iVilJOi/M Si i -»i ;" I !i,' ; ifli ijjt:ins.#ijt< i::i-;- :v Hi:, i-.n: .... '.,:.., ;-;l •;:, ■ ......."H«Hiii|i!i;jiijHis,;- .■ :• *>.. .. : . ■:i,i.j-.;i;:ii'jl!i;in;;iii;;i IHIMPHFiMilllilllif! ± I ^ SURGEON GENERAL'S OFFICE LIBRARY Section________________'.... Form 113c No. JL&<3- 8Q. 7 W.D..S.Q.O. "---------- 0 S. GOVERNMENT I Presented to the Statistical Division, Surgeon-General's Library, United States Army Washington, D. C. The Prudential Insurance Co. of America Newark, New Jersey -^-*?** >?5®»!^^^4^»< MEDICAL STATISTICS: & ^miaum© ®W SPJklBILIlf THE MORTALITY IN PHILADELPHIA. ^ ITS CAUSES '9 ■*UOUYERNEUR EMERSON, M. D. >»S3$®&£«te« K£' >0'- •V > E5Zm '^ MEDICAL STATISTICS, &c. [Extracted from the American Journal of the Medical Sciences for November, 1827.] IN the investigation of human aftairs, and the various circumstances which relate to and govern them, statistical calculations, by giving distinctness to views, and accuracy to conclusions, have been found eminently useful. Applied to subjects connected with medicine, at present the most uncertain of the sciences, they may prove of es- sential service, especially to the branch of public hygiene, as by de- monstrating the existence of evils they may lead to a removal of their causes, and serve as a test by which to determine the success or in- efficacy of the measures resorted to for that purpose. They may likewise become useful as a means of estimating the comparative value of those systems of medicine, which from time to time succeed each other. Indeed, such an application of medical statistics has already been made in Europe; but the warmth and obstinacy which at this time, distinguish the doctrinal controversies of rival sects, may justly be considered as productive for the most part, of partial views and suspicious conclusions. Estimates upon these subjects, should therefore be received with much caution, unless when made by such as are known to owe neither allegiance to, nor bias for, a particular party, or who possess so rare a degree of candour as to enable them to state facts without partiality or concealment. The following calculations were projected for the support of no preconceived speculations or opinions, but undertaken solely for the purpose of ascertaining those results which naturally flow from them. Many of these will be found extremely interesting, especially such as relate to the comparative mortality of different diseases, the ages at which they most frequently prove fatal, and the mean duration of human life at this epoch in Philadelphia. Many places possess certain peculiarities, capable of exerting more or less influence upon calculations of this nature, and which can onlv be well understood by persons very familiar with them. For this reason it has been thought most adviseable to avoid making formal comparisons with the statements of other cities, and to confine the sphere of observation in the present article, altogether to the locality of Philadelphia, a compendious history of the mortality, with observations upon many of the diseases of which, will be found in the following ta- bles, since the year when the subject was first made one of regular record. The date of this interesting event extends no further back % Emerson's Medical Statistics of Philadelphia. 3 than the year 1807, when through the influence and exertions ol Professor James, the first authentic bill of mortality for the city and suburbs of Philadelphia, was formed and published. No interruption has since taken place in these annual reports, which from time to time have had new interest imparted to them, by the addition of other particu- lars; such, for example, as the distinction made between males and females, the designation of colour in the deceased, and the account of births. The authenticity of the Philadelphia bills of mortality may be re- garded as resting upon very solid grounds. From authority vested in the Board of Health, this municipal power makes it obligatory upon physicians to give certificates designating the name, age, and sex of all who die under their care, and sextons are bound by still heavier penalties, not to permit the interment of any dead body, until such certificate is obtained, which he returns to the health office on the last day of every week, for publication. The accuracy with which the diseases are designated in these cer- tificates rests chiefly upon the general intelligence of the medical pro- fession in this city, the members of which are very much in the prac- ' tice of testing their pathological opinions by autopsical examinations. Further evidences of fidelity in this respect are afforded by the general agreement of the different bills of mortality with each other, and the variations exhibited by certain diseases in correspondence with the influence of well known agents. That many errors, and much vagueness exist in regard to praticular details, must be evident to every one well versed in the medical science of the present day. The heads of debility, decay, atrophy, marasmus, consumption (as an infantile disease,) may be cited as affording the most frequent ex- amples of misrepresentation, but still, the correspondence subsisting between the annual returns, is sufficient to show that the affections even thus reported depend upon the continued operation of some uniform causes. For the purpose of ascertaining the number born, the various prac- titioners of midwifery are required to render an account at the Health Office of all births. With regard however to this depart- ment, there is some reason to suspect a deficiency in the returns, especially from the outskirts of the city and liberties. But the re- gistry of the dead has, for the most part, been kept with a care and fidelity creditable to those who have had its superintendence, and especially to the present clerk, who, for the last ten years, has con- ducted its details. General Observations on the Topography and Climate of Philadel- 4 Kmcrson's Medical Statistics of Philadelphia. phia.—T\\e city of Philadelphia lies in north latitude 38° 57', and longitude 1° 54' east from Washington.* It is situated on the western shore of the river Delaware, and extends over slightly ele- vated ground about two miles to the banks of the river Schuylkill, five miles above its confluence with the Delaware. The last named river is about a mile wide at the town, and has sufficient depth of water to admit ships of a very large burthen, whilst the Schuylkill, on the other side, is navigable for sea vessels of moderate draught. The tide in the Delaware rises, on an average, to the perpendicular height of about seven feet. The water continues fresh for more than fifty miles be- low the city. Its distance from the Atlantic ocean, by the natural course of the river and bay, is about one hundred and twenty miles, but not more than fifty-five miles by a direct line in an easterly di- rection. Theportion of the isthmus on which the town stands, is of the tertiary formation, consisting of sand and gravel, for the most part overlaid with a thick stratum of clay, the whole resting upon a primitive basis. That it was once covered by the sea, is clearly shown by the marine de- posits, consisting of bones, teeth, shells, &c. found below the natu- ral surface. Vegetable relics have likewise been met with. A few years since, hickory nuts were discovered in digging a well at a depth of more than 30 feet. In one of the highest points of the city plot, the trunk of a buttonwood (Platanus occidentalis) was found im- bedded in a black mud, and surrounded by acorns and leaves. By digging at various depths, water is easily obtained in every part of the city and suburbs. Near the rivers it may be procured *within ten or twelve feet of the surface; its depth in other parts is usually about thirty feet Its qualities were excellent before the city became so populous, and its sources were contaminated by infiltrations. At present, an abundant supply of most wholesome and palatable water has been introduced from the Schuylkill. The climate of Philadelphia, appears to have partaken in the change which of late years has been noticed in most parts ot the country. This variation is most strikingly manifested as respects the intensity and duration of the cold weather. It has been observed, that during the last century, the winters were more uniformly cold and the rivers more completely and for a longer time obstructed, than at present, when it often happens that the ice does not become stationary on the Delaware through the whole season, and when it * Or 75° 8' 45" west from Greenwich, Emerson's Medical Statistics of Philadelphia. 5 does become fixed, seldom remains so longer than a few davs. We find it recorded, that in 1704, snow fell three feet deep, and in the winter of 1779-80, the Delaware continued frozen for three months. Moreover, that in 1764, 1791 and 1797, this river was completely frozen in one night, so as to be passable the next day. Instances of such intense cold have not occurred within the present century. * From an examination of the records of the Rain Gage, kept at the Health Office, in a central part of the city, it appears that, from March 1820 to February 1827, inclusive, a period of seven years, the average quantity of rain for the seasons is as follows: For the three months of Spring 8.29 inches—Summer 9.54 inches—Autumn 10.54 inches—Winter 8.15 inches. The greatest quantity which fell during that time, in the twenty- four hours, was four inches on the 3d of October, 1820. The largest quantity in forty-eight hours was 5.65 .inches, on the 3d and 4th of the same month, in the same year. The prevailing winds throughout the year are from the westward. Viewed according to the 9easons, it may be observed, that in the Spring and Fall, the winds are more variable than during the rest of the year. Their tendency in the Spring and Summer, is more from the eastward than at other seasons. During Summer they usually come from the westward and southward, but in winter, from the westward and northward. When easternly winds prevail, they gene- rally proceed from a northernly direction. Cloudy and rainy weather are their common attendants, the weather usually clearing