Bulletin No. 45. (Revised Edition.) U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS IN WHICH THE BALANCE OF INCOME AND OUTGO WAS DETERMINED. 15Y W. O. ATWATER, Ph. D., AND C. F. LANGWORTHY, Ph. D Prepared under the supervision of A. C. True, Ph. D., Director of the Office of Experiment Stations. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1898. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. United States Department of Agriculture, Office of Experiment Stations, Washington, I). C., October 29, 1898. Sir: I have tlie honor to submit herewith a revised edition of bulle- tin No. 45 of this office. This bulletin treats of the metabolism of man and the domestic animals, and was prepared by W. O. Atwater, Ph. 1)., special agent in charge of nutrition investigations, and C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D., editor of the department of foods and animal pro- duction of the Experiment Station Record, under the general super- vision of the Director of this Office. The bulletin is a digest of about 3,000 experiments in which the balance of one or more of the factors of income and outgo was determined. This compilation is in a sense sup- plementary to Bulletin No. 21 of this Office on the Methods and Results of Investigations of the Chemistry and Economy of Food. At the outset of the nutrition investigations by this Department the need of compilations and summaries of the widely scattered investigations in this line carried on at home and abroad was fully recognized. Bulletin No. 21 was the first attempt to meet this need. Even before that was completed the plan for the present bulletin was formed by Prof. Atwater and Dr. Langworthy. The collection of material on metabo- lism was for some time pursued in connection with the nutrition inves- tigations in progress at Middletown, Conn. It soon appeared that it would be unwise to segregate the metabolism experiments with men from those with domestic animals even for the purposes of the nutrition investigations of the Department. Moreover, a review of the experi- ments with animals was needed in connection with the work of the agricultural experiment stations in the establishment of a scientific basis for the feeding of live stock on the farm. In view of the larger scope thus given to the work, Dr. Langworthy came to Washington, and has since executed the details of this work here, retaining, however, the advice and assistance of Professor Atwater. The library of Professor Atwater contains one of the largest private collections of works on the subject of metabolism. In addition, liberal use has been made of the unusually complete collection of medical and other works bearing on this subject in the library of the Surgeon-General’s Office. As the compilation progressed, records were constantly found of investigations not referred to in general treatises or standard abstract 3 4 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. journals. This was particularly true of reports of investigations made in Russia. Valuable service in collating and abstracting Russian pub- lications has been rendered by Dr. Peter Fireman, of the Columbian University, who is a native of Russia and conversant with scientific publications in that language. The number of experiments collated far exceeds what was anticipated when the work was undertaken. While the authors do not claim to have found all the investigations ever reported, it seems most probable that comparatively few have escaped their attention. Advantage is taken of a reprint to make a few minor corrections in the tables. Respectfully, A. 0. True, Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture. Director. CONTENTS. Introduction 7 General and historical statements 7 Scope and plan of this compilation 13 Points to be considered in drawing deductions from the experiments 16 Accuracy and completeness of the compilation 20 Experiments with man 21 Experiments in which the nitrogen balance was determined 21 Healthy subjects, influence of diet 21 Experiments with a vegetarian diet 21 Experiments with a milk diet 25 Experiments with bread and other single food materials 34 Experiments in which alcoholic beverages, koumiss, and kephir were added to the diet 46 Experiments in which peptones and similar preparations were added to the diet 55 Experiments to determine the amount of protein required 58 Miscellaneous experiments on the influence of diet 66 Healthy subjects, influence of other conditions than diet 87 Experiments in which the subjects were fasting 87 Experiments with drugs 94 Experiments on muscular exertion and the excretion of nitrogen.. 118 Experiments to determine the effect of massage and faradization. 135 Experiments to determine the effect of baths and enemas 110 Experiments to determine the influence of pregnancy and child- birth 168 Experiments to determine the influence of menstruation 172 Experiments on the influence of copious and diminished water drinking 174 Experiments in which the subjects breathed compressed air 177 Diseased subjects 181 Exjmriments with subjects suffering from specific infectious dis- eases 181 Experiments with subjects suffering from constitutional diseases. 215 Experiments with subjects suffering from diseases of the digestive system 227 Experiments with subjects suffering from diseases of the respira- tory system 237 Experiments with subjects suffering from diseases of the circula- tory system 241 Experiments with subjects suffering from diseases of the blood and ductless glands 246 Experiments with subjects suffering from diseases of the kidneys. 248 Experiments with subjects suffering from diseases of the nervous system 258 Experiments with subjects suffering from diseases of the bones... 260 Experiments in which the balance of nitrogen and carbon was determined. 265 Inspiration experiments 265 Page. 5 6 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Experiments with animals 285 Experiments in which the nitrogen balance was determined 285 Experiments with cattle 285 Influence of feeding 285 Experiments with dogs 301 Influence of feeding -- * 301 Influence of other conditions than feeding 326 Experiments with doves and poultry 345 Influence of feeding 345 Influence of other conditions than feeding 347 Experiments with goats 351 Influence of feeding 351 Experiments with horses 354 Influence of feeding 354 Experiments with rabbits 363 Influence of other conditions than feeding 363 Experiments with sheep 365 Influence of feeding 3c5 Influence of other conditions than feeding 374 Experiments with swine 379 Influence of feeding 379 Experiments in which the balance of nitrogen and carbon was determined. 383 Respiration experiments 383 Experiments in which the balance of nitrogen and energy was determined. 417 Experiments with animals 417 Index of names 423 Index of subjects 427 Page. A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. INTRODUCTION. GENERAL AND HISTORICAL STATEMENTS The animal organism requires food for a twofold purpose, (1) to fur- nish material for the building and repair of tissue, and (2) to supply fuel for the production of heat and energy. In serving as fuel food protects the material of the bod}7 from consumption. The food of animals consists of the so-called nutrients—protein, fat, and carbohydrates, various mineral salts, and water. Similar com- pounds and many others are found in the animal body. The oxygen ol the air, though not strictly a food, is also essential. All of these sub- stances in both the food and the body are made up primarily of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, clilorin, silicon, fluorin, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and iron. The changes which these substances undergo in the multiform cleavages and syntheses involved in the processes of digestion, assimi- lation, respiration, and excretion are extremely varied. Tissue is added to the young organism until growth is completed. In the performance of the bodily functions, in the wear and tear to which the organism is subjected, tissue is constantly broken down and consumed and new material is as constantly formed to take its place. Tissue is also formed for the storage of reserve material, but to a less extent and mainly in the form of fat, which serves as fuel for yielding energy. The bulk of the fat in the body is therefore to be consid- ered not as an essential part of the animal machine, but as fuel stored up in it. Energy is required for the maintenance of the heat of the body and for the performance of its mechanical work. The potential energy of both the nitrogenous and nonnitrogenous ingredients of food and body, i. e., of protein, fats, carbohydrates, etc., is transformed into kinetic energy and used in the body. But this service as fuel is performed chiefly by the fats and carbohydrates, the carbonaceous as distinguished from the nitrogenous nutrients. When burned in the body the nutri- ents yield energy in the form of either heat or muscular power. Part of this potential energy becomes kinetic in the cleavage of complex compounds to simpler ones; part is liberated in the processes of oxida- tion. Neither the chemical nor the physical changes which take place 7 8 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. are now fully understood. This much, however, is certain: The proc- esses are complex, and although the ultimate chemical products may be the same as those of direct oxidation, the processes by which they are formed in the body are much more complex than those which take place when they are burned either in the furnace or the calorimeter. But it is believed that, in accordance with the principle of the conser- vation of energy, the quantity of potential energy which is transformed into kinetic energy will be the same in the one case as in the other, provided the final products are the same. Furthermore, in accordance with the principle of maximum work the tendency is toward those changes which result in the greatest evolution of heat or other form of kinetic energy. Therefore the heats of combustion of the nutrients of the food may be taken as equivalent to their potential energy, i. e., their value for the production of heat and muscular work when they are burned in the body. The same principle applies to the materials, mainly protein and fats, which the body takes from the food and makes a part of its tissue before they are burned. It applies also, in so far as their potential energy is concerned, to the incompletely oxidized excretory products like urea and to the undigested residue of the food and other material which is excreted by the intestines. All these manifold changes of matter and energy are covered by the term metabolism. It signifies the transformation of matter and energy jn the animal organism. Generally speaking, all the material which has undergone metabolism is excreted in the urine and respiratory products, although the feces contain metabolic products along with the undigested residue of food consumed. One of the usual ways of expressing the results of experiments in metabolism is in the form of a balance of income and outgo. In order to establish the metabolic balance of matter it is necessary to measure the total income in the food and outgo in the excretory products. In practice it is usual to express the balance of matter in terms of nitrogen or nitrogen and carbon, since these are the elements which can be most readily determined and in addition they are the most important and characteristic elements of the materials making up the income and outgo. To establish a balance of energy, which may be best expressed in terms of heat, it is necessary to know the thermal value of all the food con- sumed and of all the excretory products, as well as the total energy manifested by the organism during the experiment, either as heat or in the form of external muscular work. The above statement is, however, incomplete in that it does not take into account the material which the body gains or loses during the experiment and the corresponding energy stored or transformed. This material consists mainly of water, protein compounds, and fats, with smaller amounts of carbohydrates and other compounds. The science of nutrition therefore must be studied from the stand- points of the metabolism of matter and energy if its fundamental laws INTRODUCTION. 9 are to be thoroughly learned. The ideal experiment for the determina- tion of metabolic balance would include a respiration experiment, a dietary study, and a digestion experiment in which the thermal values, of food and excreta are determined. It would also include a measure- ment, with a calorimeter, or by other suitable means, of heat produced by the organism. If work is performed it must also be measured. No experiment has yet been made which reaches this ideal. More often special problems connected with metabolism have been the subject of investigation, such as the following: The functions of the nutrients of food ; *the formation of fat from protein and from carbohydrates; the digestibility of food of various kinds; the isodynamic values of nutri- ents; the fuel value (potential energy) of food; the influence on metab- olism of various diseases, of alcohol, drugs, condiments, and the like, and of various forms of treatment, medical or otherwise, as for instance hot baths; the influence of prolonged hunger or thirst on metabolism; and the quantities of nutrients consumed and appropriate for people of different classes, occupations, and conditions, and for animals of differ- ent kinds or animals fed for different economic purposes. While the ultimate purpose of many experiments in metabolism is to obtain answers to such questions as those enumerated above, in the expression of results the balance of income and outgo is recognized as of the utmost importance. Before the day of modern science very curious views of metabolism were entertained. The fact was very early recognized that in the urine, feces, and respiratory products substances were eliminated which the organism could no longer utilize and which, if retained, would prove harmful. The nature of the excretory products was, however, not at all understood. Experiments were made in which the food and excreta were weighed and the fact was noticed that although large quantities of food were consumed in a given time the organism did not materially change in weight. The idea that food is to the body what fuel is to the fire was advanced as early as the seventeenth century. In 1608 John Mayow1 found that from saltpeter a substance could be obtained identical with one of the constituents of the air, which rendered combustion and respiration pos sible. This substance was thought to enter the blood and there set up a fermentation which produced heat. lie further found that this sub- stance, together with a supply of combustible material, was necessary for muscular work. These ideas, so nearly resembling the modern views of the subject, were, however, passed over and apparently forgotten. In 1762 Haller2 announced a mechanical theory of metabolism. He believed that the muscular movements made by the organism caused 1 John Mayow, Opera omnia, 1681; cited by Voit in Hermann’s Handbnch, VI, p. 266. 2A. v. Haller, Elementa Physiologica, VIII; cited by Voit in Hermann’s Hanu- bueh der Physiologic, VI, p. 266. 10 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. both the liquid and solid substances composing it to rub against each other until they were worn out and divided into minute particles. The liquid particles were then eliminated in the urine, through the lungs, skin, etc., and the solid matter was eliminated in the feces. The loss of material was made good by the food consumed. This and other mechanical theories were entertained for many years. The fact that the body loses considerable material through the skin and lungs was very early recognized. In 1614 Sanctorius1 measured the amount of material thus excreted in a large number of cases in health and disease. His method was as follows: The subject was weighed at the beginning of the experimental period, and from the weight of the body plus the weight of the food and drink consumed was subtracted the weight of the body at the end of the period plus the weight of the urine and feces excreted. He recognized the fact that the insensible perspiration includes the respiratory products as well as the material excreted through the skin. In the translation of Sanctorius’s Aphorisms early in the eighteenth century, Quincy2 emphasized the fact that the body is a machine and the principles of mechanical motion can be applied to it. Toward the close of the eighteenth century oxygen was discovered by Priestly and Lavoisier. The latter3 explained the process of com- bustion. In 1789 he enunciated the doctrine that combustion takes place in an analogous way in the animal organism.4 Many physiolo- gists would not accept his views at first. Evidence accumulated, how- ever, and the truth of Lavoisier’s opinions was at last generally conceded. The growth of the knowledge of metabolism owes very much to Liebig. He isolated, analyzed, and studied many of the compounds which occur in food and the various tissues and liquids of the animal organism and made important contributions to the subject of the origin of animal heat and other physiological questions. In this subject, as in many others, Liebig seems to have arrived as if by intuition at conclusions which the labor of later years has only verified. The early experiments in which the attempt was made to determine a balance of matter are few in number. The subject has been devel- oped largely since 1850. Of experiments with man the earliest which is included in the present compilation was made by Lehmann5 in 1839. The methods of analysis 1 Sanctorius: De Statica Medicina, Leipsic, 1614. Medieina Statica, or Rules of Health. Translated by J. D., London, 1676. Biographic Universelle. Paris: L. G. Michaud, 1825, pp. 308-310. sSanctorius: Medicina Statica. Translated by John Quincy. London: Wm, New- ton, 1712, p. LXVIII. 3Lavoisier’s Chemistry, Kerr’s translation. New York, 1806, p. 63. 4M<5m. de l’acad. des Sciences, 1789, p. 185. Oeuvres de Lavoisier, II, p. 688; cited by Yoit in Hermann’s Handbuch der Physiologie, VI, p. 266. 8 Jour, prakt. Chem., 27, p. 257. INTRODUCTION. 11 which were then in use render the work of little value except from an historical standpoint. In 1840 Liebig1 published a dietary study in which an attempt was made to estimate the carbon balance. The time was one month, and the average number of persons 144. The subjects were a company of soldiers of the bodyguard of the Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt. The amount of each of the food materials is recorded, as well as the computed average per man per day. Elementary analyses of each article of food were made, though many are not recorded. The carbon in the urine and feces was computed. So many details were omitted in the publication of this interesting experiment that it is not possible to make a comparison of it with more modern work. An extended series of observations was made by Barral2 in 1847-48. He quotes at length the opinions regarding nutrition entertained at that time. Little is said, however, of the methods he himself followed in his experiments. This is to be regretted, as he attempted to deter- mine or calculate the balance of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and mineral matter. Much of this early work is very incomplete, and numerous inconsist- encies in it are now apparent. It was impossible for these early investi- gators to arrive at more accurate results with the facilities at their command. From 1850 to 1870 considerably more work was done on the metabo- lism of animals than of man. About 1800 Pettenkofer perfected his respiration apparatus.3 This furnished a much better means of investi- gating the respiratory products than any before used. It differed in several essential points from the respiration apparatus which Regnault and Reiset4 used in their experiments with animals in 1856, or the still earlier form used by Boussingault5 from 1839 to 1844. In 1862 Ranke made a considerable number of experiments with man with the Pet- tenkofer apparatus, and in 18C5-66 Pettenkofer and Voit6 published the results of their experiments, which have been regarded as classic. Some of the most important work in recent years on the metabolism of man has been done by the Munich physiological chemists, Petten- kofer, and more especially Yoit, and later their followers, including Ranke and Rubner, by Pfliiger and his associates in Bonn, and by Tchudnovski, Pashutin, Danilevski, Likhachev, and others in St. Peters- burg. The Russian work on this subject is very extensive and of a very high order. However, it has unfortunately been very little known outside 1 Liebig’s Complete Works on Chemistry. Philadelphia: Peterson. Animal Chem- istry, p. 84. 2 Ann. Chim. et Phys., ser. 3, 25, p. 130. 3 Liebig’s Annalen, Supplement II, 1862-63, p. 17. 4 Ann. Chim. et Phys., ser. 3, 26, p. 310; Compt. Rend. (56), 1863, pp. 569, 605. 6 Ann. Chim. et Phys., ser. 3,11, p. 441; 14, p. 443; ser. 2, 71, p. 127. 6Ztschr. Biol., 2 (1866), p. 480; 3 (1867), p. 384; 5 (1869), p. 322. 12 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. of Russia. Generally speaking, the analytical details of the experi- ments have been very carefully worked out, little being assumed from calculation. The work covers a great variety of topics. Most of it has been published as inaugural dissertations for the doctor’s degree. Yon Noordeu, of Berlin and later of Frankfort, and his pupils have in recent years contributed considerable important work on the metabo- lism of man. Investigations have also been made by Malfatti, Alber- toni, and Novi in Itaty; by Kellner, Mori, Oi, and others in Japan; by Paton and North in England, and by Tigerstedt and associates in Sweden. In America considerable matter has been published by Chit- tenden and his pupils from the physiological laboratory of Yale Uni- versity. Among the earliest American experiments were those made by Flint with a professional pedestrian in 1873. Some work has also been done by the experiment stations in connection with feeding and digestion experiments with animals. Investigations with man have been and are now being carried on by Atwater and his associates under the direction of this Department. Experiments on the metabolism of animals have been numerous. Among the earlier investigators may be mentioned Boussingault, Reg- nault and Reiset, and Bidder and Schmidt. Yoit, either alone or associated with Bischoff and Pettenkofer, made a large number of experi- ments with dogs, between the years 1856 and 1865. Rubner and other pupils of Yoit have continued the work, at Munich and elsewhere. The work of Seegen and Nowak and others at Yienna, including Soxhlet and Meissl, has contributed much to the subject. This line of inquiry has also been greatly furthered by the work of Weiske and Flechsig in Gottingen and, later, in Proskau and Breslau; of Wolff, Kellner, and Kreuzliage in Hohenheim; of Henneberg and his colabor- ers, including Stohmann, Maercker, Schulze, Lehman, and others in Gottingen; of Gustav Kiihn and his associates in Mockern, and of Grandeau and Leclerc in Paris. Many other investigations, as those of Lawes and Gilbert and E. Smith, in England, have been of great value in the development of the general subject of metabolism, although the balance of matter and energy was not the special subject under consideration. Yery important experiments, in which the relation of carbon dioxid excreted to oxygen consumed—i. e., the respiratory quotient—have been made by Zuntz and his followers in Berlin and by Pfliiger and others in his laboratory at Bonn. Similar researches, which are perhaps of equal importance, are being conducted by other investigators. Finally, the work of Rosenthal in Erlangen and Rubner in Marburg, in the development of a respiration calorimeter, deserves especial men- tion, as well as the calorimetric experiments of Pasliutin and Studen- ski with animals, and of Likhachev with man, in St. Petersburg. Several more or less complete summaries of experiments in metabolism have been made. Among others the following may be mentioned: INTRODUCTION. 13 In 18611 and, later, in 1876,2 Wolff published summaries of experimental inquiry in these lines, which had been made up to that time on the feed- ing of domestic animals. In 1881 Yoit published his “ Physiologie der allgemeinen Stoffweclisels und der ErnahrungJin which the subject of metabolism is very thoroughly treated from a physiological stand- point. A great deal of historical and critical information is included, and a large number of experiments with man and animals are quoted in more or less detail. A similar treatise, from a somewhat different standpoint, was published in 1886 by Munk and Uffelmann.4 A brief review of the subject and its literature was also published by Munk5 in 1889. In 1893 von Hoordeu0 published a volume, in which the subject of metabolism is exhaustively treated from the standpoint of health and disease. A large number of experiments are quoted in detail, and an extended bibliography of the subject is given. SCOPE AND PLAN OP THIS COMPILATION. In tlie present compilation the attempt was made to collect as many as possible of the experiments in which the metabolic balance was determined. In most cases this means the balance of nitrogen or nitro- gen and carbon. In a number of experiments the balance of phos- phorus, sulphur, or other mineral matter was also determined. The experiments were made with men, women, and children, and with cattle, dogs, sheep, and other animals. A total of 3,661 individual tests or averages is included. Of these 2,299 were made with man, 383 with cattle and horses, 928 with sheep, dogs, and other domestic quadrupeds, and 51 with poultry and doves. In 2,234 tests with man and 1,156 with animals the nitrogen balance was determined, and in 65 with man and 206 with animals the balance of carbon and nitrogen was determined. A few experiments have been made with such insects as silkworms,7 bees,8 etc. However, no attempt was made to include them in the present compilation. The experiments with men, women, and children were made under various conditions of health and disease; those with animals were usually made for a study of various economic problems. In compiling the results the plan followed was to divide the experiments made with man, in which the nitrogen balance, with or without the balance of mineral matter, was determined, into two general classes, (1) those in •Die landwirtschaftliehe FUtterungslekre nnd Theorie der Menschlichen Ernah- rung. 2 Die Erniihrnng der landwirtschaftliclien Nutztliiere. 3 Hermann’s Handbucli der Physiologie, Vol. YI. 4 Munk and IJfFelmann’s Erniilirung des gesunden und kranken Mensclien. 5Real-Encyclopiidie der gesammten Heilkunde, vol. 19, pp. 148-167. HLehrbucli der Pathologie des Stoffweclisels. 7Peligot, Compt. Rend., 61 (1865), p. 866; Ann. Chim. et Phys., 12 (1867), p. *45. 8Dunias and Milne-Edwards, Ann. Chim. et Phys., ser. 3,14, p. 400; ser. 2,14 (1820), p. 89; 22, p. 35. Compt. Rend., 17 (1843), p. 531. 14 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. which the subjects were in health, and (2) those in which the subjects were suffering from some disease. The first class was further subdivided into experiments in which the influence of diet was studied, and those in which the influence of other conditions was also investigated. The second class was subdivided according to the diseases from which the subjects were suffering, following Osier’s classification1 of diseases. • The experiments with man in which the balance of nitrogen and carbon with or without hydrogen, oxygen, and mineral matters was determined form a'group by themselves. The experiments with each kind of animal in which the nitrogen balance was determined were grouped by themselves. As far as possi* ble the groups were subdivided as in the case of man. The experiments with animals in which the balance of nitrogen and carbon with or without hydrogen, oxygen, and mineral matters was determined form a group by themselves. And, finally, the last group is made up of experiments in which the balance of energy was determined. The attempt was not made to include experiments published since 1894, though a few of later date are quoted. A brief reference to the journals and other publications consulted in making up the present compilation may not be out of place. The com- plete files of Jahresbericht der Thier-Ghemie, Jahresberichtder Agrikultur- Chemie, and the Index Medicus2 were consulted, and the original arti- cles referred to in these journals were examined for the data quoted in the tables. In addition, the references in Yoit’s, Munk and Uffel- mann’s, and von Noorden’s works were quite generally examined, as well as the references in the bibliographies contained in the reports of the individual experiments quoted. The complete files of Zeitschrift fur Biologie, Archiv fiir Hygiene, Landwirthschaftliehen Yersnchs-Sta- tioner, Zeitschri/t fiir physiologische Gliemie, Archiv fiir die gesammte Physiologic, Annales de la Science Agronomique, and Vrach from 1885 to 1895 were also examined. Many volumes, though not the complete files, of the following pub- lications were examined: Archiv der Heilhunde, Archiv fiir Kinder- heilkunde, Archiv fiir hlinische Medizin, Archiv fur pathologische Anato- mie und Physiologie, Archiv f iir Physiologic, Berliner Jclinische Wochen- sclirift, Zeitschri/t fiir Heilhunde, Zeitschrift fiir hlinische Medizin, Jalir- buch fiir Kinder heilhunde, Landivirthschaftliche Jahrbiicher, Miinchner medicinischij Wochenschrift, Gomptes Rendus de VAcademic des Sciences, Paris, British Medical Journal, and many other periodicals and special works on physiology and physiological chemistry, and inaugural disser- tations. While it can not be claimed that the present compilation is complete, it is believed that few of the recorded experiments have escaped notice. 1 W. Osier, Principles and Practice of Medicine. 2 Only those sections were examined which it was believed would contain experi- ments of the nature sought. INTRODUCTION. 15 The purpose of this work is primarily to give a brief epitome, so far as practicable, of the objects and results of individual experiments. The tables quoted furnish the framework of such an epitome, while sup- plementary data are given in the accompanying text. It is hoped that the two together will enable the reader to learn Avhat investigations have been made and by whom, what balances were determined, where the original accounts were published, and the general character of the results. Generally speaking, only average figures have been included in the compilation. For instance, if the results of each of the six days of a period on a particular diet were given in the original publication, only the average is quoted. This was done because it was believed that the average results were usually sufficient for an understanding of the investigation. Sometimes, where this did not seem to be the case, the experiments have been quoted with more detail, and individual days or such averages as seemed most desirable have been included. The attempt has always been made to give sufficient material for the clear understanding of the experiments quoted. It is the opinion of many that the experimental methods followed in metabolism investigations are not accurate enough to warrant the numerical expression of results with more than one decimal place. This has, indeed, been the more common practice. Many investigators in computing the results have, however, used two or more decimal places. For the sake of uniformity, the plan followed in the compila- tion has been to use only one decimal place, adding 1 to the first deci- mal digit if the second was 5 or over. In some few cases this causes slight discrepancies between the original and the quoted results, and in a few instances the author’s conclusion is not quite so clearly brought out as is the case when the decimal is given in full. In the experiments with man the age, sex, and occupation of the sub- ject have been given when possible. When not otherwise stated, the subject is supposed to be a man. Considerable variation was observed in the statements concerning the weight of subjects. Sometimes this was expressed in kilograms or pounds and sometimes in grams, and in some experiments the daily weight of the subject was recorded and in others the weight at the beginning or end of the period. For the sake of uniformity the approximate weight is given in the tables when- ever possible. In the text sufficiently full statements have been made of the meth- ods followed by the investigators to make it possible to judge of the relative value of their work. In most of the experiments the figures quoted were actually deter- mined. A number of experiments are, however, included in which the experimenters themselves computed the composition of the food or feces, or both. Some few experiments are also included in which the food or feces, or both, were not analyzed nor was the composition computed 16 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. by the investigator. In such cases it was believed that the missing data could be supplied by the compilers Avitli reasonable accuracy from available material. This was accordingly done, and figures so obtained are inclosed in parentheses to show that the calculations were made by the compilers and not by the investigators. In a few experiments the authors determined the urea and uric acid in the urine and did not determine the total nitrogen. In such cases the nitrogen of the urine was computed' by the compilers from the data given. It was believed that this would not introduce any considerable error, since the chief nitrogenous compounds in the urine are uric acid, urea, and extractives, and the amount of the last is small. Frequently the authors have given additional data of a different nature from those included in the tables. Reference is usually made to such data in the text accompanying the tables, and in many cases the information is briefly summarized. When the published account of experiments covers more than one class, the usual plan has been to include all the experiments in the class to which the majority of them belong. In a few cases, however, the experiments have been divided, each sort being tabulated in its proper place. POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED IN DRAWING DEDUCTIONS FROM THE EXPERIMENTS. In judging of the value of any series of experiments for general deductions the care with which the experiments were made and the methods followed should be taken into account. Among other things— (1) The experiments must be made under suitable conditions, espe- cially as to character, environment, and treatment of the subject, be the latter a man or a lower animal. Whether or not the subject is in such close confinement as to disturb the bodily functions; or whether the subject is fasting or fed, at work or at rest, should be definitely stated. Unless the effects of some particular disease or some other unusual condition are to be studied the bodily condition should be normal. If the subject is iu a respiration apparatus, care should be taken that the confinement does .not become so irksome as to derange the func- tions. The food should not be such as to disagree with the subject, and thus disturb the normal processes of metabolism. (2) The experiments should be made with several different subjects, and should be repeated in order to make sure that the results are representative and not exceptional. Results of individual tests are affected by individual peculiarities of the subjects, and these idiosyn- crasies vary not only with different subjects, but with the same subject at different times. A given diet furnishing certain amounts of protein and energy may be taken by three different men under the same con- ditions of environment and labor, and while it meets the demands of the first it may be too much for the second or too little for the third; or INTRODUCTION. 17 it may suffice very well for either one at a given time and be too much or too little at another time. This fact is to be especially considered in studies of dietaries. Again, certain predigested foods—so-called peptones and the like—may be very efficacious in a particular case, but it would be unwarranted to predicate a specific value without con- siderable duplication of experiments. These statements apply with special force where the conditions are abnormal; e. g., where a special form of disease, or fasting, or unusual muscular exertion is a factor. (3) The experiments must be of a suitable length, yet not long enough to disturb normal functions. With too short a period, it is not certain how far the observed results represent the actual effect of the feeding or treatment which is to be tested. On the other hand, if the food or treatment be unusual or disagreeable, lengthening the experimental period unduly may vitiate the results. One other important question in this connection is, What period should be taken for the measure of the metabolism of the food of a day or given number of days? Unfortunately there is very little exact knowledge as to when the change in metabolism corresponding to a change in diet occurs, or how soon such a change of metabolism will reach a constant level. For instance, it can not be said that the metabolism of nitrogen, car- bon, and energy for a period of 24 hours corresponds to the food of either the same period or of the 24 hours previous, or of any other exact period that can be named. The factors that enter iuto this ques- tion are very complex and the exact data at hand unfortunately few. If, therefore, a definite measure for the effect of food is desired it must be sought by making the experiment cover a long period. Part of this period should properly be considered as preliminary, during which time tlie body is adjusting itself to the changed diet and the metabolism is reaching the constant value corresponding to that diet. One factor of this constant value is the nitrogen equilibrium which can be quickly determined. When this point is attained the experiment may be con- tinued long enough to show the actual effect of the food or other condi- tions, e. g., muscular work upon metabolism. (4) The proper separation of the urine, feces, aud respiratory prod- ucts is a matter of great importance. In order to establish a balance of nitrogen when a certain diet is followed, the feces must be taken into account. It may be that the feces which are due to the particular food do not appear for several days after the food is consumed. Some of the early experiments are less valuable than they would otherwise be because this fact was overlooked. It was generally assumed that the feces excreted on a given day Avere due to the food consumed the pre- ceding day. This may or may not be the case. Several methods of definitely marking the feces are in use. One of the best methods, perhaps, is to give very finely powdered charcoal, either in capsules or 740—No. 45 2* 18 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. some other convenient form, with the last food eaten before the experi- ment begins and the first food eaten after it is finished. The charcoal imparts to the feces a dark bluish-black color of varying intensity, and the line between the charcoal feces and that which precedes or follows it is sharply drawn. The separation is then only a mechanical matter. The collecting of urine is a comparatively simple matter in experi- ments with men, and can generally be accomplished without great diffi- culty. To know just what should be the period for collecting urine to represent the nitrogenous material metabolized during an experimental period is another and far more difficult matter. Certainly part of the nitrogen of the food finds its way into the bladder in a very short time. Thus the odor due to asparagus may be detected in the urine within an hour after it is eaten. But when the metabolism of nitrogen is increased by muscular labor the increased excretion of nitrogen may continue for many hours after the labor has ceased. No generally accepted method exists of identifying the urine due to a particular food, and the experiment should always be of sufficient duration to eliminate as much as possible the error which may arise from this fact. It has been frequently assumed that the urine excreted on a particular day may be taken as representing the food metabolized on that day, but this is hardly correct. In other cases the urine of 24 hours is taken as representing the nitrogen metabolized during the previous 24 hours. The subject demands more experimental study than it has received. (See Nos. 26ii0-2(j98, Table 28.) If the estimation of excretory nitrogen is to be perfectly exact, the perspiration and “accidental” excretory products, such as hair, nails, epithelial cells, etc., which are lost, must be taken into account, measured, and analyzed. It is usually assumed that no great error is involved by neglecting them altogether. Yery little can be said of the separation of the respiratory products due to a particular diet. The usual plan has been to let the subject consume a uniform diet for several days and then make the respiration experiment, the diet being unchanged. Most of the respiration experi- ments have so far been of short duration—42 or 24 hours. In the case of animals it has been possible to keep the subject in the respiration chamber for a longer time than 24 hours without inconvenience. It was thought that in the case of man the continued confinement might prove very irksome, and so disturb the normal functions of the organism. In late experiments (Nos. 2277-2306, Table 26) this was not found to be the case. The extent to which the disturbance of normal functions would occur would doubtless depend upon the temperament of the subject. (5) In the collection, measurement, and analyses of the food, urine, feces, and respiratory products lies one of the most difficult problems encountered in experiments of this nature. It is very difficult to obtain fair and representative samples of some articles of food—for instance, fresh meat. Yet this must be done or it is manifestly impossible to INTRODUCTION. 19 compute the factors of the income. When a fair sample is obtained it must be analyzed by methods which are known to give accurate and reliable results. Much work which has been done loses a considerable part of its value because analyses of the food consumed were not made. When the composition is determined by using calculations based on reliable figures the work has value. It is, however, very generally recognized that the food used must be analyzed. Little difficulty attends the collection of urine. In the analysis of urine it is important that the method be perfectly reliable. In experi- ments which include only the nitrogen balance it has been customary with many experimenters to determine the urea by gravimetric meth- ods and compute the nitrogen from this. The results by this method are not always satisfactory. In experiments which include the balance of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen it is not enough to calculate these elements from the amount of urea, or urea and water. Elementary analyses must be made, since the urine contains other compounds. The feces may be easily collected and should always be analyzed. It has been sometimes a custom to assume that a particular diet would always yield feces of a practically unvarying composition. This is at best only a supposition. At present there is no entirely satisfactory method of determining what part of the nitrogen of the feces is due to undigested residue and what part is due to such metabolic products as bile, coloring matter, etc. (See Nos. 418-420, Table 7 ; No. 2620, Table 28.) At present a small error seems unavoidable, due to the fact that the methods now in use are not perfectly exact. The methods of preparing samples of food, urine, and feces, and the methods usually employed in their analysis, have been spoken of at length in a previous publication.1 The measurement and analysis of the inspired air and the respira- tory products calls for complicated apparatus, but these determinations are necessary if any dependence is to be placed on results which include the balance of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. Marsh gas is formed in considerable quantity by the action of bacte- ria on carbohydrates in the intestines of Herbivora. It is also formed under certain circumstances in the intestines of man. The carbon of marsh gas is thus due to a gaseous excretory product of the intestines, and is not a respiratory product. The methods of collecting and analyzing respiratory products which have been employed in the past are treated of under the individual respiration experiments. (See Tables 27 and 38.) (6) In order to establish a balance of energy it is necessary to deter- mine the thermal value of the food, urine, and feces, with a bomb cal- orimeter or by some other suitable method.2 The energy manifested as 1U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 21. 2U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 21, p. 113. 20 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. heat radiated from the body must be measured, and that which is man- ifested as external work must be measured and reduced to terms of heat. It is evident that problems of this sort call for complicated apparatus and a knowledge of the methods used in physical research. In discussing nutrients and their functions little has been said con- cerning mineral matter or, as it is commonly called, ash. Some mineral matter is required for the formation and repair of tissue. Since, how- ever, the salts ordinarily consumed possess little or no potential energy, they are necessarily of little importance in furnishing the body with force. The mineral constituents have some function in nutrition which is not at present understood.1 Sodium and chlorin are apparently necessary constituents of blood serum, and potassium and phosphorus of the red corpuscles. Phosphorus is absolutely essential for growth, and sulphur is hardly less important. As will be seen by reference to the tables, few experiments have been made in which the balance of income and outgo of mineral constituents was attempted. Though the theory of the function of mineral matter does not rest upon such experiments alone, yet data of this nature are undoubtedly very valuable, and this is a line of research which might be profitably extended. ACCURACY AND COMPLETENESS OF THE COMPILATION. Iii conclusion the compilers call especial attention to the tact that the present compilation is intended to cover only a definite line of metab- olism experimenting. Very many experiments of a different nature have been made which are of great value in drawing deductions con- cerning the general laws of nutrition. Such, for instance, are experi- ments in which the ratio of inspired oxygen to expired carbon dioxid was determined under varying conditions. In a previous publication of this Office2 an attempt was made to compile the more important dietary and digestion experiments made with man. The results as published include, however, only a part of the material collected. As regards the correctness of the statements here compiled, the authors can only say that they have endeavored to avoid inaccuracy so far as was in their power. They are aware that errors of detail will doubtless be found in such a compilation, both in the figures and in other data. As already stated, no claim is made that all the experiments are cited. Despite the efforts made it is certain that some have been overlooked. A number of experiments with man and animals were omitted because the feces were not analyzed. These might have been included by computing the composition of the feces, since the feces do not vary within very wide limits. 1 For general statements on ttiis subject see Text-book of Physiology, by M. Foster. 2U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 21. There is no essential difference between man and other vertebrates as regards the metabolism of matter and energy. The details of the process may vary, but the final products are essentially the same. The materials burned yield carbon dioxid, water, arid urea, and kindred compounds, providing energy for internal and external muscular work and the heat necessary for maintaining the body temperature. A par- tial exception to these statements may perhaps be found in the relation of intellectual and nervous action to metabolism, but this is a matter as yet but little understood though demanding careful investigation. In studying the general principles of metabolism the selection of man or one of the lower animals as a subject is largely a matter of conveni- ence. In the study of special- questions, however, the nature of the investigation usually determines the choice of a subject. EXPERIMENTS WITH MAX. EXPERIMENTS IN WHICH THE NITROGEN BALANCE WAS DETERMINED. HEALTHY SUBJECTS, INFLUENCE OF DIET. Experiments with man in which the balance of income and outgo of nitrogen has been determined, with or without mineral matter, consti- tute about two-thirds of the experiments recorded in this compilation. They have been divided into two general classes—those in which the subjects were in health and those in which they were suffering from some disease. The experiments with men in health have been further subdivided. In the first group the influence of special food* materials or various forms of diet 1ms been studied. In the second group the influence of other conditions than diet were studied. Some of these were more or less abnormal or unusual. In Table 1 are included 22 tests with men and 2 with women in which the object was to study the value of a more or less strictly vegetarian diet. Many so called vegetarians do not strictly deserve the name, for although they omit meat from their dietary they consume considerable quantities of dairy products and eggs, which are derived from animal sources. While numerous works have been published on the subject of vegetarianism, the actual experiments with man are not numerous. Information is usually derived from artificial-digestion experiments ami not from actual experiments made with living subjects. A few experi- ments are also included, which were made with diseased subjects to test some form of diet, the disease being left out of account, or which were made for the purpose of comparison. (See also Table 3.) EXPERIMENTS WITH A VEGETARIAN DIET. 22 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Serial number. | Date of publi- cation. Observer. Subject. Food per day. Duration. Nitrogen. Remarks. Occupation. © bn 3 bn *© > o <2 H © .2 P H © <2 a M Gain (+) or loss (—). • Years. Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 64 3 11.8 8.4 2.5 +0.9 9 1887 3 31.7 24.1 2.0 + 5.6 100 gm. fat, 500 cc. beer, 10 gm. salt, 1,600 cc. water. 3 1887 1,700 gm. potatoes, 100 gm. fat, 500 cc. beer, 3 7.2 8.2 1.4 —2.4 10 gm. salt, 1,600 cc. water. 4 1888 36 55 Beans, peas, butter, bread, potatoes, meat 3 20.9 11.6 4.1 +5.2 extract, etc. 36 2 20.9 15.4 4.9 +0.6 6 39 49 1 13. 9 10.9 2.5 + 0.5 7 39 2 13.9 11.2 2.2 + 0.5 8 28 57 14 8.4 5.3 3.5 —0.4 74 0.0 9.5 0.0 —9. 5 Nitrogen-free diet. 10 74 3 8.3 9.7 3.5 —4.9 Vegetable diet. ii 1889 71.4 800 gm. bread (2 days’ black), 304 gm. meat, 10 29. 9 26.0 1.8 + 2.1 Mixed diet. 700 cc. bouillon, 50 gm. butter, - - - sugar, 2,270 cc. water. 12 1889 do do 71.5 1,000 gm. bread, 696 gm. pea soup, 153 gm. 10 27.5 16.7 4.5 +6.3 Vegetable diet. buckwheat, 267 gm. wheat meal, 140 gm. macaroni, 300 gm. potatoes (2 days), 124 gm. rice, 380 gm. peas (1 day), 200 gm. cab- bage (1 day), 50 gm. butter, sugar, 2,270 cc. water. 13 1889 60.5 940 gm. bread (2 days’ black), 302 gm. meat, 10 32.4 25.4 3.0 +4.0 Mixed diet. 840 cc. bouillon, 50 gm. butter, —— sugar, 2.390 cc. water. 14 1889 61 1,200 gm. bread, pea soup, 175 gm. buck- 10 31.2 19.6 4.7 +6.9 Vegetable diet. wheat, wheat meal, 150 gm. macaroni, 300 gm. potatoes (1 day), 120 gm. rice, 410 gm. peas, 200 gm. cabbage, 50 gm. butter, sugar, 2,470 cc. water. 15 1889 69. 9 980 gm. bread (2 days’ black), 590 gm. pea 10 27.7 20.0 4.4 + 3.3 Do. soup, 221 gm. buckwheat, 240 gm. wheat meal, 210 gm. macaroni, 280gm. potatoes (2 days), 236 gm. rice (2 days), 134 gm. peas, 200 gm. cabbage (1 day), 50 gm. butter, sugar, 2,550 cc. water. Table 1.—Experiments with a vegetarian diet. VEGETARIAN DIET. 23 16 1889 70 10 29.4 24. 6 2. 0 -j-2. 8 800 cc. bouillon, 50 gm. butter, ——■ sugar, 2 260 cc. water. 17 1889 do Man (15.) 68 942 gm. bread (2 days’ black), 590 gm. pea 10 26.8 17.5 3.9 + 5.4 Vegetable diet. soup, 220 gm. buckwheat, 230 wheat meal, 190 gm. macaroni, 243 gm. potatoes (2 days), 288 gm.rice (2 days), 130 gm. peas, 200 gm. cabbage (1 day), 50 gm. butter, sugar, 2,155 cc. water. 18 1889 do 68.3 10 28.6 23.2 2.8 +2.6 900 cc. bouillon, 50 gm. butter, —— sugar, 2,490 cc. water. 19 1889 do 65 10 26.7 17.3 5.0 +4.4 Vegetable diet. soup, 220 gm. buckwheat, 240 gm. wheat meal, 170 gm. macaroni, 240 gm. potatoes (2 days),305 gm. rice (2 days), 130 gm. peas, 200 gm. cabbage (1 day), 50 gm. butter, sugar, 2,010 cc. water. 20 1889 do 67.4 10 29.2 24.0 2. 1 + 3.1 Mixed diet. 58 gm. butter, sugar, 2,338 cc. water. 21 1892 10 9. 6 9. 2 1.9 —1.5 22 1892 .. do ... do do T 10 10. 5 8.4 2. 1 0. 0 23 1892 ..do ... do 10 10.3 7.2 1. 9 + 1.2 24 1892 do do 5 10.4 7.5 2.4 +0.5 No. 1. Ztschr. Phvsiol. Chem.. 1882, p. 357. Nos. 2, 3. Ztschr. Biol., 23, pp. 447, 450. Nos.4-7. Ibid., 24, p. 379. Nos. 8 -10. Ibid., 25, pp. 265, 275. Nos. 11.12. The metabolism of nitrogen and losses through skin and lungs on a vegetable diet. Inaug. Biss. (Russian), St. Petersburg, 1889, Table 1. .Nos. 13,14. Ibid., Table 2. Nos. 15, 16. Ibid., Table 3. Nos. 17,18. Ibid., Table 4. Nos. 19, 20. Ibid., Table 5. Nos. 21-24 Jahrb. Thier-Chein., 1892, p.408. 24 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. No. 1 was made by Cramer in 1882 in connection with a study of the dietary of a so-called vegetarian. The subject was an official of high rank in the German civil service. He was in good health and possessed of a great deal of physical endurance. He was not a strict vegetarian, for although vegetable food formed the greater part of his diet, milk and eggs were also consumed. His diet was a matter of choice and had been followed for many years. Analyses of food, urine, and feces were made. The conclusion is reached that the dietary followed furnished the subject with suf- ficient nutriment, but if the animal food was omitted it would not do so. It is urged that a strictly vegetarian diet is not desirable because a large quantity of food must be consumed in order to obtain sufficient protein. This calls for much unnec- essary labor by the digestive organs. The diet is also condemned from an econom- ical standpoint. The same amount of nutriment in a better balanced ration can be purchased with a definite sum when a mixed dietary is followed than when only vegetable food is consumed. Nos. 2, 3 wore made by Constantinidi in the Munich laboratory in 1886. The object of the investigation was to see if the vegetable protein would furnish a fair substi- tute for animal protein, as ordinarily consumed in meat, or any other expensive pro- teid substance. The subject was a laboratory servant. The diet consisted of potatoes cooked in water, to which fat was added, and “gluten," a vegetable proteid compound made from waste products of wheat. Beer was used as a beverage. The food and excreta were analyzed. The separation of the feces was effected by means of milk. The body made a daily gain of 3.6 grams nitrogen. When a second experiment was made like the above, but without the gluten, the body lost 2.3 grams of nitrogen per day. The gluten furnished, therefore, a valuable and cheap nitrogenous food. Nos. 4-7 were made by Rutgers in Amsterdam in 1887. The object was to deter- mine whether vegetable protein had the same nutritive value as animal protein. The subjects were the investigator (a physician) and his wife. The time covered by the whole experiment was 10 weeks. During the first period a simple mixed dietary, consisting of meat, milk, bread, rice, potatoes, etc., was followed. During the sec- ond period meat and milk were omitted, and beans and peas were consumed instead. The amount of protein, fat, and carbohydrates was in each case the same. The composition of the food was estimated from Konig’s figures except in the case of some Tokay wine, which was analyzed. The food was very carefully prepared, in order that it might be uniform each day. The cost of the diet which contained animal food was 2.61 marks (62 cents) per day, while that of the diet containing only vegetable food was 2.22 marks (55 cents). The amount of urine and its specific gravity were determined daily, as well as the approximate amount of nitrogen. On three days the nitrogen was accurately determined. The feces were weighed each day, and on three days the nitrogen was determined. It is presumable that the figures obtained are fairly representative of the whole period, since variations from the regular routine Avere avoided as much as possible. No particular inconvenience was experienced in following either dietary, nor did the food become distasteful. Tlie conclusion is reached that the animal protein can be replaced by vegetable protein without any particular change in the nitrogen balance. From an economic standpoint, the only difference in the cost of the two kinds of diet was due to the fact that less fuel was needed to prepare the vegetable food. Nos. 8-10 were made by Yoit in the laboratory of the Physiological Institute, in Munich, in 1886. The object of these experiments was an investigation of the merits of a vegetarian diet as compared with a mixed diet. In No. 8 the subject was an upholsterer. In Nos. 9 and 10 the subject was the laboratory servant, so often used for experiments by Yoit and his associates. The upholsterer was a strict vegetarian. For three years his dietary had consisted entirely of bread, fruit, and oil. No warm food was eaten. The man was normally developed and appeared healthy and well nourished. For purposes of comparison the laboratory servant was given the same kind of food which was relished by the vegetarian. It was, however, very distasteful to MILK DIET. 25 him, and after a few days could not be eaten. The food and feces were analyzed and the nitrogen in the urine was determined. The vegetarian was practically in a con- dition of nitrogen equilibrium with this diet. It was, however, not sufficient for the laboratory servant. He lost considerable nitrogen, though less than when no food was consumed. If the diet had been followed for a longer time it is possible that a condition of nitrogen equilibrium would have been reached. 