmakers to detain the sorrow-laden wards of the State in a pest house or a lazarwhen the means are at hand to in- sure to them the enjoyment of health and the requirements of the case fully understood. I have urged this matter vigorously in former reports, and the disposition to meet this demand shown by our last legislature encour- ages me to believe that this most important measure will soon be consummated. One of the sewers mentioned in my last report as dis- charging its contents at a "close and dangerous proximity" has its outfall within the corporate limits of the town of Jacksonjand greatly to the detri- ment of her patient citizens. The effluvia and miasma arising from this nuisance has been very damaging to the health of the inmates as well as to the residents of the town, and that the latter have not resorted to legal measures to abate this noxious vexation speaks well for their good will and forbearance. Capacity. The capacity of this asylum, as has been stated, is for the accommo- dation of 450 patients. True a larger number than this have been treated here under untold disadvantages. Five hundred may be cared for where only a small per cent, of them are violent and dangerous, but to exceed this number would undoubtedly obtain disastrous results. In view of the fact that there are now within the State more than 100 insane persons under interdiction confined in the various parish jails awaiting transfer to a suitable asylum, I would again recommend the building of another asylum for this unfortunate class of our people who demand protection at our hands. They are unquestionably the "wards of the State," and come not to us of their own choice. Accepting them as wards, in recog- nition of the afflicting hand of Divinity, it is certainly the duty of the State in the pursuit of a humane policy to dispense "liberally of her bounty to these most unfortunate of her dependents." In Louisiana the existing provisions are totally inadequate, and if she continues to fail in this work and the insane within her borders are longer neglected and sub- mitted to the hardships endured by them, she resigns her high position by the side of all ofher enlightened States which provide liberally for their insane, relinquishes her claim to the proud boast that she is a Chris- tian commonwealth and falls to the level of heathen or semi-barbarous nations through whose veins the milk of human kindness yet has never coursed. Heating. No improvement has been made in our heating system. The old and dangerous wood fire-places, dwelt upon at some length in my last report 275 are still in use and far insufficient to the comfort of the inmates. The heating of this institution is a feature in its economy that appeals in cry- ing terms to your humane consideration and pleads with shivering tongues for prompt action. In the planning of these buildings the thought of "comfort in winter" certainly was not entertained by the architect or contemplated in his designs. Go to your quiet, cosy homes and while snugly seated by your glowing ingleside and winter's chilling blast has wrapped the world without in its icy embrace, picture to yourself a bleak and dreary ward with one or two small fire-places, each crowded with ten or twelve poorly-clad, shivering fellow-creatures scrambling for one inch nearer; then when the "bed-time bell" rings and fires are extinguished follow them to their cold and dreary rooms, there to remain and hug their own quivering forms while the wind howls through in wild mockery, and you have no fancy picture of the cheerless condition of the unfortunate inmates of this Asylum, whom God has seen fit to afflict and place under your charge as wards of the State. Shall sweet charity plead in vain? Protection Against Fire. On the 22d of November, 1886, we lost our laundry by fire. We again call your attention to the great need of some system for extinguishing fires. Special mention was made of this in my last report, together with insurance. This property remains uninsured and no provision has ever been made looking to the prevention and extinguishing of fire, which is liable to occur at any time, the disastrous results of which are appalling to contemplate. Not a year passes but we are caLed upon to chronicle the destruction of some insane asylum or similar institution, accompanied with sickening details of the loss of life of the helpless inmates. Whether by carelessness, accident or incendiarism these fires will occur, yet it can- not be denied that if proper methods are adopted, the known means pro- vided and all the precautions against fire properly observed, the great sac- rifice of human life would be prevented except in rare instances, to say nothing of the immense destruction of property. This institution is not exempt from a calamity of this nature and we urge some step in this direction as an absolute necessity. Lighting. Utilizing the amount appropriated by the last General Assembly we are now using the Edison Incandescent Electric Light. The benefits and ad- vantages arising from this improvement are of a manifold nature. Instead of groping our way through the long, dark wards and corridors with the aid of a sperm candle or poor oil lamp, the building throughout presents a cheerful appearance. The physician and night watch may now make their round with no degree of uncertainty, and no fears of fire and disaster are now felt from the careless handling of lamps and candles. On the part of the institution I thank the Legislature for this great and valuable improvement. The system is perfect and the light gives unqualified satis- faction, and I cheerfully recommend it to all public institutions. Summary. For maintenance based on 600 inmates at $175 per capita per an- num $105,000 Heating and Ventillation , 10,000 Fireproof Enginehouse 2,500 Hot Water System and Boiler 1,000 Fireproof Laundry : 2,500 Sewer System including renovation and plumbing 9,500 Brick Diningroom 7,000 The above appropriation I would urge you to ask in cash or its equiva- lent in warrants. J. W. Jones, Superin ten den t 276 Dr. J. W. Jones, Medical Superintendent of the Insane Asylum of the State of Louisiana, Jackson, La.'. Dear Sir-Having, at your request, visited your Asylum on February S, with a view of making recommendations and estimate of cost of improv- ing the sewerage of the Asylum, and having on that and the following days carefully examined the existing sanitary arrangements, I beg to sub- mit the following report: The present system of sewerage at your Asylum is defective and gives undoubtedly cause for complaint principally on account of the method adopted of discharging the sewage unpurified into the creek flowing through a part of the town of Jackson, La. The sewer system of any institution should remove instantly and efficiently all the sewage to a point of outfall located where it may not cause a nuisance to sight or smell. In your case the natural configuration of the surface is quite unfavorable and is the chief cause of the difficult problem arising. It is necessary to run the sewers from the buildings towards the creek in the rear of the Asylum, beyond which rises a steep hill. It is, in my judgment, quite improper to discharge the crude sewage any longer into this creek. Several plans suggest themselves for remedying the present defective disposal of the Asylum sewage. The first plan is to collect all the sewage in the rear of the Asylum in a number of settling tanks of large capacity and to treat the sewage in the latter by chemical precipitation by adding to it some chemicals in solution, such as salts of alumina, whereby a speedy precipitation of the suspended and at least a part of the dissolved impurities is effected. The effluent, while not of great purity, would be sufficiently clarified to permit its discharge into the creek. Such a method of treatment would not, however, in your case be economical, as it would require, first, the con- struction of several large tanks, built in masonrv, arranged with screening arrangements for intercepting foreign matters and larger floating impuri- ties; furthermore devices for dissolving and mixing the chemicals, sheds for the storage of chemicals, employment of manual labor the year round, to perform the necessary manipulations of the sewage, and, above all, it would necessitate the purchase and freight expenses on the latter, which, in your case, might become very large. Finally, such a system involves the manipulation of the resulting large quantities of sewage sludge, which would have to be pumped out of the tanks and dried either in the air or by artificial heat or by means of filter presses. The latter, although efficient, are expensive and the money realized from the sale of the manure cakes would not compensate for the running expenses incident to such a system. Hence, the whole plan may be dismissed as complicated and uneconomical. A second plan, which suggested itself to me as a possible solution, would be the purification of the sewage by means of mechanical filtration -filtration through land irrigation-being both impracticable, no land being available between the Asylum and the first creek, to which the sewage could be carried by gravity. Sewage is not a liquid which renders filtration easy, on account of its slimy nature, which causes the pores of the filter to clog gradually when the filtering operation comes to an end until the impervious deposit has been removed. There is, to mv knowl- edge, but one filter which is arranged so as to overcome this difficulty successfully. This is the Farquhar-Oldham sewage filter, an English apparatus, the peculiarity of which consists in having a revolving "cut- ter" or scraper, which continually removes the upper layers of the filtering material, which have become clogged and hence have ceased to work effectually, and thereby frees the surface of the filter from the slimy im- purities which stop filtration. Thus, to all practical purposes, a new filter is created. The filter bed of the apparatus is composed of ordinary saw- Drainage and Sewerage. 277 dust or powdered cinders, which are cheap and easily obtainable in any quantity, and the sawdust, when filled with the absorbed impurities, may be dried and serve as fuel under the boilers. If such an apparatus were used the sewage should be collected in one storage reservoir, located to the south of the Asylum, on the slope of the hill bordering the first creek, and from it the sewage would have to be pumped and forced under pressure through the filter, the effluent being thereby clarified, to such an extent as to permit its discharge into the creek. Such a filter would probably answer your purpose perfectly, but I have no knowledge as to its exact cost, and I am informed that it can no longer be obtained in the United States, the company who introduced it here a few years ago having failed. The two plans of local puri- fication, either by chemical precipitation, or by mechanical filtra- tion, being impracticable, it thus becomes necessary to remove the sewage to a greater distance from the Asylum, in other words to carry it to the second and larger creek tributary to the Feliciana river. Its discharge into the latter would be in my judgment perfectly unobjectionable for a great many years to come, and it remains to discuss the best method of carrying the sewage across the first creek and across the hill beyond the latter. One plan would consist in bridging the first creek or throwing an em- bankment across the same with large culvert, and in carrying the sewage across the bridge in a pipe sewer, and tunneling through the hill at such a depth as to permit the sewage to flow by gravity to the larger creek be- yond the hill. Such a plan is, no doubt, feasible, but it is necessarily expensive, owing to the great depth at which the sewer would have to be built. I come now to the fourth plan, which is a modification of the one named last, and consists in lifting the sewage to the top of the hill by a system of pumping by means of compressed air, and allowing it to flow thence by gravity to the outlet at the larger creek. The apparatus by which this can be accomplished is called a Shone hydro-pneumatic ejector, and it is described at length in a pamphlet which accompanies this report. It is not a new experimental apparatus, having been successfully used in the sewage of a number of English cities, also at the remodeling of the houses of Parliament, Westminster, London, etc. The apparatus may be obtained in this country through the Shone Hydro-Pneumatic Sewerage Company, 72 Commerce Building, Chicago. Briefly described a "Shone" ejector is an apparatus for automatically raising liquids by means of com- pressed air, and its chief advantage, in your case, over an ordinary sewage pumping apparatus, would consist in the tact that it does not require any storage tanks of large capacity into which the sewage must flow before it can be lifted, these tanks becoming necessary with ordinary pumping ap- paratus owing to the variable rate of flow of sewage during the day. By adopting the "Shone" ejector, on the contrary, no collecting tanks are required, as the rate of discharge of an ejector corresponds to and varies with the quantity of sewage flowing into it. The construction of the ejector is clearly shown in figure 2 of the accom- panying pamphlet. It is, practically, a cast iron artificial receiver, having an inlet and an outlet pipe, and on each of these there is a wooden ball valve. As the sewage flows into the ejector it lifts the inlet valve off its seat and gradually fills the ejector, whose capacity is about 200 gallons. As soon as the ejector is full, compressed air of a pressure depending upon the total lift of the sewage-about 45 pounds pressure per square inch in your case-is automatically admitted, a float operating an automatic valve apparatus at the top of the apparatus in connection with the compressed air supply main. The inlet ball valve now closes, and the whole contents of the ejector are forced through the outlet pipe towards the outlet. When the ejector becomes empty, the float drops and closes the air supply valve and the ejector again fills up, the same operation repeating itself as soon 278 as the ejector again becomes full The apparatus, of course, requires an air-compressing station, with boiler and engine of 2^ horse-power, an air compressor and an air reservoir. These could, in your case, be placed in the present boiler house and would require a line of small iron air pipes connecting the air compressor and reservoir with the ejector. In order to avoid trouble in case of accident or temporary repairs to the apparatus, it is recommended to provide the air compressors in duplicate. The ejector could be located on the slope at the rear of tne buildings, and the discharge pipe could be carried, either under the bed of the creek or else across a bridge, to the top of the hill beyond, from which point the sewage would flow by gravity to the outfall. The system just4>utlined appears to me, on the whole, to solve your sewage difficulty in the best and mos^ economical manner. I have obtained an estimate from the Chicago firm, representing the "Shone" system in this country, and they offer to supply one ejector of a capacity of 45,000 U. S, gallons per 24 hours, with all necessary valves and connections, air compressor and engine capable of supplying air to lift the above quantity of sewage for 24 hours over the hill, also the necessary boiler and air receiver for the sum of $1000, and cjuplicate a set of ejectors, compressors and boilers for the sum of $1800. These estimates are understood to be F. O. B. New York. The com- pany offer to erect the plant at actual cost. They send with their esti- mate the following explanations: "Ejector to be placed in a man-hole, built at most convenient spot and at such a depth that the drains from Asylum buildings shall have a self- cleansing grade and velocity of flow. "Air compressor to be placedin engine or boiler house of Asylum, and the air conveyed to the ejector by a i}^-inch wrought iron pipe. The compressor, requiring but a small amount of steam, can possibly be worked by the existing boiler. If this is not the case the compressor and boiler can be fixed in any suitable place, the distance from the ejector being im- material. The discharge pipe from ejector to top of the hill to be 4-inch cast iron pipe. "Air received to be placed in boiler room or at ejector station, proba- bly the former. "The operation would be as follows: The sewerage as produced flows down the properly graded house drains to the ejectors. The moment the ejector is full compressed air is automatically admitted and the sewage forced into the discharge pipe. The ejector is self-cleansing and self-ven- tilating and forms an absolute barrier against the passage of sewer gas back into the drains. The compressed air is not admitted to the ejector until it is full, and the air is not allowed to exhaust until the ejector is emptied down to the discharge level. In consequence of these actions the sewage is dealt with just as it flows from the house drains, whether it be at the maximum or minimum rate, and by a simple automatic ar- rangement the production of air is regulated to the demand." In case you should decide to adopt and carry out the system recom- mended by me, it would, of course, become necessary to reconstruct the system of sewers outside of the buildings, and to collect all of these into one main 6-inch sewer, leading to the ejector, of a capacity sufficient to carry the whole sewage. According to measurements taken by me the water pumped from the well into the tanks of the various buildings varies from 35,000 to 45,000 U. S. gallons per 24 hours. This amount represents, practically, the quantity of sewage proper of the Asylum, being at the rate of from 70 to 90 gallons per head per diem, because no rainfall is admitted into the present sewers. In reconstructing the system of sewers I strongly advise dealing with the rain water from the roofs separately as heretofore. There is no good reason why the rain water should not be made, in your case, to flow off on the suriace where necessary in surface gutters. The drain 279 from each of the buildings should be a 6-inch glazed earthenware sewer pipe, laid with a fall of at least % inch to the foot, and with joints prop- erly made with Portland cement. Should any of the lines pass near your well, it would be better to substitute cast-iron pipes with leaded and caulked joints to insure that your drinking water remains uncontaminated. A thorough examination ot the apparatus recommended for lifting your sewage across the first creek and the hill beyond, will convince you that its construction is simple and that hence its cost of maintenance, repairs etc., would be small. The annual expense of operating the same would not form a serious item, as the engineer who runs the dynamo and en- gine of your electric light plant could simultaneously look after the air compressor and its engine, and very little extra fuel would be required for the boiler. The ejector is self-acting and would not require any daily attendance • As to the plumbing work inside of the buildings, my examination leads me to believe that much of it is unsafe and not in accordance with modern rules and requirements. As the sanitary condition of the Asylum and the good health of the inmates will, io some extent, depend upon the proper arrangement, trapping and ventilation of the plumbing fixtures and house pipes, I recommend that the whole work be reconstructed at an early date. In consideration of the fact that your Asylum is located away from the centres of population, and hence that plumbing repairs are diffi- cult and costly, I should advise having as little plumbing work in the building as possible and avoiding the use of lead waste pipes, by adopting a system of heavy screw-jointed wrought iron soil pipes, with iron branches to water closets, slop hoppers and bath tubs, and wrought iron well ventil- ated siphon traps under fixtures, such as sold by the Durham House Drainage Company, 158 West Twenty-seventh street, New York. New bath tubs of cast-iron, painted, or better, enameled, should be fitted up without any surrounding woodwork. Likewise should modern flushing rim enameled iron slop hoppers be fitted up. Finally I would advise put- ting up for each ward at least one good water closet for patients' use at night. The slop hoppers should not be used for this purpose, and their outlets should have well-fastened strainers to prevent obstructions in the pipes and traps. Some of the wash-bowls at present in the building might with advantage be dispensed with as being a source of constant annoyance and repairs. I fully approve of your present system of out-door closets for the patients who are able to be out and work on the farm or in the garden. As an improvement upon the present system of pails, which, however, is vastly better than the ordinary privy vault, I would recommend the use of earth closets, which are manufactured at reasonable cost by the Heap Patent Earth Closet Company of Muskegon, Mich. Summing up the above recommendations I estimate the reconstruction of your sewage system to cost about as follows: Reconstruction of drains from buildings to ejector, about $1,500 Single ejector plant f. o. b. New York, about 1,000 Erection of same, freight from New York, etc., about 750 First creek crossing, about x 750 Force main (5-inch cast-iron pipe) and 6-inch and gravity sewer to second creek and outlet 2,000 $6,000 If duplicate plant is erected additional $800, making cost $6800. The complete remodeling of the plumbing work inside of the building would cost at least $2000. In conclusion I beg to suggest that if the system recommended by me js adopted the first step to be undertaken would be to make a survey and 280 profile of the line of the main sewer from the buildings to the ejector, of the line of the force-main across the creek, up the hill, and of the gravity sewer to the outfall at second creek. Should you conclude also to re- model the work inside of the buildings I would be glad to furnish com- plete specifications for the reconstruction of said work. Respectfully submitted, Wm. Paul Gerhard, Consulting Engineer for Sanitary Worts. New Tork, Feb. 25, 1888. Conclusions Drawn from the Biennial Report of the Administrators of the Insane Asylum of the State of Louisiana, 1886-1888. 1. The mortality of the insane continued far higher than that which should characterize a properly supported and well-conducted asylum. The total number of insane treated during the period specified, 1886-1888, was 718; of this number the total death record reached 182 ; per cent, of deaths from all causes amongst males and females, 25.3. 2. The number of males and females treated, 1886- 1888, was equal in both sexes, namely, 359 in each; but the mortality was far greater amongst the females. Thus, total males treated, 359; deaths, 76; per cent, of deaths, 21.1; total females treated, 359; deaths, 106; per cent, of deaths, 29.5. The deaths among the females numbered 30 more than amongst the males, and were about one-half more nu- merous. 3. Typhoid fever continued to prevail, causing 18 deaths; 11 males, 7 females. We should add the following deaths to the list of typhoid fever, namely; Typhoid pneumonia, male, 1; female, 3; total, 4; typhoid fever complicated witli senility, male, 1 ; typhoid fever complicated with pericarditis, female, 1; typhoid fever complicated with heart disease, female, 1; hemorrhage of bowels, male, 1; total typhoid fever, 26: female, 11, male, 15. 4. Dysentery continued to prevail, causing 30 deaths ; males, 12, females, 18. If we add, Gastro-enteritis, fe- male, 1; Chronic diarrhoea, females, 2; Chronic ulcera- tion of the bowels, male, 1; female, 1; total, 2; Gastritis, male, 1; female, 1; total, 2; we have a total of 37 deaths caused by this class of bowel affections; males, 14; fe- males, 23. 5. Typhoid fever, dysentery and bowel affections caused 63 deaths, out of a total 182 deaths from all causes, 281 that is, those diseases referable to crowd and foecal poisons, imperfect sanitary arrangements, and insufficient and improper supplies of food caused 34.6 per cent, of the deaths from all causes amongst the insane confined in the Insane Asylum of the State of Louisiana, at Jackson, dur- ing the years 1886-1888. 6. Phthisis (Consumption of the Lungs) caused three- fold more deaths amongst the females than amongst the males; total deaths from this cause, 13; males, 3; fe- males, 10. 7. The death rate will never be reduced within those limits which have been attained in asylums conducted upon scientific hygienic principles until a proper system of sew- age is adopted at Jackson, and the elaborate report of Mr. Wm. Paul Gerhardt, " Consulting Engineer for Sanitary Work,'' has been recorded as a pertinent and admirable addition to the Sanitary Literature of Louisiana. General Conclusions. 1. Louisiana, in her capacity as a sovereign State, assumed charge of her indigent insane in 1848, and during the past fifty years, in times of peace and in times of war, in prosperity and in distress and disaster, she has contrib- uted to the preservation, treatment and restoration of this helpless class of her citizens. Louisiana has expended more than one million and a half dollars upon the buildings and upon the care, maintenance and treatment of the in- sane at Jackson. Much has been accomplished and much remains to be accomplished. 2. All parts of the State and all the citizens should be equally and justly taxed for the maintenance of the indi- gent insane. 3. The Insane Asylum at Jackson should be at the ear- liest practicable period connected with the Mississippi river on the one hand, and with the Valley Railroad on the other, by rail. This connection is essential to the safe and comfortable transportation of the insane at all times and from all portions of Louisiana. 4. Subordinate asylums for the temporary treatment, examination and classification of the insane should be established at New Orleans, Alexandria and Shreveport. Cases of temporary insanity, arising from different causes, as alcoholism, could thus be eliminated, and at the same time the insane would be subjected to careful, humane and scientific treatment. 282 5. The Board of Administrators of the Insane of Lou- isiana should represent the humanity, wisdom and legal and medical science of all sections of the State of Louis- iana, and should be above and independent of all political and religious influences. 6. The Board of Administrators of the Insane of Lou- isiana should consist of not less than one physician, one lawyer and one merchant, respectively, from New Or- leans, Jackson, Alexandria and Shreveport. Each bank of the Mississippi river would thus be represented by six members, the members of the Board to be appointed by the Governor of Louisiana, with the consent of the Senate, for different periods-four members for four years, four members for six years, and four members for eight years, the President to be elected by the Board from its own number. 7. The Medical Superintendent and Physician to be elected by the Administrators outside of the Board, and to hold office for the period of four years, unless removed for cause. The Medical Superintendent to have power to appoint an Assistant Superintendent and Physician. The Board to have power to elect twelve resident medi- cal students to serve as assistants not less than two years and not more than four years, unless specially ordered otherwise, said resident students to keep records of all the cases and to see to the administration of remedies and the conduct of treatment. The said resident students to be furnished with board, rooms, lights, fuel and washing at the expense of the Asylum. 8. The Board of Administrators of the Insane of Louis- iana to be empowered to examine, consolidate, and frame, for the consideration of the General Assembly and for the government of all asylums, the necessary rules and regulations and laws. SKETCH OF EADS' JETTIES PREPARED FOR THE MEDICAL AND SURGICAL MEMOIRS OF JOSEPH JONES, M.D. By T. S. HARDEE, Civil Engineer. BIRDS EYE VIEW. View of the Jetties from Light-House looking seaward . The RELATIONS of QUARANTINE -TO- COMMERCE -IN THE- VALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER, DURING A PERIOD OF EIGHT YEARS, 1880-1SS7 INCLUSIVE, With Observations upon the General Mortality of New Orleans, 1880-1889. By JOSEPH JONES, M. D., lPro'essor of Chemistry and Clinical Medicine, Medical Department, Tulane University of Louisiana; Visiting Physician Charity Hospital; Vice-President of the Medico. Legal Society of New York; President of the Board of Health, State of Louisiana, 1SS0-18S3; President of the Fifteenth Section Public and International Hygiene. Ninth International Medical Congress, 1SS7; President Louisiana State Medical Society, 18SS, etc. THE RELATIONS OF QUARANTINE TO COMMERCE? IN THE VALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER During a Period of Eight Years, 1880-1887 in- clusive. In this brief inquiry I shall deal with facts and not theory.. The proper conduct of Quarantine is of paramount im- portance to the sanitary welfare of the inhabitants of the great interior valley of the North American Continent; and advancing years will increase the gravity and complexity of the questions involved, and witness the development of a mighty population distinguished for physical perfection and intellectual superiority. The following figures are taken from the official records of the Customhouse of New Orleans and cover a period of ten years, and are presented as a continuation of the series- of statistics which we have at various times recorded, il- lustrating the relations of quarantine to commerce during the present century, commencing with the year 1805 (see Part 1, Vol. 3, Medical and Surgical Memoirs, History of Quarantine in Louisiana, clvii, clviii). The following communication was received from the Collector of the Port of New Orleans in reply to the in- quiries of the author: Customhouse, New Orleans, La., Collector's Office, Feb. 8, 18SS. Dr. Joseph Jones, No. 36 University Place, New Orleans, La.: Sir-In compliance with the request contained in your letter of the 25th inst. I forward you statistics of the commerce of New Orleans, showing the exports of cotton, wheat and corn during the past ten years; also total do- mestic and total foreign exports during that period. The imports of cof- fee, the total imports and list of chief articles imported are also shown. Very respectfully, B. F. Jonas, Collector. Exports of Domestic Merchandise from 1878 to 1887 Inclusive. Year. Value. 1878 $ 74,365,287 1879 81,106,822 1880 102,528.336 1881 90,206,693 1882 80,747,876 Year. Value. 1883 $ 87,285,509 1884 86,093,547 1885 76,013.350 1886 ' 80,809.765. 1887 83,535,766. 286 Imports of Merchandise to New Orleans (1. C. and W. II.) for Calender Years 1878, 1S79, iSSo, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1SS4, 1SS5, 1886 and 1887, with Weights of Coffee Imported During Same Years; for Dr. Jones. 'Years. Coffee, Pounds. Value of Imports. Dutiable. Totals. 1878 21,180,026 $ 3.882,656 $ 4.843,095 $ 8,725,75 1 >§79 31,661,528 4,169,469 3,939,382 8,108,851 1880 30,340,822 4,635,678 7,025,564 11,661,242 uSSi 37.651,780 4,568.511 8,003,133 12,571,644 1882 26,282,112 2,994,112 8,082,144 I 1.076,256 1883 31 >028,482 3.17'.459 5,606,527 8,777,986 1S84 35-475-47° 4-517-846 5,812,582 10,330,428 1885 48,978,926 5,021,234 3,932,211 8,953-445 1886 47.224,490 5,058,090 3,702,025 8,760,115 11887 24,298,087 5,058,543 5,152,809 10,211,352 Totals .... 334-121,723 $43,077,598 $56,099,472 $99,177,070 The Commercial Statistics of New Orleans may be re- garded as largely representing those of the Mississippi valley, and during the eight years, 1880-1887, inclusive, may for purposes of comparison with reference to the 'operations of quarantine, be divided into two periods of four years each, corresponding to the sanitary and quaran- tine operations of two district boards of health. First period, embracing the years 1880, 1881, 1882 and 1883, during which the author filled the position of Presi- dent of the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana. Second period, embracing the years 1884, 1885, 1886 and 1887, during which Dr. Joseph Holt held the same official station. First Period-Total Value of Exports and Imports, New Orleans, La., 18S0, 1881, 1SS2 and 1883. Year. Exports. Imports. 1880 $102,528,336 $11,661,242 1881 90,206,693 12,571,644 1882 80,747,876 11,076,256 1SS3 87,285,509 8,777,986 Total $360,767,514 $44,087,128 Second Period-Total Valle of Exports and Imports, New Orleans, La., 1884, 1885, 1886 and 1887. Y►' AR. Exports. Imports, ISS4 ■ $86,093,547 $10,330,428 I^S.S 76,013,350 8,953,445 1886 80,800,765 8,760,115 .1887 83,535,766 10,211,352 Total $326,452> 1-8 $38,255,340 287 It will be observed that during the period of four vears^ 1880, 1881, 1882 and 1883, during which the author, as President of the Board of Health, directed the quarantine affairs of Louisiana, the total exports at the port of New- Orleans amounted to $360,767,514, and the imports to $44,087,128. During the four succeeding years, when the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana was presided over by Dr. Joseph H«<lt, the exports amounted to $326,452,428, and the imports to $38,255,340. If the results of the two series of years be compared we have the following : Total Exports of New Orleans. 4 years, 1S80-18S3, inclusive $360,767,514 4 years, 1884-1887, inclusive 326,452,42^ Difference $ 34,315,086 Falling Off in the Value of the Exports of New Orleans during the Years 1884-1887, Inclusive,. $34 Total Imports of New Orleans. 4 years, 1S80-18S3, inclu-ive $44,087,128 4 years, 1884-1887, inclu-ive 34,315,086- Difference $ 9,772,042 Falling Off of the Value of Imports of New Orleans during the Four Years, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, $9,772,042. Total Falling Off in the Value of the Exports and Imports of New Orleans during the Four Years, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, $44,087,128. During the years 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, during which period the Quarantine affairs of Louisiana were under the direction of Dr. Joseph Holt, President of the Board of Health, the port ot New Orleans has lost in her foreign commerce, exports and imports, the enormous value of Forty-four Million, Eighty-seven Thousand, One Hundred and Twenty-eight Dollars. What has caused this progressive loss in the value of the commerce of the port of Nezu Orleans during the four years, 1884, 1885, 1886 and 1887?-The people had been led to believe, from the reports of the Board of Health and from the resolutions of sanitary and commercial 288 bodies, that the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana had established, by the aid of money appropriated by the General Assembly, a vastly improved and new system of maritine sanitation, and a far more liberal system of quarantine during the past four years, and especially dur- ing the years 1885, 1886 and 1887. Let us examine without prejudice, by the light of estab- lished facts and the testimony of unimpeachable witnesses, the nature and importance of the general results accom- plished by the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana during the years 1880, 1881, 1882 and 1883. General Results Accomplished by the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana, 1880-1883. I have in my annual reports to the General Assembly of Louisiana given a detailed statement of the financial, quar- antine and sanitary operations of the Board of Health dur- ing the four years in which I acted as its chief executive, and shall confine myself to the general results of its labors. Immediately after the inauguration of the author as President of the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana in April, 1880, an extended inspection of the quarantine stations and a critical review of the finances and of the ex- ternal and internal relations of the Board of Health were made with the following general results: 1. The Mississippi Quarantine Station was in a dilapi- dated and deplorable condition; the two frame hospitals with decayed beams, broken windows, leaking roofs; without beds or bedding, and without the necessary appli- ances for the treatment of the sick; the quarantine wharf practically useless from the formation of batlure; the levee surrounding the quarantine buildings broken and the ditches filled up. 2. Widespread hostility against the quarantine system of Louisiana on the part of shipowners, steamship com- panies, and of those citizens who were directly or indi- rectly connected with commerce. 3. The revenues of the Board of Health derived from the execution of the quarantine laws enacted by the General Assembly in 1855 and subsequent years, was greatly cur- tailed by the injunctions and suits entered against the Board of Health in the United States Circuit Court, by Charles Morgan (represented in 1880 by Charles A. Whitney, Pres- ident of the New Orleans Auxiliary Sanitary Association}, 289 John H. Clark, C. H. Mallory & Co., Fred Baker, and others. 4. A state of public alarm with reference to the importation through the Mississippi Quarantine Station of vellow fever. The agitation induced by the epidemic yel- low fever of 1878, which extended its ravages from the borders of the Gulf of Mexico to St. Louis, Mo., was in- creased in 1879 1-be local outbreak of yellow fever in the Fourth District of New Orleans, which caused the death of the Confederate General J. B. Hood, and by the severe epidemic of Memphis, Tenn. New Orleans was regarded as a plague spot and as a perpetual menace to the entire Mississippi Valley. Designing and selfish men were not wanting who were ever ready to create distrust and to harfass and embarass the labors of the Presi- dent of the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana, by establishing an odious and disgraceful system of espionage, by the exaggeration of every imaginable source of danger, and by the dissemination of such sensational reports as might inflame the public mind and weaken public confi- dence in the constituted health authorities of Louisiana. The measures designed and executed for the defence of Louisiana against the importation of foreign pestilence and the mititjation of endemic diseases, were : (a) Thorough repair and equipment of the Quarantine Stations, especially the Mississippi Quarantine. (b) The establishment of an outpost and inspection station at Port Eads. (r) The erection of buildings at the Atchafalaya Quar- antine Station and the equipment thereof with a boat and crew for handling vessels, and the necessary disinfec- tants. (<Q The removal of the Quarantine Station from Fort Pike to the old United States Lighthouse Station on Rab- bit Island, so as to effectually guard New Orleans from the introduction of yellow fever and other pestilential diseases by the land and water approaches in the east. The equipment of the Rigolets Station proved of incal- culable value in the protection of New Orleans and the Mississippi Valley from the introduction of yellow fever from Pensacola, Fla., in 1882 and 1883; from Biloxi, Miss., in 1886, and Jacksonville, Fla., and Decatur, Ala., in 1888 290 (c?) The organization and perfection of an efficient in- spection service of the shipping within the port of New Orleans. (/*) The collection, classification and wide distribution of all the quarantine and health orcfinances of the State of Louisiana, together with the local sanitary laws of New Orleans. This difficult and onerous work was executed by the President of the Board of Health, published and distributed to all officials, State and Municipal, foreign consuls, ship agents and owners, and to all masters and captains of steam and sailing vessels doing business with the State of Louisiana. (g-) The establishment of a system of prompt notifica- tion of the occurrence of cases of infectious and contagious diseases; the opening of all records and of all meetings of the Board of Health to the representatives of the press and all health and sanitary organizations. (/z) The perfection and enlargement of the inspection and police service of the Board of Health, and the rigid enforcement of all sanitary and quarantine laws and ordi- nances. (/) The institution of suits in the courts of the State for the defence of the Quarantine laws and the punishment of violations thereof. Defence of the Quarantine System of Louisiana, During the Years 1880, 1881, 1882 and 1883. The attorney of the board was directed by the president to draw up an act to fix and regulate quarantine charges at the Mississippi station, and to confer the necessary pow- er upon the Board of Health to collect all its legal dues for the maintenance of quarantine for the protection of the State. The bill thus prepared was presented to the Gen- eral Assembly at the regular session in 1882 ; as will be shown by the following extract from the official journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Louisiana, at the regular session begun and held in the city of Baton Rouge, May 8, 1882, pages 39, 40: The following communication was received from the Board of Health. Office Board of Health, State of Louisiana, New Orleans May S, 1882. Hon. Robert N. Ogden, Speaker House of Representatives, State of Louisiana, Baton Rouge: Dear Sir-The attention of the Honorable Speaker of the House of Representatives is respectfully directed to the enclosed Bill, entitled An Act to fix and regulate Quarantine charges at the Mississippi River station. 291 to establish a lien and privilege on vessels inspected, in favor of the Board of Health for the same, and to provide for the enforcement and collection by provisional seizure. The necessity for prompt and decided action on the part of the General Assembly for the regulation of the Quarantine fees, for the protection of the State and Mississippi Valley from the importation of foreign pesti- lence has been fully demonstrated in the annual Report of the Board of Health (pp. 103, 109). The bill now submitted has received the unanimous approval of the Board of Health. The commercial prosperity of New Orleans and of the entire Mississippi Valley, demands that an efficient Quarantine should at all times, and at all seasons ot the year, be maintained at the mouth of the Mississippi River. The protection of New Orleans, the State of Lou isiana and the entire Mississippi Valley from the introduction of for- eign pestilence, depends absolutely upon the maintenance of a rigid quar antine at the mouth of the Mississippi River. If the Quarantine of the Mississippi be allowed to fail by the combined efforts of the merchants and ship-masters and enemies of the Quarantine, the port of New Orleans will be hermetically sealed during six months of the year. New Orleans is fa<t becoming a great railroad centre, and all the vast interests of the great States concentrating here de- mand a thoiough and rigid Quarantine. Former Legislatures, by their organic acts, have based the support and maintenance of the various Quarantine stations of the State absolutely and wholly upon the fees derived from vessels entering the waters of Lou- isiana, Two items alon£, the salaries of the Quarantine physician and his as- sistant, amount annually to the large sum of $7000. Add to this the pay of the necessary boatmen, watchman and hospital stewards, nurses, etc., necessary to the proper care of the buildings and sick, and the necessary fumigation, ten men at $50 per month, equal to $500 per month, or $6000 per year; annual repairs and supplies for shk, ship chandlers'supplies, disinfectants, etc., at $io,oooand we have a total of about $23,000, actually required to maintain the Mississippi Quarantine station alone. The actual receipts from the fees collected at the Mississippi Quarantine Station during 1880, were $21,872. This sum was inadequate to the sup- port of the Quarantine establishments of Louisiana. In 1881 the receipts amounted to only $18,052, whilst the repairs alone upon the Mississippi Station reached $6000. No provision has been made by the Legislature to meet the necessary expenditures of the Board of Health for the mainten- ance of their effective Quarantine. The exports of 1880 reched $102,528,376, and the imports $11,809,977; total exports and imports for the year 1880 $114,338,353. The total amount collected during 1880 from this vast sum for the pro- tection of the commerce and health of New Orleans, and the Mississippi Valley, was $21,872, and in 18S1 the amount was only $18,052, and owing to the gambling operations in cotton, and the failure of the grain crop, the Quarantine fees of 1882 will fall short of those of 1881. The preceding facts relate solely to the mercantile and money value of the question. During years 1853, 1854 and >855 New Orleans lost 12,780 of her citizens by yellow fever, an imported pestilence, and in 1878 she lost 4056 souls and about $15,000,000 by the sama scourge. The State of Louisiana has a right to demand that commerce, which benefits the entire valley and derives its richest rewards from the cotton, sugar and grain of these great Souihern and Western States, should pay a sufficient amount for such a system of inspection and disinfection and Quarantine as will prevent the introduction of foreign pestilence. It is but just that the immigrants from foreign countries be taxed a suffi- cient sum for their proper protection from disease and their proper treat- ment when sick within the limits of the State. 292 During the past 45 years Louisiana has cared for and treated in the Charity Hospital a grand total of 340,411 sick. Of this vast number foreign countries furnished 260,128 and the various States of the Union 80,289. Ot this vast multitude, equaling more than one-third of the present pop- ulation of the State, Louisiana furnished only 17,013. The Board of Health of the State of Louisiana relies with confidence upon the wisdom and justice of the General Assembly for the enactment of such laws as will effectually maintain the health of the Mississippi Valley by the efficient support of the Quarantine establishments. I have the honor to remain with great respect, Your obedient servant, Jos. Jones M. D., President Board of Health, State of Louisiana. On motion of Mr. Heidenhain the report was ordered printed in the Journal and referred to the Committee on Public Health and Quaran- tine. The great object, aside from the mere regulation of Quarantine fees, which the President of the Board of Health had in directing the attention of the General As- sembly of Louisiana to this subject, was to test thoroughly the sentiment of the representatives of the people on the subject of Quarantine. He was fully apprised as to the hostility of a large number of the citizens and representa- tives of the Parish of Orleans against all quarantine restric- tions. The communication from the Board of Health was im- mediately met by the following petition, presented by Messrs. Leovy & Kruttschnitt, the attorneys of Mr. Charles A. Whitney, President of the New Orleans Auxil- iary Sanitary Association: To the Honorable the General Assembly of the State of Louisiana'. The petition of the undersigned owners and agents of steamships and other vessels, with respect represents: That a bill has been introduced into the House of Representatives of this State, entitled an act to fix and regulate quarantine charges at the Mississippi river station, etc., in which it is provided that an inspection charge shall be imposed of thirty dollars ($30) for every ship and for every steamship, and at night the charge is to be, for each, sixty dollars (^60). We beg to invite the attention of your honorable body to the fact that this bill plainly and palpably violates at least two previsions of the United States Constitution, and, in its tendency to prejudice our growing com- merce, is materially subversive of the best interests ot Louisiana. We willingly pay large taxes on property legally imposed; but we cannot silently acquiesce in a policy which imposes exclusively on shipping the entire expense of a system by which the whole community is benefitted; nor can it be said, with any degree of propriety, that objections based upon fundamental principles of the United States Constitution are, in any sense, merely technical defences. We do not directly or indirectly ques- tion the value of a proper quarantine system: nor do we doubt the power of the State Legislature to enact quarantine laws; but we do emphatically denv that the State haspowerto make the owners of vessels, who are not specially benefitted, defray all the expenses of a system devised for the good of the whole community 293 In the language of Mr. Justice Bradley, of the United States Supreme Court, in a case in the Circuit Court of Texas, " the States have a right to establish quarantine regulations for the preservation of the public health, but they have no right to place toll gatherers at the gateways of commerce, and lay indiscriminate exactions upon all vessels that enter thereby." Two clauses of the United States Constitution, in language that cannot be misunderstood, positively prohibit the proposed tax: i. Il is declared that " no State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage," etc. Article one. section ten, paragraph three. 2. That " Congress shall have power to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the several States," etc. Article one, section six, paragraph three. This power, as is well known, is vested exclusively in Congress. The framers of the present bill hope to elude the prohibitory clauses of the Constitution of the, United States by avoiding the use of the word "tonnage," and by calling the tax one for inspection. The United States Constitution is not a cobweb-what it declares it means, and when it says a thing cannot be done by no ingenuity ever devised can it be done. It declares commerce shall not pay this tax, and the language is plain. It has been before contended that where the tax is not measured by the ton the Constitution is not violated; but the United States Supreme Court summarily disposed of this question. It declared, through its Chief Jus- tice, all the judges concurring, that it was not a pro rata tax, which was prohibited, but any duty on the ship, whether a fixed duty upon its whole tonnage, as a sum to be ascertained by comparirg the amount of tonnage with the rate of duty. In this view of the case the levy of the tax in question is expressly prohibited. The levy in question was $5 per each vessel (not tonnage), for Port Wardens. This case will be found in 6 Wallace Reports, p. 31. It was affirmed in the Cannon case, 20 Wall. 580. The plea of a charge for inspection is, if possible, even more glaringly violate of the United States Constitution than the tonnage exaction. In- spection, it is well known, applies exclusively to the examination of arti- cles of merchandise, and, as Chief Justice Marshall well said, " to improve the quality of articles produed by the labor of a countr", to fit them for exportation, or, it may be, for domestic use." 9 Wheaton, 203. And, as Mr. Justice Bradley has said, "all housekeepers who are con- sumers of flour know what a protection it is to be able to rely on the in- spection mark for a fine or superior article." This, then, is the kind of- inspection for which charges are permitted. Quite recently, Judge Blatchford (now a member of the United States Supteme Court) decided this very question. He said: "Inspection laws were known when the Constitution was framed in 1787, and what were inspection laws was well understood. They had reference solely to merchandise." He added (where it was attempted to tax immigrants, under pretence of an inspection law), "to pass a statute directing persons to be inspectors, * * and then another statute calling the first one an inspection law, does not make it an inspection law. (See "The Re- porter," Vol. 13, p. 326'1. Nor where it is found that a tonnage duty can- not be imposed can an act be passed creating a charge for an inspection, where the Constitution authorizing an inspection refers exclusively to the inspection of merchandise. Great barriers to preserve commerce cannot thus lightly be overthrown. The proposed bill also violates the exclusive right of Congress to regu- late commerce. The bill clearly creates a regulation of commerce. (6 Wall. 31). We respectfully protest against this bill for the purpose of preventing, if possible, the passage of an act that must be productive of endless liti- gation, and which imposes heavy additional charges against an interest already heavily burdened. 294 Vessels now pay enormous charges to enter and receive cargoes in the port of New Orleans. Wisdom suggests the encouragement and fostering of commerce, rather than increase impositions. We do not question this propriety of laws, for the compensation of officers necessary to enforce a quarantine system; but no good reason ex- ists why those officers should not be paid as other State officers are paid. No good reason exists why owners of vessels should alone pay for a sys- tem beneficial to a whole community. The United States Constitution v says emphatically that commerce shall not be thus tax^d, and on that declaration we place our reliance. The language of the Chief Justice, in. the Port Warden case (concurred in by the whole bench), is so emphatic that we quote it as conclusive of this whole matter: " It may be true that the existence of such a body of men is beneficial to commerce, but the same is true of the government of the State, of the city government, of the courts, of the whole body of public functionaries. If the constitutionality of the charge for the benefit of the master and wardens can be maintained upon the ground that it secures compensation for services, it is difficult to perceive upon what grounds the constitution- ality of any State law imposing taxes for the benefit of the State govarn- ment upon vessels landing in its ports can be questioned." We beg t» add a reference to authorities. R. B. Post & Son, And others. Power of the State to Impose Duties or Charges on Vessels. i. " No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage," etc. U. S. Constitution, article I, section i, paragraph 3. 2. Any charge without equivalent in service to the vessel, is a tonnage duty, and, therefore, unconstitutional. 6 Wallace 31; 20 Wall. 580; 19. Wallace 581; 94 U. S. Supreme Court 238; 95 U. S. Supreme Court, p. 80; 100U. S. Supreme Court, pp. 423, 430; 27 La. An. Reports 414; 31 La. An. Reports, p. 65. 3. Duties are prohibited on vessels, whether measured by the ton or not; the thing prohibited is the imposition by the State of any duty. 6 Wallace U. S. Sup. Court Reports, p. 3:; 20 Wallace, p. 580. 4. " Congress shall have power * * to regulate commerce with for- eign nations and among the several States," etc. U. S. Constitution, article 1, section 8, p. 3. 5. The power is exclusively vested in Congress. 9 Wheaton 1S6; 12 Wheaton 414; 12 Peters 72; 6 Wall. 31; 94 U. S. Supreme Court 246. 6. The impositiorfs of duties on vessels without a corresponding benefit to the owners is a regulation of commerce. 6 Wallace U. S. Supreme Court Reports, p. 31; 20 Wallace, p. 5S0. 7. Duties which States may impose for executing its inspection laws can be imposed only for inspecting merchandise. 9 Wheaton 203; 1 Kent Com. 439; Story on Constitution, § 1017; 8 Cow. 45, 13th Reporter, 326 (Judge Blatchford's recent decision); Bouvier Diet, " Inspection." Leovy & Kruttschnitt, Attorneys, etc. The preceding protest was signed by tlie following ship and steamship agents in New Orleans : R. B. Post & Son, agents Tampa Steamship Co. ; Charles A. Whitney & Co., Morgan's Louisiana and Texas Railroad Steamship Co.; Forstall, Ross & Claxton, agents French Canadian Line of Steamships; Silas Weeks & Co., ship and steam- ship agents; A. K. Miller & Co., ship agents; Edward A. Yorke and Richard II. Crawford, agents New York,. 295 Havana and Mexican Steamship Line; Alfred Moulton & Co., Cromwell Steamship Line; Norton & Bell, ship and steamship agents; L. LaCombe and Co., ship and steam- shipagents; Lucas E. Moore & Co., agents Harrison Line; T. & G. Forwood, agents W. L. and P. Steamship Line; Edward P. Stockmire & Co., agents North German Lloyd; Schultz & Co., ship agents; A. B. French & Co., steamship agents ; Louis Ranger & Co., agents Steamship Line; S. A. Cosulich, ship agent; Jos. T. Lowell & Co., ship and steamship agents ; Joseph Kelly, ship broker; S. O. Oteri ; Macheca Brothers, managers N. O. and B. R. M. Steamship Line ; Hall & Vaughan, steamship and ship agents. The New Orleans Times-Democrat, owned and directed by the State Treasurer, published the preceding document and supported its spirit of rebellion against the quarantine daws of the State of Louisiana, and endeavored to defeat the efforts of the Board of Health. These plots to destroy the quarantine system of Louis- iana were refuted in person by the President of the Board of Health, and the act to regulate quarantine charges, etc., passed the Senate and House of Representatives and has remained a law upon the statute books of the State. Successful Vindication of the Quarantine Laws of Louisiana and the Maintenance of a Uniform System of Quarantine on the Mississippi River and at Other Points on the Main Channels of Commerce. The quarantine act of 1855 appeared to have been in •operation without "legar' opposition until 1874, when Charles Morgan, John H. Clark, C. IL Mallory and others, and Fred Baker, commenced legal proceedings to enjoin the Board of Health from collecting the quarantine fees in accordance with the organic acts of the Legislature of Louisiana, approved March 15th, 1885, and March 18th, 1858. The indecision of the Board of Health presided over by Dr. C. B. White and its disgraceful failure to uphold the laws of Louisiana, imposed heavy burdens upon the tax- payers then under the infamous carpet-bag Radical rule and wrought great damage to the quarantine system. I have shown in my report to the General Assembly of 1882 and 1883, pages 10-13, that the President, Dr. C. B. 296 White, and the Board of Health, made an unconditional surrender of the questions at issue with reference to the maintenance of the quarantine system of Louisiana. These men, however, did not fail to ask large and repeated appropriations of money from the General Assembly. The Kellogg Legislature gave the Board of Health a large sum in 1874 and appropriated $24,000 in 1875. Dr. Felix B. Gaudet was elected President in 1876 and no action was taken during his brief term of service. After the overthrow of the Packard Government the re- organization of the Board of Health was effected under Act 80 of the Legislature on the 1st of May, 1877, and Dr. Samuel Choppin was elected President. From the published statements of the late Dr. Samuel Choppin in the Reports of the Board of Health, it is evi- dent that during the years 1877, 1878, 1879, UP to April, 1880, the Board of Health conceived no specific legislation on the subject of quarantine and took no steps to raise the injunctions obtained in 1874 by Charles Morgan and others.* Upon assuming the duties of President of the Louisiana Board of Health, the author brought the subject at once before the Board or Health, and urged the immediate and persistent prosecution of the Quarantine cases through all the State Courts of Justice up to the Supreme Court of the United States. The author held that if the Quarantine Laws of Louisi- ana were in violation of the letter and spirit of the Consti- tution of the United States, justice demanded that all unjust restrictions should be removed from commerce, and com- mon honesty demanded that the Board of Health should not receive moneys unjustly extorted under the forms of Law; on the other hand, if the Quarantine laws of Louisi- ana were in accordance with the letter and spirit of the Constitution of the United States, then those in rebellion against the State should be dealt with as enemies, and should be compelled by the strong arm of the law to sup- port those sanitary regulations of commerce which were designed to protect the State of Louisiana and the valley of the Mississippi from the introduction of foreign pes- tilences. *See Report of Joseph Jones, M. D., Pres'dent of the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana to the Geneial Assembly for the year 1852 and the first six months of 18:3, pp.. 297 An extended correspondence was conducted Ly the Pres- ident of the Board of Health with the Chief Executives and Quarantine and health authorities of the individual States, in order to obtain all possible information as to the nature and mode of execution of the Quarantine laws in the Atlantic and Gulf and Pacific ports of the United States; and at the same time he carefully examined all the available documents relating to the origin and history of Quarantine in various countries, but especially in the colo- nies of Great Britain which subsequently became the United States of America. The early debates of the founders of the great North American Republic, and of the framers and exponents of its Constitution were care- fully and critically studied, and it was clearly established that all the essential questions relating to Quarantine, and the relations of the individual States to each other and to the general governments were thoroughly discussed shortly after the formation of the Federal Union of the indi- vidual States. The results of these labors and inquries were embodied in a memoir by the author entitled " The Theory and Practice of Quarantine, and its Relation to Constitutional and International Law, and to Commerce."* A copy of this memoir was sent to the Senators and Representatives in the Congress of the United States, to the Representatives of the General Assembly of Louisiana, to the Sanitary and Health authorities, and to the Chief Executive officers of the individual States and Territories. The first occasion which offered for the invocation of legislative action, namely, the executive session of 1881, was embraced, and his Excellency Gov. S. D. McEnery was respectfully urged (but without avail) to bring the subject before the General Assembly. Additional legal counsel having been appointed, the President of the Board of Health issued minute instruc- tions as to the mode of conducting the defence of the Quarantine Laws of Louisiana, and furnished the legal advisers of the Board of Health much of the arguments drawn from his inquiries into the history of Quarantine in Colonial times and subsequently under the Federal Con- stitution. After a continuous battle of four years' duration, during which the vast commercial interests of the State and the *Keportof Board of Health, 1882,1883, p. 34 298 power and influence of the wealthiest railroad an J steam- ship companies in the Southwestern States were marshaled against the legally constituted health authorities, the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana achieved a great and signal victory on the 2IST of January, 1884, in the com- plete and triumphant vindication by the Supreme Court of Louisiana of the efforts of the Bond of Health to exclude foreign pestilence from the Mississippi Valley. We have in the first part of the third volume of the Medical and Surgical Memoirs (see pp. clxix, ch. xxxiii) recorded in full the decision of the Supreme Court of Louisiana, affirming that quarantine fees are legal exac- tions of the State in payment of spectai benefits; that the quarantine laws do not infringe the -power of Congress to regulate commerce, and requiring Morgan's Texas Rail- road and Steamship Company and all other steamship companies to pay the fees of the Board of Health. It the decision of the Supreme Court had been adverse to the Board of Health the quarantine laws of Louisiana would have been rendered powerless for the exclusion of for- eign pestilence. Quarantine in the absence of all national legislation must be sustained by the inspection fees, or by an appropriation from the State Treasury; the General Assembly of Louisiana had made no appropriation for the maintenance of quarantine; therefore if the decision of the lower court had been sustained by the Supreme Court of Louisiana, an extra session of the Legislature would have been necessary for the appropriation of monev for the sup- port of the officers and employees, the supply of disinfec- tants, the maintenance of the hospitals, and the isolation and treatment of seamen and passengers, suffering with contagious and infectious diseases. The actual expenses of an extra session of the Legislature of Louisiana would have imposed an additional burden on the taxpayers of the State, which would have exceeded the amount collected for the support of quarantine at least five fold; in other words, the expenses of the extra session would have been sufficient to maintain the quarantine system during a period of four years and longer. The records of the Board of Health showed that the Morgan Texas Railroad and Steamship Company was indebted to the State of Louisiana for quarantine fees about $14,385, and the Cromwell Steamship Line $8400; total amount due the State of Louisiana by the Morgan and Cromwell lines about $22,785. TABLE MORTUARY AND VITAL STATISTICS OT NEW ORLEANS EOR THE YEAR 1883, EROM ORIGINAL RECORDS, UNDER THE DIRECTION OE JOSEPH JONES, M. D., PRESIDENT OE THE BOARD OE HEALTH OE THE STATE OE LOUISIANA, 156 Washington Street, Corner of Camp Street, Eourth District. New Orleans, Louisiana, January, 1884. GENERAL DISEASES. Small-pox Measles Scarlatina ... Dentine Typhus fever.... Cerebro-Spinal fever ... ■ .. Enteric or typhoid fever Simple continued lever Yellow fever Janu w. •24 4 8 1 ary. c. 52 1 '4 Febrt w. 48 "*2 4 1 iary. c. 83 1 1 I Mai w. 72 1 5 i 1 1 ch. c. 149 i i 2 Ap 1 w. 102 3 i rU. c. 159 .... 1 Ma W. 80 2 2 2 11 3 4 i 15 2 4 2 i 1 1 3' 13 2 1 1 3 '1 191 ~l ..... ..... 11 5 1 9 :::::: .1 4 2 4 5 y. c. 95 1 Ju w. 53 6 3 1 2 ne. c. 96 2 Total w. 379 9 19 2 18 3 first 6 c. 634 2 5 3 8 mos. W.& c. 1013 11 24 5 26 3 Jt w. 44 3 .... 1 iy- c. 40 1 3 Aug w. 31 1 5 .... "i 2 9 11 11 1 8 1 3 1 i 1 1 1 i 39 12 1 1 1 i 1 ..... rust. 36 Septe w. 12 1 2 mber. C. 29 1 Octc w. 6 1 "'2 ber. c. 11 1 2 Nove w. 15 5 "4 1 mber. c. 15 " "i Dece w. 6 1 1 1 5 mber C. 8 1 1 3 Tora w 114 5 13 1 15 1 1 1 23 40 80 17 61 1 7 "35 29 26 1 2 5 1 6 2 9 1 2 3 241 82 4 6 1 8 4 1 2 13 7 1 1 2 '"2 1 last 6 c. 139 2 g "io mos. w.& c. 253 7 15 1 25 1 1 1 29 52 104 21 105 14 43 39 42 1 "'8 "".5 1 I 9 4 18 2 7 4 450 109 4 6 1 12 11 •2 4 16 18 1 3 2 2 1 Total w. 493 14 32 3 33 4 1 1 30 52 124 28 94 6 10 "78 54 29 1 ii 11 1 7 1 10 2 2 13 3 3 7 501 123 5 6 1 14 14 "■5 3 8 22 20 1 3 1 4 1 1 6 2 1 1 1 190(5 1 3 84 14 52 39 4 111 4 11 i 1 1 1 22 € 37 14 5 3 4 9 2 2 0 11 7 7 2 6 2 10 7C for the c. 773 4 7 3 18 Year. W.& c. 1266 18 39 6 51 4 1 1 37 70 173 34 164 14 21 103 67 48 1 20 18 2 7 1 17 3 12 2 25 5 9 12 845 177 7 6 1 19 25 1 8 5 10 36 35 i 7 1 I 4 1 1 6 2 1 1 1 3443 1 3 110 19 82 46 7 169 16 2 1 1 1 3 35 1 8 56 22 5 5 9 63 2 195 2 2 3 5 173 2 19 7 28 4 12 1 3 3 5 1108 DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. Pericarditis Dropsy of Pericardium Endocarditis Aortic valve disease of heart Mitral disease of heart Hypertrophy of the heart ... Dilatation of the heart Angina pectoris Jan W. i 1 2 i 1 2 i "' i 8 18 aary. c. " i 1 "i Febi w. i 1 uary. c, .... 3 Ma w. 1 "4 .... 1 1 3 "12 23 rch. c. 1 "i Ap W. .... 2 1 1 ril. c. . 2 i Mi w. 3 2 iy- c. ""2 3 2 1 "i 4 12 Ju w. 2 2 1 ne. c. i i i i 1 1 11 Total w. 1 '7 3 12 1 3 3 3 6 ....3 1 i ..... 67 1 1 114 first 6 c. 1 1 6 3 9 2 2 1 i 1 i " 37 1 66 mos. w.&c. 2 1 13 6 21 1 3 5 5 7 "i 2 i 1 1 104 9 1 180 Ju w. i 2 1 5 1 2 19 iy- c. i 3 i 4 9 Aug w. 2 4 .... 1 3 ""2 13 list. c. 1 1 "3 Septe w. 2 2 mber. c. 1 1 8 1 Octo w. 1 2 4 i "3 1 ""9 21 ber. c. i 1 3 .... 1 ""5 12 Nove w. 3 2 2 2 1 1 2 11 24 mber. c. 4 2 Decei w. i 1 1 2 1 nber. c. '3 Tota w. 5 1 6 ■ 18 2 4 3 3 11 1 si 3 113 last 6 c. 1 2 2 2 24 3 1 1 " 3 1 "■42 82 mos. w.&c 6 3 7 8 42 5 4 4 4 14 0 "93 3 195 Total w. 6 1 12 9 30 3 7 6 6 6 14 1 1 1 1 118 4 1 227 for the c. 2 3 8 5 33 3 ""3 3 1 4 1 ""2 79 1 148 Year. W.& c. 8 4 20 14 63 6 9 9 7 " 18 2 1 3 1 197 5 1 375 Ataxic level Malarial fevers- Intermittent Remittent Congestive Typho-malarial Not classified Catarrhal fever Cholera morbus.... Cholera, malignant Cholera infantum .... Diphtheria .... Whooping-cough Influenza Malignant pustule Phagedaena Congenital cachexia Hospital gangrene Erysipelas Septicaemia. Osteo arthritis Leprosy Pyaemia .... Osteo sarcoma Puerperal fever Acute rheumatism Chronic rheumatism Gout Syphilis Syphilis, congenital Scrofula ••.•••.*: i Tubercular meningitis Phthisis pulmonalis Tabes mesenterica Lupus Diabetes Purpura Chlorosis Anaemia General dropsy Cancer of the abdomen.... • • 11 " breast " " face " .■ liver " " stomach '•... " "• womb " u mesentery ■ " oesophagus " •* rectum.-. " " kidneys " " mouth " " bowels " " penis " " pharnyx " " not classified . ■ " " bladder 2 6 2 2 1 1 5 1 i 1 o 1 2 1 2 45 7 .... 1 1 1 2 1 1 i '2 .... 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 '12 1 .... 1 1 1 2 1 5 4 4 6 ..... 1 51 4 "2 1 1 2 2 i 4 4 2 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 21 2 "2 i i 11 4 6 1 '2 1 1 57 3 1 2 3 1 i 2 ""1 2 1 2 5 8 1 i 2 i "1 i 24 2 1 2 1 4 1 1 4 1 "e 3 .... ..... 1 32 4 1 1 1 3 4 "2 .... 2 5 2 1 " 2 i ""2 31 10 1 1 i 4 2 3 3 11 1 2 1 " i 2 25 7 "2 I 1 1 ; ... .| 2 6 10 1 12 3 21 3 2 1 2 1 2 ""2 i 38 10 i 2 i .... , "i 5 "'8 1 5 i i 1 i i 20 5 i i 1 7 12 44 11 33 5 3 43 25 3 ""6 9 1 i 4 2 3 4 2 1 4 260 41 1 6 10 '4 1 3 9 13 "2 1 '2 1 1 4 1 1 1014 1 " "30 8 30 21 ""62 2 3 1 i ""is "2 2 2 1 3 3 6 "4 1 1 1 1 6 25 2 26 4 4 17 3 3 "6 4 1 i 4 1 5 3 1 1 4 135 27 2 ...... 4 1 2 2 1 4 2 1 8 18 69 13 59 9 7 ""60 28 6 12 13 2 2 *8 3 8 '7 3 2 8 395 68 3 7 14 1 6 1 5 10 17 4 1 1 2 1 1 4 1 1 1970 1 '46 10 51 25 1 83 2 4 1 ..... 29 1 ' 35 IS 4 3' 4 8 1 6 7 9 1 6 2 2 1 8 53 4 2 12 3 7 "7 6 2 1 1 2 i "2 "40 13 1 2 ..... 1 2 2 8 1 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 i 26 4 1 1 1 3 1 2 4 5 1 2 1 2 "i '" '2 i 31 3 1 i 1 4 4 13 15 4 9 "4 4 4 6 1 1 1 37 ...9 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 5 2 14 "3 3 9 1 2 41 4 1 ..J 4 10 15 2 15 1 6 3 4 1 1 "i 1 2 37 11 i 1 5 4 2 1 i 1 3 2 8 4 3 4 1 2 .... 36 7 "'2 i 4 6 ,14 4 11 "2 ....^ 6 7 ""2 2 1 3 1 1 1 47 26 1 1 1 1 2 2 i 1 1 2 7 2 2 1 4 1 1 i 2 '44 ""2 1 1 5 13 4 8 3 9 4 i 2 0 1 "ii 11 1 1 1 i 1 2 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 31 4 2 2 1 1 1 6 12 24 4 44 4 7 "'8 10 16 '3 3 '3 2 9 1 5 1 209 27 4 7 1 2 3 11 1 * 2 7 18 49 6 70 8 11 25 13 19 9 7 1 "7 1 7 '' ii 2 6 344 54 '2 11 1 3 2 2 4 15 " 4 1 Fattj degeneration of heart Aneurism of heart Fatty degeneration of arteres Calcareous degeneration of arteries Aneurism of the aorta Embolism, (locality stated) Ossification of valves of heart Phlebitis Phlegmasia dolens Heart clot Heart disease (not classified) Paralysis of the heart Thrombosis DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. Croup Laryngitis Oedema of glottis Acute bronchitis Chronic bronchitis A sthma Pneumonia ' Gangrene of lungs ...... Emphysema of lungs Atelectasis Acute Pneumonic Phthisis Chronic Pneumonic Phthisis Hsemoptosis Oedema of lungs Pleurisy Empyema Hydrothorax Pulmonary embolism Abscess of lungs Larngitis (phthisis) DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. Hsemat emesis Oesophagitis Teething Inflammation of the throat Ulcerative sore throat Sloughing sore throat Tonsillitis Stricture of the oesophagus Gastritis Ulcer of the stomach Gastro enteritis Dyspepsia Enteritis ..... 6 2 14 18 1 " 7 12| "io 12 i 1'3 19 i 8 13 1 " 1 1 " 1 13 22 1 1 14 .... 7 13 9 1 14 i 8 20 " 6 12 3 i3 22 1 " i2 16 3 1 1 5 4 5 31 "' i " i 1 53 ..... ... . .... 3 "" 4 8 1 "'13 i 2 4 5 i 2 2 4 2 2 23 i 4 36 ..... i 5 12 2 24 6 3 3 24 2 i 1 2 42 11 1 "i . 1 3 1 1 6 2 3 6 1 i 1 33 ""9 2 1 18 3 6 1 1 41 i 2 3 2 8 2 5 4 2 32 1 1 ■ '2 ""3 ""2 .... 55 ..... .... 7 1 1 1 1 12 3 1 2 .... * 32 "7 2 "26 1 1 2 .... 40 i .... .... 1 '5 "2 1 1 2 1 '2 20 2 3 1 18 1 i 1 ..... 28 .... 2 i 7 3 1 5 '2 3 2 1 30 7 1 "14 2 24 4 3 1 1 2 1 2 13 i 20 7 2 1 3 " 9 1 3 10 i 1 6 3 2 i 55 1 4 "i 13 i 20 4 1 4 1 ""2 6 18 i "'2 i 7 1 14 ""12 1 3 ' ' '21 7 1 1 ""9 1 3 i i 1 i 1 64 1 i '2 "s i 1 13 i 3 4 i ..... i 11 8 2 1 23 15 13 125 3 1 3 2 3 1 7 2 1 2 212 1 24 i 3 11 1 49 25 7 i 55 1 3 18 11 19 1 2 1 6 3 1 1 262 1 1 33 7 4 102 1 t i 3 1 13 1 1 1 174 ""14 3 3 "12 13 2 2 31 2 4 3 2 1 ..... 6 1 9 3 1 56 22 17 227 4 5 3 2 1 6 2 20 1 3 1 3 386 1 "38 ..... 10 3 14 1 61 38 7 6 7 86 .... 5 22 14 21 1 1 " 4 1 12 4 1 1 1 1 363 1 1 3 3 3 1 ""2 i 15 1 2 3 6 ii 6 9 2 2 3 7 1 1 i 55 । 1 ""2 2 5 2 2 4 3 5 i 1 18 1 4 2 I 4 2 i 15 5 3 3 1 7 '" 1 2 2 6 i 30 1 i 1 4 i 1 8 i 2 i 1 ..... 2 1 2 i 1 15 2 8 2 2 17 i 1 i 34 3 2 1 } 7 4 1 7 5 1 7 "i 1 45 6 2 1 2 3 i 15 "i i i 1 1 "2 3 1 4 "3 1 i 2( 2 7 1 "io "2 22 3 1 1 1 ... .. 1 6 9 8 2 " 12 3 1 .... " 51 1 1 i '"lj 13 1 2 5 " '4 1 2 3 i 2 1 1 io 6 1 15 1 1 1 37 5 i i 10 15 2 1 26 1 i 7 6 5 8 1 6 3 i 18 i 1 7 5 1 "12 s s 3 3 9 2 30 1 2 1 53 2 ...... "2 2 1 3 12 12 1 31 i 4 7 1 3 2 1 19 •i "4 31 3 1 2 1 3 4 2 2 ..... 5 2 10 4 37 20 6 79 2 1 1 1 9 I 2 1 176 1 j 20 i 3 2 "i6 3 27 1 54 48 6 2 92 1 1 4 23 13 18 1 2 35 ij 2 8 44. li 1 90 7 i 2 2 9 1 19 19 3 1 32 2 6 7 7 i '"2 12 11 6 "*85 28 9 123 2 1 1 2 " ii 2 9 2 i 226 i; 27 5 1 4 2 i2 36 2 73 67 9 3 124 1 1 6 29 20 35 i 3 9 7 j 471 18 6 1 60 35 19 204 2 4 3 ""ia 2l 9! 2 2 1 2 1 388 1 1 44 1 4 2 "17 6 38 2 103 73 13 4 147 1 1 41 24 47 K 61 2 3 si 15 7 146 1 4 1 1 8 2 20 1 1 i 264 21 1 2 12' 1 31 32 3 2 3 63 4 10 19 9 1 3 8 .. .. ... . 5 22( 20 9 1 111 50 26 350 6 6 4 4 1 20 4 29 3 3 1 3 1 652 1 1 65 1 ""22 8 50 3 134 105 16 6 10 210 1 1 1 11 51 34 56 1 1 1 1 7 I 1 1 21 ' U i 1 1 H 841 " " tongue " " neck LOCAL DISEASES. Diseases of the nervous system- Anaemia of the brain ....... Brain disease not classified.. Congestion of the brain Encephalitis Meningitis ■ Softening of the brain Abscess of the brain Apople»y Sunstroke Chronic hydrocephalous Nervous exhaustion......... Diseases of the cerebral arteries- Atheroma Ossification Chorea Neuralgia Myelitis Cerebro-spinal meningitis Inflammation of the middle ear... Alcoholism Paralysis, not classified ... hemiphlegia " paraph legia Locomotor ataxia Idiopathic tetanus Traumatic tetanus Trismus nascentium Hydrophobia Convulsions Convulsions, infantile Epilepsy Delirium tremens 133 ""4 2 6 6 "io 1 < 84 '3 2 i 4 1 7 8 6 3 " 1 6 3 143 2 1 2 5 ""6 " 1 ""j .... 2 " 2 132 '2 4 ' 2 l"." 6 1 4 1 3 1 9 3 181 7 4 2 13 1 < ) 8 3 1 7 4 205 *2 1 4 1 "e 1 8 2 179 1 6 2 6 2 ' "'ii "1 L 1 2 1 2 220 5 7 1 3 ■ ../ 5 9 2 1 ■ 4 3 184 3 1 4 1 6 2" 8 2 3 187 "5 2 7 5 13 2 1 5 "i 1 2 151 "1 2 1 i.'.'.Z i..... .... 4 9 1 2 2 956 "16 2 21 4 1 21 I ..... 2 3 8 1 7 4 7 2 4 5 4 2 1 0 IS 1 1 161 9 1 3 3 6 1 2 ... 1 1 2 6 3 1 3 111 2 "2 1 5 I 2 '... 6 7 2 6 1 3 1 152 i 14 4 6 1 1 8 i "... 7 1 103 "3 1 1 2 7 - .. . .... 2 5 1 6 1 139 ■"7 2 3 2 1 9 2 1 2 2 9""i 1 109 2 2 2 6 2 ..... 1 9 1 7" 1 ... 2 138 9 1 3 4 3 8 1 I- "• i l J 2 1 2 i 94 i .... 2 1 7 1' 0 1 2 0 4 179 "1 8 ' 6 2 7 1 i ■ ..... 1 2 94 1 2 1 3 2 ... . .... 4 8 i 9 123 1 2 0 3 13 1 3 1 7 " "i 70 1 1 12 .. . 3 "" 0 i i.... 1.... , 1 1 392 ... „ 54 6 22 18 4 49 2 8 I i .... 1 7 5 7 6 2 581 10 3 9 3 2 37 1 4 p.;: 2 2 K 5 i 3 0 1 5 5 2 1 3 3 4 6 4 / 2 '. '. '. '. 53 2( 1473 3 64 9 31 21 6 86 3 12 1 1 1 2' 1 3 8 11 1 7 10 3 1 2 7 5' 1537 '26 30 7 3 58 I 5 2 13 1 If 2 5 10 2 0 6 7 1 1 8 2 3 3 « Dysentery Obstruction of the bowels Intussusception of the bowels Diarrhoea Gall-stones .... Rupture of the spleen Splenitis Hernia Hepatitis Abscess of the liver Cirrhosis of the liver Atrophvof the liver Waxy liver Leucocythaemia Jaundice Tuberculocis of mesenteric glands. Peritonitis Ascites Fatty degeneration of the liver.... Obstruction of gall duct. Gangrenous stomatitis Ulceration of the bowels DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ANI URINARY ORGANS. Calculus Enlargement of prostate Bright's disease, acute Bright's disease, chronic Cystitis Stricture of the urethra Ovarian dropsy Spermatorrhoea Embolism Pyelitis Hypertrophy of prostate gland.... 1 4 3 2 1 1 20 101 - 1 1 4 2 7 2 1 2 4 1 5 I .... 1 1 1 9 i 1 2 5' i 6 6 6 5 2 7 1 i 2' 5 2 6 1 .... 9 2.".'.. 6 1 9 8 1 9 2 4 5 1 7 6 5 1 2 6 1 2... . 1 1 7 3 4 2 7 5 1 2 3 10 5 0 i 6 i 4 5 1 1 3 i 6 1 i "Z 8 i 0 1 i 8 i 0 1 3 1 i 5 1 1 1 3 i . / " 2 3 2 4 1 2 .... 9 1 2 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 .. . 3 1 0 4 . »... 1 5 i 6 2 2 3 2 1 i ... 1 7 2 3 9 7 1 1 1 8 9 1 9 3 1 1 2 5 15 i 1 3 5 9 3 3 . ... 1 . . 1 1 1 14 7 1 3 18 144 15 3 6 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 195 Paralysis of the insane .. Spinal sclerosis. t 1 1 4 8 2 9[ 0 3 4 1 3 3 34 i'". 5 2 0 1 3 9 € 0 3 2 7 6 5 4 2 7 i ". ' 3 13 31 299 The decision of the Supreme Court of Louisiana in "ase No. 8755 not merely relieved the citizens from an dditional expense of an extra session of the General Assembly, but also affirmed the right of the State to over $22,000, due for unpaid quarantine fees by the Morgan and Cromwell lines alone. The decision of the Supreme Court of Louisiana, Jan. 21, 1884, confirmed the view held and strenuously advo- cated by the President of the Board of Health, namely: The fees collected by the State of Louisiana from vessels subjected to the quarantine laws are not of the nature of a tax imposed on commerce,but are a just and necessary com- pensation for the great service rendered commerce in the cleansing and disinfection of the vessels and cargoes, in the care and treatment of the sick by the medical officers of the State, and by exclusion of foreign pestilence, and the es- tablishment of public confidence and the maintenance of commerce, which, but for said quarantine service, would be greatly damaged. The decision of the Supreme Court of Louisiana was of importance to every State and municipal government in the United States of America, for the doctrine was clearly recognized that The establishment and enforcement of quarantine by the individual States is not a regulation of commerce in viola- tion of the provisions of the Federal Constitution, but is the legitimate exercise of the police pozvers by the individ- ual Stales. In its defence of the quarantine laws, as well as in re- sisting the insolent pretensions of the National Board of Health with its odious svstem of espionage and intermed- dling, the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana fought a battle for the maintenance of tht police powers of each and every State in this Republic. An appeal was taken from the decision of the Supreme Court of Louisiana to the Supreme Court of the United States. It will be seen from the following decision of the Su- preme Court of the United States that the action and views of the author were again sustained by the verdict of the highest tribunal in this Republic: Morgan's Louisiana and Texas^Railroad and Steamship Company, plaintiff in error, vs. The Board of Health of the State of Louisiana, and the State of Louisiana-In error to the Supn. me Court of the State of Louisiana. 300 i. The system of quarantine laws established by statutes of Louisiana, is a rightful exercise of the police power for the protection of health which is not forbidden by the Constitution of the United States. 2. While some of the rules of that system may amount to regulations of commerce with foreign nations or among the States, though not sV designed, they belong to that class which the States may establi-h until Congress acts in the matter by covering the same ground or forbidding State laws. 3. Congress, so far from doing either of these things, has, by the act of 1799, chap. 53, Revised Statutes, and previous laws, and by the recent act of 1878, 20 U. S. S. 37, adopted the laws of the States on that subject, and forbidden all interference with their enforcement. 4. The requirement that each vessel passing a quarantine station shall pay a fee fixed by the statute for examination as to her sanitary condi- tion, and the ports from which she came, is a part of all quarantine sys- tems, and is a compensation for services rendered to the vessel, and is not a tax within the meaning of the constitution concerning tonnage tax imposed by the States. 5. Nor is it liable to constitutional objection as giving a nreference for a port of one State over those of another. That section (nine) of the first article of the constitution is a restraint upon the powers of the Gen- eral Government and not of the States, and can have no application to the quarantine laws of Louisiana. Mr. Justice Miller delivered the opinion of the court, May 10, 1SS6. This is a writ of error to the Supreme Court of the State of Louisiana.. The plaintiff in error was plaintiff in the State court, and in the court of original jurisdiction obtained an injunction against the Board of Health, prohibiting it from collecting from the plaintiffs the fee of thirty dollars and other fees allowed by act 69 of the Legislature of Louisiana of 1882, for the examination which the quarantine laws of the State required in regard to all vessels passing the station. This decree was reversed on appeal by the Supreme Court of the State, and to this judg- ment of reversal the present writ of error is prosecuted. The grounds on which it is sought, in this court, to review' the final judgment of the Louisiana court are thus stated in an amended petition filed in the cause in the court of first instance: "The amended petition of plaintiff respectfully represents: "That all the statutes of the State of Louisiana relied on by defendants for collection of quaiantine and fumigation fees are null and void, because they violate the following provisions of the United Slates Constiti t:on : Article first, section 10, paragraph 3, prohibits the States from imposing tonnage duties without the consent of Congress. "Article first, section 8, paragraph 3, vesting in Congiess the power to regulate commerce, which power is exclusively so vested. Article first, paragraph 9, which declares that no preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce to the port of one State over that of another, nor shall vessels bound to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in another." The statute which authorizes the collection of these fees, approved July 1, 18S2, is as follows: "Sec. 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Louis- iana, That the resident physician at the quarantine station on the Missis- sippi river shall require for every inspection and granting certificate the following fees and charges: For every ship, thirty dollars ($30); for every bark, twenty dollars ($20) ; for every brig, ten dollars ($10); for every schooner, seven dollars and a half ($7.50) ; for every steamboat (towboats excepted), five dollars ($5); for every steamship, thirty dol- lars ($30). 301 "Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, etc., That the Board of Health shall have an especial lien and privilege on the vessels so inspected for the amount of said fees and charges, and may collect the same, if unpaid, by suit before any court of competent jurisdiction, and in aid thereof shall be entitled to- the writ of provisional seizure on said vessels. "Sec. 3. Be it futher enacted, etc., That all laws and parts of laws irk conflict with the provisions of this act are hereby repealed, and all laws and parts Of laws on the same subject matter not in conflict or inconsis- tent herewith, are continued in full force and effect." The services for which these fees are to be collected are parts of a sys- tem of quarantine provided by the laws of Louisiana, for the protection of the State, and especially of New Orleans, an important commercial city, from infectious and contagious diseases which might be brought there by vessels coming through the Gulf of Mexico from all parts of the world, and up the Mississippi River to New Orleans. This sy stem of quarantine differs in no essential respect from similar systems in operation in all important seaports all over the world, where commerce and civilization prevail. Trie distance from the mouth of the Mississippi river to New Orleans is about a hundred miles. A statute of Louisiana of 1855, organizing this system, created a Board of Health, to- whom its administration was mainly confided, and it authorized this Board to select and establish a quarantine station on the Mississippi, not less- than 75 miles below New Orleans. Money was appropriated to buy land,, build hospitals, and furnish other necessary appliances for such an estab- lishment. This and other statutes subsequently passed contained regula- tions for the examination of vessels ascending the river, and their passen- gers, for the purpose of ascertaining the places whence these vessels- came, their sanitary condition, and the healthy or diseased condition of their passengers. If any of these were such that the safety of the city of New Orleans or its inhabitants required it as a protection against disease, they could be ordered into quarantine by the proper health officer, until tbe danger was removed, and, if necessary, the vessel might be ordered to undergo fumigation. If, on this examination, there was no danger to be apprehended from vessel or passengers, a certificate to that fact was given by the examining officer, and she was thereby authorized to proceed and land at her destination. If ordered to quarantine, after such detention and cleansing process as the quarantine authorities required, she was given a similar certificate and proceeded on her way. If the condition of any of the passengers was such that they could not be permitted to enter the cit\, they might be ordered into quarantine while the vessel proceeded without them. Whether these precautions were judicious or not this court cannot inquire. They are a part of and inherent in every system of quarantine. If there is a city in the United States which has need of quarantine laws it is New Orleans. Although situated over a hundred miles from the Gulf of Mexico, it is the largest city which partakes of its commerce, and more vessels of every character come to and depart from it than any city con- nected with that commerce. Partaking, as it does, of the liability to dis- eases of warm climates, and in the same danger of all other seaports of cholera and other contagious and infectious disorders, these are sources of anxiety to its inhabitants, and to all the interior population of the country who may be affected by their spread among them. Whatever may be the truth with regard to the contagious character of yellow lever and cholera, there can be no doubt of the general belief, and very little of the fact, that all the invasions of these epidemics of the great valley of the Mississippi river and its tributaries in times past have been supposed to have spread from New Orleans, and to have been carried by steamboats and other vessels engaged in commerce with that city. And the origin of these diseases is almost invariably attributed to vessels ascending the Mis- sissippi river from the West Indies and South America, where yellow fever- 302 is epidemic almost every year, and from European countries whence our invasions of cholera uniformly come. If there is any merit or success in guarding against these diseases by modes of exclusion, of which the professional opinion of medical men in America is becoming more convinced of late years, the situation of the city of New Orleans for rendering this exclusion effective is one which invites in the strongest manner the effort. Though a seaport in fact, it is situated a hundred miles from the sea, and is onlv to be reached by vessels from foreign countries bv this approach. A quarantine station, located as this one is under the Louisiana laws, with vigilant officers, can ma k e sure of inspecting every vessel which comes to New Orleans from the great ocean in any direction. Safe and ample arrangements can be made for care and treatment of diseased passengers and for the comfort of their companions, as well as the cleansing and disinfecting of the vessels. The system of quarantine has here, therefore, as fair a trial of its efficacy as it could have anywhere, and the need of it is as great. None of these facts are denied. In all that is important to the present inquiry they cannot be denied. Nor is it denied that the enactment of quarantine laws is within the province of the States of the Union. Of all the elements of this quar- antine system of the State of Louisiana, the only feature which is assailed as unconstitutional is that which requires that the vessels which are examined at the quarantine station, with respect to their sanitary condi- tion, and that of their passengers, shall pay the compensation which the law fixes for this service. This compensation is called a tonnage tax, forbidden by the constitution of the United States; a regulation of commerce exclusively within the power of Congress; and also a regulation which gives preference to the port of New Orleans over ports of other States. These are grave allegations with regard to the exercise of power which, in all countries and in all the ports ot the United States has been consid- ered to be a port of the United States, has been considered to be a part of, and incident to, the power to establish quarantine. We must examine into this proposition and see if anything in the con- stitution sustains it. Is this requirement that each vessel shall pay the officer who examines it a fixed compensation for that service a tax? A tax is defined to be "a contribution imposed by government on individuals for the service of the State." It is argued that a part of these fees goes into the treasury of the State or of the city, and it is therefore levied as part of the revenue of the State or for that purpose. But an examination of the statute shows that the excess of the fees of this officer over his salary is paid into the city treasure to constitute a fund wholly devoted to quarantine expenses, and that no part of it ever goes to defray the expenses of the State or city government. That the vessel itself has the primary and deepest interest in this exam- ination it is easy to see. It is obviously to her interest, in the pursuit of her business, that she enter the city and depart from it free from the sus- picion which, at certain times, attaches to all vessels coming from the Gulf. This she obtains by the examination and can obtain in no other way. If the law did not make this provision tor ascertaining her freedom from infection, it would be compelled to enact more stringent and more expensive penalties against the vessel herself when it was found that she had come to the city from an infected port or had brought contagious persons or matter with her; and throwing the responsibility for this on the vessel, the heavist punishment would be necessary by fine and imprisonment for any neglect of the duty thus imposed. The State now says you must sub- mit to this examination. If you appear free of objection you are relieved by the officer's certificate of all responsibility on that subject. If you are in a condition dangerous to the public health you are quarantined and re- lieved in this manner. For this examination and fumigation you must 303 pay. The danger comes from you, and though it may turn out that in your case there is no danger, yet as you belong to a class from which all this kind of injury comes, you must pay for the examination which dis- tinguishes you from the others of that ciass. It seems to us that this is much more clearly a fair charge against the vessel than that of halt- pilotage, where the pilot's services are declined and where all the pilot has done is to offer himself. This latter has been so repeatedly held to be a valid charge, though made under State laws, as to need no citations to sustain it. In all cases of this kind it has been repeatedly held that when the ques- tion is raised whether the State statute is a just exercise of State power,, or is intended by roundabout means to invade the domain of Federal au- thority, this court will look into the operation cf the statute to discern its purpose. See Henderson vs. Mayor, 92 U. S. 259; Chy Lung vs.Freeman, 92 U. S. 275; Cannon vs. New Orleans, 20 Wall. 577. In the case of Packet Co. vs. St. Louis, 100 U. S. 423, where a city wharfage tax was assailed on the same ground as the fee in the present case, the court said the fee was a fair equivalent for the use of the wharf. "Nor is there any ground whatever to suppose that these wharfage fees were exacted for the purpose of increasing the general revenue of the city beyond what was necessary to meet its outlay from time to time in main- taining its wharves in such condition as the immense business of that locality required." So here there is no reason to suppose that these tees had any other purpose or destination than to keep up and pay the ex- penses of the quarantine station and system. But conceding it to be a tax, in what sense can it be called a tonnage tax? The cases of State Tonnage Tax, 12 Wall. 204; Peete vs. Morgan, 19 Wall. 581; Cannon vs. New Orleans, 20 Wall. 577; Inman Steamship Company vs. Tinker, 92 U. S. 234, are all cited and relied on to show that this is a tonnage tax. But in all these cases the contribution exacted was measured by the tonnage of the vessel in express terms; and the decision of the court rested on that fact. In the first of them it was admitted that the statute of Alabama would have been valid as a tax on property within the State but for the single fact that the amount of it was measured by the tonnage of the vessel. In Peete's case the tax was for every vessel arriving at a quarantine sta- tion, whether any service was rendered or not, five dollars for the first hundred tons of her capacity, and one and a half cents for every addi- tional ton, and this mode of measuring the tax was held to make it a ton- nage tax. The same fact was presented in Cannon vs. New Orleans, though it was called a wharfage tax. The court, however, held it to be a tax for the privilege ot landing in the port, whether the vessel used a wharf or not, and for this reason, and because the amount of it was measured by the vessel's tonnage, it was held void. In the case of Steamship vs. Port Wardens, 6 Wall. 31, the court held a fee payable to the port wardens by every vessel which entered the port, whether it received any service or not, to be void as a regulation of com- merce and as contravening the policy of the prohibition of a tonnage tax.. b.y the States. But in almost all the cases relied on by the appellants there was a reference to the tonnage capacity of the vessel as the measure of the tax, and in all of them there was an absence of any service rendered, for which the contribution was a compensation; generally they were held to be imposed for the privilege of entering and anchoring in the port. In the present case we are of opinion that the fee complained of is not a tonnage tax, that, in fact, it is not a tax within the true meaning of that word as used in the constitution, but is a compensation for a service ren- dered, as part of the quarantine system of all countries, to the vessel which receives the certificates that declares it free from further quaran- tine requirements. 304 Is the law under consideration void as a regulation of commerce? Un- doubtedly it is in some sense a regulation of commerce. It arrests a vessel on a voyage which may have been a long one. It may affect com- merce among the States when the vessel is coming from some other State of the Union than Louisiana, and it may affect commerce with foreign nations when the vessel arrested comes from a foreign port. This inter- ruption of the voyage may be for days or for weeks. It extends to the vessel, the cargo, the officers and seamen, and the passengers. In so far as it provides a rule by which this power is exercised, i. cannot be denied that it regulates commerce. We do not think it necessary to enter into the inquiry whether, notwithstanding this, it is to be classed among those police powers which were retained by the States as exclusively their own and, therefore, not ceded to Congress. For, while it may be a police power in the sense that all provisions for the health, comfort and security of the citizens are police regulations, and an exercise of the police power, it has been said more than once in this court that, even where such powers are so exercised as to come within the domain of the Federal authority as defined by the constitution, the latter must prevail. Gibbons vs. Ogden, 9 Wheat. 210; Henderson vs. The Mayor, 92 U.S. 272; New Orleans Gas Co. vs. Louisiana Light Co., 115 U. S. 661. But it may be conceded that whenever Congress shall undertake to pro- vide for the commercial cities of the United States a general system of quarantine, or shall confide the execution of the details of such a system to a National Board of Health, or to local boards, as may be found expe- dient, all State laws on the subject will be abrogated, at least so far as the two are inconsistent. But, until this is done, the laws of the State on the subject are valid. This follows from two reasons: The act of 1799, the main features of which are embodied in Title LVIII of the Revised statutes, clearly recognizes the quarantine lawsof the State, and requires of the officers of the Treasury a conformity to their provi- sions in dealing with vessels affected by the quarantine system. And this very clearly has relation to laws created after the passing of that statute, as well as those then in existence; and when by the act of April 29, 1878, 20 U. S. Statutes, 37, certain powers in this direction were conferred on the Surgeon General of the Marine Hospital Service, and consuls and revenue officers were required to contribute services in preventing the importation of disease, it was provided that " there shall be no interfer- ence in any manner with any quarantine laws or regulations as they now exist or may hereafter be adopted under State laws," showing very clearly the intention of Congress to adopt these laws, or to recognize the power of the States to pass them. 2. But, aside from this, Quarantine laws belong to that class of State legislation which, whether passed with intent to regulate commerce or not, must be admitted to have that effect, and which are valid until dis- placed or contravened by legislation of Congress. The matter is one in which the rules that should govern it may in many respects be different in different localities, and for that reason be better understood and more wisely established by the local authorities. The practice which should control a Quarantine station on the Mississippi River, a hundred miles from the sea, may be widely and wisely different from that which is best for the harbor of New York. In this respect the case falls within the principle which governed the cases of Wilson vs. Blackbird Creek Marsh Company, 2 Peters, 245; Cooley vs. The Board of Wardens, 12 How., 299; Gilman \s. Philadelphia, 3 Wall., 727; Pound vs. Turk, 95 U. S., 462; Hall vs. DeCuir, Id., 488; Packet Company vs. Parkersburg, 109 U. S., 702; Escanaba Company vs. Chicago, Id., 678. This principle has been so often considered in this court that extended •comment on it is not needed. Quarantine laws are so analogous in most of their features to pilotage laws in their relation to commerce that no reason can be seen why the same principle should not apply. In one of 305 the latest of the cases cited above, the town of Catlettsburg, on the Ohio River, had enacted that no vessel should, without permission of the wharf- master, land at any other point on the bank of the river within the town than a space designated by the ordinance. This court said, "that, if this be a regulation of commerce under the power conferred on Congress by the constitution, that body has signally failed to provide any such reg- ulation. It belongs also manifestly to ihat class of rules which, like pilotage and some others, can be most wisely exercised by local authori- ties, and in regard to which no general rules applicable alike to all ports and landing places can be properly made. If a regulation of commerce at all, it comes within that class in which the States may prescribe rules until Congress assumes to do so." For the period of nearly a century, since the government was organ- ized, Congress has passed no quarantine law, nor any o*her law to protect the inhabitants of the United States against the invasion of con- tagious and infectious diseases from abroad; and yet during the early part of the present century, for many years the cities of the Atlantic coast, from Boston and New York to Charleston, were devastated by the yellow fever. In later times the cholera has made similar invasions; and the yellow fever has been unchecked in its fearful course in the Southern cities, New Orleans especially, for several generations. During all this time the Congress of the United States never attempted to exercise this or any other power to protect the people from the ravages of these dread- ful diseases. No doubt they believed that the power to do this belonged to the States. Or, if it ever occurred to any of its members that Congress might do something in that way, they probably believed that what ought to be done could be better and more wisely done by the authorities of the States who were familiar with the matter. But to be told now that the requirements of a vessel charged with contagion, or just from an infected city, to submit to examination and pay the cost of it, is forbidden by the constitution, because only Con- gress can do that, is a strong reproach upon the wisdom of a hundred years past, or an overstrained construction of the constitution. It is said that the charge of the vessel for the officer's service in exam- ining her is not a necessary part of the quarantine system. It has always been held to be a part in all other countries and in all quarantine stations in the United States. No reason is perceived for selecting this item from the general system and calling it a regulation of commerce while the remainder is not. If the arrest of the vessel, the detention of its passen- gers, the cleansing process it is ordered to go through with, are less important than regulations of commerce than the exaction of the exam- ination fee, it is not easily to be seen. We think the proposition untenable. There remains to be considered the objection that the law is forbidden by paragraph six of section nine of the first article of the constitution, which declares that "no preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another." It is not readily perceived how this quarantine statute of Louisiana, and particularly the fees of the quarantine officers, do give such a prefer- ence. Are the ports of Louisiana given a preference over the ports of other States? Are the ports of any other State given a preference over those of Louisiana? Or are the ports of other States given a preference as among themselves? Nothing of this is pointed out. The eighth section of this first article of the constitution is devoted exclusively to defining the powers conferred on Congress. The ninth section, including the above paragraph, is in like manner de- voted to restraints upon the power of Congress and the National Govern- ment; and the tenth section contains only restraints upon the powers of the States, by declaring what they shall not do. The most casual inspec- tion shows this, and the clause of the constitution here relied on is not 306 found among the restrictions of the States, but among those imposed upon the Federal Government. As the matter under discussion is the validity of the statute of Louisiana, it is unaffected by the constitutional provision alluded to. Woodbury, Justice, in Passenger Cases, 7 How. 541; Wilson vs. United States, 1 Brockenbrough, 432; Butler vs. Hopper, 1 Wash. C. C. R. 499; Pennsylvania vs. Wheeling Bridge Co., 18 How. 435; Munn vs. Illinois, 94 U. S. 135. We see no error in the judgment of the Supreme Court of Louisiana, and i. is affirmed. On the 14th of May, 1886, the Board of Health thus acknowledged the labors of the author and the members of the Board of Health of 1880-1884, in the defence of the quarantine laws of Louisiana: New Orleans, May 14, 1886. Dr. 'Joseph Jones, Neto Orleans, La.i Dear Sir-I take pleasure in informing you that, at a meeting of the Board of Health, held May 11, 1886, the following resolution, offered by Dr. Joseph Holt, was unani- mously adopted. " In announcing to the board the decision which has just been rendered in its favor by the Supreme Court of the United States, in the case of Morgan's Louisiana and Texas Railroad and Steamship Company vs. The Board of Health of the State of Louisiana, every sentiment of justice and impulse of generous appreciation prompt an acknowldgement of the eminent services rendered the city and State by our predecessors. To the State Board of Health, under the firm and able administration of Dr. Joseph Jones, whose spotless integrity, whose persistent energy and uncompromising disposition in the maintenance of right, stood between the people and any danger which menaced their health or prerogatives in the preservation of it, seconded in every good work by his coadjutors, con- spicuously Mr. Isaac N. Marks and Mr. Edward Booth; to that board, under that leadership, is due the gratitude which should fill the heart of every citizen who can appreciate the sturdy vindication of his rights and privileges. I present the following resolution, knowing that it is but a feeble ex- pression of our own and of the public sense of obligation: Resolved, That the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana as organ- ized in 1886, declares its profound obligation to the men who, as citizens occupying a position of highest responsibility, have borne the heat and brunt of the contest in the maintenance of a principle vital to the pub- lic welfare in the defence of health and sustaining powers and preroga- tives of a State in regulation of its own internal and local police. Resolved, That to the members of the Louisiana State Board of Health of the organization of 1880-1884 be tendered a cordial acknowledgment of the eminent service rendered the city and State and the general cause of health preservation by quarantine protection against the invasion of pestilence. Resolved, That Governor McEnery and each member of the Board of Health of 1880-84 be presented with a copy of these resolutions." Lucien F. Salomon, M. D., Secretary. Gov. S. D. McEnery in his inaugural address to the General Assembly of the State of Louisiana, May 8, 1882, thus endorsed the labors of the Board of Health : I call especial attention to the very able and interesting report of the President of the Board of Health, Dr. Joseph Jones, which demands seri- ous attention and careful study. L A K E P ON T C HAU T K A I N 307 Quarantine, rigidly enforced, has, in the past two years, proved to be a success. " The quarantine establishments of Louisiana should be sup- ported upon the most liberal and effective basis; and the preservation of the State and city and the entire Valley from the introduction of foreign pestilence, demands a rigid system of quarantine, independent of all or- ganizations, associations and mercenary influences." I earnestly urge that the recommendations of the report be carried into effect, particularly as to the necessity of establishing suitable quarantine buildings at the Rigoleits and Atchafalaya stations, and the enactment of such regula- tions and laws for inspection and fumigation fees and attendance upon the sick, as to avoid evasions, and to place all mercantile men on the same footing. Unfortunately, there are men who are selfish enough to take advantage of technicalities, and who will imperil the health of the Mississippi Valley rather than share their just proportion of the quarantine fees. The support of the Mississippi Quarantine Station is derived from fees collected from vessels entering the port of New Orleans. I advise an amendment of the law-such that it cannot be evaded-and in this connec- tion reference is made to section 2 of the report. A provisional period of not less than ten days' detention should be established. The detention of vessels presenting a clean bill of health, and not in foul condition, should not be left to individual discretion, but should be determined by positive laws. Official Journal of the Senate of the State of Louisiana, at the regular session begun and held in the city of Baton Rouge, May 8, 1882, p. 12. In his annual address to the General Assembly of the State of Louisiana at the session of 1884, Gov. S. D. Mc- Enery says : There is again cause to congratulate the people of Louisiana upon their escape from the scourge of imported epidemics during the past two years; and their exemption has again to be attributed to the vigilance, en- ergy, intelligence and administrative powers of the President and members of our State Board of Health. The thanks of the people are due to that tody of distinguished citizens and eminent practitioners for the wisdom of their measures and their executive ability and philanthropic zeal in carry- ing them out. During the dangerous seasons they have been faithful and watchful sentinels over all the avenues of commerce and travel by which pestilence could invade Louisiana, warding off calamity more terrible than fires, flood or war itself, earning for themselves the applause and gratitude of the people. That very distinguished, erudite, patriotic and capable physician, Dr. Joseph Jones, after serving several years as President of the Board, has found it necessary to relinquish that important trust and leave its weighty responsibility and laborious cares to another. Courage, energy, vigilance and sagacity have distinguished his administration, in which he won new honors and the gratitude of the people. The Board of Health, recently organized, is prepared to continue in the great and responsible work of protecting the State. By their advice, as the law directs, a proclamation of quarantine has been made, and it will be rigidly enforced by them. Official Journal of the State of Louisiana, of the Regular Session begun and held in the city of Baton Rouge, May 12, 1884, p. 13. Each and every assault upon the legally constituted health authorities of Louisiana was promptly met and sue- 308 cessfully repelled, and fully recorded in the annual reports of the Board of Health to the General Assembly of Louis- iana for the years 1880, 1881, 1882 and 1883, and it is unnecessary to revive old issues, or to fight over battles settled by the strong arm of The Law. We have no desire to hold up once more to the public gaze the corpse of the National Board of Health, which perished in virtue of the acts of its own members, and fell by the hands of the representatives of the people of this Republic, assembled in the Senate and House of Represen tatives of the United States of America. Practical Results of the Defence of the Quar antine Laws of Louisiana during the Years 1880, 1881, 1882 AND 1883 : The Claims of the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana against the Morgan Southern Pacific Railroad and Steamship Company, compromised at $25,000; and against the Cromwell Steamship Com- pany, COMPROMISED AT $10,000; TOTAL, $35,000. Proposed Removal and Perfection of the Missis- sippi Quarantine Station with the Monies Col- lected from the Morgan Southern Pacific Railroad and Steamship Company and from the Cromwell Steamship Company. The following extracts from the proceedings of the Legislature of Louisiana during the session of 1888, will present in a clear light the great practical results achieved for the State of Louisiana by the author, by his defence during four years, 1880-1883, of the Police Powers and Quarantine Laws: The following concurrent resolution was offered by Mr. Meeker of Rapides: Whereas, The Louisiana State Board of Health has in litigation a certain amount of back tees, claimed to be due from the Morgan and Southern Pacific Companies, from the Cromwell Steamship Line and other companies; and, Whereas, The Louisiana State Board of Health has reasonable expecta tion of the recovery, after vexatious, lengthy and costly litigation the sum of $27,000 principal and $5000 interest from the Morgan and Southern Pacific Company, and $12,000 principal and $3000 interest from the Cromwell Line; and, Whereas Overtures of compromise have been made by these com panies to the Louisiana State Board of Health; be it Resolved, That the Louisiana State Board of Health be and is hereby empowered at its discretion to accept a sum not less than $25,000 from the Morgan and Southern Pacific Companies, and not less than $10,000 from the Cromwell Line, in full payment of all claims now pending and 309 -due the Board of Health by these companies, and withdraw and abandon all suits at present existing against these companies. Mi. Bolton of Rapides supported the resolution on the ground that it would relieve the State of the necessity of appropriating funds for the removal of the Mississippi river quarantine station, a bill for which pur- pose was now pending. Dr. C. P. Wilkinson, president of the Board of Health, who was in the House at the time, was invited to make a statement, and said that the funds would be devoted to the removal of the station. He referred to the litigation of the companies and urged the passage of the resolution. The rules were suspended and the resolution was adopted without dissent. To the. Honorable the President and Members of the Senate, Louisiana Leg is lature: Gentlemen-We, a committee appointed by you to inspect the quaran- tine stations, beg leave to report: That by invitation of the board of health we visited the stations on the Mississippi river, on Monday, June 4. There are three stations below New Orleans: 1. Inspection station at Port Eads. 2. Refuge station for " infected vessels" in Pass a 1'Outre. 3. The Mississippi river quarantine station proper or upper station. The Port Eads station is the first station reached by a vessel from sea. The officer here examines into the sanitary condition and history of the vessel and crew and directs her to proceed to Pass a 1'Outre station or the upper station, according as she may be infected or free from contagious diseases. The buildings at this station are rented from the Jetty Company and are n good order. The Refuge station, situated three miles from the main river in Pass a 1'Outre, an abandoned pass, where all vessels with contagious diseases on board are sent, is entirely the property of the State. The buildings are new, well constructed, both in workmanship and adaptability to their in- tended purpose, and well kept. The addition of this station to the quar- antine service cannot be too highly commended. The upper quarantine station is situated on the left bank of the river, about 70 miles below the city of New Orleans; at this station is located the disinfecting apparatus of the quarantine service, and it is at this spot that vessels from quarantined ports are detained for observation, awaiting a sate period to elapse from time of disinfection to ascertain whether or not contagious diseases will develop on board. The grounds at this station are quite extensive, but liable to annual overflow during equinoctial gales by water from the sea. The grounds themselves are imperfectly drained, the ditches and canals being choked up by rank growth of grasses and gradual deposit therein of sediment. The buildings at this station belonging to the State are of wood, were erected in 1855, an^ consequently are in a condition of advanced decay The disinfecting apparatus is now too small for the present needs of commerce, and is reported by the resident surgeon to be defective in me- chanical details. This is the second disinfecting apparatus constructed at this station, the first having been destroyed by fire, and is built within the United States brick warehouse, 200 yards from the outer edge of the wharf, a distance causing very great inconvenience. To place this station in anything approaching proper repair and equip- ment will entail the expenditure of a large sum of money. A condition exists, however, which in our opinion renders very unwise the expending of a dollar at this station. Bordering upon each side of the quarantine station is a large and increasing population ; immediately adjacent to the quarantine grounds is the public schoolhouse of the ward, and through 310 the grounds many of the pupils are compelled to pass twice daily; the public thoroughfare runs through the grounds, and the constant traffic by day and night affords every probability of an outbreak of some contagious disease. On the opposite side of the river is a large and prosperous set- tlement of people, and skiffs and other small boats go to and fro at all hours, passing through the fleet of vessels at anchor in quarantine. Well aware of the danger to the public health of this unsuitable location of the quarantine station, the board of health petitioned the legislature for per- mission to remove this station two yearsago to a point lower down on the river, one permitting of complete isolation and removal from all danger of future settlement of people. By act 23 of 1886 this permission was granted, but the removal is not yet accomplished because the board has not the necessary funds. We are of opinion that the necessity for the removal of this station to a safe point is most urgent, and that the sum of money necessary for this purpose should be granted at once, if required by the board of heal'.h. The necessity for an efficient quarantine service at the mouth of the Mis- sissippi river is-so great and so apparent as not to admit ot discussion. Every dollar of money wisely expended in this direction is admirably in- vested and will return to us many times multiplied. Cost in this matter should be a secondary consideration; the very best possible service is the prime object, and to the attainment of that end we invite your most care- ful consideration. Very respectfully, Ivy J. Davis, Chairman, Aug. Levert, J Numa Augustin, 6 ub-Com mittce. The Decrease in the Imports and Exports of New Orleans During the Years 1884, 1885, 1886 and 1887, Attended with an Increase in the Number of Deaths During this Period Over the Deaths in the Preceding Four Years. It is worthy of note that whilst the exports and imports of New Orleans have diminished during the years 1884, 1885, 1886 and 1887, the number of deaths have increased. This proposition will be illustrated by the following statistics: Comparative Mortality of New Orleans, La., During the Past Eight Years, 1880 to 1887, Inclusive, Divided Into Two Series of Four Years Each. Total Mortality from all Causes in New Orleans During a Period of Four Years, 1880, 1S81, 1882 and 1S83. Year. Whites. Colored. Total. 1880 3.637 1,986 5,623 1881 4.127 3,582 2,279 6,406 1882 2,340 5,922 1883 4,552 2,971 7,523 Total 15,898 9,576 25,474 311 Total Mortality from all Causes in New Orleans During a Period of Four Years, 1884, 1885, 1S86 and 18S7. Year. White®. Colored. Total. 1884 4,366 2,784 7,150 1885 1886 4,325 2,348 6,673 4,002 2D49 6,291 1887 3,947 2,128 6,075 Total 16,730 i9,5°9 26,189 Deaths among the whites during four years, 1880, 1881, 1882, 18S3 IS,898 Deaths among the whites, 1884-1887 16,730 Difference 832 Excess of deaths among the white population of New Orleans during the past four years, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, over the white mortality during the four preceding years, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 832. Total mortality from all causes amongst the colored population of New Orleans during a period of four years, 1880, 1881 1882, 1S83 9576 Total mortality from all causes amongst the colored population of New Orleans during a period of four years, 18S4, 1885, 1886, 1887.. 9509 Difference 67 Excess of deaths amongst the colored people durmg the first se- ries of years, 1880, 1881, 1882, 2883 67 Total Deaths, White and Colored, from All Causes .in New Orleans, La. During 4 years, 1S80, 1881, 1882, 1883 25,474 During 4 years, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884. 26,189 Difference 715 Excess of deaths in the entire population of New Orleans, white and colored, during the past four years, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 715. The increased mortality of New Orleans during the years 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887 must be due to definite causes, as : 1. Increase of population. 2. Prevalence of contagious and infectious diseases. 3. Bad sanitary condition of New' Orleans. 1.-Population. Ilas the population of New Orleans increased during the past eight years? According to the United States census of 1880 the pop ulation of New Orleans was-Whites, 158,367; colored, 57,723; total, 216,090. 312 During the past eight years no census of the city has been taken, and all calculations based upon any imaginary increase of the white and colored population must be re- garded as uncertain, and useful simply for sanitary esti- mates and speculations. The World's Cotton Exposition held in New Orleans in 1884 and.1885, as well as the "new system of quarantine" inaugurated in those years, did not result in an increase of exports and imports, and it is scarcely logical to suppose that there has been a marked increase in population, with a loss of $44,087,128 in exports and imports. There will be no data for accurate calculation until the completion of the United States census of 1890. Election Statistics. An estimate may be based upon the statistics furnished by the election held on the 25th of April, 1888, which was regarded as evolving the strength of the voting elements of New Orleans, black and white, good, bad and in- different. The coalescence of the Republicans, composed chiefly of negroes, with the Young Men's Democratic Association, the voting of the former under the muzzles of the guns of the latter, the vigorous campaigns of Ex-Governor H. C. Warmoth (Republican) and of Governor Francis T. Nicholls (Democrat), without doubt resulted in casting a heavy vote, representing to a large extent the full force of the white and colored races. The total vote of New Orleans, including the parish of Orleans, has been given as 39,349. If the total voting pop- ulation of New Orleans be placed at 40,000 and one vote be allowed to every five inhabitants, then the total popu- lation would be about 200,000, thus indicating an actual decrease during the past eight years. If the votes cast for General Nicholls be calculated as white and those cast for Warmoth as colored, the figures stand thus: Gen. Francis T. Nicholls (white votes) 28,103 Gov. Henry Clay Warmoth (colored votes) 11,246 Total votes, white and colored 39,349 • Without doubt some white men in New Orleans voted for the Republican candidate for Governor and some negroes voted for the Democratic candidate for Governor., 313 but we have no means of determining accurately the exact figures, and it may be assumed that the numbers were almost equal in the two parties. If the estimate of one vote to every five inhabitants be again accepted we would have as an approximate estimate of the population of New Orleans: Whites, 140,515; colored, 56,230; total, 196,745. The vote for Mayor is given as follows: Shakspeare: Young Men's Democratic Association, and Repub- licans, chiefly negroes 22,916 Davey: Regular Democrats, chiefly whites ...15,417 Total 38,333 The figures in the Picayune differ slightly from those given by the Times-Democrat and are as follows : Shakspeare 23,313 Davey 15,636 Total '. - 38,946 In this connection, in order to place the nature of the election of April 25, 1888, in its true light as an index of the actual population of New Orleans, we record the fol- lowing from the Daily Picayune of July 5, 1888 : In a recent issue of the New York Mail and Express Ex-Governor Warmoth gave the following version of the election of April 25, 1888: "The negro question is used as a menace to the peace of the commu- nity. A great many of our poeple honestly believe that if the Republican party should be successful it would put the negro in control of the politics of the Southern States; while a great many others who know much bet- ter than that, feel that it would be fatal to the Democratic party , by dividing up the voters, if they allowed the negroes to vote as they chose. They work upon the minds of the people, keeping the whites solid in the Democratic party-I say solid, I mean a majority, for there are a great many whites who are also Republicans in our State. We polled about 5000 whites in the city of New Orleans alone, and I think about 25,000 votes in the State that were counted for us. In the last election the Republicans united with the Independents in New Orleans and the combination ticket was elected by a majority of 6500. We beat the Democratic party horse, foot and dragoons in the city, having secured a fair count by reason of this combination, but it required all the vigilance of the Young Men's Demo- cratic Association, supported by a considerable body of armed men who sat around the polls and protected the voters in casting their ballots." These admissions and statements in relation to the city of New Orleans completely destroyed Warmoth's assumptions relative to the country vote. The vote of the parish of Orleans in 1888 when Nicholls was a candi- date against Warmoth, compared with 1876 when Nicholls was a candi- date against Packard, is as follows: 1888. Nicholls, Democrat 27,824 Warmoth, Republican 11,142 Nicholls' majority 16,682 314 1876. Nicholls, Democrat 25,097 Packard, Republican 15,030 Nicholls' majority 10,067 Governor Warmoth concedes the absolute fairness of the election in Orleans in 18SS, and the election of 1876 was held under the auspices of the Republican party which was then in power. So far from the Repub- licans gaining in this interval of twelve years as Warmoth claims, there was a falling off of 3888 votes, or over 25 per cent. If, as Warmoth claims, 5000 whites voted for him in 1888, then there was a loss in the negro votes since the Packard regime of 88S8, or about 60 per cent, even after " having secured a fair count by reason of this combination." Registration Statistics of the Parish of Orleans, 1888. Registrar Patton, acting in accordance with Section 43 of Act No. 123 of 1880, prepared for the Secretary of State of Louisiana a tabulated statement of registration, giving the number of registered voters by wards, from which we extract the following: Parish of Orleans, iSSS. Total registered 49,974 " " Whites... 37,903 " " Colored 12,071 " " Natives 36,557 " " Foreigners 13,417 Whites who sign their names 34,506 Whites who cannot write but mark. 3,397 Colored who sign their names 5,342 Colored who cannot write but mark 6,729 Total Wards, regist- Whites. Colored, ered. Na- tives. Foreign- ers. Whites Whites Colored Colored who sign. who mark. who sign. who mark. 1 3,278 2,698 580 2,543 735 2,45° 248 2.52 328 2 3>910 3>!32 778 3,036 874 2,903 3,769 229 288 510 3 5>7°8 4,091 1,617 4,458 1,250 698 322 742 875 4 2,070 2,219 751 5 3.830 2,969 861 2,272 2,075 144 399 352 3,ooi S29 2.591 l/>54 378 480 381 6 2,630 2,157 473 i,9S.5 645 5°3 266 207 7 4.085 2,835 1,250 8. 2,264 1,987 277 7L5 3,37° 2,569 266 712 538 1,768 496 1,823 164 122 155 9 3.511 2,925 586 2,595 916 2,668 257 '75 411 10 4,426 3,652 774 11 4.452 3,483 969 3,359 1,067 3,440 212 360 414 3,48o 972 3,253 230 462 507 12 2,455 b927 528 i,998 457 I.791 1.36 230 298 13 b45° 1,028 422 1,205 619 245 952 76 189 233 14 774 524 250 155 480 44 98 '52 15 ;. 2,625 1,463 I,l62 2,182 708 443 i,344 119 321 84I l6 S27 327 500 119 308 19 180 320 17 779 486 293 633 146 436 50 86 207 Gr'd total 49,974 37,903 12,071 36,557 13,417 34,506 3,397 5,342 6,729 315 Charges of fraudulent registration have been made in every campaign, and the following estimate was furnished by a gentleman intimately acquainted with the workings of Louisiana elections : Fraudulent Registration Estimate of the Errors in the Registration of the Differ- ent Wards in the farish of Orleans, 1888. Wards. Errors of Registration. Wards. Errors of Registration I 400 IO 500 2 450 I I 450 3 600 12 150 4 300 '3 50 5 400 14 50 6 250 i 5, Algiers 250 7 400 16 and 17, Carrollton. 100 8 300 - 9 5°° Total If the preceding estimate be correct, 5150 must be sub- tracted from the the total number of registered names, 49,974, leaving the supposed number to be 44,824. If the actual number of registered voters be placed at 44,824, and the assumption be held that the population is in the ratio of five inhabitants to each voter, then the actual population of New Orleans in 1888 was 224,120, showing an increase of only 8030 in eight years. If on the other hand we hold to the immaculate statement of the registration books and affirm that it contains no dead men's names, no seamen, no hypothetical men of any kind, the voters may be placed in round rumbers at 50,000 and the population at 250,000, indicating an increase of 33,910 in eight years (1880-1888). We have thus endeavored to present the difficulties encountered in an attempt to determine even approxi- mately the actual number. 2-Prevalence of Contagious and Infectious Diseases. Yellow fever found no lodgment in New Orleans during the entire series of eight years, 1880-1887, inclusive. Small pox, on the other hand, destroyed 1687 lives during the four years, 1880-1883, as will be shown by the fol- lowing table: 316 Deaths from all Causes and from Small Pox in New Orleans During Four Years, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883. Deaths from all Cau«es.-, ,-Deaths from Small Pox.-, Whites. Colored. Total. Whites. Colored. Total. iS8o 3637 1986 5623 I I 1881. .... 4127 2279 6406 3 2 5 18.82 3582 2340 592 2 116 299 415 1883 455 2 2971 7523 493 773 1266 Total. .15,898 9-576 -5-474 613 i,o74 1,687 Of the 1687 deaths from small pox during the four years specified, 250 were from other States-whites, 28; colored. 213; of 1341 from Louisiana, 487 were whites and 857 colored; the 96 from other countries were all white ; of the total number of deaths the whites were 613 and the colored 1074. -The difference in favor of Europeans and foreigners generally was not due solely to differences of population, but chiefly to the more perfect and general vaccination of the inhabitants of England, France, Germany and Italy. This table also illustrates the large number of fatal cases occurring amongst negroes not natives of Louisiana. Deaths from all Causes and from Small Pox in New Orleans, during Four Years, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887. ,-Deaths from all Causes.-> -Deaths from Small Pox.-> Whites. Colored. Total. Whites. Colored. Total. 18S4 4366 2784 71.50 59 233 292 1885 -4325 2348 6673 1 I 1886 .4092 2199 6291 * 1887 3947 2128 6075 Total. .16,730 9459 26,189 60 233 293 By comparing the two preceding tables it is evident that whilst during the four years, 1880-1883, small pox de- stroyed 1687 of the citizens of New Orleans, during the following four years, 1884-1887, this disease caused only 293 deaths; the first series of years, therefore, had an ex- cess of mortality from this pestilential disease of 1394. Measles caused tbe following deaths: In 1880, 99; 1881, 26; 1882, 3; 1883, 18; total measles, 1880-1883, 146 deaths. 1884, 149; 1885, 19; 1886, 1; 1887, 19; total, 1884-1887, 188 deaths. Scarlet fever caused the following deaths : 1880, 53 ; 1881, 197; 1882, 45; 1883, 40; total scarlet fever, 1880- 1883, 335 deaths. 1884, 27; 1885, 42' 1886, o; 1887, 1; total deaths, 1884-1887, 70. In the four years, 1880-1883, measles and scarlatina caused 481 deaths; whilst during the following four years- 317 these diseases caused only 258 deaths. These diseases caused an excess of 223 deaths in the first series of years. Smallpox, measles and scarlatina caused an excess of 1617 deaths. Notwithstanding that the odds were so heavily against the first series of years, from the ravages of the poisons of smallpox, measles and scarlet fever, the mortality stead- ily increased during the four succeedingyears, 1884, 1885, 1886 and 1887. We have proof positive that this increase of mortality in the city of New Orleans during the last series of four years was clearly referable to the violation of sanitary law. The President of the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana (Dr. Joseph Holt) uses the following language in his official report to the General Assembly (1886, 1887) descriptive of the Utter Neglect of Sanitary Laws in New Orleans, 1886, 1887 : While the operations of the Board of Health in the department of its State duties has been most satisfactory, having been sustained and aided in every way by the General Assembly and the Executive, it has been consistently and effectually resisted in its efforts in the public behalf by the city authorities. Except in a few matters of minor importance this course of obstruction has been maintained not only against the legally constituted Board of Health, bnt also against the wishes and active efforts of the citizens them- selves, notably the Auxiliary Sanitary Association. No request, prayer or petition, no formulated plan or endeavor looking to the permanent improvement of the city, or relief of its people, in the mitigation of nuisances of a dangerously unsanitary kind and distressful at all times, nothing indeed looking to the substantial progress of New Or- leans, or personal comfort and safety against pestilence of its citizens has found favor in the eyes of the municipal authorities and head of that department chiefly executive in its sanitary welfare-the Department of the Commissioner of Public Works. As to the present condition of the city in respect of its streets, gutters, and drainage, it is possible the condition of these might be worse, but I am unable to imagine a condition more deplorab'e. The Board of Health is thoroughly imbued with the spirit of patriot- ism and local pride which woidd lead it to speak favorably of our city, and to condone venalities so long as tolerable; but in the present instance, and in the face of a glaring and outrageous condition of the city, the universal discomfort of its people, and the dreadful preparation for the sweep of pestilential conflagration, for the Board of Health, with a knowl- edge of these facts, to hold its peace, is to become itself in effect, guilty of concealment, falsehood, and every other element which constitutes virtually a particeps criminis. These city authorities by their actions are attempting to throw upon the State the entire burden and responsibility of protection against pestilence by assuming that quarantine is all sufficient to defend the city; fostering the idea that it matters not how unsanitary the city may be, provided the State officers do their duty. It is true the State is doing its utmost to. protect New Orleans, but the Board of Health has declared time and again that even though the Missis- sippi were obliterated, pestilence, particularly yellow fever, may find an. 318 entrance through anyone of the other numerous approaches, and has con- tinually urged upon New Orleans to set its municipal household in order, and by honest and persevering effort mitigate the dangers of ravaging dis- ease, pestilential and non-pestilential, by efficient sanitary improvement All prayers and warnings have been disregarded, and the Board of Health, defeated at every turn, has been driven to the last resort of help- lessness in putting on record its protests. Public servants should, as friends of the people, at least bear favorable contrast with alien enemies; yet, in the case of the officials before men- tioned, the facts are exactly reversed. During the late civil war, when New Orleans was in the possession of an armed enemy, that enemy, burning with the rancor of war, tempered vengeance with mercy and warded off pestilence from a people already stricken with disaster, by keeping their city in a state of sanitation, making it not second to the cleanest in the world, while municipal guardians of our own choice in office suffer the people to drift along as best they can, compelling them,out of their own purses, to pay for the public cleansing, utterly oblivious of their distress, unmindful of pestilential threatening, selfish, negligent and without mercy. If pestilence should again sweep this city, the responsibility cannot and shall not rest upon the State, but squarely upon the city authorities and the department under them having management of streets, gutters and drainage, the Department of Public Works. As an example of the recent history of the Board of Health and our citizens in their relation to these authorities, we cite the instance of the plan devised for the paving and draining of New Orleans, com- mitting the work to a thoroughly responsible and trustworthy board of our citizens. The following is an ordinance framed and recommended by the Board of Heath,: * * * Every clause in this ordinance is so simple in its meaning, easy to be understood and so humane in intent as to excite special wonder that it has not been long since a law. Yet it was promptly defeated. Upon the rejection of this ordinance the Board of Health finding itself powerless to isolate a case of infectious disease, upon which the whole issue of city and State protection largely depends, openly declared: "If a person dies of smallpox, cholera or yellow fever it renders the commu- nity liable to an epidemic which at best is sufficiently serious; but as the matter stands at present, this Board, while charged with the grave and responsible duty of protecting the people against the spread of infectious or pestilential disease, is now absolutely without the power to take the proper steps necessary to insure the lives of the people against these dis- eases. If a case of cholera were to be introduced into New Orleans to- morrow, and the friends, acquaintances and persons of the same nation- ality chose to rally about the corpse, and the corpse or corpses are permitted to remain in the house unreasonably long awaiting burial, there is no power that can possibly prevent these people from doing so, even though the consequences would be the uncontrolable spread of the disease over the city, thereby committing the entire United States to an epidemic spread of a pestilence. As the matter now stands the Board is paralyzed and unable to prevent the spread. At a meeting of the Board held December Sth, 1887, the following res- olution was unanimously adopted: "Resolved, That the Board of Health solemnly declares its protest against the action of the City Council, in refusing to enable it to take steps to stamp out or in any manner limit the spread of infection, and takes this means of informing the public that this Board claimsexemption from responsibility in the event of an epidemic of dipththeria, or any one of the three great pestilential diseases, namely, small pox cholera or yellow fever." 319 As an evidence of the unsanitary condition of New Or- leans and as illustrating the preceding statements we have had a marked increase in the number of the cases and deaths of diphtheria during the past five years. During the period of service of the author as president of the Board of Health, 1880-1883, this disease received constant consideration, and in his report to the General Assembly, in 1883, the following observations were re- corded : Diphtheria. Of the total number of deaths caused by diphtheria in* New Orleans during 1882, 37 occurred amongst the whites, and only 5 amongst the colored population; total, 42. Diphtheria first appeared upon the records of the Charity Hospital of New Orleans in the year 1859, when 5 cases were reported; i860, 10 cases, 1 death; 1864, 7 cases, 6 deaths; 1867, 2 cases; 1868, 1 case, 1 death; 1870, 6 cases, 2 deaths; 1871, 2 cases, 1 death; 1873, 1 case; 1874, 2 cases, 2 deaths; 1875, 1 case, 1 death; 1876, 1 case, 1 death ; 1877, 1 case, 1 death; 1878, 1 case; 1880,, 1 case. Total cases and deaths in Charity Hospital during 34 years (1842-1880), cases, 43; deaths, 14; per cent, of deaths, 32.5. Diphtheria first appeared in the list of diseases in the mortuary records of New Orleans in 1847. During a pe- riod of nineteen years, preceding and including the Amer- ican Civil War, the deaths from diphtheria in New Orleans were as follows: 1854, 1; 1858, 95; 1859, 253 5 i860, 145; 1861, 78; 1863, 188; 1864, 337; 1865, 104. Total,, nineteen years, 1201. During the period following the American Civil War the deaths from diphtheria in New Orleans were as follows: 1866,98; 1867, 31; 1868, 10; 1869, 19; 1870,19; 1871,14; 1872,39; 1873,46; 1874, 102; 1875,69; 1876,40; 1877,33; 1878,59; 1879,58; 1880, 81. Total during fiiteen years, 724; total thirty-four years, 1925. The deaths by races during the last six years were as follows: 1877, whites 24, colored 9, total 33 ; 1878, whites 55, colored 4, total 59; 1879, whites 48, colored 10, total 58; 1880, whites 75, colored 6, total 81; 1881, whites 77, colored 15, total 92; 1882, whites 37, colored 5, total 42.. Total during six years, 1877-1882, whites 316, colored 49^ total 365. 320 Total deaths from diphtheria in New Orleans during a period of thirty-six years, 1843-1882, 2059. It is evident from the statistics furnished by the years 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881 and 1882 that diphtheria has prevailed to a greater extent amongst the whites than amongst the colored race. During the same period scar- latina caused deaths-whites 262, colored 49, total 311. Whilst it is true that the disease now known as diph- theria has been described under many names, without, however, an exact appreciation of its distinctive character, by Hippocrates, Celsus, Sydenham and others, from the dawn of medical history to the present day, nevertheless it was not until 1826 that Bretonneau of Tours created the name and first pointed out the true pathology of the dis- ease in his work entitled Recherches, etc., sur la Diph- therite. Bretonneau, in his latest memoir, substituted the term diphterie for diphterite, having arrived at the conclusion that the disease was not of an inflammatory character. Whilst diphtheria was almost unknown in English medical literature until 1859, when the Sydenham Society published a volume of memoirs on the disease, translated by Dr. Simple, from the French, by Bretonneau and others, it is, nevertheless, established by the records of the Charity Hospital and by the mortuary records of New Orleans that this disease was recognized as early as 1847 by the phy- sicians of New Orleans, and that 95 deaths were attributed to it in 1858 and 253 deaths in 1859. During a period of thirty-four years, 1847 to 1880, diph- theria caused 1925 deaths, whilst the mortality occasioned by the diseases specified during the same time was as follows : Small-pox, 5726; measles, 1589; scarlatina, 2066 ; yellow fever, 28,739; Asiatic cholera, 11,847; cholera morbus, 889; cholera infantum, 2408; tuberculosis, 208; phthisis pulmonalis, 24,071; tabes mesenterica, 4591: general dropsy, 2554; trismus nascentium, 5906; hydro- phobia, 70; convulsions, 3202; infantile convulsions, 6016 ; delirium tremens and intemperance, 1887; croup, 1410: laryngitis, 269 ; bronchitis, 2992 ; bronchitis, chronic, 178; pneumonia, 8410; teething, 3430; enteritis, 6915; dysentery, 7097; diarrhoea, 8289; hepatitis, 1415; total deaths during this period, 242,426. It is evident from the preceding statement that during a period of thirty-four years the deaths from diphtheria were 321 ■very nearly equal to those caused by scarlatina, and exceed those occasioned by measles and those by croup. Out of a grand total of 242,426 deaths, diphtheria caused about the one hundred and twenty-sixth part of the whole. Whilst epidemics of diphtheria have occurred in many countries far apart from one another, and differing essen- tially in physical features and climate, it nevertheless appears to be well established, that in recent years the geographical distribution of this disease has been greatly extended by increasing inter-communications of people. Holding the view that diphtheria is contagious and that poverty and its concomitants, unventilated, filthy lodgings, scanty clothing and imperfect alimentation, impart to individuals a receptivity for its contagion, the sanitary inspectors and police of the Board of Health have been directed to institute measures of isolation and disinfection in this disease, as well as in scarlatina and small-pox. The following table shows the deaths from diphtheria by months, and annually from 1869 to 1887 inclusive, in New Orleans, Louisiana. 