THE £Yra REGULATIONS, AND BY-LAWS, OF THE PHILADELPHIA, Cyll^e **/ COLLEGE OF PHARMACY. TO WHICH IS ADDED; A. LIST OF THE MEMBERS. PHILADELPHIA! PRINTED BY DIRECTION OF THE COLLEGE SOLOMON W. CONRAD, PRINTER. 1826. ' QV T54<>6 18 &C* <& as * * INTRODUCTION. THAT the sale and dispensation of drugs and medicines, are lia- ble to abuses from ignorance or design; that serious dangers threaten society from this cause; and that countervailing measures are, conse- quently, requisite, are positions so obvious and generally conceded, as to require, for their establishment, neither elaborate argument, nor detailed exposition. From an early period to the present time, they have been recognised and acted on, in almost every country in which the principles of a civi- lized polity have beeiracknowledged. The illustrious caliphats of Bag- dad, Alexandria and Cordova, in the brilliant era of Saracenic literature, were the first to frame by governmental enactments, a system of regu- lation for apothecaries, combining the requisites of instruction, exami- nation, periodical visitations and inspection of shops, punishment for malpractices, and officinal formula. With their science, arts and letters, the Arabians transmitted to the Europeans some of their institutions. Of these not the least important was their regulation of Pharmacy, and their supervision of the preparation and sale of medicines. The school of Palermo, in the kingdom of Na- ples, was the first in which medicine was cultivated in Europe. The extent of its science consisted in the translation of the medical works of the Arabians, and the inculcation of" their doctrines and precepts. Pharmacy was particularly attended to in this school, and, at the insti- gation of its professors, the Arabian system for its regulation, and that of Apothecaries was adopted by the government. The first law on this subject was the edict granted by Roger, king of Naples in 1140, which was extended and enlarged by his grandson the Emperor Frederick II. The example of Naples was soon imitated; and from this epoch, legal regulations have constantly existed in Europe, for the government of Apothecaries and supervision of their business. The attention this subject has received and importance attached to it, is exemplified in the numerous legislative decrees it has called forth. In France, statutes and regulations were granted to the Apothecaries by Charles VIII. in 1484. They received others from Louis XII. in 1514 j from Francis I. 1516, 1520;*from Charles IX. 1571; from Henry III. 1583, and from Henry IV. 1594. Louis XIII. renewed them in 1611, 1624, and 1638. Louis XIV. in 1682, added new provisions to the po- lice of Pharmacy, rendered necessary by the increase of the atrocious practice of poisoning, which threatened to become a stain on the nation- al character. In consequence of a quarrel between the physicians and apothecaries, growing out of petty professional jealousies, the phy- sicians procured by their influence, that the apothecaries should be reunited with the grocers as a corporate body. They subsequently obtained a similar union of the surgeons with the barbers. It was not 37oft> ii INTRODUCTION. until as late as 1777, that this legal but unnatural association was dis- solved, when Louis XVI. formed the apothecaries of Paris into the Col- lege of Pharmacy, for the reception and instruction of pupils. It is re- markable, that this was the only scientific institution, that survived the storm of the revolution. While so many others were overwhelmed in its wide spread desolation, the College of Pharmacy was permitted to exercise its useful offices without disturbance. The last legislation on this subject, in France, was the law, 21st Ger- minal, year XI—March, 1802. By this law, the College was suppressed; three schools of Pharmacy were established, one at Paris, anolhcr at Montpellier, and the third at Strasburgh; and a general organization of the profession throughout France was effected. In Germany, Holland, and England, nearly equal attention was bestowed on the legal regulation of apothecaries, and the preparation and sale of medicines. This legislation was, however, too frequently marked by arbitrary and vexatious dispositions, and sometimes pervert- ed by the influence of degrading interests. The governments of Europe, possessing legislative power in its greatest plenitude, unfettered by any restrictive reservations, exercise ft, when deemed expedient, on the extensive, complicated, and ramifying interests of society. It is made to enter the domicile of the citizen, and it attempts to substitute, for the force of the moral law, its own feebler sanctions and penalties. In the United States, the powers of government are differently modi- fied, are possessed in a more limited degree. Its most important ob- jects are the protection of life, person and property—the true ends of a good government. The pursuits and occupations of individuals, the minor interests affecting the interior economy of society are, with few exceptions, abstracted from its interposition. They are reserved by the people to themselves, to be regulated by the influences of good sense, intelligence, and moral obligations. Although these may fail to ac- complish every benefit that might be desired, yet the imperfections of this system, taken in the aggregate, are less disadvantageous