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PREPARATION AND MODE OF EMPLOYING
NEW REMEDIES;
MORPHINE, IODINE,  QUININE, CINCHONINE, THE
  HYDRO-CYANIC ACID, NAKUOT1NE, STRYCHNINE,
    NUX VOMICA, EMETINE, ATROPINE, PICRO-
      TOXINE, BRUCINE, LUPULINE, &C. &C.

                     WITH

  AN INTRODUCTION, AND COPIOUS NOTES.

                  BT THE LATE

    CHARLES THOMAS  HADEN, Esq.
Translated from tjiik French of -i.e  Third Edition of
Magendie's
     By  ROBLEY  nUNGLISON,  M. D.

Professor of the Institutes and Practice of Medicine, in the
  University of Virginia ;  F. R. S. Nancy; F. L. S. Pa-
  ris i Secretary for Foreign Correspondence to the Medi-
  cal, and Member of the Hunterian Society of London, &c.
HEVISED AND CORRECTED BT A PHYSICIAN Ot PHILADELPHIA,

            with ^appendix.



              PHILADELPHIA:
PUBLISHED BY JAMES WEBSTER, AT THE OFFICE OF
  THE MEDICAL RECORDER, NO. 24, S. EIGHTH ST.

                    1824. 
                     tO H$f



   EASTERN DISTRICT OF PEN.NSSLVAMA, TO WlT .
     BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the sixteenth day of
 November, in the forty-ninth year of the Independence of
 the United States of America, A. D. 1824, James Web-
 ster, of the said district, hath deposited in this office, the
 title of a book, the right whereof he claims as proprietor,
 in the  words following, to wit:
   Formulary for the Preparation and Mode of Employing
 several New Remedies; namely, morphine,  iodine, qui-
 nine, cinchonine, the hydro-cyanic acid, narcotine, strych-
 nine, nux vomica, emetine, atropine, picrotoxine, brucine,
 lupuline,  &c. &c.    With an Introduction, and Copious
 Notes.  By the late Charles Thomas Haden, Esq.  Trans-
 lated from the French of the third edition of Magendie's
 « Formulaire."  By Robley Dunglison, M. D. Professor of
 the Institutes and Practice of Medicine, in the University
 of Virginia; F. R. S. Nancy; F. L. S. Paris; Secretary for
 Foreign Correspondence to the Medical, and Member of
 the Hunterian Society of London, &c.  Revised and cor-
 rected by a Physician of Philadelphia. With an Appendix.
  In conformity to the Act of the Congress of the United
 States, entitled " An Act for the encouragement of learn-
ing, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to
the authors and proprietors of such copies,  during  the
times therein mentioned."   And also to the act entitled,
" An act supplementary to an act, entitled, ' An Act for
the encouragement of learning, by securing  the  copies of
maps, charts,  and books, to the authors and  proprietors
of such copies, during the times therein mentioned,' and
extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing-
 engraving, and etching, historical and other prints."
                              D. CALDWELL,
         Clerk of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania:
*  c  .  4 * s 9 
               PREFACE
                   TO THE
         FIRST AMERICAN EDITION.

  The rapid sale Magendie's Formulary has
met with in Europe, and the high encomiums
passed upon it by the  most respectable Jour
nalists, it is presumed,  cannot fail  to ensure it
similar success on this  side of the Atlantic.
  The Appendix added to the present edition,
the Editor flatters himself will render the work
still more valuable to the Practitioner and Stu-
dent.
Philadelphia, November, 1824. 
 
PREFACE
      TO THE SECOND LONDON EDITION.

    Owing to the lamented  death of the Author
' of the first edition of this little  Manual, and
 the favourable  reception which the  work has
 met with from  the Profession, the whole of the
 first impression having been sold off in an un-
 usually short space of time, the present Editor
 has been  requested  to  prepare a new edition
 for the press : he has accordingly endeavoured,
 by the addition of all the important information
 which has appeared since the first edition was
 sent forth,  on the various subjects embraced by
 the Formulary—as well as of a copious Index,
 Posological Table, Tables of the proportion of
 active ingredients contained in the various com-
 pounds, the Latin synonyms, &c—-to render the
 work more extensively useful, not only to the
 prescriber, but also to the compounder.
                  ROBLEY DUNGLISON,

    15, Fenchurch Street, April 8th, 1824.
1* 
< 
rife
   TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE

          TO THE FIRST EDITION.


   Great credit is due to the French chemists,
and especially to  MM. Pelletier and Caventou,
for having discovered that the active principle
Of SCVCral of »ui t-liiof J oracdico-reoUeij in pCCXl-
liar alkalis ; and  also for isolating these alkalis
so that they may be used in practice according
to a determinate and intelligent principle. Great
praise is also due to M. Magendie for the in-
defatigable way in which  he has investigated
the action of these new alkalis on the human
body.  It cannot, therefore, be unacceptable to
all classes of the Medical Profession, to have
laid before them a translation of M. Magendie's
little work respecting them. To druggists, and
to operative apothecaries,  it must be accepta-
ble to have thus collected a full account of the
mode of preparing these different alkalis; and
it must be acceptable to the practising part of
the Profession, to have thus collected all that
is at present known  respecting the properties
and  mode of exhibition of these  powerful  re-
medies. 
viii         translator's preface.
  M. Magendie, however, in his preface, avows
a principle respecting the similarity of the ac-
tion of poisons and other new remedies on man
and on animals, which, perhaps, ought  to be
taken with some caution. M. Magendie is pro-
bably correct in the main; and we are bound
to place much dependence on an assertion made
by such a man  as he is, when he says that the'
truth  of his opinion has been proved by ten
years' experience.   If, indeed, we can believe
what vrc rc^xr-rrr^wrarermgT^ Botany,  M. Ma-
gendie cannot be  entirely correct; because we
see statements in that work of many plants be-
ing poisonous to one animal, and  often also to
man,  whilst they are harmless when  eaten by
others, even of the higher class of animals. It
is very well known, also, that the doses' of dif-
ferent medicines vary so largely when given to
the different domestic  animals,  as to  afford
comparative deductions, which, if we were to
apply the information thus gained to the ex-
hibition of the same remedies  in  man,  would
often lead us to err greatly, either as to giving
the medicine in an under or over dose.   It is
perfectly well known, too, that there is perhaps
none, even of the most virulent vegetable poi-
 sons, which does not afford nourishment  to one
 or more individuals of the, lower  class of ani-
 malst 
           translator's preface.         ix
  Nevertheless, as it is rational to believe that
M. Magendie's principle is correct, and that the
cases mentioned in opposition to it, are only
those exceptions which we find appertain to all
our general and artificial principles, these cases
should only teach us caution in the application
of the principle to practice.
  There exists, however, an objection to the
principle of thus isolating and concentrating
the active  parts of our remedies.  Perhaos
every practitioner  feels that medicinal sub-
stances  are more  efficacious as  they are pre-
sented to us combined by the hand of Ntture,"
than when their active part  is isolated  and re-
combined by the hand of man.  Thus tlen we
are all inclined to  give  our remedies  n sub-
stance, as it is  called,  rather  than as prepared
in a more convenient form by the chenist  or
the druggist;  and we are only  deterred from
using these natural preparations by the greater
bulk, and other inconvenient properties of them,
as compared with our more  artificial presta-
tions.  Thus,  also, we all feel that our artificial
mineral waters, however  accurately they may
imitate the natural ones, do not produce the
same good effect as those natural ones do ; and
even some  of them, for instance the Bath wa-
ters, appear on analysis to be so pure, and free
from extraneous  Ingredients, that we  are  re- 
translator's preface.
 duced to the necessity of attributing their often
 powerful effects to the  presence of some evan-
 escent principle, which cannot be  detected by
 chemical analysis.
   It is probable, that if these  objections were
 rigorously investigated, it would be found that
 there is but little, truth in them. The superficial
 grounds on which most men take up their
 opinions, are very likely to lead to error in cases
 Lke this,  where  so  many collateral circum-
 stances are to be taken into the account.  Me-
 dicines, for instance, in the form of extract, are
 not Usually to be depended on; but that much
 of ths arises from the action of heat on the re-
 medy, and much on  other injurious modes of
 preparation, is proved  by the  great improve-
 ments that have been lately made in the prepa-
 tion of extracts.   And even with regard to the
 mineral waters, it  is a fair question whether the
 artificial substitutes  for  them would  not be
 equally efficacious, if taken exactly under the
 same circumstances, and the takers were made
 to believe that they were swallowing1 the natural
and not the artificial production ?
  At all events, if we take these isolated  and
concentrated remedies as they are, we find that
at least many of them are endowed with pecu-
liar and  powerful properties;  and  as nobody
can deny that it is far more convenient to use 
           translator's PREFACE.          Xj
 remedies which are thus small in bulk, we have
 only to take such remedies as if they were sim-
 ple remedies, and investigate their properties
 as we  would those  of any natural production,
 and we have no right to find fault.
   In this point of view  the several advantages
 pointed out by M. Magendie in using remedies
 thus concentrated and freed from their nauseous
 and often jarring principles, stand good in full
 force;  and  we  often  find particular patients,
 and especially children, so averse to take medi-
 cine in  the ordinary  form, that life is often lost
 by the delay which is thus produced, or even by
 the injurious excitation  which offering medi-
 cine to  such persons frequently occasions.
   A further  objection to the employment of
 these remedies remains.   The expense of pre-
 paring them is very  great.  It is to be hoped,
 however, that such improvements will in future
 be made, as  will obviate these inconveniences
 in a great degree.
   The Translator, however, cannot refrain from
mentioning one species of objection to the adop-
tion of  such new forms of remedy,  because he
considers it to be a superficial ooe, and an in-
jurious  one too ; for it is subversive of one of
our best means of improving the therapeutical
branch  of our profession. He is  almost angry
when he sees the popular authors of the da)t 
 xii         translator's preface.
 sneering at the introduction of new remedies,
 and saying, with  what he considers to be an
 ignorant self-conceit, " Ay, here they come, one
 after another, vaunted to the skies for  proper-
 ties which  sober investigation shows not to
 belong to them; we shall soon see them laid on
 the shelf, until they are again  held up to the
 world as prodigies by some future enthusiastic
 searchers after novelty." How humiliating such
 remarks are to the person who makes them !
 for it is easy to prove, that in the great majority
 of cases, the sneer is applicable, not to the re-
 medy, but to persons  who are too ignorant or
 too indolent to  investigate  its  properties so
 thoroughly as to use it with success. Men who
 really think for  themselves, and are not con-
tent with conclusions unless they are drawn
from an accurate and philosophical  considera-
 tion of all the circumstances of each individual
 case, know full well,  that the trials of new re-
medies which are  made by the Profession at
 large, are so superficial and  inconclusive, as to
be a disgrace to themselves,  and not- worthy of
the slightest attention when the value  of such
remedies, is under discussion.  It should be re-
collected,  that the majority of persons  who
bring forward a new remedy, have studied  the
properties of the remedy more or less accurate-
ly-»-at least enthusiastically; and it is too much 
            translator's Preface.         xiii
to give the direct lie to their assertions. It can-
not be doubted that most of them have done
with the remedy what they say they have done;
and it would be at  least cautious,  as well as
properly humble, if those who come  after the
first promulgator were to ask themselves, before
they condemn the remedy, if they have take*
sufficient pains to make, themselves  as well ac-
quainted with its powers as  the promulgator
had done.
  To show to what an injurious extent  the prac-
tice of superficially sneering  at  new remedies
exists, the Translator cannot help recording the
observations of one of the chief London medi-
cal men respecting the stethoscope. He laugh-              i
ed at it as a piece of  quackery.   He was asked
if he had ever used it, or personally knew any
thing about it,  or if he had read Laennec's
book ? He answered, no !
  It will be easy to  illustrate these apparently              '
severe remarks.  Take any of the depreciated
remedies, and will it not be seen that many in-
dividuals exist in the Profession who have  the
power of using them with equal, if not greater
effect than the original promulgators had done ?
Digitalis, for instance, is decried by the great
majority of practitioners; and yet the  Transla-
tor knows one practitioner at least who uses it
largely, and with the  very best effect. But then
                     2 
xjv        translator's preface.
he does not order so many drops of the tincture
to be taken so often, and then leave his patient
to take his chance ; but he increases every dose
until he produces the effect which he wishes:
besides, he has industry enough to watch the
effects which follow each dose;  so that he at
once acquires a full power over the  remedy,
and  secures his patient from the injurious con-
sequences of an over-dose.  If  the rest of the
Profession acted with the  same acuteness and
industry,  they  would  probably change their
opinions with regard to the powers of digitalis.
   The same observations apply to these use of
prussic acid, colchicum, and many other reme-
dies, which are now sneered at by ignorant  or
idle persons.
   Indeed, it may be said that they apply almost
equally to our most common remedies.   Few
study the powers of any remedy as they ought
to do; and hence they use  calomel to purge or
to salivate—ipecacuanha to produce sickness'—
and so on, without ever dreaming that all these
remedies have much more important powers,
if  industry were employed in  searching  for
them.  Thus many persons use  calomel bene-
ficially for several purposes; and one, at least,
with whose practice the Translator is acquaint-
ed, has taught himself the power of employing
ipecacuanha, not only as what may be called a 
translator's preface.
XV
new and most efficacious remedy in certain ex-
tensive classes of disease, namely, those of the
mucous membranes, but to  use it as a powerful
means of subduing general increased action.
  Again, if a review be made of the different
new remedies which have been lately proposed,
will it not be  seen that each of them is pre-
tended to have certain peculiar and distinctive
properties, which, if they really belong to them,
are greatly to be valued when properly applied
to the treatment of disease ?  Digitalis, for in-
stance, seems to exert a direct influence on the
action of the heart and arteries.  Colchicum
appears to do the  same  thing, with the addi-
tion o  a purgative quality. Prussic acid seems,
to have similar powers, with the additional one
of appearing to act particularly on the mucous
membranes.  Strychnine, in like manner, is said
to exert a  peculiar influence  over  the nerves
which supply muscles  with  their energy;  or
perhaps it has the  power of increasing the irri-
tability  of the muscles themselves.   Iodine
seems to possess a similar  stimulating  power,
which is particularly expended on that part of
the system which  is called  lymphatic.
  It need not be  said,  that  it is very advan-
tageous to possess remedies (if we  do possess
them) of such useful as well as distinctive pow-
ers ; and, therefore, it is to be hoped that me- 
xvi         translator's preface.
dical men will cease to humiliate  themselves
by superficially sneering at new remedies, until
they have qualified themselves to give an opin-
ion,  by faithfully and industriously investiga-
ting the real properties of these remedies.
  Lastly, the fact that some of these remedies
produce inordinate effects on particular persons,
forms no reason for discarding them from prac-
tice ; because the same fault appertains even to
our most favoured remedies.  The Translator
has  seen the sixth of a grain of tartarized  an-
timony vomit and purge an exceedingly robust
farmer, until it brought his life into  danger;
cases are on record in which.persons could not
bear even  the smell of ipecacuanha;  and the
Translator has seen four grains of calomel pro-
duce a violent and even dangerous salivation.
Ob the contrary, he has used colchicum almost
as largely as any man; and yet he can  say that
it produces those  unlooked-for  bad  conse-
quences quite as seldom as any of the three
remedies  he has mentioned  above :*  and  he

  * The following anecdote is decisive of the  safety of
using colchicum, and of its utility. A gentleman, whose
practice as a general  practitioner exceeds  ^3000  a
year, and who uses colchicum (principally the powder)
as his  general remedy for inflammatory complaints,
lately told the translator that only two persons had died
in hia practice during the preceding twelve months;  one 
           translator's preface.        xvii
 knows that a practitioner, who is spoken of in
a  former page,  rarely,  if ever, sees  inconve-
niences produced by digitalis  in  his  practice,
although he sometimes pushes its use  to an ex-
tent which  would frighten less accomplished
practitioners; but then he uses it with a philo-
sophic caution, and a determinate object, which
are well  worthy of imitation by the Profession
at large.
  The Translator has added Notes, which com-
prise a reference, he believes, to almost  all the
authorities  on  the  subjects  treated  of.   He
wishes he could add records of the several re-
medies having been  employed by British prac-
titioners  ; but, with the exception of the prussic
acid and iodine, which  have  been somewhat
extensively used, he believes that the other pre-
parations have not been even seen in this coun-
try, except as matters of  curiosity.  It were to
be wished  that M. Magendie had given  the
particulars of his experience of their prescrip-
tion in  the  human subject.   Several French
Journals, and especially his own excellent Jour-
nal de Physiologie,  contain  an  abundance  of
cases in which the sulphate of quinine has been

of the two having been a phthisical patient, and the
other an old lady who had gradually sunk, worn out by
an illness of three years' continuance.
                      2* 
xviii       translator's preface.
used with marked benefit in the latter stages of
malignant fevers, in all forms of intermittent
fever, and especially in many varieties of neu-
ralgia ;  but the Translator  is ignorant that any
published cases exist in which the other alka-
lis have been employed.

  N. B.—In addition to the Notes added by the
Translator,  it may be  remarked, that a good
general article on the properties of the new al-
kalis may be found in the  Edinburgh Medical
and Surgical Journal.   It is in Number LXX,
for January, 1822.
Sloane Street, May, 1823. 
AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
  In spite of the opposition of the physicians
of  the  seventeenth  century—notwithstanding
the celebrated decree of. parliament which pro-
scribed  emetic tartar—and in spite of the spi-
ritual sarcasms of Guy Patin—the utility of
antimonial remedies has been  long recognised.
For once, at least,  prejudice gave way before
evidence.
  The same thing, I trust, will occur with other
new substances  which chemistry and  physio-
logy hold out to us as valuable remedies ; and
that the repugnance with which many enlight-
ened practitioners look on them, will soon dis-
appear before the results of an experience which
daily shows their advantages.
  The impossibility of isolating by chemical
analysis the elements of medicines, has much
retarded the  progress towards  perfection of the
materia medica ; and even  now, when  such an
analysis can  be made, the belief that  existed,
and which  still exists in some  degree, that me-
dicines act altogether differently on man to what
they do on animals, has prevented the ultimate 
xx           author's preface.
principles of remedies from being investigated.
Still nothing is more unfounded than this be-
lief.   A  varied experience of  more  than ten
years, both in the laboratory and at the bedside,
induces me to affirm, that  medicines and poi-
sons act in the same manner on man as on ani-
mals.*  I am so sure of this, that I would will-
ingly try on myself substances which have been
proved to be innocent when given to animals ;
but I would not recommend  any one to make
the experiment inversely.
  The physiological properties  and medical
virtues of most of the substances described in
this Formulary, have been determined by a re-
ference to the above principle.
  These substances, which are already suffi-
ciently numerous, act when given in small doses;
every principle which might mask or  hinder
their action has  been separated from  them;
their effects bear a decisive  character,  which
cannot be misunderstood,' for they have been
studied with care both on animals and on man
when in health and when in disease;  a perfect
knowledge of their chemical properties, and
great accuracy in their mode  of preparation,
are sufficient to secure uniformity  with  regard

  * See remarks on this important observation in the
Translator's Preface, p. viii.—Tr. 
             author's preface.           xxi
 to  their strength  and manner of action; and,
 lastly, each of them forms  a  medicine in  its
 most simple and energetic state.
   Time alone can pronounce definitively on the
 advantages and inconveniences of these new re-
 medies ;  but whichever way it may be, the fol-
 lowing pages may be useful, by teaching the
 mode  of preparing  them, without making it
 necessary to consult general treatises on chemis-
 try or  pharmacy ;  and by giving medical  men
 every facility in submitting  them to  personal
 experience,  which is frequently,  after all, the
 only truly profitable course.
  I shall feel extremely grateful for any critical
 or  other  remarks  appertaining  to the  sub-
 stances treated of in  this work.   To those  of
my medical brethren who may be kind enough
to address them to me, I return my thanks be-
forehand ; and I  shall hasten to turn  them  to
the improvement of science, by inserting them
in the next edition. 
1 
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
                     1                PAGB
 Morphine     -                        CT-
                                      25
 Narcotine.....3g
 Extract of Opium deprived of Narcotine 43
 Extract of Opium deprived of Morphine   45
 Iodine   -                             ._
                                      47
 Resin of the Nux Vomica      -   .    55
 Strychnine    "    -   •    -    -    -  74
 Emetine   -    -    _    .    _    _     g5
 Emetine of the Violet      -        .  {0m
 Pure Emetine   -----    92
 Cytisine      ------  96
 Cinchonine and Quinine    -    -   .    93
 Esculine      -    .    .     .    .  .  .  2qo
 Veratrine......jjn
 Hydro-cyanic Acid     -     -    -    -  126
 solanine   -    -    -    _    .    -139
 Atropine      -    .    .     _    .    -  142
 Daturine   -    -    _    .    -    -    146
 Hyoscyamine......if,
 Delphinine      -    -    _    _    -    147
 PlCROTOXINE   -    -    -.-    _    -151
 Gentianine      -    -    -    .    -    155
.Lupuline      -    -    -     .    .    -  160
 Brucine   -    -    .    .    .    .    164 
Xxiv            CONTENTS.
                                      FAGE
Posological table      -    -    -    -  168
Tables of Active Ingredients contained
  "*                                  -  171
  in-each compound     -    -    -      l* *

             APPENDIX NO. I.
Preparations and Compounds     -    -  175
Table of Prerarations    -             224

             APPENDIX NO. II.
Mineral Poisons  -                  -  225
Vegetable Poisons   -     -  .  -    -    241
Animal Poisons    -----  244

             APPENDIX  NO. III.
Art of Presribing     -    -    -      248
Prescriptions.....249
                 EHRATTTM.
At page 103, Note, for M. Carzoneri, read M. Canzoneri, 
FORMULARY,  &c.
  MORPHINA*.  MORPHIUM, MORPHIA,


                Morphine,


Nothing better shows the imperfection of
the science of medicines, so singularly de-
nominated Materia Medica, than the history
of opium ; alternately it has been proscribed
as eminently hurtful, or  vaunted as a pana-

  a [The ending in ina has been preferred, inas-
much as errors will be less likely  to arise, from
the greater  dissimilarity between the termina-
tions of the names of the plant and its base, than
when  any other of the terms which have been
proposed are employed : as regards strychnia no
inaccuracy need have been apprehended;  but the
terms cinchonia, -veratria, solania, atrofiia, are so
similar to  those of the plants of  which they are
the bases, that,  especially if the words were
abridged, the occurrence of many mistakes might
be apprehended.  Added to,which, those bases,
as morfihina and emetina, which have been admit-
ted into the  Parisian Pharmacopoeia, have been
latinized according to the plan here adopted.]
                     3 
 2.6^^    JklOltPHl^E AND^HE

 ej|a.  By some it has been supposed to calm,
 and procure sleep; others, on the contrary,
 have averred  that it is always a stimulant:
 whilst others, less exclusive, have described
 it to have  stupifying,  soporific, narcotic,
 acrid, calming, and other properties.  Led
 by this latter dictum, the chemists of the
 last age endeavoured to find  the divers pro-
 perties of opium in different principles.  On
 the other hand, the most celebrated physi-
 cians have not scrupled  to put their names
 to certain preparations of opium which they
 thought preferable to any other.  What ef-
 fects  are there, however, to authorize the
 celebrity of the laudanum of Sydenham—
 Rousseau's  drops—the tinctures of opium
 —the syrups  of diacodium—the resinous
 and aqueous extracts, !kc. ? And what rea-
 son is there why a practitioner should em-
 ploy any of these preparations to the exclu-
 sion of the others ?
   The sciences mutually depend upon, and
assist, each other; and it would have been
impossible to remedy this uncertainty with-
out the recent perfection in  our  chemical
 modes of analyzing vegetables, and without
the successful application which has been
 made of them in analyzing opium.
   The result of  this chemical analysis, and
especially  of the  researches  of MM.  De- 
SALTS OF MORPHINE.
27
rosnes,* Sertuerner,c and Robiquet,d is, that
opium  is  composed,  1st,  of a fixed oil;
2dly, of matter analogous to caoutchouc;
3dly, of a vegeto-animal substance, which
has not yet  been  sufficiently investigated;
4thly, of mucilage ; 5thly, of feculent mat-
ter ; 6thly, of resin; 7thly, of the remains
of  vegetable  fibre;  8thly,  of narcotine;
9thly, of meconic acid; lOthly, of the acid
discovered by M. Robiquet; and, llthly,
of morphine.   This last principle will alone
occupy us on the present occasion.

       PREPARATION  OF MORPHINE.

   M. Robiquet's  method is as follows :e—
He boils,  for a quarter of an hour,  a very

  b In 1803. See Annates de Chimic, vol. xlv.—Tr.
  e Ibid. vol.  v.  His  principal  paper was pub-
lished in 1817.—Tr.
  d Ibid. vol.  v. p. 276.—In addition to these gen-
tlemen, M. Seguin, in  1804, discovered a crystal-
line body in  opium, and described most of its
properties; but he seems to have been perfectly una-
ware of its alkaline qualities.  Ibid. vol. xcii.—Tr.
  e Annates de Chimie et Phys. vol. v. p. 276.—Dr.
Paris (Pharm. vol. ii. p.  313) gives the following
as M. Robiquet's process, as contained in the Co-
dex Medicamentarius of Paris, of 1818 :—" Three
hundred parts of pure opium are to be macerated,
during five days, in  one  thousand  parts of com-
mon water.   To the filtered solution fifteen parts 
28         MORPHINE AND THE

concentrated solution of opium with a small
quantity of magnesia, (10 grains  [gr.  8.2
troy] to the pound of opium, [15  oz. 6 dr.
1 gr. troyf]).   He collects the greyish and
somewhat abundant  deposit  on  the filter,
and washes it with cold water.   When this
precipitate is well dried, he treats it by weak
alcohol for  some time, at  a temperature less
than that of ebullition.   By this means he
separates very little morphine  and much co-
louring matter. He filtrates and washes the
precipitate by means of a  little cold alcohol;
then strongly boils it in a large quantity of

of perfectly pure magnesia (carefully avoiding
the carbonate) are to be added. Boil this mixture
for ten minutes, and separate the sediment  by  a
filter, washing it with cold water until the water
passes off clear. After which, treat it  alternately
with hot and cold alcohol 12-22° Beaume, (or s.
g. 923), as long as  the menstruum takes up any
colouring  matter.   The  residue is then to be
treated with boiling alcohol of  22-32° Beaume,
(or s. g. .868,) for a few minutes.  The solution,
on cooling, will deposit crystals  of morphia."—
Tr.
  f Mr. Thomson says  184  grains to the lb. of
opium, which is probably  a mistake ; because,
although he quotes from M. Robiquet's paper in
the Annates de Chimie, his words are, " boil, 8cc,
•with a small quantity  (184  grains  to lib.  1. of
opium) of magnesia."   184 grains is not a small
quantity.—Tr 
SALTS OF MORPHINE.       29
rectified alcohol;  filtrates  again  whilst the
liquor still boils, and he finds that the mor-
phine  separates as  the liquor  cools.  The
colouring matter  is got rid of by  repeated
crystallization.5
   £M. Choulant recommends a dilute aque-
ous  infusion of opium to be concentrated
and left at rest, until it spontaneously lets
fall its sulphate of lime in minute crystals ;
the liquor is then evaporated to dryness, the
residuum dissolved in a little water, and any
remaining lime and sulphuric acid  thrown
down by the cautious addition, first, of ox-
alate of ammonia,  and then of  muriate  of
barytes.   The liquid is next diluted with a
large  body of water, and  caustic ammonia
added so long as any precipitate subsides.
This is dissolved in  vinegar, and  thrown
down  again  with ammonia.   The precipi-
tate is digested with about twice its weight
of sulphuric ether,  and the whole  thrown
upon  a filter.  The dry powder is to be
digested three times  in caustic ammonia,

  « Mr. Thomson obtained " from good  Turkey
opium  nearly three times the quantity of mor-
phine yielded by the same weight of  East Indian
opium.  That from the latter was also more co-
loured and in smaller  crystals."   This fact suf-
ficiently accounts for the superiority of the opium
from Turkey.—Tr.
                    3* 
30         MORPHINE AND THE

and as often in cold alcohol.  The remain-
ing powder being dissolved in twelve ounces
of boiling alcohol, and the filtered hot soju-
tion being set aside for eighteen hours, it
deposits colourless transparent crystals, con-
sisting of double pyramids.   By concen-
trating the supernatant  alcoholic solution,
more  crystals may be obtained.11]
  Dr. Thomson has given the elementary
composition of  morphine in the Annals  of
Philosophy for June, 1820.1  He also there
describes what  he  considers to be an easy
method for procuring this base in a  state of
purity.   He  precipitates a  strong infusion
of opium by caustic ammonia, separates the
brownish-white  precipitate by means of the
filter, evaporates the infusion to a sixth  of
its volume; and on mixing it with  a fresh
quantity of ammonia, he obtains a new pre-
cipitate of pure morphine.  He gives time
for  the deposit  to form ; then separates  it,
by means of the filter, and  washes  it with
cold water.  After it is sufficiently drained,
he sprinkles it with a little alcohol,  which
he permits.to pass  through the  filter; this
fluid dissolves a large portion of the colour-

  h [Ure's Dictionary of Chemistry, 2d edition,
 1823.]
  i It is useless to give this account, because Dr.
 T. himself shows that it must be inaccurate.—Tr 
SALTS OF MORPHINE.       Si
ing matter, and also a little of the morphine.
He then entirely dissolves the morphine in
acetic  acid, and  takes away the colouring
matter which remains, by treating the solu-
tion with a litde  ivory-black,  shakes  this
mixture often during  twenty-four hours,
and then throws it on the filter. The liquid
passes through entirely colourless ; and on
treating it  again  with ammonia,  the mor-
phine is precipitated in the form of a white
powder.  If this base be then dissolved in
alcohol, and the solution  permitted to  eva-
porate spontaneously, the morphine crystal-
lizes in the form of beautiful regular crys-
tals.   These  crystals are perfectly white,
have a slight opaline transparency, are en-
tirely devoid of odour, and have an extreme-
ly bitter taste.  They appear in the form of
 rectangular four-sided prisms.
   Sertuerner also uses ammonia, instead of
 magnesia, to decompose the natural meco-
 nate.  He then forms a sulphate of morphine
 by adding sulphuric acid, which he again
 decomposes by  means of  ammonia; and
 after dissolving the free morphine in boiling
 alcohol, he obtains it in crystals, as the li-
 quor  cools.  This latter method is   said,
 however,  to form an impure coloured salt,
 and also not to yield as much morphine as
 those described above. 
32         MORPHfNE AND THE
   [Mr. Brande has lately given the follow-
ing estimate of the relative  proportions  of
the ultimate elements of morphine :

          Carbon......72.00
          Nitrogen .....   5.50
          Hydrogen  ....   5.50
          Oxygen......17.

                          100   k]

ACTION  OF MORPHINE ON  MAN  AND  ON
                ANIMALS.

   Pure morphine being but little soluble,
would scarcely seem to form the narcotic
part of opium.1   Nevertheless,  direct ex-
periment has abundantly proved  that such
is  the fact.  For example, even the  weak
dose of a quarter of a grain, or half a grain (gr.
.205, or 0.41 troy) of morphine,  dissolved
in oil, produces effects  very  markedly nar-
cotic; but  this  narcotic  power becomes
very manifest  when the morphine is com-
bined with acids; because the salts of mor-

  k [Journal of Science, &c. No. 32.]
  1 It must be recollected that morphine does not
exist free in opium.  It is united to the meconic
acid, and  is thus in the state of a salt of mor-
phine.  Should not the  meconate be made and
tried, it being the natural preparation ?—Tr. 
SALTS OF MORPHINE.       33
phine are more soluble than the morphine
itself.m
  I employed the acetate, the sulphate, and
the hydrochlorate, of morphine,  as reme-
dies,  nearly three years ago; and found
that  these salts afford  all the advantages
which we can expect to meet with in opium,
without having any of its inconveniences."
As my first trials  showed that  the  hydro-
chlorate was less useful than the acetate and
sulphate, I soon discontinued my researches
on that salt.  Perhaps it would be well were
they resumed.

           MORPHINJE ACETAS.

           Acetate of Morphine.

   This salt is  formed by combining direct-
ly, in an evaporating dish, acetic acid and
morphine, and letting the mixture slowly
evaporate to dryness.  The difficulty of ob-
taining it crystallized, on account of its ex-
treme deliquescence, renders it necessary to
adopt this mode of preparation.0

  m See MM. Orfila and Magendie's experiments
on this subject in the .Youveau Journal de Mede-
cine, torn. i. p. 123.—Tr.
  n JVouveau Journal de Medecine, Paris, 1818.
  o The acetate of  morphine crystallizes in soft
silky prisms, which are very soluble; the sulphate, 
31
MORPHINE AND THE
   [The acetate of morphine has obtained a
 place in the  Paris Pharmacopoeia,  and the
 following directions are  laid down for its
 preparation: " Take of morphine 4 parts;
 distilled water 8  parts; dilute the morphine
 in a porcelain vessel, afterwards add acetic
 acid s. g. 1.075, until turnsol paper becomes
 scarcely converted red : evaporate the solu-
 tion to  the consistence of syrup.  Continue
 the evaporation slowly, either in the sun or
 in a stove; collect the salt, and reduce it to
 powder.p]

           MORPHINE SULPHAS.

          Sulphate of Morphine.

  Dissolve the morphine in sulphuric  acid
previously diluted with water.  The solu-
tion, made hot  and evaporated to a certain
point, crystallizes, on cooling, in silky tufts.
This salt very much resembles the sulphate
of quinine,  with which  it may  be  con-
founded ; but it becomes red when  treated

in arborescent or branching crystals, soluble in
two parts of water at 60° ; the carbonate, in short
prismatic crystals, soluble in four parts of water
at 60°.  (Thomson's Dispensatory, p. 419.)—Tr.
  P [Codex Medicamentarius, sive Pharmacohaia
Oallica, 1818.  P. 387.] 
SALTS OF MORPHINE.       35
with concentrated nitric acid, which is not
the case with the sulphate of quinine.
   [The Paris Pharmacopoeia directs 6 parts
of morphine to 12 of distilled water to  be
used, and that the sulphuric acid should be
diluted with  twice  its bulk of  water,  and
added to the morphine, until  turnsol  pa-
per is no longer converted red.]

  MODE  OF  PRESCRIBING THE SALTS  OF
                MORPHINE.

   As  it was my desire to  form  officinal
preparations of the salts of morphine, which
should  resemble as closely as possible  the
most common preparations of opium, I first
made a syrup of morphine according to the
following formula :—

     SYRUPUS MORPHINJE  ACETATIS.

      Syrup of Acetate of Morphine.

  Take of
Perfectly clarified syrup . .  1 pound (15 oz. 6 dr.
    1 gr. troy).
Acetate of morphine  .  . .  4  grains (gr. 3.281
    troy).
  Form a syrup which will  supply  the place of
rhe syrup of diacodium; and  the more advan-
tageously, as the latter preparation is, as k were,
arbitrary, and therefore not uniform. 
36        MORPHINE AND THE
   The syrup of morphine is at present ge-
 nerally used in Paris. The dose is two tea-
 spoonfuls  {cuilleree  a  cafeY  every three
 hours.   Sleep,  however, is often produced
 by a much smaller quantity—by  two tea-
 spoonfuls, for example, given at  bed-time
 in a little water.

     SYRUPUS MORPHINiE SULPHATIS.

      Syrup of Sulphate of Morphine.

  Take of
 Perfectly clarified syrup ... 1 pound  (15 oz. 6
     dr. I gr. troy).
 Sulphate of morphine .... 4  grains (gr. 3.28
     troy).
  Form a syrup.

   The dose is the same as that of the syrup
 of acetate  of morphine.
   I employ  this syrup  when patients have
 become accustomed to the  action  of the
, syrup of the acetate : for, generally speak-
 ing,  by varying the salts of alkaline  medi-
 cines, their  action on the animal  economy
 may be kept up for  a very long time, and

  i [In the first edition the cuilleree a cafe was
 incorrectly rendered, Anglice, " a tea-sfioonful;"
 whereas its capacity is  two drams, French;  or,
 at least, two tea-spoonfuls,  English.] 
           SALTS  OF MORPHINE.         37

without increasing the  dose too considera-
             GUTT-E ANODYNJE.


               Anodyne Drops,

   Take of
 Acetate of morphine .  16 grains (gr. 13.12 troy).
 Distilled water  .\.  ! ounce(7dr. 52.5gr. troy).
 Acetic acid.....3 or 4 drops.
 Alcohol.......1 g^os (gr. 59 troy).
   To keep the salt in solution.

   These  drops  are a  good substitute for
 liquid laudanum,  Rousseau's drops,8 tinc-
 ture of opium, &c.

  r Some English writers have denied the truth
 of this observation;  but they have not given any
 reason for their scepticism.  Why should it not
 be true ?—M.
  s Rousseau's drops resemble the  black drop.
The mode of forming them is as follows:__" Take
of white honey fxij. (11 oz. 6 dr. 30.72 gr. troy);
warm water foiij. (oz. 47.203 troy);  dissolve the
honey in the water; pour the mixture into a ma-
trass, and place it in a very warm situation : when
the fermentation commences, add 4 ounces (3 oz.
7 dr. 30.2  gr. troy) of opium, previously dissolv-
ed in gxij.  (11 oz.  6 dr. 30.7 gr. troy) of water;
suffer the fermentation to continue for a month,
in a situation  the temperature of which is  30°
                      4 
38           MORPHINE, &C
  The dose is  from 6 to 24. drops.   The
sulphate of morphine may be used instead
of the acetate, if it be thought proper.
  [As, however, the above drops are apt to
allow of the morphine being deposited  when
kept for a  short time, the present formula
had better  be substituted:—

      LIQUOR MORPHINE ACETATIS.

     Solution of Acetate of Morphine.

  Take of
      Acetate of morphine  .... gr. 16
      Distilled water.......   3vj-
      Dilute acetic acid (p. l.) . .   3ij.]

  Besides  these forms of prescription, the
acetate  and  sulphate of  morphine  may be
given in pills, in electuary, in draughts,  or
in mixtures;  the dose  being from a  quar-
ter of a grain to a grain (from gr. 0.205  to
0.82  troy), in the twenty-four hours.

(86° Fah.) ;  then strain, filter the liquor, and eva-
porate it until only 10 ounces (9 oz. 6 dr. 45.6 gr.
troy)  remain; strain again, and  add of alcohol
givss. (4 oz. 3 dr. 26 gr. troy).   Seven drops of
this  liquid  contain about  one grain of opium.
Conspectus  des Pharmacopees de Dublin, d'Edim-
bourg, de Londres, et de Paris, &c.   Paris 1820. 
N'ARCOTINA.
 Xarcotine—Opiane—Matter, or Salt of
                Derosnes.


  My researches have not led me to consi-
der this matter as a medicine; I  shall, how-
ever, give its history here, because it is one
of the  immediate principles of opium,  and
has thrown,  and still continues to throw,
much uncertainty over the subject.
     [PREPARATION  OF NARCOTINE.

  In  order to obtain  Narcotine, according
to the process of Sertuerner, opium must
be exhausted by two  parts of boiling ether;
and this operation be  repeated five success-
ive  times.  The solution thus obtained must
be mixed  and filtered, and the ether volati-
lized, until the whole is reduced to three-
fourths. A product is then obtained, formed
of two distinct parts,  viz. of a saline crust,
which consists of narcotine united  with an
acid, and of a brown,  bitter, and acid liquor, 
40            NARCOTINE.
containing resin, narcotine,  and an acid,—
probably the acetic.   In order to obtain the
narcotine from this liquor, it must be sub-
jected to evaporation;  the residuum treated
with boiling water, which does not  dissolve
the resin, and the narcotine  be precipitated
from the filtered liquor by ammonia.  The
narcotine is afterwards obtained from the sa-
line crust, by depriving it first  of the resin
and caoutchouc, by means of rectified oil of
turpentine, washing  the residuum with cold
alcohol, dissolving it afterwards in  hot, and
precipitating  the narcotine  by ammonia.
This precipitate, as well as the former, is then
dissolved in the least  quantity  possible of
hydrochloric acid, and again precipitated by
ammonia.

  CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NARCOTINE.
   Narcotine crystallizes from  its alcoholic
or ethereal solution,  in fine  needles or in
rhomboidal prisms.   It  has no action  on
vegetable colours.   It  is without smell and
taste.  Cold  alcohol  dissolves  T£7th Part»
and boiling ^th, of its weight.   Hot ether
dissolves it in considerable quantity, and suf-
fers it to be deposited in a crystalline form
on cooling.a]

  * [Chimie  Organique  de  Gmelin—Edition de
Virey. p. 392.] 
NARCOTINE.
41
 PHYSIOLOGICAL  PROPERTIES OF NARCO-
                   TINE.

   If a grain  (gr. 0.82  troy)  of narcotine,
 dissolved in oil, be given to a dog,  it pro-
 duces a state of  stupor, which superficial
 observers might readily confound with sleep;
 it differs,  however, evidently from  sleep:
 the animal's eyes are open, but the respira-
 tion is not  deep, as in  sleep, and it is im-
 possible to rouse it from its sullen and mo-
 tionless state.   Death generally takes place
 in twenty-four hours.
   Narcotine,  combined with acetic acid,
 produces entirely different effects. Animals
 can support a dose of even 24 grains (gr.
 19.68  troy), without perishing; and  whilst
 under its  influence, they  are agitated by
 convulsions like those which camphor pro-
 duces.   They exhibit  the  same signs of
 fright, the same motions  backwards, the in-
 capability of going forwards; and,  lastly,
 the foaming at the mouth,  the convulsions
 of the jaws, &c.
   When I have given morphine and narco-
tine together,  the  different effects  of each,
have been produced at the same time.
  A grain  (gr. 0.82 troy) of morphine, for
instance, and a grain of narcotine, each dis-
                   4 * 
42
NARCOTINE.
solved in acetic  acid, were placed  in  the
pleura of a dog.   The animal soon became
drowsy, and even fell asleep under  the in-
fluence of the morphine;  but a very  singu-
lar and remarkable struggle appeared, at the
same time, to go on for  an hour and a half
between the stimulating effects of the narco-
tine and the  anodyne effects of the mor-
phine.   At last, however, the animal slept
soundly ; it being probably then under the
sole influence of the morphine.   May it not
be inferred from  this experiment, which I
have often repeated  in various ways,  and
with analogous results, that the variable ef-
fects of opium  are  to be attributed to its
containing these  two opposite principles ?
   This opinion  derives support  from the
 fact, that persons who take morphine do not
 experience the exciting property, which they
 can readily distinguish in  the  aqueous ex-
 tracts of the shops, in  which the narcotine
 and morphine are contained together.11

   b M. Magendie's Conjecture is probably true;
 and, as is  said in the Translator's Preface, it
 forms one of the most valuable properties of the
 isolated morphine, that the stimulating and con-
 stipating effects of opium are thus avoided.   Mr.
 Battley ought to  publish the formula for his li-
 quor opii sedatrvus.  It is beneath him,  as an old
 practising member of the profession, and really 
NARCOTINE.               43
EXTRACTtM OPII NARC0T1NA PRIVATUM.


 Extract of Opium deprived of Narcotine.


   My experiments on the matter of Deros-
nes having shown  that it is hurtful when not
united  to an  acid, and very exciting when


useful chemist,  or rather druggist, to practise
such a  paltry concealment; but the  Translator
knows,  by personal experience, that  the  liquor
opii sedalivus is devoid of exciting, and almost
of constipating, properties—his pulse has repeat-
edly fallen several beats within a minute after
taking 12 or  1.5 drops.
  It seems that Dr. Porter, of Bristol, recom-
mends a liquor  morphii citratus, which he makes
as follows:—Beat four  ounces  of the best crude
opium in a mortar with 3ij.  of crystallized citric
acid; mix well with  a pint of boiling  water; fil-
trate  after twenty-four  hours' maceration.  Dr.
Paris speaks well of this preparation,  and proba-
bly with justice.
  The Translator, who has, unfortunately, taken
more than he likes of Mr. Battley's preparation,
once, from necessity, made  a substitute, by ma-
cerating the  dregs remaining after making tinc-
ture of opium in a solution of tartaric acid. The
preparation formed a tolerably  deep tincture, and
40 drops acted,  he thinks, in all respects, like 2Q
of the liquor opii sedativus.  It neither stimula-
ted nor produced costiveness.—Tr. 
44
NARCOTINE.
 so united,0 M. Robiquet attempted to pre-
 pare an extract of opium which should be
 entirely devoid of this substance.
   He macerates  coarsely divided opium in
 cold water, filtrates  and evaporates  to the
 consistence of a thick syrup, digests in rec-
 tified ether, and, after frequent shakings, de-
 cants the ethereal tincture, and separates the
 ether by distillation.   He repeats this opera-
 tion so long as crystals of narcotine  appear
 as the residue of the distillation.  When the
 ether produces no further  effect, he  evapo-
 rates the solution of opium to a pilular con-
 sistence : and thus obtains an extract which
 is entirely devoid of narcotine.d

  c This latter fact has been recently disputed by
 M.  Orfila.  I am ignorant what has prevented
 him from arriving at a similar result to myself;
 but I vouch for the exactness of the fact which I
 have advanced,  and am ready to prove it to M.
 Orfila whenever he wishes.—M.
  d Mr. Thomson, in a note to the account of the
extractum opii, in his Dispensatory, says,
  " This extract, however, contains some of De-
 rosnes' salt also, or narcotine, as it has been late-
 ly termed; and this is supposed to produce the
 excitement, which even the aqueous extract oc-
 casions previous to its sedative effect.  M. Robi-
quet (Jour, de Pharmacie, May, 1821),  proposes
to free it of this principle by agitating the ex-
tract as soon as it acquires the consistence of
syrup with ether, and  repeating this agitation 
NARCOTINE.
45
   I have tried the extract thus prepared on
animals.  Its action appears to be decidedly
narcotic and entirely like that of morphine;
only weaker.
   I have also employed it in practice with
advantage,  especially  on  a young  Greek
physician of the greatest promise, who had
not  been able  to  bear well the  common
aqueous extract of the shops.
   This new preparation of opium, therefore,
seems to deserve the attention of physicians.