4^ c»oo&a>oocoooa>ooooooooa>coa>ooa>a:ao ,, O 00 GO CO CO CO CO X 00^1 *4 *4 1 *4 *4 *4 *4 1 1 v <1 r. P «4 O' Gi -4 Gj u -< O \O 00*4 0^1 4 GJ tj p _J __ • M January. 00 os tJ COO4 04 Os 0*4 GJ -I 4x « CO *4 4^ GJ 14 % 00 sO t4 -U QO H OS^ -4 4- <4 Gi 0-4 «Gi February. COO, M W sO 4* 04 4* 4- GJ 0 O : GJ K March. 0 00 t4 04 04 *4 Os D4 C W : 4.. \O w tJ HM 4s April. O''-n t j - M On 14 04 04 GJ O O IJ O -4 -1 May. a> : ~ : M SO 04 Os OssO On OsOs o : O ~ : *J 14 June. co » i oo sO OsOn 04 OsO4 Os OSWOl 1 04 13 04 04 04 hH OS July. goi s* O'4- 4- 14 <Z^4sO_4- ii 04 " 04^- : M »4 August. sO OJ 04 O'O *4 GJ Gi to 44 Gi -4 1 OO Cs OsOi M September tJ *- October. CO S - O 0-4 Gi Gi -4 O M W ; M 14 14 tn tJ M l-l 14 n tJ ~ C *4 O *J Gi O *4^T ~ Os04 44- OOOi -4 November. 160 U M u- te-4 December. 4 h t^*4GJ ^J *4 O O OGJ Gi tJ 1 OOsO -4 \O 0-4 xO CO OGn GJ 4 OC4GJ C \O is* O'O । j M Total. Gt Ji GO -4 Gi w >i 4 +- SO so During the four years, 1880-1883, the deaths from diph- theria numbered 183; and during the four succeeding years, 1884-1887, numbered 519. 322 The disease proceeds with accelerated power under the new regime, as will be seen from the following statistics il- lustrating the number of cases and deaths from diphtheria in 1888, as well as the gross mortality for this year. Whites. Colored. Total. January 43 9 5 2 February 32 4 36 March 33 5 38 April 32 9 41 May 43 !3 56 June 35 15 5° July 56 26 82 August 78 5i I29 September. 97 39 136 October 88 16 104 November 57 15 72 December 29 7 36 - - - - I.. - Total ^3 209 83-' Cases of Diphtheria, 1888. Whites. Colored. T ota 1 January IO 4 14 Februrty 12 12 March H 2 l6 April II 3 14 May l8 4 22 June 12 IO 22 July •. >5 IO ' 25 August 27 49 September 27 21 48 October 33 7 40 November 18 6 24 December 12 2 14 -- - --- Total 209 91 300 Deaths from Diphtheria, 188S. Total deaths in iSSS, 6301; whites, 4122; colored, 2179. Estimated population, 248,000; whites, 180,000; colored, 68,000. Death rate- Whites, 22.90; colored, 32.04; total, 25.41. Deaths from measles, 2: scarlatina, 9; whooping cough, 59; typhoid fever, 47; diarrhoeal diseases, 652; phthisis pulmOnalis, 818. Under 1 year, 1433; under 5 years, 2104. From the preceding statistics we observe that 832 cases of diphtheria were reported to the Board of Health in New Orleans, with 300 deaths in 1888. Without doubt the number of cases reported were under the actual number, as amongst the poorer classes whole families passed through the disease without employing a physician, and many of the milder cases treated by physi- cians were never reported to the Board of Health. 323 That a "filth disease," Diphtheria, should commit its greatest ravages in 1886, 1887 and 1888 seems to be the natural result of the powerless condition of the Board of Health, the utter loss of influence for sanitary reform on the part of the New Orleans Auxiliary Sanitary Associa- tion, and the indifference and neglect of the municipal authorities, depicted in glowing terms by the President of the Board of Health in his annual report for 1888. Causes of the Diminution of the Exports and Imports of New Orleans, During the four Years, 1884-1887, Inclusive. It is not our purpose to enter into an exhaustive discus- sion on this occasion, of all the probable causes which act injuriously against the commerce of New Orleans. We de- sire simply to discharge our duty in pointing out those features of the present ("wezp") system of quarantine which obstruct and destroy commerce: 1. The expenses of fumigation have been increased. 2. The sums collected by the present system from ship ping are double in amount to those collected during the years 1880-1883 ; at the same time the accidents from fire are more numerous. These objections might be considered of comparative small importance, but the following difficulty is of the gravest character to the commercial prosperity of Louis- iana. The question of cost might be summarily disposed of in two ways: by the assumption of the expenses of quarantine either by the State or General Government. The commercial prosperity of New Orleans and of Lou- isiana would be vastly promoted by the assumption of all quarantine expenses by the State Government. 5. The chief cause of the diminution of the Exports and Imports of Nezu Orleans during the four years 1884-1887 has been the closure of tzuo important ports of Louisiana during six months of each year against vessels from infected ports, including those from Insular, Central and South America, and from the entire Mexican Republic. His Excellency S. D. McEnery, Governor of the State of Louisiana, in his Message to the General Assembly of Louisiana, Regular Session of 1888, pp. 36-38, says : "The State has enjoyed a freedom from epidemics since 1879. This, I think, is due to the intelligent action of the Board of Health, in originating and organizing a complete system of observation, detention and disinfection. 324 " The appropriation made in 1884 of $30,000 for the purpose of trying the experiment of scientific principles to quarantine has been expended judiciously. The results are eminently successful. Only two drawbacks have occurred in putting in operation the new methods: one, the caving of the banks of the river, compelling the removal of the lower station, and the other was the out- break of fire in the heating chamber at the upper station during the process of disinfecting ships and the luggage of passengers. There are three quarantine approaches to New Orleans : by way of the Mississippi river, the Rigolets and the Atchafalaya river. The Rigolets and the Atchafalaya approaches are completely closed, by a proclamation of forty days' duration, against all access from quarantined ports, so as to compel them to seek the Mississippi river as the only route open to New Orleans. This, the Board reports, is done for the purpose of avoiding the expense of three stations and to concentrate at a single point the fight against infection. "There are other approaches by which infection may reach the city, by railroads bringing passengers from in- fected points, via New York, El Paso and the Florida ports. It is beyond the powers of the State Board of Health to guard these approaches." It is evident from the preceding extracts from the mes- sage of Governor S. D. McEnery to the General Assem- bly of 1888, that the Board of Health of the State of Lou- isiana deliberately closed two important commercial ports of the State against all intercourse with Insular, Central and South American and Mexican ports, and that this ar- bitrary and unjust violation of the rights of the citizens of Louisiana and mutilation of her unparalleled natural ad- vantages for commerce was annually sanctioned by the proclamation of the Chief Executive. The commerce of New Orleans is capable of great and steady advancement, by the chain of lakes guarded by the Rigolets Quarantine Station. This commerce enters the very centre of the city by the wav of the old and new canals. From the message of Governor S. D. McEnery to the General Assembly of 1888 we obtain the following interesting record of the business annually performed by the New Basin and Shell Road : 325 Arrivals and Receipts of Produce. Vessels - 3,091 Tonnage, tons 67,145,000 Cotton, bales 15>I36 Lumber, feet 54,050,000 Shingles 10,203,000 Wood, cords 9,300 Staves 6,033,000 Rice, bbls 4,500 Cattle, head 3,437 Bricks 6,752,000 Cottonseed, sacks 9,035 Laths 5,150,000 Rosin, bbls............................................................................ 65,170 Turpentine, bbls 6,150 Moss, bales 3,165 Charcoal, sacks 410,600 Tar, bbls 3,403 Hides 10,850 Sand, bbls 200,000 Shells, bbls 68,725 Wool, sacks 7,680 Sugar, tons 600 Molasses, bbls 1,600 Iron, tons 2,164 Logs, feet 5,500,000 Packages, sundries 50,750 The preceding represents only a portion of the com- merce of New Orleans by the channel of the lake, as the original Canal Carondelet (Old Basin canal) is extensively employed for the transportation of lumber, cotton, bricks, produce and logs. The Atchafalaya river is a bold stream, which, at its present rate of increase in depth, threatens to subvert a large volume of water from the Mississippi river. Many of the ports of the West Indies and of Mexico, and of Central and South America,.can be best reached and served by small sail and steam vessels. The route bv the river imposed by the Board of Health of 1884-1887 necessitates increased expendi- tures for quarantine fees and for tonnage, and vastly increases the time consumed by vessels from the east and west of New Orleans, seeking to bring their freight to Morgan City and New Orleans by the inland routes through the net work of bayous and lakes which intersect the low-lying littoral zone of Louisiana. That no such expedient was necessary for the protec- tion of New Orleans from foreign pestilence is clearly shown by the fact that during the four years, 1880-1883, when a uniform system of quarantine prevailed for all the ports of Louisiana, no case of contagious or infectious 326 disease entered through the Rigolets or Atchafalaya sta- tions. But on the other hand the removal of the quaran- tine station from Fort Pike to the old lighthouse on Rab- bit island by the author, proved of the greatest value as an inspection station during the subsequent epidemics of yel- low fever at Pensacola, Fla., Biloxi, Miss., and Jackson- ville, Fla. Governor McEnery, in his message of 1888, says that the Rigolets and Atchafalaya approaches to New Orleans are completely closed by the Board of Health "for the 'purpose of avoiding the expense of three stations and to concentrate the fight at a single point against infection." Properly fostered by wise, liberal and just legislation, the commerce of New Orleans, via the Atchafalaya and Rigolets, is capable of great and indefinite expansion, but the action of the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana,. 1884-1889, has effectually destroyed all progress and expansion in this direction. How much expense has been saved by this arbitrary destruction of the extraordinary commercial advantages of a great State has not been stated, but it is just to hold that a portion at least of the immense loss ($44,087,128) in the imports and exports of New Orleans during the years 1884 and 1887, was occasioned by this arbitrary mutilation by the Board of Health of the natural commercial advantages of the State of Louisiana. It is the solemn duty of the representatives of the people to see to the preservation of this great State in all her natural beauty and commercial power, and protect, main- tain, develop and enlarge her wonderful system of inland, interstate and international commercial waterways. Measures for the Relief of Commerce and the Ex- clusion of Foreign Pestilence-General Conclusions. The confusion, alarm and terror of the inhabitants of entire communities and Slates, following local outbreaks of yellow fever on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, and the threatened importation of cholera from Europe, reveal an imperfection of sanitary laws and knowledge, and of de- fencelessness against invasions of foreign pestilence. It is high time that the medical profession and the civil authorities of the individual States and territories should be aroused to the necessity and importance of united action 327 for the discussion, perfection and inauguration of compre- hensive measures for the exclusion of foreign and the eradication of domestic pestilence. The unification and perfection of the sanitary and quarantine laws of this na- tion can be effected only by the combined wisdom and action of the local representatives of the sovereign States, acting in concert and assembled in general convention. It is not the intention of these remarks, relating to the all-important subject of Public and International Hygiene, to revive any organization such as the National Board of Health, or to give any support to the bill recently intro- duced into the United States Congress (TLB. 1526), " To prevent the introduction of contagious and infectious dis- eases, and to establish a Bureau of Health,'' or to dispar- age the value of the labors of the United States Marine Hospital Service, or of existing Boards of Health. Our defence of the police power and quarantine laws and system of Louisiana, against the unjust and persistent attacks of the National Board of Health, have been fully and permanently placed on record in the Reports of the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana for 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, and we are not disposed to revive old issues. The imperfections of the bill (H. B. 1526), now before the United States Congress, are fully set forth in the letter of the Secretary of the Treasury to the Committee on Commerce, bearing date, Washington, D. C., Treasury Department, February 21, 1888. State, Interstate, National and International Sanitary and Quarantine Code Proposed for The United States of America. Our views may be thus formulated: 1. It is important that uniform quarantine laws should be established for the entire republic, as will be manifest upon the consideration of the following: («) The population of the United States of America now exceeds sixty millions, and is rapidly increasing. ( b} The United States, in virtue of its central geographic situation between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and the great Gulf of Mexico, the Antilles and the Republic of Mexico on the south, is perpetually exposed to the intro- duction of foreign pestilence. ( c) The United States either annually or at certain inter- vals is exposed to the introduction of small-pox and cholera 328 from Europe and Canada; to the introduction of leprosy and small-pox from China and Japan; and to the annual introduction of yellow fever from the Antilles and the Re- public of Mexico and the Central and South American cities, states and republics, and the Brazilian Empire. 2. The police powers of the several States comprising the great American Republic should be fully recognized in any general system of external and internal sanitation and quarantine. 3. The greatest diversity prevails in the sanitary and quarantine laws and regulations of the individual States and Territories. The quarantine systems present different degrees of perfection. In times of pestilence the inter- state intercourse and traffic are liable to sudden and arbi- trary interruption, and the brutal shot-gun quarantine may be substituted for the dictates of humanity and the teach- ings of sanitary science. 4. The United States Marine Hospital service, under the direction of the President of the United States and the Secretary of the Treasury, has rendered and is capable of rendering important service to the nation, in the exclusion of foreign pestilence. 5. The sanitary and quarantine laws of the several States should be perfected and unified, and the most perfect accord established between the individual States on the one hand, and with the general government on the other. 6. The most direct method and the wisest and most liberal, and the one most in accord with the spirit of our national and State institutions, appears to be the appoint- ment, on the part of the individual States and of the gen- eral government, of representatives, duly commissioned and empowered to meet in general assembly, in such places and times as mav be deemed best for the thorough examina- tion and careful discussion of the existing sanitary and quarantine laws, and for the preparation of a National Sanitary and Quarantine Code. 7, The National Sanitary and Quarantine Code should define clearly the relations of the individual States to each other and to the United States Government in all matters relating to the domestic sanitation of the individual States and to public and international hygiene. The regulations should have due regard to differences of climate, eleva- tion, endemic and epidemic diseases and commercial rela- 329 tions, and the burdens of maintaining maritime quarantine should be borne by the Republic, and should not be in- flicted upon commerce or upon the maritime States alone. 8. The members of the Convention, charged with the examination, enlargement, consolidation and perfection of the sanitary and quarantine regulations and laws of the several States, and the elaboration of the National Sani- tary and Quarantine Code, should be men of the greatest learning, wisdom and experience in the medical and legal professions. They should receive fixed and ample salaries, so as to enable the Congress to work with due care and deliberation until its important labors are completed. 9. After the completion of the labors of the Congress, the Sanitary and Quarantine Code should be submitted to the individual States for their ratification ; and after adop- tion by a majority of the States comprising the American Union, the National Sanitary and Quarantine Code shall become national and shall receive the support of the gen- eral government. It will be observed that the plan now proposed is designed to ascertain and formulate the police powers of the people in sanitary and quarantine matters; and is opposed to all hasty, sectional and arbitrary legislation, as advised by politicians, or by ambitious and scheming self-constituted guardians of the public health. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE Use of Antipyretic Remedies IN FEBRILE DISEASES. JOSEPH JONES, M. D., Professor of Chemistry and Clinical Medicine, Medical Department, Tulane University of Louisiana; Visiting Physician Charity Hospital; Vice Pre-ident of the Medico- Legal Society of New York; President of the Board of Health, State of Louisiana, 18801883; President of the Fifteenth Section Public and International Hygiene, Ninth International Medical Congress, 1887; President Louisiana State Medical Society, iSSS, etc. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE USE OF ANTI- PYRETIC REMEDIES IN FEBRILE DISEASES. The high degree of precision which medical diagnosis has attained has been accompanied by such important contributions of Pharmacology as have enabled Therapeu- tics to enter the ranks of the exact sciences. While it is true that the brilliant discoveries in the- domain of physiology and pathology and the revelations of the secrets of morbid anatomy by Morgagni, Rokitansky and a host of devoted workers, tended to weaken confi- dence in the dogmas taught by the schools of medicine,, and promoted skepticism with reference to the mode of action and therapeutic value of many drugs, nevertheless, medicine made a substantial gain when speculation and dogmatism gave way to scientific investigation. The progressive spirit of science must inevitably cause- fluctuations in theory and practice; but medical art is possessed of sound and substantial means, amidst all these changes, to meet successfully numerous and danger- ous deviations from health. The thorough investigation by competent medical ob- servers of the natural history of diseases on the one hand, and the therapeutic action of remedies on the other, is the only safeguard against unreasoning confidence in favorite therapeutic measures, and the best corrective of material skepticism. Allowing due weight to the effects, upon the rate of mortality in different modes of treatment, of the variations of climatic condition and the degrees of severity, it must be admitted that the rate of mortality in the great class of febrile diseases has steadily diminished during the past thirty years. With reference to typhoid fever, which may be selected as a type of those acute febrile diseases which are self- limiting and show a tendency to spontaneous recovery, the search after remedies which may subdue or modify the febrile movements have met with at least partial success.. It must, however, be admitted that nearly all the so- called antipyretics which have recently come into use,. 334 unfortunately possess the property of overwhelming nerve centres when administered in adequate and continued doses; and the artificial depression of the respiratory, cir- culatory and thermic centres cannot be contemplated with indifference in patients struggling against the onslaughts of the febrile poison. If the elevation of the temperature and the acceleration of the pulse constituted the only essen- tial elements of the fevers, and not merely their most prominent and constant symptoms, then the employment of antipyretic and antagonistic remedies might reasonably be considered to approach the character of a rational cura- tive treatment. The characteristic lesions of typhoid fever are mani- fest ; and the most dangerous and fatal manifestations of this disease progress unchecked, notwithstanding the reduc- tion of temperature by the continuous employment of anti- pyrine and antifebrine. The labors of the chemist and physiolgist in laying the foundations of a knowledge of the connection between chemical constitution and physiological action, not only tend to greater precision of thought in therapeutics, but also suggest new lines of inquiry, which promise impor- tant results. The observations of Moncero, Jacubowitsch, Stiffen, Dujardin-Beaumetz and other investigators in Europe and America have illustrated the effects of certain antipyretics, as antipyrine*( dimethyl-oxychinicine), thalline (tetrahydrooxychinolin ), antifebrine t (phenylacetamide, *A synthticallv prepared alkalo'd. There are two substances bearing this name- namely, methyloxychinicine and dnnethyloxy chinincine. 1 he latter is the commercial •drug. Antipvrine and thalline stand to each other in a similar relationship in their action upon th-e human economy as do nitroglycerine ami nitrite of amyl, as nitrous oxide and chloroform. The effects of the one drug are more lasting than those of the other. Antipvrine efficiently depresses the temperature, and its effects are often percep- tible for many hours. Thalline on the other hand, while an equally good antipyretic in its power of lowering the temperature, is less efficient, in that its influence is sooner recov- ered from, and appears to be the safer drug of the two. f A white crystaline powder almost insoluble in water, and freely soluble in alcohol; known to chemists as acetanilide or phenylacetamidw It is neutral to test paper and has a slightly burning taste. Acetanilide is remarkable as the first indifferent body with antipyretic properties, previously known antipyretics having either phenol (salicylic acid, hydrochinone) resorcine, or bases belonging to the chinoiline series (kairine, thalline, antipvrine, ■■quinine). Notwithstanding ts insolubility acetanilide (antifebrine.) appears to be four times stronger than dimethyloxychinicine (antipyrine). Dose 0.25 to i. grin, in water or in wafe s or mixed with wine. Its action commences within an hour of its administration, and reaches its maximum in 4our hours, and in a period of three to ten hours the temperature is reduced to its nor mal and remains so for six or eight hours. This effect can be obtained from a single •dose. The reduction of temperature is accompanied with redness of skin and moderate prespiration ; pulse lower in rate and increased in tension. It agrees well with the intes- tinal canal and is not liable to cause rigors. It is cheap, costing only 30 marks per ('kilogramme. The dose should not exceed 30 grains in the 24 hours and must be regulated -according to the age and condition of the individual. 335 C6 H5 C2 H3 O. N. H.) and kairine (hydrochlorate of oxyethylchinoline hydride), in the temperature and tissue changes in health and disease, and have shown that these agents possess the power of lowering the temperature both in health and disease. It is however true that no medicinal antipyretic as yet known is free from risk. Rcsorcine possesses such power- ful toxic properties, and is such an irritating medicament, that it is unsuitable for internal administration. Kairine is dangerous when administered without caution, because it produces its antithermic effects by destroying the hemo- globin and profoundly altering the constitution of the blood-conditions to be especially avoided in infectious febrile diseases. Antipyrine is toxic in action, but less so than resorcine ; it has little effect upon the blood in cir- culation, slightly increasing the blood pressure; it lowers the temperature both in health and disease by its action on the nerve centres and tissue changes, by causing profuse perspiration and increased evaporation; it sometimes, though rarely, causes vomiting and collapse. These proper- ties constitute antipyrine a valuable remedy for the reduc- tion of temperature, and it has been used for this purpose with benefit in the treatment of surgical fever, typhoid fever, phthisis, pleuritis, pneumonia, dropsy, acute rheu- matism, pertussis, chorea, progressive muscular atrophy, measles, erysipelas, scarlatina and various neuroses, migra- nous headaches, and various abnormal and paroxysmal nervous discharges. Antipyrine has also been used with benefit in dysmen- orrhoea, pelvic catamenial neuralgia, and for the mitigation, if not absolute relief of the pains of parturition. If the nervous system exercises a predominant influ- ence in the regulation of the production and discharge of heat, and if pyrexia has in many cases a neurosis, then there is a strong probability that antipyrine is of value in checkinglfever by acting upon and restoring the tone of diseased nervous centres. Dr. James F. Goodhart, physician to Guy's Hospital and the Evalina Hospital for Children, has given some wise observations on the use of antipyretics for the reduc- ti®n of the heat of fever. He says : " Antipyretics have been advocated by some in enthusi- astic terms for the sudden and sharp febrile states that are met with in childhood, and I am far from saying that in 336 ■such they may not be of use. I believe that they may be of great use in that special condition known as hyperexia- or rather in the states which threaten it-because in it the irise is very sudden, the attack is of the nature of a sudden storm-blast and the tissues may be irreparably withered by it. In the same way in children sudden fever may do irrep- arable damage to their succulent tissues and a dose of antifebrine or antipyrine may avert this. Nevertheless, it 'will occur to all of us that the attacks in which they seem 4o be so beneficial are just those whose nature is to subside as suddenly as they come, and I do not think the evidence 'they afford is as yet conclusive in favor of these remedies.'' British Medical Journal. "What is wanted is an antipyretic that will depress the temperature, keep it down and yet be no risk to the patient. And such a drug we do not possess at present. Ue would be a bold man who would say we are not likely to obtain such an one in the present day of rapidly- advancing knowledge and energetic investigation, but, at the same time, that is the thought which is present to me mow. With anaesthetics it may almost be said that in pro- portion to the completeness of the effects, of which, of course, the duration is one of the chief elements, so is the risk. So is it-I had almost said so must it be-with anti- pyretics ; and if drugs are given to children which sud- denly knock down the temperature and keep it down, I 'doubt very much whether an operation of this kind can ever be altogether free from danger There are many contributions to medical literature upon the advantages accruing in febrile diseases from the use of antipyrine and 'the harmlessness of the drug. I would venture to say, notwithstanding, that it must be given with caution. "It may produce-I have seen it do so more than once- a condition akin to .collapse, which was for the time alarm- ing. May I further remind every one of his own experi- ence of fever in children. Of how few childnm could it be said that the pyrexia killed them? Of how few could could it be said that by itself it had done much harm? Of Ihow many young children must it be admitted that the tem- perature runs up to 103 degrees F., or even 104 degrees, and it is never so much as known, so trivial are the cir- cumstances which excite the storm, so transient is its vig- or. In children, as a general rule, it is the general aspect •of the disease which must decide the treatment, and not 337 the one element of pyrexia. Now this is not an argument directed against antipyretics ; it is an argument intended to advocate a cautious and discriminating use of them." No subject is of greater importance to the practitioner of medicine in temperate and tropical regions, and especially in the great valley of the Mississippi and in the Southern States of the North American Republic, than the treatment of Malarial Fever in all its varied forms and mani- festations. Writing in January, 1887,* we thus formulated our ex- perience and illustrated the practical result by an analysis of 6311 cases of various diseases treated in the wards of the Charity Hospital of New Orleans from 1869 to 1886 inclusive. Practical Observations on the Treatment of Mala- rial (Paroxysmal) Fever. Of 2327 cases of the various forms of intermittent fever (quotidian, tertian and quartan) only five, or about 0.21 per cent., terminated fatally. The mortality in remittent malarial fever was greater, the deaths numbering seven in a total of 247 cases; percent of mortality, 2.83. One half (50 per cent.) of the cases of malarial heematuria terminated fatally, and more than one-half the cases of pernicious congestive malarialfever died, or, more exactly, 56 deaths in 87 cases (64.3 per cent.). The deaths from chronic malarial cachexia were more numerous than in the intermittent and remittent fever, but less than in the perni cious and hemorrhagic forms, 14 deaths occurring in 212 cases, or a mortality of 6.6 per cent. The fatal cases of intermittent fever were complicated with intercurrent diseases. It is evident from the preceding statistics that the treatment adopted by the author yielded results corres- ponding with the nature, severity, preceding duration and effects of the various types or varieties of the malarial diseases. In an effort to formulate the general plan of treatment pursued in these cases, it is evident that the remedies were necessarily adapted to the natural progress and history and visceral complications of each class and condition of the malarious manifestations, and for pur- poses of clearness and precision and brevity we will pre- sent the practical results under the following heads: * Medical and Surgical Memoirs, containing Investigations on the Geographical Dis- tribution, Causes, Nature, Relations and Treatment of Various Diseases. 1855-1856. <By Joseph Jones, M. D., etc. Vol. II, pages 1135-1143. 338 i. Acute Sthenic, Intermittent and Remittent FeverY Occurring for the First Time in Healthy Individuals.- Numerous cases have come under my observation of treatment of natives of Europe, and of the healthy, non- malarial districts of the United States of America, who have been attacked by the various forms of intermittent and remittent fever for the first time in the history of their lives. Thus I have seen entire crews of Northern sailors stricken with intermittent and remittent fever shortly after their arrival in the Southern rivers, bordered by extensive swamps and marshes. Natives of Ireland, Germany, France, Italy, Spain and England, who work for the first time upon the railroads and in the swamps, rice fields and marshes of Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas and Texas, are subject to the most violent forms of intermittent and remittent fevers in the months of July, August, September and October. Such cases, if imperfectly treated or abandoned to the powers of nature, either perish in the acute stages of the malarious disease, or suffer repeated attacks of chills and fever, and during the repeated congestions of the internal organs, and the oft-recurring cold and hot stages are gradually reduced to a most distressing and dangerous condition. The repeated and prolonged action of the malarial poison induces destruction of the colored blood-corpuscles, anae- mia, hepatic and splentic enlargements and indurations, aberration, nervous phenomena, neuralgias, muscular prostration and general anasarca. Whilst it may be true that a certain percentage of cases erf remittent fever in comparatively healthy localities, especially when the indi- vidual moves out of the malarial region in which the disease has been contracted into a non-malarious district, may recover spontaneously without the exhibition of quinine or any other remedy. This statement does not apply to the swamps, marshes and rice fields of our Sourthern States. In these low, moist, malarious districts, the poison of malarial fever is ever present, and while it may slumber and hibernate dur- ing the coldest weather of the year, it returns in the spring- time with the vegetation, and attains its maximum intensity- in the months of July, August, September and October. If this disease be often self-limited in its character, and terminates in health, either from the elimination of its cause, or the exhaustion of susceptibility to its action, or 339 from the curative powers of nature, such favorable termi- nation is only possible in healthy, non-malarious localities, and appears to be well nigh impossible in such regions as the swamps, marshes and rice fields of our Southern States. Many cases of intermittent and remittent fever, which appear at the outset to be devoid of danger, fre- quently assume, without warning, highly dangerous characters. It is therefore manifestly impossible to predict at the commencement of an attack what its subsequent symptoms, course and termination may be. In this disease, in which the virtues of quinine as an antipyretic, and anti-paroxysmal and antiseptic remedy, are well established, there is no ex- cuse for delay and indecision. " To -wait for a remission" may be equivalent "to the loss of a fatient" and has been justly termed "« meditation on death." Holding these views, the author has used purgatives and quinine at the outset of the disease, and continues the use of quinine in full doses regardless of the stage of remis- sion or intermission or febrile excitement. Whilst unload- ing the portal circle and relieving the congestion of the brain, liver and spleen, by mercurials, quinine also has been simultaneously administered. Thus ten grains of calomel and sulphate of quinia, followed in four hours by one fluid ounce of castor oil and from five to ten grains of quinine administered promptly in the onset of inter- mittent and remittent fever, not only causes free evacuation of bowels, but also arrests the fever and places the system in the proper condition for the subsequent action of qui- nine. Quinine was then administered in doses of five or ten grains until from fifteen to forty grains were adminis- tered during the twenty four hours. After the complete subsidence of the fever quinine is not abandoned, but is administered from io to 20 grains each day for at least one week after the fever, and subsequently from 5 to 10 grains each day for at least ten days longer ; and where the patient is compelled to remain in the mala- rious atmosphere exhaled from swamps, marshes or rice fields, he was advised to use quinine as a prophylactic, often combined with iron and arsenic, during the months of September and October. In those cases in which the stomach was too irritable to retain the quinine 'it was used externally or by enema. 340 For external administration the following formula has been found useful: K Quin, sulph. 5i, linam. saponis, olei olivae, aa fl. oiij. Mix. Use as a liniment under armpit (axillae), on the inner surface of thighs, on the .abdomen and spine every two, three or four hours. This liniment is efficient also in the treatment of malarial fever occurring in children who take quinine by the mouth with great reluctance. When quinine is administered to the adult as an anti- malarious remedy in intermittent and remittent fever, neu- ralgia, brow ague, and in cases of rheumatism, pneumonia and pleuritis resulting from cold, damp and marsh air, and which show a periodic or intermittent character, it should be given alone and in large doses at regular intervals; thus beginning with io grains, followed by the same or half this quantity (5 grains) every four hours, until the frequency of the pulse is lowered, the fever heat is dimin- ished and the ears ring. Sugar-coated quinine pills, as furnished "by the wholesale" from the manufacturing druggists and chemists, should be universally abandoned by the medical profession in malarial regions, because their insolubility renders them incapable of assimilation by the irritated and enfeebled stomach. The use of these and other manufactured pills often causes the loss of pre- cious time, frequently deceives both the physician and patient, and ensures a fatal result when recovery should have been certain, if quinine and quinine alone had been administered by the mouth or rectum or by subcutaneous injection. I have seen these sugar-coated quinine pills, and the so- called quinine capsules pass through the bowels in inter- mittent and remittent fevers unchanged with the discharges of the bowels. When the bowels are in active motion and the doctor is pouring in his " elegant commercial manufac- tured sugar-coated and gelatine-embalmed quinine pills," they may sometimes be heard falling upon the bottom of the chamber rattling like buckshot or dried peas. In all serious cases of malarious disease, where the object of the physician is to produce a prompt and decided impression, quinine is best given alone; each dose may be stirred in a wineglassful of pure water or wrapped upon moistened wafer paper, to be had of any pastry cook, and swallowed as a bolus. Pills of bisulphate of quinia, which may be prepared extemporaneously with diluted aromatic sulphuric 341 acid, may be used in some cases with benefit, but it some- times occurs that this form of the sulphate is too irritating to the gastric mucous membrane. In like manner the solu- tion of the quinine in water by the aid of citric or sul- phuric acid may prove useful, providing the acid solutions do not irritate the stomach. As a general rule I have not employed digitalis, aconite, veratrum, viride and gelsemium in intermittent and remit- tent fevers, but trusted chiefly to the sulphate of quinia. In like manner opium, hydrate of chloral, morphia, bella- donna, hyoscyamtis and the bromides were used as ad- juvants to quinine when necessary. Without doubt digi- talis, veratrum, gelsemium, opium and its preparations, chloral hydrate, chloroform and bromide of potassium, may be indicated in certain cases, and I have used one and all of these drugs to fulfil certain indications, but I have never lost sight of the fact that quinine was the great agent for the arrest and cure of parroysmal fevers. Chloroform used in large doses to arrest or abort the cold stage has, according to my experience, proved destructive to life when administered by others. I regard the practice of giving large doses of either chloroform or tincture of digitalis in the cold stage of malarial fever as dangerous. Salicine, salicylic acid and salicylate of soda have proved useful in the treatment of the various forms of fever, and especially in rheumatic fever, as depressors of temperature and even as cathartic agents in malarious fevers, but these remedies have never in my hands equalled or superseded the sulphate of quinia. 2. Intermittent fever of long standing. The prolonged action of the malarial poison will often cause congestion of the internal organs, induce profound alterations in the blood and structural changes in the liver and spleen. The frequent occurrence of interstitial hefatitis and jaundice, .as well as irregular action of the heart, debility of the • capillary circulation and general anasarca characterize the chronic stages of malarial fever. The indications for treatment are : i. To arrest the paroxysms. 2. The regulation of the hepatic and renal secretions. 3. The restoration of the impoverished and watery blood to its normal condition. 4. The improvement of digestion and assimilation, and the restoration of the nervous and muscular forces. 342 To accomplish the first indication, quinine and arsenic are most reliable agents. The latter should be admin- istered in such doses as not to irritate the stomach. Com- paratively small doses of arsenious acid administed at reg- ular intervals often accomplish great good in obstinate, protracted cases of malarial fever. I have freely used Fowler's solution of arsenic in doses varying from 6 to 12 drops every 4, 6 or 8 hours. Ten drops of Fowler's so- lution given one hour after each meal has been beneficial in protracted intermittent fever, mar^h cachexia and especially when the tincture of iron was administered, (properly diluted) in similar doses, one hour before each meal, in order to fulfil the third indication. Quinine was also administered in these chronic cases according to the indications in from 3 to 6 grains three times a day. The quinine was frequently added to and administered with the solution of the tincture of iron. During convalescence infusions of Virginia snakeroot (aristolochia serpentaria) and of quassia were used with the result of improving digestion and increasing the muscular force. Nux vomica (in powder, extract or tincture) and solutions of strychnia proved of permanent benefit in protracted cases, especially when administered in conjunction with tincture of iron and the mineral acids. In hepatic derangements caused by the action of the malarial poison, nitro-muriatic acid administered internally and applied externally in the form of the foot-bath, or used locally over the region of the liver, possesses great value. The tincture of iron, as well as the nitro-muriatic acid, possesses the power of giving tone and power to the muscles, and especially to the muscular fibres of the heart -a remedy of great importance in the anaemic state induced by the action of the malarial poison. Although not apparently reduced in flesh, but, on the contrary, with bloated and swollen countenances and limbs, the miserable anemic, sallow victims of the prolonged action of the malarial poison suffer from a feeble cardiac action, often accompanied with a murmur. They are incapable of pro- longed muscular effort, panting for breath upon the slight- est exertion and suffering with violent palpitation of the heart, dizziness and imperfect vision. The distress is often very great when such patients attempt to ascend the stairs; the heart beats tumultuously, the " head swims" and the trembling patient sinks down 343 exhausted, overwhelmed by muscular and nervous weak- ness and irregular action of the circulatory and respiratory apparatus. Both the cerebro-spinal and the ganglionic (sympathetic) systems are depressed in their action and deranged in their functions, and the ganglia of the heart are necessarily deeply affected by virtue of their increased activity in sickness as in health; and the muscular fibres of the heart, supplied with anaemic blood containing the micro-organisms of malarial fever and the noxious results of their chemical actions, necessarily manifest feeble and spasmodic actions. Under the judicious and persevering use of quinine, iron, arsenic, strychnine, and the tribasic phosphate of iron and lime, these distressing symptoms gradually,pass off; the patient loses the local cardiac murmur, the action of the heart becomes slow, regular and vigorous; the cerebro-spinal and sympathetic systems regain their tone and vigor ; the intellect is again able to perform its func- tions, the liver secretes normal bile, the blood regains its lost colored corpuscles, the surface of the face and body resumes its healthy appearance, and the patient is able to resume his normal occupation. It is well known that neu- ralgia of a strictly periodical character often prevails in the ■same localities and seasons, preceding alternately with and succeeding to periodical fevers, exhibits the Same types and phenomena of intermission and remission. Periodic neuralgia is, therefore, produced by the same morbific ferment as intermittent and remittent fevers, and yields most readily and surely to the same general f)lan of treat- ment. In this principal and most distressing manifestation of the malarial disease our reliance must be in the free ad- ministration of quinia, often combined with opium, mor- phia, hydrate of chloral, belladonna and hyosciamus. One- fourth of a grain of morphia, with gr. 1-150 to 1-75 of atropia injected subcutaneously, has proved beneficial. Morphia and the preparation of opium should be used with ■caution by the physician in obstinate cases of neuralgia, in order that the " opium habit " may be avoided. 3. Pernicious or Congestive Malarial Fever. In the algid form characterized by rapid, feeble pulse, cold extremities and prostration of the nervous and muscular forces when the intellect is clear the main indications are: 344 i. To bring the patient under the influence of quinine at the earliest practical moment. 2. To restore the general and capillary circulations, and invigorate and support the action of the heart by the judi- cious administration of diffusible stimulants and by the ex- ternal application of sinapisms and heat. In cases characterized by coma, blisters should be promptly applied to the back of the head and neck and on the epigastrium, and if the bowels are not loose a full dose of calomel should be administered by the mouth. Notwithstanding the profound coma which characterizes this class of cases, pressure over the region of the stomach and liver will almost always elicit groans, cries and signs of distress from the patient. The author has been led by the results of his extended experience in civil and military practice to regard the prompt application of a large blister, 6 by 6 inches, or 8 by 8 inches, over the region of the stomach and liver, a measure of great value, which may, in some instances, be the means of preserving life. The use of such agents as chloroform, digitals, aconite and veratrum viride in the pernicious forms of malarial fever,, according to the experience of the author, is attended with great danger. The injudicious use of chloroform and of tincture of digitalis has, in some cases, caused death by de- pressing still further the feeble, nervous and cardiac powers. The large proportion of the so-called congestive cases have been the victims of the prolonged action of the malarial poisons before the sudden development of the dangerous ('pernicious) symptoms, and manifest the pro- found action of the malarial poison in the sallow, anaemic, jaundiced countenance and enlarged liver and spleen. In fatal cases the cortical substance of the brain is fre- quently found of a dark, almost chocolate color, from the deposition of pigment granules and pigment cells within and around the cerebral capillaries, the pigmentation being most marked in the gray substance of the cerebrum and cerebellum. The enlarged liver presents marks of inter- stitial hepatitis, with deposits of blood and biliary pig- ments in the capillary network of the lobules. The enlarged spleen resembles a bag of soft, dark, purplish- black mud, and has so little consistency that it can with difficulty be removed without a rupture of its capsules and and trabecula?. This black splenic mud contains, in ad- dition to the other constituents of the blood, numerous 345 pigment particles and pigment cells. The hopeless char- acter of many such cases is fully revealed by the results of the post-mortem examination, and the tedious character and slow progress of those who recover is in like manner rendered evident. If the physician succeeds in arousing his patient from the "fatal" paroxysm his subsequent efforts to restore the blood and organs to their normal condition must be based upon his knowledge of the characteristic lesions of malarial fever, and the therapeutic value and application of quinine, arsenic and iron. Change of climate is of great importance in the after treatment of the pernicious forms of malarial fever, but few patients have the necessary means to enable them to make the change of locality and climate. Hemorrhagic Malarial Fever-Malarial Hematuria. Hemorrhagic malarial fevers prevail in certain seasons and in certain localities, and appear to be aggravated by the dangerous system of rice culture. The year 1880 was characterized by the prevalence of severe forms of mala- rial fever, often attended with hemorrhage from the stom- ach, bowels and kidneys. This hemorrhagic malarial fever prevailed in greatest severity in all those portions of the delta of the Mississippi in which rice was cultivated- namely, from the mouth of the Mississippi to the hills of North Louisiana and Tennessee. Those cases which came under the immediate observation of the author in 1880pre- sented all the symptoms and characteristic lesions of chronic malarial toxaemia, various degrees of hepatic derangement and jaundice, profound amemia, sudden remissions and in- termissions. Beyond a tendency to passive hemorrhages these cases presented nothing in common with yellow fever. Even under the most energetic and judicious use of such remedies as quinine, tincture of iron and fluid ex- tract of ergot, the results were unsatisfactory and uncer- tain, and a large proportion of the cases terminated fatally. Fortunately hemorrhage from the kidneys is of compara- tive rare occurrence during the progress of malarial fever in many portions of our Southern and Southwestern States, and the form of malarious disease called malarial hcem- aturia is comparatively rare in New Orleans. If the kid- neys suffered equally with the liver and spleen in the peri- odic congestions of the various forms of malarial fevers this would prove to be an almost universally fatal disease. 346 The result of treatment in malarial hcematuria will depend largely upon the extent and character uf the lesions of the kidneys. When these organs are profoundly in- volved and haemorrhage occurs extensively into the mal- pighian capsules and tubuli uriniferi, the function of these organs is necessarily greatly impaired and often completelv arrested, and the patient dies from uraemic poisonings and in convulsions. In most cases of malarial haematuria the physician has to deal with the profound lesions of the blood, nervous system, liver and spleen, induced by the preceding prolonged action of the malarial poison; it is, therefore, not to be wondered at that many and very diverse plans of treatment have been recommended in this most dangerous and fatal form of disease. No specific rules can be laid down to meet the indications of each and every case; many are so slight as scarcely to be ranked with malarial haematuria, and recover under the most mild measures ; whilst in others the lesions preceding and attend- ing the attacks are so grave as to preclude all hope from any plan of treatment now known to the medical profession. In those cases in which the author has been able to institute chemical analyses of the blood the fibrin has been increased to a marked degree, and in every case he has found derange- ments of the hepatic functions and secretions. Benefit has been derived in some cases by combining small doses of calomel with full doses of the sulphate of quinine. The fluid extract of ergot and the tincture of iron have accom- plished good in some cases. When the patient vomits incessantly large quantities of green and blue bile, and at the same time is affected with profuse discharges (some- times bloody) from the bowels, quinine, calomel and other remedies can be administered neither by the mouth nor rectum, and the physician must resort to innunction and to subcutaneous injections. Quinia, morphine and minute quantities of atropia, also the fluid extract of ergot, have been administered hypodermically with benefit. Measures for the At rest of the Febrile State.-Fever is, without doubt, of itself, either from its intensity or its long continuance a source of danger apart altogether from the cause which has induced it, Thousands of lives are annually sacrificed by the neglect of the physician to note carefully, by means of the clinical thermometer and the consequent neglect of the prompt use of the great O. INTRA-MUR AL SEPILTLRE IN NEW ORLEANS.-Tabulated Results of an Inspection of the Cemeteries of New Orleans, Conducted by order of, and Under the Immediate Supervision of Joseph Jones, AI. D., President of the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana. 156 Washington Street, Fourth District. New Orleans, January, 1S84. Girod Street Cemetery. Cypress Grove Cemetery Mo. 1 St. Patrick's Cemetery. Charity Hospital Cemeteries Nos. 1 and 2 St. Joseph's Cemetery. U. S. Government, Chalmette National C emetery. New St. Louis Cemetery. [No records previous to 1856-1 Odd Fellows' Rest Cemetery. Waters of Israel Cemetery. 1 Gretna Fireman's Cemetery. 1 1 7;' - TEAR. Deaths. Yellow Fever. Small-Pox. Cholera. YEAR. 1841 1842 1843 1844 .... 1845 .... 1846 1847 .... 1848 1849 1850 .... 1851 1852 1853 .. .. 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 .... 1859 1860 .... 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 ... 1866 .. . . 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 11372 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877.. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 Total . s'lieoa I | Small-Pox. 1 I (Jholera. YEAR. 1841 1842 . 1843 .. 1844 . . 1845 1846 1847 1848 .. 1849 1850 . 1851 1852 1853 . 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 .... 1860 .. . 1861 1862 . .. 1863 1864 ... 1865 1866 .... 1867 .... 1868 1869 ... . 1870 .. 1871 1872 .... 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 ... 1880 1881 1882 .... 1883 Total । Deaths. Yellow Fever. Small-Pox. Cholera. YEAR. ' Deaths. ! "ORTA f£ 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 ! 1 : 0 1 < 1 0 1 0 । ° 1 0 ! 0 0 i I j Cholera. YEAR. - D. aths. Yellow Fever. Small-Pox. Cholera. Interments. YEAR. 1 | Deaths. 1 | Yellow Fever i Small-Pox. i | Cholera. YEAR. Deaths. Y ellow Fever. Small-Pox. Cholera. YEAR. - I Deaths. Y ellow Fever. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 olera YEAR Deaths. YEAR. Deaths i 1 RECAPITULATION Iidcrmwts in the various Ceme- teries of New Orleans l>y years. Total deaths, and deaths from Contagious and Infectious Dis- eases, according to Records, States. npshire setts land mt •k ey ania 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 . 1875 In 1878, fever. N 17 29 22 27 7 11 13 23 17 23 29 inter a records 1876 11877 1»78 1879 1880 1881 1882 .. 1883 .. Total .. nents from of diseases 21 33 55 33 2! 28 36 29 45 yellow kept. 1833 1834 1835 1836 ... 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 .. . 1844 1845 1846 ... 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 .... 1854 1855 '.856 1857 1858 ..... 1859 ' ... 1860./... 1861 1862 1863.. .. 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875... : 1876 1877 1878.. . 1879 1880... .. 1881.... 1882 1883 Total .. 90 1354 400 174 .>97 148 269 182 236 } 145 I 161 160 167 205 363 329 379 311 305 377 620 503 485 348 372 483 448 471 384 378 494 669 633 0 0 0 0 0 103 1 6. 6 / 0 I 106 15 4 2 0 0 227 67 62 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 3 6 3 5 0 "0 3 0 1 2 0 6 0 59 59 32 3 0 23 82 0 1 42 31 25 22 92 9 0 0 0 26 59 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 106 52 17 46 0 38 51 1 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 97 58 4 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 121 99 197 170 193 162 198 244 360 279 244 313 499 278 25b 205 195 285 169 224 178 184 158 214 218 221 30s 176 182 248 161 195 206 229 208 192 234 335 148 156 214 160 158 9,374 79 17 bl 8 58 21 i 6 1 2 i 0 12 ! 193 1 30 1 33 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 73 0 0 I 3 1 I 1 0 0 126 0 0 0 0 0 820 0 0 4 0 0 I 0 7 5 t 2 0 1 0 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 7 12 3 1 0 6 9 0 0 9 3 3 32 6 0 0 0 3 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 116 50 13 31 12 15 32 0 0 ? 0 29 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 128 116 177 176 113 194 1,058 1,091 1,036 742 526 569 2,309 1,619 1,446 906 950 1,813 989 1,234 818 860 812 926 808 882 1,119 530 616 540 454 553 611 523 479 469 457 793 330 405 481 399 318 0 0 0 0 0 0 360 123 t ( 1,531 29S 3'76 12 31 741 15 4 0 1 0 1 0 19 334 0 1 13 1 1 20 1 0 2 0 388 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 9 f c ( c 0 0 1 5 . 1 : 2 0 0 0 £ 5 15 4 0 4 5 5 34 0 0 0 0 6 41 186 0 0 0 ( 0 0 3 160 400 0 0 0 102 166 183 22 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 146 64 10 0 3 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1850 .. .. 1851 1852 .. .. 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 .... 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879.... 1880 .. . 1881 1882 1883 ... . Total.. 938 1,485 1,787 2 673 2,295 1,931 662 630 1,767 857 902 612 512 464 522 432 774 1,081 243 461 846 648 571 698 584 509 519 552 883 474 401 547 522 604 1 298 1,701 1.14! 1,011 44 124 1.217 67 0 0 0 0 1 f 71 532 4 1 213 224 286 124 278 152 4 4 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 198 51 1 0 0 0 1 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1855..... 1856 1857 ... 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 .... 1865 1866.. .. 1867 1868 1869 .... 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 .. 1879 ... 1880 .. 1881 1080 1883 .. To|al .. 332 ! 291 , 316 768 452 640 434 414 383 608 501 586 807 497 505 505 475 504 567 484 487 493 aim 63 0 311 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 245 0 i. 0 14 4 29 0 4 12 n C 1 2 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 19 ( 0 2 5 1! 8 41 3 0 38 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 12 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Maine... New Ha Vermont Massachi Rhode Is C ounce ti< New Y01 New Jen Pennsylv 631 121 204 441 6! 224 621 8 41 24 108 265 132 226 240 265 14 22 14 151 3 330 19 410 1,670 110 233 64 68 5,617 12,461 1856.... 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864... 1865 .. . 1866.... 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872... . 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 .. .. 1882 1883. ... Tnl-.ul 101 28t 734 31' 471 422 36' 359 404 345 395 556 278 300 298 308 283 330 315 295 288 287 470 208 255 260 240 221 1 26t ! ' 1 ! i 1 t ( 0 15 136 0 0 39 1 1 3 1 4 0 0 180 0 0 0 0 0 C 3 0 0 0 1 12 22 7 0 0 0 6 0 0 13 25 2 5 40 9 0 0 0 29 24 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 61 23 12 0 0 1 0 0 9 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853. ... 1854 1855 1856 1857.... 1858 1859 1860.... 1861 1862 1863 1764... . 1865 1866 1867 1868 .. . 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1774 . 1875 1876 . 1877 . . . . 1878 1879 I880 1881 1882 . 1883 Total .. 47 . 57 59 88 163 05 101 74 72 140 87 107 83 61 60 86 75 92 124 59 74 75 58 69 63 55 56 54 49 81 39 38 52 44 36 3 0 fl q 76 11 14 2 2 43 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 46 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 29 0 0 0 0 0 t 1 (J 0 t c t 4 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 b 0 0 0 1 10 5 4 9 1 2 10 0 1 0 1 : 0 1 1 0 ! 0 0 0 j <> 6 , 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1865 1866 1867 1868... 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876.. . 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 .... 3 t 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 12 3 1 4 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ohio ....... Indiana Iowa Michigan W isconsin Illinois. Minnesota Kentucky Tennessee. Missouri Kansas Louisiana Texas V. S. Army white U.S. Army colored Miscellaneous known U.S Navy Quartorniaoter's Dp.pt Commanding officer s Unknown Grand total interments from 1866 to 1884 .. Union Benevolent (col.) Cemetery. YEARS. | Total Deaths. Yellow Fever. | Small-pox. Cholera. Total Deaths from Contagious and In- fectious Diseases. 239 0 13 0 5: 0 60 0 6; 0 Total.. 33 10 1 0 YEAR. Deaths. YEAR. I leaths. Great Samaritan's (col.) Cemetery. 8701 385 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 2 9 7 7 9 1 1880 1881 1882 1883 Total.. 0 4 3 2 45 377 428 510 305 417 0 0 0 0 0 YEAR. | Deaths. Yellow Fever. Small-Pox. Cholera, 1 0 0 0 1833.. 1834 1835 1826,. 1837.. 1838.. 1839.. 1840 1841.. 1842.. 1843.. 1844.. 1845.. 1846.. 1847.. 1848.. 1849.. 1850.. 1851 1852.. 1853.. 1854.. 1855.. 1856.. 1857.. 1858 1850 1860 2861.. 1862.. 1863.. 1864.. 1865.. I860.. 1867.. 1868.. 1869.. 1870. 1871.. 872.. 1873.. 1874.. 1875.. 1876.. 1877.. 1878.. 1879.. 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 883..' Tol all 90 1354 300 174 397 148 269 182 485 360 1254 1480 1506 2800 5910 4080 6475 5447 5949 7160 12955 9627 8920 5036 5026 10875 6087 7171 5158 5884 7259 8011 7179 8417 10363 4798 6075 7281 5909 6526 7727 6959 6527 6690 7122 10635 5407 5! 04 6819 6174 6208 272649 2 103 1 141 23 185 24 127 1858 594 620 45 12 411 8037 2419 2412 76 196 4646 96 11 1 2 1 6 216 3040 6 2 574 39 27 187 13 51 L 1 3945 15 I 3 __ I 31,207 2 3 5 1 5 29 55 22 36 35 38 21 56 1 67 68 27 18 1 512 54 182 47 9 129 498 5 25 459 499 313 202 1036 3 . 604 2136 862 504 957 469 979 1225 34 17 12 9 2 1 3 42 4 1287 563 100 3 13 7 5 124 4 6 2 103 1 113 26 190 24 128 1866 1227 2811 929 552 1403 8544 3419 3693 111 280 4726 132 29 4 3 4 560 548 1685 3650 115 134 1085 51 58 770 516 369 249 1042 4084 21 11 391 932 47.622 1. 0 0 0 112 14,912 1.088 191 105 German Evangelical Lutheran. 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 St. Louis Cemetery, No. 1. [No records previous to 1855, | 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 Total .. 1 8 3 2 3 6 1 4 3 4 7 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 onni oqq St. Louis Cemetery, No, 2. [No records previous to 1843.1 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 5 1 Gates of Prayer Cemetery. 498 640 0 0 29.386 6.939 15 1,572 Temeine Deresch Association Cemetery. - 2,563 236 27 59 548 645 735 1 YEAR. Deaths. [low Fever Small-Pox. Cholera. year. । Deaths. | Yellow Fever. Greenwood Cemetery. O P4 a X 0 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 o° 0| °l b 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YEAR. ! Deaths. Yellow Fever. Small-Pox. Cholera. 591i 0 488, 5 574 7 540 0 YEAR. | Deaths. I llow Fever | Small-Pox. 1 Cholera. Ye YEAR. ; Deaths. Yellow Fever. Small-Pox. Cholera. YEAR. । Deaths. Yellow Fever. Small-Pox. Cholera. 144 348 31.375 4 253 1.274 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 .... 1860 1861 1862 .... 1863 1864 1865 1866 .. 1867 . . 1868 1869 1870 . 1871 1872 1873 .. . 1874 .... 1875 . 1876 .... 1877 1878 .. 1879 .... 1880 | 1881 1882 ..! 1883 1 396 280 76 423 305 337 275 242 262 390 319 411 412 274 319 316 252 266 382 307 291 328 274 446 237 273 285 247 237 50 0 0 104 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 50 0 0 20 0 0 3 0 4 0 0 142 1 0 0 0| 0! 1 4 0 6 3 2 1 0 0 0 6 12 1 0 0 4 0 1 15 14 6 8 28 8 0 Oi 0| 32' 22 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 27 4 1 3 2 0 7 2 1 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 1867 .... 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 ... 1875 1876.. . 1877 .... 1878 1879 1880 1881 .. . 1882.. . 1883 5 4 3 5 5 3 9 6 9 14 14 17 12 14 14 16 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 1 0 0 0 0 617 415 404 526 460 342 170 0 0 0 0 0 Cypress Grove Cemetery, No. 2. . Washington Cemeteries. 50 0 9 0 1 Ye 1 1 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 .... 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 .... 1881 1882 1883.... Total.. 17 8 7 12 9 11 4 13 10 10 10 13 10 2 9 8 16 199 9 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 I 1 t 0 ( 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 St. P>artholomew Catholic Cemetery. (Algiers.) 1858 1859 1860 .. 1861. . .. 1862 1863 1864.. 1865 .... 1866 1867 ... 1868 1869 .. . 1870 . . 1871 1872 .... 1873 1874 . .. 1875.. .. 1876 1877 1878.. .. 1879.. 1880 1881 1882 1883 Total .. 1 13 13 10 9 3 19 18 25 76 13 15 26 22 13 17 15 9 11 7 21 3 2 3 4 6 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 48 I 0 4 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1843 1844 .... 1845 1846 .. .. 1847 1865...... 1866 1867 .. .. 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 . . . 1875 ... . 1876 1877 1878 .... 1879 880 1881 1882 1883 Total . 462 490 475 504 428 873 946 960 Records 610 882 717 821 896 914 787 876 860 1.011 656 697 789 692 682 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 78 miss 0 11 2 0 I 5 1 0 191 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 79 17 8 ing. 8 36 9 0 40 81 19 17 95 25 0 s 52 135 0 0 0 0 0 0 129 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 YEAR. 1843 .... 1844 .. . 1845.. . 1846 .. . 1847 ... 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852.. 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858.. 1859 1860 1861.. . 1 1862 1 1863 .. .. 1864 .... 1865 . ... 1866 . .. 1867. 1868 1869 1810 1871.. . 1872 1873 1874.. . 1875 1876 1877. .... 1878 1879.. . 1880 1881.. 1882.. 1 1883.. ... s k | Small-Pox. Cholera. 1855 1856 1857 .... 1858 1859.. 1860 1861 1862 1863 .... 1864.. .. 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 .... 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875.. 1876 .. .. 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 .... 1882...'... 1883 Total.. 107 101 115 254 128 179 125 132 139 198 202 §96 416 219 222 196 488 242 259 251 240 219 214 398 202 248 254 217 271 23 0 1 101 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 135 0 0 7 3 2 2 0 4 1 0 137 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 14 16 4 1 3 4 0 s 9 6 5 13 3 0 0 0 9 34 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 13 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 42 YEAR. 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 ... 1863 864 1865 1866 1867 868 869 870 1871 Sex, cok Deaths. YEAR. Deaths. 618 511 ri 1 . ® 22,899 i,26a Yellow Fever. & Cholera. 3 £ c T I*1 97 12 0 14 548 25 47 to 2 18 i.423 317 450 3 12 628 4 4 01 0 2 0 9 322 0 0 9 0 St. Vincent de Paul Cemetery. YEAR. । Deaths. 1 18 44 199 132 114 159 98 58 66 90 36 37 59 65 >r and di 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 Total .. seases not 54 101 117 65 95 73 124 56 48 59 54 257 484 558 683 1,648 785 1,720 1,318 1,129 1.369 2,770 1,850 1,710 815 717 1,521 850 1,017 6571 809 90 V 1 161 1,079 1,193 1,154 753 638 loo 826 1,052 1,033 956) 1,422 1,277 1,705 2.0681 8481 8131 827| 722! 5181 0 0 0 0 1 10 18 9 • 2 2 3 12 0 6 4 2 2 0 Oi 1 69 132 38 6 1 10 95 1 11 0 0 0 0 0 43 459 182 92 206 48 158 265 0 3 4 0 0 0, 0 ■ 01 0' 0 252 83 30 0 (' n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YEAR. Deaths. Yellow Fever. Small-Pox. Cholera. 1846 1847 1848 1849 ... . 1850 .. .. 1851 1852 . . . 1853 1854.. .. 1855 1856.. .. 1857 1858.. .. 1859 I860 . ... 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 ... 1870 . . . 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 .... 1880 1881 1882 1883.. . 1 Total. .1 1,046 2.203 1,620 2.913 L787 933 930 2,753 1.197 897 474 420 912 524 468 314 1,120 2,365 1,474 438 390 791 722 458 519 722 561 490 495 512 849 382 431 508 469i 452| 34,4121 109 786 410 558 30 4 21 1,675 201 201 3 44 428 0 0 2 0 21 7 4 3 3 11 0 8 8 3 0 0 351 1,045 360 79 144 111 160 88 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 65 40 8 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 11 11 18 4 2 1851. 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 .... 1861 1862 .... 1863 .... 1864 ... 1865 1865 1867 1003 ... 1869 1870 1871 1872 .... 1873 1874 1875 ... 1876 . 1877 . .. 1878 .. . 1879 1880 . . 1881 1882 1883 1.250 1,712 2,548 1,779 1.238 769 764 1,739 938 1,092 838 789 850 1.329 1,225 1,306 L461 one 888. 60 1.201 345 130 6 3 611 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 20 317 0 1 17 17 13 20 0 25 39 14 0 0 0 114 115 62 20 37 149 0 3 59 156 9 21 68 17 0 0 0 41 95 75 236 71 202 181 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 I 1 2 289 103 1 4 1 39 2 2 3 1 4 1 1 0 fHebrew Rest Cemetery. st 107 2129 ated. Grand Lodge Cemetery. 1351 4 6 .1 5 YEAR. । Deaths. lllow Fever. Small-pox. . ... Cholera. Dispersed of Judah Cemetery. 0 1 YEAR. Deaths. YEAR. Deaths. Yellow Fever. Small-Pox. < holera. 0 0 1 1 0 s 0 0 0 188 58 6 2 & 6> 10 248 YEAR. 1867 1864 . .. 1869 1870 . 1811 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 .. .. 1879 .... 1880 1881 1882 1883 Total .. ' Deaths. 386 6.4961 2 10.009 378' 69. Campo Santo Cemetery. Third Dis- trict. *Kecords from 1847 to 1865 were stolen Metairie Cemetery. Holt's Cemetery. 1* 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1850.. W:::::: 1855 1856 1857.. . 1858 1859 1860 1861 . .. 1862 1863 1864 1865 8 12 11 20 15 18 21 11 21 5 13 23 18 14 18 7 9 11 to 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1873...... 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879.... 1880 1881 1882 1883 Total .. 9 29 10 14 18 14 12 11 13 12 8 16 24 9 10 13 10 9 518 1866 1867 1868 1869 10IV 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 876 1877 1878 1879 1880 : 1881 ; 882 883 1 65 148 46 37 00 44 30 44 40 41 38 38 154 38' 311 61 32 14 0 0 . 0 0 6 0 0 1 0 0 94 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 0! oi li O' 0; 0| 9 3 0 0 V 0 0 0 1 ? 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.232 419 133 - the above recapitulation does not nclude the United States Govern- ment Cemetery, or those Cemeteries on the right bank of the Mississippi River, as their T'AnnrJo Tr-^-w- - jerieuc. yp A p j Death. .WA9I AOIblA i Smal-Pox. 1 o o 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 © ' 3 0 c 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 u 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0' 0 0 0 0 0 1 YEAR. 1875 1876 1877. ..... 1878 .'. .. 1879 1880 1881 . | 1882 1883 1 1 Total ..1 1 Internets. Lit 4- IC IO - JL - - © Lt 90 L- © -J -- - 0 0 0 50, 0 h 0 0. 0 1 ? 46 11 0 0 0 66 0 0 0 0 °j o' 0: 0: 0 o' Firemen's Cpm etery, Algiers. 1,038 06 692 1 699 2 YEAR. 38 23 2 2 0 395 0 «! 0 0 0 u 9 54 44 27 19 90 0 0 0 22! 86l YEAR. •sq'4«0a Yellow Fever. Small-Pox. Cholera. S £ £ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 10 S 0 0 0 0 0 0 30i 38 361 34! 23, 19 28 109 24 17 22 22 32 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 49 ? 0 0 0 1,058 1,052 624 672 14 1 -in 0; 119 61 189 8| 85 0, 452 1874 1875 1876 1877 ... 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 .... 1 1883 | Total .. 16 31 30 28 105 77 70 62 72 112 603 0 . 0 0 0 31 i Oi 0 583 0 1878 1879 1880 1881.. . 1882 .... 883 | 1 10 14 10 10| 22 1,122 467 592 670 577 604; 426 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 60 1879 1880 1881 .. .. 1882 883 Total .. 259 360 409 451 545 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 108 309 0 1 0 1 0 33.832! 3.2A3 1,127 1,261 5,308 7Oo! 2,46ol Total.) 44,366| 4,786| 1,617 1,825. 32| 0 0 ■2.231! 501 124 0! 2,024 422 2l Total .. j 970, 118! 1 14 Total ,.j «7| 1 dv juvuius ui juteruicuis iroin yei- 01'ow fever, small-pox or cholera. 509 62 6 1 = " 1 -:--a--: _ -> MORTUARY STATISTICS OF GIROD STREET PROTESTANT CEMETERY, 1833-1883. » ® = g. • ■ • ■ "§ 2 if T : -: j : MONTH. b 1- 1837. Julj' .... August September .. October November ... December Total 5 .p's » ® g 7^ 2;e 1 H ; Try MONTH. 00 p September ... October November ... December Totals § ■ • • rp-g £ O % H W dripwi« gj y " £?:•?: ; : : : 4 : : i : • : : : : : : K < MONTH. P WWfaUUHKJfaG Hl i kfa CJ GO CD CO ~D P G p - to X) <1 H- Deaths. 17 19 15 11 16 10 14 14 13 ■S 21 Deaths. to 1- -I 4- f- H« tO CD P CO I - ^-•COCOCOPkfa.P Deaths 1835. •961 - 01 31 31 !3I 01 18 JI 91. 31 11 g | Deaths. I Deaths. 00 6 13i 14 28! 146; 1? ~ 328| Ti' r Vaults. 60 t-if-i ►- H H H f- H Vaults. CO 0 - Vaults. CD HI Hi kfa. UI Hl CO 0C- ' 3 f G S 4 8 7 14 1 It 2 J 1 £ i t 5 ( 1 1( 4 4 4 10C _ 1 Faults. p I • g _ I Vaults. 3 5 7 3 2 12| 4 9 _69j X CC ox i Tombs. ^P_ Tombs. _ JO H- (O O O >-i Ui »- 4^ CO P. r- © Ui 60 Ul Tombs. 1 ? i . | tombs. Tombs. Ul I 1 I ° * O O g P O O O p' p P P Q | Graves ©©c©©©©©©©©© Graves. CD CD Graves. ver. 6l 6! 11 11 12: 7 91 11! Hl 11! 9! 120' oo alraves. I Graves. । Loo OOPO O O QPPG 1 -> GO rt> Cm M C- Fever pppppppppppp bellow Fever. 0 P O P P PPPPPOPP Yellow' Fe SB.rr, - gu 1 Vellow Fevei*. G_ . ! Yellow Ipril <lay . ane uly L ugust eptember Ictober. November lecember.. .. Total. p s 1 | a 1842. Total January . February March .' April May . Tune J uly August September October November December MONTH. 1841. June July August September .... October November December ' Total January i February...... 1 Mareh 1 MONTH. CO ' j anuary I February 1 March ■ April J Msiy •June Julj' August.... .. September October November December Total । MONTH. H 1 5 £ O' i£ E.5® i • S ° ® ; z • J < MONTH. |9H II II 81 tl 6 8 101 JOT jcl cc P | Deaths. w I Deaths. 11 19 15 18 11 12 10 J82 1- to P 4X oi - | Deaths. 9 11 14 15 18 15 14 55 61 24 18 15 269 I Deaths. 14 , 11 L 23 14 13 13 12 8 148 1839 | Deaths. m © 1 ►- w _ Vaults. 1 «4 <B> P P Ui G Hl G P G H?-p ■ - - - • _______ - - - 13 12 4' 10 11 12 13 12 35 17! 9! JOI | Vaults. s j J p co p p co p tc P c £ £ 1 Vaults. 1 t 8 IC 12 11 56 56 22 12 14 _219 | Vaults. 60 j e g K) I Vaults. Ito. (U-i4»ui.Mawo; CO Ui P 1 Tombs. a. <1 H -I - 0 0 G1 d Vt | Tombs. cc 1 CC'60CCOOU' P Hi -J GO P P - 1 Tombs. aL | Tombs. 60 G 6© P 6-^ Tombs. 0| 1J 0! 01 0! os 01 1 * 0: 0 s 0 o-J Ol 0 J 0! 0 f 3' OS 2i 0C r 11 .... 01 6l 3 xellow 1 Dever Small-pox. 3 • Hi CD -J P p p p p 0 P Yellow I Fever 0 I C p 0 | Graves. pl P P P P P p p c I Graves. 0 0 I o :t 0 i! o f o J 0 13 o Ik 0 3 0 IK o te | Graves. 60 PPPPOOPPPO P 60 Small Pox. f-a I c> P P P P p O 1 Yellow Feve ( ( ( ( ( 1 42 51 8 1 0 103 j Yellow Fftver. I Yellow Fever. fanuary February i Larch Jpril ' lay. ... J une uly lugust. September Ictober November .. .. lecember Total S o 1847. Total ! January l'Abruary March April May : June July A ugust September October November December MONTH • 1846. Total June. 'July August September October November April .... Maj' January. . i February M arch MONTHS. . 1845. 1 1 1 1 .• 1 ) january j Februarj' .... ) March ) April ) May > June July > August September. ! October November ... i December .... Total 1 MONTH. ) June )July .... ) August ) September.... J October ) November . ) December .... i Total 1 MONTH. •20 18 •23 23 59 82 25 18 37 363 ' Deaths. CC -4 CO 206! - 60 -X - r- - H- 60 -i~" r±.^)_go 0 cc 0 0 co Hi J Deaths. Hi 1 P j (tc- , JI £1 n ii 81 1 91 1 r । 6 ! -1 60 U Deaths. 14 12 13 13 11 11 160 UC -I OC 1 Deaths. . 14 • 14 ■! 5 , 13 29 16 15 . .1 161 184 h 1: n !• 1 Deaths. £ 14 16 10 50 67 21 12 23 260 -J CO o | Vaults. Hi H• 1 Vaults. 10 12 12 7 10 10 16 115 00 P -I CO P Vaults. J -4 CC CO C 1 Vaults. .fa i G P G Kl Hi 60 -4K> P O 60 P GO Ui PCD -> | Vaults. 4 13 9 15 4 6 14l 1031 O P p | Tombs. nil cnuippccpa Ji 0 0 0 ui 0 u< 0 c kU -4 m o> । Tombs. 60 1 Ui k^_ UI Ci 040 Tombs. i Tombs. G 4k CJt C4 P no tfa. p C13 *'« G iU- tb. pi 4s I j Tombs. O' 0 t 0 0 5 0 oJ 3 0 J 39 0 59 J 0 b 4 01 1 os 0 0 I 106, 1 OP P ppp i Yellow . Fevei i Small-pox. P PP4K4k.kfa.PGCj p 0 ~ p p 0 p 0 p p p p । Yellow Fever O l O O P P ppp Yellow Fevei ►U_ । P Hi IO >-i G p p o C p O C 1 Yellow I Fever. 60 g Hl p cj< vD P OOP p o O G ! Yellow - | Fever. ^OPGOPCPOO | Small-pox. O ! O O O P O G 0 P P O P c: Small-pox Small-pox. Small-pox. Laj- une .. uly lugust September. .. Ictober November lecember.. .. Total _. .. anuary. ...... February 4arch MONTH. - io 'I Total.. January February March April May June July August September. . . October ...... November December MONTH. •June Jul J' [August September.? ... October November December Total April May j ari uary. February March MONTH. 1 1 ® 1 - 3 I June i July August September October November December Total.. 1 anuary i February i 'March 1 April MONTH. ) Februarj' 0 March 9 April )May ) June 1 July ; August ) September. ... ) October ) November. ... ) December L _ TotaL „ _ MONTH. 33! 50 43' 25j 41| 17 33 33 377, Cv OC K, | Deaths. 1 I 21 3i 24 24 29 36 28 27 13 18 25 28 1 Deaths. s r11 c* w - -k jx m to a? -i tu tu Ui Ul yO g IC Deaths. 26 18 28 20 17 26 22 379 ui Ur GO U I UI co - o. | Deaths. 23 • 38 25 22 20 20 27 26 26 18 45 329| 1849 M Deaths. ® 3 TO 18l 27i 18 11! 23! 4 12! 20, W2| to LJ £3 00 w | Vaults. ^138' 2671 0 5'17 ■gl 22 39 35 32 19! 10 17! 15 13 15 15 253 ! Vaults. 0 17 13 8 12 16 9 4i 12 10; _19; | Vaults. CO Hi J© _ H- H^ H^ to Hi H- Vaults. 18 15 18 18 20 11 34 236 r s 0 s > 0 | Vaults. 8 15 23 25 14 18 13 21 13 185 | Tombs. | 7 , 3 i 9 '1 £ i 13 ) 12 J 10 6 > 14! >; Lu 1 1 107' Tombs. m 11 j 7 0 ( 8 0 ( 11 1 5: 1 4 2 11 0 7, 0 126 4| ( I Tombs. j 12 01 ! 15' 01 11 0 16 O' l 20 0 24i 0, I 12' 0; 1 18 0 1 9 0 ( 6 0 ( 15 0 ( 9: 0 ( । Tombs. I Yellow 1 Fever g j - g Hi Tombs. I ! W 1 G G CO P p 60 CD -3 CO P 60 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ol 0 PPP 1 Yellow 1 Fevei I Small-Pox - - 1 © © - © = Yellow Fevei ©o©c . a ruuw J Fever. | Small Pox I :l Ol 0 5 0 15 ~ G p p । Yellow I _ 1 Fever. j a 1 iaa»i-'i-'oo*c PPP | Cholera. 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 4 ) 4 ) 0. 1 0 1 0 ) O' ) 7 » 1 | Cholera. ge £ 0! 0 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 0 0 P >~k H | Small-Pox | Cholera. ©I urn:- ' GO G G G ■-- r- G - • XD C it 7.* - Cholera. W | G_P pppptOO^OP 6P 1 6O'\ --* D 1 Small-Pox. j Hay . • ..,...; Pure .. . . Fuly lugust .... September Ictober November .... lecember Totals January | February ! March i § H3 3i January Februaiy March . ' April.... May June July August September October November ... December Totals MONTH. 1 j 1 June . Julj' August September .. October November . . . December Totals !l"l V j anuary February Wareh . ' MONTH. j i 1 • j J anuary February : March i April ... ! May June ► July i August September. . 1 October > November. ' December Total MONTH. 2 MONTH. 0 January 9 February 9 March .'. . . ) Anril 0 May . 0 June 0 July 0 August 0 September. . . 0 October 0 November. 2 December 2 Total ' u." cj uj 65 65 6© cc 65 gj I 65 I CO .fa 65 p UJ U< GJ CO CO i । 15 S >u GO G pc g & p Deaths. Vaults. 348 35 18l 24 29 41 31 32 29 26 26. 19j 38) Deaths. 53 45 61 40 24 16 4851 P 4*- CO <U 4fa P G 4k -J -1 Deaths. 4(1 41 31 43 73 37 50 503 Deaths. a 40: U ■ 1 19 9 io! 0 59 34 25 21 .12051157! 48 156 . 74' 50 24 45 .1 29 12 17l 4 ; 33 16 17 1 ■ ' 47 20 27! 0 ! J 620| 345j_275j 227/ 9S |- i!? ■' 180 ne j Deaths. g L" 6 In |H Ie isi V aults. 26 18 38 18 9 10 1 9 209i tU .7- H> tO Vaults. 1' 14 2(1 36 34 13 26 223 Vaults. k-► t- | Vaults. 20 27 17 19 16 20 23 •22 2401 IU Tombs. © IO Hi <0 Hi k-i to - to M 60 >4 H H *1 Cl H ^1 4* CO O U U 1 Tombs. 27 0! 0! 23; 12 ol 23 35 0! 22' 12 Ol 15 3| 0 6' Oi 0 lAas 276 62: 3 20' 01 0i 11 0 O' 28. 0, Oi 24 Oj 2] 46' 0 1 1 Tombs. i Yellow Fevei i small-Pox. j Cholera. 1 18 0 24: 0 ! 17! 2 1 23 10 ' 37. 29 j 23 22 1 24' 3 ' 30; 0 ' 1 28<r| 67 bs I Tombs. G | Tombs. j Yellow Fever. j 1 P P> g o P P P o ppp | Yellow I Fever PPOOl-^POPPPPO I Yellow Fever. P G p G 1 Yellow Fever. |p| P o G G © G l-k ■a OOP | Small-Pox. PPOPOOPOGGGG Small-Pox. p1pppppppp POPP | Sinall-l'ox. -* 1 OPPPPPPG l G C- C_i OPP Cholera. | Small-Pox. PPPPPPPPPOOQ - 1 c 1 Cholera. l_ 1 Ipril day lune ...... ... Fuly .....! 1 ugust...... . September. .. Ictober <ovember lecember Totals January February... .. March MONTH. ! 1862. January. ... February .March A pril Maj' Tune July August September .... October November December .... Totals MONTH. 1861. (December Totals I January... . February March April May ■June J uly August September. October November .... MONTH. 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 ! May ! June Julj August September .... October... . November December . .. Totals l January 1 February ...., March April MONTH. 2 MONTH. 9 January 9 February 9 March 1 April J May 9 June » July 9 August 9 September.... 0 October 9 November ... 1 December ... ) Totals. 2^ 34. 33! 29' 48: 3781 K) IO p to Deaths. 384! Deaths. ►fa-TUUlk^k^Wk^COsfa to *. | Deaths. 'Sth cJ 91 96 b । ^4 CD P CO Deaths. 1 c ' 65 Ui -k) -j kfa to CO CC -- 1 Gt> G (O U» G P P IO . 21 27 31 • 27, I Deaths. ' co 1 Ul Vaults. V aults. -.-_- - 91 4 91 Ie I 01 I 01 81 JI Ui P Ut PPPPP-J-^G-^CCGoS ►Ifa 0 -1 CO CO P c P H* | Vaults. !4 8 12| 12 9 si Al 161! H> Hi G CO Vaults. : 15 9 9 j 23 1 44 1 39 26 8' J O 2i p CO | Vaults 26 14 32 24 26; 24 33 26: 263 O P Tombs. S i to . 1 34 21 20 25 26 27 16 14 14 21 21 Tombs. il j? _w | Tombs. 30l 20 26 30 18 15 31 287 -4 tO 60 60 P -4 CO P Tombs. 17 30 20 23 31 ; 33 : 30, 201 269! GG bCHA | Tombs. i 1 I ° 1 o O P O P P P P P P P Yellow Fever P PPPPPPPPOPPO Yellow Fever. PGP PP P C P P Yellow Fever. 1 plpppppppp 1 Yellow Oil 0 9 31 th 91 0 0 1 P P p p ; Yellow I Fever. : lolPPPPOPOPPPGG | Small-pox. © 1 »1 PPPPPPPPPOPP | Small-Pox. I Cholera. OPPPOPPPG Cholera. IPPPPPPPG Hi P P P । nmaii-jrox. । ; 6oJ pgpopopo P p G G | Small-Pox. April May .... June July August. September October November December Totals 'January. 'February 'March ) May ) June ) f uly ! August ) September I October.... . 1 November . .. 1 December 1 Totals .1 O । PPPPP PGP -' s Cholera. I 1 Cholera MONTH. 1867. January February March . i MONTH. May June . July August September.... October November.... December Totals . March April Jannary February ... MONTH. ' January ...... ' February March..' April May Tune Inly August September October November .... December MONTH. J January 9 1 ebruary 9 March 'April ' May 1 June 'July • August J September October November December Totals... ... MONTH. 35 37 44 59 71 185 175 84' 811 9001 : GO O Deaths. CO g 1 - - S? S OD 00 5 P 60 69 68 60 66 49 61 99 97 fl 70 53 Deaths. So i 5i | n1 | ^7 ©© X 4^ 1 Deaths. 2? c 7( 57 81 50 51 39 50 Deaths. f 1 3 1 2 ! * 4: 1 6< I 4! : 3: ; 3! 4; 494 Deaths. | co 181 131 15] 8 8 10 13 30 121 97 26 18 377 Vaults. 00 1 Is A 20! 17 21 13 23 14 Vaults. 3l 1 GO U -1 O 4^ P Ut CO GO H] - H* 1 Vaults. N if- H- HH H । - U_ -i Vaults. CO Vaults. 28 25 26 27 29 34 46 41 68 78 58 63 523 Tombs. 45 54 57 51 54 41 41 82 76 58 47 39 6451 Tombs. | 38 32 39 1 54 : 44 1 56 1 47 1 34 'mol co j,i Tombs. -cb I 1 6 4 1 i! 57I ?l 67! 1 441 )l 62 l! 39 11 42 is co co w 1 Tombs 0 26 5 16 7 25 8 23 0 43 2 37 8 35 7 59 5 34 2 26 4 19 7 36 5 379 Tombs. u 0 0 3 14 126 86 4 0 233 p p p •O । PtUPCTHioPPPOOG 1 o1 8 (J 0! 5 0 | Yellow ' Fever.! Fever. Fever. 4 । O O P O P O p P p G g । Yellow Fevei'. P।PPPOPPPGPPOP1 Yellow Fever. W 1 PPPPPPGGPPPG Small-pox. Small pox. Ic ' 1 ) 1 0 ) 1 0 ) 0 0 1 1 0 ) n 0 ' ?|0 u« | 65 65 00 1 >fa Cl IC H CJ cc p p c = © © Cholera 31 '91 !f< 18. 0 '0 0 ' 0 : 0 ! 0 i 0 ! Cholera. 1 V 0 0 ~l- n! n Cholera. 4 1 10 ( 8 ( 3 ( 4 ( 4 ( 1 ( 5 ( .8 ( o g 1 Small-pox. I < mm,.,-.. 1 ^ । O P P P p P © C 1 1 a © 0.© Small-pox. January ' February i March. Ypril ... May June July August September Ictober STovember [lecember..... Totals MONTH. 1872. Totals i January February March..' April May June - J uly .. August September. October November. ... December.. .. MONTH. . 1 OLD is <!•» 1871. . 1 ' Januaiy ' February ' March . .. .. 1 April May June July August September October November . . December. MONTH. O £ 00 2 p a I Ui to 1) April ' 1 May ) June ' July ) August 1 September ) October.... > November ) December : 0 January 9 February 0 March i ; MONTH, j 0 January . ^.... 0 Feb*, uary 0 March 0 April .. 0 May 0 June ... 0 July 0 August 0 September.... 0 October 0 November 0 December 9! Totals... ... _Cholera< K 51 64 72 53 43 50 48 51 47 645 UI 46 42 51 40 66 49 53 38 44 38 42 39 Deaths. -5 Ui ?jp ueatns. 1 1 kfa. 4^ UI U' P CD P P C CO P 4- Ui G P 6t> • Ul Deaths. i P Ci P kfa- kfa ui Hl O ►fa co co Deaths. 5 59 1 ^sjS^ccwccccrf^kt Deaths. j go 7 10 8 8 8 8 5 8 8 96 _ Vaults. o t o cc 1 © 9 8 6 1 T 31 8 01 9 01 8 II Vaults. 5 1 st i xl 1 13 1 8 1 9 1 9 12 13 V aults. 1 10 11 10 > 9 rl 14 !• 7 ! 6 ' 15 ! 13 I 10 V aults. 7l 11 4 13 2 6 31 10 2l 10 11 7 6l 11 9 6 9 8 1 12 - 4 1- il 113! - ■ 00 Vaults. 44 54 64 45 35 42 43 43 39 549 wen* , Tombs. O GO P Tombs. 54 57 73 56 49! 45 37 35 32 30 Tombs. © 1 35 34 41 34 56 41 41 34 37 29 34 33 ! U< kfa; kfa. CC US 4k G g cji ' 65 O 6U G A'' G rr. X. © © u> Tombs. ^1 CC <50 CO CO C4 65 60 CO Ck w Tombs. p1ppppppppp c xenow oo 1 Fever. : Yellow PPPPHiOPPPPPG Fever Gr Yellow Fever 0 0 1 9 0 i 0 0 : 0 0 ' 0 0 0 0 : 0 2 0 8 013 i Yellow g p g 1 Fever. © © © j Small-pox. -1 6 0 0 1 0 0 6 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 5; 0 0 5 0 0 1 0 0 ) 0 0 I 0 0 I 0 0 L 01 9 Yellow Fever.! Small-nox. 1 p p p p p p p g © o 1 Small-pox. ©I PPOPGGGGGQGgI Cholera. 1 p 1 ppopppppooop>J_ ^jniall-pox. P 1 PPOGGGGGGG 1 Cholera Gt U © © 1 ) li ) 14 115 )I14 » 7 ) 3 ) 1 1 0 1 0 sr Small-pox. 1 April ' May ' June 'July ' August September ' October.. .... November December Totals 'March ' January ' February MONTH. •1481 1 January February 1 March .'. April Maj' June July August September October November December MONTH. - Totals 1 6 February 0 March ' .... 9 April 0 Maj- 9 June 9 July 9 August 9 September.. . 9 October 9 November. ... 9 December 9 January. ...... S MONTH. 1 1 o 1 ©■ I 01 9 January 9 February 9 March 9 April ?May 0 June 9 July 0 August........ 9 September 9 October 9 November 9 December Jnolera. | / K tc 0 January. 4 February 0 March 0 April . 0 May . 0 June 0 July 0 August 0 September.... 0 October 0 November. ... 0 December 4 Totals Cholera. & e ri Pl CC G G -J >fa. to o Q -1^ O P Deaths. 51 46 47 46. Si 54. 401 401 47| 38; 43| 65 Deaths. 488| 1876 29 37 50 51 50 42 40 27 36 kfa. 60 NO Ui © I p leaths, 1 591 1875 53 51 47 50 45 58 53 61 33 31 50 0 eath s. ® ©.-(oo©©©© Deaths. 00 5 13: 6' 4 3 ■J' 3. J 72 o co V aults. 11 12 9 8 7 '1 4I 10! 8 7 10 Faults. CO co © to Hi V aults. j p 1 V aults. 4 9 4 13 2 7 9 10; 7 11' I 10 ! ,? - i 121. 2 11 5 11 4 11 Faults. * Combs. 5 r ! lombs. - - - - rr Pl tc CZ W Iv W O' >£x >fa. c 00 OOODOlg.HQOpMKX b ¥ Si? W 0- । ol CH P P -J P 0 0 O GO 00 Ifa. P! s 29 34 /o 41 46 32 31 25 26 Tombs. I s | T ombs. 51 44 53 54 71 65 49 56 51 45l 44 3a 6141 Combs. 1 o: o o o o o o © o e o o o Y ellow Fever. Yellow pph*p>opppppppI D e v er. 5 35!' i° | 9 S 0 0 0 i 0 0 ' P P | Fever.: •9- PPPPPPPPpc - H-2 > ! Yellow ©© 1 Fever.! I 1 1 g V1.!? «to © © © 00000 | fellow Fever P I - IO K) 1 C O-O - 5 g | Small-Pox. D 1 PCCWPPOOH-pCCi&ol^ miall-Pox. ^PPPWHM^K) U I Small-pox. I PPPPHi'-kGUlWC ©jx | Small-pox. j | ©1 © © © © c> o o c> o o o I1 1 g-L±^!^g^o 1- © © .a. 00 © j- l Small-pox. p 1 PPPPPOOOOQQ o 1 zUoiei'a. 1 1 00c s 0 p p p p p = | Cholera. > !ol POPPPPPPPG o© 1 Cholera. ) January February March Xpril Maj- ... June I ul y August September Ictober November . .. December .... Totals. MONTH X January February March .. April May Tune July August September Ictober November December MONTH. Totals 1 404 188 ® O 2.^ s = g p ® g Eggg §: ; : £ 1 8 ® ® : i : : : : . I MON'IH. Total.... । 4151 601 355l 0 o| 0 i««n April Maj' June July August September. . October November December March J anuary Februarj' MONTH. 0 January 0 Februarj' 1 March 3 April 4 May 1 June 9 Julj' .. 9 August 9 September.... ) October ) November .... ) December 1 Totals 1 : ri K M 43 34 27 53 37 41 33 33 35 42 32 48 460 eaths. tvs to CD H 45 43 42 48 54 48 43 37 65 26 32 43' - 1 eaths. CO kfa. 0. P W 0- CO CO 6U 4^ CO 60 P CO kfa. -J Hf M w W 1 Deaths. -..wo 1 I 0 44 31 38 27 33 40 36 29 33 30 36 38 aths, £ P 2( • 28 38 • 4€ • 35 30 46 • 87 140 . 71 • 39 . 39 . «i?l eaths. g | 1 Vaults. pl -J IC W .fa W A W P Cl O 1 P P 1-^ 1 8 6 5 3 5 4 5 9 6 2 8, - aults. co -I 6S >fa U H IO Cl CO IO ^1 C Vaults. j *J U U U Q| 4 U 12 U 1 Va 4k p l ults. [I G k- ( w © I G O G k-1 m _ i - I 00 Vaults. _PjU J 65 S Tombs. H 38 29 27 48 37 41 29 30 31 40 29' 41 420 omb s 37 37 37 45 49 44 38 32 56 20 30 35 ombs. •J. I 358! o| o| Q 6UWCOCO606Dkfa.CC6OiC6OU. ^PHiCO-q^TOk- tf^PPC Tombs. J _J COCC6DCOIOU:CC601UW Hi iO U< P G Hi G 4k Vi CO 1 Tombs. i 31 I 44 I 28 1 23 1 38 56 : 86 60 29 31 I ! o 1 oo '_O pp p_p P_P 1 1 Yellow o o ! Fever. 1 STnn.U-PnY. i Yellow p p p p p p p po p_p pJ _ D ever. *4 Ui . PPP PPPPPPPPG 1 Yellow' J Fever, j 1 Yellow pppppppppppoI F ever. 1 G4x.G00Pu_i p 0 0 <-s | Yellow Oa 1 W P GJ >-* w MOO1 o1oooooooooooolC 1- ■ ppppoop c? 0 0 p p 1 Small-Pox. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ? s P 5 pGGpppGGpppp | Small-Pox. L O P P P O p t© p CO CO 00 I Fever. to p I Small-Pox. P PPPPP I -iiuirjin. >-* -i -i Z~; .."I 1 . ' :t'T . G-rr-:-- 1 Cholera. 1 60 H 00 IS Burials u aw in Apr! Peter Bai Cotai Inter " Vault " Tomb " Gra v TO 22 CD CD cry CO OOCDOOCOaCGDOOOOOOflD 99 C£ CD 00 -4 -4 -A -i -I -T <1 -I -4 Hl G P Ci £ CAJ60H4OGCDHJGUl>fa.C060i-*PPC0H!d0 ' 1833 ' 1834 ' 1835. ' 1836. 1837 1838. 1839. 1840. 1841 1842. 1843. 1844. 1845. 1846. 1847. 1848. 1849. 1850. 1851 1852. 1853. 1854. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. Years. . To October 10, 1883. RECAPITULATION by years 1 1 i r TTTn r- 9 March .... 9 April | 9 May .. 0 June 0 July 9 August 9 September 9 October ) 1 Totals 3 9 January 9 February .,. ce | MONTHS. 494 669 633 SO'2 900 498 640 713 548 645 735 591 488 574 540 617 415 404 526 460 342 :2899 7 000 485 348 372 483 448 471 384 378 9C 1354 40C 174 397 148 269 182 236 145 161 160 167 205 363 329 379 311 305 377, 620 Deaths. 1 ? ? E • • 2 : 5 nder ground t il, 1835. r. sexton sine 2 115 142 124 1-78 377 113 116 139 99 96 121 95 83 101 72 152 60 46 66 40 32 123 214 161 149 122 115 1 1( ! 101 I IK 128 ' 32t ' 121 ' 219 129 151 93 102 97 115 131 260 236 253 204 138 192 345 223 209' rnl Vaults. p 3 280 276 215 249 269 287 322 262 263 379 527 509 C4& 523 385 594 564 449 549 614 496 405 473 468 465 3551 358! 4601 4201. 310 . > S ) 5C i 55 I 46 ! 69 27 ' 50 ' 53 75 52 59 63 52 74 103 93 126 107 167 185 275| Tombs. * % a X ' Deaths • § ■ 60 P P 1 17 233 18 1 7 5 5 7 170 67 62 1 2 103 1 63 6 27 4 i 106 15 4 2 '•227 Yellow Fev< 1 ] -- " s_L .j? k>k>o©0© H_u to 1 Vaults - i I " g 1 Tombs ibolished by e 1865, 22,899 7,301 ■ 14,087 2 CO 59 59 32 3 23 82 1 42 31 25 22 92 9 26 50 • to Hi to G ' Ul • Ul CO P CO • • • Hi CO 60 Small-pox UI | at: 58 4 19 Ha 38 51 mlera. 4k Hi ui o to: ' I * * * ' z * * ; * z ; P H! 60 P 60 .. 1 C J I Yel ow Fever. II-Fay 75 1204 232 &] •aves. I 0 s 0 5 0 6 0 9 0 8 0 5 0 1 9 3 ' 2 1 2 )|so 347 standard antipyretic remedies, quinine, salicine, salicylic acid, salicylate of soda, antipyrine and antifebrine. As long as fever lasts, so long will there be increased chemical change and progressive emaciation, and proper stimu- lation and careful nursing are essential to the proper treat- ment of fever. These measures are calculated to mitigate the ravages of fever, and also to lower its intensity; but although indispensable to the maintenance of life, they can- not alone be relied on to reduce the temperature in serious cases. It is especially in typhoid and typhus fevers, hectic fever and tuberculosis, that the great value of stimulation, nutrition and nursing, are witnessed. In malarial fever, nutrition, stimulation and nursing are of value, but without the proper use of the great antiseptics, mercury, arsenic and quinine, at the proper pe- riods, and in the proper doses, the measures indi- cated would be utterly powerless. Without doubt thou- sands of valuable lives have been borne safely through the stages of typhoid lever by nourishment and nursing alone. But the experiment of curing malarial fever solely by "feeding'' fever, would end in utter defeat, disaster and death. The epitaph, "He fed fevers,' might be a fitting tribute to the valuable labors of the eminent physician of Dublin, who treated almost exclusively continued fever, typhoid fever, typhus fever and relapsing famine fever. The proper epitaph to be placed upon the monument of the physician who has successfully combated the deadly malarial fevers of temperate and tropical regions should be: He Combatted and Arrested Fevers by the Employ- ment of Mercury, Quinine and Arsenic. Of these remedies quinine holds the first place, and ar- senic and mercury must be regarded as valuable aids in certain states and conditions. We may undoubtedly reduce the temperature in malarial fever by the cold bath and by the powerful antithermics, antipyrine, kairin and antifebrine, but such reduction of temperature is temporary and decep- tive. When these effects wear off thefever will return with increased violence, if fatal collapse has not ensued. Qui- nine, and quinine alone, in the present state of our know- ledge, possesses the power not merely of reducing the temperature, but also of preventing the rise of temperature in some of its antiseptic as well as its antipyretic and anti- 348 periodic properties. Salicine arfd the salicylates control' the rheumatic fever by alleviating and curing the rheumatic inflammation. In malarial fever salicine and salicylic acid possess but doubtful properties as antipyretics. Quinine in from io to 40 grains, or in larger doses, administered at short in- tervals, possesses powerful antipyretic properties. The ar- tificial alkaloid, kairin, in doses from 8 to 16 grains every hour, is potent to reduce the temperature in fever. The fall of temperature is followed by profuse sweating. Antipyrine in doses from 15 to 30 grains induces first dilatation of the cutaneous vessels, which is soon followed by a fall of tem- perature accompanied by sweating. The normal temper- ature is not affected by small doses of antipyrine, but we find that hourly doses of 30 grains quickly bring the tem- perature down to below normal. Antipyrin is comparatively devoid of taste, readily solu- able in cold water, 1 to 3 cold, and may be administered subcutaneously. Salicin is as certain in its power to lower temperature as kairin,and is more permanent in its effects,, does not produce the nausea and vomiting which often characterize the action of kairin. When applied simulta- neously the fall of temperature is more rapid and marked than when either antipyrine or kairin is given alone. These remedies are of direct value when, from the in- tensity of the fever, it is important to reduce the tempera- ture rapidly. In malarial fever the temperature rarely rises to the height of endangering the life of the patient by immediate dissolution ; and whilst in many cases of remit- tent and pernicious malarial fever the physician may be tempted to substitute the apparently more powerful anti- pyretic agents, kairin and antipyrine, for the more slowly" acting quinine, he may, without doubt, reduce the tem- perature of his patient rapidly by kairin and antipyrine, but this reduction will be attended with profuse perspiration, and in some cases, dangerous prostration. When the remedies are withdrawn the fever returns, and, it may be, with increased violence. Quinine has the power of inducing a permanent reduction of temperature by ren- dering the blood antiseptic against the malarial microbes, and by its action on the cerebro-spinal and sympathetic nervous system. Antipyrine and kairin have not fulfilled the offices of quinine, and it would be a fatal mistake to substitute the use of these remedies for that of the well- 349 established virtues of sulphate of quinine. The indications in the treatment of malarial fever may be thus formu- lated : 1. The arrest of the fever. 2. The prevention of the return of the fever. 3. The arrest and prevention of the characteristic lesions of the blood and organs. 4. The restoration of the blood to its normal condition. 5. The establishmnent of the normal functions of the organs affected by the malarial poison. During the years 1887 and 1888, up to the 1st of April, 1889, author has treated over one thousand additional cases of disease in the wards of the Charity Hospital, and has not only reviewed the conclusions embraced in the preceding extracts from the second volume of his Medical and Surgical Memoirs, but has also formulated, in the fol- lowing propositions, the results of his personal experience and of his studies of the labors of various observers rela- tive to febrile diseases, phthisis, dysentery and rheu- matism, and more especially with reference to the value of antipyretic remedies. General Propositions with Reference to the Em- ployment of Antipyretics in Various Diseases, Attended with Abnormal Elevation of Animal. Heat. Organic chemistry continues to furnish new remedies. A number of new aromatic compounds have been invest- igated and the groups of antipyretics and antizymotics. continue to receive a large share of notice. Antiseptics and remedies of a hypnotic and anodyne character have in like manner received much attention during the years 1887 and 1888. The providing of remedies of definite strength, and the substitution for crude drugs, of their active principles, are important aids to the practitioner of medicine; and hence the artificial production of the vegetable alkaloids is of great practical interest, and the medical profession cor- dially welcomes every advance of chemistry in this direction. The crowd of new remedies pressing for therapeutic fame seems ever on the increase, and so numerous have 350 they been during the years 1887 and 1888 that it is difficult to select those which will survive the ordeal of experimental •observation and extended criticism. Many have had but an ephemeral career; others of good promise are still on trial; whilst a few, as antipyrin, antifebrine (acetanilide), phenacetin *, salol f, and sac- charin,J appear destined to occupy a permanent position in modern systems of therapeutics. 1. An extreme degree of fever, with or without com- flications, is dangerous and must be controlled.-Antipy- retic treatment is necessary-(a) when the temperature exceeds 39. 5 C (103° F ); (b) when the fever is of long duration; (c) when there are complications. In addition to the direct substraction of heat by cold ap- plications, we may, with due caution, have recourse to antipyretic remedies. Quinine is often to be preferred, because of its un- doubted action on some infective principles, and its more lasting effects. Until we understand better the theory of fever we cannot handle antipyretic drugs as satisfactorily as we desire. *Phenacetin, analogous in its constitution to antifebrin ; its technical name is para- acetphenituin. It is a nearly white, inodorous crystaline powder, tasteless; soluble with difficulty in water, but more freely in alcohol and glycerine; insoluble in acids (except in glacial acetic acid) or alkaline liquids. It was introduced by Drs. Kast and Hinsberg in 1SS7 as a reliable antipyretic. Drs. Rohen, Hoppe, Osborne, Grenfell, Leyland, Roe, Macnaughton, Jones and others have shown that it is an efficient antipyretic, and that in cases of pyrexia the action of the drug begins within half an hour after administration. The patient generally perspires freely and feels drowsy but comfortable. It has been used not merely as an antipyretic, but also as an analgesic in neuralgia with good results. The dose for an aduit is about 8 grains, and children bear it wed. Adminis- tered as an antipyretic in from 4 to 12 grains it exerts a greater and more prolonged effect upon the temperature than antipvrine, and causes neither rigors, vomiting nor nausea, but rather a sense of web-being, the patient becoming frequently cheerful and •desirous of food. Dr. Jones highly recommends phenacetin in the evening phyrexial rise of phthisis, and states that it does not produce any collateral unpleasant effects. fSalol, prepared by Prof. Neneki, a derivative of salicylic acid, in which one atom of hydrogen is replaced bv the phenol group ; white, insoluble, tasteless powder, with a faintly aromatic odor. In the organism itsplits up into two co rpounds, salycilic acid and phenol (carbolic acid, of which it contains 3.8 per cent.). The decomposition appears to be effected by the pancreas and takes place in the duodenum and not in the stomach. No toxic symptoms are produced, because the phenol passes through the stomach in combination and is not absorbed. Phenol possesses antipyretic and anti- septic properties, and may be employed in cases where salycilic acid and sodium sali- cylate are hardly tolerated. I have employed this drug in the treatment of fevers, in acute rheumatism, phthisis puhnonalis and in acute and chronic dysentery. It appeared to produce good results in many cases of dysentery. Dr. R. Hl Day of Baton Rouge has used salol with success in the treatment of typhoid fever. Salol being chemically a salicvlate of phenol, and as it remains intact in'the stomach and splits up into phenol and salicylic acid in the duodenum and small intestines, it probably acts not only as an antipvretic, but also as a germacide and local antiseptic in the bowels in enteric fever and in dysentery anddiarrhoea. XSaccharin-A coal tar derivative, discovered by Fahlberg, which exceeds cane sugar about 230 times in sweetness. It passes unchanged through the organisms into the mrine, and mav be administered with impunity in from 30 to 75 grains. I have employed saccharin wth great benefit as a substitute for sugar in the treatment of diabetes melli- tus. In this disease a verv small quantity of saccharin sufficient to satisfy the de«ire for sugar. I find opium, % to 1 grain doses in four to six hours, is of great value in the treat- ment of diabetes mellitus. 351 A distinction must be drawn between fever and its path- ogenic agent; for an antipyretic, such as antipyrm or anti- febrine may not act on this agent, and so may have an independent and therefore transitory action ; or it may in- fluence this agent, as quinine appears to do in some diseases. 2. Heat in excess acts as a direct poison to the living human organism, and the phenomena of severe acute pyrexia are largely due to the effects of the increased heat. (a) External heat applied to the body of the normal animal so as to elevate the temperature produces derange- ment of the circulatory and nerve functions similar to those seen in fever, the intensity of the disturbance being directly proportionate to the rise in temperature. (£) Heat applied locally to the brain or to the heartpro- duces, in the functions of the organs there, disturbances- which are familiar phenomena of fever, the intensity of the disturbance being directly proportionate to the excess of heat in the organ. (r) The withdrawal of the excess of heat in fever is followed by a relief of the nervous and circulatory distur- bances. (rZ) In long-continued pyrexia, not sufficiently intense to induce immediate serious symptoms, the liver, spleen, kidneys, voluntary and involuntary muscles, blood-vessels and even the nerve centres, undergo a granular degen- eration. In typhoid, typhus and relapsing fever the muscles undergo a peculiar granular degeneration. In yellow fever the fatty degeneration of the heart, liver and kidneys is rapid and extensive, especially in those cases characterized by hyperpyrexia. From the preceding well-established facts it is evident that in all fevers a primary therapeutic indication is to reduce the temperature. 3. The reduction of the temperature in fever should, if possible, be accomplished by checking the excessive pro- duction of heat, while various circumstances, as the condi- tion of the patient and the peculiar action of the febrile poison and of the antipyretic agents, nerve centres and tis- sue changes, may force the physician to abstract heat by such mechanical means as the cold bath. 352 The clinical evidence in regard to the value of cold baths sytematically and carefully applied is of an exten- sive and incontrovertible character: Dr. Ernest Brandt has made a collection of nineteen thousand and seventeen cases of fever, in which the anti- pyretic treatment by cold baths was carried out with more or less care, the average mortality being 7.8 per cent. In the mass are included typhoid and typhus fever, with all forms of primary and secondary complications, occurring in all ages, in both sexes, in epidemics and isolated cases, in hospital and in private practice, in civil and in military life, during war and during peace. Brandt has made a second series of statistics, including 5573 cases, in which the treatment was under the direction of a physician who had confidence in it; the mortality is 3.9 per cent. These statistics are upon so enormous a scale that, if it be possible to demonstrate by statistical argu- ments the results of any method of treatment whatever, it must be considered final that the cold water treatment of the continued fevers is attended with a remarkably small percentage of deaths. All those physicians who advocate the use of cold baths in typhoid and typhus fevers appear to have agreed that, although the mortality is very much reduced, the duration of the disease is shortened only in so far as complications are avoided. As, however, the patient is left by the dis- ease much stronger than he is when the expectant method is pursued, convalescence is much more rapid than under the old plan. By the antipyretic treatment the intense prostration, delirium, stupor, carphologia, involuntary pass- sages and Other manifestations of the typhoid state, are greatly lessened. In the opinion of many experienced and learned physicians, the cold bath in the treatment of typhus and typhoid fever is of the utmost value, and is much safer and more efficient than are antipyretic drugs. 4. Antipyrin and antifebrin are agents of great power for the control of heat centres in febrile diseases, and they appear to be equally valuable in the control of the nervous centres in certain cases of paroxysmal neuralgia, and in painful affections accompanying many acute and chronic •diseased conditions. 5. Antipyrine acts in acute rheumatism in a similar man- ner to salicylate of soda, promptly reducing the tempera- rture and relieving the pain in the joints. With both reme- 353 dies there is the same tendency to complications and re- lapses. Antipyrine, however, has the advantage of not deranging the appetite, and of less frequently producing poisonous effects. Antipyrine may be given in acute rheumatism when salicylate of soda has failed, or is pro- hibited by enfeebled digestion, the weak state of the heart, or by cerebral symptoms. Antipyrine has been used in from 15 to 20 grain doses every 4, 6 or 8 hours daily, with benefit in acute rheumatism, muscular rheumatism and rheumatic neuralgia. Antipyrine has something more than a mere antipyretic action in rheumatic fever and should be regarded as to a certain extent antidotal. The practitioner should, however, remember that complications and re- lapses are frequent after the use of either antipyrine or salicylate of soda; there is therefore danger that a patient, relieved of the pyrexia and the pain in his joints, should consider himself well and discontinue treatment. I have seen numerous instances in which it was evident that anti- pyrine and salicylate of soda did not cure acute rheuma- tism in the short period in which they relieved the symp- toms. Either the peccant matter causing rheumatic fever and its pathological complications is not fully elimi- nated, or else the patient is left in a condition in which a slight chill, or exertion, or exposure to a cold draught, to wet and rain, and to night air, or the subjection to mental worry and fatigue, may bring on a relapse, accompanied by complications which may become permanent and dan- gerous if neglected. The treatment of rheumatism with various remedies, as salicine, salicylic acid, salicylate of sodium, iodide of potassium, iodide of mercury and other agents, was fully and elaborately discussed in chapter vii, second volume Medical and Surgical Memoirs, pp. 993- 1143- We deem it necessary in this connection to record only a few additional practical observations. The slower action of the older methods of treatment, as the alkaline potash agents, acted in this respect as an actual safeguard to the patient, preventing the too early discon- tinuance of the treatment before the complete removal of the disease. 6. I have found the method which I have recommended in my clinical lectures and in hospital and general practice during the past ten years in the treatment of acute rheu- matism, to stand the test of enlarged and abundant expe- rience. This may be presented in brief as follows : 354 (a) Local 1 rcatment.-The patient should be placed in a warm, comfortable bed, with soft, warm woolen sheets or covers, above and below. The inflamed and painful joints to be wrapped with the following liniment: K. Tincture of opium ; tincture of aconite ; tincture of iodine, aa. f. 5iv.; olive oil, f§iss. Sig.: Use as a liniment every 4 or 6 hours. The joints may also be painted by means of a brush with equal parts ot the tincture of opium, aconite and iodine. The local application of the tincture of iodine is the most efficient of all measures for the absorption and removal of the effects of the products of the rheumatic inflammation in the joints. To remove the effects of the rheumatic inflammation from the swollen, stiffened and injured joint, the tincture of iodine must be frequently applied over the entire joint and the treatment must be daily and persistently pursued. The simple tincture of iodine is to be preferred to the compound tincture. The liniment above recommended may be used alternately with the tincture of iodine. Absorbent cotton, either dry or wet with hot water, should be wrapped around the inflamed joint, and these should be surrounded lightly with a roller bandage of red flannel passed around and over the cotton. The whole inflamed joint, with its cotton and flannel, to be well wrapped in oiled silk. It is of great importance that all pressure should be removed from the inflamed joint by the free use of cotton surrounding the inflamed parts. The ordinary raw cotton or cotton batting will answer the purpose, although on some accounts the absorbent cotton is to be preferred. The application of the absorbent cotton r saturated with hot water and then wrung out and applied hot to the inflamed joint, and surrounded by the oiled silk, is of great value for the relief of the rheumatic local inflammation and pain. (b') The bowels should be opened by a purgative. In the beginning of the treatment five grains each of the mild chloride of mercury and five grains of the carbonate of soda, well triturated together and administered by the mouth, is in most cases an efficient and valuable purgative. The bowels should be kept open with saline purgatives, as the citrate of magnesia, bitartrate of potassa, Epsom salts (sulphate of magnesia), glauber salts (sulphate of sodium) and Carlsbad salts throughout the attack. (c) Excessive pain may, in certain cases, be mitigated 355 by the judicious use of the best Turkey opium in pill form, one-half to one grain may be used every 4, 6 or 8 or 12 or 24 hours, according to the urgency of the symptoms. One-fourth of a grain of morphia, with one-hundredth of a grain of atropia, may be used by subcutaneous injec- tion instead of the opium by the mouth. (d) To relieve the rheumatic fever the salicylate of sodium is used in combination with the officinal solution of the acetate of ammonia in the following manner: B Sali- cylate of sodium, 5ii; solution of the acetate of ammonia (U. S. P.),f5iv; mix; dose, a teaspoonful with two of cool water every 2, 4, 6 or 8 hours, according to the nature and severity of the symptoms. I have been led to attribute great value to the solution of the acetate of ammonia (spirit of mindererus) in this com- bination. I have held the view that the acetate of ammonia acted as a diuretic and blood depurant, and at once altered the physical and chemical composition of the blood and eliminated the materies morbi of rheumatism. In this portion of the valley of the Mississippi, rheuma- tism is sometimes complicated with and underlain by malarial poisoning and malarial paroxysmal fever, and in such cases the free and persistent use of quinine is indicated. This agent may often be administered advan- tageously in combination with Dover's powders. 7. Salol (Salicylate of Phenol) has been recommended in the treatment of acute rheumatism as a substitute for salicylate of soda, which sometimes produces severe gas- tric irritation, and is sometimes objected to by patients on account of its mawkish sweet taste. Salol is colorless and tasteless, remains intact in the stomach, but in the duode- num splits up into phenol and salicylic acid, and it has been administered in doses ranging from 10 to 30 grains to an adult with benefit in the treatment of acute rheumatism, and as an antipyretic in various febrile diseases and conditions. Whilst the physiological action of salol is similar to that of salycilate of sodium, the phenol liberated in the duode- num produces no apparent symptoms beyond the discol- oration of the urine. Salol has been given in powder in daily doses of from 90 to 120 grains, with benefit in acute articular rheumatism, muscular rheumatism, lumbago and omalgia, with good results, by Ilerrlich; and Bielschowski concludes from his experiments in the Breslau hospital that salol is a specific in acute articular rheumatism. Klee- 356 feld has used salol in the treatment of 35 cases of rheumatism and neuralgia with the best results, and with no ill effects. Kleefeld rarely gave as much as 30 grains daily, as good effects were obtained from 15 grains. On the contrary, the results obtained by Rosenburg were not so favorable as those recorded by various observers; his cases of acute rheumatism yielded promptly to doses of from 90 to 120 grains per day, but relapses and complications were fre- quent. He found that unpleasant symptoms, such as vom- iting, nausea and ringing in the ears, were often met with and sometimes became very severe. Herrlich observed that salol was more powerful than salicylic acid in relieving rheumatism, 10 grammes of salol having more effect than the 6 grammes of salicylic acid contained in it. The question then arises whether the car- bolic acid contained in the salol has any effect on the rheu- matism? Sahli considers that it has; but Kunze and Senator have shown that subcutaneous injections of car- bolic acid have no effect upon the rheumatic process. Herrlich finds that in spite of elimination of the carbolic acid, the darkening of the urine, symptoms of carbolic acid poisoning, do not ensue upon the internal use of salol when given in the. large doses mentioned. None of these observers however have given such doses of salol as are given of salicylic acid in the treatment of Maclagan. The statement of Herrlich that salol has a more powerful anti- rheumatic effect than the amount of salicylic acid contained in it has not been confirmed by other observers. Dr. Robert Magurter of St. Mary's Hospital well ob- serves that if we were to give salol for the sake only of the salicylic acid it contains, and were to prefer this prep- aration because it does not produce the gastro-intestinal disturbance occasionally brought about by the salicylates, we should be compelled to give at the same time a colossal dose of carbolic acid. Thus an amount of salol corres- ponding to 20 grains of salicylic acid would contain nearly 13 grains of carbolic acid, and it would be a matter of sur- prise if this, repeated hourly in the early stages of acute rheumatism, did not produce symptoms of carbolic acid poisoning. In cases, however, when only small doses of salicylic acid are required, and not often repeated, salol will be found an agreeable and efficient substitute. My own experience with salol in the treatment of acute and chronic rheumatism has not impressed me sufficiently 357 with its value to lead to the alteration or abandonment of the method previously given with the salicylate of sodium combined with the solution of the acetate of ammonium. In dvsentery attended with foul, foetid, bloody discharges I have found salol to be of marked benefit. The salicylic and carbolic acids liberated in the intestinal canal appear to act as antiseptics, and as most valuable remedial agents in not only arresting putrefactive changes and preventing septic poisoning, but also in healing the ulcerations of the mucous membrane which characterize some forms of dysentery. If salol posses any valuable effects in the treatment of typhoid or enteric fever it must be referred to a similar antiseptic and curative effect upon the enlarged, softened and ulcerated glands of Peyer. 8. Antifebrine has proved valuable in the treatment of acute rheumatism. Eisenhart employed antifebrine in the treatment of thirty-four cases of acute articular rheuma- tism, and considered that it is no less useful than anti- pyrine. He gave the drug as a powder in 4-grain doses, six or eight times a day for the first three days; then he allowed one day's interval and resumed the treatment in smaller doses. Gruneberg has used antifebrine in the treatment of typhoid fever in doses of 7%~3^ grains; during the period of maximum temperature 7^ grains are required, and this reduces the temperature about 3.6 degrees, but a return occurs in only half to three-quarters of an hour; this dose may be repeated in 6 or 7 hours in grave cases. He has given 30 grains of antifebrine in one day without evil results. Copious sweating follows the administration of antifebrine in some cases, and sometimes the subsequent rise of temperature is accompanied by violent shiverings. Dr. Cauldwell of New York, after observing the effects of antifebrine in the feverish attacks of phthisis, arrived at the following useful conclusions, the accuracy of which we have had ample opportunities to confirm: (rz) Antifebrine is the best drug with which to control the chills and fever of phthisis. With it we can at once check these depressing symptoms. (b) It does not produce the unpleasant effects of qui- nine, salicylic acid, antipyrine, thallin or resorcin. (r) Chills, collapse or semi-intoxication are not caused by it. (d) In many patients it induces sweating. 358 (^) It diminishes the frequency of the pulse, and usually strengthens the heart's action. (_/) Occasionally it produces cyanosis. This happened but twice in thirty cases. (g) It does not interfere with digestion, but on the con- trary increases the appetite. (^) Even when the stomach is in an irritable condition it can be retained. (Z) It increases the secretion of urine in the majority of cases. (y) It tends to quiet the nervons system and produces a feeling of "well being" in the patient. There is some difference of opinion as to the range of dosage of antifebrin (acetanilide), but according to the majority of observers, 4 to 7 grains are a suitable dose in febrile cases, which may be repeated two or three times, but as a rule 30 grains a day is a sufficient quantity. Much, however, depends upon the ailment. Phthisical, weakly and anasmic patients seem easily affected by antifebrine and to require small doses. Larger quantities are apt to cause cyanosis, cardiac weakness and collapse. In typhoid fever 4 grains every six or eight hours are often sufficient. In rheumatic fever and pneumonia larger doses are usually required. For the relief of pain in neu- ralgia, etc., from 8 to 15 grains may be given for a dose, and even in doses of 2 grains it efficiently reduces tem- perature. The duration of the reduction of temperature is usually from three to six hours. 9. Although introduced at first as an antipyretic remedy antipyrine has since been strongly recommended as a sedative and hypnotic to the nervous system, in loco- motor ataxy, sciatica, lumbago, acute alcoholism and other nervous ailments. In like manner antipyrine has established a reputation for its influence over pain, whether administered by the mouth or hypodermatically, in the treatment of various ner- vous diseases and painful affections, as muscular rheuma- tism, sciatica and neuralgia and migraine, the uterine pains after pregnancy and even during delivery. The power of antipyrine, not merely to relieve, but also to cure the dis- tressing pains of migraine, is now well established. 10. A vast field for therapeutic experiment and research has been opened by the discoveries of organic chemistry.. It is important to accumulate evidence in all parts of the 359 civilized world by the laborious experiments and researches of intelligent physicians, physiologists, pathologists and therapeutists as to the following points : («) The chemical properties of the various antipyretics and their chemical and physical relations to the blood, circulatory and nervous systems. (£) The therapeutical, physiological and toxicological effects of the various antipyretic remedies. (c) The temporary physiological and permanent patho- logical effects upon the animal, occasioned by antipyretic remedies. (d) Experiments illustrating the relative potency and effects of the various antipyretic remedies. (<?) Carefully recorded cases of disease illustrating the effects and relative value of antipyretic remedies. TABLE OContinuccl. INTRA-MURAL SEPULTURE IN NEW ORLEANS.-Tabulated Results of an Inspection of the Cemeteries of New Orleans, Conducted by order of, and Under the Immediate Supervision of Joseph Jones, M. D., President of the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana. 156 Washington Street, Eourth District. New Orleans, January, 1884. ST VINCENT DE PAUL CEMETERY CLASSIFIED BY MONTHS. 1851. 1855. 1859. 1863. 1867. 1871. 1875. 1879. 1883. MONTH. GO 5 IS © R 5 . si '"0 c 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 © p 5 "43 129 149 152 lit 136 120 103 81 108 110 1250 Yellow Fever. X* 0 ft "k s '© MONTH. 'p Vaults and Tombs. 1 1 . CD - Q 0 14C 88 86 188 118 114 11)4 178 79 44 99 1238 S 5 R / 0 0 0 0 0 1 23 99 5 1 1 130 s y. 1 9 6 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 20 ci '© 6 MONTHS. CD R 6( 61 51 71 81 7( 71 71 83 93 97 100 938 fee X 1 t ( - ( c 0 0 1 ( ■ 0 1 € 1 C ( Q2 CD 0 6f 61 51 71 85 76 79 73 83 93 97 100 938 । Veliow Fever. c 'c 5 MONTH. OJ R 1 Vaults and Tombs. CD k | Yellow 1 Fever. 1 Smail-pox. I Cholera, month. CD © R 1 Tombs and Vaults CD © c^ 0 © R 1 Small-pox. eg © '© MONTH. CD © R I Vaults and Tombs. ' CD © k cd 0 X c ft J I Cholera MONTHS. X 4- 1 "V aults and Tombs. CD k 0 •JUAOJ I 1 small-Pox. G a 'c 5 MONTHS. 02 5 © R I Tombs and 1 Vaults. Ct 0 1 Yellow Fever. | Small-Pox. I Cholera. MONTH. | Deaths. 1 Vanlts and Tombs. | Graves. © 0 © X | Small-pox. ci © 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ' ^January February March April May June July August September October November .... December Totals "43 129 149 152 119 13( 120 103 81 108 110 1250 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 5 i 2 5 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 17 c pc 17 '12 18 0 1 0 13 3 75 January February March * April May June July August September... - October November .... December Totals 14C 88 8f 188 118 114 104 178 79 1 44 1:9 1238 ( C ( "c 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 1 1 63 45 30 6 0 0 0 0 81 January February March April . .. ... May J une J uly August -.. September October ... .. November December Totals ( 6 (. 1 0 0 1 2 ( ( c c 0 0 14 t ( 0 0 0 0 January . February March a pril May June July August September October November December Totals 56 49 47 66 58 94 71 90 95 84 74 7( 850 ! t c fl ( fl 0 0 ( (J 0 5C 49 47 66 58 94 73 90 95 84 74 7( 85( 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March April May - ■■■ June July August September. ... October November December Total 8' e: 47 58 73 62 89 158 292 264 176 16 1461 ( 8. 6: 41 5f T. 62 8t 158 292 264 17( 96 1461 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 36 146 119 13 0 317 9 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 c 0 0 0 0 1 12 6 4 6 48 26 103 January February March April May June July August September.... October November .... December .... Totals 5t 5( 6C 61 51 61 7C 55 58 6C 46 59 692 ( ( ( 51 5( 6( 6; 52 61 7t 55 58 6f 41 59 692 ( 1 1 ( fl c ( 1 ( I c ( c 0 I fl t fl 3 0 1 C 0 fl 0 0 0 4 January February March April May June July August September October November .... December Totals €3 to 42 48 41 60 58 47 6? 61 60 42 624 1 . I 1 1 1 1 63 4t 42 48 41 6f 58 4* 63 6fl 60 42 624 t c t c ( c 1 0 4 0 0 3 2 C 0 1 0 0 0 s I ( 1 c c fl fl 2 January February March April ..... May -lune July August September ... - October November December Totals 55 33 31 34 49 49 30 36 34 33 45 38 467 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 33 31 34 49 49 30 36 34 33 45 38 467 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 January February March/ April May June July August September October November December Totals 56 54 61 72 73 61 41 54 50 57 00 604 - C c 0 56 54 61 72 73 61 41 54 50 57 25 00 .604 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 15 20 25 15 6 2 3 3 0 0 0 95 ♦Records destroyed by fire from 1840 to 1851- ♦Records Lost. - 1852. 1856. 1860. 1864. 1868. 1872. 1875. 1880. RECAPITl TLATIOJ J BY YEARS. CP R : Vaults and lol 000000000000' Tom bs CD © k ci 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 k 0 2 1 4 14 17 20 10 8 8 8 15 114 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Vaults and Tombs. j CD k 0 I Yellow Fever. 1 Small-pox. Cholei a. MONTH - CD R Sa 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 Cholera. MONTHS. r-" p 0 . 1 O' 'o MONTH CD cJ © p I Tomis and I Vaults. 0 44 44 34 54 64 67 43 39 36 53 47 67 592 I Yellow Fever. ft It £ i 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 J 0 MONTHS. © O 88 90 109 110 171 24 i 164 129 138 152 191 129 1.712 Vaults and Tomis GO © X 5s 5 Y. Fever. Small-Fox. © © ft MONTH. January February March April May.... June July August September October. ...>., November December Totals Ci © 0 69 43 45 38 70 ll 0 78 67 59 72 61 57 7(17 Vaults and Tomis. © k ct 0 a © ( 4 fl 0 0 6 Small-lox. "o MONTH I 0 Vaul bi and Tomis. Ll "R 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 Small-pox. c MONTH. MONTH. R Vaults an Tombs. CD k 0 . CD 9. • CD 'T. | Small pox © S. Vincent DePaul CemBTBEY- L £ 0 0 0 © C5 " Q > CD 1 © Total Deaths. Yellow Fever. Small-pox. wt © © 0 January February March . April May ..... June July August September October November December ... . Totals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 88 90 109 110 171 241 164 129 138 152 191 129 1712 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 14 15 0 60 1 0 4 6 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 40 105 27 8 6 31 14 236 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 69 43 45 38 70 110 78 67 59 72 61 57 767 ( C ( c 0 c 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March.. Aptil May June July August........ September October November December Totals 80 71 85 98 100 104 146 74 89 73 70 102 1092 1 0 1 S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 d 0 80 71 85 98 100 104 146 74 89 73 70 102 1092 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March April May June July August. September .. ■ ■ October November December Totals 69 77 83 86 154 146 166 154 125 112 90 67 1329 69 77 83 86 154 146 166 154 125 112 90 67 1329 January. February March April May- • • June July- August September October November December Totals.. 79 43 35 63 58 74 61 64 94 113 71 62 827 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 79 43 35 63 68 74 61 64 94 113 71 62 827 t C c 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 January February March April May June July August .... September October November December Totals 59 42 43 43 74 77 76 69 43 69 48 56 699 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 59 42 43 43 74 77 76 69 43 69 48 56 699 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 ( 0 1 0 0 4 •January ....... February March . i....... April May June 1 uly August September Jctober November December Totals 62 51 63 40 83 66 60 40 44 54 60 46 672 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 62 51 63 40 83 66 60 40 44 54 60 46 672 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 4 5 1 0 4 1 s 1 3 21 0 0 0 ? J 0 0 0 0 0 _2 January February March April May June July.......... August September October November December Totals 4* 44 34 54 64 67 43 39 36 53 47 67 592 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 1851.... 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 I860 1861 1862 1863., 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876........ 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 Totals ... 1250 1712 2518 1778 1238 769 764 1739 938 1092 838 789 850 1329 1225 1306 1461 827 888 1038 692 699 1098 1052 624 672 583 1112 467 592 690 577 604 5 60 1201 345 130 6 3 60 2 3 20 317 1 106 1 2 14 2 5 1 426 1 1 17 17 5 13 20 25 39 14 9 114 115 62 20 0 37 149 3 59 156 9 21 68 17 41 95 71 23( 7 201 181 1853. 1857. 1861. 1865. 1869. 1873. 187' 1881. 1 1 2 289 403 22 1 7 MONTH. £ cs © P 101 80 69 88 143 118 250 1047 311 97 102 136 2548 1 1 Vaults and 1 000000000000 1 1 omb s. © k cs 5 101 86 69 88 143 118 250 1047 311 97 102 136 Yellow Fever. 2 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 occc - >-4 000fc>- 0^ I Cholera. i MONTH. rg © ft Vaults and Tombs. o& © 0 53 46 47 78 90 82 71 60 56 48 62 71 Yellow Fever. Small-pox. ; Ct © MONTH. CD +- © fl 3 z. b'S -S g J 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ! 0 0. CD k T O A ellow 1 Fever. 1 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 oi 0 0 0 ') 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- o' MONTH. 0 R 1 Tombs and i Vaults. CD © ci 0 | Y. Fever. ft 're .s 23 24 12 14 16 10 11 1 1 1 1 1 115 1 Cholera. ' month. CD a © 5 ■ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CD ® 0 1 3'ellow -1 1 oo^oooogoooo' x' R Cl 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 MOJJTH. CD R I Tombs and Vaults. CD © k 5 s © l> | Small-Pox c€ MONTHS. CD CP 49 39 59 56 61 62 61 35- 40 33 53 35 583 । vaults anc 1 Tombs. CD ® k aS 0 I Yellow | Fever 2 12 11 13 12 4 6 4 2 0 0 2 68 1 Cholera. MONTH. CD © p 1 Vaults anc 1 Tombs. CD © k ct 0 i Yellow 1 Fever | Small-pox. | Cholera. January ....... February ...... March April.. May June .. July August September .... October November December Totals 0 0 0 0 0 1 134 860 200 5 1 0 January February March April May June July August September October November . December 53 46 47 78 90 82 71 60 56 48 62 71 0 ■ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( 0 ( 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 6 5 2 4 3 0 0 0 1 4 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 01 January February. March. .' April May June J uly A ugust September October November .. .. December 91 83 72 59 79 111 67 42 45 63 62 64 91 83 72 59 79 111 67 42 45 63 62 - 64 838 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February .. March Api il . - ... May ' une July August September October November December...... Totals 90 81 54 70 110 105 180 160 84 117 94 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 90 81 54 70 110 105 180 160 84 117 94 80 0 0 0 0 c 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 January February March April May June. J uly •.... ■August September . ... October November December Totals. 58 35 52 61 128 96 95 74 65 70 77 888 58 35 52 6! 128 96 95 74 65 77 70 77 888 3 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 14 16 17 January February March April May June July August September October November. ... December Totals 93 117 88 81 108 96 120 71 76 97 67 84 1098 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 93 117 88 81 108 96 120 71 76 97 67 84 1098 c 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 4 8 0 0 14 0 3 9 3 2 0 3 1 3 15 59 0 1 3 17 12 3 0 i 0 0 0 0 39 J anuary February March April M ay une July • • ■ August September. October November December Totals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (1 0 0 49 39 59 56 61 62 61 35 40 33 53 35 583 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 Jamuary February March A pril Ma.V June .. July August September October N ovember . ... December Totals 56 54 46 56 73 80 61 51 48 36 67 42 670 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 56 54 46 56 73 80 61 51 48 36 67 42 670 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 fe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 0 2548 1201 71 Totals 764 0 764 3 Totals . 838 0; 0 1225 0 1225 33852 3293 1127 1261 1854. 1858. 1862. 1866. L 1870. 1874. 1878 1882, MONTH. CD ci © R s ~£ ■bo > 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CD © k 5 Y Fever. | £ i 1 1 0 O J © MONTH. CD IS © Q s . a 02 > © 5 6 gft © X Small-pox. j 1 ct © MONTH. CD 5 © 0 1. a £ .27 '= d . i 0 ' 1. : I low ' Fever. Small-pox. 8 MONTH. R lornbs and Vaults. CD © ci 0 1 Y. Fever. 3 12 11 13 10 4 2 2 1 0 0 4 i Cholera. month. 5 ci R a . > s k c3 0 ft | Small-Pox. 1 Cholera. MONTH. CD p 1 Tombs and 1 Vaults. | Graves. 1 Y. Fever I Small-Pox. | Cholera. f MONTHS. R 42 38 40 53 46 45 128 315 236 85 i 122 j - ■ ' v aults and I [ 0 1* ' Tombs. | Graves. । Yellow Fever H -1 ! ©cooo-'owict.7M(i>l Small-Pox. | Cholera. MONTH. CD © ft I Vanlts and 1 Tombs. © 0 I Yellow 1 Fever. J ^mall-pox. | Cholera. January . February March..' April . May June .. .. J uly August September..... October .. November December 77 63 77 78 150 153 129 218 349 175 161 149 77 63 77 78 150 153 1'29 218 349 175 161 149 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 84 192 8 0 21 5 0 6 6 18 9 11 2 >7 7 6 9 January ....... February March .. April May June July........... A ugust September.... Ictober........ November December 47 39 67 85 83 88 144 446 342 312 111 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 39 67 85 83 88 144 446 342 312 111 739 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 285 192 89 6 1 6 6 9 3 4 1 I 0 0 2 2 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 o, 0 0 0< 1 1 January February March ......... April... M ay . .... lune July August ... September .... Ictober . .. N ovember Jecember 60 47 32 59| 60> 83 64 92 112 82 1 01 i 0; 0> oj 0 °i o| 0 0 ui; .3 58 60| 83 j 641 '8g 0 0 0 0 n o| 0 01 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March April May June . July..... August. ... September October Si ovember .... jedember 'Jotals 72 82 66 64 90 88 ' 92 214 208 153 89 88 306 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 72 82 66 64 90 88 92 214 208 153 89 88 J 0 0 0 0 0 tl 0 7 2 1 0 0 (1 0 0 0 0 2 125 100 48 42 2 289 January February March April May Tune ' ' jmy....:.::::. August September Jetober. November December Totals 78 81 86 108 94 86 56 69 145 108 71 56 038 0 0 0 0 0 °l 0 0 0 0 0 0 oi 7S 81 86 108 94 86 56 69 145 108 71 56 038 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 57 38 11 2_ 06 1 18 39 47 6 11 1 1 0 0 0 0 49 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 1 0 0 2 0 7 January February March April May June July August September Ictober November December Totals. 91 65 89 81 96 93 103 127 78 95 64 70 1052 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 91 65 89 81 96 93 '103 127 73 95 64 70 1052 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 20 18 36 15 33 18 8 3 1 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 January ...... February March April .... May June July August September .... Jctober November .... December Totals 42 38 40 53 46 45 128 315 2.16 85 42 1122 u 0 0 0 0 0 1 76 189 141 17 2 426 V 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 January February March . April May June July August September October November December 50 41 46 46 68 57 52 40 36 51 43 47 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 41 46 46 68 57 52 40 36 51 43 47 577 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 d 4 11 6 9 2 1 2 1 41 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Totals 779 0 7791345 13 12 Totals 739 611 2 Totals ... 789 ■ 0| 789 ' 0 0 306 20 62 0 156 Totals 577 1 ST. PATRICK'S CEMETERY, CLASS1ELED BY MONTHS. 1841- 1845. 1849. 1853. 1857 1861. 1865. 1869. 1873. 1877. Totals, Deaths, 457; Vaults. 7; Tomb 0; Graves, 450; Yellow Fever, 0; Sinai pox, 34, Cholera, 0. 1882. S' 1- MONTH. - . . • go X X G © X p > ® £ ■2 ® G X O H 0 © £ © 1® 7 0 A 0 MONTHS. x © 0 n £ ri © X <3 A © k o p. x Z "c S MONTHS. X A £ e 5 © k *© P k / 0 0 0 ( 0 0 0 ( 0 0 X . - -■ J X . /X !x 0 0 0 0 0 0 350 950 207 21 7 1 E X MONTH. X 5 X <D p | E X <D 6 X o - - J X O month, i I I x; i i 0 j ® ! 1 § 1 > 0 0^ X ki E s 0 MONTHS. 5 n X X X 5 k C MONTH. 5 2 L "x <X R > 1 2 = x 0 > ® K k c > ® P- ?R = 3 El ® E - ■H CO c. MONTH. GO or? $ 5 P > r E £ £ i- 0 > © M G £ x MONTH. x 2 0 > X co <D k X 5 X c Z X o o MONTHS. ® 5 S P 42 34 36 48 65 73 390 1036 266 87 126 106 2309 X E g a 42 34 36 48 64 73 390 1036 266 87 126 106 1878. £ ® MONTH P - © " k £ = g 7 H 0 > 0 38 0 27 0 29 0 29 0 29 0 37 0 46 0 183 c t ® 2 E £ Eg _o^' 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 126 0 T January February ... March April 7 May „ June vJ»iy « August Jr September. - October ' November , December.. j 38 0 36 1 35 0 28 0 38 2 43 0 34 1 22 0 23 0 38 0 25 0 39 0 0 38 0 35 0 35 0 28 0 36 0 43 0 33 0 2i 0 23 0 38 0 25 0 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 January . - - February March April May June J uly August September October November December Totals co 42 s 0 ( o 0 0 o co 42 8 18 " c 0 0 c o c fl January February March..' A pril. May June J uly August- ■. .... September October 1 9 12 15 10 12 8 10 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 I p 9 12 15 10 12 8 10 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( 0 0 January .... February .... March April May June .... July August September... October 193 98 215 168 104 21 60 60 25 43 19 30 1 192 97 213 168 101 21 58 60 25, 431 19' 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 111 36 126 70 41 8 5 3 0 0 0 0 January ..... February. ... March April May June July August September... October November .. December.... 0 0 0 0 1 0 J) 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 January February March April May Juue ... July...... August September October 95 80 70 65 101 71 69 82 69 97 86 3 1 3 0 1 0 1. 1 0 0 90 78 l 67 64 98 70 J 66 80 1 68 0 97 0 86 0 0 0 0 0 0 o i 2 18 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 January February March A pril May June 1 July August September October ) November 7I 1 85 2 54 3 50 0 89 1 76| 01 77 2i 70 0) 63| 0) 71 4l 63| 0; 0 70 0 83 0 61 0 53 0 88 0 76 2 73 0 70 0 63 2 65 1 .52i 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i ol 0' s or 01 ol 0 0 0 0 0 0 0| 2 o; 0 o| January.... .... February March April May June July August September Jctobcr November 62 55 38 46 82 84 7G 93 65 81 63 () 2 2 3 1 ( ( J ( ( 3 0 fl c 1 £ t 1 2 62 50 36 43 81 83 75 90 65 79 59 0 12 0 10 0 7 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January 0 February 0 M arch. 0 April 0 May 0 June . 0 July 0 August • 0 September 0 October 0 November 44 0 33 0 66 0 61 0 82 2 56 0 49 0 59 0 45 1 341 1 4'0 0 44 0 33 0 66 0 61 0 80 0 56 0 49 0 59 0 44 0 33 0 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 )January 0 February 0 March. 0 April 0 May 0 -June OJuly ) August 1 September 1 October 0 November 48 0 35 0 37 0 50 0 73 0 53 0 66 0 53 0 57 0 47 0 45 0 0 48 0 35 0 37 0 50 0 73 0 53 6 66 0 53 0 57 0 47 0 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 13 0 3 0 2 1 0 X G © X 0 1 J anuary 39 3 February 27 1 0 March 29 0 A pril 29 0 May 29 ) J une 37 1 'July 40 'August 1S5 ' September 219 "October 100 4 November 29 ( December 24 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 December....... 7 0 0 0 0 6 in ovember ... December.... Totals 48 December Totals 65 0 1 65 0 0 December i 49 3l 0 46 0 oi 0 0 December 6! 1 4 58 0 0 0 December 4_;J 0 41 0 December 47 0 0 47 0 i 0 216 0 100 0 29 0 24 154 0 52 0 1 0 0 0 ' Totals 399 0 0 395 0 £_0 128 0 128 0 0 0 Totals 113 0 0113 0 0 - 1036 10271 2 100 Totals 0 2308 1536 0 102 950'12 9 929 31 4 5 Totals 18181161 51 797! ol Totals 808|lt 14 781 0 31 0 Totals 615! 4| 0 612 1 5 1 Totals | 611 0 0 611 20| 2 0 1883. - .. . 1858. 1862. 1866. 1870. 1874. V 1 1 1 E 1842. 1846. 1850. 1854. Totals 793 ( 0 787 188 0 0 ® I i x I © i X X 1 ® £ ? l k "© 1 =8 £ ® £ a H 1 ( i t E E j • ! I | ! I J 1 > 0 1879. MONTH. 4 ; - -'ll I X , y MONTH. H !- lx ; G MONTHS. I'd © P > X E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 65 k 5 t> © 5^ £ *X £ X- © o MONTH. ri © p X ri © k 6 £ E X © MONTH. R co E H 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 i> <D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 5 MONTHS. pj£ 86 0 89 0 87 0 91 1 100' 1 159' 0 92, 0 182, 1 292) 1 162; 2 1391 2 140 2 1619 10 A X CD p 'a i E- p c o MONTH. CO X <D p > X o 5 i5 E 1 MONTHS. . 1 1)1 fl' R C i X [ -E j E' MONTHS. •g|p CD ; X 3 <D । k E 0 ? 3 £ Z H X £ 3 MONTH. 3 ; f'li R_)> d * x 0 x 0 E - -1 CO c, 2 MONTH, D 2 ; 5 - X © X R > 8 ~ i © ' k Ft 1 ' * | - > 1 O*X " = cs W EI 1 0 |X a? C I- J B i 1 G X C X !. p 0 ol 0 25 0 0 28 1 0 28 2 0 28 1 0 28 0 0 28 1 0 32l 0 O' 23 1 0; 17 1 0, 31 2 0 34 0 0 19 c 0 3^ S E - >1 X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A § 0 Q U i 1 2 5 5 3 January. ...... 5 February = March. April c May "June o'W 0 August 0 September .. k October J: November . ... $ December 26, 0 25 0 42 0 411 1 40! 0 411 0 34! 1 25) 1 0 2 0 2 0 4 01 4 0! 4 01 4 ol 3 0i 2 1 0 4 0 0 2 0 9 0 0 0 1 0 J 0 4 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 0 0 7 0 6 0 4 0 3 0 1 0 41 0 January February March April • May... June July August September October November December...... ■ 7 4 9 8 10 6 8 14 15 15 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ~7 4 9 8 10 6 8 14 15 15 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February ....... March April .. May June. .^....... July August September October November...... December Total ,5 6 3 7 14 20 22 32 24 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 3 7 14 20 22 30 23 23 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O' 0 0 January........ February ...... March April May ............ June July ... - - August . ■ September .. • October November December Totals 61 43 85 52 49 43 54 109 95 64 77 10 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 61 43 84 51 48 42 54 109 94 63 77 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February .... March April May June July August ...... September... October November ... December.... 