ANNUAL MESSAGE 
OF 
BENJAMIN J. BALDWIN, M, D., 
PRESIDENT OF THE 
Medical Association 
OF THE 
STATE OF ALABAMA, 
Montgomery, April I2th, 1892, 
CONTAINING 
STATISTICAL TABLES OF ENTIRE NUMBER OF PHYSICIANS IN EACH 
COUNTY, MEMBERS AND NON-MEMBERS; NUMBER EXAMINED 
AND REJECTED BY THE COUNTY AND STATE EXAM- 
INING BOARDS; NUMBER OF GRADUATES OF 
EACH COLLEGE PASSED AND REJECTED, 
ETC. the annum, message of the president, 
BENJAMIN JAMES BALDWIN, M. D„ 
DELIVERED BEFORE THE 
COUNSELLORS AND MEMBERS OF THE MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF 
THE STATE OF ALABAMA. 
MONTGOMERY, APRIL 12th, 1802, THE ANNUAL MESSAGE OF THE PRESIDENT. 
Benjamin James Baldwin, M. D., Montgomery. 
Senior Counsellor and member of the Board of Censors and Com- 
mittee of Public Health of the Medical Association 
of the State of Alabama. 
[reprinted from the proceedings.] 
To the Counsellors and Members of the 
Medical Association of the State of Alabama; 
It is proper that we should be impressed with feelings of 
gratitude to Him who “ruleth all things” that we are per- 
mitted to meet again under such favorable auspices, for the 
purpose of scientific communion. It is proper, also, that I 
should express to you my profound gratification for the honor 
you have conferred upon me in selecting me as your presid- 
ing officer. I regard it as the greatest distinction of my life 
to have been considered worthy to occupy this position. 
Some of my predecessors have attained the highest profes- 
sional eminence, and their fame is the property of the nation. 
In every instance, they have been men of honor and useful- 
ness, and it is with due appreciation of this fact, that I ap- 
proach tne duties that devolve upon me, and engage in dis- 
cussing the problems of the hour with no little embarrass- 
ment. 
The domain of medicine is replete with important themes 
for discussion, and the advancement in our science has been 
so great that volume upon volume could be written upon it; 
but in this connection, I will only claim for its labors, results 
equal to those of any other department of scientific and 
practical research. At no time in the history of medicine 
has the professional mind been more active in delving in the 
mysteries of nature, or more successful in bringing to light 
gems of scientific truth from the regions of physiology, 4 
pathology, chemistry and practical medicine. But I think, 
that every candid and philosophic mind that has studied the 
history and observed the progress of medical science in the 
last twenty-five years will be satisfied, without argument on 
my part, that we have in a remarkable degree combined 
“earnestness of research into the value of new theories and 
novel remedies with a wise and cautious reserve as to their 
adoption and application.” We have illustrated the possi- 
bility of the union of progress and conservatism, and as stu- 
dents of nature, we stand ready to put under contribution 
every part of her wide domain and draw from her ample 
store-house, whatever can add to the happiness, or contribute 
to the health of mankind. That our profession has been 
true to its high and noble calling, that it has deeply felt and 
wisely pondered its responsibilities to itself and its obliga- 
tions to society, can not be controverted. In looking back 
over the past quarter of a century and tracing the progress 
of science, the march of intellect and the triumph of mind 
over matter, we are lost in amazement and bewildered by 
the very splendor of the view that meets us on every hand. 
And in all this progress, in all these splendid triumphs, in 
all that tends to enoble human nature, to elevate human 
character, to correct physical evils, and lessen human suffer- 
ing, our profession has always borne a prominent and leading 
part. 
If the next quarter of a century shall witness in the science 
of medicine a progress as rapid, discoveries as important, 
and improvements as striking, as have marked that which 
we have just left behind us, we shall richly deserve the thanks 
of the world and the gratitude of posterity. 
But I do not care to transgress the rules of the Associa- 
tion; and our Constitution and By-Laws provide, that the 
annual message of the “President shall be strictly devoted 
to the discussion of the interests, objects and business of the 
Association and not to the scientific discussion of $ome sub- 5 
ject belonging properly to practical medicine or public hy- 
giene considered as departments of human knowledge.” 
Asking your kind indulgence and patience, I will proceed 
to review the work of the Association for the past year, and 
will give you in as brief a way as possible an account of 
my stewardship. 
DUTIES OF THE PRESIDENT. 
Page 30 Book of Kules: 
Sec. 1, Be it ordained “that in the appointment of the 
regular reporters authorized by the Constitution of this As- 
sociation, the President shall in all cases expressly designate 
the subject upon which each and every reporter is appointed 
to write.” 
I consider the enforcement of this article extremely diffi- 
cult. It does no harm for the president to make every effort 
in his power to secure papers on subjects designated by him, 
but, in my opinion, as a rule capable of being enforced, it is 
impracticable. 
SESSIONS OF THE ASSOCIATION. 
The By-Laws of the Association fix the hour of convening 
the session on the first day at 12 m. In some cities, owing 
to the time of arrival of the trains this hour is early enough; 
in others, though, I think we should meet as early as 11 a. m. 
My reasons are, that we do not generally finish the business 
of the first day before adjournment; that the sessions con- 
tinue until about 3 p. m., or after, and then many withdraw 
from the meeting in order to get dinner, frequently leaving 
but a small attendance to transact important business. The 
hour for convening the session of the first day was placed at 
12, in order to give plenty of time for registration, but if 
this part of the business was attended to outside of the hall, 
as I suggest, there would be no necessity for waiting on this 
account. I consider the gain of an hour, when circumstances 
will permit, an important gain. Each day has business of 6 
its own, and I think we should make an effort to have the 
daily program followed in such a way as to secure the com- 
pletion of the business for each given day. The second day 
of the session is devoted to the reading and discussion of the 
regular reports and such miscellaneous business as may 
arise. I consider that discussion of the regular papers should 
be the most interesting feature of the meetings, but discus- 
sions of the regular papers are rare, and I think in this way 
we compare most unfavorably with any other medical asso- 
ciation I have attended. These papers should be discussed 
just after being read. The titles are published a year in 
advance for the sole purpose of giving the members an op- 
portunity to think over them, and the discussions under the 
circumstances should be full, interesting and instructive. 
This is not the time, or place, for long or tedious talks, but 
a general, spirited, and terse discussion would add much to 
our meetings. In order that these discussions might be 
promptly started, it would possibly be well for the President 
to appoint a number of suitable leaders on the various sub- 
jects who would serve to stimulate and give movement to the 
debate. If these papers are not discussed immediately after 
they are read, they wflll not be discussed at all. I think that 
the time could be spent much more profitably discussing 
regular, than volunteer papers. 
The evening session of the second day has hitherto been 
devoted to the discussion of the law for the collection of 
vital statistics. The “vital statistics” law is very important. 