EXTRACTUM  OPII MORPHINA  PRIVATUM.

Extract of Opium deprived of Morphine.

   The process  described  under the  article
morphine  does  not entirely  deprive the
opium of this alkali. The residuum always
contains a certain quantity.   M. Robiquet

with fresh portions of ether as long as the  extract
on distillation deposits any crystals of narcotine.
The extract, thus prepared, contains only mor-
phia, gum, and extractive," p.  769.
  It may be added, that the freedom from narco-
tine  which  characterizes the  extractum  opii
(which is aqueous)  ought  to  recommend it  to
medical men as preferable to the tincture  of
opium, which  contains narcotine  in abundance
on account of its  being a spiritous solution,—Tr., 
46            NARCOTINE.
having communicated to me this fact, I was
desirous  of seeing whether  some  further
preparation could  not  be obtained  from a
matter considered to be useless, and  aban-
doned as such by the apothecaries.
   I remarked that this residuum still exert-
ed a  certain narcotic  property on  animals
and on man:  a less marked one, it is true,
than that of the common aqueous extracts,
but sufficiently strong to make it  perhaps
useful in practice.
   This extract may be given by  grains;
four grains are not apparently equivalent to
a grain of the ordinary aqueous extract,  or
to a quarter of a grain of morphine.
   Extract of opium deprived of morphine
ought to be  kept by all apothecaries who
prepare their morphine. 
IODINA.
                   Iodine.


  Iodine is a simple body, discovered, in
1813,  by M. Courtois, in the mother wa-
ters of soda, as it is obtained from sea-weed.
aThe name of  iodine  is  derived  from  the
Greek word  <W*j5, on account of the blue

  a  [Iodine has  been obtained from a great va-
riety of sea-plants, as the Fucus saccharinus, digi-
tatus, serratus, vesiculosus, siliquosus, filum, no-
dosus, palmatus, digitatus\ rubens, cartilagineus,
membranaceus, and filamentosus ; Ulva pavonia,
umbilicalis, and linza, &c.  It has also been pro-
cured from sponge by Dr. Fyfe and M. Straub of
Hofwyl;  M. Fodere, however, has strong doubts
whether  this  substance  really  exist in  sponge ;
and he informs us that M. Hecht, a pharmacien
at Strasburg, has not in any case been able to de-
tect it by means of starch, which is the best test
for  it: it is difficult to account for the results of
M. Hecht's experiments, as the ashes of sponge
do incontestibly turn slightly blue on the addition
of starch:  from the small quantity, however, of
iodine comprised in it, it is very improbable that
the medicinal efficacy  of burnt sponge can be
wholly dependent  on the iodine which it con-
tains.] 
48              IODINE,
                                   •
colour of its vapour.  Iodine  is solid at
the ordinary temperature,  in the form  of
small greyish crystals,  which  have but  a
feeble tenacity, and the aspect of plumbago.
It fuses  at 170° c. (338° Fah.)  and vola-
tilizes at 175° c. (347° Fah.) forming a very
beautiful violet-coloured vapour.   This va-
pour, when  enclosed  in a receiver, re-con-
denses into crystalline scales.
  Iodine is  soluble in ether and in spirit of
wine;  the former  taking up more or less
according to its degree of rectification.   At
35° (.842) and a temperature of 15 c. (59°
Fah.) it  dissolves nearly |th of its weight.
At  40° (.817) of concentration, and at the
same temperature  (104° Fah.) it dissolves
ith.   Water  only  dissolves ToVotn °f *ts
weight.
  Iodine enjoys the property of forming an
acid with hydrogen,  and another with ox-
ygen.
  Iodine cannot be combined with oxygen
in the gaseous form:  it  unites, however,
with it when the gas is in a nascent state,
and  forms iodic acid.
  Iodine has much affinity  for  hydrogen,
and  takes it from a great number of bodies.
It absorbs it  in a  gaseous state when  the
temperature  is elevated;   and forms with
this  gas the hydriodic acid, which is com- 
IODINE.              49
 posed exclusively of iodine and hydrogen.
 This acid presents itself under the form of
 a colourless  gas,  which  has a very strong
 tastej a very penetrating odour, powerfully
 reddens the tincture of turnsol, and extin-
 guishes burning bodies.
   This gas is very rapidly absorbed by wa-
 ter,  and is very largely dissolved in it.  It
 gives out also white fumes in the air by
 uniting with  the aqueous vapour contained
 in the atmosphere.
   Hydriodic acid  is obtained  by  pouring
 water  on an  ioduret of phosphorus, made
 of eight parts of  iodine and one of phos-
 phorus, and distilling the liquor.  The first
 part which rises is  scarcely any thing  but
 water; the last,  on the contrary, when col-
 lected separately, is  very concentrated, and
 throws up thick fumes into the air.
  Hydriodic acid  can  be united to a great
 number of bases,  and forms neutral salts
 with some of them, of which the  hydrio-
date of potash has hitherto  been the most
commonly employed in  medicine.  The
hydriodate of soda  has sometimes also been
exhibited, and apparently with similar suc-
cess.
5 
50              IODINE.
       PREPARATION OF IODINE.

  It has been stated that iodine is extracted
from the mother waters formed  in the pre-
paration of soda from sea-weeds,  where it
exists in the form of  hydriodate of potash.
  These waters are obtained by burning the
different  fuci which grow on the sea-shores
of Normandy, lixiviating the ashes and con-
centrating the liquor.
   To obtain the iodine, pour an excess of
concentrated sulphuric acid on these waters,
and boil  the  liquor  by degrees in a glass
retort to which a receiver is attached. The
sulphuric acid seizes on  the base of the
hydriodate, and  on  the  hydrogen of the
hydriodic  acid.  Hence result  sulphate of
potash, water, sulphureous acid, and iodine ;
which latter passes into  the  receiver along
 with a  little acid  in the form of^ a violet
vapour, and is there  condensed.  To purify
 it,  it must be washed, mixed with water
 which  contains a  little  potash, and redis-
 solved.
    [Dr. Ure recommends the following for-
 mula to  be adopted:   Take  eight  fluid
 ounces of the brown  liquid which drains
 from the salt  which the  soapmakers  who
 employ kelp, boil  up and evaporate to dry- 
IODINE.               51
ness ; heat it to 230° Fah. and add one fluid
ounce of sulphuric acid, diluted with  its
own  bulk  of water.  When the mixture
cools, separate the crystals of the salts, which
will form in it, by filtration through a wool-
len cloth, and  add  to the fluid poured into
a  matrass,  830 grains of black oxide  of
manganese in  powder.   A glass globe is
then to  be inverted over the mouth of the
matrass, and the heat of  a charcoal  chaffer
being applied,  iodine will sublime in great
abundance.   It must be  washed  out of the
globe with alcohol, then drained  and dried
on plates of glass, and purified by a second
sublimation from dry quicklime,

    POTASSJ3 ET SOD^E HYDRIODATES.

   The Hydriodates of Potash and Soda.
   If a  solution of soda  or of  potash  be
poured  on  iodine in its  metallic state,  an
iodate and a hydriodate are formed, which
may  be separated   by  means of alcohol,
which only dissolves the latter of these salts.
The hydriodate may then be  obtained  by
evaporation.  The hydriodates of soda and
of potash may  also  be obtained,  like other
neutral salts, by directly combining the acid
with the oxide.
   The  hydriodates of soda and  of potash 
52              IODINE.
are deliquescent  salts,  and therefore  very
soluble in water.   Their solutions are still
capable of dissolving iodine :  thus forming
an ioduretted hydriodate.

   ACTION OF IODINE ON MAN  AND ON
                ANIMALS.

   M. Gay-Lussac, soon after the publica-
tion of his excellent work on iodine, sent a
certain quantity to me, that I might study-
its effects on animals.  In my  first experi-
ments I introduced as much as a gros (gr.
59.07 troy) of tincture of iodine into the
veins, without any apparent effect.
   Dogs,  made to swallow it, vomited; but
no other effect followed.
   Finding that this new substance was in-
nocuous, I myself swallowed a spoonful of
the tincture,  without further effect than a
disagreeable taste, which went away by de-
grees after continuing several hours.
   I lately also saw a child of four years old
who had swallowed, by mistake, a tea-spoon-
ful of the tincture of iodine, prepared by M.
Pelletier.   The child's lips and tongue were
 coloured yellow, but no bad consequences
 resulted.b
   " The translator, who has used iodine  freely
 and successfully in several cases of disease, finds 
IODINE.
53
    [Dr. Gairdner, however, in a recent  ex
 professo work on iodine,0  the  first mono-
 graph of  the  kind which  has  appeared in
 England, has given a lamentable picture of
 the effects of that substance when  injudi-
 ciously  exhibited :  the symptoms  usually
 produced, in addition  to those above  de-
 scribed, are said to be,  peculiar, great, and
 persevering anxiety and depression of spi-
 rits,  which are  very different from  hypo-
 chondriasis, inasmuch as they dwell  princi-
 pally on the present, and have no reference
 to the future; the emaciation and  cholera


 that the above observations scarcely tally with his
 experience.   The tincture frequently stimulates
 the arterial system so much, that it is necessary
 to discontinue its use.   In  one scrofulous case, a
 girl, six years of age, although she  immediately
 began to recover when she  first took the tincture
 of iodine, and has continued to improve under
 its use more rapidly than during any former plan
 of treatment, she is still unable to  take the re-
medy for more than three or four days in succes-
 sion, in consequence of her skin becoming hot,
 and a disposition to delirium on waking from
sleep invariably  coming on. However, if M. Ma-
 gendie's  observations  be  taken literally, they
lead to an inference, that the tincture of iodine is
an inert substance, unworthy of notice as a re-
medy.—Tr.
  c [Essay on the Effects of Iodine, &c.  By W,
Gairdner, M. D.  Underwoods, 1824.]
                    5* 
54
IODINE.
produced  by it, are also described as fre-
quently extending to a dangerous and even
fatal result.  When the patient is under the
full constitutional  influence of iodine, Dr.
Gairdner has found a degree of tremor to
come on, which he  considers  as a  good
guage of the extent of nervous excitement
which  has taken  place, and is  seldom or
never absent when that excitement has pro-
ceeded  to any  considerable  degree; this
nervous  excitement simulates chorea, and
occasionally  endures  for  a  considerable
length of time.  In the cholera induced by
iodine, Dr. Gairdner has found sedatives,
such  as  opium,  hyoscyamus,   &c»,  more
beneficial than any other class of  medicines;
purgatives are said invariably to do harm.
It is somewhat curious  that Decarro,  Coin-
det,  Erlinger,  Formey,  Hufeland,  and
others, have employed this remedy in a va-
riety of cases, but have never witnessed its
deleterious  properties:  or, at  all events,
have never described them.]

CASES IN WHICH THE PREPARATIONS OF
       IODINE MAY BE EMPLOYED.

   M. Coindet, a physician of Geneva, first
 used iodine in medicine. He employed it in
 the treatment of gbitre with very marked 
IODINE.
55
effects.   These trials were repeated by se-
veral physicians, both in  France and Swit-
zerland ; and their observations would seem
to prove that we now possess, in iodine, an
efficacious remedy for the removal of a dis-
ease which has been hitherto cured with dif-
ficulty.
   Although success may be especially ex-
pected to follow the use of iodine when the
goitre  is recent, and has occurred  in indi-
viduals who have not yet arrived at matu-
rity,  the remedy has,  nevertheless,  been
known to dissipate old, hard, and volumin-
ous goitres: but,  as the treatment  in these
cases is  necessarily  more protracted, it  is
found  that the long-continued use of iodine
injures the stomach.  To avoid this incon-
venience, iodine has also been  applied out-
wardly by means of friction.
   Iodine has  been employed in the treat-
ment of scrofula with an equal appearance
of success.  This point, however, is not so
well  ascertained as in the case of  goitre;
because much fewer observations have yet
been made on the subject.
   [In a Memoire read by M. Zinck to the
 Societe Cantonnale  of Lausanne, two cases
of white-swelling are related,  which were
cured by the  administration of iodine. The
following history of the same ifcind has also 
56              IODINE.
been communicated to Dr. Gairdner,  in a
letter from Professor  Maunoir of Geneva:
__'< On the  18th  of March, 1821, I was
consulted  respecting a boy, eight years  of
age, who had laboured for nearly a year un-
der a white-swelling of the right knee ; for
which  blisters, leeches, discutient  applica-
tions, internal remedies, &c., had been un-
successfully employed.   There  was a con-
siderable  augmentation in the  size of the
knee,  which  augmentation  the  attendant
physician  considered to  be seated in the
bones  rather than in  the soft parts; and at
the same  time the size of the leg was con-
siderably  diminished.  The child was una-
ble to execute the least movement without
pain, even with crutches;  and the leg was
permanently bent upon the thigh.   I treated
the case,  in the first instance, by correspon-
dence, without seeing him ; frictions were
directed to be made with the ointment of
iodine, of the size of a hazel-nut, night and
 morning.  He  also  took the  tincture  of
 iodine, in the dose of Tyh of a  grain of the
 iodine at the most.   His stomach  was not
 at all  affected by it, and eight months after-
 wards the father  could not resist the plea-
 sure of sending him to Geneva for my  in-
 spection  ; when I found him able to walk
 and run  with facility, the right knee  being 
IODINE.
57
the same size  as the  left, and equally ser-
viceable. "J
   M.  Coindet  recommends  iodine  as  a
powerful emmenagogue; but this latter as-
sertion has not been hitherto confirmed by
the observations of any other physician, and
consequently requires to be proved by other
facts.
   [M. Gimele has also employed iodine in
chronic leucorrhoea; but  his  observations
have not been  confirmed by any subsequent
practitioner.d]
   At the present day (November, 1822),
the Genevese and Swiss physicians are much
less  enthusiastic with regard to the advan-
tages which they at first imagined to have
accrued from  the  preparations  of iodine ;
they now say  that serious accidents  have
followed their  employment, such as chronic
inflammation of the stomach, and consider-
able emaciation of the whole body, particu-
larly of the mammas.   I have never witnes-
sed similar accidents, unless  the doses have
been carried very high; but this is  no rea-
son why we should not be very circumspect
in the employment of these new prepara-
tions.

       d [Revue Medicate, t. vii. p. 249.] 
58
IODINE.
   [Dr. Coster of Paris, who had an oppor-
tunitunity of witnessing the practice of Dr.
Coindet of Geneva, and who asserts that he
has frequently used  this medicine with the
greatest advantage,  has lately published a
Memoire, in which  he ascribes to iodine a
more generally efficacious action than, it is
to be feared, it  is entitled  to; this  is the
more to be  regretted,  as these overcharged
encomiums frequently occasion consider-
able disappointment, and cause many medi-
cines to be neglected which were deserving
of a better fate.   According to that gentle-
man, iodine is useful, 1st, For the  resolu-
tion of tumours of the thyroid  gland, when
they are not of a schirrous, cartilaginous, or
bony nature, or when the tumour does not
contain calcareous concretions.
   2dly ; For the restoration  of suppressed
catamenia, when such suppression occasions
any other sanguineous evacuation,  or when
any irritation,  situated in  another  viscus,
causes a flow of blood thither,  and  turns it
from its natural course.
   3dly ; To determine towards the uterus,
the plethora necessary for the establishment
of menstruation in young  females, where
that natural  evacuation has not occurred.
  4thly;  To  destroy any  disposition  to
scrophulous phthisis. 
IODINE.               59
   othly ;  To remove glandular congestions^
and indurations of a scrophulous or chroni-
cally syphilitic character.
   6thly;  For  the cure of scrophulous oph-
thalmia, when in a chronic state.
   7thly ;  To hasten the cicatrization  of ve-
nereal  ulcers.6]

       Mode of prescribing Iodine.

           T1NCTURA  IODINE.

            Tincture of Iodine.
Take of
 Alcohol at 35° (.842) 1 ounce (7 dr.52.5 gr. troy.)
 Iodine ....... 48 grains (gr. 39.36 troy.)

  This tincture ought not to be  prepared
long beforehand, as it soon deposits crystals
of iodine.    It is to be feared  also that the
iodine  may take up a portion of the hydro-
gen of the  alcohol,  and  be thus converted
into ioduretted hydriodic acid.
   The tincture of iodine has been employ-
ed with great  success  in the treatment of
bronchocele.   It has also been used in scro-
fula, but  not so frequently as the  two  fol-
lowing preparations.

* [Archives Generates de Medecine, Juillet, 1823.] 
60                IODINE.
    The tincture  of iodine  may be given to
 adults in the dose of 10 drops, three times
 a-day, in a little sugared water.   The dose
 may be progressively increased to 20 drops
 three times a-day:—20 drops contain about
 a grain of iodine/

   f Besides using the tincture of iodine success-
 fully  in a few cases of scrofula, the translator
 once saw it signally beneficial in a case, probably
 of pulmonary tubercles, in which he  prescribed
 it, according to the suggestion of Dr. Baron in
 his last work on Tubercles. A thin youth passed
 the winter and early part of the spring of 1823 in
 suffering from an almost unremitted succession of
 attacks of pulmonary excitement.   His pulse rose
 during these  exacerbations, his skin became hot,
 cough came on, and frequently the attack did not
 terminate without the expectoration of purulent
 matter, and the occurrence of hectic fever and of
 night sweats  ; generally, however, these exacer-
 bations were speedily and perfectly dissipated by
 the moderate use of colchicum, so that the pulse
 fell to 72 beats in the minute, and all the other
 symptoms  subsided.   Still, early in May, the pa-
 tient was thin, pale, and in other respects having
 the appearance of a person labouring under inci-
 pient phthisis.   Under  these  circumstances  he
 took ten drops of the tincture three times a-day.
 He almost immediately said he had not received
 so much benefit from any former medicine; and
 after continuing its use for a month he was dis-
 charged apparently well, not having had one fe-
verish attack, and being fat, and with the counte-
nance of health. 
IODINE.              61
   [Four  cases of bronchocele have  been
lately published by Mr. Rick wood, which
were cured, or relieved, by the tincture  of
iodine,  administered as above  recommend-
ed ;  he also states, that  he. has at  present
three additional cases under treatment, all  of
which are  improving ;  the iodine he consi-
ders to  be  an excellent tonic in other affec-
tions.s
   Mr.  Callaway of the Borough, a surgeon
of considerable talents and  experience, has
employed  the  tincture of iodine with the
most happy results, in several cases of scro-
phulous enlargement of the glands, not only
of the surface, but of the mesentery.]

     LIQUOR POTASSiE HYDRIODATIS.

     Solution of Hydriodate of Potash.
Take of
   Hydriodate of potass 36 grains (gr. 29.52 troy.)
   Distilled water . . 1 ounce (7 dr. 52.5 gr. troy.)

   In a case too of intermittent fever (a girl eight
years old), in which the fever had repeatedly re-
curred  after  being suspended by cinchona, the
tincture of iodine was prescribed in a small dose
three times a day, and the fever did not again re-
cur.—Tr.
   s [London Medical and Physical Journal, Au-
gust, 1823.]
                     6 
62               IODINE.
  This solution is still capable of dissolving
iodine; and it  may thus  be made to form
an ioduretted hydriodate of potash.
  Both these  preparations,  which may be
given in the same manner  as the tincture of
iodine, are,.like it, used for the cure of goi-
tre* and of scrofula.  In this latter case tonics
are usually joined with  them  in  the treat-
ment.
   [Dr. Gairdner prefers this preparation to
the tincture : he generally begins  with ten
drops,  and gradually augments the dose to
twenty, and rarely  to twenty five.  By the
use of this solution,  or of the ointment above
described, a soft bronchocele will be discus-
sed  in a month or six weeks; but  those
which  are hard, and of old growth, require
a longer period,  and some  cannot be alto-
gether dispersed.
   Dr.  Wagner affirms that  he has employ-
ed, with  considerable  success,  an  ointment
of the  hydriodate of potass,  in the propor-
tion of 18 grains to six drachms of lard, in
a case of what he terms a  cancerous tumour
in the maxillary region:  the  patient was a
male, aged 52 years, and  the tumour could
not  be extirpated in consequence of his ca-
cochvmic condition.   In  less than a month
after the commencement  of the use of the 
IODINE.               63
ointment, the  tumour  had  almost entirely
disappeared.
   Two cases of tumours of the bronchocele
kind, where considerable benefit was deriv-
ed from the use of the ointment of hydrio-
date of potass, according to M. Magendie's
formula and  mode of  application, are des-
cribed by M.  Gunther of Cologne, in a let-
ter to the editor of the Medicinisch-Chirur-
gische Zeitung.^~\
  UNGUENTUM POTASS^ HYDRIODATIS.

     Ointment of Hydriodate of Potash,

Take of
 Hydriodate of potash \ gros (gr. 29.5 troy.)
 Hog's lard.....\\ ounce (l 1 dr. 48 gr. troy.)

  This ointment is to be rubbed, morning
and evening, on the bronchocele or enlarged
scrofulous glands.  The  quantity for each
friction must be about half a drachm (gr.
29.5 troy).  At the end of eight days it may
be increased to a drachm (gr.  59 troy), and
even more, according to the age of the indi-
vidual, and the extent of the tumour.

  h  [London  Medical and  Physical  Journal^
March, 1823.] 
64
IODINE.
   [Dr. Gairdner  recommends  a dram of
this ointment to be rubbed over the surface
of  the tumour night and  morning;  when
the swelling,  however, is painful, it is not
necessary to rub in, but to follow a plan re-
commended by Scattigna, which consists in
choosing a  portion  of the surface  of the
body where  the skin is very tender and thin,
and simply applying the ointment over night;
for this purpose almost any part of the body
which  is habitually covered may be chosen;
but the axilla or inner surface of the thighs
close to  the scrotum, is to  be preferred.
Where the  disease  is entirely  local, Dr.
Gairdner recommends the external  use  of
the iodine solely.]
  It sometimes  happens  that tumours are
completely  removed  by  this  application,
which  the saline solutions had not been able
to entirely dissipate.
  [In  those cases above-mentioned, where
the ointment of hydriodate of potass is indi-
cated, Dr. Ure has found an ointment com-
posed of one ounce of hog's lard and one
drachm of iodide of zinc, a powerful exter-
nal application.  About  a drachm of this
ointment should be used in friction on the
swelling once or twice a day.1]

    [» Dictionary of Chemistry, 2d Edition."! 
IODINE.
65
   Sometimes, also,  the treatment by fric-
tion is not alone sufficient; so that it is often
necessary to join the two methods together.
Generally the saline solutions would seem to
be the most efficacious in the treatment of
scrofula.
   When the method by friction is used in
goitre, the action of the iodine is sometimes
much  assisted by emollient fomentations or
leeches.  Occasionally, after the first appli-
cations, the goitre,  instead of softening,  be-
comes hard and slightly painful.  Leeches
commonly remove  this local irritation ; and
then the effects of the iodine show them-
selves in a very  marked manner.k

  k Quaere.—What have the leeches to do in pro-
ducing this very marked effect ?—Tr.
6 * 
  EXTRACTUM NUCIS VOMICA RE SI-
                 NOSUM.


  Alcoholic Extract of the JVux Vomica.


  In the year  1809, I laid  before the first
class of the French  Institute a series of ex-
periments which had  conducted me to an
unexpected result;  namely, that  an entire
class  of  vegetables (the  bitter strychnos)
have the singular property of powerfully ex-
citing the spinal marrow, without involving,
except indirectly, the  functions of the brain.
I announced also, at the termination of my
paper, that  this property might be advan-
tageously applied to the treatment of disease.8

  a " Medicine will probably derive great advan-
tages from^he possession of a substance  which
will act especially on the spinal marrow ; for it is
well known that many very severe diseases have
their seat in that part of the nervous system. The
upas, however, does not exist in commerce ; and
should even experience  show that this vegetable
substance is a valuable medicine, \vo\f is it to be
procured ? Experiments  should be instituted for
the discovery of a substance with properties ana-
logous to those  of the upas."
  It was by such experiments that M. Delille and
myself discovered  the properties of the nux vo- 
RESIN OF THE NUX VOMICA.    67
   The last assertion,  which was then con-
jectural, has been for several years  verified
by numerous experiments made at the bed-
side.  Some time ago Dr. Fouquier publish-
ed several cases of  paralysis cured by nux
vomica.   I had also given the remedy with
like success before I knew that Dr. Fouquier
was engaged in similar researches;  and it
gave me great pleasure to see my work pre-
ceded  by the communication of so esteemed
a physician.
   This circumstance, however, did not lead
me to relax  in my exertions ; and I have
seen the best effects  follow the  employment
of the  alcoholic  extract of the nux vomica,
not only in cases of both partial and general
paralysis, but also  in  many other states of
weakness of  the constitution, both  general
and local.

mica and of the St. Ignatius's  bean, and which
led us to propose the medical employment of the
resin of the nux vomica.   See " An Examination
of the Action of certain  Vegetables on the Spinal
Marrow," read to the Institute, on the  24th of
April, 1809, by M. Magendie, Doctor of Medi-
cine, Anatomical Assistant to the Faculty of Me-
dicine.  Paris,  1809. 
68    RESIN OF THE NUX VOMICA.
 MODE OF  PREPARING THE  ALCOHOLIC
     EXTRACT  OF THE NUX VOMICA.

  Take a  determinate quantity of  rasped
nux vomica, exhaust  it by repeated mace-
rations in alcohol of 40° (.817), and evapo-
rate it slowly to the consistence  of an extract.
  Alcohol of much less  strength  may be
used, but the product is proportionably less
active.

EXTRACTUM NUCIS VOMICJE RESINOSUM
             EXSICCATUM.

  Dry alcoholic extract of the nux vomica.

  Dissolve in water the alcoholic extract of
the nux vomica, made by means of alcohol
at 36° (.837); filtrate it, and  evaporate on
evaporating dishes, as in making the dry ex-
tract of cinchona.

      PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES.

  A  grain (gr. 0.82  troy) of this extract,
absorbed from any part of the body, or mix-
ed with food,  promptly destroys a dog of
considerable  size, by inducing paroxysms
of tetanus, which by their continuance stop 
RESIN OF THE NUX VOMICA.    69
the  respiration  long  enough  to produce
complete asphyxia.
   When the dose is much stronger, the ani-
mal appears to perish  entirely from the ac-
tion of the substance on  the nervous sys-
tem: as M. Segalas  has lately  demonstra-
ted.  (See the Journal de  Physiologie Ex-
perimental, for October, 1822.)
   If an animal be touched whilst under the
action of this substance,  it  experiences  a
commotion similar to that of a strong elec-
trical shock; and this takes place every time
the contact is renewed.
   Dividing the spinal marrow  behind the
occiput, and even complete decollation, does #
not prevent these effects,  nor even their con-
tinuance for some time.  This characteristic
action of the alcoholic extract of the strych-
nos distinguishes  it from all other exciting
substances at present known.
   On dissection  no  lesion  is  discovered
which can indicate the  cause of death.

ACTION OF THE ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF
   THK NUX VOMICA ON  THE HUMAN  BODY
   WHEN IN HEALTH.

   The action of the alcoholic extract of nux
vomica on the healthy human body is iden-
tical with that above described; and if the 
  70    RESIN OF THE NUX VOMICA.

  dose be  sufficiently large,  death speedily
  follows with the same symptoms.   Dissec-
  tion does  not show any apparent lesion of
  structure, the traces of the asphyxia which
  caused or accompanied  death  being alone
  observable; as I had an opportunity of ve-
  rifying in  the  case of a woman  who died
  after taking this substance as a poison.

    ITS ACTION ON THE UNHEALTHY BODY.

     The effect is still the same on man when
  affected with paralysis;  but what is very re-
  markable, it is particularly manifested in the
,  paralysed parts:  it is there that the tetanic
  commotions occur, as well as a creeping sen-
  sation, which announces the  action of the
  remedy; a local perspiration also breaks out
  in the  same parts, which is not observed in
  the rest of the  body.   In cases of hemiple-
  gia submitted to the action of the nux vo-
  mica,  the halves of the body exhibit a strik-
  ing contrast;  for whilst the healthy side is
  at rest, the other is violently agitated ;  te-
  tanic shocks soon succeed, and an abundant
  perspiration breaks out.   In one  female the
  affected  side was  covered with a  peculiar
  eruption, when the opposite afforded no trace
  of it:  even  the two sides of the tongue dif-
  fer ; a decidedly bitter  taste being perceiv- 
       RESIN OF THE NUX VOMICA.    71

ed on the one side, whilst the other presents
nothing similar.
  If a larger dose be given, the two sides
of the body participate,  but unequally, in
the  tetanic, eftect;  so  that  the  patient is
sometimes thrown out of bed  by the vio-
lence of the paroxysm.
  The alcoholic extract of the  nux vomica,
when given in very small doses, has not,
like many  other remedies, any perceptible
effect  immediately ; and some  days  pass
over  before its advantageous or noxious
properties can be appreciated.

CASES  IN  WHICH  THE ALCOHOLIC  EX-
  TRACT  OF THE NUX  VOMICA MAY BE
  EMPLOYED.

  These are,  all diseases attended  by de-
bility whether  it  be local or general;  and
paralyses of all kinds,  general or partial.
Mr. Edwards cured a case of  amaurosis
with palsy of the upper eyelid  by means of
the nux vomica ; and I have seen very ex-
cellent  effects  from  the same remedy in
marked  cases  of  weakness  of the  genital
organs, incontinence of urine,  &c.  I have
also given the  resin  of the nux  vomica in
cases of sluggish digestion, and in states of
extreme debiiity attended by an  irresistible
disposition to sleep. 
1%     RESIN OF THE NUX VOMICA.
MODE OF EXHIBITING THE RESIN OF NUX
                VOMICA.

  This remedy is best given in the form of
pills,  when the practitioner wishes  to  pro-
duce  the  tetanic commotions; that  is  to
say,  when he wishes to have  its sensible
effect.   If each  pill  contain a  gram of the
extract (gr. 0.82 troy), one or two may be
given at 'first, and the dose be daily aug-
mented until  the desired effect be produced ;
the medicine must then be discontinued, to
avoid accidents.  It is better to give the pills
in the evening, because night is the best time
for observing  the  phenomena which  we
wish to produce.
   It is sometimes necessary to increase tne
dose  to from 24 to 30 grains (from gr. 19.68
to  24.6 troy) in the day, before the tetanic
 convulsions  are produced: but generally
 from 4 to 6  grains (gr. 3.28 to 4.92 troy),
 are sufficient.
   If the exhibition of the remedy have been
 accidentally  interrupted for some days, it is
 necessary to recommence with the smaller
 doses and to increase them again gradually,
 as before.
   When it  is desirable to produce only the
 slow  effects of  the  remedy, a grain (0.82 
       RESIN OF THE NUX VOMICA.    73

sroy), or a grain and a half (gr. 1.23 troy),
in  the day, is sufficient; or the following
tincture may be  used :—

        TINCTURA NUCIS VOMICJE.

         Tincture of Nux Vomica,
Take of
 Alcohol of 36° (.837) 1 ounce (7 dr. 52.56 gr. troy.)
 Dry extract of nux vomica, 3 grains (2.46 gr.troy.)

  This tincture is to  be given by drops, in
mixture or in drink, whenever the alcoholic
extract in substance is indicated.
7 
STRYCHNINA.*  STRYCHNIUM.
          STRYCHNIA.
         Strychnine.—Strychnin.


  The  alcoholic  extract of nux vomica,
nux vomica  in  substance,  St.  Ignatius s
bean,'  and the celebrated  Java  poison, all
owe their active effects on man and  on ani-
mals  to the existence, amongst  their ele-
ments, of a peculiar vegetable alkali, recent-
ly discovered by MM. Pelletier and  Caven-

  . TThe chemical components of  the strychnos
Iznatii, or St. Ignatius's bean, are as  iollow:—1.
Fatty, butyraceous matter^-2. wax-3. igasurate
of  sirychnine-4. yellow colouring matter-5
much  eum-6. bassorine—7. a little fecula and
woodv fibre. Those of the strychnos nux vomica,
are similar to the above, except that the strych-
nine is in a less proportion, and the colouring and
fatty  matters in a greater.  The strychnos colu-
brina is also similarly constituted to the strych-
nos Irnatii, except that it contains  much more
 fatty and colouring matter, less strychnine, and a
 considerable quantity of woody fibre, m place of
 the bassorine and starch .—Pelletier  and  Caven-
 tou.] 
STRYCHNINE.            75
 tou ;b I have proved this fact by direct ex-
 periments.0

    MODE  OF PREPARING STRYCHNINE.

   Add  a solution  of liquid subacetate of
 lead to a solution of alcoholic extract of the
 nux vomica in  water, until no more precipi-
 tate be thrown  down;  the foreign matters
 being thus separated, the strychnine remains
 in solution with a portion of colouring mat-
 ter, and sometimes  an  excess of acetate of
 lead.   Separate the lead  by sulphuretted
 hydrogen; filtrate it, and boil with magne-
 sia,  which will unite with  the acetic acid,
 and precipitate  the  strychnine.  Wash the
 precipitate in  cold water; redissolve  it in
 alcohol,  to separate the excess of magnesia;
 and by evaporating  the alcohol, the strych-
 nine is obtained in a state of purity.   If it
 be  still not perfectly white, it must be redis-
 solved in  acetic or hydrochloric acid, and
 re-precipitated  by means of magnesia.

  b  The papers on this subject are in the 8th, 9th,
 and  10th volumes of  the  Annates de Chimie et
Phys.  It is supposed that in the native state the
strychnine is in union with a new acid, called, by
MM. Pelletier and Caventou, Igasuric acid, from
the Malay name of the St. Ignatius's bean.—Tr.
  c Annates  de Chimie et Phys. torn. x. p. 176,
 1819.—M 
76            STRYCHNINE.
   Strychnine  obtained by  crystallization
from an alcoholic  solution which has been
diluted by means of a small quantity of wa-
ter, and left to itself, appears under the form
of  microscopical  crystals, forming four-
sided prisms, terminated by pyramids with
four flattened or depressed faces.  Crystal-
lized rapidly, it is white and granylar;  it is
insupportably bitter to the taste, and gives an
after-sensation similar to that produced by
certain metallic salts; it has no smell; it is
not changed by exposure to the air ;  it is
neither fusible nor volatile, for when submit-
ted to the action of heat, it  does not fuse
until the moment  of  its decomposition and
carbonization;  it is decomposed by a de-
gree of heat inferior to  that which destroys
most vegetable  substances.  Exposed to the
naked  fire,  it  swells, becomes black,  and
gives out an empyreumatic oil, a little  wa-
ter, and acetic acid,  and also carbonic  acid
gas, and carbonated  hydrogen ;  distilled
with deut-oxide  of  copper,  it  gives  out
much  carbonic acid, and only slight traces
of azote.
   It is composed then of oxygen, hydrogen,
and carbon ;  the azote  not appearing  to
form a  part of  its  elements.    Although
strychnine has  so strong a taste, it is scarce-
ly  soluble  in  water;   100  grammes  (gr. 
STRYCHNINE.           77
 1544.4 troy) of water,  at the temperature
 of  10° (50° Fah.), dissolved no more than
 gr. 0.015 (gr.  0.012 troy); 6667 parts of
 water, therefore, are required to dissolve it
 at this temperature : boiling water dissolves
 a little more than double,  gr.  0.04 (gr.
 0.0324 troy) being dissolved in  100 gram-
 mes (gr.  1544.4  troy)  of  boiling water.
 Strychnine then is soluble in 2500 parts of
 boiling water.  It is remarkable that a solu-
 tion of strychnine made in the cold, and con-
 taining  therefore, only  TTVrtfi  part of  its
 weight, may  be diluted to 100 times its vo-
 lume  by means of  water, and still  retain a
 very decidedly  bitter taste.   The principal
 character of strychnine, however, consists in
 its forming neutral salts when  united with
 acids.
   It would appear from some recent experi-
 ments by M. Pelletier, that the nux vomica
 contains two alkaline substances; the one
 strychnine, of which we have just treated,
 the other brucine, previously found in the
 angustura spuria by MM. Pelletier and Ca-
 ventou.  When, by following the  process
 above mentioned for the separation of strych-
 nine, care  is  taken  to crystallize the sub-
 stance several times in alcohol, it is pure and
deprived of brucine;  the brucine  being
 much  more soluble in alcohol, and crystal-
                   7* 
78            STRYCHNINE.
lizing  with  difficulty,  remains in the alco-
holic mother waters*  The presence of bru-
cine, however, in strychnine, is by no means
a great inconvenience, as the brucine is pos-
sessed of properties similar to those of strych-
nine ; only it is less active.
  M.  Henry, Chef de la Pharmacie Cen-
trale, has given a new process  for the  ex-
traction of strychnine.  It consists in boil-
ing the nux  vomica in water, and evaporat-
ing the decoction until it has the consistence
of syrup ; lime is then added, which unites
with the acid, and sets the strychnine at li-
berty ; by means of alcohol it may then be
separated  from the lime.  The strychnine
contained in the alcohol is subsequently ob-
tained by evaporation ;  and is rendered more
pure  by  being redissolved in alcohol,  and
again submitted to  crystallization.
  M.  Henry points out another plan for pu-
rifying strychnine,  namely,  combining  it
with  nitric  acid.   The salt is to be after-
wards crystallized,  after its colour has been
discharged  by  means  of animal charcoal;
finally, the  strychnine may be precipitated
from it by  ammonia.  We may observe,
that at the time  when  M. Henry published
his process, it was not known that brucine
existed in the nux vomica along with strych-
nine ;  so  that in the detail of this process 
STRYCHNINE.           79
there is no mention made of the separation
of the two alkalies:  it will be readily seen,
however,  that whenever the strychnine has
been obtained by  crystallization, it will be
free  from brucine, or at least will contain
but little of it;  whilst, when obtained  bf
precipitation, it  will  be much  mixed with
brucine, and consequently be possessed of
less action on the animal economy.
  It is unfortunate that the St. Ignatius's
bean should be so scarce in commerce ; for
as this grain contains strychnin* almost en-
tirely free from brucine, as M. Pelletier has
shown, it would be highly advantageous to
employ it for the preparation of pure strych-
nine.

ACTION OF STRYCHNINE ON MAN AND ON
                ANIMALS.

  The action of strychnine on man and on
animals is exactly like that of the alcoholic
extract of nux vomica;  it is, however, much
more active; an eighth of a grain (gr. .1025
troy) is sufficient  to kill a large dog,  and a
quarter of a grain  (gr. .205 troy) often pro-
duces very marked effects on the human bo-
dy when  in health.
   [M. Andral, who is a good pathologist
and careful observer, has lately detailed se- 
80
STRYCHNINE.
veral cases of paralysis, in which strychnine
or brucine was employed;  the  results  of
these  cases have led him to conclude, 1st,
That pure strychnine acts upon the human
subject like the extract of nux vomica, but
with much greater intensity.  2dly,  That
the action of  strychnine is so violent, .that it
ought not to  be employed, except with the
greatest precaution.  Its  effects he found to
vary in a remarkable manner, according  to
the idiosyncrasy of the individual; thus  in
one, a twelfth of a grain (gr. .0683 troy) was
sufficient  to  produce  serious  symptoms,
whilst in another the dose could be carried,
with almost impunity, to more than a grain
(than  gr. 0.82 troy).  3dly,  That brucine
acts upon man as upon animals.   Although
much  less active than strychnine, since  it
may be commenced with, without inconve-
nience, in the dose of half a grain (gr. 0.41
troy), it may  be advantageously substituted
for the alkali of the  nux  vomica.  4thly,
That both strychnine and brucine are  more
or less efficacious, according  to the kind  of
paralysis for  which  they may be exhibited.
When employed in those cases where para-
lysis is connected with an inflammatory con-
dition of the brain or spinal marrow, M. An-
dral thinks,  but  without  assigning^  any
grounds for his supposition,  that they may 
STRYCHNINE.
81
probably  aggravate the symptoms.  They
are said to be more especially useful in that
kind of paralysis, the cause of which cannot
be referred to any injury of the nervous cen-
tres;  particularly to  that species to which
individuals are liable who meddle with the
preparations of lead ; nine cases of this na-
ture are related which were treated with one
or other of these alkalies ; of these, six were
cured or relieved*.]

CASES  IN WHICH STRYCHNINE MAY BE
               EMPLOYED.

  The  cases  which  authorise the use of
strychnine, are those before  pointed out as
benefited  by the resin of the nux vomica;
it  would indeed   be unnecessary to  use
strychnine if the extracts of the nux vomica
were always made in  the same  manner,  and
if  they were  not liable to vary in  strength
according to the mode of preparation.
  Strychnine  then is  generally the  most
proper preparation, because its  properties
are constant, and its action uniform.
  [We  are  informed  by M. Theophilus
Cramer of Bonn, who  lately published an
Essay, entitled " Strychnii vis ac ejficacia

    d [Journal  de Physiologie, Juillet, 1823/] 
82             STRYCHNINE.
 in corpus animate" that his friend M. Dief-
 fenbach  has recently administered it with
 considerable benefit in a case  of paralysis.
 M. Magendie  is  also said to have found it
 singularly useful in the  case of an old man
 who was labouring under considerable mus-
 cular debility.6]

    MODE OF EMPLOYING STRYCHNINE.

   It may be made into pills, each  pill con-
 taining one-twelfth or one-eighth (gr. .0683,
 or .1025 troy) of a grain; and the following
 formula may be used:—

          PILULE  STRYCHNINE.

            Pills of Strychnine.
 Take of
  Very pure strychnine 2 grains (1.64 gr. troy.)
  Conserve of roses . . ^ gros (29.5 gr. troy.)
  Mix accurately, and make into twenty-four very
 equal pills, and silver them, to prevent them stick-
 ing to each other.f

  e [Quarterly Journal of Foreign Medicine, &c.
 July, 1823.]
  f We are  accustomed in England to prevent
 pills from sticking  together by rolling them in
 liquorice powder, or magnesia, or flour;  the old
 plan of gilding  and silvering pills is very in-
 convenient, for if it  be perfectly done, the pills
 will be effectually preserved from the  action of
the stomach.—Tr. 
STRYCHNINE.            83
          TINCTURA STRYCHNINJE.

           Tincture of Strychnine.
   Take of
 Alcohol at 36° (.837) . 1 ounce (5vij. and gr. 52.56,
     troy.)
 Strychnine.....3 grains (2.46 gr. troy.)

   From six to twenty-four drops of this tincture
 may be administered in mixture or in drink.

   I have often used the  following as a sti-
 mulating mixture:—

          MISTURA STRYCHNINJE.

          Mixture of Strychnine.

  Take of
Distilled water 2 ounces (l oz. 7 drs. 45 grs. troy.)
Very pure strychnine 1 grain (0.82 gr. troy.)
White sugar .... 2 gros. (118.0 gr. troy.)

  A dessert  spoonful to  be taken every morning
and evening. 
EMETINA.  EMETA
                Emetine.

  In a memoir laid before the Academy of
Sciences in 1817,  M. Pelletier  and myself
established, by a series of chemical and phy-
siological experiments,  that  the  different
species of ipecacuanha owe their emetic pro-
perties to a particular immediate principle,
which M. Pelletier has called emetine. This
substance is much more  active than ipe-
cacuanha ; and as it has neither its disagree-
able taste nor nauseous odour, we are of
opinion that it may be  advantageously used
for ipecacuanha  on all occasions.

  PREPARATION OF COLOURED EMETINE.

   Powder the ipecacuanha, and digest it in
ether at 60 degrees (.720)  to  dissolve  the
fatty odorous "matter.   When the  powder
yields nothing more to the ether, exhaust it
again by means of alcohol.   Place the alco-
holic tinctures in a water bath, and redissolve
the residue in cold water.   It  thus loses  a
portion of wax and a little of the fatty mat-
ter which still remained.   It is only neces- 
EMETINE,             85
 sary further to macerate it on  carbonate of
 magnesia, by which it loses its gallic acid,
 to redissolve it in alcohol, and  to evaporate
 it to dryness.a
   [Or digest ipecacuanha root first in ether,
 then in alcohol.   Evaporate the  alcoholic
 solution to dryness, redissolve in water, and
 drop in acetate of lead.   Wash the precipi-
 tate, and then, diffusing it in water, decom-
 pose by a current of sulphuretted hydrogen
 gas.   Sulphuret  of lead falls to the bottom,
 and the emetine remains in solution.   Dr.
 Ure asserts, that  by this process emetine is
 obtained pure; this is,.however, erroneous,
 as  will  be readily  seen  on  comparing the
 chemical qualities common to  this and the
 above preparation,  with  those exhibited by
 pure emetine, as detailed in the next article.]
   Emetine, when thus prepared, is not quite
 pure, as we at first thought.   But it may be
 used with  advantage as a medicine  in  this

  a [By a similar process to the above, M. Boul-
 lay  has lately obtained from the  roots,  leaves,
 flowers, and seeds of the viola odorata, an active,
 alkaline, bitter, and acrid principle, similar to
 the emetine from ipecacuanha, and which he  pro-
 poses to denominate, Emetine of the violet, indi-
genous emetine, or violine.  According to M. Or-
fila, this substance is possessed of highly poison-
 ous  qualities.—Journal de Pharmacie,  Janvier
 1824.]
                     8 
86             EMETINE.
 state.b  It appears in the form of transpa-
 rent scales, of a reddish  brown colour.   It
 is nearly devoid of odour.  It has a bitter,
 but  not nauseous taste.   It  is capable  of
 supporting the heat of boiling water with-
 out  undergoing change;  is very deliques-
 cent, soluble in water, and incrystallizable.

 PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF EMETINE.
   Emetine, when   given  to  dogs and cats,
 in a dose of from half a grain to two or three
 grains (gr. 0.41 to 1.64 or 2.46 troy), pro-
 duces vomiting, which is sometimes follow-
 ed by a long sleep.   In a larger  dose (10
 grains, for instance [gr. 8.2 troy]), it occa-
 sions, in  dogs, repeated  vomitings, after
 which the animal falls asleep, but instead of
 awaking in a state  of health,  as in the case
 when  emetine is  given in a weak dose,  it
 usually dies in twenty-four  hours.   It  is
 found, on dissection, that death is produced
 by violent  inflammation of the substance of
the lungs, and of the  mucous membrane of
the alimentary canal, extending from the car-
dia to the anus.   These phenomena have
the greatest analogy with those which are
produced by emetic tartar, and which I de-
scribed, in  1813,  in a paper  entitled, " On

  b See the following article on pure emetine.—M.. 
EMETINE.
87
the influence of emetic tartar  on man and
on animals.*'
   The result is still the same if the eme-
tine be thrown into the jugular vein, or be
simply absorbed from any part of the body.

ACTION OF EMETINE ON  MAN IN A STATE
              OF  HEALTH.

   Two grains  (gr. 1.64  troy) of emetine,
swallowed  fasting, produce continued vo-
miting, followed by a  decided disposition to
sleep.  Even a quarter of a grain (gr. 0.205
troy)  is  sometimes sufficient  to produce
nausea and vomiting.

ACTION OF EMETINE ON  MAN IN A STATE
              OF  DISEASE.

   Emetine  acts in this case exactly in the
same way as it does  on  man  in a state of
health.  It vomits and purges, as in the for-
mer ; in addition, however, it is easy to
prove that it exerts a happy influence on ca-
tarrhal affections, especially when chronic.0
   The cases in which emetine may be era-

  e See Chemical and Physiological Researches otz.
Ipecacuanha, by MM. Magendie and Pelletier
Paris, 1817.—Mv 
88
EMETINE.
ployed are exactly those in which ipecacu-
anha is indicated.

        MODE OF USING EMETINE.

   To produce vomiting, 4 grains (gr. 3.28
troy) may be dissolved in any vehicle, and
given in divided doses, repeated at short in-
tervals.
   If the whole of so soluble a medicine be
given at once, it is entirely expelled by the
first vomiting, and  no other action is pro-
duced.*
   The following mixture may also be used:

     MISTURA EMETINJE VOM1TORIA.

      Emetic Mixture of Emetine.
Take of
  Emetine ...... 4 grains (gr. 3.28 troy.)
  A light infusion of
    orange flowers . 2 ounces (1 oz. 7 dr. 45 gr.t.}
  Syrup of orange
    flowers.....| an ounce (dr. 3.56 troy.)
  A dessert spoonful to be given every half hour.

   In chronic pulmonary catarrhs, in hoop-
ing cough,  in chronic  diarrhoea,  the  fol-

  d This Is a curious  and somewhat improbable
circumstance, for although a  large dose of the 
EMETINE.
89
 lowing lozenges  may be advantageously
 employed, instead of the common ipecacu-
 anha lozenges:—


     PASTILLI EMETINJE PECTORALES.

       Pectoral Lozenges  of Emetine.
 Take of
  S"gar.....4 ounces (3 oz. 7 dr. 30 gr. troy.)
  Coloured eme-
    tine .....32 grains (gr. 26.24 troy.)

 Form into lozenges of 9 grains (gr. 7.38 troy)each.

   It is common to colour these lozenges
 red, to distinguish them from those of ipe-
 cacuanha.   A little carmine may  be used
 for this purpose.

 powdered ipecacuanha produces scarcely more
 effect than a small one, and probably for the rea-
 son given by M. Magendie above, yet this is sup-
 posed to arise from the powder being a bulky and
 insoluble substance.  The truth of this explana-
 tion is supposed to be proved by the fact, that the
 same exemption from an  increase of effect does
 not follow when emetic tartar is given in a large
 dose; its emetic power increasing with the dose.
 By analogy, a similar increase of effect might be
 when an increased dose of emetine is given;  it
 being in solution, and in as small a bulk as in the
case of emetic tartar.   But M. Magendie is not a
man to speak at random.—Tr,
8* 
90
EMETINE.
  One  of  these lozenges may  be  given
every  hour: if  oftener,  they will excite
nausea.

     PASTILLI  EMETINiE  VOMITORII.

      Emetic Lozenges of Emetine.

Take of
  Sugar ....  2 ounces (1 oz. 7 dr. 45 gr. troy.)
  Emetine. .  . 32 grains (gr. 26.24 troy.)
Form into lozenges of 18 grains (gr. 14.76 troy)
                  each.

  One of these lozenges, taken fasting, is
commonly sufficient to make a child vom-
it;*—three or four do the same thing prompt-
ly for adults.
   [M. Lerminier of the Hospital La  Char-
ite,  has frequently administered  emetine
in this form,  and, from his observations, he-
asserts that ten or twenty grains of the root
of  ipecacuanha are adequately represented,
so far  as regards intensity of action, by one
or  two grains of emetine.  The convenient
and agreeable form under which emetine may
be  administered, entitles  it  to a preference
over ipecacuanha in substance :  added to
which several spurious sorts of ipecacuanha
are frequently passed off in commerce, and,
consequently,  considerable disappointment 
                EMETINE.             91

occasioned in  the mind of the practitioner.
The employment of the active principle of
emetine would of course preclude these  un-
pleasant occurrences.6]
  The syrup  of ipecacuanha of the shops
may be replaced by the following : —

            SYRUPUS EMETINJE.

            Syrup of Emetine.
Take of
  Simple syrup  1 pound (15 oz. 6 dr. 1  gr.troy.)
  Coloured emetine 16 grains (gr. 13.12 troy.)

  This syrup may be employed under the
same circumstances, and in the  same man-
ner, as the  syrup of ipecacuanha.

  e [Clinique Medicate, &c. Par M. Andral. Paris,
1823.]  , 
EMETINA PURIFICATA.
Pure Emetine.
  Emetine, as treated of in the preceding
article, is  not in a state of purity.  It is to
pure  emetine what  moist sugar is  to the
white and crystallized.   M. Pelletier, in a
work, the chemical part of which is not yet
finished, shows how the active matter of the
different species  of ipecacuanha may be iso-
lated.  This matter is a new vegetable  al-
kali, the  principal characters of  which are
as follow:

    PREPARATION  OF PURE EMETINE.

  To obtain  pure  emetine, it  is necessary
to substitute calcined  magnesia for the car-
bonate, used in the former process ;a a suffi-
cient quantity of this  base being added to
take up  the free acid which  exists  in the
liquor, and  unite with that which is  com-
bined with the emetine.
• See above, page 85.—M. 
PURE  EMETINE.
93
   The emetine, thus isolated, and rendered
less soluble,  is precipitated in combination
with the excess of magnesia.  This magne-
sian precipitate, after be^ng washed by means
of  a little  very cold  water, to separate the
colouring  matter,  which  is not combined
with the magnesia, must be carefully dried
and digested in alcohol, which dissolves the
emetine.   After the emetine has been sepa-
rated from the alcohol by evaporation,  it
must be  redissolved  in a diluted acid, and
blanched  by  digestion with purified animal
charcoal.   It  must then be precipitated by
a salifiable base.
   The  waters used to wash the magnesian
precipitate still contain emetine, which may
be  separated  by a second series of opera-
tions.
   Pure emetine is white, pulverulent, and
unalterable by the air ; although coloured
emetine is deliquescent.   It is scarcely so-
luble in water,  but is very easily dissolved
in ether and in alcohol.  Its taste is slightly
bitter.   It restores the blue of turnsol when
reddened by an acid.  It is  dissolved by all
the acids, the acidity of which it diminishes,
but without  entirely  destroying  it.   It re-
sembles veratrine, in forming evidently crys-
tallizable saline combinations with acids.  It
may be precipitated  from these combina- 
JJ4           PURE  EMETINE.
 tions by the gall-nut, like the alkalies of the
* different species of cinchona.

 ACTION OF PURE EMETINE ON  MAN AND
               ON ANIMALS.

   This action is similar to that of coloured
 emetine ;  but  it  is much more  energetic.
 Two grains (gr.  1.64 troy) are sufficient to
 destroy a large dog.  In  one case the TVth
 of a grain (gr. 0.051 troy) produced vomit-
 ing in  a man of 85 years of age.  It is true,
 however, that he  was easily made to vomit.

  MODE OF PRESCRIBING PURE EMETINE.
              *
   For  some  time past I have used the fol-
 lowing lozenges:—

     PASTILLI EMETIN.E  PURIFICAT^;.

        Lozenges of Pure Emetine.

 Take of
   Sugar .... 4 ounces (3 oz. 7 dr. 30 gr. troy.)
   Pure emetine 8 grains (gr. 6.56 troy.)
 Form into lozenges of 9 grains (gr. 7.38 troy) each.

   To  produce vomiting,  a grain (gr. 0.82
 troy)  of  pure emetine  may be given in a
 draught;  being  first dissolved in acetic or 
              PURE EMETINE.           <QQ

sulphuric acid, on account of its being so
little soluble in  water.
   The following formula may be employed:


HAUSTUS  EMETINJE PURIFICATJE VOMI-
                 TORIUS.

    Emetic Draught of Pure Emetine.

  Take of
Infusion of the flowers
  of the Tilia  .... 3 ounces (2 oz. 7 dr. 37 gr.
                      troy.)
Pure emetine dissolved
  in a sufficient quan-
  tity of nitric acid,  . 1 grain  (gr. 0.82 troy.)
Syrup of  marshmal-
  lows........l ounce(7dr.52.56 gr.troy.)

   A  dessert-spoonful to  be  taken  every
quarter of an hour until vomiting be  pro-
duced.
   The following  syrup  may also  be  pre-
scribed :

     SYRUPUS EMETINE  PURIFICATJE.

         Syrup of Pure Emetine.

  Take of
Simple syrup . . 1 pound (15 oz. 6 dr. 1 gr. troy.)
  Pure emetine . 4 grains-(gr. 3.28 troy.)

*  To be given by tea-spoonfuls. 
rCYTISINA.
Cytisine.
  This is the name of an immediate vege-
table principle,  bearing some analogy with
emetine.   It was discovered by MM. Che-
vallier  and Lassaigne in the seeds of the cy-
tisus laburnum? which are indebted  to  it
for their emetic and purgative properties.

       PREPARATION OF CYTISINE.

  The seeds of the cytisus  laburnum must
be digested in hot alcohol, the liquor eva-
porated, the  residuum dissolved in water,
and the solution precipitated by the acetate
of lead : the lead is separated from the fil-
tered liquor by  sulphuretted hydrogen, and
the fluid again filtered and evaporated.

  a [The following are the chemical components
of those seeds:—1. A  greenish fatty matter, so-
luble in water and alcohol;  2. A green colouring
matter; 3.  Cytisine; 4. Woody fibre ; 5.  Albu-
men ; 6. Malic and phosphoric acids ; 7. Malates
of potass and lime.—Chevallier and Lassaigne.,]* 
CYTISINE.
97
         PROPERTIES OF CYTISINE.

   Cytisine is incrystallizable, of a brownish
 yellow colour, and bitter and nauseous taste-
 it is slightly deliquescent,  very  soluble in
 water and in dilute alcohol, and insoluble in
 ether.   The acetate of lead does  not render
 its aqueous solution  turbid, whilst the sub-
 acetate slightly precipitates it:  the infusion
 of galls occasions a yellowish white, floccu-
 lent precipitate, and  the alkalies  communi-
 cate to it a greenish yellow tint;  the solu-
 tion of gelatine does not precipitate it.

  ACTION OF CYTISINE ON  THE  ANIMAL
                ECONOMY.
   Cytisine, in the dose of from 50 to 100
 milligrammes (gr. 0.77 to 1.54 troy), acts as
 an emetic or purgative : at a stronger dose
 it gives place to  serious accidents, which
 seem to bear some relation with those pro-
 duced by emetine.
  MM. Chevallier and Lassaigne  have like-
wise discovered in  the flowers of the arnica
montana a  bitter,  nauseous substance,  re-
 sembling cytisine, and to which this plant,
 without doubt, is indebted  for its  emetic
properties.
  Cytisine has not hitherto been  employed
in medicine.]
                     9 
QUININA ET CINCHONINA.
     QUINIA, QUINA, ET CINCHONIA.

  Quinine and Cinchonine, or Cinchonin.

  MM. Laubert, Streuss of Moscow,
and  Gomez  of  Lisbon, published,  some
years ago, and  about the same time, very
interesting  works  on the  cinchona;  but
they did not at all agree  with respect  to the
substance  in  which they thought that the
febrifuge property resided.   MM. Pelletier
and Caventou, led, by their preceding re-
searches, to believe in the existence of such
a substance,  endeavoured  to  find it;  and
following the same principles which had so
happily led to the discovery of strychnine,
emetine,  &c, they  obtained  a  substance
which they recognised as that which M.
Gomez  had  described  under the name of
cinchonine:* they discovered also that  it was
alkaline—a very important  property  which
had escaped the Lisbon  chemist.

  a [The term cinchonin was,  however, first ap-
plied to this substance by Dr. Duncan, jun.] 
QUININE AND CINCHONINE.      99
   They obtained the cinchonine  by operat-
ing on the grey  cinchona, the cinchona con-
damineah  (they  add an  e  to cinchonin,  to
make the word  harmonize with the names
of the  other vegetable  alkalies).   The yel-
low  bark (the cinchona cordifoliac) furnish-
ed an alkali, which, although it resembled
the first in many points, differed in too ma-
ny important ones to allow of its being con-
founded with it.   They called it quinine.
   The analysis of  the  red  bark (cinchona
oblongifoliad) followed.   It was an interesting

  b [The cinchona condaminea yields on analysis
the following constituents :—1. Cinchonine united
with Kinic acid, (the cinchonine forming 0.2 per
cent, of the whole bark ;) 2. Green fatty matter;
3. Red colouring matter, very sparingly soluble ;
4. Red colouring matter soluble (tannin) ;  5. Yel-
low colouring matter;  6. Kinate of lime ; 7. Gum;
8. Fecula ;  and, 9. Ligneous fibre.—Pelletier and
Caventou.]
  « [The cinchona cordifolia yielded on analysis :
I. Yellow, odorous, adipocire ;  2. Yellow colour-
ing matter; 3. Tannin, which turns iron of a green
colour; 4. Red of cinchona, more abundant than
in the red bark;  5. Kinate of quinine, with very
little cinchonine, (the quinine, according to Pelle-
tier and Caventou, forming 0.9 per cent of the
bark, and according to Voreton 1.4;) 6. Fecula;
7. Woody fibre ; and,  8. Kinate of lime.—Ibid.]
  d [The  cinchona  oblongifolia consists  of:—1.
Adipocire; 2. Yellow colouring matter;  3. Tan- 
100   QUININE AND CINCHONINE.
question to determine whether this species,
which is considered  by many medical men
as eminently febrifuge,6  contained cincho-
nine or quinine, or. a third variety of alkali.
They did not dream, however, of obtaining,
not only cinchonine, in all respects like that
of the grey bark,  in threefold quantity, but
almost twice as much quinine as they had
been able to extract from an equal quantity
of yellow bark.   This  quinine,  however,
had  nearly all the characters of  the  other,
and only showed  some shades of difference
in its greater fusibility,,  and the appearance
of its sulphate.
  Ulterior experiments, made on large mas-
ses, have  shown,  indeed, that quinine and
cinchonine exist simultaneously  in  all  the

nin;  4. Red  of cinchona (very abundant in this
bark; 5. Kinates of cinchonine and quinine, (100
parts of the bark yielding 0.8 of cinchonine, and
1.7 of  quinine;)  6.  Fecula; 7. Woody fibre; 8.
Kinate of lime .-—lb id.~\
  e This is not the common opinion; at least so
says Mr. Thomson, on the authority of Zea and
Mutis, in  his Dispensatory.  We side, however,
from theory, with M. Magendie's account of the
eminent qualities of the red bark.  Its containing
so large as quantity of both cinchonine and qui-
nine is apparently decisive of the question.  Still
Mr. Thomson says,  " its taste is much less bit-
ter,'' 8cc—Tr. 
        QUININE AND CINCHONINE.    101

three species of bark;  but the cinchonine
is, relative to the quinine, in greater quanti-
ty in the grey  bark;  whilst, in the yellow
bark, the quinine so predominates, that the
presence of the cinchonine might well have
escaped notice when small  quantities  were
operated on.

    PREPARATION  OF CINCHONINE AND
                 QUININE.

   Boil  the bark in alcohol until it loses all its
bitterness;  evaporate to dryness in a water
bath; dissolve the  alcoholic extract entirely
in boiling water strongly acidulated with hy-
drochloric acid; add an excess of  calcined
magnesia, which, after boiling some minutes,
will fix all  the red colouring  matter, and
make the liquid clear.   When cold, filtrate
and wash  the  magnesian  precipitate  with
cold water ; dry it  on a stove ;  separate all
the bitterness by repeated digestions in boil-
ing alcohol; mix the alcoholic liquors, and
the cinchonine  will crystallize as the  fluid
cools.   The cinchonine, which  is  thus ob-
tained,  still  contains a  green fatty matter,
which may  be  separated by  solution in a
very weak acid.  If the acid be too strong
it  will  dissolve a  part  of  the fatty matter,
                    9  * 
102    QUININE AND CINCHONINE.
and the intended object  will be  thus de-
feated.
   Quinine  may be obtained from the yel-
low bark  by a similar process  to the one
described above.
   It  has  been said  that both  cinchonine
and quinine are to be found in all the three
species of bark.  They  may be  procured
by one operation, as follows :—
   After having obtained directly the  sul-
phate of quinine, by  the  process described
below,  collect the  mother waters  and the
washings  of that operation ; these  contain
the sulphate of cinchonine.   It  is probable
that the sulphate has been rendered incrys-
tallizable by the small  quantity of fatty mat-
ter which is contained  in these liquors.  De-
compose these liquors by magnesia or lime.
Dissolve the quinine and  cinchonine which
they  contain by digesting the magnesian
precipitate, when washed  and well .dried, in
boiling alcohol.  If the spirit be sufficiently
charged, the cinchonine, which  predomi-
nates, will crystallize; if  it do  not, further
concentration is required.  To purify the
cinchonine which is thus  obtained, it must
undergo a recrystallization.   For  this end,
dissolve it in a sufficient quantity of boiling
alcohol; it  will thus become  very pure.
The alcoholic mother waters  still contain 
        QUININE AND CINCHONINE.    103

quinine, which may be separated by evapo-
ration/

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF  CINCHONINE,

   Cinchonine is  white, translucent,  crys-
tallizable in needles, and soluble only in 700
parts of cold water.  The latter circumstance
occasions its trifling  sapidity.   If it be dis-
solved  in  alcohol, or rather  in an acid, its
flavour is a powerful bitter,  which exactly
resembles  that of the grey bark.   Cincho-
nine is only dissolved in very small quanti-
ty  by the  fixed oils, the  volatile  oils,  and
sulphuric ether; it forms more or less solu-
ble salts with acids.   Cinchonine is volatil-
ized at a certain  temperature: the largest
portion of the substance, it is true, is  de-
stroyed during the operation, but still a sen-
sible portion escapes the decomposing action
of the caloric.
   [MM. Pelletier and Caventou have asser-
ted that cinchonine  consists of oxygen,  hy-

  f [M. Carzoneri has lately obtained from  the
aesculus hippocastfinum, by a process analogous to
the above, an alkaline  principle to which he has
given the name of esculine: this  principle is sup-
posed to contain all the febrifuge virtues for which
the aesculus has been celebrated..—Journal de
Pharmdcie, Nov. 1823.) 
104   QUININE  AND CINCHONINE.
drogen, and carbon, and that it is deficient
in nitrogen.  Mr. Brande, however, has late-
ly  found that this assertion is erroneous;
the following being the results of two exper-
iments which he instituted :
    Carbon  . . . 80.20     Carbon .  . 78.4
    Nitrogen . . 12.85     Nitrogen  . 14.6
    Hydrogen  .  6.85     Hydrogen   7.5

                99.90              100.5
Several  experiments  were made for the
purpose of detecting th» presence of oxygen,
but no traces of it were discoverable.s]
   The sulphate and  acetate of cinchonine
are used in  medicine.   The first of these
salts is very soluble in  water; the  second is
much less so, but an excess of acid dissolves
it with tolerable facility.

   CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF QUININE.

   Quinine  is white and  incrystallizable; it
is  as little soluble in water as  cinchonine;
it is much more bitter, however, to the taste.
Its salts also  are in  general more  bitter;
they are  distinguished  by a  pearly  aspect.
Quinine is very soluble in ether, while cin-
chonine is very little  so.  This difference

      5 [Journal of Science, &c. No. 32rj 
        QUININE AND CINCHONINE.    105

not  only serves to distinguish these bases,
but  also to separate them when united.
   [Quinine  differs  likewise  from cincho-
nine in  the  proportions  of its  elements;
whilst no oxygen can be detected in the lat-
ter,  it is contained, in nearly as large a pro-
portion as hydrogen,  in  the former.  The
following,  according  to  Mr.  Brande, are
nearly its ultimate components:
        Carbon.........73.80
        Nitrogen........13
        Hydrogen ........  7.65
        Oxygen  .........  5.55

                             100 ]

           QUININiE SULPHAS.

           Sulphate of Quinine,

  M. Henry the younger has lately made
known an expeditious and cheap process
for  obtaining directly the sulphate of qui-
nine.  He digests, repeatedly, in hot water,
acidulated by sulphuric acid (6 or 8  gram-,
mes  [gr. 92.66 or gr. 123.55 troy] to each
kilogramme  [oz. 32.17 troy] of distilled
water).  He  blanches the liquors by means
of hot lime,  and washes the precipitate to
separate the excess of lime.   He repeatedly
digests this precipitate, when  well draineds 
 106    QUININE AND CINCHONINE.

 in alcohol at 36° (.837).   He then obtains,
 by distillation, a brown viscid matter, which
 becomes brittle when cold, and is very bit-
 ter.   He digests it in hot water, acidulated
 by sulphuric  acid,  and the  liquor,  when
 cold, gives perfect crystals of pure sulphate
 of quinine.  He has not succeeded so well
 in extracting  the  sulphate  of cinchonine
 from the grey  bark by this mode of prepa-
 ration.
   The sulphate of quinine obtained in this
 way, is in the  form of white crystals, which
 are entirely soluble in water; little so,  how-
 ever, in cold, but  more  so in  boiling, and
 especially in weakly acidulated, water.h

        QUININJE  SUPERSULPHAS.

        Acid Sulphate of Quinine,

   M. Robiquet,  by proceeding somewhat

  h Dr. Paris gives the above process with some
 variation.  He directs two pounds of the powder-
 ed bark to be boiled for half  an hour in sixteen
pints of distilled water, acidulated with two fluid
ounces of sulphuric acid.  The quantity of lime
recommended is half a pound, or enough to ren-
der the solution of a dark brown, and to produce
a reddish brown  precipitate.  He says that the
two pounds  yield gv. or gvi. of the sulphate; 8
grains being equivalent to an ounce of b'ark.—-Tr, 
        QUININE AND CINCHONINE.   107

 differently, has obtained a sulphate, the cha-
 racters of which  are not the same as those
 of the preceding.   His  sulphate is in solid
 transparent prisms, of  a flattened  quadran-
 gular  form, well  terminated, and soluble
 even in the cold.   M. Robiquet found, by
 comparative trials, that this difference arises
 from the  prismatic sulphate being acid and
 the other alkaline.   He is certain of the sta-
 bility of these characteristics ;  for the salts
 preserve them without alteration after seve-
 ral crystallizations, although the subsulphate
 lost each  time a small portion  of  its acid.
 M. Robiquet found, besides, that he  con-
 stantly  obtained  the acid  sulphate,  only,
 when,  in digesting the quinine in water, he
 could not succeed in  dissolving it without
 a slight excess of acid ; whilst, if he  made
 use of  alcohol, as  the quinine is soluble in
 that fluid, it is  more workmanlike to ar|d
 only the quantity of acid which is necessary
for saturation.
   At present the  neutral sulphate  has been
obtained only in solution.

 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS  OF THE TWO
        SULPHATES OF  QUININE.

   M. Robiquet  has given an analysis of the
two sulphates in the work just quoted ; but 
108   QUININE AND CINCHONINE.
as he found that the subsulphate lost a por-
tion of its acid during each  crystallization,
he  has given the composition of this salt
both after the first and third crystallization.

100 parts of acid sulphate > of acid . .  19.1 > 82 6
    of quinine contain .  ) °f quinine 63.5 $
100 parts of subsulphate, 7 of acid .  .  11.3 > gQ 3
    first crystallization . 5 of quinine  79.0 3
100 parts of subsulphate, > of acid .  .  10.0 ?
    third crystallization 5 of quinine 89.9 5

            QUININiE ACETAS.

            Acetate of Quinine.

  The characteristic of this salt is the great
facility with which it  crystallizes; it  is spa-
ringly soluble in the cold, even  with an ex-
cess of acid.   It  thickens in  a  mass when
exposed to cold.

           ACTION ON ANIMALS.

  As soon as these alkalies were discovered,
M. Pelletier,  one of the discoverers, sent to
me  a  certain quantity that I might  study
their effects on animals.   I soon  found that
neither these alkalies  nor  their salts were in
any respect poisonous, and indeed that they
had  no sudden appreciable  action.   This
gave a sufficient  assurance that they might
be tried on man. 
QUININE AND CINCHONINE.    109
 ACTION ON THE HUMAN BODY BOTH IN
        HEALTH AND IN DISEASE.

  A sufficient number of cases induced me
to believe that these two alkalies possess the
medical  properties of the cinchonas, and,
consequently, that they may be substituted
on all occasions.  Several physicians, amongst
whom I may mention MM. Double, Vilkr-
me, and Chomel,  have arrived at similar
conclusions.
   [In a very interesting  paper  by Dr. El-
liotson, in a late part of the Medico Chirur-
gical  Transactions,1 the febrifuge efficacy
of both simple quinine and of the sulphate
is strongly exemplified.   In the practice of
several of his friends, also, every case of in-
termittent  fever  presently yielded  to the
sulphate; when in some the bark  had pre-
viously failed ; its febrifuge  properties are
likewise  confirmed by Dr. Dickson of Clif-
ton.k]
  We know how advantageous it is in the
treatment of disease to  be  certain of the
precise dose of  all active remedies;  this

  * [Vol. xii. Part 2, p. 543.]
  t [Edinburgh Medical and Surgical JournaJ,
Oct. 1823.]
10 
110   QUININE AND CINCHONINE.

advantage especially applies  to the present
case,  because the  quantity of* the alkalies
contained in the  cinchonas varies  prodi-
giously, according to the nature and quality
of the bark which is employed.   It is  often
also very desirable to administer this medi-
cine in a small  volume and in an agreeable
form.  Patients often die  of malignant fe-
vers,  because they cannot  swallow the ne-
cessary  quantity  of the bark  in powder.
Some throw it - up after having taken  it;
and in others superpurgation arises, so that
the powder  passes  through the intestinal
canal  without producing any effect;  even
in the most favourable  cases it is neces-
sary the  patient's  stomach should,  as it
were,  chemically analyze  the  bark,  with
which it  is filled, and extract its febrifuge
principle.   A process like this  will be al-
ways  difficult  and  fatiguing even  for  the
strongest stomach.   Chemistry, therefore,
has done a great service  to medicine,  by
showing  how this separation  may  be  ac-
complished beforehand.

MANNER  OF EMPLOYING  THE  ALKALIES
   EXTRACTED  FROM THE  CINCHONAS.

   The  sulphates  of quinine  and cincho-
nine are the preparations  most commonly 
       QUININE AND CINCHONINE.    Ill

employed.  From  one to  ten  grains  (gr.
0.82  to  gr.  8.2 troy) of  either of them
may  be   given  in the twenty-four hours.
Some physicians have thought it necessary
to carry  the dose  much higher than  this,
but in general the success has not answer-
ed their  expectations;  several patients, in-
deed,  have experienced  somewhat severe
accidents, such  as  great  agitation   with
very  strong  cerebral  excitement.    In no
case  have I been obliged  to  give more
than  ten.  grains  (gr.  8.204  troy)  in   the
twenty-four hours, and I have never found
it fail in its effect.
   M. Pelletier has prepared, according to
my formula,  a  colourless and  transparent
syrup of  cinchona, each ounce (7 dr. 52
gr. troy)  of  which  contains  two  grains
(gr.   1.64 troy) of quinine.   I daily use
this  preparation with  the most satisfactory
results;  it appears to me to exert a bene-
ficial  influence over the scrophulous affec-
tions  of  children.

           SYRUPUS  QUININJE.

            Syrup of Quinine.
  Take of"
Simple syrup .  . 2 pounds (31 oz. 4 dr. 2 gr. troy).
Sulphate of quinine 64 grains (gr. 52.48 troy). 
112    QUININE AND CINCHONINE.
   Six spoonfuls of this syrup are common-
ly sufficient to arrest the  progress of inter-
mittent fevers;  I have seen even one of the
pernicious kind yield to the same dose.

             VINUM  QUININJE.

             Wine of Quinine.
Take of
  Good Madeira wine  .  1 litre (oz. 32.104 troy).
  Sulphate of quinine  . 12 grains (gr. 9.84 troy).

   This preparation may be made 'with Ma-
laga wine, or even  with vin ordinaire.

          TINCTURA QUININE.

           Tincture of Quinine.
Take of
  Sulphate of quinine  6 grains (gr. 4.92 troy).  .
  Alcohol of 34° (.847) 1 ounce (7dr.52.5 gr.troy).
   The sulphate  is  to be preferred  to the
pure quinine in this case, because, when
the  tincture is made by using  alkali  not
saturated by  an acid, a precipitate is formed
on adding it to aqueous liquors.
   The wine  of quinine  may be extempo-
raneously prepared by putting  two ounces
(loz.  7 dr. 45 gr.  troy)  of the  tincture to
each pint bottle (lbs.  2.54 troy)  of wine. 
QUININE AND CINCHONINE.    113
     PREPARATIONS OF CINCHONINE.

   Cinchonine has also been employed as a
 febrifuge  and  tonic, particularly by Dr.
 Chomel-;  but  although both these proper-
 ties have been observed in it, it would seem
 to possess them in a minor degree than the
 quinine;  in certain cases, indeed, the febri-
 fuge  effect has  been completely wanting.
 It is consequently to  be desired that prac-
 titioners should  institute fresh trials regard-
 ing the virtues of this substance, which is
 found in  almost  all  the cinchonas united
 with quinine, and may  be  met  with alone
 in that of Carthagena.  In order  to forward
 such  researches, I have made the following
 formulas :—

          SYRUPUS CINCHONINjE.

           Syrup of Cinchonine.
 Take of
  Simple syrup .  1 pound (15 oz. 6 dr. 1 gr.troy).
  Sulphate of cinchonine 48 grains(gr.39.36 troy).

   This syrup may be employed in the same
doses, and under  the same circumstances,
as the syrup of quinine.
                  10* 
114   QUININE AND  CINCRONINB*
          VINUM  CINCHONINJE.

           Wine of Cinchonine.

Take of
 Madeira wine .... 1 litre (oz. 31.10'4 troy).
 Sulphate of cinchonine 18 grains (gr. 14.76 troy).

  . Like the  wine of quinine, this may be
made with vin ordinaire.


         TINCTURA CINCHONINJE.

          Tincture of Cinchonine.

 Take of
  Sulphate of cinchonine 9 grains (gr. 7.383 troy).
  Alcohol at 34° (.847) 1 ounce (7 dr. 52.5 gr. troy).

   This tincture may be  used for preparing
 extemporaneously the wine  of cinchonine,
 by adding two ounces  (1 oz.  7 dr.  45 gr.
 troy) of the  tincture to a pint (lbs. 2.54 troy)
 of Madeira  wine. 
        VERATRINA, VBRATRIA.


                 Veratrine.

   It is again to the labours of MM. Pelle-
tier and  Caventou that we are indebted for
the new alkali which we  are  about to con-
sider.   These indefatigable chemists having
remarked, that almost all the  individuals of
the family of veratrum, besides having the
characteristics described by botanists, pos-
sess a  very acrid taste, and exercise a com-
mon  action  over  animals,  thought that  it
would be interesting  to  discover  if these
properties did not arise  from a particular
substance common to all these plants.   An
analysis  of the  seeds of the veratum saba-
dilla3-  confirmed  their conjectures.   They

  a [This  analysis furnished the following con-
stituents :—1. A  fatty compound,  composed  of
oil, adipocire, and cevadic acid; 2. Wax ;  3. Yel-
low  extractive colouring matter;  4.  Veratrine,
forming with  gallic acid an acid salt; 5.  Gum ;
6. Woody fibre. The ashes, which were in small
quantity,  were almost  wholly composed of the
carbonate and phosphate of  lime, with  some
traces of the hydrosulphate and carbonate of poL 
116
VERATRINE.
 isolated this acrid principle,  in which they
 recognised  all the alkaline characters  They
 ultimately discovered  it in  the root of the
 colchicum  (colchicum autumnaleh),  and  in
 that of the  white hellebore (veratrum com-
 mune") ;  and they called it veratrine,  from
 the name of the family  to which  these ve-
 getables  belong.

 tass,  and silica.  Meissner,  however, gives the
 most elaborate  analysis of  this substance : he
 found it to consist of—Fixed oil 24.2 ; adipocire
 0.43; wax 0.1 ;  resin, soluble in ether 1.45; re-
 sin, insoluble in ether 8.43;  veratrine 0.48 ; bit-
 ter extractive, with an undefined acid 5.97 ; sweet
 extractive 0.65 ; gum 4.82 ;  oxygenated extrac-
 tive (ultrine ?) which may be extracted by potass
 24.14; woody fibre  20.56; phyteumacolle with
 hydrochlorate of potass,  and  a  vegetable salt
 with a base of potass 1.21 ; oxalate of lime with
 bassorine  1.06; water 6.4.J*
  b [The  root of the colchicum, according  to
 MM.  Pelletier and Caventou, yields on analysis:
>— 1. A fatty  matter composed of oil, adipocire,
 and a volatile acid ; 2. Yellow extractive colour-
ing matter;  3.  Acid gallate of veratrine;  4.
Gum; 5. Fecula, with inuline and woody fibre.
It yields very few ashes.]
  c [The root of the veratrum album or commune
yields, 1. A fatty matter composed of oil, adipo-
cire, and an acid similar to the cevadic, but in-
crystallizable;  2.  Yellow  extractive colouring
matter; 3. Acid  gallate of veratrine j 4.  Gum;
 5. Fecula; 6. Woody fibre.  The ashes contain
carbonates of potass and lime,  sulphate of lime
and silica.—Pelletier and Caventou.'} 
VERATRINE.           117
      PREPARATION OF VERATRINE.

   They repeatedly digested the seeds of the
veratrum sabadilla in boiling alcohol. These
tinctures, filtrated whilst almost boiling, de-
posited, on cooling,  whitish flakes of  wax.
They re-digested the matter which remain-
ed dissolved, after evaporating it to the con-
sistence of an extract, in cold water : a small
quantity of fatty matter now remained on
the filter.  The solution was slowly evapo-
rated,  and it formed an orange yellow  pre-
cipitate, which possessed the characteristics
of the colouring matter found in almost all
the woody vegetables.   On adding a  solu-
tion of acetate of  lead to the liquor, which
was still deeply coloured,  a new  and very
abundant yellow precipitate was immediate-
ly formed, which was separated  by means
of the filter.   The liquor,  now nearly co-
lourless, still contained, amongst  other sub-
stances, the acetate of lead, which had been
added in excess:  a current of  hydrosul-
phuric acid was used to separate the lead.
The liquor was then filtrated and concen-
trated  by evaporation, treated by magnesia,
and again  filtrated.   The  magnesian  pre-
cipitate  was  digested  in  boiling alcohol.
The alcoholic liquors yielded, on evapora- 
HQ            VERATRINE.
tion,  a pulverulent  substance,  which was
extremely acrid, and possessed  all the pro-
perties of the alkalies.  This substance was
at first yellowish; but, by solutions in al-
cohol, and subsequent precipitations, caused
by pouring  water into the  alcoholic  solu-
tions, it was obtained in the form of a very
white and perfectly inodorous powder.
   [M. Meissner,  who discovered the vera-
trine nearly at the same time as MM. Pel-
letier and Caventou, recommends the seeds
of the cevadilla to  be treated with  absolute
alcohol, the alcoholic  infusion evaporated,
the residuum treated with water, the  liquor
filtered, and the veratrine  to be precipitated
by the carbonate of potass :  it then only re-
mains to wash the precipitate with  water/]
   CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF VERATRINE.

   Veratrine  is  scarcely  at  all  soluble  in
cold water; boiling water,  however, dis-
solves T7rVo  of its weight, and becomes sen-
sibly acrid.
   It is very soluble in ether, and still more
so in alcohol,   It is insoluble in the alka-
lies, and soluble in all the vegetable acids.
«J [Chimie Organique de Gmelin.  P. 400.] 
               VERATRINE.           119

It saturates all the acids,  and forms  with
them incrystallizable  salts, which,  on eva-
poration, take the appearance of gum.  The
suiphate alone affords rudiments of crystals
when its acid is in excess.
   Nitric acid combines with veratrine; but
if added in excess, especially when  con-
centrated, it  does not produce superoxida-
tion,  as in  the  cases  of morphine and
strychnine ; but  very rapidly  resolves the
vegetable substance into its  elements, and
gives birth to a  yellow detonating matter
analogous to  the bitter of  Welt her.
   Veratrine restores the blue of turnsol pa-
per when reddened by acids.   Exposed to
the action of  heat, it liquefies at a tempera-
ture of 50° (122° Fah.) above zero, and has
then the appearance of wax : on  cooling, it
forms an amber-looking  mass of a  translu-
cent appearance.   Distilled on the naked
fire,  it swells  up,  becomes decomposed, and
produces water,  much oil, &c.  A  volu-
minous, carbonaceous, mass remains, which,
when incinerated, leaves only a very slightly
alkaline residuum. 
120           VERATRINE.
    ACTION OF VERATRINE ON ANIMALS.

   A very small quantity of acetate of vera-
trine" thrown into the nostrils of a dog, in-
stantly  provokes  violent  sneezing,  which
sometimes continues for nearly half an hour.
   One or two grains (gr. 0.82 or 1.64 troy)
placed in the gullet,  immediately occasions
copious  salivation,  which  continues  for
some time.
   If a small  quantity be  thrown into any
part of the intestinal canal, and the body be
opened to observe the effects,  the intestine
is found to become  much indurated, and to
relax  and  contract  alternately for a certain
time.  The part of the mucous  membrane
which comes in contact with the  veratrine is
inflamed ; the irritation spreads,  and vomit-
ing and purging are produced.   In a much
larger  dose the substance induces  a very
great  acceleration of the  circulation and of
respiration, which is  soon followed by teta-
nus and death.

  *■ Of all the preparations of veratrine,  the ace-
tate alone, as  being one of the most active, has
been used in the experiments instituted for deter-
mining the action of this substance on animals.—
M. 
VERATRINE.
121
   The effects are still more rapid if one or
two grains (gr. 0.82 or 1.64 troy) be thrown
into the pleura, or into the tunica vaginalis.
In less than ten minutes death occurs, pre-
ceded by tetanic convulsions.
   The same  quantity thrown into the jugu-
lar vein  also  induces tetanus and death,  in
a  few seconds.    Dissection  shows,  even
in this case, that the veratrine has produced
an effect on the intestinal canal; for the mu-
cous  membrane is found to be highly in*
jecfld.   The  lung also presents signs  of
inflammation  and of engorgement/

  f It is apparent from the above,  that when a
small quantity of this  substance is placed in the
intestinal canal, it produces only local effects, or,
at least, that the effects are restricted  to  the ca-
nal ; and that it must be given in a large dose, or
be applied  to  parts whence  absorption goes  on
very actively, as  to the pleura and the tunica va-
ginalis, in  order that  its terrific general effects
above-mentioned may be produced.—M.
  It may be added to this note of the author, that
the deleterious effects of an over-dose of colchi-
cum in the human subject do not exactly accord
with the account given by him.  Colchicum cer-
tainly induces inflammation of the mucous mem-
brane of the bowels, whenever it is given in too
large  a dose; the translator, from a large experi-
ence, thinks in all cases: but it never, probably,
produces tetanic convulsions, nor any thing re- 
122           Veratrine.
 ACTION  OF  VERATRINE  ON  MAN  TN A
     STATE OF  HEALTH AND DISEASE.

   The effects of  veratrine in a large  dose
have not been observed on man: they would,

sembling them.  The translator thinks it right
to give the following fatal case of gout, from an
over-dose of the tincture of  colchicum bulb, in
elucidation of this opinion.  He has also heard of
other corroborative cases, where death followed
a large dose of other preparations of colchiokm,
especially one,  where a female  took a tea-spoon-
ful of the seeds.  The note of the case of gout,
made at the time, has been  kindly furnished by
the attendant practitioner.
  " Mrs.----, aged forty, after frequently  suffer-
ing from gout, requested her medical man to give
her the colchicum in a very severe fit.
  " She took 3iiss. of a tincture made by infusing
giv. of the root in gviij. of proof spirit for three
days, the mixture being kept  at nearly 10o° of
temperature.   This was  given in the morning of
Dec. 5.   In the evening it had produced no effect,
except  slight qualmishness.  Calomel gr. iij. opii
gr. i. was ordered at bed-time, and a  purging
draught for the morning.  However, in the night,
vomiting and purging commenced, and continued
all the  next day, in spite of effervescing volatile
saline draughts with opium ; so that, in the even-
ing of the 6th, opii  gr. i. camphor gr. iii. were
given and repeated in  two hours.
  " On the  7th, from  accident, she was not seen
till three/z. m.,  when  she was found in the col- 
VERATRINE.
123
however, doubtless be the  same as those
which are noticed  in animals.
   The taste of  veratrine is very acrid,  but
without bitterness.  It excites a very co-
pious salivation, however small the quantity
may  be which is put into the mouth.
   Though veratrine is absolutely inodorous,
it is inconvenient  to smell at it too  closely

lapse  preceding death.  The gout had previously
gradually subsided.   It was stated that she be-
came faint at two o'clock p. to.,-and not till then
were  her friends alarmed.  By opium and spirits
warmth was reinduced upon the extremities, and
a feeling of greater  comfort produced; but the
pulse never completely recovered, although the
sickness was completely owbduad; so that at ten
p. m.  she fell  into an apoplectic kind of sleep,
which terminated in death before morning.
   " It is peculiar, in this case, that Mrs.----was
delicate, and some years  before had nearly suffer-
ed death from incessant vomiting attended  by
cold extremities ; it was relieved by inducing gout
on the swelled knee  by mustard cataplasms.  In
the fatal attack the sinapism was applied, with
the effect of producing great pain, but without in-
flammation or heat of skin.
   " It should be mentioned also, that this female's
mother is  exceedingly susceptible of the action
of colchicum, in even very small doses.  The at-
tendant  practitioner begged also to add, that he
only prescribed so large  a dose as giiss., because
the tincture had only been  made three days, and
the formula directed it should be infused a fort-
night," 
124
VERATRINE.
when in a state of powder; for even the
small quantity which is thus carried into the
nostrils is often sufficient to produce violent
sneezing, which may become dangerous.
  A dose of a quarter of a  grain (gr. 0.205
troy) rapidly induces very abundant  alvine
evacuations.   If the dose  be  augmented,
more or less violent vomiting is occasioned.
  I have lately given it in the dose of two
grains (gr.  1.64 troy) in the 24 hours, with-
out producing too many alvine evacuations.
The subject of the  case was an old man,
who had been struck  with apoplexy some
time previously.   This circumstance forms
an additional proof of the influence which
the ncrroua system possesses over the mode
of action of medicines.
  After  having cautiously tasted the mix-
ture which contained the two grains (gr. 1.64
troy) of veratrine, I experienced, for several
hours, an almost insupportably acrid sensa-
tion in the  mouth and pharynx, the impres-
sion of  which had not entirely  disappeared
on the following day.  The patient felt no
such inconvenience. 
VERATRINE.
129
CASES PROPER FOR THE EXHIBITION OF
               VERATRINE.