'totals 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 3 1 2 86 89 84 89 99 59 92 79 91 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 51 165 69 11 2 299 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 8 33 8 17 22 20 41 January February March April May June.. July August September .... October November ... December .... Totals 78 32 65 73 91 96 130 272 439 336 127 74 ( 2 1 0 0 3 1 1 1 1 4 0 1 1 76 30 65; 73' 87 95 127 268 439 330 126 73 0 0 0 0 0 1 14 135 326 237 28 0 741 a 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 January. )|Februarv 0 March 0 April 0 May )June • JJuly ) August ) September...... 0 October 0 November ... 0 December 4511 53; 1 66 1 51 1 86) 1 951 2 106) 2 92| 1 58 1 83 2 65 1 60 1 0 44) 0; 52 0. 65 4i 46 2! 83 1! 92 11103 3 88 0 58 0 80 0 64 2 57 0 o' ol 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 O' 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 o' 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 J auuary February March April May June July August September October November December 50 511 47 571 52 63 61 153 130 94 70 -54 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 4 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 50 44 44 57 52 62 61 152 125 91 69 53 0 0 0; 0 0 1 0 0 o1 1 0 2 0 0 0 2 5 0 8 0 6 1 0 0 0 January 0 February 0 March .) 0 April 0 May 0 June 1 July 13 August........ >0 September 15 Oct ober 4 November 3 December 16 Totals 47 2 33 O' 42 0 43 0 57 0 47 0 41 0 43 0 40 0 54 0 54 0 39 0 5-10 2 0 45 0 33 0 42 0 43 0 57 0 47 0 41 0 431 0 46 0 53 0 54 Ol 538 0 4 0 1 0 4 0 4 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 5 0 5 0 0 0 0 January 0 Feb 1 nary 0 March 0 April 2 May 0 June 1 July 0 August 0 September. ... 0 October....... 0 November 0 December 48 0 30 0 39 0 38 0 44 0 43 0 44 0 76 0 40 0 42 0 48 0 31 0 0 48 0 30! 0 39 0 38 0 44! 0 43) 0 44! 0 761 0 401 0 42! 0 48' 0 31 011 0 0 01 01 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 R > 0 1- 0 January 25| 0 February 281 0 March 29 0 April 30! 0 May 1 29 0 June i 28 0 July ; 33 0 August 23 0 September 18 0 October 32 - November.... 36 0 December 19 136 136 0 Totals 318| 4 I 0| 314 0 3 1 4 0 REC AP1TULATION- BY YEARS. 0 St. Patrick Cemetery. Totals. 116 0 0 116 0 0 0 19 6 0 188 0 0 0 742 3 737 0 - 0 12 1597 0 166 813 1 15 1788 4 0 Totals 860114'141832 1 0 0 Totals 882 19 3 8601 19 7 1 13 15 3 Totals 523! 0 0 523| 14 1R43 1847. 1855 1859. 1863. --- - 1867. 1871. 1875. Totals. . |330| 9 0 321 1 0 0 "S ® cfl T H I* p ■ * k © j-; P X E 02 X © "o GZ Q 1880. Yeabs. © k k o © k <D 55 1 55 k k c ® • ® C ® k i zz © E >1 X X MONTHS. J© > n X © k X |X p. x E c MONTH. X .G X • © r > X • X k 5 1* £ X MONTHS. n p 1 X X c H 2 k 5 13 lx -- E X 3 MONTHS. £ P s 0 0 0 2 1 0 2 0 1 1 1 E rC X r X 0 X o MONTH X "x <D R X c £ -4 0 |X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 5 MONTHS. 1 X a if = i-z g ! g H 0 "® fx X MONTHS. X £ "x p > PC E 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 f ( t X ? X s w <D E fx K ® MONTH? X X £ R > E £ H 0 ?■ 0 zz ZZ CD d X MONTH. O ® X © X P > E x H S 2 MONTH. 5 0 © - R xxx •-» rG ® I § g > H 0 CR *© G R x £ 1841 ® 1842 £ 1843 0 1844 128 . 116 . 177 . 176 . 113 194 • 1058 1091 1036 742 • 526 • 569 . 2309 1619 1446 906 950 1813 989 1234 918 860 812 926 808 882 1119 530 616 540 454 553 611 523 479 469 457 793 330 405 . 481 39£ 31t 360 123 2 536 '.'. 299 . 376 12 31 741 15 4 3 160 400 102 166 183 22 4 5 . ... 1 3 2 . .. 7 1. 1 .... 7 146 . 64 1 10 5 .... L5 3 4 .... 2 "4 4 .... 5 1 5 .... 34 .... 6 kk 41 .... January February March. April ... May.. June July ugust September..... October November ..'... December 13 4 10 I1 11 8 11 13 32 24 21 19 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 4 9 11 10 8 11 13 30 24 21 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March.. April May June. ■W August September .... October November .. December..... 4b 30 32 42 55 56 81 275 224 72 60 85 I ( ( 44 3o 32 42 55 56 81 275 224 72 60 85 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 177 146 25 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February .. March April May June July August.. September October November December. 50 57 59 57 66 94 69 24 16 13 7 14 526 - 0 0 J 2 0 0 1 0 s 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 51 58 57 64 93 69 23 16 13 7 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 s January February ... March April May ......... June July ......... August September ;. October November ... December.... ■ • ~- 1 2 1 4 2 3 3 4 3 0 120 92 73 79 136 162 127 274 163 74 54 0 0 0 0 0 1 216 87 11 6 0 0 . 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 n 0 22 7 0 0 67 71 3 4 3 2 6 January February March April . • • • May • - • June. July August September October November .... December 72 60 56 72 82 111 83 77 115 10! 97 0 0 2 2 1 4 0 0 0 4 0 7 0 72 2 58 1 53 1 52 0 71 1 T 0111 1 82 3 ioi not 1 8S 1 1 January 0! February olMarch 0 A pril OlMay 0 June 1 July-. O'August 0 September 0 October November..... Of December 39 54 2 41 55 78 83 84 71 93 79 65 70 0 37 1[ 51 ! 0; 40 i 1! 53 1! 75 ; 0; 83 | 1) 80 1 0 71 ! 3 86 j 2 77 5 61 0 70 0 0 0 0 ' 0 0 0 0 ( 0 0 ■ c 1 0 0 0 s 0 | 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( 0 0 ( 0 fl t January February March. April..... .. May June July... August September.... October November .... December 50 43 45 39 37 47 64 109 :;oi 207 108 70 1 0 0 ( ( 0 1 fl 1 3 41 41 4 3 3 4 6 10 29 20 10 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 Il co 0 0 51 0 0 J 0 0 J 19 0 8 203 0 1 104 0 8 5 0 0 3 0 0 January 0 February OlMarch 0 April 0 May 0 June 1 July 2lAugust 4 September 10 October 28 November .... 19 December 64 Totals., 46 39 ■25 ( 42 31 30 28 41 29 54 50 39 _454| 0 46 0; 39 0; 25 0 42 0; 31 0 30 0 28 0 41 0 2 I 0 54 1 0 5C > 0 3! 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 January 0 February 0 March 0 April 0 May * • • ■ 0 June 0 July • 0 August • • 1 September.... Q October .... 0 November .. • • 0 December 36 0 44 0 44 0 31 0 40 0 48 0 4x ( 28 0 46 C 41 42 47 479 0 36 0 44 0 44 0 31 0 40 0 48 0 42 0 28 0 46 0 41 0 4£ 0 3- 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 1845 01846 0 1847 01848 - 0 1849 0 1850 01851 0 1852 0 1853 0 1854 01855 0 1856 0 1R57 122 93 77 82 141. 164 132 277 168 77 58 0 January 32 0 February ..... 1 29 0 March j 31 0 April 39 0 May I 33 0 June 37 O July 41 1 August , 30 0 September .... 21 0 October...... 37 0 November .... 44 - December 31 1 0 31 1 0 28 0 0 31 1 0 38 1 0 32 0 0 37 0 0 41 1 0 29 1 0 20 1 0 ' 36 1 0 43 0 0 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 fl 0 c 0 ( Totals -■ ■■ : -- 1413 98! 20 13 951 3I Totals 812 11 114 783 Totals 119 111 0 334| 0 I 0 45 2 1 Totals 177 3 ill 21 0 "ol TotM® 1058 01056 360 2 3 Totals 4 1 521 0 0 0 Totals..... 1446 8 25 376 3 183 Totals 1 1 ( 0 0 ( r n 0 IODO' 1844. 1848. 1852. 1856. I860. 1864 1868. 1872. 1876. 188 1. 1860 1861 .... MONTHS. © p nt > "a o X © k X 5 12 8 7 17 12 15 15 18 23 17 18 14 © =1 © h K o P- £ X £ © C MONTH. X © 0 G X A 00 © k X 6 © © P P £ X © c 5 MONTHS. GO p X A CO k 6 53 p 13 |X c c X 53 o MONTH. or c X > X E A X <D k X 5 £ k 'oj k o a X E X X 55 MONTH. X s R X > £ ! m j o 1 g 0 55 k lx 2 X § MONTHS- R > 1-1 i = £ a 5 £ I"® H 0;|x >4 e & X 2 c MONTH. X "x R "E X I c H C X k e D j. X s r- D H ; |x i § 5 MONTH. 0 O X I ! 1 1 M $ : £ cs - 0 j. © k k © c 0 zz ? = (X X S MONTH- 0 1 ® r p > X ® 0 © G > G X ® 1 0 . k p_ © 1 p >x \x © MONTH. | c x O P | Vault3. 1 Tombs. I Graves. © lx k c >1 7 1863 . d 1864 5 1865 c 1866 S 1867 ... 1868 1 3 ... 3 19 334 . ' 1 13 1 1 . 20 ' 1 "'2 '388 . 1 . .... .... January February. March April May June J uly August September October November December. .... 12 8 17 12 15 15 18 23 17 18 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January ...... F- bruary .... March..' April ......... May June July August September.... Jctober Novemb6r.... December Totals-..... 82 70 41 59 73 68 65 125 118 70 66 254 c 0 C c 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 c 0 82 70 41 59 73 68 65 125 118 70 6G 254 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 46 60 10 2 0 )~o 2 0 . 0 0 0 0 2 0 ) 0 0 0 0 0 160 January February March April May .. June July August September October November December Totals.... 20 17 24 22 I3.i 160 10 24 27 37 63 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 17 24 22 133 160 10 24 27 37 63 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March .'. April May- .. June J uly August September. .... October November. .. December. 48 44 45 89 119 99 87 84 81 82 71 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 3 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 51 4' 41 41 ID 9t 8' 81 81 71 - 8 . 2 1 f 12 ) ) fl 0 0 0 0 0 7 8 1 4 o 0 0 0 22 January February March . April May June July August September October November ... • December Totals. 96 61 75 97 121 149 141 96 110 109 91 88 2 1 0 0 0 2 2 1 2 2 1 0 91 ) 6t 73 >r ) 121 147 139 93 107 107 89 1 88 ( ( 0 1 2 1 ( 0 0 0 11 1 o| 0| O' 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January 0 February. .. 0 March 0 April ... 0 May 0 June 0 July -- 0 August 0 September 0 October 0 November.... . 0 December. 69 C 40 67 61 70 1 93 92 99 101 3 92 C 73 69 0 4 65 1 39 1 65 3 55 1 69 3 90 0 91 0 98 0 98 1 91 0 72 1 68 c (1 c 1 c c 1 0 c 0 0 3 I ( 2 2 3 18 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( January 1 ebruary March April May June .. July August September.... October November December. ... 39 48 38 42 37 41 32 46 53 52 53 39 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 16 0 17 0 12 0 n 0 10 0 12 0 16 0 52 0 >2 0 52 0 35 0 9 January 1 February 0 March 0 April 0 OMay 0 0 3 une ) u luly ) 0 August 0 0 September.... ) 0 October 1 0 November. .. 0 0 December.... . 49 . 42 . 44, . 39 . .571 • 43; 501 . 41 37 . 50 48 53 004 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 3 0 0 5 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 4 0 0 3 0 0 5 0 0 4 0 0 5 9 0 2 0 4 0 9 0 7 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 7 0 0 1 8 0 3 0 9 0 January 0 0 February ... • 1 0 March ) 0 April 0 0 May 0 OJune ) 0 July 0 0 August 0.0 September - • • 9 0 October 0 0 November ... 0 0 December.... . 24 . 28 . 40 - 37 55 . 36 . 52 - 38 . 26 - 31 . 53 49 002 002 3 0 3 0 1 3 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 01 8 0, 7 0. 6 0 4 0! 5 0! 1 o, 7 0, !4 1, 11 1 >3 0 19 0, I 0 January ; 3 0 February ; 3( ) 0 March 4" 0 0 April 3C 0 0 May 5 0 0 June 5 0 0 I uly .... 4 0 0 August 3 0 0 September 2 0 0 October 4 1 0 November 5 3 0 December 3 10 3 1 0 2 12 0 4 J 1 0 3 12 0 5 10 0 5 5 2 0 4 10 0 1 6 0 0 5 2 0 0 - 1 0 0 8 10 0 0 9 0 5 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 3 0 11 0 !6 0 12 0 53 0 17 0 0 0'869 0 0 1870 0 0 1871 0 0 1872 . 0 0'873 0 0 '874 0 0 1875 0 0 '876 0 0 '877 0 0 '878 0 0 '879 0 0 '880 188] Totals 76l ol 0 76| 0 0 0 1091 0 0 1091 123 160 569 0 0 569 0 0 0 Totals 6 9 891 1 1234 3 11214 4 2 0 Tota s 92610 15 901 1 37 ( Totals 530 10 0 5 20 0 0 10 Totals . 553 0 0 55 3 1 0 0 Totals . 469 9 1 4 59 2 5 0 Totals 48 1 10 0 4 71 0 0 01882 IRR3..... X Totals.... . 31371 4253 8611274 T-A.ZBIL-ES O-Continued.. INTRA-MURAL SEPULTURE IN NEW ORLEANS.-Tabulated Resits of an Inspection of the Cemeteries of New Orleans, Conducted by order of, ani Under the Immediate Supervision of Joseph Jones, M. D., Piesidcnt ot the Board of Healt of the State of Louisiana. 156 Washington Street, Fourth District. New Orleans, January, 1884. WASHINGTON CEMETERIES, CLASSIFIED BY MONTHS. 1843. 1847. 1851. 1855. 1859 1863. 1867. 871. 1875. 1879. - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (1 0 « 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 2 1 z r. 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MONTH, z X © R 117 119 144 113 104 170 144 HO 112 97 96 96 1422 X ' Y. Fever. Small-Pox. | Cholera. MONTHS. R X 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I Yellow I Fever 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MONTHS. X C3 R 49 47 64 49 48 r-4 49 65 54 29 0 0 X 5 H 7 d MONTHS. X 0 X H 5 Yellow Fever i Small box. i MONTHS. r-< X 0 0 0 0 0 ( 0 0 0 0 ( 0 s I MONTH. X s R 7f 59 92 87 110 115 131 Hl 99 75 101 74 X g Yellow Fever Small-Pox. < holera. MONTHS. X os cd xc X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Yel. Fever. E- / 1 2 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 c MONTHS. © P 60 64 6s 6-1 66 73 75 81 76 71 76 76 5 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 •0 0 0 0 0 z 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (1 0 0 0 0 0 0 MONTH. P > £ X e I Yellow ^.1 1 Fever. p 1 1 Cholera. MONTHS. x' p X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 s X 'j 0 (1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Yellow Fever | Small-pox o 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 23 42 83 MONTH. R > 1 anuary February March. A pril May June July zlugllSt September (Ictober November December 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( ( ( I ( 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 7 0 0 0 4 0 6 0 9 0 5 0 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March A pril May June -> July August September October November December Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 1 0 15 19 59 37 14 1= 13 6 3 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March April May lune July August September October ..... November December 121 89 100 72 58 62 61 50 54 58 58 55 848 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 1 0 0 5 January February Mari h April May June . . July August September October November ... Decembt r 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 35 73 61 43 45 0 ( 0 0 0 0 (J ( 0 0 0 0 6 ( t ( ( ( t 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( 0 0 0 0 0 5 32 45 13 2 ( 0 ( 0 ( 0 0 t 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March April May J one Inly August September October . November December 66 bl 77 74 101 115 130 ■128 347 119 92 40 0 ( 0 ( 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( ( 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 274 233 1 0 1 0 0 (J 0 ( ( ( 0 0 0 c 0 0 0 0 0 ( ( 0 ( 0 0 January 11' ebruary March .... April .. May J une H-Oy August .... (September October November December 0 0 (J ( 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( c •' 0 0 0 ( 0 ( 0 0 0 ( ( 0 c ( ( (J ( ( 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 ( 0 0 0 14 0 18 0 24 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 7 January February March April May J une J uly August September October November 1 iccember 13c 107 7 5* 24( 21C 172 35: 174 68 67 59 ~(0j (0 t 0 l 0 ( 0 I 0 (0 ( 0 ( 0 ( 0 ( 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 J 8li 265 90 6 0 0 37 2 0 0 119 104 3 0 0 0 0 0 January February March April May June ■ 1 uly August September October November December 0 (l 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O' 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 4 January February March April May June J uly A ugust September October November December. Total i .... 54 44 61 61 76 99 73 78 77 101 93 84 901 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 0 0 0 0 0 (I 1 0 0 <> 0 s 0 0 0 £ 0 January .... February March April May J une July August September October November December Totals 46 52 38 47 46 61 70 97 258 220 119 100 1154 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 14 163 127 12 4 322 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March April .. May Tune July August September . ... October November December Total bi 41 49 54 59 75 93 90 76 77 71 80 826 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 6 189 0 Totals Totals 518 0 0 oc 0 JI totals 1848. * V V V <5 - 1852. 1 otals 1860. 1864. 1868. 1872. 1876. 1880. RECAPITULATION BY YEAKb. 1644. 1856. - - - YEABS. Total Deaths. £ j Small-Pox. 0 0 MONTHS. X CD a5 5 1 .waoj 1 [ -X al-nmu, I Cholera MONTHS. CD s Q 50 62 65 77 81 49 54 69 57 60 112 785 X X I | Yellow ' i Fever j 1 Small-Pox | | Cholera. I MONTH. X Q a u 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | YT. Fever. | ; Small-Pox. 1 C8 S o MONTHS. K cd R i «<I '•">[. 1 sipmA X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Yellow Fever ! Smnll-Dox. i = i| 0 h 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MONTHS. 1 Deaths. j X* c 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 1 । I Yellow 4-1 Fever | Smnll-pox. 1 Cholera. MONTH. X +-1 73 83 101 iI7 180 106 110 88 87 63 1164 c ? > Yellow Fever. 0 0 0 <' 2 0 0 0 0 0 9 MONTHS. X ■3 ■' 81 fil 61 40 64 69 68 60 64 88 55 42 753 X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "o 18 6 6 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 MONTH. X R £ 0 0 0 n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X "o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5. te "b 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 11 "o 0 0 0 0 0 (1 0 0 0 0 _0 MONTH. Janimvv February ...... March. 7 April May June July . •- - August September October ....... November December Total 1 X "95 102 96 104 125 131 109 98 114 111 96 96 £ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (1 0 0 0 0 0 © 5 "b 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ! <=o4^w>-'coc>oooc' Y. Fever. z cL ""3 18 6 3 4 5 4 1 0 6 28 "j ~0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MONTHS. January February March A otII May June July August .. September October November.... December 55 R 69 65 52 67 89 67 64 68 78 68 74 52 X 0 0 0 0 0 (I 0 0 0 0 0 0 £ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 © •» 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 •/. 0 0 0 o 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - Oi (1 1843 1844 1845 1*46 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 I860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1667 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874........ 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 I860 1881 1882 1883 Total 257 48! 558 683 1648 785 1720 1318 112! 136! 2771, 1850 1710 815 717 1621 850 1017 657 80!' 901 1161 107! 1191 1154 75: 638 753 826 1052 1033 956 1422 1277 1705 2068 848 813 827 722 518 97 12 548 25 47 10 2 18 1423 317 450 3 12 628 4 4 2 9 322 1 10 18 9 2 5 2 3 12 " 6 4 2 2 I 69 139 38 6 1 19 85 1 11 218 119 189 85 452 40 .... 15 60 43 459 182 182 92 206 48 158 265 3 4 252 83 30 r ebruary ...... March A pril May June July August September October November .... December Totals •) anuary ..... .. February M u ch April -May June July A ugust September October November .... December, Totals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 u 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 u 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February........ March 1 April May Juno July August September... October November December Total 8b 87 86 .95 116 86 87 71 70 83 81 104 1052 January February Marek. A pril May June July August September October November December 99 20 45 59 54 48 42 48 32 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 G 7 4 1 0 O 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 ? 8 0 s 0 0 January February, March April May Juno July August • - September October November Oecember 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 n 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 10 5 1 0 97 F 1 H 0 0 1 1 2 0 o, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 J 3 x m uaij ...... March April May June J uly August September October November December .. Totals 08 08 71 88 183 219 135 78 106 102 133 118 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0| n o n U 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 I 0 0 0 0 1 0 11 0 6 2 0 0 n V 0 0 48 74 28 3 16 14 12 11 February March A pril . . • May ) une July .. August September letober November December 40 44 119 84 87 88 63 50 50 815 c i 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ql 0; 0! li ol 2 °! 0 °l February March .April June J uly August September October November December Totals 67 106 ol 114 97 80 98 89 70 69 1017 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 *' 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .0 2 0 (I (1 u 0 l> 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 u 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "o 6 o o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 u' 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 G G u 0 C 0 1 1 0 0 c 1 0 11 19 B 16 3 3 2 4 12 11 69 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 () (1 p 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1277 _0 0 0 8 85 0 0 0 0 _0 0 n 1369 ol II 18 5 206 Totals .... 0 n si 11 0 0 30 1 845. 1849. 1853. 1857. 1861. 1865. 1369. 1873. 1877. 1881. ... , , 1 c p x' o p 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 j Y. Fever K R | Cholera. MONTHS. X "ci R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 1 Yellow I Fever. E 0 0 (I 0 0 0 (1 0 0 1 3 15 | Choleia. f I 0) R M 0 0 0 c 0 0 0 12 4 0 0 MONTH. X X V R 184 144 198 117 174 186 146 116 96 123 112 109 1705 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (1 0 0 0 0 R , I Y. Fever. ( | Small-Pox. > | Cholera. MONTHS. X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 JOA'dJ MOipx j | Small-pox. I Cholera. MONTHS. JO 5 p T. > 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1) 0 -S 3 CS 5 Yellow Fever. X E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. MONTHS. a? P X X 6 Y. Fever. Small Pox i i i MONTH. cd p - 1 Yellow Fever Z MONTHS. X R > © Yellow Fever Smnll-nox MONTHS. 3 P 64 50 44 41 69 60 56 57 59 5 b 56 40 X 7 f. 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | Cholera. MONTH. MONTH. X s j Small-pox | Cholera. January February March April May June July August September...... October November December -- 35 38 37 37 70 47 73 49 44 41 43 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (> 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March .. April May June July August September October November ...... December Totals ... 83 64 18b 146 237 370 HI 81 94 132 124 9J 1720 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 13 18 13 0 0 1 3 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 32 13 03 58 15 06 7 1 1 3 14 6 January February March / April May June July August September October. November December Totals 102 67 75 91 118 137 527 1105 210 78 136 124 2770 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 372 934 103 9 0 0 1423 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 I) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 24 2 48 January February M irch .. April May June J uly .1 ugust September. .... October November December Totals 50 49 53 44 81 82 62 63 52 59 47 717 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ol 01 0 0 0 0 0 -1 2 0j 121 i o ' 0 ■I 0 1 1 1 1 ) o 1 0 0 9 0 0 3 Jannarv February March April May June July August.. September .. . October N ovember December 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (l 0 0 January February.. March April May June July .A ugust September October November Debember Totals 144 113 122 85 105 112 25 40 71 115 70 77 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o| tn °l 49 33 31 11 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 132 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March ..... . April May June July August September O< tober November December 54 53 42 67 71 56 51 42 55 49 39 59 638 0 0 0 0 0 (1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (I 0 January.... February...... .. March April May ■June July August September October November December Total . . 105 90 105 94 104 88 96 57 81 81 67 65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 43 42 30 22 14 3 0 0 0 3 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January ... February March A pril May June July August September (tetober . - November December Totals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 76 77 100 53 58 48 23 4 4 6 0 3 452 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March...- April May June July August September October November December...... 69 56 59 62 86 112 92 63 53 65 52 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 J.) 0 0 0 0 "■44 9 21 'c 74( 459 0 0 Totals 827 0 0 0 0 0 0 ol _0 Total 0 0 () 19 0 0 n n n n n 0 0 U 0 - - -- - ■ ■ , _r - - -- - ■ -- - -- 1882. - 1850. 1854. 1858. 1862. 18G6. 1870. 1874. 1878. -- ; 44366 478( 1617 1825 MONTHS. X £ s p CD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 6 Yellow Fever | * Z CS s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MONTHS. CD CD P 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "o j 6 p X CD P 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 4 0 0 0 10 Small-Pox. 5 MONTH. s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 £ 5 Y. Fever. SnitilL P<1Y 'c 6 MONTHS. X s p ^x c R > : I 1' 0: o; 0( Ol If >2i >1 0 0 0 1 0 0 I 0 0 1 ( 0 ( 1 1 0 ( 0 v 0 0 ( MONTHS. R 4: 37 5' 5' 51 6: 8( 61 6i 64 7: 5t s I Yellow Fever I Small pox 5 MONTH- January February March April May .... June July August September October ./•• November ■■■■ December Totals.. X R 0 0 0 0 ( 0 0 0 ( t ( t c | Y Fever. | Small Pox - MONTHS. X s c X > 1 1 Yellow I Fever 1 Small-pox. | Cholera MONTH.' X C3 Q Q p X | Yel. Fever tx! O £ cn 1 < holera. MONTH. i o k £ 5 CD c 1 Cholera. MONTHS. X Oz R X £ £ I h Is IS c K E z. c 0 2 1 2 5 ( 1 2 I Cholera. . r January February. March April May June July August September October November December. Tota s.. . 40 45 44 43 52 63 55 62 75 70 77 683 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 3 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January ...... February March '. April May June July August September October November December. ' Totals 80 83 135 114 98 69 98 149 124 101 157 110 1318 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 s 0 0 1 1 4 0 0 0 0 i 0 ( J 9 11 6 50 13 6 11 1 0 4 2 49 29 182 January February March April May June July August September October November December Totals 97 99 89 93 118 179 124 189 356 194 154 158 1850 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 48 189 65 14 0 ) 0 0 0 0 7 0 6 1 11 2 22 0 5 0 22 0 21 0 12 0 6 0 46 January February...... . March. April May June July August September October November December 46 44 55 70 77 88 90 184 430 280 98 59 0 0 0 0 0 ( 0 ( 0 0 / ( 0 ( 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 < 11 3i r January February March April.. (May June. July 'August September October November..... December Totals.... ( ( 0 0 0 ( c G ( ( ( ( c c ( ( ( I ( c r c ( c t ( ( ( 1 I ( ( ( ( fl ( c f ( 1 < ( ( 0 ( ( ( ( < ( 1 ( < ( K 81 94 77 61 8* 251 162 111 78 4t t ( 0 0 0 0 c t fl c ( 0 0 0 0 0 c (1 0 ( c ( c 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 1 1 3 1 16 3 2 3 I 0 0 3 1 0 0 ( 0 0 0 5 14( 73 It I li January February March April May June July A ugust Sopt ember October (November ; December. 45 35 53 65 72 61 75 59 8f 7: 8 48 0 ( t c ( ( I ( 0 0 0 G c ( ( c c I ( ( ( 0 ( G C t ( ( 2' F ! 4 1 21 21 II 0 0 ( 0 0 ( G ( c 1 ( ( January February March A pril May June July August. September October November December Total . .. 78 84 6! 59 85 86 77 92 64 81 87 94 0 0 ( ( ( ( G c ( i ( 0 0 0 0 0 ( 0 c G f 0 G ( 0 0 0 0 0 ( ( ( ( 0 0 0 0 0 o o o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 23 14 14 18 12 5 2 2 ( 3 ( 119 0 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 0 c January Febtnary March t pril May J une July A ugust September October Novemher December Total 102 80 111 112 133 66 131 28C 47C 361 122 87 2068 0 I J ( 0 0 ( 0 ( 0 ( 0 f 0 0 ( 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( ( 0 0 ( 0 ( 0 G 0 ( f G 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 141 341 235 26 0 r 6 11 14 3 t 1 0 c f 0 c 0 0 0 G 0 c f 1 ( It January February March April May J une ■'uly August September October November December 51 3< 51 56 56 61 71 66 52 56 71 76 0 0 0 ( ( 0 0 0 < 0 0 ( 0 0 ( 0 ( 0 ( 0 ( ( G 0 ( 0 0 0 0 0 0 G 0 0 0 0 0 6 c C 6 6 6 6 ( ( ( ( 0 0 (J 0 0 0 fl 0 ( G c 0 0 317 3 158 Totals 1521 o' f ( 62 s 4 ■ 80f ( 1 0' ( ol 1 11 n: f f 9 38 1 Total .... 7.K 1 )l 4 18 954 1 c 0 ( 0 ( 748 4( 'Totals 72; a 0 1 ( 15l ( CHARITY HOSPITAL CEMETERIES Nos. 1 AND 2. 1850. 1854. 1858. 1862 1866. 1870. 1874. 1878. 1882. month. Deaths. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 p p 51 0 0 0 0 99 76 100 127 96 127 150 163 o 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Cholera. I 1 MONTH. Deaths. ■ V'lts & Tbsl Graves. | El l^Feverl " I ' . co oco o o 1 1 - 1 □ 7 z Cholera. MONTH. Deaths. vauiib <uiu. I Tombs. । Graves. 1 renew Fever. Small-Pox. 1 Cholera. MONTH. | Deaths. vaunw iUHl 1 Tombs. co CD 5 xenow 1 Fever. | Small-Pox. MONTH. । Deaths. ^...u.-TTa v n ui 1 -j nuu 1 Tombs. | Graves. I Yellow I Fever. | Small pox. Ct 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 117 41 31 0 MONTH. - n 35 37 56 38 60 44 57 59 117 182 94 67 | Tombs. i Graves. xeiiow 1 Fever. | Small-pox. i /n. MONTH. j Deaths, v <iuns nut Tombs. | Graves, 1^ 4 a | Cholera. MONTH. j Deaths. ' vnuns am | Tombs. | Graves. xenow Fever. | Small-pox. i MONTH. | Deaths. I Vaults and 1 Tombs | Graves. | Yellow ' Fever. | Small-Pox. | Cboh'ia. January. February March April • May June July ... August September October November December 0 0 0 0 99 70 100 127 96 127 150 103 0 0 0 0 21 4 4 15 34 03 63 January 1'ebritary March April May June ' July A ugust September. ... ictober November December.. . 47 05 98 84 79 116 82 401 603 352 202 166 2295 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 65 98 84 79 116 82 401 603 352 202 166 2295 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( ( 3 6 20 23 22 35 13 31 18 8 28 71 ~7E January February.... • • March April May - June July A ugust September ... (Ictober November December Totals 22 26 38 44 56 47 98 441 428 396 123 48 1767 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 381 441 56 47 98 441 438 396 123 48 01 0 0! 0 o! o 0; 0 ol 0 3 0 38) 1 379] 0 377, 0 33S1 0 73! 0 8| 0 January February March ...... - April 1 May J une U J uly August 0 September. . 1 October 1 November 0 December 4 Totals 22 21 26 32 34 44 47 67 55 62 54 48 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 21 26 32 34 44 47 67 54 48 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 J anuary 0 February 0 March 0 April 0 May . 0 June 0 mly 0 A ugust 0 September 0 October 0 November 0 December 0 Totals 10 26 28 38 26 44 50 198 142 132 41 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 26 28 38 26 44 50 98 42 132 41 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 22 41 0 0 0 0 0 1 ( 0 0 0 ( 0 0 J anuary February March April May J une July August September October November December 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 37 56 38 60 44 57 59 117 182 94 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 63 0 127 0 45 0 2 0 0 January 0 February 0 March 0 April 0 May >... • Ojuiie OJuly 0 August 0 September 0 October 0 November 0 December...... 68 61 42 35 53 47 47 51 36 48 48 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 68 64 12 35 53 47 47 51 36 48 48 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March Apiil May J une July August September October November. ... December 55 35 43 44 38 44 60 206 209 81 38 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 35 43 44 38 44 60 206 209 81 38 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 152 0 155 0 51 0 13 0 0 0 0 January 0 February ... 0 March 0 -pril 0 May 0 J une 0 July 0 A ugust 0 September.. 0 October .... 0 November . 0 December .. 34 32 42 50 36 34 40 5S 41 42 42 6: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 32 42 50 36 34 40 59 48 42 42 63 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - I . 1 - - 512 0 512 774 0 774 71 198 Totals... 1 0 Totals 584 0 584 6 0 0 Totals 883 883 381 0 521 0 0 0 ( 938 213 Totals . 0 767 1217! 1 8461 0 846 239! 01 0 Totals 522' 1851. 1855. 1859. 1863. 1867. 1871. 1875. 1879. 1883. ■ Vaults and Tombs Gra /es. Yellow Fever Smallpox. | Chui era. MONTH. V Q 142 153 132 177 142 88 108 81 113 128 127 94 vaults auui Tombs ( Graves. j Yellow Fever Small-Pox. | Cholera. I MONTH. Deaths. I V'lts & Tbs Graves. | Yellow | Fever , Small-pox. ■ Cholera. MONTH. Deaths. Vaults amt. Tombs. I 1 GO o. 25 35 46 60 63 66 74 75 87 133 116 77 Yellow 1 Fever, j Small MONTH. | Deaths, vaults amt j Tombs. " l g 5 1 Yellow 1 Fever. 1 Small-Pox. i MONTH. 1 j Deaths. ^1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 xeuow Fever. z □ MONTH. j Deaths. 1 vaults and 1 Tombs. । Graves. ; Yellow Fevei | small-pox. £ MONTH. | Deaths- v a hits am | Tombs. I WGraves. 1 - - | Cholera. MONTH. j Deaths. vaults and । Tombs. | Graves, Yellow Fever | Small-pox. g MONTH. c Deaths, 80 65 65 40 39 56 54 54 68 8! 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 80 65 65 40 39 56 54 54 68 89 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 (> 0 ( 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February. .. March.... ... April May J une J uly August ... September.... October November. ... December .. . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 142 153 132 177 142 88 108 81 13 128 127 94 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 ,0 23 22 ~8 42 45 21 27 0 0 0 27 9 January February March ........ Apiil May •June Inly August September.... October November .... December 156 87 75 62 115 119 298 534 265 118 5!' 49 1931 0 0 0 ( 0 ( 1 0 0 ( c 156 87 75 62 115 11! 298 534 26; lit 5! 4! 19 0 0 0 0 ( 5 24: 485 204 54 7 2 1016 ( ( ( ( 53 4 0 1 34 4v 7 : 15i January February March .. April. ••• day June. • • • • July August September..,.. October November .... December Totals 25 35 46 60 63 66 74 75 87 133 116 77 857 0 0 0 0 0 s 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 :) 0 1 0 1 0 9 0 ) 0 4 0 0 1 4 46 0 19 i) l|o 67t ol' 0 January ) February ) March 0 A pril ... .. • • 0 May 1J une OJuly 0 August 0 September 1 October 1 November .... 0 December 34 30 36 28 29 31 37 40 49 62 54 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 30' 36 28 29 31 37 40 49 62 54 34 464 0 । 0 0 0 0 < 1 0 I 0 ( 0 ( 0 ( 0 (■ 0 0 0 0 0 January 0 tebruary । March > April U May 11 June OJuly 0 August 0'eptember. .. 0 October . 0 Novembei .... 0 December ... 29 23 32 24 or. 24 55 164 338 218 119 29 29 23 32 24 oel 24 55 164 338 218 119 29 1081 0 0 0 0 n 1 2 96 288 103 34 8 0 0 0 0 0 ol p ( 0 I. 3' 0 January. February March April - - - 'time ... inly August September.... October November. ... December 71 33 55 52 45 43 49 65 67 58 53 °l 0) °l 0' 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 71 33 55 52 43 43 49 57 65 67 58 53 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 5 0 0 C 9 January 0 February 0 March 0 Apiil 0 May 0 June • OJuly 0 A ugust 0 September 0 October .... 0 November 0 December 64 49 51 32 39 33 36 60 45 33 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March April May , June. । July August September < ctober November. .. • • December 65 43 50 41 41 42 38 3!) 33 32 23 27 474 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 65 43 50 41 41 42 38 39 33 32 23 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 February ... 0 March ..... 0 April QMav 0 J une OJuly 0 August 0 September.. 0 October 0 November .. 0 December... 0 - Total - 224 'totals ol 857 0 0 0 0 Totals ...11081 0 532 OI5 Totals 648 0 648 13 0 0 Totals 509 0 0 0 Totals..... 0 474 1 0 1185 0 1145 2 Totals. 0 . 1852. 1856. 1860. 1864. > 1868. 1872. 1876. 1880. AAbAXlA VJ JU71 XTUUi I > Y X JDxXAvk Charity Hospital Cemeteries Nos. 1 and 2. MONTH. Deaths. = . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Graves. i 0 0 ( 0 0 ( 0 2 41 140 111 4 Small-Pox. Cholera 1 MONTH. Det.ths. I Vaults and Tombs. aS 5 Yellow Fever. frm .n rox Cholera 1 MONTH. Deaths. Vaults and Tombs. Graves. Yellow Fever. | Small-Pox. | MONTH. | Deaths. 3 « as 6 0 0 0 0 (1 ( ( 0 0 ( c | Graves. । Yellow 1 Fever. | Small-Pox. « MONTH. Deaths. 1 Vaults ant J Tombs. ? 18 23 27 16 18 14 27 33 24 16 10 17 MOIPX 1 | Small-pox. MONTH. j Deaths. 1 Vaults am | Tombs. | Graves. । Yellow Fevet | Small-pox. j MONTH. | Deaths. | Vaults and | Tombs. 1 Graves. 1 Yellow 1 Fever. | frman-rox. 1 Cholera. month. | Deaths. | Vaults and I Tombs. 5 38 35 25 47 3C 3' 34 31 34 1( 2t 3. 40 | Yellow I Fever. | Small-Pox. oe, i Cholera. YEARS. 1 Total Deaths. Yellow Fever. M 0 *c £ g <u January .... February . ... March A pril May Juiie July August September. ... October...... November. ... December .... 95 111 110 88 158 i89 108 115 163 276 235 133 1787 95 111 11C 88 158 18! 108 115 161 276 235 133 ( 0 4 a 0 0 0 0 0 ( 0 c 0 0 0 1 82 95 21 10 17 11 27 22 January February March April May June July A ugust September. . - ■ October November. . ■ December 48 44 43 4x 4: 56 68 7( 88 75 4 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 44 43 42 43 56 68 76 88 75 41 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 22 10 4 0 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 January ....... February March April May Jure July August 'epi ember October November .. -. December Totals 90 74 56 70 71 66 10! 74 8( 78 6' 74 0 0 0 0 c ( c 90 74 5t 7( 71 66 109 74 80 78 6' 74 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 « 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January 0 February 0 March 0 April 0 May 0 June OJulv 0 Augir-t 1 September ... ■ 0 October 0 November 0 December .... 1 Totals 32 35 25 32 38 34 65 68 60 41 35 522 32 35 2! 3t 38 34 65 68 57 6( 41 35 522 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 J anuary 0 ebruaiy 0 March 0 April 0 May 0 June 0 Inly -• 0 August 0 September.. . 0 October ...■■ 0 November.. .• 0 ''ecember. .. ■ 0 Totals 18 2: 27 16 18 14 27 33 24 1( 1C 1- 0 0 ( ( I I ( ( ( I 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 01- 0] 01 1 January . ■. • • • ■ 0 February 0 March 0 April 0 M ay 0 June 0 July 0 August 0 September 0 October 0 November... 0 December 58 7; 62 57 58 52 3! 43 36 26 3: 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 c 58 73 62 57 58 52 39 43 36 2f 33 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 January 0 February 0 March 0 April - 0 May 1 .June 0 J uly 0 August 0 September.... 0 October 0 November .... 0 December 31 43 48 3r 3* 4f 51 5f 4( 4! 3< 5< 0 0 0 fl c ( 31 43 48 35 37 49 50 56 46 41 34 ) 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 ( 0 ( 0 ( 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January . February March April May 1 June 'July 1 August ' September ■•• • October November - ' December ' Totals 38 35 25 47 36 3" 34 31 34 1( 2t 3. 0 0 0 0 6 6 ( ( 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( 0 6 0 I Che 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 nil 850 0 1851 0'852 X J 853 2 1854 0 >855 0 '«56 0>857 0> 858 u 1859 *7 I860 1 u 1861 938 1485 1747 2673 2295 1937 662 630 1767 857 902 612 512 464 522 432 774 1081 243 461 846 648 571 698 584 509 519 552 883 474 401 547 522 604 1 1 289 1706 1149 1010 44 124 1217 67 ""71 535 23 1 6 1 *38 1 5 7 1 1 !.. . IE. J 6 0 1 .... ,'T 1.. .. 2..'..\. 1 9 15 213 224 286 124 27 s 152 4 4 4 2 1 1 198 53 1 i 26 Totals 0 178' 298 7 286 Totals 66-. 0 662 0 90S I 90S 0 0 11 0 24! ( 243 4 0! 1 Totals 571 c 571 5 ( 1 Totals 51' Ol 51! 0 40 1853. 1857 1861. 1865. 1869. 1873. 1877. 1881. 1862 1863 1864........ 1865 1866 s 1867 J 1868 = 1869 ■">1870 1871 MONTH. Deaths. Vaults and Tombs. Graves. Yellow Fever. Small-Pox. I Cholera. 1 MONTH. Deaths. a ce a > i 5 1 C Graves. | Yellow Fever. Small-''ox 1 MONTH. Deaths. i a; si Graves. , ■xoa-uews | MONTH. GO £ 0 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 6 6 4 3 2 I Vaults and Tombs. I Graves. i Yellow j Fever. I Small-pox. £ S MONTH g 1 Deaths. 1 Vaults and Tombs I Graves. | Yellow Fever | Small-jmx^ g month. 5 I Deaths. 5 . 53 cc 1 Graves. ci 5 MONTH, o O 1 Deaths. 1 Vaults and 1 Tnmbs. I Graves. j Small-pox. 1 f MONTH. | Deaths. I Vaults and Tombs. Graves. i Yellow 1 Fever. 1 Small-Pox. January February March ... A pril May June J uly August September. ... October November. ... December 91 66 76 74 72 96 625 927 229 178 ID 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 91 6f 7( 74 72 9t 625 92' 221 171 12; ID 2675 0 c 2 21 545 86 16' 9; 1' 0 ( I ( ( ( 12 5 0 c 48 5; January February March April May June July August September. ... October November. . - ■ December Totals 2t 35 5( 4 4 4 4 4 7 12 8 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 32 50 45 42 45 45 43 7( 120 80 30 630 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 66 39 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January 0 February .... 0 March 0 A pril 1 May 1 June 0 July 0 August 0 September.... 1 October 0 November.... 0 December .... 6 4 6 5 5 5 7 5 4 4 4 1 J 7 2 5 I 6( ) 4 6 1 5 5 I) 5 0 7 0 5 3 4 0 4 0 4 0 1 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 0 0 » 0 (' 0 (I 8 0 <1 2 0 (• 5 0 0 0 January 0 February 0 March 0 April 0 May .... 0 June OJuly 0 August 0 September.... 0 October 0 November .... 0 December J 2 8 4 5 1 3 3 2 0 2 I 2 0 3 0 3 0 6 0 6 0 4 0 3 0 2 ' 0 < 0 ( 0 6 0 1 0 2 0 8 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 5 0 0 January 0 February 0 March .' 0 April .. 0 May 1 June OJuly ' 0 August 0 September• 0 October 1 0 November ... 1 0 December 2 1 5 4 4 3 3 6 4 2 . 4 . 4 I 6 8 I 1 ' 24 ) 15 B 5( 41 9 4; 0 3! 0 3( 0 6 0 41 0 2t 0 4( 0 4^ 0 46 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January 0 February 0 March 0 April 0 May 0 June 0 July 0 August 0 September .... 0 October 0November .... 0 December 5 7' 8 5 7 4 5 4 . 8 6 . 4 . 3 J 1 3 5 5 8 5 7 8 5 3 7 0 4 5 D 4 0 8 0 6 0 4 0 3 1 0 0 I 0 ) 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 5 4 4 24 5 22 8 10 I 0 0 January 0 February i 0 March ... . ... 7 April 118 May OJune 0 July 1 August I 0 September.... ) 0 October > 0 November. ... 3 0 December 6 3 7 5 . 3 . 5 . 5 . 4 4 . 2 2 . 3 ) J 1 9 4 2 7 3 5 9 6 0 6 0 3 0 7 0 5 0 3 0 5 0 5 0 4 0 4 0 2 0 2 0 3 0 0 J 0 J 0 9 0 4 C 2 ( 7 6 3 t 5 ( 9 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 January ..•••• 1 February 0 March 0 April 0 May 0 June • 0 July 0 August 0 September. ■ • 0 < Ictober 0 November .... 0 December 0 Totals 4 • 4 • 5 4 • 5 5 • 4 3 ■ 4 • 3 - 4 • 5 7 4 1 0 7 0 4 6 3 1 5 9 7 4 B 4 0 5 0 4 0 5 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 4 0 3 0 4 0 5 7 0 4 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 4 0 6 0 3 0 1 0 5 0 9 0 B 0 '872 0 01873 0 0 1874 0 0 1875 0 0 1876 0 0 1877 0 01878 0 0 1879 0 0 1880.. 0 01881 0 0 1882 0 01883 Totals... 2673 0 170C ( 124 63 c 124 0 4 Totals 61 2 o' 61 2 0 0 0 Totals 43 2 0 43 2 0 1 Totals 46 I 0 "o] Total 69 8 0 69 8 60 026 Totals .... J 5521 0 55 2 t 0 • 54 0 54 7 0 0 0 Total... 29386 -693 1572 PUBLIC AND INTERNATIONAL HYGIENE. AN ADDRESS BY JOSEPH JONES, M.D., Professor of Chemistry and Clinical Medicine, Medical Department Tulane University of Louisiana; Visiting Physician of Charity Hospital; Honorary Fellow of the Medical Society of Virginia; Formerly Surgeon in the Provisional Army of the Confederate States; President of the Board of Health of the State of Louisi- ana, 1880, 1881,1882, 1883, 188h; Associate Fellow of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia; Member of the American Medical Association; President of the Medical Society of Louisiana, 1887-1888; Member of the Medico-Legal Society of New York; Member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; Honorary Memberof the American Anti- quarian Society; Honorary Vice-President of the Numismatic and Antiquarian f Society of Philadelphia ; Honorary Member of Museum filr VOlkerkunde in Leipzig; Fellow of the Academy of Sciences of New Orleans; President of Section XV (Public and International Hygiene) Ninth International Medical Congress, Washington, D. C., U.S. A., 1887; etc., etc. [Reprinted from Vol. IV of the "Transactions of the Ninth International Medical Congress," convened at Washington, D. C., September, 1887.] NEW ORLEANS, LA.: JOSEPH JONES, M.D., 156 Washington Avenue, Cor. Camp Street, 4th District. 1889. Press of Wm. F. Fell & Co., 1220-24 Sansom St., PHILADELPHIA PUBLIC AND INTERNATIONAL HYGIENE. HYGIENE PUBLIQUE ET INTERNATIONALE. UBER OFFENTLICHE UND INTERNATIONALE HYGIENE. ADDRESS BY JOSEPH JONES, M. D., Of New Orleans, Louisiana. Gentlemen-As representatives of the science and humanity of the nineteenth century, you have assembled, from various civilized nations, in the capital of the North American Republic, to deliberate upon subjects of paramount importance to the welfare of mankind. Your deliberations will be studied with interest; and your decisions concerning the great issues and problems presented by the science and art of Public and Inter- national Hygiene should be regarded as expressing the practical results and precepts of scientific investigation, profound thought and wide generalization. To those noble and self-sacrificing men who have temporarily laid aside the daily discharge of the important duties assigned them by their countrymen, and crossed the stormy Atlantic to engage in deliberations relating to the cause and prevention of disease and the amelioration of human suffering, we extend a hearty welcome. It is not our province to recount the might and power of the great civilized nations of Europe, numbering over 320,000,000 of inhabitants, and covering 3,777,- 000 square miles, which are so ably represented by the foreign members of the Ninth International Medical Congress; but we may be pardoned for a brief allusion to our North American Republic, with its 60,000,000 of inhabitants, and its domain of 3,603,000 square miles. Its active, restless population is advancing all along the lines of science and art, converting the wilderness into cultivated fields, with their crops of golden grain; covering the continent with railroads, electric wires, and building great cities, and founding universities, asylums, hospitals and museums of natural history and galleries of art. Her head is pillowed among the icebergs and eternal snows of the Arctic regions; her feet are bathed in the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico; her right arm embraces the blue waters of the Pacific, and her left the rolling billows of the Atlan- tic; her waist is girdled by the rich mines of gold, silver, copper, lead, iron and coal of California, New Mexico, Arizona, Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, Missouri, Ken- tucky, Tennessee and Pennsylvania; the great chain of American Lakes rest peace- fully on her bosom, and distill the refreshing showers which sustain her luxuriant corn and wheat fields; and her gigantic frame is supported by the Alleghanies on the East and the Rocky Mountains on the West; from her breast flows the mighty Mis- sissippi, watering her great interior valley, which embraces an area of 2,455,000 square miles, more than equal in area to the whole continent of Europe, exclusive of Russia, Norway and Sweden, and extending through thirty degrees of latitude and ninety degrees of longitude. In such a vast empire, reaching through such zones of climate and ranging through such degrees of elevation, and varying to such marked extent, in its different regions, in soil, corresponding diversities exist in the diseases of different sections. The home of yellow fever lies in the West Indies and along the coast of Central America, and during the warm months of the year this disease constantly menaces the cities of the Gulf and Atlantic coasts, and this fact has modified the systems of quarantine adopted by the maritime States of this Republic : throughout the vast region of the valley of the Mississippi, every form of malarial paroxysmal fever pre- vails, with greater or less intensity, according to the climate and soil, the heat and moisture, the rainfall and peculiar climatic conditions associated with the annual revolutions of the seasons and the greater astronomical cycles. From her central position, forming the very heart of the world, from the char- acters of. her heterogeneous population (more than one-eighth of which are descend- ants of the negro slaves, originally imported from Africa), and from her free and unrestricted intercourse with all nations of North, South, Central and Insular Amer- ica, of Europe, Asia and Africa, the United States of North America should, of all the nations of the earth, be the foremost in promoting the progress and perfection of Public and International Hygiene. The speaker hopes to be pardoned for a personal allusion, which brings in forcible contrast the past and the present. Twenty-two years ago he stood in the capital of the United States of America a defenceless and friendless prisoner of war, with the home of his fathers in ashes, and the land which he loved wet with the blood of her sons and scarred and blasted all over with the thunderbolts of war. This day, after a generation has passed away, he looks out upon fields of golden grain; we hear the merry song of the farmer, the hum of machinery and the laughter of women and children, and before us we behold the hosts of a well-disciplined army; but we hear no rattle of drums and no roar of cannon; the brazen trumpet is silent, and the gleam of the bayonet and the flash of the sword are seen no more. The bright banner of truth waves over these disciplined and valiant veterans ; their way is guided by the soft beams of the twin stars of hope and love; and as their serried ranks march cheerfully to mortal conflict with disease and death, each heart throbs with the love of humanity, and their lives are devoted, not to military fame and bloody conquests, but to the solution of the great problems which relate to the pre- servation of the lives and the healing of the diseases of the nations of the earth. PUBLIC AND INTERNATIONAL HYGIENE. This branch of science may be considered under three main divisions :- 1. Domestic Hygiene. 2. Public and National Hygiene. 3. International Hygiene. We propose to present a mere outline of this vast subject, in order to bring into bold relief questions of the greatest interest to mankind, which demand careful investigation. Hygiene, a word derived from the Greek, means health ; hygiene is the science, and practical hygiene the art, of preserving health. It is the province of hygiene to seek out and determine the causes of diseases and to formulate rules for their prevention ; it may, therefore, be called Preventive Medicine, although this name does not include all that must be included under this important branch of science. A knowledge of the causes and mode of propagation of diseases being necessary in order to formulate rules for their prevention, it is evident that hygiene is largely dependent for its perfection on the advances made in chemistry, physiology, pathology, and aetiology. Before the discovery of oxygen and the determination of the physical and chemical properties of the atmosphere, and its relations to plants and animals, during the last quarter of the eighteenth century, it was impossible to erect the science of hygiene upon a broad and scientific basis. The demonstration of the circulation of the blood, and the determination of the chemical changes which this fluid undergoes during respiration, and of the chemical properties and relations of the constituents of the blood and organs to the chemical elements of the atmosphere, earth, water, and food, were equally essential to the development of this science^ All scientific determinations of the relations of health to the amounts and kind of mental and physical labor involved in our daily occupa- tions, and in the performance of certain trades and callings, must rest upon the determination of the equivalents of the physical and chemical forces and upon their mutual relations (co-relations). While it is true that a few of the subjects embraced under the head of practical hygiene have engaged the attention of some of the profoundest thinkers and most renowned leaders of men from an early historical age, at the same time it must be admitted that up to near the close of the last century it rested almost entirely upon an empirical basis, by reason of the imperfection of the collateral sciences, and the want of those physical appliances and microscopic and chemical instruments, reagents, and methods of analysis and investigation now made available in the nineteenth century for inquiries of such a difficult and recondite character. Within the nineteenth century, and especially during the past fifty years, it has been possible to investigate the problems of hygiene upon a strictly scientific basis, and to lay a foundation on which to build a structure which may one day enable hygiene to hold a place among the more exact sciences. It is, however, well established that, owing to the advance in knowledge and the improvement in the sanitary construction of dwellings, towns, and cities, more abun- dant supplies of cheap clothing, good water and wholesome food, the application of such preventive measures as vaccination against smallpox, and a more enlightened system of medical practice, the death rate of civilized nations has diminished. Two centuries ago the death rate of London was 80 per 1000 inhabitants ; at the present day it is under 23 per 1000; a century ago the navies of the world could hardly keep the sea, on account of scurvy ; now, in consequence of the discovery of the antiscorbutic properties of lime juice, by Captain Cook, and to the use of fresh canned meats, vegetables and fruit on shipboard, and to the improvement in naval architecture and hygiene, scurvy, ship fever, and even yellow fever are diseases of the past, or exist only as the results of the grossest negligence on the part of muni- cipal, naval and health officers. Jails and hospitals are no longer foul and loathsome hotbeds of infectious and contagious diseases; the galling shackles have been stricken alike from the feeble limbs of the insane, the slave and the serf. Thirty years ago English troops at home died at the rate of 20 per 1000 ; now the death rate is less than half this. The extensive use of quinine in the treatment of malarial paroxysmal fever has, during the past forty years, greatly reduced the rate of mortality from this most dangerous and fatal fever in tropical and semi-tropical regions. By sanitary regulations and by the wise administration of quarantine, Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York and Boston have, for a long series of years in this century, banished yellow fever ; and even in our more Southern cities, as Charleston, Savan- nah, Mobile, New Orleans and Galveston, epidemics of yellow fever which, up to the year 1856, so often ravaged these cities, are recurring at much longer intervals ; and an extended experience and an intimate association with the sanitary affairs of our Southern cities have led us to the belief that it will be possible, by thorough domes- tic sanitation and rigid quarantine, and the proper regulation of commerce with the West Indies, Mexico, Central and South America, during the months of April, May, June, July, August, September and October, by thorough disinfection at the various foreign ports, by rigid inspection of crews and cargoes and the employment of acclimated crews, to banish this terrible scourge from the shores of the United States of America. I. DOMESTIC HYGIENE. The family is the unit of the village, town, city, state and nation. From the union of man and wife, and from the fruit resulting therefrom, the nation has its per- petual fountain of life and strength, from which the ravages of war and pestilence and the erosions of time are healed. If the fountain be impure, the stream will be foul. Households founded and conducted in violation of the laws of hygiene are standing menaces to the public health, and the danger is increased a thousandfold by con- gregating them into towns, villages and cities. The leprous father not only breeds a leprous son, but he menaces his neighbors with the foul contagion of a loathsome disease. Sanitary education and sanitary reform must begin in the household. The conditions for health in the household do not differ materially from those in the village, town and city, and may thus be formulated. 1. Meteorological Conditions, or Climate.-1The temperature and the varying amounts of moisture, as well as the atmospheric pressure and the character of the organic constituents of the air, appear to be the most important factors in the effects of climate on man.. It must be admitted that it is difficult to separate their influence from those of soil and site, and much which has been attributed to climate is really due to other causes. If proper hygienic laws are carefully followed out, man may maintain his health in'almost any climate. In relation to human health, climate may be considered as cold and dry, cold and moist, temperate and dry, temperate and moist, warm and dry, warm and moist, hot and dry, hot and moist, malarious and non-malarious. In hot and moist climates the agencies of disease appear to be more easily called into action than under colder and drier conditions. Malarial fevers appear to require for their development conditions of soil, vegetation, moisture and temperature, and in their rise, spread and annual declension are intimately associated with the revolutions of the seasons. Yellow fever had its origin in the warm, moist climate of the West Indies and coast of Central America, and requires a certain temperature for its development and propagation. The epidemics of this disease which have occurred within the limits of the United States have most generally attained their maximum mortality during the heat of summer, and gradually declined in the autumn, until arrested by the occurrence of a decided frost. Enteric or typhoid fever exists under various meteorological conditions, and propa- gates itself under widely varying conditions of temperature. Asiatic cholera, although undoubtedly originating in hot and moist climates and countries, appears capable of being propagated through the medium of travel and commerce in most parts of the world. The invasions of Asiatic cholera in South and North America have been traced to infected vessels, and it has committed its ravages at every elevation above the sea and under every vicissitude of climate. Great heat and dryness appear to arrest certain diseases, as in Egypt, when the plague was said to cease after St. John's day ; and during the hot Harmattan wind of the west coast of Africa smallpox is arrested, and successful vaccination is impossible. Leprosy and various skin diseases appear to be characteristic of tropical regions, where also man is tormented by a host of venemous insects and reptiles. The dan- gerous Guinea worm, the Haematobia bilharzia, the cause of fatal disease of the kidneys attended with profuse haematuria, and the Filaria sanguinis hominis, the prime factor in the production of chyluria and Elephantiasis Arabum, one and all appear to have their home in hot, moist, tropical and semi-tropical climates. It must be observed, in this connection, that in a healthy body an adaptation to circumstances rapidly takes place, and an equilibrium is soon established. Great heat does not necessarily cause an elevation of the temperature of the healthy human body, and provided there be no excess of moisture in the surrounding hot air, the equilibrium is soon established and the normal temperature maintained by the process of transpiration ; should, however, this be arrested, then a rise of bodily temperature may take place, and disease of a febrile character be established. 2. The Soil or Site of the Dwelling.-Much which has been thought to be due to climate, is really referable to local causes, such as the physical constitution of the soil, defective drainage, foul emanations and moisture exhaled under and around the dwelling. Soils may be divided into moist or dry, damp or wet, permeable or impermeable, and again, with reference to their composition and geological formation, as silicious, sand, gravel, clay, clay sand and gravel mixed, alluvium, made soil, slate, metamor- phic, calcareous, azoic and granite. Dry, permeable soils which allow of the rapid disappearance of rain water, which are readily drained and which are free from organic matters, may be regarded as suited to human habitation, especially if they be removed from all emanations from marsh, foul drains, canals and cesspools. On the other hand, soils composed of recently formed alluvium, or of the filth and garbage of cities, or which are flat, wet and marshy, are dangerous to human health, and unfit for the sites of dwellings. The air contained in greater or less quantities in all soils is impure, hence houses should not be constructed below the surface, or immediately on the surface ; and in all cases the earth under the house should be covered with some impervious material, as asphalt, cement, or slate; and the impervious material should, if possible, be laid upon a layer of gravel free from organic matter. The amount, character, composition, temperature and changes of the water naturally present in most soils is of importance to human health. Everywhere, at varying distances from the surface, there exists a great subterranean lake or sea, known as subsoil or ground water, which is continually in motion, both vertically and later- ally, the horizontal movement being toward the sea or nearest water-course; the vertical movement is chiefly determined by the rain-fall. A permanently high ground water, that is within five feet of the surface, and frequent fluctuations in the height of the ground water, are unfavorable to human health, while a permanently low ground water, not less than fifteen feet below the surface, is favorable to human health. Pettenkofer and his followers regard the ground water as determining the spread of certain diseases, as cholera and enteric fever. A previously high level succeeded by a fall in the ground water, with a certain height of temperature in the soil air, are the conditions believed to be most favorable to disease production and propa- gation. 3. The Materials of Buildings.-Circumstances over which the original builder has no control often determine the character of the materials used. The early set- tlers of the forests of North America found the log cabin conducive to health, and at the same time capable of ready defence against the attacks of the Indians. Dwell- ings constructed of dry wood and well ventilated and exposed to the direct rays of the sun, are best for warm and moist climates, and the only objection which can be urged against them is their liability to destruction by fire. Buildings constructed of stone or well-burned brick may be regarded as healthy, provided proper precautions .be taken to secure dryness in'the foundations and walls. Various opinions have been expressed as to the advisability of constructing the walls of inhabited rooms of porous materials, or of impervious or glazed or painted surfaces. The latter appear to be preferable, for where air can penetrate organic matters are liable to form a lodgment. Papering may in itself contain poisonous materials, as arsenic, while the paste which holds it to the wall may undergo decomposition and become the source of dis- ease. Glazed and painted walls admit of repeated and thorough cleansings. The placing of a dwelling on any spot of ground tends to excite an extractive force on the soil, because the air of the dwelling is almdst always warmer, drier and more rarefied than that of the soil, and there is a constant danger of the sucking up of the impure air into the dwelling. An impervious foundation to dwellings is there- fore necessary, to cut off this recognized source of disease, which becomes very dan- gerous when the soil is saturated with coal gas, carbonic acid gas, or sulphurated hydrogen from privies and cesspools, or by the putrefying matters and ptomaines of graveyards. 4. Drainage and Sewerage.-Simple but efficient provision should be made for the rapid and continuous removal, not merely of rain and storm water and of that employed in cooking and washing, but also for the ground water. All excrements and garbage should be systematically and daily removed, either by well-constructed sewers or other well-known methods. Under certain circum- stances cremation offers an effective mode for the thorough disposal of garbage. Filth must be regarded as one of the most important factors in the development and propagation of disease, and it is essential that it should be continuously and sys- tematically removed from dwellings and their surroundings. 5. Ventilation.-Pure air should be supplied in sufficient quantity to each and every inhabitant of the dwelling. Proper air space is of great importance to the construction of habitable rooms, for upon it depends the renewal of air. The air of a room can seldom be changed oftener than three times an hour; and hence the room should be large enough to allow of such rate of exchange providing sufficient air for respiratory purposes. Pure air constantly renewed is the prime necessity of life. We may abstain from food or water for a considerable length of time, and thus be enabled to replace either when impure, but we must constantly breathe the atmos- phere around us, whether pure or impure. Air is an admixture of oxygen and nitrogen, in the proportion of about 21 per cent, of the former to 79 per cent, of the latter, with small proportions of carbonic anhydride, moisture and organic matter, and microorganisms. During respiration atmospheric air loses oxygen, while the proportion of carbonic anhydride and of organic impurities is increased. Within certain limits, the amount of carbonic acid is not injurious to health; it is important as a measure of the organic matter, which is really the dangerous agent; air vitiated by respiration is hence more dangerous than when the increase of car- bonic anhydride is the result of simple combustion. Air is not fit for respiration when the respiratory impurity, as measured by the carbonic acid, much exceeds two parts in the 10,000 parts by volume. If the air of dwellings can be kept below this point the conditions may be regarded as satisfactory. The amount of impurity imparted to the respired air by living beings must vary, of course, with the size, weight, age, sex and work performed; but it may be estab- lished that six cubic feet of carbonic acid are given off by each individual during ten Hours. This requires an hourly supply of 3000 cubic feet per hour of fresh air, and this amount should be largely increased during work or sickness. The diseases which have been shown to be due to imperfect air supply, crowding and impure air, are : consumption, bronchitis, malignant sore throat, erysipelas, puer- peral fever, typhoid fever, pyaemia, and hospital gangrene. 6. Water Supply.-The water used for drinking and cooking should be clear, tasteless, odorless, without color or deposits, and free from organic impurities, and should not contain more than 60 grains per gallon of such mineral salts as the car- bonates and sulphates of lime, magnesia, soda and potassium. Lead pipes and lead cisterns should be abandoned for the storage or conveyance of drinking water as endangering the health by inducing chronic lead poisoning, ending in cramps, constipation, nervous and muscular derangement, paralysis and death. The water should be not merely good in quality, but abundant in supply. Not less than from 20 to 50 gallons per head should be supplied for all purposes, including drinking, washing, bathing, cooking and the removal of fecal matter by sewers. When practicable, the supply should be continuous, and no supply pipe should com- aiunicate with any pipe or main leading to a sewer or cesspool. In sparsely settled districts, water from wells and springs may be used, provided that care be taken to aVoid soakage from cesspools, stables, barnyards and privies. Deep wells, including artesian wells, cisterns and rivers, uncontaminated by the sewage of cities, often fur- nish good drinking water. . The purification of water by filtration and other measures, for drinking purposes, 18 a subject of great importance, especially when there is reason to suspect the pres- ence of organic matters and the microorganisms of disease. Without doubt the waters of our Southern swamps and rice fields are fruitful sources of the various forms of malarial paroxysmal fever. The use of cistern water, boiled and filtered water, is essential to the preservation of health on rice fields and low, marshy localities. Personal cleanliness, so essential to health, depends upon a free supply of pure water. 7. Heating and Lighting of Dwellings.-The open fireplace has the advantage of securing good ventilation, but it is inadequate as a source of heat in cold climates. Heating by coils of tubes or pipes, by means of hot air, hot water or steam, is prefer- able to heating by stoves or hot-air furnaces. During the winter season the temperature of sleeping, sitting and work rooms should not vary much-60° to 65° F. Sunlight is essential to health, and houses should be so constructed as to be open to the full rays of the sun. 8. Clothing and Personal Cleanliness.-The clothing should be adapted to the temperature, and should be of such ample supply and variety of character as to admit of frequent change. In warm, moist climates the under clothing should be changed daily and the entire body bathed in water. In virtue of the increased pro- duction of cotton goods by machinery, the more extensive use of clothing and of soap, the hygienic condition of civilized nations has vastly improved during the past century, and various diseases, as typhus fever, the plague and Oriental leprosy, have ceased to commit extensive ravages. 9. Food. 10. Beverages: Alcohol and Alcoholic Liquors.-The effects of wine, beer, whisky, brandy, rum and other intoxicating drinks should not only be the subject of scientific investigation, but also of legislative enactment. 11. Narcotics: Tobacco, etc. 12. Effects of Different Trades. 13. Work and Exercise.-The mechanical work performed by a man is usually reckoned as so many tons lifted through one foot, called foot tons. It has been calculated that a fair day's work equals 300 foot tons, a hard day's labor 450 foot tons, and the maximum day's labor has been fixed at 600 foot tons. It must be borne in mind that when the amount of work required exceeds the average amount of it which the human system is capable of sustaining, the strain upon the nervous and muscular systems, and especially upon the heart, increases in a geomet- rical ratio. Athletic and gymnastic sports are of great value to young students, and, in fact, to all those who have the opportunity to devote a portion of each day to physical training; but if the work is excessive, or too violent and rapid, diseased action of the heart and other ailments may result, which may fatally diminish and impair the nervous, muscular and vital powers. Without doubt, the health of many robust young men has been sacrificed to over-exertion in the gymnasium and in the violent struggles for mastery in rowing, swimming and ball playing. 14. Control and Regulation of the Sexual Appetite and Relations. 15. The Proper Conduct of the Period of Infancy, including Food and Clothing. 16. The Adjustment of Mental to Physical Work. This brief outline of this important subject, embraced under the head of Domestic Hygiene, is sufficient to establish its importance as a branch of human knowledge, and to demonstrate the fact that it underlies Public, National and International Hygiene. IL PUBLIC AND NATIONAL HYGIENE. The principles of domestic hygiene include those of public and national hygiene. The recognition of hygienic laws in the conduct of the sanitary affairs of towns, cities, hospitals, prisons, armies and navies has been of comparatively recent date; and even at the present day many cities and States in this republic are without efficient health organizations and intelligible and practicable health laws. 1. Boards of Health.-It would obviously be impossible to formulate or execute rules for the guidance and protection of the public health without organized bodies charged with their execution. In the United States the subject of public health has been legislated by the people, to a certain extent, as a police question, and both local and State boards of health have sprung into existence. The efforts of the general government to legis- late on health matters have been spasmodic, and thus far have not brought forth the valuable fruits, either in measures or men, which the citizens of a great republic have a right to expect and demand. Health laws are too often ambiguous, of doubtful utility, and wanting in the essential elements of clearness and power of immediate execution. In many cities the powers of the municipal government and of the board of health are not clearly defined, leading to divided responsibility, neglect of duty, a lax administration of sanitary laws, and a shameful neglect of the public health. This condition of affairs has given rise to the formation of so-called auxiliary sani- tary associations, whose existence is a standing reproach to the municipal authorities and boards of health, and whose oft-repeated carping criticisms of the legally con- stituted authorities, and perpetual appeals for money, have tended to bring public hygiene into unmerited disrepute. The effects of divided authority and of the uncertain sounds of a multitude of councillors is shown at the present day in the deplorable condition and high death rate of many American cities, but most conspicuously in New Orleans, with its entire sewage and drainage system of canals filled with a foul mass of mud, excre- ment and garbage, polluting the air with their poisonous vapors, breeding diph- theria, diarrhoea, dysentery and malarial fever, and causing the overflow of the thoroughfares by every passing shower. The true theory of this republican form of government is that the officers who are elected by the votes of the people are the servants, and not the masters of the people; that laws were made for the guidance of the governor as well as the governed ; that taxes are collected for the use of the taxpayer, and not for political parasites and robbers ; that an upright officer has no discretion in the execution of the law, which is the indestructible and inexorable guide to his acts. The people and their servants, the officers, cannot wisely or legally delegate the execution of sanitary laws to voluntary and self-appointed associations, any more than they can delegate the execution of judicial matters to irresponsible parties. Health officers and municipal officers must be held responsible for the protection of the public health and the preservation of the lives of the people from all prevent- able causes of disease and death. The want of uniform health laws in the States and communities of the United States was clearly shown in the terror, alarm, and by the untold horrors of the shot- gun quarantines of the yellow fever epidemic of 1878, and in the more recent Biloxi fever of 1886. The recent outbreak of yellow fever at Key West, Florida, revealed the fact that this great and fertile State, holding the nearest position to the recog- nized home of yellow fever, was without a well-organized central board of health. It is manifestly the duty of the States comprising this republic, in their sovereign capacity and in virtue of their inherent police powers and their rights under the Constitution, to meet together by their chosen representatives in general convention, and consult together on the subject of public and national hygiene, including quaran- tine, and after careful and mature deliberation to frame and adopt a uniform system of health and quarantine rules and laws, which shall be supreme over this entire republic, and apply to all emergencies and to all cases of domestic and foreign pes- tilence. The police, sanitary and quarantine powers and laws of the individual and of the general government should be clearly defined, and a uniform system of health and quarantine laws adopted by the States and national government. 2. Vital Statistics.-The advancement of public hygiene during the past thirty years has been largely due to the increased attention paid by local and general boards of health and by civilized governments to the collection, preservation, publication and classification of vital statistics. Foremost in this most important work of tabu- lating the births, deaths and causes of death must be reckoned the Registrar Gen- eral of England, whose statistical work during the past forty years has influenced not only England and Europe, but the entire world. We are now able to determine the limits of mortality and its causes with some precision, and are obtaining correct data for the interpretation of a too high death rate. The chief vital statistics bearing upon public health are :- (a) Determination of the birth rate. (6) Determination of the general death rate. (c) Determination of death rate according to sex, age and disease. (d) Determination of the health of classes of the community as judged of by their expectation of life at given ages. There are many other problems, but these are the most important. The collection of statistics of sickness, apart from mortality, has not hitherto been successful, on account of the difficulty of collecting the data with sufficient accuracy. The gross death rate is but an elementary expression which should be accom- panied by further analysis of mortality according to ages and disease, and also by considerations of the death rate. As far as it goes, however, the gross death rate, without distinction of age, sex or disease, has shown valuable uses in the institution of comparisons in the mortality of different localities, seasons and years. It has thus been assumed in England and other countries that the death rate is nowhere satisfactory if it exceeds 23 per annum per 1000 of population. In the United States, as well as in all civilized countries, the progress and per- fection of public and national hygiene will be advanceiby the following regulations;- (a) Careful registration of all physicians, midwives and undertakers. (6) Regulation by law of the practice of the medical profession. (c) Scientific and uniform classification of all diseases and causes of death. (d) Forms for the systematic reports of births, giving sex, race and condition. (e) Forms for reports of deaths, giving age, place of death, date of death, cause of death, sex, occupation, condition, length of illness, birthplace, etc. (/) Record of marriages, giving age, race and condition. The system of registering vital statistics should be uniform throughout the civil- ized world, and should in all cases give data for the calculation of the following: Number of the population and of various persons of various races, ages, sexes and occupations ; the number of deaths, the sex, ages and condition of the persons dying and the diseases caifsing the mortality. The national census furnishes some of these figures, and the medical profession furnish the rest. A very great responsibility, therefore, rests upon the medical pro- fession, for the proper regulation of public hygiene, by pointing out the effects of locality, trade, occupation, diet, water, crowding and heredity upon the mortality of different classes and at different ages. 3. Relations of Race to Public Hygiene and to the National Death Rate. The political, social and sanitary problems presented by the negro race in the United States of America are of the gravest character, and remain unsolved. The African slave trade, established by British rulers, conducted by British slavers and fostered by New England merchants, New England capital and New England seamen, transported to the shores of the English colonies a black, barbaric race, with strong physical characters and race peculiarities, but destitute of learning, arts, civil- ization or historic fame. The negroes slowly but steadily gravitated to the Southern States, which were better adapted, by soil, climate, and peculiar productions, to slave labor. The concentration of the slaves in the States of Maryland, Virginia, North Caro- lina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee and Kentucky, led to sectional peculiarities, senti- ments, prejudices and politics, which finally, through the perpetual agitation of the abolitionists, led to sectional hatred; uncompromising hatred finally led to bloody, relentless, fratricidal warfare. If the States of this Republic had been guided by the counsels of great, good and wise statesmen, the bloody Civil War of 1861-65, withits million of slain and its billions of lost treasure, would never have taken place, but would have been superseded by a wisely devised system of gradual emancipation, which would have left these people free, happy, prosperous and united, and the soil of the Republic would have been unpolluted by the blood of her sons. Transported from slavery to freedom, not by their own power or prowess, the negro slaves were called upon to assume new duties and to play a new role in the march of civilization, in the heart of a great nation of white men, with different race peculiarities, manners, customs, traditions and moral and intellectual endowments. We believe it to be the duty of the stronger race to protect the weaker; at the same time we do not believe that the progress of civilization on this continent will ever be checked by the domination of the white race by the negro or the Chinese. No greater crime can be conceived or perpetrated in the annals of humanity than the amalgamation and mongrelization of a superior with an inferior and barbaric race, or the political subjection of the former to the latter. This is not the time or the place for the discussion of political and social prob- lems, and we pass at once to the brief consideration of the influence of race on the gross mortality of this country. In the United States census for 1880 we find that in a population of 43,402,970 whites there are recorded, for the year 1880, 640,191 deaths, giving a mortality of 14.74 per 1000 inhabitants. In a population of 6,752,813 colored, there were recorded 116,702 deaths, giv- ing a mortality of 17.28 per thousand. Taking the States east of the Mississippi river which have the largest popula- tion of colored people, namely, Alabama, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, North and South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia and Louisiana (including in this latter State that part west of the river also), we find that the total white population is 8,530,962, and the number of deaths of whites recorded 113,110, giving a death rate of 14.4 per thousand. The colored population of the same States was given as 5,303,267, and the num- ber of deaths among them reported, 91,328, giving a death rate of 17.22 per thousand. In this section of the country the deficiencies of the enumerators' returns of deaths are above the average, and they are greater than for the white race, so that the deficiencies between the mortality rates of the two races is greater than that indicated above. In the Southern States the ratio of mortality is greater among the colored people than among the whites, in the ratio of 17.29 colored to 14.4 white per 1000 inhabitants. In the same group of Southern States referred to, over one-half the deaths reported, or 507.10 per thousand deaths, occur under five years of age. Of the col- ored females, 438.47 per thousand deaths are reported under five years of age. The proportion is less in the white race. This excess of infantile mortality in the colored race occurs in each grand group in which the distinction of color is made, and is the main cause of the excess of mortality in the colored race over the white. The mortality in the colored race is greatly increased in the large cities of the United States, as will be illustrated by the following. The statistics of Savannah, Georgia, as far as I have been able to examine them, are as follows :- SAVANNAH, GEORGIA: TOTAL DEATHS FROM ALL CAUSES IN WHITE AND BLACK RACES. Y EARS. Total Deaths. White. Total Deaths. Black. White and Black. Total. 1854 1221 308 1529 1855 433 292 725 1856 466 297 763 1857 376 264 640 1858 592 262 854 1859 430 273 703 1860 474 282 756 1861 563 269 832 1862 555 372 927 1863 459 389 848 1864 747 446 1193 1865 1202 819 2021 1866 530 912 1442 1867 476 594 1070 1868 498 581 1079 1869 423 429 852 Total deaths from 1856 to 1869, 16,234. The whites appear to be in excess of the colored population in Savannah, and the mortality is greater in proportion to the population of the latter. In New Orleans, Louisiana, the colored race forms a larger proport ion of the pop- ulation than in any other American city. We have established, by carefully recorded statistics, now in the possession of the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana, that the death rate of the colored race exceeds that of the whites in the cities of the Vol. IV-20 United States, no matter where the statistics be gathered, whether in southern or northern regions. As we have examined the statistics of New Orleans more fully than those of other American cities, we give the gross results of the investigations illustrating the mortality of New Orleans for a series of years in the following table, giving the rate of mortality per 1000 white, colored inhabitants, and total mortality. MORTALITY OF NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA-DEATH RATE PER 1000 INHABITANTS. Year. White. Colored. Total. 1845 25.10 22 50 24.32 1847 70.86 37.08 62 03 1849 81.92 62.91 77.44 1850 63.08 52.10 59.38 1852 67.91 43.04 62.90 1853 124.68 48.98 100.09 1856 32.98 35.66 33.89 1857 34.86 38.07 35.49 1858 69.64 80.37 72.70 1859 33.58 86.78 41.53 1860 41.99 52.79 43.51 1861 31.58 37.16 31.87 1863 37.30 59.53 41.35 1864 42.14 81.75 49.86 1865 33.32 60.88 38.99 1866 36.77 65.56 42.52 1867 56.79 47.80 54.69 1868 25.49 38.97 28.60 1869 27.29 • 44.80 31.75 1870 33.74 52.20 38.61 1871 27.26 42.76 31.32 1872 27.29 41.93 31.17 1873 32.79 51.42 37.73 1874 29.53 43.44 33.75 1875 26.28 40.25 30.00 1876 25.87 42.50 30.31 1877 25.96 49.02 32.11 1878 52.05 39.94 48.81 1879 20.85 32.41 23.95 1880 22.96 34.38 26.01 1881 25.79 38.95 29.31 1882 21.89 39.03 26.45 During a period of thirty-two years embraced in the above table, with the excep- tion of 1879, the death rate among the whites was the lowest in 1882. The average death rate for the thirty-two years among the whites was about 39.6 per thousand, for the colored about 47.1 per thousand. These statistics establish the fact that the death rate among the colored popula- tion is heavier than among the white. There was a marked diminution of the death rate among the whites, and also among the colored during the year 1879 to 1882 inclusive; this diminution was largely due to the sanitary operations of the Board of Health of the State of Louisi- ana, and to the thorough, rigid and scientific system of quarantine established and maintained during the period which I held the position of President of the Board. The results of the rigid system of quarantine and of domestic, public and maritime sanitation conducted during the years 1880-83 by the Board of Health, lead us to hope that foreign pestilence may he forever excluded from the valley of the Mississippi. As to the causes of the greater mortality of the colored race in Southern cities, as far as our observations have extended, they appear to be as follows:- (1) The negro has been but comparatively recently enfranchised, and is in a tran- sition state; freedom coming by the violent cataclasm of war and civil revolution found him unprepared, to a large extent, to reap its benefits. How long it will require the negro to obtain the necessary sanitary knowledge to reduce his death rate to the minimum is a question for the future. That he has not yet attained this knowledge is known to every careful and conscientious observer. That he has failed to accumulate any large amount of property, as a race, during his twenty-two years of freedom is well known. (2) Poverty and ignorance breed dissolute habits, engender imprudence, and directly and indirectly breed disease from poor diet, crowding, and the violation of all known sanitary laws. Health is incompatible with crowding and filth. The destruc- tive effects of poverty, poor diet, crowding, scanty clothing and filth and neglect are especially manifest in the high death rate among negro children. (3) While the better classes of the colored people bind themselves together in societies for mutual aid, and employ physicians for the sick, and furnish medicine as well as food for the sick and destitute, large numbers, especially those crowding into the cities from the surrounding plantations, enjoy no advantages of this kind, and too frequently are crowded together in the hovels of the purlieus. (4) Vice and alcoholic stimulants are potent factors among the latter class, including the roustabouts (steamboat hands), who frequent low drinking and gam- bling hells and obscene dance houses in the slums of certain parts of the city. (5) Crowding and improper food, and in many cases absence of medical attend- ance and insufficiency of clothing and fuel during the winter months, without doubt largely increase the mortality rate, especially among the colored children. (6) The neglect of vaccination by the colored race makes them peculiarly liable to the ravages of smallpox, as I have shown by statistics collected during the last forty years. Owing to a large population of probably now over 60,000 colored people (U. S. census of 1880: white, 158,367; colored, 57,723; total, 216,090), New Orleans is perpetually exposed to epidemics of smallpox whenever this disease is introduced into the United States. The incubative period of smallpox being four- teen days, the negroes from the surrounding plantations who visit the city bring in their persons the seeds of the disease. (7) Statistics show that in the country outside of the city, the negro is very pro- lific, and that the race is increasing, notwithstanding the large death rate in the city. The early period at which the negro women begin to bear children, and the frequency with which illegal sexual intercourse takes place in this race also cause an increase in the birth rate in the agricultural districts of the Southern States. 4. Location of Towns and Cities.-Dwellings should be scattered over as large an area as possible, for sickness and death are often in proportion to the amount of area per head occupied by a community. The area per head of the population of London is estimated as double that of Paris and many other cities, while at the same time its death rate is smaller than that of any other large city in Europe. The comparatively large rate of mortality of New York city is largely due to the crowded condition of its population, which appears to increase with the growth of the city. New Orleans, notwithstanding its situation in a low, marshy, ill-drained basin, below the high water line of the river and lakes, and notwithstanding its hot, moist, semi-tropical climate and malarious surroundings, is much less unhealthy than could have been calculated or expected by the sanitarian; and this comparative immunity from disease and death is largely due to the wide area occupied by its inhabitants and the large number of small wooden houses, each one of which is occupied by a single family. During the intense heat of the North American summer, the effects of lofty buildings and crowding of the population are shown by the frightful mortality among children in New York and other North American cities. Fortunately, these heated spells are of comparatively short duration. The choice of the sites of towns and cities have been unfortunately, in many cases, the results of causes which had no bearing on their hygienic condition; so, also, the arrangement, the size and character of the houses, the width of streets, and the presence or absence of open areas and squares, have been regulated by the neces- sities of commerce and the accidents and exactions of war. In the United States, Savannah, Georgia, which was laid off by Oglethorpe one hundred and fifty-four years ago, may be regarded, with its alternate open squares, covered with evergreen live oaks, as presenting an admirable plan to secure the health and comfort of the inhabitants of a city located in a warm, moist climate. So, also, the plan which Mr. Jefferson proposed for the improvement of New Orleans, at the time of the purchase of Louisiana from the French, approached nearly to that which had been put in execution by Oglethorpe seventy years before in the British colony of Georgia. Cities should in all cases, where the sanitarian is consulted, occupy elevated, dry, well-drained situations. The soil should be connected with large masses of water, as lakes, running streams and rivers, provided they are not used for drinking water, and in that case the drainage of the city should be discharged below the source of water supply. In most cases, however, the sanitarian of the present day has no choice whatever in the selection of the sites of cities, and he is compelled to overcome by engineering skill the original defects of elevation, drainage and position. 5. Drainage and Sewerage.-The first and prime requisite for health is the free and continuous removal of the subsoil water, and of rain and storm water. No cause of disease is more potent than the accumulation of stagnant water under human habitations. Without doubt, phthisis, diarrhoea, dysentery, cholera infantum, sore throat, diphtheria and bronchitis, hepatitis, intermittent fever and anaemia, find the chief conditions for their development and propagation in the foul emanations and poisonous moisture exhaled under, in and around houses located in depressions which receive the leakage of the surrounding filthy yards and privies. If we could suddenly uncover one of our modern cities, we would be appalled by the low depres- sions filled with a solution of human excrements and filth, and the yawning privies groaning under their load of putrid faeces. Thorough drainage is the only mode of permanently drying the soil. Paving the soil with slate or asphalt, without doubt, excludes a certain portion of moisture and exhalations from the portions paved, but this measure does not prevent the exhala- tion of the moisture and foul ground air in unpaved localities. The relations offilth to the public health may be thus classified :- (a) Relative merits of the various plans of sewerage and the disposal of garbage and fecal matter. (6) Organization of the scavenger force. (c) Best method of disposing of the dead. (d) The effects of putrefaction in the dissemination of the germs of contagious and infectious diseases, such as cholera, yellow fever, smallpox, measles, scarlet fever, etc. (e) Cremation. Sewers may be so arranged as to serve for drainage, for the removal of house water, as well as for the removal of ground water. Each town should have a system of sewers or a system of deep drainage of some kind; there should be no cesspools, middens, manure piles, or accumulations of faeces or filth of any kind within the limits of any city. Every refuse of garbage and fecal matter, and filth of all kinds, should be constantly removed, and should never be allowed to soak into the ground, which should be secured against every source of contamination. The careful and thorough paving of all streets, courts, and of the soil underneath all houses, so as to prevent surface impurities from soaking in, and the construction of the public sewers so as to allow of no overflow, will preserve the soil of cities free from those impurities which, under the influence of heat, air and water, generate injurious effluvia that may be sucked into houses. Great care should be exercised in filling up depressions and in raising the low lots in cities. It is too often the case, as in New Orleans and other American cities, that the Takings of gutters, the foul, stinking mud of canals which receive the sewage of the city, are employed for making and repairing streets and filling lots. The fearful epidemic yellow fever of 1878 was supposed to have been aggravated in its symptoms and accelerated in its march by the utter disregard of the public health by the municipal authorities of New Orleans, in dumping large masses of garbage and filth in various localities within the limits of the city. The conditions of effective drainage and sewerage are greatly complicated when, as in the case of New Orleans, the site of the city is below the level of the high water in the lake and Mississippi river, thus necessitating the lifting up of the drain- age and storm water over the levee surrounding the city by strong machinery. In made ground at least three years are required for the disappearance of the more easily decomposed animal and vegetable matters. In other soils it may be longer, as in the impure soil of old graveyards. We have clearly demonstrated, in our reports to the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana, 1880-1884, that at least one-half the deaths occurring in New Orleans may be traced to preventable causes, such as- (1) Imperfect drainage. (2) Imperfect sewerage, or, more correctly, no sewerage at all. (3) Ill-constructed, ill-ventilated brick buildings, the floors of which rest upon a tenacious clay saturated with the soakings from privies. (4) Accumulation of fecal matters, garbage and filth of all descriptions in the drainage canals, as well as within the habitable limits of the city and in the vast network of foul gutters. (5) Neglect of vaccination on the part of large masses of the population. (6) Imported pestilence : yellow fever and Asiatic cholera. It is true that other American cities will fall within the preceding indictment; and it must also be admitted that greater attention has been paid to sanitary affairs in New Orleans, since the publication of the report of the New Orleans Sanitary Commission of 1853. A careful and impartial examination of the drainage system and canals of New Orleans, for the year 1887, shows that in this respect the drainage of the city is more imperfect, and the canals are in a more neglected and filthy con- dition, than ever before in the history of the city The vast 'importance of this subject to our American cities is shown by the following facts and figures relative to the diseases which cause the chief mortality in New Orleans. During the past 55 years, in the great Charity Hospital of New Orleans, there have been admitted 476,188 patients, of which number 355,996 have been discharged, with a mortality of 62,380, or 14.7 per cent. The mortuary record of New Orleans during 34 years (1844-1880), with the exception of two years (records incomplete), shows that the total deaths were 242,426, and of this number phthisis pulmonalis occasioned 24,071. During the period just specified (1844-1880), 34 years, the prin- cipal diseases occasioned the number of deaths shown by the following table :- Deaths in New Orleans, Louisiana, from Some of the Principal Causes, During a Period of Thirty-four Years, 1844-1880. Cholera (Asiatic) 11,847 Cholera Morbus 889 Cholera Infantum 2,408 Total 15,144 Enteritis 6,915 Diarrhoea 8,289 Dysentery 7,097 Total 22,301 Phthisis Pulmonalis 24,071 Smallpox, Scarlet Fever and Measles 9,381 Dengue, Typhoid, Typhus Fever, Cerebro-Spinal Fever and simple Continued Fever 5,932 Yellow Fever 28,739 Various forms of Malarial Fever 12,416 Total 56,468 While fevers of all varieties destroyed in the city of New Orleans 56,478 citizens in 34 years, yellow fever destroyed only one-half of that number, namely, 28,739; and notwithstanding the fact that only about one-half of the mortality from fever in New Orleans, during the period specified, was due to yellow fever, the attention of the citizens of the entire Mississippi valley has been and is directed to this disease. Congestive fever alone occasioned in New Orleans, during 34 years, 6337 deaths. Phthisis pulmonalis destroyed nearly as many citizens as yellow fever, namely, 24,071; enteritis, dysentery and diarrhoea, 22,301, and cholera, cholera morbus and cholera infantum, 15,144. Total deaths from phthisis pulmonalis and bowel affections, 61,516. These diseases, which are common to the entire valley, caused 61,516 deaths, exceeding those caused by fevers, which were 56,478. Fevers, bowel affections and phthisis pulmonalis alone caused in New Orleans 117,994 deaths in 34 years, out of a total of deaths from all causes of 242,426. 6. Structure, Hygienic Arrangements and Ventilation of Buildings. (a) Proper condition of the soil for the location of buildings. (6) Size and arrangement of streets, squares, courts, etc. (c) Relations of building materials to moisture, heat and cold. (<Z) Public buildings, legislative halls, depots, churches. (e) Schoolhouses and colleges. (/) Factories. (g) Dwellings. All streets, sidewalks and courts should be paved with brick, granite, slate, asphalt, limestone or other impervious and hard material. Wooden pavements have proved useless and dangerous to health in New Orleans and Memphis. Wooden pavements in warm, moist climates undergo gradual but steady decay, and absorb the urine and liquid excreta of man and animals. The square block, New England granite, has proved the most useful and durable pavement in New Orleans. In such large cities as New Orleans, excellent streets may be constructed of the hard, silicious, coarse, concrete gravel of the hills of Louisiana and Mississippi. This gravel, free from organic matter, also forms an admirable material for the filling and elevation of lots. For roadways it appears to be superior to the oyster and lake shell, in that it creates less dust, is more indestructible and forms a harder and smoother road. Streets should be at least twice as wide as the height of the tallest houses, and should allow of a free passage of air to all parts of towns and cities; vacant squares and courts add to the air space and prove of great value for the dilution and purifi- cation of the air. There should be open spaces at the back of the houses, and back to back buildings should be absolutely prohibited; upon any given square of ground the vacant spaces should exceed those occupied by the houses. It is difficult to determine the exact number of people who can be crowded upon any given space of ground, as an acre or square mile. The degree of crowding which may be compatible with the public health will be largely determined by the struc- ture, height and arrangement of the individual houses, and the peculiarities of climate. All houses should be ventilated, both vertically and laterally, and no room should have a borrowed light, but each room should have windows open directly upon the exterior for light and fresh air. Rooms should be of sufficient height, from ten to twelve feet, and of sufficient size, from fifteen to eighteen feet square. Great attention should be paid to the ventilation of the closets, which should be, as far as possible, detached from the main building and furnished with their own arrangements for ventilation. Without doubt certain contagious and infectious diseases, as Asiatic cholera, scarlet fever and diphtheria, have been communicated by means of the foul air of badly constructed sewers, from house to house. 7. Water Supply-Relations of Water to the Public Health. (a) Properties of wholesome potable water. (li) Water supply of cities. (c) Proper supply of water for each inhabitant. (d) Filtration and purification of water. (e) Transmission of disease germs through the medium of water. In towns with sewers and water closets, it has been reckoned by sanitarians that the supply of water daily, per head, should not be less than twenty-five gallons, and if there are trades using water, from five to fifteen gallons more additional to each inhabitant. If there are no water closets, from fifteen to twenty gallons are com- monly deemed necessary. * (/) An accurate chemical analysis should be made of all waters used for drinking in each and every town or city. (g) A careful determination should be made of the relations of the water to lead, iron, tin and terra-cotta pipes. (A) The supply of water should be abundant, and sufficient for all emergencies of drought or fire. (i) The water supply should not be liable to any contamination whatever. (J) The water should be clear, colorless, odorless and tasteless. It should contain no injurious amount of organic matter, not exceeding two or three grains per gallon; and the mineral constituents should not exceed fifty grains per gallon, and should be composed chiefly of chlorides and sulphates of the alkalies and alkaline earths, which are not injurious. It is not so much the amount of organic matters present in drinking water, as the presence or absence of disease germs and of the products of the putrefaction of vege- table and animal matters. The sources of supply of the water, whether springs, wells, streams, lakes or gathering grounds, should be carefully investigated. In towns of any size all superficial wells are dangerous sources of drinking water, in that they are largely supplied with water drawn from the surface and con- taminated with filth from privies, garbage and the streets, gutters or manufactories of cities. Questions relative to filtration, and with reference to the continuous or intermit- tent supply of water, should be considered with the greatest care. 8. Food and its Adulterations- Food Supply-Markets- Slaughter Houses, Meat and Sausage Factories-Bread and Bakeries-Confectionery-Canned Food and Canned Vegetables-Canned Milk-Milk and its Adulterations. (a) Diseased meat as a medium of propagating certain contagious, infectious and parasitic diseases. (6) Methods of inspecting live animals designed for human food. (c) Inspection of the meat of slaughtered animals, including the use of the microscope. (d) Inspection of milk and its products. Milk as a medium of the transmission of various diseases, as diphtheria, scarlet fever, etc. (e) Influence of different methods of preserving food on the public health. (/) Influence of canned food upon the public health. Q?) The injurious effects of lead, copper, tin, zinc and antimony upon food, said metals being used for culinary vessels, dishes, receptacles, cans and solder. Each town or city should have one or more competent medical and chemical officers, who should be charged with the continuous and careful inspection and examination of all markets, all articles of food, including meats, the products of grain, fruits, milk, canned vegetables, and preserves. These officers should be com- pelled to condemn all adulterated articles of food, and to punish offenders. Each civilized nation should establish a thorough system of inspection of the manufactories and the products of canned goods. Every can of vegetables, fruit or meat should have the precise date of the manufacture stamped upon it. At the periodical inspection of canned goods, all imperfect goods should be destroyed. It is a question to be determined whether the alleged increase of Bright's disease and of certain forms of paralysis has been caused by the extensive use of canned goods, and of syrup manufactured from cellulose by the action of sulphuric acid. All coloring matters used in the preparation of certain kinds of food and pre- serves, and in the manufacture of wines and beverages, should be the subject of care- ful scientific investigation at the hands of competent medical officers and chemists. 9. The Influence of Alcohol on the Public Health. (a) Wine. (6) Malt liquors. (c) Distilled liquors. (d) The relations of alcohol to muscular and intellectual work. (e) The value of alcohol in the treatment of disease. (/) The adulteration of wine, malt liquors and distilled liquors. (7) Inspection and analysis of liquors. (A) The relations of alcohol to crime. (t) The relations of alcohol to the production and increase of insanity. 10. The Influence of Narcotics on the Public Health-The Unrestrained Sale of Poisons and Patent Secret Medicines. (a) Tobacco. (6) Cannabis Indica, etc. (c) Opium and its preparations. (d) Chloral hydrate ; chloroform and ether ; cocaine, etc. (e) Patent medicines whose composition is kept secret. (/) The unrestricted sale of poisons and patent and proprietary medicines by druggists. In this republic the unrestrained sale of poisons, poisonous drugs, and of secret patent and proprietary compounds is a great and growing evil, which should be sum- marily suppressed by carefully enacted laws on the part of the State and general governments. The manufacturers of patent and proprietary medicines, and of various elixirs (more or less strong compounds of alcohol), and sugar-coated pills (the composition and strength of which depend entirely upon the will and honesty of the manufacturer), have attained sufficient power, not merely to control the local druggists, but even to subsidize a considerable portion of the medical press. It is at this day by no means uncommon to observe the advertisements of proprietary medi- cines sandwiched between the pages of articles on medical subjects in American medical journals. It is well known that numerous cases of fatal poisoning have been traced to the unrestrained sale of poisons by druggists. 11. Effects of Trades and Manufactures on the Public Health. (a) Relative effects of agriculture and of trades on the longevity and health of the people. (b) Detailed statement of the effects of various trades on the health. (c) Effects of the introduction of machinery upon the longevity and health of the people. (d) Effects of manufactures upon the atmosphere and waters of towns, villages and cities. (e) Effects of various manufactures upon the public health. (/) Influence of coal gas upon the public health. (</) Influence of the electric light on the public health. 12. Structure and Arrangement of Prisons and the Treatment of Prisoners. (a) Treatment of prisoners ; food, clothing and occupation. (Ji) Sanitary regulations of prisons, jails. (c) The relations of prison labor to free labor. (d) Has the State the right to work prisoners in swamps and marshes and to cause the destruction of human life by the neglect of all the laws of hygiene ? (e) Are not deaths occasioned by cruelty, overwork, scant clothing, poor food and exposure, directly chargeable against the officials composing the govern- ment, whether acting in behalf of a city, county, State or nation ? 13. Influence of the Modern Style of Travel on the Public Health. (a) Effects of railroad travel in inducing paralysis. (Ji) Hygienic structure and conduct of railroad trains, so as to avoid the intro- duction and dissemination of infectious and contagious diseases. (a) Tobacco. druggists. (c) Conduct of railroad trains and travel during epidemics of yellow fever, small- pox, and Asiatic cholera. (d) Structure and arrangement of sailing and steamships. (e) Hygienic regulations of officers, crews and passengers. (/) The sanitation of ships so as to avoid the introduction of contagious and infectious diseases. (^) Methods of disinfection best adapted to purify railroad cars and ships. (A) Disinfection of infected cargoes and clothing. 14. Influence of Agriculture on the Public Health. (a) Influence of overflows on the public health. (6) Importance of drainage ; drainage of swamps, marshes, and land generally. (c) Influence of the cultivation of rice on the public health. (d) Influence of cotton, tobacco, sugar and the indigo cultures on the public health. 15. Relation of Disease Germs to the Origin and Spread of Contagions and Infections Diseases, and to Endemic and Epidemic Diseases. (d) Relations of malaria to the public health. (6) Nature of the malarial poison. (c) Physical, chemical and microscopical characters of the poisons or causes of the following diseases:- Yellow fever, Relapsing fever, Oriental leprosy, Typhoid fever, Erysipelas, Oriental plague, Typhus fever, Syphilis, Elephantiasis, Measles, Phthisis, Smallpox. (d) Relations of phthisis to the public health. (e) Relations of syphilis to the public health. (/) Measures for the arrest of smallpox. (g) Value of cowpox inoculation (vaccination). (h) Accidents attending vaccination ; transmission of the syphilitic virus through the medium of the vaccine virus. Smallpox and Vaccination.^^ the great work of public and international hygiene be the preservation of the human race from disease, then to the immortal Jenner be awarded the highest place in this branch of human knowledge. Before the discovery of the protective power of cowpox by Edward Jenner, one in fourteen of all persons born died of smallpox, even after inoculation had been introduced; and of persons of all ages taken ill of the smallpox in the natural way, one in four or six died; and in addition to this frightful mortality, alike observable in all the different regions of the globe, many of those who recovered were perma- nently disfigured or deprived of sight, or left with shattered constitutions, the prey to pulmonary consumption, chronic ophthalmia and scrofula. Before the introduction of vaccination, smallpox was infinitely more destructive to human life than the plague itself; it has swept away whole tribes of savage and half-civilized people, and its miserable victims have been abandoned by their nearest relatives and friends as persons destined by divine wrath to irrevocable death. It was calculated that 210,000 fell victims to it annually in Europe, and that not less than 15,000,000 of human beings were destroyed by smallpox every twenty-five years, that is, 600,000 annually; and the loathsome disease was not only universal in its ravages, but was so subtle in its influence and insidious in its attack that all efforts to stay its violence or to prevent its approach were futile. Even inoculation, while it was far less severe, violent and fatal than the natural / smallpox, tended, nevertheless, to increase the spread of the disease, and the exten- sive adoption of inoculation was attended by a most marked increase of smallpox in the human race. By the unaided efforts of a man, emulous not of distinction, but desirous of advancing truth and promoting the happiness and well-being of his fellow-creatures, and distinguished as much for his humility, long-suffering and perseverance, as for his unsurpassed powers of practical observation, the world has been furnished with the means of completely eradicating this terrible scourge, by substituting the same disease in a mild, modified form, non-communicable by effluvia, and capable of effecting complete immunity from the smallpox. If the medical profession had uniformly adhered to the advice and to the rules established by Jenner, the human race would have been spared the vast majority of those unfortunate accidents which tend to bring into disrepute the only safeguard against smallpox. During the recent American civil war, the investigation of the causes of the various deviations of the vaccine disease from its normal course, as well as the danger of the introduction of other diseases into the organism-as syphilis-by vaccination, engaged the earnest attention of the speaker. After an extended series of investigations, the accidents following vaccination were referred to the following causes:- (1) Modification, alteration and degeneration of the vaccine vesicle, dependent upon depressed and deranged forces, resulting from fatigue, exposure and poor diet, and upon an impoverished, vitiated and scorbutic condition of the blood of the patient vaccinated and yielding vaccine matter. In scorbutic patients, all injuries of the skin tend to form ulcers of an unhealthy, sluggish, spreading character. (2) The employment of matter from pustules or ulcers which had deviated from the regular and normal course of development in the vaccine vesicle, such deviation or imperfection in the vaccine disease , and pustule being due mainly to previous vaccination, and the existence of some eruptive disease at the time of vaccination ; or, in other words, the employment of matter from patients who had been previously vaccinated, and who were partially protected, or who were affected with some skin disease at the time of the insertion of the vaccine virus. (3) Dried vaccine lymph or scabs, in which decomposition had been excited by carrying the matter about the person for a length of time, and thus subjecting it to a warm, moist atmosphere. (4) The mingling of the vaccine virus with that of the smallpox matter taken from those who were vaccinated while they were laboring under the action of the poison of smallpox, was capable of producing a modified variola and comparatively mild disease in the inoculated, and which was capable of communicating, by effluvia, smallpox of the worst character to the unprotected. (5) Dried lymph or vaccine scabs from patients who had suffered with erysipelas during the process of the vaccine disease, or whose systems were in a depressed state from imperfect food, impure ventilation and the exhalations from typhoid fever, erysipelas, hospital gangrene, pyaemia and offensive, suppurating wounds. (6) Fresh and dried vaccine lymph or scabs from patients suffering with secondary or constitutional syphilis at the time of vaccination and during the progress of the vaccine disease-vaccino-syphilis. The subject of vaccination, and the continued renewal of the vaccine virus in its original purity and potency, is of vast importance to the human race, and should command not merely national, but international investigation and action. There should be established in each nation and kept in perfect working order and in perpetual action- (1) A medical commission composed of three or more competent medical men, of undoubted integrity and capacity for observation and scientific investigation, who shall be charged with the preservation and distribution of pure vaccine and cow-pox virus. Every spontaneous outbreak of cow-pox should be carefully observed, recorded and reported for the information and use of the medical profession. (2) Cow-pox or vaccine farms for the propagation and preservation of the cow-pox. (3) An international commission composed of not less than twelve learned, com- petent and trustworthy medical men, skilled in the modern methods of chemical, microscopic, physiological and pathological research, whose duty it shall be to observe and report, at stated intervals, the progress of smallpox in the various nations of the earth. All matters touching the relations of smallpox to other dis- eases, and of vaccinia and cow-pox to allied diseases and to syphilis, as well as all deteriorations of the vaccine virus, should be carefully investigated by this com- mission. (i) Value of inoculation or vaccination of healthy persons exposed to the yellow fever atmosphere in preventing or modifying this disease. (j) Relative value of employing the virus, microbe or cultivated and attenuated virus of yellow fever. Cordial invitations have been extended by the President of the XVth Section, Public and International Hygiene, Ninth International Medical Congress, to Dr. Domingos Freire, of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Dr. Manuel Carmona y Valle, of the city of Mexico, not only to occupy the positions of Vice-Presidents of the Section on Public and International Hygiene, but also to demonstrate their methods of yellow fever inoculation before its officers and members of council. I have received assurances that these distinguished physicians will be present, and give full demonstrations and explanations of the nature of the microbe of yellow fever and of their method of inoculation against this disease. The cause of science demands that these questions should not be disposed of by the criticisms and lucubrations of theorists ; the profession demands demonstration. A feeble effort has recently been made by the United States to investigate, by means of one or more experts, the method of inoculation against yellow fever per- formed by Professor Freire in Brazil; but whatever the results of the expedition may be, the sum appropriated by Congress for the work was insignificant. The confusion and uproar arising in the public mind, and the reliance of the populace, in epidemics of yellow fever, upon the ' ' shot-gun' ' quarantines of barbarism and brute force, as manifested in the occurrences in and around Biloxi, Mississippi, in 1886, would indicate that the American mind is not yet ready for the trial of inoculation against yellow fever. Value of inoculation against Asiatic cholera, charbon and other diseases. (0 Value of inoculation with attenuated virus from the spinal cord of animals suffering with hydrophobia, for the modification or prevention of this disease. The President of the XVth Section, Public and International Hygiene, addressed an earnest request to M. Pasteur, of Paris, to preside as a Vice-President in this Section, and to demonstrate to the medical profession the great and remarkable dis- coveries which have thus far crowned his labors with reference to charbon and hydrophobia. The distinguished investigator has declined, on account of ill health, from overwork. M. Pasteur, in his investigations on hydrophobia, claims that he has established the following:- (1) M. Pasteur has discovered a method of protection from rabies, which may be compared with that which vaccination affords against smallpox. (2) M. Pasteur has discovered a treatment capable of preventing the development of the disease in persons bitten by rabid dogs. (3) M. Pasteur has shown that the virus of hydrophobia is located in the medulla and spinal cord of the affected animal; that inoculation of this virus in healthy animals is, as well as the bite of rabid animals, capable of producing the disease, the only difference being that in the former case the stage of inoculation is shorter. (4) The virus located in the medulla and spinal cord is attenuated by exposure of the organs in dry air, and inoculation with this attenuated virus is capable of pre- venting the development of hydrophobia, provided this protective inoculation be begun during the period of incubation. In this connection, it is worthy of note that in the early history of vaccination protective powers against certain diseases were attributed to cow-pox inoculation. Soon after the world was informed that the vaccine poison was preventive of the smallpox, a disposition was shown by physicians and speculative men to extend its influence and prophylactic powers to other diseases. The idea was advanced that the morbid action excited by the virus from the cow could as well prevent other con- tagious distempers as that one for which it was particularly employed ; and if it was capable of doing such good in the human constitution, it would be no less operative in the bodies of brutes. Accordingly, it was said that the plague of Syria could be prevented by previous vaccination, but Mr. Valli, who made the experiment on him- self, was afterward seized with the plague. This alleged power of vaccination in controlling the plague attracted, at an early period, a considerable degree of attention, and Dr. Jenner received letters on this subject from many quarters. The circumstances having been made known to the Spanish Consul at Morocco, a communication was transmitted to Sir Joseph Banks on that subject, and from him to Jenner. The opinion of Jenner on this point was thus expressed :- " I never was so sanguine in my hopes of seeing the plague extinguished by vaccine inoculation as some of my friends were, as you may have seen from a few introductory lines which Dr. Carre cites in the public papers. I will just drop a hint: the vaccine disease, in my opinion, is not a preventive of the smallpox, but the smallpox itself; that is, the horrible form under which it appears in its contagious state is (as I conceive) a malignant variety. Now, if it should ever be discovered that the plague is a variety of some milder disease, generated in a way that may even elude our researches, and the source should be discovered whence it sprang, this may be applied to a great and grand purpose. The phenomena of the cow-pox open many paths for special action, every one of which I hope may be explored. ' ' The prophetic hope of Jenner, breathed more than half a century ago, is being realized in our day by the investigations of Pasteur, Koch and others. Dr. Jenner proposed vaccination against hydrophobia. Thus, in a letter to Rev. Dr. Worthington, dated London, Flading's Hotel, Oxford Street, 1811, he says : " Yesterday I dined with Professor Davy. I wish you had been with us. His mind is all in a blaze. He seems to be one of those rare productions which nature allows us to see in a score of centuries. He touched on hydrophobia. He started an ingenious idea, that of counteracting the effect of one morbid poison with another. What think you of a viper ? Not its broth but its fangs, as soon as the first symp- tom of the disease appears, from canination. If this should succeed, we must domiciliate vipers, as we have leeches. But from this hint I should be disposed to try, under such an event, vaccination ; as it can almost always be made to act quickly on the system, whether a person has previously felt its influence or not, or that of smallpox." John Archer, M.D., of Harford County, Maryland, had previously, in 1808, recommended vaccination for the arrest of pertussis. Establishment of National Laboratories for the Chemical and Microscopical Investigation of the Causes and Prevention of Endemic and Epidemic Diseases. -Laboratories for the thorough and continuous investigation of the causes and pathology and modes of modification, prevention and arrest of such diseases as smallpox, yellow fever, Oriental plague, Oriental leprosy, typhoid fever, typhus and malarial fever, should be established and maintained by national aid in all the im- portant centres of population. In the United States, laboratories for the thorough microscopical and chemical investigation of disease, and for the performance of carefully devised physiological and pathological experiments, should be established and maintained by law, in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Washington, D. C., Baltimore, Charleston, S. C., New Orleans, Louisiana, Cincinnati, Chicago, St. Louis and San Francisco. If the discoveries of Pasteur with reference to charbon and hydrophobia, and of other observers with reference to phthisis and yellow fever, are to be utilized in a uni- form and scientific manner for the prevention of disease by the inoculation of altered, attenuated or modified virus, such results must be accomplished through the medium of well-endowed and perpetually active laboratories, under the direction of learned and expert observers and well-trained and skillful experimenters. 16. Structure, Hygienic Arrangements and Sanitary Conduct of Hospitals. (a) Structure, ventilation, disinfection and conduct of hospitals for the treatment of infectious and contagious diseases. (6) Smallpox hospitals. (c) Yellow fever hospitals. (d) Cholera hospitals. (e) Hospitals for the isolation and care of Oriental leprosy. Unless hospitals devoted to the treatment and isolation of 9ontagious and infec- tious diseases be properly located, guarded and disinfected, they become dangerous mediums for the propagation and spread of contagion. In the case of smallpox, vaccination furnishes a ready method of preventing the spread to the patients, operatives and nurses; but, unless the most stringent measures be taken, of cleanliness and disinfection, the disease will spread beyond the limits of the pest-house. The foul air of the hospital should be so arranged as to pass upward through openings supplied with burning gas jets or the electric light, so that the contagious organic matters may be destroyed. All infected clothing and bedding should be either destroyed by fire or else subjected to the action of boiling water and superheated steam. Heat applied through the medium of boiling water and steam has been found by practical sanitarians the most efficient and easily applied of all disinfecting agents, and possesses the advantage, also, of purifying, coagulating and washing away the contagious organic matters. Solutions of carbolic acid (five per cent.), of corrosive sublimate (one per cent, and less), as well as other antiseptics and disinfectants, may be employed. For the purification of the air of wards and of sick rooms and dead houses, burning sulphur furnishes in sulphurous anhydride the most effective disin- fectant and antiseptic. As contagious diseases are propagated by particulate conta- gious particles, their removal from any given space or from porous materials is best accomplished by such gaseous bodies as sulphurous anhydride and chlorine. If the attempt is made to disinfect any given space by subjecting it to the fumes of heated corrosive sublimate (bichloride of mercury), it will be found that the particles of cor- rosive sublimate, volatilized by heat, quickly congeal and fall as a fine powder in the immediate vicinity of the source of heat. From practical experience, it is found that fumigation with sulphurous anhydride and washing the walls, floor and furniture with a one per cent, solution of corrosive sublimate or a five per cent, of carbolic acid, and then whitewashing the walls with lime, are sufficient to eradicate the poisons of smallpox, yellow fever, Asiatic cholera, and of other contagious and infectious diseases. It is essential that hospitals should be furnished with educated, well-fed, healthy and properly paid nurses. The plan adopted in the Charity Hospital of New Orleans and in other hospitals, of employing the convalescents, without pay, to nurse their sick companions, cannot be too strongly condemned. No matter how clean and pleasant the wards of a hospital may appear, if the system of alimentation and nursing be defective, the results of medical and surgical treatment must necessarily be unsatisfactory. 17. Measures for the Arrest of Contagious and Infectious Diseases. (a) Measures for the arrest of smallpox. Vaccination and revaccination. It is possible to prevent the spread of smallpox by the prompt vaccination of all persons exposed to this contagion, as I have repeatedly demonstrated in New Orleans, and upon shipboard at the Mississippi Quarantine station, during my term of ser- vice as President of the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana, 1880-1884. All houses occupied by smallpox patients should be thoroughly disinfected. (6) Measures for the arrest of yellow fever. (1) The exclusion of passengers from the infected ports of Central, South and Insular America during those periods of the year in which this disease is liable to make a lodgment in the seaport cities of the United States. (2) The conduct of the commerce with infected ports, as Vera Cruz, Havana and Rio de Janeiro, by means of acclimated crews. (3) The fumigation of the ship and cargo at the point of departure. (4) Rigid quarantine, including careful inspection and thorough cleansing and disinfection of all ships and their cargoes from infected ports. (5) In the event of the appearance of a case of yellow fever on shipboard in the harbor of New Orleans, or of any other city, the immediate isolation of the ship and crew, and their return to the quarantine station. The prompt execution of such mea- sures in 1880, in the case of the bark Excelsior, preserved the city of New Orleans, and probably the Mississippi Valley, from an epidemic of yellow fever. (6) When a case of yellow fever occurs in a town or city, it should immediately be isolated, and if practicable transferred to a hospital devoted especially to the treat- ment of this disease. The immediate premises as well as the surrounding blocks, covering an area the diameter of which shall not be less than 1500 feet, or in small places the entire village, to be thoroughly cleansed and disinfected. The buildings must be systematically fumigated with burning sulphur (sulphurous anhydride) as far as practicable; all woodwork whitewashed ; all foul drains and alleys disinfected with carbolic acid, copperas and solutions of mercuric chloride. All privies disinfected with solutions of copperas and carbolic acid, and mercuric chloride. (7) In the event of death, the bedding and bed-clothing and soiled clothing of the deceased should be promptly burned in a properly constructed stove. The body should be wrapped in cloth saturated with solutions of carbolic acid and bichloride and transferred to the coffin and buried at the earliest practicable moment. All gatherings around the corpse should be prohibited. By such measures the yellow fever was arrested in New Orleans in 1882; the first case (Henry Forbes) occurring as early as June 25th, only three other cases of yellow fever were reported during the remainder of this season. (8) All excreta, in smallpox, yellow fever and Asiatic cholera, should be promptly and thoroughly disinfected and destroyed. III. INTERNATIONAL HYGIENE. International hygiene is based on public and national hygiene, and differs in scope rather than in any essential differences, and it must be admitted that our divisions of this subject are, to a certain extent, arbitrary. Thus we have placed under this division, International Hygiene, the consid- eration of those subjects which should be regarded of prime importance to each and every nation in times of health, and in periods of pestilential invasion, in peace and in war. At the present day the great nations of Europe are in a strained and artificial condition. One-half the fighting males are standing guard, fully armed, carefully watching their antagonists, and ready on a moment's warning to engage in battle. It would be needless for us to inquire whether this armed state and this withdrawal of the energies of the young men from the productive capital of mankind is best for the advancement of civilization, and whether it be necessary thus to bind down the explosive forces of the race; we must deal with things as they exist, and endeavor to form a correct estimate of this new branch of knowledge'which relates to the preserva- tion of the national forces in the highest degree of health and efficiency. The most important subjects of International Hygiene which are of paramount interest to all civilized nations are :- 1. Military hygiene. 2. Naval hygiene. 3. Quarantine. 1. Military hygiene. (a) Food of the soldier. (6) Clothing of the soldier. (c) Exercise and rest; effect of infantry, cavalry, artillery and bicycle exercise on the soldier. (d) Shelter-barracks, their structure, location and ventilation; tents, their structure. (e) Water supply of armies; method of testing and improving; injurious effects of stagnant water, of marshes, swamps and rice fields, on armies. (/) Military prisons and military prisoners. (g) The establishment of uniform rules, to be recognized by all civilized nations, for the treatment, food and clothing of military prisoners, and for the regular and continuous exchange of all military prisoners. If one-half the male fighting population of the great nations of Europe be always subject to military orders and to rapid mobilization, it is evident that the science of military hygiene should take rank as of the greatest interest and importance to man- kind. It has been sought to make this an addendum to medicine and surgery. The amputating knife, saw, trephine, antiseptic bandage, opium, chloroform, qui- nine and calomel are all most valuable when the men are wounded and sick; but the enlightened military surgeon of this age conceives it to be his highest duty to remove every preventable cause of disease, and to preserve the health and vigor of the men entrusted to his care by the rigid execution of hygienic laws, not merely by the selec- tion of the site of the camp and the enforcement of sanitary legislation, but by atten- tion to the food, water, clothing and exercise of the soldiers. The grand work of the military surgeon should be to prevent disease, and preserve his command in the highest degree of strength. The value of hygienic measures and the destructive effects of disease were clearly shown in the American war of 1861-65, when the casualties of battle were exceeded fourfold by the deaths caused by diseases, the most important and fatal of which were pneumonia, typhoid fever, diarrhoea and dysentery. During this war the gigantic mass of suffering, disease and death engendered among the unfortunate, dejected and hopeless captives in the military prisons of the North and South, rendered it evident that the hygiene of military prisons and mili- tary prisoners had received no practical recognition. It was also shown that the stronger power was capable of finally overthrowing the weaker by retaining all prisoners of war in an indefinite captivity by practically discon- tinuing all exchanges. Definite rules for the guidance of military prisoners and prisons, and for the con- tinuous exchange of prisoners of war during periods of war, should be formulated and adopted by the representatives of those civilized nations who may be willing to accord to this class of the unfortunate victims of the accidents of war the essential conditions of the preservation of health and life. 2. Naval Hygiene.-By naval hygiene we mean to include all that relates to maritime life, whether relating to commerce or war. All maritime nations are inter- ested in the construction of vessels, so as to secure strength, swiftness, capacity, sea- worthiness and freedom from all preventable causes of disease. Naval hygiene, although relating chiefly to the sanitary condition of ships, seamen and naval estab- lishments, illustrates to a marked degree the general results of the doctrine of the prevention of disease. Such demonstration of the prevention and arrest of disease by hygienic measures is especially adapted to the isolated community of the ship. It is possible at the present day to preserve the crews of ships from cholera and yellow fever when lying in harbors where these diseases are prevailing, and to arrest the effects of the deadly malaria of the African coast, by hygienic and prophylactic measures. Scurvy, ship fever and malignant dysentery, which formerly decimated crews, now only occur as the result of sanitary neglect. It is now recognized that the true duty of the naval officer is to preserve the men confided to his care in the highest state of health, and the most effective mode of banishing infectious and contagious diseases from the high seas is to establish uni- versal sanitary rules and regulations for the guidance of the merchant marine as well as vessels of war. The poor emigrant and wealthy passenger, the common sailor and marine, as well as the highest civil and military officer, should all alike be subject to the inexorable rules of naval hygiene. Even with our best exertions it must be admitted that it is difficult, if not impos- sible, to make the ship as comfortable and as healthy as the home on shore. The ship is practically a floating box, sealed against the admission of water, and neces- sarily also to the admission of air, except in a few places above the water line. At sea, and especially in stormy weather, many of the openings for air have to be closed. The subject of ventilation, therefore, has been one of the most important problems in naval hygiene. The air space on shipboard being necessarily limited, the average per individual can only be indirectly increased by reducing the crew to the smallest possible number of effective men, by distributing them as equally as may be, and by removing all but absolutely indispensable impediments. When such diseases as typhus fever, smallpox or yellow fever break out on board an emigrant ship, military transports or men-of-war, the conditions are more serious than in the most crowded city. Naval hygiene should embrace the following considerations and subjects of inquiry and discussion:- (a) The structure of the ship; materials used-wood, iron or steel; size of ship; arrangement of cabins, compartments, decks, bulkheads, sleeping apart- ments, forecastle, latrines, hold, machinery, etc. (6) Ventilation of the ship; discussion of the best methods of ventilating the various compartments of the ship. (c) Cleansing of the ship. Moisture must be regarded as the most potent cause of disease in ships, and frequent ablutions of the decks and sides with water are to be condemned, and should be replace by large volumes of dry air, introduced by steam fans to all parts of the ship. Thorough ventilation of all parts of the ship at all times, by means of strong, well-constructed steam fans, should be urged as of the highest value for the preser- vation of the health of crew and passengers. (d) Arrangement of the cabins, sleeping apartments, hospitals and store rooms, so as to secure the greatest air space and the freest ventilation. (e) Treatment of the sick on shipboard. Whenever practicable, the sick should at the earliest possible moment be removed to the marine hospital on shore. (/) Water supply. « (g) Food. (A) Clothing. (t) Conduct of officers, crew and passengers on shipboard, on the voyage and in port. When visiting ports in which infectious and contagious diseases are prevailing, the vessel should anchor at least one thousand feet from the shore, and the crew and passengers should not be allowed to visit infected localities or to remain on shore at night. While lying in harbors and rivers surrounded by extensive marshes and swamps, as on the coast of Africa and of the Southern States, three grains of the sulphate of quinia, in a glass of sherry, or port wine, or water, should be administered daily to each passenger and member of the crew. (j) The appointment by each government of a reliable, practical representative in the various commercial ports of the world, whose duty it shall be to superintend the sanitary condition of every ship and crew, and the loading of cargoes and the issuance of correct bills of health. The following measures should be instituted in each important port subject to infectious and contagious diseases :- (1) Thorough inspection of the ship and cargo. (2) When yellow fever, cholera or smallpox are prevalent, the thorough fumigation of the ship and cargo should be conducted; also cleansing of hold, deck and latrines, forecastle, cabins and berths, with solutions of four per cent, carbolic acid and one per cent, solution or less of bichloride of mercury. The ordinary solution of one of the mercuric chloride to one thousand of water is practically of little value for the destruction of diseased germs and the thorough disinfection of bilge water. The bichloride of mercury is immediately decomposed, and the metallic mercury and mercuric oxide precipitated by all metals and by alkalies and lime rock in ballast. (3) Subjection of all articles of clothing or merchandise which may have come in contact with the poisons of Asiatic cholera or yellow fever to the disinfectant action pf heat (hot air and steam), in properly constructed apparatus, so constructed as to allow of a continuous current of hot air through the chambers. (4) Careful inspection pf officers, crew and passengers, and the exclusion of all individuals who may be suspected of having been exposed to infection. (5) The bill of health issued by the medical officer to the ship should give the mortality and prevailing diseases of the port for at least thirty days, and also a full and accurate detail of the sanitary condition of the ship, crew and passengers and cargo. A thorough system of inspection thus executed would do much to prevent the spread of contagious and infectious diseases, and also to mitigate the hardships and arbitrary usages of quarantine. The advances made in naval hygiene, and the additions to the appliances of the sanitarian for the arrest of contagious and infectious diseases, have been of great value during the past century, and the foundation of this important branch of science was laid by the labors of such men as Sir John Pringle, 1750 (Note 1); Stephen Hales, 1755 (Note 2); John Huxham, 1757 (Note 3); Daniel McBride, 1764 (Note 4); John Howard, 1789 (Note 5); Angus Smith, 1767 (Note 6); Guyton-Morveau, 1773 (Note 7); Carmichael Smith, 1785-1795 (Note 9); Cruickshank, 1797 (Note 10); and others (Note 11).