“It is important in itself, in its immediate practical aim, and 
it is still more important in the influence it is destined to 
exercise in the future power, prosperity, influence and use- 
fulness of all medical and health organizations.” 
While the law for the collection of vital statistics is 
poorly administered in some parts of the State, yet, upon 
the whole, I think we have cause for congratulation. This 
is confessedly the most difficult of all laws to administer. 7 
Numerous obstacles stand in the way—notwithstanding 
we have made much progress, and this through the untiring 
perseverance of one man. Alabama was selected by Major 
Billings of the United States Army, and Superintendent of 
the section of vital statistics in the Eleventh Census, as the 
State on which he would base a part of his statistical report 
in the last United States Census, and on October 12th, 1891, 
Mr. T. L. Hoffman of Richmond, Virginia, who is engaged 
in the difficult task of obtaining reliable vital statistics of 
the Southern States for the use of life insurance companies, 
wrote: “No health reports from any State North or South 
that have come to my hand possesses as much valuable ma- 
terial as the report of the Alabama Board of Health.” This 
is high praise and indicates what other people think of us. 
The technical administration of the medical laws of Ala- 
bama has been wisely and systematically executed, and the 
foregoing testimony is only one among many evidences of 
their successful application. As I have said before, I repeat, 
that I have yet to see an organization of medical men whose 
laws are regulated with more system and order than our 
own. 
It is important that we should exercise a governmental 
direction over the medical profession of the State, but that 
function has been so thoroughly established, I think we can 
now devote more time to the cultivation of the science and 
art of the practice of medicine. To be candid, I do not 
think the Medical Association of Alabama has done that 
amount of scientific work that the world has expected of her. 
She reigns supreme in the governmental department, but 
not in the scientific. It would avail nothing to discuss the 
reasons which have heretofore demanded so much time in 
the matter of business and routine. “To construct out of 
the scattered members of our profession a powerful organi- 
zation, and through this organization to secure concert of 
action and the prevalence of wise and prudent counsels,” 8 
Was a mission which required resolute, systematic work and 
thorough discipline. The Association could not have exe- 
cuted its plans, or developed its purposes except under the 
rules of the present organization. But now since our ma- 
chinery is running smoothly, and the questions to be dis- 
cussed concerning vital statistics have been gone over so 
frequently, the evening session of the second day might 
be more profitably spent in the discussion of medical 
papers, etc. 
The thought comes to me, that it might prove interesting 
and profitable to have this night session set aside for the 
exhibition, demonstration and discussion of pathological 
specimens,—with the report of cases. Many of our mem- 
bers live in remote parts of the country where they do not 
have opportunities for making post-mortem examinations, or 
of seeing pathological specimens. If the available material 
in the cities could be brought together, I am sure this ex- 
hibition would result in some good. The practical demon- 
stration of pathological specimens is an important and val- 
uable method of instruction, and one which is neglected in 
Alabama. If this plan cannot be developed, then I would 
suggest that the time be spent in the report of cases. 
These reports would assume a kind of running discussion, 
which, if freely participated in, might be made very enter- 
taining. In the absence of report of cases, voluntary 
papers might be called for. As a rule, the voluntary papers 
extend into the session of the fourth day. This, in my 
opinion, should not be. The fourth day, or as much as may 
be necessary, should be devoted entirely to the consideration 
of executive business. The various official reports, and the 
election of counsellors, censors and officers is ample busi- 
ness for one day. It is not to the interest of the Association 
to hasten through the important matters that often come up 
for action in the closing hours; and the election of officers, 
counsellors and censors should be more maturely considered. 
Occasionally the closing hours are accompanied by haste 9 
and confusion and the proper form and ceremony not given 
to the installation of officers. 
REPORT OF TREASURER. 
I suggest that the Treasurer be required to report to the 
Association only the amount received, the amount expended, 
and his balance; and that he shall read out the names only 
of such counsellors and county societies as have not paid 
their dues. The report in detail should then be referred to 
the Board of Censors, whose duty it is to audit. This will 
relieve the Society from the unnecessary delay of hearing 
that Dr. A. had paid five dollars as a delegate and Dr. B. ten 
dollars as a counsellor; that Autauga County Society had 
paid ten dollars annual dues, etc. This is all tedious and 
uninteresting and time-consuming to the general body of 
the Association. 
It frequently happens that the confusion attending the 
registration and payment of dues leads to a temporary inter- 
ruption of business and interferes with the good order of 
the session. I think that this part of the business should 
be transacted whenever practicable outside of the main hall 
of meeting, and that a registrar should be appointed for 
each meeting by the President upon the recommendation of 
the Secretary and Treasurer, and that this registrar shall 
assist the Secretary and Treasurer in any other capacity 
required, and he shall receive such remuneration as the 
Board of Censors may determine. 
SIMPLIFYING THE BUSINESS OF THE FOURTH DAY. 
There are many important reasons why the last day’s pro- 
ceedings should in some way be simplified and shortened. 
It generally happens that Friday’s business is completed 
only by a continuous session, occupying the entire day, and 
at times extending into the night. Complaints have been 
made of the length and tediousness of the work at the end 10 
of every session. I believe there exists an unnecessary 
minuteness in revising the various rolls. My distinguished 
predecessor has greatly relieved the Association of the repe- 
tition and formality that has heretofore attended the revis- 
ion of the roll of the College of Counsellors and County 
Societies. There is another report which, I think, could 
be shortened without interfering with its business objects. 
I am aware that this report must contain a review of all 
work done by the Association during the entire year, and 
that it must touch upon all medical matters both in the 
counties and State at large, but I still believe it would be 
more attentively listened to and more thoroughly read if it 
were not so voluminous. I refer to the report of the Board 
of Censors. Just how this report can be condensed, I do 
not at present undertake to say, and I prefer to leave the 
question for consideration by that honorable board. 
I am sorry to report that during the past summer the 
Association sustained a heavy financial loss on account of the 
failure of Moses Bros, of this city. No blame can be laid 
to either the Treasurer or Board of Censors, however, for 
this loss, as, prior to their failure, they were considered strong 
and reliable, and it was not within ordinary foresight to 
predict their failure. Just after this failure in July, I called 
a special meeting of the Board of Censors to consider some 
plan by which the Association would be able to meet its 
obligations. Six members of the board responded in per- 
son to this call, viz: Doctors Cochran, Gaston, Seelye, 
Sholl, Sanders and DuBose. After a full discussion of the 
state of affairs, it was resolved to complete the publication 
of the minutes of the Huntsville meeting, the Register and 
the Regular Reports, which, up to that time, had been about 
half printed. The Treasurer was requested to assume the 
liability of the publication, and he agreed to do so. If it 
FINANCE. 11 
had not been for this most untimely loss, our surplus funds 
would have been quite sufficient to have enabled us to pur- 
chase a lot upon which to begin the erection of the medical 
library, museum and home for the State Health Officer; and 
it is my firm conviction that when our funds shall have ac- 
cumulated sufficiently to enable us to buy this lot, that the 
building will be sure to follow. 