away by their shifting first to the southward, and then to the west or north- west, from which points they often blow with great violence. Observations on the Tables.i Table I. This tabic presents a series of observations made on the climate of Philadelphia, during ten years, viz.: from 1811 to 1820, inclusive; showing the changes of temperature indicated by Fahrenheit's ther- mometer for each month, and season of that period, h is formed from * For more minute information relative to the temperature of the weather in particular months and seasons, see Table II. f These are by no means intended to embrace all the views worthy of notice which the tables develope, and doubtless many more of equal, and perhaps greater interest will present themselves to others who examine them. 6 Emerson's Medical Statistics of Philadelphia. observations originallypublished in the Eclectic Repertory, and though not continued to so late a date as would have been desirable, still on account of the regularity and accuracy with which they were con- ducted, we have chosen them in preference to any more recent ones with which we are acquainted. From these observations, it appears that the mean temperature of the months estimated from an average of ten years is, for January, 30°—February, 32°—March, 48°— April, 50°—May, 59°—June, 71°—July, 75°—August, 72°—Sep- tember, 65°—October, 55°—November, 46°—December, 34°. The average mean temperature of the seasons is as follows, viz.: The three months of Spring, 50°—Summer, 75°—Autumn, 55°— AVinter, 32°. The lowest fall in the thermometer observed in the above mention- ed period at eight o'clock, A. M. was 4° above zero, on the 15th of February, 1817. The highest rise in the same time at three o'clock, P. M. 97° on the 12th of June, 1818.* Table II. Is an abstract from the census of the aity and county of Philadel- phia, taken in 1820, by order of the general government, showing the number and description of inhabitants in the wards and districts, from which returns of interments are made. The observations we shall offer upon this subject, will be directed in the first place to the white population. In this the proportion of the sexes is as 111 females to 100 males, a disparity which has been attributed for the most part to the greater .risks of life encountered by the male sex in their various occupations and pursuits, t In proof of this we find from an examination of the table that the number of males under ten years of age exceeds that of the females; but when the estimate is continued so as to embrace * It is to be regretted that the Philadelphia bills of mortality furnish no pre- cise data, by which a table can be formed, to show the deaths per month by the principal diseases, and thus exhibit the immediate influence of the seasons upon their mortality. Interesting calculations made for other places, show that chronic complaints are not much affected by such influence, which is chiefly displayed upon the acute forms of disease. f The average proportion for the whole United States, is, however, very different; namely, 97 females to 100 males. In the new states, the excess of males among the children is observed to be very great. In Alabama, Illinois Missouri, Mississippi, and Indiana, all of which have been lately settled, there are 76,067 boys, and only 70,033 girls under ten years of age; that is 'at the rate of 100 boys to 92 girls. ' Emerson's Medical Statistics of Philadelphia. i the sixteenth year, the balance is considerably in favour of the fe- males, the males having in the mean time been reduced by the ope- ration of the above mentioned circumstances. % The relative proportion existing between the sexes under ten years of age, is about 3.3 per cent, in favour of the males; but when the estimate is made to include those under the sixteenth year, the females are found to be the most numerous in the proportion of 2.4 per cent. The females under the 26th year exceed the males under the same age, in the ratio of 8.8 per cent. Under the 45th year, the excess of females is 9.1 per cent., or as 100 females to about 90.9 males; whilst the excess of females of and beyond this age is nearly 26 per cent, or at the rate of 100 women to only 74 men. With regard to the black population, an estimate of all ages shows the relative proportion of the sexes to be 100 females to 71 males. Under the 14th year, the proportion is equal, but when the estimate is extended so as to include all under the 26th year, the females exceed the males 30 per cent.; that is, at the rate of 100 females to 70 males. Reckoning all under 45, the excess of females is 28 per cent., or as 100 to 72; but in the amount of the sexes of 45 years and upwards, the number of females exceeds that of the males nearly 31 per cent.; that is, for every 100 women there are only 69 men. The following statement affords a condensed comparative view of the proportion of the sexes at various periods of life:— Whites. Blacks. Under 10* 100 males to 96.7 females. Under 14 100 females to 100 male Under 16 100 females to 97.6 males. Under 26 100 do. to 91.2 do. 100 do. to 70 do. Under 45 100 do. to 90.9 do. 100 do. to 72 do. Of 45 and upwards, 100 do. to 74 do. 100 do. to 69 do. Proportion of all ages 100 do. to 89 do. 100 do. to 71 do. ... . „ „„-") Being-in the proportion of 56 The number of whites of and over 26, is o9,.>35 f ^ tQ 1QQ un under 26, 70,050 \ ' -> der that age. The number of blacks of and over 26, is 5,191 ~i Or, as 84, of and over 26, to under 26, 6,193 5 100 under that age. The number of whites of and over 45, is 12,739 ? Or, as 13.3 of and over 45, to under 45, 96,646 5 100 under that age. The number of blacks of and over 45, is 1,381 \ Or, as 13.8, of and over 45, to under 45, 10,003 5 100 under 45. * The blacks under 10 and 16, and the whites under 14, are not designated in the table. tf Emerson's Medical Statistics of Philadelphia. Table III. This table exhibits the number of deaths in the city and suburbs of Philadelphia, for each one of a series of twenty years, viz: from Ja- nuary 1st. 1807, to January 1st, 1827, inclusive; showing at the same time those which occurred from the most prevailing diseases. From the amount of every year, as represented in this table, the number reported in the bills of mortality under the head of still-born, are excluded, as never having possessed a proper existence; a rule ap- plicable to all the subsequent statements, unless otherwise specified. Their numbers appear in a separate column, and it may be well to remark here, that in the public records of Philadelphia, no discrimi- nation is made between the abortions of the first months of gestation, and the premature and dead-born of the latter periods, which, with perhaps a very few exceptions, are disposed of in the numerous burying grounds throughout the city and suburbs, and reported with other in- terments at the Health Office. That the bills of mortality may in future show the proper distinctions to be made under this head, it would be well for the Board of Health to issue suitable instructions. Until some regulation for this purpose is adopted, the large numbers of still-born reported may serve, at least with superficial observers, to cast a shade of reproach upon the females and medical profession in Philadelphia. The highest number of deaths for one year, contained in the series, is 4372, in 1823; the lowest number is 1884, in 1809. The amount for the first ten years of the series is 20,585; for the remaining ten years, 32,419. The total number of deaths for the whole time is 53,004. The prevalence and fatality of particular diseases in different years, is strikingly exemplified in this table. Under the head of Diseases of the Lungs, the variation from year to year is chiefly observable in the column of Acute affections; whilst the annual proportion from Consumption seems to have advanced at a steady step with the pro- gress of population. The highest number of deaths by this disease in one year, is 587, reported in 1826; the lowest number 216, in 1813. The whole mortality by consumption in the twenty years, is 7977. Under the head of Acute Diseases of the Lungs, the deaths re- ported in the bills of mortality under the various titles of Pleurisy, Inflammation of the Lungs, Breast and Chest, are included. The greatest mortality for one year exhibited in this column, is 222, in 1826; the lowest 61, in 1813. The number for the whole series, is 2284; which, added to the amount from consumption, gives a grand total of 10,281 deaths in twenty years from Diseases of the Lungs. Under the head of Fevers, which in this table includes only those of most frequent prevalence, striking fluctuations are observa- Emerson's Medical Statistics of Philadelphia. 9 ble in all the columns. That which contains the totals, shows a steady increase with the progress of time and population, until the year 1818, when the amount rises to 492, chiefly produced by the preva- lence of a bilious fever, of a typhoid and highly mortal character, almost exclusively confined to the blacks inhabiting the narrow streets, courts and alleys of the south-western parts of the city and suburbs.