'S oit’s conclusion is that it is perfectly possible for a person to subsist entirely on vegetable food, but that a mixed diet is to be preferred. Nos. 11-20 were made by Avsitidislci iu St. Petersburg in 1889. The object was to study the metabolism of nitrogen aud losses through the skiu and lungs on a vegetable diet. The subjects were prisoners of the St. Petersburg civil prison, all healthy men, between 20 and 29 years of age. Five series of experiments are described, each of which was divided into two 10 day periods. In two series (Nos. 11-14) the subjects were on a mixed diet during the first period aud on a vegeta- ble diet during the second period, while in the other three series (Nos. 15-20) the conditions were reversed, and a preliminary period of two days on a special prepara- tory diet preceded the test proper. There was an interval of three days between Nos. 19 and 20, during which time the subject was suffering from diarrhea. The nitrogen of the food, urine, and feces was determined by the Kjeldalil-Boro- din method. The excretion through the skin and lungs was calculated by the method of Sanctorius—that is, from the original weight of the body plus the total income for the period was subtracted the weight at the end of the period plus the weight of the outgo. In all the experiments the metabolism and assimilation of nitrogen were less on the vegetable diet than on the mixed diet. The excretion through the skin aud lungs in all cases was greater on the vegetable diet than on the mixed diet. Nos. 21-24 were made by Taniguti in the (Japanese Imperial Military Medical School at Tokyo in 1892. The object was an investigation of the value of the Japanese rice diet. The subject was a healthy laboratory servant. The food was rice or rice and some other vegetable food. In one test takaun (salted vegetables, chiefly turnip) and meat extract were each used as condiments. Miso (a thick sauce made from soy beans) was also eaten. Few details are quoted. In most cases there was a small gain of nitrogen. EXPERIMENTS WITH A MILK DIET. In Table 2 are included 4G tests with men, 6 witli women, and 17 with children in which the influence of a milk diet was studied. A num- ber of the experiments were dietary or digestion studies, in which the balance of income and outgo of nitrogen was also determined. When milk or other single food is consumed for several days the monotonous diet often becomes so repulsive as to cause more or less pro- nounced digestive disorders. On an absolute milk diet, in order to sup- ply the subject with the necessary amount of protein and energy, a large quantity of milk must be consumed. If the amount taken at any one time is large, digestive derangements sometimes result, owing to the formation of masses of coagulated milk in the stomach. This may be prevented in a measure by consuming dry bread or other similar food with the milk. It is uncertain how much, if any, the digestibility and assimilation of milk are affected by the addition of other food to the diet. A number of experiments with diseased subjects in which milk was the principal or only food consumed are included in Table 18 (INos. 1507-154G) and Table 19 ((Nos. 1869-1878). A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Serial number. | Date of publica- tion. Observer. Subject. Food per day. Duration. Nitrogen. Remarks. Occupation. Age. Weight. In food. In urine. In feces. Gain (+) or loss (—). Years. Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 27 71 3 15.4 13.5 1. 0 + 0.9 1879 71 1 12.9 12. 6 0.9 — 0.6 97 1879 71 1 19.4 16. 6 1.5 + 1.3 98 1880 66. 2 3 11.5 20.1 1.5 —10.1 9f) 1880 69. 4 3 14. 6 17.4 1.4 — 4.2 SO 1880 3 22. 6 20.4 1.4 + 0.8 si 1880 2 28. 2 23. 8 1.4 4 3.0 s° 1880 do 3 19. 0 18. 9 0. 8 — 0.7 ss 1880 2 21.4 24.1 0.8 — 3. 0 S1 1880 3 20.3 12.3 1.0 + 7.0 S5 1880 2 21.1 13.5 0.9 + 6.7 so 1880 3 29.4 23.9 1. 7 + 3.8 S7 1880 2 30.2 26.0 1.5 + 2.7 S8 1880 3 19. 0 17.8 0.8 + 0.4 SO 1880 do 2 19. 0 18.9 0.7 — 0.6 40 1880 3 32. 3 26.8 1.8 + 3.7 41 1880 32.3 28.4 1.7 + 2.2 49 1880 3 19. 4 20. 0 0.8 — 1.4 4S 1880 2 19.4 20.9 0.7 — 2.2 44 1880 26 54. 8 6 20.0 11.7 0.8 + 7.5 40 1880 do 46 62.1 17.0 19.5 1.3 — 3. 8 40 1880 22 64.8 6 19.6 18.5 1.0 + 0. 1 47 1880 23 67.4 6 19.8 16.7 2.2 4-0.9 48 1880 24 73.1 5 13.1 14.1 0.8 — 1.8 49 1882 Girl 12 3 10.2 9.7 0.5 0.0 00 1882 10 3 10. 9 9.6 0.4 + 0.9 01 1882 6j 3 9.2 10.8 0.5 — 2.1 r>2 1882 Girl 5g 3 8.1 8.6 0.6 — 1. 1 f>3 1882 4 § 3 8.7 8.3 0.8 — 0.4 54 1885 70 171 gm. meat, 286 gm. bread, 123 gin. pota- 2 (12.8) 16.4 1.2 — 4.8 toes, 395 cc. bouillon, 317 cc. milk~ 1,040 cc. tea, 105 gm. sugar. 00 1880 70 3 14.5 16.8 0.8 — 3.1 00 1885 112 1 10.8 19.8 (0.8) — 9.8 First day on milk diet. 57 1885 109 5 12.0 15.9 (0. 8) — 4.7 First to fifth day after No. 56. 58 1885 44 51 15 11. 1 12.7 0.4 — 2.0 Insuff. v. v. aortas et ec- tasia bulbi aortsB. Table 2.—Experiments with a milk diet. MILK DIET. 27 59 1885 44 56.3 1 7.5 10.3 0.3 — 3.1 First day of No. 58. Last day of No. 58. Ni- trogen in urine =mean of last day of period and following day. 60 1885 44 49.2 1 15.8 16.1 0.8 — 1.1 61 1885 35 44 16 8.9 7.8 9 2 — 1.1 62 1885 35 45.7 1 5.0 5.2 4. 9 — 5.1 trogen in feces—mean of fifteen days. First day of No. 61. Milk and consumed nitro- gen = average of first day of period and pre- ceding day. Last day of No 61. Twelfth day of No. 61. Maximum milk diet. Tumor mediastinum. 63 1885 35 44. 3 1 9.0 7.8 0.7 + 0.5 + 0.1 + 0.7 — 33 64 1885 35 43. 8 1 11.5 9.2 2.2 65 1885 62 61 8 14.4 11.6 2.1 66 1885 62 63 1 13.4 15.9 0.8 First day of No. 65. Milk and nitrogen in milk= mean of first day of period and preceding day. Last day of No. 65. Ni- trogen in urine and fe- ces — mean of last day of period and following day. Nephritus diffusa. Ni- trogen in urine and feces—mean of eight- een days only. First day of No. 68. Ni- trogen in feces = sec- ond day. Last day of No. 68. Ni- trogen in urine and fe- ces = mean of last day of period and following * day. 67 1885 62 63.1 1 16.4 8.6 1.4 + 6.4 — 5.1 68 1885 30 68 19 7.5 11.1 1.5 69 1885 30 76.5 1 4.4 8.7 0.3 — 4.6 70 1885 30 64.5 1 7.4 11.5 1.7 — 5.8 71 1885 Clerk 30 66.2 2 11.0 12.8 1.2 — 3.0 72 73 1885 51 58 20 8. 8 6. 5 0.9 + 2.4 — 1.7 day of No. 71. Maxi- mum milk diet. Nephritus diffusa. First day of No. 71. Ni- trogen in feces = sec- ond day. Last day of No. 71. Ni- trogen in feces and urine = mean of last day of period and fol lowing day. 1885 51 59 1 6.5 6.9 1.3 74 1885 51 59.5 1 6.1 5.5 1.0 — 0.4 28 A DIGEST OP METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. | Serial number. Date of publica- tion. Observer. Subject. Pood per day. Duration. Nitrogen. Demarks. Occupation. Age. Weight. In food. In urine. In feces. • +1 — CO .5 O a T O 0 Years. Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 75 1885 51 1 11.4 5.5 0.8 +5.1 Maximum milk diet. 76 1885 do 28 75 ■ 7 9 7 77 1885 28 78 4.7 11.7 1.1 —8.’i First day of No. 76. Milk and nitrogen inmilk= mean ot first day of period and preceding 78 1885 28 74 i 10.6 9.8 1.9 —1.1 d. 42. Nos. 94-96 Ibid., p. 46. No. 97. Ztschr. Biol., 25, p. 536. Nos. 98-101. The comparative assimilation and metabolism of nitrogen of sterilized and fresh milk bv adult healthy persons, Inaug. Diss. (Russian), St. Petersburg, 1892, p. 45. Nos. 102-105. Ibid., p. 46. Nos. 106-109. Ibid. P. 47. Nos. 110-113. Ibid., p. 48. No, 114. Arch. Physiol., 53, p. 547. No. 115. Ibid., p. 551. Nos. 116-125. Jahrb. Xinderheilk., 39, p. 233. Table 2.—Experiments with a milk diet—Continued. MILK DIET. 31 Nos. 25-27 were made by Rubner in Munich in 1876, and form a series with Nos. 127-148, Table 3, and Nos. 413-417, Table 7. The object was to investigate the digestibility of milk. The subject was a professional man. The only food used was milk. The dry matter, nitrogen, fat, sugar, and ash in the milk were estimated from previous analyses by Yoit. The feces were analyzed, the dry matter, nitrogen, ether extract, and ash being determined. No carbohydrates or protein were found in the feces. The milk feces could, of course, be easily separated. The author remarks that the solid matter of milk is not as completely digested by adults as that of meat or eggs. This is largely due to the fact that the percent- age of ash in the solid matter is larger in milk than in the other two articles. According to the author, the undigested organic matter from meat amounted to 4.1 to 4.7 per cent, from eggs 4.7 per cent, and from milk 5.4 per cent of the whole, not a very considerable difference. Young children digest milk more completely than adults. Forster1 found that only 6.4 per cent of the solid matter of milk was undi- gested by a nursing infant. This may, perhaps, be explained by the fact that a considerable part of the ash of milk is composed of calcium salts and these would be more needed by the young organism for the formation of bones than in the case of an adult, and not so much would be left in the undigested residue to form insoluble salts of the fatty acids. Nos. 28, 29 were made by Hoffmann in Dorpat in 1884 (?). The object was to investigate metabolism with an absolute milk diet. The subject was a physician in good health. He changed his ordinary diet to an absolute milk diet gradually. It was impossible for him to consume over 3 liters per day. The amount of protein in the milk and the nitrogen in the urine and feces were determined. No. 28 was made in the winter, and there was a considerable loss of nitrogen. No. 29 was made in the summer, and the loss of nitrogen was not so great. The experiments and opinions of other authors are quoted. The great value of milk as a diet for the sick is insisted on. Nos. 30-43 were made by Slatkowsky in St. Petersburg in 1881 (?). The object was to study the influence of profuse sweating on the assimilation of milk. The subjects were 2 men and 1 woman. The only food consumed was milk. Large quantities were taken daily without any difficulty or bad results. The nitrogen in food (?), urine, and feces was determined. In Nos. 28-35 a period of 3 days on milk diet under ordinary conditions was followed by a 2-day period in which profuse perspiration was induced. This seemed to increase the amount of nitrogen absorbed. It is possible, however, that this might be due to the fact that the organism became used to the milk diet. To settle this point the conditions were reversed in Nos. 36-39, and in Nos. 40-43 milk diet was followed for 5 days and perspiration was not induced. It was found that when a milk diet was followed for some time there was an increased assimilation of nitrogen. Nos. 44-48 were made by Laptchinsky in 1880 (?). The object was to investigate the value of a milk diet. The subjects were 3 healthy individuals and 2 who were recovering from an illness. The food consisted of milk and a very little bread or pastry (Gebdck). The subjects of Nos. 44, 45 did not change in weight during the experiment. The subject of No. 46 lost 4 kilograms in 6 days, the subject of No. 47 lost 520 grams in 6 days, and the subject of No. 48 gained 550 grams in 5 days. Nos. 49-53. See Nos. 462-473, Table 7. Nos. 54-78 were made by Rudenko in St. Petersburg in 1885, and form a series with Nos. 2621-2635 with dogs. The object was to study the metabolism and assimila- tion of nitrogen on a milk diet. Eight series of experiments were made with men and women. In the first two series (Nos. 54-57) the special object of study was the metabolism of nitrogen at the time of the transition from the customary mixed diet to the milk diet. The author 1 Ztschr. Biol., 15 (1879), p. 135. 32 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. himself, who was a healthy person, was the subject of Nos. 54, 55. The subject of Nos. 56, 57 was a very corpulent man, though otherwise in good health. In the last six series the subjects were suffering from various diseases. They under- went a so-called milk treatment. The subjects of Nos. 58-75 at first drank 4 glasses of whole milk a day in 8 portions. This quantity was increased a half glass each day until 10 to 12 glasses per day were consumed. The quantity of milk was then gradually diminished and solid food taken in its place. The subject of Nos. 76-78 drank as much milk as he wished. It was the usual plan in these experiments to begin to collect the urine and feces one day after the test commenced and to continue it one day after the test ended. The nitrogen in the food, urine, and feces was determined by the Kjeldahl method except in No. 75, in which the Kjeldahl-Borodin method was used. The author gives the results of Nos. 54-57 as follows: During the transition from the mixed to the milk diet there was a marked decrease in weight. However, this was not due to an excretion of the products of the cleavage of protein, but must be ascribed to a loss of water from the tissues of the body. The outgo of nitrogen in the urine was increased. The results of Nos. 58-78 are summed up as follows: The weight of the body decreased in every case, considering the test as a whole. The decrease was more striking at the beginning of the milk treatment. As the treatment proceeded the loss of weight was less, and sometimes there was a slight gain. The outgo of nitro- gen exceeded the income in all cases at the beginning of the milk period. As the milk period progressed, the difference between the income and outgo of nitrogen became less. In the majority of cases nitrogen equilibrium was reached when 2,000 cubic centimeters of milk per day was consumed. The assimilation of nitrogen of milk varied within wide limits. In general the quantity of urine excreted as com- pared with the quantity of milk consumed was larger during the first days of the period and less later on. The excretion of urea, phosphates, and sulphur is also discussed. Nos. 79-96 were made by Markov, in the laboratory of Koshkakov, in St Petersburg, in 1888. The object was to study the metabolism of nitrogen in healthy persons on an absolute milk diet. Seven series of experiments carried out at the clinical hospital of the Military Medical Academy at St. Petersburg are described. The subjects were 6 medical students. The experiments were usually of 14 days duration, and were divided into three periods, the first and third on a mixed diet and the second on an exclusive milk diet. Complete data were not given for all the periods. The food was uniform in all cases, cousisting in the mixed diet of soup, with an admixture of pearl barley; a piece of fried meat, from which the bones, tendon, and as much as possible of the fat were removed; boiled milk, white bread, and tea. Before the beginning and also at the end of each experiment, in order to identify the fc es corresponding to the period of the experiment, the subjects were given stewed blackberries. The occupation of the subjects in the first four experiments was intense intellectual work, such as is required in the preparation for the final examinations, and in the last two experiments attending lectures and reading. The nitrogen in food, urine, and feces, was determined. The author sums up the results of his experiments as follows: The metabolism of nitrogen in healthy persons on an absolute milk diet was regulated by the quantity of milk taken, being lower when much milk was con- sumed and higher when less milk was consumed. The percentage of nitrogen of urea increased and that of nitrogen of extractives decreased in the urine. Under the influence of an exclusive milk diet the quantity of uric acid decreased in a marked degree and the power of assimilation increased. The influence of an absolute milk diet extended also over the following mixed diet period. On comparing the figures relating to the milk diet with those relating to the mixed diet in the first period, it was evident that on the milk diet there was less nitrogen MILK DIET. 33 digested and also less excreted through the urine, but that the amount of urea was larger by 8 per cent and the amount of extractives correspondingly smaller. Con- sequently the metabolism on the milk diet was lower in quantity but better in quality than on the mixed diet in the first period. In the third period (mixed diet) the quantity of the nitrogen digested was less than in the first period but more than in the milk period, aud the quantity of nitro- gen excreted was 2.8 per cent less than in the first period and 0.2 per cent less than in the second period, while the urea was 8.8 per cent more than in the first period and 0.8 per cent more than in the second. Hence it follows that the metabolism in the third period was lower in quantity but better in quality than in the first and second periods. No. 97. This experiment was made by Prausnitz in the laboratory of the Physio- logical Institute, in Munich, in 1889. The object was to investigate the digestibility of milk. The subject was the laboratory servant who had been so often used in Kubner’s experiments. The only food was milk. This was purchased in quantity, thoroughly mixed, put into little fiasks, and sterilized by heating for two hours in a Koch steam sterilizer. The milk was kept in the flasks on ice and slightly warmed before it was used. The food, urine, and feces were analyzed. The conclusion is reached that milk is one of the most useful, convenient, and economical sources of protein. Nos. 98-113 were made by Listov in St. Petersburg in 1892. The object was to compare the metabolism and assimilation of nitrogen -when raw and sterilized milk were consumed by healthy adult persons. Eight experiments are described, each covering 6 days, divided into 2 equal periods. In one period raw milk was consumed, in the other sterilized milk. In addition white bread and sugar were consumed. The milk was sterilized with Koch's apparatus for If hours, at a temperature of 100 to 110°. The nitrogen in the food, urine, and feces was determined by the Kjeldalil- Borodin method. The following conclusions were reached: The assimilation of the nitrogenous constituents of sterilized milk was somewhat less than raw milk. The mean assimi- lation of the former was 91.8 per cent and of the latter 93.6 per cent. The quantita- tive metabolism in each case was practically the same, being 90.4 per cent in the sterilized milk and 91.4 per cent in the raw milk. Sterilized milk contains no pep- tones. The amount of nitrogenous constituents assimilated from the diet followed in the present experiment is somewhat less than on an absolute milk diet, as shown by Markov’s experiments, Nos. 79-96. Nos. 114, 115 were made by Magnus-Levy in the laboratory of the Agricultural Institute in Berlin, in 1891, and form a series w'ith Nos. 281-284, Table 4. The object was to investigate the digestibility of milk and bread, and by comparing the results with those previously obtained to judge of the effect of alcohol on metabolism. The subject was a boy 16 years old who had never used alcoholic drinks, and none were consumed during these two tests. In No. 114 the diet was exclusively milk. No bad effects were noticed. In No. 115 the diet consisted of milk, bread, butter, and sugar. The food, urine, and feces were analyzed. The following conclusions are drawn: Slight differences in the assimilation of nitrogen and fat are noticed in the cases of individuals who use alcohol and those who are total abstainers. On the whole, however, assimilation is as good in one case as the other, for the carbohydrates which furnish most of the energy to the organism are almost completely assimilated in both cases, provided they are consumed in a suitable form and in not too great quantity. Nos. 116-125 were made by Lange at the Medical Institute at the University of Leipsic, in 1895. The object was to study the metabolism of nursing children when fed cow’s milk. The subjects were young children. The food consisted of a mixture of two parts cow’s milk and one part of a 12.3 per cent milk-sugar solution. This 743 9 5 18 0 If) 1 222 1889 do 37 53.6 — gm. bread, 577 gm. albumen jelly, 1,954 7 15.9 13.6 2.2 +0.1 gm. tea, 130 gm. sugar. 223 1889 do . 37 53.5 407 gm. bread, 225 gm. meat, 470 gm. soup, 4 16.7 14.5 2.1 + 0.1 1,792 gm. tea, 130 gm. sugar. 224 1889 do 37 54 456 gm. bread, 240 gm. meat, 310 gm. soup, 7 16.8 14.5 1.5 +0.8 1.896 gm. tea, 90 gm. sugar. 1889 37 54.2 16.8 14.5 1.7 +0.6 der, 1,736 gm. tea, 120 gm sugar. 226 1889 34 54 11.8 11.5 2.0 —1.7 2,032 gm. tea, 45 gm. sugar. 227 1889 do do 34 54.2 309 gm. bread, 150 gm. meat, 400 gm. soup, 5 11.8 11.3 1.5 —1.0 Last 5 days of No. 226. 1,994 gm. tea, 45 gm. sugar. 228 1889 34 52 10.6 12.3 1.4 der, 2,605 gm. tea, 45 gm. sugar. 229 1889 Observer 37 53 415 gm. bread, 300 gm. meat, 400 gm. soup, 4 19.3 17.4 1.7 +0.2 2,033 gm. tea, 130 gm. sugar. 230 1889 do 37 53.4 415 gm. bread. 73 gm. potassium albumen 4 17.2 15.2 1.9 +0.1 powder, 2,582 gm. tea, 104 gm. sugar. 231 1890 17.9 14.7 gm. salt, 6.6 gm. vinegar. 232 1890-91 Hultgren and Observer (H.) 22J 61 170 gm. rye bread, 111 gm. margarin, 315 cc. 2 4.3 10.3 2.0 —8.0 1 Landergren. red wine, 220 cc. water. Table 3.—Experiments with bread and other single food materials—Continued. BREAD AND OTHER SINGLE FOOD MATERIALS. 41 233 1890-91 do do 224 61 251 gm. rye bread, 131 gm. margarin, 830 cc. 2 4.7 8.7 2.2 —6.2 234 1890-91 do Observer (L.) 22 79 337 gm. rye bread, 154 gm. margarin, 830 cc. 2 6.3 11.1 2.8 —7.6 ' beer and coffee, 100 cc. Swedish punch 235 1890-91 224 (I / • 2 4.7 9.3 1.8 —6.4 and coffee, 100 cc. Swedish punch (1 day). 236 1890-91 22 9 6.1 11.9 3.0 —8.8 coffee, and punch. 237 1892 Tanignti 2 11.1 9. 4 -f 1. 7 238 1892 do do 4 10. 3 11.1 0 8 239 1892 do i 13. 0 9. 8 4-4. 2 240 1896 Soloinin Laboratory servant. 27 76.1 933 gm. tripe, 450 gm. bread, 50.7 gm. butter, 3 23.7 18.4 2.6 +2.7 37.2 gm. fiour, 10.3 gm. salt, 1,000 cc. beer. 241 1896 27 75.6 3 28.5 23.6 2.7 +2.2 32.1 gm. flour, 9.0 gm. salt, 1,000°cc. beer. No. 126. Jour, prakt. Cbem., 27, p. 259. No. 127. Ztschr Biol., 15, p. 121. No. 128. Ibid., p. 127. No. 129. Ibid., p. 125. No. 130. Ibid., p. 138. No. 131. Ibid., p. 139. No. 132. Ibid., p. 140. No. 133. Ibid., p. 144. No. 134. Ibid., p. 146. No. 135. Ibid., p. 150. No. 136. Ibid., p. 152. No. 137. Ibid., p. 155. No. 138. Ibid., p. 157. No. 139. Ibid., p. 160. No. 140. Ibid., p. 163. No. 141, Ibid., p. 167. No. 142. Ibid., p. 169 No. 143. Ztschr. Biol., 16, p. 121. No. 144. Ibid., p. 123. No. 145. Ibid., p. 127. No. 146. Ztschr. Biol., 19, p. 57. No. 147. Ibid., p. 61. No. 148. ibid., p. 65. Nos. 149-165. Preserved food for armies . Meat and meat and vegetable preparations, their chemical composition and the assimilation of the meat. Inaug. Diss. (Russian), St. Petersburg, 1886, Table, p. 94. Nos. 166-172. Ibid., p. 96. Nos. 173-177. Ibid., p. 98. Nos. 178-181. The assimilation of the protein ot millet meal. Inaug. Diss. (Russian), St. Petersburg, 1887, Table 1. Nos. 182-184. Ibid., Table 2. Nos. 185-188. Ibid., Table 3. Nos. 189- 192. Ibid., Table 4. Nos. 193,194. Ibid., Table 5. Nos. 195, 196. Ztschr. Biol., 24, pp. 23-25. Nos. 197, 198. Chemical composition and assimilation of potas- slum and sodium albuminates. Inaug. Diss. (Russian), St. Petersburg, 1889, Tables 1 and 2, p. 35. Nos. 199, 200. Ibid., Tables 3 and 4 p. 36. Nos. 201,202. Ibid., Tables 5 and 6, p. 38. Nos. 203, 204. Ibid., Tables 7 and 8, p. 40. Nos. 205, 206. Ibid., Tables 9 and 10, p. 42. Nos. 207, 208. Ibid., Tables 11 and 12, p. 44. Nos. 209,210. Ibid., Tables 13 and 14. p. 46. Nos. 211, 212. Ibid., Tables 15 and 16, p. 48. Nos. 213, 214. ibid.. Tables 17 and 18, p. 50. No. 215. Ibid., Table 19, p. 52. Nos. 216-219 Feeding man with artificial egg albuminates (Tata albumen). Inaug. Diss. (Russian), St. Petersburg, 1889, Tablet. Nos. 220, 221 Ibid., Table 2. Nos. 222-225. Ibid., Table 3. Nos. 226-228. Ibid., Table 4. Nos . 229, 230. Ibid., Table 5. No. 231. Ztschr. Biol., 26, p. 228. No. 232. Skand. Arch. Physiol., 2 (1890-91), p,377. No. 233. Ibid., p.379. No. 234. Ibid., p. 381. No. 235. Ibid., p. 383. No, 236. Ibid., p.385. Nos. 237-239. Jahrb. Tbier-Chem., 1892, p.468. Nos. 240, 241. Arch. Hyg,, 27, p. 182. 42 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPEEIMENTS. • No. 126 was made by Lebmann in 1839. In 1837 Lehmann and Professor Hasse had lived for three weeks entirely on animal food, meat being the chief article of diet. No inconvenience was experienced and no bad after effects were noticed. This led Lehmann to try a second experiment with animal food, and eggs were selected as an article of diet because it was more convenient to determine the nitrogen in them than in meat. In order that the eggs might have the same water content they were dried for 24 hours at a temperature of 25° C. It was found that an egg then con- tained on an average 23.01 grams of white and 15.54 grams yolk. During 4 days 128 eggs were consumed—32 per day. This would be 736.3 grams white and 497.3 grams yolk per day. Some of the eggs were eaten raw and some boiled. The amount of albumen in the eggs was determined, and on the basis of Scherer’s anal- yses the amount of nitrogen in the albumen calculated. The amount of carbon con- sumed was also calculated. The urine was collected each day, measured, and the dry matter determined. The urea was determined as follows: A sample of the urine was evaporated to about y to | of its volume. The urea was then taken up in 93 per cent alcohol. The alcohol was partially evaporated, the remainder diluted with water and treated with nitric acid. The nitrate of urea was filtered off and purified. The nitrogen in the urine can be calculated from the urea, and this was done in order that the experiment might be included in these tables. Lehmann did not collect the feces, therefore the amount of nitrogen in the feces when only eggs are consumed was supplied from Rnbner’s experiment No. 128. In Rubner’s experiment the amount consumed was somewhat smaller than in Lehmann’s, but this would probably make very little difference, as the nitrogen of the eggs is very completely assimilated. This experiment is interesting chiefly from an historical standpoint. It is the earliest which has been found that could be included in this summary of metabolism experiments. Three other similar experiments were made by Lehmann with a mixed diet, a veg- etable diet, and a nitrogen-free diet. No details of the food consumed are given except in the last case. The food then consisted of almond oil, starch, and sugar. The time was 3 days. The daily excretion of urea was 15.4 grams (or 7.4 grams nitrogen). The feces were not collected. According to Rieder (No. 418-420, Table 7), with similar nitrogen-free diet 0.5 to 0.9 grams nitrogen are excreted in the feces. Nos. 127-145 were made by Rubner in the laboratory of the Physiological Institute in Munich in 1878. The object was to investigate the digestibility of a number of single food materials. In Nos. 127 and 129 the subject was a medical student. Ilis food consisted of lean beef, which was prepared by separating the fat, gristle, and connective tissue as completely as was practicable with shears. The meat thus prepared was fried or roasted Avith a little butter, onion, salt, and pepper, and eaten either Avith well water or carbonated water as a beArerage. For purposes of analysis specimens of the meat after it had been cooked with the above materials were taken each meal time and the fat and Avater determined. The quantity of nitrogen in the meat was estimated. For this estimate the nitrogen content of the dry, fat-free ilesh was assumed to be 14.11 per cent. Although the meat was extremely palatable, it was almost impossible for the subject to eat it on the third day. Eating meat alone caused a strong aversion to it. The subject of No. 128 was a student of medicine. The only food was eggs, which were boiled hard in the shells and eaten with a little salt. Water was the only beverage used. The dry matter in the eggs was determined, but the nitrogen, fat, and ash were calculated from previous analyses by Voit. In Nos. 130 and 131 the subject was a laboratory servant, 43 years old. The author wished to make the experiment with cheese alone, but could find no one Avilling to live upon cheese without other food; therefore milk and cheese were used together. The cheese used was Allgiiuer (similar to what is called “Swiss” cheese in the United States), and the dry matter, nitrogen, fat, and ash in it were estimated from analyses of cheese made by Forster. The subject of No. 132 was the medical student mentioned above. The food was maize meal cooked to a mush with water and butter, with the addition of grated BREAD AND OTHER SINGLE FOOD MATERIALS. 43 Parmesan cheese. The subject of the experiment did notrelish the food thus prepared, and after the first meal made of it meat extract was added. Beer was used as a bever- age. The composition of the food was estimated from Konig’s compilation of analyses. The subject of No. 133 was the same as the preceding. The food was rice, which was cooked in water or water and meat extract; a little fat and salt were added. Analyses of the food were not made, hut the composition was estimated from the figures of Konig and others. The subject of No. 134 was a Bavarian soldier who was accustomed to a diet con- sisting largely of potatoes. The food consisted of potatoes, which were boiled and eaten with salt or butter, or with oil and vinegar as salad. It is not stated whether analyses were made of the potatoes or whether the composition was estimated. The subject of Nos. 135-140 was the laboratory servant mentioned above. In Nos. 135 and 136 the food was bread made from fine wheat flour. The dry matter, nitrogen, and ash in the flour and yeast were determined by analysis, and the results were used in computing the composition of the bread, which was made in the Physiolog- ical Institute, where the experiments were carried on. The food in No. 137 consisted of spiitzeln, a dish which is much eaten in the Bava- rian highlands. A stiff dough is made of flour, water, and sometimes milk and eggs also. It is pressed through a sieve into boiling water and cooked for a few minutes. In this case only flour and water were used. The flour was analyzed and the com- position of the spiitzeln computed from this analysis. The food in No. 138 consisted of black bread made from rye flour. It was analyzed. In No. 139 the food consisted of macaroni noodles, which were cooked in salted water. It was analyzed. In No. 140 a kind of macaroni was used which contained gluten, a substance made from wheat and containing a large amount of nitrogen. The macaroni was cooked in salted water and was analyzed. The gluten furnishes a cheap and valuable source of nitrogen. Nos. 141 and 142 were made by Breuer in the Munich laboratory, in 1878, and reported by Rubner. Breuer himself was the subject. In No. 141 the food was Savoy cabbage, and in No. 142 carrots. The vegetables were cooked in water, with salt and a little fat. The subject of Nos. 143 and 144 was the same laboratory servant. The food con- sisted of peas, which were purchased dry, carefully cleaned, and cooked in water 2 or 3 hours, and then pressed through a fine sieve. Salt was eaten with the peas, and beer was used as a beverage. Full analyses of the peas were made. The subject of No. 145 was the medical student mentioned above. The food con- sisted of green beans (presumably “string beans”), which were cooked in water with some butter. It is not stated whether analyses were made of the beans, but it seems probable that they were. Rubner remarks that too much value should not be placed on this experiment, since the quantity of solid matter in the diet was too small to serve in any adequate manner as food. The conclusions drawn from the above series of experiments have to do with the digestibility of the various foods. Nos. 146-148 were made by Rubner in the laboratory of the Physiological Institute, at Munich, in 1882. The object was to investigate the value of wheat bran as food for man. The subject was the laboratory servant mentioned above. In No. 146 the food consisted of bread made from the finest wheat flour, in No. 147 from medium wheat flour, and in No. 148 from the entire wheat. The bread for the experiment was very carefully made from flour, yeast, water, salt, and a very little sugar. Beer and water were consumed as beverages. The dry matter, nitrogen, fat, carbohy- drates, and ash in the flour, the dry matter and ash in the yeast, the dry matter, nitrogen, fat, and ash in the feces, and the nitrogen in the urine, were determined. The nitrogen in the yeast was calculated. The separation of the feces was made with charcoal or by eating meat. Meat and bread feces are each characteristic, so a separation is possible. 44 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. The conclusion is reached that the nutrients in coarse bread are not as thoroughly digested as in bread made from finer flour. The loss falls principally on the carbo- hydrates. The amount of material excreted in the feces increases with the increased bran content of the flour. Nos. 149-177 were made by Solntzev in St. Petersburg in 1886. The object of the investigation was to study (1) the qualitative and quantitive composition of sev- eral kinds of canned goods, (2) the chemical composition of the ingredients of the canned goods, and (3) to compare the nutritive value of canned goods with freshly- prepared foods. The author investigated 4 kinds of canned meat (roast beef, roast mutton, ragout of beef, and ragout of mutton), and 4 kinds of canned vegetables with or without meat (sour cabbage soup, peas and meat, beans and meat, and lentils and meat). These articles were canned by order of the Russian department of war. They were compared with meats freshly prepared by cooking at a temperature of 85° C. In the preparation of the canned goods the Appeur process, as modified by Fastier, was used. The canned goods were prepared in 1883. This investigation was made three years later, and of the 300 cans opened not a single one was spoiled as far as could be judged by taste and odor. The subjects were prisoners in solitary confinement at the St. Petersburg military prison. They were between 22 and 26 years of age, healthy, and well built. The nitrogen of the food, urine, and feces was determined by the Kjeldahl method. Of the 29 tests, 6 were made with beef, 6 with mutton, 5 with beef and bread, 7 with mutton and bread, and 5 with black bread. Two other tests were made with a diet of beef and bread in which the nitrogen in the urine was not determined. The author draws the following conclusions: The canned goods had kept as well as could be desired. The taste was tolerably satisfactory, but the meat was over- cooked. The assimilation of canned meat taken, alone or with black bread was con- siderably lower than that of freshly-cooked meat. The canned preparations were not at all homogeneous, the meat, fat, and tendon being very irregularly distributed. Nos. 178-194 were made by Kurcheninov in St. Petersburg in 1887. The object was to investigate the assimilation of the protein of millet meal. Millet (Panicum miliaceum) is a cereal suited to hot and temperate climates. Millet meal is prepared by removing the hull from the grain and grinding. Five experiments are described, each consisting of four periods, (1) on a mixed diet, (2) on a diet of thin millet-meal porridge, (3)'on a diet of thick millet-meal porridge, and (4) on a mixed diet. The nitrogen of the food, urine, and feces was determined by the Kjeldahl-Borodin method. The results obtained do not indicate that millet meal in the form of a thin or a thick porridge is well assimilated. The assimilation of the mixed diets in the first and fourth periods varied in the different experiments from 89.97 per cent to 91.08 percent. The assimilation of the two sorts of millet-meal porridge varied from 40.04 per cent to 43.81 per cent. The author does not consider liis experiments decisive, since the subjects were not used to this kind of food. Nos. 195, 196 were made by Atwater at the Physiological Institute, in Munich, in 1882-83, to compare the nutritive values of fish and meat. The subject was a medical student. In one period fish was consumed and in the other lean beef, the amount of dry matter being about the same in each case. In addition, some fat and a little salt or other condiment was consumed also. Beer, wine, and coffee Avere used as bever- ages. The food and feces were analyzed and the specific gravity, reaction, and nitrogen in the urine were determined. Tests were also made with a dog (see Nos. 2703, 2704, Table 28) under practically the same experimental conditions. The conclusion was reached that fish was as well digested and absorbed as lean meat, that is (as its composition would indicate), fish has practically the same nutritive value as lean meat. The value of fish as an inexpensive article of diet is discussed. Nos. 197-215 were made by Malakhovski in St. Petersburg in 1889. The object was to study the chemical composition and assimilation of potassium and sodium BREAD AND OTHER SINGLE FOOD MATERIALS. 45 albuminates. Four preparations of the- alkaline white of eggs are found in the mar- ket, (1) sodium albuminate powder, (2) potassium albuminate powder, (3) the same alkaline albuminates in alcohol, and (4) a powder resembling egg yolk. Their com- position was determined. It is important to note that the alkalinity of these preparations is considerably greater than that of the fresh egg albumen. For instance, that of potassium albu- minates is 0.269 per cent, while that of the white of an egg is 0.00523 per cent. Nineteen experiments are described, 4 of which lasted 2 days. The remaining 15 were of 3 days’ duration. The various preparations were given to the differeut sub- jects with a vegetable or mixed diet. Most of the subjects were convicts in prison. The nitrogen was determined by the Kjeldahl-Willfarth method, and the starch by the Faulenbach method. The author sums up his conclusions as follows: None of the subjects receiving the preparations felt well. As regards chemical composition the albuminates in alcohol resemble most nearly the normal albumen of hen’s eggs. An essential and marked defect of all the preparations under considera- tion is the high degree of alkalinity. The assimilation of vegetable food is increased but little under the influence of the albuminates. The sodium albuminate is some- what better assimilated than the potassium albuminate. The metabolism of nitro- gen increases strikingly and especially under the influence of the potassium powder. The preparations were not satisfactorily preserved. This was especially the case with the albuminates in alcohol and with the yolk-like preparations. A putrid odor indi- cated decomposition. From an hygienic standpoint none of those preparations are valuable. Nos. 216-230 were made by Kuznetsov in St. Petersburg in 1889. The object was to study the effect of feeding tata albumen. The preparations used were of two forms, a powder and a jelly. The former was either a potassium or sodium albumi- nate and the latter was preserved in 50 per cent alcohol. The author himself was the subject of 12 of the tests, and the subject of 3 tests was a midwife. The following conclusions were reached by the author: The alkaline albuminate powder was quite capable of replacing meat in supplying the organism with nitro- gen, provided equal amounts of nitrogen were introduced in each case. When nearly equal quantities of vegetable and animal proteids were introduced, 63 grams of the albumen powder was sufficient not only for maintaining a nitrogen equilibrium, but also for a gain of nitrogen in the organism. A like result was obtained by using a quantity of tata jelly equal to 31.5 grams of the dry albumen. The assimilation of the tata albumen was 1 per cent less, and that of the potassium albuminate 2.5 per cent less than that of meat. The assimilation of the sodium albuminate was only 1 per cent less than that of fresh meat. It was observed that the use of the album- inates did not cause digestive or general disorders, and the Aveight of the body increased as compared Avith the meat period. The muscular energy, which was measured by a dynamometer, was found to increase on the albumen diet. The preparations of tata albumen are tasteless, but with suitable flavoring, gravies, etc., are not at all disagreeable. Tata jelly is quite palatable. No. 231. This experiment was made by Prausnitz in the Munich laboratory in 1889( ?). The object was to study the digestibility of beans. The subject was a laboratory servant. The food consisted of white beans, which were soaked in water over night and cooked in salted water until soft. Some flour ATas browned in fat and this mixed with the beans, Avith the addition of a little vinegar and some ot the water in which the beans were cooked. Analyses were made of food, urine, and feces. The chief interest in this experiment attaches to the digestion of the nitro- gen. The amount undigested, 30.3 per cent, is much larger than in Rubner’s experiment with peas (Nos. 143, 144); but it must be remembered that the peas Avere eaten in the form of a mush, while the beans were, for the most part, whole. This might have a considerable influence on the digestibility. A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Nos. 232-236 were made by Hultgren and Landergren at the laboratory of the Caro- linian Medical-Surgical Institute in Stockholm in 1889. The object was to compare the digestibility of margarin and butter when consumed with rye bread. The experi- menters were themselves the subjects. The diet consisted of rye bread and margarin or butter. The bread was made with coarse or fine rye flour, water, and yeast, and was baked in a hard, thin cake. The composition of the margarin and of the bread, urine, and feces was determined. The separation of the feces was made with berries. The conclusion was reached that there was a difference in the digestibility of but- ter and margarin. On an average 4.57 per cent of the butter fat and 6.2 per cent of the margarin fat were not digested. The conclusion was also reached that the soluble carbohydrates in the coarse bread were entirely digested. Nos. 237-239. See Nos. 21-24, Table 1. Nos. 240, 241 were made by Solomin at the University of Breslau in 1896. The object was to investigate the digestibility of tripe. The subject was a laboratory servant. The food consisted of bread, butter, and flour with tripe or meat. The flour was used in frying the meat or tripe. The separation of the feces was made with milk. The food, urine, and feces were analyzed. The conclusion was reached that there was no marked difference in the digesti- bility of tripe and meat. EXPERIMENTS IN WHICH ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, KOUMISS, AND KEPHIR AVERE ADDED TO IKE DIET. In Table 4 are included 105 tests with man, in GG of which beer, wine, or other similar alcoholic beverages were added to the diet in varying amounts. In 39 tests koumiss or kephir was consumed, with or without other food. One of the principal objects sought in the experiments of the first group was to determine whether or not alcohol is a nutrient; in other words, whether by being consumed in the organism it serves as a protector of protein in the same way as fat or carbohydrates. The effect of alcohol upon the digestibility of fats and carbohydrates was also studied. Although the interest in problems of the sort mentioned is very wide- spread, the number of experiments is comparatively limited. Very many experiments of a different nature on the effects of alcohol have been made. A bibliography of the literature on the subject, with brief notes as to the character of the works cited, has been prepared by Dr. John S. Billings.1 In the experiments of the second group alcoholic beverages were studied which are unquestionably foods as well. Koumiss and kephir are made by fermenting mares’ or cows’ milk. In koumiss the fermenta- tion is produced bylactic acid and the characteristic ferments of alcohol and in kephir it is produced by a special organism, Saccharomyces kephiri. The process of manufacture is described by Munk and TTffel- mann.2 These beverages contain considerable protein, a portion of which is said to be partially digested by the process of manufacture. 1 Bibliography (preliminary) of the Literature on the Physiological and Patho- logical Effects of Alcohol and Alcoholic Drinks. Washington, 1894. 2Munk and Uffelmann, Ernahrung des Gesunden und Kranken Menschen, pp. 413-416. ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, KOUMISS, AND KEPHIR. 47 Serial number. Date of publica- tion. Observer. Subject. Food per day. Duration. Nitrogen. Remarks. Occupation. 6 tUD < Weight. *6 o <2 n H In urine. In feces. Gain (+) or loss (—). Yearn. Kg. Gm. 242 1860-61 Parkes and Wol- Man (F. 15.) 18 4 17.3 16.0 1.6 lowicz. 243 1860-61 do do 18 244 1870-71 28 10 17. 3 16.5 2.9 potatoes, salt, water. 245 1871-72 do 28 246 1871-72 Parkes Soldier 30 20 0 TlT 1 247 1871-72 do do 30 do 20 0 248 1871-72 do 30 249 1871-72 30 Oatmeal, milk, salt, brandy (=159.7 gm. 3 20.0 15.8 4.4 — 0.2 AY ork. alcohol). 250 1871-72 do do 30 1 20 0 15 0 No work. 251 1889 Mogilianski . .. Laborer (R.) 25 59 307 gm. meat, 839 gm. bread, 2,156 gm. water, 5 .28.2 22.2 2. 2 + 3.8 60 gm. alcohol. 252 1889 253 1889 do Student (35.) military 18 55 403 gm. meat, 403 "gm. bread, 860 gm. milk, 5 30! 7 24.7 2.2 + 1. 3 + 3.8 acliool. 5,740 gm. water, 60 gm. alcohol. 254 1889 18 55 30.3 22.1 1.7 2,112 gm. water."" 255 1889 do Laborer (T.) 18 63 507 gm. meat, 880 gm. bread, 2,156 gm. water, 5 29.7 23.4 1.6 + 4.7 80 gm. alcohol. 256 1889 do 18 64 257 1889 do Student (P.) 23 68 402 gm. meat, 389 gm. bread, 860 gm. milk, 5 31.3 20.6 1.5 + 9.2 2,156 gm. water, 80 gm. alcohol. 258 1889 do 23 68 349 gm. meat, 364 gm. bread, 544 gm. milk, 5 25.2 20.5 2.1 + 2.6 3,100 gm. water. 259 1889 do Student (M.) 26 64 300 gm. meat, 465 gm. bread, 1,000 gm. milk, 5 21.4 20.0 1.8 — 0.4 840gm. water, 300gm. jelly, 80 gm. alcohol, 30 gm. butter. 260 1889 do 26 64 300 gm. meat, 469 gm. bread, 1,000 gm. milk, 5 23.1 18.3 2.6 + 2.2 800 gm. water, 30 gm. butter, 300 gm. jelly. 261 1889 do Student (P. H.) 20 62 400 gm. meat, 485 gin. bread, 180 gm. milk, 6 28.2 21.8 1. 0 + 5.4 1,680 gm. water, 300 gm. bouillon. 262 1889 do do j 20 62 399 gm. meat, 525 gm. bread, 285 gm. milk, 6 30.6 19.0 0.9 +10.7 1,170 gm. water, 397 gm. bouillon, 100 gm. i alcohol. 263 1889 Student (V.) 23 59 315 gm. meat. 716 gm. bread, 450 gm. milk, 6 26.7 23.9 2.0 + 0.8 1 I 1,320 gm. water. Table 4.—Experiments in tvhich alcoholic beverages, koumiss, and kephir were added to the diet. 48 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. u © < 4^ ’3 ps O =2 d M 6 .5 d H oc eas (lday), 426 1887 778 gm. sago (1 day), 339 gm. bread. 42 58.8 1,498 cc. tea and water, 166 gm. sugar, 58 gm. blackberries (1 day), 466 gm. potatoes 13.0 11.8 2.3 — 1.1 Vegetable food. (1 day), 334 gm. beans, 870 gm. rice (1 day), 891 gm pearl barley (1 day), 384 gm. bread, 427 1887 student 24 66.1 36 gm. sunflower seed fat (1 day). 2,250 cc. tea and water, 199 gm. sugar, 530 3 24.9 27.0 0.7 -2.8 Animal food. 428 u tion. Observer. Occupation. Age. Weight. Food per day. Duration. In food. In urine. In feces. Gain (+) orloss (—). Remarks. 585 586 587 1894 Years. 24 Kg. 800 gm. white bread, 500 cc. milk, 300 gm. meat, 60 gm. sugar, 60 gm. butter, 2,160 cc. tea. 1,033 gm. black bread, 60 gm. sugar, 4,640 cc. tea. Days. 3 Gm. 26.0 13. S Gm. 20.5 13.0 21.1 Gm. 1.6 5.2 1. 7 Gm. + 3.9 — 4.7 + 3.9 — 3.7 + 4.6 + 3.1 3.1 1894 24 3 1894 24 3 26. 7 588 1894 24 1,000 gm. black bread, 60 gm. sugar, 2,640 cc. tea. 3 15. 5 15. 0 4. 2 589 1894 24 3 26.6 20. 3 1. 7 590 1894 24 800 gm. white bread, 1,000 cc. milk, 300 gm. meat, 60 gm. sugar, 70 gm. butter, 1,500 cc. tea. 1,200 gm. black bread, 60 gm. sugar, 2,600 cc. • tea. 3 29. 3 23. 9 2. 3 591 1894 24 3 18.3 16. 7 4. 7 592 1894 24 3 30.2 25.2 1 5 + 3.5 5.1 593 1894 24 933 gm. black bread, 60 gm. sugar, 1,500 cc. tea. 800 gm. white bread, 1,000 cc. milk, 293 gm. meat, 60 gm. sugar, 70 gm. butter, 1,500 cc. tea. 800 gm. white bread, 1,000 cc. milk, 300 gm. meat, 60 gm. sugar, 70 gm. butter, 2,250 cc. tea. 3 13. 7 14. 8 4. 0 594 1894 24 3 29. 8 23.6 1. 9 + 4.3 + 0.6 4.1 595 1894 24 3 29.3 25.6 3.1 596 1894 24 3 18. 3 16. 5 5.9 597 1894 24 3 30. 2 23.6 3.3 + 3.3 6. 9 598 1894 24 3 17.6 18. 0 6.5 599 1894 24 800 gm. white bread, 1,000 cc. milk, 293 gm. meat, 60 gm. sugar, 70 gm. butter, 2,250 cc. tea. 800 gm. white bread, 1,000 cc. milk, 300 gm. meat, 60 gm. sugar, 70 gm. butter, 2,250 cc. tea. 1,200 gm. black bread, 60 gm. sugar, 2,750 cc. tea. 3 29.8 23.7 2.4 3.7 — 1.7 600 1894 23 3 29. 3 27.4 3.6 601 1894 23 3 18.3 17.1 6. 6 5.4 602 1894 23 3 30.2 23.2 2.9 + 4.1 — 5.8 603 1894 23 1,200 gm. black bread, 60 gm. sugar, 3,000 cc. tea. 3 17.6 17.0 6.4 Table 8.—Experiments in tohich the subjects were fasting—Continued. FASTING. 91 604 1894 23 800 gm. white bread, 1,000 cc. milk, 293 gm. meat, 60 gm. sugar, 70 gm. butter, 2,250 cc. tea. 3 29.8 23.2 2.3 + 4.3 | 1 Nos. 539, 540. Arch. Psych., 15, p. 798, Table I. Nos. 541, 542. Ibid., Table II. No. 543. Trudi Russ. Obsh. Ochran. Narod. Zdravia, 12, p. 18. No. 544. Ibid., pp. 19, 23. No. 545. Ibid., p. 24. No. 546. Ibid., p. 25. No. 547. Ibid., pp. 26-28. No. 548. Ibid., p. 29. No. 549. Ibid., p. 31. Nos. 550, 551. Ibid., p. 32. Nos. 552-557. Proe. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, 16, p. 127. No. 558. Ztschr. klin. Med., 16, p. 604. Nos. 559, 560. Centbl. med. Wissenscli., 1889, p. 833. No. 561. Ztschr. Biol., 25, p. 275. No. 562. Jahrb. Thier. Chem., 19, p. 384. No. 563. Virchow’s Arch. path. Anat. u. Physiol., 131, Sup., p. 121. No. 564. Ibid., p. 67. Nos. 565-569. The influence of repeated periods of partial fasting on the nitrogen metabolism of healthy individuals. Inaug. Diss. (Russian), St. Petersburg, 1894, p. 52, Table 1. Nos. 570-574. Ibid., p. 54, Table 2. Nos. 575-579. Ibid., p. 56, Table 3. Nos. 580-584. Ibid., p. 58, Table 4. Nos. 585-589 Ibid., p,60,Table 5. Nos. 590-594. Ibid., p. 62, Table 6. Nos. 595-599. Ibid., p. 64, Table 7. Nos. 600-604. Ibid., p. 66, Table 8. 92 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Nos. 539-542 were made by Tuczek at the insane asylum in Marburg in 1883-84. The object was an investigation of the influence of fasting on metabolism. The subjects were two women. Both were suffering from some mental derangement and for a long time refused to take food. After the prolonged fast the subjects of their own accord took food. It consisted of soup, bread, meat, etc. The water and pro- tein in the food consumed were calculated from Bauer’s figures. The urea, phos- phoric acid, sulphuric acid, and chlorin in the urine were determined, and tests were made for albumen, sugar, indican, and acetone. The nitrogen in thefeees was calculated from Konig’s coefficients of digestibility of the various articles of food. The subject of No. 539 fasted for 22 days. She spent most of the time in bed. There were no feces for 17 days. The urine was free from albumen, sugar, and indi- can ; it, however, gave a reaction for acetone. The patient drank a little water, about 175 cubic centimeters per day. In No. 540, which immediately followed No. 539, the subject received at first a large quantity of liquid, over 2,000 cubic centimeters per day with the food, but only 400 cubic centimeters of urine was excreted per day. The long fast had evi- dently removed considerable water which is normally present in the body, and until this was made good the loss of liquid from the body was small. On the third day after the fast there was no acetone in the urine and on the fifth day indican was found. The subject of No. 541 fasted for 28 days. The experiment covered 16 days, not consecutive, between the eighth and twenty-eighth day of the fasting period. During this time the patient drank a little water, beer, and broth, and ate a little orange. Feces were produced normally. In No. 542 the subject took some food. The author gives many details of the conduct of the two subjects, and the exper- iments are discussed at some length from a medical standpoint. No conclusions were drawn. Nos. 543-551 were made by Sadovyen at St. Petersburg in 1888. The object was to study the metabolism of man when fasting. The subject was a man. Three experiments are described. In the first (Nos. 543-545) the subject took food on the first and last days and fasted on 2 days; in the second (Nos. 546-548) he fasted par- tially or completely for 4 days and took food on the last day; in the third (Nos. 549- 551) he consumed water, starch, and sugar, but no nitrogenous food. The nitrogen in the food, urine, and feces was determined by the Kjeldahl-Borodin method, the uric acid in the urine by Neubauer’s or Salkovsky’s method, and the phosphoric and hydrochloric acids in the urine by titrating with solutions of uranium nitrate and silver nitrate, respectively. The oxygen and hydrogen in the food were determined by elementary analyses. The respiratory quotient was determined by Pashutin’s method.1 Among the conclusions reached were the following: As fasting continued the daily loss in weight of the subject diminished. In general, observations with man cor- roborate the law observed with animals, that the intensity of metabolism is inversely proportional to the size of the organism. The outgo of nitrogen and uric acid diminished during fasting. This has been observed also with fasting animals, with this difference, however, that with man relatively less nitrogen is excreted and on the first days of fasting the outgo of nitro- gen decreases more gradually than in animals. Nos. 552-557 were made by Paton and Stockman in 1889 ( ? ). The object was an investigation of the influence of fasting on metabolism. The subject was a French professional faster named Jacques. He fasted 40 days. He consumed considerable mineral water and smoked during the whole period. He took small quantities of a powder of vegetable origin prepared by himself. He would not reveal its composi- tion. During the first half of the experiment he took daily walks. For the first few days feces were produced, then for 30 days none were excreted. A peculiarity of the experiment was that the subject drank considerable quantities of his own 1 Vrach, 7,1886, No. 18. FASTING. 93 urine. It is not stated that this fact is taken into account in computing the results. Drinking urine for stomach troubles is customary among the peasants of the region of which Jacques was a native. No. 558 was made by Klemperer in 1888 (?) to study the excretion of nitrogen during fasting. The subject was a patient in an insane asylum. For a long time he refused to take food. A little water was consumed. The nitrogen in the urine was determined. It is not stated that feces were excreted. The author discusses his experiment and other experiments with fasting men, and concludes that in long-continued fasting the usual nitrogen excretion is from 3 to 5 grams per day. This experiment formed part of an investigation of metabolism with subjects under various conditions. (See Nos. 370-375, Table 6.) Nos. 559, 560 were made by Munk in Berlin in 1888 (?). The object was a study of the influence of fasting on metabolism. The subject was a healthy young man. For 6 days no food was consumed. For 2 days preceding and 2 days following the fast- ing period the food was carefully weighed and analyzed. The urine and feces for the 2 days following the fasting period wefie also analyzed. It had been said by some critics that the value for the nitrogen excretion which Zuntz had found in the case of the professional faster Cetti (No. 563) was too high and was due partly to disease. The nitrogen excretion of the subject of this experiment was the same as in the case of Cetti. On the mixed diet followed for 2 days the organism gained a large amount of nitrogen. This fact was attributed to the abundance of fat and carbohydrates furnished with the protein. The nitrogen excretion was less on these days than during the period of fasting. The fact is pointed out that when the dietary contains little protein more calories of energy are required before nitrogen balance is reached than when there is an abundance of protein. No. 561 was made for purposes of comparison with a vegetarian diet. (See Nos. 8-10, Table 1.) No. 562 was made by Luciani. The subject was the professional faster Succi. The experiment is quoted by the compilers from a citation without details by Munk. The original publication1 was not accessible. In discussing metabolism during fasting von Noorden2 has quoted the experiment, giving some details. According to him the subject fasted 30 days. For 5 days before fasting on an average 16.2 grams of nitrogen was excreted in the urine. On the first 5 days of fasting the mean daily excretion was 12.9 grams. The excretion diminished until from the twenty-first to the twenty-fifth day the average was 4.7 grams, and from the twenty-sixth to the thirtieth day it was 5.3 grams. Nos. 563 and 564 were made by Lehmann, Muller, Munk, Senator, and Zuntz, in Berlin in 1887 and 1888. The object was to study the effect of prolonged fasting on the organism. The subjects were the professional fasters Cetti and Breithaupt. They were closely watched during the whole time of the experiments. Cetti fasted ten days. His weight decreased from 57 to 50 kilograms, or 11.14 per cent. For the first 5 days the loss of weight was rapid; on the sixth and seventh days there was only a slight loss, and on the last 3 days a considerable loss. Breithaupt fasted 6 days. His weight decreased from 60 to 56.45 kilograms, or 6.9 per cent. The loss was greatest on the third and fourth days. The subjects appeared thinner after fasting. Cetti’s pulse remained about the same, but Breit- haupt’s was slower than usual. Cetti suffered during the whole time with pains similar to colic, and Breithaupt from a cold in the head and some inflammation of the bowels. Feces were produced during the whole period, the average for Cetti being 22 grams per day and for Breithaupt 9.5 grams. In neither case Avas the loss of nitrogen 1 Das Hungern., Leipzig, 1890. Translated from the Italian. 