* 3. Quarantine. (a) The history of quarantine. (6) Maritime quarantine. (c) Land quarantine. (J) Conduct of quarantine stations. (e) Sanitation of ships. (/) Sanitation of quarantine ports. (g) Methods of eradicating infectious and contagious diseases from infected ports. (A) Sanitation of railroad stations and cars. (7) Land quarantine; its objects, value and mode of conduction. The proper construction, ventilation and conduct of railroad cars, sleeping coaches, warehouses, depots, so as to prevent the dissemination of contagious and infectious diseases. O') Methods of isolation and disinfection adapted especially to land travel. (A) Regulation and control, on sea and land, of such diseases as yellow fever, Asiatic cholera, Oriental plague, Oriental leprosy, typhus and typhoid fevers, smallpox, scarlatina and measles. (T) The relations of the duration of quarantine as determined by the natural history of various diseases, or more especially by the period of the incu- bation of their specific poisons. * In a brief address, covering a vast number of important subjects, we could only allude to the important subject of the history of Maritime hygiene and the progress of discovery with reference to disinfectants and disinfection, and the perfection of measures for the arrest of infec- tious and contagious diseases. We have collected the notes, presenting the results of our inves- tigations, into the form of an Appendix. (See p. 330, et seq.) (ni) Value of heat (dry heat, steam, superheated steam) in the disinfection and cleansing of infected vessels, clothing, houses and furniture. (n) Relative value of sulphurous anhydride and other antiseptics and disinfect- ants, as bichloride of mercury (corrosive sublimate), carbolic acid, ferruginous and plumbic salts, chlorine, bromine and iodine, and biniodide of mercury. (o) Apparatus for the application of various kinds of antiseptics, germicides and disinfectants. (p) Relative germicidal and antiseptic powers of various disinfectants. (5) Structure and conduct of quarantine hospitals. (r) Quarantine should embrace not merely detention, but also thorough disin- fection of ship and cargo, and thorough disinfection and cleansing of all wearing apparel and bedding of passengers and crew ; and when necessary the cargo should be discharged and thoroughly aired and disinfected. The ballast of infected ships should also be carefully and thoroughly disinfected. (s) Quarantine should be effectively and intelligently conducted so as to impose the least possible restrictions on commerce ; at the same time the public health should never be sacrificed to the insatiate and brutal greed of gain. Quarantine (from the Italian, quarahtina, forty) has at the present day lost its ancient meaning of forced detention of ships, goods and passengers for forty days, and may be thus defined. Quarantine: The enforced isolation of individuals and certain objects, whether coming by sea or land from a place where dangerous communicable disease is pre- sumably or actually present, with a view of limiting the spread of the malady. The objects liable to quarantine include, on the assumption of their being apt to cany the contagion or infection of the disease, the luggage and personal effects of the individ- ual isolated, certain articles of merchandise and ships, and in land quarantine car- riages and other vehicles. Sometimes entire communities and districts are subjected to quarantine. According to systematic writers quarantine had its origin in the Fourteenth century, when the principle of isolation, applied from a much earlier period to leprosy, began to be extended to pestilential diseases, and leper hospitals (lazarets), then falling into disuse from the decline of the disease, were converted to quarantine uses, and to this day quarantine establishments retain the name sig- nificant of their original purposes, namely, lazarets. It has been suggested that the period of forty days, during which it was custom- ary formerly to enforce isolation and from which the designation quarantine is derived, had its source in the teachings of Hippocrates, who, according to Pythagoras, attrib- uted especial virtue, for the completion of many things, to that period of time. The methodical establishment of quarantine dates from the Sixteenth century when the earliest doctrines of contagion were also formulated, and which still domi- nate to a greater or less extent the practice of quarantine. The plague was the dis- ease against which quarantine was chiefly directed up to the beginning of the present century, and the system is so imbued with the notions formerly held as to plague, that it has been found exceedingly difficult, if not impossible, to disembarrass it from them in endeavoring to apply quarantine to other forms of disease. It is worthy of note that as the plague declined in western Europe, and the area of its prevalence in the Levant became more restricted, the system of quarantine seems to have become more elaborate. Speculative notions contributed by experience applied to the system caused it to be overlaid by grotesque and unnecessary details. And notwithstanding these drawbacks, the arbitrariness of the system and the losses it inflicted on commerce, without obvious proportionate gains ; the advantages offered by quarantine in the protection of a country from pestilential disease appeared theoretically so great, that neither administrative follies, nor the lessons as to its fal- lacy derived from experience, nor its general futility, availed to bring about a more rational system of protection. Quarantine remained substantially unmodified from the termination of the last century until the middle of the Nineteenth century, since which time it has under- gone great changes in rendering the practice more consistent with present knowledge of the diseases to which it is applied, and freeing it from the now useless detentions and preposterous practices. The study of the geographical distribution and natural history of diseases has led to important modifications of the systems of quarantine practiced in various countries. Thus in Great Britain and Ireland, quarantine, which is carried out under an act of Parliament passed in the reign of George IV, has no longer a medical significa- tion, and is practiced solely with a view of relieving British maritime commerce from disabilities which could else be imposed upon it by other countries in which quarantine is regarded as an essential part of the public health administration. England, from her climate and isolated situation, is peculiarly favored for the exclusion of foreign pestilence. Thus her temperature is such that yellow fever is not liable to gain a serious or protracted lodgment in her maritime cities. The regulation of quarantine in Great Britain is not a function of a department of the government which is concerned with the sanitary administration of the king- dom (the local government board), but of the Privy Council aided by the Board of Trade, the subject being dealt with as an International Commercial Question. The quarantine act provides for land quarantine and the quarantine of inland waters, as well as for maritime quarantine, internal and external quarantine. It does not appear that internal quarantine has been practiced in Great Britain since the act was passed; maritime quarantine alone has been practiced, and this has been applied to three diseases only, all of them infectious diseases of foreign origin, namely, plague, cholera and yellow fever. Of plague there has been no occurrence in English ports for the last 30 years, except a slight alarm in 1879, consequent upon an outbreak in southeastern Russia, province of Astrakhan. Against cholera, quarantine has not been enforced since 1858, its futility as a precautionary measure in England having then been manifested. Yellow fever is the sole disease at present subjected to quarantine in English ports, and this not from medical necessity, but from commercial exigencies. The only quarantine station now remaining in England, that of the Motherbank, is maintained in respect of yellow fever. Infectious diseases habitually current in Eng- land, such as smallpox, scarlet fever, etc., notwithstanding that the phraseology of the quarantine act covers any infectious disease or distemper, have always been, in prac- tice, exempt from quarantine, and dealt with under the general sanitary law of the kingdom. Measures which, in England, have been substituted for quarantine against cholera, consist of a system of medical inspection, the details of which are set forth in an order of the Local Government Board, dated 17th July, 1873. This plan differs from quarantine in the following essential respects:- (a) It affects only such ships as have been ascertained to be, or as there is reason- able ground to suspect of being, infected with cholera or choleraic diarrhoea; no vessel being deemed infected unless there has been actual occurrence of cholera or choleraic diarrhoea in the course of the voyage. (6) It provides for the detention of the vessel only so long as is necessary for the requirements of a medical inspection ; for treatment of the sick, if any, in the man- ner it prescribes, and for carrying out the processes of disinfection. (c) It subjects the healthy on board to detention only for such length of time as admits of their state of health being determined by medical examination. The measures for dealing with the sick under this order are but an adaptation to a particular exigency of the principles of sanitary administration with regard to infectious diseases which are in force under the general sanitary laws of the kingdom. The relative advantages of a system of medical inspection and of quarantine as against cholera in the ports of Europe underwent thorough discussion at the Inter- national Sanitary Conference which was held in Vienna in 1874. A large majority of the delegates, including those from every State of the first rank, except France, declared in favor of the former system. The minority, while adhering to quarantine, agreed to a system which would considerably diminish its stringency as heretofore practiced. These methods of inspection and disinfection and removal of the sick to hospital were adopted with success in the case of some arrivals from Baltic and North Sea ports, with cholera on board, in 1873, no extension of the disease on shore ensuing ; and again, in 1884, in the case of a troop-ship, arrived at Portsmouth direct from Bombay, and at least two arrivals, at Liverpool and Cardiff, from Marseilles, in 1884, with cholera on board. The last importation of yellow fever into the United Kingdom was at Swansea, in September, 1865, by a wooden vessel with copper ore from St. Jago de Cuba. There had been cases of yellow fever on board during the voyage, but at Swansea, as in many other instances, the infection spread rather from the ship's hull and the unloaded cargo than from the crew or their effects, and some fifteen deaths ensued. This yellow fever incident of 1865 is the last occasion in which the sanction of the quarantine act has been appealed to. The quarantine acts are still unrepealed, but they may be said to have become practically obsolete in the United Kingdom during the past twenty years. The principle of inspection and isolation of the sick adopted by the Sanitary Con- ference at Vienna in 1874, is now more or less consistently acted upon by all the larger European maritime States, except Spain and Portugal. In times of cholera panic, quarantine of the original kind has been imposed against all arrivals from infected countries by ports of the Levant and Black Sea and by several Mediterranean States besides Spain, but it is only in the ports of the Iberian peninsula that the old quarantine traditions remain in force from year to year. The principal occupation of the quarantine establishment of Lisbon, Portugal, all the year round, is with arrivals from Brazil, where yellow fever is endemic. The Lazaretto of Lisbon, which is probably the largest and in ordinary times the busiest in the world, was erected by the Portuguese Government at the cost of over one million dollars, and consists of seven distinct pavilions standing radially in a semicircle with the convexity of the sea, and is managed by an inspector, who is under the Minister of the Interior. Quarantine is imposed as a matter of fact on all ships, passengers, luggage and cargoes coming from the Brazils, the term ranging from five to seven days, according as the Brazilian port is considered as infected or suspected. A bill of health is issued to the captain by the Portuguese consul at the port of sailing, which usually bears on it so many deaths from yellow fever have occurred during the previous eight or ten days. If clean bills of health were issued the quarantine would be raised, and this has happened at short periods at rare intervals. During the winter months, when the cold makes the development of the yellow-fever virus improbable in Lisbon, if not impossible, the baggage and cargo only are subjected to quarantine, the passengers being allowed to go ashore at once with their hand baggage. Throughout the rest of the year all passengers from the Brazils have to go to the Lazaretto and stay there the allotted time, their effects being fumigated or disin- fected. This rigorous treatment is a concession to the popular recollection of the terrible yellow fever of 1857, when there were 19,000 cases of yellow fever in and around Lisbon, with about 6000 deaths, the largest proportion being among the better class of the population. The importation was traced to a tainted ship and cargo from Rio. For many years no cases of yellow fever have developed among the suspected passengers, and in only two or three instances have there been cases of yellow fever among the employes. The' Chamber of Commerce of Lisbon is said to be now in favor of a modification of the quarantine law, and of regulating the process in conformity with the promi- nent facts of experience, namely :- (<z) That the fever is not started on shore by personal contact, but solely by emanations from a ship's hull, ballast, cargo, or passengers' effects. (6) High-class iron steamships are not, in the nature of things, under the same suspicion as old wooden sailing vessels. These quarantine practices of Lisbon are faithfully copied at the Azores, Madeira and Cape Verde Islands. For Spain there are two chief quarantine stations and four lazarettoes: one for the Atlantic seaboard at Vigo, and another for the Mediterranean coast at Port Mahon, (Island of Minorca). Vessels arriving at Spanish ports with foul bills of health from Havana and other West Indian ports (yellow fever) in ordinary times, and from many ports in cholera times, must proceed to one or other of these appointed stations to perform their quarantine. A quarantine of observation, which is usually from six to three days and is imposed upon vessels with clean bills, may be performed at any port. It is a standard maxim with the Madrid Board of Health, that any country, as the United Kingdom, which does not practice quarantine, is, ipso facto, suspected, when a foreign epidemic is in any part of Europe with which its vessels trade, and all arrivals from its ports may be subjected to a quarantine of observation. Next to Spain, Portugal, Turkey and Greece are the countries in Europe where the old quarantine traditions have the most vitality, owing, doubtless, to their near- ness to the former seats of plague in the Levant. The Lazarettoes of the Pyraeus and Dardanelles are considerable establishments, used mostly in times of cholera. There are many other lazarettoes in Mediterranean ports, as Malta and Gibraltar, called into requisition during cholera epidemics. For the whole of the northern European seaboard quarantine is practically obso- lete. By Holland quarantine was never seriously practiced, even for the plague, and by the States bordering on the Baltic it was given up about the same time that it fell into disuse in Great Britain. In Norwegian ports, subsequent to 1866, there were 3128 arrivals from countries infected with cholera, on board which 25 cases of cholera and 29 cases of cholerine were found, but the malady obtained no footing on shore, although quarantine was not enforced. In 1873, when cholera was prevalent in some ports of the Baltic and North Seas, there were 550 vessels at Norwegian ports from infected countries, among which were twelve cases of cholera, but importation of the epidemic to the shore was prevented simply by inspection and isolation of the sick. In Italian ports 800 vessels were quarantined in 1872, in only one of which was any case of cholera found. In the Mexican Republic, in the Central and South American Republics, in the Brazilian Empire, in Peru, Chili and other South American States, and in the West Indian colonies and cities, quarantine is to a large extent empirical, inadequate and valueless. In the North American Republic no uniform system prevails among the indi- vidual States, and in times of epidemic visitation, as in the case of yellow fever and cholera, the people become the prey of unreasoning panic and cowardly fear. It is true that New York, which gathers within her limits the largest population of any North or South American city of past or present times, has been foremost in enlightened quarantine reform and advancement, and she has been first to adopt an enlightened and liberal system, based upon the following important facts :- (a) Mere detention, without careful medical inspection, isolation of the sick and thorough ventilation, fumigation, cleansing and disinfection of the ship, cargo, ballast and clothing and baggage of the passengers, is valueless. (6) The chief danger with reference to the spread of yellow fever lies in the hold of the ship, in her foul bilge water and infected cargo, ballast and baggage of her crew and passengers. (c) Each ship should be judged upon her own merits, her own sanitary history and condition after through inspection. (d) First-class iron and steel steam vessels should not be placed upon the same footing as old wooden sailing vessels. (e) Those unacclimated persons who work on board infected vessels are liable to contract yellow fever. By an enlightened system of quarantine, the health authorities of New York have not merely removed many useless and onerous restrictions from commerce, but they have also protected this great city, for more than half a century, from the invasions of yellow fever, which had been so frequent during the preceding century. Louisiana, who lost nearly 50,000 of her citizens during the first seventy-eight years of the Nineteenth century, has been steadily perfecting her quarantine system since the year 1855, and her chief city, holding the key to the Mississippi Valley, has, by her enlightened and rigid quarantine, excluded yellow fever during the past decade. On the other hand, the great State of Texas is without a rational system of quarantine, and the quarantine establishments and systems of Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia and South Carolina need revision and reconstruction. As far as this North American Republic is concerned in the perfection and conduct of quar- antine, we would respectfully suggest the careful consideration of the following questions:- (a) Shall the general governments of the civilized world assume control of all the quarantine systems, and by mutual consent reduce the entire subject of quarantine to order, and apply the most improved methods of sanitation and disinfection? (6) Shall the Government of the United States assume charge of the entire sub- ject of quarantine within her borders, and relieve the individual States of all further responsibility of regulating not merely foreign, but also interstate quarantine? The object in propounding questions a and 6 is for the purpose of bringing about a grand union of action on the part of all civilized nations on the subject of quaran- tine, so as to advance the cause of medical science and humanity. As matters now stand, commerce is made to bear the brunt of quarantine. The unfortunate ship stricken by pestilence suffers delay, and in some cases immense expense. The unfor- tunate crew and passengers, who have committed no crime, are treated like outcasts and outlaws; they appear to have no rights which humanity is supposed to respect. Commerce bears in its bosom the germs of civilization; commerce establishes and sustains the markets of the world; commerce is the agent for the dissemination of all that is grand and noble in the life and development of our common humanity; and the brave and hardy sons of commerce have, in all ages and in all times, rallied to the defence of their native lands. Is it just, is it right, that the pestilence-stricken ship should bear all her expenses, and suffer all that the safety of man may demand, and that avarice and cowardice may suggest? Has not civilization advanced to that stage, and are not the great civilized and Christian powers of the world (the United States of America, the British Empire, France, Germany, Austria, Russia, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Italy, Spain and Portugal) sufficiently strong, wealthy and enlightened to establish a uniform system of quarantine, which shall embrace- 1st. A system of mutual confidence; a uniform system of registration of diseases and deaths. 2d. A system of regular health reports, giving detailed statements at regular intervals-daily, weekly, monthly and annually-of all matters relating to the public health, to the sanitary welfare of nations. By the use of the telegraph, all civilized nations could be kept informed of the appearance, spread and arrest of any contagious or infectious disease, as smallpox, cholera and yellow fever. 3d. A uniform system of quarantine adapted to the climate, latitude and endemic and epidemic diseases of each nation. By a uniform system, we mean uniformity in the construction of quarantines and their administration, and the uniform assumption by the great Powers of the world of all quarantine expenses of cleansing, discharge of cargo, disinfection and fumigation, and of the care and treatment of the sick. The only expense necessarily borne by the pestilence-stricken ship, or suspected ship, detained in quarantine, would be the loss of time, and the necessary expense for food, etc., of the crew and passengers. As quarantine is now conducted, the owners of ships, as well as their passengers and crews, suffer often unequally and unjustly for the public good. The two questions are complementary the one to the other; b flows necessarily from a; to be of any practical value, the discussion of a must precede that of b ; a cannot be construed as relating to any government but the United States of America and its individual States, and does not refer to foreign States, only so far as that the United States may become one of the contracting parties under proposition a. The high purpose of this discussion is clear; it is designed for the benefit of all civilized nations; it is designed to lead ultimately to the establishment of uniform national and international quarantine laws, quarantine methods, and quarantine administration and charges. We will conclude this branch of our subject by the following recommendations for the advancement of international hygiene :- 1. The appointment of one or more competent medical men, thoroughly informed with reference to questions relating to public and international hygiene, including all that relates to quarantine by the individual States of the United States of North America. Said representatives shall be regularly commissioned by the governors of the respective States, and shall be empowered to deliberate upon all questions relating to quarantine, and to formulate a uniform system of hygienic rules adapted to the differences of climate, location, natural products and commercial and agricultural relations of the various sections of this Union, which shall govern the foreign and interstate trade and commerce and intercourse at all times of health and of pesti- lential visitation. 2. The appointment of a representative or representatives by the United States of America, by the Mexican Republic, and by each of the Central and South American Republics, by all the governments of the West India Islands, and by the Brazilian Empire, to investigate the sanitary condition of all the chief seaports of North and South America. The duty of this international hygienic congress shall be to formulate suggestions for the sanitary improvement and quarantine regulation of all the important com- mercial centres of North, South, Central and insular America. If any effort is to be made by the nations to eradicate the cause of yellow fever, and to free commerce from the restrictions which its dread imposes, this effort must commence with the sanitary improvement of such cities as Vera Cruz, Havana, Panama and Rio de Janeiro. TASXjES O-Continued.. INTRA-MURAL SEPULTURE IN NEW ORLEANS.-Tahilated Results of an Inspection of the Cemeteries of New Orleans, Conducted by order of, and Under the Immediate Supervision of Joseph Jones, M. D., President of the Bead of Health of the State of Louisiana. 156 Washington Street, Eourth District. New Orleans, January, 1884. ST. LOUIS CEMETERY No. 1, CLASSIFIED BY MONTHS. 1855. --; 1858. ■ 186: 1864. 1867. 1870. 1873. 1876. 1879. 1882. i MONTH. • Deaths. vaults anai Tombs. 1 OG ci 5 x euo w । Fever, j Small-Pox. ) Cholera. MONTH. Deaths. «l vaults and| 1 Graves. 1 Yellow Fever. । © | Cholera. MONTH. Deaths. L_ 33 22 23 28 31 21 23 12 21 26 Graves. ; Yellow Fever. 1 Small-Pox. | JtU9[0T[Q MONTH. Deaths. Vaults and Tombs. । Graves. ) , Yellow 1 Fever. 1 Small-Pox. 1 '^loqo MONTH. | Deaths. I Vaults and I Tombs. | Graves. | Yellow Fever. | Small-pox. | Cholera. MONTH. | Deaths. 1 Vaults and I Tombs • j Graves. I Yellow I Dever. 00000004^0000 1 Small-pox. 5 "o 6 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 MONTH. I Deaths. | Vaults and 1 Tombs. | Graves. I Yellow I Fever. | Small-pox. | Cholera. MONTH. | Deaths. 1 Vaults and 1 Tombs. | Graves. I Yellow | Fever. | Small-Pox. | Cholera. MONTH. | Deaths. 1 Vaults anc | Tombs. | Graves, 1 Yellow | Fever. | Small-pox. a -3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 MONTH. | Deaths. 1 Vaults anc 1 Tombs | Graves. 1 Yellow I Fever. I Small-Pox. | Cholera. January February March ! April ■ May - ■ | June ) July ) August September. ... October 10 22 31 32 50 53 34 06 41 30 12 25 10 22 31 32 50 53 34 66 41 30 12 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o. o 0 0 0 2 0 1 01 1 0. 0 o' 0 38) 0 12 0 01 0 0 0 oj 0 50' 4 0 0 0 0 11 9 1 1 0 0 0 0 32 January February March April May June July August September .... October November December Totals 16 18 32 27 25 27 30 75 - 81 49 31 12 423 16 18 32 27 25 27 30 75 81 49 31 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0) -°l 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February ..... March April May June J uly August September October November December Totals 3f 2 2. 21 31 21 2? 11 2 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . o 0 )l 0 )|0 I 0 1 0 ! 0 10 ! 0 ) 0 )) 0 0 January February March April May June July August September .... October...... November..... December Totals 15 23 28 24 44 47 37 36 32 44 27 33 15 23 28 24 44 47 37 36 32 44 27 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 1 0 •0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March April May June July August September. .. October November December 28 19 22 21 14 29 28 42 69 60 36 44 28 19 22 21 14 29 28 42 69 d0 36 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 30 13 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 13 9 27 January February March April May June July August September October November ..... December Total 28 20 24 20 33 25 22 30 34 31 27 22 316 28 20 24 20 33 25 22 30 34 31 27 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 7 2 0 •January February March. April May Tune July August September October November December 28 26 34 34 39 27 41 30 29 39 28' -27 28 26 34 34 39 27 41 30 29 39 28 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 5 2 1 0 1 1 2 0 0 3 0 0 2 2 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 January February March .'. April May June J uly August September October November December Totals 26 21 26 22 37 37 32 27 20 25 26 29 26 21 26 22 37 37 32 27 20 25 26 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 n 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March April May June July August.... .... September October November December 22 14 22 29 24 19 17 9 14 23 20 24 237 22 14 22 29 24 19 17 9 14 23 20 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March \pril May June .* July August September October November .... December Totals. 19 22 20 29 25 25 24 13 13 23 16 18 19 22 20 29 25 25 24 13 13 23 16 18 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 _0 November. ... December..... It 21 14 !1 1 423 - 0 75 0 0 1 o 390 390 0 " " - Totals 413 412 0 50 1 316 0 3 Totals 382 382) 0 3 15 7 328 328 0 Totals 237 0 1 0 1 247 247 0 0 6 Oi 0 275 6 0 0 20 4 1856. 1859 1862 1865. 1868. 1871, 1874. 1877. 1880. 1883. MONTH. | Deaths, 1 Vaults and | Tombs. | Graves. 1 Yellow 1 Fever. | Small-Pox. ci 'o fl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 month. January February March April .fl a Q I 20 19 If 2' 2i 2 3 1 2 2 2( 1 Vaults and to to uh w k> to g | Tombs. j Graves. 1 A 11" 1 - __ . --jOOOOOOOOOO AIOIPA 1 - • g ® "3 a 0 0 0j 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 MONTH. Deaths. | Vaults and) Tombs. | Graves. Yellow I Fever.) c 73 8 72 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cholera. MONTH. Deaths. © 12 19 18 18 19 24 29 15 23 19 24 Graves. Yellow Fever. Small-Pox. Cholera. MONTH. Deaths Vaults and Tombs. Graves. Yellow / Fever. Small-pox, Cholera. MONTH. | Deaths. Vaults and Tombs. © s 5 Yellow Fever. | Small-pox. Cholera. MONTH. Deaths. 1 Vaults and | Tombs. | Graves. i Yellow Fever | Small-pox. | Cholera. MONTH. | Deaths, 1 Vaults and | Tombs. OD k 5 1 Yellow ( Fever. | Small-pox. | Cholera. MONTH. | Deaths. I Vaults and | Tombs. | Graves. | Yellow Fever. | Small-pox. i Cholera. MONTH. | Deaths. 1 Vaults anc | Tombs. <x> k ci 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I Yellow | Fever. | Small-Pox. ci 'o a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March April May 28 22 32 17 34 21 28 19 36 28 22 32 17 34 21 28 19 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ? 0 1 I 4 3 0 January February March ) April.... .day . 21 30 23 26 30 33 26 21 27 22 30 21 30 23 26 30 33 26 21 27 22 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March . April May 12 19 18 18 19 24 29 15 23 19 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 9 0 9 0 9 0 January February .... March April .. „ May 29 30 21 22 28 16 36 30 32 28 25 29 30 21 22 28 16 36 30 32 28 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( ( 0 0 0 i 0 0 0 0 0 s January ....... February March April May 31 24 18 20 13 28 27 22 23 29 21 31 24 18 20 13 28 27 22 23 29 21 18 274 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March April 23 13 17 19 18 23 24 16 29 22 24 24 23 13 17 19 18 23 24 16 29 22 24 24 0 0 0 0 z 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February...... March April 20 19 22 21 27 31 31 34 19 34 23 26 20 19 22 21 27 31 31 34 19 34 23 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 1 5 1 2 0 0 0 0 o 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 _2 January February March April Mav 28 28 26 20 36 19 22 16 27 19 17 16 28 28 26 20 36 19 22 16 27 19 17 16 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 3 4 9 3 2 0 0 0 1 1 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January . February 16 20 25 21 35 29 23 22 29 16 23 14 16 20 25 21 35 29 23 22 29 16 23 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 April AI ay May....... -. June • • July August September. ... October November. ... December June June June J uly . • 'June J uly I August September October November July August September October........ November July August September October November December Totals July August September October November December July August September July August September October July August September October November. ... December July August September October August September October.. November December November December Totals November December Totals November December Totals If If c 0 0 0 December Totals 16 16 305 0 0 0 2 0 0 December Totals 22 22 242)142 0 0 0 9 0 0 22 22 319 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 4 - Total 237 237 0 0 32 0 9.sn 1 0 0 0 1 305 0 0 0 319 12 Totals 274 0 0 252 252 o 0 0 _2 207 207 0 0 14 Totals 274 274 0 0 _0 273 273 0 0 0 _0 • i - - 1857 1860. 1863, 1866. 1869. 1872. 1875. 1878. 1881. MONTH. Deaths. 5 • C3 OD t> 17 21 26 25 32 33 25 5 2 6 2 2 2: 21 11 Graves. Yellow Fever. Dav • g 2 'o 0 MONTH. Deaths. Vaults and Tombs. Graves, Yellow Fever. Small-Pox. Cholera. MONTH. | Deaths, | Tombs. CQ £ <s 1 ( Yellow Fever. 0IU<»U* L VA , | Cholera. MONTH. Deaths. Vaults and Tombs. s ci 5 Y ellow Dever. © ci a n Cholera. MONTH. Deaths. Vaults and Tombs Graves. i Yellow Fever. | Small-pox. ■mo[oqQ MONTH. | Deaths. । Vaults and 1 Tombs. | Graves. ; Yellow Fever | Small-pox. | Cholera. MONTH. 1 Deaths. 1 Vaults and Tombs. | Graves. | Yellow | Fever | Small-Pox. | Cholera. MONTH. | Deaths. 1 Vaults and | Tombs. | Graves. 1 Yellow Fever. | Small-pox. | Cholera. MONTH. | Deaths. I Vaults and 1 Tombs. | Graves. I Yellow | Fever. | Small-Pox. | cholera. January February March April • • ■ May. • ■ • • r 21 26 25 32 31 V . 2 2 2 2 1 i 292 c 0 0 0 0 a) 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 h 0^ '/ 0 0 01 ) 01 H 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 21 0 01 0 0 1 I 0 0 0 6 2 January February March April May 26 28 23 29 30 32 26 28 23 29 30 32 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February Marelt - April May 16 - 19 11 12 25 28 26 26 40 21 10 28 16 19 c fl 12 25 28 2C 2C 41 2 11 28 i 0 0 ( o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 vi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March April May 33 20 41 10 27 24 22 t 58 1 5; 62 34 29 33 20 ' 41 10 27 24 22 58 51 62 34 29 0 0 0 0 s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 1 3 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 12 1£ 2 1 January February March April May 20 21 37 20 35 37 23 32 18 18 27 31 20 21 27 20 35 37 23 32 It 18 27 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( 0 0 (1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 j 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 January February March April ■ - • May J une July August September.... 28 16 18 16 17 20 28 22 22 21 22 26 28 16 18 16 17 20 28 22 21 21 22 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 c 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 'o c 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ( 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( ( ( 0 0 Jsnuary February March April May June 33 21 25 19 16 24 20 2" 25 32 i: 31 33 21 25 19 16 24 20 2" 28 32 15 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 c I 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 (. ( 4 1 1 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 ( o 0 0 0 0 0 , 0 ■1 1 : o I ! ( January February March April May June 28 24 25 18 21 24 If 123 7! 14 14 28 24 25 18 20 24 19 58 123 79 14 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C C c c c 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 30 73 37 fl ( 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 c 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 c 5 January February March April May June 36 19 25 24 34 33 15 15 16 If 2f 2' 36 19 25 24 34 33 15 15 If If 25 2' 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 fl 0 0 0 o o 0 c ( 0 0 0 0 0 0 c 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 c June August September. ... ' etober November. December..... Totals June J uly • • • August /September October November .... July 1 August (September October November ..... December ..... 1 uly August September.... October November December Totals July August....... September.... October November July August September.. .. October November .... December July August September । 22 £6 22 32 26 221 0 26 0 3] 0 l 0 0 0 0 August September.... 32 26 V 0 0 November. ... November December November .... December Decomber...... Totals 1 Totals L Totals 9 3 - 0 0 c n 9 49 319 21 <1 n n ci 1 Totals..... 26( 266 0 0/1 291 29 )l 1 Totals 44t 446 ( 14S 28 oi )l . - .... ■ " & 1856. 1859. 1862. 1865. 1868. 1871. 1874. 1877. 1880. 1883. MONTHS. Deaths | Vaults and Tombs- | i ce ■5 Fellow Fever-I Small-pox. 1 Cholera. I MONTHS. Deaths. fl . a !>_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 to © k s 0 37 30 29 22 25 23 23 28 28 26 21 25 Yellow Fever. Small-pox. | Cholera. | MONTH. | Deaths. 1 Tombs andi | Vaults. | Graves. i Yellow | Fever. | Small-Pox. | Cholera. MONTH. [ Deaths. tombs and | Vaults. a i C8 ! 5 i Yellow । Fever. 1 o o o o o c o i-* ci ci <x | Small-Pox. | Cholera. MONTHS. | Death. ' Vaults and j Tombs._ 1 Graves. | Yellow I Fever. | Small-Pox. Cholera. M(A nHS. Deaths. I Vaults andi 1 Tombs | Graves. Yellow Fever. | Small-pox fl s o 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MONTHS. '| Deaths. | Vaults and | Tombs. 1 | Graves. 1 Yellow 1 ' Fever X 0 p- 1 4 3 7 2 2 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 | Cholera. MONTHS. Deaths. I Vaults and | Tombs. । Graves. i Yelllow 1 Fever. X 0 p. s 4 6 4 8 6 5 2 2 1 1 0 1 40 Cholera. MONTHS. | Deaths. I Vaults and | Tombs. 1 Graves. 1 Yellow | Fever. | -mall pox. | Cholera. MONTHS. । Deaths. Vaults and Tombs. Graves. Yellow j Fever. Small-pox. j Cholera. i J anuary February March . April May June July August September. October November December. Totals ii 20 11 21 22 19 106 ' 0 J 0 0 0 0 0 16 7 10 11 21 22 19 106 ' 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January. February March April May June July August September October November December. 37 30 29 22 25 23 23 28 28 26 21 25 0 7 -0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 January February Mar ch .. ^ ■ .. April . May June .. July August ... • September.... . November December Totals . 27 27 23 24 29 .33 53 30 . 28 41 28 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ' 0 0 0 0 0 27 27 23 24 29 33 53 30 28 41 28 24 367 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 ? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March April May Tune July August September .... October November December Totals 36 17| 13 22 31 26 50 33 25 28 24 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 17 13 22 31 26 50 33 25 28 24 40 345 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March April .... May J une July August September October November December Totals 36' 20! 23 18 24 33 22 27 16 10 20 29 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 20 23 18 24 33 22 27 16 10 20 29 0 0 S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March April..... May June J uly .. vugust September October November December. 26 24 21 22 20 22 32 24 28 18 45 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 24 21 22 20 22 32 24 28 18 45 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 J 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March. April May J une . July August September October ....... November December 23 22 25 23 27 42 36 36 15 33 14 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 22 25 23 27 42 36 36 15 33 19 19 315 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February... ... March April May June July August. .' September..... October November December 25 21 25 27 29 25 27 20 18 15 28 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 25 21 25 27 29 25 27 20 la 28 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 J anuary F ebruary March.. April May June July August September October November. December Totals 13 21 16 26 30 30 14 20 22 21 19 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 21 16 26 30 30 14 20 22 21 19 '3 0 0 0 s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February, March April May June July August September October November December Totals 20 17 16 26 22 28 25 14 20 17 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 17 16 26 22 28 25 14 20 17 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 3 8 2 4 2 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Totals 317 0|317 7 1 1 1367 0 1 0 0 345 0 0 22 0 278 0 278 0 0 12 Totals 308 0 308 1 0 1 Totals 315 0 0125 0 Totals 287 0 287 0 0 255 0, 255 0 0 1 221 0 221 0 24 0 1857. 1860. 1863. 1866. 1869. 1872. 1875. 1878. 1881. B MONTHS. Deaths.' | Vaults and Tombs. | Graves. Yellow Fever. | Small-pox. 1 Cholera. | MONTHS. Deaths. Vaults and Tombs. y 5 ii 15 43 31 39 40 50 29 38 43 50 54 Yellow [ Fever. c fl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cholera. MONTH. 02 £ g I Tombs and 1 Vaults. ! Graves. 1 Yellow | Fever. j ooooooooooool Small-Pox. | Cholera. MONTHS. Deaths. | Tombs and V aults. j Graves. Yellow. Fever. Small-Pox. Cholera. MONTHS. | Deaths. i Vaults and I Tombs. k fl 6 1 Yellow | Fever. | Small-Pox. | Cholera. MONTHS. | Deaths. 1 Vaults and | Tombs. | Graves. 1 Yellow I Fever. | Small-pox. | Cholera- MONTHS. | Deaths. I Vaults and 1 Tombs. | Graves. i Yellow | Fever | Small-pox. 1 Cholera. MONTHS. | Deaths. | Vaults and 1 Tombs. |' Graves - 1 Yellow Fever. | Small-pox- Cholera. MONTHS. | Deaths. | Vaults and ; Tombs. | Graves. I Yellow Fever. | Small-pox. | Cholera. January February March April May. June July August September October November December 19 17 31 20 20 31 21 17 22 32 33 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 17 31 20 20 21 21 17 22 32 33 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March April May June July August September October November December. 41 15 43 31 39 40 50 29 38 43 50 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o ? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March April May .... ...... June .. July «. August . September October November...... December Totals 37 21 20 35 28 38 36 25 35 31 26 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 21 20 35 28 38 36 25 35 31 26 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 January ........ February March April May June July August September October November December. Totals 13 15 20 23 24 29 33 73 61 53 29 22 395 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 13 15 20 23 24 29 33 73 61 53 29 22 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 10 2 0 15 0 1 1 1 1 i 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 25 8 2 0 January February March April May June July August September October November December Totals 22 19 19 21 44 28 32 29 20 23 32 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 19 19 21 44 28 32 29 20 23 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March April May June July August September October November December 24 22 22 18 18 32 27 29 19 30 19 23 283 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 22 22 18 18 32 27 29 19 30 19 23 ;o 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 J anuary February March April May June July August September...... October November December 26 18 20 23 20 20 34 27 25 21 33 28 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 26 18 20 23 20 20 34 27 25 21 33 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March..' April May June July August September October November December 17 17 22 17 19 18 27 57 135 97 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 17 22 17 19 18 27 57 135 97 27 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 26 89 62 2 0 180 0 3 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January Februry March April May June July August September October November...... December Totals 24 19 15 16 31 30 24 21 15 24 23 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 19 15 16 31 30 24 21 15 24 23 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Totals 286 0 286 2 3 1 Totals 473 0 473 0 0 0 359 359 0 0 0 0 395 7 61 300 0 300 0 0 0 'Totals 0 283 1 0 0 Totals 295 0 0I295 _ 4 0 Totals 470 0 470 9 0 260 0 260 0 0 1 1858. 1861. 1864. 1867. 1876. 1873. 1876. 1879. 1882. MONTHS. Deaths. Vaults andl Tombs. Graves. Yellow Fever. | Small-pox | Cholera MONTH. Deaths. | Vaults and Tombs. Graves. Yellow Fever. Small-Pox. 1 Cholera. M ONTH. | Deaths. i Tombs and 1 V aults. | Graves. I Yellow Fever. | Small Pox. | Cholera. MONTHS. Deaths. Tombs and Vaults. Graves. Yellow Fever Small-Pox. Cholera. MONTHS. | Deaths. 1 Vaults and 1 Tombs. | Graves. i Yellow | Fever. | Small-pox Cholera. MONTHS. | Deaths. I Vaults and | Tombs. ■ -1 Graves. Yellow Fever. | Small-pox. | Cholera. MONTHS. | Deaths. 1 Vaults and | Tombs. | Graves. I Yellow Fever. | Small-pox. | Cholera. MONTHS. 1, Deaths. I Vaults and I Tombs. Graves. 1 Yellow | Fever. | Small-pox. | Cholera. MONTHS. i Vaults and Tombs. 1 Graves. I Yellow | Fever. I Small-pox. 1 Cholera. January February March April May June July >ugust September October November December 22 44 31 38 45 27 38 124 165 86 67 47 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 44 31 38 45 27 38 124 165 86 67 47 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 5 69 90 45 37 20 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March April May June July August September October November December Total 38 32 31 40 48 35 40 37 28 44 26 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 32 31 40 48 35 40 37 28 44 26 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 January ........ February March .7. .• • • April May June July August September October..... . November ... . December.. • ... Totals r33 | 24 ; 30 ! 24 ; 39 43 1 51 1 35 1 44 34 ! 22 | 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 24 30 24 39 43 51 35 44 34 22 | 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 0 1 3 ; i 6 j 1 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March .. .... April May June July August September October November December Totals 28 18 22 16 i 22 1 37 33 50 141 103 41 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ' c 0 0 0 0 28 18 22 16 22 37 53 50 141 103 41 39 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 15 68 53 C 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 1 6 16 January. February March April May June July August September October November December 20 9 19 34 20 24 20 25 52 33 23 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 9 19 34 20 24 20 25 52 33 23 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 12 2 1 1 1 1 2 ; 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March April May . Julie July August September October N ovember December 16 28 20 32 39 25 37 25 26 36 24 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 28 20 32 39 2." 37 25 26 36 24 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 1 1 2 4 0 0 0 2 5 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 January February March April May June July August September October November December 14 21 19 15 32 38 30 18 31 28 26 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 21 19 15 32 38 30 18 31 28 26 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A) 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 January .. .... February....... March April May June July August September October November December Totals 23 12 13 13 21 20 17 13 20 19 17 20 0 S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 ' 0 23 12 13 13 21 20 17 13 20 19 17 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 c 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 January February March April M ay June July August September October November December | Totals 20 17 28 24 21 18 -2: 22 7 18 23 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 17! 0 28 0 24; 0 211 0 18, 0 23 0 22| 0 7 C 18 23 19: 0 1 2 6 10 4 2 2 1 C 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 c c c Totals 734 0 734 266 3 1 422 422 1 0 i |404 ; 0 J04 0 12 1 550 0 550 136 0 23 Totals 298 0 298 39 6 0 i Totals 330 0 330 3 13 9 Totals 288 0 288 0 5 1 208 1 0 208 0 ( 240 0 240, 2S Totals j CD Q 0,3 £ ® o 3 1 c-s §21®:' • ; ; • . c pi Death 1845. 8 c f a g g 1 g ; ; I ; ; • m ■ MONTH. 1844. 3 ° E g-B S ® g-S" c ? ■ g Vc"" -rr • • . . ® 2 1 ■ month. 1843. I a 29 36 31 30 50 42 48 45 44 34 43 38 3. . and ibs. s. c 25 33 53 49 40 46 47 38 49 351 35 40 Deaths. 1 Deaths. 1 29 36 31 30 50 42 48 45 44 34 i 48 38 Vault Ton < 25 33 53 49 40 46 47 38 49| 35 35. A'J Vaults and Tombs. _ 1 37 . 36 i 29 i 26 l 20 1 43 i 45 . 44 61 1 53 31 ' 37 Vaults and Tombs. k ooooooocoooo Grave J ©iOOOOOOOOOOOO Graves. o o 0 0 0 '0 0 .0 0 >0 0 0 0 ,0 10 [0 !0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L_iL_ Graves. OOOOOOOOOOOO V ellow Fever. © 00 00><0000>0000 Yellow Fever. Yellow Fever. • o 0 0 0! 0 0! 0 0, 0 0 0 o; o O '. 0 Oi 0 O' 0 0. 0 o: o O1 0 Small-Pox. 1 OOOOOOt-ic-^rTr-if^O Small-Pox. ol o' 01 0 ol 0 0; 0 0 0 0 0 O' 0 o; o Ol 0 ol 0 0 0 0, 0 Sm albPox. 1.0 Cholera. t-'^OOiOOOOOOOO Cholera. Cholera. g B B ® B £; ; ; ; ® ®" ®. ® ■ : : : : ; ? MONTH. 1865. 1859. xttuurus stuieii 1 ruin oepternuer ur suncu uuu January, 1000, 11847, to January 1, 1865. । to Februacy 28, 18607 Totals I 428 January j 46 February I 45 March.. 41 April । 58 May 1 55 J une 1 58 July ...j 5: August j 71 September •... October J... iNovember December 1... 1 O hi W Deaths. . 1 I J I Pxl i •Zf8l Totals g-g.® 3 S.: : : : " & C 00 OJ s s. I 5041 504 Deaths. Vaults and Tombs. F 94 66 75 ! 88 65 72 95 66 56 57 79 60 Death 39 41 49 59 41 50 42 48 46 i© cc J© O »- O J A Vaults an Tombs - ss Q -1 Cl O' O '42 -J Q CO -J © O O "O -1 CT r a ID Ct CD Ct O .G Vaults and Tombs. 45 41 58 55 58 51 71 29 31 29 39 41 49 59 41 50 42 48 46 Graves. - ooooooooo o oo Graves. Graves. I 1179} 01 Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .0 o o !o 0 0 1 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 HO 0 €10 0 €10 0 610 0 HO Yellow ■ Fever. Small-Pox. •::^ooooooo Y ellow Fe> O' o o o o o o o o o o o Yellow Fever. Small-pox. i| Oi 0 Totals : : : oocooooo Small-Pox 0. o' 0, 0 0, ol 0' 0 ol 0 o. 0 Ol 0 0 0 0j 0 OOO Chole 1 to • ra. ■ : ' I c> O O O o <=> Cholera 0| January O'February 0: March | Cholera^ K O d W January February March 61 April 66 May 61 June ■ i 57 July ! 60 August i 66 September ; 66 October i 54 November 57 January February March April May .June J uly August jSeptember October November December MONTHS. GC i . April May June July August -.. September. ... October November December Totals.. / 610 IleailiH. f - 32 . 53 46 56 53 60 76 78 ^3 19 116 108 JDcjs+Kq o O O rfi Deaths, Vaults and 'Tombs. O 61 66 67 57 60 66 66 54 57 54 Vaults and Tombs. 'll 62 53 46 56 53 60 76 - 78 123 129 116 108 Vaults an Tombs. 41 61 65 45 83 68 66 138 135 104 74 66 I Graves. Graves. 0 oooooooooooo1 Graves. leMiiib Io o oooooooooooo 0 I 0 1 0 : o 1 0 1 0 I 0 1 0 I 3 1 1 1 0 Y ellow Fever. i o) 8; o o o o'oo o^oto Yellow Fever. 8 |8t I Yellow owSSoooooo o o 1 ' Fever Small Pox. 2' 0 0. 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 1 Small-pox. Cholera. oooooooocoowts 1 bmall-pox. Cholera. CCCb50lCM000000 1 Cholera. ^.OiOO-'OOOOOOOO )! Totals-. 2 5 2 5-5 2 3© n-cro. o S. 2 S c 2 ■ • • z-B c- • . ' • • • 2 2 • • • • * * • . H ! 11 : 1 1 : H : MONTHS. 1872. January February... March April May June July August September . ... October November December Total MONTH. 1871. Total January February March April May..... ^...... June... July August September October. November December. MONTHS. 168 168 | 70i 70 661 66 67< 67 j 56 5€ 76 . 76 | 78: 78 j 68 68 71i 71 72 72 57 57 72. 72 69 6f Deaths. Tombs and Vaults. "* 1 0 0 0 cn tn 0 cn 0 tn cn O> -I 1 4-. O H to m id rjy x*i rr> Ju Ui. Deaths. 70 71 78 80 72 79 65 71 86 80 64 66 Deaths. 67 44 : 54 ! 58 ! 62 ! 58 ! 62 I 59 1 59 61 69 64 717 Vaults and| Tombs. I 1 882! 0| 11 99 19 '08 98 !u |C9 61 |S1 08 81 11 01 Vaults and Tombs. o_ o 1 o oo_P o o o o o o o o ' Q O O O ° O O O O' O O O | Graves. Yellow Fever. O- 1 _ 0 00000000 000^ !-■- i OObOOOOOOOOOO J 8 graves. | oooooooooooo Graves. Yellow Fever. fellow | Fever. 01 8 o: 9 oi 3 0 3 0 1 4 0 4 0 3 0 0 0 i 0 o_p_ OOOOOOOOOOOO Small-pox. 0 1 00000000000 o__ mall-pox. o 35 K> Small-pox. Cholera. oooooooooooo Cholera. .^<^c^OOOOOOOOO Cholera. olOOOOOOOOOOOO ij Totals........ January February March April May June. July August । September i October t November i December MONTHS. 1875. January February March April May June July 1 August September October November December Totals MONTH. 1874. Totals | 896, 896 0| 2 Mml 1 Jay lune ' • uly August September October November i December lanuary February branch MONTH. 3 | 787) 787 83l 83 46 46 48] 48 60. 60 49, 49 68s 68 66, 66 ' 79' 79 86 86 69 69 60 60 73 73 Deaths. Tombs and Vaults. 96 68 79 83 93 74 71 59 61: 71 81 914 Deaths. 85 90 82 85 69 66 67 .68 74 x 0 0 0 0 Deaths. 96 57 68 79 83 93 74 71 1 59 i 68 I 71 > 85 I 914 Tombs and V aults ■ 66 o! 0 60, O' 0 84 0' 0 851 0 0 90 0; 0 82' 0 0 85 0 0 69 0 0 66 0 1 67 0 0 68 Oi 1 74' 0' 0 Tombs and Vaults. Graves r~i oooooooooooo Graves. oi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Graves. 1 t-^OQkUI-^OOOOOOO Yellow Fever » 1 f ellow Fever. unall-Pox. Yellow Fev6r. CO u । 2 b > 2 0 t 9 0 । 2| 0 2 1 । o! o 11 0 O1 0 0! 0 i Ol 0 i 0 0 ' 1 0 Small ( li nl a K«^M-xi-xhDO-4-4l©CnOCO ^OOtOt-OHi^OJCC^ w_o_ | Small-Pox. Cholera. OOOOOOHXHXCCOOO Cholera. 1876. 1 Total.. 00^"-&o 2 o . q ■ • • • . . MONTH. 1878. January February March April May June . . July August September October November December Total s MONTHS. 1877. _ ® o ©E c p ® h £ c iz t 7 11011 1 70 I 54 61 I 77 58 । 63 63 128 179 151 54 63 Deaths. 95 83 78 77 83 71 66 74 60 53 55 65 860 Deaths. 00 87l 87 103', 103 871 87 67. 67 68| 68 511 51 61 61 71 71 82 i 82 57 61 81 Deaths. o 70 54 I 61 | 77 ; 58 53 : 63 128 179 151 ■54 : 63 Vaults and Tombs. 95 83 78 77 83 81 66 74 60 53 55 65 ' 860 Tombs and Vaults. Tombs and Vaults. 01 191 Graves. olOOOOOOOOOOOO Graves. o OOOOOOOOOOOO Graves. > 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 h 0 ll ( |l 38 ll 85 > 64 > 3 L Yellow Fever. Small-pox. oloooooooooooo Yellow Fever. oooooooooooo Yellow Fever. 0 0 Small-pox. iO OOOOOl-ih-xWrfiOCOCC 0 I r- t© tt' jt! 0 O 00 IC -J -1 'X C: it iv Small-pox. 5 o CO O O >-x O O O Hi - 0>0000>0r^<-1> r.7> O O Cholera. -X r-x 0 O 1-O O O O O O O O Cholera. o o O O 0000000°° Cholera. i January i February 1 March 1 A pril •May > June i J uly 1 August September । October ....... i November 1 December i Total MONTH. 1881. Total... January February March April May June July August September October November December. MONTH. 1880. J anuary February March April May June ... July August September October N ovember December Total MONTH. 1879. ■ OD O 78 73 64 65 78 89 71 54 53 62 62 40 Deaths. 1 Vaults and 1 Tombs. 43 69 53 51 60 78 59 61 58 54 61 50 679 Deaths. 656 656l 0 0l 0 0 56 56 0 70! 701 0} 49l 491 Ol 61 61 0 61, 611 Ol 57l 57) Oi 49 49 0, 48| 48; 0 58| 58 0 1 CH Deaths. - few Vaults an*4 Tombs. X 78' 73 64 1 65 1 78 1 89; 1 71 54 53 62 621 40; 43 69 53 51 60 78 59 61 58 54 61 50 697 Vaults and Tombs. Graves. oloooooooooooo | Graves. OOO Graves. HO |0 [ 1 ooooooooooo'o Yellow Fever. Yellow Fever. Yellow Fever. Small-pox. oooooooooooo Small-Pox. oloooooooooooo | Small-pox. 000000 00 0000 Cholera. 01oooooooooooo Cholera. oooooooooooo Cholera. * i 1 January February March April May June July August September October November December Totals MONTH. 1883. January February March April May June 3 uly August September October ........ November December Total MONTH. 1882. 66 51 93 76 89 68 69 64 50 56 682 Deaths. 569 1869 49 47 51 63 82 65 48 5< 57 59 52 6- Deaths. 66 51 93 76 89 68 69 64 50 56 : 682 Vaults and Tombs. 49 47 51 63 82 65 48 54 ' 57 i| 59 ! 52 > 65 Vaults and Tombs. ol • • OOOOOOOOOO | Graves. IOOOOOOOOOOOO Graves. ol ' • OOOOOOOOOO I Yellow Fever. 0 |8S|0 ] |OOOOOOOOOOOO I Yellow Fever. 3 10 33 33 20 21 8 4 3 0 135 , Small-Pox. 1 Small-Pox. aooooooooooo | Cholera. 01••OOOOOOOOOO Cholera. 1 1 (r 1882 1883 Totals X) 00 DO 00 -X Q CO OD CO 00 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 ... 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1856 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1 4 St. Louis No. 1. RECAPITULATION-ST. LOUIS CEMETERIES-BY YEARS. CO o 396 280 176 423 305 337 275 242 262 390 319 411 412 274 319 316 252 266 382 30' 291 328 274 446 23' 271 281 24' 23' ±orai Deaths. co co .... "-4 50 "20 1 ' 3 4 i '142 f 1 i ... > r... r... ■ : • g ■ • ' i * Yellow Fever. s cc I i-x to cc a» Small-pox. ID 42 27 4 1 3 2 . "7 2 1 1 2 ! 'a 1 : : i !-x to „ H C H 1 ; ; C r-x to -: Cholera. 191.81 II 873 946 960 910 882 717 821 896 914 "8' 876 86( 1 1011 65< 69' 78< 695 685 462 490 475 504 428 Total Deaths. St. Louis No. 2. to to 1 5 78 i "ii 2 i " 2 1 i ) .. L 191 Yellow Fever. o co tn 79 17 8 '"s 36 1 ' 40 81 i 19 . V 9t L 21 : ; z : • ;;;;; ; z: •:: Small-pox. s ; Z Z Z Z Z * I to • • • i-i. p-x cn co • • •. Cholera. 00 § 106 286 734 317 473 422 367 359 404 345 395 550 278 300 298 308 283 330 315 295 288 287 476 208 251 266 24( Total Deaths. New St. Louis. 05 2 266 7 " 1 1 ' 15 136 ' 39 1 1 3 "4 1 186 Fever. to to S 5 SU €1 9 1 58 s„ • • Hi <w oo Small-Pox. to 1 0 61 .23 .12 "9 i "i !-* • W H* H* Cholera. NEW ST. LOUIS CEMETERY, €1 VSSIEIEP BY MONTHS. ST. LOUIS CEMETERY No. 2, CLASSIFIED BY MONTHS. PROGRESS OF THE DISCOVERY OF DISINFECTANTS AND THEIR APPLICATION FOR THE ARREST OF CONTAGION; EMBRACING . A HISTORY OF MARITIME HYGIENE, AS APPLIED BY THE GREAT NAVAL POWERS. AN APPENDIX TO THE ADDRESS DELIVERED AT THE OPENING SESSION OF THE SECTION OF PUBLIC AND INTERNATIONAL HYGIENE OF THE NINTH INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL CONGRESS, WASHINGTON, D. C., By JOSEPH JONES, M.D., Professor of Chemistry and Clinical Medicine, Medical Department Tulane University of Louisiana; Visiting Physician of Charity Hospital; Honorary Fellow of the Medical Society of Virginia; Formerly Surgeon in the Provisional Army of the Confederate States; President of the Board of Health of the State of Louisi- ana, 1880, 1881, 1883, 1883, 188b; Associate Fellow of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia ; Member of the American Medical Association; President of the Medical Society of Louisiana, 1887-1888; Member of the Medico-Legal Society of New York; Member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; Honorary Member of the American Anti- quarian Society; Honorary Vice-President of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia; Honorary Member of Museum ftlr VOlkerkunde in Leipzig; Fellow of the Academy of Sciences of New Orleans; President of Section XV (Public and International Hygiene) Ninth International Medical Congress, Washington, D. C., U. S. A., 1887; etc., etc. NEW ORLEANS, LA.: JOSEPH JONES, M.D., 156 Washington Avenue, Cor. Camp Street, 4th District. 1889. Press of Wm. F. Fell & Co., 1220-24 Sansom St., PHILADELPHIA. APPENDIX. When we consider the vast importance of'Hygiene to the welfare of the human race, and the value of correct systems of disinfection and sanitation, the history of the gradual development of this science in its application to the arrest of contagious and infectious diseases possesses peculiar interest. It would be foreign to the present discussion to enter into any extended review of the great advances which have been made in sanitary science, but we may be permitted to allude to certain well-established facts. Thus, during the Middle Ages the characters of the epidemic fevers were modified, and their destructive tendencies intensified, and their external manifestations rendered more marked, by the neglect of all sanitary regulations in cities and private houses, and by the filthy habits and salt diet of the people. Every town was a fortress, and every house a castle, and the inhabit- ants, like the soldiers of a garrison, worked and slept with their arms, and always held them- selves ready to resist attacks. Bands of robbers defied the power of the rulers, openly encamped upon the public roads, and plundered and murdered all who were not able to protect themselves by the force of arms. The country was covered with forests and undrained swamps and marshes, and the best lands were uncultivated. The walled towns were encompassed by large, stagnant ditches, which were the receptacle for refuse and all sorts of decomposing filth; the streets were narrow, unpaved, undrained, uncleaned and unlighted; there was no provision for the removal of the town refuse, which was thrown into the gutters and streets, forming, in dry weather, a semi-fluid mass of corrupting animal and vegetable matter, and, in wet weather, noxious bogs of filth. The houses were described as mean and squalid, without chimneys, the windows without glass, and the floors without boards. The floors, says Erasmus, " generally are made of nothing but loam, and are strewed with rushes, which being constantly put in fresh, without the removal of the old, remain lying there, in some cases for twenty years, with fish bones, broken victuals, the dregs of tankards, and impregnated with other filth underneath, from dogs and men." From the absence of cotton and linen goods, and the scarcity of woolen garments, resulting from the slow production of cloths by the hand-loom, the personal habits of the people were filthy in the extreme. Combined with this there existed ignorance as to the mode of raising and pre- serving vegetables, and improvidence and intemperance of living. For many centuries no more subsistence was produced in Europe than was barely sufficient for the necessities of the people. Consequently, every year of scarcity became a year of famine. The malarious, undrained state of the country, the crowded, filthy condition of the towns, and the filthy, degraded habits of the people, formed the necessary conditions for the origin and spread of contagious diseases, which almost annually desolated the more thickly populated cities and countries. During the past two centuries, the great revolution wrought by changes of diet, dress and habits, and the great advance of the arts of civilization, and the application, in public and private build- ings, and in cities and towns, of correct sanitary regulations, have banished many destructive diseases and mitigated the severity of others. The plague, which ravaged Europe for more than two thousand years, disappeared two cen- turies ago, and now only lingers in the more ancient and filthy Eastern cities. The labors of the agriculturists have banished malarial fever from large portions of the European and American continents; typhus or jail fever, the fatal scourge of the unfortunate prisoner, of the sailor and soldier, or of the inmates of the crowded hospital, and which in many of its visitations was scarcely less terrible than the plague, is now confined to the hovels of the poor in certain oppressed and suffering countries, and is almost unknown among the better classes. Many pain- ful and fatal forms of disease which formerly swelled the bills of mortality in the large European cities have so completely disappeared that their names even are no longer in use; and smallpox, which before the discovery of vaccination by Jenner was infinitely more destructive than the plague itself, sweeping off whole tribes of savage and half civilized people, and destroying not less than fifteen millions of human beings every twenty-five years, exists only because of our neglect and folly. It is the duty of the physician to prevent, as well as to cure disease, and all questions relating to sanitary science should be discussed with calmness, deliberation and justice. In the discussion of any and every measure which relates to the prevention and control of these pestilences, and especially of yellow fever, which have at various times inflicted incalculably injury upon the maritime cities of Insular, Central and North and South America, it would be well for the guar- dians of the public health to consider the advice'of a noble Roman to the Senate: "All who deliberate upon doubtful matters ought to be uninfluenced by hatred, affection, anger or pity. When we are animated by these sentiments it is hard to unravel the truth, and no one has been able to serve at once his passions and his interests." All facts relating to the origin, cause and means of prevention of yellow fever, are of vital importance to the inhabitants of southern cities. A correct knowledge of the laws which govern yellow fever can be obtained only by the accumu- lation of a large number of well-observed and undoubted facts, and the medical profession will sustain and encourage legitimate and efficient measures designed to limit or prevent the spread of this disease. Whoever may be instrumental in the discovery and establishment of the laws which govern the origin and spread of this great scourge, will certainly be entitled to the gratitude of the inhabitants of insular, tropical and sub-tropical America. If it be true that the localizing causes of yellow fever, and the high death rate of certain cities in insular, tropical and sub-tropical America, be preventable in New Orleans and other cities, then it is of prime importance to the public welfare that the medical profession should calmly discuss every experimental procedure directed to the control or removal of the local causes of disease and death. DISINFECTION PRACTICED BY THE ANCIENTS, BUT ITS SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION OF MODERN ORIGIN. The word disinfection is applied to the removal of all disagreeable gases and odors, as well as to the decomposition which produces them, and, therefore, includes deodorizing; and the use of the word in this sense is in accordance with the opinion held from the earliest ages, that the infection of fever or plague was either the same as, or distinctly allied to, these gases. The preservation of meats by smoking, drying and pickling with salt, and of vegetables and fruits, by means of honey and sugar, is a kind of disinfection which was practiced from time immemorial; Moses, the lawgiver, established specific hygienic rules for camps and cities; described with great care the modes of disinfecting vessels, clothing and houses contaminated with putrid or infectious matter; pleasant scents were used not merely for pleasure, but during all epidemics, perfumes and substances with decided odors, were everywhere employed as disinfectants or guards against infection and contagion. The use of such antiseptics as resins, pitch or tar, bitumen, aromatics, natron or nitre and cedar oil, in the process of embalming the dead bodies of man and animals was known to the Egyptians before any authentic history which books have handed down. The Greeks and Romans, at an early day, directed their attention to the evil effects of crowding, and enacted laws for the proper construction of houses.: In Rome the houses were ordered to be at least five feet apart, and not more than nine stories high. Augustus com- manded that they should not exceed seventy feet in height. Trajan made the limit seventy. Zeno, of Constantinople, ordered all houses to be twelve feet apart all the way up, and the projec- tions which caused the houses to meet above were disallowed. The disinfection and cleansing of the streets and sewers was the duty of a high officer in Rome. " The Praetor took care that all sewers should be cleansed and repaired, for the health of the citizens, because uncleaned or unre- paired sewers threaten a pestilential atmosphere, and are dangerous." And finally, from the days of Homer and Hippocrates, of the great plague of Athens to the present moment, the burning of sulphur and tar have been practiced for the arrest of pestilence. As the art of disinfection borrows its knowledge from chemistry, it has advanced in accord- ance with the general advances of this science, which is, to a large extent, of modern creation, and it may at some future day attain the rank of a science, when the nature of contagious and infectious matters have been fully revealed, and the direct chemical and physical actions of disinfectants established. Much ingenuity and force of argument have been exerted by some authors, to show that con- tagion is the mere result of putrefaction, but though many circumstances serve to prove that they are intimately connected, and capable of being destroyed by similar agents, sufficient evi- dence has not hitherto been adduced to warrant the positive conclusion that contagious effluvia are essentially the same with the miasmata exhaled from putrid substances. Whatever difference of opinion may, however, prevail respecting the nature and origin of febrile contagions, accurate observations have fully proved that, in whatever way generated, they may all be propagated, either by actual contact with infected persons or things, or by breathing air charged with effluvia, whether proceeding from substances imbued with contagious virus, or from patients laboring under pestilential disease. Since all contagious effluvia act only when near to the sources whence they arise, and since, when diffused in the air, or chemically united with it by solution, they unquestionably lose their deleterious qualities, it must be obvious that, by a proper attention to ventilation and cleanliness, the influence of infection maybe generally avoided; but although both reason and experience confirm the efficacy of such measures in preventing or controlling the destructive agency of con- tagion, yet, as the time requisite thus to dilute or diffuse the poison is uncertain, and as this mode of purification is not universally applicable, recourse has been had to the more easy and expedi- tious means which chemistry affords. While the modern history of disinfectants began in the Seventeenth century, it was not until near the close of the Eighteenth century that the nature and agencies of oxygen and chlorine were explained by the discoveries of Priestley, Scheie, Cavendish, Lavoisier, and other chemists. The investigations of Boyle, showing the influence of air and heat and cold upon putrefaction, were followed by the experiments of Dr. Petit, in 1732, on the effects of antiseptics in the preser- vation of flesh. Petit came to the conclusion that astringents were the best preservatives of fresh meats, and that their action was similar to drying. Lord Bacon had long before observed that the inducing or accelerating putrefaction was a subject of very universal inquiry, and says that "it is of an excellent use to inquire into the means of preventing or staying putrefaction, which makes a great part of physic and surgery." * NOTE 1. EXPERIMENTS OF SIR JOHN PRINGLE, 1750. In 1750, Sir John Pringle read before the Royal Society his "Experiments upon Septic and Antiseptic substances, with remarks relating to their use in the Theory of Medicine," f for which he was honored with the Copleian Medal. Sir John Pringle was led to make some experiments into the manner in which bodies are resolved by putrefaction, with the means of accelerating, or ♦ Nat. History, Cent. iv. + Philosophical Transactions, 1750, Vol. xlvi. No. 495, p.481; No. 496, p. 525, p. 550. "Observations on Diseases of the Army," by Sir John Pringle. Appendix. preventing that process, by his having had " an uncommon number of putrid distempers " under his care in the hospitals of the Army. From the first series of experiments he concluded that acids by themselves were among the most powerful antiseptics, and that the alkaline salts were likewise of that class. Sir John Pringle thus rates the comparative powers of salts in resisting putrefaction: sea salt, 1; sal gemmae, 1; Tartarus vitriolatus, 2; Spiritus mindereri, 2; Tartarus solubilis, 2; Sal diureticus, 2; Sal ammoniacus, 3; Saline mixture, 3; Nitre, 4; Salt of hartshorne, 4; Salt of wormwood, 4; Borax, 12; Salt of amber, 20; Alum, 30. According to this table the antiseptic power of alum is thirty times as great as that of common salt. He experimented also upon the antiseptic prop- erties of Myrrh, Aloe, Asafoetidae, Terra japonica, Gum ammoniacum, Opium and Camphor. Of all resinous substances, he found camphor to be the strongest "resister of putrefaction." Ex- periments with infusions of Virginia snake root, Peruvian bark, pepper, ginger, saffron, contra- erva root, galls, dried sage, rhubarb, root of wild valerian, leaves of mint, angelica, ground ivy, senna, green tea, red roses, wormwood, mustard seed and horse-radish root, proved that they were powerful " resisters of putrefaction." After detailing various experiments illustrating the power of a decoction of Peruvian bark to arrest putrefaction, Sir John Pringle makes the following practical applications:- "Now, since the bark parts with so much virtue in water, is it not reasonable to suppose that it may yield still more in the body, when opened by the saliva and the bile, and therefore that in some measure it operates by this antiseptic virtue ? From this principle we may, perhaps, account for its success in gangrene, and in the low state of malignant fevers when the humours are apparently corrupted. And as to intermitting fevers, in which the bark is most specific, were we to judge of their nature from the circumstances attending them, in climates and in seasons most liable to this distemper, we should assign putrefaction as one of the principal causes. They are the great epidemics of marshy countries, and prevail most after hot summers, with a close and moist state of the air. They begin about the end of summer and continue throughout autumn, being at the worst when the atmosphere is most loaded with the effluvia of stagnating water, rendered more putrid by vegetables and animals dying and rotting in it. At such times all meats are quickly tainted, and dysenteries, with other putrid disorders, coincide with these fevers. The heats dispose the blood to acrimony, the putrid effluvia are a ferment, and the fogs and dews, so common in such situations, stopping perspiration, shut up the corrupted humours and bring on a fever. The more these causes prevail, the easier is it to trace this putrefaction. The nausea, thirst, bitter taste in the mouth and frequent evacuations of corrupted bile, are common symptoms and arguments for what is advanced. We shall add that in moist coun- tries and in bad seasons, the intermittents not only begin with symptoms of a putrid fever, but if unduly treated, are easily changed into a malignant fever with livid spots or blotches on the skin or a mortification of the bowels. At the same time it must be acknowledged that such is the quick action of the bark in removing these fevers that its febrifuge quality must be something different from its antiseptic: and yet we may remark that whatever medicines (besides evacua- tions and the bark) have been found useful in the cure of intermittents, they are mostly, so far as I know, powerful correctors of putrefaction, such as myrrh, camomile-flowers, wormwood, tincture of roses, alum with nutmeg, the vitriolic or other strong mineral acids, with aromatics." NOTE 2. VENTILATION OF SHIPS IN 1755. BY DR. STEPHEN HALES. In 1755, Dr. Stephen Hales* published in the Transactions of the Royal Society of London, an article "On the Great benefits of Ventilators in many instances, in preserving the health and lives of people in slave and other transport ships." Captain Thomson, of the " Success " frigate, in a letter to Dr. Hales dated London, Sept. 25th, 1749, states that he "found this good effect from ventilation, that though there were near 200 men on board for almost a year, yet he landed them all well in Georgia, notwithstanding they were pressed men and drawn out of jails with distempers upon them." He states also that all kinds of provisions in the ship kept better, from the coolness and fresh- ness of the air in the ships, caused by ventilation. Mr. Crammond and Captain Ellis testified to the value of free ventilation in preserving the lives of the crew and slaves during the voyages from * Philosophical Transactions, 1755, Vol. xlix, p. 332. Africa to America. Also the Earl of Halifax, often informed Dr. Hales of the great benefit they found by the use of ventilators in several Nova Scotia transport ships, twelve to one more having been found to die in unventilated than in ventilated ships. In view of such facts, Dr. Hales affirmed that " It is indeed a self-evident thing that this chang- ing the foul air frequently in ships in which there are many persons, will be a means of keeping them in better health than not doing it. It is the high degree of putrefaction (that most subtle dissolvent in nature), which a foul air acquires in long stagnating, which gives it that pestilential quality which causes what is called the jail distemper. And a very small quantity, or even vapor of this highly attenuated venom, like the infection or inoculation for the smallpox, soon spreads its deadly infection." NOTE 3. Dr. John Huxham, in his Essay on Fevers, * in the Appendix, details a method of pre- serving the health of seamen in long cruises and voyages, and advises that " Every sailor should have at least a pint of cider a day, besides beer and water. And I would advise, also, a frequent and free use of vinegar in the seaman's diet; especially when the provisions begin to grow rancid. Besides this, the decks, etc., should be frequently washed or sprinkled with vinegar; after having drawn the gross and foul air out of the ship by Mr. Sutton's contrivance, or by Dr. Hales' ventilators, which should be done once, at least, every day." NOTE 4. EXPERIMENTS OF DR. DAVID MACBRIDE, IN 1764, ON ANTISEPTICS. Surgeon David Macbride published, in 1764, his Five Experimental Essays on the Fermenta- tion of Alimentary Mixtures, Fixed Air, Antiseptics, Scurvy and the Resolvent Power of Quick- lime. f The old chemists believed that all the true spontaneous changes or transmutations of bodies were the effects of fermentation; but Boerhaave, disliking so enormous an extension of terms, restricted it within very narrow limits, and would suffer nothing to be called fermentation which did not produce either an ardent spirit or an acid, thus entirely confining it to what are usually called the vinous and acetous stages, and altogether rejecting the putrefactive, as looking on putre- faction to be quite a different process, and no way allied to fermentation. But this restriction, which was merely for the sake of clearness and precision, introduced confusion with regard to the word putrefaction. This word, in its common acceptance, was always understood to imply a plain tendency to destruction in bodies, accompanied with every sign of rottenness and offensiveness; and, accordingly, it was often met with in cotemporary writers with Macbride, in this sense, when perhaps, on the very same page, the statement is made that the aliment is prepared for nourishing the human body by putrefaction; that motion, life and heat are communicated to the fluids by putrefaction. The later chemists, therefore, who reduced this branch of chemistry to a more intelligible and methodical system than Boerhaave, approached more nearly to the ancient opinion, and with Macquer, defined fermentation to be an intestine motion, which, arising spontaneously among the insensible parts of a body, produceth a new disposition and a different combination of the parts. Macbride, accepting this definition, held that a great number of the natural changes which daily take place in the animal and vegetable kingdoms should be looked on as so many modes of fermentation, and that, in particular, the digestion of our food should be looked on as bfermenta- tory process. Macbride held that "the experiments already made by the very learned and ingenious Dr. Pringle, seem sufficient to convince every unbiased reader of the truth of this theory, which, if we consider the matter with any degree of attention, we must find to be absolutely necessary in order to bring about that new disposition and that different combination of the insensible parts of the alimentary substances which enable the immense variety of discordant mixtures that enter the composition of our food to depart so far from their original natures as to become one mild, sweet and nutritious fluid; for this demands a great deal more than mere mechanical mixture and dissolution, which is the most that the common theories of digestion lead to, since they do not seem expressly to require, nor indeed suppose, such an absolute change to be wrought, in the first • Third Ed., London, 1757, page 262. f London, 1764. passages, on the nature of the different kinds of food, as would render them susceptible of that firm union and that strong attraction by the means of which they become so soon one and the same substance with the body into which they are received. It also appears pretty plain, from Dr. Pringle's experiments, that there is something gener- ated or set free during the first stage of the fermentation of animal and vegetable mixtures, which hath a power of correcting putrefaction." * Hoffman, however, previous to Macbride, had insisted much on the complete change that the aliment undergoes in the first passages, and makes digestion a mere fermentatory process, as may be seen at large in his chapter de Alimentorum Solutione and Solutione Usu, and the three suc- ceeding ones. . The labors of Hoffman, Pringle and Macbride were of the highest importance, in that they referred putrefaction, fermentation and digestion to the same general causes. Macbride repeated and extended the experiments of Pringle, and confirmed his conclusions, that combinations, as the mineral acids, aromatic gums and Peruvian bark, possess powerful anti- septic virtues, resisting and correcting putrefaction. He also established the fact that fixed air (carbonic acid) tended to retard fermentation. Macbride threw out the following suggestions with reference to the treatment of yellow fever:- "However, I will, in the meantime, recommend the trial of an experiment in that very destructive disease, theputnd yellow fever of the West Indies. It is to give the patients repeated doses of the alkaline salts, in fresh lime juice, or the like, and let it always be swallowed during the act of effervescence; and let the patient's drink be somewhat of the highly fermentable kind; I would even propose the juice of the green sugar cane, diluted, and acidulated with some of the recent sour juices." " I find that Dr. Lind often prevents the fits of an ague by giving these mixtures in the manner above mentioned. And Riverius used to check vomitings therewith in an infant." "A surgeon who was some time at Goru, on the coast of Africa, tells me that the natives use in these fevers, with very good success, a drink prepared by macerating in water a fruit of the plum kind, that grows there in great plenty."f Lime was found by Macbride to prevent but not remove putrefaction. Animal fluids, he observes, will remain for a long time without putridity if kept from the air. He says that astrin- gent mineral acids and ardent spirits "not only absorb the matter from the putrescent substance, but, likewise, crisp up its fibres, and thereby render it so hard and durable that no change of combination will take place for years." NOTE 5. DISINFECTION AS PRACTICED IN THE HOSPITALS OF MALTA, AND IN THE LEVANTINE LAZARETTOES. Disinfection has been practiced in the hospitals of Malta and in the Levantine lazarettoes from an early and, as far as my information extends, for an indefinite period. The plague was first noticed in the " Maltese Annals " in 1549, a. d. ; in 1593 it again appeared; in 1623 forty-six persons died of it, and in 1663, it reappeared, when only twenty persons fell victims to it. But its advent in 1675 was dreadful, for 11,300 persons died of this dreadful malady. For one hundred and thirty years Malta was free from plague, when it broke out with fearful violence in 1813; from its commencement in April, 1813, to its termination in September of the same year, 4486 deaths took place in the island, of which 1223 occurred in Valetta, the mortality being about 80 in the 100 attacked. J The monthly progress is shown by the deaths from April to November, viz.; April, 3 cases ; May, 110 ; June, 800; July, 1595 ; August, 1042; September, 674; October, 211; November, 53. Maximum of the thermometer during these months was 71°, 82°, 84°, 88°, 86°, 88°, 83°, 72°, F. Strong winds blew during part of the period, particularly in July. The progress of this mortality resembled that of the yellow fever in America. * " Essay on the Fermentation of Alimentary Mixtures," pp. 1-4. f " Essay on the Respective Powers and Manner of Acting of the Different Kinds of Antiseptics," pp. 165-166. t" History of the British Colonies," by R. Montgomery Martin, Vol. v. Possessions in Europe. Loudon, 1835, p. 192. The process of expurgation, at Malta, during the plague or other pestilential diseases, con- sisted of the free and continual admission of air to all parts of the house and furniture; the removal of filth of every species; ablution of all woodwork by a strong lye of soap water and the application of hot lime wash to all the walls, from the cellar to the garret; taking care to remove and repair all loose or decayed pieces of plastering; all the drains, etc., completely emptied of their contents and thoroughly cleansed; the clothing and furniture most minutely cleansed, and such parts as are not susceptible of damage from water submitted to copious effusions, and even boiled in a strong lye when practicable; books and all other similar articles placed in the open air, on terraces, etc., and every decayed, superfluous, or useless article, particularly in the form of bags, cordage, paper, clothes, hangings, etc., destroyed. To these precautions were added fumigations of various kinds, mineral and vegetable; those from the mineral acids were very frequent'y used in the public hospitals. The smoke of straw, dampened with water, and the fumes of vinegar were a'so very frequent means of fumigation; but the great officinal formula of the Levantine lazarettoes is as follows (it, however, was princi- pally applied to goods, letters, etc.) :- Sulphur six pounds. Orpiment, crude antimony, litharge, cumin seed, euphorbium, black pepper, ginger, of each four pounds. Asafcetiaa, cinnabar, sal ammoniac, of each, three pounds. Arsenic, , one pound. All reduced to a fine powder, to which is added- Raspings or sawdust of pine wood, six pounds. Bran, fifty pounds. This most offensive and penetrating compound and efficient antiseptic and disinfectant appears to have been long in use, for it is noticed by Dr. Russell, in his history of Aleppo.* In the burning of such a compound sulphurous acid and arsenious acid would necessarily be evolved, as well as some of the compounds of mercury, and it is, perhaps, true that modern sani- tary science has failed to discover a more effective and, at the same time, a more offensive disin- fectant. The fumes of this compound must have been, if inhaled to any great extent, destructive to all animal life, even that of man. The exposure of the clothing to the night air was sup- posed by many to be the most effectual of all means of purification, and the Turks and other inhabitants of the Levant place the most implicit confidence in its efficacy, which they attribute principally to the operation of the dew. Coins and other articles were purified by passing them through vinegar, and the free use of oil in anointing the body has prevailed from time immemorial, in the Levant and East, as a means of protection against the plague. The method of disinfection practiced in the quarantine stations and lazarettoes of the South of Europe and the Levant was investigated by the celebrated John Howardf and Dr. Charles Maclean,^ w^° voluntarily subjected themselves to the barbarous restrictions of the odious quar- antine, and the barbarous method of confinement in damp, ill-ventilated and filthy rooms of the lazarettoes, and the more important facts relating to disinfection recorded by these authors are embraced in the preceding observations. In order to obtain the best information, by performing the strictest quarantine, John Howard took passage for Venice, from Smyrna, in a ship with a foul bill. He thus records his experience:- " Contrary winds and other causes made this a tedious and dangerous voyage, and it was sixty days from the time of leaving Smyrna before I arrived at Venice." "Here, after our ship had been conducted by a pilot-boat to her proper moorings, a messenger came from the health office for the captain; and I went with him in his boat to see the manner in which his report was made, his letters delivered, and his examination conducted. The following *" History of the British Colonies," by R. Montgomery Martin. Vol. v, pp. 194,195. f " An account of the principal Lazarettoes in Europe ; with various papers relating to the Plague, together with further observations on some Foreign Prisons and Hospitals, etc." By John Howard, D. R.S., Warrington, 1789. J"Results of an Investigation respecting Epidemic and Pestilential Diseases; including Researches in the Levant concerning the Plague." By Charles Maclean, m.d. London, 1817 ; 2 vols. morning a messenger came .in a gondola to conduct me to the new lazaretto. I was placed, with my baggage, in a boat fastened by a cord ten feet long to another boat in which were six rowers. When I came near the landing place, the cord was loosed, and my boat was pushed with a pole to the shore, when a person met me, who said he had been ordered by the magistrates to be my guard. Soon after unloading the boat, the sub-prior came and showed me my lodging, which was a very dirty room, full of vermin, and without table, chair or bed. That day and the next morn- ing I employed a person to wash my room; but this did not remove the offensiveness of it, or prevent that constant headache which I had been used to feel in visiting other lazarettoes, and some of the hospitals in Turkey. This lazaretto is chiefly assigned to Turks and soldiers, and the crews of those ships which have the plague on board. In one of the enclosures was the crew of a Ragusian ship, which had arrived a few days before me, after being driven from Ancona and Trieste. My guard sent a report of my health to the office, and on the representation of our consul, I was conducted to the old lazaretto, which is nearer the city. Having brought a letter to the Prior from the Venetian ambassador at Constantinople, I hoped now to have had a comfortable lodging. But I was not so happy. The apartments appointed me (consisting of an upper and a lower room) were no less disagreeable and offensive than the former. I preferred lying in the lower room, on a brick floor, where I was almost surrounded with water. After six dAys, however, the Prior removed me to an apartment in some respects better, and consisting of four rooms. Here I had a pleasant view; but the rooms were without furniture, very dirty, and no less offen- sive than the sick wards of the worst hospital. The walls of my chamber, not having been cleansed probably for half a century, were saturated with infection. I got them washed repeatedly with boiling water, to remove the offensive smell, but without effect. My appetite failed, and I concluded I was in danger of the slow hospital fever. I proposed whitewashing my room with lime slaked in boiling water, but was opposed by strong prejudices. I got, however, this done one morning, through the assistance of the British Consul, who was so good as to supply me with a quarter of a bushel of fresh lime for the purpose. And the consequence was, that my room was immediately rendered so sweet and fresh that I was able to drink tea in the afternoon, and to lie in it the following night. On the next day the walls were dry as well as sweet, and in a few days I recovered my appetite. Thus, at a small expense, and to the admiration of the other inhabitants of this lazaretto, I provided myself and successors an agreeable and wholesome room, instead of a nasty and contagious one. " Over the gateways of two large rooms or warehouses was carved in stone the images of three saints (San Sebastiano, San Marco, and San Rocco), reckoned the patrons of this lazaretto. Formerly, when persons who had the plague were brought from the city, they were put into one of these rooms for forty days, and afterward into the other for the same time, before they were discharged." John Howard adds, in a note: " Many of the windows in these rooms, and also in some other ancient pest-houses which I have seen, are now bricked up. This shows that in the last century physicians were sensible of the importance of fresh air and a free circulation of it in sick wards. A different practice, particularly in the smallpox and the gaol-fever, was after- ward adopted by medical gentlemen; but we seem now to be returning to the ancient and more salutary practice. Formerly, also, it seems probable that men did not entertain these absurd prejudices against the free use of water in washing themselves and their rooms, which are now prevalent; for in several of the old pest-houses I have observed the marks of a greater attention to the means of gaining plenty of water than has been thought necessary in many of the hospitals built within these fifty years."* The health office of Venice was instituted by decree of the Senate, in the year 1448, in the midst of a very destructive pestilence, and afterward confirmed and regulated by subsequent decrees, till reduced to the order in which it stood at the time of the visit of John Howard, in 1785. NOTE 6. HYDROCHLORIC ACID (MURIATIC ACID), NITROUS ACID, NITRIC ACID, PEROX- IDE OF NITROGEN, BINOXIDE OF NITROGEN AND CHLORINE AS DISINFECTANTS. An essay recommending nitrate of potash in ventilation received the recommendation of the Academy of Dijon in 1767. Dr. Robert Angus Smith suggests that when this substance was used in ventilation the saltpetre was heated, in which case it would give off oxygen gas, which at first * An account of the Principal Lazarettoes in Europe, etc., pp. 10-12. Vol. IV-22 is very pure; afterward nitrogen comes off, and then the salt itself, or, at least, the base, is car- ried into the airK causing a very stifling sensation. The oxygen, however, would be valuable. This plan was remarkable as having been tried before the discovery of oxygen, which was in 1774. Guyton-Morveau * made a valuable and practical advance in 1773, when he proposed fumiga- tion with muriatic acid vapors as a mode of disinfecting hospitals; but the acid fumes of burning sulphur had been used in Greece and Rome, for the arrest of pestilence, two thousand years before, and this latter agent is far superior to muriatic acid as a disinfectant. The Chancellor of the Legion of Honor, writing to him in the name of the Emperor Napoleon, in 1805, says: " Europe and America know that since 1773 you have employed your discovery of the applica- tion of muriatic acid fumes to arrest the effects of contagious and direful diseases." He obtained for it the brevet of an oflicer of the Legion of Honor. The Danish method of fumigation is by the use of muriatic acid; common salt may be used by pouring sulphuric acid on it, without heat, and nitric acid may be used, but the products are different. The use of muriatic acid by Guyton-Morveau, in 1773, has justly been regarded as the begin- ning of acid fumigation, leaving out the ancient use of vinegar and of sulphurous acid. Chlorine gas was discovered by Scheele, in 1774, and while we cannot go to the ancients for its history, it has, nevertheless, been supposed that the ancient Egyptians used it, as they evi- dently obtained nitric acid from the saltpetre, and this must have, in their experiments, been mixed with common salt, thus giving nitrous gases and chlorine. NOTE 7. EXPERIMENTS AND INVESTIGATIONS ON THE MEANS OF PURIFYING INFECTED AIR, OF PREVENTING CONTAGION AND ARRESTING ITS PROGRESS BY FUMIGATION WITH THE MURIATIC ACID, INSTITUTED BY L. B. GUYTON-MORVEAU, 1773. The employment of muriatic acid for the purification of vitiated air seems first to have been suggested by Dr. James Johnstone, of Worcester, so early as 1758, in a Treatise, entitled "An Historical Dissertation on the Malignant and Epidemical Fever which prevailed at Kidder- minster in 1756; " but it is, indisputably, to M. Morveau that the medical profession is indebted for having fully established its efficacy by a variety of well-conducted and decisive experiments. These and other instances, in which acid fumigations were employed with the greatest success, seem evidently to have suggested the experiments of Dr. Smith with the nitric acid vapor, on board the Union Hospital ship at Sheerness, in the year 1795. The questions which prompted his experiments have thus been stated by Guyton-Morveau : "The most mournful events incessantly recall to our attention the effect of contagion. The bare mention of this word presents the image of the most dreadful of all the evils which afflict humanity. The sword blunts its edge in the body which it pierces ; poison remains inactive in the organ which it has deprived of sensation ; fire, removed from its aliment, dies of itself; but contagion derives additional force from the number of its victims. " What, then, is the nature of those invisible corpuscles which, like organic beings, possess the power of reproduction, and of assimilating to their own essence everything with which they come in contact, and which seem to assume life but for the purpose of propagating death ? Is their composition sufficiently powerful to resist the force of the chemical agents which destroy almost simultaneously the equilibrium of the elements in animate as well as inanimate matter ? " The sepulchral vaults of the principal church at Dijon having been entirely filled, in conse- quence of the winter of 1773, which froze the ground of the common cemetery to such a depth that it could not be opened, orders were given to remove the bodies from the subterranean repositories. It was conceived that sufficient precaution had been taken by throwing in some quicklime, without even furnishing a vent for the putrid effluvia, or suspecting, what ought to have been anticipated from the experiments of Macbride, that lime, though it prevents the process of putrefaction, tends only, when employed at a certain stage of that process, to accelerate the evolution of its products. The infection of the air soon became so insupportable that it was found necessary to shut up the church. * " Traite des Moyens de Desinfecter 1'Air, de prevenir la Contagion, et d'en arrdter le ProgrBs," 1805. Unsuccessful attempts had been made to purify the air by the detonation of nitre; by fumiga- tions of vinegar; by burning a variety of perfumes and odoriferous herbs, storax, benzoin, etc., and by sprinkling the pavements with a large quantity of anti-pestilential vinegar, known under the name of "the vinegar of the four thieves." The odor of the putrid effluvia was merely masked for a moment by these operations, and soon reappeared with its former activity, spreading to the neighborhood, when the symptoms of a contagious fever began to appear. At this period Guyton-Morveau was consulted on the means of destroying the source of the distemper. Guyton-Morveau at once directed his attention to the muriatic acid, the very diffusible vapors of which might seize the ammonia, which he regarded as the vehicle of the fetid mias- mata, and thus leave the latter to subside by their own gravity. He proposed, therefore, to make trial of fumigation with the muriatic acid, as a means of purification. It was accordingly exe- cuted in the evening of the 6th of March, 1773, with six pounds of common salt, and two pounds of concentrated sulphuric acid. The whole was put into a capacious bell-glass, inverted and placed on a bath of cold ashes, which were gradually heated by means of a large chafing dish.* The next day, the church being wholly thrown open for admission of fresh air, not the slight- est vestige of any offensive odor remained. Four days after service was performed in it as usual, without any danger, or even the least apprehension. Another event furnished occasion to Guyton-Morveau for a second trial of this process: Toward the end of the same year, 1773, the jail-fever, which is known to be of the same nature with the hospital fever, had been carried into the jails of Dijon by some prisoners removed from another part of the country. Thirty-one persons had already sunk under it, and the contagion continued to make the most alarming progress. The effect of the fumigation practiced a few months before, in the church of St. Stephen, was recollected, and Guyton-Morveau was requested to superintend the execution of a similar process, which was accordingly performed, with the greatest success. M. Maret, secretary of the late Academy of Sciences at Dijon, inserted an account of it in the Journal de Physique, of January, 1774, p. 73. A singular circumstance occurred in this instance, which served to undeceive those who regarded fire as the most effectual purifier. Such was the virulence of the infection in a particular cell, that no person could approach the entrance without suspecting that one of the dead bodies had been left behind. This was the unanimous opinion of all who were present when Guyton-Morveau first visited it: and it was generally known that even subsequently to that time three bundles of straw had been burnt in it, the traces of which were visible on the walls, the archway and the gate, which was of iron. The day after the fumigation, in which he employed about fifteen decagrammes only of common salt, and five of sulphuric acid, the putrid odor was so completely removed that a student of surgery offered to stop in it for the night. In 1774, an almost general epizootic distemper ravaged the South of France. M. Vicq-d' Azyr circulated some directions with respect to the manner of purifying the villages and stables; among these he takes notice of fumigation with the muriatic acid. "The object to be proposed," says, M. Vicq-d' Azyr, " is to destroy the miasmata with which the atmosphere and the walls are impregnated, and to admit a free circulation of air into the stables. Those who wish to effect these purposes must begin with putting a quantity of ashes, or sand, into an earthen pan. In the midst of this bath should be placed a glass vessel filled with culinary salt; and the whole must then be heated. A quantity of vitriolic (sulphuric acid), must be gradually poured upon the salt. The same process should be performed at both ends of the stable, if it be somewhat large. The white fumes which ascend will then become very active." With reference to aromatic substances, M. d' Azyr says, "in burning, only an agreeable is substituted for a fetid odor. They merely deceive the organ of smell, but do not destroy the putrid miasmata. The saline vapors possess the latter advantage, and on that account ought to be preferred." In the following year, two productions by M. de Montigny, which had the approbation of the Academy of Sciences, were published together in the same volume, by order of the Government. The one of them was entitled, " Instructions and advice to the inhabitants of the Southern * The details of the process of Guyton-Morveau were described with considerable accuracy in the Journal de Physique of that year, Vol. I, p. 436, under the title of "A new method of purifying com- pletely, and in a very short space of time, a mass of contaminated air." Provinces respecting the putrid and pestilential malady which proves so destructive to cattle;" the other "Advice to the people of the provinces into which the contagion has penetrated." Both of them equally recommend the method of M. de Morveau, of destroying infection. In 1780, the Academy of Sciences was consulted by the Government on the means of correct- ing the insalubrity of prisons, and appointed a committee to investigate the matter, composed of MM. Duhamel, De Montiguz, Leroi, Tenon, Tillet, and Lavoisier. One of their objects was to compare and appreciate the different known methods of purifying infected air. In the report of this Commission, on the 17th of March, 1780, printed in the volume of memoirs for that year, they express the opinion that " Another precaution which we think it our duty to recommend, and which will contribute more than anything to the salubrity of prisons, is once a year to destroy contagion by the method successfully employed by M. de Morveau. It consists in disengaging in those places which it is proposed to purify a considerable quantity of marine acid in a state of vapour, etc. The vitriolic acid disengages that of the sea salts, which last, rising in the form of a white vapour, diffuses itself over the chamber and neutralizes the putrid miasmata." * It might have been supposed that, supported by such respectable authorities, this method would have been practiced when the first symptoms of contagion rendered it necessary; but during the twelve subsequent years it was wholly neglected; the lazarettoes were abandoned to the usual routine of aromatic fumigations, and the hospitals and prisons to the most deplorable neglect, at the time when the crowd of patients augmented the ordinary contagion, which began to prove fatal in many instances, even to the attendants of the sick. In the second year of the Republic, 1794, in consequence of the multitude of persons infected with fever, and of the wounded which it was necessary to receive into the military hospitals of the interior, hospital fever prevailed to a great and alarming extent, and many eminent physicians fell victims to the contagion. M. Guyton-Morveau therefore proposed to the Convention that instructions should be drawn up and published respecting the means of arresting the progress of the contagion. They therefore passed the following decree : " The Executive Council shall cause to be drawn up, without delay, by the Board of Health, detailed instructions respecting the me- chanical and chemical means of preventing the progress of infection in the hospitals, and of purify- ing the air from the mephitic vapors or putrid miasmata, with which it may be charged. These instructions shall be printed and sent by the Minister of War to all the military hospitals, by the Minister of Marine to the naval, and by the Minister of the Interior to the civil hospitals. Guyton-Morveau is charged with the superintendence of the matter." The Board of Health, after a series of experiments, conducted by a committee of its members, at the hospitals of St. Cyr, Franciade and Gros Caillon, reported:- "The results of these experiments incontestably proves that the proposed method of purifying hospitals by the muriatic acid gas, may be practiced without inconvenience, and with the greatest advantages, in full as well as in empty wards ; observing always to disengage in the former a smaller proportion of gas." This conclusion of the Board of Health, delivered in the instructions approved by the Provisional Executive Council on the seventh ventose, year two, was sent by the Minister of War to the military commissaries, to the officers of health, and those employed in the military hospi- tals, with injunctions to carry into execution the processes prescribed. That these recommendations by the Board of Health and Provisional Executive Council pro- duced but imperfect and unsatisfactory results, is evident from the following statement of Guyton- Morveau, the discoverer of the method of fumigation by muriatic acid:- " What was the result of opinions so decisive, and orders so precise ? It is with regret I observe that occasions on which the process might have been employed have repeatedly occurred, of a nature to arouse the attention of the officers of health to their own safety; yet most of them remain ignorant both of the process of fumigation and of its salutary effects. Citizen Chaussier, indeed, Professor of Anatomy in the Medical School, practiced it with success in one of the mili- tary hospitals at Dijon, of which he had the direction. It was also employed, when I was in the army of the Saome and Meuse, in purifying some hospitals in Belgium, which the Austrians had left in a very foul state. But these were the only instances of the execution of the instruc- tions which have come to my knowledge, when I very recently learned from the reports made by * Memoir of the Royal Academy of Sciences for 1780, p. 421. the Board of Health to the Minister at War that the process prescribed in the instructions was practiced in the course of the epidemic disease with which the Army of the Western Pyrenees had been attacked, in the year three. It is also in consequence of the solicitude which the minister has felt on this subject, that I have learned that the process was recommended and followed in the destructive disorder which last year (year seven) made such ravages in the army of Italy, and the Southern department. Thus we have received notone attestation, not one relation, no official publication, and not even a simple notice respecting the practice of acid fumigation and its results in different circumstances." The mortality occasioned at Genoa by the contagious malady which raged in that city in 1800, as well as the disposition on the part of the French Government to enforce by its authority the introduction of acid fumigations into the military hospitals, afforded new motives to M. Guy- ton-Morveau for resuming his inquiries on this subject, and gave rise to an important publica- tion,* in which he gives a history of acid fumigations, the results obtained, and the experiments illustrating their effects and modes of application. At the time when the epidemic disease of Genoa raged in its utmost violence, a malady, differ- ent in character, but not less dreadful, broke out at Cadiz, and spread with such rapidity as to threaten the whole of Andalusia. The account of the epidemic disease of Genoa, published by Doctor Rasori,'}' in which he regarded the disease as true hospital fever,^ appeared to Guyton-Morveau important conclusions in favor of anti-contagious fumigations. Although Rasori held that the cause of the malady of Genoa, as well as that which preceded it at Nizza, was some foreign matter introduced into the system in an unknown manner, and that it originated in the hospitals, and from the exhalations from a number of dead bodies improperly interred, he does not indicate any measures for the destruction of the putrid and contagious effluvia. In fact, he states that one of the conclusions arrived at by the Conference of the Board of Health and Physicians of Genoa was that, " instead of applying ourselves to indicate the ordinary and commonly ineffectual preventatives, it was necessary to think at first of deciding upon a general method of cure." The measures recommended by the physicians of Cadiz^ consisted simply in cleansing the sewers, the interment of the dead without the precincts of the city, watering the streets, lighting in the streets and squares large fires of green fir, explosions of small quantities of gunpowder, and the sprinkling of the inside of the houses with vinegar and aromatic plants. This was not the case at Seville, to which place the yellow fever had extended, and where it made the most alarming progress. Acid fumigations were there employed with success. M. Ch. Gimbernat, in a letter addressed to Guyton-Morveau, on the 18th of January, 1801, says : " The instructions which I communicated respecting the manner of performing fumigations with the muriatic and nitric acids, have produced the happiest effects in stopping the progress of the con- tagion in Andalusia. . " Unfortunately, prejudices for some time retarded the application of this powerful remedy. But at length the zeal and information of two medical men, Queralto and Sarrais, sent by the Government to Seville with the necessary orders and authority to practice the acid fumigations as profusely and generally as the extent of the contagion required, produced the most prompt and fortunate success. Commissary Sarrais, one of the ablest physicians of Spain, was seized with the contagion on the very day of his arrival at Seville, and died on the following day. "The reports made by Queralto to the Government attest that it is to the acid fumigations we owe the extinction of a malady which threatened to throw the whole nation into mourning." It is evident, from the preceding facts, that fumigations with muriatic and nitric acids were employed for the arrest of yellow fever in Spain as early as 1800. The following directions were given by Guyton-Morveau for the performance of his method of fumigation with muriatic acid:- ♦"A Treatise on the Means of Purifying Infected Air, of Preventing Contagion and Arresting its Progress." By L. B. Guyton-Morveau, Member of the National Institute of France, etc. f"Storia della Febre Epidemica di Genova negli anni, 1799-1800." Milan, 9th year; in 8vo, 222 pages. J " La Nostra Febre Epidemica e della Stessa Indole della vera Nosocomiale." Storia, etc., p. 91. g " An Account of the Epidemic Diseases of Cadiz." Translated into French, from the Spanish, by F. F. Bliss, etc., p. 10. " When it is intended to purify the air in the chambers of infirmaries, the wards of hospitals, in close places after exhumations, where animal matters have been allowed to putrefy, or where some individuals have died of epidemic or contagious maladies, and which are not inhabited, we place a chafing-dish in the centre, and on it an iron pot half filled with silicious sand or ashes. On this bath must then be placed a large glass vessel containing muriate of soda (common salt), and when this begins to be heated sulphuric acid (oil of vitriol of commerce) should be poured on the salt; after which the doors and windows should be kept as closely shut as possible for seven or eight hours. " To determine the quantity of materials necessary for the intended purpose, let us suppose, for example, a lofty ward or apartment containing twenty beds; it would require of common salt thirty decagrammes (about nine ounces six drachms), sulphuric acid, twenty-four deca- grammes (about seven ounces seven drachms). These quantities must be augmented or dimin- ished in proportion to the space in which they are intended to act. Experiments have demon- strated that three kilogrammes of salt are sufficient to completely purify, and by a single fumiga- tion, the air in a church the capacity of which is about'15,000 cubic metres,* or about 2023 cubic toises. A chamber of the size of between twenty-five and thirty square metres will require no more than ten decagrammes of salt and eight of acid. " Such is the method in which fumigations may be practiced when no particular considera- tion renders it necessary to restrain either their duration or intensity, and where it is intended they should at once produce a complete purification. They must, however, be conducted in a very different manner in places which are inhabited, where it is often necessary to carry them near to the beds of the sick, and where they must be repeated at certain intervals in proportion to the more or less rapid reproduction of the contagious emanations. " In very extensive wards, instead of a large apparatus, several small ones should be employed at different points, each containing four or five decagrammes of salt, upon which may be poured two-thirds of the weight of sulphuric acid; since it would be altogether useless to effect the entire decomposition of the salt, the vapors which are first disengaged being sufficient for our purpose. In this case, the method employed by Citizen Chaussier in a large military hospital, which we have already mentioned, is very advantageous. He causes the apparatus containing the salt to be carried round the apartment, upon which the acid is poured by degrees, so that the extrication of the vapors may be made to take place at any point and in any quantity that is judged neces- sary, without the smallest inconvenience to the sick. " f NOTE 8. METHOD OF FUMIGATION ADOPTED IN SPAIN. The mode of fumigation practiced in Spain near the close of the last century, for correcting the insalubrity of the air, consisted in disengaging muriatic acid gas, by means of sulphuric acid, in the manner directed by Guyton-Morveau in 1773. In the Journal of Agriculture and Arts (Semanario de Agricultura y Artes dirigido a los Parvoos), for 1797, a description is given of this method, under the article " Domestic Medicine." It is stated that it continued to be used with success at Madrid; and further, that experience had proved that it might be employed in wards when persons were present, even without any inconvenience or danger to the sick, performing it with small quantities at a time and frequently repeating the process. This method of fumigation is recommended as very beneficial in all cases of pestilential fevers, epidemic and epizootic distempers. The process even appears to have become so common that it was considered of importance to derive some advantage from the salt remaining in the vessels. In the Dutch receipts, used not much after the time of the discovery of chlorine gas, the acid fumigation was obtained by pouring sulphuric or nitric acid on common salt; the first gives muriatic acid and the second chlorine. Muriatic acid destroys vegetation and attacks with violence metallic substances, and is irri- tating to the lungs of animals and poisonous when inhaled in any considerable quantities; it is not a good practical antiseptic, and is inferior in its disinfecting properties to chlorine and nitrous acid. * A metre is 3 feet, 11 lines, of the old French measure. t " Treatise on the Means of Purifying Infected Air, etc.," pp. 234-237. Dr. Carmichael Smith used nitrous fumes at Winchester, in 1780, and afterward in the Fleet, and in 1802 the British Parliament voted him £5000 for his method of acid fumigation. The nitrous acid fumes were tried very largely, toward the close of the last century and the beginning of this, in the hulks and prisons where Spanish, French and Russian prisoners of war were confined. * At that time, so rapidly did the disease (typhus fever) spread in the confined spaces where so many men were kept, that the efficacy even of ventilation was doubted, though there can be no question that the amount of ventilation which was necessary was very much underrated. Both at Winchester and Sheerness the circumstances were most difficult. At the latter place (in 1795), in the hulk, 200 men, 150 of whom had typhus, were closely crowded together; ten females and 24 men of the crew were attacked; three medical officers had died when the experiment commenced. After the fumigations, one attendant only was attacked, and it appeared as if the disease in those already suffering became milder. In 1797 it was again tried with success." Many reports were made on the subject by army and navy surgeons. It was subsequently largely employed on the continent, f and everywhere seems to have been useful in typhus exanthematicus. NOTE 9. EXPERIMENTS ON THE PURIFICATION OF AIR BY FUMIGATIONS WITH NITROUS ACID (NITRIC ACID), ACCORDING TO THE METHOD OF DR. CARMICHAEL SMITH, 1780-1795. Dr. Smith first used nitrous acid fumigation at Winchester in 1780, and published several accounts. From a publication entitled " An Account of the Experiments made at the Desire of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, on board the 'Union ' Hospital Ship, to Determine the Effect of the Nitrous Acid in Destroying Contagion, and the Safety with which it may be Employed, etc.," London, 1796, 8vo, 73 pages, we extract the following, illustrating his method of disinfection:- The Lords of the Admiralty being desirous that Dr. Smith should send some person on board the hospital ship " Union " to make trial of fumigation with Nitroua Acid, the Doctor intrusted the direction of the experiment to Mr. Menzies, a surgeon in the Royal Navy, so that the report which he presented is an exact copy of the journal of the means employed by him to arrest the progress of the contagion. Mr. Menzies set out from London, November 24th, 1795, and arrived the same day at Sheer- ness. On his first visit to this hospital, he judged that it would be difficult to obtain conclusive results from his experiments, because new contagion was every day conveyed from the Russian vessels. Their lower and middle gun-decks were divided into wards by cross partitions, with a free communication between each. The sick were much crowded and placed without order, to the number of nearly 200, of whom about 150 were in different stages of a malignant fever, extremely contagious, as appeared evident from its rapid progress and fatal effects. From the month of September, when the Russian sick were first admitted, eight nurses and two washer- women had been attacked with this fever, and of these three had died. About twenty-four of the ship's company had likewise been ill of the same disorder, and of these a surgeon's mate and two marines had died. In short, there could be no doubt, from the evident malignity of the fever, that, without the incessant attention and activity of Mr. Bassan, to whose care they were intrusted, it would have proved still more fatal. Mr. Menzies caused to be brought on board the necessary apparatus and material for fumiga- tion. These consisted of a sufficient quantity of fine sand, two dozen quart earthen pipkins, as many common teacups, together with some slips of glass to be used as spatulas, and a quantity of concentrated sulphuric acid and pure, pulverized nitre. On the 26th of November he began his operations by causing the ports and scuttles to be shut. The sand, which had been previously heated in iron pots, was then scooped into the pipkins by means of an iron ladle, and in this heated sand, in each pipkin, a small teacup was immersed, containing half an ounce of concentrated sulphuric acid. To this, after it had acquired a proper degree of heat, an equal quantity of nitre in powder was gradually added, and the mixture stirred with a glass spatula till the vapor was disengaged in considerable quantity. The pipkins were then carried through the wards by the nurses and convalescents, who kept walking about * "An Account of the Experiments made at the desire of the Lord Commissioners of the Admiralty." By J. C. Smith, 1796. t Chevallier. Traitfi des Disinfectants, pp. 39, 40. with them in their hands, and occasionally putting them under the cradles of the sick, and in every corner where foul air was expected to lodge. In this manner the fumigation was continued till the whole space between decks was filled with the vapor, which appeared like a thick haze. "I, however, proceeded," says Mr. Menzies, "in this first trial, slowly and cautiously, follow- ing with my eyes the pipkins in every direction, to watch the effect of the vapor on the sick, and observed that it at first excited a good deal of coughing, but which gradually ceased in propor- tion as it became more generally diffused through the wards. This effect appeared, indeed, to be chiefly occasioned by the ignorance of those who carried the pipkins, in putting them sometimes too near to the faces of the sick, by which means they suddenly inhaled the strong vapor as it immediately issued from the cups. "In compliance with Dr. Smith's request, the body clothes and bed clothes of the sick were, as much as possible, exposed to the nitrous vapor during the fumigation; and all the dirty linen removed from them was immediately immersed in a tub of cold water, afterward carried on deck, rinsed out and hung up till nearly dry, and then fumigated before it was taken to the wash house', a precaution extremely necessary in every infectious disorder. Due attention was also paid to cleanliness and ventilation. As the people were at first very awkward and slow, it took us about three hours to fumigate the ship. In about an hour after, the vapor having entirely subsided, the ports and scuttles were thrown open for the admission of fresh air. I then walked through the wards and plainly perceived that the air of the hospital was greatly sweetened, even by this first fumigation." Next morning the ship was again fumigated, and the operation was performed in the course of an hour. The sand being more heated, the vapor disengaged itself more speedily, while the patients suffered no other inconvenience but a slight coughing, which was less general than on the preceding day. Twelve pipkins were found sufficient for fumigating the lower deck, ten for the middle gun- deck, two for the ship's company's bedroom, two for the marine's bedroom, and one for the washing place, in all twenty-seven pipkins; consequently about fourteen ounces of the sulphuric acid, and as much nitre, was expended in the forenoon. In the evening, as every place was so close, and the fresh air could not afterward be so freely admitted, it was not thought necessary to employ so many pipkins, so that little more than half the quantity of the fumigating materials used in the morning was generally found sufficient for the evening's fumigation. The immediate effect of this process in destroying the offensive smell arising from so many sick crowded together was now very perceptible even to the nurses and attendants, who were no longer afraid of approaching the cradles of the infected, so that the latter were better attended, while a pleasing gleam of hope cast its cheering influence over that general despondence which was before evidently pictured on every countenance, from the constant dread each individual naturally entertained of being perhaps the next victim to the contagion. Mr. Menzies caused these fumigations to be repeated for eight days, with equal success; not only was there no inconvenience felt, but he observed that while the danger of infection was removed, the malignity of the disorder was diminished. He also proposed a useful alteration in the position of the necessaries, of which it was not possible to banish the putrid effluvia without perpetual washings, which endangered the life of those who were charged with the troublesome office. He took care that the beds of those who were discharged from the hospital should be washed with the diluted muriatic acid, in pursuance of the instructions of Dr. Smith. On the seventh of December, Mr. Menzies resigned to Mr. Bassan the care of continuing the experiments. Since their commencement none of the attendants or ship's company had been seized with this fever, with the exception of one nurse, who suffered a slight relapse from some imprudence; and none of the patients had died. It was therefore manifest that the process had produced the happiest effects, and that it might be employed with particular advantage, and with- out any inconvenience or danger of fire, in ships where many people were crowded together within a narrow compass. Annexed to this journal of Mr. Menzies are extracts from the correspondence of Mr. Bassan with Dr. Smith and Mr. Menzies concerning the effects of the operations which the Doctor had intrusted to his care; in these it is noticed that only one sick Russian had died since the commencement of the fumigations up to the latter part of December, and only one nurse and one marine had been taken ill of the fever, although the symptoms were much milder than formerly. On the third of February, Mr. Bassan writes that the contagious fever had entirely ceased, and that no person had been seized since the 26th of December, though during the intermediate space they had been daily receiving patients laboring under the same putrid petechial fever from the Russian ships. In short, he regarded the experiment as decisive, and proposed continuing to employ the same acid fumigation for the purpose of destroying the alkaline miasmata, and of purifying the air. He also informed Dr. Smith that Captain Senevin, of the " Pamet Eustaphia," of 74 guns, had assured him that having continued the fumigation every day since the departure of Mr. Menzies, he had no longer any sick on board. Next follows a second journal of Mr. Menzies, relating some new trials of this fumigating process, made on board some ships of the Russian squadron at the request of Admiral Hannicoff. The " Pamet Eustaphia " was first pitched upon for this fumigation, because that ship had sent moresick with malignant fever to the hospital than all the rest of the squadron. Notwithstanding numerous disadvantages from the nature of the ballast, composed of sand and rock earth, the nature of the clothing of the Russian sailors, consisting in part of a sheepskin great coat with the woolly side inward, and from the crowded condition of the ship, the effect of the first fumigations was so perceptible that the Russian surgeons were inclined to continue them. Fumigations were also instituted on the 16th of December on board the " Pimen," of 66 guns, Captain Colokolsoff, when the infection had reached such a height that communication with the other ships was forbidden; also in the ship " Katvezan," and the frigate " Revel," where a malignant fever had discovered itself. The acid fumigations arrested the disease on these ships. The following is the " Certificate of Captain Chichagoff, Commanding Officer of the Russian Fleet, in the absence of His Excellency, Admiral Hannicoff, dated Chatham, March Sth, 1796. " It has been observed that the fumigation with the nitrous (nitric) acid, introduced by M. Menzies on board the ship " Pamet Eustaphia " has produced in a short time the best effect in stopping the progress of the fever and other evils, which were then evidently increasing, for which reason it was not only regularly continued on board of that ship, even after M. Menzies' departure, but adopted on board of others, and always found useful. It is, therefore, my duty to certify by this, not only the good consequences that have been observed from that useful contrivance, but even the advantage that arises from its easy and sure execution in comparison with other means of fumigating the ships, which requires greater attention from the fire that must be made use of, and therefore cannot be effectual in all parts of the ship." Those writers, as Dr. Parkes, are in error who refer the experiments of Mr. Menzies, at Sheerness, with nitrous acid fumigations, according to the method of Dr. Smith, to the year 1785. England was at peace with other nations from 1783 to 1793. In the year specified in the "Accounts of the Experiments made at the Desire of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty," namely, in 1795, England was in alliance with Russia, and the fleets of the two nations were acting in con- junction. Fumigations of nitrous acid were employed by Ramon da Luna,* in yellow fever, and it is asserted that no agent was so effectual in arresting the spread of the disease, f I have shown by numerous experiments upon living animals with the binoxide and peroxide of nitrogen, liberated by the action of nitric acid on copper filings, that these gases are powerful poisons, exciting the muscular, nervous, respiratory and circulatory systems, and, finally, pro- ducing pulmonary congestion and inflammation, coma, convulsions and death. The blood in all the vessels and organs of the body presents a brownish, bleached appearance after poisoning by this gas. I also employed both nitric acid and chlorine in disinfecting wards of Confederate hospitals crowded with sufferers from typhoid fever, measles and mumps during the civil war, 1861-65. Chlorine, regarded by many as a much more powerful disinfectant, before which muriatic acid, nitric and nitrous acids were destined to give way, was introduced as a fumigating agent by Fourcroy in 1791-2 ; and the gas was subsequently introduced into England as a disinfecting agent by Dr. Cruikshank. ♦ Ann. d'Hygiene, Avril, 1861. f " Medical and Surgical Memoirs,'' Vol. I, pp. 298, 327, 512. NOTE 10. ACID FUMIGATIONS ACCORDING TO THE PROCESS OF MR. CRUICKSHANK. This process is described in a work by Dr. Rollo, on the diabetes mellitus, published at London in 1797. The substance which is the active agent in this process is really chlorine, but designated by Cruickshank as the oxygenated muriatic acid gas. Dr. Rollo says: " It is observed that the oxygenated muriatic acid gas was found to destroy the offensive smell of sores, that it destroyed specific contagion, and could be easily obtained, and very safely used. We had, therefore, given it a preference to other things; and in order that it may be more generally tried, we must insist on Mr. Cruickshank's manner of procuring and using it in the wards of this hospital. "This consists in intimately mixing two parts of common salt and one of crystallized man- ganese previously reduced to powder. Two ounces of this compound are introduced into a small basin; about an ounce of water is then added, and afterward an ounce and a half of the concen- trated vitriolic or sulphuric acid, at different times, so as to preserve a gradual discharge of the oxygenated muriatic gas. One of these basins is sufficient for a ward or room containing five or six beds, and more must be employed according to the size of the apartment." As long ago as 1807 fumigations of chlorine were used by Mojon* to destroy the emanations from the stools of dysentery, with the best effects; and this gas has also been employed as a dis- infectant in typhus exanthemicus. Many experiments made in Austria and Hungary, in 1832, seem to prove that chlorine diffused in the air has no action on the spread of cholera. Mr. Herapath, of Bristol, asserted, in 1849, that it was a complete preservative, and an opinion partly to the same effect was expressed in Paris in 1865; but the Hungarian experiments are much more conclusive, inasmuch as they were positive, and not negative, results-that is to say, chlor- ine did not prevent the outbreak of cholera. Charcoal also, so far, appears inert, as in the Crimean war cholera prevailed severely on board a ship loaded with charcoal. On the other hand, Ramon da Luna has asserted that nitrous acid has really a preservative effect against cholera, and that no one was attacked in Madrid who used fumigations of nitrous acid. But negative evidence of this kind requires to be on a very large basis to prove such an action. At the same time, the facts should certainly lead to a fair trial of nitrous acid fumes in all cholera epidemics. In none of the trials, however, were the substances added to the stools; they were merely diffused in the air.j" The testimony of Mojon, in 1807, as to the value of chlorine fumigations in dysentery is posi- tive. Thus he says :- " The dysentery became contagious in the hospital at Gdnoa; almost all the sick of my divi- sion, nearly two hundred, were attacked. And, as we know that this disease, when contagious, is communicated ordinarily from one person to another by the abuse, which exists in all hospitals, of making the same latrines serve for all the sick of a ward, I wished to see if fumigations of chlorine had the power of destroying these contagious exhalations. I therefore caused fumiga- tions to be used twice daily in the latrines, and in a few days I was able to destroy that terrible scourge which already had made some victims." It appears that the chlorine was therefore in the air, and not added to the stools. Chlorine, although widely diffused through nature in combination with metals, and especially with sodium, was not known in the uncombined state until 1774, when it was discovered by Scheele, and its elementary nature was first established by Davy in 1810. In order to understand the terms used by those who first employed chlorine as a disinfectant, it is important to note the following facts: Chlorine was originally regarded as a compound body, namely, Oxygenized muriatic acid, or oxymuriatic acid. Muriatic acid was supposed to be a compound of oxygen with the unknown radicle muriaticum, or murium, and chlorine or oxygenized muriatic acid, was supposed to contain the same radicle united with a larger quantity of oxygen. Chlorine owes its disinfecting properties to the following well-established facts:- Chlorine is one of the heaviest substances that are gaseous at common temperatures, being 35^ times heavier than hydrogen, find 2| times heavier than atmospheric air, and hence the hold of a ship, or any confined space, may be readily filled with this gas by simple displacement of the atmospheric air and foul gases. ♦Chevallier. "Traitfi des Disinfectants." t " A Manual of Practical Hygiene, etc." By Edmund A. Parkes, m.d. Sec. Ed. London, 1886. p. 85. It has a pungent, irritating smell, and is irrespir^ble unless very much diluted. I have in the first volume of my Medical and Surgical Memoirs (pp. 297, 303, 304, 314), by a series of experi- ments, illustrated the action of chlorine upon living animals', and demonstrated that, when largely diluted with atmospheric air, or with water, this gas acts as a powerful cardiac stimulant, increasing both the force and frequency of the heart's action; and that when inhaled in large quantities, it acts as a powerful irritant upon the mucous surfaces of the throat and lungs, inducing pulmonary congestion, pneumonia, convulsions and death. When absorbed it combines with certain constituents of the blood, and chiefly with the coloring matter of the colored corpus- cles. After death caused by the inhalation of chlorine, the blood from all parts of the body, as well as the muscles of the heart and of voluntary motion, presents a brown and bleached appear- ance. Chlorine is in like manner destructive of plants. If certain diseases, as the various forms of malarial fever and yelloic fever, be propagated by animalcules or fungi, or by living germinal matter, or by organic compounds having an analogous composition and acting in an analogous manner to ferments, chlorine disinfects, by destroying life, and chemically altering the organic compounds subjected to its action. It is well established that chlorine possesses very active chemical properties, and gives origin to many phenomena of combination, substitution and indirect oxidation. It is moreover non- inflammable, and does not unite directly with oxygen under any circumstances. At ordinary temperatures, chlorine combines directly with all the metals, with many metalloids, such as hydro- gen and phosphorus, and many compound bodies, as sulphurous anhydride, olefiant gas, ben- zine and carbonic oxide. Paper dipped in oil of turpentine, and plunged in a vessel of chlorine gas, takes fire spontaneously, yielding abundance of hydrochloric acid and carbon. Chlorine displaces bromine, iodine and fluorine from their combinations, by equivalent substitution. Chlorine also displaces hydrogen by equivalent substitution, one-half of the chlorine taking the place of an equivalent quantity of hydrogen, while the other half unites with the hydrogen eliminated. Chlorine, by combining with hydrogen or a metal, acts indirectly as an oxidizing agent. Chlorine destroys the color of most organic pigments, and this bleaching action is usually accompanied by oxidation and substitution. Chlorine also destroys odors of various kinds, and possibly infectious miasmata, and poisonous organic compounds, by abstracting hydrogen, with or without substitution, or by indirectly oxidizing. Chlorine, therefore, acts upon organic compounds, and alters their chemical and physical properties, in four distinct modes. 1. It may enter into direct combination. 2. It may simply remove hydrogen, as in the conversion of alcohol into aldehyd. 3. It may act as an oxidizing agent, by liberating oxygen from water. 4. It may produce compounds by substitution, in which hydrogen is diplaced atom for atom by chlorine, and hydrochloric acid escapes. This kind of substitution is of frequent occurrence, and some of the most instructive instances are offered by the action of chlorine upon ether and other derivatives of alcohol. By attention to a num- ber of precautions, a succession of compounds is furnished in which, atom for atom, the hydrogen is displaced by chlorine, until at length the last product obtained is the solid chloride of carbon. The discovery that the substitution of chlorine for hydrogen was practicable, at first excited the greatest astonishment among chemists, since, owing to the powerful attraction of chlorine, particularly when its electrical opposition to hydrogen is borne in mind, the possibility of such an occurrence was never suspected. The displacement of oxygen by chlorine was familiar to the mind of the chemist, but the displacement of hydrogen by chlorine was a circumstance in oppo- sition to the doctrines of chemical attraction then prevalent. The discovery of this remarkable fact has led to the production, by substitution, of an immense number of analogous compounds in other groups of organic bodies. It is evident, from the preceding facts, that the discovery of Chlorine, and its application to the destruction (disinfection) or chemical alteration of putrefying and fermenting organic com- pounds and animal poisons, were most important advances in sanitary science. As we have seen, the application of the so-called oxygenated muriatic gas (chlorine) was employed at the close of the last century and in the beginning of the present, with success, both in France and in England, in the destruction of contagion or infection. , METHODS OF FUMIGATION PRACTICED IN THE BRITISH NAVY DURING THE EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH CENTURIES. The following method of extricating chlorine (oxygenated muriatic gas), for the fumigation of ships, was recommended to Dr. C. Chisholm* by Mr. Cruickshank, Chemist to the British Board of Ordnance :- "Let four pounds of common salt be intimately mixed with a pound and a half of manganese reduced to a fine powder. Introduce them into a leaden vessel, with a cover, and add about two pounds of water through a hole in the cover. By means of a glass funnel introduce, by degrees and at different times, three and a half pounds of vitriolic acid. In every addition of the vitriolic acid the oxygenated gas will escape, in great abundance, through a tube connected with the vessel, and may be directed to any place and in any quantity we please. By the application of a moderate heat to the vessel a very considerable quantity of gas may be obtained from the same materials, after they have ceased to give out any in the cold." Dr. Chisholm affirmed that: " This acid, in moderate quantities, may be employed to correct putrid and offensive smells in any particular ward, without removing the patients, and this it effects more completely than vinegar or any other means usually employed." Dr. Thomas Trotter,f Dr. C. Chisholm^ and Dr. Samuel L. Mitchell^ opposed the method of Dr. Carmichael Smyth, for preventing or stopping contagious diseases on shipboard by nitrous fumigation ; but this discussion is not worthy of further consideration, as the writings of Drs. Trotter, Mitchell and Chisholm on this subject are singularly wanting in accurate details of experiments illustrating the exact value of the so-called nitrous fumigations, although these authors possessed superior advantages for a thorough and scientific investigation of the subject. Dr. Trotter justly lays great stress upon the value of free ventilation in ships; Dr. Mitchell advocated strenuously the use of lime for the destruction of septie poison, and Dr. Chisholm, while admitting the value of free ventilation, advocated the use of vinegar as a disinfectant in ships and hospitals. Dr. Lind,|| one of the highest authorities of his day in all that relates to the hygiene of ships and seamen, in speaking of certain contagious diseases, says:- •" The clearest idea we can conceive of the manner in which this infection is communicated is to suppose there is, in all infected places, adhering to certain substances an envenomed nidus, or source of effluvia corpuscles, or whatsoever infection may be supposed to consist, and that, as the air is more or less confined, becomes more or less strongly impregnated with them." In some parts of his valuable papers on fever and infection, Dr. Lind appears to be satisfied that animalculx had nothing to do with the propagation of contagion; but in the preceding quotation he modifies the old doctrine and expresses it in terms closely allied to those used by some modern writers. Dr. Lind looked upon infected clothing as the envenomed nidus, where a new genera- tion of corpuscles were multiplied, which gave to the noxious matter an increased virulence, and became more certainly productive of the disease than when it first diffused itself from the body. That this was his meaning is abundantly confirmed by his rules for expelling and purifying contagion. Every substance which he prescribes is with the direct intention to destroy animal life; hence, the heat of an oven, fumigations with sulphur (brimstone), gunpowder, tobacco smoke, boiling vinegar, etc., are his main agents. It was not merely to purify clothes, bedding, and other substances, that Dr. Lind applied fumigations with these substances, but the wards of the sick in hospitals and the decks and holds of ships became also subject to the process. The population of a British ship of war before the application of steam to navigation was more dense than that of the most crowded city ; and hence, from the earliest history of the navy *"An Essay on the Malignant Pestilential Fever introduced into the West India Islands from Boullam, on the Coast of Guinea, as it appeared in 1793, 1794, 1795 and 1796, etc." By C. Chisholm, m.d. 2d Ed. London, 1801. p. 30. f''Medicina Nautica; an Essay on the Diseases of Seamen." 