* The still greater increase observable in the succeeding years, until the amount in 1823, is no less than 744, depends upon causes of an entirely different nature, which, as they have seldom or never been known to exist to the same extent before in this city and its vicinity, must be regarded as constituting an extraordinary and casual event.t The bill of mortality for the year 1820, was the first that swelled from the effects of this epidemic, which spread throughout the neigh- bouring country on all sides, and encroached upon the outskirts of the town, but rarely showed its influence upon the interior parts. In- deed, as I formerly stated in noticing the same subject, it was curious to observe how accurately the invasions of the sickly air during the summer and fall months, were limited by the pavements, few or none of those who kept within them, having been affected with what acquired the popular designation of Country Fever. \ Strange as it may appear, the atmosphere of the city proper was seldom more free from the causes of disease, than during the years wherein the bills of mortality exhibited the greatest number of deaths. With the view of ascertaining as far as practicable, the comparative healthiness or un- healthiness of the city and suburbs, the Board of Health issued, in 1823, circulars to the physicians, requesting them to note in their usual certificates of mortality, the districts in which their deceased patients had resided. This measure, though adopted late in the sea- sort, clearly proved that the proportion of interments was as antici- pated, much smaller for the city than for the suburbs, as the following short statement will clearly show. The number of interments reported at the Health Office, were from— * For a particular description of this singular epidemic, see the Philadelphia Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences, vol. 3. p. 193. f The fatality of this epidemic may in some measure be judged of, by com- paring the sum of the first ten years of the series of totals in the column of Fevers, viz: 1540, with that of the last ten years, which is 4580! * See the Philadelphia Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences, vol. viii. p. 143. 10 Emerson's Medical Statistics of Philadelphia. , „ C Of which there were August 9th to the 16th - - lo° £ from the city 53 16th to the 23d 23d to the 30th 30th to Sept. 6th Sept. 6th to the 13th 13th to the 20th 736 274 In the two hundred and seventy-four deaths reported from the city, sixty-five, or more than a fourth were from the Alms-house, which at that time was crowded with paupers, chiefly from the su- burbs. Cases of the prevailing remittent and intermittent fevers, were however, to be met with in all parts of the city proper, but their ori- gin could nearly always be traced directly to the air of the country or outskirts of the town, a short exposure to which in the evening or night was sufficient to give rise to those diseases. In the column designating the deaths by typhus, we observe that Ihe epidemic seems to have terminated in that form more frequently in 1823 and 1824, than in other years. It is to be regretted that so many instances are reported, wherein the type is left undesignated, as for example, in 1823, where the particular character of two hun- dred and forty-three cases of fever which terminated fatally in that year cannot be ascertained. We are happy in being able to state that at this time, the sources of the disease appear exhausted, as the present season has proved un- usually healthy. This we have it in our power to demonstrate very clearly, by a reference to the records of the Philadelphia Dispensary, from which we make the following estimates of the number of appli- cants to that institution for medical relief in several years, during the month of August, the most sickly of the season. Years. 1823. 1824. 1825. 1826. 1827. Patients. 694 347 363 | 310 264 The column showing the deaths by yellow or malignant fever, pre- sents the highly interesting fact, that for the last twenty years, the whole mortality amounts to only one hundred and twenty-two, of which number seventy-three occurred in 1820. This statement will perhaps excite no little surprise at home, and doubtless be greatly dis- 113 uo. -*o 129 do. 50 112 do. 4.1 137 do. 63 115 do. 15 Emerson's Medical Statistics of Philadelphia. 11 credited abroad, but may nevertheless be relied upon as correct. Thar the amount should appear to most persons les> than they would ex- pect, is probably owing to the high degree of alarm which usually attends the appearance of a single case of yellow or malignant fever. and magnifies the occurrence, by association with former epidemics. to a fearful extent. The column of totals under the head of In/1'animations, shows i steady increase in the phlegmasia?, with that of population, the va riation in the whole series running between four hundred and forty- seven, in 1826, the highest extreme, and one hundred and thirty- eight in 1809, the lowest number. The amount for the whole serie- is four thousand seven hundred and fifty-eight. Of Inflammation of the Drain, the greatest number of deaths re- ported for any year, is sixty-six in 1824. The lowest eight, in 1813. The whole amount for twenty years is five hundred and eighty- three. As might be expected, the fluctuation is much greater in the co- lumn of inflammations of the Lungs and Chest. The highest number of these is two hundred and twenty-two, opposite the year 1826. The lowest, sixty-one, in 1813. The amount for the whole series is two thousand two hundred and eighty-four. No very great variation is observable in the column embracing in- flammation of the Stomach, Bowels, and Peritoneum, the highest number of which for any one year is one hundred and nineteen, in 1824; the lowest twenty-nine, in 1807. The whole number for the twenty years, is one thousand two hundred and ninety-one. Of inflammations of the Liver, the highest amount is fifty-four, in 1826; the lowest, nine, in 1807. Total for the whole series, five hun- dred and eighteen. With regard to the columns representing the deaths by other phlegmasise, such as inflammation of the Heart, Pericardium, Spleen, &c. there is little worthy of observation, except, that as these are not to be found in the early bills of mortality, they must either have become more frequent of late years, or been designated with greater care. In the column of totals, under the head of Dropsies, the sums vary between two hundred and seventy, in 1825, the highest ex- treme, and ninety-eight, in 1813, the lowest number. The whole amount for the series is three thousand four hundred and seventy- four. The greatest number per annum of Hydrocephalus, is one hun- dred and forty-seven, opposite the year 1823: the lowest thirty-eight. \2 Emerson's Medical Statistics of Philadelphia. in 1813. The whole amount of the series is one thousand six hun- dred and two. The column of Dropsy of the Chest, presents a greater annual fluc- tuation than any other under the general head, varying between the extremes of forty-seven in 1823, and five in 1818. The amount of the whole series is five hundred and twenty-one. The undesignated dropsical affections reported annually, consist, with perhaps very few exceptions, of Anasarca and Ascites. They vary between one hundred and thirty-one, in 1819, the highest, and thirty- five, in 1814. the lowest number. The whole series amounts to one thousand three hundred and fifty-one. Under the head of Bowel Complaints, great variation is conspicuous in all the columns. In that containing the annual totals, the highest number is five hundred and sixty-two, opposite the year 1823. The lowest, one hundred and fifty-three, in 1816. The amount of the whole series is six thousand two hundred and eighty-nine. The fact that much the highest number of deaths from these affections occur- red during the greatest prevalence of the epidemic remittent and in- termittent fevers, shows how much all these diseases depend upon the same kind of atmospheric constitution. In the column containing the deaths per annum of Cholera, the sums vary considerably, the highest number being two hundred and sixty- five, in 1823, and the lowest ninety, in 1816. The whole series amounts to the formidable sum of three thousand eight hundred and twelve. The annual reports of deaths from Diarrhosa and Dysentery, are so nearly alike in respect to numbers, that they have both been placed in the same column, the different sums of which vary almost as much as those of cholera. The highest number is two hundred and ninety- seven, in 1823; the lowest forty-four, in 1812. The whole amount for the twenty years, is two thousand four hundred and seventy-seven, making, when added to those from cholera, the total amount of death? from Bowel Complaints, six thousand two hundred and eighty-nine. The number of deaths reported annually under the head of Convul- sions, seems to have steadily increased with the progress of popula- tion. The highest number for one year in the whole series, is three hundred and sixty-eight, in 1824; the lowest one hundred and twenty-seven, in 1807. The amount for the twenty years is three thousand, seven hundred and thirty-one. Of Croup, the greatest mortality per annum is eighty-nine, in 1820; the lowest number in the series, twenty. The total amount of deaths in the twenty years, is one thousand and fortv-one. Emerson's Medical Statistics of Philadelphu 13 The column showing the deaths by Hooping Cough, exhibits great fluctuation. The highest number in a single year, is one hun- dred and fifty-one, in 1819; the lowest six. The whole amount in twenty years, is eight hundred and five. The number of deaths reported from Measles, shows, as miuhi be expected, great variation from year to year. In seven years of the series, no deaths were reported from this disease. The highest number is one hundred and fifty-six, in 1823; the lowest, one. The total amount for twenty years, is six hundred and sixty-seven. With regard to Small-Pox, we find, as in the case of measles. seven years out of the twenty, wherein no deaths by it were reported. The greatest mortality in any one year, occurred in 1824, when the number of deaths was three hundred and twenty-five. The next highest number is one hundred and sixty in 1823. The amounts of other years vary from these to only one. The total for the twenty years is one thousand and eighty, the proportion of which is about twenty, out of every thousand deaths by all diseases. Although the greatest mortality from this loathsome distemper took place at a time when it might have been supposed that few or none remained unprotected, still the amount for so long a period furnishes a pleasing comment upon the experience of former times. It has been estimated, that during the first thirty years of the eighteenth century, the number of deaths from small pox in London, was se- venty-four out of every thousand: and during an equal period at the close of the same century, the amount had increased to nearly one- tenth of the whole mortality. This multiplication has been ascribed to the introduction and practice of inoculation, which, although esteem- ed one of the greatest improvements ever introduced into the medical art, had, by