2Pathologie des StoA'wechsels, Berlin, 1893, p. 153. 94 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. through the feces very large. The ether extract of the feces consisted of fat, fatty acids, and salts of fatty acids, besides a little cholestrin. The ash contained a very little magnesia, hut a large percentage of alkalies. In both cases the sulphur in the urine was determined. In the case of Cetti the phosphoric acid balance was also determined. Respiration experiments were made in which the respiratory quotient was deter- mined, but no figures were given for the balance of income and outgo of carbon. Nos. 565-604 were made by Gorokhov in St. Petersburg in 1894. The object was to determine the influence of repeated periods of partial fasting on nitrogen metabo- lism of healthy individuals. The subjects were 8 young men, physically well devel- oped. The experiments were divided into five periods, of 3 days each. In the first, third, and fifth periods the subjects consumed normal quantities of bread, milk, meat, and butter. The first period was regarded as preliminary. In the second and fourth periods a moderate amount of black bread was consumed. The last two are regarded as periods of partial fasting. Throughout the whole experiment weak tea, with some sugar, was taken as a beverage. The separation of the feces was made with blackberries. The nitrogen of the food, urine, and feces was determined by the Kjeldahl-Borodin method. The determina- tions were made in each portion of the food purchased and in the urine and feces daily. The ratio of neutral sulphur to acid sulphur in the urine was also determined. The neutral sulphur was estimated by taking the difference between the total sul- phur and sulphur of sulphuric acid. The sulphur was estimated by Salkowski’s method. From the ratio between neutral and acid sulphur inferences were drawn concerning the qualitative metabolism of protein. Further deductions were drawn from the amount of nitrogen of extractives, that is, the total nitrogen of the urine less the nitrogen of urea. The following conclusions were reached: During the periods of partial fasting the assimilation of nitrogen was less complete than during normal periods and the organ- ism lost nitrogen, i. e., some of its own tissue was metabolized. The amount of par- tially oxidized products in the urine increased. The quantity of urine decreased, although more water (tea) was consumed. The total quantity of dry matter of the feces increased. More nitrogen was lost during partial fasting than was gained during the following periods. The subjects gained in weight. In the periods following the periods of partial fasting the assimilation of nitrogen improved and the metabolism decreased. The quantity of incompletely oxidized products in the urine was less than during the periods of partial fasting, but greater than during the preliminary period. The subjects lost weight. In Table No. 9 are included 243 tests with men, 2 with women, and 8 with children, in which various drugs, including many commonly used in medicine, were given with a more or less normal diet. The influence of a drug on the excretion of nitrogen is regarded as one of the most valuable indications of its physiological effect, and in many experiments with drugs the nitrogen balance has been determined in this connection. For instance, if a drug causes an increased excretion of nitrogen in the urine the conclusion seems warranted that this is due to increased cleavage of protein. Many of the experiments with dogs have been made to study the general laws of nutrition. Thus laxatives have been employed to see whether increasing the amount of feces increases the excretion of nitrogen also. Similar experiments of a similar nature with diseased subjects are found in Tables 17 to 23, and with animals in Tables 29, 31, 34, and 30. EXPERIMENTS WITH DRUGS. DRUGS. 95 u © '.3 Subject. Nitrogen. a a 3 *c P P ' P H P M p H 5 O Years. Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Subject took 13 gta. sodi* 742 1890 75.5 200 gm. beef, 200 gm. ham, 1 egg, 34 gm. meat extract, 125 gm. butter, 350 gm. white 8 23.7 21.1 2.5 +0.1 um carbonate. bread, 120 gm. potato, 96 gm. sugar, 1, 435 cc. tea, 170 gm.jam, 100 cc. coffee, 250 gm. water (138.1 fat, 321.2 gm. carbohydrates). Supplementary period. 743 744 1890 1890 74.7 80.1 3 23.7 20.4 3.2 +0.1 33 187 gm. white bread, 388 gm. cutlet, 50 gm. sturgeon, 458 gm. bouillon, 1,476 gm. 6 20.4 18.4 1.7 +0.3 manna, 1.26? cc. water, 325 cc. wine. Subject took Essentuki 745 1890 33 80.0 162 gm. white bread, 84 gm. cutlet (1 day), 226 gm. sturgeon (3 days), 317gm. chicken 6 21.3 19.3 2.6 —0.6 mineral water No. 17. (2 days), 320 gm. roast beef, 282 gm. lamb (2 days), 367 gm. bouillon, 250 gm. manna (1 day), 1,133 cc. tea, 303 wine, 300 cc. mineral water. 746 1890 do do 33 79.5 153 gm.white bread, 531 gm. cutlet (2 days), 6 20.7 18.2 2.3 +0.2 292 gm. chicken (2 days), 223 gm. lamb (2 days), 119 gm. beef tea (1 day), li'2 gm. cheese (1 day), 266 gm. cabbage (1 day), 400 cc. bouillon, 268 gm. manna, 1,167 cc. f tea, 282 cc. wine. 16.9 747 1890 do Physician (M.) 29 72.6 146 gm. white bread, 358 gm. cutlet, 116 gm. 6 18.7 1.0 +0.8 sturgeon (3 days),567gm. bouillon, 283 gm. manna (2 days), 1,233 cc.water, 325 cc. wine. Do. 748 1890 29 71.7 91 gm. white bread, 177 gm. cutlet (1 day), 213 gm. sturgeon (3 days), 279 gm. chicken 6 19.0 17.9 1.1 0.0 17.3 +0.2 (2 days), 387 gm. roast beef (2 days), 168 gm. lamb (2 days), 400 gm. bouillon, 280 gm. manna (1 day), 1,300 cc. tea, 347 cc. wine, 300 cc. mineral water. 103 gm. white bread, 543 gm. cutlet (2 days), 334 gm. chicken (3 days), 61 gm. lamb (1 749 1890 29 71.7 6 18.4 0.9 17.2 0.6 +0.7 day), 184 gm. beefsteak (1 day), 151 gm. cheese (1 day), 187 gm. cabbage (1 day), 400 gm. bouillon, 228 gm. manna (1 day), 1,467 cc. tea, 370 cc. wine. 750 1890 do Physician (A.) 36 56.9 163 gm. white bread, 359 gm. cutlet, 91 gm. 6 18.5 sturgeon (3 days), 400gm. bouillon,219 gm. manna (2 days), 1,333 cc. tea, 317 cc.wine. Table 9.—Experiments with drugs—Continued. DRUGS. 105 751 1890 36 55.9 6 19.7 18.8 0.8 +0.1 Do. 181 gm. sturgeon (2 days), 220 gm. chickVn (2 (lays), 411 gm. roast beef (2 (lays), 237 gm. lamb (3 days), 400cc. bouillon, 245 gm. manna (1 day), 1,250 cc. tea, 287 cc. wine, 300 cc. mineral water. 752 1890 do do 36 56.7 92 gm. white bread, 511 gm. cutlet (2 days), 6 20.4 19.1 0.9 +0.4 360 gm, chicken (3 days), 175 gm. lamb (2 days), 122 gm. cheese (1 day), 112 gm. beef- steak (1 day), 252 gm. cabbage (1 day), 400 gm. bouillon, 232 gm. manna (1 day), 1,300 cc. tea, 282 cc. wine. 753 1890 do Janitor (N.) 22 69.0 359 gm. white bread, 317 gm. cutlet, 170 gm. 6 20.0 18.3 1.1 +0.6 sturgeon (1 day), 500 gm. bouillon, 52 gm. blueberries, 1,000 cc. tea, 533 cc. water. 754 1890 do do 22 68.0 404 gm. white bread, 191 gm. sturgeon (2 6 21.4 20.4 1.6 —0.6 Do. days), 244 gm. chicken (2 days), 268 gm. roast heel (2 (lay’s), 187 gm. lamb (2 days), 500 gm. bouillon, 64 gm. blueberries (i day’), 1,067 cc. tea, 500 cc. water, 300 cc. mineral water. 755 1890 22 68. 0 6 23.0 22.3 1.4 —0.7 238 gm. chicken (3 days), 173 gm. lamb (2 days), 141 gm. beefsteak (1 day), 64 gm. cheese (1 day), 567 cc. water. 756 1890 Kotlyar Medical student (U.) 23 65 600 gm. white bread, 300 gm. meat, 1,200 cc. 5 24.7 20.8 0.9 +3.0 milk, 60 gm. butter, 200 gm. bouillon, 1,200 gm. tea, 60 gm. sugar. 757 1890 23 65 5 25.7 22.0 0.8 +2.9 grains orexini muri- atici. 758 1890 23 66 5 26.4 21.8 1 3 759 1890 do Nurse (Ya.) 19 60 400 gm. white bread, 200 gm. meat, 800 cc. 5 16.6 15.8 1.0 —0.2 milk, 60 gm. butter, 200 gm. bouillon, 1,400 gm. tea, 60 gm. sugar. 760 1890 19 60 5 17.8 14. 8 0.8 +2.2 Do. milk, 60 gm. butter, 200 gm. bouillon, 1,400 gm. tea, 60 gm. sugar. 761 1890 19 60 5 18.1 16.3 1 1 -f 0. 7 762 1890 do Medical student(M.) 24 69 400 gm. white bread, 250 gm. meat, 50 gm. 5 22.2 13.9 2.0 +6.3 butter, l,000cc. milk, 1,200 gm. tea, 100gm. sugar, 5 gm. salt. 763 1890 24 69 5 25.3 14.3 1.4 +9.6 butter, 1,000 cc. milk, 1,200 gm.tea, 100 gm. orexini muriatici. sugar, 5 gm. salt. 764 1890 do Laborer (P.) 32 58 400 gm. white bread. 175 gm. meat, 29 gm. 4 17.6 14.2 2.2 +1.2 butter, 729 cc. milk, 800 gm. tea, 50 gm. sugar, 5 gm. salt. 765 1890 do do 32 57 438 gm. white bread, 138 gm. meat, 29 gm. 4 17.2 15.8 1.2 +0.2 Catarrh of the stomach. butter, 456 cc. milk, 950 gm. tea, 50 gm. sugar, 5 gm. salt. 106 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. u © c8 3 Subject. Nitrogen. I p *3 V © cc Date of pu tion. Observer. Occupation. Age. 'Weight. Pood per day. Duration. In food. In urine. In feces. +1 w DO .2 o p t; 0 © Remarks. Years. Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 766 1890 Kotlyar Laborer (P.) 32 57 451 gm. white bread, 150 gm. meat, 39 gm. butter, 375 cc. milk, 1,150 gm. tea, 63 gm. sugar, 5 gm. salt. 4 18.3 13.8 3.2 + 1-3 Catarrh of the stomach. Subject took 5 grains orexini muriatici. 767 1890 do Peasant (M.) 57 55 382 gm. white bread, 25 gm. butter, 541 cc. milk, 1,200 gm. tea, 74 gm. sugar. 4 10.8 10.6 0.5 — 0.3 Cancer pyroli. 768 1890 do 57 55 372 gm. white bread, 40 gm. butter, 356 cc. milk, 1,500 gm. tea, 84 gm. sugar. 4 10.7 10.4 0.3 0.0 Cancer pyroli. Subject took 5 grains orexini muriatici. 769 1890 do Peasant (M.) 27 67 401 gm. white bread, 200 gm. meat, 28 gm. butter, 500 cc. milk (2 days), 1,400 gm. tea, 75 gm. sugar, 8 gm. salt. 4 17.3 17.3 1.2 — 1.2 Catarrh of the stomach. 770 1890 27 67 508 gm. white bread, 200 gm. meat, 43 gm. butter, 438 cc. milk, 1,350 gm. tea, 71 gm. sugar, 8 gm. salt. 4 21.1 16.3 1.6 + 3.2 Catarrh of the stomach. Subject took 5 grains orexini muriatici. 771 1890 do Peasant (Ya.) 45 54 304 gm. white bread, 200 gm. meat, 48 gm. butter, 500 cc. milk, 850 gm. tea, 28 gm. sugar, 5 gm. salt. 4 16.7 14.3 0.2 + 2.2 Catarrh of the stomach and incipient chronic pneumonia. 772 1890 do do 45 55 400 gm. white bread, 200 gm. meat, 50 gm. butter, 500 cc. milk, 1,200 gm. tea, 38 gm. sugar, 5 gm. salt. 4 19.1 15.0 0.4 + 3.7 Catarrh of the stomach and incipient chronic pneumonia. Subject took 5 grains orexini muriatici. 773 1890 Savatski Hospital servant (A.). do 23 65 370 gm. meat, 501 gm. bread, 1,040 gm. milk, 76 gm. butter, 1,800 gm. tea or water. 5 24.8 22.0 3.2 — 0.4 774 1890 do 23 65 395 gm. meat, 509 gm. bread, 1,020 gm. milk, 73 gm. butter, 1,964 gm. tea or water. 370 gm. meat, 483 gm. bread, 1,080 gm.milk, 70 gm. butter, 1,528 gm. tea or water. 5 27.5 22.2 2.0 + 3.3 Subject took 0.2 gm. sac- charin. 775 1890 do Student (Ya.) 20 66 5 24.0 27.2 1.0 — 4.2 776 1890 do do 20 66 392 gm. meat, 507 gm.bread, 1,060 gm.milk, 68 gm. butter, 1,472 gm. tea or water. 5 27.2 26.7 0.9 — 0.4 Do. 777 1890 do Servant (Z.) 23 61 392 gm. meat, 500 gm. bread, 500 gm. milk, 63 gm. butter, 2,020 gm. tea or water. 5 23.8 19.0 2.1 + 2.7 778 1890 do do 23 61 386 gm. meat, 500 gm. bread, 500 gm. milk, 70 gm. butter, 2,040 gm. tea or water. 5 28.4 22.0 1.8 + 4.6 Subject took 0.4 gm. sac- charin. 779 1890 do Hospital servant (S.) 21 60 392 gm. meat, 501 gm. bread, 1,000 gm. milk, 70 gm. butter, 1,500 gm. tea or water. 386 gm. meat, 500 gm. bread, 1,000 gm.milk, 70 gm. butter, 1,540 gm. tea or water. 5 26.9 21.6 2.1 + 3.2 780 1890 do do 21 60 5 31.7 22.5 2.1 + 7.1 Do. . Table 9.—Experiments with drugs—Continued. DRUGS. 107 781 782 783 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 do do and Physician (Ch.) 32 32 67 67 66 392 gm. meat, 229 gm. bread, 714 gm. milk, 40 gm. butter, 1,890 gm. tea or water. 389 gm. meat, 310 gm. bread, 470 gm. milk, 42 gm. butter, 2,000 gm. tea or water. 312 gm. beef, 368 gm. potato, 227 gm. wheat bread, 149 gm. boiled rice, 35 gm. butter, 25 gm. sugar, 6 gm. salt, 1,200 gm. water. 5 5 14 20.8 24.0 (18.5) 19.0 19.9 17.0 1.8 1.0 (1.5) 0.0 + 3.1 0.0 Do. 781 785 W askburn. 5 (18.5) (18.5) (18.5) 16.0 (1.5) + 1.0 — 1.3 Subject took 5 to 22 grains of uretban. 7 18.3 (1.5) 786 3 17.5 (1.5) — 0.5 Subject took 20 to 39 grains of uretban. 787 5 (18.5) 19.7 (1.5) — 2.7 788 1890 and 77 368 gm. beef, 340 gm. potato, 227 gm. wheat bread, 163 gm. oatmeal, 28 gm. sugar, 42 gm. butter, 120 gm. milk, 1,040 gm. water. 11 (22.1) 19.7 (1.5) + 0.9 789 1890 1890 1890 Adams. 5 (22.1) (22.1) (22.1) (22.1) 1.0 18.1 (1.5) (1.5) (1.5) + 1.5 Subject took 30 to 54 grains of antipyrin. 790 7 19.8 + 0.8 + 1.3 791 5 19.3 Subject took 40 to 60 792 1890 1891 1891 5 20.8 (1.5) — 0.2 grains of antipyrin. 793 Badt 40 840 cc. “Bolle’s Modified Milk” (4.6 gm. nitrogen, 26.9 gm. fat, 37.8 gm. carbohy- drates) . 650 cc. “Bolle’s Modified Milk,” 9 Zwie- back, 200 cc. bouillon (1 day), (4 gm. nitro- gen, 21 gm. fat, 35.6 carbohydrates). 5 16.5 0.2 —15. 7 Subj ecttookph osphorus; vomited 11 gm. fat, 18.2 gm. carbohydrates, 3.6 gm. nitrogen (not in- cluded in nitrogen con- sumed). Subj ect took phosphorus; vomited 19 gm fat, 32 gm. carbohydrates, 0.6 gm. nitrogen (not in- cluded in nitrogen con- sumed) . Subject took Levico ar- senic-iron water. Do. 794 40 5 3.4 17.0 0.9 —14.5 795 1892 1892 1892 1892 1892 1893 21 6 3.5 5.9 0.3 — 2.7 796 21 14 11.1 5.9 0.7 + 4.5 797 21 3 7.3 4.5 0.5 + 1.3 + 2.9 First 3 days of No. 796. Last day of No. 796. Subject took Levico ar- senic-iron water. 798 21 1 16.7 13.4 0.4 799 21 8 16.6 10.5 1.4 + 4.7 800 4 25.5 20.6 1.5 + 3.4 nitski. 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 4 26.0 22.4 2.4 + 1.2 Subject took 0.3 gm. po- tassium iodid twice a day. 4 24.7 21.2 1.8 + 1.7 + 1.9 + 1.6 4 25.5 21.8 1.8 4 26.0 22.5 1.9 Do. 4 24.7 21.2 1.8 + 1-7 4 25.5 19.9 1.1 4 26.0 20. 9 1.8 + 3.3 Do. 4 24.7 20.1 1. 2 + 3.4 Hospital servant... do 4 23.4 20.7 1.2 + 1.5 108 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS, u © 3 Subject. Nitrogen. 0 p p rcS s 02 Date of pn cation. Observer. Occupation. Age. “Weight. Food per day. Duration. In food. 6 p *0 P P H In feces. Gain (+) or loss (—). Remarks. 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 Volkov and Stad- nitski. Years. Kg. Days. 4 Gm. 22.2 Gm. 22.3 Gm. 1.7 Gm. —1.8 Subject took 0.3 gm. po- tassium iodid twice a day. 4 23.5 21.3 1.0 +1.2 4 23.4 22.7 1.5 —0.8 4 22.2 23.1 2.1 —3.0 Do. 4 23.5 20.6 1.7 + 1 2 4 23.4 22.5 1.1 —0.2 4 22.2 22.6 1.8 —2.2 Do. 4 23.5 22.4 1.6 —0.5 104.4 gm. protein, 79.3 gm. fat, 354 gm. car- bohydrates, 2,700 gm. water. 2 16.7 13.8 0.8 + 2.1 3 18.0 15.9 1.8 +0.3 Subject took 4 gm. pipi- rizin. 63.4 200-300 gm. meat, 600-700 gm. bread, 50-100 gm. butter, 600-800 cc. milk, 50-100 gm. sugar, 1,000-2,000 cc. tea. 4 20.5 19.3 1.3 —0.1 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 63.8 4 20.5 18.7 1.9 -0.1 Subject took 20 gm. so- 63. 4 4 22.6 20.0 1.8 +0.8 dium carbonate. 61.4 4 24.1 17.3 0.8 +6.0 62. 3 4 22.1 18.5 1.2 + 2.4 Do. 61.8 4 23.6 20.8 1.0 + 1.8 60.9 61. 2 4 23.9 16.8 0.9 +6.2 4 22.1 18.0 1.3 + 2.8 Do. 60.8 4 23.8 21.5 1.2 + 1.1 76.0 76.5 4 23.7 21.6 1.5 +0.6 4 23.0 21.8 1.8 —0.6 Do. 70.1 4 23.7 20.5 1.6 +1.6 70. 0 4 23.0 19.5 1.3 + 2.2 Do. 60. 9 4 20.5 17.5 2.4 +0.6 61. 2 4 20.9 18.6 2.2 + 0.1 Do. 59. 5 4 20.5 19.2 2.1 —0.8 62.1 4 21.8 18.9 1.8 +1.1 61. 8 4 22.8 20.0 1.9 +0.9 Do. 62.6 do 4 21.9 19.8 2.0 +0.1 59.0 4 26.2 23.1 2.0 + 1.1 59.8 4 25.8 21.5 2.5 + 1.8 Do. Man (XT) 77. 2 4 25.4 22.7 1.7 +1.0 77.7 do 4 24.8 20.5 2.0 +2.3 Do. Table 9.—Experiments with drugs—Continued. DRUGS. 109 843 844 1893 1893 do Man (VIII) 66.3 66.4 do 4 4 18.5 17.5 16.1 15.1 1.4 1. 4 +1.0 +1.0 + 1.3 0.0 Do. 845 1893 61. 2 4 18.1 1. 3 846 1893 62.0 4 17.5 16.2 1. 3 Do. 847 1893 59.0 4 26.2 23.1 2.0 +1.1 +2.1 + 1.0 +0.8 —0. 2 848 1893 59. 2 4 27.6 23. 3 2.2 Subject took 40 gm. so- dium citrate. 849 1893 77. 2 4 25.4 22.7 1.7 850 1893 77.1 4 25.9 22.2 2. 9 Do. 851 1894 250 gm. meat, 60 gm. sausage, 275 gm. bread. 120 gm. butter, 40 gm. potato, 30 gm. sugar, 750 cc. beer (93.2 gm. protein, 125.6gm. fat, 270.5 gm. carbohydrates, 2,659 calories). 2 14.9 14.1 1.0 852 1894 2 14.9 12.8 1.7 +0.4 +0.9 0.3 Subject took 4.6 gm. icbtbyol-ammonium. 853 1894 4 14.9 12.7 1.3 854 1894 250 gm. meat, 50 gm. sausage, 40 gm. Edam cheese, 250 gm. bread, 50 gm. rice. 120 gm. butter, 30 gm. sugar, 500 cc. beer (99.2 gm. protein, 132.6 gm. fat, 263.8 gm. carbo- hydrates, 2,722 calories). 4 15.9 14.9 1, 3 855 1894 4 15.9 14.6 1.1 +0.2 —0.2 Subject took 4.2 gm. icntkyol-ammonium. 856 1894 3 15.9 14.7 1.4 857 1894 3 15.9 14.4 1.2 +0.3 Nos. 605, 606. Deut. med. "Wochenschr., 1881, p. 147. Nos. 607-613. Pfliiger’s Arch. Physiol., 23, p. 497. Nos. 614-616. Ztschr. Biol., 19, p. 305. Nos. 617,618. Arch. Hyg., 2, pp. 91-99. Nos. 619-621. Studies from the Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry of Yale College, 1884-85, pp. 152-155. Nos. 622-625. Ibid., pp. 160,161. Nos. 626, 627, Ibid., p. 162. No. 628. Ibid., p. 168. Nos. 629, 630. Ibid., p. 169. Nos. 631, 632. The influence of antipyrin on the metabolism and assimilation of nitrogen in fever patients and healthy persons. Inaug. Diss. (Russian), St. Petersburg, 1886, Table 1. Nos. 633, 634. Ibid,, Table 2. Nos. 635, 636. Ibid., Table 3. Nos. 637, 638. Ibid., Table 4. Nos. 639, 640. Ibid., Table 5. Nos. 641,642. Ibid., Table 6. Nos. 643, 644. Ibid., Table 7. Nos. 645, 646. Ibid., Table 8. Nos. 647, 648. Ibid., Table 9. • Nos. 649-660. The influence of smoking upon man. Vrach, 8, pp. 45,46. Nos. 661-669. Influence of lithium carbonate on the meta- bolism of nitrogen in healthy man. Inaug. Diss. (Russian), St. Petersburg, 1888, pp. 23, 24. No. 670. Ueber die Stickstoff und Harnsaureausscheidung bei Zufubr von kohlensaurem resp. citronsaurem Natron. Inaug. Diss., Dorpat, 1889, pp. 12, 13. No. 671. Ibid., pp. 12-15. No. 672. Ibid., pp. 12,17. No. 673. Ibid., pp. 12,19. Nos. 674, 675. Ibid., pp. 12,21. No. 676. Ibid.,pp. 12,23. No. 677. Ibid., pp. 12,26. Nos. 678,679. Ueber den Einfluss des kohlen- sauren resp. citronsauren Natrons auf den Stoffwechsel speciell auf die Stickstoffausscheidung. Inaug. Diss., Dorpat, 1889, pp. 29. 33. No. 680. Ibid., pp. 29, 37. No. 681. Ibid., p. 43. No. 682. Ibid., p. 51. No. 683. Ibid., p. 54. No. 684. Ibid., p. 57. Nos. 685-687. Influence of the internal use of cod-liver oil on the metabolism of nitrogen by children. Inaug. Diss. (Russian), St. Petersburg, 1889, Table 1, p. 38. Nos. 688-690. Ibid., Table 2, p. 40. Nos. 691-693. Ibid., Table 3, p. 42. Nos. 694-696. Ibid., Table 4, p. 44. Nos. 697-699. Ibid., Table 5, p. 46 Nos. 700-702. Ibid., Table6, p. 48. Nos. 703-705. Ibid., Table 7, p. 50. Nos. 706, 707. Ibid., Table 8, p. 52. Nos. 708-710. On feeding patients with alkaline albuminates of eggs (artificial tata albumen). Inaug. Diss. (Russian), St. Petersburg, 1889, Table 14. Nos. 711-713. Ibid., Table 15. Nos. 714-716. Ibid., Table 16. Nos. 717-719. Ibid., Table 17. Nos. 720-722. Ibid., Table 18. Nos. 723-725. Ibid., Table 19, p. 47. Nos. 726-728. Ibid., Table 20. Nos. 729-731. Ibid., Table 21. Nos. 732,733. Ibid., Table 22. Nos. 734-739. Ibid., Table 23. No. 740. Experimentelle Untersuchungen fiber den Einfluss des Kohlensauren Natron auf den menschlichen Stoffwechsel. Inaug. Diss. Dorpat, 1890, pp. 27, 30. No. 741. Ibid., pp. 14, 33,34. No. 742. Ibid., pp. 14, 37, 39. No. 743. Ibid., pp. 14, 43. Nos. 744-747. The influence of Essentuki mineral water No. 17 on the assimilation and metabolism of nitrogen. Inaug. Diss. (Russian), St. Petersburg, 1890, Table 1. Nos. 748, 749. Ibid., Table 2. Nos. 750-752. Ibid., Table 3. Nos. 753-755. Ibid., Table 4. Nos. 756-758. The influence of orexin on the anpetite, and on the metabolism and assimilation of nitrogen. Inaug. Diss. (Russian), St. Petersburg, 1890, Table 1. Nos. 759-761. Ibid., Table2. Nos.762,763. Ibid., Table 3. Nos.764-766. Ibid., Table4. Nos.767, 768. Ibid.,Table 5. Nos. 769, 770. Ibid., Table 6. Nos. 771, 772. Ibid., Table 7. Nos. 773,774. The influence of Eahlberg’s saccharin on the metabolism and assimilation of nitrogen by healthy persons. Inaug. Diss. (Russian), St. Petersburg, 1890, p. 37. Nos. 775, 776. Ibid., p. 38. Nos. 777, 778. Ibid., p. 39. Nos. 779, 780. Ibid., p. 40. Nos. 781,782. Ibid., p. 41. Nos. 783-787. Trans. Connecticut Acad. Art and Sci., vol. 8, Pt. I, 1890, pp. 41, 42. Nos. 788-792. Ibid., pp. 50-52. Nos. 793, 794. Kritische und kliniscbe Beitrage zur Lehre vom Stoffwechsel bei Pliosphorvergiftung. Inaug. Diss. Berlin, 1891, pp. 28, 31. Nos. 795-797. Berl. klin. Wochen- scbr., 1892, pp. 456-486. Nos. 798, 799. Ibid., p. 488. Nos. 800-817. Yrach, 14, p. 295. Nos. 818, 819. Beitrage zur Lehre vom Stoffwechsel des gesunden und kranken Menscben, pt. 2, p. 117. Nos. 820-850. Ztschr. klin. Med., 22, p. 52. Nos. 851-857. Virchow’s Arch., 135, pp. 135,138-140. 110 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Nos. 605,606 were made by Hofler in 1881 (?). The object was to investigate the influence of Krankenheiler mineral water upon metabolism. The subject was a healthy young man. The food consisted of a simple mixed diet. The experiment was divided into two periods, and in the second Krankenheiler mineral water and Krankenheiler salts were taken with the food. This mineral water contains in 750 cubic centimeters 1.45 grams of sodium chlorid, 1.15 grams of sodium carbonate, and 0.15 gram of sodium sulphate. The nitrogen in the food was determined. The specific gravity, urea, sodium chlorid, and phosphoric and sulphuric acids in the urine were determined, and the nitrogen in the feces was assumed by the author from Renke’s figures. The conclusion was reached that the Krankenheiler mineral water increased the appetite and the amount of urine and also the metabolism of protein, as was shown by the increased amount of urea, uric acid, sodium chlorid, and phosphoric acid excreted. Nos. 607-613. See Nos. 872-887, Table 10. Nos. 614-616 were made by Schulze in the laboratory of the Department of Physi- ological Chemistry of the University of Breslau in 1882 (?). The object was to inves- tigate the influence of potassium bromid on metabolism. The investigator himself was the subject. The diet consisted of bread, meat, butter, cocoa, etc. On three days potassium bromid was taken in 10-gram doses. The food, urine, and feces were analyzed. It was found that potassium bromid had no influence on the temperature of the body. The conclusion was reached that it produced a marked diminution of the nerve power and of the amount of matter metabolized by the nervous system. This conclusion was based on the fact that potassium bromid diminishes the excre- tion of phosphorus in the urine. If less metabolized phosphorus was excreted it was thought to be because the nerve centers had been less active than usual. Nos. 617, 618 were made by Forster at the University of Amsterdam in 1882 in con- nection with a study of boric acid as a food preservative. The subject was a healthy physician. The test was divided into three periods. The food consisted of a simple mixed diet. In the second period 3 grams of boric acid was taken daily. The feces were separated by means of milk and eggs. The food, urine, and feces were analyzed. The conclusion was reached that boric acid had no influence on the metabolism of protein. It, however, diminished somewhat the absorption of nutrients in the intestines. Its extended use as a food preservative is not recommended. Nos. 619-621 were made by Chittenden and Cuthbert at the Laboratory of Physio- logical Chemistry at Yale College in 1884. The object was to study the influence of potassium and ammonium bromids on metabolism. The subject was one of the investigators (Cuthbert). He was of good physique and vigorous constitution. The food consisted of beef, bread, potatoes, oatmeal, etc. The periods with potas- sium or ammonium bromid were preceded and followed by normal periods. The reaction, specific gravity, total solids, phosphoric acid, phosphoric acid in combina- tion with calcium and magnesium, and the uric acid and urea in the urine were determined. The nitrogen in the urine was calculated by the compilers from the uric acid and urea. The nitrogen of the feces was assumed by the compilers from experiment No. 83, Table 2, in which the diet was similar. The composition of the food was calculated by the compilers from standard tables.1 The following conclusions were reached : Potassium bromid increased the metab- olism of nitrogen and slightly diminished the excretion of phosphoric acid. Ammo- nium bromid increased the metabolism of protein more than potassium bromid, while the phosphoric acid excretion remained practically unchanged. professor Chittenden has stated to the compilers that the composition of the food used in these and other experiments made by him was determined, although it was not published. The laboratory books containing these data have been mislaid, and the original data could not be obtained for publication in this compilation. DRUGS. Ill Nos. 622-630 were made by Chittenden and Whitehouse at the Laboratory of Physi- ological Chemistry at Yale College in 1884. The object was to study the influence of cinchonidin sulphate on metabolism. The subject was one of the investigators (Whitehouse). The food consisted of beef, bread, potatoes, oatmeal, etc. Periods in which cinchonidin sulphate was given were preceded and followed by periods of normal diet. The reaction, specific gravity, total solids, chlorin, phosphoric acid, uric acid, and urea in the urine were determined. The nitrogen in the urea was calculated by the compilers from the urea and uric acid. The nitrogen of the food was calculated by the compilers from standard tables, and that in the feces was supplied from experiment No. 83, Table 2, in which the diet was similar. The conclusions were reached that cinchonidin sulphate diminished the excretion of urea, and the effect was noticed for some days after the last dose of the alkaloid was taken. The excretion of uric acid did not appear to be correspondingly increased. The excretion of phosphoric acid was diminished. An experiment was made in which glucose was added to the normal diet, in order to determine whether the diminished excretion of phosphoric acid was due to some specific influence of the cinchonidin sulphate or to the general decrease of metabo- lism of protein. If the diminished excretion of phosphoric acid was due to the latter cause, it might be expected to take place also when the amount of carbo- hydrates in the diet was increased. It was found that under the influence of glucose the average amount of urea excreted was diminished 10 per cent and phosphoric acid 8.34 per cent, while with cinchonidin sulphate the average decrease in the excretion of urea was 8.8 per cent and of phosphoric acid 11.9 per cent. “Conse- quently, it would appear that while cinchonidin lowers the rate of decomposition of proteid matter in the body, it also has an effect upon the decomposition of some phosphorized principles, that being the only plausible explanation of the increased diminution of phosphoric acid noticed under the influence of the cinchonidin salt.” Nos. 631-648 were made by Walter in St. Petersburg in 1886. The object was to study the influence of antipyrin on the metabolism and assimilation of nitrogen in fever patients and healthy persons. Nine experiments are described. The sub- jects in Nos. 631-644 were suffering from various diseases and in Nos. 645-648 they were healthy. Each experiment was divided in two periods, one without anti- pyrin and one with antipyrin. The diseased subjects received no food except milk. They drank water and a beverage made from red bilberries (Vaccinium vitis-idwa), and took from 5 to 7.5 grams of antipyrin per day during the second period. The healthy subjects consumed milk, bread, bouillon, and roast beef, and took 3 grams of anti- pyrin per day during the second period. The nitrogen of the food, urine, and feces was determined by the Kjeldahl-Borodin method. The author sums up his results as follows: Under the influence of antipyrin the metabolism of protein decreased in all the subjects, and the assimilation of protein improved in the cases of fever subjects and was not affected in the healthy subjects. Nos. 649-660. Gramatchikov and Ossendovski made in St. Petersburg in 1887 an extended study of the influence of [cigarette] smoking on the organism of man. The influence of [cigarette] smoking on the metabolism and assimilation of nitrogen formed a part of this investigation. A number of experiments of 10 days’ duration were made, divided into two periods of 5 days each and preceded by a preliminary period of 5 days under the same dietary conditions. None of the subjects smoked during this period. The subjects were healthy men except B., who was troubled slightly with rheumatism. O. had never before smoked, B. was a moderate smoker, and the others were in the habit of smok- ing a large number of cigarettes daily. In all the experiments except Nos. 651-654 the subjects smoked during the second period, but did not smoke during the first period. In these two experiments the conditions were reversed. The number of cigarettes smoked per day was left to the inclination of the subjects. The food consisted of a mixed diet, varying somewhat in quantity for the different subjects. The nitrogen of the food, urine, and feces was determined by the Kjeldahl-Borodin method. 112 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. The authors draw the following conclusions: Smoking [cigarettes] lowers the ratio of tho nitrogen of the urine to that assimilated, i. e., lowers the metabolism, this decrease being especially marked in the case of nonsmokers making their first attempts at smoking. Smoking [cigarettes] also lowers the assimilation of the nitrogenous constituents of the food. No conclusions can be drawn on the basis of these experiments as to the influence of smoking [cigarettes] on the weight of the body. Nos. 661-669 were made by Gorsky in St. Petersburg in 1888. The object was to study the influence of lithium carbonate on the metabolism of nitrogen in healthy persons. The subjects were 3 men. Each experiment continued 24 days, and was divided into three periods, the first and third of 7 and the second of 10 days’ duration. During the first and third periods the subjects were under normal conditions. During the second period each subject received lithium carbonate in gradually increasing amounts, the dose on the first day being 2 grains and on the tenth day 8 grains. Water charged with carbonic dioxid was given as the best solvent for lithium, and 250 cubic centimeters were consumed daily. Lithium carbonate dissolved in carbon- ated water irritates the gastro-intestinal canal less than any other preparation. The subjects were perfectly healthy prisoners confined in the St. Petersburg House of Detention. The food consisted of white bread, roasted meat, and beef tea. As a beverage each subject received 2,250 cubic centimeters of weak tea. Tho nitrogen of the food, urine, and feces was determined by the Kjeldahl-Borodin method. Urea was determined by Borodin’s method and uric acid by Haycraft’s method. The results of all 3 experiments are concordant, and lead to the following con- clusions : The metabolism of nitrogen and the quantity of urea and uric acid were considerably increased under the influence of lithium carbonate. The increase of urea was still greater after the period when lithium was taken, while the quantity of uric acid was less. Nos. 670-677 were made by Klemptner at the University of Dorpat in 1889. The object was to study the influence of sodium carbonate and sodium citrate upon the excretion of nitrogen and uric acid. The subject was a physician. The food consisted of a simple mixed diet. In several tests sodium carbonate or sodium citrate and saccharin were taken in soda water with the food. The composition of the food was calculated from Konig’s tables. The nitrogen in the urine was deter- mined by the Liebig-Pfliiger method and by the Kjeldahl method. The uric acid was also determined. The nitrogen in the feces was calculated from Kubner’s figures. The following conclusions were reached: Even small doses of sodium carbonate and sodium citrate caused marked variations in the nitrogen excretion. When the dose was gradually increased to a large one and taken for a long time the variations became less marked and the organism more nearly in nitrogen equilibrium. The mean excretion of nitrogen was very little increased by sodium citrate. Both the citrate and carbonate had a diuretic action, and even when large doses of sodium citrate were consumed no dyspepsia resulted. Doses of sodium citrate of 15 grams and over caused an alkaline reaction in the urine. Large doses diminished the excretion of uric acid. The author does not agree with Burchard, Nos. 678-684, that large doses of sodium citrate diminish the metabolism of protein in the organism and cause an increase in weight. Nos. 678-684 were made by Burchard at the University of Dorpat in 1889. The object was to study the effect of sodium carbonate and citrate upon metabolism and especially upon the excretion of nitrogen. The author himself was the subject. He was 1.64 meters tall and in perfect health. The food consumed consisted of a simple mixed diet. In one case sodium carbonate was taken, and in several other cases sodium carbonate, citric acid, and saccharin were taken in the form of soda water. The nitrogen of the food was calculated from Konig’s tables. The nitrogen in the urine was determined by the Liebig-Pfliiger method and also by the Kjeldahl DRUGS. 113 method with Pfliiger’s modifications. The ammonia, uric acid, and chlorids in the urine were also determined, and in some instances the nitrogen in the feces. In the other cases the nitrogen in the feces was calculated. The following conclusions were reached: Sodium citrate in large doses when taken for a long time did not produce dyspepsia. It had a diuretic effect and made the urine decidedly alkaline. Sodium citrate for a time diminished the metabolism of nitrogen and caused a gain of nitrogenous material. This period was, however, limited, for soon the weight of the body decreased and at the same time the nitrogen excretion was abnormally increased. Sodium citrate decreased the ammonia excre- tion to a minimum. While the decomposition of protein was increased the decom- position of fat was also increased, or the water in the organism was diminished. The excretion of uric acid was diminished and the complete assimilation of nutrients in the intestines was disturbed. Small doses of sodium carbonate had no effect upon the nitrogen excretion in the urine. The after effect of long-continued large doses of sodium citrate upon the nitrogen content of the urine and feces was limited to 4 or 5 days. The increased consumption of water did not diminish the excretion of uric acid, hut did remove nitrogenous materials already formed in the organism. Nos. 685-707 were made by Ippolitov in St. Petersburg in 1889. The object was to study the influence of the internal use of cod-liver oil on the metabolism of nitrogen in children. From a survey of the literature on the therapeutical effects of cod-liver oil the author concludes that there are two opposite opinions, each of which has many supporters. Some (the majority) regard cod-liver oil only as a fat, easily digested, owing to the presence of free fatty acids, while others consider the fats of no consequence and attribute all importance to special constituents of the oil. Recently two articles which are intended to replace cod-liver oil have appeared. Mering proposed “lipanin” (a preparation of olive oil with 5 to 6 per cent of oleic acid), which, in his opinion, has none of the bad properties and all the advantages of cod-liver oil; and Lafage proposed ‘-‘morrhuol,” in which there is no fat, hut which, in his opinion, represents the active principle of cod-liver oil. Eight experiments were undertaken, although the eighth was not completed, to study the influence of cod-liver oil on the metabolism of nitrogen, to compare it with common vegetable oil, “lipanin” and “morrhuol,” and also to compare white and yellow cod-liver oil. The subjects were children, hospital patients. Each experi- ment lasted 19 days, and was divided into three periods. In the first period (5 days) no remedy was given; in the second period (9 days) 4 subjects received white cod- liver oil and the others either almond oil, “lipanin,” “morrhuol,” or yellow cod-liver oil; and in the third period (7 days) the conditions were reversed. The oil was administered twice a day in doses of a dessert-spoonful before meals. The nitrogen of the food, urine, and feces was determined by the Kjeldahl-Borodin method. In 5 cases the nitrogen of the urea, extractives, and uric acid in the urine was also deter- mined. Borodin’s method for urea and Hay craft’s method for uric acid was used. The following conclusions were reached: The internal use of white cod-liver oil diminished the metabolism of nitrogen, and almond oil and “lipanin” diminished it in a less degree. Yellow cod-liver oil and “morrhuol’ slightly increased the meta- bolism of nitrogen. Cod-liver oil, almond oil, and “lipanin” did not materially influence the assimilation of nitrogen. Satisfactory gains in weight were made while using white cod-liver oil, better gains while using “lipanin,” and less satisfactory gains while using almond oil and yellow cod-liver oil. The qualitative metabolism of the children was approximately the same as that of adults. Nos. 708-739 were made by Aikinov in St. Petersburg in 1889. The object was to study the effect of feeding alkaline albuminates, i. e., artificial tata albumen. Tata albumen was discovered by Tarchanov. He found that in the fresh eggs of birds which are not covered with feathers when hatched there is a special kind of albumen. On boiling this albumen becomes transparent and gelatinous. It received the name of tata albumen. Tarchanov also devised a method for preparing tata albumen from 45 8* 114 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. the white of hen’s eggs. All the usual qualitative tests for albumen are applicable to tata albumen also. However, it has one peculiarity, i. e., a strong odor when treated with water. Tata albumen is prepared in two forms, a jelly and a pow- der. Both have a stronger alkaline reaction than the white of eggs. The author quotes the composition of tata albuminates from a dissertation by Malachowski on “ Chemical composition and assimilation of potassium and sodium albuminates (tata albuminates),” St. Petersburg, 1889. Composition of tata albuminates. Water. Nitrogen. Ether extract. Ash. Potassi- um oxid. Sodium oxid. Potassium tata powder Sodium tata powder Per cent. 8. 610 8.413 88.705 Per cent. 12. 800 12.738 1.343 Per cent. 1.441 1.461 .290 Per cent. 7.860 7. 672 2.199 Per cent. 2.076 Per cent. 1.313 .519 Eleven experiments on the food value of tata albuminates -were made. The sub- jects were men sulfering from some disease. In 5 experiments the food, urine, and feces were analyzed; in the remaining 6 the food was not analyzed, hut its composition was calculated from available data. The nitrogen in all cases was determined by the Kjeldahl-Wilfarth method, the urea by the Pfliiger method, and the uric acid by the Haycraft method. Each experiment was divided into three periods. During the second period the subjects were given the tata albuminates (jelly and sodium powder). In the first and third periods the dietary conditions were normal. The following conclusions were reached: The patients ate the tata albumen preparations quite willingly. The alkaline albuminates did not cause vomiting, symptoms of dyspepsia, or diarrhea. The alkaline albuminates were as well assimi- lated as the milk casein or meat of a mixed diet. When tata albumen was con- sumed the qualitative metabolism of nitrogen improved and the cleavage of protein was more complete. Alkaline albuminates will probably prove valuable in diseases where abundant nourishment is the chief problem. Nos. 740-743 were made by Kozerski at the University of Dorpat in 1890. The object was to study the influence of sodium carbonate upon metabolism. The author himself was the subject. The food consisted of a simple mixed diet. In two tests sodium carbonate was also consumed. The composition of the food was calcu- lated from Konig’s tables. The nitrogen, sodium, and potassium in the urine and feces, and the chlorin in the urine were determined. The following conclusions were reached: Sodium carbonate in large doses had a slightly diuretic action, hut did not produce a loss of weight. When the dose was 7 grams per day or larger the urine became alkaline. Sodium carbonate caused an increased excretion of chlorin, sodium, and potassium. When taken in amounts not exceeding 13 grams daily it was entirely absorbed in the intestines. When sodium carbonate was no longer taken the urine soon became acid and the chlorin and potassium excretion became normal. The after effect of sodium carbonate on sodium excretion was not marked. With the exception of the acid reaction of the urine the after effects of sodium carbonate were only noticed for 1 day. Large doses some- what diminished the digestibility of the food. No constant effect could he observed on the excretion of urea. In general the effect of sodium carbonate was the same as that observed by Beckmann for sodium citrate, except that no storing up of sodium in the organism was observed. Nos. 744-755 were made by Navasartianz in St. Petersburg in 1890. The object was to study the influence of Essentuki mineral water No. 17 on the assimilation and metabolism of nitrogenous substances. Essentuki, a village in the province of the Terek, Caucasus, is situated 603 meters above the level of the sea. The chemical DRUGS 115 composition of the Essentuki mineral springs is well known in Russia, and especially that designated No. 17. The characteristic ingredients of this mineral water are sodium carbonate, sodium chlorid, and carbonic acid free and combined. The experiments described were made with 4 subjects at Essentuki—the author, 2 physicians, and a laboratory janitor. The nitrogen of the food, urine, and feces was determined by the Kjeldahl-Borodin method. The urea was determined by the method of Ohavane and Richet. The subjects had 3 meals a day, the food being as varied as practicable. Red wine was also allowed. The subject of Nos. 753-755 did not take wine. He was given blackberries for separating the feces; the others took manna for this purpose. All the experiments were carried on simultaneously. They lasted 18 days, and were divided into three periods of 6 days each. Mineral water was taken during the second period, the amount being 300 cubic centimeters daily for each person. The water, which was of the temperature of the room, was taken in two portions, 150 cubic centimeters in the morning on an empty stomach, and 150 cubic centimeters 4 or 5 hours after dinner. The author sums up the results obtained as to the influence of the internal use of Essentuki mineral water No. 17 as follow^: There was a decrease of extractives, an increase of urea, and a decrease of uric acid in the urine. The metabolism of nitrog- enous substances was increased. There was an increased excretion of bile and a general improvement of the digestion. The quantity of feces increased and the assimilation as a whole and the weight of the body decreased. The reaction of the urine changed from acid to slightly acid or neutral. The quantity of urine decreased and the specific gravity increased. Nos. 756-772 were made by Kotlyar in St. Petersburg in 1890. The object was to study the influence of orexin (phenyldihydroquinazolin) on the appetite and metabolism and assimilation of nitrogen in healthy and diseased subjects, and also on the assimilation of fats by diseased subjects. Three experiments are described with healthy and 4 with diseased subjects. The experiments were divided into two or three periods. The food consisted of a mixed diet. In every case 5 to 12 grams of orexin hydrochlorate was taken daily during the second period. The nitrogen in the food, urine, and feces was determined by the Kjeldahl-Borodin method. The following conclusions were reached: Orexin increased the assimilation of nitrogen of healthy and diseased subjects and the assimilation of fat of diseased subjects. The metabolism of nitrogen was lowered in healthy and diseased subjects, though in the latter case the decrease was neither as marked nor as constant as in the former. In all cases the appetite and general condition were improved. Nos. 773-782 were made by Savatski in St. Petersburg in 1890. The object was to study the influence of saccharin on the metabolism and assimilation of nitrogen in healthy subjects. Five experiments are described, each lasting 10 days, divided into two equal periods. The food consisted of a mixed diet. Tea was consumed as a beverage. In the second period saccharin was added to the tea instead of sugar. The nitrogen in the food, urine, and feces was determined by the Kjeldahl-Borodin method. The conclusion was reached that daily doses of 0.2 to 0.4 gram of saccharin increased the assimilation and decreased the metabolism of nitrogen in healthy subjects. Nos. 783-787 were made by Chittenden and Washburn at the Laboratory of Physi- ological Chemistry at Yale University in 1888 (?). The object was to study the influence of urethan on the metabolism of protein. The subject was a healthy man. The food consisted of beef, potatoes, bread, rice, etc. The attempt was made to have the daily diet uniform through the whole time of the experiment, which extended over a period of 6 weeks. The nitrogen in the food was calculated by the compilers1 from available data.2 The nitrogen in the urine was determined by the Kjeldahl method. The specific gravity, reaction, sulphur, phosphorus, and chlorin were also determined. The nitrogen in the feces was supplied by the compilers from 1 See note on page 110. 2 U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 28. 116 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Rutger’s experiments (Nos. 447 and 448, Table 7) in which the diet was similar. The experiment was divided into five periods, and in the second and fourth periods urethan was added to the diet. The following conclusions were reached: Urethan had a decided diuretic action, most noticeable on the second day after the drug was taken. Later the amount of urine excreted diminished as the dose of urethan was increased. The volume remained far below the average for 2 or 3 days after the drug had been discontinued; that is, until its elimination from the system was fairly complete. Urethan lowered the excretion of nitrogen, its effect being observed even when the dose was small—5 or 10 grains. After the drug was discontinued the nitrogen excretion rapidly became normal. The excretion of phosphorus was apparently increased by small doses of urethan. The excretion of sulphur was parallel with that of nitrogen. In no case was any hypnotic action observed. Nos. 788-792 were made by Chittenden and Adams in 1888 ( ?) at the Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry at Yale University. The object was to study the influ- ence of antipyrin on the metabolism of protein in a healthy organism. The subject was a man. The food consisted of meat, potatoes, bread, steamed oatmeal, milk, etc. The nitrogen in the food was computed by the compilers1 in order that the experi- ment might be included in the present compilation. The uric acid in the urine was determined and also the urea by the Pfluger method. The reaction, specific gravity, chlorin, total phosphoric acid, and phosphoric acid combined with calcium and magnesia were also determined. From these data the amount of nitrogen in the urine was computed by the compilers. The nitrogen in the feces was taken by the compilers from Rutger’s experiments (Nos. 447 and 448, Table 7) in which the diet was similar. The experiment was divided into five periods, and in the second and fourth antipyrin was given. The conclusion was reached that antipyrin had a decided inhibitory action on the metabolism of protein in the healthy organism, as shown by the diminished excretion of urea and uric acid. It also tended to diminish the volume of urine. This was more marked when large doses were taken. No definite conclusion was drawn regarding the effect of antipyrin on the excretion of phosphoric acid and chlorin. Nos. 793, 794 were made by Badt in von Noorden’s laboratory at the Medical Insti- tute of the University of Berlin in 1890. The object was to study the influence of phosphorus poisoning on metabolism. The subject was a woman 40 years old. She attempted suicide by drinking the water in which the ends of 3 boxes of matches had been dissolved. She died the day after the close of the experiment. The food consisted of “ Bolles Modified Milk,” gruel, etc. Its composition was determined from actual analyses and from previous analyses by von Noorden. The nitrogen in the urine and the nitrogen and fat in the feces were determined. Quali- tative analyses of the urine and blood were also made, and the experiment is discussed at length from a medical standpoint. The principal conclusions reached were the following: In cases of phosphorus poisoning the decomposition of protein is enormously increased. However, when the poisoning causes death at once or during the final period of slow poisoning the nitrogen excretion becomes very small. In many cases the excretion of uric acid is not influenced, and in other cases it is influenced considerably. Small quantities of peptones, and probably leucin, and tyrosin were found in the urine in the above experi- ment, but not in such quantities that they influenced the nitrogen excretion. In cases of phosphorus poisoning the processes of oxidation are diminished, though this can not be determined with certainty from an examination of the nitrogen metab- olism, but must rest upon the determination of oxygen consumption. Ten days after poisoning with phosphorus the intestine contained phosphorus and phosphoric acid in recognizable quantity. Nos. 795-799 were made by Dronke and Ewald in the Empress Augusta Hospital in Berlin in 1891-92. The object was to study the effect of the continued use of 1 See note on page 110. DRUGS. 117 Levico arsenic-iron water on metabolism. This mineral water, which is much used in Germany, comes from springs in the town of Levico in Austro-Hungary. There are two sorts, the “ weak ” and “ strong.” The weak contains in 10,000 grams 0.0095 gram arsenic acid (A80O3), 0.0003 gram sodium chlorid (NaCl), 6.7278 grams ferrous sulphate (FeS04), 2.7272 grams ferric sulphate (Fe2(S04)3), 1.5919 grams aluminum sulphate (A13S04)3), 0.0520 gram copper sulphate (CuS04), as well as iron carbonate and sulphates of manganese, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, ammonium, and silicon. The “ strong” contains in 10,000 grams 0.086879 gram arsenic acid, 0.001781 gram sodium chlorid, 25.675198 grams ferrous sulphate, 13.019720 grams ferric sul- phate, 6.239873 grams aluminum sulphate, 0.474459 gram copper sulphate, together with silicon, carbon from organic sources; and sulphates of manganese, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and ammonium. These springs have been known for more than 200 years and used for anaemia, lack of blood, scrofula, general weakness nervous troubles, skin diseases, etc. Very little is known of the influence of the sulphates of iron on metabolism, and, so far as is known, no experiments have been made with man in which arsenic was given in small doses. The subject of these experiments was a school-teacher. She was suffering from gen- eral weakness, nervousness, dyspepsia, and mental depression. An examination of the blood showed that there was no ansemia. This seemed a desirable case in which to try the Levico water. This experiment differs from most others with special medical treatment in that no tests were made when the remedial agent was not used. Such a comparison was not practicable in this case. Three sorts of diet were followed: (1) Bouillon and milk; (2) bouillon, milk, meat, potatoes, eggs, and bread; (3) bouillon, milk, and a larger amount of bread, meat, eggs, etc. The nitrogen in the urine, feces, and food, with the exception of eggs, vegetables, and preserved fruits, was determined. In these cases it was calculated from Konig’s tables. Great care was observed in collecting the urine and feces. The separation was made by means of powdered charcoal. Two teaspoonfuls of the Levico water was taken daily; for 8 days the “weak,” and afterwards the “strong.” There was an interval of about two weeks between the second and third periods (Nos. 796, 799). The subject at first lost nitrogen, and then gained it steadily. She gained also 9 kilograms in weight. When the investigation was begun the number of red corpuscles in the blood was 5,120,000 per millimeter; at the end it was 8,400,000—a very large number. It might be thought that the improvement in the subject’s health was due to better living, pleasanter surroundings, etc., during the experiment, and not to the mineral water. In the author’s opinion this could hardly be the case, since her home was with a family who lived unusually well, and nothing which could contribute to her comfort was lacking. The article contains considerable discussion which is interesting from a medical standpoint. Nos. 800-817 were made by Yolkov and Stadnitski. The object was to study the influence of potassium iodid on the metabolism and assimilation of nitrogen and fat and on the variation in the amount of neutral sulphur in the urine of healthy sub- jects. The subjects were healthy persons between 22 and 24 years of age, servants in a military hospital. The food consisted of a simple mixed diet. The experiments lasted 12 days and were divided into three periods. During the second, the subjects were given 6 grams of potassium iodid in solution in 2 doses, one in the morning and one in the evening. The conditions were normal in the first and third periods. The nitrogen of the food, urine, and feces was determined by the Kjeldahl-Borodin method. The total sulphur and acid sulphur in the urine were determined and the difference between them was assumed to represent the amount of neutral sulphur. The fat of the feces was determined by Lachinov and Chernov’s method. The authors’ conclusions were as follows: The assimilation of protein was very slightly lowered under the influence of potassium iodid, and the metabolism of nitro- gen was increased. The processes of oxidation in the organism were diminished and 118 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. the quantities of nitrogen of incompletely oxidized products and of neutral sulphur in the urine were iucreased. Judging from the increase of sulphur in the urine the cleavage of protein in the tissues was increased. The quantity of urine was increased and the assimilation of fats very slightly diminished. The weight of the subjects was practically unchanged. Nos. 818, 819. See Nos. 1858-1868, Table 18. Nos. 820-850 were made by Jawein at the clinic of Professor Tschudnovski in St. Petersburg in 1891. The object was to study the influence of large doses of sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate upon the metabolism of nitrogen in healthy individuals and upon the quantity of neutral sulphur and ether sulphuric acid in the urine. The subjects were healthy men. The food was a simple mixed diet of bread, meat, etc. The nitrogen in the food, urine, and feces was determined. The total sulphur, total sulphuric acid, and ether sulphuric acid in the urine were also determined, and the neutral sulphur and pre- formed sulphuric acid calculated. In most cases the patients were in nitrogen equilibrium at the beginning of the experiment. The period in which sodium bicar- bonate or sodium citrate was taken was preceded and in several cases followed by a four-day period with normal dietary conditions. When 20 grams of sodium bicar- bonate was consumed it was taken in three portions between meals. The dose of 40 grams of sodium citrate was taken in the same way. The dose of 40 grams of sodium bicarbonate was taken in two portions. The urine was noticeably alkaline after taking 20 grams of sodium bicarbonate or 40 grams of sodium citrate. In all the experiments 12 hours after taking the alkali the urine had an acid reaction. The conclusion is reached that large doses of either of the salts diminishes the assimilation of nitrogen, provided a laxative effect is produced. The nitrogen metab- olism is little affected. Large doses of the salts cause a slight retention of water in the organism and do not increase the production of urine. They cause marked changes in metabolism as a whole, however, as is shown by the increase in the amount of neutral sulphur in the urine and the decrease of the acid sulphur. Apparently oxidation processes are retarded and fermentation in the intestines is unaffected. Nos. 851-857 were made by Helmers in Berlin in 1883-84. The object was to study the effect of ichthyol upon metabolism. The investigator himself was the subject. The food, which consisted of a simple mixed diet, was prepared with great care, and, when possible, sufficient quantity of each article was procured to last through the whole experiment. The separation of the feces was made with berries or by the charcoal method. The nitrogen in food, urine, and feces was determined. The sulphur in urine and feces was also determined. The plan of the experiment was to give ichthyol-ammonium in water for a short period, preceded and followed by a normal period. The following conclusions were reached: Ichthyol influences the metabolism of protein in the animal organism very slightly. So far as any influence can be observed it hinders decomposition of protein and increases its assimilation. Fully one-third of the sulphur contained in the ichthyol circulates in the fluids of the body and is eventually excreted in the urine. Part of that excreted in the feces appar- ently circulates in the body also and is exuded by the glands of the intestines. EXPERIMENTS ON MUSCULAR EXERTION AND THE EXCRETION OF NITROGEN. In Table 10 are included 183 tests with men in which the effect of muscular exertion on the excretion of nitrogen (urea) was studied. This question includes a discussion of the source of energy in the animal body, i. e., whether energy for internal and external work is furnished by the nitrogenous or non nitrogenous constituents of the food. This is a much-disputed point, and the number of experiments on this subject is quite large. Experiments on this question with dogs will be found in Table 29 (Nos. 2455-2514). MUSCULAR EXERTION. 