Article 59 of the Constitution requires that every member 
of the Association shall pay into the Treasury, the sum of 
One Dollar per year, which amount shall be collected by the 
County Societies, and shall be sent up at the time of the 
annual sessions in charge of their respective delegates, and 
in return for which he is to receive the Transactions, always 
worth more than twice the amount. 
Many of these societies have been negligent in this im- 
portant duty. It is manifest to everyone that the Associa- 
tion can utilize with good results every dollar that can be 
collected. Especially is it important since our recent finan- 
cial loss, that every member should promptly pay this dollar. 
The suggestion made in the Book of Kules that this annual 
fee of one dollar be included in the regular annual dues of 
the County Societies, is the best plan suggested for the col- 
lection of this money. When the societies have no annual 
fee, let them make one. I cannot realize that any physician 
in the State, who is a member of any county society, would 
hesitate to pay one dollar per year to the State Association. 
The sum in itself, is a trifle to each member, and for this 
reason, they are apt to forget it, unless some special action 
is taken either to collect the money, or bring the subject to 
their attention. In the aggregate, this dollar is a valuable 
consideration to the Association, and it is an honest obliga- 
tion which should be promptly met. Just preceding this 
meeting, I sent a circular letter to each County Society, 
calling attention to the importance of sending delegates and 
having this annual fee of one dollar for each member ready. 12 
It might result in some good, if the President or Secretary 
would every year send a similar circular letter. There is 
no penalty for not paying these dues, but when the societies 
are amply able to pay them, and do not, I think a more 
stringent rule should be adopted to compel them to do so. 
The Association must have money to carry on its plans and 
purposes. The more we have, the more we can accomplish. 
This particular method of raising money, is the most evenly 
distributed and lightly felt of any plan I know of, and I 
trust the county societies will give it serious attention. 
It is deeply to be regretted that a few of our county 
societies are not doing their work efficiently; especially does 
this relate to them as Boards of Medical Examiners. The 
Board of Medical Examiners of a county occupy the most 
responsible position in the gift of the Society. They should 
be filled only by the most capable members. A review of 
some of the papers received by the State Board of Exami- 
ners would quickly convince one that some of these boards 
are very derelict in their duty. The State Board of Exami- 
ners is doing good service in endeavoring to bring the County 
Boards up to a higher standard, but the real remedy may 
be found only in the moral tone and professional pride and 
dignity of the physician himself. 
Omitting, however, the counties in which this work has 
been badly carried out, I think there has been a gradual 
elevation of the standard of qualification. 
COUNTY SOCIETIES. 
MEMBERS OF COUNTY SOCIETIES MUST BELONG TO THE SOCIE- 
TIES IN THEIR OWN COUNTIES. 
Article 61 of section 14, Book of the Rules, reads: 
“No one can be admitted or retained as a member of any 
county society except the society of the county in which he 
resides.” 13 
This is an inflexible rule to which some exceptions might 
be made. You will admit that it happens sometimes that 
physicians in one county will desire membership in another 
county society. I have received a few letters from physi- 
cians to whom I had written asking why they were not mem- 
bers of their county societies, stating that they lived very 
near the place of meeting of the society of the adjoining 
county and a long distance from the place of meeting of 
their own county society; that they had been members of 
the societies of the adjoining county, and that they had been 
regular in paying their dues and attending the meetings, 
but that since they had been compelled by the State Asso- 
ciation to resign, they had found it impossible to spare the 
time to ride so far to attend the meetings in their own 
county. Now, I am aware that there are some reasons why 
this Article 61 of section 14 should prevail. I am aware, 
also, that legal complications might arise in the election of 
boards of health and county health officers, but any trouble 
in this connection could be easily regulated by special ordi- 
nances. I think the wisest policy for this Association to 
pursue, is, to make the access into the county societies easy 
to every honorable and respectable physician in the State. 
We want them all members of the State Association. We 
want them to feel that they are bearing a part of the respon- 
sibility and sharing in the burden of the work which is 
elevating the dignity and usefulness of the medical pro- 
fession. We should recognize the importance of bringing 
every respectable physician in the State into affiliation and 
good fellowship with us,—even if we should allow a little 
flexibility in some of our ordinances. 
ILLLEGAL DOCTORS. 
This term applies to those members of the medical pro- 
fession in Alabama who have never received certificates to 
practice medicine from duly authorized boards of medical 14 
examiners, but who escaped the penalty of the statute 
through technicalities. The number of illegal practitioners 
in the State on the 1st day of April, 1892, was 58.—See 
Appendix, Table “D.” This is not an absolutely accurate 
list, but it is as correct as could be made at the time. 
Furthermore, the number of illegal practitioners gradually 
lessen as they see the folly of living in opposition to that 
moral force which is directed against all physicians who 
live outside of the pale of professional courtesy. In my 
mind, there can be no question that all illegal practitioners 
under the present acceptation of the term, are clearly ineli- 
gible for membership in all regularly constituted medical 
societies and ineligible as consultants with the members of 
these societies. They are also debarred the privilege of 
collecting fees through a due process of law. I can not 
conceive how any man who has the least spark of pride in 
his profession, or any feeling of manliness in his breast, can 
be content to rest under the shadow that must overhang 
every illegal doctor. I call upon them to come from with- 
under this cloud. Stand your examinations, I say, and if 
you fail, go to work like men and prepare yourselves so 
that you can pass. Then you may live in full accord and 
harmony with the laws of the land, and in an honorable 
manner seek that professional courtesy which is due every 
dignified and useful physician. The community will respect 
you more, and you will the more respect yourself. 
REPORT OF CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 
Section 1282 of the Civil Code of the State of Alabama, 
reads: 
“It is the duty of every physician, attending or treating 
any case of pestilential or infectious diseases within such 
time as may be prescribed by the county board of health, 
to make full report thereof to the county health officer, 
specifying the name of the patient, locality, &c.” 15 
I know of no medical law more useful to the public wel- 
fare, and yet I am ashamed to say that I know of no law 
which is so inadequately and irregularly enforced. The 
supervision of the public health and the guarding of the 
community against the invasion of contagious diseases is 
one of the most serious responsibilities of the county boards 
of health. Yet through professional jealousies, or fear of 
wounding the patient’s family or friends, the law requiring 
physicians to immediately report all cases of contagious or 
infectious diseases, becomes in some localities inoperative. 