leading to a more extensive circulation of the contagion, actually promoted the ravages of the disease it was intended to ame- liorate. How striking the contrast between these consequences and those resulting from the substitution of vaccination. Under the head of asthma, the'sums representing the annual num- ber of deaths vary from twenty-one, in 1825, to four, in 1808. The whole amount of the series is two hundred and five. The column containing the deaths by Apoplexy, though veiy well filled, is perhaps entitled to many more, since it is highly proba- ble that many reported as sudden, were from this cause. An ex- amination of the table, showing the ages at which the deaths under this last head took place, presents such a correspondence with those which occurred from apoplexy, as almost to confirm the observation. i 1 Emerson's Medical Statistics of Philadelphia. The greatest number recorded under this head for one year, is sixty one, in 1825; the lowest seventeen, in 1812. The amount for the whole series is eight hundred. The numbers in the column headed Palsy, vary between forty- seven, in 1824, the highest, and ten, in 1810, the lowest annual amount. The total of the whole series is five hundred and forty- eight. It is gratifying to observe under the head of Insanity, that the proportion of deaths by it has not kept pace with the progress of po- pulation, since the amount in the last ten years is not even so great as that during the ten preceding. The highest number in any one year is forty-one, in 1818; the lowest thirteen, in 1809. The whole amount for the twenty years, is five hundred and fifteen. It should be ob- served, that the number of deaths under this head, is probably much beyond the fair proportion to the population of this city, since a very large amount of the patients in the Pennsylvania Hospital, the prin- cipal receptacle for the insane within the limits to which our state- ments are confined, have been brought from a distance. The head of Drunkenness, for various reasons, presents us with but an imperfect criterion whereby to judge of the deplorable extent of the evil. In the first place, many die from diseases induced by this species of intemperance, whose deaths are reported under the name of those diseases. Oftentimes too, the physician from a regard for the reputation of the deceased or respect for the feelings of the relatives, has been induced to report the death under some other designation, substituting for example the name of a symptom. In this way it happens, that few cases are reported from direct drunkenness except such as occur in the most destitute and abandoned. The deaths by mania a potu, having for the last five years of the series been returned separately, are placed in the column of drunkenness, with their number designated in a marginal note. The whole amount is 558. Suicide, appears to have become'less frequent of late as the amount for the last ten years of the series is only four greater than that for the first ten, notwithstanding the increase of population The greatest number which occurred in any one year, was thirteen, in 182b. lne amount for the twenty years is 102. Under the head of Cancer, a steady increase is manifested, in running down the column. The highest number of deaths reported by it m any one year, is 23 in 1820; the lowest 4, in 1812. The number for the twenty years amounts to 272 In the column headed Gravel and Stone, the diminution of Emerson's Medical Statistics of Philadelphia. 15 deaths is very obvious and highly gratifying. Whether this is owing to greater exemption from these diseases, increased professional skill, or to both, might afford an interesting subject for inquiry. The greatest number of deaths from these affections recorded for any one year, is five, in 1813. In 1820 and 1822, there are none re- ported. In 1823, one. The whole number in the twenty years is forty-six, of which only twenty have occurred within the last ten years. The column headed Parturition and Childbed, although it may contain some few deaths by puerperal fever, does not embrace those reported under that title, the number of which will be found in other tables. Considerable fluctuation is observable in the yearly reports of these casualties, the highest number being twelve in 1807. For three years, viz: 1818, 1819, and 1823, no deaths were reported under this head. The whole number for the series is ninety, only thirty- eight of which have occurred within the last ten years. This, sup- posing all the casualties included except puerperal fever, would im- ply an improved state of the obstetric art. The amount of deaths reported annually under the head of Epi- lepsy, varies from eighteen, in 1820, the highest number, to three, in 1813 and 1817, the lowest of the series. The whole amount is one hundred and seventy-five. Table IV. This table presents a summary of the deaths in Philadelphia for each month in a series of twenty years, with the number of adults and children designated. In the number of the latter, the still-born are included according to the usage of the Board of Health in their annual reports, it having been found impracticable to make an accu- rate monthly estimate of them for deduction. The nearest approach we can probably make to their numbers, is by reckoning them at about five per cent, of the sums stated for children, that being an average proportion for ten years. Estimating the deaths in the whole series for the different seasons, we obtain the following results, viz: Adults. Children. In March, April, and May, - - 7229 - 5264 June, July, and August, - - 7606 - P462 September, October, and November, 7545 - 6369 December, January, and February, 6909 - 5153 The months according to the mortality of both adults and children. 3 16 Emerson?s Medical Statistics of Philadelphia. stand thus, beginning with the highest:—1st, August; 2d, July; 3d, September; 4th, October; 5th, June; 6th, March; 7th, April; 8th, November; 9th, January: 10th, December; 11th, May; 12th, Fe- bruary. Arranged according to the greatest mortality of adults alone, they take the following order:—1st, August; 2d, September; 3d, October; 4th, April; 5th, March; 6th, July; 7th, January; 8th, No- vember; 9th, June; 10th, February; 11th, December; 12th, May. According to the greatest mortality of children, thus:—1st, August; 2d, July; 3d, September; 4th, June; 5th, October; 6th, March; 7th, November; 8th, December; 9th, January; 10th, April; 11th, May; 12th, February. It is interesting to compare one of the results presented by this table, with calculations made in England, where the proportion of old persons who die during cold weather to those who die during the warm season, has been estimated as 7 to 4. The whole number of deaths of all ages is greatest in the months of Janu- ary, February, and March; and least in June, July, and August; which, it will be seen, is widely different from what takes place in this part of America. The results in both, countries are, however, at variance with the observations of Celsus, who, in treating upon the comparative salubrity of the different seasons in his time and country, says:—"Saluberrimum ver est; proxime deinde ab hoc hiems; peri- culosior aestas, autumnus longe periculosissimus." Table V. This table shows the ages at which the deaths from particular dis- eases occurred. The titles of the diseases have been copied from the bills of mortality A few of them designating accidents and affections of a vague character are omitted, as tending rather to perplex than to elucidate the subject. The alphabetical arrangement has been adopted as the most convenient. Abscess, is the first affection which presents itself, but the particu- lar kinds are left undesignated. The deaths were common to all ages and it may be surmised, that most of those set down under the twen- tieth year, were of a scrofulous character. In the number of deaths reported as by Angina Pectoris, we are inchned to attribute those included under the first year, to that kind of syncope or asphyxia sometimes affecting infants at birth, and a few days afterwards, the pathology of which differs essentially from that ot angina pectoris common to more advanced life. Emerson's Medical Statistics of Philadelphia. 17 The deaths from Asthma, were most numerous after the age of pu- berty, and especially so between the 60th and 80th years. The greatest number of deaths by Cancer and Scirrhus occurred between the ages of 40 and 50. Of Consumption, the greatest mortality appears between the 30th and 40th years. Dropsy of the Brain, exhibits the highest amount of deaths under the first year. Dropsy of the Chest, between the 40th and 50th years, and Dropsies of kinds not designated, (chiefly Anasarca and Ascites,) between the 30th and 50th years. Of Epilepsy, most of the deaths reported, are included between the period of puberty and the 60th year. Scarlet Fever, appears to have been chiefly fatal between the 2d and 20th years. Fevers, of other descriptions, exhibit the greatesl mortality between the ages of 20 and 50. Of Gravel and Stone, most of the deaths are included between the 40th and 90th years. Of Haemorrhages, the mortality is much the greatest between the 20th and 50th years. Of Insanity, most of the deaths occurred between 30 and 40. Of Inflammation of the Brain, the deaths were most numerous from early infancy to the age of 40. Of Inflammation of the Lungs and Chest, the highest number appears under the first year, but of the deaths which occurred from this form of inflammation in the latter stages of life, the greatest amount is between 30 and 40. From pu- berty however, to the most advanced age, the mortality appears to have maintained a regular ratio to the population. Of inflammation of the Stomach and Bowels, the deaths appear to have been much more common to the early stages of life, the highest number being under one year, and next greatest between the 20th and 30th years. Of inflammation of the Liver, most deaths are recorded between the 20th and 60th years. Of inflammation of the Bladder, between the 50th and 60th years. Of Erysipelatous Inflammation, much the greatest Yiumber of deaths are reported under the first year, and of those which