3 Vols. 2d Ed. London, 1804. Vol. I, pp. 171-251, pp. 302-362, pp. 431-457; Vol. II, pp. 32-78, pp.274-436; Vol. nr, pp. 144-298. t" An Essay on Malignant Pestilential Fever, introduced into the West India Islands, 1793, 1794, 1795 and 1796." 2d Ed. London, 1801. Vol. II, pp. 25-36. g The, Medical Repository. Conducted by Samuel L. Mitchell, m.d., Edward Miller, m.d. and Elisha Smith. New York. Vols. I, ii, in and iv. 8 Papers on Infection. of this great and conquering nation we find that minute attention was paid to the health of the seamen ; and measures were adopted at an early day for the arrest of those contagious diseases, as typhus and yellow fever, which were prone to spread with great rapidity, and to commit fear- ful ravages in fleets. And it is but strict justice to say that, while the world is indebted to Eng- land for the discovery of the means of arresting smallpox and preventing the fearful ravages of scurvy in navies and armies, we are also indebted to the same country for the first and most thor- ough system of fumigating and disinfecting ships affected with contagious diseases. In proof of this assertion, we select the following account of " The Means used to eradicate a Malignant Fever which raged on board His Majesty's ship 'Brunswick,' at Spithead, in the spring of the year 1791; with some short observations on the most probable Means of preserving the Health of a Ship's Company: by Sir Roger Curtis,* the captain of the 'Brunswick.'" "The health of the crews of His Majesty's ships is a consideration of so important a nature that whatever may contribute to its preservation, or to the removal of contagion when it unhappily exists among them, are circumstances which merit the serious attention of every officer. Those who are conversant with our maritime history must have regarded with horror the dreadful havoc which disease, for a long continued series of years, made among the seamen of this country. They will have observed that disease carried off a hundred times more than fell by the hands of the enemy. During these unhappy periods it is true that medical skill had not reached the degree of perfection it now possesses; but the chief cause of the dreadful calamities which befell our fleets was the want of that order, cleanliness, and internal economy which is now more generally observed. It is now proved that a due attention to these circumstances operates most powerfully, in all situations, toward the preservation of health. But, notwithstanding the strictest adherence to the wisest precautions, disease but too often finds its way among us. Fevers of the most infec- tious and dangerous kind frequently rage in our ships. They are sometimes generated there, by a want of cleanliness in the ships and in the people; but they are more generally propagated by the introduction of infected persons. " When contagion has once taken root in a ship the different parts of it, as well as the per- sons and clothes of the crew, become highly infected, and it cannot be removed without great labor and perseverance. Under circumstances where neither the stores nor the crew can be removed from the ship the difficulty of eradicating infection is greatly augmented ; but even thus situated it is possible to be effected. It requires, however, great and unremitting pains. The slight and ordinary modes of fumigation, by correcting the air, are serviceable in the prevention of sickness; but when contagion is established a more powerful application of it, and other means, must be adopted. "The ' Brunswick ' was afflicted with a putrid and highly infectious fever, when lying at Spit- head, in the spring of 1791, which raged so violently that frequently ten or fifteen men would fall down in it in a day, and more than one hundred and fifty were in the hospital at Haslar at one time. " Its progress in the ship was, however, at last arrested, and the means made use of as here- after related, that they may be followed by others under similar circumstances, if they are deemed to be deserving of notice. " As seamen have great reluctance in complaining when they find themselves but slightly indisposed, and it being very material that infected persons should, as speedily as possible, be removed from the body of the ship's company, to impede further communication of the disease as well as to facilitate the care of those attacked by an early application of medicine, great attention was observed by all the officers in immediately reporting every man who appeared to have the smallest indisposition, whether it was discovered by day or by night. The whole space under the forecastle, on the larboard side, including the round house, was appropriated to the sick, and the obtrusion of any other person absolutely prevented. To this place every person was removed the moment it was discovered that the disease had seized him, and the primary remedies toward cure immediately applied, from whence, as speedily as could be, he was carried to the hospital, care being had that everything belonging to him was sent with him. " Moisture operating more powerfully than any other cause in the production of disease, as ♦Captain of the Fleet of Lord Howe. "Medicina Nautica." An Essay on the Diseases of Seamen, by Thomas Trotter, M.D., etc., Vol. I, pp. 431-439. well as in the propagation of it, the first care was the endeavor to remove all humidity and foul- ness of air. " The well was bailed out, scraped and swabbed till entirely dry, and then a large fire was kept burning in it for several hours every day, so that the smallest dampness therein was not suffered to remain. The hold had the upper tier of casks removed from it and sent on shore. Three fires were then kindled in it and kept burning for many hours every day, confining the smoke as much as possible and occasionally shifting the fires from place to place; and in the fuel made use of as many empty tar barrels were consumed as could be collected for the purpose; at other times, wood, and occasionally coal, intermixed with shavings of tarred ropes, every precaution being constantly taken to prevent accident. When the fires were extinguished, the gratings of the hold were removed and the wind-sail let down. The orlop was constantly kept as clear as possible of everything that prevented a free circulation of air, and a fire placed sometimes in one part of it and sometimes in another. The cockpit, steward room and bread room were treated in the same manner. The doors of all the store rooms were occasionally thrown open and the ventilators worked unremittingly day and night. " Three fires on each side the 'tween decks were kept burning almost the whole day, and these were, from time to time, shifted to every part of it. The manger was cleared of all manner of lumber and a fire occasionally placed therein. The deck was seldom washed and never but when the weather was such that the people could remain upon the upper deck until it was perfectly dried by the fires and the natural current of the air. Nor was any person permitted to go below, under any manner of pretence, until the general permission for it was given. When the deck was not washed it was kept perfectly clean by other means, and slops about the decks, and every sort of dampness, was especially guarded against. The sides, beams, carlings, the deck overhead and every part of the 'tween decks were whitewashed twice or thrice during the course of the disorder. " Fumigation in the hold was thus conducted: four half tubs with stands in them were dis- posed therein. In each of the tubs was placed an iron pot into which was put almost two pounds of brimstone tied up in a piece of canvas. The gratings were laid and so closely covered with tarpaulins, old hammocks, swabs, etc., that none of the smoke might escape. When everything was prepared, a red-hot loggerhead, or iron lid, was put into each of the iron pots, which set fire to the brimstone; and the men performing this service immediately leaving the hold, by a grat- ing of the main hatchway being kept open for the purpose, the hatches were entirely closed. " It was the custom to fumigate the hold, orlop and 'tween decks at the same time, but as we could not be furnished with a sufficient quantity of brimstone to make use of it in all the dif- ferent parts of the ship at the same period, it was usual, therefore, to use the brimstone in the hold, orlop and between decks in rotation; and when the brimstone was not applied, there were substituted what are called devils, made of powder wetted with vinegar. In those parts of the 'tween decks least accessible to air, and where, consequently, there is a greater degree of con- tagion, the flashing of powder from pistols is attended with very good effect, for the shock of the explosion assists very powerfully in dispersing the infectious matter attached to the timber of the ship. " During the fumigation, the men's hammocks were all hung up in their places, with their mattresses and blankets spread over them, and all their spare apparel was so disposed of upon the guns, etc., as to receive the full effects of the fumigation; and the clothes which the men wore upon deck during the time of one fumigation, were changed upon the next and placed below, that all their things might receive equal purification. " The gratings on the main deck were laid and covered with such care that no smoke could escape, and the pots were carefully barred in. The brimstone in tubs, or the devils, with other safe precautions, were dispersed about the decks and then lighted, the persons who did it escap- ing upon deck and closing the hatchway after them; the operation was completed. "The smallest crevices of the ship were pervaded by the'smoke and effluvia of the brimstone and affected every part of her in a powerful and astonishing manner. " Three hours were generally suffered to elapse before the gratings were uncovered and the ports opened, and a free circulation of the air for a very considerable time was afterward necessary before a person could remain below without inconvenience. The whole of the hull of the ship and everything therein, animate and inanimate, were strongly impregnated with the fumes of brimstone, and to such a degree that it was perceptible when to leeward of the ship, at a con- siderable distance from her. " In damp weather these fumigations were practiced every day, and never less than three times a week. The fires were continued daily. " The sick berths were attended to with the same solicitude, to impede and eradicate infection, as has been described in respect to other parts of the ship. Nor were the persons and apparel of the men disregarded. Every man in the ship was washed from head to foot with warm water and soap, and more than even our usual pains were taken that they should be cleanly in all respects. If any old and useless clothes were found, they were thrown overboard. Such serviceable apparel as was discovered the least filthy was washed and fumigated, and the men were forbidden to wear woolen trowsers. On fine days the whole of their bedding was hung upon lines between all the masts and in the rigging, and exposed thus to a free ventilation for many hours, and the clothes of every kind were treated in the same manner. "The recovered men, returned from the hospital, were treated, upon their coming back to the ship, with great precaution. Having received, at the hospital, notice of their recovery and the intention of their return, a careful officer was sent thither to see all their clothes and bedding well aired, by being spread abroad for two days, and well beaten and cleaned, previous to their coming to the ship. Upon their arrival on board, every man was washed in warm water and with soap, and an entire change of clothes was then put upon him; all the rest of his apparel and his bedding were immediately fumigated with brimstone, which was performed by suspend- ing it over the fumes issuing from an iron pot, placed in a half tub, in a convenient place under the forecastle. " Such were the means made use of with punctual and unceasing perseverance. They cer- tainly were attended with no little labor, but the fever with which they were afflicted having been entirely subdued, the gratification arising from the reflection that our endeavors were crowned with success was the most ample recompense for all our trouble." OBSERVATIONS OF JOHN HUNTER* M.D., ON THE " PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN IN SENDING TROOPS TO THE WEST INDIES; AND OF THE MEANS OF PRESERVING THEIR HEALTH IN THAT CLIMATE, 1781-1788." The following observations were made, while Dr. John Hunter had the care and superintend- ence of the Military Hospitals, in the island of Jamaica, from the beginning of the year 1781 till the month of May 1783. The first edition of his work was published in 1788, and contained certain suggestions for the preservation of the health of the British troops, which were not modi- fied in the succeeding editions, and from which we have condensed the following analysis. From the first discovery of the West Indies, all expeditions and immigrations to that part of the world have been attended with great mortality. Columbus and his companions suffered severely, and succeeding adventurers have not been more fortunate. The first British Military expedition of any consequence to the West Indies, was sent against Hispaniola, by Oliver Crom- well ; but failing in an attempt upon that Island, they attacked Jamaica, with better success. The far greater part of the troops perished by sickness in a short time. The unfortunate expedi- tion of the English against Carthagena is memorable, not less from the mortality that attended it, than from its failure; and though England in a subsequent war, was more fortunate in her attempts upon Martinique, Guadaloupe, and the Havannah, yet it is a melancholy truth that there were few of the conquering troops alive six months after their victories. Great losses were sustained in the war which closed in 1783, particularly at St. Lucia, Jamaica, and on the Spanish Main. Four regiments were sent from England, in 1780, to Jamaica; they arrived there on the 11th of August, and before the end of January ensuing, not quite six months, nearly one half of them were dead, and a considerable part of the remainder were unfit for service. Notwithstanding these repeated losses, and the West Indies having been a principal seat of war between France and England, no steps adequate to th# importance of the object had been taken to guard against the mortality'. * "Observations on the Diseases of the Army in Jamaica, and on the best means of preserving the health of Europeans in that climate; also observations on the Hepatitis of the East Indies." By John Hunter, m.d.f.r.s., etc., Physician to the Army. 3d edition, London 1808. pp. 10-31. 2d edition, 1796, pp. 10-31. The disorders that prove fatal to soldiers and Europeans in general in the West Indies are of two kinds, namely, fevers and fluxes. They are the concomitants of armies in all parts of the world, but in tropical countries they rage with peculiar violence. The means recommended by Dr. John Hunter, of preserving the health and lives of soldiers in the West Indies were briefly as follows. 1. The troops to be sent should consist of well disciplined, and not new-raised men; for the latter being less orderly, and not accustomed to the life of a soldier, are more liable to disease, from the necessary confinement on board the transports on their passage, and suffer greatly more from the climate than men habituated to discipline. 2. The men should be embarked at a proper time of the year, that is, about the end of Sep- tember, in order that they may arrive in the West Indies both at the coolest and most healthy season of the year. They should proceed directly to the place of destination, without touching at any of the islands, where they seldom fail to contract much sickness. If, however, it be abso- lutely necessary to stop at one or other of the islands, to be supplied with laboring negroes, or for other purposes that the service may require, the troops should be kept on board the transports; and the transports should be anchored in a healthy station, at a distance from and not to the leeward of marshy ground. 3. When the troops are embarked, which they should be on board roomy transports, the utmost attention ought to be paid by the officers to keep the men clean, both in their persons and berths. This is done by dividing them into two or more watches; and making them come regularly upon deck every day with their bedding; also by scraping, smoking, and cleaning between decks daily, and by washing their clothes once or twice a week. 4. When the troops arrive in the West Indies, they should be quartered in barracks erected in healthy situations; and when the accommodations on land, in houses, are insufficient, they should remain on board the transports till the buildings are erected, for the air at sea is pure and healthy, and productive of none of the diseases of the country. It has always been found most fatal to encamp troops in the West Indies, and it should never be done except on actual service. In regard to healthy situations for barracks, there are two kinds; namely, dry, sandy peninsu- las or islands near the shore, and elevated situations in the mountains. Elevated and mountain- ous situations, are more uniformly healthy than dry and sandy places on the coast; for the neighborhood of marshy ground, or accidental inundations may render these last unhealthy. 5. When the troops are properly disposed of as to barracks, there should be a certain number of negroes attached to each regiment, to do whatever duty or hard work is to be done in the heat of the day, from which they do not suffer, though it is fatal to Europeans. 6. The soldiers should be supplied with provisions from the government. 7. The men should be frequently out at exercise; and if it be in the morning, and not con- tinued too lohg, it will contribute to their health. The evenings are also cool, but motion, even the most moderate, is attended with profuse perspiration, in which situation the men exposing themselves to the cool air of the night, with wet shirts upon their backs, become liable to colds, rheumatism, and other complaints. But after the morning exercise the heat of the day follows and prevents any evils of that kind. OBSERVATIONS OF SIR GILBERT BLANE, M. D., ON THE CAUSE OF SICKNESS IN FLEETS AND THE MEANS OF PREVENTION, 1780-1799. In the year 1780 Sir Gilbert Blane printed .a treatise for the use of the British fleet, contain- ing general rules for the prevention of sickness, and reproduced it, with some additions, in his Observations on the Diseases of Seamen, the third edition of which was published in London in 1799. The work of Sir Gilbert Blane was the result of several years of labor employed in the Public service, chiefly under Admiral Lord Rodney, in a series of naval operations which were produc- tive of events more glorious than any before recorded in the annals of Britain. His opportunities of experience were sufficiently extensive to entitle his observations to a permanent place in the annals of medical science. The following outline will be confined chiefly to an analysis of those portions of the labors of Sir Gilbert Blane which relate to the hygiene and disinfection of ships. It would be useless to enumerate the accounts furnished by history of the losses and disap- pointments to the public service from the prevalence of disease in fleets. Sir Richard Hawkins, who lived in the beginning of the last century, mentions that in twenty years he had known of ten thousand men who had perished by the scurvy. Commodore Ansen, in the course of his voyage of circumnavigation, lost more than four-fifths of his men, chiefly by that disease. History supplies us with many instances of naval expeditions that have been entirely frustrated by the force of disease alone; that under Count Mansfeldt in 1624; that under the Duke of Buckingham the year after ; that under Sir Francis Wheeler in 1693; that to Carthagena in 1741; that of the French under D'Auville in 1746; that of the same nation to Louisbourg in 1737. When Henry V was about to invade France, he had an army of fifty thousand men; but owing to sickness which arose in the army in consequence of some delay in the embarkation, their number was reduced to ten thousand at the battle of Agincourt. The disease of which they died was chiefly the dysentery. That the health of a ship's company depends in a greater measure upon the institution of measures within the power of the officers than upon mere medical care and treatment, is strongly evinced by the fact that different ships in the same situation of service enjoy very different degrees of health ; and it has been frequently observed in great fleets that out of ships with the same complement of men, who have been the same length of time at sea, and have been victualed and watered in the same manner, some are extremely sick while others are free from disease. The diseases most prevalent among seamen are fevers, fluxes and the scurvy; while on the other hand they are to a great extent exempt from such diseases as the gout, gastric complaints, hypochondriac and nervous disorders, to which the indolent and luxurious are subject. Man being formed by nature for active life, it is necessary to his enjoying health that his muscular powers should be exercised and that his senses should be habituated to a certain strength of impression. It is to be remarked, however, that exercise and temperance may be carried to excess, and that in these there is a certain salutary medium; for when labor and abstinence amount to hardship they are equally pernicious as indulgence and indolence. This is strongly exemplified in seamen; for, in consequence of what they undergo, they are generally short-lived, and have their constitutions worn out ten years before the rest of the laborious part of mankind. A seaman at the age of forty-five, if shown to a person not accustomed to be among them, would be taken by his looks to be fifty-five, or even on the borders of sixty. The most common chronic complaints which a long course of fatigue, exposure to the weather and other hardships, tend to bring on are pulmonary consumption, rheumatism and dropsies. It is also to be considered that these complaints, particularly the last, are further fomented by hard drinking, which is a common vice among this class of men, and they are led to indulge in it by the rigorous and irregular course of duty incident to their mode of life. To these complaints should be added those foul and incurable ulcers which are so apt to arise at sea, particularly in a hot climate. The slightest scratch or the smallest pimple, more especially on the lower extremities, is apt to spread and to become an incurable ulcer, so as to end in the loss of a limb. The nature of the diet and the malignant influence of tropical climates both conspire in producing them. Though the venereal disease is less frequent in the sea service than in other situations, owing to the opportunities of infection being more rare, yet there is reason to think that it may have owed its origin to a sea life. It is now agreed by those who have fully considered the subject, that this disease was not found among the natives of the New World at its dis- covery, for no such fact is mentioned in the narrative of Columbus or his son. But it seems that Europeans, after making longer voyages than they had ever before been accustomed to, and living long upon corrupted and unnatural food, might under such a peculiar concurrence of cir- cumstances, engender a new disease when they return into port, more especially when they come to be connected with the females of a new race of people, so different in their constitutions and mode of life. This is corroborated by what happened in our own times in the islands of the South Sea, in which this disease was not known before they were discovered, but appeared upon the arrival of the Europeans, though the ship's crew were declared by the surgeons to be free from it. The diseases most frequent and prevalent at sea have this advantage, that they are more the subjects of prevention than most others, because they depend upon remote causes that are assign- able, and which increase and diminish according to certain circumstances which are, in a great measure, within our power. The prevention of diseases is an object as much deserving our attention as their cure, for Vol. IV-23 the art of physic is at best but fallible, and sickness, under the best medical management, is productive of great inconvenience, and is attended with more or less mortality. The means of prevention are also more within our power than those of cure; for it is more in human art to remove contagion or alter a man's food and clothing, to command what exercise he is to use and what air he is to breathe, than it is to produce any given change in the internal operations of the body. What we know concerning prevention is also more certain and satisfactory, inasmuch as it is easier to investigate the external causes that affect health, than to develop the secret springs of the animal economy. The prevention of disease has relation only to external causes that affect health, and are considered by Sir Gilbert Blane under the four heads of 1. Air; 2. Aliment; 3. Exercise; 4. Clothing. Sir Gilbert Blane also devotes a section to the consideration of the regulation of heat and cold, and observes that the direct rays of the sun not only produce that sudden and fatal affection called the Coup de Soleil, but exposure to them is one of the principal causes of the very fatal diseases of newly-arrived Europeans. There can be no doubt but that fatigue and intemperance conspire to the same effect, but these do not produce the like diseases in temperate or cold climates. It is evident from this why women are so much less subject to the fevers of tropical climates than men. That this is not merely owing to something in the constitution peculiar to their sex, is proven by another striking fact. The prisoners of war who were not under the influence of disease at their capture, were observed to remain exempt from the epi- demic fevers of the West Indies. This has been particularly conspicuous in the years 1794 and 1795, during which the most deplorable ravages ever known were made in the great armaments sent to the West Indies, yet the prisoners of war remained exempt from it, according to the testimony of those who had the custody of them at Jamaica and Antigua. There can be no doubt that the peculiarity of situation to which this is principally imputable is shelter from the sun. With reference to the noxious effects of land air in particular situations, Sir Gilbert Blane observes:- "The common air of the atmosphere at sea is purer than on shore, which gives to a sea life a very great advantage over a life on land. This advantage is still greater in the tropical regions, where the foul air, especially such as proceeds from woods and marshes, is so fatal, and where the heat is also considerably less at sea than on shore. But this superior purity of the air at sea is more than counterbalanced by the artificial means of propagating diseases on board of a ship. All the diseases incident to a fleet, except the scurvy, are more apt to arise in a harbor than at sea, and particularly the violent fevers peculiar to hot climates. There are generally woods and marshes adjacent to the anchoring places in the West Indies, and the men are exposed to the bad air proceeding from thence, either in consequence of the ship's riding to leeward of them or of people's going on shore on the duties of wooding and watering, or on military service. Instances of this without number might be adduced from the accounts of voyages to all the tropical coun- tries. The fatal expeditions of the British to the Bastimentos and to Carthagena, in former wars, are striking proofs of it; and the same effects, though in a less degree, were seen while the British fleet was at Jamaica, in 1782. Sir Gilbert Blane has known a hundred yards in a road make a difference in the health of a ship at anchor, by her being under the lee of marshes in one situation and not in the other. When people at land are so situated as not to be exposed to the air of woods and marshes, but only to the sea air, they are equally healthy as at sea. There was a remarkable instance of this on a small island, called Pigeon Island, where forty men were employed in mak- ing a battery, and they were there from June to December, which includes the most unhealthy time of the year, without a man dying, and with very little sickness among them, though they worked hard, lived on salt provisions and had their habitations entirely destroyed by the hurri- cane. During this time, nearly one-half of the garrison of St. Lucia died, though in circum- stances similar in every respect, except the air of the place, which blew from woods and marshes. The duties of wooding and watering are so unwholesome that negroes, if possible, should be hired to perform them. In general, however, the employing of seamen in filling water and cutting wood is unavoidable, but it should be so managed as not to allow them, on any account, to stay on shore at night; for, beside that the air is then more unwholsome, men, when asleep, are more susceptible of any harm, either from the cold or the impurity of air, than when awake and employed. The danger of sleeping in the Campagna of Rome, and on the road from thence to Naples, is a fact well known in Europe." As the service necessarily requires that men should be on shore more or less, however unwhole- some the air may be, Sir Gilbert Blane recommended the following means to prevent its pernicious impressions on the body, the most important of which was, without doubt, the use of Peruvian Bark as a prophylactic. He says: " Certain internal medicines, such as bitters, aromatics and small quantities of vinous liquors, tend to preserve the body from its bad effects. Of the bitters, Peruvian bark is, perhaps, the best; and there is a well-attested instance of its efficacy in the account given by Mr. Robert- son of a voyage in the ' Rainbow,' to the coast of Africa; and by the same means Count Boneval and his suite escaped sickness in the camps in Hungary, while half of the army were cut off by fevers. In consequence of Mr. Robertson's representation of the effects of bark in curing and preventing the fevers of that climate, the ships of war fitted out for the coast of Guinea have been supplied with it gratuitously. The fever produced by the impure air of marshes may not appear for many days after the noxious principle, whatever it is, has been imbibed, men having been sometimes seized with it more than a week after they have been at sea. It naturally occurs, therefore, that something may be done in the intermediate time to prevent the effects of this bad air, and nothing is more advisable than to take some doses of Peruvian bark, after clearing the bowels by a purga- tive. Some facts show that an interval of ten days or a fortnight may elapse between the imbib- ing of the poison and its taking effect. And in order to guard against.the diseases of this climate in general, it would be more proper to take some large doses of bark once in either of these periods than to make a constant practice of taking a little, as I have known some people do, by which they may also render their body, in some measure, insensible to its good effects. The spices of the country, such as capsicum and ginger, for which nature has given the inhabitants of the torrid zone an appetite, have also been found powerful in fortifying the body against the influ- ence of noxious air. Either these or the Peruvian bark, or similar substances of a bitter and aromatic nature, given in wine, or if there should be none, in spirits, to men going upon unwhole- some duty, have been found to have a powerful effect in preventing them from catching the fevers of the climate." Sir Gilbert Blane recommends that in harbors the ship should be made to ride with a spring on the cable, that the side may be turned to the wind, whereby a free ventilation will be pro- duced, and the foul air from the head, which is the most offensive part, will not be carried all over the decks, as it must be when the ship rides head to wind. Sir Gilbert Blane referred the origin of the jail, otherwise called the ship and hospital, fever to the noxious air generated by men keeping the same clothes too long in contact with the body, while they are, at the same time, confined and crowded in small and ill-ventilated apartments. Dr. Cullen also ascribed the low nervous fever of Britain to a similar origin, being caused, as he thinks, by an infection of a milder kind arising in the clothes and houses of the poor, who from sloth or indifference neglect to change their linen and air their houses. The greater number of fevers, particularly those of the low and malignant sort, may be traced to the want of personal cleanliness and defective ventilation. Sir Gilbert Blane discusses at length various means of preventing the introduction of infection in ships, the production of infection, and the means of eradicating infection. He recommends the most rigid examination of all recruits and the exclusion of the diseased, and also the most thor- ough cleanliness of all parts of the ship and of the beds and clothing of the men, and free ventila- tion by means of wind-sails, ventilators and fires kindled in various portions of the ship. When, from a neglect of the various measures to prevent the introduction and production of infection, an infectious fever comes actually to prevail, and the infection, perhaps, adheres obsti- nately to the ship in spite of cleanliness, good air, good diet, and all the other means which, if employed in due time, would have prevented it, Sir Gilbert Blane recommends the following measures for eradicating the subtle poison :- The first step toward this is to prevent the disease from spreading, and this is done by sepa- rating the sick from the healthy, and cutting off all intercourse as much as possible. For this end, it is necessary to appropriate a particular berth to contagious complaints, and not only to prevent the idle visits of men in health, but to discover and separate the persons affected with such complaints as soon as possible, both to prevent them from being caught by others, and because recent complaints are most manageable and curable. Officers might be very useful in making an early discovery of complaints by observing those who droop and look ill in the course of duty ; for seamen think it unmanly to complain, and have an aversion to being put on the sick list. In order to prevent sickness from spreading it js not sufficient to cut off all personal inter- course. The clothes of men are as dangerous a vehicle of infection as their persons; and it should be a strict and invariable rule, in case of death from fever, flux, or smallpox, to throw overboard with the body every article of clothing and bedding belonging to it. Upon the same principle, in case of recovery from any contagious disease, as it would be too great a waste to destroy the clothes and beds, they should be smoked, and then scrubbed or washed, before the men join their messes and return to duty. This precaution is the more necessary, as infection in a ship is extremely apt to be communicated by bedding, from the custom of stowing the hammocks in the netting, by which they are brought into contact with each other. It sometimes happens that the number of sick in a ship is so great that it is not possible to take proper and effectual measures on board for stopping the progress of disease. But when she can be cleared of the sick by sending them to an hospital, no pains should be spared to extirpate the remaining seeds of infection. For this purpose let their clothing and bedding be sent along with them; let their hammocks, utensils, and whatever else they leave behind, be smoked, and either scrubbed or washed before they are used by other men, or mixed with the ship's stores; let the decks, sides and beams of their berths be well washed, scraped, smoked and dried by fire; then let them be fumigated with brimstone and charcoal, and, finally, whitewashed all over with quicklime. A mode of fumiga- tion has been brought into use by Dr. Carmichael Smith, the peculiar advantage of which, over charcoal and sulphur, is that it can be put in practice in the midst of the sick. It consists in pouring strong vitriolic acid on powdered nitre, whereby the latter is decomposed and the acid rises in the form of fumes. But besides these recent infections, it sometimes happens that the seeds of disease adhere to the timbers of a ship for months and years together, and can be eradicated only by a thorough cleansing and fumigation; sweeping, washing, scraping, and airing, are not sufficient entirely to remove the subtle infectious matter; but they will assist and will prepare it to be acted upon by heat and the fumes of mineral acids, which are the only means to be depended upon. When a ship is at sea, these precautions cannot be taken so completely; but if infection is present, or is suspected, then cleansing and the nitrous fumigation may be practiced. It will also be of great service to make the men expose their clothes to the sun and wind, in order to prevent or carry off mustiness or slight infection. If a strong infection be suspected, and it cannot be afforded to destroy the clothes, the best means of eradicating the poison at sea is to hang them for a length of time over pots of burning brimstone in a large cask standing end- ways, with small apertures to admit air enough for the brimstone to burn; or the nitrous fumiga- tion may be used for this purpose. Fire, when it can be applied sufficiently strong, is perhaps to be considered as the principal agent of purification, by its heat and the ventilation it occasions. Next to this may be reckoned the fumes of brimstone and those of nitrous acid. The smoke of certain narcotic and resinous bodies has also been recommended, such as tobacco and tar. The vapor of vinegar, and the smoke of gunpowder have also been used, but have been known to fail. . There is reason to think that the open air very soon dissipates and renders inert all infections of the volatile kind, and, of course, the warmer the air is the more readily it will have this effect. It is accordingly observed, that infection is much less apt to be generated about the persons of men, and that it adheres to them for a much less space of time in a hot climate than in a cold or temperate one. Sir Gilbert Blane saw so many instances of filth and crowding in ships and hospitals in the West Indies, without contagion being produced, and which in Europe could hardly have failed to produce it, or to render it more malignant, that he was convinced that there is something in tropical climates unfavorable to the production and continuance of infectious fevers. The ships which bring this fever from Europe generally get rid of it soon after arriving in a warm climate; and nothing but the highest degree of neglect can continue or revive it. The facts above mentioned suggested to Sir Gilbert Blane " what is related of the plague at Smyrna and other places, that it disappears at the hottest part of the year. The climate being hotter at Cairo than Aleppo, the plague ceases a month sooner at the former than the latter. It is also curious and important to remark that the true pestilence never has been heard of between the tropics. It is not easy to assign the cause of this effect of heat upon infection, as everything relating to this subject is very obscure. We can conceive it to be owing to the greater degree of airiness which the heat of the climate makes necessary, or to the use of fewer woolen clothes. There may be something in the state of the body, particularly in the pores of the skin and lungs, which disposes them less to produce or absorb the poisonous effluvia, or, when absorbed, it may more readily be thrown out by perspiration, with the other acrimony of the blood; or more probably, as has been hinted above, the virulent matter is of such a degree of volatility as to be readily dissipated in a certain degree of heat. " There is a fact, which, though seemingly of a contrary tendency, yet is in reality in proof of the same opinion. It is, that these same diseases disappear in winter; and the same is observed at Moscow and other places. In this case, the infectious matter is rendered inert, but not extinct, and the return of heat sets it afloat in the atmosphere, so as to expose it to human respiration. "Dr. Guthrie* informs us that infection is entangled and fixed by the cold of winter on the doors and walls of the houses of the Russian peasants, and that upon the return of the warm season it is let loose by the thaw, and then becoming active produces diseases." " Observations on the Diseases of Seamen," by Gilbert Blane, m.d., etc. Third edition, London 1799, pp. 183-337. Sir Gilbert Blane describes the bad effects of foul, damp air in ships, gives minute directions for the change of air by means of ventilators, wind-sails and fires in the orlop and hold, and recommends that minute attention be paid to the choice of ballast, for that which is called shingle, consisting all of pebbles, is far preferable to that which is sandy and earthy, as it does not so readily soak and retain moisture and filth, and putrid matter may readily be washed out of it. Sir Gilbert Blane recommended the use of spruce beer, porter, ale and wine, instead of the stronger alcoholic distilled liquors. He says " The abuse of spirituous liquors is extremely pernicious everywhere, both as an interruption to duty and as it is injurious to health. It is particularly so in the West Indies, both because the rum is of a bad and unwholesome quality and because this species of debauchery is more hurtful in a hot than in a cold climate, and one of the most common causes of exciting the malignant fevers peculiar to tropical countries. It is with reason that the new rum is accused of being more unwholesome than what is old; for when long kept it not only becomes weaker and more mellow by part of the spirit exhaling, but time is allowed for the evaporation of a certain nauseous, empyreumatic principle which comes over in the distillation, and which is very offensive to the stomach. Another objection to the rum supplied in the West Indies is the admixture of lead, which it acquires from the vessels employed in distilling.f It was originally the custom to serve seamen with their allowance of spirits undiluted. The method now in use, of adding water to it, was first introduced by Admiral Vernon, in the year 1740, and got the name of grog. This was a great improvement, for the quantity of half a pint, which is the daily allowance to each man, will intoxicate most people to a considerable degree, if taken at once, in a pure state. " The most salutary kind of drink, next to malt liquor and spruce beer, is wine. The benefit which the fleet derived from it at different times, and the advantages it has over spirits, have been often taken notice of in the former part of this work. It seems to be owing to this that the French fleet sometimes .enjoys superior health to ours and is less subject to the scurvy. We have a remarkable proof of this in comparing the fleet under the command of Admiral Byron with that under Count d'Estaing, when they both arrived from Europe, on the coast of America, in the year 1778, some of the British ships having been unserviceable from the uncommon prevalence of scurvy, while the French were not affected with it. Wine is also preferable to every other medi- cine in that low fever with which ships are so much infested, and there is no cordial equal to good wine in recruiting men who are recovering." In order to preserve water pure on shipboard, Sir Gilbert Blane recommended that a pint of quick lime be put into each butt when it is filled. He says " It has the advantage of not being injurious to health, but on the contrary is rather friendly to the bowels, tending to prevent and check fluxes. In the year 1779, several ships of the line arrived in the West Indies from England, and they were all afflicted with the flux except the 'Sterling Castle,' which was the only ship in which quicklime was put into the water for any culinary purpose. Its action in preventing * Philosophical Transactions, Vol. 69. t See a paper on this subject in the 3d vol. of the Medical Transactions, by J. Hunter, m.d. putrefaction consists, in part at least, in destroying vegetable and animal life. An addition of putrescent matter is produced in water by the generation of small insects, and the glaze that collects on the sides of the cask and also what collects on the surface of the water, is a species of vegetation, of the order called by the naturalists Algse^ Quicklime is a poison to this species of vegetable life, as well as to insects; but upon whatever principle it depends, the property of it in preserving water sweet is so well ascertained that it is inexcusable ever to neglect the use of it." RULES FOR THE PREVENTION OF YELLOW FEVER, PROPOSED BY SIR GILBERT BLANE IN 1798. On the 26th of November, 1798, Sir Gilbert Blane addressed to Rufus King, Esq., Minister Plenipotentiary from the States of America to the Court of London, some remarks on the nature of yellow fever and the means of preventing it, from which the following observations are extracted:- " The first question that occurs with a view to preventive measures is whether this disease be infectious, and under what circumstances it is so. "In those situations in which I observed it in the West Indies, it was evidently so. There was the most incontestable evidence of this, both on board of ships and in hospitals, and the doubts which have been started on this point seem to have arisen from the operation of infection being blended with that of other causes which must concur with it in order to give it effect. "But whatever doubts there may be on this subject in the West Indies, there can be none in the climate of North America. This will be best proved and illustrated by an example. " On the 16th of May, 1795, the 'Thetis' and ' Hussar ' frigates captured two French armed ships from Guadaloupe, on the coast of America. One of these had the yellow fever on board, and out of fourteen men sent from the ' Hussar ' to take care of her, nine died of this fever before she reached Halifax, on the 28th of the same month, and the five others were sent to the hospital sick of the same distemper. Part of the prisoners were removed on board the ' Hussar,' and although care was taken to select those seemingly in perfect health, the disease spread rapidly in that ship, so that near one-third of the whole crew was more or less affected by it. " This fact carries a conviction of the reality of infection, as irresistible as volumes of argument, and it further affords matter of important and instructive information, by proving that the infec- tion may be conveyed by the persons or clothes of men in health. " It is a question of still more consequence, with a view to preventive measures, whether this epidemic has arisen in the towns of North America from internal causes, or whether it was imported from the West Indies. " In order to decide upon this, it will be necessary to go back into the origin of the disease, in so far as it can be ascertained. "After laying together and considering fully all the facts relating to this subject, it appears to me that the yellow fever cannot be produced but in a season in which the heat of the atmosphere is pretty uniformly, for a length of time, above the 80th degree of Fahrenheit's thermometer; that under the influence of this heat, Europeans newly arrived, and more especially in circum- stances of intemperance, or fatigue in the sun, may be subject to it in many instances, but that it has usually become general only by the previous influence of that infection which produces the jail, hospital or ship fever, or from the influence of putrid exhalations; and that when so pro- duced it continues itself by infection. It would be too tedious to enumerate the multiplied proofs of this which have occurred to me in my connection with the public service. With regard to the effects of ship infection, it is enough to say that the seamen of ships of war from England having infectious fevers on board were observed to be most subject to the yellow fever, when they arrived in the West Indies, and that the troops which have been conveyed in ill-aired, crowded and sickly transports, are the most liable to it after disembarking; this applies even to that part of them who have arrived in health. And with regard to the effect of putrid exhalations, I need only mention that at the time of the battle of the 12th of April, 1782, there was not a sickly ship in our fleet, but many of those officers and men who were sent to take care of the French prizes were seized with the yellow fever; and it was observed that when, at any time, the holds of these ships, which were full of putrid matter, were stirred, there was an evident increase of these fevers soon after. • See an article in Rozier's Journal de Mtdecine, for July, 1784, by Dr. Ingenhousz. "It has been alleged by some authors that the yellow fever is produced by the same marshy exhalations which produce the intermittent and remittent fevers, and that it is only a variety of the latter; but the remitting fevers differ from it in some essential symptoms, and the yellow fever has been known to arise, both in ships and on shore, where men were entirely out of reach of the vapors of marshes. " It may naturally be expected that this infection will not take place except in particular cir- cumstances. There have been physicians paradoxical enough to maintain that the plague itself is not infectious, and their principal argument is that numbers are exposed to it without being affected by it. But the same may be said of the smallpox, and it is the nature of all infection to require a certain concurrence of circumstances, both external and in the constitutions of those exposed to it, in order to its taking effect. One circumstance necessary to the operation of the infection of the plague is a certain range of atmospheric heat. A temperature about 80°, or below 60°, will soon put a stop to this epidemic, so that it was never known between the tropics nor within the polar circles; and it is only at certain seasons that it appears in the temperate zone. The atmospheric heat necessary for the excitement of the yellow fever begins where that of the plague leaves off, for it has never been known to arise and prevail but when the ther- mometer stood for some length of time pretty uniformly above 80° as has been already stated. " In applying these observations to the question concerning the importation of the infection into Philadelphia and the other towns of America, I cannot but think that they make greatly for the affirmative; for it is agreeable to the analogy of all other infection that it may be introduced so as to prove active in portions so minute as to escape detection, and at other times may fail of producing its effect, though in the most accumulated state. " The circumstances under which it appears in North America are, indeed, totally different from those in which it appears in the West Indies. This fever had not prevailed in Philadel- phia from 1762 till 1793; whereas it occurs, more or less, every year in the West Indies, and its prevalence is in proportion to the number of new comers from Europe. If this disease were the spontaneous production of America, how comes it that it did not destroy the British armies which acted in the late war in Pennsylvania, Virginia and Carolina, as it has done of late in the West Indies? It is also against the laws of probability that this fever should have arisen by mere acci- dent in that year in which a number of French emigrants had arrived from the islands in which it prevailed, and in a year in which it had prevailed there to such an unexampled degree. "Supposing it established, therefore, as a truth, that this disease arose from imported infec- tion, we are next to inquire what are the precautionary measures that ought to be adopted to pre- vent its introduction or counteract its influence. "These divide themselves into three heads : first, the prevention of the importation ; secondly, the prevention of its spreading; thirdly, the removal of those circumstances which predispose to its action. "Under the first head is included the regulations relating to quarantines " The second head is extremely important, and the neglect of it has at all times given occa- sion to the extensive spread of pestilential disorders. The principle of it is comprised in these few words: ' To discover the first beginnings of disease, and to cut off all intercourse with the infected.' It is at this period only that such a measure can be effectual, the number of infected being small " The third head is one which has not been commonly enumerated and treated of by those who have written on this subject. It is only, however, necessary to reflect on the present situation of London to become sensible of its great importance. It is extremely doubtful how far this city owes its safety to quarantines; and there is no proof of the pestilence having ever been stopped in England by the vigilant detection of its first invasion, and the consequent adoption of wise and vigorous measures to prevent intercourse. But the advantages of spacious and airy habitations, of personal cleanliness, of dryness and cleanliness from forming drains and common sewers, are undeniable. The commerce in this age so far exceeds whatever was known in former ages, that there is, most probably, at all times, enough of infection in the warehouses of London to kindle the flames of pestilence if the fuel was applied and duly prepared and disposed for its action. "I am not sufficiently acquainted with the towns of America to say what improvements they admit of in the points above mentioned. It is evident, however, that the causes of this fever are connected with those circumstances which belong to a town; for, if I am rightly informed, it has not spread into villages and single houses in the country. As the inhabitants of America possess habits of cleanliness in their persons and habitations, in common with the rest of the civilized world in our times, the amendment required is not in these points. A circumstance which you mentioned to me regarding New York, to wit, that the fever prevailed only in that quarter of the town which adjoins the East river, and had not spread to that which borders on the North river, seems to point out the measures that are likely to be most advisable and practicable for ameliorat- ing the air of the towns in the American States. Drains and common sewers, therefore, of the most perfect construction that can be devised for promoting dryness and sweetness, by carrying off all superfluous moisture, and for conveying all manner of filth and soil under ground, could not fail to be highly conducive to general health, and to prevent the future visitations of epidemic fevers. Whether the late fever has been owing to imported infection, or to the bad air of the place, this precaution is equally founded upon reason. I consider the drains and sewers of London as the most essential circumstance in promoting that decency, comfort and health enjoyed so long by this great metropolis, in a degree of which I believe there is no example in ancient or modern times." Sir Gilbert Blane adds, in a postscript to his letter to Minister Rufus King, that "Upon reviewing the preceding letter, it has occurred to me that in enumerating the different heads of preventive means I ought to have mentioned what is called expurgation, that is, the methods taken for the expulsion and destruction of infection when the disease is declining or has ceased. Dr. Russell is very full on this subject; but since he wrote, there is a method of fumigation intro- duced by Dr. Carmichael Smith, of which he has published an account; and as this has acquired some name from trials made in the hospitals for prisoners of war and in the navy, I should think it would be worth a trial in America, as one of the means for the expurgation of the infection of yellow fever."* OBSERVATIONS OF SIR WILLIAM PYM ON THE MEANS OF ARRESTING THE SPREAD OF YELLOW FEVER. The principal object which Sir William Pym had in view in publishing his "Observations upon the Boullam Fever, which has of late years prevailed in the West Indies, on the coast of America, at Gibraltar, Cadiz and other parts of Spain," was to counteract the influence which the opinions of Dr. Bancroft had upon the minds of the public as well as of the profession, by bring- ing forward evidence to prove that it is a different disease from the bilious remitting fever of warm climates; that it is not produced by, nor in any way connected with, marsh miasmata; that it has not been a constant resident in the West Indies; that it is contagious, and capable of being imported to and propagated in any country enjoying a certain degree of heat; that it attacks the human frame but once, and attacks in a comparatively mild form, natives of a warm climate, or Europeans whose constitutions have been assimilated to a warm climate by a residence of three or four years; that it differs from all other diseases, in having its contagious powers increased by heat and destroyed by cold, or even by a free circulation of moderately cool air. The observations of Sir William Pym were commenced in the West Indies in 1794, and he was present also in Gibraltar during the terrible epidemic of 1804. The first step which Sir William Pym proposed, in 1794, for the arrest of the fever prevailing on the island of Martinique, among the troops under Sir Charles Grey, was the change of the quarters of the troops to airy, elevated ground, at Point Negro, close to the sea and almost a mile and a half distant from the town. The soldiers experienced an almost instantaneous change for the better. When Sir William Pym took charge of the Medical Department of Gibraltar, in 1804, during the indisposition of Dr. North, he drew up a code of regulations and proposed that all the men who had been in the West Indies, or who had recovered from the disease, should be employed in hospital duties, burying the dead, etc.; that a convalescent camp should be established for the men discharged from the hospital, where they should have their linen and clothes washed before being allowed to join their regiments; that men in barracks who had not had the disease, * "Observations on the Diseases of Seamen." By Gilbert Blane, m. d., f. r. s., London and Edinburg, etc. Third Ed., Loudon, 1799, pp. 605-613. should be moved to camp; that whenever a soldier was taken ill he should be carried to the hos- pital by men who had passed the disease; his bedding and tent washed, and that his comrade and all other men in the same tent should be sent, for a certain time, into quarantine. Although these suggestions were only partially carried out, they proved so far effectual as to save 1200 of the soldiers from an attack of the disease, while of the civil population of Gibraltar, which amounted to nearly 14,000, only twenty-eight escaped an attack of yellow fever, and of this number, twelve had been attacked with the same fever at former periods, either in the West Indies, Philadelphia or Spain. As far as our information extends, to Sir William Pym is due the credit of having first brought prominently before the medical profession that yellow fever, as a general rule, attacks the same individual but once, and that those who have passed through the disease should alone be employed in nursing and attending the sick. The value of the suggestions of Sir Gilbert Blane and Sir William Pym, as to the immediate separation of the first cases of yellow fever and the establishment of a rigid quarantine between the sick and the infected districts in the cities in which the disease appears, received remarkable and unquestionable demonstration in the two largest American cities in the years 1820, 1822 and 1819. Yellow fever appeared in Philadelphia on the 24th of July, 1820,* and caused eighty- three deaths. The deaths caused by preceding epidemics in Philadelphia were as follows. 1699,f 220 deaths; 1741,J 250 deaths; 1793,§ 4041 deaths; 1797, || 1300 deaths; 1798,3500 deaths; 1799,** 1000 deaths; 1802,ff 307 deaths; 1803, 195 deaths; 1805, 3400 deaths. The following extract from a letter from the late Professor Samuel Jackson, m.d., of Philadel- phia, to the author, is important as illustrating the measures adopted by the Board of Health, for the limitation and arrest of the disease. Philadelphia, September 7th, 1867. Professor Joseph Jones, m.d.: "My Most Esteemed Friend:-I had given up all hopes of being able to again communicate with you; but I have a respite, very probably a short one, and I seize the opportunity to write you a few lines. I received your letter of July while confined to my bed, and cannot express the pleasure I received from your letter; it was most cheering to my spirits, which were begin- ning to fail me. But I must say it has given me considerable anxiety respecting yourself. You are, I fear, falling into the error I committed myself at your time of life, and to which I attribute so many years of suffering, and the miserable condition I am in, from worn out centres, the generators of motor or mechanical force. You are overtaxing your forces-vital, organic and physical. You are treading in my footsteps-be warned in time, and avoid the wretched, painful life I have endured for forty years. " A few facts will make the matter clear to you. "In 1820, I was President of the Board of Health. In July, yellow fever broke out; most of the members were politicians and the labor of combating the threatened epidemic devolved on me. By prompt and energetic means, and by the assumption of powers we did not possess, the disease was confined and suppressed in the different points in which it appeared to be gener- ated. One of these, at Walnut street wharf, was the centre of our commerce. The first cases occurred on Saturday night, and Mr. Barker, whose counting house was on the wharf, was then lying very ill; he died that night. To have left it open to the public, would have exposed hun- dreds to the infective poison." "No time was to be lost. Early on Monday the streets leading to Front and Walnut were barricaded, and the inhabitants in Water street and Front street, from Chestnut to Dock, were ordered to remove." "This was a very arbitrary proceeding, but it proved effectual-the epidemic was arrested, but nearly 50 cases scattered about the city, were traced to this locality. I had the credit of having * S. Jackson, American Medical Record, 1821, p. 689. f " Yellow Fever," by R. La Roche, m.d., Vol. 1, p. 46. Charleston Medical Journal and Review, 1852, p. 58. t J. H. Griscom. "Visitations of Yellow Fever," p. 3. g Carey, Account of the Malignant Fever, p. 116. Benjamin Rush. || Benjamin Rush, Epidemic, 1797. ** Yellow Fever, R. La Roche, Vol., 1. ft W. Hume. Ch. M. J. and Rev., 1860, p. 24, et seq. TABLE N-CONTINUED ,u 1S(01sa, 1W18S2: ACTUAL ntTMIDITY IM CHAINS PER CUBIC FOOT OF THE ATMOSPHERE IN Xey .mtBANSj PREVAlMNO DIRECTION AND AVERAGE HOURLY VELOCITY OF WIND IN NEW ORLEANS. FOR EACH Day, |.BoM APRIL TO OCTOBER, DURING THE YEARS 1877, 1871, 1870, 1880, 1881 .nd 1882; MONTHLY MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURE, PREVAILING WINDS, NUMBER OF DAILY RAINFALL IN NEW ORLEANS DURING A PERIOD OF FOltTl YEARS )M0lx... ' " K PERIODOP FORTY YEARS, IMO 186ft, 1800 1SS2; METEOROLOGICAL S MIARY OF NEW ORLEANS FOR THE YEARS 1878, 1870, 188.. !K81 an.l 1882; DAILY OBSERVATIONS ON THE TEMPERATURE OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER DURING 1881 1882; ODA88H1ED AND CONSOLIDATED BY JOSEPH JONES, M. D., IM WASHINGTON ST, NEW ORLEANS, JULY 4, 1883. CLOUDY DAYS, NUMBER OF RAINY DAYS, AND RAINFALL IN INCHES IN NEW OBLI ■ f T_ I ) DAILY RAINFALL a NEW ORLEANS. LA. DU1>' • « FEMOD OF FORTY ntABa-IMM*. IMA 1«-C"0" ~4- h- Jh? ■ te i • (X.. 2) METEOROLOGICAL SUMMARY, NEW ORLEANS, LA., STATION, V. 8. 810X41. SERVICE (Na 4.) METEOROLOGICAL SUMMARY YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1WS .L * 1 «™> DIBBCTK1XA HI-MAU or DATA RITU ■ • ; h ;-'i H^S a J toe .k... <™»l UH <-■ UBBIS DAILY TXLEOUArillC IMERrATIOXA ; -s _ '■• ~ 3'2 m ~ S | * * F 3 s.S - 'S '«"0 / l: : • him m ' - ^ : . , : » is? H n HR a hi i iijii ibiiii. er iiyesihesu rnhmi ■ _EiL s »* • i^r ■ hi 1 11 j [III 1 ! .: il : ,: A L . . . : u:\ ..1- SS s ;£ :s Si- r ■ Si si. :• i'i ,';•. K sr 'i 3 ■ 1 llilU 3 ML IrtS! s = 1 (Na L) METEOROLOlilCAL SUMMARY ; TOn- 5 XarSS »nin, NUMBER op CI< nt AND RAINY days, and bain M..II TIlllKK BAILY TKI.«d irniC 0BSKKVAT10XA SXl^.KnilKTKKINO IXSTRV. • Ji, ■ B i : H ' I U i. .sat i?' i : "■'-,4,1 i g~ H >1J a»l mI UI ri : : i i. S - i ~.z - H ~ .'B 3'z " - • slim < . ■ .. i ! ^i rt =' r ! : mi' BfJaT s - - -- Js :«£? ■' -s 1 H s. • :" =. = ■■ ^5 --sen 3 s - _ -.g s: as.n ... m w ... > « , . ., IL ' II: Ms L. .... M...L u VM.. 5= ■ i J - T AR ENDING DECEMBER 11. 134. >U:teorouk;ical si mmary new Orleans, la., station, v ■ |sq|.s.:s 3 J " 3 " "iS S *' ' X I" S $ iUe-t ;)•' •• -j s ; "4 =- j? IS :-h: i: 5 "h is j simml 1'- MIJ I u~. J g H H O il 1 r ; s ?5 a j I SS.„ ; t : i £ ii li 5 1 f . § ; ; i ,i ;::,' !; , ■: ' ■■" . 4 n 1 • . J ' \ li .^t u8 s • ii : ■ sei ii> u-. : '< Cl 1 ICC 11 111 i ' i 11 \ > 1 3 Si si U H I sj S 5t s .. ... i »* •><. **• 5h i - 4MStklBS?9» i.««»S»lY»SK»R - »-^suuiaaD^': ? EAR ENDING DECEMBER 31. l-« i c; : : s if. : ; 3 s. " s:: . :rr • 0- id.h! h!h ' S. st:: ;: ;:...MS: .:»S saved the city from a general epidemic. Toward the close I was taken down with the disease, and treated, after the fashion of that day, with calomel." "I was at this time a member of the City Council, and serving on the Water Committee, superintending the erection of the water-works, and building the dam of the Schuylkill, at Fair- mount, a most arduous duty. In addition to these labors, I was one of the attending physicians of the Almshouse and hospital, and lecturing in Chapman's Institute, on therapeutics. At the same time I was harrassed by some heavy debts of a firm in which I had been concerned. For about ten years, almost daily, my expenditure of vital force exceeded the normal power of my constitution, and I was brought to the verge of the grave. It was then that I discovered that there was a limit to the production of the forces, which, if exceeded, caused a waste of the organic structures, by a slow gradual dissolution. I immediately began to economize my vital expenditure, and limited myself to only what was indispensable. I retired from public life, and contracted my social circle." Yellow fever appeared in New York, on the 10th of July, 1822, and ceased on the 5th of November, and caused 230 deaths. In some of the preceding epidemics, the following deaths had been caused by yellow fever; 1702, 570 deaths; 1743, 217 deaths; 1795, 730 deaths; 1798, 2080 deaths; 1799, 76 deaths; 1803, 6-700 deaths ; 1805, 340 deaths. When the yellow fever broke out in New York in 1791, after forty years exemption from the pestilence, every physician then practicing, with the exception of two or three of the oldest mem- bers of the profession, were utter strangers to the disease. Instead of studying the characters of the disease with patient attention, they began first to search for evidence to prove its domestic origin, and that it was indigenous to the soil, and that is was not a contagious disease and could not be imported, and that all measures of precaution, and especially the system of quarantine restrictions, were a useless and degrading imposition. In the year 1819, the Board of Health of New York discarded the temporizing system of the boards of preceding years, and put in practice an entirely new system. It was resolved, although the disease might be introduced, to endeavor at least to stop its mortality and mitigate its horrors. The disease was looked upon as a contagious pestilence, and the part of the city where it was introduced was immediately and totally cleared of its inhabitants, and those who would not re- move of their own accord, were turned out of their houses by force. The result was that only about 150 cases and about 50 deaths from yellow fever occurred, which was infinitely less than the mortality of other years, especially 1797 and 1798, when the mass of the population remained at their homes, taught by their physicians to believe that the disease was some ordinary bilious fever, which would soon pass away; or that the whole atmosphere for miles into the interior was so tainted that it would be folly to run from it. The Board of Health of New York was satisfied, from the experience of 1819, that when yel- low fever is once introduced there is no safety but in flight, and that all that can be done is to disperse the inhabitants and to remove the sick with the utmost expedition into the pure air of the country, and to erect an insuperable barrier between the infected and uninfected parts of the city. Accordingly, they forthwith began to depopulate and barricade that part of the city where the disease was introduced, stopping up all the streets and lanes which ran into this section of the town. But such were the prejudices of the community against this novel procedure, first intro- duced in 1819, and such the fallacious hope that the disease would not continue to spread, that the Board were under the necessity of adopting this measure with the greatest caution; by which means the disease kept the start of the barricades that had been interposed, until the general panic which seized all the lower part of the city, about the first of September, caused the inhabit- ants to abandon their homes en masse, and served to put an entire stop to the progress of the dis- order, except among those few who willfully exposed themselves by remaining in their houses, or by going too far down into the most infected streets. * ♦ "An Account of the Yellow Fever as it prevailed in the city of New York in the Summer and Autumn of 1822," by Peter S. Townsend, m.d. New York, 1823, pp. 217, 236. DISINFECTANT ACTION OF SULPHUROUS ANHYDRIDE AND SULPHUROUS ACID. The efficient agents in the preceding thorough system of disinfection as practiced in the British navy by Sir Roger Curtis and other officers during the past century, were Cleanliness, Free Ventilation, Heat, Lime, Sulphurous Anhydride (sulphurous acid). The last mentioned agent (sulphurous anhydride) appears to have been the true and essential disinfectant or destroyer of the organic poison inducing the contagious fever. Sulphur, the first disinfectant employed by the ancients, and called sacred or divine by the Greeks, has maintained its reputation from the time of Ulysses, who after killing the Suitors, fumigated the palace with burning sulphur, to the present moment, when it is chiefly relied on for the destruction of the poisons of contagious diseases. The advances of modern chemistry have enabled us to comprehend the effects of burning sulphur upon the organic materials causing contagious diseases. The dioxide of sulphur, sulphurous oxide, or sulphurous anhydride, resulting from the com- bustion (oxidation) of sulphur, is at ordinary temperatures a colorless, irrespirable, poisonous, incombustible gas. As it is more than twice as heavy as atmospheric air, it may be collected by displacement, and when introduced into the hold of a ship, or in any confined space, will gradu- ally accumulate from the bottom upward, and thus expel the atmospheric air. It is also important to note that sulphurous anhydride may very readily be condensed into the liquid state by a pressure of three atmospheres, or by a freezing mixture of ice and salt. By its evaporation it produces intense cold, sufficient even to freeze itself, and rapidly to freeze water in which it is poured. If sulphurous acid gas be generated by pouring muriatic acid upon the sulphite of lime, or soda, in a form of apparatus similar to that of Babcock's fire engine or extinguisher, we may not only thus in a very short space of time evolve a large volume of gas, without the danger of fire, as in the burning of sulphur, but we are also able by such an arrangement to generate the gas under high pressure, and when it is allowed to escape into the hold of a ship, or in any confined space, a degree of cold may be induced which will be an important factor in the purification of the atmosphere. This plan of disinfection (the liberation of sulphurous acid in a special apparatus by the action of hydrochloric acid upon a sulphite) now for the first time proposed, is worthy of a careful trial at the quarantine stations. The fumes of burning sulphur, or sulphurous anhydride, when brought in contact with the moisture of the atmosphere or water is converted into sulphurous acid. Both sulphurous anhydride and sulphurous acid act as powerful reducing agents; sulphurous acid bleaches by forming colorless compounds with certain coloring matters, but it does not, like chlorine, decompose the coloring matter, for the sulphurous acid may either be expelled by a stronger acid, or it may be neutralized by an alkali, and the color will be restored. Sulphurous anhydride is a powerful antiseptic, its power of arresting fermentation having been recognized by the Greeks and Romans in the manufacture of wine, and it consequently has long been valued as a powerful disinfecting agent. Meat which has been exposed to the action of sulphurous anhydride gas and then sealed up in metallic canisters filled with nitrogen, to which nitric oxide has been added to remove the last traces of oxygen, may be preserved fresh for years. Ln the process proposed to Mr. Gamgee for the preservation of fresh meat by sulphurous acid, the animal is killed with carbonic oxide gas and the meat is kept in that gas and sulphurous acid. Meats may thus be kept fresh and of the original color for six weeks. Meat, vegetables and fruit subjected to the fumes of burning sulphur and charcoal and then immersed in water containing the sulphurous acid in solution, resist decomposition and retain their natural appearance and form for months. It is but just to suppose that sulphurous anhydride acts as a disinfectant in a complex man- ner. Thus, it arrests decay in organic matter; it deoxidizes, and afterward gives off its oxygen and acts as an oxidizer; it also acts as an acid, and dissolves animal matter. Just as sulphurous anhydride preserves meat from putrefaction and change, in a similar man- ner, without doubt, it acts upon animal poisons, and arrests their changes, and so alters their composition as to destroy their poisonous action. In like manner sulphurous anhydride and sul- phurous acid destroy living germs, whether animal or vegetable. The theory of the action of sulphurous acid held by those who regard the germs of contagious diseases as of parasitic and vegetable origin, has been well expressed by Dr. Dewar, of Kirkcaldy. He says:- " It may be well to premise that our adoption of such an auxiliary implies a belief that the enemy of which we are in pursuit lurks about indefinitely; that its vitality can outlive ordinary processes of decay, and that it is transmitted, or at least located, in the atmosphere. This being the case, we may well assume that the germs are parasitic, most of them of vegetable origin; that some retain their peculiar properties independent of temperature or climate, and that some even can (as in cholera), in a dry climate, in the form of dust, be carried by the wind to distant points, where, as they absorb moisture, they retain their power of spreading devastation." He treated his own cattle with sulphurous anhydride gas four times a day, the sulphur for six cattle being about as large as a man's thumb, and burning for twenty minutes, the attendant being shut in along with the cattle. The cases of cure by this means in cattle plague are said to have been very numerous. Dr. James Dewar* has also strongly recommended sulphurous acid as a topical application to wounds and sores, and has adduced very successful cases in which it was employed. The wounded surfaces should either be sponged with the acid of full strength, or the spray of the fluid acid should be applied by a suitable vaporizer. Cases of wounds have been recorded in which, after dressing in this manner, there was rapid healing, with no discharge whatever; but the dressings require frequent changing, at least every thirty-six hours. Mr. Crooksf says: " A mixture of sugar and yeast was kept in a warm room until it became in a state of active fermentation. An aqueous solution of sulphurous acid was added, when the fermentation instantly ceased; when examined under the microscope, after treatment with sulphurous acid, no apparent change was observed in the appearance of the cells." In the use of sulphurous acid for the disinfection of ships, hospitals and rooms it should ever be remembered that it is poisonous to both vegetable and animal life, and that, even in small quantities, it acts as an irritant to the lungs, causing violent coughing, which becomes painful and dangerous, according to the amount used. Sulphurous acid fumigation is not, therefore, applicable to wards of hospitals, or cabins of ships, or rooms inhabited by human beings. All living beings should be removed from the space to be disinfected. This may readily be accom- plished by fumigating wards and rooms and the different portions of a ship in succession. The fumigation should be followed by thorough cleansing of the furniture, beds and floors, and white- washing in order to remove, as far as possible, those portions of contagious matter which have been disinfected and embalmed by the gas; and when the poison is concentrated and virulent, the cleansing and whitewashing should be followed by a second fumigation. Chlorine is, without doubt, one of the most effective disinfectants and germicides, but it should not be used simultaneously with sulphurous acid. By fumigating alternately with sulphurous acid and with chlorine it would appear almost impossible for any disease germs to survive in any given space of air. Washing the floors and walls with a solution of chlorinated soda, or chlorinated lime, has proved, at the great quarantine station of Lisbon, Portugal, and in many other places, effective. As New Orleans is situated at the mouth of one of the largest rivers, and as it holds daily communication with ports infected with yellow fever, all that relates to the history of disinfec- tion as practiced by her sanitary officers is of interest and value, and we present the following facts relative to the use of sulphurous acid at this port:- Dr. Alfred W. Perry, who was quarantine physician to the Mississippi station from April 11th to October 14th, 1874, invented and put to practical use a mechanical contrivance for the disinfection of ships' holds, by injecting, by the means of a blower, the fumes of burning sulphur. A similar apparatus had been used by the sugar refiners for the bleaching of brown sugar and syrups, and also for influencing the process of fermentation, by the injection into saccharine liquids of sulphurous anhydride. * Medical Times and Gazelle, Sept. 21st, 1869, p. 318. f"On the Application of Disinfectants." The essential part of the disinfecting process of Dr. Perry was the forcing the product of the combustion of burning sulphur, namely, sulphurous anhydride gas, SOs, into the hold and various compartments of a ship. Previous to the adoption of this method the hold of a ship, as well as the cargo, the cabins and forecastle, were fumigated by burning sulphur in iron pots. It had been well established by the experience of many sanitarians, at various quarantine establishments and in various hospitals for the treatment of infectious diseases, that this was an effective means of practicing sulphurous acid disinfection. The only point which appeared to be in favor of the new method was that it apparently required less time for the accomplishment of the same results. In the New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal for January, 1874, is an article by Dr. Perry, entitled " Quarantine without Obstruction to Commerce," which had been read before the American Public Health Association, and from which the following is quoted:- "I think that time, as an element of quarantine, is the least to be depended on, the most oppressive to commerce, the most costly and at the same time the least effective The disease germs may occupy any part of the vessel or cargo, and to be effective, the disinfectant should reach every part of the vessel, every crevice of the cargo. This can only be done in a cheap, quick and thorough manner by the use of gaseous or volatile disinfectants, applied by a special apparatus which I will describe. This method will perfectly destroy all disease germs and can be performed in four to six hours, and will detain infected vessels less than one day. "The apparatus consists of one or more force-blowing machines, put in motion by steam power, which are connected with a furnace for generating sulphurous acid gas, with an apparatus for impregnating air with carbolic acid vapor, and a furnace for producing heated air. The cost of the apparatus would not exceed $3000 or $4000. It could be placed either on a wharf, to which vessels to be disinfected could be towed, or it could be placed on a small steamboat." In the same journal for January, 1875, is a "Special Report of Quarantine Operations at the Mississippi Station, 1874," by Dr. Perry. The following is quoted:- " Soon after being assigned to quarantine duty, apparatus was prepared to carry out my ideas in regard to the disinfection of vessels. This apparatus was brought into working order June 20th, 1874. It consisted of a sheet-iron cylinder, three feet in diameter, with numerous adjustable air-holes near the base; into this was put a charge of thirty to one hundred pounds of sulphur, which was lighted by a few burning shavings; an eight-inch iron pipe connected the upper part of this sulphur burner with the entrance opening of a No. 2 Sturtevant fan blower; to the outlet was connected a short upright iron (eight-inch) pipe, and to this was fastened an eight-inch rubber hose. The fan of the blower was put in motion by three pulleys of increasing speed, and made 2500 revolutions per minute; the main driving pulley was turned with a crank by two men. The whole apparatus was mounted on a small, stout flatboat, which was towed to the vessel lying at anchor near the quarantine station, the fire lighted and the blower started until the shavings had entirely burned out and the sparks had ceased; one end of the rubber pipe was then connected to the lower outlet and the other end was introduced into the vessel." The details of Dr. Perry's contrivance and those of the apparatus now in operation at the Mississippi Quarantine Station, 1887, are essentially the same, with the exception of the use of steam for the propulsion of the wind power or blower. The apparatus of Dr. Perry was used up to the close of 1879, and during the period extending from its introduction in 1874 to this latter period, cases of yellow fever were reported in New Orleans in 1874, 1875 and in 1876; and in 1878 occurred the great yellow fever epidemic which spread such terror throughout the valley. It was evident from these facts that mere fumigation with sulphurous anhydride, in the absence of other sanitary measures and proper detention, was not sufficient to protect New Orleans from the introduction of yellow fever. Upon the reorganization of the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana in 1880, I found the Mississippi Quarantine Station in need of a new wharf and extensive repairs of the fever hospital, smallpox hospital, physicians' and boatmen's quarters, and of new boats. The apparatus of Dr. Perry was practically useless; the.iron cylinder burned out and the flat in a rotten and leaky condition. I caused to be constructed a disinfecting apparatus with a strong blower for propelling the sulphurous anhydride, and the necessary iron furnace for burning the sulphur, at an actual cost of $249.09 (two hundred and forty-nine dollars and nine cents). The intention was to place this upon a steam tug and operate it, and move it from ship to ship by means of steam (see Report of Joseph Jones, m.d., President of the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana for 1880, p. 18). Large expenditures, over $12,000, were required for the necessary repairs, and in addition to this three of the most wealthy and powerful shipping corporations were in open rebellion against the quarantine laws of Louisiana. During the entire period of my term of service I was compelled to conduct a suit in court against Morgan's Steamship and Texas Railroad Company, which was represented during a considerable portion of the time, extending from April, 1880, to April, 1884, by Mr. Charles Whitney, President of the New Orleans Auxiliary Sanitary Association. The only meeting of the Louisiana State Legislature which occurred during this period was embraced by the enemies of quarantine, led by the friends and agents of the President of the New Orleans Auxiliary Sanitary Association, to array the legislature against the State Board of Health and defeat the quarantine laws of Louisiana, and to declare them unconstitutional, null and void. Under such circumstances, and pressed with enemies on all sides and with diminished reve- nues, the Board of Health was unable to command the necessary funds for the employment of steam tugs and crews for the rapid and thorough disinfection of vessels by the proper appa- ratus. Nevertheless it has been shown that under all these difficulties the officers of the Board in- spected and, whenever necessary, fumigated and disinfected ten thousand (10,000) vessels, manned by over 150,000 seamen, and not only effectually excluded yellow fever from New Orleans and the valley of the Mississippi, but finally, after a severe battle of four years' duration, vindicated the quarantine laws of Louisiana before the Supreme Court of the State. In 1884 the present mechanical service for disinfecting ships by sulphurous acid was proposed by the succeeding President of the Board of Health, which has been made efficient by a legisla- tive appropriation of $30,000. The principle of Dr. Perry's contrivance was precisely the same as that of the apparatus used at the Mississippi station in 1885 and 1886, but he was under the necessity of operating his fan by hand power, for want of the funds since supplied by the General Assembly of the State. The method practiced with infected ships, 1880-1884, consisted of the following measures :- 1. Discharge of cargo. 2. Thorough cleansing of the ship, including discharge of bilge-water and washing out with a solution composed most generally of fifty pounds of copperas and five gallons of carbolic acid (Calvert's No. 5), dissolved in fifty gallons of water. A similar solution was employed in the dis- infection of ballast and cleansing of woodwork, decks, etc. 3. Fumigation with sulphur. Iron pots were filled with sulphur, which were lowered into the hold and placed in all the compartments of the ship. The pots rested in iron pans of water, so as to avoid all risks from fire. The sulphur was then ignited and all openings closed. The sulphur was allowed to burn until the oxygen was consumed and naught remained but sulphur- ous anhydride and nitrogen. In infected ships the fumigation was repeated during successive days, as often as deemed necessary. The following results are worthy of notice :- (a) All vermin were destroyed upon the ships thus treated. (b) No accident from fire occurred during four years. (c) No case of yellow fever was traced in New Orleans to the cargo of a ship thus fumigated. 4. Coffee vessels from Rio de Janeiro, Havana and Vera Cruz, during the prevalence of yel- low fever, discharged their cargoes into the large brick Government warehouse at the Mississippi quarantine station, and were subjected to thorough fumigation by sulphurous acid gas. The dis- charge of the cargoes from infected vessels was made by acclimated men, who had previously had the yellow fever. 5. When deemed necessary the large coffee warehouses in New Orleans were subjected to sulphuric acid fumigation. These stringent measures appeared to have been necessitated by the prevalence of yellow fever at Rio de Janeiro, Havana and Vera Cruz, and also to allay public alarm. The valley was still agitated by the remembrance of the terrible epidemic of 1878, which had carried consternation and desolation far into the interior of the continent. The method invented and put into practice in 1874, by Dr. Perry, is more rapid in its action than the old method; but it is only adapted to those ports and quarantine establishments which are able to endure the expense of the construction of the apparatus and its operation by steam. Under the old method it is possible, at a small outlay and with a few men, to fumigate seve- ral ships or vessels at the same time. Any quarantine station, however small, can thoroughly and effectually disinfect vessels, how- ever large or small, by the old method, which is in like manner adapted to any vessel or ship, large or small, in any port and under any circumstances. In the present condition of commerce, therefore, the new method cannot wholly displace the old method of sulphurous acid fumiga- tion. GERMICIDE PROPERTIES OF SOj. One pound of sulphur when burned produces 11 /a cubic feet of sulphur dioxide gas. The aqueous solution of this gas contains sulphurous acid. Baxter's experiments show that it is the most potent volatile disinfectant known, and as it is very soluble, and is little affected by the presence of albumen, it is also powerful in the disinfec- tion of liquids. It destroys sulphureted hydrogen, thus, SOj + 2HsS = 2HjO + Sa, and com- bines with ammonia. This disinfectant forms sulphites, and is a reducing or deoxidizing agent in the first place, for it unites with the oxygen of many compounds to form sulphuric acid, but it may give up oxygen, and when mixed with much vegetable matter the sulphur may come off as sulphureted hydrogen. Sulphur dioxide and sulphurous acid and chlorine and permanganate of potassium mutually destroy each other, and therefore should not be used together. Sulphur dioxide destroys the activity of dry vaccine on points very rapidly, and, even when much diluted, stops the amoeboid movements of living cells, kills vibrios, and acts deleteriously on vegetation. A virulent liquid cannot be regarded as certainly and completely disinfected by sulphur dioxide unless it has been rendered permanently and strongly acid. The greater solubility of this agent renders it, ceteris paribus, preferable to chlorine or carbolic acid for the disinfection of liquid media. (Baxter.) According to Baxter's experiments a larger percentage of sulphur dioxide than of carbolic acid is required for the disinfection of the virus of infective inflammation, but a smaller per- centage for other contagia. Sulphur dioxide preserves meat and other substances when in closed vessels for very long periods. The power of sulphurous acid gas to destroy the virulence of vaccine virus has been demon- strated by several experiments. Ten minutes' exposure in an atmosphere saturated with sulphur- ous anhydride vapor was found by both Baxter and Dougall to neutralize the virulence of vac- cine dried upon ivory points. Experiments made by Dr. George M. Sternberg, in 1878, showed that liquid vaccine is rendered inactive by exposure for four hours to sulphur dioxide in the pro- portion of five volumes to one thousand of air. In experiments with dried virus upon ivory points, made in 1880 by the same observer, it was found that virulence was destroyed by six hours' exposure in an atmosphere containing one per cent, of this gas. Baxter and Vallin have tested the disinfecting power of sulphur dioxide upon the virus of glanders. Baxter found that four parts to one thousand in solution destroyed the virulence of material obtained from nostrils rubbed up in water from the lungs of an animal with glanders. Vallin experimented with virulent pus from an abscess, obtained from a patient with glanders in the Hospital of Val-de-gras. This pus was passed, by inoculation, into Guinea-pigs and other animals, to produce the characteristic lesions of glanders. Some of this pus, placed in a watch- glass, was exposed for twelve hours to sulphur dioxide generated by burning two grammes of sulphur in a box having a capacity of 100 litres (equal to 14 volumes of SOa to 1000 volumes of air). Disinfection was complete, as proved by inoculation. Dr. Klein, in 1884, has shown that swine fever can be communicated to healthy pigs, through the air, by placing them in the same stable with diseased animals, but so separated from them that no bodily contact can take place between the diseased and healthy; and that this could certainly be prevented by the presence of chlorine in the air of the stable. Dr. Klein made similar experi- ments with sulphurous acid gas. It was found that wjien an animal seriously affected with swine fever was used as a disease germ, healthy animals introduced into the same stable with it con- tracted the disease and died of it, notwithstanding that the air of the stable was impregnated with sulphurous acid. But when the same experiment was repeated with an animal affected in a mild form and free from the severe pulmonary symptoms which in the other case accompanied it, no infection took place. It must therefore be determined by further experiments how far sulphurous dioxide is cap- able of preventing the spread of contagion among living animals. (Fourteenth Annual Report of the local Government Board, 1884-1885, pp. 183-187, London, 1885.) HEAT AS A DISINFECTING AGENT. It has long been known that heat acts as a powerful disinfectant by its power of destroying animal and vegetable life, coagulating albuminoid substances, and by its desiccating effects. The absorption of noxious effluvia by clothes or soft and porous articles of merchandise has long been recognized as a fact by men who have directed special attention to this subject. Many of the liquid disinfectants which have at various times been proposed are not applicable to articles of clothing; and the common practice of baking clothes in ovens is liable to lead to their destruction, owing to the impossibility of regulating the temperature to which it is necessary to expose them. The plan of Messrs. Davison and Symington combines economy with certainty of disinfection, and consists in exposing the articles of' clothing, in a large chamber, to rapid currents of air, heated to a temperature insufficient to injure them, varying from 200° to 250° F. In the case of infected clothing, it is obvious that while a high temperature tends to destroy the animal poisons, a rapid current of air, constantly passing through the chamber, tends to carry them off. The temperature of the current of air can be so regulated that common albumen is speedily dried into a yellow, transparent solid, without coagulation, or, if necessary, the heat may be increased from 400° to 500° according to the nature of the articles which are exposed. Dr. Copland directed the attention of the medical profession and sanitary authorities to this process, and observes that: "The great advantage of this method is its easy applicability to all kinds and to any number of objects and articles without injury to their textures or fabrics." Dr. A. N. Bell, Vice-President of this Section, applied steam to the disinfection of vessels of war in this country in 1847-1848. Dr. Andrew Ure,* writing in 1854, says: " From an inspection of one of these chambers when the temperature of the current of air was 116° F., we can state that the process of Messrs. Davison and Symington for the drying and disinfecting of the clothing of cholera and fever patients will be far more efficacious than the common plan of washing and baking. In our opinion, an apparatus of this kind, fitted up in large hospitals, infirmaries, prisons and work- houses, as well as all quarantine stations, would be admirably adapted to prevent the diffusion of contagious diseases." This method might be rendered still more efficacious by combining with the hot air or steam, the vapor of carbolic acid or the fumes.of burning sulphur. It would manifestly be very difficult, if not impossible, to apply heat and hot air, or even steam, and the so-called superheated steam (used by the late Captain Fry, of New Orleans, for the seasoning and preservation of wood), to the disinfection of the holds and cabins of ships, or the large wards of hospitals; and for such purposes the sulphurous acid fumigation is far more rapid and efficient. The hot air and steam process is evidently applicable chiefly to infected clothing and woolen and cotton goods and bedding. This process has been used with marked benefit in the disinfec- tion of the clothing of yellow fever and cholera patients at the quarantine station and large hospitals of New York and other cities. As it is well established that the cause of yellow fever is arrested by cold, it has been proposed to subject the interior of ships and infected houses to the action of such an amount of cold as will condense and freeze all moisture in the air. Such a result would, without doubt, be practicable by means of apparatus similar to the ammonia ice-freezing machine; but aside from the difficul- ties and expense attending the artificial condensation and congealing of the moisture and organic matters in the holds and cabins of ships, it is possible that the poison inducing certain forms of fever, and especially yellow fever, may again be excited to renewed activity after the melting of the ice. • If yellow fever be due to a special plant or animalcule, or to a specific form of organic * "A Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures and Mines." American Edition, Vol. I, p. 583. matter, it is possible that the active properties may survive the action of cold, as it is well known that many of the simple organisms of the vegetable and animal kingdoms possess the power of resisting great extremes of heat and cold, the action of these agents being only temporary, or during their immediate continuance. It would appear that in the disinfection of ships such pro- cesses do not reach the true source of the difficulty, and are inferior, and at the same time are more expensive and difficult than such processes as the sulphurous acid fumigation, which com- bines at once simplicity, economy, efficiency, and permanence of effects. The experiments of Dr. Henry Baxter, W. Roberts and others have shown the effects of heat on vaccine, malignant pustule, septic microzymes, scarlet fever, plague, etc. High temperature and length of exposure are, to a certain extent, mutually compensatory, but it appears that a temperature below 140° F. (60° C.) will not disinfect vaccine unless with long exposure. Tyndall points out that some germs seem to be in a dormant condition, in which they resist the action of heat unless applied very long or intermittently, so as to start their vitality into growth, when they are easily killed. Experimental facts show that excessive temperatures are as unnecessary as dangerous in practical disinfection. It is extremely improbable that any con- tagion can withstand a temperature of 220° F. (104.5° C.), maintained during two hours. When contagion is shielded by thick material into which heat penetrates slowly, the time necessary to reach the disinfecting temperature may be long, and hence the necessity of spreading clothing and opening out bedding in special hot-air chambers where the heat ought not to be less than 220° F. (104.5° C.) nor more than 250° F. (121.1° C.). Hot-air chambers are usually built of brick and are furnished with wooden supports for clothing, which should not come in contact with metallic or brick work. Metal, being a much better conductor of heat thah wood, is liable to become so hot as to fire the contents of the drying chamber. This accident has twice occurred (if the statements of the public and medical press are to be credited) at the quarantine station on the Mississippi river, under the charge of the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana, during the past eighteen months. The fire on both occasions is said to have originated in the drying room for the disinfection of infected clothing and goods by heat. Upon the first occasion the flames communicated with and destroyed the quarantine wharf. It has been estimated that the loss occasioned by these fires to the ships, passengers and property of the State exceeded ten thousand dollars. The proposition to substitute metallic screens for wooden partitions for the clothing and goods, upon the ground that under such circumstances the wire gauze would act in a manner similar to that employed by Sir Humphrey Davy for the prevention of explosions in mines, is unscien- tific and unphilosophical. Such an arrangement, unless the heat was carefully regulated, would tend to destroy, rather than preserve, the clothing and goods subjected to heat. Heat, however, is perhaps the best agent that we possess for disinfecting infected clothing and bedding, provided they be properly opened and spread out. During my term of service as President of the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana, 1880-1884, yellow fever prevailed in the epidemic form at Rio de Janeiro, Havana and Vera Cruz, and at Brownsville, Texas, and Pensacola, Florida. Many vessels which had had yellow fever on board, and upon which deaths from the disease had occurred on the voyage, arrived at the Mississippi quarantine station, then under the charge of Dr. James F. Finney, assisted by Dr. C. P. Wilkinson. During this entire period the process relied on chiefly for the disinfection of the linen and clothing of the patients treated in the yellow fever hospital and smallpox hos- pital at the Mississippi quarantine station was the boiling and thorough washing required to cleanse and dress the clothing; and yet no case of yellow fever was traced to this method. Dr. James B. Russell, medical officer of health for Glasgow, has recorded similar experience as to the efficacy of boiling and washing infected clothing. Dr. Russell states that at the infec- tious diseases hospital of that city no further disinfection of the linen and clothing of the patients is carried out than is afforded by the boiling and washing, etc., required, in the judgment of the washerwoman, to cleanse and dress the clothing; and yet a continuous careful scrutiny has failed to discern a single ease of disease propagated by such clothing. Dr. James B. Russell, m.d.c.m.-suggests that probably soda is used in the boiling, in some cases at least, and that the extreme softness of Glasgow water doubtless helps, by its osmotic and dissolving power, to cleanse the clothing. Vol. IV-24 In considering the applicability of heat as a means of disinfection, some distinct questions present themselves for solution, as- 1. The degree of heat and the duration of exposure which are necessary under different con- ditions, as of moisture and dryness, in order to destroy with certainty the activity of the con- tagia of infectious diseases. 2. How shall the required degree of heat be made to penetrate through bulky and badly con- ducting articles, namely, clothing and bedding, for the disinfection of which heat is especially employed ? < 3. The degree of heat to which clothing, bedding, etc., can be submitted without injury, for, if they are injured by heat, disinfection presents but little advantages over destruction, as has been recently demonstrated at the Mississippi quarantine station. I. THE DEGREE OF HEAT HELD TO BE NECESSARY FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF THE CONTAGIA OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES. The earliest experiments on disinfection by heat, as distinguished on the one hand from destruction by fire, and on the other from mere washing in boiling water, appear to be those made by Dr. Henry, f. r.s., of Manchester, and published in the Philosophical Magazine for 1831. These experiments were made with a copper vessel surrounded by a steam jacket, the steam, which was used at atmospheric pressure, that is, at a temperature not exceeding 212° F., being admitted only into the casing, so that it did not come in contact with the objects to be disin- fected. Experiments were first made with vaccine lymph, dried on glass, at ordinary temperatures. It was found that exposures of four hours' duration to 180° F., four hours to 140° F., two or three hours to 165° F., two hours to 192° F. and two hours to 150° F., destroyed the activity of the vaccine lymph. The original activity of the lymph was proved by the subsequent successful vaccination of the same children with unheated portions of the same lymph. On the other hand, exposure to a temperature of 120° F. for three hours did not impair the activity of vaccine lymph. With reference to the poison of typhus, the experiments of Dr. Henry were as follows:- Three flannel waistcoats were worn successively, each for several hours, by a person suffering from contagious typhus. No. 1, after one and three-quarters hours' exposure to a heat of 205° F., was kept for two hours close under the nostrils of a person engaged in writing, who was fatigued and had fasted for eight hours. No. 2, after similar exposure to heat, was kept for twenty-six days in an air-tight canister, and was then placed for four hours close to the face of the same person. No injurious effects followed. It was not, however, shown that the person in question was susceptible to the disease. Similar experiments were made with flannel waistcoats taken from the bodies of scarlet fever patients, and after exposure to heat, worn by children who were known not to have previously suffered from the disease. None of these children contracted scarlet fever, although kept under careful observation, in order that no slight symptom might pass unobserved. The exposures in these experiments were as follows: 4^ hours to 204° F., 2| hours to from 200° F. to 204° F., 3 hours to 204° F., 2 hours to 200° F. and 1 hour to 204° F. Here again, however, the proof, for obvious reasons, was not completed by causing the children to contract the disease by wearing garments equally infected but unheated. So far as these experiments of Dr. Henry go, they show that the contagia of the ordinary infectious diseases are destroyed by dry heat at temperatures below the boiling point of water. A series of experiments on the degree of temperature necessary to destroy the activity of vac- cine lymph was made by Dr. Baxter ("Report of Medical Officer of Privy Council and Local Goverment Board." New series, 1875, pp. 228-229). The experiments were made with dried lymph on wire points. These were attached to the bulb of a thermometer which was enclosed in a test-tube in such a manner as not to touch the sides of the tube. The test-tube was then heated by being immersed in a water bath. The duration of exposure was half an hour in all cases. Ten experiments were made; in each the heated point being used to inoculate three places on one arm of a child, while three other points charged with lymph from the same source were used to inoculate corresponding places on the other arm. One of the children so inoculated did not return for inspection; in the other cases it was found that exposure for half an hour to a temperature rising, in that time, from 167° F. to 176° F., or to a temperature below this, did not impair the activity of the lymph, while exposure for the same length of time to a temperature rising from 185° F. to 194° F., or above, destroyed its activity. The difference between these results and Dr. Henry's is explained by Dr. Baxter as attribut- able to the difference in the duration of the exposures, which, in Dr. Henry's experiments, was from two to four hours; in his own, only half an hour, degree of heat and length of exposure being mutually compensatory. In Holland, Drs. Carsten and Coert have made a large number of experiments on the tempera- ture necessary to destroy the activity of calf lymph. They find that lymph heated to the boiling point of water is invariably sterilized. They arrive at the following conclusions :- 1. Animal vaccine heated to 148° F. for thirty minutes loses its potency. 2. Animal vaccine heated to 125.6° F. for thirty minutes does not lose its potency. 3. The highest heat which vaccine can support without losing its potency is probably between 125.6° and 129.2° F. The experiments of Dr. Henry upon the degree of heat necessary to destroy the contagion of human communicable diseases other than vaccinia do not appear to have been repeated by sub- sequent investigators. Davaine (Comptes Rendun, September 29th, 1873) ascertained that the blood of an animal suffering from anthrax, even when enormously diluted with water, when inoculated into a Guinea- pig, caused its speedy death. Such dilutions (1 in 10,000) were exposed to heat and subsequently inoculated, when it was found that their virulence was destroyed by exposures of five minutes to 131° F.; ten minutes to 122° F., or fifteen minutes to a temperature of 118.4° F. When the blood was not diluted, it required for complete disinfection an exposure of fifteen minutes to a temperature of 123.8° F. On the other hand, the blood when previously dried over chloride of calcium retained its virulence after an exposure to 212° F. for five minutes. Davaine states that the virus of septicaemia is not destroyed by a prolonged ebullition. In the experiments, however, of Dreyer (Arehiv fur Experimentelle Pathologie, 1874, p. 182), rabbits inoculated with septicaemic blood which had been previously mixed with a few drops of water and boiled (it is not stated for how long) remained virile. Modern discovery, that certain communicable diseases, as anthrax, are connected with the presence of microbes in the blood and tissues, a proposition which, from analogy, it is thought may ultimately be found applicable to all diseases of the same class, has led to the inference that by ascertaining under what circumstances microorganisms or the more resistant among them are destroyed, the conditions necessary for effectual disinfection may be learned. Upon this basis an extensive and important series of researches has been conducted by Koch and his coadjutors (Mittheilungen aus dem Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte, Berlin, 1881). The organisms employed in these researches as subjects of experiment, comprise, as examples of organisms devoid of spores, the micrococcus prodigioses, and the bacterium of blue pus, and of septicaemia, and as examples of spore-bearing kinds, the bacilli of anthrax and those found in hay and garden earth. The samples having been exposed to processes of disinfection, the subse- quent capacity for the development of the organisms so treated was tested by cultivation on slices of potato, or on gelatin containing blood serum, and in some instances by inoculation of animals. Control experiments were made at the same time with portions of the material not so exposed. The general results with chemical agents was to show the comparative or entire inertness as germicides of most of the substances commonly received as disinfectants, as carbolic and sulphur- ous acids, chloride of zinc, etc. The spores of bacillus anthracis were however destroyed by exposure for one day to the action of the watery solution of either of the following substances, namely, chlorine, bromine (2 per cent.), iodine, corrosive sublimate (1 per cent.), permanganate of potash (5 per cent.), and arsenic acid (1 per cent.). They were also destroyed after longer periods by the following, namely, ether, oil of turpen- tine, hydrochloric acid, chloride of iron (five per cent.), arsenious acid (one per cent.), chloride of lime (five per cent.), sulphide of ammonium, formic acid, chloropicrin, quinine (one per cent, solution in water with hydrochloric acid). It appeared, however, that the destructive power upon spores in the form of vapor is, in some cases, increased by elevation of temperature. Thus, spores of the bacilli found in garden earth were killed in two hours by exposure at a temperature of 176° F. to the vapor of bisul- phide of carbon, although neither this temperature in dry air nor the vapor of bisulphide of car- bon in equal concentration at ordinary temperatures had any destructive action on spores. The experiments of Koch and his fellow-workers were in hot air, made in apparatus con- sisting of a cylindrical or rectangular vessel of cast iron, heated by steam at a pressure up to six atmospheres in a closed coil of copper pipe. The results of these experiments are thus summed up by the authors:- 1. Bacteria free from spores cannot withstand an exposure of one and a half hours to a tem- perature a little over 212° F. in hot air. 2. Spores of mildews require for destruction a temperature of 230° F. to 239° F., for one hour and a half. 3. Spores of bacilli are only destroyed by remaining three hours in hot air at 284° F. 4. In hot air the temperature penetrates so slowly into articles to be disinfected that, after three or four hours' heating to 284° F., articles of moderate dimensions, namely, small bundles of clothes, pillows, etc., are not disinfected. 5. By the heating for three hours to 284° F., necessary for the disinfection of such objects, most materials are more or less injured. The results obtained with steam were strikingly superior to those obtained with dry heat. It was shown that an exposure of five minutes to steam at 212° F. was sufficient to kill the spores of the anthrax bacillus, and one of fifteen minutes to kill those of the bacilli contained in garden earth. However, the penetration of heat Into articles exposed to steam took place far more quickly than with the same articles when exposed to dry heat. Edwin Waller, ph.d., of New York, has published valuable tables of the degrees which have been found sufficient and insufficient for the destruction of various contagia, etc. (See Buck's " Hygiene," Vol. n, p. 550.) Vallin ("Traite des desinfectants et de la desinfection," 1883, p. 238), in reproducing the table of Edwin Waller, remarks that many of the assertions therein contained are open to ques- tion. On the other hand, Panum (according to Rezl, " Prophylaxis der iibertragbaren Krank- heiten," p. 85, Vienna, 1881) finds that septic liquids resist much higher temperatures, and a heat of 320° F., has not sufficed to take away their infectious properties. II. EXPERIMENTS ON THE DEGREE AND DURATION OF HEAT NECESSARY FOR DISINFECTION. Dr. Parsons and Professor E. Klein have made an elaborate series of experiments on the degree of heat and its duration, necessary for disinfection. Dr. Klein furnished the infective materials, and also, after these had been exposed to disin- fecting processes by Dr. Parsons, tested the results by inoculations on animals. Control inocu- lations with unheated portions of the saipe materials were also in all cases made. The following were the infective materials employed:- 1. Blood of Guinea-pig, died of anthrax, containing bacillus anthracis without spores. 2. Pure cultivation of bacillus anthracis in rabbit broth, without spores. 3. Cultivation of bacillus anthracis in gelatin, with spores. 4. Cultivation of bacillus of swine fever (infectious pneumo-enteritis of the pig) in pork broth. 5. Tubercular pus from an abscess in a Guinea-pig which had been inoculated with tubercle. The results of the experiments of Drs. Parsons and Klein with dry heat, as far as regards anthrax, are far more favorable as to its efficacy than those of Koch. It appears that the spores of bacillus anthracis lose their vitality, or at any rate their pathogenic quality, after exposure for four hours to a temperature a little over the boiling point of water (212° to 216° F.), or for one hour to a temperature of 245° F. Non-spore bearing bacilli of anthrax and of swine fever were rendered inert by exposure for an hour to a temperature of 212° to 218° F., and even five minutes' exposure to this temperature sufficed to destroy the vitality of the former and impair that of the latter. From their experiments with boiling water, Parsons and Klein conclude that the contagia of the ordinary infectious diseases of human beings are not likely to retain their activity after boiling for a brief period in water. The results of the experiments of Parsons and Klein are conclusive as to the destructive power of steam, at 212° F., upon all the contagia submitted to its action; these results are in accordance with those of Koch, Gaffky and Loefler; and it may be considered as established that the complete penetration of an object by steam heat for more than five minutes is sufficient for its thorough disinfection. These experiments were made by Drs. Parsons and Klein in 1884 and 1885, and the valuable report of Dr. Parsons on " Disinfection by Heat," containing these experiments, has been pub- lished in the " Seventeenth Annual Report of the Local Government Board, 1884-1885." Sup- plement containing the Report of the Medical Officer, pp. 218-304. In addition to the experiments cited, this report contains experiments and observations on- " The penetration of heat into articles submitted to disinfection." "On the liability to injury of articles disinfected by heat." " On the practical utility of disinfection by heat." " On the different forms of apparatus for disinfection by heat." The apparatus for disinfection by heat are thus classified :- (a) By hot air- 1. Apparatus in which the heat is applied to the outside of the chamber and the products of combustion do not enter the interior. 2. Apparatus in which the heated products of combustion enter the interior. 3. Apparatus heated by steam or hot water circulating in closed pipes. 4. Apparatus in which air previously heated is blown into the chamber. (5) By »team- 5. By a current of free steam. 6. By steam confined in a chamber at pressures above that of the atmosphere. The apparatus described under the first class are Nelson's, Fraser's, Dr. Heron Roger's, Dr. LongstafFs, Taylor's and Bradford's, also Dr. Scott's, in the form heated by coal. Under the second class are described Washington Lyon's Steam Disinfector, Benham «t Son's Steam Dis- infector, Branford's Steam Disinfector. THE FOLLOWING IS A SUMMARY OF THE VALUABLE REPORT OF DR. PARSONS ON DISINFECTION BY HEAT. " Fourteenth Annual Report of the Local Government Board, 1884-1885. Supplement con- taining Report of Medical Officer for 1884, pp. 218-304." London, 1885. 1. With the exception of spore-bearing cultivations of the bacillus of anthrax, all the infective materials experimented upon were destroyed by ten hours' exposure to dry heat of 220° F., or five minutes' exposure to steam at 212° F. Spores of bacillus anthrax required for destruction four hours' exposure to dry heat of 220° F., or one hour's exposure to dry heat of 245° F., but were destroyed by five minutes' exposure to a heat of 212° F., in steam or boiling water. It may be assumed that the contagia of the ordinary infectious diseases of mankind are not likely to withstand an exposure of an hour to dry heat of 220° F., or one of five minutes to boiling water or steam of 212° F. 2. Dry heat penetrates very slowly into bulky and badly conducting articles, as of bedding and clothing; the time commonly allowed for the disinfection of such articles being insufficient to allow an adequate degree of heat to penetrate into the interior. Steam penetrates far more rapidly than dry heat, and its penetration may be aided by employing it under pressure, the pressure being relaxed from time to time, so as to displace the cold air in the interstices of the material. In hot air the penetration of heat is aided by the admixture of steam, so as to moisten the air, but hot moist air did not appear to have a greater destructive effect upon spores of anthrax bacilli than dry heat. 3. Scorching begins to occur at different temperatures with different materials, white wool being soonest affected. It is especially apt to occur where the heat is in the radiant form. To avoid risk of scorching, the heat should not be allowed much to exceed 250° F., and even this temperature is too high for white woolen articles. 4. By a heat of 212° and upward, whether dry or moist, many kinds of stains are fixed in fabrics so that they will not wash out. This is a serious obstacle in the way of the employment of heat for the disinfection previous to the washing of linen, etc., soiled by the discharges of the sick. 5. Steam disinfection is inapplicable in the case of leather, or of articles which will not bear wetting. It causes a certain amount of shrinkage in textile materials, about as much as an ordinary washing. The wetting effect of the steam may be diminished by surrounding the chamber with a jacket containing steam at a higher pressure, so as to superheat the steam in the chamber. 6. For articles that will stand it, washing in boiling water (with due precautions against re-infection) may be relied on as an efficient means of disinfection. It is necessary, however, that before boiling, the grosser dirt should be removed by a preliminary soaking in cold water. This should be done before the linen leaves the infected place. 7. The objects for which disinfection by dry heat or steam is especially applicable are such as will not bear boiling in water, e.g., bedding, blankets, carpets and cloth clothes generally. 8. The most important requisites of a good apparatus for disinfection by heat are (a) that the temperature in the interior shall be uniformly distributed; (6) that it shall be capable of being maintained constant for the time during which the operation extends; and (c) that there shall be some trustworthy indication to the actual temperature of the interior at any given moment. Unless these conditions be fulfilled, there is risk, on the one hand, that articles exposed to heat may be scorched, or on the other hand, that through anxiety to avoid such an accident the opposite error may be incurred, and that the articles may not be sufficiently heated to insure their disinfection. 9. In dry-heat chambers the requirement (a) is often very far from being fulfilled, the temperature in different parts of the chamber varying sometimes by as much as 100°. This is especially the case in apparatus heated by the direct application of heat to the floor or sides of the chamber. The distribution of temperature is more uniform in proportion as the source of heat is removed from the chamber, so that the latter is heated by currents of hot air rather than by radiation. 10. In chambers heated by gas, when once the required temperature has been attained, but little attention is necessary to maintain it uniform, and in the best made apparatus this is auto- matically performed by a thermo-regulator. On the other hand, in apparatus heated by coal or coke, the temperature continually tends to vary, and can only be maintained uniform by constant attention on the part of the stoker. 11. In very few hot-air chambers did the thermometer with which the apparatus was provided afford a trustworthy indication of the temperature of the interior; in some instances there was an error of as much as 100° F. This was due to the thermometer, for reasons of safety and accessi- bility, being placed in the coolest part of the chamber, and to the bulb being enclosed, for protec- tion, in a metal tube, which screens it from the full access of heat. The difficulty may be over- come by using, instead of a thermometer, a pyrometer, actuated by a metal rod extending across the interior of the chamber. 12. In steam apparatus the three requirements above mentioned are all satisfactorily met, and for this reason, as well as on account of the greater rapidity and certainty of action of steam, steam chambers are, in Dr. Parson's opinion, greatly preferable to those in which dry heat is employed. 13. Without wishing to give the preference to one maker over another, I may mention that of the apparatus heated by coal, Bradford's newer machine; of those heated by gas, the Notting- ham self-regulating disinfecting apparatus; and of those employing steam, Lyon's patent steam disinfector, in Dr. Parson's experiments, gave the best results of any in their respective classes. 14. It is important that the arrangement of the apparatus, the method of working, and the mode of conveyance to and fro should be such as to obviate risk of articles which have been sub- mitted to disinfection coming into contact with others which are infected. The preceding facts present a comprehensive view of the present state of our knowledge with reference to heat as a disinfecting agent. The mode of its application, as well as the capacity and arrangement of the apparatus, will, of course, depend largely upon the size and resources of the quarantine station or hospital. The value of heat as a disinfectant is now so well understood and the facilities for its use so great that all quarantine stations, hospitals and inspection stations for the detention of passengers along lines of travel, and especially along railroads, should be supplied with the necessary appli- ances for the application of both dry heat and steam. CARBOLIC ACID : ITS ANTISEPTIC AND GERMICIDE POWERS. HISTORY OF CARBOLIC ACID DISINFEC- TION IN EUROPE AND AMERICA, AND MORE ESPECIALLY IN NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA. Carbolic Acid (Phenic Acid, Phenol, Phenyl Alcohol, or Coal Tar Creasote): its Antiseptic Properties.-An important advance in sanitary and medical science was made when the anti- septic and disinfectant virtues of carbolic acid were recognized and practically applied. Such compounds as coal, bitumen, asphalt and petroleum, which contain carbolic acid, or com- pounds closely allied thereto in nature and properties, are widely spread over the globe, and have been used for ages as antiseptics. The Egyptians employed resinous and bituminous compounds in embalming their mummies; resinous aromatic substances, incense and tar were burnt by the Greeks and Jews to arrest and remove pestilential diseases; tar and bitumen were used by the ancients for the preservation of wood, and especially the timbers of boats and ships, from decay and the ravages of insects and marine worms; and some of these compounds were employed by the Romans to arrest vinous and acetous fermentation in the preparation of wine. The Romans sometimes placed their fermenting wine in vessels lined with pitch, or threw powdered pitch into the fluid, or adopted the simple expedient, the rationale of which was prob- ably identical, of plunging therein a blazing pine torch, and there is no doubt that in these operations carbolic acid, in the guise of tar, controlled the vinous and prevented the acetous fer- mentation. Wood steeped in asphalt, or coated with this substance, will last for centuries, as has been clearly shown by the results of the experiments of the Assyrians and Egyptians. The experi- ence of four thousand years has shown that asphalt is one of the most indestructible of all sub- stances, and at the same time that it is the most powerful of all preservers of animal and vege- table substances. Not only are the Egyptian mummies and burial cases, which have been steeped in hot asphalt, in a state of preservation at the present time, but the delicate fabrics surrounding the mummies have been preserved in their original strength and beauty. Asphalt has been used by both ancient and modern nations, from the time that Noah fulfilled the divine command to "pitch" the ark "within and without with pitch," for the preservation of ships and boats and wooden structures from decay. The first structure of any magnitude erected after the flood-the Temple of Belus-was cemented with bitumen ; and, according to Herodotus, asphalt was used as a cement for the union and preservation of the bricks composing the immense walls and temples of Baby ion. The Spaniards discovered in the West Indies, three centuries ago, the important fact that the asphalt with which Cuba and Trinidad abound was the best and only preservative of the bottoms of their ships against decay and the destructive action of marine animals, with which the warm salt water abounded. The whole country around Havana is impregnated with bituminous matter; even the solid quartz, the serpentine rocks and the veins of chalcedony have cells and cavities filled with liquid pitch or asphalt. In the Bay of Havana, the shore at low water abounds with asphalt and bituminous shales, in sufficient quantity for paying of vessels. It is stated that in buccaneering times signals used to be made by firing masses of this chapapote, whose dense columns of smoke could be recognized at great distances and served as signals to vessels at sea; and it is even a matter of history that Havana was originally named, by the earlier visitors and settlers, Caren£, "for there we careened our ships, and we pitched them with the mineral tar which we found lying in abundance upon the shores of this beautiful bay." In 1854, I instituted an extended series of experiments upon the antiseptic properties of various substances, and have as opportunity served continued them up to the present moment. The first series of experiments related to the preservation of animal structures; the second related to the arrest of decomposition in gangrenous ulcers, cancers and gunshot wounds; and the third series related to the preservation of wood from decay, and the destructive action of marine animals. A large number of the specimens thus preserved from decay are at the present time deposited in the Museum of the Medical Department of the Tulane University of Louisiana. One of the most striking specimens consists of both feet of a man whose lower extremities were frozen in the swamps of Louisiana. Not only was the decomposition caused by the gangrene arrested in this case, but the feet exhibit the black, gangrenous portions, the lines of demarkation and the sound skin. It was determined by these experiments, that it was possible to preserve not only limbs and organs, but also entire animals, by means of various antiseptics, as arsenious acid, bichloride of mercury, and carbolic acid. Wood subjected to the action of hot asphalt and carbolic acid not only resisted decay, but also, when immersed in the waters of the Gulf of Mexico, resisted the action of the marine worm, ( Teredo Navalis) which destroys annually an immense amount of property in all seaports and along all coasts in warm climates. The late General Braxton Bragg, who was an engineer, took the liveliest interest in the method of preserving wood from decay and the action of the Teredo Navalis, carried out a careful series of experiments, by the aid of the United States engineers and the civil engineers of the more important railroads, upon the samples of wood prepared by myself; and in all cases the wood immersed in Mobile Bay, Pensacola Harbor, Bay St. Louis, Galveston Harbor and Matagorda Bay, resisted decay and the action of marine animals. History of the Discovery of Carbolic Acid, and its Application to Medical and Sanitary Science.-Carbolic acid (Phenol, hydrate of phenol, phenylic alcohol, phenic acid, coal tar, creasote) was discovered by Runge in 1834, who experimentally determined its disinfecting properties; in 1844, M. Bayard introduced a powder as a disinfector in which coal tar was an ingredient; in 1851, Mr. Calvert, of Manchester, made many experiments with carbolic acid, using it for preserving flesh from putrefaction, injecting it into the arteries of dead animals, and demonstrating its power to prevent putrefaction, and to check fermentation. Mr. Robert Angus Smith, in his valuable work on Disinfectants and Disinfection, published in 1869, says, " The use of carbolic acid on a large scale was first brought prominently forward by myself and Mr. McDougal, so far as I know, about fourteen years ago, but all its essential properties were known before. Mr. McDougal, by using it in McDougal's powder, has made it famous, and its fame has caused a similar powder to be made in other countries, and by other persons. He used it also for wounds and the destruction of insects. "For the preservation of manure, it is as marvelous as for the preservation of meat, while it does not destroy the fertilizing power, but preserves all the elements, as if frozen, from all change. "It was recommended by the author (Robert Angus Smith) for the prevention of decom- position in sewers and in sewer rivers, until they could be more thoroughly purified. In a treatise on 'Silvern's system,' by Dr. Hubert Grouven, the same mode of purifying sewers is recommended, and said to be on trial in Leipzig. The mixture used is a little different; 1 pound of melted chloride of magnesium; 3 pounds of lemi; J pound coal tar. " Mr. McDougal has long used tar-oil and lime for the land at Carlisle. I still think that it would be better to pour this on the streets, and to let it disinfect all that is found there, running it then into the sewers, and preventing putrefaction there, as it is better to prevent than to interrupt the formation of unwholesome gases. " The great advantage of carbolic acid is that it is a liquid, slightly volatile; it is therefore easy to throw it down anywhere, and to cause it to penetrate into every corner of a building, or to fill the air of the neighborhood." p. 63. It is evident from the preceding statement that the investigations on the value of carbolic acid as a disinfectant were commenced by Mr. Robert Angus Smith about the year 1854. M. Ie Beuf, of Bayonne, about 1859, employed crude carbolic acid in the form of a saponaceous emulsion, and associated with his labors M. Lemaine, of Paris. These investigators established the value of the emulsion as an application to gangrenous ulcers. About the same time Kiichen- meister, of Dresden, used carbolic acid in medical and surgical practice, and in arresting putrefaction and preventing the manifestation of fungi. In 1860 M. Lemaire established the value of coal-tar applications in the treatment of wounds, and demonstrated that carbolic acid was the active agent in effecting the changes; and in an elaborate treatise published in 1863, he narrated a series of investigations in which carbolic acid was employed as a means for the destruction of low forms of animal and vegetable life, as a pre- ventive of fermentation and putrefaction, as an external application in cases of ulcerating and suppurating surfaces, as well as an internal remedy in zymotic and other diseases. Coal tar was used in the treatment of gunshot wounds, to a limited extent, by the Southern (Confederate) surgeons during the American civil war, 1861-1865. The occurrence of cattle plague in England, in 1865, gave an impetus to the study of disin- fectants, and important additions to sanitary science were made by the investigations of Dr. Angus Smith and Mr. Crooks. The appendix to the " Royal Commissioners' Report" on the cattle plague contains the following:- " According to the principles laid down, the air must be treated, and where there is no disease there is only a secondary use in treating anything besides the air. Several cow-houses have been treated with carbolic acid with very excellent results. The mode has been, first, to remove from the floor the mass of manure which too often adheres to it; secondly, to sprinkle the floor with strong carbolic or cresylic acid. Next to wash the walls, beams and rafters, and all that is visible in the cow-house, with lime, in which is put some carbolic acid, one to fifty of the water used, or with strong carbolic acid alone. Next to make a solution containing one of carbolic acid or cresylic acid to 100 of water, or, perhaps still better, sixty of water, and to water the yard and fold until the whole space smells strongly of the acid. Only a few farms have been treated in this way, so far as I know, but in each it has been successful. It may be well to give the cat- tle a little of the weak solution of carbolic acid, but this has not been so fully tried as the external use. The washing of the mouth and entire animal with the weak solution may be attended with good results, especially in the early stage of disease." Mr. Crooks made elaborate experiments on carbolic acid, and in his Report gives details of experiments in which this acid was injected directly into the blood vessels of cattle. Although the experiments with the injection of carbolic acid into the blood were too few to permit of any practical conclusions as to its therapeutic effects when administered in this manner, nevertheless, Mr. Crooks demonstrated that it reduces the animal temperature, and does not necessarily prove fatal when injected in the amount of one part to 10,000 parts of blood. In 1865 Professor Lister commenced the employment of carbolic acid as an application to wounds and abscesses attended with suppuration, and obtained results which confirmed the accuracy of those previously announced by Lemaire and others. Mr. Lister has continued his investigations up to the present time, and by his energetic and* intelligent advocacy of carbolic acid for the treatment of wounds in England, France, Germany and America, has succeeded in directing the minds of the profession to the value of this agent, and rendered popular the so-called antiseptic system in surgery. It would be foreign to our pur- pose to adduce in this connection the mass of testimony recorded by Professor Lister and others as to the value of carbolic acid as a local application to wounds. Value of Carbolic Acid as a Disinfectant and Antiseptic in Asiatic Cholera and Cattle Plagues.-During the outbreak of cholera in 1866, carbolic acid was put to a practical test, both in England and America, and the reports of the medical officers of health testifying to its efficacy may be found in the Registrar-General's Report on the cholera epidemic of 1866 in England. The intelligent and systematic use of carbolic acid and other disinfectants in North America for the arrest of cholera and other contagious diseases was inaugurated by the Metropolitan Board of Health of New York during the cholera epidemic of 1866; and the marked success achieved in the limitation of the ravages of the disease was largely due to the untiring labors of the eminent American sanitarian, Dr. Elisha Harris. The prevalence of cholera in various parts of Europe, and the almost absolute certainty of its appearance in America during the year 1866, stimulated the Metropolitan Board of Health to great activity, immediately upon its organization, to prepare the Metropolitan District for the arrival of the epidemic. Under the direction of the Board, a disinfectant depot and laboratory was established in a building, No. 308 Mulberry street, immediately adjacent to the central office, and placed under experienced and able assistants. The laboratory was constantly used for experiments in the use and combination of various disinfectants, and the men, for the proper and faithful application of the same. This duty, as the season advanced, became of a most laborious, and often hazardous, character. The men were constantly visiting infected districts, entering the houses there and handling bedding and clothes soiled by the dejections of cholera patients ; they were also obliged to disinfect all bodies dead of cholera, and frequently to place them in coffins and remove them to the morgue. Immediately upon the arrival of the steamship Atalanta, with its company of cholera sick, in the Bay of New York, in November, 1865, Dr. Elisha Harris, by request of the Citizens* Council of Hygiene, prepared a memorandum on preventive measures against the epidemic, from which we extract the following paragraphs concerning cholera disinfection.