This Association should insist on this rule being enforced 
by the local boards of health, and it would be well for these 
boards, whenever there is danger of an outbreak of conta- 
gious or infectious diseases, to issue letters of instruction 
to the public, telling how “infection may be avoided or pre- 
vented, and the management of cases already infected, and 
the limiting of the progress of the epidemic.” The lives 
of hundreds of children might be saved yearly if mothers 
and fathers understood how and when to enforce home quar- 
antine in cases of diptheria, scarlet fever, etc. Then again, 
the county boards of health could more efficiently exercise 
that important supervision over the alms houses, jails, public 
schools, etc., reporting the conditions to the proper county 
officials. In this way, the people would become impressed 
with the importance of sanitary regulation and would de- 
mand the proper financial support for the county health offi- 
cers. The public must see the result of the work, and when 
they realize that something has been accomplished, they 
seldom fail to acknowledge it in the manner desired. 
If the county boards of health wish the county commis- 
sioners to grant a reasonable remuneration for their sanitary 
supervision, they must perform the proper services and man- 
ifest some interest in investigating the sanitary conditions 
and management of such public institutions as properly 
come under their supervision. There are many ways in 16 
which county boards of health may be useful, and it behooves 
them to study carefully the public needs. This they cannot 
do unless they meet oftener and examine and discuss the 
medical matters of the county requiring their attention. 
I think it would be to the interest of all, if the city and 
county health officers could be combined. In some counties 
in which there are large towns and cities, there is a health 
officer for the city and a health officer for the county. If 
these two offices could be combined, it would frequently 
result in securing a more efficient officer on account of in- 
creased remuneration. 
DELEGATES. 
It is the duty of delegates to be in attendance upon 
the sessions as regularly as possible and be prepared to make 
such reports concerning the condition of their societies as 
may be required under the rules of this Association. 
Delegates are frequently careless about their duties, and 
besides attending the sessions of the Association very irregu- 
larly they leave for home before the reports of the county 
societies are called for. Furthermore, it is important that 
the delegate should attend regularly the various sessions in 
order that he may be able to give an intelligent account of 
the meeting to his society on his return. The county socie- 
ties can keep in harmony with the general work of the As- 
sociation if their delegates will take the trouble to give 
them a full account of the proceedings of the meetings. 
Have yon ever reflected over the wonderful growth of this 
Association, and what it has accomplished? If not, let us 
go back to the third day of March, 1868, in that beautiful 
old city of Selma, when there met in the hall of the 
Chamber of Commerce, pursuant to a call issued by the 
Selma, Greensboro, Mobile and Montgomery Medical Socie- 
ties, just twenty physicians, A civil war had brooded over 
WHAT THE ASSOCIATION HAS ACCOMPLISHED. 17 
the country since last it met and death had sadly thinned 
the ranks of its members. Among those present, there were 
only six who had belonged to the Association before this 
devastation of sorrow and trouble had broken its meetings. 
But they, with the handful around them set out by affirming, 
that, “We, the members of the Medical Association of the 
State of Alabama, here assembled, do revive, and re-estab- 
lish said Association, and invite the physicians present who 
are not members to join us in so doing, and to become mem- 
bers of the Association.” Nominations for the various 
offices were made and the officers elected. A committee of 
five was then appointed to revise the Constitution and By- 
Laws and report such modifications and amendments as 
might be required. 
Right here began the development of the plan which has 
made the Medical Association of the State of Alabama the 
pride of every just thinking medical man in the State, and 
an honor and glory to the profession. Its general plans and 
methods have been emulated by some and admired by all 
similar state organizations. In reviewing the history and 
work of this Association, we are necessarily reviewing the 
history of one of its most useful and eminent members, 
(Jerome Cochran). It is admitted, that through the chair- 
man of this Committee on Revision of Constitution and 
By-Laws came the suggestion of those plans which have 
increased the usefulness and power, strengthened the dignity 
and influence, and developed the system and order of this 
Association. Passing from chairman of the Committee on 
Revision of the Constitution, he became secretary; working 
in this capacity for a number of years, he applied all the 
forces of his nature to the development of this great plan. 
Gradually the Association broadened and widened into prom- 
inence and greatness; important and useful functions were 
granted it by the law-makers of the State. A general 
\vas needed to organise a corps for the administra- 18 
tion of these laws and to supervise their application and 
enforcement. The man who had laboriously, persistently 
and untiringly builded the Association, step by step, to a 
position where it was able to undertake the administration 
of the laws entrusted to it, was the only man to place at its 
head. Gratefully and gladly was the Secretary elevated 
into a more important position and great has been the reward 
reaped by this promotion. I hope you will pardon the per- 
sonality of this allusion, but I feel that this retrospect 
would not be a faithful review were I not to dwell upon the 
work of one man. Look back through whatever vista you 
will, but you must recognize the value and usefulness of that 
invincible old guardian who watches with untiring zeal and 
energy and self-sacrificing devotion, every action, yea. every 
breath of this Association. It is his development, and I 
feel that I do not take one tittle of praise from those honor- 
able and dignified physicians who have rendered much valu- 
able assistance to the old watch-guard on the tower, and I 
believe they would not have me say less, when I proclaim 
this Association his monument. A monument not builded 
of brass or marble, but builded of useful labor, founded in 
the minds and hearts of his professional co-workers, and I 
believe of an appreciative people. 
Let us now examine the record to see just what has been 
accomplished by the Association under its present plan of 
working in the last twelve years. I select the last twelve 
years as a basis upon which to formulate my tables, because 
this period covers the time during which the Association has 
had the administration of important laws granted it by the 
General Assembly. 
Table in Appendix marked “ A,” is a complete (it may 
not be absolutely correct) summary of the work done by 
both the County and State Board of Medical Examiners 
from 1879 to 1891. 
I shall dwell in this connection only upon the work of 
the Association as a board of medical examiners, 19 
MEDICAL EDUCATION. 
Our boards of medical examiners, operating under rules 
and regulations of the Medical Association of the State of 
Alabama, are the only safeguards of the community against 
the impositions of ignorance, stupidity and recklessness. It 
is perfectly proper that the State should demand a test of 
medical qualification. Engineers and pilots have to undergo 
careful and thorough examinations in order to satisfy the 
government and the people that they are competent to per- 
form the duties intrusted to them. Why then should not 
doctors be examined? Certainly an ignorant physician is 
far more dangerous than either an incompetent engineer or 
pilot. In fact there is no profession or trade in which one 
can more completely disguise and conceal his ignorance than 
in medicine. I feel I cannot express the conditions inci- 
dent to these circumstances more forcibly than to quote the 
language of my uncle, Dr. W. O. Baldwin, in his presiden- 
tial address before the American Medical Association in New 
Orleans, in 1869, on Medical Education: “Next to the min- 
ister of the gospel, the physician appeals to the sentiments 
of the public mind, and particularly to those sympathies 
which are least inclined to make close examinations of pre- 
tensions. The atmosphere in which he moves is adverse to 
keen criticism, the circumstances of anxiety, and of sorrow, 
as well as the feeling of dependence under which his pro- 
fessional skill is sought, indispose families to scrutinize his 
ability, and he is usually accepted with implicit reliance. 