occurred after the age of puberty, the most were between the 30th and 50th years. The highest number of deaths by Palsy, appears between the 60th and 70th years, and nearly four-fifths of the whole amount reported, are in the period between the 40th and 90th years. Most of the deaths from Rheumatism, occurred between the ages of 30 and 50. , . , _.orv The number of deaths from Scrofula, is nearly the same at even 18 Emerson's Medical Statistics of Philadelphia. period under the 30th year, but after this age, the proportion is quite small. The deaths from Small-pox, were most numerous between the ages of 20 and 30, and nearly equally so under the first year. Some occurred even so late as the 70th and 80th years. Under the head Sudden, most of the deaths, especially among in- fants, were probably occasioned by affections of obscure pathology. In very many instances, apoplexy has doubtless been reported under this title, more particularly when it has happened that the subject was not seen by a physician, previous to death. Tahi.k VI. The whole number of deaths reported in the Philadelphia bills of mortality from Jan. 1st, 1807, to Jan. 1st, 1827, still-born excluded, is fifty-three thousand and four. This table exhibits the proportion of deaths by each of the most fre- quent diseases to the whole number of deaths. Its objects are so venr perspicuous as to require neither explanation nor comment to make it understood. Table VII. Tins table shows the annual number of deaths of children, reck oning as such all under the twentieth year, according to the usage of the Board of Health. Except a few remarks relative to bowel complaints, we shall leave (ommenN upon this interesting table to others. The number of deaths reported from cholera, the most fatal in the list, will be found varying considerably from year to year. The highest for any one year is two hundred and fifty-three, in 1823. The whole amount for the twenty years is three thousand six hun- dred and thirty-nine. The influence of the epidemic agents, which. lor the last seven years have been so unusually active, is very per- ceptible in this column. The last observation is likewise applicable to the deaths from di- arrheal and dysentery, the whole number of which for the series is one thousand three hundred and seventy-three, making the total amount of deaths under puberty, from bowel complaints of all kind*, hve thousand and twelve. Table VIII. This table shows the deaths from diseases most incident to the earl; stagcsof life, with the proportion by each particular disease, to the whole Emerson's Medical Statistics of Philadelphia. 19 number of deaths under the age of puberty. To render the subject more distinct, the diseases are arranged according to their mortality. Bowel complaints, as the most destructive, stand first in this order! Of these about two-thirds are under the general designation of cholera, nearly all of which were doubtless entitled to the specific appel- lation of cholera infantum, a disease almost peculiar to the United States, in many parts of which it exists endemicallv under the common name of summer complaint. Of three thousand eight hun- dred and twelve, the whole amount of deaths reported from cholera, adults and children inclusive, three thousand six hundred and thirty- nine were under the age of puberty, and three thousand five hundred and seventy-six under the fifth year, viz. two thousand one hundred and twenty-two under the first year, one thousand one hundred and eighty-six between the first and second years, and only two hundred and sixty-eight over the second year. As this affection seldom at- tacks those beyond the fifth year, the balance of two hundred and thirty-six between the amount at that period and the total at all ages may be considered as cholera morbus. The proportion of deaths by cholera, to the whole number under the twentieth year, is 1 in 6.3; of diarrhoea and dysentery, 1 in 16.8; and of all kinds of bowel complaints as 1 in 4.6. * The mortality of infants from convulsions is truly appalling, and for the whole twenty years amounts to three thousand three hundred and fifty-three, nearly a seventh part of the whole number of deaths under puberty. Of this sum, two thousand live hundred and fifty-six were under the first year, leaving a balance of only seven hundred and ninety-seven for the remaining nineteen years, t * There are many reasons for believing that cholera infantum originates from a species of malaria similar to that giving rise to intermittent and remittent fevers and dysentery, in subjects of more advanced life, but modified by the age and peculiar circumstances incident to the city, a removal from which to the country generally acts like a specific in curing this affection. It may be further observed with regard to the numerous deaths among infants by this and other bowel complaints, that they are generally confined to the offspring of the poor, and especially prevail among the blacks. Indeed, deaths by cholera infantum rarely happen in houses with large and well aired apartments. f 1*he justly celebrated Tissot, in his Avis au Peuple, published at Paris to- wards the close of the eighteenth century, introduces some very excellent re- marks relative to the convulsions of infants, which he regards as almost al- ways induced by some other ailment or disease, especially from the retention of the meconium, the presence of acidities, or crude and indigestible sub- stances in the bowels, teething and worms. The great prevalence of these af- fections in his time, with the obscurity which enveloped them, is well ex- 20 Emerson's Medical Statistics of Philadelphia. The class of pldegmasix, according to our arrangement, stands third in the scale of infantile mortality. The whole amount of deaths from inflammations of all kinds, in the twenty years, is two thousand and eighteen, the proportion of which to the deaths from all other diseases under puberty, is as one to eleven. The largest amount of any one affection is eight hundred and sixty-seven, from inflammation of the lungs and chest, being in the proportion of one in twenty-six of the whole amount of deaths under puberty from the phlegmasiae. Of this amount it will be observed that much the highest number of deaths occurred under the first year. A diminution is apparent be- tween this age and the tenth year, after which it rises again, and continues increasing for some years, as maybe seen by reference to Table V. The next highest number of deaths under this head, is six hun- dred and twenty, from inflammation of the stomach and bowels, the ratio of which to the whole amount of deaths from all infantile dis- eases, is as one in thirty-seven. Of these, the largest portion hap- pened under the first year. Inflammation of the brain, does not appear to have been fatal to those under the first year in the same proportion as the former affec- tions, the sums of the four periods varying but little from each other. The lowest number is between the first and second years. The whole amount for twenty years is three hundred and nineteen, which is more than one-half of all the deaths in twenty years by the same affection, reckoning those of all ages. With regard to the deaths from measles, which disease occupies the tenth place in our arrangement, much the greatest mortality ap- pears between the first and fifth years, after which indeed but eighty- one deaths out of the whole amount of six hundred and fifty-four oc- curred. Of Small-pox, the highest number of deaths recorded, is in the pe- riod between the second and fifth years. The whole number for the twenty years is six hundred and forty, which is considerably more than half the amount of deaths from this disease at all a°-es. Catarrh, seems to have been extremely fatal during the first year of infancy, two hundred and sixty-one deaths having occurred in that time out of four hundred and twenty-one, the amount under puberty for the whole twenty years. This affection, it is probable, never pressed in the following quotation from the above mentioned treatise — Presque tous les enfans qui meurent avant Page d'un an, et meme de deux meurent avec des convulsions; l'on dit qu'ils sont morts de convulsions, et l'on a en partie raison. Vol.ji. ( hap. xxvii. §. 378. Emerson's Medical Statistics of Philadelphia. 21 proves fatal, unless when it terminates in engorgement or inflamma- tion of the mucous membrane of the lungs, or other portions of the contents of the chest. The deaths from atrophy, tabes, and marasmus, have been all placed under the same head, as depending frequently upon the same causes, and often confounded together. The highest number is under the first year, namely, during the period of lactation. Sore Throat, is a title so very indefinite that we shall pass it with- out comment. In regard to most of the remaining diseases, the deaths from which are reported in this table, no observations occur to us which it would not be reckoned quite superfluous to mention in this place. The deaths in childhood from Erysipelatous inflammation, amount in the twenty years to ninety-two, of which number sixty-four are re- presented as having occurred under the first year. From this estimate we may infer that the affection is much less fatal in this city than in many parts of Europe, particularly in their various lying-in hospitals. Computing the whole number of deaths by inflammations of all kinds, for each period specified in the table, they would stand thus: under the first year, eight hundred and seventy-one—between the first and second years, three hundred and seventy-three—between the second and fifth, two hundred and ninety-nine—between the fifth and tenth, two hundred and eleven—and between the tenth and twentieth, two hundred and sixty-four—making altogether the sum of two thousand and eighteen. The fourth class of diseases, according to the arrangment of the table, is that of dropsies, the proportion of deaths from which to those of all other diseases under puberty, is one in twelve. The whole amount of deaths from this source in the twenty years, is one thou- sand eight hundred and seventy-one, of which number, no less than one thousand five hundred and thirty-nine are reported as having occurred from dropsy of the brain alone, being one in fifteen of the deaths under puberty from all other causes. The highest number in any single period, is five hundred and thirty-one under the first year; the lowest, fifty-two, between the first and second years. The number of deaths reported from debility and decay, make this head the fifth in the scale of mortality. There is much vagueness and obscurity in this title, and there can be little doubt that it has been often resorted to when the indications of the specific disease have been slightly or but imperfectly understood. The proportion of deaths before the age of puberty reported under this head is as one to fourteen of those from all other affections. 