than the errors and abuses, that experience demonstrates, arise out -of the too extensive legislation of government—are less vexatious and oppressive than the hand of government, daily seen and felt, thrust into the common concerns of life. The genius of our political institutions, precluding the introduction of the European system, for the regulation of our pharmacy, its abuses and consequent evils were supposed irremediable, in our scheme of polity, as, it was presumed, a reform could only be effected by the agency of government. This supposition was not founded on sound observation, or a correct appreciation of the conservatory principles of society. Every well-informed and well-constituted community, is perfectly adequate to protect itself, without the assistance of government, against evils, or dangers arising out of its own economy. No other power can perform this duty in a manner equally effectual and yet safe—for it will never eradicate one evil, by the substitution of another. In an intelligent community, all that is necessary to correct and guard against abuses, INTRODUCTION. Ill and to terminate evils, is to produce a conviction of their existence. The proper remedy will soon be applied. Our own example is an illustration of the principle. No soooner was it perceived, that the pharmacy of our city was defective, irregular, and open to great abuses, than numbers began to cast about for the means of reform. In a short time a very effectual system was devised, and is in operation. The apothecaries themselves, who, from the tone of the European statutes, it might have been supposed, felt some par- ticular interest in maintaining irregularities in their business, and would have proved hostile to its amelioration, were the first to be sensi- ble of its imperfect condition; who commenced and have continued to labour for the accomplishment of its reform. Some of the most respectable of the profession were, for a consi- derable period, occupied on this subject, and, at one time, had adopted some initiatory measures, but which failed from circumstances not mate- rial to be mentioned. In the year 1821, at the suggestion of the present Professor of Materia Medica in the University, and a number of the members of the profession, this subject was brought under the conside- ration of the trustees of the University of Pennsylvania. The plan they adopted, consisted of a degree of Master of Pharmacy to be con- ferred on those apothecaries, who should be deemed the most competent to this business, and the establishment of a course of lectures on Phar- macy. This plan, it was generally thought, was too narrow; did not embrace, in its provisions, some of the most serious deficiencies, and was incapable of remedying many of the most pressing and extensive of the abuses that prevailed. In consequence of this impression of the mea- sures of the University, a very general meeting of the apothecaries and druggists convened on the 23d of February, 1821. At this meeting it was proposed, as the most effectual means of arriving at the great object to be accomplished, that the whole profession should form them- selves into a society, for the two-fold purpose of providing a system of instruction in Pharmacy, and of subjecting themselves to regulations in their business. This proposition was adopted, and a committee was appointed to draught a corresponding project. The committee, at a subsequent meeting, reported the plan of the present College of Phar- macy, which was unanimously agreed upon. By this plan, the mem- bers associate to effectuate the following important objects. 1st. To im- prove and advance the practice and principles of Pharmacy by essays, discussions or other means, in the stated meetings of the College. 2d. To prevent frauds, adulteration, and sophistication of medicines, by the impeachment, trial and punishment of those, who offend in this man- ner. 3d. To improve the state of the market, and prevent the intro- duction of inferior articles, by instituting an inspection, whenever re- quired, of any articles arriving and offered for sale. 4th. To provide instruction in Pharmacy, by the establishment of a school, in which the necessary lectures should be delivered, a library, and cabinet of spe- cimens. The College on the adoption of this plan, immediately became orga- nized by the election of officers and a board of trustees, who, in the same autumn, established the school of Pharmacy, and appointed lee- JV INTRODUCTION. furors in time to commence the courses of the ensuing winter. Four courses of lectures have been delivered, in the successi\e winters, to re- spectable classes of pupils; the meetings of the College have been re- gularly held; several judicious and salutary measures of improve- ment have been adopted, and others are uader consideration; a well selected library has been procured, and a cabinet of choice specimens is nearly completed. The College have it in contemplation to public an occasional journal, containingimprovements of formula, new discove- ries and other interesting pharmaceutic information. At this time the College includes nearly the whole of the druggists and apothecaries of the city and liberties, who have thus voluntarily placed themselves under a system of regulation, and subjected them- selves to punishment, on a conviction of improper conduct in their