Society has no redress at the hands of physicians them- 
selves, since their lips are sealed as to censuring comments 
on the practice of their professional brethren. Two physi- 
cians may receive diplomas from the same or different col- 
leges—one may be highly intelligent, the other grossly 
ignorant. Yet they stand before the community as equally 
learned and equally authoritative. Through a pleasing and 
artful address, the ignorant brother may outstrip his more 20 
competent rival in acquiring the confidence of the commu- 
nity. The latter may witness daily the gross and even fatal 
blindness of the former, yet, under the creed of common 
courtesy recognized by society, as well as the Code estab- 
lished by ourselves, it would be unwise for him to attempt 
to expose the ignorant and weaker brother.” Here comes 
in the" majesty of the law executed by this Association and 
says, that your homes, your tenderest sentiments, your social 
happiness, and earthly well being shall be protected against 
the evil work of ignorance, and if the medical colleges will 
not shield you from the mischief of empty brains, we will 
intervene and demand a better preparation. The Medical 
Association of the State of Alabama to-day is doing more to 
elevate the standard of medical qualification than all the 
medical colleges in America (with but few exceptions); and 
I propose to substantiate this statement by reciting the fact 
that ninety-eight and one-half per cent, of the applicants 
before the county boards for license to practice medicine 
were college graduates. Only two of the 88 rejected were 
non-graduates. It must be admitted, however, that some of 
our county boards of medical examiners are careless and 
negligent in their duties, but I am confident they will im- 
prove in the course of time. The class of doctors that have 
been admitted into practice in this State for the past twelve 
years have possessed better qualifications, and we will reap 
the benefit of this leaven more and more every year. I 
cannot refrain, under this head, from calling attention to the 
county of Jefferson. From 1878 to April 1891 there have 
been examined in Jefferson county ninety-six applicants for 
license to practice medicine. Out of this number twenty- 
eight have been refused certificates, or 29.07 per cent. 
Some who are disposed to sneer might say that this was 
done to keep the overflow of doctors out of Birmingham and 
Jefferson county. I deny this imputation. Those who 
know the members of the Jefferson County Boayd personally, 21 
would not for one moment impugn or question their motives. 
I know that their examinations have been conducted impar- 
tially and with fairness and justice to all. An elevated and 
dignified interest has inspired them to act not only with 
justice, but without fear in doing their conscientious duty 
to their society and to the people of their community. I 
hold up the Jefferson County Board as worthy of emulation, 
and as deserving the greatest praise. 
MEDICAL COLLEGES. 
The subject of the education of doctors is one of the im- 
portant problems that this Association has to deal with. 
From economical and other reasons, most of the applicants 
in this State for the practice of medicine are graduates of 
Southern medical colleges. Now, on this subject of col- 
leges, I am going to talk plainly. 
It is to be regretted that the position of most of the 
Southern and Western medical schools is not at all creditable 
to the profession or the cause of medical education. Their 
standard of graduation is low, the preliminary requirements 
amount to nothing, and the time for instruction is entirely 
too short. The argument of the Southern and Western 
colleges is, that they cannot afford to lengthen the time and 
require three courses of lectures, because they would lose 
their students. Better by far lose every student than to 
manufacture incompetent doctors and turn them out to prey 
on the weak and innocent. If all the colleges would agree 
to demand a three years course, however, they would lose 
none of their attendance. 
All of the Eastern and a few of the Western colleges 
have lately entered into a compact to make the course three 
years and require preliminary examinations. 
Why cannot our Southern schools do likewise? I think 
it is the duty of this Association to reiterate every year its 
firm conviction in the necessity for higher medical education, 22 
and to exert its influence to persuade all Southern schools, 
at least, to adopt the three years course with preliminary 
examinations. The law of Minnesota requires that all appli- 
cants for license to practice medicine shall have attended 
three courses of lectures of at least six months each before 
they are even eligible for examination. This is a commend- 
able move to elevate the doctor in the West and give the 
people better medical services. The reasons for higher 
medical education are too vast and potent to demand any 
explanation or defense in this day, and the time is coming, 
and that very soon, when the people will force these low 
standard schools to a higher plane, or reject the products of 
their teaching as unworthy of confidence and unfit to re- 
ceive the sanction of license to practice. I submit a table 
showing the number of graduates of the Northern, Southern 
and Western medical colleges who have been examined in 
Alabama since 1878.—See Appendix “ C.” 
THE COLOR BLIND LAW. 
The Color Blind Law is in a very unsatisfactory condi- 
tion. Quite a large number of examiners are now working 
under the operations of the law, and examinations are made 
under varying degrees of accuracy and correctness. The 
standard of qualification which is plainly defined by law is not 
uniformly upheld or enforced by the examiners; so that an 
applicant who fails to get a certificate through defects of 
vision or color perception may appeal from one examiner to 
another, and so on, until finally he may secure a certificate. 
Of course in such cases the law is rendered inoperative. 
The Board of Censors are powerless under the law, as at 
present constituted, to control the examiners in their rela- 
tions to each other, and to enforce an equal and uniform ad- 
ministration of the law. Unless, therefore, the statute can 
be amended so as to bring the examiners under systematic 
regulation, I think it would be best to ask for its repeal. 23 
The law is a good one and should prevail, but under the 
present conditions of its enforcement, it falls short of what 
it was intended to accomplish. If it is decided to ask the 
General Assembly for the desired amendments, I think ex- 
aminations for defective hearing should also be embraced in 
the bill. It is quite as important to ascertain whether rail- 
road employees hear well, as it is that they see well. 
That clause of the statute which refers to re-examinations 
every five years, in my opinion, will not stand the test of 
enforcement. I believe it would be an unnecessary burden 
both upon the railroad companies and the employees; and 
so far as my knowledge upon the subject extends, re- 
examinations in so short a time are unwarranted, and, upon 
the whole, useless. It would be unwise, in my opinion, to 
attempt to enforce this feature of the law, and I think in 
revising the act this clause should be eliminated. 
FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT. 
The first Vice-President has rendered valuable service to 
the Association. He has notified me monthly of the work 
he has been doing, and I am glad to state that he has labored 
faithfully, conscientiously and persistently the entire year 
to strengthen the Association in his territory. He has 
several times left his home and his private business to visit 
distant counties for the purpose of awakening the profession 
to the importance of medical organization, and in a number 
of instances, he has accomplished much good in stimulating 
the members into renewed activity in county society matters. 
I know that he has not spared time or expense in endeavor- 
ing to do his duty. 
SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT. 
I am sorry to state that the second Vice-President has 
been prevented by serious personal sickness, and family 
affliction, from doing that work which he would otherwise 
have gladly and willingly done. 24 
By the power in me vested through the Constitution and 
By-Laws, I have made during the year the following ap- 
pointments: As Censors to fill vacancies until the meeting 
of the Association, Drs. W. H. Sanders and Charles 
Whelan. As a member of the Publishing Committee, Dr. 