22 Emerson's Medical Statistics of Philadelphia. The deaths from fevers make this head the sixth in the scale, the whole amount of all kinds being one thousand four hundred and ninety-six, or one in fifteen of all other diseases under puberty. Of scarlet fever the amount for the whole twenty years is ninety-three. The number of deaths from fevers of all other kinds, increases as the age advances, being much the greatest under the last period. Consumption is the seventh in the scale of mortality. As might be expected, the number of deaths increase by it, as the age advances. Hives or Croup, occupies the eighth place. The whole amount of deaths during twenty years, from this very prevalent affec- tion, is one thousand and thirty, being to the whole number of deaths under puberty from other diseases, as one in twenty-two. The num- ber under the first year, is four hundred and thirty-five; between the first and second, two hundred and forty-three; between the second and fifth, two hundred and seventy-four; after which, the diminution is so great, that but one is reported as having died during the whole period between the ages of ten and twenty. The same observations are likewise applicable in a general way, to Hooping Cough, with regard to which no further comment seems necessary in this place. Table IX. In this table, an estimate is given of the proportion of deaths in Philadelphia, to the population. The calculations are made to em- brace the period between 1807 and 1820, as in the first of these years, the reports of deaths began, and in 1820, the last census by order of the general government was taken, there being no provi- sion in Pennsylvania for taking a regular state census. Unwil- ling to rest our calculations upon conjecture, we shall estimate the population no further than the data are certain. To reckon the increase at the rate which subsisted between the years 1810 and 1820, would certainly lead to a false result, inasmuch as the intermediate period was one of almost constant commercial dis- tress and embarrassment, directly calculated to repress the growth of population. ° The estimate of inhabitants in this statement, has therefore been form- ed upon the official returns made to the general government, which give madein ^ ^ ^ ^ Whi°h retUrnS °f interments ^ !f° - . - - 71,378 1820 - 121,980 Emerson's Medical Statistics of Philadelphia. 23 The amount for each intermediate year has been calculated upon the supposition that the increase took place in a regular ratio. The smallest number of deaths in proportion to the population was 1 out of 56.53, in the year 1815: the greatest 1 in 38.25, in 1820. The average proportion for the whole series of fourteen years, is 1 death in 47.86 inhabitants. In this calculation no regard has been paid to the difference exist- ing between the mortality of the whites and blacks, which it will be presently seen, is such as to lessen considerably the average propor- tion for the white population. It is only from the year 1821, that we find a distinction of colour made in the bills of mortality. As therefore we have not the power of ascertaining the precise rate at which the black population has in- creased since that time, in order to estimate the proportion of deaths to the number of inhabitants, we are compelled to appeal to conjec- ture for some of the data, or to abandon altogether this most interest- ing subject. To take as a basis the rate at which the black popula- tion increased between 1810 and 1820, might lead to much incorrect- ness, since in this period, owing to the existence of extraordinary circumstances, among which we may mention the epidemic of 1818, 1819, the increase was less than in former years. This is shown by refering to the last censuses, which give the number of blacks for the city and suburbs as follows: In 1800......6»467 1810..... 9^13 1820......11,384 Thus we find the increase between 1800 and 1810, amount to 37.7 per cent, or at an average of 3.7 per cent, per annum, whilst in the ten succeeding years it is only 14.8 per cent, or 1.48 percent. per annum. Reckoning the increase since 1820, notwithstanding the late emigration to Hayti, at the rate of two per cent, per annum, the estimate of black population and the comparative proportion ot its mortality, would stand as follows: Year. No. of Deaths per annum. Population per annum. Proportion of deaths to population as 1 in— 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 686 560 800 703 495 529 11,611 11,843 12,079 12,320 12,566 12,817 16 21 15 17 25 24 3773 73,236 118 U Emerson's Medical Statistics of Philadelphia. The average proportion of the deaths of blacks to their population, according to the most favourable computation, embracing a period of six vears, is 5.1 per cent. In the city and suburbs the blacks constituted, in 1820, about 9.3 per cent, of the whole population. Of the whole amount of deaths reported in the bills of mortality during six years, about 16 per cent, were of blacks. If, therefore, we deduct 9.3 per cent, as the proportion of blacks, from the total of the column of population, and from that containing the whole amount of deaths, about 16 per cent, as the proportion of blacks, the average mortality would be as 1 death in 50.8 of the white inhabitants, that of the blacks to their population being as 1 death in 19. Table \. This table exhibits a comparative view of the mortality of males and females, both of adults and children, from the year 1811, when a distinction of sex was first made in the annual reports, to the year 1826, inclusive: and likewise the number born in each year, both of males and females, since 1820, when the record of births first began. It must be observed that the addition of the sums of males and fe- males reported in this table, do not always make up those in the co- lumn of totals, as in some instances the distinction of sex has been omitted in the original certificates. In the comparative estimate for sixteen years of the mortality of the sexes at all ages, that of females is on an average 23 per cent. less than that of males; being in the ratio of only 77 females to 100 males. Of the deaths under the twentieth year, the excess of males is 18.5 per cent, being at the rate of about 81 males to 100 females; but of the whole mortality of adults, the excess of males amounts to 28 per cent., being in the proportion of only 72 women to 100 men.* That part of the table appropriated to the Births, will serve to ex • Calculations in England make the proportion of deaths of women to that of men as 92 to 100. This disparity in the chances of life in the sexes, affect* very greatly the estimates of pecuniary interests depending upon the duration of hfe, so that the prices of annuities for females to enjoy whilst living- are much h.gher than those demanded for men. It will be evident from the data furmshed m tins table, that the chances of life are still more favourable to the fenule sex m thas part of America, than they are represented to be in Eng- Emerson's Medical Statistics of Philadelphia. 25 hibit with more accuracy the relative proportion of the sexes, than to afford correct comparative estimates of the relative proportions exist- ing between the births, deaths, and population. Leaving, therefore, all other calculations till the data shall be less equivocal, we will only observe, that the proportion of the sexes at birth is about 91 females to 100 males. Table XI. This table exhibits the ages at which the deaths in Philadelphia have occurred in each one of a series of twenty years. Beginning with the deaths which took place under the first year of life, and ending with those between one hundred and ten and one hundred and twenty, the whole time is divided into fifteen periods,* the mortality at each of which in proportion to the whole amount, with ages designated,! is as follows:— Under 1 Between 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 year and as 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 4.6 11. 14. 25. 20. 8.4 7.6 9.6 13. 18. 27 45. 156. 873. 7363. The statement contained in this table of the periods of life, at which each of fifty-one thousand five hundred and forty-four indivi- duals of all ages and conditions died, constitutes the best foundation we possess for an estimate of the mean duration of human life in • Another period, namely, between the tenth and twentieth years has of late been introduced into the bills of mortality, but «t >s thought best to con- tinue the table with the distinctions first established. + Of the whole amount of deaths reported during twenty years viz. fif y three thousand and four, there were one thousand ^ur hundred and sXy whose ages were unknown, leaving the number of deaths with ages desig nated, fifty-one^thousand five hundred and forty-four. J 6 Emerson's Medical Statistics of Philadelphia. Philadelphia at this epoch. The sum of the ages at which the deaths occurred, divided by the number of the deceased, gives 29.35 years as the mean duration. This is the result of an average of twenty years, the mean of each of which is given in the column next to that containing the amount of deaths for each year. It is interesting to observe the variations in the successive years occasioned by the greater or less mortality of children. It is a rule applicable to calculations of this nature, that the mul- tiplicity of observations destroy the operation of accidental circum- stances, and establish those depending upon certain and regular causes.