  As veratrine produces the same effects as
the plants  from  which  it  is extracted, it
may be substituted very advantageously for
them; because it permits  the  quantity of
the active substance used to be estimated,
which the others  do not.
   Veratrine  is  particularly applicable  in
cases where it is necessary to excite quickly
a strong action of the bowels.  When given
with  this intention, it has answered very
well in the case of old people, where  an
enormous accumulation of faeces existed iB
the great intestine.
11*  . 
 ACIDUM HYDROCYANICUM,  ACIDUM
             PRUSSICUM.

      Hydrocyanic, or Prussic Acid.

  In a paper laid  before the Academy of
Sciences in November, 1817,1 made known
the successful results which followed the
employment of prussic  acid in  the treat-
ment of diseases of the chest.   Since that
period this  medicine  has been  used by a
great number of medical men,  not only in
Europe, but in several towns of the United
States of America.  Every where the suc-
cess has been the same; so that this formi-
dable substance irfay now be considered as
one of the most interesting  remedies which
we possess.
   Scheele discovered the  prussic  acid in
 1780; but he only obtained it mixed with
 a varied proportion of water.  M. Gay-Lus-
 sac first procured it in a state of purity.*

      PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES.

   This acid is liquid, transparent, and co-
 lourless, at  the ordinary temperature.  Its

   » Annates de Chimie, torn. Ixvii. p. 128, and torn.
 XCV. p. 136. 
           HYDRO-CYANIC ACI1J.      1ST

taste is at  first  cooling,  but  soon becomes
acrid and irritating.   It slightly reddens the
tincture of turnsol, has a very powerful, and,
it may be, deleterious, odour, which is only
supportable  when mixed with a very large
quantity of air.   It  is then found to be the
same as the  odour of bitter almonds.


         CHEMICAL PROPERTIES.

   Prussic acid  is very volatile;  in fact, it
 boils at26°.5 (79.7 Fah.) under a pressure
 of 0m.76,b and at 10° (50 Fah.) it sustains a
 column of mercury of 0m.38; still its con-
 gelation takes place at 15° (59 Eah.). Also,

  b On>.76 probably means 1|^ of a metre; if  so,
 it  is equal to 29.9 English  inches,  and 0m.38 =
 14.95.   With regard to the 0m.38 as  the measure
 of a column of mercury, it may be  useful to  re-
 mark,  that it is not uncommon to  estimate the
 force of the expansion of all fluids at any temper-
 ature by the column of mercury which they will
 sustain.  This is done by introducing into a Tor-
 ricellian vacuum a small portion of  the fluid to
 be  examined, and applying heat  thereto.  The
 apparatus is a curved tube, with two pretty near-
 ly equal legs, one of them being sealed, and  the
 other open to the atmosphere.  The force of the
 vapour is shown by the depression of the mercury
 in the sealed leg, and  its elevation in the other;
 the difference in the height of the  two columns
 being the measure of it.—Tr. 
 128      HYDRO CYANIC ACID.

 when a few drops are put on paper, the por-
 tion which  ain.osi  immediately evaporates,
 produces enough cold to crystallize the rest.
 It is only the liquid which possesses this
 property.
   Prussic acid is but little soluble in water;
 hence,  when shaken  with  ten  or twelve
 times its volume of that fluid, it again col-
 lects on the  surface like the oils  and the
 ethers.   Alcohol easily dissolves it.
   When left to itself  in  close vessels, it
 sometimes  becomes decomposed  in less
 than an hour., It rarely preserves its inte*
 grity for more than a fortnight.

 MODE OF PREPARING THE  PRUSSIC ACID.

   Hydro-cyanic acid is  obtained by digest-
 ing the crystallized deuto-cyanuret of mer-
 cury, in two-thirds of its weight of liquid
and slightly fuming hydrochloric acid, in a
tubulated retort, which communicates with
a receiver containing fragments of chloruret
 of calcium and chalk, and which itself com-
municates with a much smaller receiver,
destined to collect the product.   These re-
ceivers  must be surrounded  by a mixture of
ice and salt.  After the deuto-cyanuret of
mercury,  and the acid  have been succes-
sively put into the retort, a  slight heat is to 
          HYDRO-CYANIC ACID.      129

be applied ; a little ebullition soon succeeds,
arising in part from  the evaporation of the
prussic  acid,  which is  formed, and is con-
densed  in the  first  receiver with a little
hydrochloric acid and  water.   When the
quantity of water becomes  very  sensible,
the -operation must be suspended, in order
that the product  ahead) obtained  may  be
purified ;  this is performed by isolating the
first  receiver from the  retort, taking away
the ice which surrounds  it, and replacing
the ice by water  at 32 or 33 degrees  (89.6
or 91.4 Fah.).  Under these circumstances
the hydro-cyanic acid passes alone into the
smaller  receiver;  for  the water and the
hydrochloric acid, which were at first vola-
tilized widi it, are now retained in  the first
receiver;  the  water by the chloruret of
calcium, and the hydrochloric acid by the
lime.
   [M.  Gea Pessina, a pharmacien at Milan,
has recommended the following process for
obtaining the hydrocyanic acid  from Prus-
sian blue  of a uniform  strength :—
   Eighteen parts of the  ferruginous  prus-
siate of potass,  are  to  be introduced in  a
state of fine  powder into a tubulated glass
retort, to  which a small globular and tubu-
lated  receiver is  adapted; whence a tube
issues, which is dipped into a flask contain- 
 130       HYDRO-CYANIC ACID.

 ing a small quantity of distilled water.  A
 refrigerated mixture, of nine  parts of con-
 centrated sulphuric  acid and twelve of wa-
 ter, is then poured into the retort:  the tubu-
 lure closed, and the whole left at rest  for
 twelve hours:  the  globular receiver being
 surrounded with ice,  and the neck of the
 retort  constantly cooled with  wet cloths:
 the materials are afterwards heated, and the
 heat kept up until the striae which are ob-
 served in the neck  of  the retort during the
 operation become  more  rare, and  until a
 blue matter is ready to pass into the receiv-
 er.   The fire is then  to be removed: the
 whole  allowed to  cool, and the contents
 poured into a proper vessel.   According to
 M. Pessina, the hydro cyanic acid thus ob-
 tained  has  a strong and penetrating odour.
 Its s. g. is from 0.898 to 0.900 at the tem-
 perature of 13° or  14° Reaumur, (62° or
 64° Fah.),  and it possesses every property
of the pure prussic acid.cJ

          ACTION ON ANIMALS.

  One drop of pure prussic acid placed in
the  throat of  the most vigorous dog makes

  c [Giorn. di Fisica, August, 1822; and Journal
 de Pharmacie,  1823, p. 16.] 
HYDRO.CYANIC ACID.      131-
it fall stone dead, after  two  or  three deep
and hurried inspirations.
   The effects of placing a small quantity of
the acid in the eye are similar and almost as
sudden.
   A drop of  acid mixed with a few drops
of alcohol, when injected  into the  jugular
vein, kills the animal instantly, as if he had
been struck by lightning.
   Scarcely any traces of irritability can be
found,  a few  moments after  death, in' the
muscles of animals thus poisoned by prussic
acid.

ACTION ON MAN IN  A STATE OF HEALTH
           AND IN  DISEASE.

  Pure prussic acid  produces the same  ef-
fects on man as on animals. Even the vapour
of it mu&t be  cautiously avoided; for, if
breathed,  ii produces considerable  pain in
the chest,  and a feeling of oppression, which
often remains for several hours.
   [We are told hy Professor Orfila, that a
professor of Vienna having prepared a  pure
and concentrated prussic acid, spread a cer-
tain  quantity  of  it on his naked arm, and
died a short time afterwards.]
  When properly diluted, however, it has
the effect of calming the increased irritability 
132       HYDRO-CYANICACID.
 which. resides in certain organs when in a
 state of  disease.
   Even when given in proper doses, if the
 intervals be too short, it will produce head-
 ache ; and a species of vertigo, which goes
 off' in a few minutes.

 CASES IN WHICH IT MAY BE PRESCRIBED.

   Properly diluted prussic acid may be given
 with success in all cases of augmented irrita-
 bility of the pulmonary organs.   Hence it is
 proper in the treatment of nervous and chro-
 nic  coughs, of asthma, of hooping-cough,
 and in the palliative treatment of consump-
 tions.   Nay, numerous observations would
 seem to  show that it will cure this latter dis-
 ease when not beyond its first degree.   In
 England it has been used with success  for
 that hectic cough which is sympathetic of an
 affection of another organ, and in dyspepsia.
 In Italy it has been found to calm the too
 grent irritability of the uterus, even in cases
 of cancer, and to moderate the activity of the
 heart in almost all sthenic diseases.

       MODE  OF PRESCRIBING IT.

  The medical  properties of  prussic acid,
prepared according  to Scheele's  method, 
HYDRO-CYANIC ACID.      13S
are not sufficiently determinate,-on account
of the  arbitrary nature of the process.  It is
better, then, to use M. Gay-Lussac's acid,
when  properly diluted  by adding six times
its volume, or 8.5 times its  weight of dis-
tilled water.   A  mixture is  formed, which
I call medicinal prussic acid.
   I commonly use the following  forms:—

    , MISTURA ACIDI HYDROCYAN1CI.

         Mixture of Prussic Acid.

    (Melange pectoral.   Magendie.)
  Take of
Medicinal prussic acid  1 gros (gr. 59.07 troy).
Distilled water . 1  pound (15 oz. 6 dr. 1 gr. troy).
Pure sugar  .  . . 1| ounce (11 dr. 10 gr. troy).

   Take  a dessert-spoonful  every morning
and evening at bed-time.   The dose may
be gradually increased to six or eight spoon-
fuls in the twenty-four hours.
   It is necessary to shake the mixture every
time it is used, lest great inconvenience arise
from the  acid being  accumulated on  the
surface.
                   12 
HYDRO-CYANIC  ACID.
       POTIO ACIDI HYDROCYANICI.

       Potion, of Hydrocyanic Acid.

    (potion Pectorale,   Magendie.)

  Take of
Infusion of ground ivy 2 ounces (1 oz. 7 dr. 45 gr.
                       troy.)
Medicinal prussic acid 15 drops.
Syrup of marshmallows 1 ounce (dr. 7.52 troy.)

   A  dessert-spoonful to be taken every nine
hours, always shaking the bottle.


      SYRUPUS ACIDI HYDROCYANICI.

            Hydrocyanic Syrup.
  Take of
Clarified syrup  . 1 pound (15 oz. 6 dr. 1 gr. troy.)
Medicinal prussic acid 1 gros(gr. 59.07 troy.)

   This  syrup  may be added  to  common
pectoral mixtures,  and be used  as  other
syrups are.e

  c In this country Scheele's method of prepar-
ing prussic acid  is used almost exclusively, and
forms the preparation which  is  obtained  from
Apothecaries Hall  and other places.  We shall,
therefore,  give this process  below.  The dose
of this preparation  is from two to eight minims
given  in distilled water, or in almond emulsion.
The translator's doses, however, are regulated by
a different rule. He thinks that the advantageous 
HYDRO-CYANIC ACID.        130
      [LOTIO ACIDI  HYDROCYANICI.

            Hydrocyanic Lotion.

Take of Hydrocyanic acid . . . f. ^iv.
        Rectified spirit of wine  f. gj.
        Distilled water.....f. gxss.

   This lotion has been used With the utmost
benefit by Mr.  A. T.  Thomson in impeti-

effects of prussic  acid) as well as of bther power-
ful remedies, as digitalis* can only be obtained by
increasing the dose to the required  amount, let
that be  what it may.  But he dare hoi, with such
views, entrust the rate of increase to the patient's
discretion -• he, therefore, gives nearly every dose
himself^ regulating  the increase and the interval
by the effect produced.  He makes ihese Obser-
vations  here, because he is  sure  that powerful
and valuable  remedies like these have fallen into
flisUse, on account of the insufficient or evil ef-
fects which  have followed a less methodical Or
fcautious exhibition  of them.
   Scheele's Pr0tess$ as given by Mr. Thdrhson, p.
23.-^-" Mix two ounces of prussian blue with  six
Dunces of  red precipitate bf mercury, attd  add
six ounces of water: boil the mixture  for softie
ftiinutes, constantly agitating it, when  the blue
fcolour will disappear, and the mass assurne a yel-
lowish grey hue.   Pour the whole oft a filter, and
wash the residuum with a little hot water, whifeh
is to be added to tHe filtered liquof.  PbUr this
upoft an ounce and a half of clean irOn filings, and
add  three  drachms of strong  sulphuric  acid.
Shake this mixture Hrell, and after the powder
subsides, pour the fluid into a retort, arid distH 
136      HYDRO-CYANIC ACID.
go : it completely allayed the distressing and
intolerable itching and  tingling with which
the subjects of this severe affection are tor-
mented, in two cases, where other external
applications and the internal use of anodynes
had been of no avail; the discharge  was di-
minished by it and rendered  milder :  alter-
ative doses of mercury, combined with sar-
saparilla, formed the internal treatment/ Mr.
Thomson has also found this ointment use-
ful,  in combination with small doses of oxy-
muriate of mercury, in acne rosacea, and
several other  cutaneous diseases.]

one-fourth part of it over into  a well-luted re-
ceiver.   This is the hydro-cyanic acid, contain-
ing an admixture of  a little sulphuric acid, which
is  readily separated  by means of barytic  water.
La Planche recommends  \ only to  be  distilled
over, and this to be rectified by means of a gentle
fire over ^^ of carbonate of lime,  drawing oJ
afterwards, by means of a gentle  fire, -| only of
the whole, thus treated by a  second  distillation.
The acid is obtained of a uniform strength  by
this method."
  Other practitioners again prefer laurel  water,
made by distilling two drachms of  fresh leaves
chopped with four ounces of water, recommitting
the distilled water twice afterwards on the same
quantity of fresh leaves, and making, ultimately,
four ounces of  the menstruum; of which, from
xxx minims to f. 3j. every six hours, may be given
until a sedative effect is produced.—Paris's Phar-
macologia, vol. ii. p.  23.
  f [London Med. and Phys. Journal, Feb.  1822.] 
HYDRO-CYANIC ACID.
137
       remarks on prussic acid.

   It is not without reason that we have ob-
jected to the employment of Scheele's prus-
sic acid: in fact, this acid is never constant
in  the  proportion of the real acid and the
water which it contains, if Scheele's process
be followed in  the  making of it:  this is
owing to the difficulty which exists in uni-
ting the same circumstances in each opera-
tion.   If, in order to avoid this inconveni-
ence,  we wish to prepare  the  acid  called
 Scheele's, with  the pure acid of M. Gay-
 Lussac, bv  diluting the latter acid with wa-
 ter, what quantity must we add to it ? M,
 Robiquet  (Journal de  Pharmacie,  1818)
 proposes  to employ two parts  of water to
 one of the pure acid.  The acid of Scheele,
 thus prepared, is twice as strong as the acid
 which I have recommended, and  is conse-
 quently attended with greater inconveniences
 in its employment.  These inconveniences
 are made still greater by the incorrect  man-
 ner in which  M. Robiquet's process is de-
 tailed in the Codex de Paris.  In this for-
 mulary it is recommended,  quoting at the
 same time  M. Robiquet's  Memoire, to di-
 lute  the prussic acid with an equal quantity
 of water.   After describing this process, the
 same work gives the form for a syrup  m
                   12 * 
138       HYDROCYANIC ACID.

which the prussic  acid, thus  prepared, en-
ters in the proportion of one part to nine ot
simple syrup.   The syrup, so  prepared, can
only be administered by drops.s Should, un-
fortunately, an ounce (7 dr. gr. 52.56 troy)
be mixed in a potion, it v\ ould produce death.
  Notwithstanding what we have just said
regarding the strength of the prussic acid of
Scheele, prepared  according to the  Codex,
and  the process of M. Robiquet, the majori-
ty of physicians represent it as much weaker
than my medicinal prussic  acid,  and some-
times order it in the proportion of more than
a gros (gr. 59.97 troy) in  a  potion of four
ounces (3oz. 7 dr. 30 gr troy) to be  taken
by spoonfuls.   The pharmaciens of  Paris
are in general  so much accustomed to see
the prussic acid of Scheele enter in a large
dose into medical  prescriptions, that, in or-
der to avoid accidents, they prepare this acid
by diluting the prussic acid of Gay-Lussac
with forty parts of  water.  This perfectly
arbitrary quantity  of water, permits them,
at least, to fulfil, without danger,  the  orders
which they receive, when, from the high dose
of the acid, they observe that it  is  not my
medicinal acid which  the  physician could
have meant in his prescription.

  & Several serious  accidents have followed the
employment of this syrup of the new Codex.—M. 
          SOLANINA.  SOLANA.


                 Solanine.


   This  alkali  has been very lately disco-
vered  by M. Desfosses, apothecary at Be-
sancon, in two  species of the family of so-
lanunu namely, in the  nightshade  (solanum
nigrum), and the bitter-sweet {solanum dul-
camara).  It  exists in both these plants ; but
whilst it is evidently contained in the leaves
of the latter, those of the nightshade afford
no traces of  it.

       PREPARATION OF SOLANINE.

  It is found most abundantly in the berries
of the nightshade,  where  it exists in the
state of a malate.   In order to obtain it, di-
gest the filtrated  juice of  these berries  in
ammonia  ; a greyish precipitate  is  formed,
which, when washed on a filter and digest-
ed in boiling alcohol, gives, by evaporation,
the salifiable  base in a state  of sufficient pu-
rity, if perfectly ripe berries have been ope-
rated on ; but if the berries have been green,
the solanine is mixed with a certain quantity 
140           SOLANINE.

of chlorophyll which cannot be separated
without much difficulty.

       PROPERTIES  OF SOLANINE.

   Perfectly pure solanine  is in the form of
a white, opaque, and sometimes pearly, pow-

   ft is inodorous; its taste is slightly bitter
and nauseous; and  its bitterness is deve-
loped  by solution in acids, especially m ace-
tic acid.   Its salts are incrystalhzable,  the
 solutions  giving by  evaporation  a gummy
 transparent mass, which may be easily pow-
 dered.                      ,,           i
   Solanine is  insoluble in cold water,  and
 hot water only dissolves TT7Votn part.   Al-
 cohol dissolves a small quantity.
    Its alkaline properties  are slightly mani-
 fested by its action  on turmeric.   It, how-
 ever, restores the blue of turnsol paper when
 reddened by  acids.   It  unites  with acids
 even  in the cold, and perfectly neutral solu-
 tions  mav  be obtained  if  care be used.
 Like all other vegetable alkalies,  it is satu-
 rated by a very  small  quantity of acid.

    * [This term is applied to the colouring prin-
  ciple  of the green parts of plants, especially ol
  the leaves.] 
SOLANINE.            141
          ACTION ON ANIMALS.
   From two to four grains (gr.  1.64 to gr.
3.28 troy) introduced into the stomach of a
dog or cat, excites violent vomiting, which
is soon followed by a sleep of several hours.
Even eight  grains (gr. 6 56  troy) were in-
sufficient to  kill a young cat.   After vomit-
ing violently,  the animal slept soundly for
more than thirty six  hours.

            ACT ON ON MAN.
   A  very small quantity of solanine pro-
duces great irritation in the  throat.   It has
a  slightly bitter,  nauseous  flavour in the
mouth ; which is much more intense, how-
ever, if  the  substance be  dissolved in a lit-
tle acetic acid.   The acetate  is  the only salt
which has been tried on man :  a quarter of
a grain (gr.  .205 troy)  produces nausea, but
no disposition to sleep.
  It appears then that solanine, like  opium,
produces  vomiting and sleep; but whilst its
emetic properties seem to be more apparent
than those u-  opium,  its  narcotic ones are
evidently  much uss  powerful.

CASES IN WHICH SOLa>hne  MAY BE USED.
   It has not yet been  tried: in cases of dis-
ease, but  it may be used wherever  the ex-
tract of nightshade,  or that of dulcamara,
is indicated. 
ATROPINA.  ATROPIA.
                 Atropine.


  This substance was discovered by Bran-
des, in the atropa belladonna,'1 and it is  in
this salifiable base he considers that all the
medical and deleterious properties of the
belladonna reside.

       PREPARATION OF ATROPINE.

  In order  to  obtain this  principle,  M.
Brandes boiled  two pounds of  the dried
leaves of the atropa belladonna in a sufficient

  * [The atropa belladonna yields on analysis the
foKowing constituents :—Wax 0.7 ; resinous chlo-
rophylle 5.84; acid malate of atropine 1.51; gum
S.03; fecula 1.25; woody fibre 13.7;  phyteui?*j-
colle 6.9 ; a matter analogous to osmazor-*^ with
malate of atropine, oxalate,  hydrocw/°rate> and
sulphate of potass 16.05 ;  solub'-  albumen 4.7 ;
hard albumen 6 ; ammoniac^ salts and acetates,
malate  of  atropine,  ox***6* malate,  sulphate,
hydrochlorate, and -rtrate of potass;  oxalate,
malate (?) and phos?hate of lime» and malate and
phosphate of magnesia 7.47; water  25.8; loss
2.05.  The  ashes contain oxide  of  copper.—
Brandes and fauquelin.'] 
ATROPINE.            143
quantity of water, pressed out  the decoc-
tion, and boiled the leaves again in water.
The decoctions were mixed, and some sul-
phuric acid was added  in order to throw
down the albumen and similar bodies :  the
solution  was  thus rendered  thinner, and
passed more readily through the  filter. The
decoction was next supersaturated with po-
tass ; by  which he obtained  a  precipitate,
weighing,  after having  been washed with
pure water and dried,  89 grains.   It con-
sisted of small crystals, from which, by so-
lution  in acids, and precipitation  by alkalies,
atropine was obtained in a state  of purity.b
   Or,  atropine may be obtained by digest-
ing the decoction  of the herb of the atropa
belladonna with magnesia; boiling the pre-
cipitate in alcohol and filtering ; the atropine
crystallizes, on cooling, in needles or colour-
less  translucent and shining prisms.6
        PROPERTIES OF ATROPINE.

   Atropine, according  to  M.  Brandes, is
white, almost insoluble in water, and much
more soluble in hot  than in cold alcohol,

  b [Ure's Chemical Dictionary, art. Atropia.l
  c [Chimie  Organique, par Leopold Gmelin ■
edition de Virey. p.  398.] 
144           ATROPINE.
and insoluble in ether and the oils.  It forms
with acids neutral crystallizable salts.

VCTION  OF  ATROPINE  ON  THE  ANIMAL
                ECONOMY.

  When M.  Brandes was experimenting on
this alkali, he was obliged to desist, in con-
sequence of  the violent headaches, pains in
the back, and giddiness, with frequent nau-
sea, which the vapour of atropine occasion-
ed : it had,   indeed, so  injurious an effect
upon  his health, that he has entirely abstain-
ed from any  further experiments,  and  no
one has hitherto repeated them.   He  once
tasted  a small quantity  of the sulphate of
atropine ; the taste was not bitter, but mere-
ly saline: there  soon followed, however,
violent headache, shaking in the limbs,  al-
ternate sensations of heat and cold, oppres-
sion of the chest, difficulty in breathing, and
diminished circulation of the blood.   The
violence of these symptoms  ceased  in  half
an hour.  Even the vapour of the various
salts of atropine produces vertigo.   When
exposed for a long time to the vapours from
a solution of nitrate, phosphate, or sulphate
of atropine,   the pupil of the eye  becomes
dilated.  This occurred frequently to M.
Brandes;  and when he tasted the salt of 
ATROPINE.             145
atropine,  the dilatation followed to so great
a degree, that it persisted for twelve hours,
and  was  not influenced by  the different
shades of light.d
   M.  Brandes  has also succeeded  in  ex-
trading from the seeds of the Datura stra-
monium? and from the Hyoscyamus nigerf

  d [Schweigger's Journal,28. 1; Repert. de Buch-
ner, ix. 71; and  Ure's  Dictionary of Chemistry,
1823.]
  e [The seeds yielded the following constituents
to that gentleman :—Fixed oil 13.85 ; thick fatty
oil  0.8 ; fatty butyraceous body,  with  resinous
chlorophylle  1.4;  wax  1.4; resin insoluble  in
ether 9.9 ;  yellowish red extractive  matter 0.6;
malate of daturine 1 ; incrystallizable sugar, with
a salt  with a base of daturive 0.8;  gummy ex-
tractive matter 6 ;  gum, with different salts 7.9 ;
bassorine,  with aluminX and phosphate of lime
3.4; woody fibre 22; pliyteumacolle 4.55 ; albu-
men 1.9 ; a matter Analogous to ulmine, called by
M.  Brandes glutenoine  5.5; malate of daturine,
malate and acetate of potass, and malate of lime
0.6 ; a membraneous secretion, containing silica
1.35; water 15.1; loss 1.95.]
  f  [Tb<i seeds of the hyoscyamus niger furnish-
ed to M. Brandes:—Fixed oil, readily soluble in
spirit of wine 19.6 ; fixed oil, difficultly soluble in
spirit of wine 4.6 ; fatty substance analogous to
cetine 1.4; malate of hyoscyamine, with malates
of lime and magnesia, and  an ammoniacal salt
6.3; incrystallizable  sugar,  a  trace;  gum  1.2;
bassorine 2.4; fecula 1.5; woody fibre 26; phy-
teumacolle 3.4; soluble albumen 0.8; hard albu-
                     13 
^46            ATROPINE.

two alkaline principles of a similar nature to
the above, to Which he has given the names
of Daturine  and  Hyoscyamine ;   he
has, however, favoured us with but a yery
imperfect account of these principles,  lne
experiments merit a repetition;  but the ex-
amination of these bases, as  they contain
the  whole  of the  poisonous matter of the
plants whence they are extracted, requires
very considerable circumspection.   Even
the vapour, as has been shown  in the case
of atropine, is exceedingly prejudicial.

men 3.7; malate, sulphate (?), and phosphate of
potass 0.4;  malate of lime 0.4; malate of mag-
nesia 0.2;  phosphates of lime and magnesia
 2.4 ; water 24.1 ; excess 1.4. The ashes contain-
 ed—carbonate, phosphate, sulphate (?), and hy-
 drochlorate of potass ; carbonate and much phos-
 phate of lime; much silica, manganese, and  iron,
 and a very little copper.] 
       DELPHININA, vel DELPHINA.
                  DELPHIA.

           Delphimne, or Delphine.


    This  alkali was discovered, in 1819, by
 MM. Feneulle and Lassaigne, in the seeds
 of the stavesacre  (delphinium staphisagria)?
 the name of delphine being taken from  del-

   ■ [These gentlemen found in the seeds the fol-
 lowing constituents :—1. Volatile oil, a trace;  2.
 A yellowish fixed oil; 3. A brown bitter princi-
 ple, not precipitable by the acetate of lead;  4.  A
 yellow  bitter principle, not precipitable by the
 acetate of lead ; 6. Malate of delphine / 6. Incrys,-
 tallizable sugar; 7.  G«ni;  8. Woody fibre;  9.
 Animal matter,  insoluble  in  spirit of wine, pre-
 cipitable by acetate of lead and infusion of galls;
 10. Albumen ; 11. Salts, with a base of potass and
 lime.
   M. Brandes  has  also give* us the following
 analysis—Fixed oil, very soluble in spirit of wine
 14.4 ; fixed oil, spangly soluble in spirit of wine
 4.7; fatty m5*tcer» analogous to  cetine 1.4;  del-
phine 8. J, gum, with traces of phosphate of lime,
 and of a vegetable salt, with a base of lime 3.15;
fecula 2.4 ; woody fibre 17.2 ; phyteumacolle, with
malate,  acetate, sulphate, and hydrochlorate of
potass,  and a salt  with a base of lime 30.67;
vegetable albumen  0.5 ; concrete albumen 3.2 ;
sulphate of lime, with phosphate of magnesia
 1.62:  water 10; excess 1.49.]. 
148           DELPHINE.

phinium, because it is probable that the acrid
nature of the plants of  this family is owing
to the above principle.  The other species
of delphinium, however, have not yet been
examined.

     PREPARATION  OF DELPHININE.

   Boil a portion of the seeds of delphinium,
cleared of their coverings, and reduced to a
fine paste, in a little distilled water;  pass the
decoction through a  linen cloth, and filtrate
it.  Add very pure  magnesia, and  boil for
some minutes.   Filtrate  again;  wash  the
residue carefully, and digest  in  highly rec-
tified alcohol.  On evaporating the alcoho-
lic tincture, delphininc is obtained in  the
form of a white powder, which affords some
points of crystallization.
   This is the most simple mode of obtain-
ing delphininc   If a  large quantity  be re-
quired, the following is a preferable  method,
on account  of the time and patience neces-
sary to decorticate the seeds.
   Submit  the uncleaned grain,  when well
bruised, to  the action of weak  sulphuric
acid.   Precipitate the  liquor  by ammonia,
and redissolve  in  alcohol  the  delphinine
which is still slightly coloured.   To purify
it, draw off the alcohol by distillation ; dis-
I 
DELPHINE.             lip,
solve  the  residuum in hydrochloric  acid,
and boil it  with magnesia.   Alcohol will
now dissolve the deposit  in a state of per-
fect purity.

       PROPERTIES OF DELPHININE.

   Pure delphinine is in the form of a  white
powder, which  is crystalline  when moist,
but soon becomes opaque on exposure  to
the air.   It  is inodorous, and has a  very
bitter and afterwards acrid taste.
   Water dissolves so small a quantity of it,
that it can only be discovered by the  slight
bitterness it communicates.
   Alcohol and ether dissolve it very readily.
The  alcoholic solution acts powerfully  in
turning the syrup of violets green, and re-
stores the blue of turnsol  paper when red-
dened by acids.
   Delphinine forms with the sulphuric, ni-
tric, hydrochloric, oxalic,  acetic, and  other
acids,  very soluble neutral  salts, the taste  of
which is extremely acrid and bitter.  Alka-
lies precipitate it in the form of a white jelly.

[ACTION OF  DELPHININE ON  ANIMALS.

   From the recent experiments of Orfila with
this substance, it appears  to prove fatal  to
                  13* 
150            DELPHINE.
dotrs in the small dose of six grains (gr. 4.92
trov):  this effect is more speedily induced
when  the  delphinine is dissolved in weak
acetic acid; the animal in this case dies in
the space of from forty to fifty minutes.
 "  It seems to exert its action more especially
on the nervous system.  It likewise pro-
duces  local irritation, giving rise to  inflam-
mation, when  death has  not immediately
followed:  inflammation, however, is not the
necessary result of its noxious action on the
stomach.*]

  CASES IN WHICH DELPHININE MAY BE
               PRESCRIBED.

    Delphinine  has not  yet been  used as a
 medicine; but if the  stavesacre have any
 medical virtue, we may presume that it re-
 sides  in  the alkali above described.   Del-
 phinine should, therefore, be  given where
 the stavesacre is indicated: when the salts of
 this base should be employed on account of
 their  solubility.
* [Mouveau Journal de Medecine. Vol. x. No. 38.] 
[PICROTOXINA, PICROTOXIA.
         P1CROTOXA.
               Picrotoxvne.


   This substance, which was  discovered
by Boullay, is the bitter and poisonous prin-
ciple of the cocculus indicus, the  fruit of the
menispermum cocculus.*

     PREPARATION OF PICROTOXINE.

   In order to  obtain the picrotoxine  the
berries are boiled in water, and the solution
evaporated to the consistence of  an extract;
it  is then digested in  the heat with ^th of
its weight  of barytes, or pure  magnesia:
this  compound is exhausted with hot abso-
lute  alcohol, the  alcoholic solution evapora-
ted to dryness ; the residuum redissolved in

  a [The fruit of the menispermum cocculus yields,
on analysis—-1. Fixed oil; 2. Adipocire;  3. Yel-
low extractive colouring matter; 4. Picrotoxine;
5.  Woody fibre;  6.  Albumen; 7. Menispermic
acid.  The ashes contain sulphate and hydrochlo-
rate of potass, phosphate of lime, silica, and iroc]
—Boullay. 
152         PICROTOXINE.
 alcohol, and the solution digested with ani-
 mal charcoal to deprive. it of colour ;  it is
 next filtered and slowly evaporated, and the
 picrotoxine is obtained, on cooling, crystal-
 lized in quadrilateral, white, and transparent,
 prisms.
   Or, to the filtered decoction of these ber-
 ries add acetate of lead whilst any precipi-
 tate falls.  Filter  and  evaporate the liquid
 cautiously to the consistence of an extract.
 Dissolve in alcohol of 0.817, and evaporate
 the  solution to dryness.   By repeating the
 solutions and  evaporations, a substance is
 finally obtained equally soluble in water and
 alcohol.  The colouring matter may be re-
 moved by agitating it with a little  water.
 Crystals of pure picrotoxine now fall, which
 may be washed with a little alcohol.b

      PROPERTIES  OF PICROTOXINE.
   Picrotoxine is inodorous, and of a  very
 bitter taste;  it restores to blue, turnsol  red-
 dened by an acid ; it  is sparingly, if at all,
 soluble in water,  but very  soluble in ether
 and alcohol.   It combines with the greater
 part of the acids, forming salts,  the  taste of
which is very bitter, and which are sparingly
soluble in water.

  b [Ure's Dictionary of Chemistry, Art. Picro-
 toxia, and Boullay, Annal. de Chimie, 80, 209.] 
PIUROTOXIINfii          153
ACTION OF PICROTOXINE ON THE ANIMAL
                ECONOMY.

  Ten grains (gr. 8.20 troy) of picrotoxine,
incorporated  with crumb  of bread,  were
given to a young middle-sized dog.  At the
end of twenty-five minutes, convulsions oc-
curred, and, subsequently, staggering, which
continued for the space of a quarter of an
hour.  The animal fell upon  his side, ex-
perienced violent  convulsive motions, and
death  took  place  at the end of forty-five
minutes.  On dissection, the stomach,  filled
with aliment, exhibited very marked  signs
of inflammation, for about an inch in ex-
tent, around the cardiac orifice; the mucous
membrane was red, but without any soften-
ing.   A similar  dose of the crystallized
acetate of picrotoxine, well dried, exhibited
in the same manner to a dog of nearly equal
strength, occasioned some indisposition and
tremor ;  but at the expiration of three hours
the animal did not appear  to  suffer any in-
convenience.6
   M. Orfila affirms  that  picrotoxine acts
upon the animal economy like camphor, but
much more actively.
e [Journal de Pharmacia  Janvier, 1819.] 
MPMMHMPPMi^nWMiPmw^
154         pinpnTftYiNE.
CASES IN WHICH IT MIGHT BE EMPLOYED.

  Picrotoxine has not as yet been used me-
dicinally ; but wherever the cocculus indwus
is  indicated, it may  be advantageously ex-
hibited : the berries are not, however, used
in medicine for internal administration.] 
GENTIANINA.  GENTIA.
           Gentianine, Gentianin,


   The discovery of this alkali was attend-
ed by a. circumstance so curious as to de-
serve  to be related.
   M.Henry, Chef de la  Pharmacie Ceiu
trale,  and M. Caventou,a were both occu-
pied in analyzing gentian at the same time,
without being aware of the  coincidence.
Their results were so identical that it almost
seemed as if they had acted in concert; they,
therefore, agreed to publish them conjointly.b

  a [According to these gentlemen the gentiana
lutea contains—1. A very fugacious odorous prin-
ciple;  2. A yellow crystalline bitter principle,
[gentianine'];  3.  A  matter  identical'with bird-
lime ; 4. A  fixed oil; 5.'A  greenish substance;
6. A free organic acid ; 7. Incrystallizable sugar;
8. Gum;  9.  A yellow colouring  matter;  10.
Woody fibre.   Schrader discovered a resinous
and narcotic principle in it;  M.Planche likewise
asserts, that he found the latter.]
  b This fact is doubly remarkable : first, because
it proves how perfect the means of analyzing ve-
getables have lately become;, and, secondly, be-
cause it shows the change which the progress of 
156
GENTIANINE.
      PREPARATION OF GENTIANINE.

   Digest powdered  gentian  in  cold ether.
A greenish yellow tincture is obtained at the
end of forty-eight hours.  If this tincture
be filtrated, and the  liquor sufficiently con-
centrated by  exposure  to  heat  in an open
vessel, it forms, on  cooling, a yellow crys-
talline mass,  which  possesses strongly the
taste and odour of gentian.
   Digest this mass in alcohol until it ceases
to give a lemon colour.   Add the washings
together, and  expose them  to a slight heat;
the yellow crystalline mass re-appears, which,
towards the end of the evaporation, becomes
solid.   This mass is very bitter.   Re digest
in weak  alcohol, and all will be redissolved,
except a certain quantity of oily matter.
   This last  alcoholic  solution,  besides the
bitter principle of the  gentian, contains its
odorous matter, and also an acid substance.
   By evaporating this liquor to dryness, dis-
solving the matter in water, adding a little
well-washed calcined magnesia to it, and by

science has made in those who follow scientific
pursuits.   One hundred years ago,  such a coin-
cidence would  have produced a violent quarrel,
whilst now it only induces a feeling of joy in those
who find their discoveries confirmed  by others.—
M. 
              GENTIANINE.           157

boiling and evaporation in a water bath, the
greatest  part of the odorous  matter of the
gentian may be driven off.  The bitter acid
is also taken up  by the magnesia, and the
yellow bitter principle remains partly free,
and partly combined with the magnesia, to
which it gives a  fine yellow colour.  The
great* r part of the bitter principle may then
be obtained pure and isolated by boiling the
magnesia in ether,  and evaporating the so-
lution.   If  it be desirable  to separate still
more of the bitter principle which the ether
has failed to  take from the magnesia, it may
be done  by  digestion in enough oxalic acid
to make the liquor  acidulous.   The  acid
unites with  the  magnesia, and  the bitter
principle, which is left free, may be obtain-
ed by the means indicated above.

      PROPERTIES OF GENTIANINE.

  Gentianine is yellow, inodorous, and pos-
sesses very strongly the aromatic  bitterness
of gentian;  more decidedly so,  however,
when it is dissolved in an acid.
  It is very soluble in ether and in alcohol,
and may be separated from them by spon-
taneous  evaporation  in  the form of  very
small, yellow, needle-like, crystals.   It is
much less  soluble in cold water, which it
                    14 
158          GENTIANINE.
renders, however, very bitter.   Boiling wa-
ter has more action on it.
  Its colour is much deepened  by the di-
luted alkalies, which dissolve rather more of
it than water does.
  Acids weaken its yellow colour very no-
tably.   Its solutions in the sulphuric and
phosphoric acids are even almost colourless.
Those,  with the other weaker acids, how-
ever, such as the acetic, are yellowish. Con-
centrated sulphuric acid carbonizes it, and
destroys its bitterness.
  Gentianine, exposed in a glass tube to the
heat of  boiling mercury,  is partly tlecom-
posed and partly  sublimed  in the form of
small yellow crystalline needles.
  Gentianine does not sensibly change  the
colour of turnsol, either when blue or when
reddened by acids.  It appears  to be neu-
tral.

ACTION  OF GENTIANINE ON ANIMALS AND
                ON MAN.

  It would seem, from some trials which I
have made,  that  gentianine has no poison-
ous quality.  Several grains thrown into the
veins produced no  apparent effect.   I have
myself swallowed two grains (gr. 1.64 troy)
dissolved in alcohol: the only inconvenience 
GENTIANINE.          159
which I experienced was an extreme bitter-
ness, and a  slight sensation of heat in the
stomach.


   MODE OF  PRESCRIBING GENTIANINE.

   Apparently the tincture ought to  be used
the  most frequently.  It may be prepared
after the following formula :—


         TINCTURA  GENTIANINE.

         Tincture of Gentianine.

  Take of
Alcohol at 24° (.903) 1 ounce (7 dr. gr. 52.5 troy).
Gentianine.....5 grains (gr. 4.1 troy).

   This tincture  may be used for the elixir
of gentian, and in similar circumstances.


         SYRUPUS GENTIANINjE.

           Syrup of Gentianine.

  Take of
Syrup of sugar . 1 pound (15 oz. 6 dr. 1  gr. troy).
Gentianine  .  .  16 grains (gr. 13.12 troy).

   This syrup is one of the best bitters that
can be prescribed in scrofulous affections. 
LUPULINA
                  Lupuline,

   The existence of this substance in  the
hopa has lately been  remarked  by M. Ives
of New York.   It had been  described in

  a [MM. Payen and Chevallier found the cones
of the French hop to consist of the following  sub-
Stances :—1. Water; 2. An essential oil; 3.  Su-
peracetate of ammonia; 4. Carbonic acid; 5. A
white vegetable matter, soluble in boiling water,
(which when precipitated on cooling does not re-
dissolve in that fluid);  6. Malate of lime;  7. Al-
bumen; 8. Gum ; 9. Malic acid ;  10. Resin ;  11.
A peculiar green  matter, the  bitter principle of
the hop ; 12. A fatty matter; 13. Chlorophylle ;
14. Acetates of lime and ammonia;  15. Nitrate,
muriate, and  sulphate of potass;  16. Subcarbo-
nate of potass;  17. Carbonate and phosphate of
lime;  18. Traces  of  phosphate of magnesia;
19. Sulphur; 20.  Oxide of iron; and, 21. Silica.
The Belgic and English hop, subjected to similar-
trials, yielded  the same principles, but in differ-
ent proportions.   The French  contained more es-
sential oil  than the Belgic,  and less  than the
English. Hops, soon after picking, yield, ceeteris
paribus, more  essential oil, and less resin than the
old; a circumstance which induced MM.  Payen
and Chevallier to think that the oil is capable of
being  resinified.—Journal  de  Pharmacie, Juin,
1822.] 
LUPULINE.            161
 France by M. Planche,  and more recently
 by  MM. Chevallier and Payen, under the
 name of  matiere jaune du houblon.
   It presents itself under the form of small,
 shining, yellowish,  grains,  which cover the
 base of the scales of the hop.
   It is of a golden colour, pulverulent, and
 of an aromatic ocjour.
   When submitted to analysis, it is found
 to be chiefly composed of resin, volatile oil
 in small  quantity, and a bitter principle.  It
 is to this  latter principle that the name  of
 lupuline ought, it would seem, to be reserv-
 ed.   It has a very bitter taste, and is solu-
 ble in water, alcohol, and ether, to which it
 communicates its bitterness.

    ACTION ON MAN AND ON ANIMALS.

   M.  Ives esteems it at once aromatic, to-
nic, and  narcotic.  On this subject I can
say nothing with certainty.   I have tried, at
different times,  both the  lupuline in sub-
stance, and  its  different preparations,  on
animals ;  but I have never observed that it
is a narcotic, although this property is  one
which is  the  most  strikingly displayed in
experiments on animals.
                  14* 
w>
 ltfS            LUPULINE.
        i
       Mode of Employing Lupuline.

            PULVIS LUPULINE.

            Powder oj Lupuline.
 Take ot
   Lupuline.............I part.
   White sugar, powdered   .....2 parts.

   First powder  the lupuline in a porcelain
 mortar, and afterwards acid  by degrees  the
 sugar : mix them accurately.

            PILULjE LUPULINE.

             Pills of Lupuline.
    Bruise it strongly, and divide into pills.

   Tl is substance becomes converted into a
 ductile mass, which renders it unnecessary
 to add any  excipient.

          TINCTURA LUPULINE.

           Tincture of Lupuline,
Take of
  Bruised Lupuline.....l ounce (7 dr.  52.56
    gr troy).
  Alcohol at 36° (.837) .  .  2 ounces (1 oz. 7 dr.
    45 gr. troy).
  Digest for six days in a close vessel; strain,
press strongly, filter, and add a  quantity of alco-
hol at 36° (.837), so as to make three ounces (2
oz. 7 dr. 37.6 gr. troy) of  tincture. 
LUPULINE.            163
  [Mr. Nicholas Mill  affirms, that  from
forty to six;*  riinims of the saturated tinc-
ture of lupuhne act as an anodyne, and have
a powerful  effect in allaying  great nervous
irritation ;  whilst that stupidity which often
accompanies the use of  opium is never in-
duced by this medicine.b]

         EXTRACTUM LUPULINiE.

           Extract of Lupuline.

  This extract may be prepared, either with
the aqueous infusion when it is bitter and
aromatic, or  with the decoction when it is
equally bitter,  but less aromatic, and re-
tains some resin.

           SYRUPUS LUPULINJE.

            Syrup of Lupuline,
Take of
      Alcoholic tincture of lupuline 1 part.
      Simple syrup.........7 parts.
   The doses of these  preparations are not
yet precisely established ;  but, as the lupu-
line contains no poisonous property, practi-
tioners may easily determine them.

    *> [Annals of Philosophy, January, 1824.] 
BRUCINA.   BRUCIA.
                 Brucine.

  This organic salifiable base  was disco-
vered, in 1819, by MM. Pelletier and  Ca-
ventou, in the bark of the false angustura
(brucea antidysenterica).a  M Pelletier has
since found it joined with strychnine in the
nux vomica.