J. R. Jordan. 
APPOINTMENTS. 
IN MEMOKIAM. 
Job Sobieski Weatherly, M. D., was born in South Carolina 
on the 26th day of July, 1828. He read medicine with Dr. 
McLeod of that State and graduated from the Medical De- 
partment of the University of the City of New York in 1851. 
He first located at Adairsville, Ga., but after practicing there 
for a short time he moved to Palmetto, Ga. In 1857 he 
came to Montgomery to live, where he practiced to the time 
of his death. Dr. Weatherly was elected to the College of 
Counsellors in 1874, and President of the Medical Associa- 
tion of the State of Alabama the same year. He had also 
been President of the Medical and Surgical Society of Mont- 
gomery county several times. He was Vice-President of 
the American Medical Association; first President of the 
Rocky Mountain Medical Association, and for many years a 
member of the State Board of Health. While in health, 
he contributed quite frequently to the literature of the pro- 
fession. Among his valuable papers are the following: 
“Glossitis;” “Puerperal Convulsions;” “ Polypoid Tumors 
of the Uterus;” “Diabetes;” “The Opium Habit;” “Medi- 
cal Education;” “Woman;” “Hemorrhagic Malarial Fever;” 
“ Diseases of the Cervix Uteri;” “Syphilis;” “Quarantine 
against Yellow Fever.” 
Dr. Weatherly was a successful man, and on his return 
to this city after the civil war, he did a large and lucrative 
practice. When in health, he was a man of great energy, 
and no doctor ever watched his practice more unremittingly 25 
or attended his patients more carefully and unselfishly than 
Dr. Weatherly. For this reason his patients were strongly 
attached to him, and many of them had no other physician 
to attend them for thirty years. But some ten years previ- 
ous to his death, disease laid its heavy hand upon him and 
his last days were spent in great suffering. He loved the 
Association, and in 1878 rendered valuable service in assist- 
ing towards the enactment of the law to regulate the prac- 
tice of medicine and other important medical legislation. 
All honor to his memory, and may his soul rest in peace. 
“IN MEMORIAM.” 
John Jefferson Dement, M. D., was born May 13th, 1830, 
in Madison county, Alabama, and was a son of John and 
Celia W. (Lowe) Dement. The early death of his father 
required him to remain on the farm where he was reared. 
At the age of twenty he began the study of medicine at 
Meridianville, Alabama, under the direction of Dr. G. A. 
Wyche. He took his first course of lectures at Louisville 
in the winter of 1851-2. The following year he went to 
Philadelphia, and was graduated from the medical depart- 
ment of the University of Pennsylvania in 1853. He then 
located at Meridianville, Alabama, where he practiced with 
success until 1862, when he was commissioned surgeon in 
the Confederate Army, and was assigned to the 27th Ala- 
bama Regiment. He served with this regiment until the 
surrender of Fort Donelson, when he was sent a prisoner to 
Camp Chase, and later to Johnson’s Island. He was re- 
leased in June, 1862. In August, 1862, Dr. Dement was 
assigned to the 49th Georgia Regiment, at Gordonsville, 
Virginia, under General Jackson, and remained with this 
regiment until it surrendered at Appomattox. During 
this time he was surgeon of Gen. Ed. L. Thomas’s brigade, 
and was in all the battles in which his brigade participated. 
After the war he went to Huntsville, Alabama, where he 26 
practiced his profession till a few weeks prior to his death, 
when he went to Lithia Springs, Georgia, in the hope of 
restoring his shattered health. Seeing these waters were of 
no avail to him, he decided to return home. His trunk was 
packed and he had bidden some friends adieu, and while 
sitting on the hotel veranda in conversation with acquaint- 
ances, death came, and in a few short moments he breathed 
his last. This was on the morning of August 10th, 1891. 
The sad news flashed over the wires to his family and friends 
and all Huntsville was in mourning. The great concourse 
and lengthy procession that followed his remains to their 
last resting place told plainly that a popular and useful man 
had passed away. 
He was for a few years a member of the American 
Medical Association, and also a member of the American 
Public Health Association; president of the Board of Trus- 
tees of the Huntsville Female College; member of the 
Board of Trustees of the Vanderbilt University of Nash- 
ville, Tennessee; member of the Board of Trustees of the 
Alabama Insane Asylum at Tuscaloosa, and was surgeon 
general of the State of Alabama for eight years. He was 
president of the Medical Association of the State of Ala- 
bama, and a member of the Board of Censors from its 
organization. His prudent counsel was sought when the 
interest of the Association was endangered, and his advice 
was always timely and wise. He was a useful citizen, a 
competent physician, and a true and faithful friend. 
“IN MEMOEIAM.” 
A. M. McWhorter, M. D., was born in Carroll county, 
Georgia, May 11th, 1828. He remained in that county 
until he reached his maturity. When twenty-five years of 
age he began the study of medicine, and graduated at the 
Atlanta Medical College in 1857. The following year he 
located at Gaylesville, Cherokee county, Alabama, and began 
the practice of medicine. 27 
He was one of the organizers of the Cherokee County 
Medical Society, and its first delegate to the State Associa- 
tion. In 1887 he was elected to the College of Counsellors, 
and in the same year he was elected county health officer. 
When the late war came to a close, the people of Cherokee 
were left in a very destitute condition, and were unable to 
pay for medical attention. This did not deprive them, how- 
ever, of the services of Dr. McWhorter. He, also, was 
without means, and he could not even buy a horse, but he 
walked through the country and did all in his power to re- 
lieve his people. He wras charitable and generous,—and on 
the 3d of March, when he breathed his last, the Medical 
Society of the County of Cherokee, and the Medical Associa- 
tion of the State, lost a valuable member. 
The old guard is passing away. The names and faces that 
will be most prominent on occasions like this, in a few years 
will be those of a newer generation, but this thought only 
brings us nearer to the realization of the tremendous respon- 
sibilities which we cannot escape. Let us then accept the 
obligations of the hour and acknowledge this time as an 
opportunity in which we can awaken to a deeper interest, 
renew our fealty, and pledge our earnest co-operation in that 
work which shall best develop the great and beneficent end 
we are striving to accomplish. The advancement of our 
Association depends upon the life and action of its individual 
aggressive forces. The future is glistening with glorious 
possibilities; let us act so as to secure its richest rewards. 
Concert of action, harmony of feeling, and unity of purpose 
will win for us a magnificent victory and make us triumphant 
in years to come. 
“It was the boast of Augustus, that arch traitor to the lib- 
erties of his country “that he found Home of brick and left 
it of marble;” and of Bonaparte, “that he found France 
without law and left it the Code of Napoleon,” a monument 
to his matchless ability, before which the splendid triumphs 28 
of Austerlitz and Marengo sink into comparative insignifi- 
cance.” 