* It is therefore evident, that had the number of observations of the ages at which deaths occurred been greater, the mean value would have been so much the more accurate. • The ancient Romans kept with great exactness registers or tables, showing the births, sex, periods of puberty, manhood, age at death, diseases, &c. Domitius Ulpianus, prime minister to Alexander Severus, estimated from these records the mean duration of human life in ancient Rome in his time, at thirty years. TABLE I. Thermometrical Observations made in Philadelphia, from the Spring of 1S11, to the Spring of 1S20, inclusive. Spring Months. C March 1811 < April CMay C March 1812^ April CMay C March 1813 < April CMay C March 1814 < April CMay C March 1815 < April CMay C March 1816 < April CMay C March 1817^ April CMay C March 1818 < April CMay C March 1819^ April CMay 28 35 46 22 32 42 24 40 48 21 40 53 29 41 50 14 33 38 28 40 50 25 40 43 21 34 50 69 70 76 60 75 75 54 70 75 57 66 78 60 72 78 70 75 76 60 80 79 68 64 84 66 79 82 Summer Months. 40 48 60 38 45 50 40 55 58 36 50 61 40 53 60 40 45 58 35 50 60 42 50 60 47 55 62 June July August June July August June July August June July August June July August June July August June July August June July August June July August t-, t Autumnal Month. 62 86 1 70 ,' September 72 93 80 October 66 86 73 November 61 82 70 September 60 83 72 October 60 80 70 November 58 86 74 September 63 89 70 October 64 85 72 November 58 78 68 | September 60 85 70 October 60 85 72 November 62 89 70 September 68 92 80 October 63 90 78 November 50 90 70 September 66 78 70 October 64 87 70 November 55 85 70 September 64 87 78 October 59 86 75 November 64 92 75 September 71 97 79 October 65 86 70 November 56 91 75 September 67 92 78 October 63 94 75 November • 6 eft Tempe-ure.t Winter Months. OB c3 u '— 3 o o c a u if = n* Low "5? o * To 52 ; *r 59 83 70 December is 36 ! 43 79 60 Jan nan (1S1J) 6 41 J8 34 56 45 . February li 1 45 30 49 1 77 60 | December . 23 1 48 30 40 71 54 January (1813) 1 13 50 10 28 63 40 February 20 40 ''i 56 85 62 December 26 44 , i 35 64 50 .human (1814) L8 10 >1 30 59 41 February 19 4y o4 51 82 65 December 20 47 30 38 77 50 January (1815) 10 46 30 I 31 65 45 February 15 40 30 50 84 60 December 16 56 32 41 64 54 January (1816) 6 46 30 31 65 42 February 8 58 32 56 83 62 December 27 64 35 52 67 54 January(1817) 19 51 30 34 74 50 February 4 50 25 50 84 70 December 10 54 40 39 68 55 January (1818) 11 48 32 31 73 55 February 9 54 30 50 82 65 December 17 52 30 40 73 65 January (1819) 19 51 35 36 65 50 February 22 60 40 54 88 70 December 21 50 40 38 76 55 January (1820) 11 40 | 30 29 67 1 48 February 14 69 1 35 X. B. Fahrenheit's thermometer was used in making the above observaUons. I ABLE II. Mstract from the Census of the City and County of Philadelphia, taken in 1820, by order of the General Government, showing the number and description of Inhabitants in the Wards and Districts, from which returns 'of Inter jyients are made. WARDS AND INCORPO-RATED DISTRICTS. WHITE POPULATION. 3 c o ■ „ Ci 3 s ii e . u - , d a -5|2 o t> COLOURED POPULATION l-i MALES. FEMAI.ES. 5; cj c. 0 t*. s o "" S fee M V. w 0 c u •-5 b£ V5 ^ O O D 3 & = "o S - e oj ■"■ 5 be £ bo MALES. FEMALES. ! 3 c 1 3 c.- ! O > *3 to C iH X *< O 11 «*H C O » C 00 «-3 ? C MS o 3 O 3 -2 « in g O 3 O w u u 4) oS -rt 4) d >* O 3 "2 <©" C 3 ^ 3 *4 <+. a. 1-1 it ' 3 (N C >. •_ £ DCs T' "2 •n ?» c 3* -J - .!- .'- . ' E ^ to | Z 0 1 g « : 0 1-3 i - * I City Wards, Passyunk Incorporation, Kensington Do. Northern Liberties, Wards, Do. Incorporation, Penn - - Do. Moyamensing - Do. Southwark - Do. Spring Garden Do. Blockley - Do. 7247J3305 2571 151 1216 467 2945.1108 270, 132 484 190 448 213 2307: 951 589! 664 356J 169 1562 70 126 448 38 61 51 317 91 62 5921 185 532 1717 153 312 186 868 350 245 6332 142 837 2017 160 344 369 1856 307 298 2980 105 401 1026 136 195 147 353 136 163 7155 183 1180 2888 280 429 477 2085 545 377 4160 139 483 1284 119 199 162 997 321 172 7215 167 647 2112 191 334 186 1372 404 249 7065 141 748 2299 177 313 409 2167 314 301 3637 91 467 1384 119 158 192 725 173 151 777 5 163 92 76 418 29 208 9 94 156 643 12 7 223 401 280 34 153 2984 15 318 9 37 98 131 17 17 61001052 674 28] 4, 25 512 17 16 1866| 1T4' 66 1591 19 5 469 24| 15 218 217, 57 898 175] 56 199 18 10 119 36! 28 1079 11 13 112 8 18 223 190 11 20 35l! 1172 4l 19 16| 23 76 140 8: 12 10 • 26 95 117 12 187 1 20 9 21 132311.174 13, 1 18j 22 119] 136 11 7 22l 20 811 285 134, 248 131 13 34 19 5541203 1 15; 75i nr 991 30 5I 4 7\ 63802 1638 7118 19678 1810 3105 3963 14713 3498 2655 16119'6950 8826 10469 12662 564215599 8036 12877 1393417097 1871 1909 3626|l0568il736i 952 1685 5821737 176H2125 799'1207,121980 TABLE III. Statement of Deaths in Philadelphia for a series of twenty years, viz: from January 1st, 1807, to January 1st, 1S27, inclusive: containing the amount for each year, and number which occurred from the most prevailing Diseases. Year. o u e 2 33 3 c! Diseases of the | „ Lungs. | v Fevers< inflammations. Dropsies. Bowel Com-plaints. 3 O 1 > 3 o U p. 3 o u be 3 O O be c 'S. 3 O a o s EC e < M cj P. O P. '2 3 3 3 g 0 '3 03 u 0) 3 o Gravel and Stone. Parturition and Child-bed. c '3. H 3 o 73 c o c. B 3 3 0 U 5 < 3 o •< 1 & ■ 1-3 *J ~ ' 5 3 o 1 /, a i3 -a z si % d 0 13 c a to -•8 a. >» H +;-O H 3 •g B 3 ■3 1 3 04 I r S 1 v 3 2 V s c Si O 11 > 13 c o "S. 10 3 . Si a 1 %\ OJ EC "3 o H "3 V EC u o u a s T3 4) 3 -a o z 3 o s "3 5 B 3 ■g "" -Q o 1807 1961 306 93 399; 31 44 3 53 131 12 93 29 9 2 145 48 20 54 122 189 145 334 127 55 17 32 16 30 18 31 14 9 9 4 12 5 84 1808 2145 301 101 402 45 35 71 151 22 101 34 25 182 52 18 67 137 230 114 344 145 53 11 73 145 4 34 17 25 5 4 9 1 4 12 126 1809 1884 311 65 376 52 62 24 138 11 65 50 12 138 40 41 34 115 153 57 210 170 33 96 101 12 31 25 13 8 5 9 1 1 8 120 1810 1897 306 85 391 32 46 o 52 133 16 85 63 20 1 184 44 43 42 129 206 45 251 183 49 32 1 33 11 31 10 29 12 6 7 3 1 5 139 1811 2249 369 77 446 37 54 5 45 141 14 77 45 26 162 47 35 75 157 240 83 323 162 40 54 2 117 8 46 28 32 8 2 12 2 5 4 137 1812 2017 339 74 413 29 40 3 43 115 11 74 63 14 162 50 15 49 114 157 44 201 177 20 24 20 7 17 23 30 4 3 4 1 3 4 142 1813 2223 216 61 277 30 107 6 50 193 8 61 54 18 141 38 18 42 98 178 100 278 166 34 29 1 13 29 14 25 3 1 7 5 4 3 66 1814 204H 274 71 345 16 107 7 37 167 11 71 44 24 150 40 29 35 104 127 91 218 174 22 23 9 5 25 18 22 5 5 19 2 6 7 96 1815 19431 347 135 482 40 92 2' 44 178 21 135 50 21 227 65 19 53 137 94 77 171 180 20 6 7 7 50 21 36 7 6 9 3 7 5 97 1816 2225 434 149 5831 39 84, 2 6i 193 23 149 35 1? 4 229 83 21 52 156 90 63 153 167 30 46 2 97 16 36 22 27 8 8 U 4 9 5 94 1817 2107, 349 9b 445, 37| 101; 4 69 211 21 96 60 2fi .< 2 205 65 20 64 149 137 92 229 167 22 21 52 8 25 32 24 17 2 17 2 5 ^ 110 1818 2609J 396 74 470 89; 322 81 492 22 74 76 21 2 195 67 5 99 171 203 80 283 141 48 6 8 8 40 37 41 10 1 7 2 9 156 1819 2979| 459 131 690: 92| 133 1.3| 39 277 33 131 78 20 3 265 92 8 131 231 260 103 363 201 80 151 108 1 15 57 2C 2f 24 3 17 3 13 145 1820 3189. 446 141 586. 231 123 7^. 99 52fi 41 141 57 27 1 fi 3 275 115 17 77 209 263 191 454 162 89 11 47 11 44 36 2f 31 A 2Z 1 18 185 1821 2161' 438 121 559 211 117 74 402 29 134 69 4f 6 2 3 289 99 22 73 194 191 189! 380 153 63 36 ■ 6 49 40 2f 25 1 h 4 6 14 211 1822 33341 488 124 612 223 149 126 498 47 124 76 29 2 5 1 1 284 120 36 87 243 212 249' 461 179 73 38 15 41 2! 24 „6f t 18 4 3 257 1823 4372 536 141 677 253 243 248 744 46 141 106 37 2 5 1 1 339 147 47 81 241; 2651 297, 562 214 67 79 156 160 7 5A 39 17 !>6i t IS 1 14 228 1824 4284^ 576 178 760J 169 317 161 647 66 178 119 35 2 2 40? 124 29 68 2211 164 133, 297 368 84 42 102 325 7 5C 47 2; -=75 S 17 3 8 7 115 1825 3539; 519 145 6641 147 91 1 123 362 64 145 81 36 2 8 2 338 140 40 90 270 209 153 362 237 75 40 38 6 21 61 42 & d95 S It 3 10 1L 273 1826 3845| 587 222 809! 194 104 123 421 60 222 102 54 2 3 2 2 447 126 38 78 2421 244 17l| 415 258 84 43 101 3 8 50 31 ie e8C lv li 2 4 16 306 Totals. 530047977|2284 1028l!l998J2371 122 1629 6120 583 2284 1291 518 1 9 49 13 7 4758 1602 521 1351 34743812 2477 6289 3731 1041' 805 667 1080 205 1 80C 54J 51* 55£ 102 275 46 90 17^ 3087 The sums in this column include all the deaths per annum, except such as were reported under the head of Still-born, which are given in a separate column. t Scarlet, puerperal, and some other fevers under different designations, are not embraced in this total, which is meant to include those only of most frequent prevalence. a Including 41 returned mania a potu.—b 31 do.—« 53 do.—d 64 do.—e 55 do. TABLE IV. Summary of the Deaths in Philadelphia for each month in a series of twenty years, with the number of Jldults and Children, including Still-born, 0_ according to the annual reports of the Board of Health. January. February. March. April. May. June. July. August. September. October. Novemb er. De ccmber. c "3 "3 c "a S3 u T3 ■a £ c CJ "3 c "3 c "a ■a c -a 'a 3 1 a 5 c ■5 £ 3 ■i 1 "3 T3 o o o 0 0 < •4 < 5 E-l < O H < H < O h < o H < O H < 5 t- < O < O t- < H < cj h 1807 92 58 150 73 45 118 109 45 154 in 46 157 90 43 133 91 68 159 101 136 237 117 151 268 140 97 237 108 54 162 101 54 155 71 44 115 1808 91 45 136 73 50 123 91 63 154 96 73 169 81 98 179 95 132 227 111 263 374 109 188 297 88 97 185 71 83 154 81 71 152 59 62 121 1809 73 57 130 67 51 118 95 46 141 80 56 136 66 84 150 82 102 184 53 131 184 183 107 290 87 80 167 91 85 176 83 10b 189 63 76 139 1810 82 67 149 82 70 152 87 40 127 96 56 152 99 65 164 68 79 147 63 129 192 91 178 269 91 82 173 104 89 193 8b 66 152 87 79 166 1811 79 69 148 79 78 157 102 87 189 95 60 155 105 74 179 97 80 177 125 126 251 124 203 327 104 92 196 131 107 238 100 95 195 100 74 174 1812 114 89 203 98 59 157 87 63 150 128 77 205 85 59 144 76 69 145 68 92 160 60 155 215 59 108 167 51 42 93 51 44 95 36 28 64 1813 77 52 129 54 28 82 70 59 129 93 59 152 82 38 120 60 58 118 54 114 168 85 148 233 85 94 179 66 45 111 57 39 96 bl 54 115 1814 49 49 98 61 41 102 79 48 127 101 80 181 57 69 126 71 65 136 67 104 171 122 160 282 73 62 135 85 47 132 87 70 157 86 50 136 1815 88 43 131 70 52 122 116 66 182 113 49 162 99 58 157 126 71 197 78 75 153 124 102 22b 90 85 175 105 64 169 119 58 177 122 67 189 1816 99 8? 