     MODE OF  PREPARING BRUCINE.
  Brucine is extracted from the bark of the
false angustura by a process similar to  that
pointed out for the extraction of strychnine,
with  this difference, that in  this case the
magnesian precipitate should be much  less
washed, because the  solubility  of  brucine
in water is greater  than that of  strychnine.
The brucine is afterwards obtained by eva-
porating the alcoholic  liquors which have
been  used for treating the magnesian preci-
pitate.  It is, however, in a resinous form,
on account of  its not being yet sufficiently
pure  to crystallize.

  a [According to these gentlemen the bark con-
tains : 1. A fatty substance; 2. A yellow colour-
ing matter; 3. Gallate of  brucine ; 4. Traces of
sugar; 5. Gum; and, 6. Woody fibre.] 
BRUCINE.            165
  In order to purify it, it must be combined
with oxalic acid, and the oxalate treated by
a mixture of alcohol at 40° (.817), and  of
ether at 60° (.742.)   The  colouring matter
will thus  be dissolved,  and  the oxalate of
brucine remain under the form of a white
powder.   Decompose this oxalate by mag-
nesia, and add  alcohol to take up the bru-
cine.   By suffering the alcoholic solution
to evaporate in the open  air, the brucine
may be obtained crystallized: if it be eva-
porated by the aid of heat, the brucine will
be obtained fused,  but not less pure.

        PROPERTIES OF BRUCINE.
  Brucine has a very intensely bitter taste ;
it is but slightly soluble in water, although
more so than strychnine.   When it is pro-
cured  regularly crystallized,  it presents it-
self under the  form of oblique prisms,  with
parallelogramical bases.   It  dissolves  at a
temperature nearly equal to that of boiling
water, and on  cooling concretes like wax,
It unites with acids, forming with them neu-
tral salts, the majority of whieh are capable
of  being  regularly  crystallized.   When
placed  in  contact  with  concentrated  nitric
acid, it  acquires a most  intensely crimson
colour, which, when the substance is warm-
ed,  changes to yellow.   If  in this state a
solution of the proto-hydrochlorate  of tin 
166
BRUCINE.
   be poured upon it, a most beautiful violet-
   coloured precipitate is formed ; this property
   appertains solely to brucine.b

    ACTION  OF BRUCINE ON  THE ANIMAL
                    ECONOMY.

      The action of brucine on the animal eco-
   nomy  is similar to that produced by strych-
   nine, but it is less energetic.  Its intensity
   has appeared to us in some  experiments to
   be to that of pure strychnine0 as 1 to 12.  It
   required four grains (gr. 3.281 troy) ©f bru-
   cine to  kill a  rabbit.   A tolerably strong
   dog, after having taken four grains, experi-
   enced  some strong attacks of tetanus, but
   recovered.   Brucine might then be substi-

     * Strychnine,  extracted from the nux vomica,
   when treated by the same means, sometimes as-
   sumes a violet tint.  Under  such circumstances
   we may feel assured that it  retains brucine; for
-  the strychnine from St. Ignatius's bean, and even
  J;hat from the nux vomica, when perfectly purified,
   does not produce the violet  colour with the pro-
   to-hydrochlorate of tin.—M.
     c Dr. Andral, jun. has lately made some fresh
   comparative experiments on brucine and strych-
   nine ;  and he has arrived at this result, that six
   grains of brucine are required to produce the ef-
   fects of one grain of impure,  and of a quarter of a
   grain of pure, strychnine.
     The difference of action would therefore appear
   to be greater than what we had at first estimated.
   M.—[Vide  Strychnine.] 
BRUCINE.            167
tuted for strychnine, and it would have the
advantage of producing similar effects with-
out being attended by the inconvenience of
being so very powerful.

       MODE OF ADMINISTRATION.

   Brucine, like strychnine, may be admin-
istered in pills  or in tincture, gradually in-
creasing  the dose.   For  medical use the
brucine extracted from the bark of the false
angustura should be adopted ; that  which
is obtained from the nux vomica is too apt
to remain  mixed with a certain quantity of
strychnine, which increases its activity and
prevents us from calculating its effects.

CASES IN WHICH IT MIGHT BE EMPLOYED.
   As  brucine  possesses  the  properties of
strychnine, but in a weak degree,  it may be
administered in the dose  of one, two, and
even  three grains (gr. 0.82, 1.64, or 2.46
troy),  without  fear of accident, under the
same  circumstances  in which the prepara-
tions of nux vomica are indicated. It is even
probable  that the dose  might  be  carried
much higher, but it is better to use the re-
medy with a wise caution.
   It is  for experience to decide whether
this new substance should be  preserved as
a medicine or rejected. 
POSOLOGICAL TABLE.
Atropine.  Dose not determined.
Bru.cine.  From one to three grains.
Cinchonine.  From eight to twenty grains.
    Syrup of Cinchonine*—from one to two table-
      spoonsful.
    Wine of Cinchonine—'from  four to  twenty-
      four ounces or more in  the twenty-four
      hours.
    Tincture of—from two drachms to six.
Daturine.   Dose not determined.
Delphine.  Dose not determined.
Emetine. From a quarter of  a  grain  to four
      grains or more.
    Mixture of Emetine—a dessert  spoonful
      every hour until vomiting is induced.
    Pectoral  Lozenges of  Emetine—one every
      hour, or otherwise.
    Emetic Lozenges of Emetine—three or four.
    Syrup of Emetine—from ^ss.  to 5J. or more,
Emetine purified—from one sixteenth of a grain
      to two grains.
    Pectoral Lozenges of Pure Emetine---one
      every hour.
    Emetic Mixture of pure Emetine—a dessert
      spoonful  every quarter of  an hour until
      vomiting is induced.
Syrup of Pure  Emetine—from  two to four  tea*
      spoonsful. 
POSOLOGICAL TABLE.       169
Gentianine—from two grains to four or more.
     Tincture of Gentianine—from  3ss. to gij. or
       more.
     Syrup of Gentianine—from jj. toSiij.
Hydro-cyanic Acid [Medicinal Acid of Magen-
       die]—from a quarter of a drop to two drops.
     Mixture of Hydro-cyanic acid---a dessert
       spoonful.
     Syrup of Hydro-cyanic acid—from 3J. to 51J.
Hyoscyamine.  Dose not determined.
Iodine.   From gr. j. to gr. iij.
     Hydriodate of Potass.  Ditto.
     Ioduretted Hydriodate of Potass.  Ditto.
     Tincture of Iodine—from 10 to 20 drops.
     Solution of Hydriodate of Potass.  Ditto.
Lupuline, Preparations of—Doses not yet estab-
       lished.
Morphine—from |th to |th of a grain, or more.
     Sulphate of Morphine—from £th of a grain
       to  a grain.
     Acetate of Morphine.  Ditto.
     Syrup of Acetate of Morphine—two to four
       tea-spoonfuls.
     Syrup of Sulphate of Morphine.   Ditto.
     Anodyne drops—from 6 to 24 drops.
     Solution of Acetate of  Morphine.   Ditto.
Narcotine.  Dose not yet established.
Nux Vomica.
     Alcoholic Extract of Nux vomica—gr. ss. to
       gr. v.
     Tincture of JVux vomica—gtt. 5 to 30.
Opium.
     Extract of Opium deprived  of Narcotine—
       from gr. ss. to gr. ij.
     Extract of Opium deprived of Morphine—
       from gr. ij. to gr. vi.
                     15 
170      POSOLOGICAL TABLE.

Picrotoxine.  Dose not yet established.
Quinine.  From v. to x. grains.
    Sulphate of  Quinine—from j. toxxiv. grains
       in the 24 hours.
    Syrup of Sulphate of Quinine—from one to
       two table-spoonfuls.
     Wine of Quinine—same as Wine of Cincho-
       nine.
     Tincture of  Quinine—from 3ij- to 3vj.
Strychnine—from |T to | of a grain.
     •"ills of Strychnine—one or two.
     Tincture of Strychnine—from 6 to 24 drops.
     Mixture of  Strychnine—a dessert  spoonful,
       or f. giv. to §j.
 Solanine.   Dose not yet established.
 Veratrine.  From | to £ a grain. 
TABLES,
Showing the  Proportion of the  active  In-

   gredients in the various compound Medi-
   cines of the Formulary.*


                  CINCHONINE.


   Syrup of Cinchonine contains one grain Fr. (gr.
.82 troy)  of  the sulphate of cinchonine in 3ii. and
49 grains (3"- gr- 18 troy).
   Wine of  Cinchonine  contains  one grain Fr. of
the sulphate in one ounce and six drachms (§i.
5 dr. 47 gr. troy).
   Tincture  of Cinchonine contains one grain Fr.*
of the sulphate, in sixty-five grains (gr. 63.17 troy)r

  * The proportion between the weights  and the mea-
sures of the various fluid preparations may be in some de-
gree appreciated, by a reference to the following Table:
in wliich the first column shows the weight, and the second
the number of drops, in a measured drachm of several
active fluids, under circumstances as nearly similar as pos-
sible, as#ascertained by Mr. Shuttleworth.

                                 Grains.  Drops,
    Distilled water..................  60     60
    Fowler's arsenical solution.......  60|     60
    Whitewine....................  58|     94
    Ipecacuanha \vine»»»»«»«»«».....  59£     84
    Antimonial wine•...............  59%     84
    Rectified  spirits of  wine»«•••••••  5lj    151£
    Proof  spirit....................  55$    140
    Laudanum........•.........«••  59|    134
    Tincture of digitalis.............  58    144 
172     TABLES  OF PROPORTIONS.
                     EMETINE.

    Emetic Mixture of Emetine contains one grain
  Fr. of emetine in five drachms (4 dr. 55 gr. troy).
    Pectoral Lozenges of Emetine contain one grain
  Fr. of emetine in one drachm  (gr. 59.07 tray).
    Emetic Lozenges of Emetine contain one grain
  Fr. of emetine in 37 grains (gr. 30.35 troy).
    Syrup of Emetine contains one  grain Fr. of
  emetine in each ounce (7 dr. 52.58 gr. troy).

                  PURE EMETINE.

    Lozenges  of pure Emetine  contain  one grain
  Fr. of pure  emetine in each  half  ounce (3 dr.
  56.28 gr. troy).
    Syrup of pure Emetine contains  one grain Fr.
  of pure emetine in four ounces (3 oz. 7 dr. 30.24
  gr. troy).
|                  GENTIANINE.
*  Tincture of Gentianine contains one grain  Fr.
  of gentianine in one drachm and forty-nine grains
  (3i. gr. 39.6 troy).
    Syrup of  Gentianine contains one grain Fr. of
  gentianine in about an ounce (7 dr. 52.5 gr. troy).

               hydro-cyanic acid.

    Mixture of Hydro-cyanic  Acid  contains one
  grain Fr.  of M. Magendie's medicinal  prussic
  acid in one drachm and sixty-eight grains (3i. 55
  gr. troy).
    Pectoral Mixture  of Hydro-cyanic Acid con-
  tains one grain of the medicinal acid in one  drachm
  and forty-five grains (gr. 95.98 troy).
    Hydro-cyanic Syrup contains one grain Fr. of the
  acid in  one drachm and fifty-seven grains (3i- gr.
  46 troy). 
TABLES OF PROPORTIONS.      173
  Hydro-cyanic Lotion contains one fluid drachm
of Scheele's acid in f. 3iii.

                   IODINE.
  Tincture of Iodine  contains  one grain Fr. of
iodine in about  13 gr. Fr. (gr. 10.66 troy), or
about thirty drops.*
  Solution of Hydriodate of Potass contains one
grain Fr. of the  hydriodate in about seventeen
drops of the liquid.
  Ointment of Hydriodate of Potass contains one
grain Fr. of the hydriodate in 24 grains  (gr.
19.68 troy).
                   LUPULINE.
  Powder of Lupuline contains one part of lupu-
line in three.
  Tincture of Lupuline is made with one part q£
lupuline to three  of alcohol.
  Syrup of Lupuline is  formed of one part of
the alcoholic  tincture to  seven of simple syrup ;
and consequently contains one part of the lupu-
line in thirty-two of the syrup.

                   MORPHINE.

  Syrup  of Acetate of  Morphine contains  one
grain Fr.  of the acetate in 3iv. (3 oz. 7 dr. 30 gr.
troy).
  Syrup of Sulphate  of Morphine contains  one
grain Fr.  of the sulphate  in four ounces Fr.
  Anodyne Drops  contain one grain Fr. of the
acetate  of morphine in about  42  gr. (gr. 34.45
troy).
  Solution of Acetate of  Morphine contains  one
grain troy of the acetate in Ji- troy.

           *  M. Magendie says 20 drops.
                    15* 
174     TABLES OF PROPORTIONS.
                 NUX VOMICA.
  Tincture of Nux vomica contains one grain Fr,
of the alcoholic extract in two drachms and for-
ty-nine grains (3ii. gr. 38 troy).
                   QUININE.

  Syrup  of  Sulphate of  Quinine contains one
grain Fr. of the sulphate in five drachms  (4 dr.
55.3 gr. troy).                     .
   Wine of Quinine contains one  gram ol the sul-
phate in two ounces and five drachms (2 o2.  4 dr.
30 gr. troy).                           .
   Tincture of Quinine contains  one  grain * r. ol
the sulphate in one  drachm and  25 grains (gr.
79.57 troy).
                  STRYCHNINE.

   Pills  of  Strychnine contain  one grain Fr. of
 strychnine in thirty-six grains (gr. 29.5  troy).
   Tincture of Strychnine contains one grain Fr.
 of strychnine in 3ii. gr. 49  (3ii. 38 gr. troy). 
APPENDIX.
[From Syder's Examinations.]
PREPARATIONS AND COMPOUNDS.
                      ACIDS.

  Dilute acetic acib.—Take of vinegar a gallon ; let the
dilute acetic acid distil in a sand bath from a glass retort
into a glass and cooled receiver, then, having thrown away
the first pint, keep the  six  pints next distilled.
  Benzoic acid.—Take of benzoin a pound; put the ben-
zoin into a glass vessel placed in sand, and a heat of three
hundred degrees being applied, and increased gradually,
sublime  until  nothing more ascends; compress what is
sublimed, involved in blotting paper, that it may be sepa-
rated from the oily part; then sublime again, the heat not
being raised above the four hundredth degree.
  Citbic acid.—Take of the juice  of lemons a pint, of
prepared chalk an  ounce, or a quantity that may be  suf-
ficient to saturate the juice; of diluted sulphuric acid, nine
fluid ounces; add the chalk gradually to the lemon juice
made hot, and mix; then pour off the liquor.   Wash the
citrate of lime which remains with warm Avater, frequent-
ly renewed; then dry it. Then pour upon the dried pow-
der the  diluted sulphuric acid, and boil for the sixth part
of an hour (te?i minutes').  Express the liquor strongly
through linen, and  filter it through paper.   Consume the
filtered  liquor with a gentle heat,  so that when it cools
crystals may be formed.  That they may be  pure, dissolve 
176
ACIDS.
the crystals again, and a third time in water, and as often
strain, boil down, and set aside.
   Muriatic acid.—Take of dried muriate of soda,  two
pounds; of sulphuric acid {by -weight) twenty ounces; of
distilled water, a pint and a half: first  mix the  acid with
half a pint of the water, in a glass retort, and to this, when
it has become cool, add the muriate of soda.  Pour what
is remaining of the water into a receiver, then, the retort
being applied, let the muriatic acid pass over into this wa-
ter, distilled from a sand bath,  gradually  increasing the
heat until the retort becomes red.
   The specific weight  (gravity) of muriatic acid is to the
specific gravity of distilled water, as 1.160  to 1.000.
   One hundred and twenty-four grains of the crystals of
the subcarbonate of soda are saturated by a hundred grains
of this acid.
   Nitkic acid.—Take of dried nitrate of potass,  of sul-
phuric acid, of each (by weight), two pounds ;  mix them
in a glass  retort; then let the nitric acid distil in  a sand
bath until a red  vapour is produced.   Then, an ounce of
dried nitrate of potass  being added to it, let the acid  dis-
til again in the same manner.
   The  specific  weight of nitric  acid is  to the specific •
weight of distilled water, as 1.500 to 1.000.
   Two hundred  and twelve  grains of the crystals of sub-
carbonate of soda will be saturated by a hundred grains of
this acid.
   Diluted  nitric acid.—Take  of  nitric acid, a fluid
ounce ; of distilled water, nine fluid ounces : mix.
   Diluted  sulphuric  acid.—Take of sulphuric acid, a
fluid ounce  and a half; of distilled water,  fourteen fluid
ounces and a half:  add the acid to the water gradually;
then mix.
   Tartaric acid.—Take of the super-tartrate of potass,
two pounds and a half; of boiling distilled water, three
gallons ; of prepared chalk, a pound; of sulphuric acid, a
pound.  Boil the super-tartrate of potass with two gallons
of the distilled water, and add the prepared chalk gradual-
ly until bubbles are rio longer excited :  set aside that the
Tartrate of Lime may  subside;  pour off the liquor, and
wash the tartrate of lime frequently with  distilled water,
until it becomes tasteless; then pour upon it the sulphuric
acid diluted with a gallon of boiling distilled water, and 
      ALKALIES  AND THEIR SALTS.     l7?*

set it aside for twenty-four hours,  shaking it ocaasionally,
strain the liquor, and  evaporate it in  a water bath, that
crystals may be formed.
           ALKALIES AND THEIR SALTS.

   Subcarbonate of ammonia.—Take of the muriate  of
 ammonia, a pound; of dried prepared chalk, a pound and
 a half; rub them separately  to a powder, then  mix and
 sublime, gradually increasing the heat until the retort be-
 comes red.
   Lkiuor or  ammonia.—Take of muriate of ammonia,
 eight  ounces; of fresh lime, six ounces; of water, four
 pints ; pour upon the lime a pint of the water, then cover
 the vessel, and set it aside for an  hour, next add the mu-
 riate of ammonia and the remaining water, first made hot,
 and  cover the vessel  again;  strain the liquor after it has
 become cold; then let twelve fluid ounces of the liquor
 of ammonia distill into a receiver, the heat of which does
 not exceed the fiftieth degree.
   The specific weight of the liquor of ammonia,  is to the
 weight of distilled water, as 0.960 to 1.000.
   LiauoR of acetate of ammonia.—Take of  the  subcar-
 bonate of ammonia, two ounces; of dilute acetic acid, four
 pints, or a quantity that may be sufficient; add  the acid
 to the subcarbonate of ammonia until bubbles be no longer
 excited, and mix.
   Liauon  of  subcarbonate of ammonia.—Take of the
 subcarbonate of ammonia, four ounces; of distilled water,
 a pint; dissolve  the subcarbonate of ammonia in the wa-
 ter, and filter through paper.
  Liq.uor of potass.—Take  of the  subcarhonate of po-
tass,  a pound;  of fresh lime, half  a pound; of boiling dis-
tilled water, a  gallon:  dissolve the potass  in two pints  of
the water;  add what is left of  the water to  the lime.  Mix
together the heated liquors ;  then set aside in a covered
vessel, and, after it shall have cooled, strain through cot-
ton cloth.
  If  any diluted  acid,  dropped into it, excite  bubbles, it
will be necessary to add more lime, and to  strain it again. 
.—'^sESiiipy.
178    ALKALIES AND  THEIR  SALTS.

 'A pint of this liquor ought to weigh sixteen ounces.
  LiauoR of subcarbonate of potass.—Take of the sub-
carbonate of potass, a pound;  of distilled water,  twelve
fluid ounces: dissolve the subcarbonate  of potass in the
water, and filter through paper.
  Potass with lime.—Take of the liquor of potass, three
pints; of fresh lime, a pound; boil down the liquor of
potass to a pint, then add the lime slaked by the affusion
of water, and diligently mix.
  Fused potass.—Take of the  liquor of  potass, a gallon;
consume the water in a clean  iron vessel upon the fire,
until  the ebullition having ceased, the potass is melted :        ]
pour off this upon an iron plate into convenient forms.
  Acetate of  potass.—Take of  the subcarbonate of po-
tass, a pound; of the strong  acetic  acid, two  pints; of
boiling distilled water two pints ; add the acid, first mixed
with the water, to the subcarbonate of potass, until bub-
bles are no longer excited, and strain.   Consume the li-
quor  first in a water-bath until the ebullition shall have
ceased.   Next  expose it to a gradually increasing  heat,
and consume it again until a pellicle swims upon its sur-
face ; dry the pellicle taken off upon blotting paper.
Let the  liquor be  consumed again, and frequently, and the        |
pellicle  taken off  and dried in the same manner.
  Carbonate  ov potass.—Take of the liquor of  sub-car-
bonate of potass, a gallon ; transmit carbonic acid through
the liquor of the  sub-carbonate of potass in a proper ves-
sel  to a perfect saturation, and strain.   Let the strained
liquor be evaporated that crystals may he formed, taking
care that the heat does not exceed the hundred and twen-
tieth  degree.   Having poured off the liquor, dry these
(the crystals) upon blotting paper.
  Carbonic acid is obtained  with facility from white mar-
ble and diluted sulphuric acid.
  Sub-carbonate of potass.—Take  of impure  potass,
powdered,  three pounds; of  boiling water, three  pints
and a half; dissolve the  potass in the water, and strain ;
then  pour it off into a clean iron vessel and consume the
water with a mild fire, that the liquor may thicken; then
the  fire being removed, stir  it  constantly with an  iron
spatula  (or rod) until the salt forms into small grains.
  Sub-carbonate  of potass may be  prepared in  the same
manner from  tartar, which shall have been first burnt;        ,
until it  be of an ash colour, 
       ALKALIES  AND THEIR SALTS.    179

   Sulphate of potass.—Take of the  salt which remains
 after the distillation of nitric acid, two pounds ; of boiling
 water, two gallons; mix that the salt may be  dissolved ;
 then add of the sub-carbonate of potass what may be suf-
 ficient to saturate the acid, then boil until a pellicle swims
 upon it, and when you shall have strained it, set it aside
 that crystals may  be formed. Having poured off the liquor,
 dry these  upon  bibulous paper -(Blotting paper).
   Super-sulphate of potass.—Take of the salt which re-
 mains after the distillation of nitric acid, two  pounds; of
 boiling water, four piHts;  mix  that the salt may be dis-
 solved, and strain : next, boil it to one half, and set it by,
 that crystals may be  formed.  Having poured off the li-
 quor, dry these (~the  crystals J upon blotting paper.
   Tartrate of potass.—Take of the sub-carbonate  of
 potass,  sixteen ounces; of the  super-tartrate  of potass,
 three pounds; of boiling  water, a gallon; dissolve the
 sub-carbonate of  potass in the water ; then add the super-
 tartrate of potass rubbed into a powder, until bubbles are
 no longer excited.  Filter the liquor through paper; next,
 boil until a pellicle swims upon it, and set aside that crys-
 tals may  be formed.  Having poured off the liquor, dry
 these fthe crystals J  upon blotting  paper.
   Carbonate of  soda.—Take of the sub-carbonate of so-
 da, a pound; of distilled water,  three pints ; dissolve the
 sub-carbonate of soda in the distilled water.  Then trans-
 mit carbonic acid through the liquor in a proper vessel to
 a perfect saturation,  and set it aside that crystals may be
 formed.  Dry the crystals folded and compressed in blot-
 ting paper.  Consume the remaining liquor, taking care
 the heat  does not exceed the  hundred and twentieth de-
 gree, that crystals may be again produced.  Dry and com-
 press these in the same manner.
   Sub-carbonate of soda.—Take of impure soda rubbed
 into powder, a pound;  of boiling distilled water,  four
 pints; boil the soda  in the water for half an hour, and
 strain. Let this evaporate  to two pints,  and be set aside
that crystals may be formed; throw  away the remaining
liquor.
  Dried sub-carbonate of soda.—Take of the sub-car-
bonate of soda, a pound; apply a boiling  heat to the sub-
carbonate of soda in  a clean iron vessel, until it be per-
fectly dried, and stir  it  continually together with an iron
spatula (or rod). Finally, rub it to a powder. 
,JU_.-_-^____'._____. '-.*;«__ ,JP---          ■  I.. 111. L.   J U . .....  .J.HUW;
 180    ALKALIES AND THEIR  SALTS.

  Sulphate of soda.—Take of the salt  which remains
 after the distillation of muriatic acid, two pounds ; of boil-
 ing water, two pints and a half;  dissolve the salt in the
 water, then add gradually of the  sub-carbonate of soda
 what may be sufficient to saturate  the acid.  Boil  down
 until a pellicle appears, and  when  you  have strained it,
 set it aside, that crystals may be formed.   Having poured
 off the water, dry these upon blotting paper.
  Tartarizkd soda.—Take of  the sub-carbonate of soda,
 twenty ounces ; of super-tartrate of potass  powdered, two
 pounds;  of boiling water, ten pints ; dissolve the sub-car-
 bonate of soda in the water, and add gradually the super-
tartrate of potalss.  Filter the liquor through paper ; then
boil it until a pellicle  swims upon it, and  set aside that
crystals may be formed.   Having poured  off the water,
dry these upon blotting paper.
           EARTHS AND THEIR SALTS.

  Dri£d alum.—Let alum dissolve in an earthen vessel
oVer the fire, then let the fire be increased until the ebul-
lition shall have ceased.
  Compound liquor of alum.—Take of alum, of the sul-
phate of zinc, of each half an ounce; of boiling water, two
pints; dissolve the alum and the sulphate of zinc together
in the water: next, filter the liquor through paper.
  Lime.—Take of white marble, a pound; bruise it into
pieces and burn  it in a crucible with a fierce fire for an
hour, or until the carbonic acid shall  be completely ex-
pelled, so that dilute acetic acid on being added excites
no bubbles.
  Lime from shells.—In the same manner lime may also
be made from shells.
  Liauoii of lime.—Take of lime, half a pound;  of boil-
ing distilled water, twelve pints;  pour the  water  Upon
the lime, and shake them together ; then cover the vessel
directly and set it by for three hours ; then preserve the
liquor with the remaining  lime  in stopped glass vessels,
and when it is to be used, take from the clear liquor.
  Muriate  of  Lime.—Take  of the salt which  remains
after the sublimation of the sub-carbonate of ammonia, two 
          EARTHS  AND THEIR SALTS.    181

.pounds; of water, a pint.  Mix and filter through paper;
 'et. t.ne  i,cluor evaporate until the salt be dried.  Keep
 this in a vessel accurately stopped.
   Liouor of muriate of lime.—Take of the muriate of
 lime, two ounces; of distilled water, three fluid ounces.
 Dissolve the muriate  of lime in the water, then  filter it
 through paper.
   Prepared chalk.—Take of chalk, a pound; add a little
 water to the chalk, and rub it that it may be made a subtil
 powder.   Cast this into a large vessel filled  with water ;
 then shake it, and, a short time  having intervened, trans-
 mit the supernatant water as yet turbid into  another ves-
 sel, and  set it by that the powder may subside ; finally,
 having poured off the water, dry the powder.
   Magnesia.—Take  of  the  sub-carbonate of magnesia,
 four ounces;  burn it  in a fierce  heat for two hours, or un-
 til dilute acetic acid dropped  in excite no bubbles.
   Subcarbonate of magnesia.—I'ake of  the sulphate of
 magnesia, a pound;  of  the subcarbonate of  potass,  nine
 ounces : of water, three  gallons.  Dissolve separately the
 subcarbonate of potass in three pints of water;  the sulphate
 of magnesia in five  pints of the water, and  strain;  next
 add the remaining water to the liquor of the sulphate of
 magnesia, and boil; and mix to it whilst it is boiling, the
 former liquor, continually stirring with  a spatula,  then
 strain it through cloth : finally, wash the powder frequent-
 ly by the affusion of  boiling water,  and dry  it upon blot-
 ting paper in a heat of two hundred degrees.
          METALS AND THEIR SALTS.

          PREPARATIONS  OF  ASTJMONr.

  "Precipitated sulphuhet of antimony.—Take of sul-
phuret of antimony powdered, two pounds; of the liquor
of potass, four pints; of distilled water,  three  pints; of
diluted sulphuric acid, a quantity that may be sufficient.
Mix the sulphuret of antimony, the liquor of potass, and
the water together, and boil  with a slow fire for three
hours, stirring it continually, adding from time to time dis-
tilled water so that it may always fill the same measure.
16 
182   PREPARATIONS OF ANTIMONY.

  Strain the liquor immediately through double  cloti:,
and, as yet hot, drop into it gradually of diluted sulphuric
acid a quantity that may be sufficient to precipitate the
powder, then wash the sulphate of potass with hot  water,
dry the  precipitated sulphuret of antimony, and rub it into
a very fine powder.
  Tartarized antimony.—Take of the glass of antimony
reduced to a very subtil powder, supertartrate of  potass
powdered, each « pound;  of boiling distilled  water, a
gallon;  mix accurately  the glass of antimony with the
supertartrate of potass, and throw them gradually into the
boiling distilled water, continually stirring it with a  spatu-
la ;  boil for a quarter of an hour, and set it by.  Strain
the liquor when cold, and boil down the strained  liquor
that crystals may be formed.
  Wine of  tartarized antimony.—Take of tartarized
antimony, a scruple ; of boiling distilled water, eight fluid
ounces; of rectified spirit, two fluid ounces.  Dissolve the
tartarized antimony in the boiling distilled water, then,
having strained the liquor, add the spirit.
  Antimonial powder.—Take of sulphuret of antimony
powdered a pound; of hartshorn shavings, two pounds.
  Mix and cast them into a wide crucible, heated to white-
ness, and continually stir them until a visible vapour shall
no longer ascend!  Rub what  remains into a powder and
put it into a proper crucible ; then expose it to a fire, and
increase it gradually that it may be white, for two  hours.
Rub the residue, that a very fine powder may be formed.
            PREPARATION OF SILVER.

  Nitrate of silver.—Take of silver, an ounce ; of nitric
acid, a fluid ounce ;  of distilled water, two fluid ounces.
Mix the nitric acid with the water, and dissolve the silver
in these in a sand bath.  Next graduallv increase the heat
that the nitrate  of silver may be  dried.   Dissolve this in
a crucible by a mild fire, until, the water being expelled,
ebullition shall cease ; then pour it off directly into proper
forms. 
PREPARATIONS  OF ARSENIC.    183
           PREPARATIONS  OF  ARSENIC.

  Subltmed white arsenic—Reduce white arsenic into
a powder, then cast it into a crucible, and, having applied
■ t to the fire, subhme into another crucible placed upon
the former one.
  AnsENicAL LiauoR.—Take  of sublimed white arsenic
rubbed  into a very fine  powder, subcarbonate of potasjs
from tartar, of each sixty-four grains; of compound spirit
of lavender,  four  fluid  drachms;  of distilled water, a
pint?  Boil the white arsenic and the subcarbonate of po-
tass with the water in a  glass vessel until all the arsenic
shall be dissolved; to the liquor cooled add the compound
spirit of lavender.  Finally add thereto, of distilled water,
as much as may be sufficient to accurately fill the measure
of a pint.
           PREPARATION  OF  BISMUTH.

  Sub-nitrate of bismuth.—Take of Bismuth, an ounce-
of nitric acid, a fluid ounce ; of distilled water, three pints;
mix  six fluid  drachms of distilled water with the nitric
acid, and dissolve the bismuth in  this, then strain.  Add
what is remaining of the water to the strained liquor, and
set  it  by that the powder may subside.  Next,  having
poured off the super-natant liquor, wash the sub-nitrate
of bismuth with distilled water, and dry it with amild heat,
folded  in blotting paper.
         PREPARATIONS FROM COPPER.

  Ammoniated copper.—Take of the sulphate of copper,
half an ounce; of the subcarbonate of ammonia six drachms.
Rub them together in a glass mortar until ebullition shall
have  ceased;  next,  dry the ammoniated copper  with a
mild heat, folded in blotting paper. 
184    PREPARATIONS FROM IRON.
  Liquor of ammoniated copper.—Take of ammoniated
copper, a drachm; of distilled water, a pint; dissolve the
ammoniated copper in the water, and filter through paper.
           PREPARATIONS  FROM  IRON.

  Ammoniated iron.—Take of the subcarbonate of iron ;
of muriatic acid;  of the muriate of  ammonia, eacn a
pound; pour upon the subcarbonate of iron the muriatic
acid, and set  aside until  bubbles be  no longer excited.
Strain the liquor through paper, and boil down the strain-
ed (liquor) until all moisture be consumed ■; mix diligently
what remains with the muriate of ammonia, then, having
applied a fierce heat, sublime immediately ; finally, rub it
into a powder.
  Subbarbonate of iron.—Take of the sulphate of iron,
eight ounces; of the subcarbonate of soda, six ounces ; of
boiling water, a gallon; dissolve the sulphate of iron, and
the subcarbonate of soda, separately,  in four pints of the
water; then  mix the liquors together and set  aside that
the powder may subside, then, having poured off the su-
pernatant liquor, wash the subcarbonate of iron in  warm
water, and dry it with a mild heat, folded in blotting paper.
  Sulphate  of iron.—Take of iron, of sulphuric acid,
each (by weight) eight ounces; of water, four pints. Mix
the sulphuric acid with the water in  a glass vessel, and add
the iron to these; then, when bubbles shall have ceased to
go forth, filter the liquor through paper, and consume it
over the fire so that as it cools crystals may be formed.
Having poured offtheliquor,drytheseuponblottingpaper,
  Tartarized iron.—Take of iron, a pound ;  of super-
tartrate of potass powdered, two pounds; of distilled wa-
ter, five pints, or as much as may be necessary.   Rub the
iron and super-tartrate  of  potass together,  and expose
them to the air for twenty days with a pint of water in an
open glass vessel, shaking them every day, adding from
time to time distilled water that they may be always moist.
Then boil for a quarter of an  hour in four pints of dis-
tilled water, and strain.   Consume  the liquor in a water- 
PREPARATIONS FROM  IRON.     185
bath until the tartarized iron be completely dried.  Rub
?his into powder, and keep it in a well-stopped vessel.
   Liquor of alkaline iron.—Take of iron  two drachms
and a half;  of nitric acid, two fluid ounces ; of distilled
water, six fluid ounces; of the liquor of the subcarbonate
of potass, six fluid ounces ;  pour upon the iron, the acid
and water mixed together: then, when bubbles shall have
ceased to go forth, pour off  the liquor, as yet acid.  Add
this gradually and at intervals to the liquor of subcarbon-
ate of potass, occasionally shaking it until it becoming of
a brownish red colour, bubbles be no longer excited.  Fi-
nally, set aside for six hours, and pour off the liquor.
   Tincture of ammoniated iron.—Take of ammoniated
iron, four ounces; of proof spirit, a pint; macerate and
strain.
   Tincture  of muriate of iron.—Take of the subcar-
bonate of iron, half a pound; of muriatic acid, a pint; of
rectified spirit, three pints; pour the acid upon the sub-
carbonate of iron, in a glass vessel, and shake it from time
to time for three days. Set it aside that the dregs (if there
be any) may subside; then pour off the liquor, and add to
it  the spirit.
   Wine of  iron.—Take of iron, a drachm; of supertar-
trate of potass powdered, six drachms; of distilled water,
two  pints, or as much as may be sufficient; of proof spirit,
twenty fluid ounces; rub the iron and the super-tartrate
of potass together, and expose it to the air for six weeks
in  an open glass vessel with a fluid ounce of water, stir-
ring it every day with a spatula, adding distilled water oc-
casionally tHat it may be at all times moist.   Then dry it
with a mild heat, rub it into powder, and mix it with thir-
ty  fluid ounces of distilled water.   Strain the liquor, and
when strained add the spirit.
      PREPARATIONS FROM QUICKSILVER.

  Mercury with chalk.—Take of purified  mercury by
weigh',  three ounces:  of prepared chalk, five ounces;
rub them together until globules be no longer conspicuous.

                       16* 
186    PREPARATIONS FROM QUICKSILVER.

  Nitric oxide of mercury.—Take of purified mercury✓
by weight, three pounds; of nitric acid, by weight, apound
and a half; of distilled water, two  pints ; mix in a glass
vessel, and boil until the mercury be dissolved, and, the
water being- consumed, a white material remains.  Rub
this into powder, and cast it into another vessel which is
not so deep, then apply to it a gentle fire, and raise it gra-
dually until a red vapour shall have ceased to go forth.
  Grey oxide of mercury.—Take of the submuriate of
mercury, an ounce; of the liquor, of lime, a gallon; boil
the submuriate  of merctiry in the liquor of lime,  contin-
ually stirring it until the grey oxide  of mercury subsides.
Wash this in difctilled water, next dry it.
  Red oxide of mercurt.—Take of purified mercury, by
weight,  a pound ;  put the mercury into a tall glass vessel
to which there  is a narrow mouth, and a broad neck, ap-
ply to this open vessel a beat of six hundred degrees, un-
til the mercury shall form into red scales; then rub it into
a very fine powder.
  Oxxmuhiate of mercury.—Take of purified mercury,
by weight, two pounds ; of sulphuric acid, by weight, thirty
ounces; of dried muriate of soda, four pounds; boil the
mercury with the sulphuric acid in a  glass vessel, until the
sulphate of mercury shall be dried,  triturate this, when it
shall have cooled, with the muriate of soda in-an earth»n
mortar;  then  sublime from a glass  cucurbit,  with a heat
gradually increased,
  Liquor of oxympri atti of mercury.—Take of oxymu-
riate of mercury, eight grains;  of distilled  water, fifteen
fluid ounces; of rectified spirit, a fluid ounce; dissolve
the oxymuriate of mercury in the distilled water, and add
to it the spirit.
  White precipitated mercury,—Take of the  oxymu-
riate of mercury, half a pound; of the muriate of ammo-
nia, four ounces; of the liquor of the subcarbonate of
potass,  half a pint; of distilled water, four pints; first
dissolve the muriate of ammonia, next the oxymuriate of
mercury in, the distilled water, and add to these the liquor
of the subcarbonate of  potass.  Wash the precipitated
powder, until it shall become tasteless, then dry. it.
  Purified, mercury.—Pour the mercury into an  iron re-
tort, and, having, applied a; fire,  let.  the  purified mercury
distil. 
PREPARATIONS FROM QUICKSILVER.   187

  Submuriate  of  mercury.—Take of purified mercury,
by -weightt, four pounds; of sulphuric acid, by -weight, thir-
ty ounces ;  of-the muriate of soda, a pound and a half; of
the muriate of ammonia,  eight ounces; boil two pounds
of the mercury with the sulphuric  acid in a glass vessel,
until the sulphate of mercury shall  be dried  ; when it has
cooled triturate this with two  pounds of  mercury, in an
earthen mortar, that they may be well mixed.   Then add
the muriate of soda, and rub them together until globules
be no longer conspicuous;  then  sublime.  Triturate the
sublimate  into a very fine powder, transmit it through a
sieve, and  mix it dingently with the muriate of ammonia,
tirst dissolved in a gallon of boiling distilled water.  Set
it by that  the powder may subside.   Pour off the liquor
and wash the powder frequently inboiling distilled water,
until  having dropped in bquor of ammonia  nothing shall
be  precipitated.  Finally, let it be  made a very fine pow-
der in the  same manner in which we have ordered chalk
to be prepared.
  Black suL?nur.ET of mercui»t.—Take of  purified mer-
cury,- by weight, a pound ; of sublimed sulphur, a pound ;
rub them together until globules be no longer visible.
  Red sulphuret of mercury.—Take  of  purified mer-
cury, by weight, forty ounces; of sublimed sulphur, eight
ounces ; mix the mercury with, the  sulphur dissolved over
the fire, and as soon as the mass swells, remove the vessel
from  the fire, and cover it strongly lest it should inflame ;
then rub it into a powder and sublime.
          PREPARATIONS FROM LEAD.

  Acetate of lead.—Take of the subcarbonate of lead;
a. pound ; of strong acetic acid, a pint; of boiling distilled
water, a pint and half; mix the acid with the water; add
gradually to these the subcarbonate of lead, and boil until
the acid be  saturated;  then  filter it through paper, and,
the water being consumed until a pellicle floats, set it by
that crystals may be formed. Having poured off the liquor",
dry these (the crystals) upon blotting paper. 
188     PREPARATIONS  FROM LEAD.
  Liquor oi subacetate of lead.—Take of semi-vitre-
ous oxide of lead, two  pounds; of dilute acetic acid, a
gallon; mix and boil down to six pints, continually stirring
it; then set aside, that the dregs may subside and strain.
  Diluted liquor of the subacetate of lead.—Take of
the liquor of subacetate of lead, a fluid drachm ; of dis-
tilled water, a pint; of proof spirit, a fluid drachm ; mix.
           PREPARATIONS FROM ZINC.

  Phepared calamine.—Burn the calamine, then triturate
it;  next, let it be made a very fine powder in the same
manner in which we directed chalk to be prepared.
  Oxide of zinc—Take of the sulphate of zinc, a pound;
of the liquor of ammonia, a^pinf, or a quantity that may be
sufficient; of distilled water, a pint; dissolve the sulphate
of zinc in the distilled water, and add of the liquor of am-
monia as much as may be sufficient, that the oxide of zinc
may be completely precipitated.   Having poured off the
liquor, wash the powder in distilled water frequently, and
dry it in a sand bath.
  Sulphate of zinc—Take of small pieces of zinc, four
ounces; of sulphuric acid, by -weight, six ounces ; of  dis-
tilled water, four pints; mix them in a glass vessel, and,
effervescence being finished, filter the liquor through pa-
per; then bojl it  down until a pellicle floats, and set it by
that crystals may be formed.                   •
        PREPARATIONS FROM SULPHUR.

  Sulphurated  oil.—Take  of washed  sulphur,  two
ounces; of the oil of olive, a pint; throw the sulphur gra-
dually to the oil heated in a large iron vessel, and stir it
continually with a spatula, until united.
  Sulphuret of  potass.—Take of washed sulphur, an
ounce; of the subcarbonate  of potass, two ounces; rub
them together, and place them  upon the fire in a close
crucible until they shall have combined. 
     PREPARATIONS  FROM SULPHUR.   189

  Washed sulphur.—Take of sublimed sulphur, a pound;
pour upon it boiling water, that the acid, if there be any,
may be completely washed away, then dry it.
  Precipitated sulphur.—Take of sublimed sulphur, a
pound; of fresh lime, two pounds; of water, four gallons;
boil the sulphur and the lime together in the water; then
strain the liquor through  paper, and drop into it as much
muriatic acid as may be sufficient to  throw down the sul-
phur.  Finally, wash  this frequently  by pquring water
upon it until it shall be made tasteless.
                  VEGETABLES.

  Vegetables are to be gathered from places  and soils,
Where they grow spontaneously in a dry season, (-when they
are) neither wet with showers nor dew ;  they  are to be
collected annually, and those which  shall have been kept
longer, to he thrown  away.
  Roots, for the most part, are to he dug up before the
stalks or leaves shoot forth.
  Barks ought to be  collected in that season, when they
are most easily to be  separated from the wood.
  Leaves are to be gathered after the flowers shall have
blown (expanded) and before the seeds are ripened.
  Flowers are to be'plucked when lately unfolded.
  Seeds are to be collected as soon as they are ripe (when
fust ripe) and before they begin to  fall from the plant.
They ought to be  preserved in  their proper seed vessels,
        PREPARATION  OF  VEGETABLES.

  Vegetables, soon after they shall have been gathered,
those excepted which are to be used fresh, ought to be
thinly spread out, and dried as  quickly as possible with, a
heat so mild that their colour may not be changed; then
preserved in places, or proper vessels,  excluded from the
access of light and moisture. 
190    PREPARATION OF VEGETABLES.

  Bury those roots which  we have  ordered to be kept
fresh in dry sand.  Cut the squill root, before drying it,
transversely into thin slices.
  Set by pulpy fruits if they be unripe, or ripe and dry,
in a moist place that they may soften; then  express  the
pulp through a hair sieve ; afterwards boil it with a mild
fire,  frequently stirring it; finally,  consume the water in
a water-bath  until the  pulp becomes of a proper consis-
tence.
  Pour upon the  bruised pods  of  cassia boiling water,
that  the  pulp may be washed out; express  through  a
coarse hair  sieve, and then consume with a water-bath
until the pulp acquires a proper consistence.
  Press out  the  pulp  or juice of ripe and fresh fruits
through a sieve, no boiling water being employed.
                    GUM-RESINS.

  Separate opium very diligently from extraneous things,
especially from those which adhere  to its surface.   Let
opium be kept soft, that it may be fit to form pills;  and
hard, which shall have been so dried in a water-bath, that
it may be rubbed into powder.
  Those gum-resins are to be considered best, which shall
have been selected in  such a state that there may be no
necessity for purification.
  But if they appear to be impure, boil them in water un-
til they become soft, and with a press, press them through
a canvass hempen cloth ;  then  set aside that the  resinous
part may subside.  Having poured off  the supernatant
liquor, consume it in a water-bath, adding the  resinous
part towards the end, that it may mix intimately with the
gummy part.
  Those gum-resins which are  easily melted,  may be
purified by putting them into an ox's  bladder,  and keep-
ing them in boiling water until they become so soft that
they may be separated from their impurities by pressing
through a hempen cloth.
  Dissolve the balsam of stohax in  rectified  spirit, and
strain it;  then, with a mild heat; let the spirit  distil  until
it be formed into a proper consistence. 
EXPRESSED OILS.
191
                 EXPRESSED OILS.

  Oil of almonds.—Macerate  either sweet or bitter al-
monds m cold water for twelve hours, and bruise  them;
then, without applying any heat, express the oil.
.  Linseed oil.—Bruise the linseed; then, without apply.
ing heat, express the oil.                         1 F  ■
  Castor oil.—Bruise the seeds of the ricinus, the husks
being taken off;  then, without applying heat, express the
                 DISTILLED  OILS.