119 © 3 9 Subject. Nitrogen. I *3 © m Date of pul t.ion. Observer. Occupation. Age. s £ Food per day. Duration. In food. In urine. In feces. Gain (+) or loss (—). Remarks. 858 859 1862-63 1862-63 J Years. 22 Kg. 68. 2 240 gm. arrowroot, 199.9 gm. sugar, 62.4 gm. butter. 191.4 gm. arrowroot, 148.4 gm. sugar, 42.2 gm. butter. 398.3 gm. arrowroot, 210.8 gm. sugar, 94.3 gm. butter. 293.4 gm. arrowroot, 180 gm. sugar, 63.8 gm. butter. Days. 2 Gm. 0.0 Gm. 8.2 Gm. 0.4 Gm. — 8.6 Rest. 38 51.9 2 0.0 7.0 0.5 — 7.5 Do. 860 1862 63 22 68.2 2 0.0 9.0 0.5 — 9. 5 Work=167,566.5 kilo- 861 1862-63 38 51.9 2 0.0 8.0 0.6 — 8.6 grammeters. Work=127,585.0 kilo- 862 1863-64 1863-64 1863 64 22 22£ 22 4 19.6 17.9 1.2 + 0.5 grammeters. Ordinary occupation. Do. 863 63.6 4 19.6 18.5 0.6 + 0.5 864 2- 19.6 19.1 1.5 — 1.0 Rest. 865 1863 64 22J 22 2 19.6 19.5 1.1 — 1.0 Do. 866 1863-64 1863-64 1871 3 19.6 19.6 2.1 — 2.1 Work = 16,199.8 kilo- 867 868 221 3 19.6 20.0 1.5 — 1.9 grammeters. Work=156.862.5 kilo- Professional pedes- trian (Weston). Meat, eggs, milk, bread, butter, potatoes, cotfee, tea, head-cheese, etc. Eggs, beef extract, oatmeal gruel, brandy, champagne. 5 22.0 18.7 1.4 + 1.9 grammeters. Before walk. 869 870 871 872 873 1871 1871 1878 1881 1881 1881 1881 1881 1881 1881 1881 1881 5 13.2 21.6 1.6 —10.0 Subject walked 62 miles 5 28.6 22.0 2.2 + 4.4 per day. After walk. Professional pedes- trian (Schmehl). 28 65.8 680 gm. beefsteak, 330 gm. egg, 1,420 gm. beef tea, porter, champagne, seltzer water. 4 28.6 25.0 1.4 + 2.2 Subject walked 83J miles 21 52.2 2 18.9 16.0 1.2 + 1.7 per day. 21 1 18.9 16.5 1.2 + 1.2 Urine passed every 2 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 21 1 18.9 16.2 1.2 + 1.5 hours. Urine passed every J 21 1 18.9 16.7 0.9 + 1.3 hour. Urine passed every 2 21 1 0.0 16.2 0.9 —17.1 hours. do 21 2 18.9 15.8 0.9 + 2.2 Two days after No. 876. Copious water drinking. 21 400 gm, bread, 30(T gm. meat, 950 cc. milk, 4,000 cc. water. 1 18.9 18.5 1.2 — 0.8 do do 21 21 3 18.9 15.5 1.1 + 2.3 + 1.8 Three days after No. 878. Muscular work. 1 18.9 16.3 0.8 Table 10.—Experiments on muscular exertion and the excretion of nitrogen. 120 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. u <£> rO 0 o Subject. Nitrogen. S 0 0 3 £ Date of pu tion. Observer. Occupation. • Weight. Food per day. Duration. In food. 6 a#rH 0 H In feces. Gain (+) orloss(—). Remarks. 881 1881 Years. 21 Kg. Meat, flour, vegetables, potatoes, condensed milk. Days. 1 Om. 18.9 18. 9 Om. 17.1 18.5 Om. 1.2 1.3 1.3 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 2.3 2.5 2.2 2.1 1.2 2.7 Om. + 0.6 — 0.9 + 0.9 + 1.9 + 2.3 + 0.1 + 1-4 + 0.3 + 0.9 — 0.3 + 0.9 + 2.6 — 0.4 Muscular work. Moder- ate dyspnoea. Muscular work. Severe dyspnoea. Two days after No. 882. Muscular work. Day after No. 884. Muscular work. Dysp- noea. Day after No. 886. P2O5 in food 3.9 gm., in urine 2.0 gm., in feces 2.2 gm., gain 0.2 gm. Days of No. 888 before work, P206 in food 3.9 gm., in urine 2.0 gm., m feces 2.5 gm., loss 0.6 gm. Days of No. 888 after work, P2Os in food 3.9 gm., in urine 2.0 gm., in feces 1.9 gm., gain or loss 0.0 gm. P205 in food 3.9 gm., in urine 1.9 gm., in feces 2.0 gm., gain 0.1 gm. Days of No. 891 before work, P2O5 in food 3.9 gm., in urine 2.0 gm., m feces 1.6 gm., gain 0.3 gm. Days of No. 891 after work, P206 in food 3.9 gm., in urine 1.8 gm., in feces 2.4 gm., loss 0.3 gm. 882 1881 21 i 883 1881 21 2 18. 9 16.7 16.2 15.8 18.0 16.7 15.0 14.2 884 1881 21 1 18. 9 885 1881 21 i 18. 9 886 1881 21 i 18.9 18.9 887 1881 21 i 888 1884 17. 6 889 1884 17.6 890 1884 17.6 15.7 891 1884 17. 6 14. 6 892 1884 17. 6 13.8 893 1884 / « 17.6 15.3 Table 10.—Experiments on muscular exertion and the excretion of nitrogen—Continued. MUSCULAR EXERTION. 121 894 895 1884 1884 12 16.2 14.6 1.9 — 0.3 Period includes one day- fasting. P206 in food 3.6 gm., in urine 1.8 gtn., in feces 1.7 gm., gain 0.1 gm. Days of No. 894 before work, P2O5 in food 3.6 16.2 12.9 1.4 + 1.9 896 1884 16.2 13.5 2.1 + 0.6 + 0.4 + 2.6 gm., in urine 1.8 gm., in feces 1.0 gm., gain 0.8 gm. Days of No. 894 after work, P206 in food 3.6 gm., in urine 1.5 gm., in feces 2.0 gm., gain 0.1 gm. 897 1884 11 17.6 15.1 2.1 898 1884 17.6 13.2 1.8 fasting day omitted in calculating results, P205 in food 3.9 gm., in urine 1.9 gm., in feces 1.9 gm., gain 0.1 gm. Days of No. 897 before work, P205 in food 3.9 gm., in urine 1.6 gm., in feces 1.6 gm., gain 0.4 gm. Days of No. 897 after work, P2Os in food 3.9 gm., inurine2.4 gm., in feces 2.4gm.,loss 0.9 gm. 899 1884 - 17.6 18.3 2.4 — 3.1 900 1885 32 3 15.9 16.2 1.4 — 1.7 901 1885 32 3 14.9 18.9 1.1 — 4.1 Walking. 902 1885 23 3 15.7 19.7 1.0 — 5.0 903 1885 23 3 15.8 18.9 0 9 — 4. 0 904 1885 40 3 21.9 17.0 1.3 + 3.6 + 2.9 + 8.7 + 7.9 +12.9 + 6.7 — 5.1 Do. 905 1885 40 3 21.2 18.0 1.3 Walking. Rest. Walking. 906 1885 21 3 25.7 15.7 1.3 907 1885 21 3 25.9 16.8 1.2 908 1885 23 2 33.9 20.0 1.0 909 1885 23 2 25.5 17.8 1.0 910 1885 24 2 7.0 11.7 0.4 Do. 911 1885 24 2 6.9 12.2 0.3 — 5.6 Walking. 912 1885 21 21 3 14.6 16.0 0. 7 — 2.1 913 1885 3 17.9 14.3 0.7 + 2.9 — 3.1 914 1885 34 3 7.9 10.4 0.6 Do. 915 1885 34 3 6.5 11.3 0.4 — 5.2 Walking. 916 1885 21 2 13.4 12.1 0.9 + 0.4 — 0.2 917 1885 21 2 13.9 13.1 1.0 Walking. 918 1885 25 2 19.0 14. 6 0.9 + 3.5 919 1885 25 2 19.5 15. 6 1. 0 + 2.9 -7.1 W alking. Do. 920 1885 32 2 10.0 16. 5 0.6 921 1885 do 32 1,600 cc. milk 2 9.8 15.4 0.6 — 6.2 Rest. 122 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Serial number. Date of publica- tion. Observer. Subject. Food per day. Duration. Nitrogen. Remarks. Occupation. © ao +3 rP .3° *© £ 'P o eg p H © 3 'u p a H i © «g P W +f .2 o 8 Tears. Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 922 1885 24 3 15.1 14. 8 0. 7 0.4 923 1885 24 3 15.3 16.1 0.6 —1.4 924 1885 40 3 10.3 13. 7 0.6 —4.0 925 1885 40 3 9. 0 14. 7 0.5 6.2 926 1885 31 2 11.8 15.9 0.8 —4.9 927 1885 31 2 13.4 17.2 0.9 —4.7 928 1885 21 2 19. 9 15.1 1.9 +2.9 929 1885 21 2 18.5 18.0 1.8 —1.3 930 1888 51.3 4 9.5 8.0 1.0 +0.5 Rest. 1,200 cc. tea. 931 1888 do rlo 51.4 187 gm. meat, 521 gm. bread, 269 cc. milk, 4 8.2 8.4 0.7 —0.9 Work. 1,350 cc. tea. 932 1888 do r r rlo 51.4 201 gm. meat, 575 gm. bread, 413 cc. milk, 4 9.5 7.1 0.9 +1.5 Rest. 1,200 cc. tea. 933 1888 do do 51.5 184 gm. meat, 611 gm. bread, 425 cc. milk, 4 6.8 6.4 0.5 —0.1 Work. 1,300 cc. tea. 934 1888 do do 51.7 163 gm. meat, 671 gm. bread, 367 cc. milk, 3 8.7 6.9 1.5 +0.3 Rest. 1,200 cc. tea. 935 1888 55.1 4 6. 6 10.1 1.3 —4.8 Do. 936 1888 55.2 4 8.4 9.8 1.1 —1.5 937 1888 60.2 220 gin. meat, 910 gm. bread, 750 gm. por- 4 20.9 16.4 1.4 +3.1 Do. ridge, 1,250 cc. tea. 938 1888 do do 60.2 200 gm. meat, 950 gm. bread, 775 gm. por- 4 20.0 14.9 2.1 +3.0 Rest. ridge, 1,150 cc. tea. 939 1888 50.4 4 21.3 11.9 1.1 +8.3 Do. 1,050 cc. tea. 940 1888 do -do .., 50.4 230 gm. meat, 341 gm. bread, 530 gm. broth, 4 19.9 13.5 1.5 +4.9 Work. 1,150 cc. tea. 941 1889 Argutinsky 70.5 154 gm. meat, 302 gm. zwieback, 188 gm. 5 17.0 16.9 1.8 —1.7 condensed milk, water. > 942 1889 200 gm. meat, 288 gm. bread, 137 gm. con- 3 16.5 18.2 1.5 —3.2 Work 1 day. densed milk, water. 943 1889 3 16.5 16.1 1.5 —1.1 densed milk, water. 944 1889 do do 216.7 gm. meat, 88 gm. sugar, 71.6 gm. rice, 35 6 12.7 13.6 1.2 —2.1 gm. butter, 27.5 gm. “avenicia,” 158 gm. bread, water, beer,wine. Table 10.—Experiments on muscular exertion and the excretion of nitrogen—Continued. MUSCULAR EXERTION. 123 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 1889 1889 1889 1889 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 do .• do 250 gm. meat, 125 gm. sugar, 75 gm. rice, 20 gm. butter, 150 gm. bread, wine, beer, Avater. 3 4 12.7 13.1 17.0 13.8 1.2 1.2 —5.5 —1.9 Do. 250 gm. meat, 158 gm. sugar,75gm. rice,20gm. butter, 150 gm. bread, wine, beer, water. 3 13.4 14.9 1.1 —2.6 Do. ,io 4 12.6 12.8 0.9 —1.1 23 72.5 550 gm. meat, 170 gm. butter, 320 gm. bread, 300 gm. potato, 15 gm. sugar, 1,000 co. beer (161.9 gm. protein, 167.0 gm. fat, 327 gm. carbohydrates, 30 gm. alcohol, 3,770 calories). 1 25.9 22.4 (2. 3) +1.2 23 1 25.9 23.4 (2.3) (2. 3) (2.3) (2.3) (2.3) (2.3) (2. 3) (2.3) (2.3) (2. 2) 1.0 +0.2 23 1 25.9 22.6 + 1.0 Work. 23 1 25.9 22.8 +0.8 23 1,000 gm. potato, 180 gm. hutter, 1,000 cc. beer, 100 gm. sugar, 50 gm. brandy, 80 gm. bread, 20 gm. coffee (37.2 gm. protein, 164 gm. fat1, 408 gm. carbohydrates, 55 alco- hol, 3,735 calories). 1 6.0 11.3 —7.6 23 1 6.0 7.4 —3.7 23 1 6.0 10.0 —6.3 Work. 23 1 6.0 7.2 —3.5 Do. do do 23 800 gm. potato, 160 gm. bread, 160 gm. but- ter, 1,000 cc. beer, 50 gm. bacon, 20 gm. cof- fee, 250 cc. wine. 60 gm. sugar (42.6 gm. pro- tein, 183.2 gm. fat, 378.5 gm. carbohy- drates, 50 gm. alcohol, 3,780 calories). do 1 6.8 10.0 —5.5 23 1 6.8 7.5 —3.0 Do. 23 1 6.8 5.5 —0.9 68 300 gm. meat, 666.3 cc. milk, 100 gm. rice, 100 gm. bread, 500 cc. wine, 15 gm. pickled onions (102.4 gm. protein, 43.3 gm. fat, 230 gm. carbohydrates). 3 15.9 16.1 —1.2 Rest. 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 1890 1890 1890 3 15.9 16.9 1.4 —2.4 Work (1 day). Rest. 2 15.9 15.3 0.8 —0.2 4 15.9 17.0 1.1 —2.2 Work (2 days). Rest. 1890 2 15.9 15.3 1.2 —1.6 1891 30 61.4 250 cc. soup, 100 gm. oatmeal gruel, 500 gm. oatmeal biscuit, 6 gm. cocoa, 40 gm. but- ter, 50 gm. sugar, 160 gm. rice, 130 gm. figs, 60 cc. condensed milk (153.2 gm. fat, 523 gm. carbohydrates, 3,978.8 calories). 5 16.1 11.1 4.9 +0.1 Do. 1891 1891 1891 1891 1894 30 4 16.1 11.3 3.7 +1.1 + 3.7 Last 4 days of Ro. 965. Work=16,270 kilogram meters. 3 days after Ro. 967. 30 1 16.1 10.6 1.8 30 3 16.1 12.7 3.6 —0.2 30 4 16.1 12.2 3.2 +0.7 —1.6 Cavalry soldier (M.). do 21 69.5 966 gm. hlack bread, 1,031 gm. milk, 178 gm. meat. 400 gm. blueberry soup (1 day). 900 gm. black bread, 747 gm. milk, 130 gm. meat, 120 gm. manna gruel, 356 gm. broth, 200 gm. blueberry soup (1 day). 5 20.8 17.2 5.2 Rest. 971 1894 do 21 69.0 5 16.2 ■ 13.3 5.1 —2.2 Riding. 124 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. fH i pQ Cg Subject. Nitrogen. 1 *53 1 02 3s /JO O ,+i 0) "S p Observer. Occupation. Age. Weight. Food per day. Duration. In food. In urine. In feces. Gain (+) or loss (—). .Remarks. Years. Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 972 1894 Punine Foot soldier (L.) 21 69.0 966 gm. black bread, 1,031 gm. milk, 178 gm. meat, 400 gm. blueberry soup (1 day). 5 20.9 17.0 5.7 —1.8 Rest. 973 1894 do do 21 68.5 900 gm. black bread, 747 gm. milk, 150 gm. meat, 120 gm. manna gruel, 356 gm. broth (1 day), 200 gm. blueberry soup. 5 16.2 16.9 3.6 —4.3 Riding. 974 1894 do Cavalry soldier (R.). 21 60.2 910 gm. black bread, 481 gm. milk, 106 gm. meat, 140 gm. manna gruel, 276 gm. broth (1 day), 200 gm. blueberry soup. 5 17.6 14.3 3.5 —0.2 Rest. 975 1894 do do 21 60.2 900 gm. black bread, 412 gm. milk, 219 gm. meat, 345 gm. broth (1 day), 200 gm. blue- berry soup. 5 20.4 17.1 4.1 —0.8 Riding. 976 1894 do Cavalry soldier (L.). 21 71.5 878 gm. black bread, 425 gm. milk, 106 gm. meat, 146 gm. manna gruel, 276 gm. broth, 200 gm. blueberry soup. 5 16.9 9.3 3.7 +3.9 Rest. 977 1894 do do 21 70.0 900 gm. black bread, 412 gm. milk, 219 gm. meat, 345 gm. broth, 200 gm. blueberry 5 20.4 17.0 4.6 —1.2 Riding. 978 1894 do Foot soldier (Sh.)... 21 68.5 910 gm. black bread, 481 gm. milk, 106 gm. meat, 276 gm. broth, 100 gm. manna gruel, 200 gm. blueberry soup. 5 17.6 14.4 4.3 —1.1 Rest. 979 1894 do do 21 88.1 900 gm. black bread, 412 gm. milk, 219 gm. meat, 345 gm. broth, 200 gm. blueberry 5 20.4 17.2 3.3 —0.1 Riding. 980 1894 do Cavalry soldier (Sh.) 21 71.2 660 gm. white bread (1 day), 634 gm. black bread, 156 gm. meat, 228 gm. manna gruel, 540 gm. soup, 200 gm. blueberry soup. 815 gm. white bread (1 day), 702 gm. black bread, 134 gm. meat, 210 gm. manna gruel, 425 gm. soup, 200 gm. blueberry soup. 660 gm. white bread (1 day), 634' gm. black bread, 156 gm. meat, 228 gm. manna gruel, 540 gm. soup, 200 gm. blueberry soup. 5 15.4 15.6 2.8 —3.0 Rest. 981 1894 do do 21 71.2 5 16.3 15.9 2.9 —2.5 Riding. 982 1894 do Cavalry soldier (TJ.). 21 74.1 5 15.4 15.5 3.2 —3.3 Rest. 983 1894 21 73.8 815 gm. white bread (1 day), 702 gm. black bread, 134 gm. meat, 210 gm. manna gruel, 425 gm. soup, 200 gm. blueberry sou]). 600 gm. white bread (1 day), 634 gm. black bread, 156 gm. meat, 228 gm. manna gruel, 540 gm. soup, 200 gm. blueberry soup. 5 16.2 15.0 4.5 —3.3 Riding. 984 1894 do Foot soldier (Ba.)... 21 71.3 5 15.4 15.1 2.5 —2.2 Rest. Table 10.—Experiments on muscular exertion and the excretion of nitrogen—Continued. MUSCULAR EXERTION. 125 985 1894 do do 21 70.8 815 gm. white bread (1 day), 540 gm. black bread, 82 gm. meat, 210 gm. manna gruel, 402 gm. soup. 5 12.8 13.9 1.8 —2.9 Hiding. 986 1894 do Cavalry soldier (E.). 25 61.3 543 gm. black bread, 123 gm. white bread, 140 gm. meat, 360 gm. buckwheat, 828 gm. sour cabbage soup, 161 gm. kvass, 150 gm. blue- berry soup. 5 21.1 15.5 5.2 +0.4 Do. 987 1894 25 '61.1 453 gm. black bread, 150 gm. white bread, 132 gm. meat, 238 gm. buckwheat, 1,035 gm. sour cabbage soup, 200 gm. blueberry soup (1 day). 5 18.5 14.0 3.5 + 1.0 Rest. 988 1894 do Foot soldier (Mn.).. 25 67.7 643 gm. black bread, 140 gm. white bread, 140 gm. meat, 380 gm. buckwheat, 828 gm. sour cabbage soup, 808 gm. kvass, 150 gm. blue- 5 22.8 17.1 4.4 +1.3 Riding 989 1894 25 68.0 berry soup (1 day). 530 gni. black bread, 150 gm. white bread, 132 gm. meat, 260 gm. buckwheat, 1,035 gm. sour cabbage soup, 200 gm. blueberry soup (1 day) 5 19.7 13.8 2.5 +3.4 Rest. 990 1894 Foot soldier (In.) ... 25 69.4 495 gm. black bread, 140 gm. white bread, 140 gm. meat, 312 gm. buckwheat, 828 gm. sour cabbage soup. 161 gm. kvass, 100 gm. blue- 5 20.1 16.0 1.9 +2.2 Riding. 991 1894 do do 25 69.2 berry soup (1 day). 498 gm. black bread, 150 gm. white bread, 132 gm. meat, 260 gm. buckwheat, 1,035 gm. sour cabbage soup, 200 gm. blueberry soup Q day). 5 19.3 13.7 2.9 +2.7 Rest. 992 1894 do Cavalry soldier (0.). 25 73.0 740 gm. black bread, 200 gm. white bread, 100 gm. meat, 400 gm. buckwheat, 621 gm. sour cabbage soup, 414 gm. pea soup, 200 gm. blueberry soup (1 day). 5 23.9 12.9 7.4 +3.6 Riding. 993 1894 25 73.0 750 gm. black bread, 140 gm. white bread, 110 gm. meat, 370 gm. buckwheat, 759 gm. sour cabbage soup, 276 gm. pea soup, 150 gm. blueberry soup (1 day). 5 21.4 12.3 5.0 +4.1 Rest. 994 1894 do Cavalry soldier (Ts.) 25 69.1 750 gm. black bread, 200 gm. white bread, 100 gm. meat, 400 gm. buckwheat, 621 gm. sour cabbage soup, 414 gm. pea soup, 200 gm. blueberry soup (1 day). 5 23.9 14.6 6.3 +3.0 Riding. 995 1894 do 25 70.0 750 gm. black bread, 140 gm. white bread, 110 gm. meat, 759 gm. sour cabbage soup, 370 gm. buckwheat, 276 gm. pea soup, 100 gm.blueberry soup (1 day). 5 21.4 15.9 5.7 —0.2 Rest. 996 1894 do Cavalry soldier (P.). 25 78.5 740 gm. black bread, 200 gm. white bread, 100 gm. meat, 400 gm. buckwheat, 621 gm. sour cabbage soup, 414 gm. pea soup, 200 gm. blueberry soup (1 day). 5 23.9 16.5 4.9 + 2.5 Riding. 126 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. <3 o Subject Nitrogen. 05 g a a . o Observer. Food per day. n o 05 cc +x Remarks. © m 0-3 fl Occupation. Age. r© b£> * g S o .© 3 H Th 2 M w © .© 5+H M Gain orloss Years. Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Rest 997 1894 Cavalry soldier (P.). 25 78.7 750 gm. black bread, 140 gm. white bread, 110 gm. meat, 370 gm. buckwheat, 759 gm. 5 21.4 17.1 3.8 +0.5 23.8 15.1 4.4 +4.3 Riding. sour cabbage soup, 276 gm. pea soup, 150 gm. blueberrv soup (1 day). 998 1894 Foot soldier (D.).... 25 77.5 740 gm. black bread, 200 gm. white bread, 99 gm. meat, 400 gm. buckwheat, 621 gm. 5 sour cabbage soup, 414 gm. pea soup, 200 gm. blueberry soup (1 day). 21.4 16.8 4.4 +0.2 Rest. 999 1894 25 77.2 750 gm. black bread, 140 gm. white bread, 110 gm. meat, 370 gm. buckwheat, 759 gm. 5 15.3 15.1 1.4 —1.2 Do. sour cabbage soup, 276 gm. pea soup, 150 gm. blueberry soup (1 day). 1000 1896 Krummacher... 64 200 cc. milk, 150 gm. rice, 200 gm. zwieback, 4 300 gm. lean beef, 81 gm. butter. 20gm.milk sugar, 15 gm. onion, 500 cc. wine (95.3 gm. protein, 88.2 gm. fat, 303.2 carbohydrates, 2,459 calories). Work=153,070 kilogram- 1001 1896 64 .....do 1 15.6 16.4 1.4 —2.2 meters (359,590 calo- ries). 1002 1896 64 1 15.6 17.5 1.4 —3.3 Rest. Next day after No. 1001. 1003 1896 64 15.6 17.0 1.4 —2.8 Average of Nos. 1000, 1001. 1004 1896 64 2 15.6 15.4 1.4 —1.2 Rest. Two days follow- ing No. 1002. 1005 1896 do Laboratory servant. 79 400 gm. rice, 300 gm. meat, 200 gm. zwieback, 200 cc. milk, 1,955.6 cc. beer (21.9 gm. pro- 4 21.9 18.0 2.7 +1.2 Rest. W ork=324,540 kilogram- tein, 167.6 gm. fat, 709.1 carbohydrates, 5,034 calories). 1006 1896 79 1 21.9 17.2 2.7 +2.0 meters (762,700 calo- ries). 1007 1896 79 2 21.9 18.6 2.7 +0.6 Rest. Two days follow- ing No. 1006. 1008 1896 79 21.9 18.1 2.7 + 1.1 Average of Nos. 1005 and 1006. Table 10.—Experiments on muscular exertion and the excretion of nitrogen—Continued. MUSCULAR EXERTION. 127 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1890 1896 1896 1896 1896 79 72 72 72 72 i i 3 1 3 21.9 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 16 4 12.3 10.7 11.0 10.7 2.7 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 +2.8 + 1.0 +0.6 +0.3 + 0.6 Rest. Third day follow- ing Ho. 1005. Rest. Pourth day before No. 1012. Best. First to third day before No. 1012. W ork=401,965 kilogram- meters (944,700 calo- ries). Best. Three days fol- Laboratory servant. 700 gm. rice, 300 gm. zwieback, 200 gm. but- ter, 1,932.4 ce. beer (89.3 gm. protein, 175.1 gm. fat, 902.6 carbohydrates, 5,701 calo- ries). 1014 1892 Zavadovski Hospital servant 24 57 800 gm. bread, 300 gm. meat, 780 cc. milk, 5 27.1 20.1 2.3 +4.7 eriod (6 days) the same amount of nitrogen as in the other periods was consumed daily and 4.8 grams was excreted in the urine. No analysis of feces for this period is reported. The author made two other experiments in which anal- yses of feces are not reported. The subject of the first test was a man 26 years old. The test was divided into two periods of 6 and 3 days, with massage in the second period. During the whole test a mixed diet was consumed which furnished 16.5 grams of nitrogen daily. Before massage the urine contained on an average 11.6 grams of nitrogen and during the massage period 12.7 grams. The second test was made with a woman 25 years old and was divided into five periods, the first three and the last period of 4 days’ duration and the fourth of 9 days. The subject was massaged in the second and fourth periods. A mixed diet uniform through- out the test was consumed which furnished 15.3 grams of nitrogen daily. The average daily excretion of nitrogen in the urine in the different periods was 12.0, 13.7, 13.2, 13.5, and 12.6 grams, respectively. The conclusion was reached that massage increases the amount of urine and the excretion of nitrogen in the urine. These results were noticeable for several days after the end of the massage period. EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF BATHS AND ENEMAS In Table 12 are included 276 tests with men and 12 with children, in which baths uf various sorts were given to subjects living under more or less normal conditions, and 24 experiments in which the subjects were given enemas. The baths were of various sorts—cold baths, douches, baths in natural or artificially prepared mineral water, and Eussian baths. In several cases they were accompanied by rubbing or massage. A number of tests were also made with mud baths and sand baths. In many instances the treatment was such as to induce copious perspiration. This was true of the hot-air bath. Other experiments with diseased subjects, in which baths of various sorts were given, will be found in Tables 17-22. Experiments of a similar nature with dogs will be found in Table 29 (Nos. 2956-2962). BATHS AND ENEMAS. 141 c ation. © 43 .2° ’© £ .© a H 6 a 'u a M m © o 5© a H Gain ( + ) or loss (—). Years. Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 1196 1888 Makovetski Medical student (K.) 63.2 400 gm. white bread, 200 gm. meat, 675 cc. 5 20.0 18. 3 2.0 —0.3 Baths. milk, 200 cc. bouillon, 50 gm. plum jam, 1,000 cc. tea, 105 gm. sugar, 240 gm. blue- berries. 1197 1888 62.9 2 16. 7 18.4 2.1 3. 8 milk, 200 cc. bouillon, 50 gm. plum jam, 1,000 cc. tea, 105 gm. sugar, 240 gm. blue- berries. 1198 1888 58.6 5 19. 5 16. 4 1. 6 + 1.5 milk, 200 cc. bouillon, 35 gm. plum jam, 800 cc. tea, 92 gm. sugar, 150 gm. blue- berries. 1199 1888 58. 3 5 18. 6 15. 2 1.9 +1.5 milk, 200 cc. bouillon, 35 gm. plum jam, 800 cc. tea, 92 gm. sugar, 500 gm. blueberries. 1200 1888 do 58. 0 2 16. 0 16. 4 2.2 9 6 milk, 200 cc. bouillon, 35 gm. plum jam, 800 cc. tea, 92 gm. sugar, 150 gm. blueberries. 1201 1888 Soldier (T.) 59. 6 3 30.1 19. 6 3.1 + 7.4 sadze. beefj 303 cc. bouillon. 1202 1888 60. 2 3 31. 4 21. 5 2.7 + 7.2 Douche, 33°. Iieefj 303 cc. bouillon. 1203 1888 61.1 3 37. 9 24. 5 3.9 +9. 5 After douche. beef, 364 cc. bouillon. 1204 1888 61. 0 3 26. 2 22. 9 2.1 -{1.2 Cold douche, 15°. beef, 364 cc. bouillon. 1205 1888 do 61. 3 3 26. 7 19. 5 2.6 +4.6 After cold douche. beef, 364 cc. bouillon. 1200 1888 61. 2 3 27.0 25.1 1. 9 0 0 Hot douche, 40°. beef, 364 cc. bouillon. 1207 1888 61. 4 3 28. 9 20. 9 2. 9 +5.1 beef, 364 cc. bouillon. 1208 1888 61. 2 3 30. 9 30. 2 2.2 —1.5 beef, 364 cc. bouillon. to cold and cold to hot). 1209 1888 do 61. 3 3 27.1 21. 6 2. 4 +3.1 After Scotch douche. beef, 364 cc. bouillon. Table 12.—Experiments to determine the effect of baths and enemas—Continued. BATHS AND ENEMAS. 149 1210 1888 do Soldier (S.) 76.5 1,014 gni. bread, 895 cc. milk, 117 gm. roast beef, 303 cc. bouillon. 3 33.4 21.1 3.6 + 8.7 Before douche. 1211 1888 do do 77.2 1,019 gm. bread, 1,152 cc. milk, 83 gm. roast beef, 303 cc. bouillon. 3 34.0 22.1 3.1 +8.8 Douche, 33°. 1212 1888 do 79.5 937 gm. bread, 1,577 cc. milk, 100 gm. roast beef, 304 cc. bouillon. 3 36.8 23.3 4.1 +9.4 After douche. 1213 1888 do do 77.5 838 gm. bread, 1,456 cc. milk, 100 gm. roast beef, 364 cc. bouillon. 3 32.4 26.7 3.0 + 2.7 Cold douche, 15°. 1214 1888 ' do 77.4 807 gm. bread, 1,635 cc. milk, 100 gm. roast beef, 364 cc. bouillon. 3 27.8 20.6 2.0 + 5.2 After cold douche. 1215 1888 do 77.4 859 gm. bread 1,763 cc. milk, 100 gm. roast beef, 364 cc. bouillon. 3 28.1 23.9 1.7 +2.5 Hot douche, 40°. 1216 1888 -do do 77.7 855 gm. bread, 1,820 cc. milk, 150 gm. roast beef, 364 cc. bouillon. 3 29.4 19.7 2.3 + 7.4 After hot douche. 1217 1888 do do 77.5 972 gm. bread. 1,523 cc. milk, 150 gm. roast beef, 364 cc. bouillon. 3 32.2 28.8 2.3 +1-1 Scotch douche. 1218 1888 do do ....... 77.7 817 gm. bread, 1,254 cc. milk, 150 gm. roast beef, 364 cc. bouillon. 3 28.5 21.9 2.3 +4.3 Alter Scotch douche. 1219 1889 Aristov Soldier (K.) ' 23 62.7 1,774 cc. milk, 293 gm. black bread, 20 gm. white bread, 199 gm. roast meat. 8 25.2 17.7 2.6 +4.9 Normal health. 1220 1889 do do 23 63.9 2,299 cc. milk, 298 gm. black bread, 308 gm. white bread, 241 gm. roast meat. 8 32.5 20.3 2.6 +9.6 Normal health, enema period. 1221 1889 do do 23 64.5 2,288 cc. milk, 411 gm. black bread, 193 gm. white bread, 168 gm. roast meat. 8 27.4 20.6 2.4 +4.4 health. 1222 1889 do Soldier (K.) 23 58.5 1,732 cc. milk, 318 gm. black bread, 227 gm. white bread, 162 gm. roast meat. 7 24.2 16.6 2.8 +4.8 Do. 1223 1889 do 23 51.4 2,180 cc. milk, 370 gm. black bread, 274 gm. white bread, 214 gm. roast meat. 8 - 30.8 26.6 2.7 + 1.5 Normal health, enema period. 1224 1889 do 23 52.0 2,846 cc. milk, 246 gm. black bread, 261 gm. white bread, 193 gm. roast meat. 7 ' 30.6 20.6 2.7 -f /. i5 Normal health, nitrogen in feces -- average of 7 days. 1225 1889 do Soldier (E.) 22 66.9 2,505 cc. milk, 829 gm. black bread, 3,150 gm. gruel, 415 gm. roast meat. 8 29.9 22.6 3.7 +3.6 Normal health. First 4 days mixed food, last 4 days gruel. 1226 1889 do 22 70.6 2,464 cc. milk, 805 gm. black bread, 3,431 gm. gruel, 386 gm. roast meat. 8 30.2 21.9 2.9 +5.4 Normal health, enema period. First 4 days gruel, last4 days mixed food. 1227 1889 do 22 70.8 2,520 cc. milk, 802 gm. black bread, 3,100 gm. gruel, 257 gm. roast meat. 6 25.9 21.3 3.3 +1.3 Normal health. First 3 days mixed food, last 3 days gruel. 1228 1889 do Soldier (K.) 22 68.5 2,500 cc. milk, 887 gm. black bread, 3,150gm. gruel, 415 gm. roast meat. 8 30.2 19.0 5.9 +5.3 Normal health. First 4 days mixed food, last 4 1229 1889 do 22 62.9 2,470 cc. milk, 871 gm. black bread, 3,431 gm. gruel, 248 gm. roast meat. 8 29.5 18.6 4.9 +6.0 days gruel. Normal health, enema pe- riod. First4 days gruel, last 4 days mixed food. 1230 1889 do 22 / • / 63.8 2,483 cc. milk, 817 gm. black bread, 3,433 gm. gruel, 257 gm. roast meat. 6 25.9 18.8 5.7 +1.4 Normal health. Firsts days mixed food, last 3 days gruel. 150 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. u 03 rO r 4 6 Ko fever. KC1 in food 4.0 gm., in urine 2.7; gm., in feces 1.4 gm., loss 0.1 gm.; MaCJ in food 11.3 gm., in urine 10.1 gm., in feces 1.9 gm., loss 0.7 gm.; CaO in food 2.2 gm., in urine 0.4 gm., in feces 1.7 gm., gain 0.1 gm.; MgO in food 0.9 gm., in urine 0.3 gm., in feces 0.5 gm., gain 0.1 gm.; S03 in food 4.8 gm., in urine 2.3 gm., in feces 0.9 gm., gain 1.6 gm.; P208 in food 6.1 gm., in urine 2.5 gm., in feces 2.2 gm., gain 1.4 gm. Fever. KC1 in food 3.1 gm., in urine 3.3 gm., in feces 0.7 gm., loss 0.9 gm.; NaCl in food 2.6 gm., in urine 1.3 gm., in feces 0.7 gm., loss 0.6 gm.; CaO in food 3.1 gm., in urine 0.4 gm., in feces 2.7 gm., gain or loss 0; MgO in food 0.6 gm., in urine 0.3 gm., in feces 0.4 gm., loss 0.1 gm.; S03 in food 4.5 gm., in urine 4.0 gm., in feces 1.3 gm., loss 0.8 gm.; P205 in food 3.8 gm., in urine 3.1 gm., in feces 1.9 gm., loss 1.2 gm. 749—No. 45 13* 194 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. u © S, G 3 'u c8 o 3 Subject. Nitrogen. B 2 3 *C m Date of pu tion. Observer. Occupation. Age. Weight. Food per day. Duration. In food. In urine. 9 .© H Gain ( + ) orloss (—). Remarks. Years. Kg. Days. Gm. Gin. Gm. Gm. 2091 1894 Husche Girl (H.) 16 Milk, eggs, butter, meat, etc. (75.5 gm. fat, 232.0 gm. carbohydrates, 7.6 gm. alcohol, 2,862 gm. water, 2,057 calories). 3 15.3 6.6 1.6 +7.1 Heart disease. 2092 1894 do Woman (K.) 41 Milk, eggs, meat, etc. (85.7 gm. fat, 231.8 gm. carbohydrates, 7.6 gm. alcohol (6 days only), 3,206 gm. water, 2,106 calories). 7 12.6 11.6 0.7 +0.3 Do. 2093 1894 do Woman (P.) 47 Milk, eggs, meat, etc. (26.9 gm. fat, 69.9 gm. carbohydrates, 7.6 gm. alcohol (3 days only), 1,275 gm. water. 650 calories). 8 3.9 7.1 0.5 —3.7 Do. 2094 1894 do Woman (H.) 73 Meat, bread, milk, etc. (12.5 gm. fat, 41.7 gm. carbohydrates, 5.5 gm. alcohol (6 days only), 1,111 gm. water, 365 calories). 15 2.1 4.7 0.2 —2.8 Do. 2095 1894 do Woman (M.) 43 Meat, butter, bread, etc. (34.5 gm. fat, 91.5 gm. carbohydrates, 11.9 gm. alcohol, 1,446 gm. water, 854 calories). 17 3.6 6.3 0.4 —3.1 Do. Nos. 2060, 2061. Tbemetabolism of nitrogen in patients with heart disease during the period of deranged compensation. Inaug. Diss. (Russian), St. Petersburg, 1888, p. 28. Nos. 2062, 2063. Ibid., pp. 30,31. Nos. 2064, 2065. Ibid. p. 34. Ibid., i Nos. 2066-2069. Ibid., p. 38. Nos. 2070-2072. Ibid., p. 42. Nos. 2073, 2074. Ibid., p. 48. No. 2075. Ztschr. klin. Med., 15 p. 187. No. 2076. ). 190. No. 2077. Ibid., p. 194. No. 2078. Ibid., p. 197. No. 2079. Ibid., p. 200. No. 2080. Ibid., p. 203. No. 2081. Beitrage zur Lehre vom StoffVechsel des geaunden und kranken Menschen, pt. 3, p. 57. No. 2082. Ibid., p. 62. No. 2083. Ibid., p. 68. No. 2084. Ibid., p. 72. Nos. 2085,2086. Ibid., p. 23. No. 2087. Ibid., p. 25. Nos. 2088, 2089. Ibid., pp. 27, 28. No. 2092. Ibid., p. 32. No. 2093. Ibid., p. 34. No. 2094. Ibid., p. 36. No. 2095. Ibid., p. 39. Nos. 2090, 2091. Ibid., p. 30. Table 21.—Experiments with subjects ivith diseases of the circulatory system—Continued. DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 245 Nos. 2060-2074 were made by Dashkevich in St. Petersburg in 1888. The object was to study the metabolism of nitrogen in subjects with heart disease in the period of deranged compensation. Five experiments are described. All the subjects were more or less seriously afflicted with heart disease. Each experiment was divided into two or three periods. In one period the subjects received no special treatment. In the other periods they were given the usual treatment which their symptoms seemed to demand, either tincture of strophanthus, digitalis, caffeinum natro-salicy 1 ium, or tepid Nauheim baths. The food consisted of bread, meat, milk, etc. The separa- tion of the feces was made with blackberries. The nitrogen of the food, urine, and feces was determined by the Kjeldahl-Borodin method, and the nitrogen of the urea by Borodin's method, having first removed the extractives by Byasson’s method. The uric acid was determined in the first 4 experiments by the Haycraft-Ludwig method and in the fifth experiment by Haycraft’s method. The following conclusions were reached: In the periods with no special medical treatment the metabolism of nitrogen decreased and the ratio of the nitrogen of the extractives to that of the urea (1:14) was larger than normal. When digitalis was given the metaholism increased in every case, i. e., the excre- tion of the cleavage products of protein was increased. This may perhaps explain the favorable action of digitalis on patients with heart disease. The changes in metabolism due to tincture of strophanthus were contradictory. No conclusions can be drawn regarding the effect of caffeinum natro-salicylium, which was administered in only one case. The influence of the tepid artificial Nauheim baths on metabolism varied in differ- ent cases, though on the whole the subjects were benefited. The author believes that these baths are permissible in heart diseases, though not in severe cases. Nos. 2075-2080 were made by Grassmann at the Charitd Hospital in Berlin in 1886-87 to investigate the assimilation of food by subjects with disturbed circula- tion. The subjects were hospital patients, 5 women and a man, who were suffering from heart disease, which caused such disturbance of the circulation. The food con- sisted of milk and white bread, and in some cases butter, meat, and eggs were also consumed. The nitrogen and fat in the milk, the nitrogen and chlorin in the urine, and the nitrogen, fat, and fatty acids in the feces were determined. The composition of the meat and eggs was calculated from Voit’s figures and the bread from Muller’s. The separation of the feces was made with charcoal. Starch grains were not found in the feces. The author therefore concludes that the absorption of carbohydrates was not disturbed. The assimilation of nitrogen differed very little from the normal. The assimilation of fat was diminished. Nos. 2081-2084 were made by Schneider at the Charity Hospital in Berlin in 1893-94, The object was to investigate the nitrogen balance of persons with valvular disease of the heart. The subjects were 3 women suffering from this disease. The food consisted of a simple mixed diet. The composition of several articles—for instance, milk, cocoa, sausage, and potato—was determined. The composition of meat, bread, soup, and butter was calculated from analyses made by von Noorden, and the com- position of eggs from Voit’s figures. The separation of the feces was made with charcoal. The nitrogen in the urine and feces and the fat in the feces were determined. The conclusion is reached that there is no typical relation of th’e nitrogen balance to disease of the heart. The changes in the individual experiments are discussed at length. Nos. 2085-2095 were made by Husche at the Charitd Hospital in Berlin in 1892-93 to study the nitrogen balance in various stages of heart disease. The subjects were women suffering from some form of heart disease. The food consisted of a simple mixed diet of milk, meat, eggs, etc. The nitrogen in the milk was usually deter- mined. The nitrogen, fat, and carbohydrates in the porridge, veal, and sausage were determined. The composition of other articles of food was calculated from von Noorden’s and from Konig’s figures. The urine and feces were analyzed. 246 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. The following conclusions were reached: Disease of the heart affects the amount of urine excreted. The increase or decrease of the amount of nitrogen eliminated varies in the same way as the amount of urine, though the two are not parallel. The variations in the nitrogen balance take place more quickly than the variations in the quantity of urine.. The excretion of nitrogen and fat in the feces and the rela- tive amounts of different nitrogenous compounds in the urine were also investigated. The article contains much matter interesting from a medical standpoint. The author, with Vogel and-von Noorden,1 made further investigations on the effect of heart disease on the excretion of urine and nitrogen. The following deductions were drawn: When treatment with digitalis is successful the amount of urine is greatly increased and large quantities of nitrogen are removed from the body. Very abundant excretion of nitrogen seldom continues more than 2 to 4 days. In the experiments made the nitrogen excretion in the urine exceeded that consumed in the food by 10 to 15 grams daily. The increased nitrogen excretion was not always regular from day to day, though the diuresis was constant. Sometimes it was found that the urine excretion was greatly increased, while the excretion of nitrogen was unaffected. Von Noorden is of the opinion that when the excretion of nitrogen is increased the nitrogen which was stored up in anasarcous tissue is removed from the body. These conclusions are in accord with those of Kohler,2 who studied the effect on the excretion of nitrogen and urine of treating heart disease with digitalis. The proportion of different nitrogenous constituents in the urine was also studied. Experiments were made with 7 subjects, men and women who were hospital patients suffering from some form of heart disease which caused deranged compensation. In every case the diet remained the same throughout the test. In one instance digi- talis increased the daily excretion of urine from about 400 to 1,100 cubic centimeters. The excretion of urea was increased from 9.01 to 23.43 grams and the uric acid from 0.53 to 0.98 gram. In another test the urine was increased from 500 to 2,200 cubic centimeters, while the urea excretion was little affected, being increased from 10.9 to 15.6 grams. In the corresponding period the daily excretion of xiric acid was increased from 0.29 to 0.40 gram. In another case the amount of urine was not much increased (from 320 to 700 cubic centimeters!, while in the corresponding period the urea was increased from 8.64 to 21.42 grams. The author was of the opinion that in the period of deranged compensation the excretion of urine and nitrogen was diminished. Proper treatment, for instance digitalis, in general caused an increased excretion of both urine and urea. EXPERIMENTS WITH SUBJECTS SUFFERING FROM DISEASES OF THE BLOOD AND DUCTLESS GLANDS. In Table 22 are included 1 test with a man and 3 with women suffer- ing from leucaemia or from chlorosis. In these experiments special questions were investigated. In one instance the effect of inhalation of oxygen gas was studied. Other experiments on the effect of varying oxygen content in respired air will be found on page 179. Tests were also made with a subject affected with leucaemia in which the special point studied was the influence of the remedial agent employed (Table 9, Nos. 795-799). Experiments with dogs in which anaemia was arti- ficially produced will be found in Table 29, Nos. 2912-2917. 1 Lehrbucli der Pathologie des Stoffwechsels, p. 326. 2 Wiener klin. Wochenschr., 4 (1891), p. 375. DISEASES OF THE BLOOD AND DUCTLESS GLANDS. 247 Serial number. Date of publica- tion. Observer. Subject. Food per day. j Duration. Nitrogen. Remarks. Occupation. © SQ 2 bjD *© £ 'd 1 0 © M © © <© H +T .3 o a "T O § Years. Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 31 Bread, meat, rice, bouillon, and milk 6 9.5 9. 7 1.1 —1.3 Leucaemia. 2097 1889 31 6 9.9 9.5 1.1 —0.7 Leucaemia. Inhalations of oxygen. 2098 1890 Teacher (Woman) .. 23 210 gm. bread, 252 gm. cutlet, 226 gm. bouil- 8 15.9 13.0 0.8 +2.1 Chlorosis. Ion, 575 gm. milk, 1,290 cc. tea. 2099 1892 17 50.5 900 gm. milk, 90 gm. meat, 81 gm. egg, 209 7 12.9 11.4 1.0 +0.5 Do. gm. white bread, 60 gm. butter, 500 gm. sou]), 300 gm. beer, 300 gm. coffee. 2100 1892 do do 17 50.5 1.500 gm. milk, 90 gm. meat, 79 gm. egg, 209 1 15.1 13.9 1.0 +0.2 First day of No. 2099. gm. white bread. 60 gm. butter, 500 gm. soup, 300 gm. beer, 300 gm. coffee. 2101 1892 17 50. 5 Food practically same as No. 2099 6 12.5 11.5 1.0 0.0 Last 6 days of No. 2099. 2102 1892 17 1,000 gm. milk, 279 gm. white bread, 80 gm. 7 13.1 11.8 0.8 +0.5 Chlorosis. butter, 600 gm. soup, 600 gm. coffee, 71 • gm. egg, 150 gm. wine, 100 gm. meat. 2103 1892 do 20 9 12.9 11.1 1.1 +0.7 I)o. bread, 80 gm. butter, 600 gm. soup, 600 gm. coffee, 150 gm. wine. 2104 1893 46 3 15.3 9.4 1.9 +4.0 Leucaemia. 60 gm. sausage, 165 gm. meat, 1,000 gm. coffee, 250 gm. soup, 100 gm.beer, 500 gm. seltzer water. Nos. 2096. 2097. Vrach, 10. p. 994. No. 2098. Ibid., 11 p. 1042 Nos. 2099-2101. Beitrage zur Lehre vom Stoffwechsel des gesunden und kranken Menschen, pt. 1, p. 32. No. 2102. Ibid., p. 34. No. 2103. Ibid., p. 38. No. 2104. Ibid., pt. 2, p. 152. Table 22.—Experiments with subjects ivith diseases of the blood and ductless glands. 248 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Nos. 2096 and 2097 were made l»y Burzliinski in St. Petersburg in 1889. The object was to study the influence of inhaling increased amounts of oxygen on the metabo- lism of nitrogen in subjects with leucaemia. The subject was a man of middle stature and well built. He was suffering from leuciemia. The experiment lasted 12 days. The first 6 days were under usual condi- tions. During the last 6 days the subject inhaled 60 liters of oxygen per day. The inhalations were at 1 p. m. and at 6 p. m. The nitrogen in the food, urine, and feces was determined by the Kjeldahl method, the uric acid of the urine by the Ludwig method, and ammonia by Sclildsing’s method. The extractives of the urine were precipitated with pliospho-tungstic acid. The following conclusions were drawn: The metabolism of nitrogen and the quan- tity of uric acid, especially in relation to the urea, was increased in the subject with leucaemia when oxygen was inhaled. No. 2098 was made by Ketcher in St. Petersburg in 1890 to investigate the metabo- lism of nitrogen in chlorosis. The subject was a woman teacher. The nitrogen of the food, urine, and feces was determined by the Kjeldahl-Borodin method. The following are the author’s conclusions: The assimilation of nitrogen in chlo- rosis was normal. The metabolism of nitrogen was 86.32 per cent—i.e., somewhat lower than the mean for healthy persons, but still not below the normal limits. The total quantity of nitrogen, the nitrogen of urea, and the amount of chlorids and phosphates in the urine was less than normal. The absolute amount of extractives in the urine was greater than normal. Nos. 2099-2103 were made by Lipman-Wulf in Berlin in 1891. The object was to investigate the influence of chlorosis upon metabolism. The subjects were 3 young women suffering from this disease who Avere under treatment at the Charitd Hos- pital. The investigations Avere not made until the patients had been in the hospital some days. The details of their condition are given in full by the author. The food consisted of milk, meat, bread, butter, eggs, soup, beer, wine, and coffee. Analyses of food, urine, and feces Avere made. The assimilation of nitrogen Avas very good, and the conclusion is drawn that chlorosis is not a disease which brings about a pathological change in the metabolism of protein. In these cases the metabolism was very much like that of a normal indiAridual. In the diet fat and carbohydrates were present in abundance, but the amounts were not great enough to produce any abnormal effect in the way of protecting protein. No. 2104 AAras made by Spirig in 1893 at the Charity Hospital in Berlin. The object Avas to study the assimilation of food in leucaemia. The subject Avas suffering from this disease. The blood contained 1,700,000 red and 137,500 white corpuscles per cubic millimeter Avhen the subject was admitted to the hospital. A simple mixed diet was consumed, consisting of bread, butter, cheese, sausage, meat, etc. The nitrogen, fat, and carbohydrates in the food Avere determined, also the nitrogen in the urine, and and fat in the feces. The assimilation of nitrogen and fat Avas not quite so good as in the case of a healthy individual. The organism gained nitrogen, which is in accord with von Noorden’s theory that leuca> mia is not a toxigenic protoplasm disturbing disease. EXPERIMENTS WITH SUBJECTS SUFFERING FROM DISEASES OF THE KIDNEYS. In Table 23 are included 97 tests with men, 6 with women, and 5 with children, in which the subjects were suffering- from nephritis, albu- menuria, Bright’s disease, amyloid diseases, or contracted kidney. In these experiments special questions were investigated—for instance, the effect of the disease on the metabolism and assimilation of nitro- gen, or the effect of some particular treatment on the condition of the subject. DISEASES OF THE KIDNEYS. Serial number. Date of publica- tion. Subject. Nitrogen. Observer. Occupation. Age. -t-i £ Pood per day. Duration. In food. In urine. In feces. Gain (+) orloss(—). Remarks. 2105 I 1886 2106 i 1886 Tears. Kg. 69 Days. 4 Gm. 23.4 Gm. 19.6 Gm. 1.7 Gm. + 2.1 + 5.0 Chronic nephritis. Chronic nephritis. Baths. Chronic nephritis. Chronic nephritis. Baths.- Chronic nephritis. Chronic nephritis. Baths. Last 3 days of No. 2110. Nitrogen in feces=aver- age of 3 days. Last 3 days of No. 2112. 65 3 27.0 20. 5 1.5 2107 1886 67 3 24.4 20.3 1.5 + 2. 6 2108 1886 . ..do . . 65 3 31.5 19.2 1.5 +10.8 —13.1 2109 1886 Man (1?) 76 3 13.3 13.3 13.1 2110 1 1886 do 68 5 18.1 13.6 10.2 — 5.7 2111 1886 2112 1886 2113 1886 2114 1886 .. do 3 18.5 13.9 10.4 — 5.8 65 5 20.0 16.4 2.9 + 0.7 . do 3 20.0 15.4 2.9 + 1.7 62 4 22.2 10.5 3.1 + 2.6 2115 1888 22 64 368 gm. half white bread, 254 gm. oatmeal, 402 gm. soup (1 day), 58 gm. cutlet. 51.2 gm. half white bread (1 day), 1,751 gm. milk, 103 gm. blackberries (1 day), 112 gm. water (1 day). 290 gm. half white bread, 166 gm. oatmeal, 311 gm. soup (1 day), 90 gm. meat, 68 gm. cutlet, 349 gm. tea. 57.5 gm. half white bread (1 day), 1,826 gm. milk, 93 gm. blackberries (1 day). 48 gm. half white bread, 1,222 gm. milk?... 52 gm. white bread (1 day), 220 gm. bouillon (1 day), 1,757 gm.milk', 1,250 gm. water. 162 gm. bread (1 day), 222 gm. bouillon (1 day), 1,284 gm. milk, 78 gm. jam, 902 gm. tea, 955 gm. water. 100.5 gm. bread (1 day), 162 gm. white bread, 65 gm. crackers (1 day), 91 gm. cutlet, 1,142 gm. milk, 902 gm. tea, 744 gm. water. 98 gm. white bread, 92 gm. cutlet, 1,143 gm. milk, 1,148 gm. tea, 955 gm. water. 143 gm. white bread, 97 gm. cutlet, 1,090 gm. milk, 738 gm. tea, 716 gm. water, 138 gm. blackberries, 50 gm. roasted meat (1 day). 3 13.5 13.3 0.6 -0.4 Nephritis parenchyma- tosa acuta toxica. Do. 2116 : 1888 22 58 7 8.3 14.5 0.7 — 6.9 2117 1888 22 50 3 14.0 12.8 0.5 + 0.7 Nephritis parenehyma- tosa acuta toxica. Warm baths. Nephritis parenchyma- tosa chronica. Do. 2118 1888 51 81 5 9.3 8.0 0.3 + 1.0 2119 ! 1888 78 4 7.2 9.9 0.2 — 2.9 2120 1888 27 79 4 9.0 11.9 2.5 — 5.4 Do. 2121 1888 2122 | 1888 do 27 80 3 6.6 10.0 3.2 — 6.6 Do. 27 80 3 11.5 . 8.2 6.3 — 3.0 Do. 2123 1888 2124 i 1888 do do 27 27 / SI 85 3 3 10.4 11.1 8.6 14.5 7.1 3.2 — 5.3 — 6.6 Do. Nephritis parenchyma- tosa chronica. Subject was given digitalis. Table 23.—Experiments with subjects with diseases of the lcidneys. 250 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. © Serial num Date of pu cation. Observer. Occupation. Age. Weight. Food per day. Duration. In food. In urine. In feces. j Gain (+) i or loss (—). Remarks. 2169 1890 2170 i 1890 2171 ! 1890 2172 1890 Years. 47 Kg. 200 gm. meat, 200 gm. potato, 100 gm. bread... Days. 1 Gm. 8.9 Gm. 9. 3 Gm. 1.0 Gm. —1.4 Chronic parenchymatous nephritis. Do. 47 1 8.9 8. 9 1.1 —1.1 47 1 8. 9 6.1 3.0 —0.2 Do. 47 2 8.9 8.4 0. 9 —0.4 Do. 2173 1890 47 2 9.9 8.0 1.1 +0.8 Chronic interstitial ne- 2174 1890 47 200 gm. meat, 250 cc. milk, 120 gm. bread, 5 soft-boiled eggs. 3 14.8 13.3 1.3 +0.2 +0.3 +0.1 +0.5 + 0.5 +1.4 —0.3 phritis. Do. 2175 i 1890 47 2 9.9 8.9 0.7 Do. 2176 1890 47 200 gm. meat, 250 cc. milk, 120 gm. bread, 5 raw eggs. 3 14.8 13.4 1.3 Do. 2177 1890 47 2 9.9 8.5 0.9 Do. 2178 1890 47 «v~ ’ ’ 1 9.9 8.3 1.1 Do. 2179 | 1890 47 4 9.9 7.4 1.1 Do. 2180 1 1890 47 2 9.9 9.4 0.8 Do. 2181 1891 Maid servant (H.)... 25 Bread, soup, egg, potato, milk, meat, coffee.. Bread, vegetables, soup, egg, meat, butter, sugar, coffee. 8 14.1 8.5 2.0 +3. 6 Chronic nephritis. Sub- 2182 1891 do 25 8 8.2 ■ 7.9 1.2 —0.9 jeet was given infusum juniperii. Thedietcon- tained an abundance of nitrogen. Nitrogen in urine inclndes 1.2 gm. from albumen. Chronic nephritis. Sub- ject was given infusum digitalis several days. The diet contained a limited amount of ni- trogen. Nitrogen in urine includes 1.0 gm. from albumen. Chronic nephritis. Sub- ject was given infusum juniperii. Thedietcon- tained an abundance of nitrogen. Nitrogen in urine includes 1.6 gm. from albumen. Average of Nos. 2181 and 2183. 2183 1891 2184 1891 25 8 16.7 10.7 1.5 +4.5 .. do . . 25 15.4 9.6 1.8 +4.0 Table 23.—Experiments with subjects tvith diseases of the kidneys—Continued. DISEASES OP THE KIDNEYS. 253 3185 1891 ar. 0 17.0 13.9 1.5 I Ml (’lirenle nephritis with s\ m pi ot granular atrophy. Nitrogen In urine Include* 1.2 gin. 2180 Yon Noorden and from albumen. 1801 37 5 17.7 9,9 2.9 +4.0 Shriveled kidney. Diet rich In protein. 2187 Hitter. 1891 do 27 40 1,000 cc. milk, meat, eggs, butter, white bread.. 7 12.3 11.0 1.8 —0.5 Shriveled kidney. Nitro- gen in uriue=average of 8 days. 2188 1891 38 50.5 1,500-2,000 cc. milk, butter, white bread, eggs (4 days). 9 13.2 10.1 0.6 + 2.5 Shriveled kidney. Large- ly milk diet. Nitrogen in urine—average oi 8 days. 1)0. Shriveled kidney. Milk, meat, egg diet'. N itro- 2189 1891 do 43 43 50 2,000 oo. milk, butter, sswoiback, white bread. 7 14.3 12.8 11.0 12.8 0.0 0.8 +2.7 —0.8 2190 1891 do 9 2191 gen in urine average of 7 days. 1891 do *>•> 78 1,000-2,000 ee. milk, bread, butter, eggs, meat. 27 14.2 12.8 1.0 —0.2 Nephritis parenoliyma- tosa chronica. Nitre- 2192 gen in urine=average of 24 days. 1892 45 1,000 gm. milk, 72 gm. rolls, 50 gm. bread, 400 gm. vegetables, 80 gm. meat aud gravy, 500 1 11.3 6.7 2 1 +2.5 Chronic nephritis. 2193 do gm. soup. 40 gm. butter. 1892 do 45 3 9. 7 6. 2 2. 4 +1.1 +2.5 Do. Do. 2194 1892 do 45 1,000 gru. milk, 72 gm. rolls, 75 gm. bread, 400 gm. vegetables, 05 gin. meatand gravy, 500 2 11.1 6.6 2.0 2195 gin. soup, 40 gm. butter. 1892 : do ' j. 45 2 000 gm. milk 2 8 8 5. 7 2. 9 1.9 +0.2 +7.0 Do. Do. 2190 1892 do 45 1,000 gm. milk, 72 gm. rolls, 80 gm. bread, 80 giu. licet, 400gin. vegetables, 40gm. butter, 1 14.1 6.2 2197 1,000 gm. soup. 1892 do 45 1,000 oo. milk, 133 gin. bread, 87 gm. meat, vegetables, etc. 10.5 4.0 1.5 +4.4 Do. 2198 do 1892 Man c8 o Subject. Nitrogen. S P P at ’u © Ul Date of pu' tion. Observer. Occupation. Age. &JD ’© Rood per day. Duration. In food. In urine. In feces. Gain (+) or loss (—). Remarks. 2205 2206 2207 1892 1892 1892 Kornblum Man (S.) Years. 49 49 Kg. 62 62 250 gm. bread, 107 gm. meat, 5 gm. egg, 60 gm. butter, 100 cc. milk, etc. (85.6 gm. pro- tein, 87.6 gm. fat, 204 gm. carbohydrates, 25.4 gm. alcohol, 2,261.2 calories). Days. 11 3 Gm. 13.9 14.6 Gm. 12.2 14.4 Gm. 0.4 0.4 Gm. +1.3 —0.2 Chronic nephritis. Ni- trogen in urine in- cludes 0.6 gm. from albumen. Chronic nephritis. Last 28 67 150 gm. bread, 150 gm. meat, 43 gm. butter, l,000cc. milk, 83cc. red wine, 500cc. coffee, 500 cc. bouillon, 3 eggs, 20 gm. sugar, 483 cc. water (99.2 gm. protein, 94.8 gm. fat, 147.2 carbohydrates, 76 gm. alcohol, 1,713 calories). 6 15.9 10.6 1.7 +3.6 three days of No. 2205. Nitrogen in urine in- cludes 0.5 gm. from al- bumen. Amyloid degeneration of the kidneys and phthi- sis. Nitrogen in urine includes 3.5 gm. from albumen and 0.3 gm. from sputa. 2208 2209 2210 2211 2212 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 Tt • 1 - G-1 rl 21.8 28. 2 5 5 12.5 10.2 0.7 + 1.6 +1.5 Albumenuria. ttirl 13J 5 14.0 11.9 0.6 Do. Girl 13. 9 6 13.0 7.6 1.3 +4.1 Do. Girl 12 27 1,600 cc. milk, 680 gm. rice, 280 gm. bread 3 11.9 7.6 2.1 +2.2 Do. Girl 5 16.9 295 gm. milk, 151 gm. meat, 76 gm. boiled bam, 200 gm. bouillon, 43 gm. butter, 14 gm. cheese, 93 gm. egg, 47 gm. bread, 73 gm. spinach (2 days), 172gm. coffee, 52gm. red wine, 208 gm. water, 200 gm. Carlsbad Muhlbrun water. 3 12.2 11.3 1.0 —0.1 Diabetes mellitus. Nos 2105-2114. Yrach, 7, p. 181. Nos. 2115-2117. The quantitative and qualitative metabolism of nitrogen in diseases of the kidneys. Inaug. Diss. (Russian), St. Petersburg, 1888, Tables 1, 2, p. 81. Nos. 2118, 2119. Ibid., Tables 3,4, pp. 82, 83. Nos. 2120-2131. Ibid., Tables 5, 6, pp. 84, 86. Nos. 2132-2135. Ibid., Tables 7 8 pp. 90, 92. Nos. 2136-2138. Ibid., Tables 9, 10, pp. 94, 96. Nos. 2139-2141. Ztsehr. klin. Med., 18, pp. 120,121. Nos. 2142-2145. Ibid., pp. 123, 124. Nos. 2146-2152. Ibid., pp. 125, 126. Nos. 2153-2158. Ibid., pp. 129, 130. Nos. 2159-2165. Ibid., pp. 134, 135. Nos. 2166-2172. Ibid., pp. 139, 140. Nos. 2173-2177. Ibid., p. 142. Nos. 2178-2180. Ibid., p. 145. Nos. 2181-2184. fiber Stickstoffaufnahme und Stickstoffausscbeidung bei chronischer Nephritis. Inaug. Diss. Berlin, 1891, pp. 17,18. No. 2185. Ibid., p. 22. No. 2186. Ztsehr. klin. Med. 19, Sup , pp. 201, 213. No. 2187. Ibid., pp. 201,214. No. 2188. Ibid.,pp. 200 216 Nos. 2189, 2190. Ibid., pp. 200, 217. No. 2191. Ibid., pp. 200, 210. Nos. 2192-2194. Ztsehr. klin. Med., 20, p. 114. Nos. 2195-2197. Ibid., p. 115. Nos 2198, 2199. Ibid., p. 120. Nos. 2200-2202. Ibid., p. 122. No. 2203. Ibid., p. 125. No. 2204. Virchow's Arch., 127, p. 416. Nos. 2205, 2206. Ibid., p. 431. No. 2207. Ibid., p. 440. No. 2208. Arch. Kinderheil, 15, p. 165. No. 2209. Ibid., p. 168. No. 2210. Ibid., p. 173. No. 2211. Ibid., p. 176. No. 2212. Ibid., p. 186. Table 23.—Experiments with subjects with diseases of the kidneys—Continued. DISEASES OF THE KIDNEYS. 255 Nos. 2105-2114 were made by Korkounov at St. Petersburg in 1886 ( ?). The object was to study the influence of a sudorific treatment on metabolism and the assimila- tion of the protein of milk in chronic inflammation of the kidneys. Persons were selected as subjects who had well-defined chronic inflammation of the kidneys and anarsaca as a prominent symptom. Four experiments were made, each divided into two periods. During the experiment the subjects received milk exclusively. Before the experiment they received the milk, white bread, and cut- let. The nitrogen of the milk, urine, and feces was determined by the Kjeldahl- Borodin method. The albumen in the urine was estimated by the gravimetric method. The sudorific treatment consisted of baths. During the last period of each experiment two baths of 40° C. and 15 to 25 minutes’ duration were given daily. After the bath the subjects were wrapped in blankets. The following conclusions were reached: The weight of the subjects decreased during both periods. At the same time the dropsy diminished. In two cases on the last day of the experiment the dropsy had entirely disappeared and the weight of the patients increased a little. The assimilation of the milk varied considerably in different subjects, the limits being 82.57 per cent and 93.83 per cent. The more developed the dropsy the poorer the nitrogen assimilation. Under the influence of the baths the assimilation improved in every case. The limits were 86 and 95.39 per cent. During the first period the subjects not only maintained a nitro- gen equilibrium, but even gained some nitrogen. Under the sudorific treatment a still greater amount of nitrogen was retained. Nos. 2115-2138 were made by Grigoriev in St. Petersburg in 1888. The object was a study of the quantitative and qualitative metabolism of nitrogen in diseases of the kidneys. The subjects were men suffering from some form of kidney disease. Five experiments are described. The general plan followed was to keep the patients on an absolute milk diet or a bread and milk diet for several days, this period being preceded and followed by a period on mixed diet. The nitrogen of the food, urine, and feces was determined by the Kjeldalil-Borodin method. During the last 4 days the subject of Nos. 2115-2117 was given warm baths. The subject of experiment Nos. 2120-2132 was under observation 40 days. During this time he received alternately a mixed diet and one of milk with bread. The med- ical treatment consisted of hot baths and digitalis and similar drugs. The patient died. The subject of experiment Nos. 2126-2138 was treated with vicliy and lithium bro- mid solution and baths of 30° C. He died some months after the conclusion of the experiment. The author’s general conclusions are as follows: The qualitative metabolism of nitrogen in nephritic subjects is inferior to that of healthy subjects, while the quantitative metabolism of nitrogen is sometimes inferior and sometimes superior. Many conditions influence this change. The absolute quantities of uric acid and extractives in the urine of nephritic sub- jects are not lower than in healthy persons, but the relative amounts are higher than the normal. The excretion of uric acid and extractives in the urine of nephritic subjects docs not stand in either direct or inverse relation to the outgo of urea. This indicates that these substances are formed by independent processes in the body. The excretion of uric acid in the urine of nephritic subjects fluctuates less than that of extractives. The individuality of the subject and the peculiarities of the disease materially influence the changes in the metabolism of nitrogen in diseases of the kidneys. This accounts for the contradictory results obtained by various investigators. Nos. 2139-2180 were made by Prior in Bonn ( ?), in 1889-90, to study the influence of the consumption of albumen upon the functions of the kidneys. The subjects were suffering from some disease of the kidneys which caused an excretion of albumen in the urine. The food consisted of bread, meat, milk, potatoes, and eggs. 256 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. The subjects consumed a diet with a moderate amount of protein for a few days, then for a short period the amount of protein was considerably increased by adding eggs to the dietary. The ordinary diet was then resumed. In most cases, trials were made in which the subjects consumed cooked or raw eggs alone. These periods were also preceded and followed hy periods with the usual diet. The nitrogen in the food was either determined or calculated from Kbnig’s tables. The nitrogen in the urine and feces was determined and also the albumen, uric acid, phosphoric acid, and in some cases the urea and sulphuric acid in the urine. The author concludes that coagulated egg albumen consumed with other food or alone does not cause an excretion of albumen in the urine in healthy subjects, nor does it have any bad effect on subjects with albuminuria. When raw egg albumen is cousumed with other food it does not usually cause an excretion of albumen in the urine of healthy individuals, and is also harmless for subjects with albuminuria. When raw egg albumen alone is consumed it often causes an excretion of albumen in the urine of healthy individuals and increases the excretion of albumen in sub- jects suffering from albuminuria. The results vary considerably, however, with different forms of kidney disease. The article contains many references to previous work, and much matter interest- ing from a medical standpoint. Experiments were also made with dogs, rabbits, and guinea pigs, and with healthy men. They were not complete metabolism experiments and therefore are not included in the present compilation. Nos. 2181-2185 were made by P. Muller at the Charit6 Hospital in Berlin in 1890 to study the metabolism of nitrogen in chronic nephritis. The subject was a maid servant—a patient in the hospital—suffering from this disease. Throughout the whole experiment the food was a simple mixed diet consisting of bread, meat, soup, potatoes, etc., varied somewhat from day to day. The experiment was divided into four periods. In Nos. 2181,2183, and 2185 the diet contained an abundance of nitrogen, and in No. 2182 a limited amount. An interval of several weeks separated Nos. 2183 and 2185. At this time the subject manifested symptoms of granular atrophy of the kidneys. The feces were separated by means of charcoal. The nitrogen in the food was calculated from Klemperer’s compilation,1 which includes many analyses of foods served in the Charit6 Hospital. The nitrogen in the feces was determined by the Kjeldalil-Borodin method, and the urea in the urine by the Liebig-Pfliiger method. The albumen in the urine was estimated by means of Esbachscher’s albu- minimeter. The following conclusions were drawn: Generally speaking, during the earlier stages of the disease the subject gained nitrogen, provided the amount consumed exceeded 9 or 10 grams daily. This gain was observed even when the quantity of urine was large. It was possible by diminishing the amount of protein consumed to prevent a gain of nitrogen, provided the excretion of urine was not excessive. When the symptoms of granular atrophy occurred less nitrogen was retained than before, the amount being inversely proportional to the quantity of urine excreted. When 18.8 grams of nitrogen was consumed daily it was not possible to store up nitrogen if the excretion of urine was correspondingly large. The author discusses the experiments at length from a medical standpoint, with special reference to uraemia. Nos. 2186-2191 were made by von Noorden and Kitter in Professor Gerhardt’s clinic in Berlin in 1890-91. The object was to investigate (1) the absorption of nutrients; (2) to see if a change in the composition of the diet had an effect on the action of the kidneys, and (3) to see if albuminuria was influenced by the diet. The subjects were 3 women suffering from some form of kidney disease. The food consisted of a simple mixed diet. The protein was furnished by various combinations of meat, milk, and eggs. The supposition [of the compilers] is that the nitrogen and fat were 1 Grundriss de klinischen Diagnostik. DISEASES OF THE KIDNEYS. 