busi- ness. A spirit of improvement and desire of information have been widely diffused throughout the profession ; greater attention is paid to the selection of medicines of good qualities ; to elegance in the officinal preparations; to care and neatness in the compounding of prescriptions. In a word, a manifest advancement is clearly to be discerned in the whole business of the apothecary; the Pharmacy of this city has been elevated in its character, and the institution of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, promises to attain all the important beneficial and inter- esting objects, that are derived from European legislation, freed from the objectionable provisions of its arbitrary enactments. AN ACT TO INCORPORATE THE PHILADELPHIA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY. WHEREAS; to dispense and prepare drugs and medicines for the use of the sick, requires knowledge and skill of a peculiar kind, an ignorance of which opens the door to numerous abuses and evils, and is pregnant with serious consequences to health and life : and it being the duty of every good government to protect, as far as in it lies, its citizens from those ills and dangers to which they become exposed in the multi- plied relations of society, by promoting and encouraging wholesome in- stitutions and regulations, calculated to advance the well being, security and interests of the community ; and it being represented to the legisla- ture, that an institution has been established in the city of Philadelphia, called " the Philadelphia College of Apothecaries," for the purpose of cultivating, improving and making known a knowledge of Pharmacy, its collateral branches of science, and the best modes of preparing medicines and their compounds, and of giving instruction in the same by public lectures : . . Now ; that the purposes thereof may be the better carried into effect: Sect. 1st. Be it enacted by the senate and house of representatives of the commonwealth of Pennsylvania in general assembly met, and it is hereby enacted by authority of the same ; That all such persons as now are members of the Philadelphia College of Apothecaries, or may hereafter become members of the same, be, and they are hereby made and constituted a corporation and body politic, in law and in fact, to have continuance forever, by the name, style, and title of the Philaoel- phia College of Pharmacy, with power to make one public and common seal, and °also one private seal to use in their affairs, and the same or either of them to change at pleasure, to make contracts relative to said institution, to sue and be sued, and by that name and style to be capa- ble in law of purchasing, taking, holding, and conveying any estate real or personal for the use of said corporation: Provided that the an- nual income of such estate shall not exceed in value five thousand dol- lars, nor be applied to any other purposes than those for which this corporation is formed. . . , Sect. 2d. \v.u be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that the said College may establish by-laws and rules for its government and reou'ation, and for the preservation and application of the funds thereof, not repugnant to the constitution and laws of the United btates 2 RULES AND REGULATIONS. or of this commonwealth, and shall have power to erect an edifice for their accommodation and to constitute a faculty or learned body, to con- sist of such head or heads, and such a number of professors in pharmacy, materia medica, chemistry, and the collateral sciences, as they may judge necessarv and proper, and to do every thing needful and necessa- ry to the establishment of said college and faculty. Sect. 3d. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid ; That the officers of said college shall be a president and two vice presidents, a secretary and treasurer, whose respective duties may be assigned by the by-laws, and who shall be elected at the stated meeting of the col- lege held in the month of March in each year, and any vacancy that may occur may be supplied by a special election ; there shall also be elected a board of trustees consisting of sixteen members, and the offi- cers of the college shall also be ex-officio members of the board of trus- tees ; one half of the said trustees shall be chosen at the stated meeting in March, and the other half at the stated meeting in September, and the said board of trustees, nine of whom shall constitute a quorum, shall conduct the ordinary affairs of the college, make such rules and regu- lations and do all other things necessary for the government and sup- port of the school of pharmacy, as they may deem fit and proper; and perform such duties as are or may be from time to time committed to them by the said college; the acts of the board of trustees, however, to be subject to the revision of the college at each stated meeting. Sect. 4th. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid; That if the annual and semi-annual elections for officers of said college and members of the board of trustees, shall not be held on the stated days, the said corporation shall not be thereby dissolved, but the offi- cers and trustees shall continue in office until a new election. JOSEPH LAWRENCE, Speaker of the house of representatives. WILLIAM MARKS, Jun. Speaker of the senate. Approved March 30th, 1822. JOSEPH HIESTER. RULES AND REGULATIONS. Art. 1st. The president, vice presidents, and secretary shall per- form the duties of their respective offices at the meetings of the college, and shall sign the certificates of membership and the diplomas of the institution. The treasurer shall receive and take care of the funds of the college, giving bond and security, if required, for the faithful per- formance of this trust to the president; he shall pay no monies unless on the order of the president, or the chairman of the board of trustees, countersigned by the respective secretaries of the college or board as the case may be, and present a statement annually of his accounts at RULES AND REGULATIONS. 3 the meeting on the last Tuesday of the month of March, or when re- quired by the board of trustees. Art. 2d. The stated meetings of the college shall be on the last Tuesday of the months of March, June, September and December, for the transaction of business, and receiving of essays and communications on subjects connected with pharmacy, materia medica, and chemistry. Fifteen members shall constitute a quorum. Art. 3d. The board of trustees snail meet once a month, or oftener if necessary, by adjournments, or on the call of their chairman; and a majority of the" board shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. It shall ,be the duty of the board of trustees to establish a school of pharmacy, provide suitable apparatus and a library, and ap- point one or more lecturers, as may be deemed expedient, on materia medica, chemistry, and pharmacy, and on such branches of natural science as may be useful in the instruction of an apothecary; to appoint a committee of inspection, who shall examine all articles of drugs and medicines brought into the market and submitted to them, and report their character to the board of trustees, who shall make the same public, if required by the interest of the trade and the good of the community; to appoint a committee of equity, to settle any disputes that may arise in the transactions of business, by the members ot the college, which may be referred to them. They shall also be entrusted with the elec- tion of resident and associate members, and shall regularly give notice of such elections to the secretary and treasurer of the college; and have power to frame rules and regulations for the examination of and grant- ing diplomas to those who shall attend the lectures in the school of pharmacy. Art. 4th. Any person who has been regularly educated as a druggist or apothecary, or who has received a diploma from this college, and is of correct moral deportment, may be proposed for resident or associate membership, in writing, by two of the members of the college, at a stated meeting of the board of trustees, and balloted for at the next stated meeting ; three fourths of the votes shall be necessary to an election. Art. 5th. Every person, on becoming a resident member, shall pay the sum of five dollars: and thereafter an annual contribution of five dollars. No member who has neglected to pay his installation fee, or is in arrears six months for his annual contribution, shall be entitled to a Art. 6th. The trustees may elect, in the same manner as directed by Art. 4th. the following description of persons as honorary members of the college : viz. druggists, apothecaries, chemists, and physicians, residing in any part of the United States, whose character and recom- mendations shall be satisfactory to them; each person so elected to pay at the discretion of the board of trustees, a contribution of twenty dol- lars in lieu of all other contributions. Honorary members shall have the same privileges as other members, in regard to the use of the library and attending the lectures and meetings of the college; but they shall have no right to vote or hold any office in the institution. All the con- B 4 RULES AND REGULATIONS. tribuiions, received from honorary members, shall be appropriated to the sinking fund, for extinguishing the loan of one thousand dollars. Art. Tth. Complaints may be preferred against any member of this college to the board of trustees, for malpractices and misconduct in hi? business; and if, on investigation, it shall appear that he has been guilty of adulterating and sophisticating any article of medicine or drugs, or of knowingly vending articles of that character, or of deteriorated quali- ties, the facts may be reported by the board of trustees to a meeting of the college publicly called, when a majority of all the members of the college concurring, he may be expelled. Art. 8th. A journal of such transactions of the college as may be ordered for publication, of original essays and of selections from scien- tific books, shall be published from time to time, as materials are fur- nished. 2. A standing committee of five members shall be elected forth- with, and annually thereafter at the stated meeting in March, who shall be called the publishing committee, and shall have the charge of printing and publishing the journal, and authority to draw upon the board of trustees for money for that purpose. 3. All original communications to the college, for the journal, shall be referred for consideration to a committee of three members, ap- pointed by the chairman for the time being, who, in conjunction with the publishing committee, shall examine and publish, at their discretion, such communications; and no original essay shall be published without such examination. 