   Oils  of  aniseed—chamomile—carraway—juniper-
 lavender— PEPPERMINT—SPEARMINT— MARJORAM— pimen-
 ta—pennyroyal—rosemary.—The seeds of anise and
 carraway;  the  flowers of chamomile  and  lavender; the
 berries  of jumper and pimenta; the tops of rosemarv,
 and the fresh herbs of the rest are to be employed.
  Put any of these  into an alembic, and add of  water  as
much as will cover it; then let  the oil distil into a laree
cooled vessel.                     -
  The water which distils out with the oils of carraway,
peppermint, spearmint, pimenta and pennyroyal, is to be
kept for use.
  Oil of amber.—Place  amber  in an alembic,  that the
acid liquor, the  oil, and the salt impregnated with oil, may
distil in a  sand bath, with a heat  gradually increased.
Then let the oil be distilled again, and  a third time.
  Rectified oil of turpentine.—Take of oil of turpen-
tine, a pint; of  water, four pints; let the oil distil.
                DISTILLED WATERS.

  Distilled water.—Take ten gallons of water, first let
{bur pints distil, which having thrown away, let four gallons
distil.  Keep the distilled water m a glass bottle. 
 192         DISTILLED WATERS.

   To each gallon of the following waters, add five fluid
ounces of proof spirit, that they may be preserved pure:—
   Dill water.—Take of bruised dill-seeds, a pound; pour
to these as much water,  that after distillation there may
remain  what may be sufficient  to prevent empyreuma.
Let a gallon distil.
   Carraway water.—Take of bruised seeds of carraway,
a pound ; pour to these so much water that after distilla-
tion there may remain a sufficient quantity to prevent em-
pyreuma.  Let a gallon distil.
   Cinnamon water.—Take of bruised cinnamon bark, a
pound, or of the oil of cinnamon, five scruples by weight;
pour to the oil or bark,  macerated in  water  for twenty-
four hours, so much water that after distillation there shall
remain a sufficiency to prevent empyreuma.  Let a gallon
distil.
   Fennel water.—Take of the bruised seeds, of the fen-
nel, a pound ;  pour to these so much water that afcer dis-
tillation there shall  remain what may be sufficient to pre-
vent empyreuma.  Let a gallon distil.
  Peppermint water.—Take of peppermint, dried,*  a
pound and a half; or, of oil of peppermint, three drachms
by weight; pour to the herb, or the oil, so much  water
that after distillation there shall remain what may be suf-
ficient to prevent empyreuma.  Let a gallon distil.
   Spearmint water.—Take of dried spearmint, a* pound
and a half; or, of the oil of spearmint,  three drachms by
weight; pour to the herb, or to the oil, so much  water
that after distillation there may remain what may be suf-
ficient to prevent empyreuma. Let a gallon distil.
  Water of fimfnta.—Take of the berries  of  pimenta
bruised, half a  pound; of water, a pint;  macerate the ber-
ries for twenty-four hours in the water; then add so much
water that  after distillation there may remain what may
be sufficient to prevent empyreuma.  Let a gallon  distil.
  Pennyroyal  water.—Take of  pennyroyal dried,*  a
pound and a half; or, of oil of pennyroyal, three drachms
by weight; pour to the herbs, or to the oil, so much wa-
ter that after distillation there may remain what may be,
sufficient to prevent empyreuma.  Let  a gallon distil.

 * When fre*h herbs are employed, they a*-e to be  used in double pro-
portion?. 
INFUSIONS.               193
  Rose-water.—Take of the petals of the damask rose
^hundred leaved rose), eight pounds ; pour to these so much
water that after distillation there may remain what may be
sufficient to prevent empyreuma.  Let a gallon distil.
                    INFUSIONS.

  Infusion of chamomile.—Take of chamomile  flowers,
two drachms ;  of boiling water, half a pint; macerate for
ten minutes, in a vessel lightly covered, and strain.
  Compound  infusion of horse-radish.—Take  of fresh
horse-radish root, sliced, of mustard seeds, bruised, of each
an ounce;  of compound spirit of horse-radish, a fluid
ounce;  of boiling water a pint;  macerate the root in the
water for two hours, in a vessel lightly covered, and strain;
then add the compound spirit of horse-radish.
  Compound infusion of orange-peel.—Take of dried
orange-peel, two drachms; of fresh lemon-peel, a drachm;
of cloves bruised, half a drachm ; of boiling water, half a
pint; macerate for ten  minutes in a vessel lightly covered,
and strain.                                          ,
  Infusion of calumba.—Take of calumba, sliced,  two
drachms ;  of boiling water, half a pint; macerate for two
hours in a vessel lightly covered, and strain.
  Infusion of cloves.—Take of cloves, bruised, a drachm ;
of boiling water, half a pint; macerate for two hours in a
vessel lightly covered, and strain.
  Infusion  of  cascahilla.—Take  of  cascarilla bark,
bruised, half an  ounce ; of boiling water, half a pint; ma-
cerate for two hours in a vessel lightly covered, and strain.
  Compound infusion of catechu.—Take of extract of ca-
techu, two drachms and a half; of cinnamon bark, bruised,
half a drachm ; of boiling water, half a pint; macerate for
an hour in a vessel lightly covered, and strain.
  Infusion of bark.—Take of the lance-leaved cinchona
bark, bruised, half an ounce ; of boiling water, half a pint;
macerate for two hours  in a vessel lightly covered, and
strain.
  Infusion of cusparia.—Take of cusparia bark, bruised,
two drachms ;  of boiling water, half a pint;  macerate for
iwo hours in a vessel lightly covered, and  strain.

                         17 
194               INFUSIONS.
   Infusion of digitalis.—Take of the dried leaves of di-
 gitalis (leaves of purple fox-glove), a drachm ; of spirit of
 cinnamon, half a fluid ounce ; of boiling water, half a pint;
 macerate for  four hours in a" vessel  lightly covered,  and
 strain ; then add the spirit.
   Compound infusion of gentian.—Take of gentian-root
 sliced,  of orange-peel dried, of each a drachm ;  of fresh
 lemon-peel, two drachms ;  of boiling water, twelve fluid
 ounces ; macerate for an hour in a vessel lightly covered,
 and strain.
   Compound  infusion of  linseed.—Take of  linseed,
 bruised, an ounce; of liquorice root,  sliced, half an ounce;
 of boiling  water, two pints; macerate for four hours, by
 the fire, in a vessel lightly covered, and strain.
   Infusion of quassia.—Take of quassia wood, sliced, a
 scruple; of boiling water, half a pint; macerate  for  two
 hours in a vessel lightly covered, and strain.
   Infusion of rhubarb.—Take of rhubarb root, sliced, a
 drachm ; of boiling water, half a pint; macerate for  two
 hours in a vessel lightly covered, and strain.
   Compound infusion of roses.—Take of French rose
 petals,  dried,  half an ounce ; of diluted sulphuric acid,
 three fluid drachms; of purified sugar,  an ounce and  a
 half; of boiling water, two pints and  a half;  pour the  wa-
 ter upon the rose petals in a glass vessel; then mix in  the
 acid,  and macerate for half an hour ;  finally, strain the li-
quor, and add to it the sugar.
  Compound infusion of senna.—Take of senna-leaves,
an ounce and a half; of ginger-root,  sliced, a drachm  ; of
boiling  water, a pint; macerate for an hour in a vessel
lightly Covered, and strain the liquor.
  Infusion  of simarouba.—Take  of  simarouba bark,
bruised, half a drachm; of boiling water, a pint; macerate
for two hours in a vessel lightly covered, and strain.
  Infusion  of tobacco.—Take  of  tobacco-leaves,  a
drachm ; of boiling water, a pint; macerate for an hour in
a vessel lightly covered, and strain.
                    MUCILAGES.

  Mucilage of acacia.—Take of acacia gum, four ounces;
of boiling water, half a pint; rub the gum with the water
dropped into it gradually, until it shall form a mucilage. 
DECOCTIONS.             195
  Mucilage of starch.—Take of starch, three drachms ;
of water, a pint; rub the starch with the water gradually
dropped into it, until it shall form into a mucilage.
                   DECOCTIONS.

  Compound decoction of aloes.—Take of extract of li-
quorice,  half an ounce; of subcarbonate of potass, two
scruples  ; of extract of spiked aloes, in powder, of myrrh
bruised, of saffron, each a drachm ; of compound tincture
of cardamoms, four fluid ounces ; of water,  a pint; boil
down the liquorice, subcarbonate of potass, aloes, myrrh,
and saffron, with the water to twelve  fluid ounces, and
strain; then add the compound tincture of cardamoms.
  Decoction of bark.—Take of the lance-leaved cincho-
na bark bruised, an ounce; of water, a pint;  boil for ten
minutes in a vessel lightly covered,  and strain the liquor
as yet hot.
  Decoction of quince seeds.—Take  of quince  seeds,
two drachms; of water, a pint;  boil with a gentle fire for
ten minutes, then strain.
  Decoction of bitter-sweet (woody  nightshade).---
Take of bitter-sweet stalks, sliced, an ounce:  of water, a
pint and a half; boil down to a pint, and strain. Z1
  Decoction of barley.—Take of  barley seeds (~pearl
barleyJ,-two ounces ;  of water, four pints and a half; first
wash  away any extraneous substances adhering to  them
with cold water; then, having poured half a pint of water
upon them, boil the seeds a short time.  This water being
thrown away, pour what is remaining, made boiling hot,
upon the barley, then boil down to two pints, and strain.
  Compound decoction of barley.—Take of decoction
of barley, two pints;  of figs, sliced, two ounces; of liquor-
ice root, sliced and bruised, half an ounce; of raisins,
stoned, two ounces;  of water, a pint;  boil down to two
pints, and strain.
  Decoction of liverwort (Iceland moss).—Take of li-
verwort,  an ounce; of water, a pint and a half, bod down
to a pint, and strain. 
196              DECOCTIONS.
  Compound  decoction of mallow.--Take of mallow
dried, an ounce ; of chamomile flowers, half an ounce : of
water, a pint; boil for fifteen minutes, and strain.
  Decoction of poppies.—Take  of poppy heads,  sliced,
four ounces; of water, four pints  ; boil for fifteen minutes,
and strain.
  Decoction of oak bark.—Take of oak bark, an ounce;
of water, two pints; boil down to one pint and strain.
  Decoction of sarsaparilla.—Take of sarsaparilla root,
sliced, four ounces ; of boiling water, four  pints; mace-
rate for four hours in a Vessel lightly covered, by the fire;
ihen take out the sarsaparilla root and  bruise it,  when
bruised, return it to the liquor and macerate it again in a
similar manner  for  two hours;  then boil  down to two
pints, and strain.
  Compound  decoction of sarsaparilla.—Take  of the
decoction of sarsaparilla,  boiling, four pints; of sassafras
root, sliced, of guaiacum wood shavings, of liquorice root,
bruised,  each an ounce;  of  the bark  of the mezereon
root, three drachms: boil  down  for fifteen minutes,  and
strain.
  Decoction of senega.—Take of senega root, an ounce ■,
of water, two pints; boil down to a pint, and strain.
  Decoction of elm (bark).—Take of elm  bark bruised,
four pints ; of water, four pints ;  boil down to two pints,
and strain.
  Decoction of white hellebore.—Take of white helle-
bore root bruised, an ounce ; of water, two pints ; of recti-
fied spirit, two fluid ounces; boil down the white hellebore
root in the water to a pint, and strain ; then, after it shall
have become cold, add the spirit.
                    EXTRACTS.

  In preparing all the extracts, consume the moisture in a
plate as speedily as possible by a water bath  until they
shall be of a proper consistence to form pills, and towards
the end (of the evaporation)  continually stir them with a
spatula. 
EXTRACTS.
197
   Sprinkle upon all the softer  extracts a little rectified
 spirit.
   Extract  of ACONiTE.-iTake of fresh aconite  leaves, a
 pound; bruise them in a stone mortar, sprinkling  them
 with a little water; then express the juice, and evaporate
 it without  straining until it becomes of  a proper consist-
 ence.
   Purified  extract of  aloes.—Take of extract of aloes
 in powder, a pound ; of boiling water, a gallon ; macerate
 for three days in a gentle heat; then strain, and set  it  by
 that the dregs may  subside, pour off the clear liquor and
 evaporate until it shall acquire a proper consistence.
   Extract  of  chamomile.—Take  of chamomile flowers
 dried, a pound; of water, a gallon ; boil down to four pints,
 and strain the liquor as yet hot  ; finally evaporate it  until
 it shall acquire a proper consistence.
   Extract of belladonna  (deadly night-shade leaves).__
 Take of fresh belladonna leaves, a pound ; bruise them in
 a stone mortar, sprinkfing them  with a little water;  then
 express the juice, and evaporate it uncleared, until it  shall
 acquire a proper consistence.
   Extract of  bark.---Take of lance-leaved  cinchona
 bark bruised, a pound ; of water, a  gallon ; boil down to
 six pints, and strain the liquor as yet hot.  In the same
 manner boil down four times in the like measure of water,
 and strain.  Finally, evaporate all the liquors mixed toge-
 ther, until they shall  acquire a proper consistence.
   This extract ought to be kept soft, that it may be fit to
 form pills, and hard, that it may be rubbed into powder.
   Resinous extract of bark.—Take of lance-leaved cin-
 chona bark bruised, two pounds; rectified spirit, a gallon;
 macerate for four days, and strain;  Let the tincture distil
 in a water  bath, until  it (the extract) shall acquire a  pro-
 per consistence.
   Extract of colocynth.—Take of colocynth pulp,  a
 pound; of water, a gallon;  boil down  to four pints, and
 strain the  liquor as yet hot; finally evaporate it,  until  it
 shall acquire a proper consistence.
  Compound  extract of colocynth.—Take of the pulp
 of colocynth sliced, six ounces; of extract of spiked aloes
powdered,  twelve  ounces ; of  gum  resin of scammony in
powder, four ounces ; of cardamom seeds in powder, an
ounce ;  of  bard soap, three ounces; of proof spirit, a gal-

                       17* 
198               EXTRACTS.
Ion ; macerate the colocynth pulp in the spirit, in a gentle-
heat for four days, strain the liquor and add to it the aloes,
scammony, and soap, then evaporate the spirit, until it has
acquired a proper consistence, and mix with it the carda-
mom seeds, towards the end (before the evaporation is fin-
ished).
  Extract of hemlock.—Take of fresh hemlock, a pound;
bruise it in a stone mortar, sprinkling it with a little water;
then express the juice, and evaporate it without clearing
it, until it shall acquire a proper  consistence.
  Extract of elaterium  (wild cucumbers).—Slice the
ripe fruit of elaterium, express the juice gently, and strain
it through a fine hair sieve into a glass vessel; then  set it
by for some hours,  until the  thicker part has subsided.
Having thrown away the thinner supernatant part, dry
the thicker part with a mild heat.
  Extract of gentian.—Take  of gentian root sliced,  a
pound; of boiling water, a gallon; macerate  for twenty-
four hours; then boil down to four pints,  and strain the
liquor as yet hot; finally, evaporate it, until it shall ac-
quire a proper consistence.
  Extract of liquorice.—Take of liquorice root sliced,
a pound ; of boiling water, a gallon; macerate  for twen-
ty-four hours;  then boil down  to four pints, and strain the
liquor as yet hot; finally, evaporate it, until it shall ac-
quire a proper consistence.
  Extract of logwood.—Take of  logwood powdered, a
pound ; of boiling water, a gallon;  macerate for twenty.
four hours ; then boil down to four  pints,  and strain the
liquor whilst hot; finally, evaporate it until it shall acquire
a proper consistence.
  Extract of hops.—Take of  the strobiles of the hop,
four ounces ; of boiling water, a  gallon; boil down to four
pints, and strain the liquor as yet hot; finally, evaporate
it until it shall acquire a proper  consistence.
   Extract of henbane.—Take of fresh henbane leaves,
a pound;  bruise them in a stone mortar, sprinkled with a
little water: then express the juice, and evaporate it un-
cleansed, until it shall acquire a  proper consistence.
   Extract of jalap.—Take  of jalap root powdered, a
pound; of rectified spirit, four pints ; of water, a gallon :
macerate  the jalap root in the  spirit for four days, and
pour off the tincture: boil down  the residue with the 
EXTRACTS.
199
water, to two pints :  then strain the tincture and the de-
coction separately, and let the decoction be  evaporated,
and the tincture distilled, until each shall become thick.
Lastly, mix  the extract With  the resin, and evaporate it,
until it shall acquire  a proper consistence^
  Let this extract be kept soft that it may be fit to form
pills,  ind  hard that it may be rubbed into powder.
  Extract of lettuce.—Take of fresh lettuce  leaves, a
pound.- bruise them in a stone mortar, a little water being
sprinkled upon them: then express the juice,  and  eva-
porate it unstrained, until it shall acquire a proper  con-
sistence.
  Extract of opium.—Take  of  opium sliced, sixteen
ounces :  of water, a gallon :  add a little of the water  to
the opium, and macerate for twelve hours, that it may be-
come soft:  then, having gradually dropped in the remain-
ing water, rub them until they are well mixed: and set
aside that the dregs may  subside : then strain the liquor,
and evaporate it until it shall acquire a proper consistence.
  Extract of poppy.—Take of poppy capsules deprived
of their seeds  bruised, a pound : of boiling water, a gal-
lon :  macerate for twenty-four hours: then boil down  to
four pints, and strain the liquor, as yet hot.  Lastly, eva-
porate it until it shall acquire  a proper consistence.
  Extract of rhubarb.—Take  of the root of rhubarb
powdered,  a  pound:  of proof spirit,  a pint:. of water,
seven pints: macerate  for four days with  a gentle heat:
then  strain, and  set it  by that the dregs may subside.
Pour off the liquor, and evaporate it when strained, until
it acquires a proper consistence.
   Extract of sarsaparilla.—Take of the root of sarsa-
 parilla sliced, a pound: of boiling water, a gallon, mace-
 rate for twenty-four hours : then boil down to four pints,
 and strain the liquor, as yet hot: lastly, evaporate it until
 it shall acquire a proper consistence.
   Extract of thorn apple.—Take of the seeds of thorn
 apple, a  pound; of boiling water,, a gallon ; macerate for
 four hours in a vessel lightly covered by the  fire-side;
 then take out the seeds,  and  bruise them in a stone mor-
 tar, return them when bruised into the liquor: then boil
 down to four pints and strain the liquor whilst hot. Lastly,
 evaporate it until it shall acquire a proper consistence. 
200               EXTRACTS.
  Extract of dandelion.—Take of the fresh root of dan<
delion bruised, a pound: of boiling water, a gallon:  ma-
cerate for twenty-four hours : then boil down to four pints,
and strain the liquor whilst hot; lastly, evaporate it until
it shall acquire a proper consistence.
                    MIXTURES.

  Mixture of (gum) ammoniac—Take of fgumj ammo-
niac, two drachms: of water,  half a pint: rub the  am-
moniac with the water gradually dropped into it until they
are intimately mixed.
  Mixture of almonds.—Take  of the  confection of al-
monds, two ounces: of  distilled water, a pint:  add the
water gradually to the confection of  almonds,  whilst rub-
bing them, until they are mixed: then strain.
  Mixture of assafojtida.---Take of assafoetida,  two
drachms: of water, half a pint: rub the  assafoetida with
the water gradually dropped  in until they are very well
mixed.
  Mixture of camphor.—Take of camphor, half a drachm;
of rectified spirit, ten minims ; of water, a pint;  rub the
camphor first with the spirit, then with the water, gra-
dually dropped in, and strain.
  Mixture of burnt hartshorn.—Take  of burnt harts-
horn, two  ounces;  of gum arabic,  an  ounce; of water,
three pints ; boil down to two pints, continually  stirring
it, then strain.
  Mixture of chalk.—Take of prepared chalk,  half an
ounce; of refined sugar, three drachms: of gum arabic
powdered, half an ounce ; of water, a pint; mix.
  Compound mixture of,iron.—Take of myrrh, in pow-
der,  a drachm;  of subcarbonate of potass, twenty-five
grains; of rose water, seven ounces and a half;  of sulphate
of iron, in powder, a scruple ; of spirit of nutmeg, half a
fluid ounce; of refined sugar,  a drachm ; rub together the
myrrh with the spirit of nutmeg, and the subcarbonate of
potass; and to these, whilst  rubbing, add first  the rose
water with the sugar, and then the sulphate of iron.  Put
the mixture immediately into  a  proper glass vessel, and
Stop  it. 
MIXTURES.               20 i
  Mixture  of guaiacum.—Take  of the gum resin  of
guaiacum, a  drachm and a half;  of refined  sugar, two
drachms; of mucilage of gum arabic, two fluid drachms;
of the water of cinnamon, eight fluid ounces; rub the
guaiacum with the sugar, then  with the mucilage, and to
these, whilst rubbing,  add gradually the water of cinna-
mon.
  Mixture of musk.—Take of musk, of acacia gum pow-
dered, of refined sugar, of each a drachm ; of rose water,
six fluid ounces: rub the musk with the sugar, then with
the gum, dropping in gradually the rose water.
                      SPIRITS.

  Alcohol.—Take of rectified spirit, a gallon : of subcar-
bonate of potass, three pounds: throw a pound of the sub-
carbonate of potass, previously heated to the three hun-
dredth degree, to the  spirit, and macerate for twenty-four
hours, frequently stirring them: then, having poured off
the spirit, add to it what is remaining of the subcarbonate
of potass heated to the same degree : lastly, with a water-
bath, let the  alcohol distil, which is to be preserved  in a
stopped vessel.
  The specific weight of alcohol is to the specific weight
of distilled water, as .815 to 1.000.
  Spirit of ammonia.—Take of proof spirit, three pints:
of muriate of ammonia, four ounces: of subcarbonate of
potass, six ounces: mix, and with a gentle fire, let a pint
and a half distil into a  cooled receiver.
  Aromatic spirit of ammonia.—Take of cinnamon bark
bruised, of cloves bruised, of each two drachms:  of lemon
peel, four ounces : of subcarbonate of potass, half a pound:
of muriate of ammonia, five  ounces : of rectified spirit,
four pints: of water, a gallon : mix, and let six pints distil,
  Fostid spirit  of ammonia.—Take of the spirit of am-
monia, two  pints : of assafoetida, two ounces: macerate
for twelve hours : then, with a gentle fire, let a pint and a
half distil into a cooled receiver.
  Sultinated spirit  of ammonia.—Take of  mastich,
three drachms: of rectified spirit, nine fluid drachms:  of 
203
SPIRITS.
 the oil of lavender, fourteen  minims:  of the oil of am-
 ber, four minims:  of the solution  of ammonia, ten fluid
 ounces: macerate  the mastich in  the spirit that it may
 be dissolved: and pour off the clear tincture:  lastly, add
 the other ingredients, and shake the whole together.
   Spirit of aniseed.—Take of the seeds of anise, bruised,
 half a pound:  of  proof spirit, a gallon:  of water what
 may be sufficient to  prevent  empyreuma: macerate for
 twenty-four hours: then, with a gentle fire, let a gallon
 distil.
   Compound spirit of horseradish.—Take of the fresh
 root of horseradish  sliced, of dried orange-peel, of each a
 pound: of nutmegs bruised, half an ounce : of  proof spi-
 rit, a gallon : of water, what may be sufficient to prevent
 empyreuma: macerate for twenty-four hours: then, with
 a gentle fire,  let one gallon distil.
   Spirit  of  camphor.—Take  of camphor, four ounces:
 of rectified spirit, two pints : mix, that the camphor may
 be dissolved.
   Spirit of carraway.—Take of the seeds of carraway
 bruised, a pound and a half: of proof spirit, a gallon: of
 water, a sufficient quantity to prevent empyreuma: mace-
 rate for twenty-four hours: then,  with a gentle fire, let
 one gallon distil.
   Spirit of  cinnamon.—Take of oil  of  cinnamon, by
 weight,  five scruples: of rectified spirit, four pints and a
 half: ad&the spirit to the oil, and pour  thereon so  much
 water that, after the distillation, there may remain what
 may be sufficient to prevent  empyreuma:  then, with a
 gentle fire, let a gallon distil.
  Ammoniated  spirit of meabow saffron.—Take of the
 seeds of meadow saffron, bruised, two ounces: of aroma-
 tic spirit of ammonia,  a pint: macerate for fourteen days,
 and strain.
  Compound spirit  of juniper.—Take of the berries of
juniper bruised, a  pound: of the  seeds  of  carraway,
 bruised, of the seeds of fennel, bruised, of each an ounce
 and a half: of proof spirit, a gallon : of water,  what may
be sufficient to prevent empyreuma: macerate for twenty-
four hours; then, with a gentle fire, let a gallon distil.
  Spirit of lavender.—Take of the flowers of fresh la-
vender, two pounds : of rectified spirit, a gallon: of water,
what may be sufficient to prevent empyreuma;  macerate 
                      SPIRITS.                203

for twenty-four hours; then, with a gentle fire, let a gal-
lon distil.
  Compound spirit of lavender.—Take of spirit of la-
vender, three pints : of spirit of rosemary, a pint: of cin-
namon bark, bruised, of nutmegs, bruised, of each half an
ounce : of red saunders wood, sliced, an ounce : macerate
for fourteen days, and strain.
  Spirit of peppermint.—Take of the oil of peppermint,
by weight, six scruples and a half: of rectified spirit,  four
pints and a half:  add the spirit to the oil, and pour thereon
so much water, that, after distillation,  there may remain
what may be sufficient to prevent empyreuma; then,  with
a gentle fire, let a gallon distil.
  Spirit of spearmint.—Take of the oil of spearmint, by
weight, six scruples and  a half: of rectified spirit,  four
pints and a half: add the spirit to the oil, and pour thereon
so much water, that, after distillation,  there may remain
what may be sufficient to prevent empyreuma; then, with
a gentle fire, let a gallon distil.
  Spirit of  nutmeg.—Take of nutmegs,   bruised,  two
ounces : of proof  spirit, a gallon : of water,  what may be
sufficient to prevent empyreuma: macerate for twenty-
four hours; then,  with  a gentle fire, let a gallon distil.
  Spirit 01 runsTA.—Take of the  berries of pimenta,
bruised, two ounces : of proof spirit, a gallon : of prater,
what may be sufficient  to prevent empyreuma :  macerate
for twenty-four hours;  then, with a gentle fire, let a  gal-
lon distil.
  Spirit of pennyroyal.—Take of oil of pennyroyal, by
weight, seven scruples : of rectified spirit, four pints and a
half:  add the spirit  to the oil, and pour thereon so much
water, that, after  distillation, there may remain a sufficient
quantity to prevent empyreuma ; then, with a gentle fire,
let a gallon distil.
  Spirit of rosemary.—Take of the oil of rosemary, by
weight, an ounce : of rectified spirit, a gallon : add the spi-
rit to the oil, and  pour thereon so much water, that, after
distillation, there may remain what may  be sufficient to
prevent empyreuma; then, with a gentle fire, let a gallon
distil. 
204
TINCTURES.
                    TINCTURES.

   All tinctures ought to be prepared in stopped glass ves-
 5ek, and to be frequently shaken whilst macerating.
   Tincture of aloes.—Take of extract of spiked aloe,
 in powder, half an ounce :  of  extract of liquorice, an
 ounce and a half: of water, a pint: of rectified spirit, four
 fluid ounces: macerate for fourteen days, and strain.
   Compound  tincture  of  aloes.—Take of  extract  of
 spiked aloe, in powder, of saffron, of each three ounces:
 of tincture of myrrh,  two pints:  macerate for fourteen
 days, and strain.
   Tincture  of  assafostida.—Take of assafoetida, four
 ounces: of rectified spirit, two pints: macerate for four-
 teen days, and strain.
   Tincture of orange peel.—Take of fresh orange peel,
 three ounces: of proof spirit,  two pints: macerate for
 fourteen days, and strain.
   Compound  tincture  of  benzoin.—Take  of benzoin,
three ounces : of balsam of storax strained, two ounces :
of balsam of tolu. an  ounce: of extract of spiked.aloe,
half an ounce : of rectified spirit, two pints : macerate for
fourteen days, and strain.
   Tinjjture of calumba.—Take of calumba sliced, two
 ounces and a half: of proof spirit, two pints: macerate for
 fourteen days, and strain.
   Compound tincture  of camphor.—Take of camphor,
 two scruples: of hard opium, in powder, of benzoic acid,
 each a drachm: of proof spirit,  two pints : macerate  for
fourteen days, and strain.
  Tincture of blistering fly.—Take of blistering flies
bruised, three drachms:  of proof spirit, two pints : mace-
rate for fourteen days,  and strain.
  Tincture of capsicum.—Take of  capsicum berries, an
 ounce : of proof spirit, two pints : macerate for four can
 days,  and strain.
  Tincture of  cardamom.—Take  of cardaatom seeds
bruised, three ounces : of proof spirit, two pints : macerate
for fourteen days, and strain.
  Compound tincture of cardamom.—Take of Cardamom
 seeds, of carraway seeds,- of cochineal, of each  bruised,
two drachms: of cinnamon bark  braised, half an ounce: 
t
                  TINCTURES.              205

xti raisins, stoned, four ounces;  of proof spirit, two pints;
macerate for fourteen days, and strain.
  Tincture of cascarilla,—Take of cascarilla bark in
powder, four ounces; proof spirit, two pints; macerate for
fourteen days, and strain.
  Tincture of castor.—Take of castor,  in powder, two
ounces: of rectified spirit, two pints c macerate for seven
days, and strain.
  Tincture of  catechu.—Take of  extract of catechu,
three ounces : of cinnamon bark bruised,  two ounces : of
proof spirit, two pints:  macerate for fourteen days, and
strain.
  Tincture of cinchona.—Take of the bark of the lance-
leaved cinchona in  powder,  seven ounces: proof spirit,
two pints, macerate for fourteen days, and strain.
  Ammoniated tincture of  bark.— Take of the bark of
the lance-leaved cinchona in powder, four ounces:  of aro-
matic spirit of ammonia,  two pints :  macerate for ten days,
and strain.
  Compound tincture of  cinchona.—Take of the bark
of  the luMce-Ieaved cinchona in  powder, two ounces: of
orange peel dried, an ounce and a half: of serpentary root
bruised, three drachms :  of saffron, a drachm : of cochineal
in  powder,  two  scruples  : of proof spirit, twenty  fluid
ounces:  macerate for fourteen  days, and strain.
  Tincture  oe  cinnamon.---Take  of  cinnamon  bark
bruised, three ounces: of  proof spirit,  two pints; mace-
rate tor fourteen days, and strain.
  Compound tincture of  cinnamon.—Take of cinnamon
bark bruised,  six drachms: of cardamom seeds bruised,
three drachms:  of long  pepper in powder, of  ginger root
sliced, each two drachms : of proof spirit, two pints : ma-
cerate for fourteen days, and strain.
  Tincture of digitalis.—Take of foxglove leaves dried,
four ounces : of proof spirit, two pints: macerate for four-
teen hours, and strain.
  Compound tincture  of gentian.---Take of gentian
root, sliced, two ounces :  of orange peel dried, an  ounce;
of cardamom seeds bruised, half an ounce: of proof spirit,
two pints :  macerate  for fourteen days, and strain.
  Tincture of guaiacum.—Take of  gum-resin of guaiac-
um, in powder, half a pound : of rect.fied spirit, two pints:,
macerate for fourteen days, and strain.

                         18 
206               TINCTURES.
  Ammoniated tincture of guaiacum.---Take  of  the
gum-resin of guaiacum  in powder, four ounces; of aro-
matic spirit of ammonia, a pint and half; macerate foir
fourteen days, and strain.
  Tincture of black hellebore.—Take of black helle-
bore root sliced, four ounces ; of proof spirit, two pints;
macerate for fourteen days, and  strain.
  Tincture of hops.—Take of hops, five ounces; of proof
spirit, two pints; macerate for fourteen days, and strain.
  Tincture of henbane.—Take of henbane leaves-dried,
four ounces; of proof spirit, two pints; macerate for four-
teen days, and strain.
  Tincture of  jal^f.—Take  of jalap root in powder,
eight ounces : of proof spirit, two pints; macerate  for
fourteen days, and strain.
  Tincture of  kino.—Take of kino in powder, three
ounces;  of rectified spirit, two pints; macerate for four-
teen days, and strain.
  Tincture of  myrrh.---Take of myrrh bruised,  four
ounces:  of rectified spirit, three pints; macerate for four-
teen days, and strain.
  Tincture of opium.—Take of hard opium, in powder,
two ounces and a half: of proof spirit, two pints: mace-
rate for fourteen days, and strain.
  Tincture of rhubarb.—Take of rhubarb root sliced,
two ounces; of  cardamom seeds bruised, an ounce and
a half; of saffron, two drachms; of proof spirit, two pints;
macerate for fourteen days, and strain.
  Compound  tincture  of rhubarb.—Take  of rhubarb
root sliced, two ounces ; of liquorice root bruised, half an
ounce; of ginger root sliced, of saffron, each two drachms;
of proof spirit, a  pint; of water, twelve fluid ounces;  ma-
cerate for fourteen days,  and strain.
  Tincture of squills.—Take  of squill root fresh dried,
four ounces : of proof spirit, two pints ; macerate for four-
teen days, and strain.
  Tincture of  senna.-—Take of senna leaves, three
ounces:  of carraway  seeds  bruised, three  drachms: of
cardamom seeds  bruised, a drachm ; of raisins stoned, four
ounces ;  of proof spirit, two pints ;  macerate for fourteen
days, and strain.
  Tincture of serpentary.—Take  of  serpentary root,
three ounces:  of proof spirit, three pints :  macerate for
fourteen days, and strain. 
TINCTURES.
207
  Tincture  of valerian.—Take of Valerian root, four
■ranees: of proof spirit, two  pints : macerate for fourteen
days, and strain.
  Ammoniated tincture of valerian.—Take of Valerian
root, four  ounces:  of aromatic spirit of ammonia, two
pints :  macerate for fourteen days, and strain.
  Tincture of ginger.—Take of ginger root, sliced, two
ounces : of rectified spirits, two pints:  macerate for four-
teen days, and strain.
           PREPARATIONS OF .ETHER.

  Sulphuric ;etheh.—Take of rectified spirit, of sulphu-
ric acid, of each, by weight, a pound and a half: pour the
spirit into a glass retort, and add the acid gradually to it,
shaking them frequently until they are mixed, and taking
care that the heat does not exceed the hundred and twen-
tieth degree; then place them cautiously in sand, previ-
ously heated to the two hundredth degree, that the liquor
may boil as quickly as possible, and  the  sether pass over
into  a tubulated receiver, to which another  receiver shall
be fitted, kept cold by ice or water.  Let the liquor distil
until a heavier part shall begin to pass over and to be seen
under the  aether at the bottom of the  receiver.  To the
liquor which remains  in the retort pour twelve ounces of
rectified spirit, that the  aether may distil in a similar man-
ner.
  Rectified  jether.—Take of sulphuric aether, fourteen
fluid ounces: of fused potass, half an ounce : of distilled
water, eleven fluid ounces : first dissolve the potass in two
ounces  of the  water, and add to it the  sether, constantly
shaking them until they are mixed: then at a heat of about
the hundred and twentieth degree, let twelve fluid ounces
of aether distil from a large retort into a cooled receiver:
shake together the distilled aether, with  nine fluid ounces
of the water, and  set them aside that the water may sub-
side. Lastly, pour off the supernatant rectified ather, and
keep it in a well stopped vessel.
  .^Ethereal oil.—After the distillation of sulphuric xther,
having decreased the heat, let the liquor distil again until 
208    PREPARATIONS OF JETHEK.
a black froth swells up : then remove the retort directly
from the fire:  add water to the liquor which remains in
the retort,  that the oily part may float  upon its surface.
Take off this, and add to it as much as may be sufficient, of
lime water, to saturate the acid which i&present, and shake
them together: finally, take  off  the  separated ethereal
oil.
  Aromatic spirit of aether,—Take  of cinnamon bark,
bruised, three drachms: of seeds  of cardamom, in pow-
der, a drachm and a half: of the fruit  of long  pepper,
powdered, of the root of ginger, sliced, of each a drachm:
of spirit of sulphuric aether, a pint: macerate for fourteen
days in a stopped glass vessel, and strain.
  Spirit of nitric .ether.—Take of rectified spirit, two
pints: of nitric acid, by weight, three ounces: add  the
acid to the spirit gradually, and mix them, taking care that
the heat does not exceed the hundred and twentieth de-
gree: then, with a  mild  heat, distil twenty-four fluid
ounces.
  Spirit of sulphuric jether.—Take of rectified aether,
half a pint: of rectified spirit, a pint: mix.
  Compound  spirit of sulphuric jether.—Take of spirit
of sulphuric  aether, a pint;  of aethereal oil, two fluid
drachms: mix.
                      WINES.

  Wine of aloes.—Take of extract of spiked aloes, eight
ounces : of canella bark, two ounces: of proof spirit, of
distilled water, of each four pints: rub the aloe into a
powder with white sand, cleansed from all impurities : rub
the bark of canella also into a powder, and to these, mixed
together, pour the spirit and the water: macerate for four-
teen days, stirring it frequently, and strain.
  AVine of meadow saffron.—Take of the  root of mea-
dow-saffron, fresh, sliced, a pound: of proof spirit, fouz
fluid ounces:, of distilled water, eight fluid ounces : ma-
cerate for fourteen days, and strain.
  Wine of ipecacuanha.—Take of the root of ipecacuan-
ha, bruised, two ounces : of proof spirit,  twelve fluid 
WINES.                 209
ounces: of distilled water, twenty fluid ounces: macerate
for fourteen days, and strain.
  Wine of opium.—Take of extract of opium, an ounce :
of cinnamon bark,  bruised, of cloves, bruised, of each a
drachm:  of proof spirit, six fluid ounces: of distilled wa-
ter, ten fluid ounces: macerate for eight days, and strain.
  Wine  of (white)  hellebore.—Take of the  root  of
white hellebore, sliced,  eight ounces: of proof spirit, a
pint: of  distilled water, a pint and  a half:  macerate for
fourteen days, and strain.
                     VINEGARS.

  Vinegar of meadow saffron.—Take of the fresh root
of meadow-saffron, sliced, an ounce; of dilute acetic acid,
a pint;  of proof spirit, a fluid ounce : macerate the root
of the meadow-saffron with the dilute acetic acid, in a co-
vered glass vessel for three days, then express  and set it
by,  that the dregs may subside : lastly, add the spirit to
the strained liquor.
  Vinegar of  squill.—Take of the fresh  root  of  the
squill, dried, a pound:  of dilute acetic acid, six pints: of
proof spirit, half a pint:  macerate the root of squill with
the acid by a gentle heat, in  a  closed glass vessel, tor
twenty-four hours:  then  express and'set it by, that  the
dregs may subside : lastly, add the spirit to the strained
liquor.
           PREPARATIONS OF HONEY.

  Clarified honey.—Dissolve the  honey with a water-
hath then take off the scum.                    .
  Honey of BORAX.-Take of subborate of soda  m pow-
der a drachm:  of clarified honey, an ounce: mix.
  Honey OF^osEs.-Take  of the petals of the French
rose (red  rose J  dried, four ounces:  of boding water,

                       18* 
210      PREPARATIONS OF HONEY.
three pints :  of clarified honey, five pounds: macerate the
petals of the rose in the water for six hours, and strain
then add  the  honey to the strained liquor, and, with a
water-bath, boil them down until they acquire a proper
consistence.
  Simple oxymel.—Take of clarified  honey, two  pounds:
of dilute acetic acid, one pint: boil down in a glass vessel
with a gentle fire to a proper consistence.
  Oxymel of squill.---Take of clarified honey, three
pounds: of vinegar of squills, two pints :  boil down  in a
glass vessel with a gentle fire to a proper consistence.
                     SYRUPS.

  SiRurs are to be kept in a place where the heat  never
exceeds the fifty-fifth degree.
  Syrup of  mahshmallow.—Take  of the fresh root of
marshmallow, bruised, half a pound: purified sugar, two
pounds : water, four pints :  boil down the water with the
root to one half, and express the  liquor when cool.  Set
it by for twenty-four hours that the dregs may subside :
then pour  off the liquor, and, the sugar being added, boil
down to a  proper consistence.
  Syrup of oranges (the peel).—Take of fresh  peel of
oranges, two ounces : of boiling water, a pint: of refined
sugar, three  pounds : macerate the peel in the  water  for
twelve hours in a vessel lightly covered: then pour  off
the liquor, and add the sugar to it.
  Syrup of  saffron.---Take of saffron, an ounce: of
boiling water, a pint: of purified sugar, two pounds and
a half: macerate the saffron in the water for twelve hours
in a vessel lightly covered: then strain  the liquor,  and
add the sugar.
  Syrup of lemons.—Take of the juice of lemons strain-
ed, a  pint: of purified sugar,  two  pounds:  dissolve the
sugar in the juice  of lemons in the same manner which is
directed for simple syrup.
  Syrup of mulberries.—Take  of the juice of mulber-
ries strained, a pint:  of refined  sugar, two  pounds:  dis» 
SYRUPS.
211
solve the sugar  in the juice of mulberries,  in the  same
manner which is directed for simple syrup.
  Syrup of poppy (white).—Take of capsules of (white)
poppy dried and bruised, having taken out the seeds, four-
teen ounces : of purified sugar,  two pounds: of boiling
water, two gallons and a half: macerate the capsules in
the water for twenty-four hours, then with a water-bath
boil down to one  gallon, and express it strongly.  Boil
down  the strained liquor again to two pints, and strain it
as yet hot.  Set it by for twelve hours,  that the dregs
may subside : then boil down the clear liquor to a pint,
and add the sugar, in the same manner which is directed
for simple syrup.
   Syrup of buckthorn.—Take of the fresh juice of the
berries of buckthorn, four pints : of ginger root, sliced, of
the berries of pimenta in powder, of each half an ounce :
of purified sugar, three pounds and a half: set by the juice
for three days that the dregs may subside, and strain:
add the ginger root  and pimenta berries to a pint of the
strained juice : then macerate in a gentle heat for four
hours, and strain : boil down what is remaining to a pint
and a half: mix the liquors : and add the sugar in the same
manner which is directed for simple syrup.
   Syrup of red poppy.—Take of the fresh petals of the red
poppy, a pound: of  boiling water, a pint and two fluid
ounces : of purified sugar, two pounds and a half: add the
petals of the red  poppy gradually  to  the water heated
with a water bath, frequently stirring them: then, having
removed  the vessel, macerate for twelve hours : then ex-
press the liquor, and set it by that the dregs may subside:
lastly, add the sugar in the same manner which is directed
for simple syrup.
   Syrup  of  roses.—Take  of the petals  of the damask
rose, dried, seven ounces : of purified  sugar, six pounds :
 of boiling water, four pints: macerate the petals of the
rose in the water for twelve hours, and strain : evaporate
the strained liquor in a water bath to two pints and a half:
then  add the sugar in the same  manner which is directed
for simple syrup.
   Syrup of sarsaparilla.—Take of the root of sarsaparil-
la, sliced, a pound : of boiling water, a gallon : of purified
 sugar, a pound : macerate the root in the water for twenty-
 four hours: then boil down to four pints, and strain the h 
§12                 SYRUPS.
 quor as yet hot: then add the sugar and evaporate to a
proper consistence.
  Syrup of senna.—Take of senna leaves, two ounces :
of the seeds of fennel, bruised, an ounce : of manna, three
ounces: of purified sugar, a pound: of boiling water, a pint:
macerate the leaves of senna and the seeds of fennel in the
water for an hour, with a gentle heat.  Strain the liquor,
and mix with it the manna and the sugar : then boil down
to a proper consistence.
  Simple syrup.—Take of purified sugar two pounds and
a half: of water, a pint : dissolve  the sugar in the water, in
a water-bath : then set it aside for twenty-four hours : then
take off the scum, and pour off the  pure liquor from the
dregs, if there be any.
  Syrup of tolu—Take of balsam of tolu, an ounce ; of
boiling water, a pint: of purified sugar, two pounds : boil
the balsam in the water for half an hour in a covered ves-
sel, stirring them often, and strain the liquor when it has
become cold: then add the sugar,  in  the  same manner
which is directed for simple syrup.
  Syrup of ginger.—Take of root  of  ginger sliced, two
ounces: of boiling water, a pint: of purified  sugar, two
pounds: macerate the root of ginger in the water for four
hours, and strain; then add the sugar in the same manner
which is directed for simple syrup.
                  CONFECTIONS.