257 determined in the food and feces, and the nitrogen, albumen, and, in some cases, phosphoric acid in the urine. In discussing the outgo of nitrogen in the urine in one of the experiments (No. 2191) the author divides the whole time—24 days—into five periods, while in the statements concerning the food and feces the whole time—27 days—is divided into six periods. It is presumable that the last 24 days are those which correspond to the days on which the outgo of nitrogen in the urine is given. They were divided into periods of 5, 4, 4, 6, and 5 days’ duration, respectively. The nitrogen consumed was derived from milk and eggs in the first period; from meat, milk, and eggs in the second and fourth periods; from milk in the third period; and from milk and meat in the fifth period. Baths which induced sweating were given in the last period. When the balance of income and outgo is computed on the above basis the results obtained differed somewhat from those given by the authors. The figures are therefore not quoted in detail, since it was not certain that the periods in which income and outgo were recorded coincided, as was assumed above. The conclusion was reached that in kidney disease the amount of nutrients excreted in the feces does not differ in any regular way from that in health. The form in which protein was consumed had no influence on the action of the kidneys. No con- clusion was drawn regarding the influence of the diet on albuminuria. The articlo contains much matter which is interesting from a medical standpoint. Nos. 2192-2203 were made by Mann at the first medical clinic of the University of Berlin in 1890-91 to investigate the excretion of nitrogen in subjects with diseases of the kidneys. The opinions of a number of earlier investigators on this subject are quoted. Some of the experiments are referred to in detail. As shown by these citations, the opinion is quite general that acute nephritis diminishes the excretion of nitrogen. The author reports experiments with 4 men. L., 45 years old, was suffering from chronic nephritis; N., 54' years old, and H., 29 years old, from sclerosis of the kid- neys, and M., 26 years old, from amyloid degeneration of the kidneys. L., M., and N. had more or less pronounced edema or anasarca. N. died shortly after the close of the test. H. had a very severe attack immediately before the test. With the sub- jects L. and N., periods on a mixed diet were followed by periods on an absolute milk diet. The mixed diet consumed by L. was believed to furnish as much protein and energy as was required, since the subject remained in bed during the test. The milk diet furnished considerable less protein and energy. The mixed diet consumed by N. was similar in kind and amount to that which he was accustomed to. H. and M. consumed a simple diet of milk, rolls, and eggs. All the subjects were given char- coal emulsion to facilitate the separation of the feces. The nitrogen in the urine and feces, and in all the articles of food except butter, was determined by the Kjel- dahl method. The nitrogen in the butter was calculated from Konig’s figures. The albumen in the urine was usually determined by an Essbach albuminimeter, and sometimes by weighing the precipitated albumen. The nitrogen was always deter- mined in two samples of urine, the albumen in one sample being first removed by precipitation with acetic acid. The author calculated the amount of albumen present in the urine by multiplying the difference in the nitrogen content of the two samples by 6.25. The results when albumen was thus determined were found to agree very closely with those obtained by precipitation and weighing, and were more uniform than those obtaiued by using the Essbach albuminimeter. In every case the outgo of nitrogen was less than the income; that is, some nitrogen was stored in the body. This was particularly noticeable with the subject of Nos. 2192- 2196 in the periods on an absolute milk diet, when the food furnished less nitrogen and energy than it was believed the subject would require under normal conditions. From the experiments as a whole, the conclusion was drawn that in diseases of the kidneys nitrogen equilibrium can be reached when only a small amount of nitrogen is consumed. If the amount of nitrogen consumed is increased, there is usually a 749—Ko. 45 17* 258 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. considerable retention of nitrogen, which is stored up in the edema. If the amount of nitrogen consumed is diminished, the amount excreted increases until nitrogen equilibrium is reached. The retention of nitrogen sometimes causes uraemia. Nos. 2204-2207 were made by Kornblum in the Moabit Hospital in Berlin in 1892 (?). Some of the analytical work, i. e., on the feces, was done in the laboratory of the Pathological Institute. The object of the experiments was an investigation of nitro- gen metabolism in man where the kidneys were diseased. In speaking of metabolism in disease the author says, in effect, there are many diseases, particularly those of a more or less morbid nature, which drugs do not permanently relieve. In such cases the most important thing is to so arrange the diet that the subject may be main- tained in a well-nourished condition as long as possible, and to better his condition if he is not well nourished. Investigators have given attention chiefly to protein, since it is well known that while fat and carbohydrates may replace each other, or under certain conditions be omitted altogether, some protein is absolutely essential. The smallest quantity of protein which in combination witli fat and carbohydrates will serve for the needs of the body is called “protein for maintenance.” The subjects in Kornblum’s experiments were 2 patients in the Moabit Hospital, one suffering from chronic nephritis and the other from amyloid degeneration of the kidneys and phthisis. These men were chosen because it seemed desirable to select subjects suffering from some form of Bright’s disease. For purposes of com- parison with a normal individual several series of experiments were made, in which the investigator was himself the subject. The results could not be included in the present compilation, since they were not reported with sufficient detail. In the experiments made with the men suffering from kidney disease the nitrogen in all the food except meat and eggs was determined. For the nitrogen of meat Yoit’s value, 3.4 per cent, was used. The fat in the meat was calculated from Kdnig’s figures. The nitrogen and fat in the eggs were calculated from values given by Voit. The carbohydrates, fat, alcohol, and fuel value in the various articles of food were calculated from the best available data. The urine was boiled with a little acetic acid; the albumen was filtered off and determined. The nitrogen and phos- phoric acid in the urine and the nitrogen in the feces were determined also. In No. 2207 the nitrogen in the sputa was determined. The principal conclusion from these experiments was that there is no diminution in the amount of nitrogen excreted due to nephritis, although the nitrogen metabo- lism is much retarded by it. Nos. 2208-2212 were made by Baginsky in Berlin in 1891-92. The object of these experiments was to study the pathology of the kidneys during childhood. The sub- jects were young girls. Those in Nos. 2208-2211 were patients in the Emperor and Empress Frederick Hospital suffering from nephritis or other disease which caused albumen in the urine. The subject of No. 2212 had diabetes mellitus. In Nos. 2208- 2210 the food consisted of milk. In No. 2211 of milk, bread (semmel), and rice, and in No. 2212 of meat and eggs, bouillon, cheese, butter, etc., and a little coarse bread and spinach. Coffee, red wine, and Carlsbad Miilhbrun water were used as bever- ages. The nitrogen in food, urine, and feces was determined. From the first 4 experiments (Nos. 2208-2211) the conclusion is drawn that in such diseases the kidneys do not excrete nitrogen as well as in health. This tendency can, however, be overcome. The greater part of the nitrogen in the urine is in the form of urea. The discussion of the experiments is largely from a medical standpoint. EXPERIMENTS WITH SUBJECTS SUFFERING FROM DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Iii Table 24 are included 14 tests with women suffering from hysteria. The special questions investigated are noted in the text accompanying the table. DISEASES OF THE NEKVOTJS SYSTEM. 259 u © © s 3 Subject. Nitrogen. B 53 © la ** o «w © 43 © Observer. Occupation. © 3 be Pood per day. d o +3 *6 © © a 3 0? © © +T * Remarks. © m "S p *© £ © p 53 H 53 * 48 53 M *Ctr5 Og 2213 1887 Years. Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 27 44.8 Milk, meat, eggs, bread, butter, etc. (191.3 44 30.6 24.0 2.3 +4.3 Hysteria. Nitrogen in gm. protein). feces determined for 4 2214 1887 do do 27 44.8 2,064 cc. milk, 352 gm. meat, 212 gm. egg, 30 4 34.7 25.4 2.6 +6.7 days only. Hysteria. Four days of gm. white bread, 325 gm. zwieback, 200 No.2213 on whichnitro- gm. potato, 100 gm. vegetables, 20 gm. gen in feces was deter- 2215 Popov butter, 100 gm. cakes, etc. (217.1 gm. protein). mined. 1889 Girl 18 90 6 4.4 20.8 7.2 13.3 0.2 0.5 —3.0 +7.0 Hysteria. Milk diet. Hysteria. Chiefly ani- 2216 1889 18 35 gm. bread, 114 gm.meat powder, 70 gm. 6 2217 1889 egg (3 days), 632 gm. milk. mal food. 18 48 gm. bread (2 days), 165 gm. sturgeon (3 6.1 7.9 1.1 —2.9 Hysteria. Fish and veg- 2218 1889 do 18 days). 240 gm. milk (2 days), 207 gm. puree of peas 10.5 ' 9.5 0.6 +0.4 etable food. Average of Nos. 2215- 2219 1889 Miiller "Woman (G.) (2 days). 271 gm. tea, with sugar, 158 gm. potato (3 days), — gm. cutlet, 200 gm. pea soup (1 day), 60 gm. fruit (1 day), 86 gm. egg (1 day), 30 gm. baked apple (1 day). 2217. 19 34 4 0.0 3.9 5.1 1.8 0.8 —5.7 +1.7 Mental derangement. Mental derangement. 2220 1889 19 32 5 Subject lost 58 cc. food 2220a 1889 do 19 33 9.0 6.5 0.5 +2.0 by vomiting. Mental derangement. Subject lost 30 cc. food 22206 1889 19 34 34 8 6 11.8 13.7 7.6 8.2 iO. 6) (0. 6) + 3.6 +4.9 by vomiting. Mental derangement. Do. 2221 1889 19 1,470 cc. milk, 180 gm. egg, 25 gm. peptone... do Woman (_K.) 2222 1889 35 46 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 6.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 6 7 Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 2223 1889 Woman i i 6 2224 2889 do 4. 4 5.5 5. 5 —i.l 2225 1889 do Woman (L.) 40 2226 1889 40 50 —+8 Nos. 2213, 2214. Pfliiger’s Arch., 41, pp. 409,410. Nos. 2215-2218. Vrach, 10, p. 771. No. 2219. Ztschr. klin. Med.,16, p. 505. Nos. 2220. 2221. Ibid., rm. 506-508. No. 2222. Ibid., p. 510. Nos. 2223, 2224. Ibid., p. 511. Nos. 2225, 2226. Ibid., pf512. Table 24.—Experiments with subjects with diseases of the nervous system. 260 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Nos. 2213,2214 were made by Bleibtreu at the laboratory of the Physiological Insti- tute in Bonn in 1887 (?). The object of the investigation was to observe the effect of the Weir-Mitchell cure on metabolism. The Weir-Mitchell cure, which is rec- ommended for cases of hysteria, consists in increasing very greatly the food con- sumption, particularly the protein, and at the same time employing massage. In such treatment it was by no means certain that the increased food was digested and benefited the organism. The subject was a woman, 1.66 meters tall. She had been ill for many years with an irritation of the spine, which caused hysteria. With great difficulty, she could walk a few steps only. She spent most of her time in bed or lying on a couch. She ate very little and had a very marked nervous dyspepsia. Part of the spinal region was very tender and the subject could not endure the light. She had no organic disease. The food, which was very abundant, consisted of meat, milk, eggs, bread, potatoes, vegetables, butter, zwieback, and cakes of some sort. No details of the daily food consumption are given by the author. The protein of the food was estimated from Konig’s tables. The nitrogen in the urine was determined. The urine was collected for several days, phenol being added as a preservative, and samples were taken for analysis. The nitrogen in the feces was determined on 4 days and the mean value, 7.57 per cent, taken as representing the percentage of undigested protein in the feces during the whole period. At the close of the experiment the patient was in good health and could walk several hours per day. The lameness in the back had disappeared. She had gained 15.84 kilograms in weight, and the author calculated that 7.414 kilograms of this was muscular tissue. The Weir Mitchell cure in this case was certainly beneficial. Nos. 2215-2218 were made by Popov in St. Petersburg in 1889. The object was to study the influence of hysteria on metabolism. The subject was a girl who suffered from hysterical paralysis, local ansesthesis, hypenesthesis, etc. The experiment lasted 7 days, and was divided into three periods, the first with an exclusive milk diet, the second with a diet largely of animal food, and the third with a fish and vegeta- ble diet. The patient remained in bed during the experiment. During the period with the animal food (chiefly meat powder) the patient was forced to eat a consid- erable amount. The nitrogen of the food, urine, and feces was determined by the Kjeldahl- Borodin method, the urea by Borodin’s method. The author had no data which would enable him to compare the metabolism of the patient while suffering with hysteria with her metabolism in health. He endeav- ored, therefore, to compare the results obtained by him with the results ordinarily accepted for a girl of 18 years in normal health. He draws the following conclu- sions : The practical interest in this experiment lies not only in the lowered nutri- tion, which suggests somewhat that of hibernating animals, but in the fact that the nutrition can be so easily improved by artificial and copious feeding. A forced diet appears to be beneficial in cases of enfeebled nervous functious where there is a tend- ency in the organism to be maintained on a low level of metabolism. Nos. 2219-2226. See Nos. 1955-1962, Table 19. EXPERIMENTS WITH SUBJECTS SUFFERING FROM DISEASES OF THE BONES. In Table 25 are included 14 tests with men and 1 with a boy suffering from diseases of the bones or from fractured bones. The special ques- tions investigated are noted in the text accompanying the table. DISEASES OF THE BONES. 261 © rO C& O Subject. Nitrogen. a a 'S © Date of pu' tion. Observer. Occupation. Age. Weight. Food per day. Duration. In food. In urine. In feces. Gain ( + ) or loss(—). Remarks. Tears. Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Osteo-periostitis. P205 in food, 4.9 gm.; in urine, 1.7gm.; infeces, 0.9 gm.; gain, 2.3 gm. 2227 1885 Kaspopov Soldier (G.) 21 47.0 300 gm. meat, 600 cc. milk, 600 gm. white bread, 1,515 cc. water. 6 30.7 17.7 1.4 +11.6 2228 1885 do Soldier (P.) 22 64.3 300 gm. meat, 600 cc. milk, 600 gm. white bread, 2,025 cc. water. 3 29.6 22.6 1.2 + 5.8 Spondylitis. P2Os in food, 5.7 gm.; in urine, 2.4 gm.; in feces, 0.8 gm.; gain, 2.5 gm. Spondylitis. One month after No. 2228. P2Os in food, 5.1 gm.; in urine, 3 1 gm.; in fe- ces, 0.6 gm.; gain, 1.4 gm. 2229 1885 22 65.6 300 gm. meat, 600 cc. milk, 600 gm. white bread, 1,683 cc. water. 3 31.0 25.9 1.5 + 3.6 2230 1885 Peasant (S.) 19 43.8 300 gm. meat, 600 cc. milk, 600 gm. white bread, 2,363 cc. water. 4 30.8 24.6 1.9 + 4.3 Caries sterni. Nitrogen in feces = average of 3 days only. P206 in food,5.6gm.; in urine, 2.6 gm.; in feces, 1.4 gm.; gain, 1.6 gm. Caries os calcanei sim- stri. Nitrogen in fe- ces =average of 2 days only. P2Os in food, 5.6 gm.; in urine, 1.9 gm.; in feces, 1.5gm.; gain, 2.2 gm. 2231 1885 do Peasant (A.) 63 59.3 300 gm. meat, 600 cc. milk, 600 gm. white bread, 2,475 cc. water. 4 30.8 24.0 2.0 + 4.8 2232 1885 do Soldier (17.) 25 66.1 300 gm. meat, 600 cc. milk, 589 gm. white bread, 1,643 cc. water. 3 29.3 21.4 2.8 + 5.1 Coxitis dex. P2Os in food, 5.6 gm.; in urine, 2.4 gm.; in feces, 2.8 gm.; gain, 0.4 gm. Normal health. Nitro- gen in feces = average of 2 days only. P205 in food, 4.8 gm.; in urine, 3.1 gm.; in fe- ces, 1.5 gm.; gain, 0.2 gm. 2233 1885 do Student (K.) 26 55.6 300 gm. meat, 600 cc. milk, 475 gm. white bread, 1,800 cc. water. 3 32.0 25.6 2.4 + 4.0 Table 25.—Experiments with subjects with diseases of the hones. 262 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. u cb © Subject. Nitrogen. a P p )f pu tion. Observer. Food per day. P _o © P +2 Remarks. 3 © Occupation. © bJD a Jh © =2 P © 5© 02 a ® © U1 a P tt £ P P P M P H P M a<—« O c Fears. Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 2234 1885 23 55.6 300 gm. meat, 600 cc. milk, 600 gm. white bread, 1,988 cc. water. 4 32.5 25.6 1.9 + 5.0 gen in feces = average of 2 days only. P2Os in food, 4.6 gm.; in urine, 3.2 gm.; in fe- ces, 0.8 gm.; gain, 0.6 gm. 2235 1885 do 26 65.6 300 gm. meat, 600 cc. milk, 600 gm. white bread, 1,913 cc. water. 4 32.5 26.8 1.7 + 4.0 gen in feces = average of 2 days only. P205 in food, 4.6 gm.; in urine, 3.4 gm.; in fe- ces, 1.0 gm.; gain, 0.2 gm. 2236 1885 do 24 64.7 300 gm. meat, 600 cc. milk, 600 gm. white bread, 2,308 cc. water. 3 30.2 24.1 4.3 + 1.8 Normal health. P205 in food, 5.9 gm.; in urine, 3.0 gm.; in feces, 2.6 gm.; gain, 0.3 gm. Normal health. P205 in food,5.9gm.; in urine, 2237 1885 23 67.1 300 gm. meat, 600 cc. milk, 600 gm. white bread, 2,383 cc. water. 3 30.2 25.5 3.7 + 1.0 3.2 gm.; in feces, 2.1 gm.; gain, 0.9 gm. 2238 1885 do 22 300 gm. meat, 600 cc. milk, 600 gm. white bread, 2,567 cc. water. 3 30.6 37.4 2.8 — 9.6 tris. P206 in food, 5.0 gm., in urine, 4.3 gm.; in feces, 1.1 gm.; loss, 0.4 gm. 2239 1885 do 14 64.6 450 gm. meat, 650 cc. milk, 800 gm. white bread, 2,775 cc. water. 3 43.4 32.7 3.7 + 7.0 stri. P205 in food, 5.6 gm.; in urine, 4.5 gm.; in feces, 2.9 gm.; Toss, 1.8 gm. 2240 1885 do 23 62.6 300 gm. meat, 600 cc. milk, 600 gm. white bread, 2,767 cc- water. 3 30.4 27.1 2.3 + 1.0 stri. P205 in food, 4.6 gm.; in urine, 3.6 gm.; in feces, 1.5 gm.; loss, 0.5 gm. n £ oo lo fS* 3 oo § 00 Si .1 £ £ fc} I in c3 fn P o <2 p M Th p M .© M a p H p ® •3-2 O g Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Period I. Ash in food, 2382 1864 2,025 gm. straw, 500 gm. grape sugar, 5,758 gm. water, 50 gm. salt. 5 15.2 17.5 11.0 —13.3 149.0 gm.; in urine, 53.8gm.: in feces, 133.8 gm.; loss, 38.6 gm. 2383 1864 do — •d0 2,198 gm. straw, 1,000 gm. grape sugar, 8,743 gm. water, 50 gm. salt. 5 17.4 10.4 13.0 — 6.0 Period II. Ash in food, 162.5 gm.; in urine, 82.3 gm.; in feces, 132.1 gm.; loss, 51.9 gm. 2384 1864 1,603 gm. straw, 1,500 gm. grape sugar, 6,185 gm. water, 50 gm. salt. 5 14.3 8.6 13.9 — 8.2 Period 111 . Ash infood, 136.4 gm.; in urine, 62.3 gm.; in feces, 90.4 gm.: loss, 16.3 gm. Period I. Ash in food, 2385 1864 4,073 gm. straw, 1,250 gm. starch, 16,432 gm. water, 50 gm. salt. 8 29.8 14.2 30.0 —14.4 258.5 gm.; in urine, 85.6 gm.; in feces, 196.7 gm.; loss, 23.8 gm. Period II. Ash in food, 2386 1864 2,789 gm. straw, 2,250 gm. starch, 14,600 gm. water, 50 gm. salt. 8 21.5 11.0 22.3 —11.8 203.1 gm.; in urine, 57.3 gm., in feces, 179.1 gm.; loss, 33.3 gm. Period I. Ash in food, . 2387 1864 2,494 gm. straw, 1,000 gm. dextrin, 7,428 gm. water, 50 gm. salt. 5 14.4 12.2 14.2 —12.0 170.8 gm.; in urine, 60.5gm.; in feces. 111.8 gm.; loss, 1.5 gm. 2388 1864 2,498 gm. straw, 1,500 gm. dextrin, 8,670 gm. water, 50 gm. salt. 4 15.4 11.6 16.8 —13.0 Period II. Ash in food, 174.5 gm.; in urine, 53.9 gm.; in feces, 98.9 2389 1864 2,191 gm. straw, 2,318 gm. dextrin, 10,550 gm. water, 50 gm. salt. 4 15.5 12.6 13.5 —10.6 gm.; gain, 21.7 gm. Period III. Ash in food, 166.5 gm.; in urine, 50.8 gm.; in feces, 105.8 gm.; gain, 9.9 gm. 2390 1864 2,993 gm. straw, 1,000 gm. dextrin, 6,162 gm. water, 50 gm. salt. 5 16.9 19.7 16.9 —19.7 Period I. Ash in food, 192.2 gm.; in urine, 75.5 gm.; in feces. 169.0 gm.; loss, 52.3 gm. 2391 1864 3,000 gm. straw, 1,500 gm. dextrin, 8,239 gm. water, 50 gm. salt. 4 17.9 15.2 19.4 - 16.7 Period II. Ash in food, 196.9 gm.; in urine, 71.4 gm.. in feces. 168.0 gm.; loss, 42.5 gm. Table 27.—Experiments with cattle. Influence of feeding—Continued. EXPERIMENTS WITH CATTLE. 293 2392 1864 2393 1864 2394 1864 2395 1864 2396 1864 2397 1864 2398 1864 2399 1864 2400 1864 ■ 2401 ' 1864 2402 1870 2403 1870 2,984 gm. straw, 2,500 gm. dextrin, 9,538 gm. water, 50 gm. salt. 2,498 gm. straw, 1,000 gm. gum, 13,118 gm. water, 50 gm. salt. 2,494 gm. straw, 1,500 gm. gum, 8,702 gm. water, 50 gm. salt. 2,999 gm. straw, 1,000 gm. gum, 10,064 gm. water, 50 gm. salt. 2,995 gm. straw, 1,500 gm. gum, 10,200 gm. water, 50 gm. salt. 2,500 gm. straw, 375 gm. wax, 7,076 gm. water, 50 gm. salt. 2,494 gm. straw, 6,138 gm. water, 1,078 gm. alcohol + 170 gm. water, 50 gm. salt. 2,500 gm. straw, 1,500 gm. straw fiber, 11,060 gm. water, 50 gm. salt. 3,000 gm. straw, 1,150 gm. paper fiber, 7,886 gm. water, 50 gm. salt. 2,658 gm. straw, 993 gm. pectin, 8,664 gm. water, 50 gm. salt. 7,100 gm. oat straw, 1,300 gm. clover hay, 250 gm. rape-seed cake, 50 gm. salt. 4,600 gm. clover hay, 5,550 gm. oat straw, 9,250 gm. beet root, 500gm. rape-seedcake, 20 gm. bean meal, 50 gm. salt. 5 4 3 4 3 9 5 3 5 8 19.8 10.6 18.7 19.1 21.2 16.8 12.5 14.3 17.3 16.6 73.0 153.0 16.5 15.5 11.1 25.0 15.1 18.1 21.5 14.4 14.4 16.8 22.5 79.0 20.0 16.5 20.7 15.4 20.3 11.7 10.9 16.2 16.6 15.1 39.5 73.5 —16.7 Period III. Ash in food, 202.8 gm.; in urine, 79.7 gm.; in feces, 124.7 gm.; loss, 1.6 gm. —15.4 Period 1. Ash in food, 222.0 gm.; in urine, 123.9 gm.; in feces, 106.5 gm.; loss, 8.4 gm. —13.1 Period II. Ash in food, 245.2 gm.; in urine, 98.3 gm.; in feces, 143.5 gm.; gain, 3.4 gm. —21. 3 Period I. Ash in food, 242.3 gm.; in urine, 104.1 gm.; in feces, 162.lgm,; loss,23.9gm- —15.2 Ash in food, 268.3 gm.; in urine, 107.8 gm.; in feces, 177.7 gm.; loss, 17.2 gm. —13.0 Ash in food, 185.6 gm.; in urine, 84.6 gm.; in feces, 120.7 gm.; loss, 19.7 gm. —19.9 Ash in food, 164.3 gm.; in urine, 79.0 gm.; in feces, 118.7 gm.; loss, 33.4 gm. —16. 3 Ash in food, 218.0 gm.; in uriite, 70.8 gm.; in feces, 176.0 gm.; loss, 28.8 gm. —13. 7 Ash in food, 224.7 gm. ; in urine, 92.0 gm.; in feces, 175.3 gm.; loss, 42.6 gm. —15.3 Ash in food, 259.3 gm.; in urine, 113.7 gm.; in feces, 159.6 gm.; loss, 14.0 gm. + 11. 0 In Nos. 2402,2403 the fig- ures are calculated for an animal weighing 1,000 pounds, based on Nos. 2334, 2336, and 2338. Ash in food, 520 gm.; in urine, 160 gm.; in feces, 305 gm.; gain, 55 gm. + 0. 5 Ash in food, 730 gm.; in urine, 280 gm.; in fe- ces, 455 gm; loss, 5 gm. do Steer I do do ---..do do Steer III Steer I Henneberg and as- sociates. 570. 5 568.0 294 © Subject. 1 Nitrogen. a 2 a g,d o «4H •_£ Observer. Food per day. o © CO * '+t Remarks. [3 ° cd © o Kind of animal. tjc U © <2 S3 © a CD © CO © m a P i P a H S3 M S3 M H eg Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 2404 1870 Henneberg and as- sociates. 575.0 69.5 24.5 41.0 + 4.0 Ash in food, 625 gm.; in urine, 325gm.; in feces, 350 gm.; loss, 50 gm. Ash in food, 540 gm.; in urine, 265 gm.; in feces, 345 gm.; loss, 70 gm. zels, 50 gm. salt. 2405 1870 570.5 6,300 gm. oat straw, 12,800 gm. mangel-wur- zels, 500 gm. rape-seed cake, 50 gm. salt. 73.0 20.5 31.5 +21.0 2406 1870 do 667.5 2.50C gm. meadow bay, 4,000 gm. wheat straw, 20,000 gm. mangel-wurzels, 2,000 24 250.0 150.0 85.0 +15.0 Ash in food, 1,055 gm.; in urine, gm.; in feces, 655 gm. gm. beet-sugar molasses, 1,500 gm. rape- seed cake, 1,000 gm. bean meal, 50 gm. salt. 2407 1870 501.5 156.0 82.5 88.5 In Nos. 2407-2409 the fig- ures are based on Nos. 2335, 2337, and 2339. Ash infood, 570gm.; in urine, 200 gm.; in feces, 570 gm.; loss, 200 gm. 2408 1870 535. 0 5,500 gm. oat straw, 1,850 gm. clover hay, 300 gm. rape-seed cake, 50 gm. salt. 79.0 25.0 34.5 + 19.5 Ash in food, 515 gm-; in urine, 205 gm.; infeces, 350 gm.; loss, 40 gm. 2409 1870 526.0 6,650 gm. rye straw, 1,900 gm. clover hay, 300 gm. rape-seed cake, 50 gm. salt. 79.0 44.5 39.5 — 5.0 Ash in food, 430 gm.; in urine, 155gm.; infeces, 325 gm.; loss, 50 gm. 2410 1870 586.0 2,200 gm. meadow hay, 3,500 gm. wheat straw, 17,750 gm. mangel-wurzels, 1,750 gm. beet molasses, 1,300 gm. rape-seed 24 220.0 150.0 80.0 —10.0 Ash in food, 935 gm.; in urine, —gm,; in feces, 475 gm. cake, 900 gm. bean meal, 50 gm. salt. 2411 1870 558.5 1,050 gm. clover hay, 2,450 gm. wheat straw, 55,000 gm. mangel-wurzels, 2,000 gm. lin- 210. 0 105.0 80.0 +25.0 Average of Nos. 2340- 2343. Ash in food, 1,190 seed cake, 50 gm. salt. gm.; in urine, 475 gm.; m feces, 725 gm.; loss, 10 gm. 2412 1870 604. 0 1,650 gm. clover hay, 3,850 gm. wheat straw, 60,500 gm. mangel-wurzels, 2,200 gm. lin- 245.0 120.0 95.0 +30.0 Average of Nos. 2344- 2347. Ash in food, 1,350 seed cake, 50 gm. salt. gm.; in urine, 525 gm.; in feces, 870 gm.; Toss. 45 gm. 2413 1870 530.5 0,435 gm. oat straw, 1,000 gm. bean meal, 50 gm. salt. 6 130.0 40.0 45.0 +45.0 Ash in food, 730 gm.; in urine, 215gm.; in feces, 1 i 510 gm.; gain, 5 gm. A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Table 27.—Experiments with cattle. Influence of feeding—Continued. EXPERIMENTS WITH CATTLE. 295 2414 1870 do do 522.0 8,925 gm. bean straw, 800 gm. bean meal, 50 6 165.0 80.0 60.0 +25.0 Ash in food, 505 gm.; in gm. salt. urine, 240gm.; in feces, 250 gm.; gain, 15 gm. 2415 1870 do do 514.0 7,440 gm. bean straw, 50 gm. salt 6 110.0 50.0 60.0 0.0 Ash in food, 420 gm.; in urine, 265gm.; inleces, 205 gm.; loss, 50 gm. 2416 1870 ...do 494 0 6 170.0 70.0 65.0 +35.0 Ash in food, 590 gm.; in urine, 240gm.; infeces, 305 gm.; gain, 45 gm. 2417 1870 do 499. 0 6 205. 0 105.0 65.0 + 35.0 Ash in food, 620 gm.; in gm. salt. urine, 255 gm.; in feces, 380 gm.; loss, 15 gm. 2418 1870 513. 0 19 215.0 100.0 105.0 + 10.0 Ash in food, 625 gm.; in urine, 250gm.; in feces, 375 gm.; gain or loss. 0. 2419 1870 538. 5 14 275.0 120.0 135.0 + 20.0 Ash in foot!, 790 gm.; in urine, 310gin.; in feces, 475 gm.; gain, 5 gm. 2420 1870 do do 531.5 4,500 gm. clover hay, 4.500 gm. wheat straw, 6 150.0 55. 0 85.0 + 10.0 Ash in food, 690 gm.; in 250 gm. bean meal, 1,150 gm. starch, 400 urine, 195gm.; infeces, gm. sugar, 50 gm. salt. 500 gm.; loss, 5gm. 2421 1870 do do 533.5 4,500 gm. clover hay, 4,500 gm. wheat straw, 7 150.0 35.0 90. 0 + 25.0 Ash in food, 760 gm.; in 100 gm. heanmeal, 2,550 gm. starch, 400 gm. urine, 190 gm.; in feces, sugar, 50 gm. salt. 595 gm.; loss, 25 gm. 2422 1870 639.5 6 150.0 40.0 55.0 +55.0 Ash in food, 835 gm.; in gm. salt. urine, 245gm.; infeces, 575 gm.; gain, 15 gm. 2423 1870 638.5 6 205.0 95.0 85.0 +25.0 Ash in food, 625 gm.; in 50 gm. salt. urine, 330 gm.; in feces, 340 gm.; loss, 45 gm. 2424 1870 625.0 100.0 35.0 55.0 + 10.0 Ash in food, 555 gm.; in 50 gm. salt. urine, 105 gm.; in feces, 495 gm.; loss, 45 gm. 2425 1870 595.0 6 250.0 130.0 95.0 +25.0 Ash in food, 745 gm.; in 50 gm. salt. urine, 310gm.; infeces, 520 gm.; loss, 85 gm. 2426 1870 do do 617.0 18 255.0 120.0 120.0 + 15.0 urine, 280 gm.; infeces, ' 465 gm.; loss, 15 gm. 2427 1870 do do 649.0 14 320.0 140.0 155.0 + 25.0 urine, 330 gin.; in feces, 570 gm.; gain, 10 gm. 2428 1870 do ., _ d o - - t 643.0 5,200 gm. clover hay, 5,200 gm. wheat straw, 6 175.0 55. 0 105.0 +15.0 Ash in food, 785 gm.; in 300 gm. bean meal, 1,300 gm. starch, 450 urine, 145 gm.; in feces, gm. sugar, 50 gm. salt. 655 gm.; loss, 15 gm. 2429 1870 do do 644.5 5,200 gm. clover hay. 5,200 gm. wheat straw, 7 215. 0 80. 0 95.0 +40.0 Ash in food, 785 gm.; in 1,350 gm. bean meal, 700 gm. starch, 400 urine, 210 gm.; in feces, gm. sugar, 50 gm. salt. 590 gm.; loss, 15 gm. 2430 1870 .....do do 639. 5 5,200 gm. clover hay, 5,200 gm. wheat straw, 7 265. 0 115.0 100.0 + 50.0 Ash in food, 785 gm.; in 2,500 gm. bean meal, 400 gm. sugar, 50 urine, 245 gm.; in feces, gm. salt. 560 gm.; loss, 20 gm. 296 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS Serial number. Date of publica- tion. Observer. Subject. Food per day. Duration. Nitrogen. Remarks. Kind of animal. £ O .o 0 H © M 00 © © & P M A* 1 3 +T S3 * *C«r^ cS £ Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 2431 1870 Steer II 650. 5 5,000 gm. clover hay, 5,000 gm. wheat straw, 205.0 60.0 115.0 +30.0 Ash in food, 900 gm.; in sociates. 250 gm.bean meal, 3,600 gm. starch, 200 urine, 260 gm.; in feces, gm. rape-seed oil, 2,000 gm. sugar, 75 gm. 750 gm.; loss, 110 gm. salt. 2432 1870 651. 0 5,000 gm. clover hay, 5,000 gm. wheat straw, 5 260.0 100.0 120.0 +40.0 Ash in food, 875 gm.: in 1,700 gm. bean meal, 2,200 gm. starch, urine, 270gm.; in feces, 2,000 gm. sugar, 200 gm. rape-seed oil, 75 740 gm.; loss, 135 gm. gm. salt. 2433 1870 do do 656. 5 5,000 gm. clover hay, 5,000 gm. wheat straw, 7 315.0 170.0 115.0 +30.0 Ash in food, 840 gm.; in 3,200 gm. bean meal, 850 gm. starch, 2,000 urine, 310gm.; in feces, gm. sugar, 200 gm. rape-seed oil, 75 gm. 630 gm.; loss, 100 gm. salt. 2434 1870 do do 659. 0 5,000 gm. clover hay, 5,000 gm. wheat straw, 5 390.0 220.0 120. 0 + 50.0 Ash in food, 965 gm.; in 4,700 gm. bean meal, 1,550 gm. sugar, 200 urine, 330gm.; inieces, gm. rape-seed oil, 75 gm. salt. 640 gm.; loss, 5 gm. 2435 1870 671.0 5,000 gm. clover hay, 5,000 gm. wheat straw. 13 425.0 205.0 125.0 + 95.0 Ash in food, 1,000 gm.; 5,850 gm. bean meal, 1,400 gm. starch, 300 in urine, 290 gm., in gm. rape-seed oil, 75 gm. salt. feces, 740 gm.; loss,30 2436 1870 682. 5 5,000 gm. clover hay, 5,000 gm. wheat straw, 9 430.0 225.0 145.0 +60.0 Ash in food, 1,040 gm.; 5,850 gm. bean meal, 2,350 gm. starch, 75 in urine, 285 gm.; in gm. salt. feces, 800 gm.; loss, 45 2437 1870 do Steer la 529.5 5,000 gm. clover hay, 5,000 gm. wheat straw, 6 340.0 115.0 125.0 +100.0 Ash in food, 900 gm.; in 4,350 gm. bean meal, 1,350 gm. starch, 400 urine, 230 gm.; in feces, gm. sugar, 50 gm. salt. 720 gm.; loss, 50 gm. 2438 1870 536.0 5,000 gm. clover hay, 5,000 gm. wheat straw, 5 350.0 145.0 110.0 +95.0 Ash in food, 830 gm.; in 4,350 gm. bean meal, 1,150 gm. starch, 200 urine, 260gm.; in feces, gm. rape-seed oil, 75 gm.salt. 620 gm.; loss, 50 gm. 2439 1870 539. 5 5,000 gm. clover hay. 5,000 gm. wheat straw, 5 290.0 90.0 115.0 + 85.0 Ash in food, 830 gm.; in 2,800 gm. bean meal, 2,600 gm. starch, 200 urine, 220 gm.; in feces, gm. rape-seed oil, 75 gm. salt. 695 gm.; loss, 85 gm. 2440 1870 do • do 555.5 5,000 gm. clover hay, 5,000 gm. wheatstraw, 5 280.0 90.0 120.0 + 70.0 Ash in food, 965 gm.; in 2,150 gm.bean meal, 3,200 gm. starch, 200 urine, 230gm.; in feces, gm. rape-seed oil, 75 gm. salt. 755 gm.; loss, 20 gm. 2441 1870 (]o 564.0 5,000 gm. clover hay, 5,000 gm. wheat straw, 13 365.0 145. 0 125.0 +95.0 Ash in food, 975 gm.; in 4,350 gm.bean meal, 1,800 gm. starch, 75 urine, 250gm.; infeces, gm. salt. 685 gm.; gain, 40 gm. Table 27.—Experiments with cattle. Influence of feeding—Continued. EXPERIMENTS WITH CATTLE 297 2442 1870 do do 580.5 5,000 gm. clover hay, 5,000 gm. wheat straw, 4,350 gm. bean meal, 850 gm. starch, 300 gm. rape-seed oil, 75 gm. salt. 8,086 gm. cotton-seed hulls, 4,062 gm. cotton- seed meal. 7,371 gm. cotton-seed hulls, 4,078 gm. cotton- seed meal. 6,464 gm. cotton-seed hulls, 4,185 gm. cotton- seed meal. 6,124 gm. cotton-seed hulls, 4,069 gm. cotton- seed meal. 9 360.0 185.0 120. 0 + 55.0 +48.9 + 16.6 +33.5 +37.9 Ash in food, 935 gm.; in urine, 215 gm.; infeces, 710 gm.; gain, 10 gm. P205 in food, 143.4 gm.; in urine, 22.4 gm.; in feces, 99.0 gm.; gain, 22.0 gm. K2G in food, 150.5 gm.; in urine, 94.4 gm.; in feces, 48.8 gm.; gain, 7.3 gm. P2Os in food, 137.4 gm.; in urine, 35.4 gm.; in feces, 88.2 gm.; gain, 13.8 gm. K20 in food, 142.6 gm.;, in urine, 91.9 gm.; in feces, 49.3 gm.; gain, 1.4 gm. P2O5 in food, 141.5 gm.; in urine, 50.7 gm.; in feces, 72.6 gin.; gain, 18.2 gm. KjO in food, 137.2 gm.; in urine, 107.4 gm.; in feces, 35.0 gm.; loss, 5.4 gm. P205 in food, 136.6 gm. ; in urine, 11.6 gm.; in feces, 111.4 gm.; gain, 13.6 gm. K20 in food, 131.8 gm.; in urine, 76.5 gm.; in feces, 52.7 gm.; gain, 2.6 gm. 2443 1893 Emery and Kil- gore. 8 351.5 180.1 122.5 2444 1893 Steer II g 336. 3 195. 0 124.7 2445 1893 8 346. 8 190.7 122. 6 2446 1893 8 335.0 181. 7 115.4 No. 2307. Ann. Chim. etPhvs., 71, p. 127. No. 2308. Ztschr. Biol., 5.122 (Jour. Landw. 1871,171, Neue Beitrage, Fiitterung der Wiederkauer, 2, p. 383). No. 2309. Landw. Vers. Stat., 12, p. 450. Jour. Landw. 1871, p 171. Nos. 2310, 2311. Ibid., p. 419. Nos. 2312, 2313. Jour. Landw. 1871, 171 (Virchow’s Arch., 51, p. 36). Nos. 2314-2320. Jour. Landw. 1871,171 (Landw. Vers. Stat., 12,450, Neue Beitrage zur Fiitterung der Wiederkauer, 2, p. 383). No. 2321. New York State Sta. Kpt. 1883, pp. 98,112. Nos. 2322, 2323. North Carolina Sta. Bui. 80c, pp. 11,12. Nos. 2324, 2325. Minnesota Sta. Bui. 26, p. 14. No. 2326. Fiitterung der Wiederkiiuer (ed. 1860), p.30. No.2327. Ibid., p. 31. Nos. 2328, 2329. Ibid., pp. 39, 40. Nos. 2330, 2331. Ibid., pp. 49, 50. Nos. 2332,2333. Ibid. pp.59, 60. No. 2334. Ibid. pp. 199, 200. No. 2335. Ibid., pp. 199, 201. No. 2336. Ibid., pp. 208, 209. No. 2337. Ibid., pp. 208,210. No. 2338. Ibid., pp. 219,220. No. 2339. Ibid. pp. 219, 221. Nos. 2340-2342. Fiitterung der Wiederkauer (ed. 1864). p. 308. Nos. 2343-2347. Ibid., p. 309. No. 2348. Zweiter Bericht aus der agrikultur- chemischen versuch stat ion zu Salzmiinde, p. 122. Nos. 2349-2351. Ibid., p. 123. Nos. 2352, 2353. Ibid. pp. 158,159. No. 2354. Ibid., p. 163. No. 2355. Ibid., p. 165. Nos. 2356, 2357. Ibid., p. 173. No. 2358. Ibid., p.279. No. 2359. Ibid., p. 281. No. 2360. Ibid., p.283. No. 2361. Ibid., p.285. No. 2362. Ibid., p.287. No. 2363. Ibid., p.289. No. 2364. Ibid., p. 291. No. 2365. Ibid., p. 293. No. 2366. Ibid., p. 295. No. 2367. Ibid., p. 297. No. 2368. Ibid., p. 307. No. 2369. Ibid., p. 309. No. 2370. Ibid., p. 311. No. 2371. Ibid., p. 313. No. 2372. Ibid., p. 319. No. 2373. Ibid., p.327. No. 2374. Ibid., p. 330. No. 2375. Ibid., p. 356. No. 2376. Ibid., p. 358. No. 2377. Ibid., p. 360. No. 2378. Ibid., p.362. No. 2379. Ibid., p. 371. No. 2380. Ibid., p.373. No. 2381. Ibid., p.375. No. 2382. Ibid., p. 377. No. 2383. Ibid., p. 379. No. 2384. Ibid., p. 381. No. 2385. Ibid., p. 390. No. 2386. Ibid., p. 393. No. 2387. Ibid., p. 403. No. 2388. Ibid., p. 405. No. 2389. Ibid., p. 408. No. 2390. Ibid., p. 410. No. 2391. Ibid., p.413. No. 2392. Ibid., p. 415. No. 2393. Ibid., p. 424. No. 2394. Ibid., p. 426. No. 2395. Ibid., i .429. No. 2396. Ibid., p. 431. No. 2397. Ibid., p. 443. No. 2398. Ibid., p.452. No. 2399. Ibid., p. 463. No. 2400. Ibid., p.465. No. 2401. Ibid., p. 479. Nos. 2402-2442. Neue Beitrage zur Fiitterung der Wiederkauer (ed. 1870), Table 2, p. 462. Nos. 2443, 2444. North Carolina Sta. Bui. 118, p. 250. Nos. 2445, 2446. Ibid., p. 251. 298 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. No. 2307 was made Iby Boussingault in 1838. The object was to compare the food and excretory products of a milch cow to see whether Herbivora derived nitrogen from the air or not. The food consisted of potatoes and rowen. Elementary analy- ses of food, urine, feces, and milk were made. Somewhat more nitrogen was excreted than was consumed. The conclusion was reached that it was extremely improbable that any nitrogen was absorbed from the air during respiration. The excretion of carbon and hydrogen was briefly discussed. No. 2308 was made by Yoit and liis assistants in Munich in 1867, to study the formation of fat from protein and the metabolism of nitrogen. The subject was a cow. She had been previously fed meadow hay and meal, and the same feeding stuffs were used during the test. Sufficient quantities of these two materials for each of the 6 days were weighed out, the hay tied up iu bundles, aud samples taken for analysis. The urine and feces were collected directly. The urine was thoroughly mixed and samples taken for analysis each day. The urine was evaporated with quartz sand, and the nitrogen in it and in the feces aud milk determined by the soda-lime method. The fat in milk, food, and feces was also determined. The nitro- gen consumed during the whole period was 1,448.8 grams, the amount excreted, 1431.1 grams. The difference was 17.7 grams, or 1.2 per cent of the whole. This difference is, in the author’s opinion, within the limit of error, since in dealing with such large quantities it is difficult to take samples for analysis which will accurately represent the average composition. No. 2309. See No. 2314. Nos. 2310 and 2311 were made by Kuhn and Fleischer at the Experiment Station at Mdckern in 1867. The object was to study the formation of fat in the animal organism. The subjects were 2 cows. Their food consisted of hay and starch. The food, urine, feces, and milk were analyzed. No conclusion was reached concern- ing the metabolism of nitrogen except that the subjects were in nitrogen equilibrium. Nos. 2312 and 2313 were made by Fleischer at Hohenheim in 1870, and are quoted by Henneberg, with no details. Nos. 2314-2320 and 2309 were made by Kilim and Fleischer at the Experiment Station at Mdckern in 1867-68. The object was to determine the influence of chang- ing the food upon milk production and upon the digestibility of coarse fodder, and also the changes produced by adding easily digested feeding stuffs to the ration. The subjects were 2 cows, weighing about 399 and 383 kilograms, respectively. The basal ration consisted of meadow hay. To this rape-seed meal with the oil extracted, rape-seed oil, starch, or bean meal was added in several instances. The food, urine, feces, and milk were analyzed. The conclusion was reached that, generally speaking, all the nitrogen consumed was excreted in the milk, urine, and feces. If this was not the case, it was because nitrogen equilibrium was not reached before the experiment began. The nitrogen balance is discussed very briefly. The other points investigated are discussed at length but are not quoted here. This is the first of an extended series of investigations by Kuhn and his associates in which the principal object was to get light upon the effect of food upon milk pro- duction by cows. This was followed by experiments with steers, which culminated iu a series of respiration experiments which are described beyond (Nos. 3468-3499, Table 38). These experiments, taken together, make one of the most important series which have been made with domestic animals. No. 2321. This experiment, which was made at the New York State Station in 1883, was reported by Sturtevant. It forms part of an extended feeding experiment with 4 cows. The results were calculated for 1 cow. The composition of the food was determined, and it is probable that the nitrogen in the urine, feces, and milk was calculated. The author states that the nitrogen gained represents a gain of 1.5 pounds of flesh. The feeding experiments are discussed at length, in the original publication. EXPERIMENTS WITH CATTLE. 299 Nos. 2322 and 2323 were made by Emery and Kilgore at the Agricultural Experiment Station in North Carolina in 1890 and 1891, in connection with a study of the diges- tibility of cotton-seed hulls. The subject was a Jersey cow. The food consumed consisted of cotton-seed meal and cotton-seed hulls. The composition of the food and feces was determined, as well as the dry matter, nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash in the urine. The conclusions drawn have to do with the special question under consideration. Nos. 2324 and 2325 and Nos. 3454-3459, Table, 37 were made by Snyder at the Univer- sity of Minnesota in 1893, in connection with a study of the digestibility of a num- ber of feeding stuffs by milch cows and growing pigs. The composition of the food and feces was determined, as well as the nitrogen in the urine. The conclusions drawn from the experiments have to do with the digestibility of the rations consumed and the gains in weight of the animals. Nos. 2326-2339, 2340-2347, and 2402-2442 were made by Henneberg and associates at the Experiment Station at Weende in 1858-1864, as part of an extended study of the feeding of ruminants. The questions studied were (1) a maintenance ration for full-grown cattle; (2) feeding value of beet molasses and the digestibility of wood fiber; (3) feeding experiments with various kinds of coarse fodders; (4) feeding experiments with various foods added to a ration of wheat straw and clover hay (including experiments with molasses); and (5) digestibility of coarse fodder with- out bean meal and with the addition of a small quantity of it. The subjects of these experiments were steers weighing about 600 kilograms. The food, urine, and feces were analyzed. This series of experiments forms one of the most extended and valuable investigations which have been made on the feeding of cattle. The con- clusions reached usually have to do with the special questions studied, and are not quoted in detail. Nos. 2348-2401 were made by Grouven at the Experiment Station at Salzmunde in 1861-1863. They form part of a very extended study of metabolism. The subjects were steers. The water, fat, ash, crude fiber, nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen in the food and feces, and in some instances the ammonia in the feces, and the specific gravity, dry matter, ash, free and combined carbon dioxid, hippnric acid, urea, nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen in the urine were determined. The soda lime method was used for determining nitrogen. A number of special questions were studied. In Nos. 2348-2351 the object was to see if nitrogen equilibrium could be reached when a maintenance ration of hay was consumed for a long time. The experiment lasted from December 1 to January 15, and was divided into four periods of 6, 8,10, and 12 days, respectively. The time from December 28 to January 6 is not included in the table, as the urine and feces were not analyzed. The daily ration consumed during this time was 6,500 grams hay, and, in the author’s opinion, nitrogen equi- librium was then reached, since in the preceding period there was a small loss of nitrogen and a gain in the following period. The total nitrogen consumed in experi- ments Nos. 2348 and 2349 was 2,594.2 grams, and the total amount excreted in urine and feces 2,617.3 grams, a difference of only 23.1 in 18 days. This experiment is regarded by Grouven as proof that there is no excretion of nitrogen in the gaseous excretory products, and also as confirming Bischoff and Voit’s theory that the amount of protein metabolized increases with an increased consumption of it. Other con- clusions regarding digestibility, etc., were drawn. In Nos. 2352-2357 the object was to study metabolism during fasting. The intes- tinal tract of an ox retains food for several days. In the author’s opinion the real fasting does not begin until the fifth day after the last food is consumed, From the (calculated) muscular tissue, fat, and mineral matter metabolized and the (calcu- lated) heat produced, the author calculates by comparison the nutritive value of straw. The object of Nos. 2358-2378 was to determine the nutritive value of straw. The ration consisted of straw with a little salt. The balance of nitrogen and ash was determined and the balance of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen calculated. The 300 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. amount of these elements in the respiratory products was obtained by subtracting the amount excreted in urine and feces from the (calculated) amount consumed in food and tissue. The results of these experiments wore compared with those obtained when no food was consumed. It was found that straw protected much more pro- tein than its content of digestible protein would indicate possible. [At the time these experiments were made the theory of the isodynamical value of the nutrients was not understood, and it was not known that fat and carbohydrates can protect protein. Grouven, however, thought it possible that, when fasting, the inspired oxygen acted more energetically on the protein tissues than when straw was con- sumed; i. e., that the nitrogen-free constituents of the. straw used up the energy of the oxygen and thus protected protein. This is almost an expression of the theory which has since become current.] » In all these experiments there are very extended discussions of the results and of various theories. In Nos. 2379-2401 the object was to determine the influence of cane sugar, grape sugar, starch, dextrin, wood gum (Gummi), wax, alcohol, crude fiber from straw and “paper fiber,”1 and of pectin upon metabolism. Each of these substances was fed with straw and the results compared with those obtained with a diet of straw alone. The conclusion was reached that all these nitrogen-free substances (except wax and alcohol) diminished the normal metabolism of muscular tissue. As the amount consumed increased, the power to protect protein diminished. The intensity of the processes of oxidation in blood and tissue is not dependent on the nitrogenous food. Such substances when supplied are metabolized instead of fatty tissue of the body. A considerable number of experiments are reported by the author which are of a different nature from those included in the present compilation, or which do not contain all the factors necessary for expressing a balance of income and outgo. In a number of experiments the carbon dioxid in the respiratory products was determined with a respiration apparatus somewhat similar to that of Pettenkofer and Yoit. Complete metabolism experiments in which this apparatus was used are not recorded in the “Zweiter Berichte.” However, four experiments with a steer weighing 550 kilograms are recorded in detail, in which the carbon dioxid produced was measured, though the food, urine, and feces were not analyzed. The lirst experiment was of 12 hours’ duration. The ration (which had also been followed for the 5 days preceding the experiment) consisted of 4,000 grams straw and about 50 grams salt. The carbon dioxid produced was 2,295 grams, or at the rate of 4,590 grams in 24 hours. In the second experiment, of the same duration and with the same ration, 2,234.5 grams carbon dioxid was produced, or at the rate of 4,469 grams in 24 hours. In the third experiment, the ration (used for 1 day before the experiment also) consisted of 4,000 grams chopped straw, 50 grams salt, and 2,500 grams cane sugar. The time was 8 hours, and 1,503.5 grams carbon dioxid was pro- duced, or at the rate of 4,510.5 grams iu 24 hours. The time of the fourth experi- ment was 8 hours and the ration the same as in the third. The amount of carbon dioxid produced was 1,612 grams, or at the rate of 4,836 grams in 24 hours. Grouven believed with Bisclioff and Voit that no nitrogen was excreted except in the urine and feces. The opinion was held by many that nitrogen was excreted in the respiratory products in the form of ammonia. A large number of experiments of 12 hours’ duration were made with steers and other animals, using a large respiration apparatus, and the ammonia in the respiratory products was determined. The amount found was very small, not exceeding 1 gram per day for a steer weighing 650 kilograms. The quantity is so small that it can be left out of account in deter- mining the nitrogen balance. Nos. 2402-2442. See Nos. 2326-2339. Nos. 2443-2446 were made by Emery and Kilgore at the Agricultural Experiment Station in North Carolina in 1895 in connection with a study of the digestibility of cotton-seed hulls and cotton-seed meal by steers. The experiments were made 1 Paper pulp, sucli as was used for making writing paper. EXPERIMENTS WITH DOGS. 301 with 3 steers. The rations consisted of cotton-seed hulls and cotton-seed meal in varying proportions. The food, urine, and feces were analyzed. The phosphoric acid, potash, and nitrogen in the excretory products were determined in connection with a study of the manorial value of the rations. The conclusions drawn have to do with the special questions studied. EXPERIMENTS WITH DOGS. INFLUENCE OE FEEDING. About one-half of the total number of experiments with animals in- cluded in the present compilation were made with dogs. As previously noted, dogs are particularly well suited for experimental purposes. They readily adapt themselves to the experimental conditions and are seldom affected by a monotonous diet; that is, a diet consisting of one food or a limited number of food materials. In experiments with man such a diet often becomes distasteful, aud digestive disorders result. The range of size in dogs is such that a subject can readily be selected suitable for the special point to be studied in an experiment, and it is a comparatively easy matter to collect the urine and feces. Owing to their limited number, in the experiments with animals, fewer subdivisions have been made in this compilation than in the experiments with man. Of the total number of experiments with dogs, 302 are included in Table 28. This section includes the tests in which the subjects were in health and the experimental conditions were not abnormal or unusual. A very few experiments under other conditions, made for purposes of comparison, are, however, included in this section. In a number of cases the influence on metabolism of consuming milk, meat, peptones, gelatin, or other special food was studied. The digesti- bility of several foods was also investigated. In many cases the excre- tion of phosphoric acid or other mineral matter was the special question considered. Some of the investigations were carried on to study experi- mental methods and theories relating to the general laws of nutrition. A case in point is the work which has been done to determine whether, generally speaking, all nitrogen is excreted in the urine and feces or whether some leaves the body in the gaseous excretory products. This was a disputed point for many years, although it is now usually con- ceded that the former view is correct. Another question of interest from a theoretical standpoint is the direct source of the nitrogen of the urine; that is, whether it is derived directly from the food or whether the nitrogen consumed must form a portion of the tissue of the body before it is excreted. Directly con- nected with this is the discussion concerning the length of time which must elapse before the nitrogen of a particular diet will be excreted. The subject, as a whole, has a direct bearing on the effect of muscular exertion on the excretion of nitrogen and the source of muscular energy in the organism. 302 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Serial number. Date of publica- 1 tion. Observer. Subject. Food per day. Duration. Nitrogen. Remarks. Kind of ani- mal. Weight. In food. In urine. In feces. Gain ( + ) or loss(—). Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 2447 1853 17 12 15.1 13. 3 (0. 3) + 1.5 chTorid solution. 2448 1856 6 12. 6 9. 6 1.1 + 1.9 2449 1856 7 12. 3 5.9 0. 9 + 5.5 water. 2450 1857 Yoit 34. 8 3 39.1 38.5 0.9 — 0.3 2451 1857 35. 6 3 40. 3 39.5 0.8 0.0 2452 1857 37. 2 3 60. 2 58.2 1.1 + 0.9 2453 1857 27. 5 3 45. 2 44. 0 1.1 + 0.1 include 0.5 gm. from gall. 2454 1857 27. 7 4 51.0 49.4 2.2 — 0.6 include 0.5 gm. from gall. 2455 1860 31. 8 4 61.2 57.8 0. 6 + 2.8 2456 1860 Dog 38. 7 10 61.2 0.7 + 0.9 2457 1860 34. 3 7 61. 2 56.5 1.0 + 3.7 2458 1860 34. 9 2 51. 0 50.6 0.8 — 0.4 2459 1860 34. 9 2 40. 8 41.3 0. 6 — 1.1 2460 1860 34. 8 2 30. 6 36. 6 0. 5 — 6.5 2461 1860 34. 5 2 20.4 22. 9 0.2 — 2.7 2462 1860 37. 6 4 17. 0 16.9 0.8 — 0.7 2463 1860 . . (lo Doo- .. 35. 9 3 17.0 18.4 0. 6 — 2.0 2464 1860 .. do 34. 0 2 10. 2 15.2 0.2 — 5.2 2465 1860 Dog 33.3 2 6. 0 12.5 0.0 — 6.5 2466 1860 32. 3 3 85. 0 80. 6 0.8 + 3.6 2467 1860 28. 3 2 68.0 70.8 0.6 — 3.4 2468 1860 do Do»- .... 32. 8 3 68.0 59. 3 0.6 + 8.1 2460 1860 38. 2 10 71. 3 70. 8 1.7 — 1.2 2470 1860 40. 0 68.7 58.1 1.3 + 9.3 2471 1860 Dog 32. 6 10 5.1 7.3 0.7 — 2. 9 2472 28. 2 2 8. 5 8.5 0.6 — 0.6 2473 do Don- 31. 0 2 17.0 14.1 0.7 + 2.2 2474 39. 9 3 17.0 17.2 0.8 — 1.0 2475 34. 4 3 34.0 28.3 1.1 + 4.6 2476 1860 36.4 4 51.0 1.0 + 1.1 Dog 34. 8 3 68. 0 63.5 0.6 + 3.9 39. 6 7 61. 2 56.4 0.7 + 4. 1 2470 1860 38.1 2 51.0 50.8 0.0 + 0.2 2480 1860 38. 7 3 34.0 34.3 0.6 — 0.9 2481 I860 do 40.2 700 gm. meat, 150 gin. fat 5 23.8 25.9 0.6 — 2.7 Table 28.—Experiments with dogs. Influence of feeding. EXPERIMENTS WITH DOGS. 303 2482 1860 39. 0 2 13. 6 16.1 0.3 — 2.8 2483 1860 30. 2 3 6.0 6.9 0.4 — 1.3 24--K4 1860 29.1 1 6.0 7.6 0.8 — 2.4 2485 1860 do I)og 37. 5 3 51.0 48.8 0.4 + 1.8 •suSVi 1860 do 39.9 2 0.0 6.7 0.0 — 6.7 2487 I860 do Bog 30.3 176 gm. meat, 15.5 gin. fat, 150 gm. starch 2 6.0 7.7 0.5 — 2.2 2.488 1860 do do 30.4 176 gm. meat, 24.8 gm. lat, 364 gm. starch 2 6.0 5.9 0.9 — 0. 8 2489 1860 I)og 40. 9 700 gm. meat, 11.5 gm. fat, 150 gm. starch 1 23.8 26.1 0.5 — 2.8 2490 1860 34. 5 5 68.0 1.0 + 7.1 249.1 1860 35.5 500 gm. meat, 250 gm. fat, 250 gm. starch 5 17.0 18.3 0.7 — 2.0 249° 1860 ... do 30. 2 2 0.0 6.0 0.0 — 6.0 -2498 1860 Dog 40 6 2 0.0 5.7 0.0 — 5.7 2494 1860 Dog 34.1 6 11. 0 14.0 2. 2 — 5.2 2425 1860 .. 'do 34. 4 41 9.9 11.5 1.5 — 3.1 2496 1860 .do Dog 28. 7 1 5.1 6.4 0.5 — 1.8 2497 I860 do 28.5 3 5.1 6.2 1.8 — 1.9 2498 1860 Dog . 36 5 3 17. 0 15.3 0.6 + 1-1 2499 I860 . .. do 36. 5 3 17.0 16. 6 0.6 — 0.2 2500 1860 36. 2 3 17.0 17.7 0.6 — 1.3 2501 I860 41. 0 1 25.5 31.1 0.7 — 6.3 2502 1860 34.9 2,000 gm. meat, 200 gm. grape sugar 3 68.0 62.7 1.7 + 3.6 2503 1860 33. 2 3 68.0 59.5 1.7 + 6.8 2504 1860 40.5 2 0.0 8.0 0.4 — 8.4 2505 1860 32. 4 3 34. 9 42.4 0.9 — 8.4 2506 I860 do 31. 6 2 49. 0 50.5 1.1 — 2. 6 2507 1860 40. 4 1 54.9 52.3 0.8 + 1.8 2508 1860 do do . . 40. 2 2 55.8 51.5 0.3 + 4.0 2509 I860 32. 8 . 3 96.1 54.2 1.2 + 40.7 2510 1860 . do 36. 9 3 45. 1 42. 5 1.1 + 1.5 2511 1860 ..do 36.8 3 28.1 30. 7 0.3 — 2.9 2512 I860 36.4 3 28.1 29. 4 0.5 — 1.8 2513 1860 35.1 3 14.1 17.0 0.5 — 3.4 2514 1860 36. 0 3 7.0 13. 3 0.4 — 6.7 2515 1866 3 16. 3 16. 4 0.4 — 0.5 2516 1866 do .. ”do .. 6 27.2 27.6 0.5 — 0.9 2517 1866 49 51.0 50.9 0.6 — 0.5 2518 1866 do .....do 6 51.0 50.7 0.7 — 0.4 Ash in food, 18.8 gm.; in urine, 16.2 gm-; in feces, 2.9 gm.; loss, 0.3 gm. 2519 1866 9 51.0 50.4 0.8 — 0.2 Ash in food, 18.7 gm.; in urine, 16.1 gm.; in feces, 2.9 gm.; loss, 0.3 gm. 2520 1866 11 51.0 49.8 0.6 + 0.6 Ash in food, 18.7 gm.; in urine, 15.9 gm.; in feces, 2.5 gm,; gain, 0.3 gm. 2521 1866 6 51.0 50.7 0.5 — 0.2 Ash in food, 18.8 gm.; in urine, 16.2 gm.; in feces, 1.8 gm.; gain, 0.8 gm. 2522 1866 ... do 12 51.0 50.3 0.7 0.0 Ash in food, 18.8 gm.; in urine, 16.1 gm.; in feces, 2.5 gm.; gain, 0.2 gm. 2523 1866 13 51.0 49.8 0.6 + 0.6 2524 1866 14 51.0 50.8 0.5 — 0.3 2525 1866 23 51.0 50.6 0.6 — 0.2 Ash in food, 18.7 gm.: in urine, 16.2 gm.: in feces, 2.0 gm.; gain, 0.5 gm. 2526 1866 .do . 5 60.6 59. 4 0.9 + 0.3 Ash in food, 22.3 gm.; in urine, 19.0 gm.; in feces, 3.3 gm.; gain or loss, 0. 304 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Serial number. Date of publica- tion. Observer. Subject. Food per day. Duration. Nitrogen. Remarks. Kind of ani- mal. Weight. In food. In urine. In feces. In milk. Gain ( + ) or loss (—)■ Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 2527 1866 Yoit Dog 61.2 59.0 0.9 + 1.3 2528 1866 do do 7 59 6 gm.; in feces, 3.3 gm.; gain, 0.3 gm. 2529 1866 do do 2,000 gm. meat 8 68.0 67.2 0.8 o!o Ash in food, 25.0 gm.; in urine, 21.5 2530 1866 do gm.; in feces, 3.0 gm.; gain, 0.5 gm. 2531 1866 74! 8 72 2 E4 + 1.2 2532 1866 do do 74.8 72.4 1.4 + 1.0 gm.: in feces, 4.8 gm.; loss, 0.4 gm. 2533 1866 do do 1 86 0 85 8 gm.; in feces, 4.8 gm.; loss, 0.4 gm. 2534 1866 do do 1 85.0 84.4 1.0 — 6! 4 4 , „ , 2535 1866 do .....do 3 17 0 16 5 gm.; in feces, 3.5 gm.; gain, 0.7 gm. 2536 1866 do do 20 17 0 2537 1866 do 2538 1866 do do 5 27 2 2539 1866 do do 3 34 0 2540 1866 do 2541 1866 do do 8 51 0 49 8 2542 1866 do t 3 2543 1866 do 8 2544 1866 do * 2 2545 1866 do 3 2546 1866 do 1 2547 1866 do 2548 1866 do do 42 9.’9 8 5 1.4 o!o (21 days). 2549 1866 Dog 20. 0 6 2550 1866 do do 2551 1866 do do 2552 1866 do do 3 34 9 2553 1866 do Dog No. 5... 3. 0 9 10 2 2553a 1866 do do 2.9 9 13 3 12 9 2554 1866 do do 2 10 2 10 1 2555 1867 E. Bischoif. Dog 8 68.0 67.2 0.9 — 0.1 T» r\ . r 1 on * • on gm.; in feces, 0 7 gm.; gain or loss, 0. Table 28.—Experiments with dogs. Influence of feeding—Continued. EXPERIMENTS WITH DOGS. 305 2556 1867 do do 17 51. 8 51.0 0.8 0.0 gm.; in feces, 0.5'gm.; gain, 0.1 gm. 2557 1867 4 51.0 46.2 0.5 + 4.3 P205 in loud. 6.7 gm.; in urine, 5.9 gm.; in feces, 0.4 gm.; gain, 0.4 gm. 2558 1867 8 51.0 47.7 0.5 + 2.8 gm.; in feces, 0.4 gm.; gain, 0.5 gm. 2559 1867 .. do 3 51. 0 55.9 0.7 — 5.6 gm.; in feces, 0.5 gm.; loss, 0.9 gm. 2560 1867 .do 6 34. 0 36.2 0.6 — 2.8 gm.; in feces, 0.4 gm.; los3, 0.3 gm. 2561 1867 do .. 8 17. 0 19. 3 0.3 — 2.6 gm.; in feces, 0.2 gm.; loss, 0.3 gm. 2562 1867 . do 8 51. 0 49. 8 0.6 + 0.6 gm.; in feces, 0.4~gm.; gain, 0.2 gm. 2563 1867 7 51. 0 48. 4 0. 6 + 2.0 gm.; in feces, 0.4 gm.; gain, 0.5 gm. 2564 1867 do.. 7 13. 6 15.7 0.8 — 2.9 gm.; in feces, 0.4 gm.; loss, 0.4 gm. 2565 1867 6 17. 0 17.8 0.5 — 1.3 gm.; in feces, 0.4 gm.: loss, 0.3 gm. 2566 1867 6 11. 5 10. 6 2. 0 — 1.1 gm.; in feces, 0.8 gm.; loss, 0.1 gm. 2567 1867 do 500 gm. starch 2 0.0 5.1 0.7 — 5.8 P205 in food, 0.6 gm.; in urine, 1.1 P gm.; in feces, 0.5 gm.; loss, 1.0 gm. 2568 1867 do 6 0. 0 6. 9 0.2 - 7.1 feces, 0.1 gm.; loss, 1.1 gm. 2560 1869 Yoit 34 5 1 68 0 56. 0 1.3 + 10.7 2570 1869 34. 5 i 68.0 59.0 1.3 + 7.7 2571 1860 34 5 1 34. 0 39. 0 1.3 — 7. 3 2572 1869 do do 34.8 l,000gm. meat, 300gm. starch, 778 gm. water. i 34.0 39.0 0.9 1.1 — 7.0 2573 1869 do do 34.2 1,000 gm. meat, 200 gm. fat, 630 gm. water i 34.0 28.0 1.1 1.4 + 3.5 2574 1869 do do 34.2 1,000 gm. meat, 200 gm. fat, 663 gm. water i 34.0 28.0 1.1 1.1 + 3.8 2575 1869 do do 35. 