181 118 83 201 105 88 193 109 69 178 108 75 183 135 91 226 131 97 228 113 123 236 100 106 206 97 95 192 82 60 142 98 55 153 1817 98 59 157 89 81 170 106 79 185 131 76 207 140 73 213 119 76 195 86 113 199 107 123 230 125 108! 233 8b 60 14b 94 48 142 112 38 150 1818 163 72 235 150 61 911 151 89 240 161 75 236 138 66 204 149 71 220 143 178 321 137 175 312 105 118 223 95 74 169 139 59 198 120 76 196 1819 120 72 192 106 89 195 141 118 259 117 97 214 120 84 204 121 138 259 122 216 338 136 296 432 127 161s 288 103 139 242 102 152 254 yb 151 247 1820 96 135 931 99 97 196 127 136 263 138 101 239 113 83 196 126 112 238 124 217 341 262 321 583 171 144: 315 178 133 311 13b 92 228 131 110 241 1821 114 87 201 114 101 915 134 105 239 126 98 224 143 102 245 151 106 257 169 95 264 200 252 452 14b 121 267 175 121 29b 164 12b 290 129 93 222 1822 158 114 272 120 94 214 143 92 235 124 86 210 142 122 264 139 119 258 173 268 441 175 195 370 204 174 378 231 122 353 163 127 290 173 133 306 1823 186 198 314 158 96 254 122 85 207 177 113 290 116 94 210 160 210 370 183 303 486 205 290 495 279 272 551 235 222 457 240 205 446 305 21b 521 1824 272 166 438 318 201 519 950 230 480 199 143 342 163 126 289 171 181 352 141 173 314 160 228 388 210 181 391 192 122 314 lb5 126 291 125 156 281 1825 145 144 289 147 86 233 216 147 363 140 91 231 139 128 267 156 203 359 254 296 550 182 192 374 163 152 315 12b 123 249 160 124 284 15b 142 298 1826 194 134 328 191 148 339 149 205 354 190 200 390 138 127 1668 265 3892 139 2332 186 2217 325 4549 183 332 2429 3458 515 5887 153 2845 200 3787 353 6632 184 2631 174 2508 358 5139 230 2560 167 1994 397 4554 144 2354 146 18b7 289 4221 122 2252 lib 1820 238 4072 Totals. 2390 1722 4112 2267 1611 3878 2480 1891 4371 2525 1705 4230 2224 TABLE V. Statement of the Deaths in Philadelphia from the principal Diseases, for a period of twenty years, viz: from January 1st, 1807, to January Is/, 1827; together with the ages at which they took place. NAMES OF DISEASES. Abscess ...... Aneurism ...... Angina Pectoris - - - - - Anthrax ...... Apoplexy.....- Apthx or Thrush .... Asthma...... Atrophy, Tabes and Marasmus, Bowel Complaints, viz: Cholera, - Diarrhoea and Dysentery Burns and Scalds..... Cancer and Scirrhus .... Catarrh ...... Colic ..--•-. Consumption..... Convulsions ------ Childbed and Parturition Debility and Decay - - Diabetes -..... Disease of the Hip Joint - - - Dropsy (kind not designated) of the Brain - - - - of the Chest - - - - Drowned ...--. Drunkenness and Mania a potu Epilepsy ------ rever, Puerperal - Scarlet..... Other kinds - - - - Fungus Hsmatodes - Gangrene and Mortification - Gout....... Gravel and Stone - Hernia - - - ' - Hives or Croup - - - [looping Cough - - - - - Hemorrhage (of all kimlsj^ - Hydrophobia . - - - - Icterus or Jaundice - Insanity ------ Influenza ------ Inflammation of the Brain Lungs and Chest - Stomach and Bowels Liver Bladder Heart and Pericardium Spleen - Uterus and Peritoneum Erysipelatous - Measles ------ Old Age ------ l'alsy....... Rickets and Curved Spine - Rheumatism - - - - - Scrofula...... Small Pox...... Sore Throat..... Sudden Suicide...... Syphilis -..... Spina Bifida - - - - Tumours ------ Teething .-,--- Tetanus ------ Ulcers......: Worms......' - 12 41 13 186 2122 513 29 261 26 185 2556 1072 •H |----Uterus and Peritoneum 518 76 102.3 695.5 f 4758 11.1 ----Kidneys and Bladder 49 1081.7 ----Heart, Pericardium and Spleen - - - - 18 2944.6 ^_----Erysipelatous - 162 327.1 J 5 Convulsions - .3731 14.2 C Dropsy (kind not designated) 1351 39.2} 1 C '"> 6 2----of the Brain 1602 33. > 3474 1.3.- (_----of the Chest 521 101.73 7 8 Debility and Decay Old Age - - - - 3273 1089 16.2 48.6 9 Small Pox - 1080 49. 10 Hives or Croup - 1041 50.9 11 12 13 14 15 16 Hooping Cough -Apoplexy - - - -Sudden -Measles -Catarrh -Atrophy, Tabes and Marasmus 804 800 798 667 546 542 63.1 66.2 66.4 79.5 97. 97.8 17 18 19 20 21 Gangrene and Mortification Sore Throat Burns and Scalds -Hemorrhage of all kinds Cancer and Scirrhus - 413 355 275 274 272 205 130.7 149.3 192.7 193.4 198.8 258.5 ! 22 Asthma 202 262.4 23 Cholic - 175 302.8 24 Epilepsy 139 381.3 25 Rheumatism 136 389.7 26 Syphilis - - - 125 424. ! 27 Tetanus or Locked Jaw 102 519.6 | 28 29 Suicide - '..,,'■% 90 588.9 i Parturition ana onmiu^** TABLE VII. Statement of the Mortality in Philadelphia, from those Diseases which occur most commonly under the age of puberty with the number of Deaths which took place in each year of a series of twenty years. Years. Bowel Compl. | Dropsies. Inflammations. Q ■a 3 a Fevers. 3 ~— 8 a. 3 s u u o •a s o u 3 i j= •a s J 3 H be ■1 o o •o s 5 1 £ ■a it a £ 8 c *■ .5 I! if n $ JS u 4 1 be i3 *3 o « o3 0> i ft 3 ^ f » S? o g ■5 o ■3 o o .3 o JS 1 m 13 o 73 o < 39 3 o U 36 54 a. o o X 17 S 1 19 o 5 10 37 is Sao*' 0 7 « 2 6 1807 183 72 255 127 44 4 54 24 20 4 1 2 51 28 1 1808 217 68 285 118 44 51 37 16 9 7 3 72 41 2 38 53 51 11 71 19 22 6 10 18 9 4 5 1809 147 51 198 146 36 6 45 17 25 6 1 2 51 24 3 36 45 31 95 8 7 5 15 13 4 2 3 1810 201 29 230 167 41 14 60 25 21 7 5 58 42 2 39 33 46 32 1 3 7 12 7 15 5 1 1 1811 224 24 248 134 35 9 57 30 22 4 4 3 63 40 2 59 47 40 52 2 fi 7 20 20 10 11 4 3 1812 154 27 181 163 48 4 56 21 49 11 3 4 88 30 1 33 50 20 24 20 16 10 14 11 8 10 1813 173 59 232 157 37 6 49 18 33 4 8 2 65 28 59 17 34 29 2 8 12 9 8 3 2 2 1814 125 43 168 162 39 1 45 25 28 4 7 4 68 33 45 51 21 21 8 11 15 10 10 4 7 3 1 1815 92 43 135 168 60 9 78 25 19 19 7 1 71 44 44 107 19 6 7 11 10 11 8 9 4 3 2 1816 87 26 113 147 80 2 89 50 18 9 4 8 89 51 34 58 38 45 2 40 15 10 23 12 9 1 1817 130 60 190 157 61 8 77 29 29 10 2 4 74 35 38 64 21 21 20 14 9 26 14 6 2 1818 196 36 232 123 67 82 33 43 14 3 4 97 62 1 50 42 48 6 10 34 16 17 7 6 1 1819 246 55 301 184 89 2 125 66 32 22 3 4 127 100 2 70 66 80 150 106 24. 33 24 13 11 12 5 2 1820 249 117 366 152 114 6 134 79 25 27 o 7 141 115 30 146 75 87 11 47 24 15 16 4 9 11 6 9 1821 177 111 288 136 98 8 118 60 32 19 6 7 124 111 13 77 57 63 36 20 21 21 14 10 7i 7 6 1822 200 108 308 166 117 5 130 40 41 24 6 2 123 139 8 108 64 73 38 26 17 14 11 13 91 1 1823 253 172 425 192 144 8 172 62 38 25 3 13 148 194 8 199 77 67 79 155 21 23 28 10 14 26' 5 10 1824 155 76 231 336 124 9 142 93 55 35 4 9 196 163 8 134 77 84 42 99 45 10 30 11 10 14; 6 4 1825 197 96 293 205 138 2 163 52 28 33 3 7 133 169 8 113 60 75 46 38 60 18 14 15 9 15: 3 4 1826 233 100 333 232 123 4 143 82 46 32 14 5 179 188 4 138 56 79 42 98 54 20 5 12 6 8 9 4 ^Totals. 3639 1373 5012 3353 1539 107 1870 867 620 319 94 92 2018 1639 93 1496 1145 1030 803 654 421 327 282 256 243 18364 55 TABLE VIII. Statement of the Mortality in Philadelphia, from Diseases most incident to the early periods of Life, for a series of twenty years, viz.- from January 1, 1807, to January 1, 1827; snowing the proportion of Deaths from each particular dis- ease to the whole number of Deaths under twenty years of age. The names of diseases arranged in the order of their mortality. NAMES OF DISEASES. ("Cholera - tDiarrhoea and Dysentery Whole number of Bowel Com plaints - Convulsions - - - - "Inflammation of the Lungs - — Stomach and Bowels - — Brain - - - - ----Liver - \ ----Erysipelatous ----Other kinds Whole number from inflamma- tions - ["Dropsy of the Brain - ----of the Chest J ----kinds not designated - I Whole number of dropsical i_ affections Debility and Decay C Fever, Scarlet - £----Other kinds Consumption Hives or Croup Hooping Cough Measles - Small Pox - - - - Catarrh - - - - Atrophy, Tabes and Marasmus, Sore Throat Teething - Worms - - - - - Burns and Scalds - Gangrene and Mortification - Scrofula - Sudden - Epilepsy - Abscess Tetanus or Locked Jaw Aphtha: or Thrush Icterus or Jaundice Syphilis Spina Bifida - - - Disease of the Hip Joint Gravel and Stone - Hernia - - ~ '.. 2122 513 2635 2556 392 297 72 37 64 9 871 531 18 39 588 1072 8 209 185 435 325 121 150 261 186 98 108 25 29 60 35 74 16 13 13 41 31 18 12 1 2 2 1186 382 1568 387 183 116 43 21 10 373 399 19 27 445 243 11 154 143 243 241 237 123 78 61 49 10 54 37 24 36 11 4 7 1 8 1 5 1 1 268 254 522 249 142 72 65 10 7 3 299 366 20 59 445 167 37 293 167 274 191 215 175 63 47 76 41 102 78 55 41 10 14 10 6 1 1 52 125 177 105 60 63 64 17 3 4 211 191 21 30 242 87 17 262 140 77 42 71 121 12 14 43 3 54 39 25 31 24 6 15 13 ll;i 113639 99 1373 110 56 90 72 75 9 8 10 264 52 29 70 5012 3353 867 620 319 94 92 26 2018 1539 107 225 1511871 70 20 578 510 1 4 10 71 7 19 16 1639 93 1496 1145 1030 803 654 640 421 327 282 255 24 197 183 177 127 64 56 55 52 37 32 27 18 10 TABLE IX. In Estimate of the Proportion of Deaths in the City and Suburbs oj Philadelphia, to the population, for each year of a series of four- teen years,- together with the average number for the whole period. Whole No. of Proportion of Year. Deaths. Population. Deaths to popu-lation as 1 in 1807 1961 89,270 45.52 1808 2145 92,190 42.97 1809 1884 95,180 50.52 1810 1897 98,282 51.80 1811 2249 100,428 44.65 1812 2017 102,619 50.87 1813 2223 104,900 47.18 1814 2041 107,149 52.49 1815 1943 109,500 56.53 1816 2225 111,900 50.29 1817 2107 114,300 54.24 1818 2609 116,800 44.74 1819 2979 119,400 40.08 1820 Average pro 3189 jortion of deatl 121,980 is to population a 38.25 14)670.13 s 1 in 47.86 TABLE X. Statement of the Deaths of Adults and Children, Males and Fe. males, for each of the following years; together with the Births for a part of the time. DEATHS. 'SI BIRTHS. Years. "3 < CD c u «-. 2 !£ o ji| jo uopiunp UB3UI 33BJ.1AV HniOHiflrttlSio^OOOiOWiiNvnoO ^ ^_ K * M M O O N ■* >0 OI 00 CO M OI CO rt N CO *^rCc^co'c^Or-4c4oi-^c4^o6o'-.COi-,C0V5»^Olc7lC7l»H-«fJ cO^OOOl^rfW^^MOOKOOiOnKMco^ OlHOOOONONOOiWHiOOlTHHCOCOtM^M •HCMi-lT-ICNCNC«C» i-< r-t h- •Oil P«B 001 usaAviag ■<* CM <-< CM tP HNHWlHiotOMH^nO^N CJl •001 PUB 06 U38AYJ3H HN^aHONOJWHort^OOOHM^O^cN rH tH t-Ij-I HHiHHtNINHCNrttNNCNCO CM CO •06 PUB 08 uasAuag OO^'OK'^HMOOMHt.rtHHNcOK'noO O00Oi 00 CM T-l •08 PUB OlrtNOOCftNCOOOtoCO'^O'O'OKONNtNV) b-cOc7>CnCT>COC0J^CMCO HrtHHH t^ 00 •OL P«b 09 uaaMjag 0000r^«OV3CMCMCOCO OOOiNOlOlOOOOOMOcOHiOVlHHHNO CO CO •09 pUB OS uaaAiwg aOOV)NOO'n'*c>)KH(MH'<}i(MOicOH coNOi'*lflH(MCOiO<0 CO CO •Off pus 0^ uaaMjag CM^OO>COOOr^-OOiOOOiOCMCOCMCO'^,CO(M>ncOO KOOIOIOOCO'IKCOIONHCOHM^OCOKOO t-|,Hi-li-(CN-*i-li-<-HCM«OO>-s}O>-3iC0 00t>.»O C^»CMCMCM<5 rtCNMNNHrtrt(N(NNCOCT