  If confections kept long, should become hard, they are
to be moistened with water, that their proper consistence
may be restored.
  Confection of almonds.—Take of sweet almonds,  an
ounce ; of acacia gum, powdered, a drachm ; of purified
sugar, half an ounce; the almonds being first macerated
in water and their external coat taken off, bruise the
whole together, until  they shall be incorporated.
  Aromatic coNFECTiON.-r-Take of the cinnamon bark, of
nutmegs, of each two ounces; of cloves, an ounce ;  of
the seeds of cardamom, half an ounce ; of saffron dried,
two ounces; of  prepared shells, sixteen ounces;  of pur, 
CONFECTIONS.            213
fied sugar, powdered, two pounds; of water, a pint; rub
the dry ingredients together into  a very fine powder;
then add the water gradually, and mix, until they shall be
incorporated.
  Confection of orange peel.—Take of the outer fresh
rind of oranges, separated by rasping, a pound; of puri-
fied sugar, three pounds ; bruise  the rind with a wooden
pestle in a stone mortar; then, having  added the sugar,
bruise them again until they shall be incorporated.
  Confection of cassia.—Take of  the fresh pulp of cas-
sia, half a pound; of manna, two ounces ; of the pulp of
tamarind, an ounce ; of syrup of roses, half a pint; bruise
the manna,  then  dissolve  it in the syrup with a water-
bath ; then mix in the pulps, and evaporate till it shall be
of a proper consistence.
  Confection of opium.—Take of hard opium, powdered,
six drachms; of the fruit of long pepper, an ounce; of
the root of ginger, two ounces ; of the seeds of carraway,
three ounces ; of tragacanth, powdered, two drachms; ot
syrup, a pint; rub the opium with the syrup heated, then
add the rest of the ingredients powdered, and mix.
  Confection of black phter.—Take of black pepper,
of the root of elecampane,  of each  a pound; of the seeds
of fennel, three pounds;  of honey, of  purified sugar, oi
each two pounds;  rub together the dry ingredients, into
a very fine powder ; then, having added the honey, pound
them until they shall be incorporated.
  Confection  of the dog rose.—Take  of the  pulp ot dog_
rose, a pound;  of purified  sugar, powdered, twenty
ounces ; expose the pulp  to a gentle  heat  in a water-
bath ; then add the sugar gradually, and rub them together
until they shall be incorporated.
   Confection  of the french rose  (red rose).—Take ot
the petals of the French rose, before they unfold, and with-
out their claws, a pound ; of purified sugar, three pounds;
bruise the petals in a stone  mortar, then, having added the
sue-ar, bruise them again until they shall be incorporated.
   Confection  of rue.—Take of the leaves of rue, dried,
of the seeds of carraway;  of the berries of  bay, of each
an ounce and a half; of sagapenum, half an ounce ; ot  the
fruit of black pepper, two drachms ; of  clarified honey,
sixteen ounces; rub  together the dry (ingredients) to a 
214             CONFECTIONS.
very fine powder; then, having added the honey, mix the
Whole (together).
   Confection of scammony.—Take  of the gum-resin  of
scammony, powdered, an ounce and a half; of cloves,
bruised,  of the root of  ginger, in powder, of each six
drachms; of the oil of carraway, half a fluid drachm ;  of
the syrup of roses, a sufficient quantity; rub together the
dry (ingredients) into a very fine powder; then, the syrup
being dropped in, next, having added the oil of carraway,
mix the whole (together).
   Confection of senna.—Take  of the leaves of 6enna,
eight ounces;  of figs, a pound ;  of the pulp of tamarind,
of the pulp of cassia, of the pulp of prunes, of each half a
pound; of' the seeds  of coriander, four  ounces; of the
root of liquorice, three  ounces; of purified  sugar,  two
pounds and a half; rub the leaves of senna with the seeds
of coriander, and separate ten ounces of the mixed pow-
dei* by a  sieve.  Boil down  the  residue with the figs and
the root of liquorice, in four pints of water, to one half;
then express and strain it.  Evaporate the strained liquor
with a water-bath until the whole is reduced to a pint and
a half; then, having mlded the sugar, let a syrup be made;
lastly, rub the pulps with the syrup gradually added, and
having thrown in  the sifted powder, mix the whole (to-
gether).
                    POWDERS.

  Compound powder of aloes.—Take of extract of spi-
ked aloe, an ounce and a half: of gum-resin of guaiacum,
an ounce:  of compound powder of cinnamon, half an
ounce : rub the extract of aloe and the gum-resin of guai-
cum separately into powder: then mix them with the
compound powder of cinnamon.
  Compound powder of cinnamon.—Take of cinnamon
bark, two ounces : of the seeds of cardamom, an  ounce
and a half: of the root of ginger, an ounce : of the fruit of
long pepper, half an ounce :  rub  them together that they
may be made a very fine powder.
  Compound powder of conthajerva.—Take of the root 
POWDERS.
215
ofcontrajerva, powdered, five ounces : of prepared shells,
a pound and a half: mix.
  Powder of burnt (hart's) horn  with opium.—Take
of hard opium, powdered, a drachm: of hartshorn, burnt
and prepared, an ounce: of cochineal, powdered, a drachm:
mix.
  Compound powder of chalk.—Take of prepared chalk,
half a pound : of the cinnamon bark, four ounces :  of the
root of tormentil, of the gum of acacia, of each three oun-
ces : of the fruit of long pepper, half an ounce : rub them
separately into a very fine powder:  then mix.
  Compound powder of chalk with  opium.—Take  of
compound powder of chalk, six ounces and a half: of hard
opium, powdered,  four scruples, mix.
  Compound powder of ipecacuanha.—Take of the root
of ipecacuanha, powdered, of hard opium, powdered,  of
each a drachm :  sulphate of potass, powdered, an ounce :
mix.
  Compound powder  of kino.—Take of kino,  fifteen
drachms : of the bark of cinnamon, half an ounce : of hard
opium, a drachm:  rub them separately into a very fine
powder:  then mix.
  Compound powder  of scammony.—Take  of the gum-
resin of scammony, of the hard extract  of jalap, of each
two ounces : of the root of ginger,  half an  ounce : rub
them separately into a very fine powder : then mix.
  Compound powder of senna.—Take of the leaves  of
senna, of supertartrate of potass, of each two ounces :  of
the gum-resin of scammony, half an ounce : of the root of
ginger, two drachms : rub the gum-resin of scammony se-
parately, and the rest together, into a very fine powder :
then mix.
  Compound  powder  of tragacanth.—Take of traga-
canth, powdered,  of gum acacia, powdered, of starch, of
each an ounce and a half: of purified sugar, three ounces :
rub the starch and the sugar together, into a powder: then,
having added the  tragacanth and gum of acacia, mix the
whole (together).
                      PILLS.

  Compound pills of' aloes.—Take of extract of spiked
aloe, powdered, an ounce :  of extract of gentian (root), 
316
PILLS.
half an ounce: of oil of carraway, forty minims : of simple
syrup, what may be sufficient: bruise them together, un-
til the mass appears incorporated (or in one body).
  Pills of aloes with myrrh.—Take of extract of spi-
ked aloe, two ounces: of saffron, of myrrh, of each an
ounce : of simple syrup, what may be sufficient:  rub the
extract and the myrrh separately into a powder : then beat
the whole (together) until they shall be a uniform mass.
  Compound pills of gamboge.—Take of gamboge,  pow-
dered,  a drachm : of extract of spiked aloe, powdered,
a drachm and a half: of ginger, powdered, half u drachm :
of soap, two drachms •  mix the powders together :  then,
having added the soap, bruise the whole together until
they shall be a uniform mass.
  Compound pills of iron.—Take of myrrh, powdered,
two drachms : of subcarbonate of soda, of sulphate of iron,
of sugar, of each a drachm :  rub the myrrh with the sub-
carbonate of soda, the sulphate of iron being added  : rub
them again, then bruise the whole together until they shall
be a uniform mass.
  Compound pills of galbanum.—Take of the gum-resin
of galbanum, an ounce : of myrrh, of sagapenum, of each
an ounce and a  half: of the gum-resin of assafoetida, half
an ounce : of simple syrup, a sufficient quantity : beat them
together until they shall be a uniform mass.
  Mercurial pills.—Take of purified mercury, by weight,
two drachms:  of confection of  the French rose,  three
drachms: of the root of liquorice, in powder, a drachm :
rub the mercury with the confection, until globules are no
longer visible : then, the liquorice root being added, beat
the whole together until they shall be  a uniform mass.
  Compound pills of the  submuriate of  mercury.—
Take of submuriate of mercury, of precipitated sulphuret
of antimony, of each two drachms: of the gum-resin of
guaiacum powdered, half an ounce : of rectified spirit, half
a drachm : rub  the submuriate of mercury first with the
precipitated sulphuret of antimony, then with the  gum-
resin of guaiacum, and add the spirit, that it may be  made
of a proper consistence.
  Pills of soap with opium.—Take of hard opium in
powder, half an  ounce ; hard soap, two ounces ; beat them
together, until they shall be of a uniform mass,
  Compound pills of squill.—Take of fresh root of squill 
     PREPARATIONS  FROM ANIMALS.   Sl7

^ned and powdered, a drachm:  of the root of ginger in
powder, of hard soap, of each three drachms: of ammoni-
acum powdered, two drachms: mix the powders together;
then beat them with the soap, and add a sufficient quan-
tity of simple syrup, that  it may be formed of a proper
consistence.
         PREPARATIONS FROM ANIMALS.

  Prepared lard.—Cut the lard into small  pieces : then
 ■nelt it over a gentle fire, and press it through linen.
  Burnt hartshorn.—Burn pieces of hartshorn in an
 open fire until they become thoroughly white: then pow-
 der, and prepare them in the same manner which is di-
 rected for chalk.
  Prepared suet.—Cut the suet into small  pieces : melt
 it over a gentle fire, and press it through linen.
  Burnt sponge.—Cut the sponge into small pieces, and
 bruise it, that it may be separated from any adherent sub-
 stances : then burn it in a close iron vessel until it becomes
 black and friable : lastly, rub it into a very fine powder.
  Prepared oyster-shells.—Wash the shells, previously
freed from all impurities, with boiling water:  then prepare
them in the same manner as directed concerning chalk.
               •     PLASTERS.

  Plaster of ammoniacum.—Take of purified ammonia-
cum, five ounces : of dilute acetic acid, half a pint: dissolve
the ammoniacum in the acid : then, by a water-bath, eva-
potutc the liquor in an iron vessel, constantly stirring it,
until it shall be  made of a proper consistence.
  Plaster of ammoniacum with mercury.—Take of pu-
rified ammoniacum, a pound:  of purified mercury,  by
weight, three ounces :  of sulphurated  oil, a fluid drachm:
rub ti;e mercury with the sulphurated oil until the glo-
bules are no longer to be seen :  then add the ammoniacum-

                         19 
218              PLASTERS.
 gradually,  previously dissolved, and mix the whole to-
 gether.
   Plaster of Spanish fly.—Take of Spanish fly rubbed
 into a very fine powder, a pound : plaster of wax, a pound
 and a half: of prepared lard, half a pound :  to the plaster
 and the lard dissolved, and removed from the fire, just be-
 fore they become solid, sprinkle the Spanish fly, and mix
 the whole.
   Plaster of wax.— Take of yellow wax, of prepared
 suet, of each three pounds : of yellow resin, a pound :
 melt them together, and strain.
   Cumin plaster.—Take of the seeds of cumin, of  the
 seeds of carraway, of the berries of bay,  of  each three
 ounces : of burgundy pitch, three pounds : of yellow wax,
 three ounces:  of olive  oil, of water, of each  an  ounce
 and  a half: to the pitch and wax melted together, add  the
 dry materials rubbed to powder, the olive oil, and the wa-
 ter : then boil down to a proper consistence.
   Compound  plaster of galbanum.—Take of the gum-
 resin of purified galbanum, eight  ounces:  of plaster of
 lead, three  pounds: of common turpentine, ten drachms :
 of resin of the spruce fir, powdered, three ounces :  to  the
 gum-resin of  galbanum  and the turpentine melted toge-
 ther, add first the resin of the  spruce fir, and then the
 plaster of lead melted with a slow fire, and mix the whole.
  Mercurial plaster.—Take  of purified  mercury,  by
 weight, three ounces: of sulphurated oil, a fluid drachm :
 of plaster of lead, a pound : rub the mercury with the sul-
 phurated oil until the globules are no longer to be seen :
 then add gradually the melted plaster of lead, and mix the
 whole.                               jfc
  Plaster  of opium.—Take of  hard oprom, powdered,
 half an ounce : of resin of the spruce fir, in powder, three
 ounces: of plaster of lead, a pound : of water, half a pint:
to the melted plaster add the resin  of the spruce fir, the
 opium, and the water : and boil down with a slow fire un-
til the whole unite into the consistence of a plaster.
  Compound plaster of pitch.—Take of burgundy pitch,
 two pounds : of resin of the spruce fir, a pound : of yellow
 resin, of yellow wax,' of each four ounces : of expressed oil
 of nutmegs, an ounce : of olive oil,  of water, of each two
 fluid ounces :  to the pitch, resin, and the wax dissolved to-
 gether, add first the resin of the spruce fir, and then the 
PLASTERS.              219
oil of nutmeg, the olive oil, and the water.  Lastly, mix
the whole, and boil down to a proper consistence.
  Plaster of lead.—Take of semi-vitreous oxide of lead
in very fine powder, five pounds : of olive oil, a gallon: of
water, two pints :  boil them together over a slow fire, con-
stantly stirring them, until the oil and oxide of lead unite
into the consistence of a plaster: but it will be necessary
to add a little boiling water, if that which was at first em-
ployed shall have been consumed before  the end of the
boiling.
  Plaster of resin.—Take of yellow resin, half a pound:
of plaster of lead, three  pounds : to the plaster of lead
melted with  a slow fire, add the resin powdered, and mix.
  Plaster of soap.—Take of  hard soap sliced, half a
pound:  of plaster of lead, three  pounds: mix the soap
with the melted plaster; then boil them down to a proper
consistence.
                     CERATES.

  Cerate of calamine.—Take of prepared calamine, of
yellow wax, of each half a pound: of olive oil, a pint: mix
the oil with the melted wax;  then remove them from the
fire, and when the mixture begins to thicken, add the ca-
lamine, and stir it constantly, until it shall become cold.
  Cerate of the Spanish fly.—Take of the Spanish  fly,
in very fine powder, a drachm : of cerate of spermaceti,
six  drachms : to the cerate softened by the fire, add the
Spanish fly, and mix.
  Cerate of spermaceti.—Take of spermaceti, half an
ounce: of white wax, two ounces : of olive oil, four fluid
ounces: add the oil to the spermaceti and wax melted to-
gether, and stir them with a wooden spatula until they are
become cold.
  Cerate of acetate of lead.—Take of acetate of lead
in powder, two drachms: of white wax, two ounces: of
olive oil, half a pint: dissolve the wax in seven fluid ounces
of the oil, then add gradually the acetate of lead rubbed
separately  with  the remaining oil,  stirring^ them with a
wooden spatula until they are united. 
220
CERATES.
  Compound cerate of lead.—Take of the liquor of sui>
acetate of lead, two fluid ounces and a half: of yellow wax,
four ounces : of olive oil, nine fluid ounces :  of camphor,
half a drachm : mix the melted wax with eight fluid ounces
of the oil:  then remove it from the fire, and when it be-
gins to thicken, add the liquor of sub-acetate of lead gra-
dually to it, and constantly stir them with a wooden spa-
tula, until they become cold.  Lastly, mix the camphor
with these, dissolved in the remaining oil.
  Cerate of resin.—Take of yellow resin, of yellow wax,
of each a pound :  of olive oil, a pint: melt the resin and
wax together over a slow fire :  then  add the oil, and strain
the cerate through linen whilst it is hot.
  Cerate of savine.—Take of the fresh leaves of savine,
bruised,  a pound :  of yellow wax, half a pound -. of pre-
pared lard, two pounds:  boil the leaves of savine in the
wax and  lard melted together, then express through linen.
  Cerate of soap.—Take of hard soap, eight ounces : of
yellow wax, ten ounces: of semi-vitreous oxide  of lead,
powdered, a pound : of olive oil, a pint: of vinegar, a gal-
lon : boil the vinegar with the oxide of lead over a slow
fire, constantly stirring them, until they shall be in a uni-
form mass: then add the  soap,  and boil  again in a similar
manner, until the moisture is completely evaporated : last-
ly, mix these with the wax previously dissolved in the oil.
  Simple cerate.—Take of olive oil, four fluid ounces :
of yellow wax, four ounces: add the oil to the waxmelted*
and mix.
                   OINTMENTS.

  Ointment of the blistering fly.  Take of the Span-
ish flies in very fine powder, two ounces :  of distilled wa-
ter, eight fluid ounces : of resin cerate, eight ounces : boil
down the water with the  Spanfsh flies to one half, and
strain.  Mix the cerate with the strained liquor, then eva-
porate it to a proper consistence.
  Spermaceti  ointment.—-Take  of  spermaceti,  six
drachms:  of white wax, two drachms : of olive oil, three
fluid ounces: having melted them together over a gentle 
OINTMENTS.
221
fire, stir them constantly until they shall have become
cold.
   Compound ointment of elemi.—Take of elemi, a pound:
of common turpentine, ten ounces : of prepared suet, two
pounds :  of olive oil, two fluid ounces : melt together the
elemi with the suet,  then take them from the fire, and to
these immediately mix the turpentine and the oil, then
express through linen.
   Strong  mercurial ointment.—Take of purified mer-
cury, two pounds : of prepared lard, twenty-three ounces:
of prepared suet,  an ounce: first rub the mercury with
fhe suet and a little of the lard, until globules are no long-
er to be seen ; then add what is remaining of the lard, and
mix.
   Mild mercurial ointment..—Take of strong mercurial
ointment, a pound : of prepared lard, two pounds: mix.
   Ointment of nitrate  of mercury.—Take of purified
mercury, an ounce : of nitric acid, eleven fluid drachms :
of prepared lard, six ounces : of olive oil, four fluid ounces:
first  dissolve the mercury in the acid, then mix the liquor
whilst hot with the lard and oil melted together.
   Ointment of nitric oxide of mercury.—Take of ni-
tric oxide of mercury, an ounce: of white wax, two ounces:
of prepared lard, six  ounces: add the nitric oxide of mer-
cury rubbed into a very fine powder to the wax and the
lard melted together, and mix.
  Ointment of white precipitated mercury.—Take of
white precipitated mercury, a drachm : of prepared lard,
an ounce and a half:  to the lard,  melted over a slow fire,
add the precipitated mercury, and mix.
   Ointment of black pitch.—Take of black pitch, of
yellow wax, of yellow resin, each nine ounces : of olive
oil, a pint;  melt them together, and express through linen.
   Ointment of liquid pitch.—Take of liquid pitch (tar),
of prepared suet,  each a pound : melt them together, and
strain through linen.
   Elder flower  ointment.—Take of elder flow'ers, of
prepared lard, each two pounds : boil the elder flowers in
the  lard  until they  become crisp: then  strain  through
linen.
   Ointment of sulphur.—Take of sublimed  sulphur,
three ounces: of prepared lard, half a pound: mix.
19* 
222              OINTMENTS.
  Compound ointment of sulphur.—Take of sublimed
sulphur, half a pound;  of  the root of white hellebore in
powder, two ounces ;  of  nitrate of potass, a drachm; of
soft soap,  half a pound;  of prepared lard, a pound and
half; mix.
  Ointment of white  hellebore.—Take of the root of
white hellebore in powder, two ounces; of prepared lard,
eight ounces; of oil of lemons, twenty minims ; mix.
  Ointment of ziNC-r-Take of oxide of zinc, an ounce ;
of prepared lard, six ounces; mix.

                                                  •
                   LINIMENTS.

  Liniment of verdigris.—Take of verdigris powdered,
an ounce;  of vinegar, seven  fluid  ounces; of clarified
honey, fourteen ounces; dissolve  the verdigris in the
vinegar, and strain the solution through linen ; then, hav-
ing dropped in the honey gradually, boil down to a proper
consistence.
  Strong liniment of ammonia.—Take of liquor of am-
monia, a fluid ounce; of olive oil, two fluid ounces; shake
them together until they are mixed.
  Liniment of subcarbonate of ammonia.—Take of  so-
lution of subcarbonate of ammonia, a fluid  ounce ; of olive
oil, three  fluid ounces: shake them together until they
are mixed.
  Liniment of camphor.—Take of camphor, half an ounce;
of olive oil, two fluid ounces: dissolve the camphor in the
oil.
  Compound liniment  of  camphor.—Take of camphor,
two ounces: of liquor of ammonia,  six fluid  ounces:  of
spirit of lavender, a pint: mix the liquor of ammonia with
the spirit in a glass retort, then let a pint distil with a
slow fire.  Lastly, dissolve the  camphor in this.
   Liniment  of mercury.—Take  of  strong  mercurial
ointment, of prepared lard, each four ounces: of camphor,
an ounce :  of rectified spirit, fifteen minims: of liquor of
ammonia, four fluid ounces. Rub the camphor, first with
the spirit, then with the mercurial ointment and the lard: 
LINIMENTS.              223
lastly, having dropped in gradually the liquor of ammonia,
mix the whole.
  Compound liniment of soap.—Take of hard soap, three
ounces :  of camphor,  an ounce : of spirit of rosemary, a
pint.  Dissolve  the  camphor in the spirit, then add the
soap, and macerate in  a sand-bath,  until it  is dissolved.
  Liniment of turpentine.—Take of cerate of resin, a
pound:  of oil of turpentine,  half a pint:  add  the oil of
turpentine to the melted cerate, and mix.
                    CATAPLASMS.

<& Cataplasm of yest.—Take of flour, a pound ^ of the
  yest of ale, half a pint: mix, and apply a gentle heat until
  it begins to swell.
    Cataplasm of mustard.—Take of the seeds of mustard,
  of linseed, each, powdered, half a pound: of boiling vine-
  gar, as much as may be sufficient: mix, that it may be of
  the consistence of a cataplasm.
 
TABLE
SHOWING IN WHAT PROPORTION OPIUM", AND CERTAIN PRE-
  PARATIONS  OF  ANTIMONY, ARSENIC, AND MERCURY, ARE
  CONTAINED IN SOME COMPOUND MEDICINES.

Confectio opii ( Confection of Opium) contains one grain
  of opium in about thirty-six grains.
Hydrargyrum cum creta (Mercury with chalk) contains
  one grain of mercury in about three grains.
Linimentum  Hydrargyri (Mercurial liniment) contains
  one drachm of mercury in about six dr&v-'.ms.
Liquor arsenicalis  \*flrsenical solution)  contains one
  grain of sublimed white arsenic in two fluid drachms.
Liquor hydrargyri oxymuriatis (Solution of oxymuriate
  of mercury) contains a grain of oxymuriate of mercury
  in two fluid ounces.
Pilule hydrargyri (Mercurialpills) contain one grain of
  mercury in three grains.
PlLULAJ HY1IHARGYRI SUBMURIATIS COMPOSITE (Compound
  pills of submuriate of mercury) contain one grain of sub-
  muriate of mercury in about four grains.
PiLULiE saponis cum opiti  (Soappills with opium) contain
  one grain of opium in five grains.
Pulvis  cornu usti cum  opio  (Powder of calcined harts-
  horn with opium)  contains  one grain of opium  in ten
  grains.
Pulvis  cretje composit^s cum opio (Compound powder
  of chalk with opium) contains one grain of opium in two
  scruples.
Pulvis  ipecacuanha compositus (Compound powder  of
  ipecacuanha) contains one grain of opium in ten grains.
Pulvis kino compositus (Compound powder of kino)  con-
  tains one grain of opium in one scruple.
Vinum antimonii tartarizati (Wine of tartarized anti-
  mony) contains one grain of tartarized antimony in four
  fluid drachms.
Unguentum hydrargyri  fortius (Stro?ig mercurial oint-
  ment) contains one drachm of mercury in two drachms.
Unguentum hydrargyri mitius (Mild mercurial ointment)
  contains one drachm of mercury in six drachms.
[End of Extract from Syder's Examination*.] 
APPENDIX,  No. II,
               ON POISONS.

  Different plans have been adopted by authors, in the
arrangement of Poisons,  each  following some system pe-
culiar to himself; that pursued by Orfila is the most scien-
tific; but we shall deviate from his system, and class them
according to the three kingdoms : Mineral, Vegetable, and
Animal.
             MINERAL POISONS.

          CORROSIVE METALLIC SALTS.

  The symptoms which follow an over-dose of the more
corrosive metals, are very similar in the different metallic
salts.   The urgency of the symptoms will necessarily de-
pend on the quantity taken—the form, whether solid or
fluid—the state of the stomach at the time, and other oc-
casional circumstances.  We shall relate the general opera-
tions of this class of poisons, and then the particular poi-
sons, and their peculiarities.
  When a person  has taken a sufficient  quantity of any
substance to produce deleterious effects upon the consti-
tution,  it is said to  be  an over-dose, or in other words to
act as a poison.

                  General Symptoms.

  If arsenic or corrosive sublimate be swallowed, it  occa-
sions sickness and uneasiness about the stomach, violent
retchings, sense of heat about the mouth and fauces, with
a disagreeable taste ; the pain in the stomach then becomes 
226          MINERAL POISONS.

very distressing, and blood is  sometimes  ejected;  the
bowels soon become affected, and a discharge of offensive
matter takes place, frequently mixed with blood,  and ac-
companied with considerable griping and tenesmus. The
countenance becomes anxious;  the  breathing difficult;
thirst excessive; skin hot; and pain at the stomach  and
bowels much  increased, particularly upon pressure: then
cold sweats alternating "with flushes of heat,  cold extremi-
ties, faintness, convulsions, and the most distressing symp-
toms ; which are soon followed by death, relieving the pa-
tient from an exquisite state of misery.  The pulse is usual-
ly small, quick, and irregular, but at other times is scarcely
affected; and is therefore not to be depended on.
           ARSENICAL  PREPARATIONS.

 oxyd of arsenic, orarsenious acid  (Arsenici Oxydum.")

  Thi« mineraLand all the preparations obtained from it,
are highly poisonous, even in. very small quantities ; from
which circumstance, it  is of the greatest consequence its
effects should be watched, when administered for the cure
of any disease ; and whenever any distressing symptoms
make their appearance, it should be  immediately discon-
tinued.   The same observation will apply to  all poisons,
particularly the more active minerals ; i. e. when  any un-
pleasant symptoms, peculiar to the poison at that time em-
ployed,  show themselves,  it  should  be suspended for a
time.
  The oxyds and sulphurets of arsenic, and arseniates,
possess poisonous qualities in different degrees, and will
all destroy life  if the dose be at all considerable.  Fly
water is commonly a solution of this mineral.

                      Symptoms.

  For these we will refer the reader  to the head of Cor-
rosive Metallic Salts.  They are generally very distressing,
and it is a poison, the operation of which is very energetic
in the majority of instances; cases have, however, occur- 
MINERAL  POISONS.          227
red, where patients have been destroyed without the pro-
duction of any  distressing  symptoms, where very large
quantities have  been taken.  One symptom peculiar to
this poison is a copious flow of saliva, not having the mer-
curial faetor :  the evacuations are often green.

                       Treatment.

  Unless our attention is directed to the  patient early,
there will be little  chance of success.   As we possess no
antidote to this  poison, our object is to expel it immedi-
ately from the stomach  by emetics, should it not have ex-
cited vomiting, which it scarcely ever fails of doing. Milk,
white of eggs, and mucilaginous  drinks should be taken
freely, to encourage the vomiting and  cleanse  out the
stomach.  Emollient clysters  are also  to be given, to re-
move any of the arsenic which may have escaped into the
intestines.  It is useless losing time in administering che-
mical salts, under the idea of neutralizing the effects of
the poisons;  we have  no  substance possessed of that
power.   Sulphurets of potass and soda, lime water, and
alkalies, have all been  used without success.   Inflamma-
tory symptoms must  be combated by  the usual antiphlo-
gistic means.
  The external application of arsenic will give rise to all
the above symptoms, and destroy life.

                         Tests.

  1. A solution  of arsenic is changed yellow by the addi-
tion of water saturated with  sulphuretted hydrogen.
  2. With sulphate of copper and caustic  potass or am-
monia it forms a beautiful green precipitate of Arseniate of
 Copper.
  3. By adding  to it a small quantity of liquor ammoniae-^
and a solution of nitrate of silver, you will produce a beau-
tiful yellow precipitate of Arseniate of Silver.
  4. The above results will not, however,  enable you to
speak decisively as  to the presence of  this mineral.  It is
necessary to reduce some to its metallic state, before we
can swear to its existence in any fluid.   If any should be
rejected solid from the stomach, mix it with some potass
and charcoal, then submit the mixture to the heat of a can- 
228
MINERAL POISONS.
die or spirit lamp, in a glass tube, and the metallic arsenic
will be sublimed,  and condense itself on the upper part
of the tube, in cubic crystals.  This is a property possess-
ed by no other metal.  If there should not be any powder
in the matter vomited, or in the contents of the stomach,
("supposing the  patient dead,) the precipitate obtained in
Test 2, or 3, may be submitted to the same process, and a
similar result wUl follows
           MERCURIAL  PREPARATIONS.

     corrosive sublimate (Hydrargyri Oxymurias),

                      Symptoms.

  In addition to the general symptoms enumerated above,
we may notice that the pain of the stomach and abdomen
is generally violent in the  extreme ; the bowels are spee-
dily deranged, and the evacuations bloody: salivation, with
the peculiar mercurial foetor, is another well-marked symp-
tom, and one early in its appearance ; for  it may be  re-
marked here, that of all the preparations of mercury, none
affects the salivary glands in so short a time as this.

                     Treatment.

  White of eggs and milk,  immediately; the former  de-
composes corrosive sublimate, and throws down an inso-
luble salt, comparatively mild in  its  operation.  Barley
water and linseed tea, or any other mucdaginous fluid, to
'n& taken freely  to wash out the stomach effectually.  The
bowels are  next to be attended to; give saline purgatives
by the  mouth, with emollient clysters.  The inflammation
must not be overlooked, but treated by leeches, bl sters,
&c.; and, when  the patient rallies somewhat, by venesec-
tion.  General bleeding will not be proper immediately
on the  appearance of the inflammation in many cases. 
MINERAL  POISONS.          £29
                        Tests.

  1. With  corrosive sublimate,  albumen  forms a white
precipitate of Submuriate of Mercury ,■ this test will detect
very minute quantities of the salt.
  2. Alkalies form with it a red or yellowish precipitate.
  3. Liquor ammonia gives a white precipitate.
  4. Reduction of the metal with flux (potass  and  char-
coal) is the only decisive test.
  Some other preparations of mercury act in a similar man-
ner, but  with  much  less violence ;  such as the red oxyd,
nitrates,  sulphurets, he.  The plan of treatment would be
similar, and the tests the reduction of the metal.
          ANTIMONIAL  PREPARATIONS.

      emetic tartar (Antimonium Tartarizatum).

                      Symptoms.

  The vomiting, which  is the first symptom, is very dis-
tressing and urgent; it is soon  followed  by pain in the
stomach; spasm of the oesophagus; great prostration of
strength ;  a quick small pulse: colicky pains soon attack
the bowels, and violent  purging succeeds;  breathing,
anxious and hurried; cold perspirations and other symp-
toms as above.

                      Treatment.

  Decoction of oak bark, infusion of galls, and  common
tea, all decompose the tartar emetic; and should be taken
freely, that it may be thoroughly expelled from  the sto-
mach ; mucilaginous drink and milk are also proper.  If
the stomach should  continue very irritable,  give opiates.
Treat other symptoms as usual.

                        Tests.

  1. With sulphuric acid, lime water, and the alkalies, it
forms a white precipitate.
                          20 
 230          MINERAL POISONS.

   2. A decoction of oak  bark or galls throws down a
 yellowish precipitate.

        butteh of aktimo.m (Antimonii Murias).

                      Symptoms.

   This acts as a powerful escharotic, and when swallowed
 causes great destruction, giving rise to symptoms of a very
 distressing nature, as violent as are observed after the cor-
 rosive sublimate has been taken.

                      Treatment.

   Same as for tartar emetic.

                        Tests.  •

   1. The revival of the metal by flux.
   2. It forms a white flaky precipitate with water.
   The antimonial wine, which is  often administered by
nurses to children, has not unfrequently proved a destruc-
tive poison, killing them insidiousty; this, the sulphurets,
and all antimonial preparations, act in a similar manner,
and the symptoms they occasion must be treated as for the
tartar emetic.
           PREPARATIONS  OF  COPPER.

            verdigris  (Subacetas Ctipri).

  The preparations of copper are seldom taken or given
intentionally as poisons; but from neglect  and want of
cleanliness, in leaving acid and  vegetable  substances in
copper vessels, these "sometimes become corroded,  and
the oxyd or carbonate of copper is mixed with the food 
MINERAL  POISONS.          231
                      Symptoms.

  The salts of copper give rise to colicky pain in the sto-
mach and bowels; nausea; coppery taste; vomiting of
greenish matter,  and violent  headache ; severe griping
pain in the bowels, with purging often of blood; these
symptoms are sometimes succeeded by cold perspirations,
convulsions, and death.

                      Treatment.

  Milk, white of  eggs, sugared water, and mucilaginous
fluids  freely.  If the spasms of the  alimentary canal be
severe, opiates will be useful; emollient clysters to eva-
cuate and lubricate the bowels.
  The sulphate, nitrate, muriate,  carbonate, and oxyds of
copper, and wines in which either of these preparations
may be present, act in a similar way, and require the same
treatment.

                        Tests.

  1.  All the salts of copper are of a green or  blue colour,
  2. Liq. ammonia,  when added to them, forms a green-
ish precipitate; but if added in excess, the precipitate be-
comes dissolved,  and a beautiful blue solution of the am-
moniaret of copper is the result.  If  the salt be so  much
diluted as not to colour the water, this test will detect it,
   3.  Prussiate of potass forms a brown precipitate.
             PREPARATIONS OF TIN.

           muriate of tin (Stanni Murias).

                      Symptoms.

  Violent vomiting and purging, with spasmodic affec-
tions of the stomach  and bowels; cramps;  sharp quick 
232
MINERAL POISONS.
pulse; sometimes paralysis;  with convulsions, and death.
It has been mistaken for Epsom salts, and caused death.

                      Treatment.

  Emetic, if necessary ; afterwards milk and mucilaginous
fluids; emollient and oily clysters.  Opiates to allay spasm
of the bowels, &c.: antiphlogistic treatment, if  required.


                        Tests.

  1. With nitro-muriate of gold, it forms a brownish red,
or purplish precipitate (the powder of Cassius).
  2. With prussiate of potass, a white precipitate.
  All the preparations of tin resemble this in their ef-
fects, &c.
            PREPARATIONS OF ZINC.

           white vitriol (Zinci Sulphas).

                      Symptoms.

  It is generally rejected, immediately that it reaches the
stomach, hence it rarely destroys life.   It produces a pe-
culiar astringent metallic taste, with  a sense of suffoca-
tion ;  but vomiting soon relieves these symptoms ;  other-
wise the countenance  becomes pallid and  sunk ; pulse
quick and irregular;  bowels always more or less affected :
sometimes  symptoms occur resembling the lead colic,
which are succeeded by obstinate diarrhoea.

                      Treatment.

  Alkalies, magnesia, or chalk, are the best remedies: af-
ter this diluents and clysters, with  opium if much spasmo
die colic 
MINERAL  POISONS.         238
                        Tests.

  1. Forms with alkalies a white  precipitate,  which is
readily dissolved by sulphuric acid.
  2. With  prussiate of potass, a blue precipitate.
  3. With  chromate of potass,  an orange yellow precipi-
tate.
            PREPARATIONS OF SILVER.

            lunar caustic  (Argenti Nitras).

                       Symptoms.

  It is one of the most corrosive poisons;  as we might
expect from the result of its external application.  It "is,
fortunately, rarely taken as a poison.  Its action is similar
to the  corrosive sublimate.

                       Treatment.

  The best antidote is mucilaginous fluids, in which com-
mon salt has been dissolved; this forms a muriate of silver,
insoluble and harmless: in other respects treat it as for
corrosive sublimate.

                         Tests.

  1. With alkalies, it forms  a white precipitate.
  2. With muriatic acid, and saline muriates, a white  pre-
cipitate,  which soon changes toti blackish colour, bj  ex-
posure to the air; it may be  dissolved by ammonia.

              General Morbid Appearances.

  When life  is  destroyed  by  the metallic  salts above
enumerated, dissection proVes that the appearances are
similar in the majority of cases.  Where arsenic has killed,

                       20* 
234         MINERAL POISONS.
the stomach and intestines are highly inflamed, often with
gangrenous spots in different parts of the former viscus ;
the villous coat sometimes becomes eroded, and so tender
as to be readily peeled off; the peritonaeum, throughout
the abdomen, is frequently in a state of inflammation.  It
death has resulted from corrosive sublimate, the inflamma-
tion of the villous surface of the stomach and intestines is
more  general, and the intestines are sometimes ulcerated.
In death from tartar emetic, the morbid appearances are
not generally sufficient to account for death. In the other
salts which have caused death, the appearances have re-
sembled those from corrosive sublimate ;. but there are no
diagnostic marks by which we can tell what  poison  has
destroyed our patient: it may therefbre be sufficient to
say,  that all  the metallic salts mentioned above, produce
more or less inflammation of the stomach and intestines,
and of the other abdominal viscera.
            PREPARATIONS  OF  LEAD.


         sugar of lead (Plumbi Superacetas).

                      Symptoms.

  This metal produces  effects upon the constitution in a
great measure  peculiar to itself, giving rise to considera-
ble derangement in the nervous system; as is frequently
observed in plumbers and painters.   In a large dose it oc-
casions pain at  the stomach;  an astringent metallic taste ;
sometimes vomiting; obstinate constipation ; colicky pains
in the bowels; and contractions of the abdominal  mus-
cles : these are succeeded  by  pallid countenance ; tre-
mors ; sometimes delirium; and if the patient should sur-
vive the primary symptoms, paralytic affections seldom fail
to make their appearance.

                      Treatment.

   Emetics;  sulphate of magnesia, dissolved in mucilagi-
sious fluids; opiates, to allay  the spasm of the bowels; 
               MINERAL  POISONS.         235

warm bath ;  castor oil, and purgative clysters, composed
of infusion of colocynth or senna and salts.

                        Tests.

  1. Sulphuric acid, and the alkaline  sulphates, form a
white insoluble precipitate.
  2. Chromate of potass, throws down a yellow precipe
tate.
  3. Sulphuretted hydrogen, forms at first a  brown pre-
cipitate, but it soon becomes black.
  4. Carbonated alkalies, form a white precipitate.

                 Morbid Appearances.

   There is merely a stricture about the colon, or rather a
 general contraction of that intestine; no  marks of inflam-
 mation are observed.
   The subacetate, carbonate, and oxyds of lead, and wines
 or other fluids, which are either accidentally or purposely
 impregnated with preparations of lead, give rise to symp-
 toms similar to those from the sugar of lead,  and require
 the same treatment.
   The other metallic salts, as those of gold,  platina,  bis-
 muth, nickel, &c. are never employed as  poisons.
CAUSTIC  ALKALIES and their SUBCARBONATES.
              potass, soda, and ammonia.

                      Symptoms.

  Distressing heat and pain in the fauces, oesophagus, and
stomach ; nausea; a urinous caustic taste ; vomiting, often
of blood;  intestines soon become affected, and bloody
evacuations are the result.  Ammonia is the most active in
its operation, generally causing convulsions and derange- 
236         MINERAL  POJSONS.
ment of the intellectual faculties.  A large dose of liquor
ammonias has destroyed in five minutes.

                      Treatment.

   Similar in all cases; neutralize the alkali by some mild
acid, as vinegar, diluted lemon-juice, &c, and give muci-
laginous drinks.

                        Tests.

   Alkalies  have a  urinous taste;  they change violets
green, and  turmeric paper brown;  precipitate metallic
oxyds, from their  solutions; and form soapy compounds
with oily substances.
   1. Ammonia has a pungent odour.
   2. It changes the salts of copper blue.
   Potass and soda may be distinguished by the former be-
coming precipitated in a state of cream of tartar, when
tartaric acid is added in excess; whilst soda forms a very
soluble compound, with tartaric acid in any quantity.
   A solution of platina throws down a yellow precipitate
with potass and not with soda.

                Morbid Appearances.

  Inflammation of the oesophagus, stomach, and  bowels,
which frequently present a gangrenous  and sloughy ap
pearance.
SALTS OF BARYTES.
          MURIATE AND NITRATE OF BARYTES.

                      Symptoms.

  Vomiting; purging; violent pain in the stomach  and
bowels; vertigo ; insensibility, paralysis; convulsions ;  and
death.   They act with considerable violence and activity. 
MINERAL  POISONS.          237
                      Treatment.

   S ilphate of soda, of magnesia, or of potass, dissolved in
 some  rmcilaginous fluid, to be drank freely :  they form an
 insoluble sulphate, which is inert.

                         Tests.

   The salts of barytes form an  insoluble  compound with
 Sidphuric acid and'its salts, which will detect very minute
 quantities of this earth.

                  Morbid Appearances.

   Sf.me sa from the alkalies.
   To carbonate, acetate, and  other soluble salts of bary-
• tes, \ct in a sjmilar manner, and require precisely the same
 treatment.
                 MINERAL ACIDS.

         »il of vitriol (Acidum Sulphuricum).
            aqua fortis (Acidum Nitricum).
        spirits of salts (Acidum  Uurialicum).

                      Symptoms.

  Violent burning pain about the throat, fauces, oesopha-
rus, and whole alimentary canal; foetid eructations; vomit-
me of blood;  pulse  very small and  irregular ; abdomen
tense; great thirst; cold perspirations ;  convulsions, and
death.

                      Treatment.

  In all cases  where either of the acids above mentioned
hav- been swallowed, our antidotes must be immediately
administered, or they will be useless.   Calcined magnesia 
238         MINERAL  POISONS.
is the best remedy: if not at hand, soap, chalk, or the al-
kalies diluted.

                        Tests.

  They turn vegetable blues red.   Form neutral  salts
with  the alkalies, and  effervesce when added to a car-
bonated alkali or earth.                         . .
  Sulphuric acid,  forms a white insoluble  precipitate,
both with muriate of barytes and the acetate of lead.
  Muriatic  acid, forms an insoluble precipitate with ni-
trate of silver.  If the fumes arising from it come in con-
tact with ammoniacal gas, a dense white vapour of muriate
of ammonia is the result.
  JYitric acid may be known by its red fuming nature; by
its forming nitre when saturated with  potass ; and if paper
be dipped into the saturated  solution, it is  converted into
touch-paper. • It forms no precipitate with the salts  used
to test the other acids.

                 Morbid Appearances.

  If the acids be  concentrated,  they occasion  complete
disorganization and destruction of  the parts  with which
they  come in contact: the lining membrane of the oeso-
phagus,  stomach, and intestines, is in a high state of in-
flammation, and  holes are generally formed in the sto-
mach, with gangrenous appearances surrounding them.
The nitric acid proves most destructive;  the stomach is
converted into a pulpy, soft, blackish, ragged substance,
and completely altered in its character ; and  from the es-
cape of the acid, the peritonaeum becomes inflamed  ; and
where this acid has killed, the parts which it has come in
contact with, are yellow.
   The oxalic, tartaric", citric, and fluoric acids, when taken
 in  sufficient quantity and undiluted, will give rise to very
violent symptoms, and even destroy life; several instances
 of which have unfortunately happened by  the oxalic acid
 or acid of sugar. 
MINERAL  POISONS.         239
                        Tests.

   Vxauc acid very much resembles Epsom salts in its ex-
ternal appearance.  It is excessively sour to the taste.  It
readily detects very minute quantities of the salts of lime,
forming a  white insoluble precipitate with them.   The
crystals are four-sided prisms.
   Tartaric acid  forms  a  compound of  supertartrate  of
potass, when added in excess to a solution of potass.
   Citric acid crystallizes in rhomboidal prisms, and is the
basis of lemon-juice.
   Fluoric acid has a suffocating smell, and possesses the
property of corroding glass, acting upon the silex which
it  contains.
   These, with some other acids which it will be unneces-
sary to enumerate, produce symptoms, &c, similar to the
mineral acids, and require a similar mode of treatment,
viz. magnesia, chalk, &c.


              saltpetre (Potassx JVitras).

                       Symptoms.

 -  Violent pain in the stomach, with spasm ; vomiting and
purging of blood; very irregular pulse; great prostration
of strength; syncope ; coldness of the extremities J clammy
perspiration ;  involuntary  stools, and speedy dissolution ;
if the primary symptoms should not destroy,  the nervous
system becomes more particularly deranged, and paralysis
is  a consequence.

                       Treatment.

 "  Emetics, mucilaginous drinks, milk, and emollient  pur-
gatives  and clysters.

                         Tests.

   1. Crystals six-sided prisms.
   2. Detonates on burning coals.
   3. When mixed with  sulphuric acid, red nitrous fumes
escape. 
240         MINERAL  POISONS.
                Marhid appearances.

  Same as are observed in cases of death  from the corio
4ve metals.
                      phosphorus.

                      Symptoms.

  Most distressing pain and  heat in  the stomach, which
are more urgent if the poison be dissolved ;  besides  this,
it occasions  other symptoms as  observed in the corrosive
metals.

                      Treatment.

  It is advisable to expel it from the stomach as speedily
as possible ;  it has been  recommended to distend the sto-
mach with food, and then to excite vomiting and  give
diluents freely. The operation is less violent, the more
it is excluded from the air.

                        Tests.

  Its peculiar odour, and general properties, will common-
ly enable any person to detect it. If dissolved in oil, it is
luminous in  a dark room.

  Morbid Appearances.—See Corrosive Metals. 
VEGETABLE POISONS.
       NARCOTICS.


OPIUM AND ITS PREPARATIONS.
                      Symptoms.

  This is one of the most common and destructive poi-
sons of this class, and produces symptoms common to all
vegetable narcotics.  A full  dose of opium occasions al-
most immediate insensibility ; with slow pulse;  stertorous
breathing; dilated pupil;  greatest difficulty  in  being
roused: the countenance is at first flushed, but soon be-
comes pallid; sometimes convulsions and paralysis precede
dissolution.   Vomiting is not a usual symptom  when the
dose is large.