* " Let the excrementitious matters from the sick be disinfected in the vessel as soon as voided, by means of carbolate of lime, su'phate or proto-chloride of iron, coal tar, carbolic acid, or per- manganate of potash, and let no well person directly use the privy into which such materials are emptied while cholera is prevailing. Whenever practicable, let the evacuated materials be deeply buried in the earth, and immediately covered with quicklime or coal tar and gravel. " Let all the vessels and clothing that a: e used by the patients be immediately cleansed with boiling water and soap, or alkaline chlorides, or permanganates. " Preserve the utmost degree of personal cleanliness of the sick and their attendants. " To absorb moisture and putrid fluids, use fresh stone lime, finely broken; sprinkle it abundantly on the place to be dried; or for damp rooms place a large number of plates filled with the lime powder and not with the kalsomine. " To absorb putrid gases use charcoal powder. The coal must be dry and fresh, and should be combined with lime. "To give off chlorine, to absorb putrid effluvia and to stop putrefaction, use chloride of lime, as lime is used; and if in cellars and close rooms the chlorine gas is wanted, pour diluted sul- phuric acid, or muriatic acid, upon your plates of chloride of lime occasionally, and add more of the chloride. " To disinfect the discharges from cholera patients and to purify privies and drains, dissolve ten pounds of copperas in a pailful of water, and pour a gallon or two of this strong solution into the privy, and water-closet or drain, every hour, if cholera dischargeshave been thrown into these places; but for ordinary use, to keep privies from becoming offensive, pour a pint of this solution into every water-closet, pan or privy seat every night or morning. Bed-pans and chamber vessels are best disinfected in this way, by a teacupful of the copperas solution. Add the same quantity of carbolic fluid (diluted carbolic acid), or coal-tar powder, to insure permanent disin- fection ; chloride of zinc, or proto-chloride of iron, may be substituted for the sulphate of iron. " Permanganate of potassa may be used to disinfect clothing and towels from cholera and fever patients during the night, or when such articles cannot be instantly boiled. Throw the soiled articles immediately into a small tub of water, in which there has been dissolved an ounce of permanganate salt to every two gallons of water, until the clothing is boiled; and see to it that the permanganate salt is added in just sufficient quantity to keep up a purple or red color in the water that covers the clothing. A pint of Labarraque's solution of chlorinated soda may be used for the same purpose in the tub of water if the clothing is to be soon boiled, but must not be trusted for permanent disinfection. Either of these substances may bo used in cleansing the soiled parts of the body of the sick or dead persons, or may be used in bed-pans, etc. The permanganate solution will instantly disinfect and deodorize whatever it touches, but its action continues only while it gives a purple or reddish color. " Carbolic acid and the coal-tar disinfectants are the most efficient and permanent antiseptics. The crystallized acid (Cortly) will dissolve in one hundred times its own weight of water. A tablespoonful of the solution will disinfect a chamber vessel. The fluid acid (cheap), seventy per cent, strength of crystallized, is most valuable for common use. Dilute it in twenty-five, fifty, or more parts of the iron solutions for fluid use, or in fine quicklime or saw-dust for use in foul surfaces and heaps. "To disinfect discharges from cholera patients, privies, water-closets, garbage tubs and foul heaps, or surfaces, use the strongest of the coal-tar or carbolic powders, which are powerfully antiseptic. Those which contain a large amount of some proto-salt of iron, and the most carbolic acid, are best. For disinfecting cholera always use one of the soluble salts of iron or zinc, as mentioned in this memorandum, whatever else is employed." Never use chlorine, chlorides, or the permanganate of potash with carbolic acid disinfectants. Let closets and bedrooms be cleansed, dried and ventilated. Beds and bedding must be fre- quently ventilated in the sun. Whatever soiled clothing can be boiled should, if possible, as soon as'removed, be thrown into ♦ " Annual Report of the Metropolitan Board of Health, 1886," pp. 206-217. boiling water and be kept boiling an hour or two. While waiting the boiling, keep all the cholera-soiled clothing covered in the disinfecting permanganate water, or, if that is not at hand, use the chlorinated solution. Whatever articles have received the infective matter of cholera and cannot bo immediately disinfected by such means, or by sulphurous fumigation, should be destroyed by fire. Let it not be forgotten that all the discharges from the bowels and the stomach of the cholera sick must be immediately disinfected by the means .specified for this purpose. Never cast the discharges from the sick into a privy or upon the surface of the ground, but into some privy or water-closet that is not, for the time being, frequented, or into a specially pre- pared pit. And whether cast into a privy or earth-pit, or elsewhere, the choleraic discharges, at every stage of the disease, from the first diarrhoea to the final collapse, must be disinfected as soon as voided, and be impregnated with destructive chemicals when cast away. Fumigation of Infected Houses.-In any room, house or ship, where the infection of cholera exists, or is liable to exist, after cleansing, fumigation should be practiced with sulphurous acid gas, by burning a few ounces of sulphur upon a dish of red-hot embers, or with nitrous acid fumes, by pouring three ounces of concentrated nitric acid over an ounce of fine copper shavings, or by heat- ing a mixture of nitrate of potassa and sulphuric acid in an iron or porcelain dish; or with chlor- ine gas (of little use in cholera), by mixing a quart of muriatic acid and a pint of water, and pouring it upon a pound of finely powdered black oxide of manganese, or by any other methods of evolving this gas. Sulphurous acid gas is the most effectual and the most easily applied of all the agents of fumigation. Before fumigation begins let all chimneys and windows be closed; as soon as begun let the person on duty withdraw from the place, close all the doors, and keep them closed for twelve hours. Then open every window, door and aperture, and keep open for successive days and nights. There is no substitute for cleanliness and ventilation. To protect from cholera, attend to these sanitary duties, and also destroy, by chemical agents, the choleraic discharges. Quantity and Kind of Disinfectants which, are Required for Common Use.-Recent reports from Professors Pettenkofer and Wunderlich, from Dr. Muhling, of Constantinople, and the espe- cially excellent ones by Dr. Angus Smith, Mr. Crookes and Professor Rolliston, as well as our own experience, fully confirm the confidence we have placed in the crude sulphate of iron and car- bolic acid, for use upon the surfaces or in the vessels that receive the cholera excrement. There are many other chemical agents that can control or destroy the infective property of the excre- mental matters, but these are the most available, because, at the same time, the cheapest and most effectual. Let it be borne in mind by all sanitary authorities that the object of all methods of cholera disinfection is to destroy or to hold in perpetual inactivity the excreta of the sick and the sources of organic putridity, wherever the excrement may be cast away. The saturated solutions of sul- phate of iron and carbolic acid, when employed jointly, or in the order here mentioned, most certainly accomplish such disinfection when properly applied. They are our best and cheapest antiseptics. Boiling and high steam heat will most speedily and effectually disinfect foul clothing. The floating hospital has testified to this fact these eight years past. But all kinds of clothing and surfaces soiled by the cholera fluids require antiseptic care until they are washed. In the English towns, carbolic acid is employed for this purpose, although it is apt to destroy the fabrics, as it is but sparingly soluble (about one per cent, only, in water). The permanganate of potash is, both theoretically and practically, the best and most econom- ical, for it does not impair the fabrics it touches, if properly diluted, while, at the same time, it gives a color test of its effective presence. Chloride of lime and chlorinated soda solutions will unquestionably hold the cholera poison in check for a time, but we have seen very decided proofs that their disinfecting power is transient and unreliable."-"Annual Report of the Metropolitan Board of Health," 1866. The objects of the preceding directions, as propounded by Dr. Elisha Harris, and other Ameri- can and European sanitarians, were:- 1. To destroy or to neutralize the offensive gases and products of putrefaction. 2. To prevent fermentation and putrefaction. 3. To destroy all infection and infective processes in the specific contagions and infections. It was not until the results of the more exact and defined experience and researches, in the epidemics of 1854, 1859 and 1865, in Europe, had been analyzed and compared, that the conclu- sion was reached- That the diarrhoeal excreta of the sick when impregnating the soil, the drinking water, or any kind of decomposing matter, especially that of privies, cesspools, sewers, drains, and the ground about dwelling houses, constitute the positive, the chief, and, for aught that is yet known, the only means of propagating and spreading Asiatic cholera. This proposition being granted, the conclusion is reached: That the cholera germs or infec- tion, by whatever means they chance to be introduced into any town or city, will be epidemically propagated only where and when certain conditions of putrescence in the earth, the atmosphere, or the potable water, are present; that where any two or more of these unhealthful circumstances are present, the certainty and severity of the epidemic will be greatly increased, unless the disin- fecting power of acid antiseptics is brought to bear at every point of infectious exposure; and, finally, the co-existence and co-operation of surface moisture of the ground-technically, in the words of Pettenkofer, the ground-water-is the most constant and essential of all the physical agencies that promote the propagation of cholera, after the germs of infection have been intro- duced. The view has long been held that the cause of cholera and zymotic diseases was in some way dependent upon cell germs and cell growth, more or less like certain ferments; and ever since 1838 the best microscopical students, particularly those who were familiar with the minutest forms of vegetable and animal parasites, have sought for the existence of some minute kind of cryptogamic cell growth or fungus parasite that might turn out to be found exclusively in the rice-water excrement of the cholera sick. During the year 1866, several of the ablest microscopists in Europe, independently of each other, reached the same results, which may be thus expressed:- In the rice-water excrement of cholera patients, and within the intestinal canal of such persons, also in the water and soil that have been in any manner made to receive or imbibe the rice-water excrement, is discovered a peculiar cell growth or fungus cyst, that in most respects . resembles, in its developed state, the fungus Penicillium and the Oidium, that are so well known in connection with certain blighting diseases of cereals, as well as with the diphtheritic and other diseases of the human body. This new and peculiar species of fungus cell, called by Professors Thome and Klobe cylindro-taenium, or zoo-glua, and considered by Professors Hallier and Simon as an exotic member of the family to which the urocystic and oidium blights of cereal grain belong, is distinguished for its rapidity of development, strange forms of growth, and its fatal destruction of the epithelial tissue of the intestine. Professor Hallier has proved that from the Penicillium stage of development of the cholera fungus it would grow luxuriantly in the rice- plant, which is a native of India. As described by Professor Ernest Hallier, of Jena, this cholera fungus cell growth is a Penicillium-bearing one, which is known to be a native of India only, and as having the following peculiarities:- 1. As shown in all his experiments its life power of further propagation or growth is instantly destroyed by an acid condition of the fluid or soil in which their growth was observed. 2. The presence of an abundance of nitrogenous matter, and the absence of acids in the soil, the substance or the fluid in which the propagation and development of the cholera fungus was being observed, experimentally, was proved to be an essential condition for such propagation and growth. 3. When the fungus cells, in the course of their development upon a piece of intestinal mem- brane (in a bottle) reached a certain stage, they rapidly increased, and the epithelium as rapidly wasted away. It is evident, therefore, that the investigations of 1865, and 1866, and the sanitary measures instituted in Europe and America, constituted a new and important era in sanitary and medical science; and in the latter country, the first and greatest advances were made by the Board of Health of New York, and especially by its Registrar of Vital Statistics, Dr. Elisha Harris. In the Gardener's Chronicle, November 9th, 1867, a description is given, by the Hon. W. Hope, of experiments made in diseased cattle at his farm, near Barking. He says " I thought that while there was life there was hope, and I determined to do more than any one had done before. Where one man had used a hundredweight of lime I determined to use a ton, and where one man had used a pint of carbolic acid I determined to use a gallon. . . The dry substance I had at hand to deal with in large quantities was lime. This I slaked in small pyramids in the centre of the sheds. I also laid trains of it outside the sheds, underneath the ventilators, and then slaked it. I also smothered the roads and paths at different points in layers of quicklime three or four inches deep, so that every man and animal would be compelled to pass it. After scouring out the sheds, every cow's tail was dipped into a bucket of carbolic acid and water. Their heads and noses were dabbed over with it, also their sides and flanks. All the manure and litter from the cow's stall, as well as from the adjoining ones, was taken out at once and the floor thoroughly cleansed and saturated with carbolic acid, and, on the suggestion of Professor Brown, I had four days previously commenced the use of sawdust saturated with carbolic acid, one or two shovelsful of which were placed every day under the cow's head. This operation was also repeated in every stall and the cows were then drenched with gruel and sulphite of soda. Of the 58 cows in shed D, and 53 in shed E, that I took the entire charge of and treated as described, I did not lose one." The rinderpest having broken out in a herd of upward of 260 cows, in its virulent form, Mr. Hope undertook the treatment of one-half the number by the carbolic acid plan. "The result was," says Mr. Hope, " that while every single animal that I did not take charge of either died or was slaughtered, I succeeded in saving every single animal that I did take charge of."* Dr. Edmund A. Parkesf has expressed his conviction that carbolic acid deserves the foremost place as a means of limiting the spread of infectious diseases. Dr. Parkes inhaled, for the purpose of testing their morbid effects, the exhalations from sewers. The first effects were a nasal catarrh and an irritation of the mucous membrane of the throat; hyper-salivation followed, and subsequently, after an interval of 30 to 50 minutes, nausea. In a few hours occurred chilliness, headache and fever, lasting from 20 to 24 hours. None of these effects were observed when the sewage matters had been previously treated with a sufficiency of carbolic acid. Dr. Wm. Budd, of Bristol, has stated that by the employment of disinfectant agents, "the contagion of scarlet fever, of whooping cough, of diphtheria, and many others of the same family may be in great degree, if not wholly, disarmed." There is also, he says, every reason to believe that the contagion of typhus may be thus limited. We have thus brought the history of disinfectants down to the period in which they were first used systematically for the arrest of yellow fever by Dr. S. A. Smith, President of the Board of Health of New Orleans, during the yellow fever epidemic of 1867, during which 3107 inhabitants of this city fell victims to this disease. The result of these efforts to limit and control yellow fever by means of sanitary measures and certain disinfectants, as carbolic acid and sulphurous acid, will receive careful consideration in the division of our researches especially devoted to this subject. We will endeavor to examine, in the next place, those facts which illustrate the chemical properties and mode of action of carbolic acid as an antiseptic and disinfectant. Chemical Properties and Relations of Carbolic Aeid.-Phenic, or carbolic acid, phenyl hydrate, phenol (C6He0, or H.C6Hs0), the most abundant acid product of the distillation of pit- coal, and produced also by the distillation of the salicylates, of the alkalies, and of the earths, and found also among the products of the distillation of gum benzoin and of the resin of the Xanthorrhcea hastilis, is classed under the secondary aromatic alcohols, and in this connection is termed phenol; and while giving no reaction to test paper, forms with bases distinct and definite salts. The crystals of phenic acid melt at a temperature of about 105.8° F. (41° C.), and the liquid enters into ebullition between 369° and 370° F. Phenic acid requires 25 to 30 parts of water for solution, but is dissolved by alcohol, ether and concentrated acetic acid in all proportions. When agitated with solution of caustic potash of sp. gr. 1060, the carbolic acid mixes freely with the alkaline ley, but a large portion of the acid separates on dilution. Phenic acid has a burning taste and an odor of wood smoke, resembling that of creasote; its vapor strongly attacks the skin of the lips and gums, and it possesses antiseptic properties similar to those of creasote, and indeed, much of the commercial creasote consists solely of phenic acid. Phenic acid, when heated with ammonia in a sealed tube, becomes partially converted into water and aniline. The acid combines with potash, and forms with it a crystalline compound, though it may be distilled, * Chemical News, October 21st, 1870, p. 196. t Lancet, November 21st, 1868. unchanged, from caustic potash, or from quicklime, or caustic baryta in excess. Phenates of these bases may be obtained, but they are easily decomposed; with oxide of lead an insoluble compound may be obtained. It combines with sulphuric acid, with which it forms a conjugated acid. Phenic acid is accompanied in coal tar by other homologous bodies which greatly resemble it. By subjecting commercial coal tar creasote to fractional distillation, Williamson obtained a liquid which boils at 397.4° F., and which is nearly insoluble in solution of ammonia. Kresylic acid, kresol, or methyl-phenol, is soluble in oil of vitriol, producing a violet color and forming a compound acid. This substance is metameric with anisol, and with benzyl alco- hol; it is the phenol of the toluric series. When treated with fuming nitric acid it is oxidized with almost explosive violence, and trinitro-kresylic acid, homologous with carbazotic acid, is produced. A third homologue, xylyl-phenol, also occurs in coal tar in small proportions. It is probably dymethyl-phenol, but it has not been accurately investigated. Isomeric with this body is phlorol, obtained by distilling calcic phlorotate with lime. It is a colorless, highly refractive oil, with a burning taste, and an odor recalling that of carbolic acid. Thymol also, according to Kekule, is a homologue of carbolic acid; but this appears to be doubtful. Phenic acid may be caused to furnish ethers with alcohol radicles by a process of double decomposition, which consists in distilling potassic methylsulphate, ethylsulphate, or anlylsulphate with potassic phenate. These ethers may likewise be procured by heating potassic phenate with the iodide of methyl, of ethyl, or of amyl; they are also produced by the distillation of the sali- cylic ethers with caustic baryta. Phenic acid gives rise, by substitution, to an unusual number of acid compounds, formed upon the type of phenic acid itself. All these acids are monobasic and form definite salts, many of which crystallize very beautifully. A mixture of potassic chlorate and hydrochloric acid converts phenic acid into trichloro- phenic acid, and by prolonged action chloronil is produced. Oil of vitriol dissolves phenic acid without change of color, and produces a compound mono- basic acid, termed sulphophenic acid; it forms with barium a soluble salt, which crystallizes in tufts of needles. If phenic acid be allowed to fall, drop by drop, into fuming nitric acid, it is attacked with great violence; each drop produces a hissing like that which accompanies the quenching of a hot iron; and upon boiling the mixture carbazotic (trinitrophenic) acid is obtained. If the acid be more dilute, nitrophenic acid, or dinitrophenic acid, is produced. Both these acids may readily be obtained in crystals. Most of these salts crystallize with facility ; they greatly resemble the carbazotates. Antiseptic Action of Carbolic Acid on Vegetable and Animal Substances. Poisonous Effects of Carbolic Acid.-The aqueous solution of carbolic acid coagulates albumen; it unites with cer- tain animal substances and preserves them from decomposition, even removing the fetid odor from meat and other substances already in a state of decomposition. Fish and leeches die when immersed in the aqueous solution, and their bodies subsequently dry up on exposure to the air, without putrefying. M. Mehu* and Dr. Meymott Tidy have recommended carbolic acid, dissolved in acetic acid, as a delicate test for albumen in the urine. The process, however, does not appear to be more delicate, or as reliable, as the long-established test of nitric acid and heat. We have seen that carbolic acid enters into union with inorganic bases, forming definite com- pounds, and that it may be readily displaced from its combinations. M. Romeif considers the compounds merely juxtapositions of the molecules, each constituent preserving unchanged its inherent character. It is important to know whether, in the case of the organic bodies with which the agent may come in contact, it may form compounds which may modify the original properties. This question has been carefully considered by Dr. Arthur Ernest Sansom, in his elaborate and valuable treatise on " The Antiseptic System. While carbolic acid has a certain affinity for albumen, Dr. Sansom has shown that the pres- ence of this substance, or of potash, in small quantities, does not impair its power of arresting fermentation. * Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie, February, 1869. f Bulletin de la SociM Chimique, February, 1869. t Page 17. Dr. Sansom has shown that a mixture of glycerine and carbolic acid acts upon the sensitive sur- face of the skin in a far less energetic manner than the aqueous solution ; the presence of glyce- rine impairs in a very obvious manner the power to arrest saccharine fermentation; carbolic acid appears to unite chemically with glycerine. In like manner, when united with olive oil, the energy of its action on the skin is diminished, and its power of arresting fermentation and putre- faction is impaired. A five per cent, solution of carbolic acid in olive oil fails to prevent the putrefaction of flesh, though a one per cent, watery solution will entirely prevent such decompo- sition ; it appears, therefore, to enter into combination with fatty matters. Alcohol also lessens its power over fermentation. Dr. Sansom concludes that these considerations are sufficient to show that carbolic acid readily enters into combination with the organic bodies with which it comes into relation, and that these are prone to mutual variations, and that then the original properties of the agent become modified. The chief value of carbolic acid, and the compounds associated with it, is its property of destroying vegetable and animal organisms, and its antiseptic property of preventing fermenta- tion and putrefaction. Carbolic acid not only prevents fermentation, but it also arrests it, when it has once com- menced ; although, on the other hand, it does not prevent the conversion of starch into dextrine, or the fermentatiorf>of the essential oil of almonds when amygdalin is mixed with synaptose. Dr. Sansom has shown that the following quantities of various agents will wholly arrest the fermentation of twenty-five grains of cane sugar : Perchloride of mercury, grain 0.03; hydrated sulphuric acid, grain, 0.10; carbolic acid, grains 2.00; perchloride of iron, grains 3.90; car- bonate of potash, grains 4.00; sulphite of soda, grains 5.00; sulphocarbolate of soda, grains, 20.00. Mr. Crooks, in his Report to'the Cattle Plague Commissioners, related an experiment which tended to show that the action of carbolic acid in restraining fermentation was directed upon the yeast, and that the power of yeast to induce fermentation was wholly destroyed by feeble solu- tions of carbolic acid. Mr. Crooks washed yeast with a one per cent, aqueous solution of carbolic acid, and then washed away with water, as far as possible, the carbolic acid. The experiment several times repeated always showed that the power of exciting fermentation was wholly destroyed. This conclusion, however, was contested by Pettenkofer, who says that though car- bolic acid preserves ferment cells in an inert state, yet when the volatile acid has become dissi- pated these resume their activity. Dr. Sansom, who submitted this question to experimental demonstration, concludes that:- "Without as yet hazarding any hypothesis as to the nature of fermentation, our data show that the yeast is the element which is acted upon, and there is no sign that this is chemically altered." The action upon the yeast would appear to be not temporary, but permanent. Dr. Angus Smith* remarks upon the same subject, that his experiments led him to believe that Pettenkofer must have used very weak acid. Abundant experimentation has proved that carbolic acid prevents the putrefaction of organic substances; that in small quantities it prevents the germination of the spores of the yeast plant and various seeds, as lentils, kidney beans, barley and oats; that an infinitesimal quantity instantly kills bacteria, vibrios, spirilla, amoebae, monads, eugliniae, paramacise, rotifera, and vorticellae; that it destroys ascarides, the ova of ants, earwigs, and butterflies; that it kills lumbrici, cater- pillars, bulles, crickets, fleas, moths, fish, frogs, leeches, birds and animals. The multitude of observations which have been made, and the experience of every day, leave no room to doubt that carbolic acid has a great power in arresting both fermentation and putre- faction ; and, at the same time, accumulated observations by Crooks, Roberts, Angus Smith, Dougal, Sansom, and many others, show that it does not exert any appreciable influence on oxidation. Oxidation of potassium, sodium, iron, copper, lead, manganese and phosphorus have been observed to take place as readily in aerial or aqueous atmospheres, impregnated with car- bolic acid, as in cases when the latter is entirely absent. That carbolic acid has an action over and above its faculty of coagulating albumen, and does not prevent or arrest fermentation or putrefaction solely in virtue of its power of coagulating •" Disinfectants and Disinfection,'' p. 63. albumen, is shown conclusively by the fact that if a solution of albumen be precipitated in one case by heat or by an ordinary chemical agent, and in the other by a solution of carbolic acid, the resultant precipitate, if kept in contact with the air, will in the first case be decomposed in the ordinary manner, while that precipitated by the carbolic acid entirely resists putrefactive change. The conclusion has been drawn from the preceding facts, that carbolic acid does not operate in any manner obviously chemical, but that it has a manifest effect upon vitality, and that it has the power of killing, in feeble doses and in a marked manner, the lower manifestations of animal and vegetable life, which are intimately associated with the processes of fermentation and putre- faction. When carbolic acid is added to a solution susceptible of putrefaction, and before the com- mencement of any putrefactive decomposition, no organisms are developed; and when added to a putrefying solution, all the infusoria present in that solution instantly die, and the cessation of putrefactive change is coincident with their death; there is, therefore, a direct connection between the manifestation of living things and the occurrence and progress of putrefaction, and it is in virtue of its power of suppressing vitality that carbolic acid acts as an antiseptic. It would be foreign to our purpose to examine the testimony accumulated from the time of the experiments of Redi, in Florence in 1638, to the present moment, including the observations of Needham, Bonnet, Spallanzani, Lamarck, Cabanis, Bory, St. Vincent, Bremser, Tiedemann, I. Muller, Dumas, Dujardin, Burdach, Gay Lussac, Schwann, Schroder, Dusch, Pouchet, Pasteur, Hallier of Jena, Bastian, Huxley, Owen and others, which have led to the promulgation of the two rival theories of the heterogenists and pan-spermatists with regard to putrefaction. According to the heterogenists, " putrefaction is a chemical change which moist organic mat- ter is prone to undergo under certain influences. It is a slow process of oxidation. Its primum movens is an albuminous body (the putrescible matter itself), whose particles are in a condition of motion, which motion is capable of communicating by catalysis to contiguous organic matter. The initial changes are chemical changes; these chemical changes place the organic matter in such conditions as favor its transformation, under ordinary physical forces, into organisms pos- sessing vitality. Hence, these arise de novo from the dead material; their occurrence is non- essential to the process; either they are entirely adventitious, or they are only intermediary means of transformation." According to the theory held by the Pan-spermatists, " Putrefaction is a transformation of organic matter entirely effected by the influence of vitally endowed organisms. The chemical changes in putrefaction are the sum of the products and the acts of living beings. The first cause is a multitude of minute particles of vitally endowed matter derived from the pre-existing living beings, contained in the air, permeating all substances which air itself permeates, wafted from place to place, finding in the putrescible fluid a suitable soil or pabulum, in which, in various forms, to live, grow and multiply. The universally present living particles are essential to the process of putrefaction, and when they are destroyed, putrefaction cannot take place." The force of the evidence with reference to carbolic acid sustains the theory of fermentation and putrefaction held by the Pan-spermatists, and it owes its antiseptic power to its poisonous effects upon those organisms which are so uniformly distributed upon the surface of the earth, and throughout the atmosphere, upon which the processes of fermentation and putrefaction depend. When we endeavor to apply the preceding facts to the explanation of the mode in which certain chemical compounds, as sulphurous acid, chlorine and carbolic acid, arrest contagious and infectious diseases, the following facts should be considered:- 1. All disinfectants and antiseptics possess the power of arresting fermentation and putrefac- tion, and consequently alter the chemical and physical constitution and properties, or embalm and preserve from further change organic substances. 2. All disinfectants and antiseptics are destructive of those forms of plants and animals upon which fermentation and putrefaction depend. 3. Carbolic acid especially arrests the chemical changes of germinal matter, and of individual cells, and of the lower organisms; it is destructive of life. 4. Diseases may be caused by chemical and physical changes of the atmosphere; by the presence of certain gases, some of which may be evolved from the bowels of the earth and others from decomposition and putrefaction of vegetable and animal matters upon the surface of the earth; by alternations of heat, cold and moisture; by variations in the amount and mode of action of the terrestrial electricity ; by changes of diet, habits of life and occupation; by foul gases, volatile animal matters and putrefying secretions and excretions, resulting from crowding in ill-ventilated and filthy ships, camps, hospitals and houses; by tangible organic poisons propa- gated in and through the human system, as of syphilis and smallpox; by vegetable or animal matters, or living germs, which may assume new forms and develop new products in accordance with the soil in which they are grown, extremely minute living organisms, having the character- istic endowments of vegetable growths, analogous to the minute particles of vegetable protoplasm whose function it is to disintegrate and convert complex organic products, owing their specific properties in special diseases, not to any botanical characters, but to the characters implanted in them from the soil in which they sprang from innocuous parents, and from which they are transmitted, and this soil, except in the case of their earliest origin, being the fluids of the animal body ; by minute living organisms, fungi and animalculm, possessing inherent poisonous properties, and capable of inducing specific diseases according to their species and genera, and being dependent for their existence and propagation upon special climatic conditions of heat, moisture and animal and vegetable matters. 5. The ancient belief that decomposing animal and vegetable substances produce disease, and are ultimately connected with contagion and infection, has been revived in modern times; and it might be said that up to the middle of the present century this crude and gross result of sanitary investigation summed up all that had been done by boards of health and sanitary com- missions; while the decomposition of organized beings after death, and of organic matters generally, both vegetable and animal, may produce gases and vapors that are injurious to health, and which may favor the spread of certain diseases, as cholera, plague and yellow fever, they are incapable of originating these diseases. While it is difficult to determine the place and mode of origin of these diseases in the warm climates where they appear to be indigenous, when imported into more temperate latitudes they prevail with most destructive effects in crowded and filthy localities and habitations, where decomposing animal and vegetable matters pollute the air. The fostering effect of decomposing organic matter on disease has been likened to the rapid growth of seeds planted in the rich, fertile soil of decomposing matter, or to the action of the yeast plant, " as if the putrid matter itself took the disease and transformed it to the living." 6. When the effort is made to determine the nature of the substance which forms the seed or germ of the disease, not merely the decomposing substance, but the resulting gases, and the various organisms existing in the air and water and on the surface of the earth, demand investigation. If the labors of chemists who have examined the gaseous compounds resulting from the decompo- sition of organic substances, such as sulphureted hydrogen, sulphuret of ammonium, carbonic acid, nitrogen, carbonic oxide, carbureted hydrogen, phosphoreted hydrogen, ammonia, acetic acid and alcohol, be carefully examined, it will be found that while it has been established that certain of these gases, as sulphureted hydrogen, are destructive of life when concentrated, no combination of these gases in the laboratory and in experiments has ever produced a contagious, infectious or specific disease, capable of propagation. While these gases, which are easily diffused into air, and are more or less soluble in water are, in certain proportions, injurious to human beings, their action even in the most rapid decompositions on the surface of the earth are wholly different from those of the organic contagious matters; and in like manner we must conceive that their action is different from those vapors in which may be concentrated the organic impurities of the atmosphere, or of putrid decomposing substances and organized bodies, animalculae, fungi, etc., mechanically suspended in the atmosphere. 7. However disease may be produced, by specific, organized germs, or contagious combinations of germinal organic matter, originally developed in the human constitution, and propagated through succeeding generations ; or by well known gases, as sulphureted hydrogen, phosphoreted hydrogen, carbureted hydrogen, or hydrocyanic acid, easily diffused in the air; or by heavy vapors, enclosing the products of the decomposition of marshes; or by putrid decomposing sub- stances, mechanically diffused; or by organized living bodies, acting as ferments, or as carriers of the contagious putrid matter: the true remedy is disinfection, chemical alteration of the poisonous matters, arrest of all life action, arrest of all fermentation and putrefaction. By means of such agents as chlorine and sulphurous acid we destroy sulphureted hydrogen, sulphuret of ammonium, phosphoreted hydrogen, hydrocyanic acid, and the various combina- Vol. IV-25 tions of hydrogen and carbon, and alter the constitution of those organic substances, whether living or dead, which are supposed to induce disease; and in like manner carbolic acid destroys living germs, arrests fermentation and putrefaction, and thus embalms the active agents in the propagation of contagious diseases. 8. A thorough system of disinfection should embrace - (a) The immediate isolation and disinfection of the firat case or cases of any contagious disease. (6) Free ventilation and absolute cleanliness. (c) The disinfection of surrounding streets and houses by means of lime, sulphurous acid, car- bolic acid, sulphate of iron and corrosive sublimate. (d) Thorough cleansing and disinfecting of the bedding, clothes, rooms and premises of the various outbreaks of yellow fever, cholera and other zymotic diseases, by means of such agents as chlorine, sulphurous acid, permanganate of potash, carbolic acid and corrosive sublimate. These notes on the history of naval hygiene and the history of disinfection and disinfectants will, without doubt, be rendered far more valuable to those students of public and international hygiene who are charged with the responsible duty of protecting cities and States from the rav- ages of endemic, epidemic and contagious diseases, if the practical results of actual experiments, during a series of years, in a large city which had frequently suffered with the ravages of disease, be carefully and methodically unfolded. We have selected for the illustration of the practical results achieved by sanitarians in their experiments with disinfectants, the salient facts in the medical and hygienic history of New Orleans, from the close of the American civil war, in 1865, up to the present time. No city within the bounds of the United States of America has suffered more repeatedly or more severely, during the past century, from yellow fever, than New Orleans, as will be seen from the following record:- NUMBER OF DEATHS IN NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA, DURING THE YEARS SPECIFIED. Deaths from Deaths from Yellow Fever. 15 Year. 1872, 1873, Deaths from Yellow Fever. 39 226 Year. Yellow Fever. 1847, 2306 1848, 808 Year. 1860, 1861, 1849, 769 1862, 2 1874, 11 1850, 107 1863, 2 1875, 61 1851, 17 1864, 6 1876, 42 1852, 456 1865, 1 1877, 1 1853, 7849 1866, 192 1878, 4056 1854, 2425 1867, 3107 1879, 19 1855, 2670 1868, 5 1880, 2 1856, - 74 1869, 3 1881, 0 1857, 200 1870, 588 1882, 4 1858, 4845 1871, 54 1883, 1 1859, 91 Deaths from yellow fever for 1847-1856, 17,481; 1857-1866 (ten years), 5354; 1867-1876 (ten years), 4136; 1877-1883 (seven years), 4082. Total (thirty-two years), 1857-1878, inclusive, 31,028; total deaths (thirty-seven years), 1847-1883, 31,051. Carbolic acid disinfection was first proposed and practiced in New Orleans in 1866, for the arrest of contagious and infectious diseases, and more especially for the arrest of yellow fever; and up to the close of the year 1879 it was used in the most lavish manner in the gutters and in the streets, and in and around all infected localities. During eleven years in which carbolic acid was used upon a larger scale than ever before in the history of sanitary science, to arrest yellow fever by the creation of a special atmosphere, namely, 1867-1878, inclusive, there occurred in the city of New Orleans 8193 deaths from yellow fever. During four years, 1880, 1881, 1882 and 1883, in which not one gallon of carbolic acid was poured in the gutters or in the streets in the localities where yellow fever cases were reported, there were but six deaths attributed to yellow fever. The subject is of such importance to public hygiene that we give a full outline of the main facts of the medical history of New Orleans, 1866-1883. HISTORY OF DISINFECTION AND OTHER SANITARY MEASURES IN NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA. Guyton Morveau's method of fumigation was practiced in New Orleans* during the yellow fever of 1820, by Dr. Forsyth, with beneficial results, in the family of a German, usually called " Dutch Joseph," who had contracted yellow fever on board of a German vessel in the Mississippi river infected with this disease. But systematic efforts to limit and eradicate yellow fever were not instituted in this city until after the civil war of 1861-1865, and New Orleans had existed for a century and a half, and been ravaged by no less than a score of severe epidemics, before the resources of chemistry were invoked for the arrest of its great scourge. Dr. E. II. Barton, in his elaborate report on the sanitary condition of New Orleans, in 1853, prophesied that "upon the broad foundation of sanitary measures, we can erect a monument of public health, and that if a beacon light be erected on its top, and kept alive by proper attention, this city will be second to none in this first of earthly blessings." In this account the facts shall be drawn from the Official Reports of the Board of Health. Carbolic acid appears to have been first used for the " arrest of yellow fever," as a " disinfect- ant," during the comparative recent and memorable epidemic of 1867, under the direction of S. A. Smith, M.D., President of the Board of Health. In the preceding year-1866-yellow fever had prevailed to a limited extent: the deaths from this disease neve- rose above seven per day, very rarely above three. Five deaths occurred in August, 56 in September, 89 in October, 31 in November and four in December; total, 185. In 1866, the mortality was almost entirely confined to persons unacclimated, and recently from foreign countries or Northern States. The first case known to have occurred was that of a Frenchman, who died with black vomit at the Hotel Dieu, under the care of Dr. Boyer, on the 10th of August. This man had not been out of the city for several months, save to hunt and fish. On the Sunday prior to his attack he had been on one of these excursions, and complained, on his return, of fatigue and weariness. It was a month before any other fatal case was reported. The Board of Health was unable to trace the introduction of the disease through the quarantine. During the months of June, July, August, September, October, November and December, the deaths caused by the various classes of fever were recorded by the Board of Health as follows: Fever, 7; bilious fever, 59; congestive fever, 175; continued fever, 5; gastric fever, 2; pernicious, 132; intermittent, 56; brain, 27 ; nervous, 3; Panama, 1; puerperal, 8; remittent, 46; scarlet, 17: typhoid, 77; typhus, 12; yellow, 185; total by fevers, 712. It is worthy of note that bilious, con- gestive, pernicious and intermittent fevers caused 422 deaths, or more than one-half of all the deaths caused by fevers, yellow fever included. Of the 185 deaths by yellow fever, 93 occurred in the Charity Hospital, out of 130 cases. The first case of yellow fever, or rather the first case that terminated fatally with black vomit, that of the Frenchman, was employed by Mr. Griswold, on Canal street, and boarded at the Orleans Hotel, on Charles street. On the 14th of July, a case on Hercules street, attended by Dr. Thierry, died with Asiatic cholera. Dr. Ball afterward reported that he had prescribed for other suspicious cases in the same house about the same time. The Medical Director, Col. McFarlin, reported that on the 22d a recruit, who had been for some time resident in New Orleans, and belonging to a detachment bil- leted at Holmes's foundry,.near the New Basin, was taken with cholera and died in a few hours. Sixteen cases occurred in this detachment in the course of two weeks, five of whom died. The troops were removed from that locality, the sick men sent to the Sedgwick Hospital, immediate steps were taken to disinfect and purify the quarters and baggage, and the disease soon disap- peared. On the 31st of July, Dr. Henderson summoned the President of the Board of Health, Dr. S. A. Smith, to witness the case of a negro woman upon Race street; by the 1st of August, cases had occurred on Race, Robin and Felicity streets, also among the soldiers occupying a cotton press on Robin street. Dr. Ball, on the morning of the 1st of August, invited the President to see a case on Liberty, between Thalia and Erato streets. It was that of a young white woman, taken at 2 A.M., hopeless at 5. After seeing it, the President summoned a meeting of the Board of Health, and gave it as his opinion that this was an unmistakable case of cholera asphyxia. It was not until the 3d of August that any notice was given of its introduction into the Charity Hos- pital, where there had been five cases, all from the workhouse near the New Basin, and the first was *"An Account of the yellow fever as it prevailed in the city of New York, in the summer and autumn of 1822." By Peter S. Townsend, m.d. New York, 1823, p. 348. brought in on the 1st of August. On the 3d, the first ease was reported below Canal street, and on the same day an officer of the Navy Department from Algiers reported a number of cases among his employes; on the 4th, Dr. Milum reported it in Jefferson, and in a short time the disease was diffused throughout the city. Dr. S. A. Smith, President of the Board of Health, says: " The cases of the disease which occurred presented characters of excessive malignity. There was little or no success in treating cases in collapse, yet the weight of mortality fell almost entirely upon colored people and whites living in poor conditions. " How to account for the almost entire exemption of the population living in good circum- stances is an interesting problem. It would seem from our experience that there is force in the allegation that those sleeping in second stories are less liable than those sleeping in the lower strata of the atmosphere. By letters a ddressed by the President to the mayors of the cities and towns on the Mississippi and Red rivers, it was ascertained that cholera appeared in St. Louis on the 3d of August, at Memphis on the 8th, at Baton Rouge August 1st, Natchez on the 7th, at Shreveport on the 12th; at Vicksburg it had not appeared on the 13th, at Alexandria on the 25th. The newspapers reported it at Fort Kearney on the 27th of August, all arriving on steam- boats from this city. Thus, it will be seen by this detail that cholera appeared in this city on the 22d, if not before; it was confined at first to one locality, and then for several days to two; that about the 5th of August it had extended itself throughout the city; that it was carried by steamboats, either by means of persons or goods, to St. Louis by the time that it reached the lower part of this city; that it reached there before it manifested itself in the towns below. In short, it would appear that an influence, or substance, or germ, was introduced into this city from without, that it developed itself here into epidemic dimensions, and that from this city it was propagated throughout the Mississippi Valley, by means of commercial intercourse."* The deaths from Asiatic cholera were as follows: July, 30; August, 569; September, 456; October, 166; November, 47; December, 26. Total deaths from Asiatic cholera, 1294. During the period extending from June 1st to Jan. 1st, 1867, cholera infantum caused 78, and cholera morbus 91 deaths. There were 188 deaths by variola and varioloid. The total deaths from all causes for the year 1866 were 7754. The highest number of deaths by cholera upon any single day occurred on the 15th of August, when 46 deaths were reported as due to this disease. YELLOW FEVER AND CHOLERA OF 1867. In 1867, yellow fever appeared in June; the first case died in the Charity Hospital on the 10th of this month. The Board of Health were unable to trace its introduction from without. The fever existed throughout July, in the city, and until near the middle of August, before acquiring epi- demic proportions. Every house where a case was reported as having occurred was, under the direction of the health officers, cleansed and fumigated with sulphurous acid gas and carbolic acid ; the premises likewise were subjected to the provisions of the health ordinance, and the privies purified by the sulphate of iron. Notwithstanding these measures the disease became epidemic, an immense number of cases occurred, and 3107 deaths were reported as directly caused by yellow fever, in addition to 990 deaths caused by the various forms of paroxysmal and continued fever. The President of the Board of Health, Dr. S. A. Smith, affirmed that the action of the cause of yellow fever was never before more general upon the population. Very few of the susceptible escaped, yet the mortality from it was exceedingly small, estimated as to the number of inhabitants, and particularly as to the number of cases. The number of susceptible subjects was larger from there having been no epidemic since 1858, so that all children under eight years were susceptible. Dr. Smith says: " The smallness of the mortality may be attributed in great part to there being little immigration from Europe, and from the large increase in colored people, in whom the tendency of the disease is to recovery." The first case of yellow fever died in the Charity Hospital on the 10th of June; a seaman who had been employed in the navigation of the lake. Three weeks before his death he had shipped upon the bark " Bessie," loading with staves in the Fourth District and bound for Barcelona. This vessel had sailed from Havana in March, arriving in New Orleans in April, laden with * " Report of the Board of Health to the Legislature of the State of Louisiana, 1867," p. 6. sugar. She was reported clean and healthy. Soon after arriving went into dry dock, in Algiers. Inquiries were made concerning her after her sailing. She arrived at her destination without mis- hap as to the lives of her crew. The second case was reported by Dr. Brickell as having been taken on the 13th of June, on St. Charles street, near Julia. The man recovered. The third case, reported by Dr. Folwell, on Julia street, between Camp and St. Charles streets, died on the 23d of June. The fourth case died on the 26th of June ; he arrived upon the steamer from Galveston on the 21st, whence he came from Indianola direct. He had a chill at Galveston on the 19th, and died on the 26th. The fifth case died on the 26th of June in the Charity Hospital. He came from 61 Girod street, and was employed on coal barges at Algiers. The sixth case was Lieut. Dewey, who died at the St. Charles Hotel. He came by steamer direct from Indianola, and was brought from the vessel to the hotel sick. The first vessel coming to New Orleans clearly infected was the bark " Florence Peters," which sailed from Havana on the 3d of June, laden with sugar. She was stopped at the quarantine station June 12th, where she was detained ten days, although reported clean and healthy; was fumigated and released. She arrived at Algiers June 22d. The wife of the captain, Mrs. Hooper, died of yellow fever on the 30th. This case was reported by Dr. Burns. Her sister also was attacked on the 25th, but recovered. The second mate was taken July 4th, and died in the Charity Hospital on the 9th. The captain died on the 13th. The fever was not originally introduced by this vessel, as the first death occurred in the Charity Hospital on the 10th of June, and was probably seized with the fever about the 5th of this month; notwithstanding this, it is probable that the bark " Florence Peters " was a separate centre of infection. Although the fever had commenced early in June, and had existed throughout July, it did not acquire epidemic proportions until near the middle of August; and this slow progress would appear to have been highly favorable to the arrest of the disease by the early, energetic and thorough use of disinfectants. With reference to the efforts made to arrest the disease by sanitary measures, Dr. S. A. Smith, President of the Board of Health, says : " Every house where a case was reported as having occurred was, under the direction of the health officers, cleansed and fumigated with sulphurous acid gas and with carbolic acid. The premises likewise were subjected to the provisions of the health ordinance, and the privies purified by sulphate of iron." Notwithstanding the failure of these measures, which were subsequently, by the successors of Dr. S. A. Smith, vigorously pushed, the President of the Board of Health expressed the belief that- " The slow development of the cause of the fever, its apparent temporary suspension in par- ticular localities, the exceedingly mild character of the pestilence, leads to the hope that it may be kept in check, if not entirely eradicated in the first cases, by the prompt application of disin- fectants." The comparatively slow spread of the yellow fever of 1867 is shown by the following record of deaths for the respective months: June, 3; July, 11; August, 255; September, 1637; October, 1072; November, 103; December, 23. Total, 3107. The highest mortality occurred on the 23d of September, when the total deaths from all causes amounted to 133, 82 of which were caused by yellow fever, 17 by other kinds of fever, and 41 by cholera. General reports were made by the health officers only of the Second and Third Districts. Dr. E. S. Lewis, Health Officer of the Third District, in his official report to Dr. S. A. Smith, President of the Board of Health, thus gives the results of his attempts to arrest the spread of cholera and yellow fever by "fumigants and disinfectants." " During the month of May, until about the latter part of June, my district was exempt from epidemic diseases, and consequently neither fumigants nor disinfectants were employed. From that time until August, true cholera appeared in the district; the first case, originating corner of Mandeville and Prosper streets, terminated fatally in the Charity Hospital. This place was not immediately disinfected, and soon the whole neighborhood from Elysian Fields to Mandeville, on Prosper, Josephine, Solidelle, Morales and Urquhart streets was thoroughly infected with cholera, about twenty-five cases occurring in a week. Requisitions for disinfectants were made and for- warded to the Street Commissioner, and about the 10th of July over thirty houses in the locality mentioned were thoroughly fumigated and disinfected. From that time not more than two or three cases originated in that part of the district. Other cases were afterward reported in various portions of the district-on Greatman street, Congress, Cascalro and Front Levee, but the infected houses were promptly attended to, and the cholera was effectually checked. I have no hesitation in stating that it was checked, for I observed that wherever the work of purifying infected houses was delayed, whether from want of promptness on the part of physicians in reporting their cases, or from other cases occurring in the same places, the adjoining houses suffered, which did not prove the case when nothing interfered with or obstructed me in my duty. " Though I cannot assert so positively on the beneficial effects of disinfectants during the pre- valence of yellow fever, I firmly believe that yellow fever can be checked, but for that purpose a removal of the sick would be necessary, especially the first cases, and a better knowledge on the part of the practitioners of medicine generally of the disease, so that the early cases would not escape notice. " The number of houses disinfected of yellow fever from the middle of August to November 1st, was about three hundred. The first case died in the Hospital, but was taken there from Antonio Baptistella's, on Victory street, near Elysian Fields. Four days afterward there were upward of forty cases on Victory, from Frenchman to Elysian Fields streets. Every house is a boarding house, and many were filled to overflowing with strangers. These houses were not only fumigated with sulphur and disinfected with sulphate of iron in solution, but were pumped from top to bottom with carbolic acid, which impregnated the atmosphere for some distance off. This was repeated as often as new cases occurred. From the 1st of September to the present time there has not been a more healthy neighborhood, and notwithstanding new sets of boarders have taken the places of those who have gone away, also equally unacclimated, but very few to my knowledge have been sick with yellow fever."* During the subsequent seven years, in which carbolic acid was largely used by the Board of Health of New Orleans for the limitation and eradication of yellow fever, the views of Professor E. S. Lewis, m. d., underwent a decided and radical change. Thus, at a " Meeting of Physicians to Discuss Carbolic Acid," held in New Orleans, Septem- ber 29th, 1875, Professor Ernest S. Lewis made the following statement - "The subject under discussion, or carbolic acid disinfection as at present carried out, may be considered under two heads. "1. As to whether it destroys the germs of yellow fever and prevents its spread; and secondly, as to whether its use is not injurious to those sick with the fever, and to the delicate with inherited or natural tendencies to diseases of the brain, heart, lungs and urinary organs. " Taking into consideration the first division of the subject, I will state that its use, or rather abuse, is not of very recent date in the history of our Boards of Health; for as far back as 1867, at which time I was health officer, not only under my supervision were yards, privies, and gutters thoroughly disinfected, but by means of a pump it was thrown over the floors, walls and ceilings of the houses, with the hope that the germs might be destroyed and the fever arrested. It had no effect whatever; the disease soon extended to every part of the city in the most rapid manner- under the ' genius epidemicus,' if you will-which favored the rapid propagation of the yellow fever germs; and if since then no epidemics have occurred, it is unquestionably because the neces- sary conditions have not been preseiit. It has at no time, however, been rooted out of the city, and if my memory serves me right, this is the first year since the great epidemic during which I have not had cases under treatment. If, then, carbolic acid is such an effective agent in the sup- pression of yellow fever, why should the disease not stop short at the first cases, when upon its first appearance such extraordinary measures are adopted for its arrest? It should not extend beyond the focus of infection; and yet we hear of its existence in different localities presenting all the requisites in the way of numerous foci of infection for its epidemic spread, excepting the most necessary-that which I stated was formerly designated as the ' genius epidemicus,' or 'constitutio pestilens.' "I do not question the usefulness of carbolic acid as a purifying agent in arresting fermenta- tive processes in decomposing vegetable and animal substances, but to accomplish this there must be contact of the acid in a state of solution, and not in a vaporous condition . . . * "Annual Report of the Board of Health to the Legislature of the State of Louisiana," January, 1868, pages 12,13. f The New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, N. 8., Vol. m, No. 3, November, 1875, pages 431-434. " Another author, Prof. Ringer,of London, remarks as follows : ' Its destructive influence over the low forms of animal and vegetable life has led to its being considered a disinfectant, but no satisfactory proof exists of its capacity to destroy the contagious elements of disease.' " In my opinion, its efficacy is as questionable and as irrational as the following suggestion of an author of the seventeenth century, enthused with the parasitic theory of the origin of diseases, that the people should sally forth in the infected districts, and by sounding horns and firing can- non repel the invaders, which he likened to a cloud of locusts. "The 2d proposition, as to whether its use is injurious or not to the community, will now be considered. " In the first place, we have met together, to-night, not so much to discuss the efficacy of car- bolic acid in arresting the spread of yellow fever, for if that were all, we could offer no reasonable objections to its use as a legitimate experiment, in the interests of science, but our individual experience has unfortunately brought to our notice many instances of its deleterious action, when even life itself has paid the forfeit. Such cases have been reported in the preceding meetings, held in the Second District, and it cannot be wondered at that such serious opposition to its use should be manifested by the disinterested members of the medical profession. Numbers of persons living on those streets where this toxic agency was thrown, have been affected in various ways, with giddiness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, a sense of suffocation; in other words, with manifes- tations of its poisonous action." After quoting various authors with reference to the poisonous effects produced by carbolic acid, Professor Ernest S. Lewis, M.D., concludes with the following observation:- "These few instances cited, and the many others reported in various journals, prove that this powerful substance is used too rashly in medicine and in surgery, and the Board of Health, no doubt actuated by the best of motives, would do well to bear in mind that individual susceptibili- ties can make of its vapor, in a state of atmospheric dilution, a fatal poison to many." In view of the preceding statement, it appears remarkable that when under the immediate supervision of Dr. E. S. Lewis, in 1867, " houses were not only fumigated with sulphur and dis- infected with sulphate of iron in solution, but were pumped from top to bottom with carbolic acid, which impregnated the atmosphere for some distance off," no injurious or pernicious effects induced by carbolic acid were recorded by the zealous and energetic health officer of the Third District, in his official report to the Board of Health. Dr. Alfred W. Perry, Health Officer, Second District, made the following statement on the 3d of December, 1867, to Dr. S. A. Smith, President of the Board of Health, with reference to his use of disinfectants for the arrest of yellow fever, during the months of July, August, September, October and November:- " Up to the 4th of August, 1867, the amount of disinfection required was performed by police officer, H. Tricon, detailed from the police force of this district. The number of cases of yellow fever increasing, I made application to the Deputy Street Commissioner of Second and Third Dis- tricts, Mr L. C. de Homorgue, who supplied me with two men, who have been employed in disin- fecting, inspecting and serving notices. I have always found this officer ready to furnish any assistance in the execution of sanitary measures, and an ample supply of disinfectants was always kept on hand by the department. During the existence of yellow fever here, about 334 cases were reported to me as having died in this district. Out of this number, 293 houses had one death in each; 12 houses had two deaths; four houses had three; one house had five deaths. "The mode of disinfection was by closing the room or chamber in which the death took place, tightly stopping up the fireplaces and burning two to four pounds of sulphur in the apartment, which also was generally sprinkled with carbolic acid. Sulphate of iron was put in the privies and mixed with the excreta, and all bed clothes boiled or destroyed. During the period embraced by this report 46 deaths from cholera took place in 45 houses, only one house having had a second case. " I have studiously avoided, in this report, giving any opinion or theory as to the causation or mode of propagation of cholera or yellow fever, or of the efficiency of disinfection therein. I simply report the means adopted by me, and the results obtained, from which, of course, you can make the proper deductions." * ♦"Annual Report of the Board of Health, January, 1868," p. 10. During the year 1867, the following deaths were caused by the various forms of fever: Fever, 22 j bilious, 45; congestive, 278; pernicious, 255; intermittent, 51; brain, 39; nervous, 13; puer- peral, 11; remittent, 110; scarlet, 12; malignant, 12; gastric, 1; typhoid, 119; typhus, 23; total by fevers, exclusive of yellow fever, 1001; total deaths by yellow fever, 3107; total deaths from all fevers, 4108. Without doubt, a portion of the cases reported as congestive, pernicious, remittent and typhoid fevers, were in reality yellow fever. The deaths from these forms of fever numbered alone 762, and they occurred chiefly in those months in which yellow fever was most fatal, namely, deaths from these fevers, January, 14; February, 10; March, 15; April, 6; May, 13; June, 38; July, 53; August, 144; September, 195; October, 190; November, 57 ; December, 27. Smallpox and varioloid caused 47 deaths, and Asiatic cholera, 581 deaths; cholera infantum, 100; cholera morbus, 46; congestion of bowels, 13; diarrhoea, acute and chronic, 205 ; dysentery, acute and chronic, 180; entero-colitis, 36; diphtheria, 31. Bowel affections, therefore, were 581 deaths, or precisely the same number as Asiatic cholera; the total deaths from all the various affec- tions of the bowels being 1162. The total deaths for the year 1867 were'10,096, and of this number 5270, or more than one-half, were caused by fevers and bowel affections, and the deaths caused by the two diseases generally regarded as exotic and of foreign origin, namely, yellow fever and Asiatic cholera, were 3688, or one death in 2.7 deaths from all causes. If the deaths caused by the various forms of fever as reported, but really caused by yellow fever, and those caused by cholera, but reported under differ- ent diseases of the bowels, as cholera infantum, cholera morbus and diarrhoea, are added to those officially charged to cholera and yellow fever, it would approximate more nearly to the truth to refer about one-half of the ten thousand and ninety-six deaths of 1867 to these two diseases alone. It cannot therefore be said that disinfection and sanitary work, as conducted by the Board cf Health in 1867, had any recognizable effect in arresting either yellow fever or cholera. On the other hand, there appeared, as had been observed in this city before, some unknown relationship or influence between the causes inducing yellow fever and cholera. Thus, the Presi- dent of the Board of Health observes:- " The cholera introduced in 1866 maintained its existence throughout the year 1867, receding in its influence as the yellow fever advanced, and again exciting alarm by the number of its vic- tims, as the yellow fever subsided. There were reported 234 deaths from it alone in November, and 210 in December."® During 1867, the cases of yellow fever admitted to the Charity Hospital j- numbered 1493, and the deaths from this disease, 672, or one death in 2.29 cases. The following cases and deaths of other forms of fever occur upon the Charity Hospital Record for 1867: Intermittent cases, 2225, deaths, 13; remittent cases, 296, deaths, 28; malarial cases, 298, deaths, 31; typhoid cases, 39, deaths, 18; congestive, 43, deaths, 35; continued cases, 11, deaths, 2 ; dengue cases, 3. Of bowel affections: Cholera, 94 cases, 70 deaths; cholera morbus, 13 cases; cholera infantum, 1 case, 1 death; diarrhoea, acute, 271 cases, 23 deaths; diarrhoea, chronic, cases, 88, deaths, 35; dysentery, acute, 179 cases, 35 deaths; dysentery, chronic, 80 cases, 36 deaths. The total admissions into the Charity Hospital for 1867 were 8612, and the total deaths, 1438. Yellow fever and cholera alone caused 742 deaths, or a little more than one-half the deaths from all causes. The statistics of these two diseases, with reference to the total mortality, as furnished by the Charity Hospital, corres- ponded to a marked degree with those of the city at large. It is not known that any measures of disinfection were practiced in the Charity Hospital. YELLOW FEVER OF 1868 AND 1869. In the Mortuary Report of the Board of Health | for 1868, only three deaths are recorded as caused by yellow fever, while upon the reports of the Charity Hospital 8 cases are recorded, with 5 deaths. We have no information as to the origin or history of these cases. During a portion of 1868, the Board of Health appears to have been in an unsatisfactory condition, on account of the assumption of the offices of the State of Louisiana by the Radical party, sustained by the negro *" Annual Report of the Board of Health, January, 1868," p. 4. + " Report of the Board of Administrators of the Charity Hospital to the Legislature of the State of Louisiana," July, 1868. I The New Orleans Journal of Medicine, Vol. XXIII, No. 2, April, 1870, p. 398. vote under the leadership of H> C. Warmoth. In the annual report of the Board of Health, De- cember 31st, 1869, the following statement occurs, which explains the relations of the new (Radical) to the old Board of Health :- "The members of the Board of Health commissioned by his Excellency, Governor H. C. Warmoth, took their seats November 6th, 1868. To give the Common Council of New Orleans opportunity to fill the vacancy caused by the death of a member appointed by the city, the election of permanent officers was postponed to November 13th, 1868, at which time, C. B. White, M.D.,was elected President and S. C. Russell, m.d., Secretary. The members of the Board of Health whose positions were vacated by the appointment of their successors by Governor Warmoth, and the two members holding over by virtue of their appointment by the city, refused to give possession to the Board of Health, as reorganized, of either office, books, or money, encouraged the bringing of suits at law against the Board, injured its credit, caused much needless expense, and only yielded to the process of law." The following deaths were caused by the various forms of fever during 1868: Fever, 109; bil- ious, 19 ; congestive; 105 ; brain, 17 ; intermittent, 15 ; malarial, 4 ; nervous, 7 ; pernicious, 67 ; puerperal, 9; remittent, 26; scarlet, 14; malignant, 1 ; typhoid, 58; typhus, 5; total by fevers, excluding yellow fever, 436 ; including all fevers, 441. Cholera caused 129 deaths; cholera infantum, 85 ; cholera morbus, 22; diarrhoea, acute and chronic, 112; dysentery, acute and chronic, 161; inflammation of bowels, 30; total diseases of bowels, 419. The total number of deaths during 1868, as officially reported by the Board of Health, was 5343. In 1846, the total deaths amounted to 4500, but from that period up to 1868 they had annually exceeded the number which was reported in the latter year. It is possible that the un- usual small mortality of 1868 may have been in some way associated with the heavy mortality of the preceding year. The difficulties in the Board of Health did not appear either to promote the spread of yellow fever or cause a higher death rate. 4981 patients were admitted to the Charity Hospital, and the deaths in this institution num- bered 490. «The fevers treated in the Charity Hospital were as follows: Intermittent cases, 995, deaths, 5; malarial cases, 410, deaths, 11; yellow fever cases, 8, deaths, 5; remittent cases, 118; congestive cases, 10, deaths, 8 ; scarlet cases, 2, deaths, 1; bilious case, 1; pernicious cases, 8, deaths, 8 ; typhoid cases, 17, deaths, 8. Of cholera, 15 cases, 9 deaths; cholera morbus, 12 cases, 1 death; diarrhoea, 154 cases, 27 deaths ; dysentery, 197 cases and 48 deaths. In the city smallpox caused 14 deaths, and diphtheria 16 deaths. YELLOW FEVER, 1869. On July 17th, Peter Tabam was taken sick with yellow fever; two days in the city,twelve days from Havana, eight of which he was detained at quarantine. He died with black vomit on the 19th. The house was taken charge of by the Sanitary Police, under the supervision of Dr. Perry, Health Officer. The bedding and clothing of deceased were burned, the house fumigated with sulphurous acid, and drains and vaults disinfected with sulphate of iron and carbolic acid. On August 26th, a case considered by the attending physicians to be yellow fever, was reported on Royal street, and was removed to the Hospital of the French Benevolent Society. When seen by members of the Board of Health, on the eighth day of the disease, he was very yellow, had epi- gastric tenderness, red and spongy gums, albumen, but no bile in urine. He recovered slowly and with difficulty. This patient stated that he had yellow fever in 1858, at Pascagoula. On September 30th, the captain of the British ship " Belgravia" was taken sick, and the next two days two boys belonging to the crew. The captain had a severe paroxysm of fever of twenty- four hours' duration, leaving him much prostrated, with conjunctivas yellow, and gums red and easily bleeding. He stated that he had an attack of yellow fever twenty years before, in Per- nambuco. The two boys before mentioned were taken to the Charity Hospital. One died on the fourth day of the disorder, the other recovered. Both had black vomit largely, and presented all the customary symptoms of yellow fever. They were typical cases. The " Belgravia " was direct from Liverpool; cargo principally salt and crates of crockery. Had not been within fifteen miles of land on her passage. Her previous voyage was from this port to Liverpool. In coming up the Mississippi river the " Belgravia " had not come in contact with vessels from the yellow fever ports, nor did any such crafts lie near her, before the appear- ance of these cases of sickness. The captain of the ship had quarters in town, several blocks from the ship; the boys stayed on shipboard. Another case of yellow fever was brought to the Charity Hospital on the 8th of October, from a British ship which had been lying in this port one month, and had come direct from Liverpool. The case was considered well marked, and resulted in recovery.* H. D. Baldwin, m.d., resident physician at quarantine, furnishes the following statement of cases of infected ships and number of cases of yellow fever which arrived from foreign ports after the issuing of the Executive proclamation, May 15th, 1869:- The sick were taken from the vessels, placed in the hospital, and the vessels thoroughly fumi- gated, and only allowed to proceed after such detention and thorough cleansing as would prevent their carrying infection. Schooner "Andromeda," arrived from Havana the last week in June; one case, sailor. Recovered. Schooner "Jacinto," from Tampico, August 3d; three cases. Recovered. Schooner "Cecilia," from Tampico, August 19th; two cases. Recovered. Steamship "Trade Wind," from Belize, September 19th; two cases. One death. Bark " Aureliana," from Havana, October 30th; one case. Died. Forty-one vessels, arriving from ports declared infected by proclamation, were quarantined, thoroughly fumigated, and allowed to proceed only after detention required by law.f From the preceding account, as officially published by the Board of Health, we gather that dis- infection and destruction of clothes and bedding were practiced in the first case, but not in the subsequent ones. Although three cases were traced to the British ship " Belgravia," the captain and two boys, we have no record of any fumigation or disinfection of this vessel; and yet the fever did not spread either in the port among the shipping or in the city. The cases occurring upon the " Belgravia " appear to have been sporadic or of local origin, and could not be traced to any for- eign origin. Upon the Mortuary Reports of the Board of Health, 1869, only three deaths were recorded as due to yellow fever, one in July and two in October. The various forms of fever caused the following deaths: Fever, 2; bilious, 12; congestive, 118; pernicious, 110; intermittent, 32; brain, 26; nervous, 5; puerperal, 20 ; remittent, 36 ; scarlet, 13; malarial, 24; gastric, 3; typhoid, 63; typhus, 5; yellow, .3; total deaths from fever, 472. Cholera infantum and cholera morbus caused only 65 deaths; diarrhoea, 115; dysentery, 158; inflammation of bowels, 95. Total from these bowel affections, 423. Diphtheria, 19 deaths. Smallpox and varioloid, 141. Smallpox caused 32 deaths in November and 88 deaths in Decem- ber. The total number of deaths in 1869, 6001. In the Charity Hospital, 6177 patients were admitted and 784 died. Three cases of yellow fever were reported, with one death. The admissions and deaths from the various forms of fever in the Charity Hospital were as follows: Intermittent, cases 1391, deaths, 7; malarial cases,291; congestive, 34 deaths; remittent, 48 cases, 4 deaths; typhoid, 16 deaths, 19 cases; bilious, 7 cases; ephemeral, 1; yellow fever, 3 cases, 1 death; catarrhal, 1 case; typho-malarial, 27 deaths; typhus, 1 death; puerperal, 2. With reference to the various classes of fevers, the records of the Charity Hospital appear to have been kept in a loose and unsatisfactory manner, and the chief fault appears to have rested with the time and mode of entering the diagnosis of the cases by the attending physicians and surgeons. These irregularities are shown thus: 13 cases of congestive fever are reported as admitted, with 34 deaths; 15 cases of typhoid and 16 deaths; no cases of typho-malarial fever and 27 deaths entered as caused by this disease. Dysentery, acute, 58 cases, 8 deaths; dysentery, chronic, 24 cases, 49 deaths ; diarrhoea, acute, 109 cases, 5 deaths; diarrhoea, chronic, 17 cases and 77 deaths. In 1869, only a few sporadic cases of yellow fever occurred. Fevers and bowel affections caused a comparatively small mortality, and it cannot be claimed that disinfection prevented the spread of the disease. YELLOW FEVER OF 1870. The total deaths in the city of New Orleans during 1870 were 7391, being considerably more numerous than in the two preceding years. Smallpox alone caused 528 deaths, while in the pre- ♦"Annual Report of the Board of Health to the General Assembly of Louisiana," Dec. 31st, 1869, pp. 8, 9. t " Annual Report of the Board of Health,'' Dec. 31st, 1869, p. 10. ceding year this disease caused 137 deaths and varioloid, 4; total in 1869, 141. The epidemic of smallpox during both years appears to have been affected by the temperature; thus, in 1869, the monthly deaths by the disease were, January, 3; February,!; March, 1; April, 2; June, 5; August, 1; September,!; October, 5 ; November, 33; December, 89. 1870, January, 69; Feb- ruary, 56; March, 121; April, 122; May, 78; June, 59; July, 14; August, 4; September, 3; November, 1; December, 1. The deaths from bowel affections were, in 1870, cholera, 3; cholera infantum, 65; cholera morbus, 15; congestion of bowels, 13 ; diarrhoea, acute, 10; diarrhoea, chronic, 93; diarrhoea, 62; dysentery, 94; dysentery, acute, 15 ; dysentery, chronic, 75; inflam- mation of bowels, 104; total disease of bowels, 549. Consumption caused 757 deaths. The deaths from the various forms of fever were as follows: Fever, 1; bilious, 35; brain, 29 ; congestive, 141; gastric, 4; intermittent, 27; malarial, 52; nervous, 4; pernicious, 100; puerperal, 17; remittent, 51; scarlet, 44; hectic, 5; typhoid, 80; typhus, 13; yellow, 587. Total deaths by fevers, 1189. The number of deaths from consumption seems to have increased during the year 1870, there having occurred 757 deaths from that disease, against 684 in 1869, 632 in 1868, and 671 in 1867. The number of deaths from measles during this year was only 23, against 217 in 1869; there were no deaths from this disease in 1868. The number of deaths from whooping cough in 1870 was only 9, while in 1869 they numbered 121. The admissions into the Charity Hospital numbered 7837, and the deaths 1118; yellow fever, 515 cases, deaths, 262. More than one-half the cases of yellow fever terminated fatally in the Charity Hospital, and nearly one-half ,of the total mortality from this disease in New Orleans occurred within the walls of the Charity Hospital. The deaths caused by the various forms of fever in this institution were as follows: Typhoid, 17; malarial, 60 ; typhus, 1; intermittent, 7; remittent, 6; puerperal, 1; typho-malarial, 2. Diarrhoea and dysentery caused 127 deaths, and phthisis pulmonalis 181 deaths. During the summer and autumn of 1870 the deaths from yellow fever, as reported by the Board of Health, numbered 587; but it is worthy of note that other forms of fever, chiefly malarial, caused 602 deaths; total from fevers in 1870, 1189. Of this number, 241 were recorded as due to pernicious and congestive fevers. The first death is said to have occurred on the 2d of June. The subject, an officer on the steamer " Agnes," had recently returned from a trip to Honduras, having touched last at Port Cavallo. He arrived May 16th, and died June 2d. .No other cases of sickness occurred among the officers and men of the " Agnes." According to the report of the Board of Health, the premises, bedding and clothing were fumigated three times with chlorine, and no case occurred in that immediate vicinity in the First District during the remainder of the year. The next case in the First District was at 186 Dryades street, Septem- ber 6th, an Italian from the French Market; September 7th, two cases at 481 Rampart street, both Italians; September 12th, one case on Girod street, near Camp. The deaths from yellow fever in the First District were: June, 1; July, 0; August, 0; September, 26; October, 62; November, 29; December 4 ; total, 122. Dr. Jules A. Mathieu, Sanitary Inspector of the First District, states that " the premises, in each case of yellow fever, were fumigated from one to three times, whether the cases terminated by recovery or death, and yet the local outbreak exhibited the usual epidemic curve, increasing in September, reaching its maximum in October, declining with the cold of November, and disappearing in December. The measures instituted did not pre- vent the occurrence of 122 deaths in the First District." The first case reported in the Second District was taken ill August 14th and died August 19th. For a short time the disease appeared not to increase; an examination of the mortuary reports shows, however, that a number of Italians died soon after in the same neighborhood, but that the certificates state deaths to have been caused by some of the forms of malarial fever. Dr. White, the President of the Board of Health, affirmed that these should have been placed to the account of yellow fever. The first case of yellow fever in the Third District occurred at 155 Piety street, and the second at 312 Lafayette street-both Italians. The first case in the Fourth District was on Ninth street, September 30th, a butcher from the French Market, which proved fatal; the first case in the Fifth District, September 27th; the first case in the Sixth District, October 4th. In the Second District, the disease was epidemic only in that portion included between St. Ann and Barracks streets inclusive, and the river and Rampart street. Of 252 cases in the Second District whose residences were recorded at the office of the Board of Health, only 12 were back of Rampart street, and only 17 in the street parallel with St. Ann street up to Canal street The list of residences is imperfect, as in the early part of the epidemic the residences of cases received at the Charity Hospital, reported to the Board, were not given. Most of the mortality of the Charity Hospital was of sick received from this district, as above defined. Another infected part of the city was in the vicinity of Girod street. In the district extending from the river to the Girod street Cemetery, and from Poydras to Delord, 62 cases occurred out of 134 reported in the whole First District. A marked peculiarity of the disease, in its course, was the rapidity with which it increased in the first five weeks, showing its tendency to become epidemic, and afterward the long period in which there was little change in the weekly mortality from it. The weather, for a month pre- vious to the appearance of yellow fever in 1870, had been very warm and sultry, with daily rains, and close, unpleasant nights. After the disease had made some progress, the weather became exceedingly dry, and at the period when the disease was at its maximum, the weather became quite cool, steady north winds prevailing, with hot sun and increasing dryness. There was no rain for six weeks. It has been urged that the unusual course of the disease was due mainly to these climatic causes. According to the published statement of the President, all cases that came to the knowledge of the Board of Health were treated by the free use of such disinfectants as chlorine, sulphurous acid, carbolic acid and lime. Dr. F. B. Albers,® who had charge of the Second District, in which 399 deaths occurred out of a total in the entire city of 587, says:- " In every instance, when a case of yellow fever took place, the house where it occurred, also its immediate neighborhood and premises, were disinfected, by setting free chlorine and sulphur- ous acid gas in the rooms where death had taken place. The gutters of the yard were sprinkled freely with copperas and carbolic acid, and the carbolo-hydrochloride of iron used as a permanent disinfectant about the sinks, privies and vaults. The streets and gutters of that portion of the district where the disease prevailed were also disinfected, September 14th, by distributing five barrels of lime throughout that particular locality, and following it up on the 15th by distributing two barrels of carbolic acid, containing 100 gallons, on the same ground. As this appeared to have the desired effect-to check the disease from spreading-and the quantity being barely suffi- cient to give the infected locality a small quantity all around, 200 gallons more were applied on the 19th, 200 on the 20th, and 200 on the 22d. As it evidently," continues Dr. Albers, " appeared to check the disease at the time and arrest its progress, the disinfection by carbolic acid was repeated on the 24th, 26th and 27th. The duty was invariably performed at night, to enable the antiseptic properties of the carbolic acid to exert its full influence before the heat of the sun should evaporate it." It is evident, from the preceding statement, that Dr. Albers used about 1300 gallons of car- bolic acid in this infected district in the course of twelve days, and without arresting the disease in the month of September, or in the succeeding months of October and November. According to his own statement, 210 deaths occurred from yellow fever in this " disinfected'' district in September, 165 in October, and 20 in November. How much carbolic acid was used in the month of October we are not informed, but it is evi- dent that the disease, as usual, declined as the season progressed, and the weather became drier and cooler. And it is still further worthy of note that the highest mortality in the Second Dis- trict occurred on the 27th of September, viz., 22 deaths, immediately after the most liberal and energetic use of the carbolic acid. In the city, generally, the monthly mortality by yellow fever was as follows : August, 3 ; Sep- tember, 231; October, 242 ; November, 106; December, 5; total, 587. In other words, the heaviest mortality occurred in the month of October, after the thorough installation of the " car- bolic acid disinfection." * " Annual Report of the Board of Health to the General Assembly of Louisiana," December 31st, 1870, pp. 39-45. TABLE SHOWING THE NATIVITIES OF PERSONS WHO DIED OF YELLOW FEVER DURING THE SEASON OF 1870. Total Italy France Germany United States Ireland Switzerland England British America Wales Scotland Other Countries Countries. CO Week ending August 28th. - September 4th. o i : h- i- o September 11th. Of to oti : w: hmwiomo September 18th. o O : tOHM^HOlOOC S September 25th. co tD 20 18 18 9 2 5 8 2 2 2 8 October 2d. 00 4- 7 17 26 11 8 2 1 i 2 9 October 9th. g 5 4 22 13 5 3 1 i 1 5 October 16th. Of 2 5 15 6 6 3 2 i 2 12 October 23d. £ 4 4 11 12 4 2 5 1 i October 30th. £ 6 7 11 10 1 4 November 6th. 2 ot>-: : w • o oo 4*. w November 13th. co: J Mtc^-tcww: i-* November 20th. £ ** : November 27th. Of December 4th. 1 3 113 86 129 88 48 18 21 8 8 9 59 Total. Note.-Dr. Del Orto reports, as the result of his investigation, the death of one hundred and twenty-eight natives of Italy by yellow fever. Dr. Albers says that the effect of his plan of disinfection " where it was thoroughly tried, has certainly been very satisfactory, and if properly brought into effect previous to the appearance of any disease, will probably prevent it entirely. I give the following instance as a proof of the value of the mode of disinfection practiced:- " No. 230 Chartres street is a tenement house, running through to Old Line street, containing thirty rooms, and it was occupied, when the fever made its appearance there, by thirty families, consisting of 183 persons, all natives of Italy; of these 44 took the fever, 14 died, 26 recovered, 4 taken to the hospital. Of the remaining 139 people that did not take the fever, 43 were here less than one year, 32 less than two years, 17 less than three years, 47 over three years." Dr. Albers estimates that 92 of the 139 people were unacclimated. " After the process of fumiga- tion and disinfection only two more persons were taken sick." Dr. Albers held that the yellow fever which prevailed during the months of September and October was of domestic origin, and due to the crowded and filthy condition of the city, and especially in the First and Second Districts, which are the largest, most populous and most actively engaged in commercial pursuits. It is, however, established that the first case, that of the officer of the steamer " Agnes," was connected with the shipping; and Dr. Albers himself records the fact that Robert Bell Craig, who left Havana on the 17th of August, arrived at Mobile on the 20th, came to New Orleans on the 21st, remained over night at a boarding house, corner of Old Line and Tolouse streets, went to the Charity Hospital 22d, and died of black vomit on the 26th. Dr. Albers says that the character of the fever was of a very malignant type, and the mortality was about 33 per cent. With reference to the contagious nature of the yellow fever of 1870, the President of the Board of Health says : " In the Charity Hospital, this year, the disease seemed to spread by con- tiguity from those sick of yellow fever to those ill of other diseases-something not known to have occurred previously." Dr. Albers says : "The contagiousness of the fever has been remarkable when no disinfection was resorted to, as for instance, at the Louisiana Bakery, where, as men employed there were taken sick and left to go to their friends or to hospitals, new men were then employed and put into the same beds and rooms that the others had vacated, and invariably became sick soon after. The same reckless disregard of all moral obligations and duties to others, and particularly to strangers, has furnished almost all the yellow fever patients of the Second District, which district supplies the hospital with fresh cases, derived invariably from the various boarding houses, prin- cipally in the neighborhood of the levee, where the inmates had contracted the disease previously. These fresh cases of yellow fever were new comers, put into the same rooms and beds lately occu- pied by their sick predecessors." " To illustrate the contagiousness of the fever, I can refer to several instances that came under my observation. There are three establishments up town which are in close proximity to each other. One of them is a large corn mill and the other two are bakeries. They employ a number of men of various nationalities, who sleep, and generally also board, on the premises; they were all there attacked by the fever about the 1st of October. Neither of the establishments was dis- infected at all, as the proprietors of them positively refused to have it done, and the fever con- tinued to linger in these places and attack new comers, as they were employed to take the places of their predecessors who had been carried off with the fever, until the 22d of November, when the last of them died, and the cold weather effectually put a stop to any further infection. " Another instance came also to my personal knowledge ; it was that of a lady, up town, who has some reputation as a ' doctoress,' and took several gentlemen into her house to ' nurse ' through the yellow fever. The first cases that occupied her rooms and beds yielded readily to treatment and were soon convalescent. When they went away and their places were taken by others, although they presented the same mild type of the fever as the former ones when they arrived, they would soon assume a more severe type, and almost invariably prove fatal. And as no fumigation or disinfection was resorted to, it is, without doubt, to be attributed to the influence of the poison that tljey imbibed from the immediate surroundings to which they were exposed, in addition to that already existing in these sections."* Dr. Alfred Perry states that the yellow fever made its appearance in the Fourth District "in the latter part of September; six weeks after its first appearance in the city, only 25 cases having been reported in the district. Four among the first cases gave clear evidence of having been communicated by infection." It will be observed from the preceding record that only 88 natives of the United States died of yellow fever in 1870, out of a total of 587 deaths from this disease. It is probable that but very few of these eighty-eight natives of the United States had been born in New Orleans. On the other hand, the total number of deaths during 1870 (7391), more than one-half, or 4753, were natives of the United States; 99 of England, 352 of France, 518 of Germany, 551 of Ireland, and 199 of Italy. If we accept the estimate of Dr. Del. Orto, of the 199 deaths among Italians, 128 were caused by yellow fever, leaving only 71 deaths from all other causes, the various forms of malarial fevers included. Among the Italians 1 death in 1.55 deaths from all causes were due to yellow fever; among the English, 1 death in 4.19; among the natives of France, 1 death in 4.09; among the Germans, 1 death in 4.01; among the Irish, 1 death in 11.48; among the natives of Switzerland (38 deaths from all causes) 1 death in 2.11; while among the natives of New Orleans and of Louisiana, and of all other parts of the United States, only 1 death from yellow fever in 54.01 deaths from all causes. No data exists for the determination of the number of cases of yel- low fever occurring in the city, nor of the relations of these cases to the different nationalities. In the Charity Hospital alone, as we have seen, 515 cases (of which about one-half in 262 died), of yelldw fever were admitted; and as the mortality was much heavier than in private practice, it would be fair to estimate the deaths as about one in every four cases of yellow fever, which would give 587 X 4 = 2348 cases of yellow fever in the entire city of New Orleans during the epidemic of 1870, when carbolic acid and other agents were vigorously used to arrest and limit the disease. It is evident from the preceding facts that the natives of the United States who have resided in New Orleans for various periods of time suffered to a limited extent from yellow fever; while the disease spread among the Italians, French, Germans and Irish and natives of Switzer- land, occasioning the vast proportion of deaths among the unacclimated foreigners. The conclusion is justified, therefore, that the absence or scarcity of material among the resi- dent and native population, black and white, which had been recently subjected only three years before, in 1867, to a sweeping epidemic, was the cause of the limited nature of the epidemic yellow fever of 1870, rather than the action of the disinfectants used by the Board of Health. * " Annual Report of the Board of Health to the General Assembly of Louisiana," December 31st, 1870, pp. 9-12, 30, 39, 44, 52, 74, 77. YELLOW FEVER, 1871. The total deaths from all causes in 1871 numbered 6059, of which the forms of fever caused, respectively, fever, 2; bilious, 25; catarrhal, 1; congestive, 102; gastric, 1; hectic, 3; hemor- rhagic, 26; intermittent, 26; malarial, 94; nervous, 2; pernicious, 61; puerperal, 14; remittent, 39; scarlet, 5; typhoid, 71; typhus, 4; yellow, 54; total deaths by fevers, 530. Smallpox caused only two deaths; measles, 12 j while meningitis (cerebro-spinal chiefly) caused 128 deaths; cholera, 6; cholera infantum, 84; cholera morbus, 18; diarrhoea, 185; dysentery, 155; inflammation of bowels, 106; total bowel affections, 544. Consumption, 780; infantile convulsions, 200. In the Charity Hospital, 29 cases of yellow fever were admitted, of which 20 died. 1884 cases of intermittent and malarial fever, 53 deaths; 3 cases "typho-malarial," 3 deaths; 19 typhoid, 14 deaths; 72 remittent, 5 deaths; 16 pernicious, 10 deaths; diarrhoea and dysentery, 412 cases, 169 deaths; phthisis pulmonalis, 178 cases, 170 deaths. Total admissions, all diseases, 6651; total deaths, all causes, 891. The first case of yellow fever reported died in the Charity Hospital, August 4th; the second case, August 20th, after five days' illness; third, September 5th, after six days' illness. In July, 1 case, 1 death; August, 2 cases, 2 deaths; September, 37 cases, 9 deaths; October, 53 cases, 22 deaths; November, 33 cases, 19 deaths; December, 2 cases, 2 deaths. Total cases reported, 114; total deaths, 54; the enormous mortality being reached among these sporadic and " disinfected," cases of 47.3 per cent., or one death in 2.1 cases. The disease was chiefly confined to the Fourth District, and it has been claimed that its limited spread was mainly due to the liberal use of carbolic acid. Sporadic cases, however, appeared in various sections of the city, and the disease, as in numberless other years, in this and other Southern cities, in which neither carbolic acid nor any other disinfectants were used, showed no disposition to spread. The fact that in certain Southern towns the disease exhibited a tendency to spread did not indicate anything more than what has often occurred before in the history of yellow fever on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. The following are the facts with reference to the yellow fever of 1871, as officially reported by Dr. C. B. White, President of the Board of Health, and the Secretary and Sanitary Inspectors :- Case i.-On the 4th of August, Charles Collingberg, of Iowa, was taken to the Charity Hos- pital, where he died the same night of yellow fever with black vomit.* Investigation of the case furnished the following facts: He came to the city by way of the river, as flatboatman, about four weeks previously; was homeless, without occupation; slept about the elevator wharf, and drank all the liquor he could pay for or get upon credit. The night before being taken to the hospital he was received upon the floating elevator, as an act of charity, and given sleeping quarters. For not less than four nights previous he had been sleeping about the bark "Mary Pratt," from Cienfuegos, discharging sugar into the elevator warehouse. The " Mary Pratt" brought a clean bill of health to the quarantine station, and had no sickness on board. After her arrival in the city, the crew were discharged, the captain took rooms in the city, and only the mate was left on board. At this date her hatches were opened, and while discharging cargo Collingberg slept on board, and was taken sick. The stevedore's gang which discharged the cargo was found to be composed of men long residents of the city and fully acclimated. These facts, and the habits and condition of Collingberg, probably account for his being the only sufferer from this supposed infectious vessel. Disinfection by sulphurous acid and chlorine was practiced on the floating elevator and in the elevator warehouse for several days, and the ship sent to the quarantine ground, to be disinfected at the discretion of the resident physician. The crew were followed to their boarding-house, and their effects thoroughly fumigated and aired. *1 made a careful chemical and microscopical examination of the liver, heart, kidneys, stomach and black vomit taken from the body of Charles Collingberg, and the general results were as follows: Stomach of a deep red and purplish color, with softened and eroded mucous membrane. Black vomit contained altered blood corpuscles, mucous cells, broken capillaries, urea and ammonia. The pericardium of the heart was highly injected with blood. Muscular structures of heart of yellow color, softened, loaded with oil globules and granular matter, and the transverse striae were indistinct, and in many fibrillse obliter- ated. The liver presented the usual yellow color and contained much oil, as in well-marked yellow fever. Kidneys of yellow color, with granular, matted and detached excretory cells filling the tubuli uriniferi. A small quantity of urine obtained from his bladder contained albumen and urinary casts. Joseph Jones, m.d. On August 10th the "Mary Pratt" was sent up to the quarantine station, and on August 13th was laid to the wharf, foot of Terpsichore street. August 23d, George M. Mousse was employed as steward, and began work on board the " Mary Pratt," clearing up her cabin, reported to be in a very filthy condition, and was taken sick with yellow fever on the 29th; was removed to the Hotel Dieu September 4th, and died September 5th. The vessel was again taken in charge by the Sanitary Inspector of the First District, thor- oughly fumigated for a number of days, and no unacclimated persons allowed on board. John Hoch, a tailor by trade, working and residing at 433 Tchoupitoulas street, between Robin and Race streets, first and second streets above Terpsichore street, at the foot of which lay the " Mary Pratt; " had been in the city six months; confined himself entirely to the house and shop, save at evening, at which time, the family state, he always went down to the levee to walk about. He was seized with yellow fever September 4th, and died. Mr. John M. Rawlins, Custom House Inspector, was attacked with yellow fever August 15th, and died August 20th, at his residence, 118 Washington street. * Mr. Rawlins was from Alabama, and had been a resident of the city ten months. He left the city, on duty for the Passes, July 29th; took ofiicial charge of the brig "Hope" August 11th, then eleven days from Havana, with sickness on board. The " Hope " was detained at the quarantine station two days; hatches opened, and enough of the sugar broken into to enable thorough fumigation to be effected of both cargo and hold. The hammock of Mr. Rawlins was swung near the opened hatches, and, although warned by the physician as perhaps exposing himself to disease by this proximity, he expressed his entire fearlessness as to the danger, and' remained in the position before mentioned. Less than forty-eight hours after his arrival in the city, and four days after the arrival at the quaran- tine station and opening of the ship's hatches, he was taken ill. The officers and crew of the "Hope" were all acclimated; her cargo went up the river immediately, and within a very few days she was again at sea. Hon. E. W. Pierce, a member of the Board of Health, was taken ill of yellow fever at his residence, No. 136 Fourth street, September 7th, and died on the 13th. The residence of Mr. Pierce was distant about 280 feet from the house in which Mr. Rawlins died, and in a direction a little to the east of north, diagonally across the block of buildings. The residence of Mr. David Rosenberg, No. 736 Magazine street, who was attacked with yellow fever on the 9th of Septem- ber, and died, was in the same line of direction in the Fourth District, diagonally across another block. The prevailing direction of the wind in July and August is from south to north. Between the residences of Mr. Rawlins and Mr. Pierce intervened a cottage, but from the gallery of the second story of the house of Mr. Pierce was a direct and full view, over the cottage, of the house in which Mr. Rawlins died. Just after the death of Mr. Pierce, it was ascertained that two unacclimated children had been sick with fever, and a few days later another child was taken ill in a similar manner, and the disease pronounced yellow fever. It is probable that the first two cases in the cottage were yellow fever, and formed the connecting links between the cases of Mr. Rawlins and Mr. Pierce. Information of the-occurrence of the case of Mr. Rawlins did not reach the Board of Health until twenty hours after his death, and measures of disinfection were not put in operation for some hours later. Cases rapidly increased in the Fourth District, and from the time of the death of Mr. David Rosenberg, on the 9th of September, thirty-five cases were reported to the Board of Health, up to the 30th of the month. That other cases occurred, which were never reported to the Board of Health, is evident from the fact that the case of Mr. Rawlins was not reported until twenty hours after his death, and the two children in the cottage "were not reported as sick nor submitted to examination, and they do not appear in " the official list of cases. We have no data by which to estimate the " unreported" cases. On the 13th of September Dr. D. B. Albers, Sanitary Inspector of the Second District-where occurred the local epidemic of 1870-was placed in charge of the infected district. After stating that the yellow fever of 1871 was carried to the Fourth District by the custom- house officer, J. M. Rawlins, who contracted it on the brig " Hope," eleven days from Havana, Dr. Albers says:- " There were sixteen cases under treatment at the time I took charge of the district; nine more were taken subsequently, up to the 28th; the last one died on the 23d. No more cases occurred up to the 4th of October, when I withdrew from the district, as the threatened epidemic had been prevented, and my presence was imperatively necessary in the Second District. When I took charge of the infected district, the fever prevailed in that portion of it bounded by Chip- pewa, Magazine, Sixth and Third streets. It did not spread beyond these limits, owing to the energetic measures taken to prevent it. The means adopted to check the course of the yellow fever were an energetic, thorough and liberal distribution of carbolic acid over the entire vicinity of the infected district, extending its application as far as the influence of the poison could have prevailed/ In this way there were consumed, between Wednesday, the 13th, and Saturday, the 16th, 10,000 gallons of carbolic acid, and it may be said that the entire vicinity was soaked in it. " It was freely applied to the filthy streets, unpaved yards, alleys, stagnant gutters and ditches by which all of the streets and many of the houses were surrounded, as well as to manure heaps, collections of refuse and other nuisances which abounded in that neighborhood. Carbolic acid was chosen for this purpose as being the best disinfectant known, as it coagulates all albumen, and is certain to destroy all the'lower forms of life. It volatilizes easily and freely, and thus attacks the hidden germs of disease that float in the atmosphere. "This process of disinfection was repeated daily, and the atmosphere became highly charged with the vapor of the acid, which found its way into the dwellings of the sick and healthy alike. Many persons fancied at first that the smell produced headache, but the most of them soon became convinced of their error, and as these are persons who dislike the smell and complain of nausea when exposed to it, so would these persons be similarly affected by any unusual smell, while they can bear patiently with the most loathsome smells because they are familiar with them. "Notwithstanding this, it cannot be denied that the Sanitary Inspector engaged in its distribu- tion was the most unpopular man in the neighborhood at that time, but the 'end justifies the means,' in this case at least, and the result has been that the disease was checked in its onward course, and a malignant and wide-spread epidemic was prevented. Not a single case occurred beyond the limits where it was raging on the 13th. In the course of a month, a few isolated cases made their appearance again, and continued to do so until frost, which coincides with the remark before made, that minute contagious particles will escape destruction, propagate again, and when in sufficient force make themselves felt. The importance, therefore, of continuing the application of disinfectants every three or four days during the season favorable to its development is evident. In no instance has a second case of fever occurred in any house where this course was carried out, but when it was objected to and persistently prohibited by heads of families, several members of the household took the fever in succession. " Whenever a death occurred from the fever, the house was, in every instance, thoroughly dis- infected by fumigating the bedrooms, bed clothes and body clothes, alternately, with sulphurous acid and chlorine, during several days in succession; and the principal hotbeds of the fever, as, for instance, in Fourth, Fifth and Magazine streets, which were entirely deserted by their occu- pants and in charge of the Sanitary Police, were daily disinfected, fumigated and deodorized from their very foundation up to the roof, for several weeks." Dr. Albers thus states his theory of yellow fever, upon which he based the system of disinfec- tion, which was similar to, but more thorough than, that inaugurated in 1867, by Dr. Smith, Presi- dent of the Board of Health. " The yellow fever germ, or poison, is probably not generated in the human system, nor trans- mitted from one person to another in any way. (In those cases which seem to arise by personal contagion the poison is without doubt transmitted by the clothing.) " It is an organic poison, the resultant of the decomposition of the exhalations and secretions of the human body, accumulated and confined in ill-ventilated habitations, brought in contact with the effluvia of the public filth of cities and acted on by a constantly elevated temperature above 80° F., for two or three months in succession. "This poison is taken into the system after the manner of marsh malarial poison (or terrestrial emanations), which is strictly endemic, of local origin, not contagious and not portable. " The yellow fever poison, however, is portable, adheres to fomites, and can be carried in ves- sels, trunks* etc., from one point to another, and thus be propagated, and bears transportation to long distances, without losing its power of reproduction when it meets with favorable conditions, among which those of a high temperature is essential. It consists, doubtless, of some form of microscopic life, occupying that debatable ground between the animal and vegetable kingdom, but Vol. IV-26 capable of rapid self-propagation, lying on and moving along the ground, not influenced greatly by winds, or it would spread far more rapidly, and is, like most other minute and tender germs, checked by a freezing temperature, which, though it does not perhaps kill the germ or seed, is sufficient to suspend its action for a season, to be called into action again, at a later period, by particular meteorological conditions or other suitable circumstances." * Holding the theory that the germ of yellow fever might survive through the winter and again become active during the summer and fall, Dr. Albers endeavored to prevent the yellow fever from making its appearance in the Second District, where it had prevailed in 1870, by enforcing the strictest cleanliness in that portion of the city that has always been notorious for its unhealthi- ness, and where the yellow fever has not unfrequently first made its appearance in former years. As, for instance, in the neighborhood of the French Market, where common lodging houses abound and people of the lowest condition of life congregate in large numbers and in unrestricted license and confusion, no decaying substances of any nature were allowed to remain on any of the premises. " The water closets of all suspected places were deodorized and disinfected with carbolic acid, and a saturated solution of carbonate of iron in strong hydrochloric acid every week throughout the entire sickly season. " Another one of the most important duties was to visit all the suspected places rendered suspi- cious by the presence of fever in them last year, every day, and frequently twice a day, to ascer- tain if there was any one sick in any of these houses, and the landlords of all the lodging and boarding houses were particularly requested to assist, to the best of their ability, in ferreting out any case of sickness that occurred on their premises, on which measure they all coincided, and gave frequent information on that point. " During the latter part of July, 1871, a party of five men, all natives of Malta, and between twenty-four and twenty-eight years of age, less than one year in the United States, arrived here from Galveston, where they had resided a short time. These men rented a room on the ground floor of the courtyard connected with the building, No. 239 J Decatur street, and which opens on the street through an alley 69 feet long and 8 feet wide, with a double iron gate at the entrance. This courtyard forms a hollow square, 62 by 36 feet, built all around its four sides, two stories high, and occupied by 16 families, comprising 60 persons, all natives of Italy, Sicily and Malta, and totally unacclimated, not one of them having been in the country over three years, and the majority less than one year. Their water supply is river water and they have no cistern. The room that these five men occupied is 14| feet wide, 15J feet long and 11 feet high, with a door 9 feet high, 4 feet wide, and a window opening on the courtyard, which never admits any sun- light, and almost no ventilation. "Soon after their arrival they were joined by two more of their countrymen, from Galveston, and all seven occupied this room. Their occupation was to peddle onions, lemons and berries. The boxes in which they bought the latter served them as bedsteads, which, with a few mattresses, a table and a few cooking utensils, constituted their only incumbrances. " Two of these men were taken with yellow fever almost simultaneously on the 24th of October. As soon as I obtained information that they were sick, I had them taken to the hospital, where they soon after died. I had the others removed to another room, at the time unoccupied, in the same yard, of the same dimensions as the former, allowing them to take nothing out with them but the clothes they had on at the time, while their former room underwent a thorough disinfec- tion and fumigation for ten days, after which they again occupied it. "All their clothes, mattresses, etc., which remained in their first room were then washed and scalded, deodorized with chlorine, fumigated with sulphur, disinfected with carbolic acid and abundantly aired, a continued watch being kept over them, night and day, the whole time. To their clothing, which consisted of woolen shirts and woolen pants, shoes without socks, and a straw hat, and which they did not change, some of the fever germs or poison must have adhered, and when, fourteen days later, two more of their countrymen arrived here from Galveston, and lived with them in the same room, one of them was taken sick with the fever within three days, car- ♦ "Annual Report of the Board of Health to the General Assembly of Louisiana, December 31st, 1871," pp. 64-71. ried to the hospital on November 17th, and died on the following day. The other took sick within seven days, November 20th, and died November 23d. " This shows that although disinfection and fumigation will destroy the poison, still minute contagious particles will escape its influence, and that during a season favorable"to its develop- ment, the disinfection must be continued and persevered in every three or four days throughout the season. "No other person in that yard or in that neighborhood took the fever afterward. "There were also three other deaths from yellow fever in the Second District-on Franklin street, between Canal and Bienville streets, a distance of two squares. An Italian, by the name of Dominique Gaisalla, who had resided at No. 38 Franklin street for about twelve months, and who was a lemon peddler by occupation, and a friend and associate of the above mentioned per- sons from Malta, at No. 239£ Decatur street, and in daily communication with them, was taken sick October 26th, and died October 30th. He was not attended by any physician. The Coroner held a ' view ' on his body and had him buried under a certificate of ' congestion of the brain.' "Mrs. Reese, residing at No. 12 Franklin street, a native of Baltimore, and unacclimated, was acquainted with the before-mentioned 'person and had visited him during his sickness. She was taken on November 1st and died November 6th with black vomit. The husband of this lady took the fever about December 18th, and remained sick until December 28th, when he died of undoubted yellow fever, according to the burial certificate of his attending physician, at No. 237' Dryades street, in the upper part of the city, to which place he had been removed. Frank Busoti, an Italian, and a waiter in a bar-room and restaurant at the corner of Custom-house and Franklin streets, visited both of the before-mentioned persons while they were sick, carrying them refreshments and drinks. He took yellow fever November 7th and died the 14th."* The following observations should be coupled with the preceding statements of Dr. Albers. 1. Dr. Albers states that no cases were attacked in the Fourth District, between the 28th of Sep- tember and the 4th of October, when he withdrew to the Second District. The official record of the Board of Health shows that two cases occurred in this district on the 28th of September, at 129 Washington street and 190 Third street; one case occurred at 780 Magazine street, on the 2d of October, and another case at the corner of Tchoupitoulas and 7th streets, on the 3d of Octo- ber. The statement of Dr. Albers would lead one to suppose that the disease had been completely arrested or stamped out by the sanitary measures, and especially by the free use of carbolic acid. So far from being the case, 53 cases occurred during the month of October, against 37 in the month of September, and after the vigorous use of carbolic acid in the infected district. Of the 53 cases officially reported for October, 40 cases occurred in the thoroughly "disinfected " Fourth District in which the disease had been stamped out. 2. It appears also, from the statement of Dr. Albers, that " the principal hotbeds of the fever, as, for instance, on Fourth, Fifth and Magazine streets, were entirely deserted by their occu- pants." The carbolic acid certainly acted as a valuable sign and warning to all in the city as to the location of the yellow fever, and thus fulfilled the office of a local and very efficient quarantine. 3. The disease evidently occurred a second time in houses disinfected and surrounded with disinfectants, as at 118 Washington street, where cases were officially recorded as occurring August 15th, October 14th, and October 27th. A fatal case occurred at 433 Tchoupitoulas street on the 5th of September, and another on the 12th of October. Two cases occurred at 140 Fourth street on the 10th and 11th of September; another case on the 15th; another on the 20th of September in the same house. A case occurred at 119 Washington street, September 21st; another in the same house October 27th; one case at 780 Magazine street, September 27th, and another October 2d. One case at 129 Washington street, September 16th, and another, September 28th, and a third on the 12th of October. The following singular statement occurs in the report of the President, Dr. C. B. White:- "By the culpable neglect of the attending physician, information of the occurrence of the case of Mr. Rawlins did not reach the Board of Health until twenty hours after his decease. Measures of disinfection could not be put in operation for some hours later."f * " Annual Report of the Board of Health to the General Assembly of Louisiana," December 31st, 1871, pages 65-68. t " Annual Report of the Board of Health," 1871, p. 17. The experience of the family of Mr. D., the brother-in-law of Mr. Rawlins, occupying the other half of the double tenement, has interest in connection with the subject of disinfection. Believing, from the beginning of the case of Mr. R., that his attack was yellow fever, the resi- dence of Mr. D. was thoroughly treated by disinfectants, and every person who waited upon Mr. Rawlins, or even visited the rooms, on coming from them made a complete change of all their clothing, which was without delay carried from the room and washed. No case of yellow fever occurred in this family till the one, No. 53, on October 14th, and No. 90, October 27th, both of which were so light th it the attending physician is doubtful of the diag- nosis given. On the 14th and 15th of September cases occurred in houses each side of the resi- dence of Mr. D., and by the 14th of October there had been twenty-seven unmistakable cases within a circle of a radius of 150 feet, taking the house of Mr. Rawlins as a centre. Owing to the almost complete cessation of yellow fever, about October 1st, in this district, gen- eral disinfection had ceased, and none was used until recurring sultry weather and the appearance of new cases of fever indicated the propriety of its use. The experience of this family and the use of disinfectants may be only a coincidence, but is worthy of consideration and record. The history of the Fourth District epidemic may be closed with the statement that the total number of cases in that district, measuring one and three-fourths miles long and one mile wide, was sixty-six, of which twenty-four terminated in death. The striking localization of the fever is made evident by the fact that within an area of which the corner of Constance and Washing- ton (the house of Rawlins) is the centre, and extending in every direction from that point, six hundred and sixty feet, occurred 45 of the total cases and 15 of the deaths."* 4. Whatever effects the sanitary measures, and more especially disinfection with carbolic acid, may have had upon the spread of yellow fever in the Fourth District, the changes of the weather appear to have exerted even more important effects. Thus, the President of the Board of Health, in the absence of any official record of the temperature and changes of the weather, states that " During the prevalence of yellow fever this year, in marked contrast to last year, the weather remained warm, exceedingly sultry, rainy, with a remarkable stagnant condition of the atmo- sphere, greatly resembling the early period of the epidemic of 1853." . . . " On October 3d occurred a violent storm, which to the southward and eastward assumed the proportions of a hurricane. The rain fell in enormous amount, flooding yards and streets, and the violence of the wind thoroughly ventilated the most out-of-the-way corners. 10^ inches of rain fell in twenty-four hours. By examination of the table it will be seen that the Fourth District epidemic had greatly declined before the coming of the storm. The storm seems, how- ever, to have exerted a decided and favorable influence on the public health, as but three domestic cases of fever died in the next fifteen days, the three other deaths being of cases foreign to New Orleans, ''f 5. That portion of the Fourth District in which the yellow fever was introduced by Mr. Raw- lins is not a business centre, is removed from the shipping, and a vast proportion of the inhabitants were permanent residents and acclimated. 6. Yellow fever did not appear in the Second District until late in the season, the first cases observed by Dr. Albers being on the 26th of October. The arrest of the disease in this district was fairly attributable to the supervention of cold weather rather than to the use of disinfectants. Dr. Alfred W. Perry states that " only five cases of yellow fever were reported in the Third District, against 59 deaths in 1870; two of the five cases had been exposed to the disease in Natchez, and came here and died in a few days afterward. In the other three cases no particular source of con- tagion could be traced, although there may have been such. In these cases the houses were fumi- gated with sulphurous acid; carbolic acid was sprinkled plentifully in the vicinity and on the premises, so that its vapor would diffuse into the air." While Dr. Perry says that " the good effects of this action are shown by the fact that no second, case of the fever occurred in the same house or neighborhood, while during the preceding year many succeeding cases occurred in the same house, and that the fever was confined to one or two blocks; " on the other hand, he neglects to state the fact that the first cases occurred in 1871, in the Third District, on the 24th of October, when the temperature, of course, precluded any extensive spread of the disease. • " Annual Report of the Board of Health," 1871, p, 20-21. f Op. cil., p. 25. J "Annual Report of the Board of Health,'' 1871, p. 75-76. James J. Jackson, M.D., Sanitary Inspector of the Third District, states that in 1871 "the first cases of yellow fever in this district were confined to the shipping, and especially to vessels lying beneath the level of the wharves. All cases occurring on shipboard were sent to the hospital for treatment and the vessels thoroughly fumigated. Late in the season the disease spread to the block bounded by Elysian Fields, Frenchman, Victory and Levee streets, where it was confined until its final abatement. The inhabitants of this locality were principally Italians, who lived huddled together in small apartments, and were the sole victims of the fever."* In the First District, 1871, the first case of yellow fever occurred at 433 Tchoupitoulas street, September 9th, and the last at 347 Dryades street, December 29th. No well-marked case of yellow fever occurred in the Fifth and Sixth Districts. In considering the history of yellow fever in 1871 in New Orleans, it is important to note the fact that the submergence of that portion of the First and Second Districts lying between the old and new canals, and between Basin street and the Metaire Ridge, resulting from the break in the banks of the new canal on the 3d of June, 1871, caused by the elevation of the waters of Lake Fontchartrain after a succession of strong southeast winds, which interfered with the outflow of the waters, augmented by the break in the river levee at Bonnet Carr€, was attended neither by the appearance of yellow fever nor by an increase in the number and severity of the ordinary mala- rial fevers in the overflowed districts. The privies were overflowed in this district and much of their contents escaped, and when the waters became stagnant, and as the filthy streets and premises were gradually exposed to the burning rays of the sun in June and July, as the waters receded and were dissipated by evapor- ation a foul stench arose. For a series of years the St. Charles, St. James and City Hotels and the Charity Hospital have been daily discharging the contents of their privies into Gravier and Common streets, and the filthy streams flowing into the gutters have finally found their way into the canals and drains in the rear of the city. If there be anything in filth, and especially in human filth and excrements, combined with heat and moisture, to engender yellow fever de novo, such conditions are annually present in "New Orleans, and yet the district of the city in which the largest amount of human excrements is poured has been remarkably exempt from yellow fever. This disease has almost invariably originated in and about the shipping along the river front and in the new and old basins. The President of the Board of Health, in his official report, thus congratulates himself and his assistants on the use of disinfectants during the summer and autumn of 1871 :- "The experience of the year is in favor of their use. Some families in which they were used freely on the occurrence of the first case escaped additional attacks. Other families in which, by prejudice or neglect of the physicians, or their own choice, they were not used, the disease passed through the whole family, attacking all its members in succession. "The general prevalence of the disease in the Southern States, and numerous cases scattered about in New Orleans, show that the failure of the fever to become general was not owing to any unfavorable meteorological or climatic conditions. " Last year New Orleans suffered from yellow fever. Its ravages were confined to three blocks in the Third District, a limited portion of the Fifth District, and as an epidemic it was confined to a portion of the Second District of four squares by twelve. In Mobile it began later than in New Orleans, but attacked every portion of the city. In New Orleans great efforts were made to arrest the disease by hygienic remedies. No efforts whatever were made in Mobile. This fact seems of value. In every Southern city, town or village where yellow fever appeared at all this year it assumed the epidemic form, save in New Orleans, and New Orleans is the only place where an early, energetic, well-planned and persistent attempt was made to control the disease."f YELLOW FEVER OF 1872. Total deaths in New Orleans in 1872, less still-born, 6122; still-born, 466; total deaths, including still-born, 6588. The following deaths were caused by the various forms of fever: Fever, 1; bilious, 22; congestion, 165; gastric, 1; hectic, 2; intermittent, 27; malarial, 51; nervous, 1; puerperal, 10; remittent, 26; scarlet, 5; typhoid, 67; typhus, 4; yellow, 39; total deaths by * "Annual Report of the Board of Health," 1870, p. 49. t "Annual Report of the Board of Health," 1871, pp. 25, 26. fevers, 401; consumption, 784; infantile convulsions, 227; diarrhoea, 195; cholera infantum, 52; cholera morbus, 20; dysentery, 123; inflammation of bowels, 150; total by bowel affections, 440; smallpox, 29. Total admissions Charity Hospital, 5541; total deaths, 825; fever, intermittent, cases 909; malarial, cases 431, deaths, 28; remittent, cases 41, deaths, 1; bilious, cases 28, deaths, 3; typhoid, cases 21, deaths, 7; continued, cases 10, deaths, 1; dengue, cases 1; typho-malarial, cases 5, deaths, 2; yellow, cases 11, deaths, 8; ephemeral, cases 1; puerperal, cases 4, deaths, 3; congestive, cases 24, deaths, 18; bilious remittent, cases 2, deaths, 2; diarrhoea, cases298, deaths, 95; dysentery, cases 289, deaths, 59; total bowel affections, cases 594, deaths, 156. The epidemic of this year, if it could be called such, was still more limited, only 83 cases and 39 deaths having been officially reported. The monthly deaths were as follows: August, 1; September, 5; October, 24; November, 7; December, 2. On the other hand, the eo-called con- gestive fever destroyed 165. The disease was widely scattered over the city, commenced late in the season, and showed no tendency to spread; 17 cases were reported in the First District, 4 cases in the Second District, 1 case in the Third District, 59 cases in the Fourth District, 1 case in the Fifth District, 1 case in the Sixth District. The mortality of these "disinfected" cases was, in like manner great, reaching nearly 50 per cent. The Fourth District originated 61 of the cases. The yellow fever area of 1872 surrounded the yellow fever area of 1871, and scarcely a case occurred this year in the locality where it prevailed last year. The central points of most potent yellow fever infection existed at the corner of Magazine and Jackson streets. The following facts are consolidated from the interesting reports of Dr. A. W. Perry, Sanitary Inspector of the .Fourth District, where the yellow fever first appeared and to which it was chiefly confined. It will be observed from the report of Dr. Perry and from the preceding reports of the Presi- dent of the Board of Health, that the yellow fever of 1872 commenced, as in 1871, in one of the most healthy and cleanly portions of the Fourth District, which is regarded as the best part of the city. In 1870 yellow fever was confined to a portion of the city four by twelve blocks wide and deep in the Second District of the city, and to a locality ten by six blocks wide and deep in the First District, both of which are well built and paved, are near the river, and are usually espe- cially free from malarious diseases. In 1871 and 1872 the disease occurred in, and was almost wholly confined to, limited portions of the Fourth District, portions of the district less liable to swamp fevers than its other parts, and far more healthy in that respect than the rear portion of the city bordering the swamps for miles. The localized infection of yellow fever during these years established a marked difference between this disease and the endemic paroxysmal fevers of the Mississippi Valley. The first case occurred August 28th, in the person of Frank Henning, a native of Sweden, aged thirty-six years, two years in the city; a druggist by occupation, and employed in a drug store corner of Washington and Rousseau streets, where he was taken sick. He was sick in the drug store two days, then went to a house on Livandais street, almost a hundred yards distant, where he remained two days, and was then sent to the Hotel Dieu, where he died September 1st. Although the most careful inquiry was made, no history could be traced of the disease having been imported. " This case may be considered as the starting point of the yellow fever of this year, for from this case six persons, who had direct and recent communication, were attacked with yellow fever. The first of these secondary cases was a young man who waited on Henning. Another was a young lady whom this last young man visited immediately after recovering from the yellow fever. Two others were fellow clerks in the same store with Henning, the first case. In one other case the man attacked frequently visited Henning in the drug store, and soon after was taken sick with the fever, and his wife also. The disease continued to increase slowly in a few limited areas in this district, until October 13th, when it reached its highest point." The following record shows the gradual rise and decline during October: 1st, 1 case; 2d, 3 cases; 3d, 2 cases; 7th, 1 case; 8th, 2 cases; 9th, 1 case; 10th, 2 cases; 11th, 1 case; 12th, 3 cases; 13th, 7 cases; 14th, 1 case; 15th, 1 case; 18th, 4 cases; 19th, 2 cases; 20th, 1 case; 21st, 2 cases. " A case occurred on Rousseau street, between Jackson and Philip, which gave origin to seven others, and a group of thirteen cases occurred within 150 yards of the corner of Jackson and Magazine streets. There occurred 10 cases in September, 37 in October, 10 in November, making a total of 57 in the Fourth District. The fever has shown the same tendency as last year to confine itself to small localities, and it has shown itself to be exceedingly communicable. The frequent communication of yellow fever this year is probably not a new feature in the dis- ease, but is shown strongly this season, because all cases were promptly reported, and the details of the cases were kept. Out of 57 cases originating in this district, in 27 there was recent and direct communication. " All of the houses where the disease occurred were disinfected with carbolic acid in the fol- lowing manner:- "When the case was reported, a few gallons of crude carbolic acid were sprinkled, with a watering pot, around the house, in the yard and adjacent streets. The object of this was to cause an impregnation of the air of the locality with carbolic acid vapor. On the termination of the case, either in recovery or death, rooms in which the patient had been were disinfected by throw- ing a few sprays of pure carbolic acid, diluted with fifty parts of water, into every part of the rooms, upon the walls, ceiling, furniture. In the form of a fine spray a minute portion of car- bolic acid was thus brought in contact with everything in the room, and every organic germ must have been destroyed. All bedding and clothing which had been used was either boiled or soaked in diluted carbolic acid. I found, by direct experiment, that pure carbolic acid dissolves readily in fifty parts of water, forming a clear solution which does not stain or injure the most delicate colors of calico, silk or broadcloth, and yet is strong enough to destroy the vitality of all the lower forms of life. The use of any well-directed system of disinfection in a disease neces- sarily involves a theory of the nature, production and communication of the disease. Our sys- tem of disinfection is based on these propositions :- "1. That yellow fever is produced by an organic living germ. " 2. That it is portable in ships, cars, clothing, etc. " 3. That it is solid, and not readily diffused through the air, but sticks to solid bodies. " One attack of yellow fever is usually a protection against another. The apparent exceptions to this protecting influence of a first attack are more frequent than in smallpox, but most of these exceptions must vanish when it is remembered that in mild yellow fever there is no pathogno- monic sign, like the corruption in the exanthemata, and a certain distinctive diagnosis cannot be made from malarial fevers. The local exceptions are not more numerous than in smallpox. That yellow fever is portable is generally admitted, and too many instances are on record in all medical works, where vessels have arrived in seaports of the United States and Europe with cases of yellow fever on board, and large numbers of persons who visited these vessels have been attacked with yellow fever, to require any extended proofs here. A vessel loaded with sugar arrived from Cuba at St. Nazaire, France, in July, 1861; four cases of yellow fever had occurred on the voyage. The last case was well thirteen days before the vessel arrived in St. Nazaire. Within a few days after her arrival well marked yellow fever attacked the men who visited the vessel, those who were engaged in unloading her, some of the crews of vessels lying near, and some persons living in the town who had no direct communication with the vessel were attacked. In all there were 44 cases and 26 deaths. " If we admit that yellow fever depends on a living germ it is theoretically possible to control the spread of yellow fever by destroying the life of these germs. The difficulty is to find them exactly. We find by experience that the winter here either destroys these germs or suspends their vitality. The probability is that most of them are destroyed, and only a few are left, and that when the yellow fever occurs here without importation it is caused by these germs which have remained over from last year. This is rendered probable from the circumstance that yellow fever only makes its appearance here after hot weather has lasted two or three months. It is likely that the yellow fever germs, whose vitality was only suspended, revive when the hot weather commences, and that they require this interval before they have multiplied sufficiently to make themselves felt by causing disease. The less number of germs that are left alive the longer time will be required to produce the requisite quantity. Every germ that can be destroyed in the first or first few generations is equivalent to destroying millions in the later generations. If this were not so, and all the germs which are left at the end of the fall, scattered around the city, were to revive the next year in the first warm or damp weather, it would attain its full develop- ment suddenly, instead of gradually spreading from one or more points, and requiring months for its full development. In the fever zone, as I may call it, if any hygienic measures will delay the development of the disease until the cold weather, it is practically almost as good as totally destroying the disease. A disease germ cannot originate anew; it must be the descend- ant of some parent germ, and it is simply ridiculous for us to run to spontaneous generation when- ever we meet a living individual whose parents are not apparent. There is no experimental evi- dence of the new creation of any living thing, from the lowest to the highest organized animal; and there is an immense weight of evidence against it. In any house where one or more persons have been taken with the yellow fever there are certainly some few germs present on the premises. By sprinkling carbolic acid on the ground in the Vicinity, we destroy some diseased germs; the vapor of the acid, diffusing in the air, kills others. In disinfecting a room we use an apparatus to throw a solution of carbolic acid in the form of a spray which is so fine that it diffuses itself in every direction, in every crevice and fold, and yet each particle is a liquid, and as such has a stronger and more certain effect in destroying vitality; for it is well known that the liquid condi- tion is absolutely necessary for the chemical actions of substances on each other. The apparatus used to produce this spray is composed of a copper vessel, holding two gallons of water, which is placed on a small sheet-iron furnace, and in which steam is generated to the pressure of four to five pounds to the inch ; connected to this is a quarter-inch rubber tube, eight feet long, through which the steam is conveyed to a brass nozzle, with an opening one-sixteenth inch in diameter. The carbolic acid solution is supplied to the steam nozzle, so that it flows slowly over the jet of steam, which breaks the liquid up into the finest spray. The steam kettle is placed in the mid- dle of an apartment, and the steam nozzle and reservoir of carbolic acid solution are carried around the room, and the resultant carbolic acid spray directed upon everything which is required to be disinfected. " In the history of yellow fever this year it will be observed that it required more than six weeks from the first case, August 28th, for it to reach its climax, October 13th, seven cases being attacked that day, though it declined rapidly to only one case in the second week in November. The decrease of the fever above shown can only have resulted from two causes, which have not been in operation in some previous years. " The disinfection with carbolic acid certainly destroyed a- large number of disease germs, and the growing and very prevalent belief in the communicability of the fever had caused many families to send off the well members as soon as any one was taken sick with the fever and has also cut off a large proportion of the intercourse with the infected. From August 28th to Novem- ber 15th there was no change in the temperature or barometric pressure which cou'd account for the diminution of the disease. The maximum daily temperature varied only 6.3° F., and the barometric pressure one inch. On November 15th the weather suddenly changed to be very cold, the temperature falling to 33° F. " The large proportion of cases in which the disease has been shown to have been communicated shows the disease had a strong tendency to spread. The yellow fever reached its highest point October 13th, and the cold weather first came one month afterward, and then the fever had almost disappeared."