0 500 gm. meat, 400 gm. starch, 877 gm. water.. i 17.0 23.0 1.2 1.2 — 8.4 2576 1860 do.. do 34. 5 1 17. 0 16. 0 1.2 1.0 — 1. 8 2577 1860 34. 3 1 0. 0 10. 0 0.0 1.5 —11.5 2578 1869 33. 3 i 0. 0 8.0 0.0 1. 0 — 9.0 2570 1860 32 7 0. 0 7.0 0.9 1.1 — 9.0 2580 1869 34. 8 i 68. 0 59.0 0.7 1.6 + 6.7 2581 1860 34. 3 1 68. 0 64. 0 0.7 1 7 + 2. 6 2582 1869 30. 0 19 10.2 10.7 1.7 — 2. 2 2582 1860 20 12.4 11. 2 2.1 — 0. 9 2584. 1869 . do... 19 10. 2 9.4 1 7 — 0. 9 1869 do . 15 13. 6 11. 0 2.2 + 0.4 2586 1860 ]4 10.2 9.4 1.5 — 0.7 2587 1869 14 10.9 9. 7 2.0 — 0. 8 2588 I860 12 10. 9 10.4 1.8 — 1.3 2580 1869 19 10.2 9.0 1.0 — 0.4 2590 1869 16 10.3 9.4 0.8 + 0.1 2591 1869 13. 5 10.2 3.1 + 0.2 eel by E. Bischoff). 74'J—No. 45 20* 306 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Serial number. Date of publica- tion. Observer. Subject. Food per day. Duration. Nitrogen. Remarks. Kind of ani- mal. Weight. In food. In urine. In feces. Gain (+) orloss(—). Kg. Day 8. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 2592 1871 Dog 40 40. 8 39.1 0. 5 + 1.2 Seegen). 2593 1873 26 33 15.5 16. 4 0.9 — 1.8 starch. feces, 1.3 gm.; loss, 0.7 gm. Iron in food, 0.2 gm.; in urine, 0 gm.; in feces, 0.9 gm.; loss, 0.7 gm. (Aver- age of 38 days.) 2594 1873 32 26 22. 2 23.0 1. 6 — 2.4 gm.; in feces, 0.5 gm.; loss, 1.3 gm. Iron in food, 0.4 gm.; in urine and feces, 0.9 gm.; loss, 0.5 gm. 2595 1873 do do 187.5 gm.meat residue, 150 gm. fat, 37.5 gm. 8 25.9 24.7 0.9 + 0.3 First to eighth day of No. 2594. starch. 2590 1873 8 23. 7 23. 5 1. 9 - 1.7 2597 1873 do do 156.1 gm. meat residue, 86.1 gm. fat, 82.9 gm. 8 22.0 22.8 2.0 — 2.2 Eighteenth to twenty-sixth day of No. starch. 2594. 2598 1874 5 0. 0 11. 8 0. 0 11. 8 2599 1874 do 1,081.9 gm. ossein, 50 gm. fat, 800 gm. water. 3 56.5 53.2 3.2 + 0.1 2600 1874 3 0. 0 18. 5 0. 0 18. 5 2601 1875 Pldsz and Gyer- Dog 2.7 465 gnu peptone, 198 cc. solution of grape 6 2.4 2. 3 + 0.1 gyai- sugar, starch, and butter. 2602 1880 17. 5 5 21.3 19. 2 0.3 + 0.8 . determined by the Liebig method. 2603 1880 5 21.3 19. 9 0.3 + 1-1 food calculated; in urine determined by Yoit method. 2604 1880 7 22. 1 21. 8 0. 3 0. 0 mas method; in urine determined by Yoit method. 2605 1880 7 22. 0 21. 8 0.3 0. 1 food determined by Will method; in urine by Voit method. 2606 1880 7 21. 3 21.2 0. 3 0. 2 food calculated; in urine determined by Liebig method. 2607 1880 21. 3 21. 8 0. 3 0.8 ' food calculated; in urine determined by Voit method. Table 28.—Experiments ivith dogs. Influence of feeding—Continued.. EXPERIMENTS WITH DOGS. 307 2608 1880 2609 1880 2610 1880 2611 1880 2612 1880 2613 1880 2614 1880 2615 1880 2616 1883 2617 1883 2618 1883 2619 1883 2620 1884 2621 1885 2622 1885 2623 1885 2624 1885 2625 1885 2626 1885 2627 1885 2628 1885 2629 1885 2630 1885 2631 1885 2632 1885 2633 1885 2634 1685 2635 1885 2636 1885 2637 1885 1 do 7 f 22.1 I 21.2 0. 3 [ — 0.4 Same test as No. 2604. Nitrogen in food determined by Dumas method; in urine determined by Liebig method. 10 21.4 21.0 0. 3 ! + 0.1 Nitrogen in food determined by Du- mas method; in urine determined by Voit method. S in food, 1.3 gm.; in urine, 1.2 gm.; in feces, 0.1 gm.; gain or loss, 0. 10 21.3 21.0 0.3 0.0 Same test as No. 2609. Nitrogen in food determined by Will method; in urine determined by Yoit method. 10 21.3 21.3 0.3 — 0.3 Same test as No. 2609. Nitrogen in food calculated; in urine determined by Liebig method. 10 21.3 21.0 0.3 0.0 Same test as No. 2609. Nitrogen in food calculated; in urinedetermined bv Voit method. 10 21.3 21.3 0.3 — 0.3 Same test as No. 2609. Nitrogen in food determined by Dumas method; in urine determined by Liebig method. 7 21.4 20.8 0.3 + 0.3 Last 7 days of No. 2609. Nitrogen in food determined by Dumas method; in urine determined by Voit method. 7 21.3 20.8 0.3 + 0.2 Same as No. 2614. Nitrogen in food determined by Will method; in urine determined by Voit method. 5 18.0 17.8 0.2 0.0 7 18.8 18.8 0.2 — 0.2 2 17.9 17.9 0.2 — 0.2 8 18.1 17.7 0.2 +0.2 4 0. 0 1. 6 0. 2 — 1. 8 10 13.2 10.3 1.7 +1.2 10 13.0 11.5 0.5 +1.0 9 14.6 11.5 0.5 +2.6 5 13.2 12.0 0.5 +0.7 8 6.5 7.0 0.6 — 1.1 7 7.9 6.2 0.6 + 1.1 9 18.1 18.5 0.5 — 0.9 9 8.0 6.2 0.8 + 1.0 6 6.1 5. 6 0. 8 — 0. 3 9 7.4 6.7 0.8 — 0.1 5 7.8 6.3 0.8 + 0.7 4 7.8 6.4 0.5 + 0.9 8 8.0 5.9 0.8 + 1.3 12 7.2 6.3 0.4 + 0.5 6 9.1 6.9 0.5 + 1.7 6 2.4 1. 7 0. 2 + 0. 5 Meat period. 2 2. 4 1. 7 0.1 + 0. 6 Peptone period. ..do do do do do Docr 19.1 19.0 18.9 18.9 7.0 10.0 10.6 10.6 10.7 10.6 10.7 10.0 10.0 9.9 9.9 9.3 9.3 11.7 11.9 Tdo ...do ... Do»- .. do . . do 1,270 cc. milk with — gm. casein mixture 3.5 3.5 70 gm. rice starch, 20 gm. fat, — gm. salt, — gm. meat. 70 gm. rice starch, 20 gm. fat, — gm. salt, — gm. peptone. 308 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Serial number. Date of publica- tion. Observer. Subject. Foo.d per day. Duration. Nitrogen. Remarks. Kind of ani- mal. Weight. • .© PJ H 6 'E 3 PS M In feces. Gain (+) orloss (—). Kg. D ys. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 2638 1885 Pollitzer Dog 3.5 70 gm. rice starch, 20 gm. fat, — gm. salt, — 3 2.4 1.7 0.2 + 0.5 Meat period. gm. meat. 2639 1885 do 3.5 70 gm. rice starch, 20 gm. fat, — gm. salt, — 2 2.5 1.7 0.1 + 0.7 Protalbumose period. gm. protalbumose. 2640 3 5 1 2.5 1. 5 0. 2 + 0.8 Heteroalbumose period. gm. heteroalbumose. 2641 1885 do 3.5 70 gm. rice starch, 20 gm. fat, — gm. salt, — 4 2.1 1.5 0.2 + 0.4 Meat period. gm. meat. 2642 1885 do 3.5 70 gm. rice starch, 20 gm. fat, — gm. salt, — 3 2.3 2.6 0.2 — 0.5 Gelatin period. gm. gelatin. 2643 1885 3. 5 4 2.1 1.5 0.2 + 0.4 Meat period. gm. meat. 2644 1887 6. 8 3 6.7 4. 7 0. 8 + 1.2 2645 1887 .do 6. 9 8 6.8 4.5 0.8 + 1.5 feces includes 0.1 gm. from hair. 2646 1887 do do 7.0 190 gm. lentils, 1 gm. fat 9 7.6 4.8 2.1 -i- 0. 7 2647 1887 7 2 7 5. 2 4. 6 0. 4 + 0.2 2648 1887 7. 0 6 4.5 4. 6 0.6 - 0.7 2649 1887 6. 8 6 5.2 4.8 0.5 — 0.1 2650 1887 6. 6 7 5. 2 5.2 0.5 0. 5 2651 1887 6.4 7 5.4 5.8 0.4 — 0. 8 2652 1887 6. 3 6 5. 2 5.1 0.7 0. 6 2653 1887 6.1 5 5. 2 4. 9 0.7 — 0.4 2654 1887 6. 0 4 5. 2 4. 6 0. 7 — 0.1 2655 1887 do do 6.0 42.5 gm. meat meal, 58.8 gm. starch 5 5.3 4.6 0.7 0.0 2656 1887 6. 0 6 5.2 4.5 0.2 + 0.5 2657 1887 6. 0 5 5. 2 4.5 0. 7 0.0 2658 1887 24.0 3 12.5 11.7 0.4 + 0.4 2659 1887 do 24.0 200 gm. wheat gluten, 50 gm. bacon, 2.5 gm. 5 26.9 24.2 0.7 + 2.0 salt. 2660 1888 17. 8 4 21.0 20.3 0.6 + 0.1 in feces, 0.2 gm.; loss, 0.9. 2661 1888 do 18.1 4 42. 0 35.9 0.6 + 5.5 in feces, 0.4 gm.; loss, 2.4 gm. 2662 1888 18. 7 2 62. 9 52.2 1.5 + 9.2 in feces, 0.9 gm.; gain, 0.8 gm. 2663 1888 18. 6 6 0.0 6.0 0.1 — 6.1 feces. 0; loss, 1.1 gm. 2664 1888 do 16. 7 5 42.0 36.4 0. 4 + 5.2 in feces, 0.3 gm.; gain, 0.7 gm. Table 28.—Experiments with dogs. Influence of feeding—Continued. iXPERIMENTS WITH DOGS. 309 2665 1888 16.3 120 gm. starch, 20 gm. lard, 800 cc. water 9 0.0 4.3 0.5 — 4.8 P205 in food, 0; in urine, 0.8 gm.; in feces, 0.2 gm.; loss, 1.0 gm. 2666 1888 do 17. 3 500 gm. meat. 20 gm. lard 5 17.5 17.4 0.2 — 0.1 P2O5 in food, 2.6 gm.; in urine, 2.5 gm.; in feces, 0.1 gm.; gain or loss, 0. S in food, 1.1 gm.; in urine, 1.1 gm.; in feces, 0; gain or loss, 0. 2667 1888 do do 17.1 1,000 gm. white of egg, 30 gm. lard 5 20.4 20.0 0.7 — 0.3 P205 in food, 0.4 gm.; in urine, 0.5 gm.; in feces, 0; loss, 0.1 gm. S in food, 2.1 gm.; in urine, 2.0 gm.; in feces, 0; gain, 0.1 gm. P205infood, 0.5 gm.; in urine, 0.6 gm.; 2668 1888 do do 17.2 2 24.5 23.6 1.1 — 0.2 in feces, 0; loss, 0.1 gm. S in food, 2.5 gm.; in urine, 2.4 gm.; in feces, 0; gain, 0.1 gin. 2669 1888 17.1 1,500 gm. white of egg, 30 gm. lard 2 30.6 26.8 1.0 00 ci + P206 in food, 0.6 gm.; in urine, 0.6 gm.; in feces, 0; gain or loss, 0. Sin food, 3.1gm.; in urine, 3.0 gm.; infeces,0; gain, 0.1 gm. 2670 1888 do do 17.2 1 34.7 28.7 2.4 + 3.6 P205 in food, 0.7 gm.; in urine, 0.5 gm.; in feces, 0.1 gm.; gain 0.1 gm. S in food, 3.5 gm.; in urine, 3.1 gm.; in feces, 0.1 gm.; gain, 0.3 gm. 2671 1888 do do 17.1 1 © 00 29.6 2.5 + 8.7 P205 in food, 0.9 gm.; in urine, 0.4 gm. ; infeces, 0; gain, 0.5 gm. S in food, 4.2 gm.; in urine, 3.1 gm.; in feces, 0.1 gm.; gain, 1.0 gm. 2672 1888 17.1 2 0.0 10.4 -0.0 —10.4 P20K in food, 0; in urine, 0.8 gm.; in feces, 0; loss, 0.8 gm. S in food, 0; in urine, 0.8 gm.; in feces, 0; loss, 0.8 gm. 2673 1888 16.4 1 52.7 26.2 2.6 + 23.9 P2Os in food, 1.1 gm.; in urine, 0; in feces, 0.1 gm.; gain, 1.0 gm. S in food, 5.4 gm.; in urine, 3.3 gm.; in feces, 0.1 gm.; gain, 2.0 gm. 2674 1888 17.5 1 57.1 39.0 3.2 + 16.9 P205 in food, 1.2 gm.; in urine, 0.4 gm. in feces, 0.2 gm.; gain, 0.6 gm. S in food, 5.8 gm.; in urine, 4.5 gm.; in feces, 0.1 gm.; gain, 1.2 gm. 2675 1888 .... .do do 16.2 Fasting. 100 to 250 cc. water (3 days) 8 0.0 5.5 0.1 — 5.6 P20s in food, 0; in urine, 0 7 gm-; in feces, 0; loss, 0.7 gm. S in food, 0; in urine, 0.5 gm. (= average of £ days); in feces, 0; loss, 0.5 gm. 2676 1888 16.3 5 15.4 14.6 0.7 + 0.1 P205infood, 2.3 gm.; in urine, 2.0gm.; in feces, 0.3 gm.; gain or loss, 0. 2677 1888 do do 16.2 3 16.0 18.3 0.8 — 3.1 P.2Os in food, 0; in urine, 0.8 gm.; in feces, 0.1 gm.; loss, 0.9 gm. 2678 00 So 00 do do 16.1 1 16.2 18. 7 1.4 — 3.9 P20s in food, 0; in urine, 0.6 gm.; in feces, 0.1 gm.; loss, 0.7 gm. 2679 1888 do do 16.1 2 21.4 23.7 1.0 — 3.3 P205 in food, 0; in urine, 0.5 gm.; in feces, 0.1 gm.; loss, 0.6 gm. 2680 1888 15.9 2 0.0 3.9 0.3 -4.2 P2(>5 in food, 0; in urine, 0.5 gm.; in feces, 0. 310 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. d ci O Subject. Xitrogen. 2, 2 3 p ~ © o'-*3 Observer. 2 Food per day. § rJ ' 2 CQ © © + 1 Remarks. 3 © mal. bJO U 1 1 s 5© - CO •S3 © © m cS R Q M M M 6 % Days. (?to. I (7m. 6m. 6m. P205 in food, 2.6 gm; in urine, 2.6 gm.; 2681 1888 Tln 1888 2 0.0 13.0 0.0 —13. 0 P..( >, in urine, 2.1 gm. 2702 1888 3 27.3 27.9 0.9 — 1.5 P205infood, 7.4 gm.; in urine, 6.7 gm.; in feces. 0.6 gm.; gain, 0.1 gm. 2702 1888 Doo- 7. 0 6 13.7 13.7 0.2 — 0.2 Nitrogen in urine determined 4 days. 9704 1888 7. 0 6 13.0 12.9 0.3 — 0.2 Do. 2705 1893 11.4 130 gm. meat, 35 gm. fat, 90 gm. rice, 600 cc. 20 r>. 1 4.6 0.4 + 0.1 water (34 gm. protein. 38 gin. fat, 70 gin. carbohydrates, 742 calories). 2706 1893 11.2 40 gm. meat, 37 gm. tat, 113 gm. rice, 600 cc. 5 2.6 2.2 0. 5 — 0.1 water (17 gm."protein, 38 gm. fat, 87 gm. carbohydrates, 742 calories). 2707 1893 11.1 11 gm. meat meal, 53 gm. fat, 150 gm. rice, 23 2.7 2.2 0.5 0.0 600 cc. water (17 gm. protein, 55~gm. fat, 116 gm. carbohydrates, 1.070 calories). 270£ 1893 11.0 do 19 2.7 2.8 1.0 — 1.1 Nitrogen in feces determined 6 days. 2709 1893 11. 0 5 2.7 2.8 (0.5) — 0.6 First 5 days of No. 2708. 2710 1893 11. 0 3 2.7 2.9 1.1 — 1.3 Sixth to eighth day of No. 2708. 2711 1893 11. 0 3 2.7 2.5 1.0 — 0.8 Thirteenth to fifteenth day of No. 2708. 9712 1893 10. 8 10 2.7 2.7 1.0 — 1.0 Nitrogen in feces determined 4 days. 2713 1893 do do 10.8 46 gm. meat meal, 46 gm. fat, 119 gm. rice 5 6.4 3.9 (1.0) + 1.5 (40.4 gm. protein, 46 gm. fat, 93 gm. carbo- hydrates). 2714 1893 do do 11.8 200 gm. meat, 45 gm. fat, 100 gm. rice, 500 cc. n 7.6 4.7 0.5 + 2.4 Nitrogen in feces determined 3 days. water (47 gm. protein, 50 gm. fat, 77 gm. carbohydrates, 942 calories). 312 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Serial number. Date of publica- tion. Subject. Food per day. Duration. Nitrogen. Observer. Kind of ani- mal. S’ *© ■d H © .5 ‘u 3 M l <© +7 - * *3-2 O S Remarks. Kg. Kays. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 2715 1893 Dog 10.4 17 4.8 3.8 0. 5 ■ +0.5 600 cc. water (30.3 gnu protein, 3f gm. fat, on 4 days onlv. 66 gm. carbohydrates, 663 calories). 2716 1893 10.1 4 4.8 4.1 0. 5 +0.2 Eleventh to fourteenth dayof No. 2715. 2717 1893 10. 0 10 2.4 2.8 (0. 5) —0.9 50(Tcc. water (15.3 gnu protein. 31~gm. fat, 81 gm. carbohydrates, 663 calories). 2718 1893 9.9 15 2. 5 2.4 0. 5 —0.4 drates, 794 calories. on 3 days only. 2719 1893 9. 8 3 2.5 2.5 0. 5 —0.5 2720 1893 9.9 13 2.5 2.0 0.6 —0.1 Nitrogen in the feces was determined drates,780 calories. on 3 da vs only. 2721 1893 10.2 3 2.5 1.9 0.6 0.0 2722 1893 10.2 24 2.5 2.0 1.0 —0. 5 on 4 days only. 2723 1893 10. 4 4 2.5 2.1 1.0 —0.6 2722. 2724 1893 9.8 35 gm. meat, 44 gm. fat, 120 gm. rice (15 gm. 17 2.4 2.5 (1.0) —1.1 protein, 45 gnu fat, 92 gmrcarbohydrates, 833 calories). 2725 1893 do do 9.6 30 gm. meat, 51 gm. fat, 140 gm. rice (15 gm. 6 2.4 2.3 (1-0) —0.9 protein. 52 gm. fat, 107 gm. carbohydrates). 2726 1893 do 9.7 38 gm. meat, 51 gm. fat, 140 gm. rice (17 gm. 8 2.7 2.2 0.5 0.0 Nitrogen in the feces was determined protein, 52 gm. fat, 107 gm. carbohydrates). on 4 days only. 2727 1893 9. 6 21 2.7 2. 2 0.6 —0.1 Do. 2728 1893 9. 6 8 2.7 2.3 0.8 —0.4 Nitrogen in the feces was determined on 3 davs only. 2729 1893 9.5 3 2.7 2.2 0.8 —0.3 Third to fifth day of No. 2725. 2730 1893 9.2 16 2.7 2.5 1.0 —0.8 Nitrogen in the feces was determined on 3 days only. 2731 1893 do Dog 10.0 120 gm. meat, 30 gm. fat, 90 gm. rice (31.1 gm. 7 4.9 4.3 0.4 +0.2 Nitrogen in the' feces was determined protein, 32 gm. fat, 69 gm. carbohydrates, on 4 days only. 700 calories). 2732 1893 do do 9.4 36 gm. meat, 32 gm. fat. 110 gm. rice (14.5gm. 10 2.3 2.9 0.5 —1.1 Nitrogen in the feces was determined protein. 33 gm. fat, 85 gm. carbohydrates, on 3 days only. 716 calories). Table 28.—Experiments with dogs. Influence of feeding—Continued. EXPERIMENTS WITH DOGS. 313 2733 1893 (lo do 8.8 33 gm. meat, 45 gm. fat, 120gm. rice (14.5 gm. 12 2.3 2.5 0.5 —0.7 Do. protein, 45.5gm. fat, 92 gm. carbohydrates, 852 calories). 2734 1893 do do 8.2 40 gm. meat, 45 gm. fat, 130 gm. rice (16.3 gm. 9 2.6 2.2 (0.6) —0.2 protein). Last 5 days of No. 2734. Ninth and tenth days of fasting period. 2735 1893 do 8. 4 do 5 2. 6 2.1 0. 6 —0. 1 2736 1893 16. 9 0. 0 3 7 0.0 —3.7 2737 1894 Dog 6.3 100 gm. meat, 25 gm. lard, 30 gm. starch, 2 gm. meat extract, 50 cc. water. 12 3.7 4.3 0.2 —1.8 Salts=a mixture approximating milk ash. 2738 1894 6.0 27gm. casein, 30gm. lard, 30gm. starch, 2gm. meat extract, — gm. salts, 125 cc. water. 3.7 3.5 0.3 —0.1 2739 1894 do 5. 9 3.6 3.7 0. 2 —0. 3 2740 1894 do 5.9 27 gm. casein, 26 gm. lard, 30 gm. starch, 2 gm. meat extract, 1.2 gm. sodium bicar- 3.7 3.7 0.1 —0.1 bonate, 125 cc. water. 2741 1894 5.8 27 gm. casein, 26 gm. lard, 30 gm. starch, 1 gm. salts, 50 cc. water. 5 3.6 3.6 0.1 —0.1 Do. 2742 1894 do do 5.8 100 gm. meat, 35 gm. lard, 30 gm. starch, 2 8 3.6 3.4 0.2 0.0 gm. meat extract, 1.2 gm. sodium bicar- bonate, 50 cc. water. 2743 1894 Dog 8.1 30 gm. casein, 9 gm. casein-calcium, 65 gm. bacon, 30 gm. starch, 16 gm. salts, 150 cc. 11 6.1 5.4 0.1 +0.6 Do. water. 2744 1894 do do 8.3 23 gm. casein, 9 gm. casein-calcium, 100 gm. 5 6.2 5.3 0.2 +0.7 Do. bacon, 1.2 gm. sodium bicarbonate, 10 gm. salts, 200 cc. water. 2745 1895 14.2 o 1.8 0.4 + 1.4 Subject was 14 days old. No. 2447. Ann. chem. Pharm., 88, p. 110. Nos. 2448, 2449. Virchow’s Archiv, 10, p. 159. No. 2450. Physiologische chemischen Dntersachungen, 1857, p. 19. Nos. 2451, 2452. Ibid., pp. 21, 22. Nos. 2453, 2454. Ibid., pp. 23, 24. Nos. 2455-2514. Die Ernahrung des Fleischfressers. Nos. 2515-2519. Ztschr. Biol., 2, p. 26. Nos. 2520, 2521. Ibid., p. 28. Nos. 2522, 2523. Ibid. p. 29. Nos. 2524, 2525. Ibid., p. 30. Nos. 2526, 2527. Ibid., p. 31. Nos. 2528, 2529. Ibid., p. 32. Nos. 2530-2533. Ibid., p. 33. Nos. 2534, 2535. Ibid., p. 34. Nos. 2536-2546. Ibid., p. 35. No. 2547. Ibid., t ). 57. Nos. 2548-2550. Ibid., p. 58. .Nos. 2551, 2552. Ibid. p. 59. No. 2553. Ibid., pp. 51, 59. No. 2554. Ibid., p. 52. Nos. 2555-2568. Ztschr. Biol., 3, pp. 310-321. Nos. 2569-2581. Ztschr. Biol., 5, p. 137. No. 2582. Ibid., p. 454. Nos. 2583, 2584. Ibid., pp. 456, 457. No. 2585. Ibid., p. 460. Nos. 2586, 2587. Ibid., pp. 462, 463. Nos. 2588, 2589. Ibid., pp. 465,466. No. 2590. Ibid., p.469. No. 2591. Ibid., p. 473. No. 2592. Studien fiber Stoffwechsel, p. 145. No. 2593. Ztschr. Biol., 9 p. 337, 376. Nos. 2594-2597. Ibid., p. 341, 377. Nos. 2598-2600. Ztschr. Biol., 10, p. 213. No. 2601. Pfliiger’s Arch. Physiol., 10, p. 548. Nos. 2602, 2603. Ztschr. Biol., 16, p. 405. Nos. 2604,2605. Ibid., p. 392. Nos. 2606-2608. Ibid., p. 405. Nos. 2609, 2610. Ibid., p. 393. Nos. 2611-2613. Ibid., p. 406. Nos. 2614, 2615. Ibid., p. 395. Nos. 2616, 2617. Ztschr. Biol., 19, p. 566. Nos. 2618, 2619. Ibid., p. 567. No. 2620. Ztschr. Biol., 20, p. 382. Nos. 2621, 2622. The assimilation of the protein of milk and the metabolism of nitrogen on an absolute milk diet. Inaug. Diss. (Russian), St. Petersburg, 1885, p. 60. Nos. 2623-2626. Ibid., p. 61. Nos. 2627, 2628. Ibid., p. 62. Nos. 2629, 2630. Ibid., pp. 62, 63. Nos. 2631-2633. Ibid., p. 64. Nos. 2634, 2635. Ibid., p. 65. Nos. 2636-2643. Pfliiger’s Arch. Physiol., 37, p. 307. Nos. 2644-2657. Beitrage zur Kenntnnss des Eiweissumsatzes imthierischen Organismus. Inaug. Diss. Leipsig, 1887, pp. 34, 35. No. 2658. Ztschr. Biol., 23, p. 437. No. 2659. Ibid., p. 441. Nos. 2660-2663. Phiziologicheskii Sbornik, Charkoff, 1, p. 56. No. 2664. Ibid., p. 65. No. 2665. Ibid., p. 67. Nos. 2666, 2667. Ibid., p, 74. Nos. 2668-2672. Ibid., p. 75. Nos. 2673-2675. Ibid., p. 80. Nos. 2676-2680. Ibid., p. 89 No. 2681. Ibid., p. 95. Nos. 2682-2686. Ibid., p 98. Nos. 2687- 2690. Ibid., p. 99. Nos. 2691, 2692. Ibid. p. 106 Nos. 2693, 2694. Ibid., p. 107. Nos. 2695, 2696. Ibid., p. 110. Nos. 2697. 2698. Ibid., p. 111. Nos. 2699, 2702. Ztschr. Biol., 24, p. 128,133. Nos. 2703,2704. Ztschr. Biol., 24, pp. 18-20. No. 2705. Virchow’s Arch., 132, pp. 96, 97. No. 2706. [bid., p. 98. No. 2707. Ibid., p. 103. Nos. 2708-2711. Ibid., pp. 104,105. No. 2712. Ibid., pp. 109,110. No. 2713. Ibid., p. 113. No. 2714. Ibid ., pp. 114,115. Nos. 2715, 2716. Ibid., p. 119. No. 2717. Ibid., p. 120. Nos. 2718, 2719. Ibid., p. 121. Nos. 2720, 2721. Ibid., p. 121. Nos. 2722, 2723. Ibid., p. 123. No. 2724. Ibid., p.127. Nos. 2725, 2726. Ibid. p. 128. No. 2727. Ibid., p. 129. Nos. 2728, 2729. Ibid., p. 130. No. 2730. Ibid., p . 131. No. 273: . Ibid., p. 135. No. 2732. Ibid., p. 136. No. 2733. Ibid., p. 137. Nos. 2734, 2735. Ibid., p. 138 No. 2736. Ibid., p. 102. No. 27 37. Pfliiger’s Arch. Physio 1., 64, p.S 45. Nos. 2738, 2739. Ibid., p. 246. Nos. 2740-2742. Ibid., p. 247. Nos. 2743,2744. Ibid., p. 248. No. 2745, Jahrb. Kinderheilk. 39, p. 237. 314 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. No. 2447 was made by Bisclioff in tbe laboratory of tbe Physiological Institute in Munich in 1853. The object was to investigate the influence of sodium chlorid on the excretion of urea. The subject was a dog. The food consisted of beef freed from bone and fat. Sodium chlorid in solution was given with the meat. The specific gravity, the urea, and the sodium chlorid in the urine were determined. The nitro- gen in the food was calculated. In adding this experiment to the table the nitrogen in the feces was calculated by the compilers from Pettenkofer and Voit’s experiments with a dog consuming the same quantity of food. The dog consumed during the whole time 158.82 grams sodium chlorid and excreted 145.0 grams in the urine. The feces were not examined, as they were not believed to contain any sodium chlorid. The author states that the results indicated a decomposition of sodium chlorid in the organism. The nitrogen consumed was not all recovered. The weight of the animal was practically unchanged during the experiment. It was believed that no nitrogen was stored as flesh, but rather “that urea was retained and its transformation into other compounds, for instance ammonium carbonate, was hindered.” These experiments are interesting chiefly from an historical standpoint. They were published as a continuation of Bischoff’s first publication on “Urea the meas- ure of nitrogen metabolism.” Nos. 2448 and 2449 were made by Hoppe-Seyler in 1855. The object was to study the influence of cane sugar on digestion and nutrition. The subject was a dog. The food consisted of heart and lungs of sheep chopped fine and thoroughly mixed in a mortar. The experiment was divided into two periods. In one sugar was added to the normal diet. The nitrogen in the food and feces was determined by the Will-Warrentrapp method, and the fat in the food by extraction. The urea in the urine was determined by the Heintz method and the Liebig method. The attempt was made to determine the carbon dioxid in the respiratory products, but according to the author it was unsuccessful, and the results are not given by him. The dog appeared in normal condition throughout the experiment. Among the conclusions reached were the following: No sugar was observed in the urine or feces when sugar was eaten for a long time, nor was the amount of lactic acid in the urine increased. When meat and sugar were eaten, the subject gained in weight more rapidly and excreted more urea than when meat alone was fed. The excretion of nitrogen in the feces was practically unchanged by the addition of sugar to the food. When much sugar is present in the. blood, protein and allied sub- stances are protected from oxidation. The reserve protein which is provided with little or no oxygen appears to be broken up, this process being accompanied by the formation of fat. Nos. 2450-2454 were made by Voit in the laboratory of the Physiological Institute in Munich in 1856. The object was to investigate the metabolism of nitrogen. The subject of experiments Nos. 2450-2452 was a very active dog, and Nos. 2453 and 2454 a dog with a permanent gall fistula. The urea and nitrogen in several samples of urine, the dry matter and nitrogen in meat feces, and the dry matter and nitrogen in a number of samples of meat were determined. In experiments Nos. 2453 and 2454 the nitrogen in the gall obtained from the fistula was taUen into account in deter- mining the balance of income and outgo. Yoit found that the mean nitrogen content of 6 samples of meat (fresh beef) was 3.5 per cent. He uses 3.4 per cent, however, in calculating the nitrogen in the meat consumed. He gives as a reason for the change the fact that the samples he analyzed were carefully selected samples of pure muscle. He believed, therefore, that the meat fed would have a slightly lower nitro- gen content, since it would contain some fat, tendon, etc. This change has been much criticised by later observers in discussions of the formation of fat from protein. The individual experiments are discussed in detail by the author. They are regarded as additional proof of the correctness of BischofFs1 opinion that the urea 1 Der Harnstoff als Maass des Stoffwechsels, Giesen, 1853. See also a shorter account in Ann. Chem., 88 (1855), p. 101. EXPERIMENTS WITH DOGS. 315 excreted in ‘the urine may be regarded as a measure of the metabolized nitrogen, taking into account the small amounts in the uric acid and other compounds in the urine and feces, and in the epidermis and hair accidentally lost. These experiments are interesting to-day chiefly from an historical standpoint. Nos. 2455-2514 and Nos. 2746-2750, Table 29, were made by Bischolf and Voit at the laboratory of the Physiological Institute, in Munich, in 1857-58. The object was to investigate metabolism of dogs while fasting, and on the following rations: (1) Meat; (2) meat and fat; (3) fat and starch with and without meat; (4) bread; (5) sugar with and without meat; (6) gelatin with and without meat, and (7) gelatin and fat. The water was determined in bread with and without crust, In starch, grape sugar, and in the feces from each sort of diet. Nitrogen Avas determined in bread, gelatin, and in se\reral instances in the feces. Carbon and hydrogen were deter- mined in the feces from meat diet, bread diet, and starch diet. Fat was determined in meat, meat feces, meat and fat feces, and in gelatin and fat feces. Ash was deter- mined in bread and in the feces from meat, bread, meat and starch, and from gela- tin and fat. Sulphur was determined in pieat, bread, gelatin, and the feces from meat, bread, and gelatin, and in many cases in the urine. In the urine from bread and from meat diet the dry matter and ash and their ratio to urea were determined also. The analyses were made with a few samples, and then the composition of food, urine, and feces was calculated from this data. The composition of the meat was calcu- lated, and in very many cases that of the urine and feces also. It was assumed that the urine and feces from a particular diet were unvarying. The points investigated are discussed at length, and the results obtained are com- pared with work of other observers. The discussions are interesting from an historical standpoint, since much of the later work on metabolism is based on observations and conclusions from this series of experiments. The principal conclusions reached were the following: When fasting, a dog lives upon the flesh and fat of his own body and excretes urea, carbon dioxid, and water formed from them. The amount of fat and muscu- lar tissue consumed is dependent upon the size of the animal. The conditions which affect the metabolism of nitrogenous material of the body are (1) the oxygen sup- plied, and (2) the size of the organs of the body, and (3) the amount of blood. Since it is the breaking down of nitrogenous tissue which furnishes energy, and energy is expended for internal muscular movement, all the changes in the animal body have a definite relation to each other. To nourish a dog with meat only, so that flesh or fat is not lost from the organism, requires a considerable quantity of meat, varying from one-twentieth to one twenty- fifth of the Aveiglit of the dog. If less than this is supplied, tissue and fat from the organism will be metabolized. If more meat is supplied for one day than is neces- sary for nourishment, the excess is stored up. On the following day the same quan- tity of meat does not suffice to produce the same gain, but will all be utilized. A further gain of muscular tissue can be brought about only by a continued increase in the quantity of food consumed. When a maximum consumption is reached, the dog will not eat more, and loses weight rapidly. The quantity of meat which the dog needs to cover losses sustained and to gain flesh is always decided by the quan- tity of body tissue. If the dog has a large quantity of muscular tissue, he needs more food than Avhen he has little flesh, and if he gains largely in muscular tissue he must consume an abundant diet of meat. The more fat meat consumed the less fat is used up from the body. The metabolism of nitrogenous tissue-and the elimination of nitrogenous material from the body is not prevented by consuming fat. The consumption of fat from the body can be prevented by consuming fat in the food. With an abundance of fat in the diet it is also possible to gain fatty tissue. The consumption of fat reduces the metabolism of nitrogen so that only one-third to one-fourth as much meat need be 316 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. consumed with fat as where meat only is fed. Sugar and starch act in the same way as fat. Bread is largely starch and can not furnish a complete diet for flesh-eating ani- mals. Gelatin is of more importance than was supposed. It is apparently all changed into urea and seems to act as a protector of protein, not in the way that fat and starch do, namely, hy diminishing the metabolism of this substance by lessening the con- sumption of oxygen, but directly in being substituted for nitrogenous substance of the body. Nos. 2515-2554 were made hy Voit in the laboratory of the Physiological Institute at Munich from 1859 to 1864. The older experiments (Nos. 2547-2554) are .quoted hy the author from previous publications which were not accessible to the compilers. A few seem to ho either duplicates of or experiments reported in other publications. The object was to investigate the excretion of nitrogen hy dogs. The food usually consisted of meat, or meat and fat, sugar, or gelatin. In Nos. 2547 and 2548 coffee was given with the food, and in No. 2554 urea. The nitrogen and sometimes the ash in the food and feces were calculated. It would seem that the urea in the urine was determined and from this the nitrogen calculated. The conclusion is reached that no nitrogen leaves the body except in the urine and feces. The concordance of the results for nitrogen and ash are looked upon as a proof of the accuracy of the conclusions drawn regarding nitrogen. Nos. 2555-2568 were made by E. Bischoff at the laboratory of the Physiological Institute in Munich in 1867. The object was to investigate the excretion of phos- phoric acid. The subject was a dog. The food usually consisted of meat, with fat or starch in some cases. Bread and starch were each fed alone, and in one experiment no food was consumed. The nitrogen and phosphoric acid in the meat were calculated. The factor for nitrogen was 3.4 per cent. The phosphoric acid in the starch and the nitrogen and phosphoric acid in the bread, the urea, and phosphoric acid in the urine, and the nitrogen, ash, and phosphoric acid in the feces wore determined. The principal conclus'ons drawn were the following: The excretion of phosphoric acid varies within wider limits than that of nitrogen. By increasing the metabolism of protein the excretion of phosphoric acid can be increased eight times the amount excreted when fasting. Phosphoric acid is excreted principally in the urine. In an animal in phosphorus equilibrium all the phosphoric acid consumed is excreted in the urine and feces. If any considerable quantity of urine and feces had been lost there would have been a deficiency in the amount of excreted phosphorus. The fact that all the phosphorus consumed was recovered in the urine and feces is regarded as additional proof of the correctness of the theory that all the excreted nitrogen leaves the organ- ism in the urine and feces. Nos. 2569-2581 were made hy Voit in the laboratory of the Physiological Institute in Munich in 1865 in connection with an extended study of the formation of fat in the animal organism. The subject was a female dog. The food consisted of meat, with starch or fat in a number of cases. The milk secreted by the dog was taken into account in determining the nitrogen balance. It is inferred that the nitrogen in the food and feces was calculated and the urea in the urine determined. It is not stated whether the water, casein, protein, fat, sugar, and ash in the milk were determined or calculated. The following conclusions were reached: The secretion of milk is only slightly dependent upon the food (so far as composition of the milk solids is concerned). It decreased during fasting and was greatest on a diet rich in protein. The consump- tion of large quantities of fat with meat did not decrease the yield of milk as much as was reported by an earlier observer. The consumption of starch alone did not increase the yield of milk over that observed during fasting. The absolute and relative quantity of casein and protein in the milk was not directly proportional to the amount of protein in the food. It increased a little with a large consumption of meat and was lowered somewhat during fasting. The quantity of fat in the milk EXPERIMENTS WITH DOGS. 317 was greatest when most protein was consumed and least when starch was consumed. The consumption of fat apparently exercised little influence on it. The amount of milk sugar showed very small variation, being greatest when much meat was con- sumed. The consumption of carbohydrates did not increase it. Other conclusions which have to do with the yield of milk, etc., are also drawn. Nos. 2582-2591 were made by E. Bischoff at the laboratory of the Physiological Institute in Munich in 1867-68. The objects were (1) to ascertain whether othe r dogs would utilize a bread diet in the same way as the dogs in Bischoff and Voit’s experiments (see Nos. 2471-2493); (2) to learn why bread is so poorly assimilated; and (3) to see if some simple addition could not be made to the diet which would render the bread more digestible. The food usually consisted of rye bread, with meat ox- meat extract in some cases. In one case salt was consumed. In No. 2590 the diet consisted of meat and starch. No. 2591 was made by Yoit and reported by Bischoff. The nitrogen in the bread and nitrogen and water in the meat extract were deter- mined. In the feces it was sometimes calculated and sometimes determined. The urea in the urine was determined. The dog could not be maintained in good condition on a diet of rye broad. Suffi- cient nitrogen for the needs of the organism was not assimilated. On a diet of meat and starch, however, the dog gained strength and appeared in good condition. It was observed that the bread feces fermented Very readily, and it was believed that the fermentation caused intestinal movements which hastened the excretion of the feces and thus hindered the intestinal absorption of nitrogenous material. The fer- mentation was studied at considerable length, but no reason for it was found. Neither meat extract nor salt exercised any marked influence on the absorption of the protein of bread in the intestine. No. 2592 was made by Toldt at the University in Vienna in 1871. The object was to investigate the excretion of nitrogen. The subject was the same dog used in Seegen’s experiments, Nos. 2770-2781, Table 29. The food consisted of meat. Great care was taken in collecting the urine. The urea in it was determined by the Liebig method and by the Schneider-Seegen method. The amount of nitrogen excreted in the feces was calculated. The nitrogen in the food was determined by the Dumas and by the soda-lime methods, and the conclusion was reached that the latter gave too low results. In the author’s opinion all the consumed nitrogen was not recov- ered in the urine and feces or accounted for by a gain in weight of the subject. Seegen quotes the author’s results in the discussion of the gaseous excretion of nitrogen, and on the basis of the variations in the nitrogen content as shown by the analysis of meat, explains some of the discrepancies observed in previous investiga- tions. He emphasizes the necessity of making analyses of meat by a reliable method. Nos. 2593-2597 were made by Forster at the laboratory of the Physiological Insti- tute at Munich in 1873. They form part of an extended investigation of the value of the mineral constituents of food. The subjects were 2 dogs, weighing about 26 and 32 kilograms at the beginning of the experiment. The food consisted of “meat residue,” with fat, and some starch or sugar. In addition, on 1 day a little salt and on 4 days a little meat extract was consumed. “Meat residue” is meat from which the juices have been extracted by pressure and the salts have been removed by extracting three times with water. That used in these experiments was in the form of a coarse powder. The nitrogen and phosphoric acid in the food and urine, and the nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and ash (in Nos. 2593, 2594, and 2597 fat also) in the feces were determined. In all the experiments the iron in food and feces was deter- mined. (Urine contains no iron.) The sodium chlorid and sulphuric acid in the urine in No. 2593, and the cyanuric acid, sodium chlorid, and the phosphoric acid combined with alkali and with earthy bases in Nos. 2595 and 2596 were also deter- mined. In each experiment the dogs lost weight and were in poor condition. In No. 2597 it was evident that the dog could not have lived much longer on the diet. The conclusion was reached that certain salts are necessary for the animal organism, and that an animal will die if the amount supplied in the food falls below a definite quantity, or if none at all is supplied. 318 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Many conclusions are drawn which can not he noted here, since they do not concern metabolism. The author reviews the literature of the sujbect at length. Nos. 2598-2600 were made by Voit in the laboratory of the Physiological Institute at Munich in 1874. The object was to determine the nutritive value of ossein. The subject was a dog. After a period of 4 days of fasting ossein and fat were fed. This diet was fol- lowed by a period of fasting. Ossein was prepared by treating bones with dilute hydrochloric acid. The nitrogen, fat, ash, sulphuric acid, and phosphoric acid in the ossein, the nitro- gen, urea, sulphur, sulphuric acid, and phosphoric acid in the urine, and the nitro- gen, fat, ash, and sulphuric acid in the feces were determined. The conclusion was reached that it was not possible to make a ration of ossein, fat, and mineral matters Avhich would meet the needs of the organism. The article contains an extended discussion of the “luxus consumption” theory and of the terms used in discussions on metabolism. No. 2601 was made by Pldsz and Gyergyai at Buda Pesth in 1875 in connection with a study of the food value of peptones. The subject was a dog, which was kept in a cage with glass sides and floor of wire netting. The urine and feces were col- lected together in a suitable vessel under the netting. The food consisted of pep- tones and a solution of starch, grape sugar, and melted butter. This was injected into the stomach. The peptone was prepared from dried fiber by digesting with the pepsin from a pig’s stomach. The nitrogen in the food and excretory products was determined by Seegen’s method. The conclusion was reached that on a ration in which peptones are substituted for protein it is possible for the subject to gain in weight, and the gain may consist of nitrogenous tissue. The article contains an extended review of the subject, with references to the work of other observers. Nos. 2602-2615 were made by Gruber in the laboratory of the Physiological Insti- tute at Munich in 1880. The objects were (1) to get light upon the question as to whether all the nitrogen consumed in the food could be recovered in the urine and feces; and (2) to test the accuracy of a number of experimental methods which had been employed by Voit. As has been stated above, Voit held the opinion that no nitrogen was excreted except in the urine and feces. This was doubted by other investigators. The methods used by Voit in making his experiments had also been questioned. It was his usual plan to calculate the nitrogen in fresh meat, using as a factor 3.4 per cent. The nitrogen in the urine was ordinarily determined by the soda-lime method after evaporating with quartz sand. The nitrogen in the meat and feces was usually determined by the soda-lime method. The subject of the present experiment was a dog weighing about 17 kilograms. The experiment lasted 22 days. The first 5 days were regarded as a preliminary period. The remaining days were divided into two periods of 7 and 10 days, respec- tively. The food was lean beef, which was prepared in quantity and kept on ice. The meat was freed from visible fat, tendon, connective tissue, etc., as much as possible, and ground several times in a sausage cutter. It was then pressed out in a large, flat cake on a porcelain slab, and portions were cut out here and there as samples for analysis. A comparative test was made to show that the samples obtained were representative. The water content of the meat was determined at the beginning of the experiment. The portions for each day’s ration were weighed and put into an ice chest. As they were required the portions were again weighed. Any loss in weight was attributed to a loss of water, and sufficient water was added to make good the loss. Each day the dog was given 600 grams of meat thus pre- pared and 200 cubic centimeters of water. The day’s ration was divided into two equal portions; one was fed at 8 a. m. and the other at 11 to 11.30 a. m. The subject was confined in a cage, which stood in the middle of a large room. EXPERIMENTS WITH DOGS 319 The mean temperature of the room was 15° C. The dog was trained to deposit urine in a beaker glass. He was taken out of the cage three times a day for this purpose. The urine was measured and its specific gravity determined. The feces were separated by feeding hones, and collected and weighed. The nitrogen in the meat was determined by the Dumas (absolute) method and by the Will method, and the results obtained by the two methods were found to agree. The author also calculated the nitrogen in the meat, using the factor 3.554 per cent. This value Avas actually obtained as the mean of a number of determinations. The author believes that Voit’s figure, 3.4 per cent, was equally correct as used in Voit’s experiments, since the meat was then prepared in a somewhat different way. The nitrogen in the urine was determined by the Yoit method; that is, the urine was evaporated at 100° C. with gypsum (instead of quartz sand) and oxalic acid, and the nitrogen then determined by the soda-lime method. The author found by experi- ment that practically no nitrogen was lost as ammonia during the evaporation of the urine. Parallel investigations have shown that practically the same results are obtained as when evaporated in a vacuum. The urea in the urine was determined by the Liebig method, and from this the nitrogen was calculated. For purposes of comparison the nitrogen was also determined in a number of sam- ples of the urine by the Dumas and the Schneider-Seegen methods. The Dumas method gave practically the same results as the Yoit method. The Schneider-Seegen method gave slightly lower results. These figures are not included in the table. The nitrogen in the feces was determined by the soda-lime method (Voit’s) in sam- ples of the feces for the whole experiment. It was assumed that the same amount of feces was excreted each day. In one period (No. 2609) the sulphur in the food, urine, and feces was also determined. The principal conclusions reached were the following: Practically all the nitrogen consumed is excreted in the urine and feces. The differences observed were so small as to be within the limits of error. The view maintained by Yoit concerning this ques- tion is therefore correct. The above conclusion is further strengthened from the fact that all the sulphur consumed was recovered in the urine and feces. In the case of sulphur there is no question of an excretion in the respiratory products. Since the same care was observed in determining the balance of income and outgo of nitrogen, it was believed that the results obtained were equally trustworthy. Comparatively little difference was observed in the results when the different analytical methods were employed. The differences are less marked when the aver- ages are taken, as in the table, than when the experiments are considered as a whole. In the preliminary period of 5 days the total nitrogen consumed, as determined by the Will method, was 106.6 grams. The total amount excreted in the urine and feces, using Liebig’s method for urine, was 97.51 grams; using Voit’s method, 99.40 grams. The total amount of nitrogen in the food in the 7-day period, as determined by the Dumas method, was 154.81 grams; as determined by the Will method, 154.14 grams; as calculated, using the factor mentioned above, 149.27 grams. During this period the total nitrogen excreted in the urine and feces, using Voit’s method for urine, was 155.02 grams; using- Liebig’s method for urine, 150.82 grams. The total amount of nitrogen in the food in the 10-day period was 213.72 by the Dumas method and 213.06 by the Will method; as calculated, the amount was 213.24 grams. The total nitrogen in the urine and feces, using Voit’s method for urine, was 213.26 grains; using Liebig’s method, for the urine, it was 216.47 grams. The total amount of meat consumed during the last 10 days of the experiment was 6,000 grams. On the basis of excreted nitrogen, the author calculated that 5,986 grams had been metabolized. On the basis of excreted sulphur the amount of meat metabolized was calculated to be 5,998 grams. The balance of income and outgo of water was also calculated. The article contains an extended review of the litera- ture, particularly of the controversy regarding the excretion of nitrogen in the respiratory products, and of the accuracy of various analytical methods. Nos. 2616-2619 were made by Gruber at the laboratory of the Physiological Insti- 320 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. fcute at Munich in 1883. The object was to test the truth of tbe theory that all ex- cretory nitrogen leaves the body in the urine and feces. The subject was a female dog. The food consisted of fresh meat and bacon, which was very carefully prepared in the way usual at the Munich laboratory. The urine was collected with a catheter. The nitrogen in the meat was determined by the Will-Warrentrapp method. In the bacon it was calculated from Hoffman’s figures. The nitrogen in the urine and feces was determined. Careful records were kept of the dog’s weight, correction being introduced for the feces produced. The experiments are regarded as additional proof that all nitrogen is excreted in the urine and feces, since the difference between total consumed and excreted nitro- gen in the experiments was very small. The dog’s weight varied within small limits. No. 2620 was made by Rieder at the laboratory of the Physiological Institute in Munich in 1884, and forms a series with Nos. 418-420, Table 7. The object was to investigate the amount of nitrogen in the feces which was due to undigested residue. The subject of this experiment was a dog. 'the food, which contained no nitrogen, consisted of starch and fat. The nitrogen in the urine and feces was determined. Other experiments, in which the nitrogen was determined in the feces but not in the urine, were made with the same subject, on a diet of starch and fat, a diet of meat, and while fasting. These could not be included in the present compilation. When food free from nitrogen was consumed, more nitrogen was excreted in the feces than during hunger, and as much as when meat was consumed; that is, in every case the nitrogen of the feces was due to metabolic products, and the more work the intestine performed in digesting the food the greater the amount of such products. Nos. 2621-2635 were made by Rudenko at St. Petersburg in 1885. The object was to study the assimilation of the nitrogenous constituents of milk, and the metabolism of nitrogen on an absolute milk diet. The experiments form a series Avith Nos. 54 to 78, Table 2. In the experiments with men and dogs the author experienced great diiliculty in keeping subjects for any considerable time on an absolute milk diet. In the experiments with dogs, an absolute milk diet produced intestinal derangements and diarrhea. In order to avoid this, several articles were fed with the milk, and the best results Avere obtained Avhen small quantities of cheese were used. The nitrogen of the milk consumed, and of the urine and feces, Avas determined by the Kjeldahl method, and the fat in the milk by the Soxhlet method. In several tests a mixture of salts which approximated the ash of casein Avas fed Avith the milk. The principal conclusions reached Avere the following: The assimilation of the nitrogen of milk when fed alone Avas more complete than that of black bread, but less complete than that of milk and cheese. When bread and meat Avere fed, the feces contained about three times as much nitrogen as was the case when milk and meat were fed. More nitrogen was excreted in the feces on an absolute milk diet than on a meat diet. It was found possible to maintain dogs in nitrogen equilibrium on an absolute milk diet. In determining the quantity of milk necessary for this purpose, allowance must be made for the large amount of unassimilated nitrogen. When milk was fed in place, of bread, there Avas a small gain of fat and the metabo- lism of nitrogen was intensified. More urine Avas excreted on an absolutely milk diet than on any other. Nos. 2636-2643 were made by Pollitzer at the laboratory of the Physiological Insti- tute of Bonn in 1885 (?). The object Avas to study the nutrition of a dog Avhen pep- tones, albumoses, and gelatin were fed in place of meat. The dog Avas fed rice, starch (which was practically free from nitrogen), and fat, with a little salt. To these either meat or peptone, protoalbumose, heteroalbumose, or gelatin was added. The nitrogen in the food, urine, and feces was determined. The conclusion was reached that Avhen peptones were fed the gain in nitrogen was the same as when meat Avas eaten, Avhile the gain of nitrogen on a diet containing albumoses was greater; that is, the nutritive value of peptone is about the same as that of meat, Avhile that of albumose is greater. The dog lost in Aveight Avhile con- EXPERIMENTS WITH DOGS. 321 surning peptones. In the author’s opinion this was probably due to the fact that peptones caused diarrhea. Nos. 2644-2657 were made by Potthast atthe laboratory of the Department of Animal Physiology of the Agricultural Institute at Berlin in 1886. The object was to deter- mine the effect of the consumption of protein from different sources on the metabo- lism of protein in the animal orgauism. The subject was a dog. The food consisted of meat, meat meal, casein, lentils, wheat gluten, and lupines. The water, ash, fat, and fiber, and nitrogen in the food and feces and the nitrogen in the urine were deter- mined. The crude fiber in the feces was calculated. The casein was prepared from milk. The lentils and gluten were ground before feeding. The bitter principle was removed from the lupines, and they were then hulled, dried, and ground. Each of these different articles was cooked in Avater with fat or starch, or both. In compar- ing the different foods, it Avas the author’s intention to feed about the same amount of nitrogen and digestible nitrogen-free material in each period. The folloAving conclusions were reached: The experiments show that the nitrogen content of protein compounds is not a measure of their actual nutritive value. Thus the lupines contained the highest percentage of nitrogen, but had the least nutritive v alue The protein of the meat, meat meal, casein, lentils, and gluten had about the same v alue. Zuntz repeated some of Potthast’s work with the same subject, aud the author quotes the results in detail. The nitrogen in the food consumed, however, is not recorded. The test was divided into three periods. In the first period the ration consisted of 35 grams of the same meat meal used in the above experiment, 50 grams of starch, and 50 grams of fat. In the second period the ration consisted of 42 grams of lupine meal, 37.5 grams of starch, and 36 grams of fat. In the third period the ration was the same as in the first. The nitrogen excreted in the different periods in the urine, feces, and hair is shown in the following table: The excretion of nitrogen on different diets. Ration. Nitrogen in— Total nitrogen excreted. Urine. Feces. Hair. # Grams. 3.99 4.39 3.48 Gram. 0. 43 .41 .43 Gram. 0.09 .09 .09 Grams. 