4. The publishing committee shall select from scientific books such passages and extracts, adapted to the nature of the journal, as they shall think proper, and may issue a number as often as they have suitable matter. 5. The journal shall be entitled, " The Journal of the Philadelphia Col- lege of Pharmacy;" each number shall contain from 24 to 32 pages, and be complete in itself, and 12 numbers shall form a volume. 6. The publishing committee shall affix the price and collect the sub- scription money for the journal; they shall keep a correct account of receipts and expenditures; and the profits, if any, of publication, shall be appropriated by them to the purchase of books for the college library. fhey may appropriate the covers of the journal as advertising sheets, tor the use of members, and shall affix the price of the advertisements. 1 hey shall make report at the stated meeting in March of their proceed- mgs during the year. 7. The college will not hold itself responsible for the opinions and investigations, contained in the communications published in the journal. Art. 9th. >,o amendment or alteration of these rules shall be made, unless proposed to the college by two members at one stated meeting, considered at the next, and adopted by two thirds of the members present. 5 ARTICLE I. Sect. 1. By order of the president, or at the request of three mem- bers communicated in writing, and specifying the objects in view, the secretary shall call a special meeting of the college. Sect. 2. As soon as fifteen members shall appear at or after the ap- pointed time of meeting, the president, or in his absence one of the vice- presidents, or in their absence a chairman pro tempore, shall take the chair and call the members to order. Sect. 3. After the meeting has been organised, no member shall leave the room without permission from the presiding officer. Sect. 4. At stated or adjourned meetings, business shall be proceeds ed in, according to the following order, viz. 1st. The secretary shall call the roll, and note absentees. 2d. Minutes of the preceeding meeting read, corrected if necessary, and adopted. 3d. The minutes of the board of trustees for the preceding three months and such reports or memoirs as they may present. 4th. Essays and communications on subjects relating to the objects of the institution. 5th. Incidental business^ ARTICLE IL Sect. 1. At a special meeting, after the minutes of the preceding meeting have been read, the meeting shall immediately proceed to the> consideration of the business for which it was specially convened, and no other business shall be brought before the college at such special meeting. Sect. 2. The chair shall decide upon questions of order; from which decisions, however, an appeal to the meeting may be had, if required by two members, and the meeting shall thereupon decide without debate. Sect. 3. No motion shall be received unless seconded, nor until the mover, if required by the president, chairman, or a member, shall have committed it to writing. Sect. 4. Every member when speaking shall address the chair, and when a question is before the meeting, no motion shall be received un- less to amend, divide, commit or postpone, or to adjourn j and a motion to adjourn shall always be decided without debate. ARTICLE III.. Sect. 1. No member of the college shall receive an apprentice for a less term than four years; and it shall be rendered obligatory on such apprentices to attend two courses of the different lectures of the insti- tution. , „, Sect. 2. The annual contributions of the resident members, shall be- come due at the stated meeting in December. 6 BY-LAWS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES. Sect. 3. The secretary shall keep regular minutes of the meetings of the college, furnish to committees a minute of their appointmen , and give at least one day's notice to the members of the time and place of meeting. Sect. 4. Every member of this college shall, on paying one dollar and a half, be entitled to a certificate of membership signed by the president, vice presidents, and secretary. OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES. ARTICLK I. Sect. 1. The board of trustees shall elect from their body a chair- man, who shall preside and preserve order in the meetings of the board. He shall have the appointment of all committees, excepting those which are otherwise provided for. And shall not vote on motions, un- less the board be equally divided. Sect. 2. The duty of the secretary shall be to keep the minutes of the board, to read all communications, and to keep them in safe charge, and to give at least one day's notice to the members, of each meeting. Sect. 3. No member, after the hour appointed for the meeting of the board, shall be permitted to retire, unless excused by the chairman or a majority of the members present. ARTICLE II. Sect. 1. The standing committees of the board shall be : 1st. A committee of inspection, to consist of 5 members. 2d. A committee of equity of 5 members. 3d. A library committee of 3 members. 4th. A committee on the cabinet of specimens, of 3 member*. 