* It will be seen that the preceding theory of the nature of yellow fever and of the principles of disinfection to be practiced for its arrest, as represented by Dr. Perry, did not differ from that of the President of the Board of Health in 1867, Dr. Smith, nor from that of Dr. Albers previously recorded; nor from that of Dr. C. B. White. The President of the Board of Health, writing con- cerning the yellow fever of 1871 says : " It was kept clearly in view that though the sick persons were confined to a limited space, yet the poison was of necessity more widespread. It is evident that the presence of the poisonous agent must and does precede for some hours, if not days, the attacks of illness. The peculiar localization of yellow fever, as observed in previous years, and its slow and regular march forward in these localities, suggests that, if it be the multiplication and spread of either vegetable or animal life, agents powerfully inimical thereto, although not able to reach all hidden and closed places, and thus utterly destroy all germs, might, at least, destroy those likely to be carried or wafted in to infect neighboring localities. If the poisonous, or poison-causing agent spread along the ground, it seemel not unreasonable to hope that a pow- * "Annual Report of the Board of Health," December 31st, 1872, pages 93-98. erful agent, like carbolic acid, freely applied to the streets, would prevent its crossing them, and by its vapor rising into the air, as it were, wall in the infected places. "The effect of the thinnest possible film of corrosive sublimate in preventing insects from cross- ing into safes and cupboards is a fact of domestic economy well known. There may be remedies of analogous action toward the cause of yellow fever. . . . " These facts seem to suggest that the yellow fever plant, or contagium particle, may, by its growth, or during its development and general prevalence, exhaust its soil (the locality of its mor- bific influence) of those elements necessary to its growth, and which may require some time to again accumulate. It is not difficult to conceive of a vegetable growth so developed by unusually favorable, known or unknown, climatic or meteorological conditions, as to almost exhaust its soil of the ingredients peculiarly necessary to its existence, and to so considerable a degree that for successive years, in unfavorable conditions, the same growth should be but feeble and of scanty distribution. Experience seems to teach that if the disinfection practiced this year be of value, a repetition of it at brief intervals is probably necessary. Begging the truth of the " Germ Theory," it is easy to make a plausible explanation of this necessity. The cause of yellow fever is invisible or macroscopic, but is present in abundance. Disinfection reaches and destroys the larger portion of these animal or vegetable organisms, and checks the progress of the disease, or even completely destroys it. The conditions of soil and meteorological conditions are favorable, or the disease would not have appeared, and still remain favorable. The few germs not reached multiply rapidly, and in a few days the morbific cause is ready to attack any who come within its influence." The preceding observations are presented not for the purpose of discussion, but simply to illus- trate the theories upon which the Board of Health conducted its "system of disinfection" with carbolic acid; but we may observe that the cases occurring in the Fourth District might be variously cited, according to the views of the writer, as causes of direct contagion, of the portability of infection or of exposure to a poison common to the locality in and around the drftg store in which the first case, Henning, worked. CHOLERA AND YELLOW FEVER OF 1873. The year 1873 was characterized by the prevalence in New Orleans of Asiatic cholera, cerebro- spinal meningitis, smallpox and yellow fever. The total deaths, including still-born, numbered 7995; excluding still-born, 7505; deaths from the various forms of cholera, 359; deaths from smallpox, 505; deaths from yellow fever, 226; deaths from meningitis and cerebro-spinal menin- gitis, 174; total deaths from these diseases, 1264. If the deaths from these diseases and those still-born be subtracted from the total mortality, the remainder, 6241, is about a fair average of the mortality for the last ten years. The various forms of fever occasioned the following number of deaths: Fever, 5; bilious, 28; congestive, 246; dengue, 6; gastric, 3; intermittent, 16; malarial, 109; nervous, 5; puerperal, 17; remittent, 40; scarlet, 5; typhoid, 57; typhus, 5; yellow, 226. Total by the various forms of fever, 768; various forms of fever exclusive of yellow fever, 542. Affections of the bowels caused, respectively, the following deaths: Cholera tporadica, 142; cholera infantum, 118; cholera morbus, 99; diarrhoea, acute and chronic, 209, dysentery, acute and chronic, 153; inflammation of bowels, 152. Total deaths from bowel affections, 873. In 1872 the total deaths caused by bowel affections numbered only 440, and, in view of the great increase in 1873, it would be more accurate to place the deaths by Asiatic cholera (the so-called cholera eporadica of the Board of Health) at about 433 deaths, against 142 entered upon the " official" reports. 505 deaths were caused in 1873 by smallpox-a preventable disease and imported; about 433 deaths were caused by Asiatic cholera, imported from Europe; 226 deaths by yellow fever, imported from the West Indies, and 542 deaths by the various other forms of fever, which were due to causes which might, to a great extent, be controlled by drainage, improved hygiene of the streets, drains, canals, gutters, privies and habitations of New Orleans. The yearly death rate for 1873 was high, being 37.05 per thousand of living inhabitants, and if the officially reported deaths by smallpox 505, cholera 241, and yellow fever 226, be excluded, the death rate was 31.72 per thousand of living inhabitants. * " Annual Report of the Board of Health," 1871, pages 18-20. 1236 white, 783 colored children under two years of age died during 1873, and in relation to population, according to the United States census of 1870,181.56 white and 335.47 colored children under two years of age died per 1000 of population in these ages and classes, respectively. Infan- tile convulsions caused 256 deaths, and consumption 850. In the Charity Hospital the admissions numbered 5090, deaths 993; of those admitted, 3029 were foreigners and 2035 natives of the United States, and of these latter 672 were natives of Louisiana. Of the various forms of fever treated in the Charity Hospital; Intermittent, cases 687, deaths 5; malarial, cases 510, deaths 59; typho-malarial, cases 2, death 1; remittent, 38 cases, 2 deaths; typhoid, 17 cases, 5 deaths; bilious, 9 cases, 2 deaths; bilious remittent, 9 cases, 2 deaths; catar- rhal, 2 cases; pernicious, 7 cases, 6 deaths; puerperal, 2 cases, 1 death; congestive, 13 cases, 11 deaths; continued, 6 cases; dengue, 88; Chagres, 1; yellow, 118 cases, 75 deaths; scarlet, 1 case, 1 death; urethral, 1 case, 1 death. Of bowel affections: Cholera, 34 cases, 27 deaths; cholera morbus, 12 cases, 9 deaths; diarrhoea, 277 cases, 53 deaths; dysentery, 185 cases, 73 deaths; Phthisis pulmonalis, 214 cases, 136 deaths. The first case of yellow fever which occurred in 1873 was traced to the bark "Valparaiso," which, after a so-called thorough disinfection and fumigation at the quarantine station, arrived in New Orleans June 26th. The first case occurred on the 4th of July and died on the 8th. Of the 226 deaths by yellow fever only 68 were Americans. Of the 388 cases and 226 deaths, the monthly record was as follows: July, 8 cases, 5 deaths; August, 40 cases, 29 deaths; September, 184 cases. 108 deaths; October, 135 cases, 79 deaths; November, 22 cases, 14 deaths. The President of the Board of Health states that the above were all that were reported to the Board of Health, "though probably 10 per cent, of all the recoveries were not reported. Many physicians did not report their cases until the strongest evidences of dissolution were apparent." If this statement be true, as it undoubtedly is far within the actual bounds of the cases not reported, and if, at the same time, it be affirmed that the disease was limited and arrested by the " carbolic acid disinfection," why, it may be asked, did yellow fever not spread from those centres where it was not reported, and in which no disinfection of any character was practiced ? These facts, on the contrary, show in the clearest manner that the limited nature of the epi- demic was due to the peculiar conditions of the climate and population. It is worthy of note that in 1873 the various forms of fever, exclusive of yellow fever, caused 537 deaths, of which number congestive fever caused 246 deaths, and the so-called malarial fever 109 deaths. The total deaths from fevers in 1873 numbered 763. The plan of disinfection pursued in 1873 did not differ materially from that of 1872: the streets of the infected district were sprinkled with carbolic acid, and this agent was distributed over an area considered to be beyond the point actively infected by the fever contagion. The premises in the vicinity of the ease-yard, walks, etc.-were disinfected with colorless carbolic acid, dissolved in water by means of hand sprinkling pots. When the case terminated by death, removal or recovery, the premises were disinfected. Floors were sprinkled with dilute white carbolic acid, clothing and bedding either sprinkled in the same way or freely with boiling water. Walls, ceilings and furniture were disinfected by a steam atomizer, throwing a spray of dilute white carbolic acid. YELLOW FEVER OF 1874. Total deaths in New Orleans, 1874, exclusive of still-born, 6798, including still-born (495), 7293. Cholera sporadica, 6; cholera morbus, 11; cholera infantum, 80; diarrhoea, chronic and acute, 182; dysentery, chronic and acute, 150; inflammation of bowels, 140; total diseases of bowels, 469; consumption, 810; inflammation of lungs, 258; pneumonia, 15; smallpox, 587; fever, 1; continued, 9; congestive, 254; intermittent, 37; malarial, 122; nervous, 1; puerperal, 20; remittent, 62; scarlet, 4; typhoid, 95; typho-malarial, 13; typhus, 2; yellow, 11; total deaths from fevers, 631. Total admissions, Charity Hospital, 5231; deaths, 860. Of the admissions, foreigners, 3013, natives of United States, 2201, including 764 natives of Louisiana. Diarrhoea, cases 381, deaths 82; dysentery, cases 74, deaths 42 ; phthisis pulmonalis, cases 287, deaths 145 ; pneumonia, cases 121, deaths, 37. Fevers, malarial, cases 712, deaths 95; intermittent, cases 929; remittent, cases 62; typho-malarial, cases 9, deaths 5 ; pernicious, cases 1, deaths 1; typhoid, cases 5, deaths 4; con- gestive, cases 4, deaths 3; yellow, cases 9, deaths 6 ; bilious, cases 2; catarrhal, cases 2 ; dengue, cases 2; continued, cases 3. Yellow fever caused only 11 deaths, 6 of which occurred in the Charity Hospital. Smallpox, on the other hand, caused 587 deaths. The various forms of fever caused 631 deaths, the greater portion of which, namely, 413, were caused by congestive, intermittent and malarial fevers. The cases and deaths from smallpox were as follows: January, cases 154, deaths 82; February, cases 196, deaths 89; March, cases 203, deaths 99; April, cases 248, deaths 97 ; May, cases 230, deaths 98; June, cases 141, deaths 66; July, cases 65, deaths 30; August, cases 12, deaths 6; September, cases 13, deaths 6 ; October, cases 8, deaths 3; November, cases 23, deaths 12; De- ' cember, cases 45, deaths 17; total cases, 1338 ; total deaths, 605. Six hundred and five deaths by smallpox are at the rate of 2.88 deaths per 1000 population, and 8.90 per cent, of the total death rate. Of 1338 cases of smallpox 712 were white and 626 colored, a rate of 4.59 cases to 1000 of white population, and 11.38 cases to 1000 of colored population, estimating white population at 155,000 and colored at 56,000, The total number of deaths for 1874 was 6798. The total death rate per 1000 per annum was 32.37, and the annual death rate, had not smallpox, an eminently preventable dis- ease, prevailed, would have been 29.49, In the face of such facts, the President of the Board of Health affirms " that persistent and decided effort was made by isolation, disinfection and ventila- tion to prevent the spread of smallpox." * The number of deaths from smallpox entered upon the mortuary report differed from those just given as officially reported to the Board of Health, and presented in tabular form,f thus: January, deaths 87 ; February, 82 ; March, 88 ; April, 94; May, 79; June, 73; July, 41; August, 10; September, 6; October, 2; November, 10; December, 15; total, 587. One hundred and ten deaths were recorded as caused by typhoid, typho-malarial and typhus fever; ninety-five of these were recorded as due to typhoid fever. The heaviest mortality from these diseases occurred during the months of June, July, August, September and October, and the deaths were as follows: January, 3; February, 1; March, 2; April, 2; May, 4; June, 13; July, 24 ; August, 19 ; September, 11; October, 18 ; November, 8 ; December, 4 ; total, 110. Much difference of opinion existed as to the nature of the disorder, which prevailed so exten- sively in some portions of the city as to be with propriety called epidemic. The rate of mortality from the disease did not exceed two to three per cent, and the total estimated cases for July and August would therefore be almost one thousand. The disease received various names, as typho-malarial fever, typhoid fever, continued fever and fievre muqueuse. The President of the Board of Health states that of the disease " very few cases and no deaths occurred at the Charity Hospital." This statement is incorrect, as nine cases, with five deaths, of typho-malarial fever, and five cases and four deaths of typhoid fever, were reported and published in the " Report of the Board of Administrators of the Charity Hospital for 1874." A portion of these cases were without doubt genuine typhoid fever. I observed in two fatal eases hemorrhage from the bowels, and in one case, in which a post-mortem was held, the glands of Peyer presented the characteristic lesions of genuine typhoid fever. Dr. D'Aquin, from the records of thirty-two cases, regarded the disease as enteric fever. His notes show the average duration of the disease to have been twenty-one days. Diarrhoea pres- ent in many cases. No hemorrhage from the bowels. Epistaxis frequent about fifth or sixth day in light cases. Relapses of severity occurred in four of the thirty-two cases. Rose-colored spots were present in certain of the cases. The disease seemed to spread from member to member of families. In six severe typical cases the march of the temperature corresponded in a marked manner with the typical typhoid fever temperature of Wunderlich. The heaviest mortality of 1874 occurred in the months of July (700) and August (708). In September the mortality fell to 440, and rose again to 626 in October. The unusual mortality of July and August was due, in part at least, to the elevated temperature, or so-called heated terra, which prevailed in all sections of the United States, affecting the north, west and south in succes- sion. Two cases of sunstroke were recorded in July and 23 in August; total for the year, 25. Congestion of the brain caused 214 deaths; 76, or almost one-third, occurred in the month of August. Congestive fever caused 254 deaths, one-third of which, or more exactly 81, occurred in *" Annual Report of Board of Health, 1874,'' p. 25. f Ibid, p. 24, p, 61. the month of August. Therefore, 180 deaths out of a total of 708 in the month of August, were caused by sunstroke, congestion of the brain, and congestive fever. The heaviest mortality of 1874 appears to have occurred during the week ending Sunday, August 16th, and amounted to 296, when in ordinary years, free from epidemic diseases, the mor- tality would have been not more than between 120 and 140. This frightful mortality resulted chiefly from the excessive heat, and to this cause alone may be attributed, during this short space of time, between 156 and 176 deaths. The deaths during the week ending August 16th, according to ages, were: under 1 year, 33; 1 to 2 years, 17; 2 to 5 years, 19; 5 to 10 years, 9; 10 to 15 years, 2; 15 to 20 years, 9 ; 20 to 25 years, 18; 25 to 30 years, 19; 30 to 40 years, 58; 40 to 50 years, 34; 50 to 60 years, 40; 60 to 70 years, 19 ; 70 to 80 years, 10 ; 80 to 90 years, 1; 90 to 100 years, 0; unknown, 8. YELLOW FEVER, 1875. Total deaths in New Orleans, 1875, from all causes, less still-born, 6117, including still-born (418), 6535. Yellow fever caused 61 deaths, distributed as follows: August, 5; September, 24; October, 20; November, 9; December, 3. The different forms of fever caused the following deaths: Continued, 2; congestive, 187; gastric, 3; intermittent, 30; malarial, 116; nervous, 4; puerperal, 19; remit- tent, 36; scarlet, 144; typhoid, 57; typho-malanal, 14; typhus, 2; yellow, 61; total deaths by fevers, 685 ; consumption, 799 ; inflammation of lungs, 261; pneumonia, 30; cholera sporadiea, 4; infantum, 100; morbus, 12; diarrhoea, 167; dysentery, 126; inflammation of bowels, 104; total diseases of bowels, 513. Smallpox caused 342 deaths, as follows: January, cases 93, deaths 38; February, cases 152, deaths 55; March, cases 240, deaths 98; April, 132 cases, 44 deaths; May, cases 90, deaths 30; June, cases 83, deaths 31; July, cases 56, deaths 21; August, cases 39, deaths 16; September, cases 7, deaths 4; October, cases 7, deaths 4; November, cases 19, deaths 6; December, cases 17, deaths 5; total cases, 935; males, 496; females, 429; not stated, 10; white, 415; colored, 477; not stated, 43 ; total deaths, 342 ; white, 131; colored, 201; not stated, 10. As in the preceding years, the highest mortality fell upon the colored race, and this decreased during the progress of the year, with the elevation of the temperature. The decrease was clearly referable to climatic causes and not to any measures of disinfection. Scarlet fever caused, during 1875, a larger mortality than in the nine preceding years; thus, deaths from scarlet fever, 1867, 24; 1868, 14; 1869, 13; 1870, 44; 1871, 5; 1872, 3; 1873, 8; 1874, 4 ; 1875, 144. In 1875 the monthly deaths from scarlet fever were as follows: January, 1; February, 1; March, 2; April, 2; May, 2; June, 8; July, 20; August, 21; September, 28; October, 18; November, 20; December 21; total, 144. The death rate from malarial fevers and the general death rate was lower in 1875 than in 1874. In the latter year, 1874, the total death rate per 1000 was 32.73; whites, 28.06; colored, 45.53; while in 1875 the death rate was: colored, 39.69; white, 25.45; and death rate for whole population, 29.13. The death rate is based upon an estimate of 210,000 inhabitants, 155,000 whites and 55,000 colored. In 1875 yellow fever appeared in Louisiana at three points; in the city of New Orleans, at Cous- hatta, on Red river, and at Port Eads. The total number of cases recorded in New Orleans during the year was 100, of which two came from Pascagoula and three from Port Eads. Key West, Barancas and Parvill's Point, Florida and Scranton, Pascagoula and Moss Point, Mississippi, suf- fered with yellow fever. The total recorded cases in New Orleans in 1875, excluding those from Pascagoula, Port Eads, was 95. The mortality was heavy, reaching 61 per cent., being a total of 61 deaths. The disease first appeared in the Second District, and was almost entirely confined to a locality four blocks by five. This was the principal focus of infection of the summer. In this locality the first case occurred August 8th, and the last one November 28th, the total number of undoubted cases being 41. " Disinfection of streets was thoroughly effected, but that of yards and habita- tions, owing to very great opposition, was so far interfered with as to render the immediate arrest of the fever impossible, even granting that the process of disinfection is able to promptly and entirely destroy yellow fever poison." The following is the month'y record of easesand deaths from yellow fever in 1875: August, cases 10, deaths 8; September, cases 59, deaths 28; October, cases 20, deaths 15; November, cases 8, deaths 8; December, cases 3, deaths 2. In the Charity Hospital 16 cases were treated, with 11 deaths. Total admissions to Charity Hos- pital, 4845, deaths, 753. Of the admissions 2634 were foreigners and 2198 natives of the United States, including 816 natives of Louisiana. The cases and deaths from fevers were as follows: Malarial, 731 cases, 67 deaths; intermittent, 695 cases, 5 deaths; remittent, 84 cases, 1 death; typho-malarial, 11 cases, 5 deaths; typhus, 4 cases, 1 death; congestive, 4 cases, 2 deaths; bilious remittent, 4 cases; scarlet, 1 case; catarrhal, 1 case; pernicious, 7 cases, 7 deaths; bilious, 2 cases, 2 deaths; yellow, 16 cases, 11 deaths; diarrhoea, cases 282, deaths 75; dysentery, cases 158, deaths 38; phthisis pulmonalis, cases 263, deaths 151; pneumonia, cases 113, deaths 37. From the reports of Dr. S. S. Herrick, Sanitary Inspector, First District, we gather that 21 cases properly belong to the First District for 1875, though six more were treated at the Charity Hospital and the Touro Infirmary. Only two foci of infection seem to have been established. These were in the neighborhood of the saw mill on the New Canal, between Galaxy and Miro streets, and at the head of the New Basin. The source of infection for neither locality could be traced. The earliest cases at the first spot died before they were recognized as yellow fever, and of the whole family not one was left to throw any light on the origin of their sickness. Two other cases sickened while this locality was undergoing disinfection for the first four. " After their termina- tion, disinfection was repeated, and no more cases followed." At the head of the basin four cases occurred during a period of time much more extended than at the other place. The first sickened between August 28th and 29th, and disinfection followed September 2d. The second sickened September 5th, followed by disinfection on the 9th and 10th. The other cases sickened on September 22d and 27th, respectively. In the Second District the deaths from yellow fever in 1875 were as follows : August, 4; Sep- tember, 7; October, 13; November, 4; December, 1 ; total, 29; 6 cases in August; 22 cases occur- ring during September; 14 in October; 4 in November, 1 in December; total, 47 cases. In the Third District, 8 cases of yellow fever occurred : August, 1; September, 2; October, 5. During the yellow fever of 1875, the same liberal and lavish use of carbolic acid was made both within and without the houses, and each case, as it occurred, was circumscribed by a large area, saturated with a solution of carbolic acid, upon the theory that the germ of yellow fever traveled slowly along the ground. All the alleys, yards and empty lots of every square upon which a case of yellow fever was reported were sprinkled with crude carbolic acid by means of hand pots and sprinkling carts. About 70 gallons of crude carbolic acid were used per square. In a similar manner the cross streets were treated with carbolic acid at a rate of about 15 gallons per 100 yards length of street. We have no accurate estimate of the amount of carbolic acid thus used, but thousands and tens of thousands of gallons were used in 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874 and 1875. YELLOW FEVER, 1876. The total deaths from all causes in New Orleans during 1876, exclusive of still-born, was 6257; inclusive of still-born, 6685. The monthly deaths were as follows: January, 436; February, 460; March, 559; April, 447; May, 601; June, 653; July, 536; August, 469; September, 503; October, 477; November, 524; December, 592. Total deaths from fevers, 1876; bilious, 7; catarrhal, 30; congestive, 129 ; gastric, 11; inter- mittent, 33; malarial, 144; nervous, 1; pernicious, 33; puerperal, 18; remittent, 49; scarlet, 123; typhoid, 53; typho-malarial, 14; typhus, 2; yellow, 42. Total deaths by fevers, 689. Smallpox, 586 cases, 232 deaths. The cases of smallpox occurred as follows : January, 39; February, 69; March, 44; April, 63; May, 31; June, 22; July, 22; August, 8 ; September, 8; October, 31; November, 82; December, 187. Total, 586. It will be observed that, as in preced- ing years, the smallpox was most destructive and prevailed to the greatest extent during the cold months and decreased to a great extent during the heat of summer, thus manifesting a directly opposite relation to yellow fever. Apparently a certain degree of cold concentrates and intensifies the smallpox poison, while a certain degree of heat dissipates and destroys it. The yellow fever poison, pn the other hand, is developed and spreads only at elevated and tropical temperatures, and is arrested by cold. These facts indicate that both diseases are caused by organic poisons of definite chemical constitutions and relations. Deaths in 1876 from diseases of the bowels: Diarrhoea, 153; dysentery, 132; cholera, 9; cholera infantum, 73; cholera-morbus, 13; inflammation of bowels, 71. Total deaths from bowel affections, 451. Total deaths from consumption, 871. Yellow fever prevailed to a limited extent, and was confined chiefly to the Fourth District. Total cases of yellow fever in the entire city, 96; total deaths from yellow fever, 42. Total admissions to Charity Hospital 1876, 5690; total deaths, 742. Of the admissions 2091 were foreigners, 2684 natives of the United States, and of these latter, 1015 were natives of Louisi- ana. The following is the record of the cases of deaths from the various forms of fever in the Charity Hospital during 1876. Fever, intermittent, cases 136; malarial, cases 1161, deaths 92; bilious, case 1; bilious remittent, 100 cases, 2 deaths; remittent, 11 cases, 5 deaths; malarial, chronic, 3 cases; typho-malarial, 5 cases, 2 deaths; dengue, 2 cases; bilious, 17 cases; continued, 2 cases, 1 death; typhoid, 9 cases, 4 deaths; pernicious, 11 cases, 8 deaths; catarrhal, 1 case; congestion, 3 cases, 3 deaths; puerperal, 4 cases, 4 deaths; yellow, 3 cases, 2 deaths; enteric, 1 case, 1 death; rheumatic, 1 case; rubeola, 124 cases; malarial haematuria, 2 cases. Phthisispul- monalis, cases 307, deaths 128; pneumonia, 120 cases, 49 deaths; diarrhoea, 354 cases, 60 deaths; dysentery, 160 cases, 31 deaths. In 1876, the first case of yellow fever officially reported to Dr. J. B. Gaudet, President of the Board of Health, occurred on the 11th of August, on Tchoupitoulas street, between First and Sec- ond streets, and died with black vomit August 17th, at 24 Eighth street. Anna Maria Valender, aged nineteen; native of Germany; in New Orleans eighteen months. When taken ill was resid- ing as a servant in the family of Ambrose Leitz, on Tchoupitoulas street, lake side, between First and Second streets; removed second day of illness to 24 Eighth street; died Thursday 17th, at five o'clock p. m. The attending physician, Dr. Joseph Schmittle, and the consulting physicians, Drs. F. Loeber, S. S. Wood, F. B. Gaudet, Charles Faget, Sr., A. C. Gaudet, and Joseph Holt, pro- nounced it a genuine case of yellow fever. On Wednesday evening, the 16th, all the premises in the square bounded by Tchoupitoulas, Fulton, First and Second streets were thoroughly sprinkled with refined carbolic acid, Calvert's No. 5, in solution, one part of acid to fifty of water. The banquettes were sprinkled with the same. The boundary streets, particularly the gutters, were sprinkled with the crude carbolic acid, one barrel being used. On the evening of the 18th, immediately after the funeral, the rooms and premises of No. 24 Eighth street were sprinkled with the pure acid solution. This method of dis- infection was extended to all the premises in the square bounded by Tchoupitoulas, Fulton, Eighth and Ninth streets, and also on the square bounded by Tchoupitoulas, Fulton, Seventh and Eighth streets. The banquettes were sprinkled with the pure acid solution, and a line of crude carbolic acid extended through the boundary streets. Two barrels of the crude acid were used. The fol- lowing day Dr. Le Monnier visited the house 24 Eighth street, and thoroughly disinfected the bedding, clothes and furniture of the deceased. Careful and repeated investigation by the President of the Board of Health, Dr. Gaudet, by Dr. Le Monnier, Secretary of the Board of Health, by Dr. Joseph Holt, Sanitary Inspector of the Fourth District, and by the sanitary officers, failed to discover the slightest clue to foreign infec- tion from any ship, person or material. Case ii.-Male, aged nineteen years; native of France, resident of New Orleans eighteen months; attacked 1st of September, on Annunciation street, between Louisiana avenue and Dela- chaise street; died with black vomit September 6th. Case hi.-F. E., age seven years; native of Tennessee, in New Orleans three years; residence 125| Philip street, lower side, between Annunciation and Laurel streets. Taken sick September 1st. Delirium, jaundice and black vomit on the fourth day; child recovered. Case not reported until the subsequent prevalence of yellow fever confirmed the diagnosis of the attendant physician, Dr. Mitchell. Cases occurred in the same house: on September 7th (Mr. J. C. E., aged thirty; native of Germany; in New Orleans three years; recovered). Mr. E., twenty-nine years; native of Virginia; in New Orleans three years; September 7th; recovered. G. E., aged six years; native of Tennessee; in New Orleans three years; September 11th; recovered. J. C. Ep, age four years; native of Tennessee; in New Orleans three years; September 13th; recovered. Case iv.-K. S., age thirteen ; native of Honduras; in New Orleans twelve months; Philip and Annunciation streets; taken sick September 5th; black vomit 8th; died 10th. Disinfection of premises was attempted the following morning, but was prevented by the illness of two of the family. These recovered without manifesting symptoms sufficient to confirm a diagnosis. Within one square radius of this house thirty-three of the recorded cases took the disease. Fifteen of these were fatal. Case v.-A. B. F., age three years; native of New Orleans; taken sick September 5th at 120 Jackson street, between Annunciation and Laurel streets; died September 10th, with jaundice and black vomit. Case not reported to Board of Health until September 28th. Case vi.-Mrs. D., age twenty-three; native of Michigan; in New Orleans four months. Ilas resided in Third District until three weeks prior to illness, when she removed to 104 Jackson street, between Chippewa and Annunciation. Taken ill September 5th, Dr. Thomas Layton attending. " Her case presented all the prominent features of yellow fever, such as a fever of one paroxysm, and of seventy hours' duration; general redness of the skin, with appearance of oedematous thick- ening, as the rash of scarlatina; a maintained temperature of 103° to 104°; great dullness of the sensorium and delirium. This stage was terminated by a sudden fall of temperature, prostration, slow pulse. Capillary stasis, yellow, but not cyanotic hue of skin, eyes yellow, albumen in urine, and on the fifth day copious black vomit frequently ejected. Being eight months pregnant, she was delivered of a still-born child on the ninth day of her illness. Recovered. She came near flooding to death sixty hours after delivery." Case vii. , age sixteen, male; native of New Orleans ; corner Orange and St. Thomas streets; taken sick September 7th ; died September 12th. Case viii.-Mr. J. C. E., aged thirty; native of Germany; in New Orleans three years; 125| Philip street; taken sick September 7th ; recovered. Case ix.-Mrs. E., age twenty-nine; native of Virginia; 125J Philip street; September 7th; recovered. Cxse x.-C., age twenty-eight, male; native of England; in New Orleans three years; 173 Rousseau street, between Soraparu and First streets ; taken sick September 8th; black vomit and death September 11th. Policeman. Premises disinfected. Case xi.-M. M., female, native of Ireland; in New Orleans three years ; 20 Josephine street, between Tchoupitoulas and Rousseau; Sept. 8th; case reported Sept. 11th; recovered. Case xu.-A. R., colored, female, age twelve; native of Arkansas; in New Orleans seven years; residence 45 Polymnia street; servant in family of Mr. E. (Case 8), 125J Philip street; taken sick Sept. 8th ; recovered. Case xiii.-C. H., female, age ten; native of Massachusetts; in New Orleans nine years; 122 Philip street, corner Annunciation; Sept. 9th ; case reported Sept. 21st; recovered. Fifteen days previous to illness the family had returned from a tour through the Northern States. Case xiv.-G. E., age six; native of Tennessee; in New Orleans three years; 125| Philip street; taken ill Sept. 11th; recovered. Case xv.-M. J., age eight; native of New Orleans; in New Orleans four months after residing in St. Louis four years; died Sept. 18th; disinfection after funeral; residence 135 Jack- son street, between Annunciation and Laurel. Case xvi.-S. W., colored, female, age fifty; native of Virginia; in New Orleans five years; sick nurse in family of Mr. E. (125| Philip street, Case 8); residence 72 Union street; Sept. 12th; on the third and fourth days vomited blood; recovered. Case xvii.-J. G. W., male, age thirty-three; native of Glasgow; in New Orleans, three years; 166 Jackson street; taken sick Sept. 12th; died Sept. 18th; disinfection Sept. 19th. Case xviii.-J. C. E., age four years ; native of Tennessee; in New Orleans three years ; 125J Philip street; Sept. 13th; recovered. Case xix.-Sister E., age thirty-eight; native of Germany; in New Orleans three months; St. Joseph's Asylum, Josephine street, corner Laurel; resided in Asylum as cloistered nun; taken sick Sept. 13th ; black vomit on third day; reported 18th ; died Sept. 24th. Case xx.-Mrs. J. E.W., age thirty-six; native of Pennsylvania; in New Orleans five years; 473 Annunciation street, between Philip and First streets; taken sick Sept. 14th ; died Sept. 21st; black vomit, suppression of urine. At this time the sanitary force of the Fourth District, under the direction of Dr. Holt, was engaged in the general disinfection of the infected district. Case xxi.-F., age 18 years; native of Ireland; in New Orleans three years; 58 Orange street; Sept. 14th; recovered. Case xxii.-S. E., one year; native of New Orleans; 125| Philip street; Sept. 15th; recovered. Case xxiii.-Sister Francis,age twenty-one; native of Michigan; came to New Orleans Octo- ber, 1874; has resided as a cloistered nun at St. Joseph's Asylum; taken sick Sept. 15th; reported Sept. 18th; recovered. (Josephine and Laurel streets.) Case xxiv.-Sister Alfreda, age thirty; native of Prussia; came to New Orleans 1870; has resided since as a cloistered nun in St. Joseph's Asylum, Josephine and Laurel streets; taken sick Sept. 16th; reported Sept. 18th; recovered. Case xxv.-M. W., female, age seven; native of New Orleans; 191 Josephine street; Sept. 16th ; recovered. Case xxvi.-A. W., female, age four; native of St. Louis; in New Orleans two months; 161 Laurel street; Sept. 16th; albumen in urine, black vomit; recovered. Case xxvii.-Sister B., age twenty-five; native of New York; in New Orleans ten months; St. Joseph's Asylum, Josephine and Laurel streets; suppression of urine; black vomit; taken sick Sept. 17th; died Sept. 21st. Dr. Thomas Layton, Physician of St. Joseph's Hospital, states that: " In the cases of the sis- ters the usual pains in the head, back and limbs were present. The fever was one of unbroken paroxysms, with a decided typhoid tendency in the cases which recovered. In these the patients continued having fever, as observed by the thermometer, for a great many days. This secondary fever was of a low grade, and at the time the pulse was at or about the normal standard. All have resembled each other strikingly in the general symptoms and appearance at the outset." The disinfection of St. Joseph's Asylum, corner of Laurel and Josephine streets, was com- menced by the sisters, directed by Dr. Layton, on Sunday, Sept. 17th. A solution of the pure carbolic acid was used. All bedding and clothing removed from the sick were wet with it; also the floors of rooms and halls, the sewers and privies. The ejecta of patients were carbolized and buried in the yard, to avoid the possibility of infecting the privies. On the 20th of the month all of the floors of the building, privies, drains and yards were thoroughly treated with the pure car- bolic acid solution, one part to forty, by the sanitary officers; this was repeated on the 25th. Living on the premises of this asylum are 210 whites;*25 of these are cloistered nuns. Number of persons acclimated by having had yellow fever, six. No case of yellow fever occurred in this institution after the 17th, and this result was referred by the physician in charge, the Sanitary Inspector of the Fourth District and the Board of Health, to the thorough disinfection of this institution. Case xxviii.-Mrs. S., age thirty-five; native of England; in New Orleans three years; 418 Prytania street, between Seventh and Eighth; Sept. 17th ; died Sept. 23d. Case xxix.-J. R. M., sailor, ship "Belgravia," age thirty-five; native of England; had been living on shipboard, but had visited the infected district; taken sick Sept. 17th; black vomit; died Sept. 20th. The ship " Belgravia " arrived, direct from Liverpool, August 20th, with cargo of bricks and salt; lay at the foot of Second street; ship thoroughly disinfected. Case xxx.-S. D., female, age eight; native of New Orleans; 71 Laurel street, between Josephine and St. Andrew; Sept. 17th; high fever; one paroxysm of eighty hours; temperature 106°, pulse 136; albumen in urine; recovered; reported 23d. Case xxxi.-M. H., female, age seven years; native of New Orleans; 122 Philip street; died Sept. 22d. Case xxxii.-G. E. W., age thirty-six; native of New York; in New Orleans seven years; 137 Laurel street, Sept. 18th; died Sept. 21st. Case xxxiii -Mrs. E. R., age twenty-five; native of Texas; in New Orleans some months; 505 Annunciation street; Sept 18th; died 23d. An intense fever of eighty hours'duration. On third day of attack delivered of a seven months' foetus. Case xxxiv.-Mr. G. C. R., age twenty-two years; native of Ohio; in New Orleans two weeks; 505 Annunciation street, between First and Second. "Was taken sick September 19th, during the night; chill followed by fever of one paroxysm of forty-eight hours and very intense. This stage was characterized by those common symptoms, the exanthematous redness of the skin, bloodshot eyes, red tongue and gums, and great irritability of the stomach. On the third day the dangerous symptoms were greatly intensified by mental shock occasioned by startling bad news told him, and also by getting out of bed. He rapidly sank into an adynamic state, presenting the nervous depression and irritability of typhoid; extreme yellowness of skin and eyes; urine solidly albuminous on test, with casts; occasional black vomit; during the last two days incessant hiccough. Died at eight o'clock a.m., Oct. 4th, after an illness of fifteen days." Case xxxv.-A. D., age fourteen ; native of Arkansas; in New Orleans nine months ; inmate Jewish Orphans' Home, Jackson street, between Rousseau and Chippeway; Sept. 21st; fever sixty hours; during eighteen hours temperature 104|°; after bloodletting by cut cups fell to 102°, with decline of fever on third day; pulse became slow and feeble. This stage was followed by oppression over epigastrium, vomiting of clear blood; urine albuminous; catamenia returned; recovered under care of Dr. F. Locker at the First Infirmary.* Case xxxvi.-G., female, aged twenty-four; native of Louisiana; in New Orleans ten years; 130 Philip street, between Annunciation and Laurel streets; September 22d; recovered. Case xxxvii.-W. C., three years; native of Mississippi; in New Orleans two years; 502 Annunciation street; September 22d; died 26th. Case xxxviii.-John Maxwell, aged thirty years; native of Alabama; in New Orleans four days; residence, 429 Annunciation street, between Jackson and Philip streets. Taken ill Sep- tember 23d; Dr. Ason the attending physician. The clinical signs were those of a severe case of yellow fever; a period of malaria ending in rigors, superseded by a fever of many hours' dura- tion ; hiccough and cramp in stomach twelve hours before death. Post-mortem changes rapid. Died September 29th. It is evident that in the preceding case the period of incubation of the yellow fever poison could not have exceeded four days. We also observe the promptness with which a stranger was attacked when coming into the infected district, and yet, when strangers remained in the central portion of the city and did not visit the infected district, they escaped entirely. A refugee from Savannah, Mr. C. Ring, who came to New Orleans with the intention of opening a branch of his house in the cotton business, placed himself under my care and remained during September and October at the City Hotel, and, by my advice, avoided the Fourth District. He escaped. The cause of the fever, as shown by the brief record of the preceding thirty- eight cases, was circumscribed in its action and the spread was slow. It is unnecessary, as we have by the preceding observations established the local, indigenous origin of the disease, and its slow spread and marked localization, to farther protract the examination of individual cases, and we proceed to record the results of the labors of the Board of Health to confine and destroy the disease by disinfection. Of the total number of cases occurring in the entire city of New Orleans during the summer and fall of 1876, namely, 92, more than two-thirds, or 74, occurred in the Fourth District. Of these 74 cases the first occurred in August; 53 in September, and 20 in October. Total number of cases in Fourth District, 74; whites, 71; colored, 3; natives of foreign countries and other States, 53; natives of New Orleans, 17; of Louisiana, 4; number of deaths, 35. Mortality in Fourth District nearly 50 per cent. We are indebted to Dr. Joseph Holt, the Sanitary Inspector of the Fourth District, for a record of the efforts of the Board of Health to control the disease by disinfection. The following facts are condensed from his report to the Board of Health.f The first case in 1876 occurred August 11th, in Tchoupitoulas street, between First and Second streets. Removed to 24 Eighth street, between Tchoupitoulas and Fulton, where she died on the 18th. Careful investigation failed to connect this case with any foreign importation. The second case was attacked September 3d, at 125 J Philip street. Besides the difference of twenty-three days in the appearance of these cases, there had been no communication, and between them were five squares, measured diagonally. These squares were compactly built, and many of the inhabitants were ascertained to be wholly unacclimated. It is not likely, therefore, that the disease could have spread from the first to the second case without influencing others on its way. It is more reasonable to believe that the causes of infection in the first case operated independently to pro- duce it in the second. In the immediate neighborhood of 125J Philip street, corner of Annunciation, the disease ♦"Cases of Yellow Fever in New Orleans in 1876, reported to the Board of Health by Joseph Holt, Sanitary Inspector of Fourth District, New Orleans." f " Cases of Yellow Fever in New Orleans in 1876." New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, Novem- ber, 1876, pp. 337-368. "Analysis of the Record of Yellow Fever in New Orleans in 1876." New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, January, 1877, N. 8., Vol. IV, No. 4, pp. 480-495. Vol. IV-27 spread with some degree of activity; thus, from September 3d to September 7th inclusive, five cases occurred, and all within a radius of two hundred feet. Many of the cases occurring about this time were suspected, but recovering, were not pronounced yellow fever, because of their lack- ing some of the unquestionable diagnostic features found only in cases usually fatal. It was not until the 13th of September that the Board of Health had alarming evidence of the epidemic tendency of the disease, as shown in its advance toward the heart of the city. By this time it had passed Constance street and appeared in St. Joseph's Asylum. The invasion was west and north- west, directly in the face of a strong and constantly prevailing northwest wind. Within a period of eighteen days from the 3d of September it had spread over an area of thirty-nine squares, densely inhabited. This area was bounded by Magazine street and the river front, St. Andrew and Second streets. Of the 74 cases recorded, 60 were within these limits. Those who were stricken elsewhere in the Fourth District had been much exposed within this area. This rule prevailed, with three exceptions only, to the end of the season. This is true, also, to a great extent, with reference to the 18 cases which occurred in other districts of the city; the majority could be traced to the infected district. From the time of its appearance, on the 3d of September, to the last case on the record, Octo- ber 13th, the visitation continued forty days. It reached its height in twenty days, continued without spreading fifteen days and declined in five days. EFFORTS OF THE BOARD OF HEALTH TO CONTROL THE YELLOW FEVER OF 1876, IN NEW ORLEANS, BY THE LIMITATION AND ACTUAL DESTRUCTION OF ITS CAUSE-DISINFECTION. In the first case, as we have seen, the disinfection with carbolic acid was pushed vigorously and made complete, and this case remained isolated, no others occurring in the infected or adjoining squares. The Cases n, in, iv, v and vi, in the second focus of inspection, appearing eighteen and twenty days later, were not disinfected. These became the recognized centre of the epidemic, and from this centre the disease spread, and in eighteen days had invaded 39 squares, besides scattering cases beyond these limits. A general disinfection was commenced on the night of September 22d. Until this time, all efforts had been limited to the disinfection of the houses and premises of those who died. On the night of the 22d a quadruple cordon of the pure acid solution, one part to forty of water, was thrown around the infected area, by a thorough sprinkling of the boundary streets and banquettes, a line for each side of the street, and in the same way for the next inner line of boundary streets. The object of this was to put a stop to the march of the pestilence by forming around the infected locality a barrier. To accomplish this required 235 gallons of the pure acid. On the night of the 23d the sixteen streets of the infected area were similarly disinfected. From this date the daily occupation of the sanitary force consisted in disinfecting the premises of the squares within this area. To complete five squares was a day's work. Whenever a case occurred outside of these limits, the premises of the square and of the one opposite, together with the boundary streets, were disinfected. Every precaution was taken to avoid bringing the acid in such proximity to the patients as might do harm. For this reason the premises of the sick and those adjoining, one on each side, were not touched. A special cordon of the pure solution was made around these. On the night of the 28th, beginning at ten o'clock, the sprinkling carts were filled with the crude carbolic acid, undiluted. They were then driven through a double line of boundary streets of the infected area, in the manner already described for the night of the 22d. The following night a single line of the same was extended through the sixteen intersecting streets. This was done as a precautionary measure, inasmuch as a prevailing strong wind, together with a burning heat of sun, had been acting to dissipate the volatile combination of cresylic and carbolic acids, here spoken of as pure acid, distributed on the nights of the 22d and 23d. The crude acid was used in order to retain these more volatile constituents, by reason of their combination with tar and the heavier tar products. These are, no doubt, of themselves, powerful disinfectants. For the work of these two nights twenty barrels of crude acid were used. Great stress was laid upon the assumed limit- ing power of the disinfectants. The area infected was so immense as not to permit of an actual and complete disinfection of its entire surface with any amount less than an unlimited supply of the acid. To disinfect all houses and premises was utterly impossible. The most that could be hoped for in this direction was to apply the agent, although, at best, in an imperfect and unsatis- factory manner, to as many premises as we were able. The main effort of Dr. Joseph Holt, Sanitary Inspector of the Fourth District, was expended upon hedging in the pestilence by carbolizing the streets and gutters-"just as would be done, in its own proper way, in the case of a great fire." Except where some one had died, not a private house, and only two-thirds of the premises, were disinfected-many not touched, except the priviet. It was clearly proved, therefore, that, even after our best efforts, cases would continue to occur in this locality. From the beginning it was the established rule to pay particular attention to the carbolizing of privies. Even in cases where admittance to premises was otherwise refused, this much was insisted on; second to this, the carbolizing of street gutters. RELATION OF DISINFECTION TO THE SPREAD, THE FORMATION AND FINAL CHECK OF THE YELLOW FEVER IN NEW ORLEANS, IN 1876. There were seventy-four recorded cases. During the twenty days from Sept. 3d to the night of the general disinfection, Sept. 23d, there occurred 35 cases. During the twenty days following, to October 13th, the date of the last case, there occurred 38 cases. Seventeen of the 38 fell sick during the first five days, leaving 21 cases for the remaining fifteen days. Of the 38 cases, 11 occurred outside of the infected districts. Eight of these had been nursing the sick or visiting socially in the infected area. The remaining three had no such history, but had evidently con- tracted the disease outside of this locality. They occurred in persons who had been in close prox- imity to the sick, about the intersection of Eighth and Constance streets, who had been infected in the diseased locality. This appearance gave reason to fear the development of a new centre of infection. This new area comprised the sixteen squares bounded by Magazine and Chippewa, Washington and Ninth streets. From September 29th to October 5th, the disinfection of this quarter was accomplished. With reference to the occurrence of the disease in public institutions and on ships, Dr. Joseph Holt records the following important facts :- On the 13th of September a case occurred in St. Joseph's Asylum, corner of Laurel and Jose- phine streets. On the 15th another; one on the 16th, and one on the 17th. Two of these were fatal. On the 17th the building and premises were disinfected with the pure acid solution. The same was applied to all bedding and clothing removed from the patients. This was accomplished by the sisters, guided by Dr. Layton. Again, on the 20th, by the sanitary force, the yard, sewers and privies were thoroughly treated with the pure acid, one part to fifty of water. This was repeated on the 25th. (Other public institutions, to be mentioned, were disinfected in the same way.) No case after the 17th. Living on the premises were 210 white persons, of whom 25 were cloistered nuns. Of the entire number, six were already acclimated, by having had yellow fever. In the Jewish Orphans' Home, corner Jackson and Chippewa streets, a case occurred Septem- ber 21st, one on the 25th, and one on the 27th. Two of these were fatal. The interior of this building was repeatedly disinfected by the inmates, directed by Dr. Locker, in the manner just mentioned. The premises, including yards, drains and privies, were disinfected by the sanitary force, September 26th. No other case occurred. Residing on the premises were 110 white persons, of whom six had previously had yellow fever. In the Convent of the Sisters of Mercy, on St. Andrew street, between Constance and Maga- zine, a case occurred September 29th. It terminated fatally. This institution was disinfected October 2d. Living on the premises were 43 Sisters of Mercy, 19 employes and 70 orphans-122 persons-all white. Ten of them had already had yellow fever. In the immediate neighborhood of these institutions the private residences invaded, but never disinfected, seemed to fare differ- ently. The disease, in many instances, attacked in succession every member of the family liable -frequently three, four, and as many as eight. The sailing ship "Belgravia" arrived direct from Liverpool August 29th. She landed about the foot of Second street, where she remained to the present time. The crew were allowed to go on shore at will. One of the sailors was taken ill aboard ship September 17th. On the 20th he was conveyed to the Touro Infirmary, where he died the same day. On the 20th the ship was thoroughly disinfected with carbolic acid and chlorinated lime. The bedding and clothes of the deceased were tied in a bundle, weighted with stones, and sunk in the river. The ship was thoroughly washed throughout. After this she was repeatedly carbolized and cleansed. During the ten days following the death of this case the crew remained closely about the vessel. After this time some of them became reckless, and frequented the places in the infected area, where this man caught the disease. Two of the crew fell ill of the disease on the morning of October 8th, and died at the Touro Infirmary, one on the 12th and one on the 14th inst. The command- ing officer predicted the illness of these men, in a conversation with Dr. Joseph Holt, a few days before they were taken, because of their foolhardiness. Living on board, officers and crew, twenty men, none of whom had ever been exposed to yellow fever. Just astern the " Belgravia" lay the sailing ship "Evangeline." Officers and crew unaccli- mated. The captain's wife spent a Sabbath evening with a friend living in the infected centre, October 11th. She was taken ill the following evening and died, having thrown up black vomit freely, October 16th. The same method of disinfection was pursued as with the " Belgravia." No other case occurred. Dr. Joseph Holt presents the following- RESUME. Total number of cases: White, 71; colored, 3 (74); natives of New Orleans, 17; of Louisiana, 4; of other States and countries, 53; deaths, 35; total amount of disinfectants used: Pure car- bolic acid, Calvert's No. 5, 19 barrels, ranging from 45 to 50 gallons each = about 912 gallons. Total crude carbolic acid compound, 40 barrels, containing 45 gallons each = 1600 gallons. Total areas disinfected, streets and premises of 64 squares. Total areas disinfected a second time, streets and premises of 24 squares. The following is the census of the 39 inhabited squares bounded by Magazine street and the river front, St. Andrew and Second streets, not includ- ing asylums. Number of premises, 1143; persons on premises, white, 5869; colored, 538; total population, 6407; born in New Orleans, 3713; in Louisiana, 211; arrived in New Orleans since 1867, the date of the last great epidemic, 467; born in New Orleans since- 1867, 1760; number who have already had yellow fever, white, 1163; colored, 34; total persons who had had yellow fever, 1196; number who never had yellow fever, 5211. Dr. Holt concludes, from his experience during the yellow fever of 1876, in New Orleans:- "That carbolic acid not only retards decomposition and modifies its products, but seems to destroy directly the yellow fever infection, and in order to accomplish this, it is not essential that all surfaces be subjected to the actual contact of the disinfectant. The destructive influence seems to extend beyond the limit of actual contact. "That when the suppression of the disease is to be accomplished by disinfectants, these are to be thoroughly applied from the first moment of alarm. There must be an absolute parallel between the management of this disease and the management of a fire. The Board of Health is the central office, each physician having at heart the welfare of his fellow citizens constitutes himself, as it were, an alarm box. The first occasion of alarm is made known to the board. . . As in the case of fire, the only hope of extinguishing a pestilence is in the very earliest knowledge of its existence."* YELLOW FEVER OF 1877. New Orleans escaped yellow fever in 1877, only one death having been reported from this disease, and this occurred in the month of November, in the case of a passenger from Havana, who passed through the quarantine. YELLOW FEVER OF 1878. Yellow fever appeared in the month of May, but did not commence its ravages until July. Its presence was not seriously suspected or fully recognized until the second week in July. The deaths from yellow fever in New Orleans in 1878 were as follows:- May 2 June 0 July 50 August 974 September 1873 October 1044 November 90 December 3 Total 4056 * " Analysis of the Record of Yellow Fever in New Orleans in 1876." New Orleans Ned. & Surg. Journ. N. S. IV, No. 4, July, 1877, p. 494. Immediately upon the recognition of the disease, in the month of Ju)y, Dr. Samuel Choppin, President of the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana, who appears at that time to have been a strong believer in the efficacy of carbolic acid, caused all the localities where cases were reported to be thoroughly treated with carbolic acid. The gutters, yards, streets or lanes and vacant lots were literally deluged with carbolic acid. The disease was unchecked by the cordon of carbolic acid, and marched rapidly from district to district until every district of the town was invaded, and the infection was carried by steamboats and railroads far into the interior of the valley. The charmed spell of carbolic acid disinfection of gutters and streets was forever broken. In 1879, 49 cases of yellow fever with 19 deaths were reported in a limited area of the Fourth District. YELLOW FEVER OF 1880. In 1880,* one death occurred in the Touro Infirmary in the month of July, in the case of a sailor on the bark " Excelsior," which was sent back to quarantine, and the disease spread no further. A case reported as one of yellow fever occurred in October, in the person of a young man re- cently arrived from the country ; he was said, however, to be a native of this city. No case was reported in 1881, f and in 1882 J five cases were reported, which proved fatal, namely, one in June, one in July and two in August. Thorough inspection and cleansing and disinfection of the premises, isolation of the sick, and the prompt destruction by fire of infected clothing, beds and bedding, and the prompt burial of the dead were the measures employed successfully for the arrest of the yellow fever of 1882 by the President of the Board of Health. Not one gallon of carbolic acid was sprinkled in the streets or poured into the gutters; but the privies, yards and houses were cleaned and disinfected. The death from yellow fever reported in 1883 § occurred late in the season, after the suspension of quarantine, the patient coming from Vera Cruz, among a body of Italian emigrants. From the preceding facts relating to the practice of disinfection in New Orleans, Louisiana, more especially with reference to carbolic acid disinfection against yellow fever, smallpox and cholera, the following conclusions may be drawn:- 1. In all efforts to arrest the spread of yellow fever by disinfectants and sanitary measures in cities situated in temperate latitudes where yellow fever is not indigenous it must be noted :- (a) Epidemics of yellow fever vary greatly in their rate of increase, and in the rapidity of their spread, and the size of the area which they may invade. (6) Even in a large city containing a large unacclimated population, and possessing apparently all the topographical and climatic conditions favorable for the rapid spread of yellow fever, the disease, although introduced from foreign parts, may for a series of years show no disposition to spread. (c) The origin and spread of yellow fever is closely related to the temperature. These propositions will be clearly illustrated by the following important table, illustrating the natural history of yellow fever in its relations to climate and seasons in New Orleans, Louisiana :- * Report of Joseph Jones, m.d., President Board of Health, State of Louisiana, 1880. t Ibid., 1881. J Ibid., 1882. ? Ibid., 1883. MONTHLY DEATHS BY YELLOW FEVER DURING A PERIOD OF THIRTY- TWO YEARS, 1847-1878.* June. July. August. September. October. November. j December. Total Deaths by Yellow Fever. Date of First Case. Year. May. 1847 74 965 1,100 198 33 2,306 July 6th. 1848 4 33 200 467 226 20 808 June 21st. 1849 1 17 314 416 112 9 769 July 28th. 1850 i 4 62 33 4 107 One death Jan.; two March; one May. 1851 8 6 2 1 17 1852 2 8 91 198 105 11 456 July. 1853 2 si 1521 5,133 982 147 28 4 7,849 May 22d. 1854 2 29 532 1,234 490 131 7 2,425 First death June 12th. 1855 5 382 1,286 874 97 19 7 2,670 June 19th. 1856 14 40 16 4 7 74 June 28th. 10 years.. 3 42 2,046 8,225 5,041 1,794 453 55 17 481 1857 1 1 1 8 98 82 8 200 One death reported in January. 1858 2 132 1,140 2,204 1,137 224 5 4,845 One death reported January 10th. 1859 1 59 28 3 91 June. 1860 3 7 5 15 1861 1862 1 1 2 1863 2 2 About 100 cases in U. S. River Fleet. 1864 4 1 6 About 200 cases and 57 deaths, U. S. Gunboats and River Fleet. 1865 1 1 1866 5 56 89 31 4 192 One death August 10th. 10 years.. 3 137 1,154 2,277 1,387 366 21 5,354 1867 3 11 255 1,637 1,072 103 26 3,107 One case died June 10th. 1868 5 5 October 5th, died in Charity Hospital. 1869 1 2 3 July 17th. 1870 i 3 231 242 106 5 588 May 26th. 1871 2 9 22 19 2 54 July 30th. 1872 1 5 24 7 2 39 August 28th. 1873 3 19 208 79 17 226 July 9th. 1874 2 6 2 2 11 August 19th. 1875 5 24 20 9 3 61 August 8th. 1876 1 19 17 4 1 42 August 11th. 10 years.. 4 15 286 2,135 1,489 267 40 4,136 1877 1 1 November. 1878 2 50 974 1,893 1.044 90 3 4,056 May 25th. 2 years.... 2 • 50 974 1,893 1,044 91 3 4,057 32 years.. 5 49 2,248 10,639 11,346 5,714 1,177 119 31,028 1879 19 1880 1 1 2 1881 0 1882 1 1 2 4 1883 1 1 Total 5 50 2,250 10,641 11,346 5,715 1,178 119 31,054 * Reports of Joseph Jones, m.d., President of the Board of Health, State of Louisiana, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883. 2. From the preceding table it is evident that, as a general rule, the great epidemics, as those of 1847, 1849, 1853, 1854, 1855, 1858, 1867 and 1878, commenced early in the hot months (May, June and July), and attained their maximum intensity in August and September. Thus, during the period of thirty-two years the deaths from yellow fever in New Orleans were as follows:- January, 6; February, 0; March, 2; April, 0; May, 5; June, 49; July, 2248; August, 10,639; September, 11,346; October, 5714; November, 1177; December, 119. The curve of yellow fever, therefore, corresponds, to a certain extent, with the curve of tem- perature. Thus, from the records of thirty-eight years, which I have consolidated and calculated from the most reliable data, the mean temperature of New Orleans is as follows: January, 56.28; February, 58.03; March, 64.27; April, 69.41; May, 75.90; June, 81.35; July, 83.21; August, 83.14; September, 79.64; October, 70.27: November, 62.80; December, 56.43; spring, 69.56; summer, 82.53; autumn, 70.75; winter, 56.91; year, 69.51. The origin and spread of yellow fever, therefore, depends absolutely upon an elevated temperature, ranging from 70° to 85° F., and its decline depends upon a mean temperature, ranging from 65° to 56° F. These figures, of course, relate to the mean or average monthly temperature, the extremes being much higher or lower, ranging during the year, in New Orleans, as shown by meteorological observations, extend- ing from 1817 to 1878, from 17° F. to 100° F. 3. Carbolic acid disinfection, as practiced in New Orleans-by deluging the gutters and streets -has no value to arrest the spread of yellow fever, smallpox or Asiatic cholera. 4. Yellow fever germs do not originate in the foul canals and filthy gutters of New Orleans, and cannot be prevented from germinating by pouring disinfectants into these foul receptacles. 5. Yellow fever germs do not travel along the surface of the ground at a certain rate, and their march cannot be arrested or their infective power destroyed by the saturation of the soil by any known disinfectant. The truth of this proposition has been established, as far as carbolic acid is concerned, upon a grand scale in New Orleans, and especially by the results of the great yellow-fever epidemic of 1878. 6. Yellow fever is not indigenous to New Orleans. 7. Yellow fever is not indigenous to Louisiana. 8. Yellow fever is not indigenous to the Mississippi valley. 9. Yellow fever can be excluded from New Orleans and the Mississippi valley by a rigid and effective quarantine. 10. Quarantine, to be effective, must include not merely inspection and detention for a reason- able period, but also discharge of infected cargo, ballast, clothing, baggage and bedding, thorough ventilation, fumigation, disinfection and cleansing. 11. All ports in which yellow fever may be introduced should be kept under thorough and daily inspection, said inspection to extend to the shipping as well as to the dwellings and inhabitants. 12. In the event of the appearance of yellow fever, the case or cases should be at once isolated and the surrounding houses, yards and streets thoroughly cleansed and disinfected. Fight the enemy immediately, on sight, vigorously, continuously, and with the best-known agents and appliances. T-ZkEZj.'E Continued.. Mortuary and \ ital Statistics ot ^ew Orleans for the year 1883, from Original Records, under the Direction of Joseph Jones, M. D., Presi- dent of the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana, 156 Washington, cor. Camp St., Fourth District, New Orleans, La., Jan., 1881. January. February. Mai •ch. April. May, J une. Total first 6 mos. July. August. September. October. November. December. Total last 6 mos. Total for the Year. w. c. w. c. w. c. vv. c. c. w . c. v. vv.&c. w. c. w. C. w. c. w. C. w. c. W. c. w. c. w.&c. w. c. W.& C. AFFECTIONS CONNECTED WITH PARTURITION. Abortion, or premature labor Hemorrhage, Metroperitonitis Puerperal convulsions " septicaemia " mania Metritis Difficult labor Puerperal thrombosis 1 1 1 2 1 1 .. .. 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 10 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 7 7 1 1 4 2 1 11 3 9 1 1 1 8 4 15 1 1 1 1 1 5 0 4 1 2 13 4 19 2 1 1 3 1 2 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 2 13 5 18 5 1 4 3 2 1 1 2 2 4 1 19 7 26 32 12 44 DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF LOCO- MOTION. Curvature ot spine Psoas obscess Necrosis .. Ulceration of leg Caries vertebree Abscess of knee joint Mollities Ossium Arthritis of knee ... Morbus coxue and cellulitis .... 1 2 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 2 1 3 2 1 2 2 I 3 1 5 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 6 10 9 10 19 DISEASES OF THE CELLULAR AND CUTANEOUS SYSTEM. Scleroderma Senile gangrene Gangrene of legs Gangrene of foot Abscess of neck Abscess of chest. Typhlitis ... Carbuncle 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 ... 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 2 1 5 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 2 5 1 3 1 1 8 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 2 5 7 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 6 5 11 8 10 18 CONDITIONS NOT NECESSARILY ASSO- CIATED WITH GENERAT. OR LOCAT DISEASES. Premature births Difficult births Old age General debility Senile debility Infantile debility iiiaiinioh Accidental poisoning by laudanum Lead .......I Colica pictonum Uraemic poisoning 3 4 14 £ 1 I 2 1 H 1 f 1 1 7 1 It fl 2 1 1 1( 1 i | 1 2 1 • 4 i / . - i 2 4 4 9. 6 15 2 2 i 2 I 1 i 2 i J : 11 2 1 2 1' 4 . ..- 2 5! 8 5 1 2 .. .. 1 2 1 's 8 1 1 1( 1 25 ! 13 61 1 55 11 ; 1 • * S If 45 25 - ....' 19 1 35 18 106 RI 16 1 c I 2 5 1 1 3 1 S ! J 1 1 J, j 1 i 1 11 5 2 4 1 ( id 5 1 4 1 4 2 2 4 1' I 1 I 17 2 11 14 9 7 1 5 11 7 1 25 2 35 7 66 36 12 1 1 [ 23 : 3 4S 1 4 26 2 58 10 115 55 16 i 35 3 60 20 127 91 23 1 2 3 10 33 8 94 44 9 ...... 1 45 3 93 28 221 135 32 1 2 I 38 18 37 14 20 27 34 11 26 L " 26 181 100 281 27 IS 11 IS 28 11 | 3$ 13 2f 25 41 25 184 9£ 283 365 199 564 GENERAL INJURIES. Burns Burns by coal oil Scalds' Traumatic hemorrhage Multiple injury Asphyxia from drowning Asphyxia from obstruction of air passages Exposure to cold Asphyxia from strangling Traumatic peritonitis 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 3 3 i 2 1 3 1 5 1 1 2 6 2 2 i / 1 2 1 2 1 6 2 1 1 6 2 1 4 18 11 1 1 17 2 9 2 23 2 5 20 20 3 1 2 2 3 1 i i i i 6 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 3 3 5 1 1 2 3 4 2 1 1 ' 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 3 1 11 22 3 1 2 1 4 1 4 11 8 4 1 15 33 3 1 2 1 10 5 2 4 29 33 4 2 2 1 21 1 6 20 2 31 6 2 4 35 53 6 2 2 1 9 5 5 4 7 7 11 ' 7 3 3 9 4 44 30 74 8 1 9 6 8 4 9 3 11 5 3 1 48 20 68 92 50 142 LOCAL INJURIES. Concussion of the brain Compression of the brain Fracture of the skull ... Fracture of the femor Fractur e of the spine Fracture of the neck Gunshot wounds Gunshot wound of thigh ... Gunshot wound of leg Gunshot wound of lung 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 6 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 3 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 3 2 2 1 1 6 2 2 2 2 1 3 9 3 3 1 1 1 4 3 1 2 1 4 13 3 3 1 3 1 1 12 4 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 12 4 16 2 2 1 1 4 2 1 2 1 9 7 16 21 11 32 HUMAN PARASITES, intestinal worms 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 TUMORS-NON-MALIGNANT. Of the leg Of the womb Of the brain and bladder 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 3 4 1 3 1 3 2 1 4 5 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 5 8 4 6 10 CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS. Imperforate anus Cyanosis Malformation of the heart Spina bifida 1 1 2 i 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 6! 2i 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 J i 1 1 1 1 2! 10 2 4 1 2 14 o 1 .1 3 13 4 1 7 1 3 20 4 1 1 a 2 i - 1 2 .... 2 1 7 3 10 5 1 2 2 21 2 1 1 1 2 14 5 19 21 8I 29 SUICIDE. By drowning .. By hanging By shooting By cutting • By poisoning By stabbing 2 .... 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 i 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 3 8 1 4 2 2 3 10 1 4 1 1 .. .. 1 1 3 1 1 .... 3 2 1 3 6 2 1 2 3 11 1 6 1 5 2 3 16 1 6 1 2 2 1 5 3 1 4 2 18 2 20 1 1 2 3 2 6 3 9 24 5 29 KILLED OR MURDERED. By shooting By stabbing 1 1 2 1 2 1 4 7 1 . i 1 1 1 2 1 4 2 8 2 2 2 10 4 11 2 6 2 17 4 1 1 2 1 2 - 3; 4 7 1 i. 2 1 . 2 1 6 10 4 14 13 8 21 393 214 354 253 382 352 374 339 388 278 404 250 22951 1686 3981 373 199 310 211 345 223 367 214 452 226 410 212 2257 1285 3542 4552 2971 7523 Grand Total 607 607 734 713 666 654 3981 572 521 568 581 678 622 • / I T-A-EtlAE! UConttnued Mortuary and Vital Statistics of New Orleans for the year 1883, from Original Records, under the Direction of Joseph Jones, M. D, President of the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana, 156 Washington Street, corner of Camp Street, Fourth District. New Orleans, Louisiana, January 1881. AGES. January. February. March. April. May. June. Total first 6 months- ' July. August. September. October. November. December. Total last 6 months. Total for the year. White. Colored. il and - White. Colored. White. Colored. White. ■ Colored. White. Colored. White. Colored. White. Colored. White. Colored. White F Colored. White. Colored, White. Colored. White. Colored. White. Colored. White. Colored. White. Colored. White. Colored. I Tota rhites red. M F M F M F M 1 F M F M F M F M ! F M F M F M F M 28 10 12 16 3 5 8 8 16 12 4 4 3 1 F M F M F M M F M F M F - M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F Granc of V Colo Under 1 year From 1 to 2 years " 2 to 5 years " 5 to 10 years " 10 to 15 years " 15 to 20 years " 20 to 25 years ' 25 to 30 years " 30 to 40 years " 40 to 50 years " 50 to 60 years , " 60 to 70 years " 70 to 80 years " 80 to 90 years " 90 to 100 years 100 years, and upwards Age not stated 32 8 7 5 7 8 10 10 29 35 30 28 17 1 21 5 7 10 3 5 13 21 15 20 16 17 14 ' 9 6 9 3 7 9 13 17 9 11 2 5 4 1 1 14 3i 7 6! 3l 5 s 7 10 3 6 12 5 2 21 6 8 6 4I 10 15 16 22 49 17 23 17 2 1 18 7 7 28 2 4 10 8 16 13 10 20 8 6 18' 8' 15; 6 17 17 13 16 16 9 ? ! 155 17 4 5 10 4 7 9 4 9 8 7 4 6 3 1 22 9 17 12 3 6 15 14 32 35 31 13 14 2 2 12 6 14 8 4 9 11 18 20 14 15 j s 12 15 7 3 27 20 20 14 14 11 11 3 18 9 13 19 5 8 12 4 23 16 8 9 13 1 26 12 10 10 11 14 34 32 22 17 12 30 16 11 7 8 11 9 15 14 14 9 14 4 24 6 25 19 8 9 26 12 23 15 10 6 9 2 1 1 22 5 20 16 7 13 13 9 8 10 10 2 1 48 13 10 8 2 4 9 12 21 28 25 14 7 3 1 42 7 10 8 7 11 14 21 12 21 10 10 4 1 26 7 12 16 13 3 8 13 15 9 11 11 5 1 1 27 8 5 14 6 7 5 5 17 3 9 9 10 1 1 53 21 16 13 2 7 4 10 24 32 19 15 14 3 46 16 11 11 3 2 10 6 13 11 18 11 8 20 13 9 9 8 10 8 8 12 6 5 2 202 69 68 54 23 40 64 76 162 211 144 110 81 11 4 169 43 65 56 27 30 64 55 104 85 97 81 69 30 1 122 47 85 81 39 49 95 79 107 75 59 41 40 13 3 1 118 42 59 74 30 48 52 38 69 57 43 43 48 18 5 1 745 39 8 6 9 8 7 8 10 27 23 26 26 15 3 39 9 8 11 2 6 n 9 15 10 11 10 12 4 1 21 2 13 13 4 7 10 8 12 9 5 4 2 8 6 8 6 2 7 4 13 9 8 7 2 3 1 36 11 9 9 3 3 11 12 18 27 17 18 11 4 20 12 7 4 2 5 6 7 13 10 11 11 11 1 15 3 9 6 4 2 9 7 9 16 11 3 4 1 1 15 9 5 4 8 4 5 13 8 9 8 5 6 2 43 8 14 6 2 3 5 14 27 29 24 22 7 3 1 30 10 16 8 1 3 4 5 16 10 10 12 8 2 1 1 17 9 4 2 12 6 12 19 13 8 6 6 3 1 14 7 8 2 35 5 14 7 1 6 9 16 32 27 19 22 14 1 43 8 11 4 5 6 10 15 12 15 17 10 14 8 10 5 4 1 15 4 13 14 5 11 5 5 1 22 8 4 1 2 50 11 ! 11 11 4( 3( 3, 3 1 33 15 ! 15 i § 5 5 1 12 16 16 10 13 18 7 25 6 10 6 2 1 8 16 9 13 9 5 6 1 18 1 3 7 4 8 8 p 5 10 6 9 5 2 ,;4 30 9 17 6 2 It 21 21 31 38 28 16 29 16 9 7 1 6 6 8 19 16 18 11 14 10 1 16 8 6 2 2 5 10 4 8 17 8 12 6 3 1 20 3 I 2 3 3 5 13 13 12 10 8 5 4 233 52 69 43 21 25 62 92 165 167 158 149 81 19 1 1 194 70 66 42 13 26 34 51 94 74 75 74 73 29 3 1 108 32 3t 17 25 56 36 66 87 59 50 29 26 7 2 97 34 29 23 14 27 31 30 73 48 59 40 36 25 13 13 43. 121 13" 9r 44 61 12€ 16? 32" 378 302 259 162 30 5 1 361 111 131 98 40 50 98 106 198 159 172 155 142 59 4 1 23( 7< 14i 11' 50 74 151 lit 172 162 118 91 69 39 10 7 1 215 76 88 97 44 75 83 68 142 105 102 83 84 43 18 14 798 234 268 195 84 121 224 274 525 537 474 414 304 89 9 2 445 155 230 214 100 1243 389 498 409 6 6 3 14 6 8 6 3 3 2 184 3 8 11 7 12 3 9 4 3 2 14 23 18 31 26 22 17 15 8 2 2 9 4 3 5 7 0 4 3 2 3 1 I 270 458 457 840 804 694 588 457 171 37 23 1 227 166 120 94 217 137 98 227 155 _ 189 163 210 164 196 143 205 183 151 127 233 171 130 120 1319 976 - - 215 158 113 86 190 120 105 106 208 137 130 93 208 159 115 99 27 174 122 104 239 171 108 104 1338 919 693 592 NATIVITIES. January. February. | March. June. Total first 6 months. 1 August. 1 1 October. November. December. Total last 6 months. I Total for the year. DEATHS IN PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. J anuary February. March. ! April. May. June. Total first 6 months July. August. September October. November. December. Total last 6 months. Total for- th e year. COLOR AND SEX. January. : w 1 White. ' : I / « ebruary. March. April. May. J une. Total first 6 mos. 1 grand total fok the yeah. April May. 1 | White. Color'd Total. | Color'd Total. White. Color'd Total. White. Color'd. 3 © 406 307 White. Color'd. 1 Total. White. Color'd. Total. White. Color'd. Total. Africa Austria Belgium British America Central America China. Denmark I ) 3 5 22 56 57 9 323 1 3 "1 2 v a i 3 6 19 41 1 43 8 343 i 1 i i 6 20 54 "38 3 412 3 1 1 1 3 1 3 17 42 44 6 475 1 2 i 2 i i a 18 33 38 3 464 2 1 1 1 u 51 j 2S 8 445 2 3 5 1 7 4 2 9 28 110 277 2 249 37 2462 10 5 6 2 3 18 48 35 1 367 1 1 1 ' 2 i 1 8 37 i' 21 C 348 1 3 i I * 2 4 10 41 "'*41 3 364 2 1 1 2 3 1 8 51 41 46 6 342 1 1 i 1 1 6 2 1 2 7 20 55 59 16 375 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 13 20 48 i 55 15 345 3 14 2 9 6 8 40 97 270 1 265 47 2141 5 12 1 3 9 3 19 3 16 4 8 17 68 207 547 3 514 84 4603 12 2? 6 9 21 Charity Hospital Luzenberg Small-pox Hospital.. City Small-pox Hospital Hotel Dieu Touro Infirmary - Louisiana Retreat St. Vincent's Infant Infirmary.. Other Orphan Asylums 110 13 3 2 6 97 33 2 1 "*3 1 85 ' 54 3 6 2 1 2 53 49 "2 4 1 1 61 3 32 1 1 2 3 1 ...,76 21 482 152 53 11 17 5 20 7 67 19 2 4 1 4 63 10 1 3 4 82 6 3 2 5 93 2 3 3 3 100 8 4 6 7 126 1 5 3 4 3 531 49 17 20 4 27 3 1013 152 102 28 37 47 10 Males Females Not stated .. Total 227 166 120 94 347 260 155 98 372 235 227 155 189 163 416 318 210 164 196 143 205 183 151 127 356 310 233 171 130 120 363 291 1319 976 941 745 2260 1721 3 6 3 -2 2 Colored. Total. 393 214 607 35j 253; 607 382 352 734 3741 339 713 388 278l 666 404 250 654 2295 1686 2P«1 COLOR AND SEX. July. August. September. October. November. December. Total last 6 mos. France Insane As French A ylum Germany Greece Holland Ireland Italy sylum 1 1 13 1 1 16 1 2 1 6 2 63 1 6 1 1 18 1 1 16 2 4 3 70 10 5 133 , White. Color'd. Total. , ] White. Color'd. Total. White Color'd. Total. White. Color'd. Total. White. Color'd. Total White. Color'd. Total. White. 1 Color'd. Total, j 2657 1895 1634 1337 4291 3232 jransn rnson Other institutions Total 10 10 10 4 11 4 15 - 149 155 163 121 116 114 818 108 85 05 131 143 159 728 1 1546 4552 2971 7523 Louisiana aS fl fl - August. December. Total last 6 months. Total for 1 the year. Males Females Not stated Total 215 158 113 86 328 244 ran 105 295 226 208 137 130 93 338 230 208 159 115 99 323 258 278 174 122 104 400 278 239 171 108 104 347 275 1338 919 2257 693 592 2031 1511 Mexico Norway and Sweden Poland Portugal Russia 3 "i 1 STILL-BIRTHS. ci fl a [Ci § fl rd S Sg & « Potal firs 6 months lA ieptembsr CD O s s <£> k 0 1 1 3 373 199 572 31 > 211 521 345 _223 568 367 214 581 452 226 678 410 212 622 1285 3542 Scotland Sea, at South America 1 2 110 4 2 5 4 119 4 1 1 1 7 3 172 8 2 3 104 4 2 2 1 89 5 1 4 2 82 4 - 1 23 11 676 29 8 6 2 78 3 11 2 5 4 2 79 4 5 $ 3 90 4 __58i 3 2 119 5 1 103 4 3 2 26 10 534 25 12 3 49 21 1210 54 20 Male, whit Female, w e bite 12 5 14 10 15 2 8 5 17 9 5 10 10 18 3 5 15 12 6 8 13 10 8 6 82 56 44 44 13 11 16 6 11 11 7 7 7 6 9 8 26 12 7 4 11 9 11 5 14 8 8 12 82 57 58 42 164 1 113 102 86 January. February. March. <! May. June. Total first 6 months July. August. September. October. November. December. Total last 6 months. Total for the year. Switzerland 65 5 United States (not Louisiana)... Female, co West Indies Not stated Total L 41 30 41 36 41 37 226 46 36 30 49 36 42 239 J 465 N umber of Deaths, certified by the Coroner, 106 88 109 118 87 84 592 92 84 85 110 114 97 1174 Total • 607 607J 7341 713 666 654; 3981 572[ 521 56^ 678 622 3542, «0,23 r - OUTLINE OF INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE NATURE, CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF A ENDEMIC AND EPIDEMIC DISEASES, AND MORE ESPECIALLY MALARIAL FEVER, DURING- A PERIOD OF THIRTY YEARS, WITH A CLAIM TO PRIORITY IN THE DETERMINATION OF THE CHEMICAL AND MICRO- SCOPICAL CHARACTERS AND CHANGES OF THE BLOOD-IN THE VARIOUS FORMS OF MALARIAL PAROXYSMAL FEVER, AND THE APPLICATION OF THE EESULTS OF THESE INVESTIGATIONS TO MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS AND MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE. By JOSEPH JONES, A.M., M.D., Professor of Chemistry and Clinical Medicine, Medical Department Tulane University of Lmiisiana; Visiting Physician of Charity Hospital; Honorary Fellow of the Medical Society of Virginia; Formerly Surgeon in the Provisional Army of the Confederate States; President of the Board of Health of the State of Louisi- ana, 1880, 1881,1883,1883, 188h; Associate Fellow of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia; Member of the American Medical Association; President of the Medical Society of Louisiana, 1887-1888; Member of the Medico-Legal Society of New York; Member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; Honorary Member of the American Anti- quarian Society; Honorary Vice-President of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia ; Honorary Member of Museum far VOIkerkunde in Leipzig; Fellow of the Academy of Sciences of New Orleans; President of Section XV (Public and International Hygiene) Ninth International Medical Congress, Washington, D. C., U.S. A., 1887; etc., etc. [Reprinted from Vol. IV of the " Transactions of the Ninth International Medical Congress," convened at Washington, D. C., September, 1887.] NEW ORLEANS, LA.: JOSEPH JONES, M. D., 156 Washington Avenue, Cor. Camp Street, 4th District. 1889. Press of Wm. F. Fell & Co., 1220-24 Sansom St., philadelph.a. OUTLINE OF INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE NATURE, CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF ENDEMIC AND EPIDEMIC DISEASES, AND MORE ESPECIALLY MALARIAL FEVER, DURING A PERIOD OF THIRTY YEARS, WITH A CLAIM TO PRIORITY IN THE DETERMI- NATION OF THE CHEMICAL AND MICROSCOPICAL CHARACTERS AND CHANGES OF THE BLOOD IN THE VARIOUS FORMS OF MALARIAL PAROXYSMAL FEVER AND THE APPLICATION OF THE RESULTS OF THESE INVESTIGATIONS TO MEDICAL DIAG- NOSIS AND MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE. RESUME D'INVESTIGATIONS DANS LA NATURE, LA CAUSE ET LA PREVEN- TION DES MALADIES ENDEMIQUES, SURTOUT DE LA FIEVRE PALUDEENNE. EXPERIENCE DE TRENTE ANS ET PRETENTION A LA PRIORITE DANS LA DEFINITION DES CARACTERES CHIMIQUES ET MICROSCOPIQUES, DES CHANGEMENTS DU SANG DANS LES DIVERSES FORMES DE LA FIEVRE PA- LUDEENNE AIGUE, ET L'APPLICATION DES RESULTATS DE CES DECOU- VERTES A LA DIAGNOSTIQUE ET A LA JURISPRUDENCE MEDICALES. UMRISS DER WAHREND DREISSIG JAHRE ANGESTELLTEN UNTERSUCHUNGEN UBER DAS WESEN, DIE URSACHEN UND VERHUTUNG ENDEMISCHER UND EPIDEMISCHER KRANKHEITEN, INSBESONDERE DES MALARIAFIEBERS, MIT PRIOR IT ATS ANSPRUCH AUF DIE BESTIMMUNG DER CHEMISCHEN UND MICROSCOPISCHEN EIGENSCHAFTEN UND VERANDERUNGEN DES BLUTES IN DEN VERSCHIEDENEN ARTEN DES INTERMIT- TIRENDEN MALARIAFIEBERS, UND DIE ANWENDUNG DER ERGEBNISSE DIESER UNTERSUCHUNGEN AUF DIE DIAGNOSE UND GERICHTLICHE MEDICIN. BY JOSEPH JONES, A.M., M.D., Of New Orleans, La. The investigations of the author on the physical, chemical, microscopical and patho- logical changes of the blood, organs, secretions and excretions in human beings suffer- ing with the various forms of malarial fever, were instituted in the Marine Hospital and Poor House of Savannah, Georgia, in the year 1856, and -were vigorously prosecuted during three years, 1856, 1857 and 1858. My first publications were made in the Southern Medical and Surgical Journal, edited by Dr. Henry F. Campbell and Dr. Robert Campbell, and published in Augusta, Georgia. In an article published in May, 1858,* after presenting the history, symptoms, chemical analyses and pathological anatomy of the case of diabetes ipellitus, and of several cases of malarial fever, the following conclusions were reached:-• If we compare the blood of these cases with that of health, and with the blood of the patient suffering with diabetes mellitus, we will observe the following points of agreement and disagreement:- 1. The colored blood corpuscles are diminished greatly and rapidly in malarial fever. This destruction of the colored blood corpuscles is far more rapid in malarial fever than in diabetes mellitus. 2. The salts of the colored blood corpuscles are diminished to a remarkable extent in malarial fever, while they are normal in amount in the blood of diabetes mellitus. 3. The blood coagulates slowly and the clot is soft in malarial fever, while the reverse was the case in this specimen of diabetic blood. * " Case of Diabetes Mellitus," treated by Joseph Jones, a.m., m.D. Southern Medical and Surgical Journal, New Series, Vol. xiv, Augusta, Georgia, May, 1858, No. 5, pages 290-315. 4. The fibrin is often diminished in malarial fever, and the serum presents a golden color, while in this case of diabetes mellitus the fibrin was slightly increased and the color of the serum was normal. That the poison of malarial fever induces profound changes in the colored blood corpuscles, and other constituents of the blood, I have demonstrated by the following facts:- (a) The urine of patients suffering with malarial fever contains an increased quan- tity of iron. The increase of the iron in the urine is subsequent to the destruction of the colored corpuscles in the blood. (&) In examinations of the organs after death, from all the forms of malarial fever- intermittent, remittent and congestive-I have observed that the dark blood of the spleen and liver do not change to the arterial hue when exposed to the action of the oxygen of the atmosphere. After death from phthisis, cirrhosis of the liver, organic disease of the circulatory apparatus and apoplexy and mechanical inj uries, as far as my observations extend, the blood of the spleen and liver always changes to the arterial hue when exposed to the action of the oxygen of the atmosphere. (c) Animal starch accumulates in the malarial fever liver, while grape sugar, as far as my observations extend, is absent. I have tested the livers of malarial fever for grape sugar and starch. An abundance of starch * was obtained, without a trace of grape sugar. The livers were set aside and examined after intervals of twelve hours. The last examination was made thirty-six hours after the first. At every examination the result was the same, an abundance of animal starch and no grape sugar. These facts are important, not only in their bearing upon malarial fever, but also in their bearing upon diabetes mellitus. M. Cl. Bernard f has demonstrated that the transfor- mation of glycogenic hepatic matter (animal starch) formed by the liver into glucose is the result of the action of a special ferment, which is formed and exists in the blood, independent of the liver. From the facts which we have previously stated, it is evident that in malarial fever this ferment is destroyed, while the liver still possesses the power of transforming the nitrogenized and non-nitrogenized elements into animal starch. We have now facts sufficient to draw important distinctions between malarial fever and diabetes mellitus. In both diseases the blood corpuscles may be greatly diminished. In both diseases the nervous and muscular forces may be correspondingly diminished. Here the analogy ceases. The destruction of the colored corpuscles is rapid in severe types of malarial fever, and slow in all forms of diabetes mellitus. The salts of the blood corpuscles are normal, if not increased, in this case of diabetes mellitus, while they are greatly diminished in malarial fever. In malarial fever the blood loses its power of changing its color in the spleen and liver. In malarial fever the color of the liver and the bile is altered, and the spleen is ertlarged, softened and filled with a purplish-brown mud. In diabetes mellitus all the organs are normal in appearance. In malarial fever the blood has lost its power of converting animal starch into glucose. In diabetes mellitus this power is greatly increased. The following table affords a comparison of normal, diabetic and malarial blood:- *So abundant is this animal starch in the malarial fever liver, that if a small particle of the substance of the liver be mashed upon a glass slide, treated with a saturated solution of iodine in alcohol, and viewed under the microscope, numerous beautiful blue masses of this animal starch colored by the iodine will be seen. If the fibrous capsule be torn off from the surface of the liver, spread upon a glass slide, and treated with tincture of iodine, these blue masses will be seen scat- tered among the meshes of the fibrous tissue. With reference to the discovery of animal starch, see American Journal of the Medical Sciences, Oct. 1857, page 203. f Jfonttear de Hdpitaux, April 14th, 1857; also, American Journal of Medical Sciences, July, 1857, page 203. Normal Blood. Normal Blood. Diabetic Blood. Malarial Blood. Malarial Blood. Malarial Blood. Solid Matters in 1000 parts of Blood 200.000 240.000 161.490 122 447 159.489 166.551 " " " " ' " " Liquor Sanguinis Dried Blood Corpuscles in 1000 parts of Blood ioo.ooo 120 000 80.961 74 275 86.978 89.203 120.000 150.000 92.702 51.987 79 437 85.968 Moist " " " * " " " 480.(100 600 000 370 808 207.948 317.748 343 872 Liquor Sanguinis " " " " " 400.000 520.000 629.192 792.052 682.252 656.128 Fibrin in 1000 parts of Blood 2.000 3.500 2.806 1.925 0.877 1.450 Fixed Saline t'onstituents in 1000 parts of Moist Blood Corpuscles 8.120 10.500 11.981 0.841 10.728 1.648 Fixed Saline Constituents in 1000 parts of Dried Blood Corpuscles 65.000 70.000 49.916 3.240 42.914 6.595 Fixeii Saline Constituents in 1000 parts of Dried Blood 70.000 80.000 56.108 27.083 36.341 37.909 Fixed Saline Constituents in 1000 parts of Solid Matters of Liquor Sanguinis 88.053 95.000 68.488 44.779 30.205 75.558 Fixed Saline Constituents in 1000 parts of Liquor Sanguinis 8.550 10.100 5.320 3.326 2.647 6.630 We have now all the necessary facts for the intelligent treatment of this case. The indications in the treatment of this case of diabetes mellitus are:- 1. To strengthen digestion. His stomach fails to digest the nitrogenized elements, the substances which he needs to supply the rapid waste of his tissues. 2. To afford the organic and inorganic materials of structure. 3. To quiet and strengthen the nervous system. 4. To arrest the destruction and transformation of the elements of the blood, tissues and food into animal starch and grape sugar. The article on diabetes mellitus was followed by nine articles published in nine con- secutive numbers of the Southern Medical and Surgical Journal, extending from June, 1858, to February, 1859, inclusive, giving 53 cases of malarial fever in detail, illustrated by the details of 16 autopsies, 66 analyses of the urine, and nine elaborate analyses of the blood, the whole constituting a closely printed octavo of 235 pages.* At the meeting of the American Medical Association in Louisville, Kentucky, in 1859, the author presented an extended memoir, based upon his physical, chemical, microscopical and pathological investigations of the various forms of malarial fever, embraced in six chapters, and covering, in a closely printed volume of 419 pages, the results of the critical study of several hundred cases of malarial fever (intermittent, remittent, congestive and pernicious), illustrated by elaborate tables of the changes of the temperature, pulse and respiration, and of the blood, urine and organs in the various stages of the disease.f In this work the author endeavored to delineate correctly the natural history, chemistry and pathology of the various forms of malarial fever, and to base upon these results a rational and scientific method of treatment. Preceding this publication medical literature possessed only a few detached obser- vations relating to intermittent fever, but possessed no systematic inx 'igations detail- ing the changes of the pulse, respiration, temperature, blood, urine and organs, in the various forms of malarial fever. With reference to the blood, it was clearly established by these investigations, which preceded the American Civil War- 1. That the malarial poison rapidly destroys the colored blood corpuscles in all the various forms of intermittent, remittent and congestive fever. Observations on Malarial Fever," by Joseph Jones, A.M., m.d. Southern Med. and Surg. Jour., June, July, August, September, October, November, December, 1858; January and February, 1859; New Series, Volumes xiv and xv, Augusta, Georgia. f " Observations on some of the Physical, Chemical, Physiological and Pathological Phenome- na of Malarial Fever," by Joseph Jones, A.M., m.d. The Transactions of the American Medical Association, Vol. xn, Philadelphia, 1859, pages 209-627. VoL IV-32 2. The destruction of the colored blood corpuscles may take place rapidly during the active stages of the disease or more slowly during the chronic stages of the disease. 3. The destruction of the colored blood corpuscles was demonstrated both by chemi- cal and microscopical analyses, and the peculiar appearance presented by the pigments, granules and colorless corpuscles pointed out. 4. The fibrin is decreased in the various forms of malarial fever, and the changes in the physical and chemical characters of this element were applied to the explanation of certain phenomena witnessed more especially in the hemorrhagic fevers. 5. The changes in the color of the liver and spleen in malarial fever are shown to be characteristic of this disease, and to be due chiefly to the action of its poison upon the colored blood corpuscles. 6. The microscopical and chemical differences between the changes of the blood and organs in malarial and yellow fevers were carefully defined. 7. Principles of treatment, based upon the results of chemical and microscopical analyses and investigations with the thermometer, and upon pathological research. In 1859 and 1860, the author undertook an extended investigation of the diseases of the various geological and physical divisions of the Southern (slave States). The investi- gations of the soil, waters and diseases of the rice plantations, low grounds and swamps of Georgia first engaged his attention. One of the most important objects of this inves- tigation was the determination, by chemical analyses and microscopical investigations, and by experiments upon living animals, of the natural cause of the various forms of malarial fever. The accomplishment of this end necessitated extensive travel among the swamps and rice fields, and careful chemical and microscopical examination of the waters, and the following facts were determined, which have a direct bearing upon the subject now under investigation:- 1. The complex chemical nature of the soil and waters, and especially of the organic matters. 2. The vast variety of vegetable and animal microorganisms found in the waters of the swamps, rice fields, creeks, marshes and rivers of the malarial regions of the Southern States. 3. The poisonous nature of the exhalations from the stagnant waters of swamps and rice fields and their power to induce dysentery and malarial fever in human beings. 4. The poisonous nature of the waters of swamps and rice fields and their power to induce the various forms of malarial fever when drunk by human beings. 5. The poisonous nature of the stagnant waters of swamps and rice fields when injected subcutaneously into living animals. As far as our researches extend these were the first experiments ever devised in the history of medicine for the direct solution of the problem of the poisonous properties of the stagnant waters of swamps, marshes and rice fields by introduction into the blood of animals. As these researches contained much matter of value to the agriculturist, and as they contained not merely numerous analyses of the soil, minerals and waters of Georgia and South Carolina, and the results of an extended search for the beds of phosphates which have in late years proved of so great value to the agriculturists of America and Europe, but also elaborate hygienic and sanitary rules for the guidance of the laborers in the rice, sugar and cotton plantations, many of the results were embodied in a paper or volume of 319 pages to the Cotton Planters' Convention.* During the American Civil War, 1861-1865, the author conducted an extended series of investigations upon the diseases of the troops in the field and in the military * " First Reports to the Cotton Planters' Convention of Georgia on the Agricultural Resources hospitals in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Tennessee, and among the Federal prisoners confined in Richmond, Va., and Andersonville (Camp Sumter), Georgia, and a large number of the cases of typhoid and malarial fever passed under his observation in the field and general hospitals, and in the beleaguered towns and cities. The great military hospitals of the Confederate armies located in Gordonsville, Charlottesville, Virginia, Charleston, South Carolina, Savannah, Augusta, Atlanta, Marietta, Macon, Vineville and Andersonville, Georgia, afforded the grandest field ever offered to a Southern physician and surgeon for the investigation of the various forms of endemic, epidemic and contagious fevers, and of the gunshot wounds, casual- ties and diseases incident to the campaigns and battles of great armies. A careful consideration of the causes which the author has recorded in his " Medi- cal and Surgical Memoirs," Volume II, pp. 152-161, with reference to the microorgan- isms of the intestinal canal, and of the mesenteric and Peyer's glands and urine in typhoid fever, and the comparison of these with the subsequent observations of Klebs and others, justify the claim of the author as one of the discoverers of the microorgan- isms of typhoid fever. During the civil war, 1861-1865, he had no means of presenting his labors to the scientific world. These investigations, with accurate details of cases, with elaborate drawings, were continuously forwarded to the Surgeon-General's office in Richmond, Virginia, in 1862, 1863 and 1864, and constituted three large manuscript volumes. These labors were destroyed by fire at the time of the burning of the Confederate capital. The author retained the first and original draft of the cases and drawings, and from them he has reproduced the details and illustrations recorded in the second volume of his " Medical and Surgical Memoirs." We will content ourselves with the mere record in a foot-note of some of the publi- cations relating to malarial fever and kindred diseases.* After a continuous term of service in the Charity Hospital of New Orleans, from October, 1868, to April, 1870, during which period the author was continuously and of Georgia," by Joseph Jones, m.d., Augusta, Georgia, 1880; see also "Medical and Surgical Memoirs," containing Observations on the Geographical Distribution, Causes, Nature, Relations and Treatment of Various Diseases, 1855-1856, by Joseph Jones, m.d., Volume n, New Orleans, 1887, pp. 1111-1116. * " Sulphate of quinine administered in small doses during health is the best means of prevent- ing chills and fever and bilious fever and contagious fever in those exposed to the unhealthy climate of the rich lowlands and swamps of the Southern Confederacy," by Joseph Jones, m.d. Southern Medical and Surgical Journal Volume xvn, No. 8, Augusta, Georgia, August, 1861, p. 593-614. "Indigenous remedies of the Southern Confederacy which may be employed in the treatment of malarial fever," by Joseph Jones, m.d. Number 1, Southern Medical and Surgical Journal, Volume xvn; Number 9, Augusta, Georgia, 1861, pp. 673-718. Number 2, Southern Medical and Sur- gical Journal, Volume xvn, No. 10, October, 1861, Augusta Georgia, pages 7f4-787. "Rela- tions of Pneumonia and Malarial Fever, with practical observations on the Antip^riedic or Abor- tive method of treating pneumonia," by Joseph Jones, m.d. Southern Medical and Surgical Journal, September, 1866, page 229. "On the prevalence of pneumonia and of typhoid fever in the Confederate army during the war of 1861-1865," by Joseph Jones, m.d. "Sanitary Memoirs of the War of the Rebellion," collected and published by the United States Sanitary Commission, New York, 1867, page 335. " Investigations of the Diseases of the Federal prson- ers confined in Camp Sumter, Andersonville, Georgia," by Joseph Jones, m.d. - " Snwtary Memoirs of the War of the Rebellion," collected by the United States Sanitary Commission, New York, pages 467-655. "Trial of Henry Werz," 2d Session, 40th Congress, 1867-1868. Execu- tive Document, No. 23, Medical Testimony, Dr. Joseph Jones. " Reports embracing description exclusively engaged in clinical studies in the wards, in chemical and microscopical analyses in the laboratory, aud in post-mortem examinations and pathological researches in the dead-house, the cases treated, with all the chemical, microscopical, pathological and therapeutical data, and anatomical and microscopical specimens, were classified aud published, for the use of the medical profession and the students of the medical departments of the University of Louisiana, in two groups. The first group related chiefly to diseases of the nervous system.* The second group embraced the microscopical and chemical changes of the blood in malarial fever, diseases of the circulatory aud respiratory system, and of the spleen, kidneys and liver. A large portion of the second division was devoted to the consideration of dropsy as a symptom of various diseases, and this most important subject was discussed under the following heads:- 1. Dropsy arising from derangement in the nutrition of the tissues, leading either to an increase of secretion or a diminution of absorption. 2. Dropsy arising from derangements of the blood, leading to derangements of the nutri- tion of the tissues, with an increase of secretion or a diminution of absorption. 3. Dropsy arising from derangements of the circulatory apparatus, attended with venous obstruction and congestion, increased serous effusion from the distended blood vessels and diminished absorption, cardiac dropsy, hepatic dropsy. 4. Dropsy arising from derangements or lesions of the organs which regulate the amount of the blood, as well as its constitution, by regulating the amounts of the watery elements, and by the elimination of excrementitious materials. Renal dropsy. Each division was illustrated by cases, post-mortem examinations and microscopical and chemical investigations, and the changes induced by the action were noted through- out the entire investigation; but it was chiefly under the second division of dropsy that the malarial poison was recognized as a principal factor, in the profound changes it pro- duced in the composition of the blood. Thus we held that the prolonged action of the malarial poison not infrequently induces such changes in the composition of the blood, and such derangements in the liver and spleen, as to lead to the effusion of serous fluid into the areolar tissue and peritoneum-abdominal cavity. The changes of the blood induced by malarial fever appear to be the chief cause of the dropsical effusions, although in some cases this symp- tom may be attributed to the mechanical obstacle afforded by the enlarged spleen and liver. of the Stockade, and condition of the prisoners therein confined, and condition of the hospitals, etc," page 618, page 641, manuscript, pages 1721 and 1766. "Investigations upon the nature, causes and treatment of Hospital Gangrene as it prevailed in the Confederate armies, 1861-1865," by Joseph Jones, m.d. "Surgical Memoirs of the War of the Rebellion,"collected and published by the United States Commission, New York, 1867, pages 142-580. The Charity Hospital of New Orleans has, from the removal to this city, in the winter of 1868, up to the present moment, furnished an extensive field for investigation in therapeutics and pathology upon all subjects relating to the etiology, pathology and treatment of fevers. During a period extending from 1869-1886 inclusive, the cases of various diseases treated by the author in the wards of the Charity Hospital numbered 6311, with 668 deaths; the various forms of malarial fever num- bered 2885 cases, with 88 deaths. During this period a large number of cases of malarial fever were also treated in private practice. * Memoranda of Medical Clinic at Charity Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1869-1870. By Joseph Jones, m.d. Section I. Diseases of the Nervous System. The New Orleans Journal of Medicine, April, 1870, pages 233-273. Section II. Dropsy Considered as a Symptom. New Orleans Journal of Medicine, July, 1870, pages 484-563. "Medical and Surgical Memoirs," by Joseph Jones, m.d., New Orleans, Louisiana, 1876. After the illustration of the effects of the malarial poison in altering the physical and chemical constitution of the blood and in inducing dropsy, by elaborate chemical analyses and by the detailed reports of cases, we thus formulated the general results. 1. In malarial fever the specific gravity of the blood and serum is diminished. The specific gravity of the blood in this disease ranges from 1030.5 to 1042.4, and the specific gravity of the serum from 1018.0 to 1023.6. In health, on the other hand, the specific gravity of the blood ranges from 1055 to 1063, and the specific gravity of the serum from 1027 to 1032. 2. In malarial fever the colored blood corpuscles are greatly diminished. In health the dried blood corpuscles may vary from 120 to 150 parts in the 1000 of blood, and the moist blood corpuscles from 480 to 600. In malarial fever, on the other hand, the dried blood corpuscles range from 51.98 to 107.81, and the moist blood corpuscles from 207 to 323.63. The careful comparison of these analyses of malarial blood with each other reveals the fact that the extent and rapidity of the diminution of the colored corpuscles cor- responds to the severity and duration of the disease. A short but violent attack of congestive or remittent fever in its severest forms will accomplish as great a diminution of the colored blood corpuscles as a long attack of intermittent fever or the prolonged action of the malarial poison. 3. In malarial fever the relation between the colored corpuscles and liquor sanguinis is deranged. Thus, in healthy blood the relative proportion of moist blood corpuscles in the 1000 parts, and of liquor sanguinis, may vary from 480.00 to 600.00 of the former, and from 520.00 to 400.00 of the latter; while in malarial fever the globules vary from 207.92 to 323.63, and the liquor sanguinis from 792.08 to 676.37. 4. The fibrin of the blood is diminished to a marked extent in most cases of malarial fever, and is altered in its properties and in its relations to the other elements of the blood, and to the blood vessels. 5. The organic matter of the liquor sanguinis, and especially the albumen, is diminished in malarial fever. Thus the solid matters of the serum may vary in health from 90.00 to 105.00; while in malarial fever they vary from 62.78 to 80.22 parts in the 1000 parts of blood. It is chiefly to this latter change, namely, the diminution of the blood in malarial fever, that dropsical effusions are to be traced. The other changes of the blood without doubt lead to congestions of the liver and spleen and to derangements of the capillary circulation and nutrition of the organs and tissues ; but a careful examination of three diseases, as amemia, chorea and pyaemia, in which the colored blood corpuscles are greatly diminished, will show that this cause alone will not induce dropsy. In the watery state of the blood induced by the action of the paludal poison, com- paratively slight obstructions of the circulation in the spleen and liver might lead to dropsical effusions. It would appear also that from the derangement of the circulation caused by the retention of the malarial poison in the blood and nervous system, certain effete products are not sufficiently and properly eliminated from them, as, for instance, urea, and may be active in the production of dropsy. New Orleans Journal of Medicine, July, 1870, pp. 498-500. During the past 18 years, 1879-1887, I have repeatedly demonstrated to the medical students of the University of Louisiana, in the wards, amphitheatre and dead-house, the diagnostic characters which distinguish the blood of malarial fever from that of yellow fever and other diseases, and have from time to time made permanent record of various portions of our labors in the medical press. * * See Memoirs: " Outline on Hospital Gangrene," etc. New Orleans Journal of Medicine, The service as President of the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana, 1880-'84, necessitated the careful and scientific examination of subjects relating to the nature, causation and control of yellow and malarial fevers; and certain questions arising during the progress of medico-legal investigations also required the thorough and continuous use of the microscope in the determination of the physical and minute characters of human blood in health and disease. During his service as President of the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana during these four years, extending from April, 1880, to March, 1884, the author was enabled to put to the crucial test the actual application of every principle relative to the nature and exclusion of foreign pestilence. During the period specified the means instituted were effective in excluding yellow fever from the Mississippi Valley; and the principle of diagnosis based upon his clinical and pathological researches gave precision and confidence to the official decisions of the Board of Health, and prevented panic, alarm and useless quarantine.* January, 1869, Vol. xxn, pp. 22-49; April, 1869, pp. 201-234. " Leucocythaemia or Leukaemia" (white cell blood or white blood). Outline of clinical lecture delivered in the Charity Hospital by Joseph Jones, M. d. New Orleans Journal of Medicine, July, 1869, pp. 425-438. " Heart - clot." Outline of clinical lecture delivered at the Charity Hospital, New Orleans, La., by Joseph Jones, M.D., New Orleans Journal of Medicine, July, 1869, pp. 469-487. "Memoranda of Med- cal Clinic, at Charity Hospital, New Orleans, 1869 and 1870," by Joseph Jones, m.d. Sect. 1st: "Diseases of the Nervous System." New Orleans Journal of Medicine, April, 1870, pp. 233-274. Sect. 2d : " Dropsy considered as a symptom of various diseases." New Orleans Journal of Med- icine, July, 1870, pp. 484-563. "Contributions to the Natural History of Yellow Fever," by Joseph Jones, m.d. New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, January, 1874, Vol. I, New Series, pp. 466-516. "Contribution on Changes of the Blood in Yellow Fever," by Jos. Jones, M. D. /few Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, September, 1874, pp. 177-266. " Black Vomit of Yellow Fever," by Joseph Jones, M. D. New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, Septem- ber, 1876, pp. 159-165. " Malarial Haematuria; Nature, History and Treatment; illustrated by cases," by Joseph Jones, M. d. New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, February, 1878, pp. 573-591. " Medico-legal evidence relating to the detection of human blood, presenting the alterations characteristic of malarial fever on the clothing of a man accused of the murder of Narcisse Arrieux, December 26th, 1876, near Donaldsonville, La.," by Joseph Jones, m.d. New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, August, 1878, pp. 101-123. " Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1878 in New Orleans, La.," by Joseph Jones, m.d. New Orleans Medical and Surgical Jour- nal, March, 1879, pp. 683-715; April, 1879, pp. 703-780; May, 1879, pp. 850-872; June, 1879, pp. 942-971. "Comparative Pathology of Malarial and Yellow Fevers," by Joseph Jones, m. d. Transactions of the Louisiana State Medical Society, Annual Session of 1879, New Orleans Med- ical and Surgical Journal, Vol. vn, New Series, July, 1879, pp. 106-217, p. 297. " Treatment of Yellow Fever," by Joseph Jones, m.d. New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, Septem- ber, 1879, pp. 344-365. "Medical and Surgical Memoirs," by Joseph Jones, m.d., New Orleans, La., 1876, p. 826; Vol. n, 1887, p. 1348. * "Annual Reports of the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana to the General Assem- bly, 1880-'83," Joseph Jones, m.d., President. " Quarantine and sanitary operations of the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana during the years 1880-'83," by Joseph Jones, m.d., p. 377, New Orleans, 1884. " Measures for the prevention and arrest of contagious and infectious diseases, including smallpox and yellow fever," by Joseph Jones, m.d., New Orleans, Louisiana, 1884. APPLICATION OF THE RESULTS OF HIS CHEMICAL, MICROSCOPICAL AND PATHO- LOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AS TO THE CHANGES OF THE BLOOD AND ORGANS IN THE VARIOUS FORMS OF MALARIAL PAROXYSMAL FEVER, TO MEDICAL DIAG- NOSIS AND MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE. If it be true that the malarial poison produces distinct and specific microscopical changes in the blood of human beings, it is evident that we have in such changes valuable data for diagnosis. It will be admitted, by experienced and competent observers, that medico-legal investigations furnish the most difficult and important opportunities for the crucial test of the nature and value of changes of the human blood under the action of certain poisons, and in certain casualties, as revealed by chemical and microscopical analysis. The author, in the discharge of certain responsible duties imposed upon him by the legal authorities of Louisiana, was compelled to record his observations upon the changes of the blood in malarial fever. As far as our information extends, this is the only case in which the pathological changes of the blood found upon the garments of a man charged with the crime of murder was determined and announced officially, in advance of any knowledge of the history and condition of the murdered man. Regarding this subject as of importance to medical as well as to legal science, we reproduce it. MEDICO-LEGAL EVIDENCE RELATING TO THE DETECTION OF HUMAN BLOOD, PRESENTING THE ALTERATIONS CHARACTERISTIC OF MALARIAL FEVER, ON THE CLOTHING OF A MAN ACCUSED OF MURDER.* The value of life and property in every country depends not merely upon the num- ber and character of its laws, but chiefly upon a learned and incorruptible judiciary, supported by an intelligent, law-abiding and virtuous people. The great ends of good government, the security of life, liberty, property, and the pursuit of happiness to all alike, irrespective of birth, condition or occupation, can be secured solely by the impartial administration of just lawsand the certain and prompt punishment of their infraction. Holding these views, the writer has upon various occasions, in several Southern States, responded to the calls of outraged humanity and offended justice, and assumed the painful and responsible task of instituting those post-mortem examinations and chemical and microscopical processes which could best detect and reveal the modes and causes of death, and thus aid justice by furnishing an important link of evidence. Although, during the past twenty years I have been engaged in the investigation of over fifty cases of poisoning by various agents, as arsenious acid (arsenic), strychnia, morphia, opium and its preparations, lead and its salts, sulphate of iron, cyanide of potassium, the seeds of the Jamestown weed and other poisons, and although these medico-legal investigations have resulted in the conviction of a number of criminals ; as the processes employed were similar to those practiced by experienced toxicologists, and as the facts, as a general rule, are well known and carefully recorded, I have refrained from burdening the current medical literature with the details. I am induced, however, to publish the following details, under the belief that they will prove of interest to those who may conduct similar examinations, and also in two par- ticulars to the medical profession generally. The phenomena manifested by the deceased after the reception of the blows upon the head, as well as the detection of the peculiar effects of malarial fever upon the blood spattered on the clothing of the accused, and also upon the floor, walls and fur- * The New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, August, 1878, pp. 139-156. niture of the room in which the murder was committed, appear to be worthy of record and consideration. Circumstances of the Murder.-Narcisse Arrieux was found, on the morning of Decem- ber 28th, 1876, dead in his store, situated on the banks of the Mississippi, near the southwestern border of the town of Donaldsonville, Louisiana. The head, face, beard and clothing of the old man, Narcisse Arrieux, were covered with clotted blood. It was evident, from an extensive compound comminuted fracture of the cranium, extend- ing on the right side from the occiput across the right parietal bone and frontal bone to the internal canthus of the left eye, and from several other contused wounds on the head, that death had been caused by blows inflicted by heavy blunt instruments. The small house occupied by Narcisse Arrieux as a store and dwelling contained three apartments. The largest apartment, which faced the Mississippi river and opened by a door upon the common road or highway leading up and down the road behind the broad levee which protects this region from overflow, was used as a store for the sale and barter of various kinds of merchandise, food and spirits. This store was divided into two unequal portions by a counter running directly across in front of the door ; the space behind the counter was much less in area than that in front. Back of the counter and communicating with the main room or store were two smaller rooms, one of which was used as a sleeping apartment and the other as an office and sitting room. According to the testimony of the coroner and other witnesses, the dead body of Narcisse Arrieux was found, on the morning of the 28th of December, 1876, lying near the stove, on an overturned chair in the small office. The doors com- municating between the store and the sleeping room and office, and between this office and the sleeping room, were open. The door opening from the street into the public road was shut and locked. A pool of blood lay on the floor behind the counter, near a barrel of alcoholic spirits. Traces of blood were also found upon the floor of the store, and marks of bloody hands were also upon the walls and upon the front door, and upon the floor of the office and sleeping room. Marks of bloody hands were found upon the walls and door posts and upon the bed. Blood was also found upon two desks and in the drawers, in which the deceased kept his money and books. Several four-pound iron weights containing blood and the gray hairs of the deceased were found behind the counter, in the office and sleeping apart- ment. Oue of these heavy iron weights, thrown at the head of the deceased, had crashed through a window in the back part of the sleeping room, and was picked up in the yard. According to the statement of Dr. John E. Duffel, an intelligent and accom- plished physician of Donaldsonville, who held the post-mortem at the Coroner's inquest, the wounds observed upon the head of Narcisse Arrieux were as follows :- Left Side.-Contused woundabout one-half inch in length, near inner canthus of left eye. Contused wound one-half inch in length, at root of nose on the left side, pene- trating and fracturing the frontal bone. Great ecchymosis of both eyes. Contused wound over left eye, but extending diagonally toward the left temple, penetrating to the bone ; contused wound in left temple, in line with margin of left eye. Contused wound on posterior part of the head, penetrating to the bone. Contused wound four inches from left ear, extending backward toward occiput, two inches, fracturing and depressing the occipital bone. Right Side.-Contused wound on forehead, penetrating to the bone, about three inches across the root of the nose. Contused wound about one inch to the left of the ear penetrating to the bone. Contused wound starting from the outer margin of the eyebrows, ranging downward toward the temporal bone, about three inches in length, ending in a line with the top of the right ear, penetrating, fracturing and depressing the right temporal bone. Scalp Removed.-Extensive fracture, extending from the inner canthus of left eye, upward, in a curve, and ranging across the right side of the frontal bone, and around, across the temporal and parietal bones to the occiput. It appears, from the condi- tion of the premises at the time of the inquest, that, notwithstanding the extensive wounds and fractures of the cranium, the deceased, after the infliction of the injuries and after the flight of the assassins and robbers, had partially regained his senses and the use of his limbs; had closed his door, examined his money drawers, had attempted to light a fire in his stove, had placed a newspaper on the floor, unbuttoned and pulled down his pantaloons and evacuated his bowels, had staggered around the walls, steady- ing himself with his bloody hands, and after seating himself on a chair had died and fallen upon the floor, overturning the chair and lying upon the floor with his legs bent. He appears to have died in the sitting posture, and after death, and even after the establishment of the rigor mortis, the body had fallen upon the floor. It appears, from the testimony, that between the hours of 9 and 11 o'clock P.M., on the night of the 27th (a dark and stormy night), four powerful, stalwart negro men entered the store of Narcisse Arrieux and called for ardent spirits. As the old man turned his back to draw the liquor from the barrel, he was struck by one or more of the robbers, with a four-pound iron weight, on the back of the head. This blow not having the effect desired by the assassins, the weights upon the counter were hurled in rapid succession against his head. The powerful leader of the robbers sprang over the counter and inflicted repeated blows upon his head with a short hickory stick armed with a leaden head, which had been carried concealed in the sleeve of his coat. It is probable that the victim lay unconscious during the robbery of the store, and after the assassins had withdrawn, the profuse hemorrhage (as shown by the large pool of blood behind the counter where he fell) relieved the congestion of the brain temporarily, and upon the return of consciousness he was able to stagger to the door and close it, and to visit his office and sleeping room, and even to examine the desks in which he kept his money and books. Prosecution of the Accused by the State.-Certain parties suspected of the murder were arrested; four negro men were incarcerated in the city jail charged with the mur- der of Narcisse Arrieux. Spots of blood were observed by the sheriff upon the coat of Wilson Childers, a powerful negro man, who was known to have been at the store of Narcisse Arrieux on the night of the 27th. Upon his arrest, on the 28th, Wilson Childers affirmed that these spots on his coat were caused by red paint, which was rubbed off from a barrel of whisky which he had handled for a merchant. By the order of the court an examination of these spots was made by physicians and druggists in Donaldsonville, on or about the 29th of December, 1876. There being no microscope of sufficient power in the town and its vicinity, the court ordered Mr. T. A. Landry to proceed to New Orleans with portions of the coat and, shirt of the accused Wilson Childers, and to secure the services of a competent chemist and microscopist for their careful and thorough analysis. Early on the morning of January 2d, 1877, I received the following note from Dr. B. F. Gaudet, late President of the Board of Health, State of Louisiana:- New Orleans, January 2d, 1877. Joseph Jones, m.d., Professor of Chemistry, Medical Department, University of Louisiana, New Orleans. Dear Doctor:-Mr. T. A. Landry, of the Parish of Ascension, has been appointed custodian of a sealed package containing three pieces of woolen stuff cut from the coat of one Wilson Childers, accused of having, on Wednesday, 27th December, 1876, murdered a man, and he was ordered to proceed to New Orleans to submit the above to a chemist and microscopist of well- known reputation, for analysis and examination. The report must be officially made to the Judge of the Parish. I have, of course, suggested your name. You know that you must first take the oath before a Justice of the peace, and swear to the report which you will prepare. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, T. B. Gaudet. Result of Chemical and Microscopical Examination of Stains on the Coat and Shirt of Wilson Childers.-Upon careful chemical and microscopical analysis and examination, I determined that the stains on the coat and shirt of the accused were not paint, but were human blood. I also determined the fact that the blood was that of a human being who had suf- fered and was probably suffering at the moment when the blood was abstracted, with malarial or paroxysmal fever. My written statement of the general result of the chemical and microscopical analy- sis and examination, sworn to before a Justice of the peace, together with the pieces of cloth, carefully sealed, were forwarded, through Mr. T. A. Landry, to the Honorable Court, Fourth Judicial District, State of Louisiana. I did not introduce into this state- ment any allusion to the pathological state of the blood, but simply announced these results, namely:- 1. That the stains were not due to red paint nor to any form of paint. 2. That the stains were blood. 3. That the blood presented all the characteristics of human blood. I informed Mr. Landry, however, of the conclusion to which I had arrived, that the blood was that of a human being who had suffered aud was suffering at the moment of its abstraction, with malarial or paludal fever. On the 29th of June, 1877, I received a peremptory summons to appear in person in the Fourth Judicial District Court, Ascension Parish, State of Louisiana, signed by the Honorable M. Marks, Judge. I repaired forthwith, by steamer and railroad, to Donald- sonville, and found that the Honorable Court had continued the case. Subsequently, I was furnished, by John H. Ilsley, attorney-at-law, with pieces of wood stained with blood, cut from the drawers which contained the money of Narcisse Arrieux. Chemical and microscopical analysis showed that this blood, which was beyond a doubt that of the deceased, presented the same pathological change as that found on the shirt and coat of Wilson Childers, the accused. After the examination, the particles of wood were carefully preserved about my person. On the 27th of May, 1878, I received at the hands of the Deputy Sheriff, in the city of New Orleans, the following:- The State of Louisianna vs. Wilson Childers, et al. The State of Louisiana, Parish of Ascension, 4th Judicial District Court. To Dr. Joseph Jones :- You are hereby summoned, in the name of the State of Louisiana, to appear before the 4th Judicial District Court of the Parish of Ascension, on the 29th day of -May, in the year of our Lord 1878, at 10 o'clock, a. m., to testify the truth, according to your knowledge, in a certain case now pending before this Court, in which the State of Louisiana is plaintiff, and Wilson Childers, et al, is defendant; and hereof fail not, under penalty of the Law. Witness the Honorable H. D. Duffel, Judge of said Court, 23d day of May, 1878. L. E. Bentley, Clerk of said Court. In accordance with this summons, I appeared in the 4th District Court, Parish of Ascension, Wednesday, May 29th, but I was not placed upon the witness stand until 9 o'clock, Friday night, May 31st. Through the courtesy of the accomplished clerk of the court, Mr. L. E. Bentley, I was furnished with the following report of my testimony as elicited by the examination of the State, represented by D. B. Earhart, Dis- trict Attorney, and R. N. Sims, Edward N. Pugh aud John H. Ilsley, Jr., Attorneys- at-Law, and of the defence as conducted by Col. Winchester, of St. James. In the fol- lowing report, the questions propounded by the State as plaintiff are indicated by the letter S, those by the defence, for the prisoner, by the letter D, and the answers which I returned relating to the chemical and microscopical examination of the blood found upon the clothing of the prisoner, in the house of Mr. Narcisse Arrieux, by the letter J. The counsel for the State, after a minute examination as to the time which I had practiced medicine, and devoted special attention to the chemical and microscopical examination of the blood of animals and man, proceeded:- Examination on Part of State of Louisiana.-S.-Was a sealed package, containing particles of a coat and shirt, at any time delivered to you officially by this Court for chemical analysis and microscopical examination ? J.-On or about the 2d of January, 1877, asmallsealed package containing particles or pieces of cloth, was delivered into my hands, with an official warrant for a chemical analysis and microscopical examination, signed by Judge Marks, of this Honorable Court. S.-Is the following communication to this Court in your handwriting ? Is the sig- nature appended yours ? If so, read the communication to the Honorable Court. J.-The report is in my handwriting, and the signature is genuine. The paper reads as follows:- Medical Department, University of La., New Orleans, January 2d, 1877. On the 2d of January, 1877, a sealed package was placed in my hands by L. A. Landry, act- ing under the order of M. 0. Marks, Parish Judge, of the Parish of Ascension. Upon breaking the seal, two smaller packages were found, namely, one marked " from left sleeve of coat," con- taining two pieces of cloth; the other marked "from left breast," containing three pieces of cloth. The said pieces of cloth contained spots of a red and brownish-red color. Careful microscopical and chemical examinations showed that the textures of the cloth in the discolored portions have been saturated with blood. The colored and colorless corpuscles were distinctly seen under a magnifying power of 420 diameters. The colored and colorless corpuscles resembled in size and structure those of man. Haematin and albumen were also present in the matters extracted from the discolored spots. Joseph Jones, m.d. Sworii to and subscribed before me, this January 2d, 1877. W. II. Holmes, Second Justice of Peace, Parish of Orleans. S.-Did you destroy the pieces of cloth containing the stains during your chemical and microscopical examination, or did you re-deliver them to Mr. Landry, duly sealed ? J.-I carefully preserved the pieces of cloth, and, after sealing them carefully, delivered them to Mr. L. A. Landry, in the presence of Wm. H. Holmes, Second Jus- tice of the Peace, Parish of Orleans. S.-Can you identify this package, with its seal, direction and contents ? J.-lean; the direction is in my handwriting; the seal is mine; the particles of cloth resemble in all respects those which were delivered to me by Mr. Landry, and which I examined in my laboratory, on or about the 2d of January, 1877. S.-Did the pieces of cloth, when delivered to you by Mr. Landry, contain any spots, or present anything peculiar? J.-They did. Each piece of cloth contained spots of a red and reddish-brown color. S.-Were these spots caused by red paint? J.-They were not caused by paint of any color or description. S.-How would you detect spots of paint on any texture, as cloth or clothing? J.-Paint consists of oil mixed with metallic, earthy or vegetable or animal sub- stances, according to the nature of the paint and the purposes to which it is applied. The oil may be extracted from paint by certain agents, as sulphuric ether and sulphuret of carbon. The oil may be recognized by its physical and chemical properties, and also by the presence of globular masses of various sizes, under the microscope. The color- ing matters of paint, under the microscope, as a general rule, present a granular appear- ance, and in no kind of paint do they resemble the colored blood corpuscles of man and animals. In the case of red paint, some form of the oxide of iron, or the oxide of lead, or the sulphuret of mercury (vermillion) may be used. After the extraction of the oil from the paint by sulphuric ether, these oxides specified may be rendered soluble by the action of the mineral acids, and especially by hydrochloric and nitric acids. The solutions thus obtained may be subjected to several tests. The salts of iron give blue and bluish-green precipitates with ferricyanide and ferrocyanide of potassium, and black with solution of tannic acid, and the per-saltsof iron give a brownish-red precipi- tate with aqua ammonia, and a deep red color with sulpho-cyanide of potassium. If the color of the paint be due either to the oxide or the sulphuret of mercury, after the abstraction of the oil in the manner specified, the metallic mercury may be reduced by heat, or a nitrate, sulphate or chloride formed by the action of the respective acids, and the soluble salt thus formed may be subjected to various reagents, as iodide of potas- sium (green precipitate with proto-salt of mercury, and red precipitate with per-salt of this metal); lime water and solution of potassa, black precipitate with proto-salt and yellowish red with per-salt; a plate of polished copper plunged in solution of soluble salt of mercury is quickly coated with metallic mercury, which may be removed by sublimation, dissolved in the mineral acids and subjected to the test just specified. If the color be due to the red oxide of lead, the metal may be reduced from the paint by means of the blowpipe; the oxide may also be separated from the oil and subjected to the action of nitric acid, and the solution subjected to the action of various chemical reagents, as iodide of potassium (yellow iodide of lead), chromate of potassa (yellow chromate of lead), sulphureted hydrogen (black sulphuret of lead), sulphuric acid and soluble sulphate of lead (white sulphate of lead). S -What did you determine these spots to be by chemical and microscopical exami- nation ? and state fully to this Honorable Court the ground upon which your statement was based, and the processes by which you arrived at your conclusions. J.-Chemical and microscopical examination showed the spots to be t hose of blood. The presence of blood was determined by the following processes and reagents: When the stains were examined in a strong light, with a low power of the microscope, the fibres were not merely colored, but presented a shining, glossy appearance, and the individual fibres were observed to be invested with portions of dried coagulum or clot. Certain chemical processes, as the following, established pre- sumptively that the matter which imparted the color to the spots on the clothing of the accused was blood. It readily combined with cold distilled water, forming a bright red solution. This color was not changed to a crimson or a green tint by a few drops of a weak solution of ammonia, but when this agent, in concentrated form and large amount, was added, the red liquid acquired a brownish tint. The red liquid obtained from the particles of blood in the textures of the cloth, by means of cold water, coagulated when it was boiled, the color was destroyed and a muddy brown, flocculent precipitate was formed. When the coagulum was collected on a filter and dried, it formed a black resinous substance, quite insoluble in water, but readily dissolved by boiling caustic potash, forming a solution which was of a greenish color by reflected, and reddish by transmitted light. When the solution of the clots in cold water was subjected to the action of strong nitric acid, the red coloring matter of the blood and its albumen were coagulated and a dirty brown precipitate was throlvn dowm. When examined under the microscope with various powers, ranging from 400 to 1800 diameters, the red matter causing red stains was found to consist of numerous circular, disc-like or flattened globules having an average diameter of of an inch. The white or colorless corpuscles of the blood were also clearly distinguished. S.-Did you observe anything which would indicate the state of the health of the individual from whom the blood had issued upon the clothes of the accused ? and if so state your observations to this Honorable Court. J.-I observed changes in the blood obtained from the pieces of cloth which led me to infer that the person from whom it was abstracted had suffered and was most probably at that time suffering with paroxysmal, paludal or malarial fever. This opinion was based chiefly upon the following abnormal substances observed in connection with the colored and colorless or white blood corpuscles: Black pigment or melanaemic corpuscles, varying from to yyjjj of an inch in diameter; con- glomerations of these melanaemic particles, in masses of various sizes; colorless corpus- cles or leucocytes which contained small granular masses of black pigment. Many of the particles of the melansemic pigment were spherical, others irregular and angular, some entirely free, others incased in a hyaline mass; others incorporated with cellular elements which are more or less related to the white corpuscles of the blood. These black pigment particles indicated the destruction or alteration of the blood corpuscles and the escape of the haematin of the red globules which is characteristic of malarial fever. S.-How long have you been engaged in the microscopical and chemical investiga- gation of the blood of man in disease, and upon what facts do you base the preceding statement ? J.-My investigations upon the chemical and microscopical changes of the blood in fevers, and especially in malarial and yellow fevers, were commenced in 1856, and have been pursued continuously up to the present moment; and during the past ten years I have treated, in the wards of the Charity hospital of New Orleans, over four thousand cases of various diseases, more than one half of which were due to the action of the malaria of the swamps and marshes of the Mississippi valley. The blood in a large number of these cases has been subjected to microscopical and chemical examination, and in fatal cases post-mortem examinations performed. The result of these investiga- gations, which throw light upon the inquiries of this Honorable Court, are as follows: 1. The malarial poison produces profounder alterations and more rapid destruction of the colored blood corpuscles than any other known febrile agent. 2. The destruction of the colored corpuscles takes place chiefly in the spleen and liver. 3. The black pigment resulting from this hsematin of the blood corpuscles is fre- quently observed in the blood as it circulates in the vessels and capillaries, in masses of various sizes and in the form of cellular elements. 4. The black pigment is deposited in the capillaries of various organs and tissues, as those of the liver, medulla of the bone, brain and subcutaneous tissue. 5. The peculiar sallow, greenish-yellow and bronzed hue, which characterizes those who have been for a length of time subjected to the prolonged action of the malarial poison or to its powerful action in pernicious remittent fever and in malarial hsematuria, is due not merely to hepatic and splenic derangement, but also to the deposit of pig- ment particles in the subcutaneous capillaries. S.-Did you make any further examinations of blood in this case or in connection with the deceased ? If so, state the result. J.-I examined bits of wood brought to New Orleans, and placed in my hands by John H. Hsley, attorney-at-law and counsel for the State. These pieces of wood, the one of cedar and the other of mahogany, were spotted and coated upon the smooth side with blood. Microscopical and chemical examination revealed that it was human blood, and human blood presenting similar pathological alterations to that examined on the particles of cloth cut from the coat and shirt of the prisoner, and previously described. The blood, as in the first examination, contained numerous black particles, and pigment cells and colorless corpuscles, containing round, black pigment particles. Upon arriving in Donaldsonville, through the kindness of Dr. John E. Duffel, I visited the house formerly occupied by the deceased, and found that the particles of wood fitted exactly into the front portions of two drawers belonging to two desks. Undeniable testimony established the fact that the blood on these pieces of wood was that from the deceased after the infliction of the blows on the head. S.-Have you preserved these pieces of wood? and if you have, produce them before the jury and fit them into the places from whence they were cut, in the drawers, which have been brought to this Court. J.-I have carefully preserved the pieces of wood upon my person, from their first reception to the present time. They correspond exactly to the missing portions of wood in the drawers exhibited by the State before this Honorable Court. S.-Have you examined the blood of various animals, as, for instance, reptiles, birds, and domestic animals? And if you have, state the general results of your examinations, and if the blood of these animals can be distinguished from that of man. J.-I have examined microscopically and chemically the blood of a large number of the indigenous fish, amphiuma, sirens, batrachians, ophidians, saurians, birds and wild mammalia, and also the blood of domestic fowls and animals, and can state that in fish,* amphibians, batrachians, saurians and birds, the blood corpuscles can be distinguished at once and beyond all question under the microscope, on account of the elliptical shape and nucleated centre ; but in the case of the domestic and indigenous mammalia a more critical examination is required ; for in this class of animals the size of the globules varies within comparatively narrow limits ; they have a flattened or disc-like form, and with the exception of the camel tribe, the outline of the disc is circular. Examination on the part of the Defence.-D.-Are you absolutely certain that the stains on the pieces of cloth placed in your hands for microscopical and chemical analysis were caused by human blood ? J.