4.52 4.8K 3.99 From these experiments the conclusion was drawn that the nitrogen of the meat meal ration was sufficient to maintain the dog in nitrogen equilibrium. When the same amount of nitrogen was fed in the lupine meal ration there was a daily loss of nitrogen equivalent to 17.3 grains of flesh. The subject is discussed at length and extended reference is made to the work of other observers. Nos. 2658, 2659 were made by Constantinidi in Munich, and form a series with Nos. 2 and3, Table 1. The object was to investigate the digestibility of wheat gluten. The subject was a dog. The food consisted of wheat gluten and bacon. The water, nitrogen, fat, starch, cellulose, and ash in the gluten were determined, and in the bacon the water, connective tissue, nitrogeu, aud fat were calculated from Hoff- man’s figures. The uriue was conuected with a catheter. The nitrogeu in it was determined by the Schneider-Seegen method. The nitrogeu, ash, ether extract, alcohol extract, and water extract in the feces were determined. The gluten was very thoroughly assimilated, and in the author’s opinion the small amount of nitro- gen in the feces is not due to undigested residue, but to metabolic products. Nos. 2660-2698 were made by Kolpakcha at the medical department of the Uni- versity of Kharkov in 1887. The object was to learn the real source of the nitrogen 749—No. 45 21* 322 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. in the urine—that is, to determine whether it is derived directly from the protein consumed in the food, from protein stored in the tissue, or from actual protein tis- sue—and, further, to study the nature of stored protein. The experiments were made with dogs. The food consisted of meat, gelatin, white and yolk of eggs, fat, and starch, which were fed alone or in combination. The nitrogen of the food, urine, and feces was determined hy the Kjeldahl-Borodin method, and the phosphoric acid hy the volumetric method, using uranium nitrate. In some cases the sulphur, the alkali phosphates, and the alkali earth phosphates were determined. The author endeavored to solve the problems Tinder consideration hy comparing the ratios of phosphoric acid to nitrogen and sulphur to nitrogen in the food con- sumed and in the urine. By repeated analyses it was found that these ratios in the foods were as follows: In meat, P205: N:: 1:7.3; S:N:: 1:15.6. In gelatin (no P206), S: N:: 1:22.5. In whites of eggs, P205: N:: 1:47.6; S: N:: 1:9.8. In yolks of eggs, P205: N:: 1:1.8. The figures show that the protein in the different foods contains nitrogen, phos- phoric acid, and sulphur in different proportions. The ratio of these elements in the urine was found to vary under different conditions of feeding and partial or complete fasting. Knowing the ratio of these elements in the food and in the urine and the ratio in the urine during partial or complete fasting, the author believed it was possible to judge whether the nitrogen in the urine came from the breaking down of the protein of the food consumed or from the breaking down of tissue protein. The general plan of the experiments was to bring the subject into a condition of nitrogen equilibrium and then to either vary the character of the food (the amount of nitrogen remaining the same) or increase the amount of food. There were also periods of partial or complete fasting. Eight experiments were made. Since they are the only ones of this nature found hy the compilers, they will he described in detail. The first experiment (Nos. 2660-2663) was of 16 days’ duration and was divided into four periods. In the first period (No. 2660) the food consisted of 000 grams lean meat daily, the ratio of phosphoric acid to nitrogen being 1:7.3. Practically as much phosphoric acid and nitrogen were excreted in the urine as were consumed in the food, and the ratio was the same. Therefore the conclusion seems warranted that the phosphoric acid and nitrogen in the urine were derived from the breaking down of the protein compounds actually consumed in the food. In the two following periods (Nos. 2661 and 2662) the dog was fed large quantities of meat, i. e., increased quantities of phosphoric acid and nitrogen. The amount of these elements excreted in the urine was also increased, but the ratio remained practically unchanged. This again indicates that the protein which was broken down to furnish the phosphoric acid and nitrogen in the urine was that consumed in the food. All the nitrogen consumed was not excreted, and therefore a part of the protein of the food was retained in the organism. The ratio of retained phosphoric acid to nitrogen was 1: 9.5, or very nearly the same as the ratio in meat. In the fourth period (No. 2663) the dog fasted. In the first days of fasting the ratio of phosphoric acid to nitrogen in the urine varied from 1:6.7 to 1:4.5. It then became almost constant (about 1:4). This would indicate that while fast- ing two kinds of protein are broken down, (1) ‘‘stored protein” (Yorrathseiweiss), i. e., protein which is retained in the body after excessive feeding and which has not yet had time to become a part of the actual body tissue; and (2) tissue protein, that is, protein which has actually become a part of the cell walls of the nitrogenous tissue of the body. The former is broken down with comparative ease, while the latter is more stable. From the ratio of phosphoric acid to nitrogen in the urine it would seem that the cleavage of tissue protein begins on the first day of EXPERIMENTS WITH DOGS. 323 fasting. However, at first it is very largely stored protein which is broken down. As the stored protein is exhausted the organism approaches a condition when it must exist exclusively on its own tissues. If this condition is reached in the later days of fasting, then it may be assumed that the nitrogen and phosphoric acid in the urine are directly derived from protein of tissue and that the ratio of phosphoric acid to nitrogen in the urine (1:3.9 to 1:4.1) is the ratio of tissue protein also. The protein assimilated from the food serves two purposes: (1) by being broken down it furnishes energy for carrying on the work of the organism, thus protecting protein of tissue; and (2) when excessive quantities of food are consumed the pro- tein goes to form stored protein, which under favorable conditions may become organized protein, i. e., protein of tissue. The second experiment (Nos. 2664 and 2665) lasted 14 days and was divided into two periods. After a preliminary period in which the dog was brought into nitro- gen equilibrium it was fed excessive quantities of meat (No. 2664). The results obtained suggest that protein which is broken down in the organism and assimilated corresponds in chemical composition to the protein of the food. During the last period of this experiment (No. 2665) a ration consisting of fat and starch and con- taining no nitrogen was fed. As in the case of absolute fasting in the previous experiment the amount of nitrogen and phosphoric acid in the urine decreased on each succeeding day, but the ratio of one to the other was constant from the fifth day on. The ratio of these elements in the urine indicated in both cases (complete fasting and nitrogen-free food) whether stored protein or tissue protein or both were broken down, and also the quantity of each. The author believes that the increased amount of phosphoric acid in the urine in the last days of the fasting period is due to the fact that not only protein of nitrogenous tissue was broken down, but also protein from the bones. The bones are particularly rich in alkali earth phosphates, and during the period of fasting the proportion of alkali earth phosphates to alkali phosphates in the urine increased. In order to study this point further, experiments were made in which the subject was fed white of egg, yolk of egg, and gelatin; i. e., protein compounds which contain nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and sulphur in different proportions from meat. The third experiment (Nos. 2666-2672) lasted 18 days and was divided into three periods. In the first period (No. 2666) the subject was fed 500 grams meat and 200 grams lard daily until in a condition of equilibrium; that is, the outgo of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and sulphur in the urine was equal to the amounts consumed. The ratio of these substances in the urine (P2O5: N:: 1:6.9-7.1; S: N:: 1:15.1-16.8) was also about the same as in the meat. During the following periods (Nos. 2667-2671) the dog received various quantities of white of egg with a little lard. During the last period (No. 2672) the dog fasted. When passing from the meat ration to the white of egg ration the relative amount of phosphoric acid in the urine dimin- ished, while the quantity of sulphur increased. A comparison of the ratios of phos- phoric acid and sulphur to nitrogen in the food and urine indicates that the organism utilized some protein in addition to that in the food. The ratio of phosphoric acid to nitrogen in the urine during the period in which white of egg was consumed varied considerably. The relatively large amount of phosphoric acid in the first days of the period was due to the fact that some of it was derived from body tissue. The relatively small amount of phosphoric acid in the last days of the period must be accounted for on the basis of Forster’s investigations, which show that when the organism is supplied with food poor iu phosphoric acid it retains some of the phos- phoric acid formed from the protein which is broken down. The other conclusions derived from this experiment in general agree with those previously stated. The fourth experiment (Nos. 2673-2675) was practically a repetition of the'preced- ing. The conclusions reached were as follows: The increased amount of nitrogen in the urine in the first period (No. 2673) indicated that the most favorable conditions for the breaking down of protein in the organism were (1) the consumption of excess- 324 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. ive amounts of protein and (2) the condition of the organism as to protein which exists after fasting. The amounts and ratio of nitrogen and sulphur in the urine indicated that during the first period only protein from the food was broken down. There was a decrease in the amount of nitrogen m the urine in the second period. While fasting, i. e., when the organism consumed its own tissue, the ratio of phosphoric acid to nitrogen was 1:3.9-4.1. The fifth experiment (Nos. 2676-2680) lasted 13 days and was divided into three periods. It was undertaken chiefly for the sake of observing the influence of gelatin, which contains no phosphoric acid, on the breaking down of protein in the organism. In the first period (No. 2676) the ration consisted of meat and lard, in the second (Nos. 2677-2679) of gelatin and lard, while in the third (No. 2680) the subject fasted. In passing from the meat to the gelatin ration the quantity of nitrogen in the urine increased while the phosphoric acid decreased, though it did not entirely disappear. Consequently the consumption of gelatin alone can not prevent the breaking down of protein tissue; that is, the organism lives not only at the expense of the gelatin, but also at the expense of its own tissue. The increase in the amount of alkali earth phosphates, as compared with the alkali phosphates in the urine during the second period, indicated that not only when fasting, but also when the food consumed was insufficient, the nitrogenous tissue of the bones as well as the tissue protein was utilized. The sixth (Nos. 2681-2690), seventh (Nos. 2691-2694), and eighth (Nos. 2695-2698) experiments were made to verify the results of the previous ones, and in general the conclusions drawn from them were the same. From all his experiments the author draws the following conclusions: When food is consumed circulating protein and stored protein (which Yoit calls Circulerendes- eiweiss and Vorrtlieiweiss) appear to be identical in chemical composition with the protein of the food. When the food contains a sufficient amount of protein very little protein of tissue is broken down, since it is protected by the protein of the food. The tendency of the organism to break down only consumed protein is most noticeable under the following conditions: (1) When the income of protein in the food is excessive, (2) during nutrition after fasting, and (3) when the daily quantity of food is consumed at several different times. This theory also holds good in a comparison of the income and outgo of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Thus the problem of nutrition comes to be the protection of the tissue from destruction, and not the destroying and rebuilding of tissue; and the nutrients consumed must serve for the production of the energy of the organism. Foods should be selected quali- tatively and quantitatively according to their power to protect tissue. In experi- ments made to learn the nutritive value of a food material it is not sufficient to fletermine the nitrogen in the income and outgo. The phosphoric acid must also be determined as well as the ratio of phosphoric acid to nitrogen in the food and urine, since it is these factors Avhich indicate Avliether tissue protein or other protein is being broken down. A knoAvledge of the relative amount of phosphoric acid in the tissue protein seems to be a very important and necessary factor in determining whether tissue or food protein is being broken down at any given time. Further, knowing the relative amount of phosphoric acid in the food, tissue protein, and urine, the quantity of each sort of protein which is broken down may be expressed mathematically. The author gives formulas for this purpose. When fasting the amount of tissue protein broken down as compared Avith stored protein is very small. The protein of the food and stored protein are broken down very readily, but the organism makes every attempt to protect tissue protein from consumption. Nos. 2699-2702 Avere made by Bergeat at the laboratory of the Physiological Insti- tute at Munich in 1885-86. The object was to determine the digestibility of thymus gland, lungs, and liver by a dog. These articles were fed to the subject after a period of fasting. A sufficient quantity of each was prepared for the whole experi- ment by removing all connective tissue, etc. The separation of the feces Avas made by feeding bones. The nitrogen, ash, phosphoric acid, ether extract, alcohol extract, EXPERIMENTS WITH DOGS. 325 and water extract in food and feces were determined. The nitrogen in the urine was determined by the Sclineider-Seegen method. The phosphoric acid and cyanuric acid were also determined. The conclusion is reached that the digestibility of the foods under discussion did not differ materially from that of meat. The author discusses the term “ digestibility ” at considerable length, and points out the difference between actual digestibility and ease of digestion. Nos. 2703, 2704. See Nos. 195,196, 'fable 2. Nos. 2705-2736 were made by Munk at Berlin in 1890 and 1891. The object was to study metabolism on a diet which furnished an abundance of energy but contained little protein. The experiments were made with a view to determining the amount of protein which is actually essential for the animal organism. The subjects were dogs. The food consisted of meat, fat, and rice cooked together in water. The nitro- gen in the food, urine, and feces was determined by the Kjeldalil method. The fat in the feces was also determined. In a few cases in which the nitrogen of the feces was not stated it was supplied by the compilers from other experiments in this series in which the food was the same. Four series of experiments were made. In every case, after a few days on a ration containing an abundance of protein, the dogs were fed a ration which furnished an abundance of energy but contained a small amount of protein. This was continued for 9 to 11 weeks, when a ration containing a large amount of protein was again supplied. Although the ration containing insufficient protein was made up of meat, fat, and rice and was relished at first, after following it for a considerable time it became distasteful to the subjects. They could be induced to eat it only by feeding it in several portions, and eventually they refused it altogether. Even before the loss of appetite was noticed the subjects became weak. At first the ration was well digested, but gradually the assimilation became poorer, the decrease in assimilation of fat being greatest, of protein less, and of carbohydrates least. It was thought that the lack of assimilation was largely caused by a diminution in the secretion of the digest- ive juices. The ration which was poor in protein but furnished an abundance of energy, when followed for a long time produced disturbances in the organism. The amount of disturbance was influenced by the individual characteristics of the subjects. The dogs recovered their normal condition very quickly when a ration containing an abundance of protein and little nitrogen-free material was again supplied. If, how- ever, the subject is for any reason weak the ration poor in protein sometimes causes death when followed for a time. From these experiments the author concludes that for a dog weighing 10 kilograms a ration furnishing 0.255 gram of nitrogen (equal to 1.6 grams of protein) and 100 or more calories per kilogram per body weight is not sufficient for the demands of the organism. A ration of the same fuel value nmst contain at least 0.31 gram of nitro- gen (equal to 2.9 grams of protein) per kilogram body weight if the subject is to be maintained in nitrogen equilibrium and not lose weight. For purposes of comparison the author quotes an experiment with a fasting dog (No. 2736) from his unpublished investigations. The amount of protein actually required by man and animals is discussed at length and the results of other investigators are quoted. Nos. 2737-2744 were made by Marcuse at the Physiological Institute of the Univer- sity of Breslau in 1894. The object was to study the nutritive value of casein as compared with meat. The subjects were two dogs. Five tests were made, three of which were divided into two periods. In two cases a period with casein followed and in one case preceded a period with meat diet. Practically the same amount of nitrogen was consumed in each case. In the two remaining tests the diet consisted of casein and casein-calcium. Lard and starch were fed with the meat and casein, and meat extract was generally added to the food to make it more palatable. With the casein a mixture of salts, approximating milk ash, was also fed. Water was 326 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. consumed with the food, the amount being recorded. The urine was collected with a catheter. The feces was usually separated by feeding infusorial earth; sometimes, however, small porcelain heads in capsules were used. The conclusion was reached that casein has the same nutritive value as the albuminoids of meat. The author gives an extended review of previous investigations on this subject. No. 2745 was made by Lange at the Medical Institute at the University of Leipsic in 1895, in connection with an investigation of the metabolism of nursing children on a diet of cows’ milk. The subject was a dog 14 days old. The food consisted of milk sterilized with Soxhlet’s apparatus. The urine and feces were collected together. The nitrogen in the food, urine, and feces was determined. The conclusion was reached that in the case of young animals there is the same discrepancy between the amount of nitrogen retained in the body and the gain in weight as was observed in the case of children (see Nos. 116-125, Table 2). Experiments were made by Zuntz1 to study the nutritive value of meat peptones. By an oversight these were omitted from the tables. The subjects were two dogs weighing 3.1 and 5.2 kilograms, respectively. The first experiment was divided into five periods of five, six, five, four, and five days’ duration. In the first, third, and fifth periods the food consisted of 120 grams of meat and 20 grams of fat; in the second period 48.5 grams of Kemmerich’s meat peptone, and in the fourth period 60.7 grams of Koch’s meat peptone were substituted for the meat. The nitrogen in the food in the different periods was 3.9, 4.7, 3.9, 4.9, and 3.9 grams; in the urine, 3.4, 4.8, 3.3, 5.0, and 3.3 grams, and in the feces 0.3, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, aud 0.3 gram. In the first, third, and fifth periods there was a gain of 0.2, 0.2, and 0.3 gram, respectively, while in both the second and fourth periods there was a loss of 0.5 gram. The second experiment was divided into three periods of one, ten, and four days, respectively. In the first period the food consisted of 70 grams of rice and 10 grams of fat; in the second period 40.4 to 60.6 grams of Kemmerich’s meat peptone was taken in addition, and in the third period 75.8 grams of Koch’s meat peptone. The nitrogen in the food in the several periods was 0.7, 4.8, and 6.8 grams; in the urine 1.8, 4, and 6.1 grams, and in the feces, 0.1, 0.4, and 0.2 gram. In the first period there was a loss of 1.2 grams and in the second and third periods there was a gain of 0.4 and 0.5 gram, respectively. The conclusion was reached that the two peptones had a high nutritive value, Kemmerich’s being somewhat superior to Koch’s in this respect. INFLUENCE OF OTHER CONDITIONS THAN FEEDING In Table 29 are included 244 tests with dogs under various fhore or less abnormal or unusual conditions. In experiments Nos. 2746-2750 the subjects were fasting, in Nos. 2751-2955 the influence of various drugs was tested, in Nos. 2956-2962 the effect of baths was observed, and in Nos. 2963-2972 the influence of pregnancy and other phases of sexual life was studied. In all these experiments the dogs were in health. In Nos. 2973-2987 the dogs were suffering from the effects of a surgical operation. An experiment with a dog on the influence of hot baths in which the balance of income and outgo of carbon was determined in addition to that of nitrogen will be found in Table 38. 1 Pfluger’s Arch., 37 (1885), p. 313. EXPERIMENTS WITH DOGS. 327 Serial number. | Date of publica- tion. Observer. Subject. Food per day. Duration. Nitrogen. Kemarks. Kind of ani- mal. 3 b|C *3 £ 5 o P M 6 P 'u p p. H 02 O' J 5 +T 05 a 2 3" w O Kg. • Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 274fi 31.1 6 0. 0 9.4 (l. 0 — 9.4 do Dog 32. 2 3 0. 0 7.7 0. 0 — 7. 7 2748 Dog .. 38. 7 do 7 0.0 8.6 0. 0 — 8.6 2749 Doe 29. 0 .do 1 0. 0 4. 6 0.0 — 4.6 2750 Dog 39. 9 1 0. 0 2.7 0.0 — 2.7 1804 Do<* 7 17. 0 16.7 0.4 — 0.1 2752 1864 . 'Jlo 10 17.0 12.3 0.5 + 4.2 Subject was given 1 gm. sodium sul- phate. 2753 1864 10 17. 0 11.5 0.5 + 5.0 Subject was given 2 gm. sodium sul- phate. 2754 1864 10 17.0 12.8 0.5 + 3.7 Subject was given 3 gm. sodium sul- phate. 2755 1864 10 17.0 15.0 0.0 + 2.0 Subject was given 4 gm. sodium sul- phate. 1864 8 17. 0 16.0 0.0 + 1.0 Subject was given 2 gm sodium sul- phate. 2757 1804 30 17.0 14.7 0.4 + 1.9 2758 1864 10 17.0 12.4 0.6 + 4.0 Subject was given 1 gm. sodium sul- phate. 2759 1864 10 17.0 11.8 0.4 + 4.8 Subject was given 2 gm. sodium sul- phate. 2700 10 17.0 13. 7 0.4 + 2.9 Subject was given 3 gm. sodium sul- 27(51 1804 10 17.0 14. 4 0.0 + 2.6 phate. 27(52 1804 do ... 10 17.0 14.3 0.2 + 2.5 27(53 1805 32 4 51.0 50.2 0.6 + 0.2 2704 1805 do Sdo 8 51. 0 50. 5 0.6 — 0.1 Do. 2705 1805 5 51. 0 51. 1 0.6 — 0.7 2766 1865 do 6 51.0 50.5 0.6 — 0.1 Subject was given 4.5 gm. sodium sul- phate. 2767 1865 6 17.0 16.2 0.4 + 0.4 2708 1805 8 17. 0 16.3 0.4 + 0.3 Subject was given 3 gm. sodium sul- 2700 1805 do 4 17. 0 16.2 0.4 + 0.4 phate. 2770 1867 1.000 gm. meat, 100 gm. fat, 500 gm. water... 20 34.0 20.0 +14.0 2771 1867 10 34.0 31.5 + 2.5 Subject was given 1 gm. sodium bicar- bonate. 2772 1807 20 34.0 24.7 + 9.3 Subject was given 2 gm. sodium bicar- 2773 1867 do do 20 34.0 26.4 + 7.6 bonate. Table 29.—Experiments with dogs. Influence of other conditions than feeding. 328 A DIGEST OP METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. u © eb Subject. Nitrogen. s p 0 .3 "u © m : © «*—1 T* c +* © a! P Observer. Kind of ani- mal. 5 *© * Food per day. d o "§ P £ i © .5 a M 00 o .© M +T m c- ® .0 o as T es Remarks. 2774 2775 2776 2777 2778 2779 2780 2781 2782 1867 1867 1867 Kg. Days. 10 Gm. 28.6 Gm. 22 Gm, .8 Gm. +5.8 do 20 30.9 24.2 +6.7 + 6.6 980 gm. meatj lj300 gm. water 18 33.3 26.7 Subject was given 1 gm. sodium bicar- bonate. 1867 1867 1867 1867 1867 1871 10 33.3 29.4 +3. 9 + 3.3 10 33. 3 30.0 10 37.4 35.4 + 2.0 10 37.4 38.2 —0.8 Do. 10 30.6 31.9 —1.3 25 500 gm. meat . 150 gm. fat, 150 cc. water 17.0 17.1 0.6 —0.7 2783 2784 2785 2785a 2786 2787 2788 1871 1871 1871 1871 1871 1871 1871 1871 1877 4 17.0 15.9 0.6 + 0.5 Subject was given 0.1 gm. morphium acetate. 3 17.0 16.5 0.6 —0.1 3 17.0 16.7 0.6 -0.3 5 17.0 14. 5 0.6 +1.9 Subject was given 1 gm. quinin sul- phate. 3 17.0 15 8 0.6 +0.6 4 0.5 5. 4 0.3 -5.2 do 8 4.6 0.3 —4.4 Subject was given 0.03 gm. arsenic. 2789 2790 do 4 0.5 3.9 0.3 —3.7 21. 8 400 gm. meat, 50 gm. bacon, about 400 gm. water. 3 13.6 13.0 0.4 +0.2 2791 2792 2793 2794 2795 2796 2797 2798 2799 2800 2801 2802 2802 2804 2805 2806 1877 1877 1877 1877 1877 1877 1877 1877 1877 1877 1877 1877 1877 1878 1878 1878 21. 7 2 13.6 12.7 0.4 +0.5 Subject was given 25 gm. glycerin. 21.5 21.1 2 13. 6 13.2 0.3 + 0.1 3 13. 6 13.1 0.3 + 0.2 21.1 3 13.6 12.9 0.6 + 0.1 Do. .. do .. 21. 0 1 13.6 12.6 0.4 + 0.6 21.1 3 13.6 12.2 0.4 + 1.0 Subject was given 25 gm. sugar. 19.1 3 13.6 12.0 0.4 + 1.2 „.Tdo 19. o 9 13.6 12.0 0.5 +1.1 Subject was given 30 gm. glycerin. do 18. 9 3 13.6 12.3 0.3 +1.0 18. 7 3 13.6 11.5 0.3 + 1.8 Subject was given 30 gm. sugar. 18. 7 3 13.6 12.3 0.4 +0.9 18. 6 3 13.6 12.2 0.5 +0.9 Subject was given 30 gm. glycerin. 18. 5 3 13.6 12.2 0.4 + 1.0 25.1 4 27.2 27.7 0.4 —0.9 Subject was given 70 gm. fat. do 24. 8 3 27.2 27.6 0.5 —0.9 Subject was given fatty acids from 24.5 lo 3 27.2 27.2 0.4 -0.4 70 gm. fat. Subject was given 70 gm. fat. Table 29.—Experiments with dogs. Influence of other conditions than feeding—Continued. EXPERIMENTS WITH DOGS. 329 2807 1878 do 24. 4 ... do : 3 27. 2 28. 0 0.4 1.2 Subject was given fatty acids from 70 gm. fat. Subject was given 70 gm. fat. Subject was given 100 gm. fat. Subject was given fatty acids from 100 gm. fat. Subject was given 100 gm. fat. 2808 1878 24. 3 2 27.2 28. 4 0.4 1. 6 280!) 1878 31. 0 5 20. 4 20.1 0. 4 - 0. 1 2810 1878 do .'..."do 30. 5 do 21 20. 4 19.5 0. 2 +0.7 1.2 2811 1878 30. 8 5 20. 4 21. 2 0. 4 2812 1881 ott 10.0 10 16. 8 16. 0 0. 3 + 0.5 + 0.6 + 0.5 0. 2 2813 1881 do 7 16. 7 15. 8 0. 3 Subject was given 2 gm. sodium car- bonate. 2814 1881 do do 11 16. 3 15. 6 0. 2 2815 1881 do 8 10.1 10.1 0. 2 2816 1881 do do 8 16. 9 15. 9 0. 3 +0.7 +0.2 , 1.1 Subject was given 5 to 10 gm. calcium carbonate. 2817 1881 6 1 17.0 16 5 0 3 2818 1881 Bog (female) 22.0 500 gm. meat, 70 gm. bacon, 150 gm. water... 17.1 10. 0 Subject was given 7 gm. sodium ace- tate. 2819 1881 3 17.1 16. 5 + 0.6 +0.6 +0.4 +0. 3 + 0. 2 2820 1881 do do 4^ 17.1 16.5 Do. 2821 1881 do 4 17.1 16 7 2c 22 1881 do 2 17.1 16.4 0. 4 2823 1881 do do 1 17.1 16. 5 0. 4 Subject was given 7 gm. sodium mag- nesium carbonate. 2824 1881 do 3 17. 1 16. 6 0.4 + 0.1 1.4 2825 1881 4 17.1 18.1 0. 4 Subject was given 7 gm. sodium car- bonate. 2826 1881 4 17.1 16. 9 .0. 4 0. 2 2827 1881 3 17.1 17.4 0.4 0. 7 Subject was given 3.5 gm. sodium car- bonate. 2828 1881 3 17.1 16.6 0.4 +0.1 +0.1 + 0.7 0.0 2829 1881 4 17.1 16.6 0. 4 2830 1881 5 17.1 16. 0 0.4 Subject was given 2.5 gm. sodium sul- phate. 2831 1881 4 17.1 16. 7 0.4 2832 1881 ...do 17.1 15.6 0.4 +1.1 0.0 Subject was given 5 gm. sodium sul- phate. 2833 1881 4 17.1 10. 7 0. 4 2834 1881 4 17.1 16.7 0.4 0.0 2835 1881 do 5 17.1 15. 4 0.4 + 1.3 +0.4 Subject was given 7 gm. sodium phos- phate. 2836 1881 4 17.1 16.3 0.4 2837 1881 do 51 17.1 16.2 0. 4 +0.5 0.2 Subject was given 3.5 gm. sodium phosphate. 2838 1881 4 17.1 16. 9 0.4 2839 1882 5.4 3 0.0 <[1.6] J(0.1) —1.6 / 1. 0 gen in urine inclosed in brackets were obtained by Seegen’s method, the others by Hiifner’s method. 2840 1882 do 4.9 220 gm. defibrinated dog blood, containing 35 gin. protein (=5.8 gm. nitrogen), was injected. 1 0.0 ! [2-3] 0. 0 —2.0 ) 2.0 ■ 330 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. © 1 i \ #© Subject. Nitrogen. 5 PS rcs *C © m Date of pu tiou. Observer. Kind of ani- mal. s '© * Food per day. Duration. In food. © *2 2 d In feces. Gain (+) or loss (—). Remarks. 2841 1882 Kg. 4.9 Days. 2 Gm. 0.0 Gm. /[!• 9] \ 1.8 ([1.9] i 1.8 >[2.7] Gm. £ 0. 0 Gm. 1.8 Two days following No. 2840. 2842 1882 7.8 2 0.0 1.8 2843 2844 1882 7. 4 170 cc. deflbrinated dog blood, containing 26 gm. proteiD (=5.2 gm. nitrogen), was injected. 1 0.0 \ 0.0 2. 5 1882 do 7.4 1 0.0 ( 2. 5 ([2.7] } 2.5 15. 3 \ 0.0 2.5 Day following No. 2843. 2845 1882 26 500 gm. meat, 75 gm. bacon, 200 gm. water 4 15.7 / 0.3 +0.1 + 2.4 +0.5 +2.5 —0.8 2846 1882 gdo 6 17. 0 14.3 0.3 2847 1882 14. 6 0.3 2848 1882 8 17.3 14.5 0.3 On 3 days subject was given 5-7 gm. benzoic acid. Three days of No. 2848 on which ben- zoic acid was given, and next suc- ceeding day. 2849 1882 ... do 4 17.3 17.8 0.3 2850 1882 3 16.7 14.5 0.3 +1.9 + 0.2 —2.3 2851 1882 3 15. 4 14.9 0.3 2852 2853 1882 4 12. 6 14.6 0.3 On 3 days subject was given 7 gm. benzoic acid. 1882 22 3 14. 6 16.6 (0.3) —2.3 2854 2855 1882 °do 23 2 16. 4 18.0 (0.3) —1.9 1882 3 17.4 17.4 (0.3) —0.3 On 2 days subject was given sodium salicylate. Last day on which sodium salicylate was given, and next succeeding day. 2856 2857 2858 2859 2860 2861 2862 2863 2864 1882 .. do 2 17.4 20.5 (0. 3) 0.5 —3.4 1883 1883 1883 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 35 7 34. 0 33.8 —0.3 do ... .... do 5 37.3 39.3 0.6 —2.6 On 3 days subject was given 25-30 gm. asparagin. .. do 3 34. 0 33.6 0.5 —0.1 Dog 18 16. 3 15.2 0.3 +0.8 24 16.3 16.5 0.3 —0.5 Subject was given 0.2 gm. ext. ab- sinthii. Hn 6 16. 3 16.0 0.4 —0.1 Ho 6 16. 3 15.9 0.3 + 0.1 + 0.2 do do 18 16.3 15.8 0.3 Subject was given 0.2 gm. ext. quassia. Table 29.—Experiments with dogs. Influence of other conditions than feeding—Continued. EXPERIMENTS WITH DOGS. 331 2865 1886 do 2866 1886 do do do 2867 1886 do do « 1 . , . A 1 nr i J rr VI 2868 1886 do 2869 1888 Chittenden and Bog 12.6 50 gin. dried meat, 75 gm. crackers, 300 cc. 3 15! 3 ll! 1 (0.4) +3^8 Blake. water. 2870 1888 do 2871 1888 do do 2872 1888 do do 2873 1888 15! 3 12.4 (0.4) H-2.5 0 1 • . _ • . • , • , 2874 1888 do do oxid on 1 day. 2875 1888 do do 50 gm. dried meat, 75 gm. crackers, 300 cc. 3 15! 3 12.1 (0.4) +2! 8 Subject was given 1 grain antimonious water. 2876 1888 do do 15.3 12.1 (0.4) Subject Wets Vt?ii 1 to anti- 2877 1888 do do 2878 1888 do do 15. 3 11.5 (0.4) 2879 1888 do do 2880 1889 Sjiilker Dog 15.9 2881 1889 ..:..do 15.8 15.3 14.3 0.7 fj« 1 • j • iri 2882 1889 do .....do 15.9 do 4 15.3 14.9 0.7 0.3 2883 1890 i’aniguti Dog (female) 15 -r-» e - lilji r * 2884 1890 do do 2885 1890 do do Subject was tbluiufuimml. 2886 1890 do do 2887 1890 do 15! 3 14.7 2888 1890 do do water. 2889 1890 do 2890 1890 do 2891 1890 do 2892 1890 do do 15.0 —0.1 2893 1890 do 2894 1890 do Bog 30 500 gm. meat, 100 gm. lard, about 500 cc. 5 17.0 16.0 (0.4) 0.0 Before chloroform water was given. water. 2895 1890 do do 17.0 16.7 —0.1 ri 1 « _ 1 . OH A 11 P 2896 1890 do water. 2897 1890 do do 2898 1890 do do ... 11. 0 16.1 17.0 18.1 —1.5 Subject was given 2-5 cc. paraldehyde 2900 1890 do do first 4 days. 2901 1890 do do 17.0 17.3 —0.7 Before chloial liydiate was given. Subject "was given 2—o gm. c/liloxal 2902 1890 do hydrate. 2903 1890 Mugdan Dog 22.2 2904 1890 do do 20. 0 2905 1890 do 20.9 do 4 15. 3 15.3 0.4 —0.4 Subject was given o gm. cieolin. 332 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Serial number. Date of publica- tion. Observer. Subject. Pood per day. Duration. Nitrogen. Remarks. Kind of' ani- mal. Weight. In food. In urine. In feces. ±l .5 £ ct rT eg Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 2906 1890 Chittenden and Dog 18.8 40 gm. dried meat, 25 gm. crackers, 400 cc. 9 10.1 9.9 (0. 4) —0.2 On last day subject was given 0.05 gm. Lambert. water. uranium nitrate. 2907 1890 do 9 10.1 10.0 (0.4) —0.3 nium nitrate. 2908 1890 do 10 1 10. 2 (0 4) 2909 1890 Chittenden and Dog 25.0 125 gm. dried meat, 60 gm. crackers, 600 cc. 21 (18.8) 16.4 (0.4) +£6 Dockendorli. water. 2910 1890 do do ... 17 (18.8) 16.1 (0.4) +2.3 2911 1890 do 6 (18 8) 15. 9 (0.4) J-2 5 aldehyde. 2912 1890 Skvortsov Dog 9.1 8 16 7 16. 3 0. 4 0 0 2913 1890 7 16. 5 16. 2 0. 3 0.0 rum reducti. 2914 1890 do 5 16 5 15. 9 0. 3 2915 1890 do 9 16 3 15. 9 0. 4 0 0 2916 1890 do 4_\ 16 1 15 5 0. 3 ;-0 3 2917 1890 9 16.7 16. 3 0. 3 + 0.1 was given 0.06-0.1 gm. ferrum re- ducti. 2918 1890 Prankel 12 9 9 0. 7 +9 n 2919 1890 do 9 (11 9; 10. 9 0. 4 ! 0 6 Subject was given 0.1-0.5gm.pyrodin. 2920 1891 22. 5 5 18 7 17 9 0. 5 2921 1891 do 22. 0 2 18 7 20. 6 0. 5 2 4 2922 1891 do 21.8 15 18.7 19.1 (0. 6) —1.0 110 cc. water). 2923 1891 do do 21 5 Do. 2924 1891 do 21. 4 3 18 7 17. 6 (0. 6) 4-0. 5 2925 1891 Norris and Smith Dog 16.3 96 gm. beef (dried), 80 gm. crackers, 850 cc. 12 13.8 12.9 0.4 + 0.5 (reported by water. Chittenden). 2926 1891 do 16. 6 10 13 8 13 2 0 4 -f 0. 2 Subject was given 29 cc. alcohol. 2927 1891 do 16. 9 6 13 8 13. 0 0. 4 4-0. 4 2928 1891 12.8 10 9. 6 0.3 +0.5 water. 2929 1891 do do 13. 0 do 10 9. 6 8. 8 0. 2 +0. 6 Subject was given 29.9 cc. alcohol. 2930 1891 do .. 12. 8 10 9. 6 9. 7 0. 2 0. 3 2931 1891 do Dog 12.6 67 gm. beef (dried), 50 gm. crackers, 600 cc. 8 9.5 9.5 0.2 —0.2 water. Table 29.—Experiments with dogs. Influence of other conditions than feeding—Continued. EXPERIMENTS WITH DOGS. 2932 1891 12. 7 8 9.5 8. 7 0.2 +0. 6 Subject was given 35 cc. alcohol. 2933 1891 12. 6 8 9. 5 9.9 0. 2 —0.6 2934 1891 9.1 7 8. 9 8.9 0. 2 -0. 2 2935 1891 gdo 7 8.9 8.7 0. 2 0. 0 days). 2936 1891 4 8.9 8. 8 +0.1 2937 1891 do do 3 8.9 8. 6 +0.3 2938 1891 1 8.9 8.5 0.2 4-0.2 Last day of No. 2935. 2939 1891 7 9.1 8. 7 0.2 +0.2 day). days. 2940 1891 3 9. 1 9. 3 —0.2 2941 1891 4 9.1 8.4 +0.7 2942 1891 do 8 8.9 8.3 0.2 4-0.4 Subject was given 7.2 gm. salt on 5 day). days. 2943 1891 do 3 8.9 9. 0 —0.1 Three days of No. 2942 without salt. 2944 1891 5 8.9 8.2 +0.7 Five days of No. 2942 with salt. day). 2945 1891 20 6 16.6 17.7 0.3 —1.4 Days before asparagin period. 2946 1891 : ; 4 16.6 18.2 0.3 —1.9 Last 4 days of No. 2945. 2947 1891 3 20.4 21.1 0.3 -1.0 2948 1891 do i 16.6 19.0 0.3 Day following No. 2947. 2949 1891 do do 220 gm. starch, 9.8 gm. fat, 399.1 cc. water 5 0.3 3.8 0.4 —3.9 Five days before No. 2950. 2950 1891 220 gm. starch, 8.4 gm. fat, 413.7 cc. water 3 4.0 6.6 0.4 —3.0 Subject was given 20 gm. asparagin and 0.4 gm. potassium sulphate. 2951 1891 do do 220 gm. starch, 5.7 gm. fat, 454.3 cc. water 3 0.3 3.2 0.4 —3.3 Three days following No. 2950. 2952 1891 6 0.3 3.2 0.4 —3.3 Three days before and 3 days follow- ing No. 2950. 2953 1891 12.8 110 peiner. sodium fluorid. Sodium fluorkt in food, 0.7 gm.; in urine and feces, 0.4 gm.; gain, 0.3 gm. 2954 1891 307 gm. sodium fluorid. Sodium iiuorid in food, 0.5 gm.; in urine and feces, 0.4 gm.; gain, 0.1 gm. 2955 1891 228 gm. sodium fluorid. Sodium fluorid in food, 0.8 gm.; in urine and feces, 0.7 gm.; gain, 0.1 gm. 2956 1886 24 10 33. 5 32.3 0.5 + 0.7 2957 1886 24 8 33. 5 36.0 0. 6 —3.1 Cold baths (10-12.5° C.). 2958 1886 24 5 33.5 32.3 0. 6 +0.6 ' on 1 day only. 2959 1886 25 . do 7 33.5 36.2 0. 6 —3.3 gen in the feces was determined on 6 days only. 2960 1886 25 4 33. 5 32. 6 (0. 6; + 0.3 2961 1886 ..do 25 9 33. 5 32. 2 0. 6' 4-0.7 in the feces was determined on 2 days only. A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Serial number. Date of publica- tion. Observer. Subject. Food per day. Duration. Nitrogen. Remarks. Kind of ani- mal. 2 bp © £ O <8 a M 6 .5 H • « o M Gain (+) or loss(—). Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. • 2962 1886 26 1,000 gm. meat, 100 gm. bacon, 200 cc. 'water. 7 33.5 36.0 0.6 —3.1 gen in the feces was determined on 4 2963 1887 Dog (female) 9 3 8 6.7 6. 6 0.2 —0.1 2963-2969 the nitrogen of the feces includes 0.1 gm. from hair. 2964 1887 6. 9 9 10.2 8.9 0.7 + 0.6 sumed milk only. 2965 1887 6. 6 3 9.4 8.5 0.7 + 0.2 Do. 2966 1887 6. 4 3 9. 4 7. 7 0.7 + 1.0 sides milk. 2967 1887 6.4 9 9.4 7.3 0.7 +1.4 The young were taken from the 2968 1887 6. 8 3 6.7 4.7 0.8 +1.2 mother. ■>969 1887 6. 9 8 6.8 0.8 +1.5 2970 1888 5.1 21 2.3 l! 5 0.8 0.0 =the average of 32 days. 2971 1888 4 8 1 4.6 3.9 0. 6 +0.1 First day of No. 2970. 2972 1888 5. 3 2 1.6 1.4 0.6 —0.4 2973 1883 15.8 3 19.9 18.1 1.4 + 0.4 2974 1883 3 22.6 20.3 1.8 + 0.5 Fistula of biliary bladder and liga- ture of ductus choledochi. 2975 1883 do 33 22.7 21.6 1.5 +0.6 Jaundice period. 2976 1883 87 6 7 16.3 15.4 0.6 +0.3 2977 1883 68 0 46 16.0 17.0 0.5 —1.5 2978 1883 89 3 6 11.9 10.9 0.6 + 0.4 2979 1883 72. 0 34 12.4 12.1 0.6 —0.3 Jaundice period. — 2980 1887 13. 2 350 gm. meat, 100 gm. bread, 175 gm. water... 10 13.9 13.1 0.6 +0.2 Before ligature was made. 2981 1887 ..do ... 12. 8 9 14.3 13.7 0.6 0.0 After ligature was made. 2982 1887 11. 5 10 17.2 16.4 0.6 +0.2 Before ligature was made. 2983 1887 “do . 11. 3 15 17.3 16.7 0.6 0.0 After ligature was made. 2984 1887 9.1 282 gm. meat, 100 gm. bread, 150 gm. water... 10 11.3 10.9 0.7 —0.3 Before ligature was made. 2985 1887 do "do 8.5 265 gm. meat (13 days), 94 gm. bread (13 14 11.4 10.3 0.6 + 0.5 After ligature was made. (Nitrogen days), 177 gin. water. in urine=average of 15 days). 2986 1887 14.2 10 15. 1 14.5 0.6 0.0 Before control operation. 2987 1887 do "do 13.9 400 gm. meat, 100 gm. bread, 150 gm. water... 10 15.6 15.2 0.5 —0.1 After control operation. 2988 1887 12. 9 10 15.5 14.7 0. 6 +0.2 Before control operation. 2989 1887 12. 6 10 15.6 14.9 0.6 + 0.1 After control operation. Table 29.—Experiments ivith dogs. Influence of other conditions than feeding—Continued. EXPERIMENTS WITH DOGS. 335 Nos. 2746-2750. Die Erniihrung des Fleischfressers. Table. No. 2751. Studien uber Stoffwectisel. p. 74. Nos. 2752-2762. Ibid., p. 73. Nos. 2763-2766. Ztschr. Biol., 1, p. 198. Nos. 2767-2769. Ibid., p. 200. Nos. 2770-2781. Jahresber. agr. Cliem., 11,12, p. 560. Nos. 2782-2786. Ztschr. Biol., 7, p. 420. Nos. 2787-2789. Ibid., p. 430. Nos. 2790-2794. Virchow’s Arch., 76, p. 126. Nos. 2795-2803. Ibid., p. 127. Nos. 2804-2808. Virchow’s Arch., 80, p. 17. Nos. 2809- 2811. Ibid., p. 20. Nos. 2812-2814, Ztschr. Biol., 17, p. 169. Nos. 2815-2817. Ibid., p. 174. Nos. 2818-2838. Ztschr. klin. Med., 3, p. 82. Nos. 2839-2841. Jahresber. Thier. Chem., 12, p. 410. Nos. 2842-2844. Ibid., p. 411. Nos. 2845-2847. Ztschr. physiol. Chem., 6, pp. 84, 86. Nos. 2848-2853. Ibid., pp. 85, 86. Nos. 2853-2856. Ibid., pp. 89, 90. Nos. 2857-2859. Virchow’s Arch., 94, p. 444. Nos. 2860, 2861. On the effect of bitter drugs on the digestion and assimilation of protein. Inaug. Diss. (Russian), St. Petersburg, 1886, p. 63. No. 2862. Ibid., p. 64. No. 2863. Ibid., p.66. Nos. 2864, 2865. Ibid., pp. 66,67. Nos. 2866-2868. Ibid., p. 69. Nos. 2869-2871. Trans. Connecticut Acad. Art and Sci., vol. 7, pt. 2, p. 296. Nos. 2872-2874. Ibid., p. 297. Nos. 2875, 2876. Ibid., p. 298. Nos. 2877-2879. Ibid., p. 299. Nos. 2880-2882. Ueber den Einfluss der Alkalien auf den Stoffwechsel, mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung derllarnsaure. Inaug. Dies., Berlin, 1889, p. 29. Nos. 2883-2893. Virchow’s p. 123. Nos. 2894-2902. Ibid., p. 128. Nos. 2903-2905. Ibid., p. 141. No. 2906. Trans. Connecticut Acad. Art and Sci., vol. 8, pt. 1, p. 3. Nos. 2907, 29Q8. Ibid., p. 4. No. 2909. Ibid., p. 45. No. 2910. Ibid., p. 46. No. 2911. Ibid., p. 47. Nos. 2912-2914. The influence of iron preparations on the animal organism. Inaug. Diss. (Russian), St. Petersburg, 1890, p. 50. Nos. 2915, 2916. Ibid., p. 57. No. 2917. Ibid., p. 58. Nos. 2918, 2919. Ztschr. klin. Med., 17, Sup., p. 247. Nos. 2920-2924. Virchow's Arch., 125, p. 185. Nos. 2925-2927. Jour. Physiol., 12, p. 224. Nos. 2928,2929. Ibid., p. 227. No. 2930. Ibid., p. 228. No. 2931. Ibid., p. 229. Nos. 2932, 2933. Ibid., p. 230. No. 2934. Ztschr. Biol., 28, p. 238. Nos. 2935-2938. Ibid., p. 239. Nos. 2939-2941. Ibid., p. 241. Nos. 2942-2944. Ibid., p. 243. Nos. 2945-2948. Ibid., p. 509. Nos. 2949-2952. Ibid., p. 513. Nos. 2953-2955. Ibid., p. 526. No. 2956. Ztschr. klin. Med., 11, p. 516. Nos. 2957, 2958. Ibid., p. 517. Nos. 2959-2961. Ibid., p. 518. No. 2962. Ibid., p. 519. Nos. 2962-2969. Beitrage zur Kenntniss des Eiweiss umsatzes im thierischen Organismus. Inaug. Diss., Leipsic, 1887, p. 12. Nos. 2970-2972. On the influence of pregnancy on the metabolism of matter in animals. Inaug. Diss. (Russian), St. Petersburg, 1888, p. 86. Nos. 2973-2975. Metabolism of nitrogen in [animals affected with] jaun- dice. Inaug. Diss. (Russian), St. Petersburg, 1883, Table 1, p. 21. Nos. 2976, 2977. Ibid., Table 2, p. 36. Nos. 2978, 2979. Ibid., Table 3, p. 41. Nos. 2980, 2981. The influence of ligating the ductus thoracicus on the metabolism of nitrogen. Inaug. Diss. (Russian), St. Petersburg, 1889. Table 1, p. 25. Nos. 2982, 2983. Ibid., Table 2, p. 27. Nos. 2984, 2985. Ibid., Table 3, p. 29. Nos. 2986, 2987, Ibid., Table 4, p. 31. Nos. 2988, 2989. Ibid., Table 5, p. 33. 336 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Nos. 2746-2750. See Nos. 2455-2514, Table 28. Nos. 2751-2762 were made by Seegen iu the laboratory of the Physiological Insti- tute in Vienna in 1861-1863. The object was to investigate the influence of sodium sulphate on metabolism. The subject was a dog. Twelve tests were made, of from 7 to 30 days’ duration. The food consisted of meat and fat. In 8 tests sodium sul- phate was given. The nitrogen in the urine was at first determined by the Liebig titration method and later by the soda-lime method. The nitrogen in the meat used was calculated, using Voit’s figure. The nitrogen in the feces was determined by the soda-lime method. The urine was usually collected directly, and any which was deposited in the cage in which the dog was confined was collected iu a dish placed under an opening iu the floor. The following conclusions were drawn: When sodium sulphate was consumed, the assimilation of the food was not affected. The feces contained the same amount of nitrogen and nearly the same amount of fat as under normal conditions, but the water content was increased. The quantity of urine was normal, or a little less. Its nitrogen content was, however, much lowered. The gain in weight of the subject was not sufficient to account for the discrepancy between consumed and excreted nitrogen. The author believed that the metabolism of nitrogen-free tissue (fat) was considerably increased. Nos. 2763-2769 were made by Voit at the laboratory of the Physiological Institute in Munich in 1864. The object was to determine the influence of sodium sulphate on nitrogen metabolism. The subject was a dog. The food consisted of meat, and in several cases fat also. The nitrogen in the food and feces was calculated and the urea in the urine determined. After the dog was in nitrogen equilibrium, sodium sulphate was given for a number of days. The conclusion was reached that the metabolism of protein was not at all affected by sodium sulphate. This is contrary to Seegen’s opinion (see Nos. 2751-2762). Nos. 2770-2781 were made by Seegen in the laboratory of the Physiological Insti- tute in Vienna in 1866-67. The object was to study the influence of sodium carbonate on the metabolism of nitrogen. The subject was a dog. During the experiments he was confined in a cage. The floor was of zinc, and inclined so that any urine deposited in the cage could be collected in a dish placed underneath. The dog was trained to deposit urine in a dish, and in the later experiments this was always done. In the first experiments the floor of the cage was wiped up with a large dry spouge, which was weighed before and after use. Twelve tests were made. In Nos. 2770-2773 the food consisted of meat and fat, and in Nos. 2774-2781 of meat only. Sodium carbonate was given in 4 tests. The nitrogen in the urine was determined by the soda-lime method; in the food it was calculated, using Voit’s mean value for meat (3.4 per cent). Analyses of meat showed that this value was, however, a little low. The nitrogen in the feces vras determined. The conclusion was reached that under the influence of sodium carbonate the excretion of nitrogen through the kidneys was increased. Nos. 2782-2789 were made by von Boeck at the laboratory of the Physiological Institute in Munich in 1871 with a dog. The object was to determine the influeuce of morphin, quinin, and arsenic-acid on the metabolism of protein. The food con- sisted of meat and fat. The nitrogen in the meat was calculated from Voit’s figure. Morphin acetate, quinin sulphate, and arsenic-acid were each given for several days. Very little food was given with the arsenic, in order that there might be no vomiting. In every case a period with the drugs was preceded and follow ed by a period with normal diet. The urea in the urine was determined by the Liebig method. The nitrogen in the feces was also determined. The following conclusions were reached: Morphin lowered the metabolism of pro- tein a scarcely preceptible amount; quinin lowered it somewhat more than mor- phin; while arsenic, in the doses given, exercised no effect. Nos. 2790-2803 wrere made by Munk in the chemical laboratory of the Pathological 337 EXPERIMENTS WITH DOGS. Institute of the University of Berlin in 1877. The object was to study the physiolog- ical role of glycerin in the animal organism. The subjects were 2 female dogs. The food consisted of meat and bacon. The nitrogen in the meat was calculated from Voit’s value. The nitrogen in the food and feces was determined by the Schneider- Seegeu method. The feces were separated by feeding the animals pulverized cork. The author divides the tests into 4 series. In the first series (Nos. 2790-2792) 25 grams of glycerin was fed in one period. This period was preceded and followed by a period with normal diet. The second series (Nos. 2793-2796) was divided into four periods. In the first the diet was normal; in the second 25 grams of glycerin was added; in the third period the diet was normal, and in the fourth period 25 grams of sugar was fed. In the third series (Nos. 2797-2800) the plan followed was the same as in the second, except that 30 grams of glycerin and 30 grams of sugar were fed. In the fourth series (Nos. 2801- 2803) a period with 30 grams of glycerin was preceded and followed by a normal period. The conclusion was reached that glycerin had no effect upon the breaking down of protein in the organism. In other words, it did not protect protein. The literature of the subject is reviewed at length. Nos. 2804-2811 were made by Munk in the physiological laboratory of the Veter- inary Institute in Berlin in 1878 and 1879. The object was to study the value of fat and its constituents in metabolism, or, more definitely, (1) to compare the amount of fatty acids and their salts (soaps) in the feces, (2) to determine the digestibility of the fats and fatty acids and their salts in the chyle, and (3) to investigate the influ- ence of fats and fatty acids upon the decomposition of protein in the organism. The subjects were 2 dogs, and the food consisted of meat. In the different periods a definite amount of fat or the fatty acids derived from the same quantity of fat were also fed. The feces were separated with pulverized cork. The nitrogen in the food was calculated from Voit’s figure. The nitrogen in the urine and feces was deter- mined by the Seegen method. The following conclusions were reached: Fatty acids protect protein in the same way as the equivalent quantity of fat. When considerable quantities of fatty acids are fed, the amount excreted in the feces is very small. When fatty acids are con- sumed, only a very little more of their salts is excreted in the feces than when fat is consumed. When pure fatty acids are consumed, the fat content of the chyle is greatly increased and the chyle contains free fatty acids. The fatty acids are largely absorbed as an emulsion, and not as salts. The fatty acids are not only absorbed, but also undergo a synthesis to fats. The literature of the subject is discussed at length. Nos. 2812-2817 were made by Ott in the laboratory of the Physiological Institute in Munich in 1880. The object was to study the influence of sodium carbonate on the metabolism of nitrogen. The subject was a dog. His food consisted of meat with the connective tissue, etc., removed as much as possible. The dog had been fed 50 grams meat per day for a long time before the experiments were begun and was in nitrogen equilibrium. The experiment covered 50 days and was divided into six periods. During the second period 2 grams of sodium carbonate and during the fifth period 5 or 10 grams of sodium carbonate were given daily with the meat. The nitrogen of food, urine, and feces was determined. The urine and feces were col- lected directly. The author concludes that sodium carbonate has no influence on nitrogen metabo- lism. [The opinions regarding the influence of sodium carbonate on nitrogen metabolism are quite varied. Seegen 1 declared that it increased the amount of nitrogen in the urine. Rabuteau’s2 opinion was exactly the opposite.] 1 Studien fiber Stoffwechsel, p. 127. 2 Gaz. hebd. Med. et Chir., 1871, No. 43, p. 692. 749—No. 45 22* 338 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Nos. 2818-2838 were made by Mayer in 1881. The object was to investigate the influ- ence of sodium acetate, carbonate, sulphate, and phosphate on the metabolism of nitrogen. The experiments were made with a female dog. The food consisted of meat prepared by Voit’s method, and bacon. The nitrogen in the meat was calcu- lated from Yoit’s figure and that in the bacon from Hoffman’s figure (0.2 per cent). The urino was collected with a catheter and the bladder was washed out with water. The nitrogen in the urine, and probably in the feces, was determined by the Schnei- der-Seegen method. After a period of several days on the meat and fat diet one of the salts was given for a few days. This period was followed by several days on a normal diet. The following conclusions were reached: Sodium acetate in large doses decreased the metabolism of protein a very little. Sodium carbonate increased the metabolism of protein in proportion to the dose, while sodium sulphate diminished it a very little, the amount being proportional to the dose. Small doses of sodium phosphate had no particular effect on the metabolism of protein; large doses diminished it some- what. The excretion of urine was increased in every case. Nos. 2839-2844 were made by Albertoni in 1882. The object was to study the effect of the transfusion of blood (1) upon the utilization of protein and (2) upon the excretion of carbon dioxid. The blood was defibriuated and injected into the peritoneal region. Experiments on the first question were made with dogs, and on the second with guinea pigs. So few data were recorded in some of the experiments with dogs that they could not be included in the present compilation, while in the experiments with guinea pigs no attempt was made to determine the balance of income and outgo. The dog used in Nos. 2839-2841 was well nourished; that in Nos. 2842-2844 had been fasting a long time before the experiment and was weak. No food was given the dogs during the experiment. The nitrogen in the urine was determined by Seegen’s and by Hufner’s methods. Both values are included in the table. In only one case (No. 2839) were feces excreted. The nitrogen in the feces was supplied by the compilers from Kolpakcha’s figures for a fasting dog (see experiment No. 2663, Table 28). The conclusion is reached that when the subject was well nourished the transfu- sion of blood had no effect on the excretion of nitrogen, but when the subject was poorly nourished the excretion of nitrogen was somewhat increased. Nos. 2845, 2856 were made by Carl Virchow at the laboratory of the Pathological Institute at Berlin in 1881. The object was to investigate the influence of sodium benzoate and sodium salicylate on the metabolism of protein. The subject was a female dog. The food consisted of chopped meat Sodium benzoate and sodium salicylate were given on several days. The urine was collected with a catheter. The nitrogen in the food, urine, and feces was determined by the Will-Warrentrapp method. The fat in the food, and the hippuric acid in the urine, on days when sodium benzoate was consumed, was also determined. In a few of the tests the nitrogen in the feces was supplied by the compilers from the previous tests reported by the author. After bringing the dog into nitrogen equilibrium she was twice fied sodium benzoate and once sodium salicylate for 3 days. The following conclusions were reached: Sodium benzoate and sodiun salicylate fed to the dog in nitrogen equilibrium caused a considerable increase in the breaking down of protein, as shown by the increased excretion of nitrogen. No after effect was noticed with the first drug, the second was injurious. Nos. 2857-2859 were made by Munk in Berlin in 1883. The object was to investi- gate the influence of asparagin on protein metabolism and its value as a nutrient. The subject was a dog. Meat was the only food. On 3 days asparagin was given. The urine was collected with a catheter. The feces were separated by means of ground cork. The nitrogen in the meat was calculated, using the factor 3.4 per cent. The nitrogen in the urine was determined by the Schneider-Seegen method, and in the feces by the soda-lime method. In No. 2857 (without asparagin) the total sul- EXPERIMENTS WITH DOGS. 339 phnric acid in the urine was determined and in No. 2858 (with asparagin) the total sulphur. The author reports a second experiment with a dog in which the feces were not analyzed. The test covered 17 days. The food consisted of 700 grams meat, 120 grams starch, and 200 cubic centimeters of water per day. On the ninth, tenth, and eleventh days 25 to 30 grams of asparagin were given in addition. During the 8 days before and the 6 days after the asparagin period the average daily consump- tion of nitrogen was 23.8 grams and during the asparagin period 29.1 grams. The excretion of nitrogen in the. urine in the corresponding periods was 26.2, 27.4, and 31.6 grams. The conclusion was reached that in the case of a dog in practically nitrogen equilibrium asparagin did not protect protein, but rather the cleavage of protein was increased a little. Nos. 2860-2868 were made by Cheltsov in St. Petersburg in 1886. The object was to investigate the effect of bitter drugs on the digestion and assimilation of protein. They form a series with experiments Nos. 2011-2019, Table 19. The subject was a dog. The food consisted of meat. On several days either ext. absinthii, quassia, or ext. trifolii were given in the food. The conclusion was reached that bitter drugs, even in small doses, disturb the digestion and assimilation of protein. Nos. 2869-2879 were made by Chittenden and Blake at the laboratory of physio- logical chemistry at Yale University in 1886. The object was to investigate the influence of antimonious oxid on metabolism. The subject was a dog. The animal was confined in a suitable cage, so that the excreta could be collected. The food consisted of beef and crackers. The beef was prepared by freeing it from fat, ten- don, etc., grinding it fine, and drying it until it had lost about 75 per cent of its water. Sufficient meat and crackers were prepared for the whole experiment. The nitrogen in the meat and in the urine was determined by the Kjeldahl method; that in the feces was supplied by the compilers from experiments in which the food was similar. The reaction, specific gravity, phosphorus, sulphur, and chlorin in the urine were also determined. After a number of days on normal diet antimonious oxid was given in small doses. The conclusion was reached that small repeated doses of antimonious oxid had no influence on the excretion of nitrogen, sulphur, and phosphorus; that is, this com- pound when taken in nontoxic doses has no effect on metabolism of protein. Nos. 2880-2882 were made by Spilker at the Medical Institute of the University of Berlin in 1889. The object was to study the influence of sodium acetate on metabolism, with special reference to the excretion of uric acid. The subject was a dog. The food consisted of meat and fat. A period during which sodium acetate was added to the food was preceded and followed by a normal diet. The urea in the urine was determined by the Salkowski method and the nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method. The composition of the food and feces was computed by the author, using Voit’s mean value, 3.4 per cent for meat. The author also made experiments in which he himself was the subject, but the food consumed and the amount and composition of the feces are not recorded. The following conclusions were reached: Large doses of sodium acetate diminished the uric-acid excretion in man and increased that of a dog already in nitrogen equi- librium. In both cases the specific gravity of the urine was increased. In the case of the dog there was a marked increase in the excretion of urine. Nos. 2883-2902 were made by Taniguti at the laboratory of the Pathological Insti- tute of the University of Berlin in 1889. The object -was to investigate the influence of chloroform, chloroform water, ether, paraldehyde, and chloral hydrate on the break- ing down of protein in the animal organism. The subjects were dogs and the food consisted of meat. The periods in which the drugs were given were preceded and followed by periods with normal diet. From his own experiments the author draws the conclusion that the breaking down of protein is increased by the drugs used, and that if the action of chloroform is a 340 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. specific one, the other narcotic materials have a similar action, which is least notice- able when they are taken for several days in succession. Nos. 2903-2905 were made by Mugdan in Berlin in 1888 to study the poisonous effects of creolin and its influence on metabolism. The subject was a dog. The food consisted of meat and fat. On a number of days creolin was given. The nitro- gen content of the food was calculated and the nitrogen in the urine and feces was determined. The sulphur compounds in the urine were also determined and tests for indican were made. The conclusion was reached that creolin in the doses given did not influence the cleavage of protein. After taking creolin only traces of carbolic acid and indican were foSnd in the urine. The absence of the latter indicates a diminution in intes- tinal putrefaction. Creolin caused an increase in the sulphuric acid and neutral sulphur in the urine, but a decrease in total sulphur. Tests were also made by the author with a dog and a rabbit to study the effect of creolin on the number of bacteria in the feces. Nos. 2906-2908 were made by Chittenden and Lambert at the laboratory of phys- iological chemistry at Yale University in 1885, to study the physiological and toxic effect of uranium salts. The subject, a female dog, was kept in a cage suitably arranged for collecting the excreta, and was fed soda crackers and lean beef chopped fine and dried until it had lost about 75 per cent of the water content. The nitrogen in the food and urine was determined by the Kjeldahl method; that in the feces was supplied by the compilers from experiments in which the food was similar. The specific gravity, reaction, sulphur, and phosphorus in the urine were also determined. A normal period preceded the period in which uranium nitrate was given in varying doses. The conclusion was reached that uranium salts had a marked influence on the excretion of urine, the increase amounting, on the average, to 80 cubic centimeters per day. The specific gravity of the urine was also increased. On a number of days the sugar and albumen in the urine were determined. The urine showed traces of albumen soon after uranium nitrate Avas taken, and in about 5 days sugar appeared. Experiments on the toxic action of uranium were made with rabbits. The experi- ments were, however, not of the kind included in the present compilation. Nos. 2909-2911 were made by Chittenden and Dockendorff at the laboratory of physiological chemistry at Yale University in 1886. The object was to investigate the influence of paraldehyd on the metabolism of protein. The subject was a dog. The experimental methods were the same as those noted above. The paraldehyde produced no noticeable hypnotic effect, and the conclusion was reached that it has little, if any, action upon metabolism of protein. Nos. 2912-2917 were made by Skvortsov in St. Petersburg in 1890. The objects were to study (1) the influence of a preparation of iron on the metabolism and assimilation of nitrogen of healthy animals, and (2) its effect when introduced into the gastro-intestinal canal on the rapidity with which haemoglobin is restored to the blood after artificially induced anaemia. The same dog was used in the study of both questions. The food consisted of horse meat, and in two cases ferum reducti was given in addition. The nitrogen in the food, urine, and feces was determined by the Kjeldahl method, with Pfliiger’s and Boland’s modifications. The urea in the urine was determined by Liebig’s method. In Nos. 2912-2914 the first question was studied. The dog was fed until the con- dition of nitrogen equilibrium was reached. He was then given iron (ferum reducti). This period was followed by a period under normal conditions. In Nos. 2915-2917 the second question was investigated. During the interval be- tween Nos. 2915 and 2916 artificial anfemia was induced by bleeding the dog from the veins in the neck. The wounds were allowed to remain open and were washed with a solution of boric acid. The amount of hsemoglobin in the blood was deter- mined for two days before and after bleeding. The dog was bled a second time fourteen days later in the interval between Nos. 2916 and 2917. After the second bleeding the subject was given ferum reducti on several days and the metabolism of EXPERIMENTS WITH DOGS. 341 nitrogen and the amount of hmmoglobin in the blood were determined. Sixteen days after the second bleeding the dog was bled a third time and the haemoglobin content of the blood was again determined. The nitrogen balance was, however, not reported by the author. From these experiments and others not of the kind included in the present com- pilation the following conclusions were reached: The medicinal preparation of iron given with the food apparently did not perceptibly change the metabolism of nitro- gen, but seemed to intensify the breaking down of carbohydrates and fats; when taken after artificially induced anaemia it undoubtedly caused a rapid restoration of the haemoglobin content of the blood. Nos. 2918, 2919 were made by Friinkel at the laboratory at the Agricultural Insti- tute at Berlin in 1890. The object was to investigate the influence of pyrodin (acetyl-phenyl liydrazin) poisoning on metabolism. The subject was a dog. The food consisted of meat. A sufficient amount of meat was prepared for the whole experiment, and sterilized by heating at 100° C. The separation of the feces was made with bones. The author does not calculate the amount of nitrogen in the food consumed, but in a discussion of the amount of nitrogen in the portion of the food which was vomited by the dog assumes that the nitrogen content of the meat was 3.4 per cent. This value was used by the compilers in supplying the figures in the table. The nitrogen in the urine and feces was determined. Pyrodin was dis- solved in warm water and given in subcutaneous injections. Very soon after taking the pyrodin the urine became dark reddish brown in color. When the dose was increased, the urine contained blood and albumen. The dog appeared in normal health until the dose was increased to 0.5 gram. It then showed symptoms of poison- ing, and died on the following day. The blood and organs were carefully examined. The conclusion was reached that small (loses (0.1 gram) of pyrodin increased the excretion of nitrogen in the urine immediately and that this increase was caused by the poisonous effect of the drug on the different tissues of the organism. Large doses increased still further the nitrogen excretion. The author reviews the literature of the subject at length. « Nos. 2920-2924 were made by Hahn at the chemical laboratory of the Pathological Institute of the University of Berlin in 1891. The object was to investigate the influ- ence of sulfonal upon the metabolism of protein. The subject was a female dog. The food consisted of meat, fat, and water. The urine was collected with a catheter. The nitrogen in the food was calculated from Voit’s figure, 3.4 per cent. The nitro- gen in the urine and feces was determined by the Kjeldahl method. On 2 consecutive days and later on 1 day sulfonal was given with the food. In the author’s opinion it was possible to draw no conclusion from this experiment regarding the influence of sulfonal upon the metabolism of protein. Nos. 2925-2933 were made by Norris and Smith at the laboratory of physiological chemistry at Yale University in 1893, and reported by Chittenden. The object was to study the influence of alcohol upon the metabolism of protein. The subjects were 3 dogs. The food consisted of beef and milk crackers. The meat was freed from fat and tendon, passed through a chopping machine, and dried at 45-50° C. It was then ground to a coarse powder and kept in jars. The milk crackers were also ground to a coarse powder. The nitrogen in the meat and crackers and the urine and feces was determined by the Kjeldahl method. The sulphur and phosphorus, the specific