5th. A committee for the examination of candidates for the diploma of the college, of 3 members. These committees, except the 5th, together with the chairman and secretary, shall be elected by ballot at the first stated meeting of the board, after the election of the college in March and September.—The 5th committee shall be elected at the latter period—And when any va- cancies occur in committees, they shall be supplied at the next meeting after the circumstance is known. Sect. 2. It shall be the duty of the committee of inspection to exa- mine all drugs and medicines, which may be submitted to them and to make report to the board of such unmerchantable or spurious articles as may come within their knowledge. Sect. 3. The committee of equity shall decide all matters in controversy between the members of the college, that shall be submit- BY-LAWS OF THE BOARD OF TRUTEES. 7 ed to them : the parties first giving bond, if required, to abide by the decision. Sect. 4. The library committee shall procure, with such funds as may be placed at their disposal by the board, a collection of books on chemistry, pharmacy and medicine, and on subjects connected there- with, for the use of members of the college and their apprentices, under such regulations as the board may adopt, and shall have a general su- perintendence of the library. Sect. 5. The committee on the cabinet of specimens shall procure (in such manner as the board may direct) specimens of the various arti- cles composing the materia medica and the collateral branches of science, and shall arrange and preserve them in proper order for exhibition, sub- ject to such regulations as they, with the approbation of the board, may direct. Sect. 6. It shall be the duty of the committee of examination, in con- junction with the professors, to receive and examine all original disserta- tions or theses presented to them by the applicants for the diploma of the college, and carefully to examine all the applicants personally upon their qualifications to conduct the drug and apothecary business in a reputable manner, and report their opinion thereon jointly to the board of trus- tees, who shall finally decide upon all such applicants: The theses of all the candidates, whom the committee and professors may recommend a6 qualified to receive the diploma of the college, shall be delivered to the board of trustees, all others shall be returned by the committee to their respective authors. Sect. 7. The stated meetings of the board, shall be held on the last Tuesday but one in each month, at such hour and place as may be agreed on. ARTICLE. III. Sect. 1. Every application for membership shall be referred to a committee of three members, who shall inquire into the eligibility of the candidate, according to the regulations of the college, and report their opinions thereon to the succeeding meeting. Sect. 2. The standing committees shall report to the board at the stated meetings in March, June, September and December. Sect. 3. There shall be a committee of 3 members who shall have charge of the rooms, with authority to procure such fixtures for them as may be deemed necessary. Sect. 4. There shall be a committee of accounts of three persons, who shall examine and certify accounts previous to payment. And this committee shall constitute a finance committee to aid the treasurer in the collection and disposition of the funds of the college. s LIST OF MEMBERS. OFFICERS OF THE COLLEGE. President—AVilliam Lehman. Vice-Presidents—Stephen North, Samuel P. Wetherill. Secretary—Daniel B. Smith. Treasurer—William Heyl. TRUSTEES. Dr. Samuel Jackson, Solomon Temple, Henry Troth, Peter Lehman, Alexander Fullerton, Jr. Charles Yarnall, Jacob Bigonet, A. S. Roberts, Warder Morris, Joseph Rcakirt, William Baker, Edward B. Garrigues, Dr. George II. Burgin. John P. Wetherill, Edmund Pryor, Joseph Allen. RESIDENT MEMBERS. John Elliot, Charles Allen, Robert Milnor, Elisha C rowell, James W. Simes, William Rovoudt, Mordecai L. Gordon, Thomas MT'lintock, George D. Wetherill, Thomas Wilteberger, Isaac Thompson, Matthias Pleiss, Peter Thomson, Jr. William C. Poole, Peter Williamson, Frederick Klett, Frederick Brown, Caleb Ash, Jr. Charles Ellis, Thomas Oliver, Thomas A. Mason, Richard Jordan, James L. Smith, Edward Needles, Samuel Biddle, Eleazar Cohen, Charles Marshall, Jr. Daniel Laws, Thomas Cave, Jeremiah Emlen, John J. Smith, Jr. George Glentworth, Edward Lowber, Charles Wetherill, Daniel Thatcher, Thomas Evans, Henry M. Zollickoffer, Charles Rizer, Anthony H. Morris, Graham Hoskins, John Fair, Andrew Beck, William Dick, Joseph Stouse, Richard Cook, Samuel F. Troth, Joseph Starr, Dr. Benjamin Ellis, John W. Swain, Robert A Philson, William Marriot, Charles Tims, Samuel P. Griffitts, Jr. Thomas Percival, Charles Evans, Ellis H. Yarnall, Edward Yarnall, Charles Reynolds, William Stuckert, Edward Roberts, LIST OF MEMBERS. 9 John Carter, George Dickson, Abraham Kunzi, David Schaffer, Thomas R. Sowder, Samuel C. Shephard, Isaac Morris, George Gatchell, Jeremiah W. Fleckevir, Elias Durand. Ashfield H. Wetherill, ASSOCIATE MEMBERS. Joseph Bringhurst, Wilmington, D. E. Maynard, Boston. John Rickey, Jr. Trenton, N. J. J. F. Heinitsh, Lancaster, Pa. David M'Clong, Caraccas. HONORARY AND FOREIGN MEMBERS. Nathaniel Chapman, M. D. John Ayrton Paris, M. D. London. John Redman Coxe, M. D. Anthony Tod Thomson, London. '? V l-f^ %J? I < &<*-* -s £*:a~ £&^/^(y^ t\J V^ar ( & 0L ****** C l£j ^S*rjl&4&if NLM032745597