-The substances causing the stains presented all the chemical and microscopical properties of human blood, and blood presenting a special pathological alteration. D.-Can you by means of chemical and microscopical examination of the blood determine any form of disease ? J.-By chemical and microscopical examination I am not able to determine every form of disease. D.-You would then be in doubt concerning the result, in certain diseases, of the chemical and microscopical examination ; please state, therefore, if there are any diseases, the nature of which may be revealed by the microscope ? J.-The microscope enables us to distinguish clearly the changes induced in the blood by malarial fever. That condition of the blood known as leucocythajmia or leukaemia can be accurately determined by microscopical examination. There was no doubt in my mind that the blood examined was human blood, from one who had suf- fered, and perhaps was at the time suffering with malarial fever. * The blood discs of fishes are commonly of a full, elliptic shape ; they present the largest size in the sharks, but are smaller in them in proportion to the body or mass of blood than in the batrachia. The white corpuscles are in less proportion in the blood of fishes than in saurians, birds or mammals. In my physiological and chemical researches, published by the Smithsonian Institution in 1856, I endeavored to establish the comparison of main physiological importance between the blood in different groups of vertebrates, namely, that which relates to the proportion of the organic matters contained in the water. It was then clearly shown that the blood varied, in the different classes of animals, in physical and chemical properties. The blood of reptiles has red corpuscles of a flattened, sub-biconvex, elliptical shape, proportionally smallest in ophidia, roundest in chelonia, and largest in batrachia. In birds the blood discs are more abundant than in the cold-blooded vertebrates; they are nucleated, elliptic and flattened in form, averaging in size, in long diameter to 3355 of an inch. D.-What did you say was the average size of the colored blood corpuscles in the stains upon the cloth? and while giving this measurement, give those also of the dog, horse, rat, cat, rabbit, ass, ox, cow, sheep and goat. J.-The average of the diameter of the blood corpuscles from the stains, was about 55'7777 of an inch. The corpuscles of human blood are larger than those of domestic animals. Thus, the average diameter in the dog is about 55'55 of an inch ; horse, 5555 of an inch ; in the rat, 55'55 of an inch ; in the cat, 55'55 of an inch ; in the rabbit, 55'55 of an inch ; in the ass, 55577 of an inch ; in the ox, 55'57 of an inch ; in the cow, 55'7777 of an inch ; in the pig, 5555 of an inch; in the sheep, 55'55 of an inch ; in the goat, 55'55 of an inch. D.-Do not those individual blood corpuscles in man and animals vary in their diameter in the same specimen of blood ? and if so state to the Honorable Court the causes of these variations. J.-The blood corpuscles of man and animals vary in their diameters within cer- tain limits; thus, those of man may vary from 55'55 to 55'55; of the dog from 55'55 to 5555; ©f the hare from 55'55 to 55'55; in the ox from 55'75 to 55'55; in the sheep from 3 At to 3555 of an inch. D.-Difficulty, therefore, exists in distinguishing between the blood of man and domestic animals; and in view of this fact do you assert absolutely that the stains in the pieces of cloth were human blood ? J.-I admit that difficulties exist in such examinations. I affirmed that the human blood corpuscles, upon an average, were larger than that of the domestic animals named. I also affirmed that the stains upon the pieces of cloth presented all the char- acteristics of human blood. I went a step further and affirmed that this blood pre- sented pathological appearances which, as far as my investigations extend, are peculiar to human blood in a certain diseased state, and that I have never observed such a con- dition in the blood of animals; and that the blood from the house in which the deceased was murdered presented similar chemical and microscopical characters. D.-Can the colored blood corpuscles be detected with accuracy in dried blood ? J.-They can be detected in many cases; and they were detected accurately in the case now before this Honorable Court. D.-Can you distinguish between the blood of a woman and the blood of a man ? J.-I cannot. D.-Can you distinguish the blood of a foetus from the blood of its mother ? J.-I cannot. D.-Can you distinguish the blood of the different races of men ? for example, can you chemically and microscopically distinguish the blood of a white man from that of a negro ? J.-Different races are said to have distinct odors; sulphuric acid applied to blood will liberate the peculiar odor of the animal; I have, upon many cases, satisfied myself of the possibility of developing the peculiar odor of the blood in different animals by sulphuric acid. I cannot, however, speak positively with reference to the blood of the different races of mankind. VERDICT OF JURY. By the testimony of several witnesses, two of whom were practicing physicians, it was clearly established that, for some weeks before and up to the time of his murder, Narcisse Arrieux was suffering with intermittent malarial fever (chills and fever). The judgment of the jury rested, to a great degree, upon the presence of blood on the clothing of the accused, Wilson Childers. We have been informed by John H. Ilsley, Jr., one of the attorneys for the prosecu- tion, that an important witness testified as to the guilt of the four negroes accused of the murder of Narcisse Arrieux. The jury rendered the verdict guilty of murder, with capital punishment. MICROORGANISMS OF MALARIAL FEVER. The microorganisms, which we have observed in the blood of patients suffering from malarial fever may be thus briefly enumerated:- (a) Minute globular bodies, from the ten-thousandth to the thirty-thousandth of an inch in diameter, having the general appearance and chemical characters of the spores of bacteria. (&) Globular bodies of larger size than the preceding, often of a dark, opaque char- acter, found not only in the liquor sanguinis, but also in the colored blood corpuscles and in the colorless blood corpuscles. These bodies, most probably true spores, possess the power of invading and destroying the colored blood corpuscles. These micrococci or spores are often observed in the blood in groups, surrounded by protoplasm, consti- tuting zoogloea. (c) Ovoid, cylindrical and rose-shaped bodies, not destroyed by acetic acid and stained by aniline dyes. These bodies increase during the cold stage, and are most numerous in pernicious malarial fever. (d) Colorless blood corpuscles containing minute pigment granules, and dark spheri- cal bodies, resembling sporules; many of these pigmented corpuscles or aggregations of dark spherical bodies, surrounded by protoplasm, are about twice the diameter of the colorless blood corpuscles of normal blood; and their behavior under the action of reagents and also during the process of staining, leads to the view that a portion at least of these bodies must be regarded as vegetable organisms. The large pigment cells appear to be characteristic of malarial fever'. (e) Masses of haematin of various forms, irregular in size and shape, but most gener- ally the sides and portions seen in profile are angular. The deposits of large pigment masses in the brain in malarial fever, and especially in cases of repeated paroxysm, find their origin in the changes of the colored blood corpuscles, induced by the morbific ferment or microorganisms of malarial fever. There is an actual destruction of the colored blood corpuscles in the living blood, and within the walls of the living capillaries and blood vessels in malarial fever; and this destruction is not referable, either solely or originally, to the action of the bile acids accumulated in the blood, as a consequence of biliary congestion, or obstruction during the febrile stages of malarial fever. We can detect the process of the disintegration of the colored blood corpuscles by the microscope, and detect the very inception of that great pathological change which constitutes one of the most distinctive features of malarial fever, and which must be carefully considered in any scientific and rational plan of treatment. (f) Marked variations in the size of the colored blood corpuscles. These variations, from, small corpuscles to what may be called giant corpuscles, twice the diameter of normal blood globules, appear to be characteristic of malarial fever. The destruction of colored blood corpuscles does not take place with equal rapidity in all parts of the organism, but appears to be most marked in the spleen and liver. The blood pigment resulting from the haematin of the blood corpuscles is frequently observed in the blood as it circulates in the vessels and capillaries, in masses of various sizes, and in the form of cellular elements. Without doubt local congestions may be caused by obstruction of the circulation in the capillaries and by these pigment particles and cells; and such congestions may lead to local hemorrhages. The congestions and hemorrhages thus resulting are especially significant when occurring within the structures of the brain and spinal cord. The appropriation of a portion of the altered coloring matter (haematin of the colored blood corpuscles), by the leucocytes, is due to the physical and vital endow- ments of their elementary bodies. It is now generally admitted that the colorless corpuscles are elementary organisms which are endowed with the power of spontaneous motion, this power belonging to them in virtue of the protoplasm of which these bodies are composed. This motion is of two kinds, the change of form and the change of place; the latter resulting from the former. It has been demonstrated that the colorless blood corpuscles possess the faculty of taking, by virtue of their amoeboid movements, solid particles into their substance. This subject is of transcendent importance to the student of fevers, in giving an important point of diagnosis for malarial fever, which distinguishes it from all other forms, and especially from yellow fever. The author demonstrated during the progress of his pathological researches, extend- ing from 1856 to 1887, the power of the colorless corpuscles of human blood to feed upon and appropriate the haemoglobin, hsematin and haemin of the colored blood cor- puscles in the blood vessels of malarial patients, before physiologists had experiment- ally determined by employing either finely divided fatty substances, or coloring matter, the power of the colorless blood corpuscles to take solid particles into their substance. We have thus traced the pigmentation of the colorless blood corpuscles in malarial fever to- (a) The destruction of the colored blood corpuscles by the morbific ferment, or microorganism of malarial fever. (b) The separation of the haemoglobin, haemin and haematin, and its appropriation by the colorless blood corpuscles, in virtue of their physical and vital properties and amoeboid movements. (c) The invasion of the colorless corpuscles by the colored spores of the malarial microorganisms. GENERAL RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS INSTITUTED TO DETERMINE THE NATURE AND RELATIONS OF THE ORGANIC AND LIVING CONSTITUENTS OF THE ATMOSPHERE TO THE MICROSCOPICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES OF THE BLOOD IN YELLOW AND MALARIAL FEVERS, DURING THE YELLOW FEVER EPIDEMIC IN NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA, 1878. Relying upon the fact that cold arrests yellow fever, I sought to condense and ren- der palpable to the eye and touch the poison, by passing large volumes of the yellow fever atmosphere of 1878 through ice and ice-cold water, by means of carefully con- structed bellows. In this manner I threw from 100,000 to 600,000 cubic centimetres of the yellow fever air of 1878 through ice and ice-cold water. The products of the condensation thus obtained were examined, both chemically and microscopically. The air was taken from rooms in the most infected localities containing those suffering with the various stages of yellow fever. I also endeavored to determine whether the living particles found in the air differed in accordance with the locality, whether malarious or non-malarious.* After a thorough examination of the minute spores, micrococcci and organic and inorganic matters of the air in which yellow fever was prevailing, it was observed- (a) In the well-paved and well-drained, non-malarious portions of New Orleans, the solid matters of the air examined, not only during the prevalence of the yellow fever, *" Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1878, New Orleans," by Joseph Jones, M.D. New Orleans Med- ical and Surgical Journal, March, 1879, pp. 683-715; April, 1879, pp. 763-780; May, 1879, pp. 852-879 ; June, 1879, pp. 933-942. Vol. IV-33 but also at various intervals during a period of six to eight months, I discovered no form which could be referred to such microscopical plants as the chlorococcum vulgare, protococcus viridis, palmella cruenta, coccochloris brebinonii and other confervoidse, or unilocular algae capable of producing chlorophyl. Certain granular cells observed in the blood of malarial fever resemble most nearly the resting spore of bulbochsete intermedia, and the granular cells of palmella cruenta ; but no such cells were observed in the atmosphere of the houses situated in well-paved and well-drained sections of the city. The forms of the non-malarial sick rooms (rooms containing yellow fever patients) were referable to those most nearly connected with putrefaction and fermentation, as the bacteria and torulae, penicillus and micrococci and cryptococcae. The absence of any of the known forms of algae in the air of yellow fever collected in the non-malarious, well-drained and well-paved portions of the city of New Orleans, is important, in that this class of plants is thus excluded from the consideration of the question relating to the origin and causation of yellow fever. (&) The water obtained by passing the air through ice and melting ice and ice-cold water, was preserved, and portions added to solutions of sugar. The water from the rooms in which yellow fever patients lay caused the development in solution of sugar of a delicate fungus, the spores of which were distributed in regular rows, within the thallus. This plant, as well as that developed in the yellow fever blood, assumed a distinct yellow color. Both penicillium and torulae were observed in these solutions. For many years we have had, and taught essentially, the following- THEORY OF THE CAUSATION OF THE PATHOLOGICAL PHENOMENA IN THE LIVING HUMAN BEING, KNOWN AS MALARIAL FEVER. We are justified by our own observations, as well as those of observers who have recorded positive results, in the conclusion that malarial fever is caused by a specific, living, pathogenic microorganism. This microorganism and its spores exist in the soil, waters and^atmosphere of mala- rial regions. It gains access to the blood of human beings, where it commits its greatest ravages, through the lungs and through the skin and alimentary canal, but it is chiefly through the respired air and the ingested water that it finds the media for its penetra- tion into the capillaries and circulatory fluids. The condition of the individual at the time of exposure, whether of health or ill- health, and the integrity of the pulmonary, alimentary and cutaneous surfaces, without doubt modify or influence the rapidity of the introduction and the subsequent action of the malarial pathogenic microorganism. After the introduction of the pathogenic microorganisms into the circulation they cause the splitting up of complex nitrogenous compounds (proteids, colloids, as well as crystalloid bodies) into compounds of compar- atively low or simple composition; they cause the disintegration of nitrogenous com- pounds by withdrawing from the compounds certain molecules of nitrogen, building up with these their own protoplasm. Similarly carbohydrates and inorganic salts are dissociated by them, inasmuch as they require a certain amount of carbon, phosphorus and potassium for building up their own bodies. The profound and remarkable changes of the amount and character of the constituents of the blood and urine, which we have detailed in the preceding pages, are thus shown to have their origin in the chemical changes excited by the life acts of the pathogenic malarial microorganism. In this process of decomposition, certain alkaloid bodies, closely related to the ptomaines, are produced and act upon the ganglionic centres of the nervous system, indicating aberrated nervous and muscular action, causing capillary congestion, deranged secre- tion and other toxic effects. It is probable that in the most malignant cases a compound or compounds resembling the septic poison (sepsin) is one of the products of decompo- sition of animal substances. It will be readily admitted that putrid intoxication or poisoning may occur as a pysemic affection in the human subject, when a large ulcer- ating surface exists, in which it is well known that large numbers of putrefactive organisms are growing and are producing the septic poison or sepsin, which can be isolated by various chemical processes destructive of every living microorganism. Gas- pard, Burdon-Sanderson, Panum, Bergmann, Billroth, Guttmann, Semmer and many others, have shown that sepsin injected into the vascular system of animals produces a marked febrile rise of temperature, and is capable of causing death with the symptoms of acute poisoning, showing vomiting and purging, spasms, torpor, collapse and death. On post-mortem there are found changes similar to those observed in the most malig- nant of fevers, and especially of hemorrhagic malarial fever and yellow fever; namely, severe congestion and hemorrhage of the stomach, duodenum and rectum; hemorrhage in the pleura, lungs, pericardium and endocardium; congestion and hemorrhage in the peritoneum; congestion of the liver; congestion of the kidneys and bloody urine. This putrid infection leads to death in twelve to twenty-four hours, or even less. On inject- ing smaller quantities only a febrile disturbance is noticed, severe symptoms and death only following after injection of considerable quantities, such as several centimetres, of putrid fluid. Thus sepsin is known to be one of the products of the chemical changes excited in nitrogenous bodies by the multiplication, growth and life actions of septic bacteria. By holding that the microorganism of malarial fever develops or produces by its action on the proteid and morphological elements of the blood, bodies related to the animal alkaloids (ptomaines) and to sepsin, we have an explanation of the violent vomitings, sudden hemorrhages and profound coma characteristic of the severest forms of malarial disease. At the same time it should be observed that in the growth and chemical action of certain microorganisms, the products of the decomposition started and maintained by them have a most detrimental influence on themselves, inhibiting their multiplication; in fact, after a certain amount of these products has accumulated, the organisms become arrested in their growth, and finally, may be altogether killed. We have already dwelt upon the importance of the fact that indol, skatol, phenol, and other bodies belonging to the aromatic series, which are produced in the course of putrefaction of proteids, have a most detrimental effect on the life of many microorgan- isms. While it has not been as yet clearly determined whether in these instances the organisms produce the chemical effect by creating a special zymogen or ferment, and through it causing the chemical disturbance, or whether they merely dissociate the compounds by abstracting for their own use certain molecules ; it is, on the contrary, well established that in consequence of this chemical disturbance definite chemical substances are produced. In view of the fact that the microorganism of malarial fever acts with greatest energy and most destructive effects upon the colored blood corpuscles; and in view of the tact that there appears to be no practical limit to the alteration and destruction of the red globules; we must refer the temporary cessation of the actions of the micro- organism (the intermissions and remissions of malarial fever), not to the exhaustion of any special chemical substance in the blood and organs, but rather to the effects of the elevated temperature and the formation of antiseptic compounds, in arresting the development, and in destroying large numbers of the microorganisms. In certain dis- eases, as smallpox, vaccinia and typhus fever, the chemical changes resulting from the action of the pathogenic microorganisms, as well as the elevation of temperature, are such as to cause the complete destruction and elimination of the germs originally pro- ducing the disease. In the paroxysms of malarial fever, there is in like manner a destruction and elimi- nation of the pathogenic microorganisms, but in many cases the destruction and elimi- nation of the germs of the disease is not complete, and these remaining in the blood reproduce their kind, and after a definite period the same phenomena are repeated. The paroxysm of malarial fever, with its elevated temperature and antiseptic products, must, to a certain extent, be regarded as curative in its effects ; and it is well estab- lished that a considerable number of ca*es of malarial fever end spontaneously and pass into recovery after one or more paroxysms, without the employment of any anti- septic or any remedies whatever ; in such cases the febrile changes excited by the pathogenic organisms have resulted in their death and elimination. On the other hand, the most destructive and incurable forms of malignant anaemia, ending finally in he- patic and splenic enlargement, general anasarca and failure of the heart and nervous centres, often result from the continuous and almost unobserved action of the malarial microorganism upon the constituents of the blood, and, more especially, upon the col- ored blood corpuscles; in such cases the antiseptic products of high fever have not been formed. We must look to chemical knowledge to guide us in our contests with the specific agents of malarial and other diseases, and we accept the doctrine, with but slight modi- fication, that no chemical or other agent can be rightly regarded as disinfectants, in respect of any disease, unless it can be shown to have the power of inhibiting or arrest- ing the development and growth of the particular species of microphyte which is the constant concomitant of the morbid process ; and that inasmuch as all specific micro- phytes are endowed with the power of multiplying in the blood and living tissues of the organism they infest, and of there playing their part in the morbid process ;• all specific disinfectants must, in order to encounter the organisms they are intended to destroy, be of such a nature that they can, without prejudice, be mixed with the circu- lating blood, and come into direct contact with the tissues. In the case of malarial fever we have in quinine such a disinfectant, which is not only poisonous to the pathogenic microorganism of malarial fever but is also of such a nature that it can, without prejudice, be mixed with the circulating blood and come into direct contact with the tissues. Quinia may be taken in large doses without danger; it is eliminated slowly, with little or no change, by the skin and kidneys ; it circulates freely in the blood, and passes into the organs, and is thus brought into con- tact with all pathogenic microorganisms; its action as a disinfectant is greatly increased by the rapidity of the circulation, and its action is also favored and supplemented by the antiseptic products developed during the febrile paroxysms. Professor Ceri, of Camerino, has shown that the infecting power of the organisms of malarial soils by the introduction of quinine into the infecting fluids, one part of quinia to 800 of the cul- ture fluids, prevented the development of the malarial spores, and arrested the putrid fermentation induced by them. Administered to healthy men, quinine reduces the urea twenty-five per cent, and the sulphuric acid forty per cent.; it diminishes the amount of uric acid; it slightly increases the amount of water; it does not diminish the amount of carbonic acid excreted by the lungs. The spleen of warm-blooded ani- mals contracts under the influence of quinia within a few hours ; it becomes tougher and its surface is thrown into folds; these phenomena are not prevented by the previous section of the afferent nerves. In healthy persons and in most febrile patients, it is not decomposed in passing through the blood, but is entirely excreted by the kidneys and bowels; notwithstanding that it doesnot directly take part in the chemical changes in the body, it produces giddiness and ringing in the ears, disturbances of hearing and vision, depression of reflex irritability, depression or impairment of the heart's action ; diminished frequency of the pulse; diminished arterial pressure, prostration and reduc- tion of animal temperature. Solutions of albumen are converted into peptones if shaken up in an atmosphere of nascent oxygen, but this change is prevented if quinia be present. Even in relatively small quantities it prevents the putrefaction of nitro- gencus substances, as well as several simpler fermentive processes, in both cases it acts directly on the protoplasm of which the substances or their germs are composed. On the other hand it is of importance, in the administration of quinine in large or continu- ous doses, that other amorphous ferments, such as ptyalin and pepsin, have their prop- erties very slightly or not at all arrested by quinia, and there are several protoplasmatic organisms on which it has no poisonous effects whatever, whereas it reacts on the other with unexpected vigor. The poisonous action of many putrid fluids upon warm-blooded animals may be neutralized, either completely or as far as certain symptoms are concerned, by the simultaneous administration of quinia. Owing to the energy with which it paralyzes certain kinds of protoplasm, quinia diminishes the absolute number of white blood corpuscles in the body; the lymphatic glands, under its action, become small, and are found, on section, to be abnormally dry, while splenic enlargements, due to hyperplasia of the lymphatic follicles, and to the increased tissue change within the organ by which it is accompanied, are reduced or prevented. The escape of white blood corpuscles from the vessels, and the suppuration which ensues, can be distinctly limited in animals by quinia ; its effect in this instance is, in the main, independent of the condition of actual pressure. It is due to a lowering of the affinity of the corpuscles for the oxygen of the haemoglobin, this oxygen being the stimulus which excites the independent movements by which emigration from the veins and capillaries is partly effected. Fresh vegetable juices containing protoplasm, and also healthy pus-both of which ordinarily give the reaction of nascent oxygen with tincture of guaiacum or indigo-lose this property when mixed with relatively weak solutions of quinia, this alkaloid preventing the protoplasm from absorbing oxygen from the atmosphere and undergoing the special alteration to which the reaction is due. Phosphorescent infusoria, or those which are continually undergoing powerful oxida- tion, completely lose their phosphorescence on the addition of minute quantities of quinia. The addition of quinia to blood which has been recently drawn not only diminishes the physiological production of acid which occurs immediately after its removal from the body, but also its power of transferring active oxygen to oxidizable bodies. This effect also takes place with pure haemoglobin without its being possible to detect any decomposition of the latter spectroscopically during the presence of the quinia. On the contrary, when blood which contains quinia is heated, the lines which indicate oxygen disappear at a higher temperature than the same lines in pure blood used for comparison. The penicillium fungus, when mixed with haemoglobin outside the body, withdraws oxygen from it, and this process is arrested by quinia. From the preceding facts, established by the labors of eminent observers, as Dr. C. Binz, Mosier, Boeck, Rossbach and Preyer, and taking into consideration the altera- tions in size which the red blood corpuscles undergo under its influence, it seems prob- able that while the quinia renders certain cells within the human organism still less fitted than before for the absorption of oxygen, it binds that element more firmly to the haemoglobin. The fall of temperature which quinia so frequently produces in fever (0.5°, 4.0°, and more, Centigrade) is independent of the heart, and also of those portions of the nervous system which take origin in the brain and pass downward through the spinal cord; for it still takes place after the cervical portion of the latter has been com- pletely divided; nor does it appear to depend upon an increased omission of heat from the skin. The reduction of temperature appears to be largely due to some inhibitory effect exerted by quinia over the functional activity of the protoplasmatic cells of the heat-producing organs. Even the normal cells become slightly depressed by its action, especially when they are producing an unusual amount of heat under the stimulus of pyretic substances; and those infective poisons (whether they be organized or merely in solution) which are capable of self-multiplication in the body after more or less of a period of incubation, and of acting as irritants to their cells, are either rendered by quinia incapable of further development, as in malarial fever, or they have their energy paralyzed, as happens, to some extent, in typhoid fever. Quinia essentially differs from chemically allied molecules-such as morphia, strychnia, veratria-in the fact that it does not meet with any albuminous body in the nervous system on which it has a marked effect. Quinia circulates unchanged through the blood, and it is an error to attribute its specific antipyretic properties to its stronger affinity for one or more pyretic poisons, and especially for that form which malaria originates. The power of quinia to arrest malarial fever is due chiefly (a) to its antipyretic properties; (6) its power to bind the oxygen more firmly with the colored blood corpuscles, and thus to avert the destructive action of the malarial germ or microorganism; (c) its poisonous effects u|>on the microorganisms of malarial fever; (d) its tonic effect upon the cerebro-spinal and sympathetic ganglia. PREVENTION OF MALARIAL FEVER. No subject is of greater importance to the inhabitants of tropical and temperate regions of the earth, than the destruction or removal of the cause or causes of malaria. The following propositions should be considered in the discussion of the measures which may be proposed for the destruction or removal of the causes of malaria :- 1. Malaria inflicts a vast amount of disease and suffering upon the human race, and directly and indirectly causes a considerable portion of tlie mortality in tropical and temperate climates. Notwithstanding the modern civilizations had their rise and development in the most malarial portions of Africa, Asia and Europe, along the banks of the Nile, in its hot, malarious delta, we find the remains of an ancient and grand civilization, which gave birth to that of Greece and Rome, and the great commer- cial cities of the Phoenicians were located around the malarious borders of the land- locked Mediterranean. Even medicine had its first birth along the marshy waters of the Nile and in the temples of Isis and Osiris. The works of Hippocrates (the father of European medicine) were based upon the knowledge which had crossed the Mediterranean from the shores of Africa, and the greater portion of the cases which he details relate to the various forms of malarial fever. Rome conquered the world with the sword and destroyed her citizens by malarial fevers, and through all her various changes, from universal empire to a contracted hierarchy, through all ages, she has retained her deadly malaria. In the malarious regions of Italy and Spain were born and reared Columbus, Cortez, Pizzaro, Ponce de Leon and Ferdinand de Soto. In the malarious regions of the Southern States were bred such men as Washington, Jefferson, Lee and Stonewall Jackson. The star of empire, which has been steadily passing from the east to the west, has halted in its progress in the great malarious valley of the Mississippi, where it will remain as the centre of political power, physical development and scientific advancement. In those regions in which the earth generates malaria, she also bestows her most boun- teous gifts, golden grain, luscious fruits, and every variety of animal and vegetable food. Thus the baneful effects of malaria are counterbalanced to a large extent by the mild and genial climate and the bounteous products of field, forest, river, lake and ocean. 2. The labors of man in clearing the forests, opening and deepening the channels of rivers, draining and tilling the land, have altered the climate and changed the char- acter of the diseases of large portions of the earth's surface. The malarious belt of the earth has been thus progressively circumscribed by the labors of the agriculturist. In the present century the removal of the causes of mala- rial fever has been greatly facilitated by the extensive introduction of improved imple- ments and machinery and the use of steam. The drainage of lagoons, swamps and marshes, as well as of the land generally, has removed certain conditions favorable to the development of simply constructed organisms and morbific ferments. With the increase of the human race, and the advancement of agriculture and the mechanical arts, there will be a progressive diminution of the empire of malaria. The labors of the agriculturist have banished malarious diseases from the greater portions of England, France and Germany. In the early settlements of South Carolina and Georgia the clearing off of the dense virgin forests, even in elevated, hilly regions, was attended with the development of the severest forms of remittent and congestive fevers. At this day the old red clay hills of Carolina are comparatively free from malarial fever. 3. Centuries must elapse before the low grounds, marshes, ponds, lagoons and swamps of the United States of America, and more especially of the great valley of the Mississippi, will be thoroughly drained and under cultivation. The rich returns yielded by sugar-cane, rice and cotton will ever tempt the laborer to disregard the effects of climate, and the gaps in their ranks will ever be speedily filled with new recruits. The question arises, w'hat can be done to protect the laborers in the swamps, rice fields and marshes of the Southern States from the effects of malaria ? The author has witnessed, upon thousands of occasions, the destructive effects of malaria upon the human constitution. If the hardy sons of Ireland, England, Germany and France, and even the dark Latin races of Italy, Spain and Portugal enter the swamps and marshes and rice-fields of our Southern States as laborers, they are almost universally attacked with the various forms of malarial fever during the months of July, August, September, October and November. Many who escape the immediate fatal effects of the acute form suffer with diffuse parenchymatous hepatitis, malarial nephritis, anaemia, anasarca, ascites and prostration of the muscular and nervous forces. Vast numbers of men have perished from the effects of malaria and exposure in building the railroads of the United States. This subject should be thoroughly investigated by the National Government. At the present time vast numbers of men from all parts of the civilized world are suffering and perishing from the deadly effects of the malaria of the Central and South American States, and more especially from the fevers of the Isthmus of Panama. How to protect the laborer from the effects of malaria should call forth the earnest considera- tion of every civilized nation. Preceding the American Civil War, in 1859 and 1860, the author undertook an extended investigation of the diseases of the various geological and physical divisions of the Southern (slave States). The investigation of the soil, waters and diseases of the rice plantations, low grounds and swamps of Georgia first engaged his attention. Upon the present occasion we shall present only two results of these labors, namely, those facts which illustrate the poisonous nature of the stagnant water of the swamps and the rules formulated by the author for removing, at least some of the causes for malaria from among the laborers on the rice plantations. Poisonous Effects of the Stagnant Waters of the Swamps of Low Malarious Regions. Experiments on Living Animals.*-Water taken from a deep basin in the large canal which drains the rice fields-the swamp was entirely dry with the exception of the deeper portions of the canal-the waters of which had ceased to flow for at least three months, the season having been unusually warm and dry. The fish, terrapins, frogs, alligators and snakes had all collected in these pools of stagnant water, and the living catfish kept their mouths and feelers upon the surface of the water. As the eye rested upon the black and green, turbid waters, scarcely a spot could be discovered not occu- * " First Report to the Cotton Planters' Convention of Georgia, on the Agricultural Resources of Georgia," by Joseph Jones, m.d., pp. 269-272. Augusta, Ga., 1860. Analysis 43. Stagnant swamp water, Arcadia swamp, Liberty Co., eight miles from its junction with the North New Port River, June 1st, 1860. pied by the mouths and feelers of catfish moving tremulously about upon the surface of the water like so many spiders ; in fact, upon a general view, these pools resembled a dark surface of black and green liquid mud, upon which thousands of large spiders were dancing. Every now and then the monotony would be broken by the splash of a mudfish or garfish, or conger eel, or the plunge of a bull-frog. The catfish appeared, in their distress and anxiety to absorb the oxygen from the atmosphere, to disregard alike the presence of man and of the moccasins and water snakes which sluggishly moved in the stagnant pools among their feelers, apparently satiated and disgusted. These stag- nant pools, and in fact the whole swamp, under a burning sun emitted a most sickening and disgusting stench. Exposure to this atmosphere, contaminated with the gases arising from the decomposition of vegetable and animal matter, during the heat of the day, from ten o'clock in the morning until three o'clock in the afternoon, obtaining specimens of water and capturing the cold-blooded reptiles, was followed before night by an active diarrhoea. I have before suffered in a similar manner from exposure to these swamps in the summer season. Sulphate of quinia taken upon the appearance of. the first symptoms of lassitude and of undue action of the bowels was the means of relieving the unpleasant effects of this exposure in two days ; and I have upon other occasions, when I have been similarly exposed in the prosecution of my inquiries, expe- rienced beneficial effects from sulphate of quinia used as a prophylactic. The power which quinia possesses of averting an attack of malarial fever is most valuable to the planters of these regions, who are often, during the harvesting of rice, necessarily exposed to the deleterious effluvia of the swamps. That the diarrhoea was caused by the effluvia of these swamps, inhaled during the collection of the waters and samples of the swamp mud and of the natural history specimens, was proved by the fact that my servant man (a strong, healthy negro, who resided on the plantation one mile from this swamp), who assisted in procuring the specimens, was also attacked at night with diarrhoea. I was anxious to test the effects of these waters when absorbed directly into the blood. They were placed in bottles hermetically sealed, and upon my return to Augusta, two days after, I injected several fluid ounces into the subcutaneous tissue of a large Newfoundland dog. The water was injected into the subcutaneous tissue of the back and right fore and hind legs. At the time of the injection the water had the same sickening smell of the swamp. No special symptoms were induced by the injection of the water at the time, but upon the next day there was a slight rise in the temperature of the dog, and the parts upon the back and legs where the swamp water had been injected were greatly swollen. Upon the third day the parts were lanced and discharged much green and yellowish-green, exceedingly offensive matter, together with much most foul and fetid air. The parts continued to discharge large quantities of foul matter and air for ten days. Tar was applied liberally around and within the orificesofthe abscesses, to keep away the flies, which I am confident would have destroyed the dog. The dog lost flesh to a considerable degree, but recovered entirely in three weeks. At the end of one month he was killed by the subcutaneous injection of acetate of morphia, and a careful examination with the naked eye and with the microscope was made of all the viscera ; no lesions of the organs were discovered, and no alterations of the viscera were manifest, the color of the liver was natural, and the spleen was not enlarged. The swamp water was not injected directly into the blood- vessel system, for I felt confident that the animalcules and suspended matters which could not be removed by filtration would have produced death by interfering with the capillary circulation in the lungs, independently entirely of any direct poisonous effects. The highly complex nature of these waters will be seen in the following analysis: Specific gravity, 1000.661; solid residue in 100,000 grains, 23.400 ; suspended matters in 100,000 grains, 100.000 ; 100,000 grains contain suspended matters, 100 grains; phos- phates of lime and magnesia, 22.224; phosphoric acid, 13.958; lime and magnesia, 8.266 ; chlorides of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium, sulphates of soda, potassa, lime and magnesia, phosphates of soda and potassa, 5.733 ; organic matters, animalcules, microscopic plants, decaying animal and vegetable matters, urea, uric acid, salts of ammonia, crenic, apocrenic and humic acids, 15.101 ; silicates of alumina, potassa and lime, silicic acid, peroxide of iron, 56.892. Gases.-Sulphureted hydrogen, 3.488 ; sulphur, 3.283 : hydrogen, 205 ; phosphoreted hydrogen, carbureted hydrogen, carbonic acid gas, carbonic oxide gas, atmospheric air, oxygen, nitrogen, and other gases. Solid residue, 23.400; carbonate of lime, 3.122; lime, 1.487; carbonic acid, 1.635; carbonate of magnesia, 0.455 ; magnesia, 0.217 ; carbonic acid, 0.238 ; chlorides sodium and potassium, 2.946 ; sodium and potassium, 1.350 ; chlorine, 1.596 ; sulphates soda and potassa, 4.223 ; soda and potassa, 2,050 ; sulphuric acid, 2.173 ; silicic acid, 0.213 ; phosphates of soda, potassa, lime and magnesia, trace ; chlorides of magnesium, calcium and aluminum, trace ; organic matters, humic, ulmic, crenic and apocrenic acids, ani- malcules, microscopic plants, ammonia, urea, uric acid, urate of ammonia, 2.450; putrefying vegetable and animal matters, undefined vegetable and animal matters. We thus demonstrated in 1860 the poisonous nature of the waters of swamps and their power to produce fever and dysentery in living animals when injected subcutaneously. During the treatment of 6311 cases of disease in the wards of the Charity Hospital' of New Orleans, 1869-1886, nearly one-half of which were caused by the action of malaria, I have sought to investigate the proximate cause of the first and subsequent attacks. A large number of the cases of malarial fever and of acute and chronic dys- entery and diarrhcea can be traced to the drinking of swamp water and the waters of sluggish bayous and streams, and of wells sunk in low malarious regions. In the month of October, 1880, during a personal inspection of the cases of Oriental leprosy along the banks of the Bayou Lafourche, I was accompanied by my son, Stan- hope Jones, at that time a cadet of the State University of Baton Rouge (now doctor and assistant coroner). The water of the Bayou Lafourche (all that could be obtained for drinking purposes) produced a succession of violent hemorrhages from the bowels of my son, and had I not reached Lockport at midnight and secured the kind assistance of physicians and friends and the necessary remedies, death would have been inevit- able. A large number of ulcers of the lower extremities treated in my wards in the Charity Hospital have been traced to the action of the poisonous waters of the swamps and rice fields of Louisiana; and at the present time, November, 1886, I have under treatment a case of extensive ulceration of both lower extremities, complicated with ana-mia, jaundice, enlarged liver, enlarged spleen and fever, occurring in the case of a man who had been cutting cypress logs in the swamps near Plaquemine, Louisiana. In dealing with such ulcers, the local treatment will not avail unless the constitutional treatment at the same time be carried on against the malarial fever and its effects. During my labors among the rice and cotton plantations of Georgia, in 1860, I was led to draw up the following rules with reference to the use of the waters and the general conduct of the laborers. Waters of the Wells and Springs of the First Tertiary Plain.*-The character of the waters of the springs and wells of the low lands bordering the sea, of Georgia, will depend upon the depth and character of the soil and their distance from the rivers and swamps. The springs and wells of water in sandy formations are of great purity, and their composition is correctly represented in analysis forty-one of Walthourville branch waters. In many of these springs and wells which are formed by the waters perco- lating through sand beds, which serve the purpose of natural filters, the saline matters are often not more than from one to three grains in the gallon. The waters of low, * "First Report to the Cotton Planters' Convention of Georgia," etc., by Joseph Jones, m.d., Augusta, Georgia, 1860, pp. 285-289. swampy lands and rice fields, on the other hand, are impregnated with organic matters which, in certain seasons and under certain conditions, exert most deleterious effects upon the health of the inhabitants. The great mortality upon rice places, many of which actually decrease instead of increasing, is due to the character of the waters, which induce bowel affections and derangement of the blood and low grades of fever. The relations of malarial fever to the organic matters of drinking waters demand a most searching and extensive investigation, and without hazarding an opinion at this stage of the investigation, we would simply state that we have been engaged in an examination of this complicated question as well as of the character and causes of these diseases of rice plantations, and hope to present a special report at some future day. Upon the present occasion I will point out a few practical rules which I know, by expe- rience, will greatly ameliorate the condition of the inhabitants of rice plantations:- 1. Substitute cistern water for well and spring water. If this report should accom- plish no other result than the introduction of cisterns upon rice plantations and in the tertiary lime formation of Georgia, I shall feel myself to be rewarded for my labors. The surface exposed by the cotton gins, sheds and barns and dwelling houses upon plantations will prove amply sufficient for the collection of an abundant supply of water. 2. If the cistern water should at any time fail, or if it be impossible to obtain the cis- tern water, then collect the well and spring water into large barrels or tanks, and add to the mass of water a solution of common alum. One pound of alum pulverized and dissolved in four gallons of water will be sufficient to purify the drinking water of a large plantation for six months. Of this solution a wineglassful may be added to every fifty gallons of water. The alum coagulates the organic matters, they settle and leave a clear, sparkling, wholesome water. The minute proportion of alum in the water will exert no inj urious effects whatever ; it will be only tonic in its action. 3. Never commence work in the fields and low grounds before sunrise. 4. Never allow the laborers to commence work upon empty stomachs. Establish a law, as unalterable as those of the Medes and Persians, that no one shall leave the quarters without having first cooked and eaten breakfast. Breathing in the morning in an atmosphere loaded with the noxious vapors of the swamps is the most fruitful of all sources of disease. 5. Avoid, as far' as possible, the dews of the mornings and nights. 6. Avoid wet clothes, as far as possible. 7. Clothe the feeble, during the fall and winter, in red flannel, worn next to the skin. 8. Treat diseases of rice plantations and low grounds upon the stimulant plan. Avoid all depletion as far as possible, and in the climate fevers administer sulphate of quinia boldly, regardless of the symptoms of headache and delirium; for this is the great remedy in the diseases of swamps and rice fields, even in the pleurisy and pneu- monia of the winter season, for they are, in this section of the country, modified by the slow action of malaria upon the system. 9. Do not attribute the diseases of children in the summer and fall to worms. At this period of the year, when children are most liable to climate fever, it is the habit of so many planters to dose them with various drastic and disgusting mixtures, to rid them of worms, under the idea that the worms are the cause of the fevers of this season of the year, because, when the children are taken sick, the worms travel away from them through every avenue and in every direction. The explanation of this striking phenomenon, which, upon a superficial view, is liable to be taken for the disease, is simply this: during the attack of climate fever the secretions of the liver, and of the whole intestinal canal, are so altered that the worms, which have been quietly housed all winter in comfortable quarters, without exciting any injurious effects upon the unconscious landlords, are suddenly sickened and disgusted with their altered fare and habitations, and beat a precipitate retreat in the most convenient and natural directions. If you treat the disease for worms alone, the real disease, climate fever, will march steadily on, and you may purge the child until the last worm is evacuated, and only hasten the fatal end, because you are working in conjunction with the disease, all the tendencies of which are depressing. If, on the other hand, you administer a gentle purgative mixed with a full dose of sulphate of quinia, and follow up with gentle stimulants and sulphate of quinia, the termination of almost every case will be favor- able, and that, too, in a few days. We are persuaded that strict attention to these simple rules will be the means of materially diminishing the diseases and the rate of mortality upon rice plantations. Quinine as a Preventive of Malarial Fever*-The following observations have lost none of their interest or value by the course of events; in fact, such inquiries are ren- dered more valuable than ever by the changes wrought by the war in the labor system of the South. The Southern States must do all in their power to promote and foster white immigration, and all facts are of interest which bear upon the health of white laborers in the cultivation of the rich swamps and rice lands, which in many places are now lying idle and rapidly reverting back to their original state. At the commence- ment of the recent war I prepared and published an article in the Southern Medical and Surgical Journal, entitled "Sulphate of Quinia administered in small doses during health, the best means of preventing Chills and Fever, and Bilious Fever, and Congestive Fever, in those exposed to the unhealthy climate of the rich low lands and swamps of the Southern Confederacy." Owing to the state of the country at the time, this publi- cation was not circulated in the manner designed. The climate of the rich, low plain, clothed with a luxuriant, sub-tropical vegetation, which forms a belt along the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico of varying width, from thirty to a hundred miles, and which is intersected with numerous swamps, which discharge their waters into sluggish, muddy streams, surrounded on all sides by extensive swamps and marshes, is, necessarily, hos- tile to the white race. To the pestilential exhalations of stagnant swamps and rich river deposits, excited and disseminated by the burning rays of the sun in this hot climate during the summer and fall months, no process of acclimation has ever accus- tomed the white man. In the early settlement of South Carolina and Georgia, the inhabitants, in most instances, resided the whole year upon their rich rice and indigo plantations. Many, however, soon fell victims to the climate or dragged out a miserable existence, with constitutions broken and rendered prematurely old by repeated attacks of climate fever. The clearing of the forests, of the swamps and rich low lands, and the consequent exposure to the sun of the vegetable matter which had been accumulat- ing for ages, rendered the climate so deleterious to the white race that the planters were compelled to seek health during the summer and fall months in sea islands, or in pine barren or mountainous retreats; and with the most efficient precautions the mortality of these regions is far greater than in the elevated portions of the Southern States. The preceding statement has been fully illustrated in the fourth chapter of the present (second) volume of the "Medical and Surgical Memoirs," by reference to the mortuary records of Midway Congregational Church, of Liberty County, Georgia, and by the experience of the British officers in Africa. The facts which have now been fully presented are sufficient to justify the attempt to devise some means to ward off the climate fever. During the study of the relations of * " Quinine as a Prophylactic against Malarial Fever," being an appendix to the " Third Report on Typhoid and Malarial Fevers," delivered to the Surgeon-general of the late C. S. A., August, 1864. By Joseph Jones, m.d. climate and soil to disease, the collection of the mortuary statisticsand the investigation of the causes of diseases upon rice and cotton plantations, and during the discharge of the duties of chemist to the Cotton Planters' Convention of Georgia, the author has, necessarily, been greatly exposed to the agents which produce climate fever, and the results of his experience, now presented, cannot, therefore, be said to be wanting the test of actual experiment. Under these exposures, I have found the sulphate of quinia, taken in from three to five grains twice during the day, would, in most cases, prevent the occurrence of malarial fever, and if it failed to ward it off entirely, the attack would be of a very slight character. I have further observed that when the climate fever first appeared-with a sense of lassitude, headache and excitement of the pulse, with alternate flushings, it might be arrested by a dose of from five to ten grains of sulphate of quinia, in combination with bicarbonate of potassa and Hoffman's anodyne. From five to ten grains of the sulphate of quinia may be given, according to the urgency of the symptoms, united with fifteen grains of bicarbonate of potassa and two fluid drachms of Hoffman's anodyne, from five to fifteen grains of gum camphor; the whole to be dissolved in six fluid drachms of water. The feet should be placed in hot water immediately after or before the administration of the remedies, and the patient, after this bath, should be covered up in bed, so as to promote free perspiration and induce quiet sleep. I have frequently gone to bed in a feverish, restless state, with a severe headache, excited pulse, and pain in the limbs, and dry, warm skin, and, under the action of these remedies, arose in the morning refreshed and able to resume active operations. The bicarbonate of potash is here recommended instead of the proto-car- bonate (salts of tartar), which is in such common use during fever in the Southern country, because it is far less active in its effects upon the stomach, and may be taken in much larger doses, and accomplishes more effectually the neutralization of the acid which is so often abundant in the stomach at the commencement of malarial fever, and more effectually acts upon the liver and kidneys, and promotes the removal of all offending matters from the blood. We would recommend the use of quinia as a preventive of climate fever in the following manner:- R Sulphate of quinia gr. iij Dilute aromatic sulphuric acid drops, v Brandy tablespoonful, j Water wineglassful, ij. Drop the diluted aromatic sulphuric acid upon the sulphate of quinia, and then add the brandy and water. Administer twice during the day, after rising in the morn- ing and j ust before bedtime. To render the value of this means of warding off climate fever still more evident, we have cited in the fourth chapter the practice and success of the British surgeons upon the coast of Africa, premising at the outset, that the epidemic climate fever of Africa does not differ in any essential manner, except, perhaps in its severity, either in its causes, symptoms or effects, from the malarial fever of North America. The value of sulphate of quinia in warding off the climate fever of Africa, has been deternrined by instituting a comparison between the effects of the disease before and after the use of this medicine as a prophylactic. It is worthy of notice that in the instances in which the author has quoted from the experience of the British surgeons serving in Africa, when quinine wine was administered according to the instructions issued with it, no fever of any consequence followed exposure to land or swamp miasma ; but, on two occasions, when quinine purchased on the coast was substituted, and once when the wine was suddenly discontinued after the exposure, a considerable number of men were attacked, owing, it is to be supposed, to the discontinuance of the quinine wine in one instance, and to its bad quality in the other, for it is well known that, like other high-priced remedies, it does not escape adulteration when it falls into the hands of dishonest traders.* A comparison of these facts with the great sickness and mortality of the white explorers and residents and sailors of the African coast and rivers, demonstrates conclusively :- 1. Quinine taken during exposure to the exhalations of miasmatic regions will, in most cases, ward off fever entirely. 2. If fever attacks those to whom the quinine has been regularly administered, its severity and duration will be far less than in those who have not taken the quinine; it therefore not merely wards off disease, but renders it less powerful and destructive when present. 3. To be entirely efficient the quinine must be administered for some time, at least ten days, after exposure to the causes of fever. Southern Medical and Surgical Journal, Augusta, Georgia, August, 1861, Vol. XVII, No. 8, pp. 593-614. The observations which I have been able to make during the late war have con- firmed the accuracy of the preceding statement; and I am convinced that the health and efficiency of the troops in certain malarious localities of the Confederacy would have been greatly promoted by the daily use of quinine in the manner recommended. The value of quinine as a prophylactic in preserving the efficiency of troops serving in damp, unhealthy, malarious regions may be readily demonstrated by a direct calcula- tion. The following table illustrating the numerical relations of malarial fever to the other diseases, and its effect in reducing the strength of the command serving at Fort Jackson and the surrounding river batteries, situated iu the low rice lands of the Savannah river, will furnish sufficient data for the calculation:- TABLE. CASES OF MALARIAL FEVER AND ALL DISEASES OCCURING DURING A PERIOD OF " FIFTEEN MONTHS, OCTOBER, 1862, TO JANUARY, 1864, IN THE COM- MAND SERVING IN AND AROUND FORT JACKSON, ON THE SAVANNAH RIVER. J » August. 1863 September, 1863 October, 1863 November, 1863 December, 1863 TnS'' ft - October, 1862 November, 1862 December, 1862 January, 1863 February, 1863 Marco, 1863 Anril. 1863 Month and Year. to Congestive Fever. 1337 262 67 128 42. 85 78 37 62 66 77 99 149 97 47 41 Intermittent Fever, Quotidian. & 149 127 108 54 62 M Ci M Ci Ci 71 24 58 88 104 133 157 Intermittent Fever, Tertian. co Intermittent Fever Quartan. 00 <0 2 10 67 134 134 62 22 10 to co cn h- Cn to Remittent. 3313 345 96 197 135 198 246 198 140 142 321 380 410 267 124 114 Total Cases of those Forms of Malarial Fever. 1935 103 98 133 60 111 126 44 118 172 149 143 226 184 131 137 Total Cases for all other Diseases. 5248 324 273 458 483 508 400 184 225 471 140 315 307 347 389 424 Total Cases of all other Diseases. 583 218 350 331 428 458 489 360 316 504 533 588 485 235 279 Aggregate sick each month. 872 913 913 1144 913 913 913 878 878 878 890 822 660 789 800 Mean Strength of Command, Officers and Men. * "Statistical Rspart of the Health of the Royal Navy, for the year 1857," ordered by the House of Commons to be printed, August 2d, 1859, pp. 78-85. In an average command of 878 men, stationed at Fort Jackson and the surrounding river batteries, nearly one-half, or 410, on an average, were on the sick list each month; and the new cases of malarial fever averaged each month 220. During this period of fifteen months 3313 cases of malarial fever, in the form of congestive fevers, quotidians, tertians, quartansand remittents, occurred, while all other diseases, including also those diseases, as neuralgia, which might be traced in a measure to the action of malaria, numbered 1935 cases, or only a little more than one-half the number of the cases of malarial fever. Throughout the entire period more than one-fourth of the command were unfit for duty; and during the fall months more than one-half of the garrison was, on an average, incapable of performing military duty. In case of an attack during the sick- liest season of the year the effective force of the command, instead of being 878, would be less than 500. In using quinine as a prophylactic in such a command it would be necessary to administer the drug at least five months, namely, June, July, August, September and October. If three grains of quinine in a gill of whisky be adminis- tered daily to each soldier we may safely estimate the amount of quinine necessary to protect each man during these five months at about one ounce. This command of 878 men would, therefore, require for its protection annually about 878 ounces of sulphate of quinia. During a period of twelve months, from October, 1862, to November, 1863, 2808 cases of malarial fever were treated, and if we allow fifty grains of quinine as necessary on an average to the treatment of each case, very nearly 300 ounces of quinine would be consumed in the treatment of these cases. It is important also to bear in mind that this amount of quinine would in many cases produce only temporary relief, after the disease was once established, and would be powerless when thus occasionally used to prevent the serious lesions of the spleen and liver, and the disease would be liable to return again upon the slightest exposure to the original cause, or to cold and damp, even in healthy regions. It should be further considered that the process of acclimation in the white race is slow, if not altogether impossible in our Southern swamps and rice fields, and that an entire command might be gradually rendered unfit for service by the effects of malaria in such a locality as Fort Jackson; and even after the men are removed to healthy regions they are liable for many months, and even for years, to a recurrence of the various forms of malarial fever. Amount of quinine necessary to protect 878 men from malarious diseases, during twelve months, 887 ounces at an average cost of $5.00 per ounce $4390 00 Amount of quinine necessary to treat 2808 cases occurring among a command of 878 men, during twelve months, at an average cost of $5.00 per ounce 1500 00 Difference of cost-of quinine in protecting and treating these cases $2890 00 According to this calculation the quinine necessary to protect the soldier from mala- rial fever would cost $2890 more than that assumed to be necessary to treat the cases of fever arising where no quinine had been used as a prophylactic. We must, however, introduce into this calculation the pay of the sick, officers and men, which may justly be considered as an unproductive expenditure. If we place the number of men con- stantly on the sick list and unfit for duty from malarial fever at 100, which is far below the actual number, and if we rate them as privates alone, each month $1100 would be expended in the payment of sick men, or $13,200 would be annually expended without any return whatever to the Confederacy. If we add to this the pay of sick officers the sum would reach a much higher figure; but we simply desire to demonstrate the utility of the use of quinine as a prophylactic, beyond all cavil, even as a mere mat- ter of dollars and cents. Unproductive pay of 100 men for twelve months, laboring under the various forms of malarial.fever ($10 per month for each man) $13,200 Increased cost of quinine for the protection of the entire command during twelve months 2,890 Difference in favor of the use of quinine as a prophylactic $10,310 It should also be taken into the account that the expenses in food, nursing, hospital accommodations, other necessary medicines and transportation for the sick, are greater than the expenses of the supplies of the well soldiers; and it would be just, even to consider that the expenditures for the sick are a total loss, for they certainly add nothing to the defence of the country or the efficiency of the army. But, leaving this entirely out of the calculation, we have demonstrated clearly that the use of quinine as a prophylactic would be attended with an actual saving of expense, for in exposed malarious localities a less number of troops, properly protected, could be made to per- form more efficiently the duties of a much larger force. Surely the accomplishment of such a result is of value in a contest in which we are opposed to a powerful enemy, who outnumbers us in the ratio of three to one, and who, with almost exhaustless resources, has his ports open to the commerce of the world. The argument which might be urged on the score of humanity is even stronger than that based upon efficiency and economy. We must believe that the preservation of our soldiers from acute diseases, as well as from chronic affections, with enlarged spleens, impoverished and watery blood, dropsies and innumerable nervous derangements, excites some interest and concern in the minds of their officers, as well as their relatives and friends at home. The difficulties of importing quinine at the present time are without doubt numerous, but they are not greater, and are perhaps far less, than the difficulties of the importation of the more bulky articles of clothing and luxury, which has been carried on to such an extent as to drain the country of gold, and to seriously endanger the moral and financial condi- tion of the Confederacy. With the large amount of cotton at the command of the people and the government, it would not be an impossibility to import a sufficient quan- tity of quinine to protect the troops exposed to malaria. Owing to the limited supply, quinine was not used to any extent as a prophylactic in the Confederate Army, and in several instances where the attempt has been made to use it thus, it has failed to yield the most satisfactory results, from its irregular and unsystematic employment. It appears that it is very difficult to induce soldiers to take quinine in the state of powder. The proper mode would be to mix the quinine with whisky (a certain number of ounces to a barrel of whisky), and issue the medicated whisky at a certain hour each day, in the presence of officers charged with the duty of seeing that each man took his dose. As a general rule, soldiers will not refuse whisky, even when it contains quinine. Several instances have come under my observation where medical officers serving in malarious localities have taken quinine daily as a prophylactic, and while almost the entire com- mand have suffered with the various forms of malarial fever, they have escaped with impunity. In the summer and fall of 1863, during the great changes from the Military Department of Georgia and South Carolina to Piedmont, Virginia, and from thence back to Carolina and Georgia, and during considerable exposure to malarious influence in localities like James Island, acknowledged to be sickly, I protected myself with quinine. Doctor J. N. Warren, Assistant Surgeon of the Twenty-fifth Regiment, South Carolina Volunteers, stationed on James Island, S. C., in compliance with a request which I made him during a visit to the camps on James Island in the month of April, 1863, selected two hundred men from the regiment and administered four and a half grains to each man daily. This was continued regularly until the 1st of October, when Dr. Warren was transferred to Augusta. During this period, among this body of men only four cases of malarial fever and one case of typhoid fever occurred. The remainder of the regiment, between three hundred and four hundred men, did not take quinine as a prophylactic, and the majority of these men were attacked by paroxysmal fever; and over three hundred cases of the various forms of paroxysmal fever, together with twenty-three cases of typhoid fever, occurred among them. During the service of this regiment at Battery Wagner, the men who took quinine daily bore the fatigue better and resisted the deleterious effects of the climate and the foul air of the bomb- proofs better than those who did not thus use quinine. I received from Surgeon Octavius White, C. S. A., in 1862, a report in favor of quinine as a prophylactic against malarial fever, and also from Surgeon Samuel Logan, Depart- ment of South Carolina and Georgia, C. S. A., contributing important facts illustrating the prophylactic powers of quinine, and from Dr. D. Du Pre, of Nashville, Tenn., in 1867, in which he recorded instances of the prophylactic powers of quinine. * In the use of quinine as a prophylactic against malarial fever, the following questions are worthy of consideration :- 1. To what extent can quinine be used daily as a prophylactic against malaria without inducing any injurious effects on the nervous system? 2. How long can quinine be used daily as a prophylactic against the effects of mala- rial fever without losing its power or without inducing injurious effects upon the human system ? 3. What proportion of the entire population in malarious regions could be preserved from malarial fever by the use of quinine as a prophylactic? 4. What effect upon the total mortality, as well as upon the number and character of various diseases, would the prophylactic use of quinine induce during given periods of time in malarious regions ? 5. To what extent can arsenic (arsenious acid) and the compounds of arsenicum be substituted for quinine for the prevention of malarial fever? 6. What effect upon the human organism and upon the character and number and mortality of various diseases will arsenic produce when used as a prophylactic ? The preceding questions are of great importance, and their investigation should demand the attention of the medical profession in all malarious regions. Scientific commissions of experienced and accomplished medical men should be appointed by the leading powers of the civilized world for the thorough investigation of the origin, nature, propagation and prevention of the morbific ferment of malarial fever. To be properly constituted, each commission appointed by the individual nations, as Great Britain, Germany, Spain, Italy, Austria, Portugal, Turkey, Russia, France and the United States should be constituted thus: Chemist, microscopist (bacteriologist), botanist, physiologist (experimental), hygienist, therapeutist, physician (practicing, of enlarged experience as to malarious diseases). The first duty of the State is to protect the lives of the laboring classes from all causes of preventable diseases. To what extent the cause of malaria may be removed and its effects modified or avoided, can only be determined by the careful investigations of competent, honest, conscientious, scientific men, liberally supplied with all the instruments, reagents and processes of the Nine- teenth century. Whatever the results of such labors might be, they will illustrate the humanity as well as the science of the civilization of the present day. A NEW METHOD OF TESTING THE GERMICIDAL AND ANTISEPTIC POWERS OF CERTAIN MINERAL AND VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES H ■* EMPLOYED EXTERNALLY AND INTERNALLY 1 IN THE TREATMENT OF WOUNDS, TUMORS, ENLARGED GLANDS, ULCERS AND SYPHILIS, AND in CERTAIN SANITARY OPERATIONS OF DOMESTIC AND PUBLIC HYGIENE By JOSEPH JONES, M.D., Professor of Chemistry and Clinical Medicine, Medical Department Tulane University of Louisiana; Visiting Physician of Charity Hospital; Honorary Fellow of the Medical Society of Virginia; Formerly Surgeon in the Provisional Army of the Confederate States; President of the Board of Health of the State of Louisi- ana, 1880, 1881,1882,1883, 188k; Associate Fellow of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia; Member of the American Medical Association; President of the Medical Society of Louisiana, 1887-1888; Member of the Medico-Legal Society of New York; Member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; Honorary Member of the American Anti- quarian Society; Honorary Vice-President of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia; Honorary Member of Museum filr VOIkerkunde in Leipzig ; Fellow of the Academy of Sciences of New Orleans; President of Section NV (Public and International Hygiene) Ninth International Medical Congress, Washington, D.C., U.S. A., 1887; etc., etc. I [ Reprinted from Vol. IV of the " Transactions of the Ninth International Medical Congress," convened at Washington, D. C., September, 1887.] NEW ORLEANS, LA.: JOSEPH JONES, M. D., 156 Washington Avenue, Cor. Camp Street, 4th District. 1889. Press of Wm. F. Fell & Co., 1220-24 Sansom St, PHILADELPHIA A NEW METHOD OF TESTING THE GERMICIDAL AND ANTISEPTIC POWERS OF CERTAIN MINERAL AND VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES EMPLOYED EXTERNALLY AND INTERNALLY IN THE TREAT- MENT OF WOUNDS, TUMORS, ENLARGED GLANDS, ULCERS AND SYPHILIS; AND IN CERTAIN SANITARY OPERATIONS OF DOMESTIC AND PUBLIC HYGIENE. UNE METHODE POUR EPROUVER LE POUVOIR GERMICIDE ET ANTISEPTIQUE DE CERTAINES SUBSTANCES MINERALES ET VEGETALES DANS LE TRAITE- MENT EXTERIEUR ET INTERIEUR DES BLESSURES, TUMEURS, RENFLEMENT DES GLANDES, ULCERES ET SYPHILIS; ET DANS CERTAINES OPERATIONS SANITAIRES D'HYGIENE PUBLIQUE ET DOMESTIQUE. UBER EINE NEUE METHODE ZUR PRUFUNG DER GERMICIDEN UND ANTISEPTISCHEN KRAFTE GEWISSER MINERALISCHER UND VEGETABILISCHER SUBSTANZEN, WELCHE AUSSERLICH UND INNERLICH IN DER BEHANDLUNG VON WUNDEN, GESCHWULSTEN, GESCHWOLLENEN DRUSEN, GESCHWUREN UND DER SYPHILIS, UND IN GEWISSEN SANITAREN VERRICHTUNGEN DER HAUSLICHEN UND OFFENTLICHEN HYGIENE ANGEWANDT WERDEN. BY JOSEPH JONES, M.D., New Orleans, La. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON PUTREFACTION AND ZYMOSIS, ILLUSTRATING THE PRESENT STATE OF SANITARY SCIENCE. The access of air, together with a moderate amount of warmth and of moisture, are necessary to the occurrence of the putrefactive changes which consist essentially in the breaking up of the complex organic material and the formation of new and simpler combinations among its constituent elements. During the process various vapors and gases are evolved, and the lower forms of animal and vegetable life are observed to grow and multiply in the putrefying substance. The exciting causes of putrefaction have long formed a subject of scientific discussion, two widely different theories being maintained respecting them. By the one, the changes which occur during the process are held to be from the first the result of chemical decomposition in the organic sub- stance, whose atoms are in a state of motion or activity, which is capable of being com- municated by catalytic action to other organic material in contact with it (Liebig); while, further, it is asserted that minute living organisms may be evolved from the dead material as the result of these chemical transformations. Vol. IV-38. By the other theory, which is founded mainly upon the researches of Pasteur, the putrefactive changes are ascribed to the agency of organized germs ever present in the atmosphere, which, finding a suitable nidus in the putrescible material, grow and mul- tiply, producing the chemical decompositions as the result of their action. Putrefaction, it is further maintained, may be entirely prevented by means which exclude the access of germs. The subject derives much interest and importance from its relation to the doctrines of the origin of life, as well as to questions concerning the sources of contagion and epidemic disease, and continues to the present time a matter of keen inquiry and experiment among physiologists. Various opinions are entertained regarding the modus operand! of antiseptics. By those who hold the purely chemical theory of putre- faction they are believed to operate jn different ways, according to their chemical pro- perties ; thus, sulphurous acid is said to act by deoxidizing the putrescible matter; the mineral acids and metallic salts by .combining with the substance, and forming a per- manent compound ; and the tar acids in a similar manner. On the other hand, the supporters of the germ theory maintain that carbolic acid, and indeed all true antisep- tics, produce their effect by acting as poisons to the infusorial organisms which are held to be essential to the occurrence of the putrefactive process. We accept the preceding facts and statements of the theories with reference to the origin of diseased germs without further comment, and proceed at once to the detail of the results of our investigations. SCOPE OF THE PRESENT INQUIRY. It is of importance that the relative value of the agents used in the local and con- stitutional treatment of wounds, tumors and ulcers, contagious diseases, as syphilis, should be determined by well-devised and easily manipulated and comprehensive experiments. If certain diseases be caused by microorganisms, bacteria and fungi, it is of importance to the physician and surgeon that the relations of the therapeutic agents to the pathogenic organisms should be carefully and thoroughly determined. Inves- tigations upon the relations of disinfectants and antiseptics demand the most profound and protracted investigation with the higher powers of the microscope, and more or leds obscurity necessarily attaches to results thus obtained. Besides, it is important to demonstrate the results beyond cavil to those unacquainted with the use of the micro- scope. Science demands a method of research at once simple and open to the obser- vation of the naked eye, and to all observers, whether skilled or not in the use of the microscope; only those who have labored for any length of time in the field of bacteri- ology with the higher powers of the microscope can form any accurate judgment as to the effect of the continual strain upon the organs of vision. If there be any tendency to inflammation of the eyes or to neuralgic hemicrania, great suffering, if not irreparable damage of the eyes, may result. In order to determine experimentally the relative value of the agents employed locally and internally in the treatment of wounds, ulcers and of syphilitic affections, in such a manner as to omit tedious and doubtful labors with the higher powers of the microscope, it was necessary to select the larger germs, whose evolution could be observed by the naked eye. Of course, such a line of experiment was applicable to all medical agents and poisons, whether or not included under the divisions of antiseptics or disinfectants. METHOD OF EXPERIMENTS WITH POISONS, ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS. The plant selected for these experiments was rice (Oriza sativa). If grains of rice be placed in water, they will, if the water be of the proper temperature, germinate, and the plants will grow several inches in water without the addition of any extraneous matter. During the period of the germination and growth of the rice, we have a favor- able opportunity of testing the effects of various poisons, simply by adding them to the water. It will be of some interest to consider briefly the history and nature of the plants which we have selected for this series of experiments. Rice, Oriza sativa-General Observations.-Rice has been known and cultivated from the earliest records of the human race, and it is believed to furnish food for a greater number of human beings than any other of the cultivated cereals. Of this plant there has usually been held to be but one species-Oriza sativa, common rice. But there are sab-species or varieties, so greatly different in their habits and characters that they may be rather, perhaps, regarded as specifically distinct. They may be all referred to two general types-the common rice, so termed, and the mountain rice, Oriza mutica of many botanists, which differs from the other in its general aspect and habits. The common rice grows from one to six feet in height, terminating in a pinnacle, the seeds of which are armed with long arms. It is cultivated in marshes, and for a great part of its growth is partially under water. The mountain nee grows on moun- tains and dry soils. A plant of this class has been recently found growing high on the range of the Himalayan mountains. The rice is spread over all the warmer regions of the Old World, and has been carried to the New, where it flourishes in great luxuriance. The common rice is cultivated in the south of Europe, and the mountain rice has lately been extended to the more northern parts of it, to Westphalia, and even to the Low Countries. Rice seems to be a plant fitted in a remarkable degree to accommodate itself to different situations. It is a considerable period since it was introduced into the countries north of the Mediterranean, Greece, Italy and Spain. It is more recently that it has extended to Hungary and Central Europe. Historical Notes on the Cultivation of Rice.-Rice, according to the testimony of botan- ical and agricultural writers, has been cultivated from time immemorial in tropical coun- tries. The fact of its having been used in a Chinese ceremonial as early as 2800 years B. c., induced Alphonse de Candolle to consider rice as a native of China. It was very early cultivated in India, in some parts of which country, as in tropical Australia, it is, as we have seen, indigenous. It is not mentioned in the Bible, but its culture is alluded to in the Talmud. There is no evidence of the existence of rice in Egyptian remains, nor is there any trace of it as a native plant among the Greeks, Romans or ancient Persians. There is proof of its culture in the Euphrates valley and in Syria, 400 years before Christ. Crawford, on philological grounds, considers that rice was introduced into Persia from southern India. The Arabs carried the plant into Spain under the name "aruz," the arros of the Spanish, the rizo of the Italian, whence our word rice. Rice was first cultivated in Italy, near Pisa, in 1468. It was not introduced into Carolina until 1700, and then, as it is said, by accident, although at one time the southern United States furnished a large proportion of the rice introduced into com- merce. Rice, says Crawford, sports into far more varieties than any of the corns familiar to Europeans, for some varieties grow in the water and some on dry land; some come to maturity in three months, while others take four and six months to do so. The Hindus, however, are not content with such broad distinctions as might be derived from these obvious sources, but have names for varieties, the distinctions between which are unapplicable by Europeans; besides terms for this corn founded on variety, on season, and on mode of culture, the grain itself bears one name in the straw, another when threshed, one name in the husk and another when freed from it, and a fifth when cooked. A similar abundance of terms is found in the languages of the Malay and Philippine islands. Such minute nomenclatures seem to point to a great antiquity in the culture of this cereal. Botanical, Microscopical and Chemical Characters of Rice, and its Nature as an Article of Food.-According to Roxburgh, the cultivated rice, with all its numerous varieties, has originated from a wild plant, called in India newaree, or nivara (Oriza sativa). It is said to grow on the borders of lakes in the Circars and elsewhere in India, and is also native in tropical Australia. The rice plant is an annual grass with long, glab- rous leaves, each provided with a long, sharply-pointed ligule. The spikelets are borne on a compound or branched spike, erect at first, but afterward bent downward. Each spikelet contains a solitary flower with two outer small glumes and two inner, larger and folded lengthwise, the outer one of the two rather larger and sometimes provided with an arm. Within these are six stamens, a hairy ovary, surmounted by two feathery styles which ripen into the fruit (grains), and which is invested by the husk formed by the persistent glucess. The cultivated varieties are extremely numer- ous, some kinds being adapted for marshy land, others for growth on the hill sides. The cultivators make two principal divisions, according as the sorts are early or late. Other subdivisions depend upon the habit of the plant, the presence or absence of an arm, the color of the grain and other particulars. Rice constitutes one of the most important articles of food in all tropical and sub-tropical countries, and is one of the most prolific of all crops. The rice yields best on low lands subject to occasional inun- dations, and thus enriched by alluvial deposits. An abundant rainfall during the grow- ing season is also a desideratum. Rice is sown broadcast, and in some districts is trans- planted after a fortnight or three weeks. No special rotation is followed; indeed, the soil best suited for rice is ill adapted for any other crop. In some cases little manure is employed, but in others abundance of manure is used. No special tillage is required, but weeding and irrigation are requisite. Rice in the husk is known as "paddy." In cutting across a grain of rice and examining it under the microscope, first the flattened and dried cells of the husk are seen, and then one or two layers of cells elongated in a direction parallel to the length of the seed, which contains the gluten or nitrogenous matter. Within these, and forming by far the largest part of the seed, are large poly- gonal cells filled with numerous and very minute angular starch grains. Rice is not so valuable as a food as some other cereals, inasmuch as the proportion of nitrogenous matter (gluten) is less. Payen gives only seven per cent, of gluten in rice as compared with 22 per cent, in the finest wheat, 15 in oats and 12 in maize. The percentage of potash in the ash is as 18 to 23 in wheat. The fatty matter is also less in proportion than in other cereals. Rice, therefore, is chiefly a farinaceous food, and requires to be com- bined with fatty and nitrogenous substances, such as milk or wheat gravy, to satisfy the requirements of the system. EXPERIMENTS ILLUSTRATING THE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN POISONS, GERMICIDES, ANTI- SEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS UPON THE GERMINATION, GROWTH AND PRESER- VATION OF THE SEEDS OF RICE (ROUGH RICE). Experiments with Hydrogen and Potassic Cyanide.-1st Series. Experiments upon the Action of Prussic Acid {Hydrocyanic Acid} and Cyanide of Potassium upon Plants {Rice. Oriza saliva}, at Maybank, Georgia, in the summer of 1854- Experiment 1.-Hydrocyanic acid was added to half a fluidounce of spring water, in which the rice seeds had been placed, in an open glass vessel. The hydrocyanic acid retarded germination for several days, but did not arrest the final development of the young plants. The degree of retardation was determined by conducting simultaneously experiments with rice and pure water. Experiment 2.-Action of Hydrocyanic Acid upon Rice in Closed Vessels. When the rice seeds and dilute solutions of prussic acid were put in a partially cov- ered glass vessel, with sufficient atmospheric air for germination, they did not ger- minate. When the grains were removed from this solution, with very few exceptions, they were incapable of germination, although originally perfect. The experiments were performed in the month of June, in an upper, well-ventilated room, where the temperature and light were most favorable for a rapid and vigorous germination and growth, and were repeated upon more than one hundred grains of rice. If we compare the two experiments and consider the surrounding circumstances, it is evident that the different results were due to the fact that when the rice was subjected to the action of dilute prussic acid in open vessels, the poison, from its volatile nature, was evaporated, in a great measure, before it produced any deleterious effects upon the rice; in the confined space, on the other hand, while the seeds had all the essential con- ditions of germination, viz., heat, moisture and a sufficient, if not abundant, supply of oxygen in the confined air, still, the absorption of the prussic acid continued unimpeded and arrested the process of germination in its earliest stages, for the seeds, in almost every instance, presented upon the exterior an unaltered appearance. Experiment 3.-Action of Hydrocyanic Acid upon Germinated and Growing Rice. When dilute hydrocyanic acid was added to the water in which the young shoots were growing, it arrested the growth and caused death in periods of time corresponding with the amount of acid added. This experiment was repeated upon more than one hundred stalks of growing rice, with similar results. Second Series. Action of Cyanide of Potassium upon Plants.-In the experiments with this salt, as well as in those of hydrocyanic acid, rice was the plant selected, and the sur- rounding conditions of temperature were the same. Experiment 4.-Action of Cyanide of Potassium upon the Germination of Rice. Both in closed and unclosed vessels, solutions of cyanide of potassium arrested com- pletely the process of germination. The word arrested is here used because it is diffi- cult in such experiments to affirm that not a single change took place in the organic elements before the complete arrest of the process. It is certain, however, that if any of the numerous changes of germination took place, they did not proceed far when the seeds thus acted upon by cyanide of potassium were transferred to pure water. In no instance did germination take place, they simply underwent slow decay. This experi- ment was repeated with the same result upon more than one hundred rice seeds. Cor- responding experiments were carried on at the same time with pure water. Experiment 5.-Action of Cyanide of Potassium upon Growing Rice. Solutions of cyanide of potassium in every instance arrested the growth and caused the death of the growing rice; and the rapidity of its action corresponded with the amount of the poison added. These experiments were, in like manner, repeated upon more than one hundred stalks of growing rice. The following conclusions may be drawn from the preceding experiments :- 1. Plants as well as animals may be destroyed by certain mineral and vegetable substances denominated poisons. 2. As the vegetable kingdom is without nerves, muscles, or any special circulating apparatus similar to the automatic apparatus of animals, it is evident that these poi- sons must act upon the individual living cells composing the vegetables. 3. As the living component cells of the vegetable kingdom are capable of elaborating distinct products from the surrounding nutritive materials, and as this power is destroyed by poisons, we must conclude that the functions of secretion, growth and nutrition may be influenced directly by poisons, without the intervention of the ner- vous system. 4. As therefore poisons may act directly upon the individual living cells of vege- tables, arresting the process of the acts of germination in the seed, and of the acts of secretion, nutrition and growth in the fully-formed cells; it is reasonable to infer that poisons may act upon the individual living cells of animals. Thus poisons may act directly upon the muscular fibres, or upon the ganglionic cells of the sympathetic and cerebro-spinal system, or upon the secreting and excreting cells of the liver and kidneys, or upon the colored and colorless corpuscles of the blood. EXPERIMENTS ILLUSTRATING THE RELATION, POWERS AND EFFECTS OF CERTAIN ANTISEPTICS, DISINFECTANTS AND GERMICIDES. Definition of terms, and a general outline of the present state of our knowledge with reference to disinfectants and antiseptics appear to be a useful introduction to the following experiments:- Definition of Terms and Brief Outline of Established Facts Relative to Disinfectants and Antiseptics.-Disinfectants are agents or substances employed to prevent the spread of contagious or infectious diseases. Recent investigations all tend to demonstrate that the efficiency of any disinfectant is due to its power of destroying, or rendering inert, specific poisons or disease germs which possess in themselves an independent existence, and which, when introduced into the animal system under favorable conditions, increase and multiply, thus producing the phenomena of special diseases. Therefore, antisep- tic substances generally, which check or stop putrefactive decay in organic compounds, by preventing the growth of these minute organisms which produce putrefaction, are on that account disinfectants. So also the deodorizers, which act by oxidizing or otherwise changing the chemical constitution of volatile substances disseminated in the air, or which prevent noxious exhalations from organic substances, are, in virtue of these properties, effective disinfectants in certain diseases. A knowledge of the value of disinfectants, and the use of some of the most valuable agents, can be traced to very remote times; and much of the Levitical law of cleansing, as well as the origin of numerous heathen ceremonials and practices, qre clearly based on a perception of the value of disinfection. The means of disinfection and the substances employed are very numerous, as are the classes and conditions of disease and contagion they are designed to meet. Nature, in the oxidizing influence of freely circulating atmospheric air, in the purifying effect of water, and in the powerful deodorizing properties of com- mon earth, has provided the most potent, ever-present and acting disinfecting media. Of the artificial disinfectants employed or available, three classes may be recog- nized :- 1. Volatile or vaporizable substances which attack impurities in the air. 2. Chemical agents for acting on the diseased body or on the infectious discharges therefrom ; and 3. The physical agencies of heat and cold. In some of these cases the destruction or the formation of new chemical compounds by oxidation, deoxidation or other reaction, and in others the conditions favorable to life are removed or life is destroyed by high temperature. Of the first class, aerial dis- infectants, those most employed are the gaseous sulphurous anhydride, the fumes of nitrous acid, with chlorine gas and vapors of bromine and iodine. The use of sulphurous anhydride, obtained by burning sulphur, is of great antiquity, and it still is unequaled as a disinfectant of air, on account both of its convenience and its general efficacy. Camphor and some volatile oils have also been employed as air disinfectants, but their virtues lie chiefly in masking, not destroying, noxious effluvia. In the second class, non-gaseous disinfecting compounds, all the numerous antiseptic substances may be reckoned, but the substances principally employed in practice are oxidizing agents, as potassic manganates and permanganates. One of the most important applications of antiseptics has been their introduction into medical and surgical practice. Although their internal administration, with the view of counteracting diseases believed to be due to morbid poisons, has not hitherto yielded any marked practical result, their employment in the treatment of wounds has, in the hands of Professor Lister, of Edinburgh, attracted much interest, and has exer- cised an important influence on surgical practice during the past ten years. Professor Lister, adopting the germ theory of putrefaction, and regarding many of the evils arising in connection with open wounds as the result of putrid discharges, produced by the agency of atmospheric germs, seeks to exclude the access of these to wounded surfaces hy the employment of antiseptics, particularly carbolic acid, the power of which in destroying living organisms is undoubted. Dressings of gauze made antiseptic by pre- vious treatment with strong carbolic acid, are applied to wounds. The acid well diluted with water is likewise employed as a lotion, and during the dressing of wounds and the performance of operations is also applied in the form of spray to the surrounding atmosphere, with the object of preventing all access of germs. Boracic acid is also employed by Mr. Lister as an antiseptic. The chief benefits claimed for the method of treatment are, that wounds, however extensive, may heal without the occurrence of putrefaction in the discharges, and that thereby the risks of blood poisoning (pyaemia, etc.), are reduced to a minimum. Bichloride of mercury (corrosive sublimate) has, to a certain extent, recently super- seded carbolic acid in surgical and sanitary operations ; but the relative value of both agents as disinfectants, antiseptics and germicides must be still further investigated, as we shall endeavor to demonstrate by the method of experimentation which we have indicated. In medical, surgical and sanitary practice the relative poisonous properties of the various agents employed should always be most carefully and thoroughly tested and considered. Thus the poisonous properties of corrosive sublimate benefit it for use in many sanitary operations, and necessitate the utmost precaution in its use in medi- cine and surgery. We cannot separate the poisonous properties of any agent from its antiseptic powers when the foul wafer and air are concerned, and when human life may be jeopardized by their careless or ignorant use in the sick room, on shipboard, or in hospital. Third Series-Water.-Experiment No. 6.-Ten grains of well-formed, healthy, rough rice, grown by Col. Favrot, in the neighborhood of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, loosely enclosed in ordinary clean cotton wool,' were placed in the upper portion of a test tube, five and a half inches in length and about one-half inch in diameter, con- taining 350 grains of rain water, on the 11th of May, 1886, at 3 o'clock p.m. Tem- perature of the surrounding atmosphere in my practical laboratory, 36 Dryades street, 84° F. On the 14th of May (fourth day of the experiment) the rice had commenced to germinate, each grain showing signs of life, sending up a delicate white sprout through the meshes of the cotton into the air, and below, into the water, a delicate white root. The rice continued to grow; the upper sprouts, or stems, presented a delicate greenish hue, while the straight white roots sent out. numerous delicate white rootlets through the water. The delicate white roots passed to the bottom of the glass test tube, attain- ing a length of five inches, and the stems grew to a similar height above the layer of cotton in the upper portion of the tube. The maximum growth was attained in about three weeks, and the green color of the upper sprouts or plants gradually faded, and on the 14th of June the plants, as far as the upper sprouts or plants were concerned, presented a withered and drier! appear- ance. On examination, I found that only 100 grains of water remained in the test tube; 250 grains of water had been consumed by the growing rice and by evaporation. The loss of vitality appeared to be due to the absence of the necessary saline constitu- ents for the perfect development of the plants after the transformation of the organic elements and compounds (starch, sugar, albumen or gluten) into cellular elements, and by the exhaustion of the greatest portion of water. Experiment No. 7-Repetition of Experiment No. 6.-Ten grains of rough rice placed in cotton wool in mouth of test tube, containing 350 grains of water, at the same time and upon the same day (11th of May, 1886), and in the same room. The grains sprouted, and followed the same course of development as described in the preceding experiment (No. 6). The individual plants attained the same size, and perished about the same time. At the expiration of both experiments, on the 14th of June, 1886, although the upper plants were withered and apparently dead, the roots were soft and white, and the remaining parts of water (100 grains in each test tube) were clear and odorless, and the plants gave forth no bad odor. Fourth Series-Corrosive Sublimate (Mercuric Chloride, Bichloride of Mercury)-, May 11th, 1886; temperature of the atmosphere, 84° F.-Ten grains of rough rice were loosely enclosed in cotton wool and placed in the mouth of a test tube of similar size and capacity as that used in the preceding experiments. Five small lots of rice were thus prepared, and assigned to five test tubes. These test tubes were charged with solutions of corrosive sublimate (mercuric chloride), one grain dissolved in 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1600 grains of water. The relative properties of mercuric chloride to the water is illustrated by the following fractions: The following are the results of the individual experiments:- Experiment No. 8.-Ten grains of rice in one per cent, solution of bichloride of mercury (one grain in 100 grains of water). No germination by the seeds of rice at the end of three weeks. Experiment No. 9.-Ten grains of rice immersed in solution of corrosive sublimate, one grain dissolved in 200 grains of water. Grains of rice remained unchanged; no germination at the end of three weeks. Experiment No. 10.-Ten grains of rice immersed in solution of corrosive sublimate, one grain dissolved in 400 grains of water. The grains of rice showed no signs of germi- nation at the end of three weeks. Experiment No. 11.-Ten grains of rice immersed in solution of corrosive sublimate, one grain dissolved in 800 grains of water. Eight grains of rice showed no signs of ger- mination ; two grains in the second week of the experiment showed signs of feeble ger- mination, and finally attained a height of one and three-quarter inches above the surface of the cotton and presented a pale, withered, sickly appearance ; the grains also sent small roots into the solution, which did not exceed three-tenths of an inch in length. These two grains occupied an extreme portion of the upper part of the cotton. The exact date of the commencement of germination in this experiment was May 18th, and all signs of life gradually ceased before June 10th. Experiment No. 12.-Ten grains of rice immersed in solution of one grain of cor- rosive sublimate in 1600 grains of water. Four grains showed no signs of germination; six grains germinated, sending up sickly, pale-green sprouts, which finally attained, on the 18th of May, a length of from one to one and three-quarter inches, and then ceased to grow and gradually withered. The whole imperfectly formed roots varied in length from one-tenth to four tenths of an inch in length and did not penetrate the ■water to any depth. The products of the germination were pale and stunted in the preceding experiments with corrosive sublimate. Numbers 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 were concluded in June, 1886. The weather was warm and at times the thermometer stood near 90° F. The water was clear in the five test tubes, and free from odor or deposits; the grains of rice presented a clean, undecomposed appearance. They were firm upon pressure and had not undergone putrefaction. The loss of water in each test tube was about 100 grains, about 250 grains of the solution of mercuric chloride remaining in each test tube. Ou the contrary, the experiments with water unadulterated, 250 grains were lost and only 100 grains remained in the test tube ; it would appear, therefore, that about 150 grains of water were consumed or exhausted by the growing rice. The preceding experiments demonstrated that mer- curic chloride is both germicidal and antiseptic. On the 18th of June the grains of rice employed in the experiment with corrosiye sublimate just detailed were placed in clear water and allowed to remain for one month. During this period there were no signs of germination. Fifth Series.-Carbolic Acid.-New Orleans, May 11th, 1886; temperature of atmos- phere 84° F. The carbolic acid employed in these experiments was the crystallized Calvert No. 1 ; regarded as the purest sample of carbolic acid offered in this market. Ten test tubes (with ten grains of rice) enclosed in cotton wool, as in the preceding experiments with corrosive sublimate, were charged with solutions of carbolic acid of the following strengths : one grain of carbolic acid to 100 grains of water ; one grain to 200 grains of water 400, 800 and 1600 grains of water. Experiment No. 13.-Ten grains of rice immersed in solution of one grain of car- bolic acid in 100 grains of water ; up to the 18th of June no germination, grains of rice sound, no putrefaction, water gave a distinct odor of carbolic acid. 100 grains of water lost out of the original 350 grains. When transferred to pure water the grains did not germinate. Experiment No. 14.-Ten grains of rice immersed in solution of carbolic acid, one grain in 200 grains of water. Grains did not germinate up to end of experiment, June 18 ; at the latter date, water clear with odor of carbolic acid, and grains of rice not decomposed, but presenting a normal appearance; 100 grains of water lost from the ori- ginal 350 grains of carbolic solution in the test tube. Experiment No. 15.-Ten grains of rice in solution of one grain of carbolic acid in 300 grains of w ater. Experiment No. 16.-Ten grains of rice in solution of one grain of carbolic acid in 400 grains of water. Experiment No. 17.-Ten grains of rice in solution of one grain of carbolic acid in 800 grains of water. The results obtained in each of the foregoing experiments (Nos. 15, 16, 17) were similar in all respects with those of experiment No. 9, namely, no germination of the rice, no putrefaction, no bad odor of the water, and the loss of about 100 grains of water in each test tube. Experiments closed on the 18th of June, and the grains transferred to fresh rain water; no subsequent signs of life or germination. Experiment No. 18.-Ten grains of rice, immersed in solution of one grain of car- bolic acid in 1600 grains of water. The grains of rice germinated and sent up a stem about two inches in height. At the end of the experiment the grains of rice were black and soft and emitted a putrid odor; the water was turbid and emitted a putrid odor. It is clear, from these experiments, that carbolic acid possesses equal if not greater germicidal powers than corrosive sublimate, while its antiseptic properties appear to be less. Sixth Series.-Red Iodide of Mercury (Mercuric Iodide), Biniodide of Mercury.-New Orleans, June 20th, 1886. Temperature of the atmosphere, 88° F. Experiment No. 19.-Ten grains of rice enclosed in cotton wool and immersed in rain water; germination of each grain rapid, and the results similar to those secured in experiment No. 6, third series. Nine test tubes, of similar length, diameter and capacity with those employed in the preceding experiments, and furnished each with ten grains of rice on the necessary tufts of cotton wool, and charged with the following solutions of the red iodide of mer- cury dissolved in water, by the aid of the iodide of potassium. The amount of iodide of potassium employed was just sufficient to make a perfectly clear solution of the red iodide of mercury. Experiment No. 20.-Ten grains of rice wrapped in cotton wool and immersed in solution of red iodide of mercury of the strength of ten grains dissolved in 100 grains of water ; ten per cent, solution. No germination of rice on the 23d of August, 1886, when the experiment closed; the grains of rice presented a sound, unaltered appearance, with no marks of putrefaction, although the thermometer was frequently near 100° F. Experiment No. 21.-Ten grains of rice immersed in solution of mercuric iodide of the strength of five grains in 100 grains of water. No germination of rice. On 23d of August, rice grains unaltered and apparently undecomposed. Experiment No. 22.-Ten grains of rice immersed in solution of mercuric iodide of the strength of 2.5 grains in 100 grains of water. The result was the same as in the preceding experiment-no germination ; on the 23d of August rice grains presented an unaltered appearance. Experiment No. 23.-Ten grains of rice immersed in solution of mercuric iodide of the strength of 1.25 grain to 100 grains of water. Result the same as in the pre- ceding experiments-no germination ; on the 23d of August rice grains appeared to be unaltered and not decomposed. Experiment No. 24. Ten grains of rice immersed in solution of 0.5 grain of mercuric iodide dissolved in 100 grains of water ; no germination. August 23d, no change to the naked eye in the grains of rice. The proportionate strength of this solu- tion was one grain of the mercuric iodide dissolved in 200 grains of water, Experiment No. 25.-Ten grains of rice immersed in solution of 0.25 grain of mer- curic iodide in 100 grains of water; the strength of this solution was one grain of mercuric iodide in 400 of water and expressed by the fraction No germination ; on the 23d of August rice had not sprouted and the grains appeared to be unchanged and without marks of putrefaction. Experiment No. 26.-Ten grains of rice immersed in a solution of mercuric iodide of the strength of 0.125 to 100 of water ; one grain of mercuric in 800 of water, No germination ; on the 23d of August grains of rice presented an unchanged appear- ance. Experiment No. 27.-Ten grains of rice immersed in solution of mercuric iodide, 0.0625 in 100 grains of water; relative strength, one grain of red iodide of mercury in 1600 grains of water. No germination; August 23d, no appearance of change in the rice grains. Experiment No. 28.-Ten grains of rice immersed in solution of mercuric iodide, 0.03175 grain dissolved in 100 grains of water. Relative strength, one grain mercuric iodide dissolved in 3500 grains of water, Result the same as in the preceding experiments ; no germination, and no putrefaction of the rice grains. The preceding experiments, sixth series (experiments 19-28), demonstrate in the clearest manner the germicidal and antiseptic properties of the red iodide of mercury, which appears to possess superior powers in these results to mercuric chloride (corrosive sublimate). Seventh Series-Blue Vitriol (Sulphate of Copper, Cupric Sulphate), June 29th, 1886.- Temperature of the atmosphere, 88° F. Six test tubes provided each with ten grains of rice and the necessary amount of cotton wool, and the following solutions of cupric sulphate were used:- Experiment No. 29.-Ten grains of rice immersed in solution of ten grains of cupric sulphate in 100 grains of water, ten per cent, solution. No germination and no putre- faction up to close of experiment, August 23d. Experiment No. 30.-Ten grains of rice immersed in solution of five grains of cupric sulphate in 100 grains of water. No germination and no putrefaction up to close of experiment, August 23d. Experiment No. 31.-Ten grains of rice immersed in solution of 2.5 grains of cupric sulphate in 100 grains of water. The results were similar to those of 29,30. No germination and no putrefaction. Experiment No. 32.-Ten grains of rice immersed in solution of cupric sulphate in 1.25 grains in 100 grains of water. No germination or putrefaction up to August 23d, 1886. Experiment No. 33.-Ten grains of rice immersed in solution of cupric sulphate 0.625 in 100 grains of water. No germination and no putrefaction. Experiment No. 34.-Ten grains of rice immersed in solution of 0.3125 grains of cupric sulphate. No germination and no putrefaction. The preceding experiments (series 7, experiments 29, 30, 31, 32, 32, 34) establish the germicidal and antiseptic properties of the sulphate of copper, even in small pro- portions and in very dilute solutions. Eighth Series-Green Vitriol, (Sulphate of Iron, Ferric Sulphate').-June 19th, 1886, temperature of the atmosphere, 88° F. Experiment No. 35.-Ten grains of rice, immersed in solution of ten grains of ferric sulphate (green vitriol) dissolved in 100 grains of water; rice did not sprout or putrefy. Experiment No. 36.-Ten grains of rice immersed in solution of ferric sulphate, five grains dissolved in 100 grains of water; rice did not sprout or putrefy. Experiment No. 37.-Ten grains of rice immersed in solution of ferric sulphate, 2.5 grains in 100 grains of water. The germination of the rice was somewhat retarded, but all the grains sprouted, developed vigorous roots and leaves, the leaves presented a light green color and attained the height of about six inches. Experiment No. 38.-Ten grains of rice immersed in a solution of ferric sulphate, of the strength of 1.25 grains dissolved in 100 grains of water. The germination was slightly retarded, but the rice sprouted and grew luxuriantly, the leaves reaching about eight inches in length and of a bright green color. From the preceding experiments, 35, 36, 37 and 38, it is evident that the sulphate of iron (green ferric sulphate) is germicidal and antiseptic only in strong solutions, from five to ten per cent. In weaker solutions the ferric sulphate retards but does not arrest germination. Ninth Series-The Citrate of Iron, Quinia and Strychnia.-Compound crystalline salt, as prepared by Powers & Weightman, was employed in the following experiments:- Experiment No. 39.-Ten grains of rough rice immersed in a solution of ten grains of compound salt, citrate of iron, strychnia and quinia, dissolved in 100 grains of water. Germination retarded, but was not arrested, and the plants of rice finally presented a green appearance. Experiment No. 40.-Ten grains of rice immersed in a solution of five grains of the citrate of iron, strychnia and quinia; germination slightly retarded, but not arrested• growth of rice vigorous. Experiment No. 41.-Ten grains of rice immersed in solution of 2.5 grains of the citrate of iron, strychnia and quinia; germination prompt and vigorous; blades of rice well formed and of a decided green color. In the preceding experiments, which, like those with the ferric sulphate, were per- formed simultaneously and in the same room and atmosphere with those of the corrosive sublimate, carbolic acid, mercuric iodide, and cupric sulphate, we observe that the com- pound salt of the citrate of iron, strychnia and quinia did not arrest the germination of the seeds of rice. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS AND GENERAL CONCLUSIONS WITH REFERENCE TO THE ANTISEPTIC AND GERMICIDAL PROPERTIES OF SOME OF THE AGENTS STUDIED. First.-Substances may be Germicidal but not Antiseptic.-1Thus, hydrocyanic acid and cyanide of potassium promptly arrest vegetable and animal life, but do not arrest putrefaction. Second.-Mercuric chloride and mercuric iodide, which are powerful germicides and antiseptics, are also powerful anti-syphilitic remedies. If syphilis be due to a specific microorganism, the value of the preparations of mercury may be due, in part at least, to their power to destroy syphilitic germs and to prevent germination. The author has employed the mercuric chloride and mercuric iodide in the treat- ment of syphilis during the past thirty years with successful results, and has found the red iodide of mercury easily administered in solution, by means of the iodide of potas- sium, in about the proportions indicated. We have employed the various preparations of mercury as blue mass (pil. hydrargyri), calomel (mercurous chloride), corrosive sub- limate (mercuric chloride), green iodide (mercurous iodide), red iodide (mercuric iodide), black oxide (mercurous oxide), yellow oxide (mercuric oxide), in the treatment of the various forms of syphilis during the past thirty years, and have been led to assign the first place to the red iodide of mercury. The best results were achieved by the use of the following formula:- B. Biniodide of mercury, red iodide of mercury gr. iv Iodide of potassium ^iss Tincture of iodine f 3 iij Peppermint water viiss. M. One teaspoonful in four tablespoonfuls of water, three times a day. Each dose in the preceding mixture contains about one-sixteenth of a grain of the red iodide of mercury, held in solution by the iodide of potassium; the strength of the solution was about in the mixture, and less than when diluted for internal administration. In the preceding prescription the red iodide of mercury is held in solution by the iodide of potassium, and the iodine exists in the free state, and in virtue of its physiological and therapeutical properties in this condition excites profound effects upon the glandular system. Iodine is also a potent antiseptic, disinfectant and germicide. Such a combination as that just given is not merely a powerful alterative, but is also an effective antiseptic and germicide. I have seen a large number of patients in hospital and in private practice, the latter greatly outnumbering the former, relieved of the most threatening and distressing symptoms and restored to good health and preserved for years in good health, by the use of the above combination in the treatment of constitutional syphilis. The natural tendency of the syphilitic poison to induce profound anaemia may be met by the following formula:- B. Red iodide (biniodide of mercury) gr. iv Iodide of potassium Tincture of iodine f Z ij Syrup of iodide of iron f^j Syrup of ginger f $ ivss Peppermint water •••^5 iij- M. Dissolve the iodide of potassium in the peppermint water, then add the red iodide of mercury and tincture of iodine, and, finally, the syrups of the iodide of iron and ginger. Dose. -Teaspoonful in four tablespoonfuls of water, three times a day. We have the same dose of the red iodide of mercury in each teaspoonful of both formula, namely, the one-sixteenth of a grain. As tested in over five hundred cases of constitutional syphilis, the effects of the red iodide of mercury held in solution by the iodide of potassium are to reduce glandular swellings, heal sore places on the head and limbs, remove syphilitic eruptions, alleviate or cure syphilitic sore throat, remove the early symptoms of paralysis, promote the decided increase of the red globules and restore the enfeebled muscular and nervous powers. We must attribute the great value of the red iodide of mercury in the treatment of syphilis not merely to its power of destroying the syphilitic microorganisms, but also to its power as a vigorous germicide or alterative to the glandular enlargements and abnor- mal growths, gummata, tumors, and mucous and cutaneous eruptions, tertiary and osseous degenerations, characteristic of this disease. The power of the red iodide to arrest germination and cell proliferation must play a most important part in its arrest and eradication of the action of the syphilitic poison. In like manner we may attribute its wonderful powers, when locally applied, in con- junction with free iodine, to goitres, enlarged glands and indolent tumors, to its power of arresting and preventing proliferation of the cellular elements. I have used the red iodide of mercury in combination with free iodine and iodide of potassium and the extract of ergot, with beneficial results, in the treatment of cancers of the womb and mammies, before the appearance of ulceration, and also in fibrous tumors of the uterus. The following combination appeared to arrest the growth of malignant and non-malignant tumors in some cases :- R. Red iodide of mercury gr. ij Tincture of iodine f % ij Iodide of potassium ,^j Syrup of the iodide of iron f^j Squibb's fluid extract of ergot f^iij Peppermint water fgij Dissolve the iodide of potassium, red iodide and tincture of iodine in the pep- permint water, and then add the syrup of the iodide of iron and the fluid extract of ergot. Dose.-30 to 60 drops in teaspoonful of water, three times a day. The effect of the ergot upon the circulation is supplemented by the germicidal powers of the red iodide of mercury and free iodine. The syrup of the iodide of iron tends to alleviate the profound ansemic characteristics of the cancerous diathesis. We have been led, by extended experience, to regard the red iodide of mercury as superior to the bichloride of mercury, both as an antiseptic and as a germicide. Mercuric Chloride: Its Value as an Antiseptic for the Destruction of the Microorganisms of Contagious and Infectious Diseases.-Mercuric chloride is not merely a violent poison, destructive alike to plants and animals, but it also clearly belongs to the class antiseptics. Antiseptics (anti, against, and og^roq, putrid, from ayilnc, to make rotten), substances which have the property of preventing or arresting putrefaction in dead animal or vegetable matter. In virtue of its power to coagulate albumen, mercuric chloride may be regarded as a corrosive and most destructive agent to all forms of vegetable and animal protoplasm, and in virtue also of its germicidal power may be regarded as a potent disinfectant. Antiseptic, disinfectant and germicidal properties are not necessarily inseparable, as may be shown by the following well-established facts: Prussic acid and cyanide of potassium, even in small quantities, destroy animals by altering the composition of the blood and by acting upon the ganglionic centres of the sympathetic and cerebro-spinal systems, and more especially upon the ganglionic centres of the medulla oblongata, which preside over respiration, and upon those of the heart, which regulate its actions. But hydrocyanic acid and potassium cyanide possess no antiseptic properties ; rapid putrefaction may ensue in animals destroyed by these agents. Putrefaction may be prevented by removing one or more of the conditions essential to its occurrence. Thus, by exclusion of the atmosphere, dead matter, which would speedily undergo decomposition, may be kept intact for an indefinite length of time, as shown in the method of preserving meat by hermetically sealing the jars after the expulsion of the air by heat. Again, the preservative influences of a low temperature are well known, and extreme cold is a powerful antiseptic, as proved in the case of the frozen mammoth of northern Asia. Furthermore, the abstraction of moisture will prevent corruption in dead matter. In warm and dry climates animal food may be preserved by exposure to the sun. In the ancient practice of embalming the dead, which is the earliest illustration of the systematic use of antiseptics, the inoister portions of the body were removed before the preservative agents were added. Numerous chemical substances have the power of counteracting the putrefactive process. Many of these have been long known and used for this purpose. In embalming, besides the application of various aromatics and resins, the body was washed with cedar oil and natron (soda), and pitch or tar were used as antiseptics. Pitch was used by the Romans in wine making, to control the fermentative process. The fumes of sulphur were largely employed by the ancients for purposes of purification, while common salt has been known and used for ages as one of the best preservatives from decay. The mineral acids possess antiseptic properties, as do also many of the metallic salts, the chloride of zinc, in the form of Sir W. Burnett's disin- fecting fluid, being one of the most potent of them. Alcohol is well known for its power of preserving animal substances from decay. Quinine has been found to possess strong antiseptic properties. The tar products, notably carbolic acid, are among the most approved and extensively used of all antiseptic agents. The various substances named possess the power of preventing putrefaction in dead animal or vegetable matter, and to a greater or less degree of arresting it when already begun. They likewise exert a similar action on the analogous process of fermentation. They differ from mere disinfectants which destroy the emanations from putrescent material, but do not necessarily arrest the progress of decay. Some antiseptics, how- ever, such as sulphurous acid, are powerful disinfectants also, while others, such as quinine, have no disinfectant properties at all. Mercuric chloride not merely coagu- lates the albumen of living germs, and in all organic fluids and solids containing this substance, but is in itself, in virtue of its inherent properties, a most potent poison to man and animals, whether administered internally or applied externally. Corrosive sublimate induces in man symptoms of the most violent character, which cannot wholly be explained by its power of coagulating albumen. In the present state of knowledge we cannot give a rational explanation of the fact that a few grains of corrosive subli- mate, or of arsenious acid, or of strychnine, are capable of destroying the most powerful human being. On the contrary, why are many mineral substances which have no established relations, chemical or physical, to the human system completely inert? It is evident that corrosive sublimate, even in minute quantities, is, independently alto- gether of its chemical and physical properties, a direct and most potent poison to all the various forms of animal and vegetable life. The poisonous properties of this agent must, therefore, be considered in its use as an internal remedy and as an antiseptic and disinfectant. In its use in hygienic and sanitary operations the following facts should be carefully considered:- 1. When mercuric chloride is used in solution for the disinfection of clothing, fur- niture and floors, in private houses, hospitals or ships, the potency of the solution used will decrease in a ratio corresponding with the amount of animal and vegetable albumen present. Of course, the coagulation and chemical alteration of albuminoid substances is a powerful means of destroying the germicidal powers and arresting the life acts of pathogenic organisms, and of altering and arresting the process of septic fermentation or putrefaction. But that portion of the disinfectant which accomplishes these changes must be regarded as having accomplished a definite result, and, therefore, as being withdrawn from the further process. In other words, sanitary officers should bear these facts continuously in mind, and use in their operations large and efficient quan- tities of the bichloride. In the practical operations of disinfecting clothing, houses and ships, the solution of bichloride should be more concentrated than those usually recom- mended by writers who base their view upon the experiments of Koch, Miquel, Croix and others. In sanitary operations it must also be considered that the influence of certain substances and conditions on microorganisms may be twofold- (a) The condition may be unfavorable to the growth of the organism. (&) The condition may be fatal to the existence of the microorganism. 2. In the disinfection of drains, yards and privies by corrosive sublimate, it must be borne in mind (a) that the salt is immediately decomposed by lime, ammonia and all al kali es; (&) when not thus decomposed, the poisonous mercuric chloride may find its way into wells and springs, and thus induce poisonous effects upon human beings. The ordinary strength of the solution of corrosive sublimate recommended by sanitarians for disinfection, one part to 1000 of water, is entirely inadequate to the proper and thorough disinfection of foul privies and to the foul bilge water and ballast of infected ships. If the ballast of a ship be composed of carbonate of lime, the bichloride will neces- sarily suffer chemical change. In foul privies, sulphuret of ammonia and carbonate of ammonia are present in large quantities, and large quantities of the bichloride will be decomposed, the sulphuret of the peroxide of mercury, which possesses little or no germicidal properties, being formed. 3. The careless use of such a deadly poison as mercuric chloride in sanitary and quarantine operations may indirectly or directly lead to fatal accidents, and will afford an easy opportunity for the commission of murder by poisoning. Since the establish- ment of the preparations of arsenic for the destruction of the cotton worm and other vermin, about twenty cases of arsenical poisoning of planters and their families by negro servants and laborers, as well as a large number of mules, horses and cattle, have come under my observation and been subject to my examination. This country has suffered much from the unrestrained and uncontrolled'use of poisons. 4. When a solution of mercuric chloride comes in contact with metal it is decom- posed, metallic mercury being deposited. Thus, when iron, copper or brass pumps are used in the disinfection of ships, by means of weak solutions of the bichloride of mer- cury, a certain portion of the salt is decomposed, to the injury of the apparatus. And when the solution of free mercury is squirted over the walls of the cabins and vaults, all gilded surfaces, all articles of jewelry, watches, etc., metallic buttons on male or female attire, alter in like manner and receive a film of metallic mercury. 5. The bichloride of mercury is volatilized by heat, but it is erroneous to suppose that any large area can be pervaded by its fumes, unless the closed chamber or oven containing the clothing to be disinfected is elevated to a degree of heat destructive of the textile fabrics. 6. When the attempt is made to charge steam with the bichloride of mercury by boiling the solution, the salt will remain in the boiler and will not, to any extent, escape with the steam. 7. The solution of the bichloride of mercury is unfitted for the disinfection of car- goes of coffee, or of grain or any kind of food, in that it imparts poisonous properties to all articles of food with which it comes in contact. CARBOLIC ACID: ITS VALUE AS AN ANTISEPTIC AND GERMICIDE; COMPARISON WITH MERCURIC CHLORIDE. The experiments which are here detailed, illustrating the influence of certain agents upon the germination and growth of rice, have shown that carbolic acid possesses ger- micidal powers similar to those of mercuric chloride. These results are at variance with those obtained by Koch, Miquel, Davaine and other experimenters, and it is evi- dent that we must exercise great care in arriving at any settled conclusions from experi- ments made upon one organism with reference to the amount which may be necessary to prevent the development of another. The method of experimentation, also, as well as the time consumed in the perform- ance of the experiments, and the vital endowments of the organisms experimented on, must be carefully considered. With reference to the experiments with carbolic acid. we observe that Koch found a one per cent, solution to be without effect in anthrax spores after fifteen days' exposure; a two per cent, solution retarded the development of spores, but did not completely destroy their vitality, in seven days; a three per cent, solution was effective in three days; in the absence of spores, a one per cent, solution quickly destroys the vitality of anthrax bacilli. Koch recommends a five per cent, solution in the destruction of the comma bacillis of Asiatic cholera, and a two per cent, solution for the disinfection of surfaces and articles soiled by such discharges. While acting as President of the Board of Health of the State of Louisiana, 1880- 1884, the author employed carbolic acid effectively as a disinfectant, in strength varying from two to ten per cent. Dr. Sternberg has found that in the proportion of one to two hundred, these agents destroy bacterium termo, a septic micrococcus (M. Pasteur) in active growth, while one to twenty-five failed to destroy the bacteria in putrid beef tea. A micrococcus obtained from the pus of an acute abscess was destroyed by 0.8 per cent., while five per cent, failed. In all of these experiments by Dr. Sternberg, the time of exposure was two hours-a time far too short to afford results applicable to practical sanitary operations. According to Simon, the micrococcus of swine plague multiplies abundantly in urine containing one per cent, of carbolic acid; while the micrococcus of fowl cholera is destroyed by six hours' exposure in a solution of this strength (one per cent.), and two per cent, destroys the bacterium of symptomatic anthrax (dried virus) in forty-eight hours. According to the researches of Antoin, Comevin and Thomas, Davaine showed by inoculation experiments that anthrax bacilli in fresh blood are destroyed by being exposed to the action of a one per cent, solution for one hour. Schill and Fischer found that the infecting power of tuberculous sputum, as shown by inoculation into Guinea pigs, is destroyed by twenty-four hours' exposure to a twenty- five per cent, solution of carbolic acid. The same result was obtained with a three per cent, solution, while one and two per cent, solutions failed. The experiments which the author has detailed with rice assign more strongly anti- septic and germicidal powers to carbolic acid than those just quoted, while, on the other hand, they indicate that the mercuric chloride is much less potent than would appear from the following statements. Many experimenters regard corrosive sublimate as the most powerful antiseptic, since even solutions as weak as 1 to 300,000 are said to inhibit the growth of bacillus anthracis. According to Koch, mercuric chloride, in the proportion of 1 to 1000, destroys all spores in a few minutes, and that the vitality of anthrax spores is destroyed by much weaker solutions (1 to 10,000) when the time of exposure is prolonged. The experiments of Sternberg, repeating those of Koch and other observers, have given similar results. NECESSITY FOK MORE CAREFUL AND SIMPLER EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE THE ACTUAL VALUE OF DIFFERENT ANTISEPTICS IN THE DESTRUCTION OF PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS. In dealing with the causes and prevention of such fearful scourges as yellow fever and Asiatic cholera, those charged with the sanitary operations necessary to an effectual system of Public and International Hygiene need exact data with reference to the relative value and most effective methods of employing antiseptics and disinfectants. Professor E. Klein, M.D., F.R.S., has placed in a clear light the imperfection of the knowledge of sanitarians with reference to the actual power of such antiseptics as car- bolic acid and mercuric chloride to destroy the microorganisms which are regarded as intimately associated with certain diseases and diseased processes. This acute observer says: "By sowing any microorganisms into a nourishing solution to which has been added a certain substance, as carbolic acid, to the amount of one per cent., and exposing this medium to the conditions of temperature and moisture otherwise favorable to the growth of the organism, it is found that, after the lapse of a due period, the growth is retarded or altogether inhibited; the conclusion is reached that this substance-namely, carbolic acid of one per cent.-is an antiseptic." There is nothing more fallacious than this mode of reasoning; a great many micro- organisms can be exposed to a one per cent, solution of carbolic acid for hours without in the least being affected; for on being then transferred to a suitable nourishing medium, they grow and thrive well. Similarly, by placing the spores of bacillus anthracis in a proteid medium containing perchloride of mercury of the strength of 1 to 300,000, it is found (as Koch has shown) that the spores are absolutely incapable of germinating. But from this the conclusion is drawn that perchloride of mercury of the strength of 1 to 300,000 is a germicide. Dr. Klein most strongly dissents; for perchloride of mer- cury, even of the strength of one per cent., is not a germicide any more than vinegar; for on placing the spores of bacillus anthracis in a proteid medium to which so much vinegar, or any other acid, has been added as makes it decidedly acid, it will be found that the spores do not germinate. In order to pronounce a certain substance an anti- septic, in the strict sense of the word, it is necessary to place the organisms in this sub- stance for a definite time, then to remove them thence, and to place them in a suitable nourishing medium. If they then refuse to grow, the conclusion is justified that the exposure has injured or destroyed the life of the organism. In the case of pathogenic organisms, a substance, to be pronounced a germicide, must be shown to have this power, that when the organism is exposed to the substance, and then introduced into a suitable artificial medium, it refuses to grow; and it must also be shown that when introduced into a suitable animal, it is incapable of producing the disease which the same organism, unexposed to the substance in question, does produce. Dr. E. Klein has made many observations on microorganisms, both putrefactive and pathogenic, and has found that many assertions hitherto made on this subject, treated in the above light, are absolutely untrustworthy and erroneous. According to this observer, various species of putrefactive micrococci, bacterium termo, bacillus subtilis, various pathogenic microorganisms, as bacillus anthracis, bacillus of swine fever, abso- lutely refuse to grow in media to which is added phenyl-proprionic acid, or phenyl- acetic acid, to an amount so small as one in 1600; but if the same organisms are exposed to these substances in much stronger solutions-1 to 800, 1 in 400, or even one in 200- and then transferred to a suitable nourishing material, it is found that they have completely retained their vitality : they multiply as if nothing had been done to them. Dr. Klein has exposed the spores of bacillus anthracis to the above acids, of the strength of 1 in 200, for forty-eight hours and longer, and then inoculated guinea pigs with them, and found that the animals died of typical anthrax in exactly the same way as if they had been inoculated with pure spores of the bacillus anthracis. Koch has published a large series of systematic observations made in testing the influence on spores of bacillus anthracis of a large number of antiseptics (thymol, arsenite of potas- sium, turpentine, clove oil, iodine, hydrochloric acid, permanganate of potassium, eucalyptol, camphor, quinine, salicylic acid, benzoic acid and many others), and among them he found perchloride of mercury to be the most powerful, since even a solution of 1 in 600,000 is capable of impeding, one of 1 in 300,000 of completely checking, the germinating power of the spores. Klein has shown that to regard these substances, from these observations of Koch, in any way as antiseptics for the spores of bacillus anthracis, would be no more justifi- able than to consider a weak vinegar as such. Perchloride of mercury, a solution of 1 in 300,000, is no more capable of interfering with the life and functions of the spores of bacillus anthracis than water or salt solution; for the spores may be steeped in this solution for any length of time, and yet, on being transferred to any suitable medium, Vol. IV-39 they grow and multiply rapidly, and when inoculated into rodents they produce fatal anthrax with absolute certainty. In common with Dr. Blythe, Medical Officer of Health for the Marylebone District, in Loudon, Dr. Klein tried the action of a number of substances in common use as antiseptics, namely, Calvert's fluid, pure terebene, phenol ten per cent., perchloride of mercury one per cent., on the spores of bacillus anthracis, exposing them in compara- tively large quantities of the above fluid (the two being well mixed) for twenty-four hours, and then inoculating Guinea pigs with them (spores and antiseptics). The ani- mals died with symptoms of typical anthrax, the blood teeming with the bacillus anthrax. These substances, then, are no more antiseptics, and still less germicides, for the spores of the bacillus anthracis than water is. In all these inquiries, particularly in those upon pathogenic organisms capable of forming spores, the influence of the substances must be judged, not merely by their action on the organisms, but also on the spores, as in this very case of the bacillus anthracis. The bacilli taken from the blood of an animal dead of anthrax are killed after an exposure, of say ten minutes, to a solution of phenyl-propionic acid the strength of 1 in 400, or even 1 in 800, whereas the spores of the bacilli (produced in artificial cultures) withstand complete exposure to this acid of any strength, and for any length of time. Bacteria belong to the vegetable kingdom. Ammonia dissolves the eggs, the embryos of all animals, the bodies of all the inferior infusoria, attacks the sperma- tozoa, etc., while it leaves absolutely intact all the varieties of cellulose and the repro- ductive elements of plants, whether it is used cold or boiling. Concentrated acetic acid causes all animal tissues to become pale, while it is without action on bacteria; haematoxy- lon and fuchsin color bacteria deeply. We should, therefore, no longer give to the bac- teria the names of microscopic animalculae, infusoria, microzoa and other names which imply animal origin, nature and functions. In conclusion, the author expresses the hope that the method of experimental research which he has endeavored to illustrate may be employed in the determination of the antiseptic and germicidal powers of many substances now employed in the prac- tical operations and applications of medical and sanitary science.