                      Treatment.

  Sulphate of zinc, gr. viii. vel gr. x. every ten minutes,
till vomiting is excited: or sulphate of copper, gr.  i. to
gr. iii.;  tickle the  throat with a feather, and  use  every
possible means to evacuate the stomach.- it will be advisa-
ble to pass an elastic tube down the cesophagus and  thus
introduce emetics, if the patient cannot swallow: the per-
son must be kept in constant motion and exercise by able
assistants.  In some cases it will be proper  to  open the
jugular  vein, to  relieve the  vessels of the brain from  a
state of congestion.  If scarcely any pulse, wine, brandy,
and ammonia should  be introduced into the  stomach.
Acids should never be given till we are thoroughly con-
vinced no opium remains in the stomach.  Active purga-
tives both by the  mouth and per anum.  Coffee may be
drank freely.  Saline purgative and effervescing draughts
are useful when the patient is recovering.
21 
24U        VEGETABLE POISONS.
   Children are often very much injured,  and sometimes
 destroyed, by the too free use of symp of poppies; it gives
 rise to drowsiness, insensibility, and convulsions.   Treat-
 ment here will be ammonia,  brandy diluted,  and wine;
 with the warm bath.
   We are possessed of no tests by which we can distin-
 guish poisons of this class, and can only conjecture they
 have been taken, by their taste or smell,  and the symp-
 toms.
   In general no morbid appearances are evident.
   Henbane (hyoscyamus niger), hemlock (conium macula-
 turn), strong-scented lettuce (lactuca virosa),  water
 hemlock (cicuta virosa), deadly nightshade (atropa bella-
 donna) ,
   These, with some others, produce symptoms very simi-
 lar to opium, and require the same mode of treatment.
   Monkshood  (aconitum napellus), poison nut (nux vo-
 mica), spuhious Angustura bark (Angustura pseudo fer-
 ruginea), camphor (laurus camphora), poisonous fungi,
 with some other, both indigenous and exotic poisons, pro-
 duce symptoms in some measure resembling those occa-
 sioned by the simple narcotics  ; they however excite more
 acrimony and disturbance in the alimentary  canal; some
 exhilarating effects precede  their sedative operation, un-
 less the dose be very large; and they more commonly oc-
 casion convulsions and  spasmodic affections.  These have
 been arranged, by Orfila, under the class Acro-narcotics.


                      Treatment.

   As for  narcotics.  If the breathing be suspended, keep
 up artificial respiration.


               ACRID VEGETABLES.

   Black and stinking hellebore (helleborus niger et fce-
 tidus), white hellebore  (veratrum  album), squirting
itccuMRER .(momordica  elatenum),  gamboge  (stalagmitis
gambogioides), euphorbium, several species ; savine (juni-
perus sabina),  meadow saffron (colchicum  autumnale),
 squill (scilla  maritima), several  species  of  ranuncu-
 lus,  ike. 
VEGETABLE POISONS.         243
                      Symptoms.

  All these vegetables, in over-doses, and many others,
occasion an acrid taste; burning sensation about the mouth
and  fauoos;  constriction of the fauces; pain  in the sto-
mach and bowels;  distressing vomiting and purging, often
of blood, succeeded by insensibility, difficulty and short-
ness of breath, and convulsions.

                      Treatment.

  Mild emetics, mucilaginous diluents, milk, emollient
laxatives, and clysters. If the vomiting, after the  poison
has been thoroughly expelled, should continue to distress
the patient, mild opiates are proper.

                 Morbid Appearances.

  Sometimes, in the more acrid vegetables, there is some
inflammation of the stomach and bowels;  but we  cannot
generally depend  upon these  appearances in poisoning
from vegetable substances.

                   PRUSSIC ACID.

                      Symptoms.

  It occasions nausea,  vertigo, vomiting, sense of suffoca-
tion, and almost immediate death, if concentrated.   The
mere act of smelling to it produces a sense of suffocation
and giddiness.  Fortunately this poison is seldom taken in
the concentrated form; but from its existence in the ker-
nels of some  fruits,  laurel  leaves,  &c, it is right to be ac-
quainted with its operation.  In one case it caused imme-
diate death, as if the patient had been suddenly  seized
with an apoplectic fit. Its external application will de-
stroy life.  The essential  oil of bitter almonds contains a
considerable  portion  of  prussic  acid; but the  almonds
themselves may be  eaten with impunity, in moderation.

                      Treatment.

  Ammonia, brandy,  and  oil of turpentine  in small doses,
conjoined with artificial respiration if required. 
ANIMAL POISONb
          Spanish flies (Lytta Cantharidis).

           \..jA.        Symptoms.

  They very soon cause great pain and irritation about
the urinary organs; difficulty and pain in making water,
which is often  reduced in quantity, though sometimes in-
creased ; breath has an unpleasant smell, and there is often
a great aversion to liquids; stomach and bowels are tense
and tender; satyriasis, sometimes in a very distressing de-
gree ; frequently bloody evacuations; blood  is also  fre-
quently ejected by vomiting, and passed with the urine;
sometimes convulsions and tetanus.

                     Treatment,

  Diluent emetics; mucilaginous draughts, in which gum-
arabic is dissolved, in  abundance;  warm bath ; clysters of
oil.  The  antiphlogistic treatment is  generally required,
with opiates.

                Morbid Appearances.

  Inflammation of the  stomach  and bowels; also of the
kidneys, ureters, and bladder; sometimes the penis is in »
a gangrenous state.

BITES OF  SNAKES,  VIPERS, VENOMOUS SER-
                    PENTS, &c.

                      Symptoms.

   Acute pain and swelling of the part bitten, which soon
extends over the limb; nausea and intoxicating symptoms 
ANIMAL POISONS.          245
soon come on, succeeded by delirium; the part bitten be-
comes livid, and often gangrenous; pulse quick and irregu-
lar ;  breathing difficult and anxious ; often bilious vomit-
ing ; sometimes  impossibility of swallowing, with convul-
sions.
                      Treatment.

  If possible remove the parts bitten, by excision;  then
use some  caustic application.  Oil and ammonia are ge-
nerally preferred: in the West Indies they employ eau de
luce, the action of which depends on the ammonia it con-
tains.   Give brandy, ammonia,  and other stimuli,  with
opiates.  Arsenic has been recommended in doses of gr.
ss. or gr. i., and it is said, that this practice has been suc-
cessful.  (Vide Medico-Chirurgical Transactions.)
  The bites of some venomous insects sometimes occasion
unpleasant symptoms ; but local applications will general-
ly be sufficient to  cure them.   If possible,  remove the
poison ; oil applied to the part will often relieve ; at other
times some evaporating spirituous lotion is necessary, to
subdue the inflammation which exists.

MUSCLES, LOBSTERS, CRABS, AND OTHER FISH.

                      Symptoms.

  Uneasiness and pain about the  stomach, with sickness
and headache; vertigo; redness and swelling of the face ;
generally a species of nettle-rash all over the body; short-
ness of breath; rarely, cold extremities, delirium, and con-
vulsions.


                      Treatment.

  Emetics,  diluents,  and  purgatives;   stimulants  and
opiates if necessary.

                       21* 
Means to be resorted to in  Cases where Animation
  is Suspended,  from  Drowning, Hanging,  or
  Breathing Deleterious Airs.
                FROM DROWNING.

   First remove all clothes, and then convey the patient
 to a convenient and airy situation ;  artificial respiration is
 now to be commenced, by inflating the lungs from the
 nose by a pair of bellows passed up one nostril; or with
■your own mouth, if no other means be at hand: when the
 proper apparatus can be readily procured, that is best for
 the purpose; after each inflation the lungs must be again
 emptied, by pressure made on the chest.  Wrap the body
 in warm blankets, and apply  warmth to the body in any
 gradual manner.  It  is useless  and improper to rub the
 body with any stimulating application.  Apply hot water
 to the feet, or warm bricks. Introduce an elastic tube into
 the stomach, in order to convey stimulating fluids into that
 organ, as brandy, wine, &c.
   When respiration  becomes natural, we  suspend  our
 artificial operations;  and, as soon as the patient is able to
 swallow, give wine and water, and nourishing food. Never
 leave the person until he has perfectly recovered his senses.
 If oxygen gas be at hand, it may be employed.  Electri-
 city has been considered by some as a useful adjunct;  it
 may be tried.


                  FOR HANGING.

   A similar plan of treatment  is necessary.  Bleeding  is
 oftener required here,  from the jugular vein, to relieve
 the vessels of the brain and lungs; it should  only be in
 small quantity. 
[   247   J
           FROM NOXIOUS VAPOURS.


  Similar treatment necessary.  Here the temperature of
the body is generally above the natural standard, and cold
water should be suddenly dashed over the body, in addi-
tion to the other means.  It is likewise very desirable, if
possible, to substitute oxygen gas for the atmospheric air,
in these cases.                                    .
  When suffocation is occasioned by substances lodging
in the air passage, and thus obstructing respiration, it is
often necessary to perform the operation of bronchotomy -.
here two methods have been recommended; one dividing
the rings of the trachea longitudinally ; the other making
an opening between the thyroid and cricoid  cartilages :
each operation has its advocates, but I should prefer  the
former. 
APPENDIX,  No.  Ill,
ART  OF PRESCRIBING MEDICINES.
  In prescribing a medicine,  the following circumstances
should always be kept in view: viz.—Age, Sex, Temper-
ament, Habit, Climate, State of  Stomach, and Idio-
SYNCRACY.
          AGE.
  For an adult, suppose the dose to be one or 1 drachm.
  Under 1 year will require only«»«  l-12th  5 grains.
        2................•.....l-8th   8 grains.
        3......................l-6th 10 grains.
        4 •••••.................  l-4th 15 grains,
        7......................l-3d    1 scruple.
       14......................half    i drachm.
       20.............•........2-3ds   2 scruples.
 Above 21 The full dose.........•  one     1 drachm.
       65 The inverse gradation of the above.

Sex.—Women require smaller doses than men, and the
  state of the uterine system must never be overlooked.
Temperament.—Stimulants and purgatives more readily
  affect the sanguine than the phlegmatic, and consequent-
  ly the former require smaller doses.
Habits.—The knowledge of these is essential; for those
  in the habitual use of stimulants and narcotics require
  larger doses to affect them when  labouring under dis-
  ease, whilst  those who have habituated themselves to
  the use of saline purgatives are more easily affected by
  these remedies.
Climate.—Medicines act differently on the  same  indivi-
  dual in summer and winter, and in  different climates.
State of Stomach, and Idiosyncracy.—The least active
  remedies operate  very violently on some individuals, 
          PRESCRIBING MEDICINES.      249

  owing to a peculiarity of stomach, or rather disposition
  of body,  unconnected with temperament.  This  state
  can be discovered only by accident or time ; but when
  it is known,  it should always be  attended to  by the
  practitioner.
In prescribing, the practitioner should always so regulate
  the intervals between the"doses, that the next dose may
  be taken before the effect produced by the first is alto-
  gether effaced ; for by not attending to this  circum-
  stance, the cure is always commencing, but never pro-
  ceeding.   It shouldj however, also be kept in mind,
  that medicines such as the mercurial salts, arsenic, 8tc.
  are apt to accumulate \n the system ;  and danger may
  thence arise  if the doses  too rapidly succeed to each
  other. The action also of some j-emedies, elaterium and
  digitalis for example, continues long after the remedy is
  left off;  and therefore  much caution is requisite  in
  avoiding too powerful  an effect, by a repetition of them
  even  in diminished doses.
Examples of the most usual Forms of Extemporaneous Pre*
                      scriptions.

                     POWDERS.

      NARCOTIC.
 R. Pulveris conii, gr. hi,
    --------glycyrrhizse radicis,  gr. vi,
    Sit pulvis, ter quotidie sumendus.
In scirrhous affections, scrofula, painful old ulcers, &c.

 R. Pulveris belladonnae foliorum, gr. i,
    .--------potasss nitratis, gr.  x,
    --------sacchari, gr. ix.
    Fiat pulvis, hora somni omni nocte sumendus.
In chronic rheumatism,  extensive ulcerations,  mania, and
  epilepsy.

       ANTISPASMODIC
 R. Pulveris Valerianae radicis, ^i,
    ---------cinnamomi comp. gr. x.
    Fiat pulvis, ter quaterve quotidie sumendus
 In hysteria, hemicrania, chlorosis. 

 250           PRESCRIPTIONS.

  R. Pulveris ipecacuanhae radicis, gr. i,
     --------sodx subcarbonatis, gr. xii,
     ---:-----opii, gr. i.
     Fiat  pulvis, octava quaque hora sumendus.
 Spasmodic asthma, hooping-cough.

       tonic. .
  R. Pulveris cinchonae, gss,
     --------cinnamoni comp. gr. x.
     Sit pulvis, secundis horis in cyatho lactis, absente pa-
       roxysmo, sumendus.
 In intermittents,  after the stomach and bowels have been
 ..cleared.

 R.  Ferri tartarizati, gr. viii,
     Pulveris columbae, ^i.
     Fiat pulvis, quarta quaque hora sumendus.
 After diarrhoea, in scrofulous tumours and dyspepsia.

       astringent.
 R.  Pulveris catechu extracti, gr. xv,
     —-------cretae comp.  cum opio, Qi.
     Sit pulvis, post dejectiones singulasfiquidas sumendus.
 In diarrhoea from a weakened state of the bowels.

 R. Pulveris kino compositi, gr. x.
     Pulvis ex cyath<£ aquae menthae  viridis sexta  quaque
      hora sumatur.f
 In chronic diarrhoea and intestinal haemorrhagies.

      EaTETIC
 R. Pulveris ipecacuanhae, Qi,
    Antimonii tartarizati, gr. i.
    Fiat pulvis emeticus.

      CATHARTIC
 R. Hydrargyri submuriatis, gr. iii,
    Pulveris jalapae,
    Sacchari, sing. gr. x.
    Sit pulvis, vespere vel primo mane sumendus.
In bilious fevers, and slimy and obstructed bowels.

 R. Hydrargyri submuriatis, gr. iii,
    Pulveris scammoniae compositi, gr. xii.
    Tere in pulverem, quamprimum sumendum
In worm cases. 
PRESCRIPTIONS.            351
       KBIBI EH AGotJCE.
  R. Pulveris foliorum sabinae,
     -------zingiberis, aa gr. vii,
     Sodae boratis, gr. xv.
     Fiat pulvis, bis die sumendus.
In amenorrhoca with  a languid pulse.

       DIURETIC
  R. Supertartratis potassae, "Z\,
     Pulveris scillae siccatae, gr. ii,
     ------- zingiberis, gr. iv.
     Sit pulvis, octava quaque hora sumendus.
In ascites.

       DIAPHORETIC
  R. Pulverisantimonialis, gr. iii,
     -------tragacanthae comp. gr. x.
     Sit pulvis, quarta vel sexta quaque hora sumendus
In the  commencement of febrile diseases, after emptying
  the stomach and bowels.
  R. Antimonii tartarizati, gr. ii,
     Testarum preparatarum, £)ij-
     Intime  misceantur in pulverem, et divide in  doses
        aequales decern, quarum sumat unam tertia quaque
        hora.
In puerperal fever, after bleeding and the exhibition of a
  clyster.

       EXPECTORANT.
  R. Pulveris ipecacuanhae, gr. vi,
     -------potassx nitratis, Qiss,
     ------- myrrhae,  gr. xii.
     Misce,  et divide in doses aequales  quatuor, quarum
        sumat unam quartis horis.
In asthma, and the earher stage of phthisis pulmonalis.

       REFRIGERANT.
  R. Potassae nitratis, gr. viii.
     Pulveris tragacanthae comp. 9j.
     Tere in pulverem, quartis  horis, in cyatho aquae vel
        infusi lini sumendum.
In gonorrhoea. 
253            PRESCRIPTIONS.
                       PILLS.

       NARCOTIC
  R. Opii, gr. i.
     Fiat pilula, hora somni sumenda.
To procure sleep in ordinary cases.
  R. Pulveris digitalis, gr. iv.
     Camphorae, gr. xii,
     Extract! hyosciami, gr. xviii.
     Fiant pilulae duodecim.  Sumat tres omninocte.
In maniacal and spasmodic affections.

       SEDATIVE.
  R. Plumbi superacetatis, gr. x.
     Pulveris colchici, gr. xx,
     -------opii, gr. iii.
     Mucilaginis acacia, q. s.
     Misce optime, et  divide  in  pilulas atquales decern,
        quarum sumat unam sexta quaque hora.
In active  haemorrhagies.  They have also been  given in
  phthisis; one pill twice a  day, after bleeding.

       ANTISPASMODIC
  R. Opii, gr. ss,
     Castorei Rossici, gr. viss,
     Pulveris digitalis,  gr. i,
     Syrupi, q. s.
     Fiant pilulae duae,  bis vel ter die sumendx.
In spasmodic asthma,  and dyspnoea.
  R. Cupri ammoniati, gr. ii.
     Micae panis, q. s.
     Fiant pilulae quatuor.  Sumat unam bis quotidie.
In epilepsy, gradually increasing the dose.

       STIMULANT.
  R. Assafoetidae gummi resinae, dr. i.
     Pulveris zingiberis, dr. ss,
     Syrupi, q. s.
     Ut fiant pilulx  triginta,  quarum  sumat tres tertiis
        horis.
In palsy. 
PRESCRIPTIONS.           253
       TONIC
  ii.  Pulveris rhei,
      ------•- zingiberis, aa dr. ss,
      Extracti anthemidis, dr. i,
      Fiat massa,  in  pilulas  aequales  triginta  dividenda,
        quarum capiat tres ante prandium quotidie.
In dyspepsia and chlorosis.
  R.  Ferri carbonatis,
      Extracti conii, aa dr. j,
      Distribue in pilulas aequales viginti-quatuor.   Sumat
        duas bis die.
In fluor albus and scrofula.

       ASTRINGENT.
  R.  Extracti cinchonae, dr. ii,
      Aluminis, dr. i,
      Syrupi, q. s,
      Ut fiant pilulae  triginta-sex.  Sumat quatuor  quarta
        vel sexta quaque hora.
En passive hjemorrhagies.

       CATHARTIC
  R.  Scammoniae in pulv. gr. iv,
      Extracti taraxaci, gr. xiv,
      Fiant pilulae sex, quarum sumat tres bis die.
In hypochondriasis and chronic hepatitis.
  R.  Hydrargyri submuriatis, gr. iii,
      Pulveris, jalapae, gr. ix,
      Mucilaginis acaciae, q. s.
      Fiant pilulae tres hora somni sumendx.
To empty the bowels in bilious affections.
       EMMENAGOGUE.
  R.  Ferri sulphatis,
      Potassae subcarbonatis,
      Myrrhae,
      Pulveris aloes compositi,
      Contunde simul, et divide massam in pilulas aequales
        triginta.   Sumat tres bis quotidie.
In amenorrhcea with a languid pulse.
  R.  Pilulae hydrargyri, dr. i,
      Divide in  pilulas aequales  quindecim.   Sumat unam
        omni mane et nocte.
7a suppression of the menstrual discharge.
                         22 
254           PRESCRIPTIONS.
      DIURETIC
  R. Pulveris digitalis, gr. xii,
     Hydrargyri submuriatis, gr. iv,
     Opii, gr. iv,
     Confectionis rosae, q. s.
     Fiant pilulae duodecim.  Sumat unam octava quaque
       hora.                                .     .  ,
In hydrothorax, and ascites depending upon visceral ob-
  struction.
  R. Pilulae hydrargyri, dr. i,
     Pulveris scillae, scr. i.
     Confectionis rosae, q. s.
     Fiant pilulae viginti.  Sumat  unam octava quaque
       hora.
In ascites and anasarca.

      DIAPHORETIC
  R. Antimonii tartarizati, gr. J,
     °PU»             .  .
     Hydrargyri submuriatis, aa gr. 1,
     Confectionis rosae, q. s.
     Fiant pilulae duae hora somni sumendae.
In acute rheumatism.
  R. Antimonii tartarizati, gr. ii,
     Opii, gr. vi,
     Camphors, gr. xxxvi,
     Spiritus rectificati, min. iii,
     Confectionis rosae, q. s.
     Fiant pilulae aequales duodecim, quarum sumat unam
       quarta quaque hora.
In fevers.

      EXPECTORANT.
   R. Pulveris scillae, gr. xxx.
     Ammoniaci gum. res. dr. iss,
     Extract, conii, gr. xxx.
     Contunde simul, et divide massam in pilulas aequales
       triginta, quarum sumat duas sextis horis.
In asthma and chronic catarrh.
      SIALOGOGUE.
  R. Pilulae hydrargyri, dr. i,
     Divide  in pilulas aequales duodecim.   Sumat unam
       mane nocteque.
In syphilis, herpetic eruptions, and chronic hepatitis. 
PRESCRIPTION*.           255
  R. Submuriatis hydrargyri, ser. i,
     Opii, gr. v,
     Confectionis rosae, q. s.
     Fiant pilulae viginti. '  Sumat  unam QHUM  mane et
       nocte.
In syphilitic cases.

      LITHONTR.IPTIC.
  R. Sodae subcarbonatis exsiccatae, dr. iss,
     Pulveris cinnamomi cowp. dr. ss,
     Saponis, dr. ss,
     Balsami Peruviani, q. s.
     Fiant pilulae aequales  triginta.  Sumat tres  ter quo-
       tidie.
Tn calculous affections.

      TONIC AND PURGATIVE COMBINED.
  R. Ferri ammoniati, dr. i,
     Extracti aloes,
     ——— gentianae, aa dr. ss,
     Contunde simul, et divide massam in pilulas triginta,
       quarum sumat duas ter quotidie.
In dyspepsia, hysteria, scrofula, and mesenteric obstruc-
  tions.

      DIAPHORETIC AND ALTERATIVE.
  R. Hydrargyri sulphureti rubri,
     Serpentariae radicis in pul. aa dr. i,
     Syrupi aurantii, q. s.
     Misce,  et divide  in  pilulas viginti-quatuor, quarum
       sumat quatuor ter quotidie.
In herpetic, and other obstinate cutaneous affections,
                     DRAUGHTS.
       NARCOTIC.
  R.  Misturae camphorae, f ^iss,
      Tinturae opii, min. xxxv.
      iEtheris sulphuric!, f. dr. i,
      Syrupi croci f. dr. i.
      Fiat haustus in promptu habendum, et urgente febris
        paroxysmo sumendus.
In intermittent headache. 
S56           PRESCRIPTION*.
  R. Ammoniac subcarbonatis, gr. ii,
     Succi limonis recentis, f. dri iv,
     Aquae distillatae, f. oz. i,
     Spiritus myristicae, f. dr. i,
     Syrupi aurantii, f. dr. ss,
     Extracti conii, gr. iv,
     Fiat haustus ter die sumendus, addendo de die in
       diem extracti conii, gr. i;  donee doses ad gr. vii,
       pervenerit in singulis haustibus.
In diseases of increased irritability.

      ANTISPASMODIC
  R. Misturae moschi, f. dr. xiv,
     Liquoris ammoniac, min. xvi,
     Tincturae castorei, f. dr. i,
     Syrupi papaveris, f. dr. ss.
     Fiat haustus, quarta quaque hora sumendus.
In hysteria and convulsive affections, after the bowels have
  been effectually cleared.
  R. Olei anisi, min. x,
     Magnesias, scr. i,
     Tincturae sennae, f. dr. ii,
    Aquae menthae piperitae, f. dr. x,
     Fiat haustus, urgente flatulentia sumendus,
In spasm of the stomach arising from  flatulence.

      TONIC
  R. Infusi cinchonae cordifoliae, f. §iss,
     Tincturae cinchonae comp. f. dr. i,
     Pulveris cinchonae cordifoliae, scr. ii,
     Syrupi aurantii, f. dr. ss.
     Fiat haustus, secunda quaque bora sumendus.
In intermittents and acute rheumatism, after purging.
  R. Infusi cascarillae, f ^iss,
     Tincturae cascarillae,
     --------zingiberis, aa f. dr. i.
     Fiat haustus bis quotidie sumendus.
In dyspepsia arising from intemperance=

       ASTRINGENT.
   R. Extracti haematoxyli, gr. xii,
     Aquae cinnamomi, f. dr. xv,
     Tincturae catechu, f. dr. i, 
PRESCRIPTIONS.            257
     Fiat haustus, quarta quaque hora vej post dejectio-
       nes singulas liquidas sumendus.
In diarrhoeas and protracted dysentery.
      EMETIC
  R. Pulveris ipecacuanhae, scr. i,
     Vini ipecacuanhae, f. dr. ii,
     Aquae communis, f. dr. vi.
     Fiat haustus emeticus, quamprimum vel yespere su-
       mendus.
For unloading the stomach in ordinary cases.
  R. Zinci sulphatis, scr. j,
     Aquae distillatae, f ^ii,
     Fiat haustus, quamprimum sumendus.
In the commencement of the  paroxyism of intermittent
  fever, or in cases of poisons having been taken into the
  stomach.
      CATHARTIC
  R. Potassae tartratis, dr. i,
     Tincturae sennae, f. dr. i,
     Infusi sennae, f. dr. xivss,
     Syrupi croci, f. dr.  ss.
     Fiat haustus, quamprimum vel primo mane su'men«
       dus.
In acute diseases.
  R. Magnesise sulphatis, dr. ii,
     Infusi rosae, f. dr. xiv,
     Acidi sulphurici diluti, min. x,
     Mannae, dr. ii,
     Fiat haustus quartis horis sumendus,
In inflammatory affections.
      DIURETIC
  R. Tincturae jalapae, f. dr. ii,
     Aceti scillae, f. dr. j,
     Aquae menthae piperitae, f. dr. viii,
     Fiat haustus ter in  die sumendus.
  R. Potassae nitratis, gr. viii,
     Tincturae digitalis, min. xvi,
     Infusi rosae, f. dr. xiii,
     Syrupi rosae, f. dr. i,
     Fiat haustus ter in die sumendus.
In dropsy.
                        22* 

258            PRESCRIPTIONS.

      DIAPHORETIC
  R. Potassae subcarbonatis, scr. i,
     Succi limonis recentis, f. dr. iv,
     Antimonii tartarizati, gr. l-6th,
     Aquae distillatae, f. dr. xi,
     Syrupi papaveris, dr. i,
     Fiat haustus,  quarta vel sexta quaque hora sumen-
       dus.
  R. Liquoris ammoniae acetatis, f. dr. vi,
     Misturae  camphorae, f. dr. X,
     Vini ipecacuanhae, min. xx,
     Syrupi tolutani, f. dr. ss,
     Fiat haustus sextis horis sumendus.
In fevers and inflammatory diseases.

      REFRIGERANT.
  R. Potassae nitratis, gr. xii,
     Misturae  amygdalae, f. §iss,
     Syrupi tolutani, f. dr. i,
     Fiat haustus quarta quaque hora sumendus.
  R. Potassae  subcarbonatis, scr. i,
     Syrupi, f. dr. ss,
     Spiritus  myristicae, f. dr. ss,
     Aquae distillatae, f^xi,
     Fiat haustus, in-1 effervescentia  cum succi limonis
       cochleari magno, secunda  quaque hora sumendus.
In fevers and inflammatory diseases.

      ANTACID.
  R. Magnesiae, dr. i,
     Aqu?e menthae piperitae, f. §iss,
     Tincturae aurantii, f. dr. i,
     Fiat haustus pro  re nata sumendu9.
In heart-burn, and other cases of acidity of the stomach,,
   R. Liquoris ammoniae, min. xvi,
     Misturae amygdalae, f.§ii,
     Tincturae opii, min. x,
     Fiat haustus ter die sumendus,
In acidities of the primx viae. 
PRESCRIPTIONS.            S59
                     MIXTURES.
      TONIC
  R. Infusi calumbae, f. ^vss,
     Tincturae cinnamomi comp. f. dr. ii,
     Syrupi aurantii, f. dr. ii,
     Fiat mistura, cujus "cochlearia duo majora quarta
        quaque hora sumantur.
In debilities of the digestive organs, and to check the se-
  vere vomiting which often occurs during pregnancy.

      ASTRINGENT.
  R. Catechu extracti, dr. ii,
     Aquae cinnamomi, f. §viii,
     Tincturae opii, min. lx,
     Fiat mistura, cujus sumantur cochlearia tria magna
        post singulas dejectiones liquidas.
In the last stage of diarrhoea or  dysentery.

       EMETIC
   R. Antimonii tartarizati, gr. viii,
      Aquae distillatae, f. §vi,
     Syrupi mori, f. dr.  i,
     Fiat mistura, cujus cochlearia magna duo quampri-
        mum, et octavis minutis donee evomuerit, sumen-
        da.
   R. Pulveris ipecacuanhae, dr. ss,
     Antimonii tartarizati, gr. i,
      Tincturae scillae, f. dr. i,
      Aquae distillatae, f. ^viiss,
      Fiat mistura,  cujus  sumat quamprimum  cochlearia
        majora  quatuor,  et cochlearia duo sexta quaque
        parte horae, donee supervenerit vomitus.
 In dropsies, before exhibiting the fox glove.

        CATHARTIC
   R. Potassae sulphatis,  dr. ii,
      Aquae fontanae, f. oz. vss,
      Tincturae jalapae, f. dr. iv,
      Sit mistura, cujus  sumat cochlearia duo magna omnj
        bihorio.
                     i
        EXPECTORANT.
   R. Misturae amygdalae, f. oz. v,
      Vini ipecacuanhs, 
260           PRESCRIPTIONS.
      Tincturae scillae, aa, f. dr. i,
      Syrupi tolutani, f. dr. vi.  Misce.
      Sumat cochleare  magnum urgente tussi.
In humoral asthma, and the latter stage of catarrh.

      DEMULCENT.
  R.  Decocti althaeae officinalis, f. oz. vi,
      Syrupi, f.  oz. i,
      Fiat mistura, cujus sumatur tertia pars sexta quaque
       hora.
In calculous cases, and inflammation of the kidneys.

      DETERGENT GARGLE.
  R.  Potassae nitratis, dr. ii,
      Mellis rosae, f. dr. iv,
      Infusi rosae, f. oz. vss.   Misce.
      Fiat gargarysma saepe utendum.
Tn inflammatory sore throat.

      ASTRINGENT GARGLE.
  R.  Infusi rosae, f. oz.  vii,
      Tincturae catechu, f. dr. vi,
      Acidi sulphurici diluti, f. dr. i,
      Tincturae  opii, f.  dr. iss,
      Sit gargarysma etcpe utendum.
In relaxations of the uvula.
            EXTERNAL APPLICATIONS,

      LOTIONS.
  R. Ammoniae muriatis, dr. i,
     Aquae fontan^e, f. oz. v,
     Spiritus rectificati, f. oz. i,
     Misce, ut fiat lotio tumori applicanda.
In swelled testicle, and other inflammatory tumours
  R. Opii, dr. ii,
     Aceti distillati, f. ok. vi,
     Tere ut fiat lotio, parti dolenti applicanda.
To painful affections of the joints, and in colic, 
PRESCRIPTIONS.           261
      STIMULANT EMBROCATION.
  R. Linimenti ammoniae fortioris, f. dr. vi,
     Olive olei, f. dr. ii.
     Fiat embrocatio, cum panno laneo faucibus externis
        applicanda.
Incynanche tonsillaris.

      STIMULANT AND ANODYNE EMBROCATION.
  R. Linimenti camphorae comp. f. dr. ix,
     Tincturae lyttae, f. dr. i,
     --------opii, f. dr. ii,
     Parti dolenti applicandum.
To be rubbed over the bowels in colic, cramp, and in pain-
  ful affections of the joints.
                     POWDERS.

  R. Pulveris gummi acaciae, oz. ss,
     Aluminis, gr. v,
     Misce   iiligenter ut  fiat  pulvis, cujus mspergatur
       pauxillum super mamillas pro re nata.
In sore nipples, to be applied after suckling.
  R. Superacetatis plumbi, dr. i,
     Pulveris cinchonae, dr. vii,
     Tere, ut fiat pulvis, cujus pauxillum  super ulceres
       omni mane spergatur.
For scrofulous ulcers.

       OINTMENTS.
   R.  Hydrargyri nitrico-oxydi, scr. ii,
     Adipis, oz. i,
     Tere diligenter in mortario donee bene misceantur.
In ulcerations of the eyelids.
   R.  Zinci oxydi, scr. j,
      Adipis, oz. i,
      Tere optime in mortario, ut fiat unguentum,
Fn porrigo scuttilata. 
^(«^W-»
<s> 
INDEX.
                      PAGE
Acid, Hydrocyanic   - 126
—— action of, in health
   and disease   -  -  - 131
----action of, on animals 130
----cases in which  it
   may be prescribed  - 132
----chemical properties
   of   - •.....127
----Lotion  of   -   -  - 135
----Mixture of -   -  - 133
---- mode of prescrib-
  ing   ------ 132
---- physiological pro-
  perties  of  -   -   -  - 126
---- Potion of  -   -  - 134
.---- preparation of  - 128
---- remarks on   -  - 137
---- Syrup  of  -   -  - 134
Acidi Hydrocyanici  Lo-
  tio .....-  - L35
—_—------Mistura 133
-----------~  Polio  - 134
------------  Syrupus 134
Acidum Hydrocyanicum 126
Atropina  ----- 142
Atropine.....142
---- action  of, on  the
  animal economy   -  - 144
----preparation of -  - 142
----properties of  -  - 143
                     PAGE
Brucina   ..... 164
Brucine.....164
—— action  of, on the
  animal economy  -   - 166
---- cases in  which it
  might be employed  - 167
---- mode of adminis-
  tering   ----- 167
----preparation of -  - 164
----properties of  -   - 165

Cinchonas, analysis of
  the......99
Cinchonina   - -  -   -  98
Cinchoninx Syrupus   - 113
---- Tinctura  -  -   - 114
---- Vinum   - -  -   - 114
Cinchonine  -  -  -   -  98
—— action of, on ani-
  mals ......108
—— action of, on man - 109
---- chemical  proper-
  ties of.....103
----mode of using-   - 110
----preparation of   - 101
---- Syrup of -  -   - 113
----Tincture  of  -   - 114
----Wine of  -   -   - 114
Colchicum, analysis of  - 115
Cytisina.....96 
264
INDEX.
                     PAGE
Cytisine   -----   96
____ action of, on  the
  animal economy  -  -   97
----preparation of -  -   96
----properties of  -  -   97
Cytisus Laburnum, ana-
  lysis of the -  -  -  -   96

Datura Stramonium, ana-
  lysis of the -  -  -  -  145
Daturina.....i4^
Daturine.....146
Delphinina-  -  -  -  -  147
Delphinine  -  -  -  -  147
----action of, on  ani-
  mals  -  -  -  -.  "  ." 1**"
----cases in which  it
  may be prescribed  - 150
_---preparation of -  - 148
____properties of  -  - 149
Delphinium Stavisagria,
  analysis of the  -  -
Drops, Anodyne  -  -
Drops, Rousseau's  -  -
.   -  85
89

86
84
91
92

94
95
94
147
 37
 37
Emetina   -----  85
Emetine Mistura Vomi-
  toria  ------
----Pastilli Pectorales
----Pastilli Vomilorii -
■--- Syrupus -  -  -  -
Emetina purifcata  -  -
Emetina purificatx Haus-
  tus Vomitorius -   -  -
----Pastilli  -  -   -  -
.     Syrupus -  -   -  -
Emetine   -  -  -  -   -
----action of, on man
  in a state of disease -
----action of, on man
  in a state of health   -
 .---Emetic  Lozenges
   of.......
                      PAGE
Emetine,  Emetic  Mix-
  ture of  -----  8°
----mode of using -  -
----of the Violet  -  -
----Pectoral Lozenges
  of.......
  — physiological pro-
  perties  of  -  -  -  -
----preparation of  -
----Syrup of   -  -  -
Emetine, pure   -  -  -
__^_ action of, on man
  and animals   -  -  -
____emetic draught of
----Lozenges of  -   -
____mode of prescribing 94
____preparation of -   -  92
____  Syrup of  -  -   -  95
Esculina.....103
Esculine.....1UJ

 Gentiana lutea,  analysis
   of the.....1^5
 Gentianina    -  -  -   -  155
 Gentianine Syrupus   -  159
 .___ Tinctura  -  -  -  159
 Gentianine   -  -  -  - 155
 ----action of,  on man
   and animals  -  -  - 158
   — mode of prescribing 159
                        156
                        157
                        159
                        159
                         37
                         37
----preparation of
----properties of -  ■
----Syrup of   -  -  -
.---Tincture of -  -  -
Guttte Abbatis Rousseau
Guttj; Anodyne  -  -  -

Humulus Lupulus, analy-
  sis of the   -  -   -  - 160
Hyoscyamina -  -   -  - 146
Hyoscyamine -  -   -  - 146
Hyoscyamus Niger, ana-
  lysis of the -  -   -  - 145 
INDEX.                 265
                      PAGE
Hydriodate  of  Potass,
  Ointment  of  -   -  -  63
----Solution of -   -  -  61
Hydriodates  of Potass
  and Soda   ....  51
Hydriodates  Potassx et
  Sodx......51
Hydriodatis Potassx Li-
  quor  ......61
---------Unguentum  63

Iodina  ------  47
Iodinx Tinctura -   -  -  59
Iodine  ------  47
--- action  of, on  man
  and  animals   -   -  -  52
----mode of prescrib-
  ing   ......59
----preparation of  -  50
----preparations of, ca-
  ses in which they may
  be employed  -   -  -  54
----Tincture  of   -  -  59

LvpuUna  ----- 160
Lupuline Extractum  - 163
---- Pilule  -  -   -  - 162
--- Pulvis  -  -   -  - 162
---- Syrupus -  -   -  - 163
---- Tinctura   -   -  - 162
Lupuline  ----- 160
     action  of, on  man
  and animals
----extract of  -  -
----mode of using -
----Pills of  -  -  -
----Powder of  -  -
----Syrup of   -  -
----Tincture of -  -

Matter of Derosnes -
-  161
-  163
-  162
-  162
-  162
-  163
-  162

.   39
Menispermum  cocculus,
  analysis of the fruit of
  the
Morphii liquor citratus
Morphina -  - -  -  ■
Morphind  Extractum
  Opii privatum -  -  •
Morphines Acetas   -  •
----Acetatis Liquor
             Syrupus
----Sulphas
----Sulphatis Syrupus
Morphine -----
---Acetate of  -  -  -
          —---Syrup
  of -  -  -
----action of,  on man
  and on animals   -  -
----citrated Solution of
----preparation of
----Salts of, mode of
  prescribing the  -  -
----Solution of Acetate
  of......  -
----Sulphate of   -  -
         ----  Syrup
of
151
 37
 25

 25
 33
 38
 35
 34
 36
 25
 33

 35

 32
 37
 27

 35

 38
 34

 36
Narcotina -  -  -  -  .  39
Narcotind  Extractum
  Opii privatum -  -  -  43
Narcotine  -  -  -  -  - - 39
—— chemical properties
  of.......
—— Extract of Opium,
  deprived of   -  -  -
---- physiological pro-
  perties of  -  -  -  -
----preparation of -  -
Nucis  Fomice Extrac-
  tum resinosum -  -  -  66
40
41
39
23 
266                 INDEX.
                      PAGE
Nucis  Vomice  Extrac-
  tum  resinosum  exsic-
  catum   -----  68
---- Tinctura   -  -  -  78
Nux Vomica, alcoholic
  extract of, action  on
  the human body when
  in health   -  -  -  -  69
----action on the un-
  healthy body  -  -  -  70
---- cases in which it
  may  be employed   -  71
----dried alcoholic Ex-
  tract of -----  68
----mode of exhibiting  72
----mode of preparing
  the  ----.-
---- physiological pro-
  perties of the  -  -  -  68
----Tincture of  -  -  78
----alcoholic extract of  68
68
Opiane  -.....39
Opium, analysis of  -  -  26

Picrotoxina   -  -  -  - 151
Picrotoxine   -  -  -  - 151
---- action  of,  on  the
  animal economy  -  - 153
----cases in  which it
  might be employed   154
----preparation of   - 151
----properties of  -  - 152
	- 98
Quinine Acetas - -	- 108
---- Sulphas - - ■	- 105
----Supersidphas ■	- 106
---- Syrupus - - -	- Ill
---- Tinctura - -	- 112
---- Vinum - - ■	- 112
	- 98
                      PAGE
 Quinine, Acetate of -  -  108
 ----Acid Sulphate of   106
 ----action of, on  ani-
   mals -.....108
 ----action of, on man   109
 ---- chemical  proper-
   ties of.....104
 ----mode of using -  -  110
     preparation of -  -  101
 ----Sulphate of   -  -  105
 ----Sulphates of, analy-
   sis of -  -  -  -  -  -  107
 ----Syrup of  -  -  -  111
 ----Tincture of   -  -  112
 ----Wine of   -   - -  112

 Salt of Derosnes -  -  -  26
 Solanina   -----  139
 Solanine.....139
 ----action of,  on ani-
   mals  ......141
 ----action of, on man   141
 ---- cases  in which it
   may be used   -   - -  141
 ----preparation of  -   139
 ----properties of   -   140
 Strychnina   -  -   - -  74
 Strychnine Mistura   -  83
 ----Pilule  -  ...  82
 ---- Tinctura   -  -  -  83
 Strychnine   -  ...  74.
 ----action of,  on man and
   animals.....79
 ----mixture of  -  -  - 83
 —— preparation of  -  -75
 ----Pills of  -   ...  82
 ----therapeutical use of 81
 ----Tincture of -  -  -  83
 Strychnos colubrina, ana-
  lysis of the  -  -   -  -  74
----Ignatii, analysis of
  the   ......74 
INDEX.                 267
                     PAGE
Strychnos Nux  Vomica,
  analysis of the -  -  .  74

Tables of the Proportion
  of active ingredients
  in the various Formu-
  la   ......171
----Posological   .  -  168

Veratrina  -  -  -   -  -  115
Veratrine     ....  115
----action of,  on ani-
  mals,    ---..  120
----action of, on man,
                     PAGE
  in a state  of  health
  and disease    -  -  - 122
Veratrine, cases proper
  for the exhibition of 125
---- chemical proper-
  ties of   .....118
----preparation of  - 117
Veratrum album, analysis
  of the   ---  -  - 116
----Sabadilla, analysis
  of the   ----- 117
Violina......85
Violine......85
INDEX  TO THE  APPENDIX.
                     PAGE
Appendix, No. I.   -  - 175
Acids......175
Alkalies and their Salts 177
Appendix, No. II.  -  - 225
Arsenical preparations  226
Antimonial preparations 229
Alkalies and their sub-
  carbonates  -  -  -  - 235
Acids, mineral   -  -  - 237
Acrid vegetables   -  - 242
Animal poisons  -  -  - 244
Art of prescribing  -  - 248
Barytes, salts of
Bites of serpents, &c.
236
244
Confections   -  -  -  - 212
Cerates   ----- 219
Cataplasms   -  -  -  - 223
Corrosive metallic salts 225
Copper    -  -
Caustic alkalies
Cantharides  -
Camphor  -  -
Distilled oils  -
         waters
Decoctions
Drowning   -  -

Earths and their salts
Expressed oils   -  -
Extracts   -  -  -   -
 PAGE
- 230
- 235
- 245
- 242
191
191
195
246

180
191
196
Gum resins
-  190
Hydro-cyanic acid  - - 243
Hanging   ----- 246
Henbane.....242
Hemlock.....342 
268
INDEX.
                      PAGE
Hellebore    -  -  -  - 242

Infusions.....193

Liniments    -  -  -  - 222
Lead......234

Metals and their salts  - 181
Mucilages    -  -  -  - 194
Mixtures  -  -  -  .  - 200
Mineral poisons  ... 225
Mercurial preparations  228
Muriatic acid    ... 237
Mineral acids    ... 237
Monkshood   -  -  -  - 242
Meadow saffron  -  -  - 242
Nitrate of potass	- - 239
Nitric acid - -	- - 237
Narcotic poisons	- - 241
Noxious vapours	- - 247
Oils, expressed -	- - 191
----distilled	- - 191
Ointments - -	- - 220
Oil of Vitriol	- - 237
	- - 241
Preparations of silver  -  182
---------arsenic  183, 226
---------bismuth <-   183
---------copper  -  ibid.
---------iron    -  -  184
---------quicksilver  185
---------lead  -  -  -  187
                      FASH
Preparations of zinc   - 188
——-----sulphur  -  188
---------aether  -   - 207
--------- honey  -  - 209
        ■    animals   -  217
Powders.....214
Pills......215
Plasters   ..... 217
Poisons    - -  -  -  - 225
Prussic acid -  -  -  - 243
Prescriptions    ... 249

Ranunculus  -  -  -  - 242

Spirits     .....201
Syrups    ----- 210
Silver......233
Salts of barytes  -  - - 236
Salt-petre    -   -   -  - 239
Sulphuric acid   ... 237
Savine     .....242

Tinctures    .... 204
Table of Proportions  -  224
Tin.......231

Vegetables   .... 189
Vinegars  ----- 209
Vegetable poisons   -  - 241
Vegetables, acrid  -  -  242

Waters, distilled   -  -  191
Wines......208

Zinc, preparations of,    232 
#■*
V*
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