How much nobler might be the boast of the Medical As- 
sociation of the State of Alabama when, in future years, we 
shall be able to say: Though we found the profession in 
this State the prey of the charlatan and empiric, we left it 
distinguished by science; we found it chaotic and discordant, 
we left it organized and harmonious; we found it with the 
education of its members too much neglected, we left it with 
medical schools of the highest character and physicians in 
the foremost rank of science and learning; we found it with- 
out its due weight or influence in society, we left it honored 
by the rich and sustained by the blessings of the poor. 29 
APPENDIX. 
Table “A.” 
Limestone 
Lee 
Lauderdale 
Lawrence 
Henry 
Jackson 
Jefferson 
Lamar 
Hale 
Greene 
Geneva 
Franklin 
Etowah 
Favette 
Escambia 
DeKalb 
Elmore 
Crenshaw 
Cullman 
Dale 
Dallas 
O 
o 
< 
S' 
rq 
—4 
o 
3 
Coosa 
Conecuh 
Colbert 
Coffee 
Cleburne 
o 
< 
Clarke 
Choctaw 
Calhoun 
Chambers 
Cherokee 
Chilton 
Butler 
Bullock 
Bibb 
Blount 
Barbour 
Autauga 
Baldwin 
NAMES OF COUNTIES 
I-4 
to I—1 OS CO F4 05 to to 1-* ‘ I—1 F4 03 to CO rf4 to F4 F4 I-4 h-4 F4 to i—4■ to to to to t-4 co to to to to F4 to t-4 
H4CDOSC»C0©asrf4F-4eC>4f4CDCnOS«OCOCO©rt4asCni—‘CDtO^tf^OOHFtOCDtOOOaoCitOhlFOSCOaotO 
Number of Regular 
Physicians in the 
County in 1891. 
to M■ -tHPHHMH• F4 t® F4 1—1 tO H H K F4 F4 MKWHMKMWtOtOI-1 I-4 
®®OCIC3OW'J03OWit40l^00(X)Wl-05OO0t0:®Wffl»-a003SOOOt0it0OHXit4OI'4 
Number of Physi- 
cians members of 
Society in 1891. 
h-4 
HMHtOHOtO tO H"4 to H—4 h-4 h-4 
DIM‘C0t-^C0OC0-400C0h^CnOCDH-*CnOC00005Cn0505C0C0C7ICDt000CnC0t000C0^t0C000CRC00l 
Number of Physi- 
cians not members 
of Society in 1891. 
►t4 tO F4 F4 tO 
to 
tO F4 
t® F4 *£*• 
F4 F-4 rf4 F-4 
h-4 
Illegal Practition- 
ers in the County 
in 1891. 
■I—4 
h-4 • 
to • • 
to 
• h—4 ■ 
h-4 • H4 
h-4 
Homeopathic Physi- 
cians in the County 
in 1891. 
• to 
h-4 
to to to 
CO 
F4 F4 F4 tO 
H-4 H-4 
(grad- 
uates) 
Eclectic Physicians 
in the County in 
1891. 
h-4 
CO Cn 
CO 
05 CH 05 CO 
to 
05h*H 
I-4 F4 tO I-4 F4 F-4 
GOJO^OSCrtOSOSCOOStOtO^^tlOFiOtCnOO^asOthtFOitOI—1 
Number of Physi- 
cians Examined 
since 1878. 
. h-4 
to 
gohhp 
h*4 
CO to H—4 • H-4 
h-4 
F4 • rf4 
• cn 
Number of Physi- 
cians Rejected 
since 1878. 30 
APPENDIX. 
Table “A.”—Continued. 
Winston 
Wilcox 
Walker 
Washington.. ... 
Talladega 
Tallapoosa 
Tuscaloosa 
Sumter 
Shelby 
St. Clair 
Pike 
Randolph 
Russell 
Pickens 
Montgomery 
Morgan 
Perrv 
Mobile 
Monroe 
Marengo 
Marion 
Marshall 
Madison 
Lowndes 
Macon 
NAMES OF COUNTIES 
(—1 
Oi 
H-4 CO to CO to CO to to 00 l-i to to to tO Ol M I—1 I-1 05 CO to 
O^00050l^hf<.|-iOI-‘~ais3^a0S05C0rf>-00000S0000CDa000 
Number of Regular 
Physicians in the 
County in 1891. 
1,038 
02 t-1 to H-1 to M■ I-1 to to H-1 h-» to tO I-1 to 1—>■ 1—1 to 1—■■ to 
ao^jostofflOOit^tomo^ooosoiatoffloOKiooKto 
Number of Physi- 
cians members of 
Society in 1891. 
o 
1—i 1—1 (_» HPtJ t—1 tOM 
t(^^(-‘^l02Crtrf^0T02C000t00200OCX3C»C»C0G0-^02C0-a0S 
Number of Physi- 
cians not members 
of Society in 1891. 
Ol 
00 
to 
to 
h-i I—1 
CO H* h-* CO 
h-* I—1 
05 
S-1 rf*. 
Illegal Practition- 
ers in the County 
in 1891. 
h-^ 
00 
tO h-1 
WH- • 
Homeopathic Physi- 
cians in the County 
in 1891. 
h-1 
CO 
h-L h-L 
• • to • 
Eclectic Physicians 
in the County in 
1891. 
05 
Ol 
CO 
M- 
CO Ol 
t—* t—'■ 1—1 1—1 1—1 1—i- 1—1—1 tOH-1 02 
©OJ^OOHOlMH 
05 Ol S 
Number of Physi- 
cians Examined 
since 1878. 
GO 
oo 
h-1 
h-L h-L h-L CO 
Ol h-* 
• CO 
to 02 
02 
I-1 to Ol 
to 
Number of Physi- 
cians Rejected 
since 1878. 31 
RECAPITULATION OF TABLE “A.” 
Whole number of Regular Physicians in State in 1891 
1,745 
Whole number of Physicians members of the County Medical 
Societies in 1891 
1,038 
Whole number not members of the County Medical Societies 
in 1891 
707 
Whole number of Illegal Doctors in State in 1891 
58 
Whole number of Homeopathic Physicians in the State in 1891. 
18 
Whole number of Eclectic Physicians in the State in 1891 
(graduates) 
19 
Whole number of Homeopathic Physicians members of the 
County Medical Societies 
8 
Whole number of Eclectic Physicians members of the County 
Medical Societies (graduates) 
8 
Whole number of Physicians examined since 1878 
653 
Whole number of Physicians rejected since 1878 
88 
Percentage of Rejections 
13.47 
The aggregate numbers of the different columns of Table “A” do 
not tally with the aggregate numbers in the different columns of 
Table “C,” for the reason that Table “A” was brought up to October, 
1891, while Table “C” includes only three months of 1891. 32 
Table “B.” 
GRADUATES. 
NON-GRADUATES 
No. Ex. 
Passed. 
Rejected. 
Passed. 
Rejected. 
1878 
1 
0 
0 
1 
0 
1879 
9 
0 
0 
1 
8 
1880 
10 
0 
0 
1 
9 
1881 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1882 
1 
0 
0 
0 
1 
1883 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1884 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1885 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1886 
6 
4 
1 
1 
0 
1887 
4 
1 
2 
0 
1 
1888 
2 
0 
0 
0 
2 
1889 
3 
1 
1 
0 
1 
1890 
2 
1 
1 
0 
0 
1891 
6 
2 
3 
0 
1 
44 
9 
8 
4 
23 
EXAMINATIONS BY STATE BOARD. 
Whole number examined 44 
Whole number rejected 31 Passed. .13 
Percentage of rejections 70.45 
Whole number of graduates 17 
Whole number passed 9 
Whole number rejected 8 
Percentage of rejections of graduates 41.16 
Whole number of non-graduates 27 
Whole number passed 4 
Whole number rejected 23 
Percentage of rejections non-graduates 85.18 33 
Table “C.” 
SOUTHERN. 
APPLIED. 
GRANTED. 
REJECTED. 
University of Nashville 
14 
13 
1 
Vanderbilt University 
92 
88 
4 
Meharry Medical College (Nashville). 
5 
2 
3 
Memphis Hospital Medical College. . . 
10 
8 
2 
University of Louisville 
18 
14 
4 
Kentucky School of Med. (Louisville). 
16 
15 
1 
Louisville Medical College 
26 
20 
6 
Louisville Hospital Medical College. . 
4 
4 
0 
Central University (Nashville) 
1 
0 
1 
Transylvania University (Lexington). 
6 
5 
1 
Georgia Medical College (Augusta).. . 
8 
6 
2 
Atlanta Medical College 
42 
28 
14 
Southern Medical College (Atlanta).. 
20 
17 
3 
Georgia Eclectic Col. Reform (Atlanta) 
10 
6 
4 
Savannah Medical College 
1 
1 
0 
Alabama Medical College (Mobile) 
122 
115 
7 
University of Louisiana-Tulane (N. 0.) 
25 
25 
0 
Virginia Medical College (Richmond). 
7 
7 
0 
University of Virginia (Charl’ttesville) 
13 
13 
0 
University of Maryland (Baltimore). . 
10 
9 
1 
Baltimore Medical College 
1 
0 
1 
Physicians and Surgeons of Baltimore. 
13 
12 
1 
Washington University 
1 
1 
0 
Howard University (Washington). . . . 
6 
2 
4 
University of Tennessee (Nashville). . 
30 
25 
5 
South Carolina Med. Col. (Charleston) 
6 
5 
1 
507 
441 
66 
WESTERN. 
Missouri Medical College (St. Louis). . 
2 
2 
0 
St. Louis Medical College 
3 
3 
0 
St. Louis Medical College (Eclectic). . 
1 
1 
0 
University of Kansas City 
1 
1 
0 
Columbus Medical College (Ohio). . . . 
3 
2 
1 
Cincinnati Medical College 
1 
1 
0 
Cincinnati Medical College (Eclectic). 
2 
0 
2 
Pulte Medical College (Cincinnati).. . 
4 
4 
0 
Miami Medical College (Cincinnati). .. 
7 
7 
0 
Rush Medical College (Chicago) 
4 
3 
1 
Hahnemann Medical College (Chicago) 
3 
1 
2 
Detroit Medical College 
1 
0 
1 
University of Michigan (Ann Arbor). . 
2 
2 
0 
Hospital Medical Col. (Cleveland, 0.). 
1 
1 
0 
Western Medical College 
1 
1 
0 
36 
29 
7 34 
Table “C.”—Continued. 
NORTHERN. 
APPLIED. 
GRANTED. 
REJECTED. 
University of Buffalo 
1 
1 
0 
Albany Medical College 
1 
1 
0 
Syracuse Medical College 
1 
0 
1 
Long Island Hospital (Brooklyn) 
1 
1 
0 
Physicians and Surgeons of New York. 
6 
6 
0 
University of New York 
13 
13 
0 
Bellevue Hospital Medical Col. (N. Y.) 
12 
12 
0 
Hahnemann Medical College (Penn.) . 
3 
1 
2 
Jefferson Medical College (Phila.). ... 
18 
15 
3 
University of Pennsylvania (Phila.).. . 
10 
10 
0 
University of Vermont 
2 
2 
0 
Harvard University 
3 
3 
0 
Hospital College of Boston 
1 
0 
1 
Boston University of Medicine 
1 
1 
0 
Charity Hospital College (New York). 
1 
74 
1 
67 
0 
7 
Foreign 
5 
5 
0 
Non-graduates 
7 
5 
2 
Unknown 
18 
30 
12 
22 
6 
8 
Recapitulation op Table “C.” 
Whole number applied 
647 
Whole number granted 
559 
Whole number rejected 
88 
Percentage of rejections 
13 50 
Percentage of rejections of graduates Western Med. Colleges.. 
19.40 
Percentage of rejections of graduates Southern Med. Colleges. . 
13.01 
Percentage of rejections of graduates Northern Med. Colleges. . 
9.45 
Percentage of rejections of non-graduates 
2.85 
Percentage of rejections of graduates (college unknown) 
33.03 
Percentage of rejections of foreign graduates 
0 35 
Table “D.” 
ILLEGAL DOCTORS. 
Autauga 1 (?) Baldwin 0 
Barbour 0 Blount 0 
Bibb 0 Bullock... 0 
Butler 0 Calhoun 1 
Chambers 4 Cherokee 1 
Chilton 1 Choctaw 0 
Clarke 0 Clay 0 
Cleburne 0 Coffee 0 
Colbert 0 Conecuh 0 
Coosa 0 Covington 0 
Crenshaw 4 Cullman 1 
Dale 2 Dallas 0 
DeKalb 0 Escambia 1 
Elmore 0 Etowah 2 
Fayette 0 Franklin , 2 
Geneva 0 Greene 0 
Hale 0 Henry 2 
Jackson 1 Jefferson 1 
Lamar 2 Lauderdale 4 
Lawrence 0 Lee 0 
Limestone 0 Lowndes 1 
Macon 0 Madison 0 
Marengo 4 Marion 1 
Marshall 0 Mobile 6 
Monroe 0 Montgomery 1 
Morgan 1 Perry 0 
Pickens 0 Pike 8 
Randolph 1 Russell 1 
Shelby 3 St.Clair 0 
Sumter 0 Talladega 1 
Tallapoosa 1 Tuskaloosa 0 
Walker 1 Washington 2 
Wilcox 0 Winston 2 
Whole number 59 
Registered 19