gravity, and the reaction of the urine were also determined. Each experiment was divided into three periods. During the second period alcohol was added to the daily ration. The conclusion was reached that alcohol had no striking specific action on the general metabolism of protein. The investigators believe that alcohol acts as a nonnitrogenous food and tends to protect protein slightly. The excretion of uric acid was increased in the alcohol period. This indicates, in the authors’ opinion, that alcohol has some specific effect upon nutrition. Nos. 2934-2944 were made by Dubelir at the Physiological Institute in Munich in 1881. The object was to investigate the influence of water and of salt upon the 342 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. excretion of nitrogen. The subject was a dog. The food consisted of meat and bacon. The feces were separated by means of bones. The nitrogen in the food, urine, and feces was determined by the Will-Warrentrapp and Scbneider-Seegen methods. A normal period preceded and followed the period during which water or salt was added to the diet. The experiments were not begun until the dog was in nitrogen equilibrium. In No. 2936 the water was introduced into the stomach with a stomach tube. The conclusion was reached that in these experiments drinking water had very little or no effect on the excretion of nitrogen, and that salt diminished the excre- tion of nitrogen a little, while the amount of urine excreted was nearly doubled. Nos. 2945-2952 were made by Mauthner at the Physiological Institute in Munich in 1882. The object was to study the influence of asparagin on the metabolism of protein in Carnivora. The subject was a female dog. The plan was to feed aspara- gin (1) with a diet containing an abundance of protein, and (2) with a diet contain- ing fat and carbohydrates but no protein. The food in Nos. 2945-2948 consisted of meat and bacon, and in Nos. 2949-2952 of starch and fat. In each case asparagin was fed for 3 days. In No. 2950 potassium sulphate was fed also. A period with asparagin was preceded and followed by a normal period. The urine was collected with a catheter. The feces were separated by means of bones. The nitrogen in food (including asparagin), urine, and feces was determined by the Will-Warrentrapp method. The sulphur and phosphoric acid in the uriue were determined in nearly every case. The author does not draw definite conclusions from his experiments, but thinks that if asparagin exercises any influence on the metabolism of protein it must be very slight. Another experiment was made in which a young dog weighing 8.7 kilograms was fed starch, gelatin, fat, asparagin (4.48 grams nitrogen daily), potassium phosphate, water, and meat extract. In 15 days the dog lost 580 grams in weight, although an abundance of nitrogen was consumed in the food. When 130 grams meat daily (24 grams protein) was substituted for the asparagin, the dog gained 620 grams in weight in 8 days. The urine and feces were not analyzed. From this experiment the con- clusion is drawn that asparagin can not take the place of protein. Nos. 2953-2955 were made by Brandt and Tappeiner at the Physiological Institute in Munich in 1890-91. The object was to study the storing up of fluorin compounds in the organism when sodium fluorid was fed. The subject was a young but full- grown dog. The food consisted of cooked meat, the soup made from it, and bread. Sodium fluorid solution was poured over the meat; after it had been absorbed the meat could be fed without trouble. When the dry salt was mixed with the meat, the dog could with difficulty be made to eat it, and sometimes vomiting was produced. From 0.1 to 0.9 gram pure sodium fluorid was fed daily. The fluorin in the urine and feces was determined. The experiment lasted from February 7, 1890, to Novem- ber 16, 1891. In discussing the experiments the author divides the time into three periods. In the first a total of 27.8 grams sodium fluorid was stored up in the organ- ism; in the second period 21.2 grams, and in the third period 23.4 grams, making a total of 72.6 grams. At the close of the experiment the dog was killed and the various organs, etc., weighed and analyzed. The blood, liver, kidneys, and muscular tissue did not differ much from the normal condition. The bones were, however, unusually white, very hard, and found to be full of small crystals, presumably calcium fluorid. The experiment is discussed in detail. The conclusion is reached that when the food contains soluble fluorin compounds large amounts will be stored up in the organism. The larger part will be found in the bones. Nos. 2956-2962 were made by Dommer at the Pharmacological Institute of the University of Konigsburg in 1883. The object was to study the effect of different baths on the metabolism of protein in the animal organism. The subject was a dog. The food consisted of horse meat, bacon, and water. The connective tissue, etc., was EXPERIMENTS WITH DOGS. 343 removed, as far as possible, from the meat. The nitrogen in the meat was deter- mined from Stohmann’s value for horse meat, 3.35 per cent. The nitrogen in the urine was determined by the Schneider-Seegen method, and the nitrogen in the feces was calculated. The experiment was divided into seven periods. In the first, third, and fifth periods the dog was fed until a condition of nitrogen equilibrium was reached. In the second period he was given a cold bath (10°-12.5° C.); in the fourth period a cold salt bath (12.5° C.); in the sixth period a warm bath (34° C.), and in the seventh period a warm salt bath (34° C.). The baths were of a half hour’s duration in every case. The salt baths were prepared by adding sufficient coarse salt to make a 4 per cent solution. The following conclusions were reached: The.cold fresh and salt baths caused an increased excretion of nitrogen in the urine. The after effect could not be deter- mined. Though they did not increase the body temperature, the warm salt baths increased the cleavage of protein in the organism perceptibly, but not as much as the cold baths. The warm fresh-water baths exerted no influence on metabolism. Nos. 2963-2969 were made by Pottliast at the laboratory of animal physiology of the Agricultural Institute of Berlin in 1886. The object was to study the effect of different phases of sexual life on the metabolism of protein. The subject was a female dog. The experiment was divided into seven periods. The first covered the last days of pregnancy. Eleven days elapsed between the first and second periods. On the day following the first period the subject gave birth to 6 young. Two were taken away and 1 died; the others nursed during the second and third periods. The subject was in full flow of milk during the time. During the fourth period the puppies were given some food in addition to the mother’s milk. They were taken from the mother at the end of the period. During the fifth period the subject was in a condition of sexual rest. On the last day of the sixth period she came in heat, and remained in this condition during several days of the seventh period. The food consisted of meat and fat in the first period, and meat, fat, and starch in the other periods. The meat was chopped, mixed, and sterilized by heating in an air bath at 70° C. It was prepared in large portions. The nitrogen in the meat, urine, feces, and in the hair lost was determined. The following conclusions were reached: The cleavage of protein in the organism is greater during pregnancy than after the period of lactation has ceased. During the period of lactation the cleavage of protein in the organism is greater than dur- ing the period of sexual rest. Rabuteau’s1 opin ion that during the menstrual period the metabolism of protein is lowered was not corroborated by this experiment. The author made extended reference to the work of other investigators on the subject. Nos. 2970-2972 and Nos. 3272-3287, Table 34, were made by Reprev in St. Peters- burg in 1878. The object was to investigate the influence of pregnancy on the metab- olism of matter in animals. The subjects of the experiment were a female dog and two rabbits. One of the rabbits became pregnant three times, the other once. Other experiments with dogs and rabbits were undertaken, but were not successful. The author also reports experiments with a rabbit and a guinea pig, in which the respira- tory quotient was determined. These latter are not of the kind included in the present compilation. The experiment with a dog covers the last days of pregnancy. Three of the experi- ments with rabbits included periods of sexual rest as well as pregnancy. The nitro- gen of the food, urine, and feces was determined by the Kjeldahl-Borodin method. The urea, chlorids, and phosphates of the urine were estimated. The respiratory quotient was determined by Pashutin’s 2 method. The author does not regard the experiment with a dog as satisfactory, since the subject ate up her young. How- 1 Gaz. hebd. de Paris, 1870, July. 2Vrach, 7 (1886), No. 18. 344 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. ever, the conclusion was reached that, during pregnancy, the cleavage processes were diminished, while the processes of assimilation were intensified. From the investigation as a whole the following general conclusions were drawn: During pregnancy the organism absorbs more from the food and rejects less than during periods of sexual rest. The metabolism of nitrogen decreases, and less is excre- ted in the urine. Nitrogen is stored up in the body. In other words, the processes of assimilation are intensified, while those of excretion are diminished. Less urea and phosphates are excreted during pregnancy than under normal conditions. The amount diminishes as pregnancy advances. During pregnancy less oxygen is exhaled and less carbon dioxid excreted than under normal conditions; that is, the oxidation processes are Weakened. Hagemann1 made experiments with two female dogs to study the influence of the various phases of sexual life on the metabolism of protein. In the report of the experiments the data were not given in such form that they could be included in the tables in the present compilation. The experiment with one of the subjects was not successfully completed. The other subject weighed 12.5 kilograms, and during sexual rest, while in heat, during pregnancy, lactation, and sexual rest following the period of lactation, the diet remained the same. It consisted of 300 grams of meat, 50 grams of fat, and 60 grams of starch daily, which furnished 9.986 grams nitrogen. The inference is that food, urine, and feces were analyzed. At the beginning of the experiment, during sexual rest, there was a daily gain of 0.187 gram nitrogen. Just before coming in heat this amount increased to 0.570 gram daily. While in heat the excretory products were not analyzed. In the eight days immediately following, there was a daily loss of 0.376 gram nitrogen, and during the first three weeks of pregnancy the daily loss was 0.177 gram. During the last half of this period, how- ever, there was a daily gain of 0.220 gram, and during the eighteen days immedi- ately before delivery the daily gain increased to 1.617 grams. The dog gave birth to two young weighing 740 grams. They were nursed until they weighed 3,250 grams. During this period the daily excretion of nitrogen in the urine and feces Avas 1.498 grams less than the amount consumed. During the period of sexual rest, immedi- ately after the young were weaned, the dog gained only 1.297 grams of nitrogen daily. In another experiment, made during a period of sexual rest, the dog was fed 200 grams of rice, 17 grams of meat meal, and 60 grams of fat daily. This furnished 4.36 grams of nitrogen. After a time, nitrogen equilibrium was reached and main- tained on this diet. The conclusion was reached that menstruation increased the metabolism of nitrogen, and that during pregnancy and the period of lactation nitro- gen was retained to supply the unusual demands of the organism. Nos. 2973-2979 were made by.Vilizbanin in St. Petersburg in 1883. The object was to study the metabolism of nitrogen when the functions of the liver Avere dis- turbed. Three experiments were made Avith dogs. Jaundice was induced as fol- lows: In Nos. 2974 and 2977, the ductus choledochi was ligated and a fistula of the biliary bladder was also made. Both dogs licked up the bile which was discharged, so that nearly all of it got back into the organism. During sleep, however, it was collected into a vessel placed under the cage. The fistula could be closed at will and jaundice would follow. In No. 2979 a part of the ductus choledochi was cut out without forming a fistula of the biliary bladder, and the abdominal wound sewed up. The first experiment was divided into three periods, (1) before operation (nor- mal), (2) with biliary fistula, (3) with jaundice. The other two experiments were divided into two periods, (1) before operation (normal) and (2) with jaundice. The nitrogen of the food was determined by the Will-Warrentrap method, that of the urine by the Seegen method in the first experiment, and in the other by the Will- Warrentrap method. The nitrogen of the feces was also determined, presumably by the Will-Warrentrap method. Virchow’s Arch., 121 (1890), p. 557. EXPERIMENTS WITH DOVES AND POULTRY. 345 The author draws the conclusion that the passage of bile into the blood caused an intensified cleavage of protein in the organism, as a result of which an increased outgo of nitrogen in the urine was observed. Nos. 2980-2989 were made by Zouiev in St. Petersburg in 1887. The object was to investigate the influence of ligating the ductus thoracicus on the metabolism of nitro- gen in dogs. The author attempted 15 experiments, but was unable to complete them all. The dogs experimented upon were kept for a considerable time in cages, until nitrogen equilibrium was reached. The operation was then performed. The ductus thoracicus was ligated at the neck. An incision was made through the skin 4 to 6 centimeters long. The cutaneous wound was sewed up. The operation was per- formed under narcosis. The wound never healed per primam, and there was always some suppuration. The food consisted of horse meat and bread. The nitrogen of the food, feces, and urine was determined in the first experiment by the Kjeldahl method, and in the others by the Kjeldahl-Wilfarth method. Each experiment was divided into two periods, (1) before and (2) after the operation. In the flrst three experiments the ductus thoracicus was ligated. The dogs recovered from the operation in a short time and were then killed. On dissecting, the ligature of the ductus thoracicus was found to be closed. A solution of prussian blue injected into the ductus thoracicus did not pass into the veins. In the last two experiments, which were made as a control, the ductus thoracicus was operated upon, but was not ligated. The dogs recovered completely and were then killed. On dissecting, everything was found normal. The following conclusions were reached: In every case when the ductus thoracicus was ligated immediately after the operation a decrease in the outgo of nitrogen was observed. During the next 4 or 5 days the outgo increased and gradually became normal. The metabolism of nitrogen increased after the operation, whether the ductus thoracicus was ligated or not. A number of tests were made by Aronsohn and Sachs1 in connection with a study of the relation of the brain to body temperature and to fever. Experiments were made with rabbits and a dog to ascertain the effect on metabolism ol* injuring the brain by puncturing it with a needle, either through the eye or through an open- ing made in the skull. This caused an increased body temperature. Four tests were made with a dog. In the fourth morphin was given when the operation was performed. In each test the daily food consisted of 70 grams of rice, 10 grams of fat, and a little salt. According to Zuntz2 this would contain 0.7 gram of nitrogen. In the first three tests before the operation was performed the dog excreted in the urine ou an average 1.8 grams cf nitrogen per day, and in the fourth test 2.0 grams. During the fever the dog excreted in the urine in the second, third, and fourth tests on an average 2,3, 1.5, and 2.7 grams. After the temperature again became normal, in the second test the daily excretion of nitrogeu in the urine was 1.7, and in the third test 2.1 grams. These tests and those with rabbits, mentioned on page 365, in the author’s opinion, show that the abnormally high temperature resulting from the operation performed on the brain caused an increased cleavage of protein, as is the case in fever due to other causes. EXPERIMENTS WITH DOVES AND POULTRY. INFLUENCE OF FEEDING, In Table 30 are included 1 test with chickens, 1 with a dove, and 6 with geese. The special questions investigated are noted in the text of the individual experiments. 1 Pfliiger’s Arch., 37 (1885), p. 232. 2 Ibid., p. 313. 346 A DIGEST OP METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Serial number. Date of publica- tion. Observer. Subject. Food per day. Duration. Nitrogen. Remarks. Kind of ani- mal. -4-2 r£ bp *8 £ <2 £ M 6 n ‘E £ £ H 00 © M +i • .£ o cST* o S 2990 2991 2992 2993 2994 2995 2996 2997 1845 1862-63 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 Cock and hen (average). Kg. 0.7 33.4 gm. barley, 7.6 gm. sand, 0.6 gm. chalk... Days. ' 7 124 3 3 3 3 3 3 Gm. 0.8 1.2 2.8 2.8 5.3 5.3 3.3 3.5 Gm. 0.3 1.2 2.4 2.6 4.1 4.1 3.0 3.1 Gm. —0. 5 0.0 +0.4 +0.2 +1-2 + 1. 2 + 0.3 + 0.4 Ash (including sand and chalk) in food 9.2 gm., in excreta 8.7 gm., gain 0.5 gm. Voit "W eiske and Mehlis *o. 2990. Experiences sur les parties constituantes de la nourriture qui se flxent dans le corps des animaux, p. 7. Neue Denkschrift allgemeine schweiz. Gesell. gesammt. Naturwiss., 7. No. 2991. Ann. Chem., Sup. II, p. 240. Nos. 2992-2997. Landw. Vers. Stat., 21, p. 415. Table 30.—Experiments with doves and poultry. Influence of feeding. 347 EXPERIMENTS WITH DOVES AND POULTRY. No. 2990 was made by Sacc at Giessen in 1843 to determine what percentage of the food was retained by the animal body. The experiment was made with a cock and a hen. The average figures for one chicken are given in the table. The food con- sisted of barley. Sand and chalk were also fed. The elementary composition of the food and feces was determined. The respiratory products were not takeu into account. The chickens in this experiment on a ration of barley excreted in the feces a little less than half the substance which they consumed. The feces consisted of one-fourth of the organic material and practically all of the inorganic material con- sumed. The latter probably resisted the mechanical action of the digestive tract and the digestive juices, and it was doubtless excreted without in any way nourishing the body. No. 2991 was made by Voit in Munich in 1861-62. The object was to investigate whether nitrogen was excreted in the gaseous excretory products. The subject was a dove. The duration of the experiment was 124 days. The food consisted of peas. The nitrogen in the peas was determined. The mean of 5 analyses was 4.77 per cent. The nitrogen in the excreta was also determined, the mean of 12 analyses being taken as representing the average nitrogen content. During the whole experi- ment the dove consumed 3,132.4 grams peas (water free)'= 149.4 grams nitrogen. Tbe excreta weighed 976 grams (water free) and contained 145.9 grams nitrogen. The excreted nitrogen was therefore 3.6 grams less than the amount consumed for the entire period. The dove had, however, gained 70 grams in weight, which, according to Voit’s calculation, would account for 2.4 grams nitrogen, thus reducing the discrepancy to 1.2 grams. The ash in food and excreta was also determined, as a control on the correctness of the nitrogen balance. The food contained 94.6 grams ash and the excreta 94.7 grams. This would indicate that no excrement had been lost. The author selected a dove to experiment with, as up to this time the largest recorded deficit had been found in such experiments. [This experiment has been much discussed and criticised, but*must nevertheless be accepted as accurate. It has become famous as one of the valuable arguments against a respiratory excretion of nitrogen.] Nos. 2992-2997 were made by Weiske and Mehlis at the Institute for Animal Chem- istry at Breslau in 1877 (?). The object was to investigate the digestibility of crude fiber. The subject was a goose. The food consisted of leaves of dandelion (Leonto- don taraxacum) and the stalks of horse-tail rush (Equisetum arvense). The food and excretory products were analyzed. The conclusion was reached that crude fiber was not digested. Experiments were made by Kalugine1 to study the influence of consuming fine gravel upon the digestibility of millet by hens. The test was divided into three periods. In two fine gravel was fed with millet and in one powdered coal. The food and excreta were analyzed. The original publication could not be obtained, and the results are therefore not induced in the compilation. The digestibility of the food is briefly noted in the Experiment Station Record (8, p. 718), from an abstract 2 of the original publication. The conclusion was reached that fine gravel and also powdered coal increased the coefficients of digestibility of the nutrients, especially of protein and crude fiber. INFLUENCE OF OTHER CONDITIONS TITAN FEEDING. Ill Table 31 are included 38 tests with poultry in which the influence of other conditions than feeding was studied. The special questions investigated are noted in the text accompanying the table. iSelsk. Khoz. i Lyesov., 1896, No. 10. Quilling’s Landw. Ztg., 46 (1897), p. 85. 348 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. rogen. Serial number. 1 Date of publica- tion. Observer. Subject. Food per day. Duration. Kit Remarks. Kind of ani- mal. Weight. In food. In urine. In feces. +T 02 — ® .£ c eg T' O O Eg. Days. Om. Om. Om. 2998 1877 1 4 4 0 3 2999 1877 2 1.2 +0.1 Subject was given 4.5 gm. asparagin. 3000 1877 1 0. 3 0 6 0 3 3001 1877 4 0. 3 n 4 —0.1 Kb. 3000). 3002 1877 1. 1 4 0. 4 0 4 ft ft 3003 1877 1 0.6 n a 0. 0 Sub j ect was given 2.0 gm. aspartic acid. 3004 1877 5 0. 4 n 4 ft ft Five days following Ko. 3009. 3005 1877 1.7 41 0. 5 0 ft ft 1 3006 1877 2 0. 9 n « +0.1 acid. 3007 1877 1 0. 5 0 6 ft 1 3008 1877 4 0. 5 0 6 0.1 Four days following Ko. 3013. 3009 1877 1.3 1 0. 5 0. 7 0 2 3010 1877 5 0. 5 0. 0 3011 1877 1 0. 7 0. 7 0 0 3012 1877 3 0. 5 0. 5 0. 0 Three days following Ko. 3011. 3013 1877 1. 9 5 0. 5 ft 7 0. 2 3014 1877 1 0. 7 i. 0 0. 3 chlorid. 3015 1877 5 0. 5 0. 7 0^2 Five days following Ko. 3014. 3016 1877 Hen i. 5 4 1. 0 1.1 0.1 3017 1877 i 1. 3 1. 3 0. 0 chlorid. 3018 1877 4 1. 0 1. 1 0.1 Four days following Ko. 3017. 3019 1877 1. 6 3 0. 6 0. 8 0. 2 3020 1877 1 0. 6 0 8 0. 2 chlorid. 3021 1877 3 0. 6 0.8 0. 2 Three days after Ko. 3020. 3022 1880 1. 6 4 0. 0 ft ft 0. 6 in ami. 3023 1880 6 0. 0 0. 7 0.7 3024 1880 1. 4 6 0. 0 0. 2 0. 2 phorus. 3025 1880 g 0. 0 1.1 1.1 Do. 3026 1880 1.9 5 0. 0 0. 3 1.3 3027 1880 do 8 0.0 1. 0 —1.0 Do. Table 31.—Experiments with poultry. Influence of other conditions than feeding. EXPERIMENTS WITH DOVES AND POULTRY. 349 3028 3029 3030 3031 3032 3033 3034 1884 1884 1884 1884 1884 1884 1891 Weiske and Schulze. Gander 4.3 190 gm. noodles - do 12 3 1.4 3.4 1.6 3. 5 -0.2 0. 1 Subject was given aspartic acid. 3 1. 4 1. 6 0. 2 . do 3 3. 7 3. 6 +0.1 0. 2 Subject was given succinic acid amid. do 3 1. 4 1. 6 • 6 3. 6 2. 6 + 1.0 +0.8 + 1.1 Subject was given meat meal. 5 3.5 2. 7 3035 1891 do 3 4.0 2.9 Subject was given 0.3 gm. saccharinum purum. Nos. 2998-3001. Ztschr. Biol., 13, p. 45. Nos. 3002-3004. Ibid., p. 48. Nos. 3005-3008. Ibid., p. 50. Nos. 3009-3012. Ibid., p. 53. Nos. 3013-3015. Ibid., p. 62. Nos. 3016-3018. Ibid., p. 64. Nos. 3019-3021. Ibid., p. 67. Nos. 3022, 3023. Ztschr. physiol. Chem., 4, p. 444. Nos. 3024, 3025. Ibid., p. 445. Nos. 3026, 3027. Ibid., p. 446. Nos. 3028, 3029. Ztschr. Biol., 20, p. 283. Nos. 3030-3033. Ibid., p. 284. Nos. 3034, 3035. Landw. Vers. Stat., 38, p. 253. A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Nos. 3004-3027 were made by Knieriem at the University of Dorpat in 1877. The object was to study in the organism of a ben the behavior of the compounds which form the intermediate steps in the formation of urea in the organism of Mammalia. The subjects were hens Aveighing about 1 kilogram. The food consisted of barley grits. The substances fed with the grits were asparagin, aspartic acid, amido acetic acid, leucin, and ammonium chlorid. The period during which these substances were fed was preceded and followed by a period with normal food. A complete analysis of the barley grits was made. The nitrogen in the excreta was determined by the soda-lime method. The uric acid, urea, and ammonia in the excreta were also determined and the nitrogen in the urea calculated. The author reports an experiment in which a chicken consumed 40 grams of rice and 30 grams of water daily. On the seventh day of the test 0.998 gram of ammo- nium sulphate was given. The average daily excretion of uitrogen in the feces the first 6 days was 0.1 gram. On the day ammonium sulphate was given the nitrogen excretion was 0.2 gram, and on the 4 following days it averaged 0.1 gram. The principal conclusions reached were the following: The digestion of protein by hens appears to yield the same compounds as in the case of Mammalia. Aspartic acid, leucin, and amido acetic acid ;ire to be regarded as intermediate steps in the formation of uric acid by the former as well as the latter. In the case of Mammalia, ammonium salts yield urea. In the case of hens they are excreted unchanged. This accounts for the greater amount of ammonia excreted by hens. Nos. 3022-3027 were made by Friinkel and Eolimann in Berlin in 1879. The object was to study phosphorus poisoning in hens. No food was consumed l*y the fowls, but phosphorus was fed in bread pills. The nitrogen in the excreta was determined in Nos. 3022 and 3023 by the Dumas method; in the other cases by the soda-lime method. The uric acid in the excreta was also determined. The conclusion is reached that in phosphorus poisoning of hens the cleavage of pro- tein is very greatly increased, and that the uric acid excretion is also increased. The number of red corpuscles in the blood was also studied. The conclusion was reached that hunger did not diminish their relative number. Phosphorus poisoning, how- ever, diminished the relative number, at first slowly and later very rapidly. In the authors’ opinion this shows that the processes of oxidation must be greatly affected by phosphorus poisoning and that diminished metabolism of protein results from diminished oxidation. Nos. 3028-3033 were made by Weiske and Schulze at the Institute of Animal Chem- istry of the University of Breslau in 1884. The object was to study the behavior of several amid compounds in the animal organism. The subject was a gander. The food consisted of noodles made from bran and starch. In No. 3029 aspartic acid was added to the noodles, in No. 3031 succinic acid, and in No. 3033 meat meal. The nitrogen in the food was determined by the soda-lime method. In nearly every case the excrement was evaporated to dryness with and without the addition of hydro- chloric acid and the nitrogen in each portion determined. Aspartic acid had prac- tically no influence on the excretion of nitrogen. Succinic acid caused a slight yet marked gain. The greatest gain was made on a diet containing meat meal. Nos. 3034, 3035, and Nos. 3460-3462, Table 37, were made by Kornauth at the Impe- rial Experiment Station of Agricultural Chemistry at Vienna in 1871. The experi- ments form part of a study of saccharin. The subject of Nos. 3034 and 3035 was a duck, and of Nos 3460-3462 a pig. The duck was fed corn. Saccharin was fed with the other food for several days, this period being preceded and followed by a period on normal diet. The duck was fed by stuffing, i. e., the food was forced down its throal, and it choked to death during the second period on normal diet. Complete analyses were made of the food and feces. The conclusions reached are given on page 382. Experiments were made with rabbits and dogs, but they were not of the sort included in the present compilation. Experiments were made by Kalugine1 to study the digestibility of peas, buckwheat, 1 Zap. Novo-Alexandri Inst. Selsk. i Kkoz. Lyesov, 9 (1896), No. 3, pp. 217-257. EXPERIMENTS WITH GOATS. 351 wheat, and barley. These experiments were found too late for insertion in the tables. They more properly belong in the preceding section, but owing to limited space are inserted here. Two hens were used as subjects and the tests lasted 7 days, being preceded by a preliminary period of 2 days. Full analyses were made of the food and excretory products. The balance of income and outgo of nitrogen and ash1 is shown in the following table: Food consumed. Nitrogen. Ash. In food. In feces. Gain (+) or loss (—). In food. In feces. Gain (+) or loss (—) . Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. 4. 2 3.1 +1.1 2.5 4. 3 —1.8 3. 5 2. 8 4-0. 7 2.2 4.9 —2.7 1. 6 1.1 4-0. 5 1.6 1.8 —0.2 1.3 1.1 4-0.2 1.3 1. 5 —0.2 0. 9 0. 7 4-0. 2 1.0 1.2 —0.2 0.9 0. 8 4-o.i 0.9 1.1 —0.2 0.9 1.0 —0.1 1.5 1.2 + 0.3 Chicken 2 63.8 gm. barley 0.8 0.8 0.0 1.3 1.0 +0.3 In determining the digestibility of protein only that portion of the nitrogen of the feces was taken into account which represented the undigested residue. The total nitrogen in the feces and the nitrogen of uric acid and of ammonia (taken together as representing the nitrogen of urates) and the nitrogen of metabolic prod- ucts and undigested residue (considered as together representing nitrogen of pro- tein) were determined. The results are shown in the following table: > : — Food consumed. Weight of feces (7 days). Nitrogen in urates of feces. Nitrogen in protein of feces. Total nitrogen in feces. Uric acid. Ammonia. Meta- bolic products. Undi- gested residue. Grams. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. 353.0 2. 53 0.31 2. 62 0.72 6.18 313.5 2.39 0.30 2. 76 0.81 6. 26 171.7 0.47 0. 05 2. 26 2.04 4.30 203. 0 0.44 0.05 2. 07 1.86 3.93 81.8 0.51 0. 06 2.73 2.94 6.21 93.7 0. 29 0. 03 2. 26 3.39 5.97 132.0 2.11 0.26 1.55 1.23 5.15 Chicken 2 do 106.0 2.54 0.31 1.60 0.81 5. 26 The following conclusions were drawn from the experiments: In the ability to digest the crude protein of peas and barley chickens do not differ from the ordinary farm animals. In ability to digest the crude protein of buckwheat and wheat they are much inferior. In ability to digest fat they resemble in some respects Herbivora and in other respects swine. Chickens digest nitrogen-free extract very completely. The gravel which hens consume is worn down in the intestinal tract to sand of different degrees of fineness and is excreted in the excretory products. EXPERIMENTS WITH GOATS. INFLUENCE OF FEEDING. Ill Table 32 are included 33 tests with goats. The animals were all in health. The metabolism balance was usually determined in connec- tion with feeding and digestion experiments or experiments in which some special question was studied. 1 In the tests with buckwheat, wheat, and barley the sand in the ash of feces was determined. The sand consumed, if any, is not recorded. 352 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Serial number. Date of publican tion. Observer. Subject. Food per day. Duration. Nitrogen. Remarks. Kind of ani- mal. 5 *g > 1 £ 6 £ M OQ G £ £ a M Gain (+) or loss (—). Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 3036 1869 Goat I 6 23.0 11.0 9.0 3.0 0.0 and Friihling. 3037 1869 Goat II 6 23.0 9.0 10.0 4.0 0.0 3038 1869 1,284 am. meadow hay, 200 am. starch 7 21.0 9.0 10.0 3.0 — 1.0 3039 1869 do 1,274 gm. meadow hay, 200 gm. starch 7 21.0 6.0 11.0 4.0 0.0 3040 1869 7 24.0 10.0 10.0 3.0 + 1.0 3041 1869 1,425 gin. meadow hay, 50 gm. poppy oil 7 24. 0 10.0 10.0 4.0 0.0 3042 1869 7 25.0 11.0 11.0 3.0 0.0 3043 1869 do ... 7 24.(5 10.0 10.0 3.0 + 1.0 3044 1869 1,293 gm. meadow hay, 200 gm. sugar 7 22.0 6.0 12.0 2.0 + 2.0 3045 1869 gm. meadow hay, 200 gm. sugar 7 21. 0 5.0 10.0 3.0 + 3.0 3046 1869 1,493 gm. meadow hay 7 22.0 9.0 10.0 2.0 + 1.0 3047 1869 fJnflt, TT 1,340 gm. meadow hay 7 20.0 7.0 9.0 3.0 + 1.0 3048 1869 Stohmann, Lehde, Goat I 25 1,044 gm. meadow hay, 375 gm. linseed cake, ii 32.7 10.0 11.1 6.0 + 5.6 and Baeber., 10 gm. salt, 4,612 gm. water. 3049 1869 do do 25.4 1,058 gm. meadow hay, 375 gm. linseed cake, 7 33.4 11.3 11.4 5.5 + 5.2 10 gm. salt, 5,380 gm. water. \ 3050 1869 25.9 1,062 gm. meadow hay, 375 gm. linseed cake, 4 33.6 11.1 11.1 5.1 + 6.3 10 gm. salt, 4,932 gm. water. 3051 1869 25. 7 846 gm. meadow hay, 375 gm. linseed cake, 3 30.7 10.7 10.3 5.2 + 4.5 lOgm. salt, 50 gm. poppy oil, 4,816 gm. water. 3052 1869 26. 3 925 gm. meadow hay, 338 gm. linseed cake 4 31.0 10.7 9.3 3.8 + 7.2 (fat removed), 10 gm. salt, 3,526 gm. water. 3053 1869 do do 33.9 1,102 gm. meadow hay, 428 gm. linseed cake 4 43.3 14.4 9.4 4.3 +15.2 (fat removed), 10 gm. salt, 3,295gm. water. 3054 1869 .do 26. 2 820 gm. meadow hay, 375 gm. linseed cake, 4 30.2 12.3 9.3 3.2 + 5.4 lOgm. salt, 4,249 gm. water. 3055 1869 do do 26.7 769 gm. meadow hay, 338 gm. linseed cake 4 30.3 12.1 9.1 3.0 + 6.1 (Berlin), 90 gm. starch, 10 gm. salt, 3,736 gm. water. 3056 1869 25. 9 500 gm. meadow hay, 338 gm. linseed cake 4 26.4 9.7 7.1 3.0 + 6.6 (Berlin), 215 gm. starch, 10 gm. salt, 2,865 gm. water. 3057 1869 31.7 1,160 gm. meadow hay, 375 gm. linseed cake, 9 34.4 10.8 11.6 6.9 + 5.1 10 gm. salt, 3,499 gm. water. 3058 1869 32.3 1,177 gm. meadow hay, 475 gm. linseed cake, 6 39. 9 13.7 12.0 7.3 + 6.9 ’ 10 gm. salt, 4,104 gm. water. Table 32.—Experiments ivith goats. Influence of feeding. EXPERIMENTS WITH GOATS. 353 3059 1869 do do 32.3 1,050 gm. meadow bay, 475 gm. linseed cake, 4 38.4 14.1 11.6 7.7 + 5.0 3060 1869 50 gm. poppy oil, 10 gm. salt, 4,433 gm. water. do - do 32.9 1,135 gm. meadow bay, 475 gm. linseed cake, 4 39.0 14.6 10.7 6.9 + 6.8 30.61 1869 do 10 gm. salt, 4,302 gm. water. do 32.7 1,134 gm. meadow hay, 475 gm. linseed cake, 3 39.3 14.7 11.9 6.5 + 6.2 3062 1869 do 10 gm. salt, 3,492 gm. water. do 33.4 1,158 gm. meadow hay, 475 gm. linseed cake, 4 38.4 14.6 13.3 5.2 + 5.3 3063 1869 10 gm. salt, 3,239 gm. water. do 33.9 1,102 gm. meadow hay, 428 gm. linseed cake 4 38.4 13.5 11.0 4.7 + 9.2 3064 1869 do (fat removed), lOgm. salt, 3,295gm. water. do 33.7 644 gm. meadow hay, 856 gm. linseed cake 4 61.9 26.3 13.1 5.2 + 17.3 3065 1869 do (Berlin), 10 gm. salt, 3,065 gm. water. do 34.2 1,052 gm. meadow hay, 389 gm. linseed cake, 4 34.0 14.8 9.4 3.8 + 6.0 3066 1869 do 10 gm. salt, 2,883 gm. water. do 33.2 586 gm. meadow liav, 428 gm. linseed cake, 4 32.7 12.5 8.9 3.7 + 7. 6 3067 1869 Stohmann 232 gm. starch, 10 gm. salt, 1,922 gm. water. 700 gm. hay, 800 gm. oil-free linseed meal .. 21 52.1 8.6 28.9 11.6 5.9 8.2 2.7 + 3.4 — 2.6 3068 1869 do Nos. 3036-3047. Landw. Vers. Stat., 11, p 206. No. 3048. Jour. Landw., 1868, pp. 165, 180 ; 1869, pp. 19, 20. No. 3049 . Ibid.. 1868. pp. 166. 181- I860, pp. 21.22. ISO. oUDU. lDia., pp. 167,181 1869, pp. 23, 24. No. 3051. Ibid., 1868, pp. 316, 321; 1869, pp. 27, 28. No. 3052. Ibid., 1868, pp. 421.425: 1869. n. 30. No. 3053. Thid. 1868, pp. 422,433; 1869, pp. 31, 32. No. 3054. Ibid., 1868, pp. 438,441; 1869, pp. 130, 131. No. 3055. Ibid., 1868, pp. 444, 448; 1869. pp 132.133. No. 3056. Ibid ' iao»,pp.44o,448; 1809, pp. 134,135. No. 3057. Jour. Landw., 1868, pp. 171,182; 1869, pp. 136,137. No. 3058. Ibid., 1868. pp. 308, 310; 1869, pp. 138,139. No. 3059. -LDiCl. 1808, pp. 814, 621; 1869, pp. 140,141. No. 3060. Ibid., 1868, pp. 325, 330; 1869, pp. 142,143. No. 3061. Ibid., 1868, pp. 326, 330; 1869, pp. 144.145. No. 3062. Ibid. 1868, pp. 327,330; 1869, pp. 146,147. No. 3063. Ibid., 1868, pp. 422, 425; 1869, pp. 148,149. No. 3064. Ibid., 1868, pp. 430. 433: 1869. nn. 150! 151. Nn. 3065 Ibid. 1608, pp. 439,441; 1809, pp, 152,153. No. 3066. Ibid., 1868, pp. 446, 449; 1869, pp. 154,155. No. 3067. Landw. Vers'. Stat,, 12, p. 397. * ‘ No. 3068. Ibid., p. 401. 45 23* 354 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Nos. 3036-3047 were made by Stohmann, Rost, and Frtihling at the experiment station in Halle in 1868. The object was to investigate the validity of Voit’s theory that no nitrogen is excreted except in the solid and liquid excretory products. Two goats were used as subjects. The food consisted of meadow hay, and in several cases starch, poppy oil, or sugar was also fed. The nitrogen in food, urine, feces, and milk was determined. In Nos. 3036-3042 practically all the nitrogen consumed was recovered in the urine, feces, and milk. In Nos. 3043-3047 the amount which was not recovered could be accounted for by the gain in weight of the animal. The author’s conclusion is that Yoit’s theory holds good for goats; that is, nitrogen is excreted only in the urine and feces. Protein metabolism is dependent upon the amount of circulating protein in the body. Increased consumption of water increases the metabolism of nitrogen. Nitrogen metabolism rapidly adjusts itself to changes in the amount of nitrogen consumed. When the food contains insufficient nitrogen the body loses protein. There is a noticeable gain in weight when the food contains an abundance of fat and carbohydrates in addition to sufficient protein. Nos. 3048-3066 were made by Stohmann, Lehde, and Baeber at Halle in 1866. The object was to study the metabolism of nutrients during the period of lactation. The subjects were two goats. The food consisted of meadow hay and linseed cake of several kinds, with a little salt. In several cases poppy oil or starch was fed also. Analyses were made of food, urine, and feces. Among the conclusions reached were the following: Some nitrogen leaves the body in other ways than in the solid and liquid excretory products. The protein content of the milk is not dependent upon the composition of the food, but is dependent upon the length of the period of lactation. Nos. 3067, 3068 were made by Stohmann at the experiment station in Halle in 1867. The object was to determine whether the laws of nitrogen metabolism which Yoit had formulated for Carnivora held good for Herbivora also. The subject was a goat. The food in No. 3067 consisted of hay, with oil-free linseed meal, and in No. 3068 of hay, with starch and gum. Food, urine, feces, and milk were analyzed. The conclusion was reached that the protein is metabolized in Herbivora as in Carnivora. Stohmann reports his experiments with goats in another publication.1 Some of the figures agree with those quoted above, while others do not. The inference of the compilers is that the same experiments are referred to in each case. The apparent discrepancy is probably due to the fact that in one instance averages are giveu and in the other more detailed statements. EXPERIMENTS WITH HORSES INFLUENCE OF FEEDING. In Table 33 are included 198 tests with horses. The number of investigators who have studied the metabolism of horses is not large, and a review of the literature of the subject shows that comparatively few feeding experiments have been made. Much of the work has been done for the purpose of studying the best methods of feeding. In some cases the balance of income and outgo of nitrogen has been determined in connection with feeding and digestion experiments. In many experi- ments the influence of muscular work of varying kinds and amounts has been investigated. The conclusions drawn from the experiments in the following table have been much quoted in discussions concerning the economic feeding of horses. 1 Biologisclie Studien, 1873. Braunschweig. EXPERIMENTS WITH HORSES. 355 Serial number. Date of publica- 1 tion. Observer. Subject. Food per day. Duration. Nitrogen. Remarks. Kind of animal. • s .Sf ’© * nd o <2 a Hi © .2 p p Hi CD © © .© Hi P H Gain <+) or loss (—). Eg. Bays. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 3069 1839 139.4 37.8 77.6 4-24.0 water. 3070 1865 2,615 gm. hay, 3,090 gm. oats, 500 gm. rye 1 92.8 35.0 35.2 +22.6 I ' straw, 12,785 gm. water. 3071 1865 1 92. 8 55.0 31.2 + 6.6 3072 1866 7,255 gm. hay, 17,930 gm. water 1 105.9 65.0 58.4 —17.5 3073 ]866 1 105.9 65.0 55.0 —14. 9 3074 1866 3,000 gm. hav, 3,094 gm. oats, 500 gm. rye 1 87.0 45.0 25.5 +16.5 straw, 11,190 gm. water. 3075 1866 1 87.0 50.0 29.0 + 8.0 3076 1879 534 5,000 gm. meadow hay, 6,000 gm. oats, 1,500 6 189.7 99.0 55.3 + 35.4 Work done=475,000 kilogramme- gm.'wheat straw, 12 gm. salt. ter s. 3077 1879 10 189.7 109.3 61.4 +19.0 Work done—950,000 kilogramme- ter s. 3078 1879 14 189.7 116.8 57.0 +15.9 Work done=1,425,000 kilogramme- ters. 3079 1879 12 189.7 110.2 63.3 + 16.2 Work done=940,000 kilogramme- ters. 3080 1879 14 189.7 98.3 60.3 +31.1 Work done—475,000 kilogramme- ters. 3081 1883 Grandeau and Le Horse No. 1... 422 1,044 gm. hay, 564 gm. straw, 1,968 gm. oats, 30 94.0 59.2 23.6 + 11.2 November, 1880, rest. Clerc. 420 gm. beans, 1,452 gm. maize, 288 gm. “maize cake.” 3082 1883 31 91.9 65.1 19.8 + 7.0 January, 1881, rest. 3083 1883 31 92.8 64.7 23.1 + 5.0 March, 1881, rest. 3084 1883 28 103.5 75.0 25.1 + 3.4 February, 1881, walking. 464 “gm. beans, 1,600 gm. maize, “316 gm. “maize cake.” 3085 1883 30 102.2 72.7 29.8 — 0.3 April, 1880, trotting. 3086 1883 31 137.7 92.3 36.2 + 9.2 December, 1880, work, walking. 632'gm. beans, 2,180 gm. maize, 432 gm. “maize cake.” 3087 1883 31 140.1 82.4 48.2 May, 1881, work, trotting. 3088 1883 429 30 94.0 44.5 30.0 + 19. 5 November, 1880, rest. 3089 1883 28 94.0 53.5 28.7 +11. 8 February, 1881, rest. 3090 1883 30 92.8 56.0 27.7 + 9.1 April, 1881, rest. 3091 1883 Same as No. 3084 31 101.8 63.7 30.4 -j- 7. 7 December, 1880, walking. Table 33.—Experiments with horses. Influence of feeding. 356 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Serial number. Date of publica- tion. Observer. Subject. Food per day. Duration. Nitrogen. Remarks. Kind of animal. bJC *© £ rg .© H 6 .2 ‘u s M m © O £ I Gain (+) j or loss (—). Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 3092 1883 31 103.9 00.3 36.2 + 7.4 May, 1881, trotting. Clerc. snort 1883 31 136.6 68.9 44.4 +23.3 Januarv, 1881, work, walking. 3094 1883 31 130.6 74.3 47.2 + 9.1 March,+881, work, trotting. 3095 1883 449 30 94.0 60.6 21.2 4-12.2 November, 1880, rest. 3096 1883 31 92.8 61.3 21.9 + 9.6 December, 1880, rest. 3097 1883 31 94.3 59.6 25.4 + 9.3 May, 1881, rest. 3098 1883 31 100.6 68.5 24.3 + 7.8 Januarv, 1881, walking. 3099 1883 fin 31 102.2 66.2 30.4 + 5.6 March, 1881, trotting. 3100 1883 28 141.2 91.9 35.9 +13.4 February, 1881, work, walking. 3101 1883 30 138.6 85.5 41.1 + 12.0 April, 1881, work, trotting. 3102 1887 Horse Ho. 1... 407 30 91.2 35.8 52.3 + 3.1 November, 1883, walking. In Nos. 3102-3119 nitrogen of the feces includes 1.5 gm. from hair, hoots, 1887 31 132.5 55.3 76.1 + 1.1 6tC. December, 1883, work, walking. 3104 1887 31 89.9 35. 2 47.0 + 7.7 January, 1884, rest. 3105 1887 31 161.8 71.2 93. 2 — 2. 6 March, 1884, work, trotting. 3106 1887 fin 30 87.8 38.8 56.0 — 7.0 April, 1884, rest. 1887 31 119.0 40.1 70.6 + 8.3 May, 1884, trotting. 1887 424 30 82.9 30.7 48.7 + 3.5 November, 1883, rest. 1887 31 97.1 44.7 51.4 + 1.0 December, 1883, walking. 3110 1887 31 134.9 70.2 66. 6 — 1.9 January, 1884, work, walking. 3111 1887 31 109. 2 46.5 69.7 — 7.0 March, 1884, trotting. 3112 1887 30 166.0 73.7 91.6 + 0.7 April, 1884, work, trotting. 3113 1887 31 95.2 41.9 51.7 + 1.6 May, 1884, rest. 3114 1887 424 30 124.4 54.5 74.7 — 4.8 November, 1883, work, walking. 3115 1887 31 88.3 37.6 50.1 + 0.6 December, 1883, rest. 3116 1887 31 98.9 46.9 50.0 + 2.0 Januarv, 1884, walking. 3117 1887 do 31 87.4 32.7 68.7 —14. 0 March, 1884, rest. 3118 1887 30 109. 7 45.2 79.6 —15.1 April, 1884, trotting. 3119 1887 do 31 190.4 78.6 130.0 —18.2 May, 1884, w ork, trotting. 3120 1887 Wolff 476.9 6 180.8 128.2 52.9 — 0.3 Ash in food, 82.3 gm.; in urine, 29.1 gm.; in feces, 55.2 gm.; loss, 2.0 3121 1887 479.3 6,000 gm. meadow hay, 5,000 gm. oats, 1,000 12 187.1 129.4 57.0 + 0.7 Ash in food, 46.4 gm.; in urine, 16.1 gm. straw. - gm.; in feces, 34.4 gm.; loss, 4.1 gm. Table 33.—Experiments with horses. Influence of feeding—Continued. EXPERIMENTS WITH HORSES. 357 3122 1887 do do 477.4 6,000 gm. meadow hay, 2 500 gm. oats, 1,000 12 242.5 174.9 69.2 — 1.6 Ash in food, 45 Ogm.; in urine, 17.3 gm. straw, 2,500 gm. beans. gm.; in feces, 29.8 gm.; loss, 2.1 3123 1887 476.8 6 240.6 175.0 67.0 — 1.4 gill. 3124 1887 do 473. 0 10 244.5 173.2 64.3 + 7.0 3125 1887 472. 8 9 251. 3 181.0 70.8 — 0.5 gm Tatra w, 2,500 gm. beans7750 gm. tiax- 3126 1887 do do 474.6 6,000 gm. liay. 1,000 gm. straw, 2,500 gm. 10 190.6 114.5 69.3 + 6.8 Ash in food, 52.5 gm.; in urine, 19.6 oats, 2,500 gm. maize. gm.; in feces, 32.8 gm.; gain, 0.1 gm. 3127 1887 475. 8 8 190.6 112.3 67.5 +10.8 3128 1887 478.4 16 184.8 117.2 61.5 + 6.1 fore feeding. 3129 1887 472. 2 10 205. 3 131.5 64.3 + 9.5 3130 1887 476.5 9 201. 3 117.8 82.4 + 1.1 3131 1887 do 477.6 7,000 gin. hay, 5,500 gm. oats 6 210.5 123.8 76.4 +10.3 3132 1887 478. 0 6 211.4 123.6 77.9 + 9.9 3133 1887 do 477. 2 6 210. 6 132.0 80.1 — 1.5 3134 1887 do . . 477. 8 do 6 210.6 127.5 79.0 + 4.1 3135 1887 do 479 0 6 208.4 123.2 77.9 + 7.3 3130 1887 478. 1 6 211.5 123.2 82. 1 + 6.2 3137 1887 475.8 5,000 gm. hay, 5,500 gm. oats 10 179.5 107.1 64.7 + 7.7 3138 1887 471. 2 10 148.7 92.6 48.5 + 7.6 3139 4887 do 472.9 gm. havj 7,000 gm. oats 6 172.1 111.8 51.3 + 9.0 3140 1887 472. 2 6 172.1 115.8 51.4 + 4.9 3141 1887 479. 6 6 174.0 92.0 70.1 + 11.9 3142 1887 479. 6 6 174.0 96.6 73.1 + 4.3 3143 1887 479.3 6 183.6 105.8 91.3 —13.5 3144 1889 Grandeau and Horse No. 1... 407 5,710.6 gm. oats 31 98.3 71.9 28.8 — 2.4 December, 1885, work, walking. Le Clerc. In Nos. 3144-3181 the nitrogen of the feces includes a small amount from perspiration,hair, and hoofs. 3145 1889 30 75.4 69.9 17.1 —11.6 3146 1889 30 79.0 49.8 19.1 + 10.1 3147 1889 9 70v2 50.8 19.6 — 0.2 3148 1889 400 16 84.7 83.1 12. 9 —11. 3 3149 1889 31 62.8 54.5 11.9 — 3.6 3150 1889 30 68.9 68. 6 13.5 —13.2 3151 1889 414 31 81. 5 63.2 15.2 + 3.1 3152 1889 do 31 66.9 56.8 16.1 — 6.0 3153 1889 . do 30 68.4 58.6 14.2 — 4. 4 3154 1889 30 76.7 70.1 16.5 — 9.9 3155 1889 do 9 57.0 54.2 16.1 - 13.2 3156 1889 do Horse No. 1... 372 gm. oats, 1,346.7 gm. oat straw 30 91.1 49.1 28.9 + 13.1 July, 1886, rest. 3157 1889 . . do .31 113.8 51. 3 31.9 +30. 6 3158 1889 30 106.2 51.5 33.0 +21.7 3159 1889 .... .dfr.; ::::::::::: 31 107.5 51. 6 33.3 + 22. 6 3160 1889 30 106.0 51.2 32.7 +22.1 3161 1889 31 102.3 54.6 33.3 +14.4 3162 1889 31 101.9 65.7 31.1 + 5.1 3163 1889 do 28 103.0 57.3 32.5 + 13.2 February, 1887, work, walking. 358 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Serial number. Date of publica- tion. Observer. Subject. Hood per day. Duration. Nitrogen. Remarks. Kind of animal. +3 rP #o|D £ O <8 P M 6 P H OD © O <8 p M Gain (+) orlo8s(—). Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 3164 1889 31 98.1 53.2 31.9 +13.0 March, 1887, work, trotting. Clere. 3165 1889 30 113.9 67.9 39.5 + 6.5 April, 1887, work, trotting. 3166 1889 31 125.7 67. 4 46.7 +11.6 May, 1887, work, trotting. 3167 1889 ..’..do. 31 122.7 55.7 42.7 -j-24. 3 June, 1887, work, trotting. 3168 1889 7,000 gm. oats, 2,420 gm. oat straw 31 126.9 55.7 52.8 + 18.4 July, 1887, work (wagon). 3169 1889 do Horse No. 3... 354 4’772.7 gm. oats, 1,346.7 gm. oat straw 31 91.9 43.6 33.2 + 15.1 July, 1886, rest. 3170 1889 5,500 gm. oats, 2,250 gm. oat straw 31 113.8 48.4 35.6 +29.8 August, 1886, rest. 3171 1889 5A00 cm. oats, 2,500 gin. oat straw 30 106.2 44.2 45.1 + 16.9 September, 1886, rest. 3172 1889 doT. 31 107.5 44.4 43.1 +20.0 October, 1886. rest. 3173 1889 30 106.0 45. 9 40. 4 +19.7 November, 1886, rest. 3174 1889 31 102.3 52.1 41.4 + 8.8 3175 1889 31 101.9 56.7 38.2 + 7.0 January, 1887, walking. 3176 1889 28 103.0 59.7 38.5 + 4.8 February, 1887, work, walking. 3177 1889 31 114.1 63.4 47.0 + 3.7 March, 1887, work, trotting. 3178 1889 do 30 98.1 49.9 43.3 + 4.9 3179 1889 31 125.7 58.6 52.3 +14.8 May, 1887, work, trotting. 3130 1889 30 122.7 59.1 53.6 + 10.0 June, 1887, work, trotting. 3181 1889 31 127.4 59.1 55.2 + 13.1 July, 1887, work (wagon). 3182 1892 Grandeau, LeClerc, Horse No. 1... 439 6,000 gm. maize, 2,500 gm. oat straw 21 63.6 48.3 39.3 —24.0 November, 1887, walking. and Ballacey. 3183 1892 5,714 gm. maize, 2,316 gm. oat straw 19 70.6 54.4 38.5 —22.3 November-December, 1887, work, walking. 3184 1892 20 68. 9 38.9 24.6 + 5.4 3185 1892 31 50.8 39.0 30.1 —18.3 3186 1892 29 49.8 39.6 29.5 —19.3 3187 1892 31 51.2 43.4 29.2 —21.4 March, 1888, work, trotting. 3188 1892 479 21 60.6 44.0 49.5 —32.9 3189 1892 .....dfm;.. 19 63. 2 45.9 51.6 —34.3 November-December, 1887, walk- 3190 1892 20 70.6 60.5 45.5 —35.4 ing. 3191 1892 31 56. 7 50.8 59.9 —54. 0 January, i888, work, trotting. 3192 1892 29 45.6 36. 3 40.8 —31.5 February. 1888, rest. 3193 1892 31 41.2 39.0 51.1 —48.9 March, i888, trotting. 3194 1892 440 21 57. 4 53.4 51.3 —47.3 November, 1887, work, walking. 3195 1892 19 71. 0 43.8 36.7 — 9.5 3196 1892 do 6,000 gm. maize, 2,500 gm. oat straw 20 77.3 46.3 36.4 — 5.4 December, 1887, walking. Table 33.—Experiments with horses. Influence of feeding—Continued. EXPERIMENTS WITH HORSES. 359 3197 1892 31 f>8 4 42 1 44, 7 18 4 3198 1892 29 62. 5 44. 4 36. 4 18. 3 3199 1892 31 40 3 33. 7 34. 4 27. 8 3200 1892 21 51.1 37.1 28. 3 14. 3 3201 1892 19 47.3 41.9 22. 6 —17. 2 walking. 3202 1892 2D 49. 9 38. 8 22. 2 —11.1 3203 1892 31 47. 4 34. 7 23. 0 —10. 3 3204 1892 28 57 0 45. 2 21. 4 9. 6 3205 1892 31 68. 2 50. 8 22. 8 5. 4 3206 1892 21 78 9 41.1 29.4 + 8.4 3207 1892 19 57. 8 35. 3 30. 8 8.3 3208 1892 2D 67. 6 50.0 31. 7 14.1 ing. 3209 1892 do do 31 62. 6 45. 7 33. 0 16.1 3210 1892 do 28 57.1 34. 8 33. 4 — 11.1 3211 1892 do 31 58. 8 35.4 36. 0 12. 6 3212 1892 21 63. 9 42. 7 30. 9 9. 7 3213 1892 do 19 44. 4 41. 9 28. 2 25. 7 3214 1892 20 63. 7 43. 8 28.8 — 8. 9 3215 1892 31 59.1 36.1 23. 5 0. 5 3216 1892 28 72. 7 50. 5 28.1 5.9 3217 1892 31 49. 7 34.7 28.3 —13.3 3218 1893 Grandeau and Bal- Horse No. 1... 477 4,500 gm. horse beans, 4,000 gm. oat straw... 31 157.8 133.0 60.3 —35.5 December, 1889, rest. lacey. 3219 1893 31 160. 8 134.1 66. 7 —40. 0 3220 1893 28 208.1 156. 4 83. 9 32.2 3221 1893 31 209. 0 166. 7 85. 4 43.1 3222 1893 do 30 130. 5 98. 4 59. 0 26. 9 3223 1893 31 140.8 101. 8 75. 7 —36.7 3224 1893 31 112. 8 87. 7 65. 9 40. 8 3225 1893 30 126. 4 89.1 65. 9 28. 6 3226 1893 do Horse No. 2... 475 5,000 gin. horse beans, 4,000 gm. oat straw... 31 184. 5 159.9 54.2 —29.6 December, 1889, walking. 3227 1893 31 209. 7 170. 9 60. 4 21. 6 3228 1893 do do 4,500 gm. horse beans, 4,000 gm. oat straw... 28 170.1 133. 6 52.3 —15.8 February, 1890, rest. 3229 1893 31 131. 5 108. 5 46. 1 23.1 3230 1893 30 168. 4 142. 7 60. 1 34. 4 3231 1893 31 200. 4 159. 7 86.1 —45. 4 3232 1893 30 123. 6 101. 2 49. 9 27. 5 3233 1893 31 129. 4 105. 6 46.4 22. 6 3234 1893 do Horse No. 3... 461 6,000 gm. horse beans, 4,000 gm. oat straw... 31 223.2 202.2 63.8 —42.8 December, 1889, work, walking. 3235 1893 31 145.1 121. 5 42. 8 19. 2 3236 1893 28 193.1 134. 8 53. 5 + 4.8 3237 1893 31 172.4 125. 4 44. 9 + 2.1 3238 1893 30 240.4 168. 1 78. 2 — 5. 9 3239 1893 do 31 120. 5 95. 8 44. 9 20. 2 3240 1893 30 124.8 89. 7 48. 3 —13. 2 3241 1893 31 121.0 100. 0 58. 9 —37.9 3242 1896 Grandeau, Bal- Horse No. 1... 478 5,317 gm. “maize cake,” 4,217 gm. oat straw. 30 119.5 85.5 71.5 —37.5 June, 1891, work, walking. In lacey and Alekan. Nos. 3242-3267 the quantities of food given are those actually . . consumed. 360 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. a «8 Observer. Subject. Food per'day. Duration. Nitrogen. Remarks. S *3 m Date of pu tion. Kind of animal. Weight. In food. In urine. In feces. Gain (+) or loss (—). Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 3243 1896 Grandeau, Bal- 4,000 gm. “maize cake,” 4,000 gm. oat straw. ol 95.7 65.4 49.0 —18.7 July, 1891, rest. lacey and Alekan. 3244 1896 3245 1896 do 6,500 gm. “maize cake,” 4,333 gm. oat straw. 30 14o! 8 120! 1 8t! 3 —63! 6 September, 1891, work, trotting. 3246 1896 3247 1896 3248 1896 3249 1896 do 31 99 0 73 5 53 5 3250 1896 do 30 37 2 78. 6 57. 7 49 1 3251 1896 505 84 9 3252 1896 do 31 126 4 107 1 70 2 325„ 1896 31 40 0 3254 1896 do 5,500 gm. “maize cake,” 5,500 gm. oat straw. 30 138.3 102.1 56! 1 —15! 9 September, 1891, trotting. 1896 do 31 138 7 119 4 3256 1896 do 30 96 9 89 3 52 5 3257 1896 do 31 95 7 84. 4 40 9 35 0 3258 1896 do 31 97. 3 75. 7 50. 1 28 5 3259 1896 do 491 30 93 5 70. 0 55. 9 32 4 3260 1896 31 98 1 87 9 59 0 3261 1896 31 115 9 91 2 52 9 28 2 3262 1886 do 30 91 8 77. 7 51 4 37 3 3263 1896 31 121* 7 89 2 5ft 8 18 3 3264 1896 30 157 7 119 8 61 9 3265 1896 do do 4,000 gm. “maize cake,” 4,000 gm. oat straw. 31 94I5 79.2 49.6 —34.3 December, 1891, rest. 3266 1896 31 99 5 G8 5 47 9 10 9 3267 1896 do do 29 87.7 77. 7 58. 7 —48.7 February, 1892, rest. No. 3069. Ann. Chim. et Phys., 71, p. 136. Nos. 3070, 3071. Landw. Yers. Stat., 7, p. 413. Nos. 3072- 3075. Ibid., 8, p. 99. Nos. 3076-3080. Landw. Jalirb., 8. p.706; 8 Sup. I, p. 77. Nos. 3081-3101. Etudes experinientales sur l’alimentation du cheval de trait, 1883, p. 167. Nos. 3102-3119. Etudes experinientales sur l’alimentation du cheval de trait, 1887, p. 96. No. 3120. Jahresber. Agr. Chem., 30, p. 567. No. 3121. [bid., p. 569. Nos. 3122.3123. Ibid., p. 571. Nos. 3124, 3125. Ibid.,pp. 572,573. No. 3126. Ibid., p. 577. Nos. 3127, 3128. Ibid.,p 578. No. 3129. Ibid., p.581. No. 3130. Ibid., p.583. Nos. 3131, 3132. Ibid., p. 593. Nos. 3133, 3134. Ibid , pp. 595, 596. Nos. 3135, 3136. Ibid., p. 597. Nos. 3137, 3138. Ibid., p. 601. Nos. 3139-3141. Ibid., p. 603. No. 3142. Ibid., p. 608. No. 3143. Ibid., p. 610. Nos. 3144-3155. Etudes exp6rimentales sur l’alimentation du cheval de trait, 1889, p. 46. Nos. 3156-3181. Ibid., p.102. Nos. 3182-3199. Ann. Sci. Agron., 1892, I, pp. 42,47-52, 78. Nos. 3200-3217. Ibid., pp. 124, L28-133,157. Nos. 3218-3241. Ann. Sci. Agron., 1893, I, pp. 42, 46-55, 81 Nos. 3242-3267. Ann. Sci. Agron., 1896, II, pp. 153,157-166,193. Table 33.—Experiments with horses. Influence of feeding—Continued. EXPERIMENTS WITH HORSES. 361 No. 3069 was made by Boussingault in 1838. The object was to compare the food and excretory products of a horse on a maintenance ration to see whether nitrogen was assimilated from the air. The food consisted of hay and oats Elementary analyses of food, urine, and feces were made. The conclusion was reached that nitrogen was not assimilated from the air and that some nitrogen was excreted in the gaseous excretory products. Nos. 3070, 3071 were made by Hofmeister at the experiment station of the Royal Veterinary College in Dresden in 1864. The object was to study the digestibility of crude fiber. The subject was a horse between 7 and 8 years old. The food consisted of hay, oats, and straw. The water, dry matter, protein, fat, ash, crude fiber, and nitrogen-free extract in the food and feces and the reaction, specific gravity, water, dry matter, ash, urea, sulphuric acid, and nitrogen in the urine were determined. The conclusion was reached that crude fiber was digested by a horse. Other con- clusions regarding digestibility of protein, etc., were drawn. Nos. 3072-3075 were made by Hofmeister at the experiment station of the Royal Veterinary College of Dresden in 1865 in connection with a series of feeding experi- ments. The subject was a horse. The food consisted of hay, with oats and straw in two cases. Full analyses of food, urine, and feces were made. The principal conclusions drawn concerned digestibility, and are therefore not quoted here. It was observed that the amount of hippuric acid in the urine increased or decreased with the increase or decrease in the amount of crude fiber digestion, when hay only or hay and oats were fed. Nos. 3076-3080 were made by Kellner and his associates at the agricultural experi- ment station in Hohenheim in 1877.' The object was to investigate the influence of muscular exertion upon the metabolism of matter in the horse. The subject was a horse weighing about 534 kilograms. He was fed a ration of meadow hay, oats, and chopped straw. Analyses were made of the food, urine, and feces. The work done was measured by a specially constructed horse dynamometer. The work varied in amount in the different periods. The following conclusions were reached: The amount of work done had no influence upon the total digestibility of the food or the digestibility of the different nutrients. Increased work and increased cleavage of protein go hand in hand. The cleavage of protein decreased materially as soon as the muscular exertion was diminished. Muscular exertion, under certain circumstances, can increase directly the metabolism of protein in the organism. The energy from the breaking down of organic body substance in general is to be regarded as the source of muscular power. The energy liberated by the oxidation of the nitrogen-free materials, carbo- hydrates, and fat, in addition to that furnished by the breaking down of the circulating protein, is that first used for mechanical energy. Protein of tissue (organizirte Eiweiss) will not be broken down as long as there is a sufficiency of other material which can be oxidized. Nos. 3081-3101. These experiments and Nos. 3102-3119, 3144-3181, and 3182-3267 were made by Grandeau, associated with Le Clerc, Ballacey, and Alekan, from 1880 to 1892,2 in connection with an investigation of the principles of horse feeding carried on for the Compagnie G6n6rale de Voitures of Paris. This is one of the most extended investigations of the kind that has been made. In every case the digestibility of the ration as well as its value for the production of work was studied. 'The portion of the work relating to the digestibility of the rations was pub- lished in connection with other similar work in a separate article by Wolff, Funke, Kreuzhage, and Kellner. Landw. Jakrb., 8 (1879), Sup. I, p. 6. 2Tbe report of the experiments made from 1880 to 1887 was first published in “Etudes sur l’alimentation dn Cheval de Trait,” and also in Ann, Sci. Agron., 1884, II; 1885, I; 1886, II; and 1888, II. 362 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. There were seven series of experiments. In the first (Nos. 3081-3101) a mixed ration consisting of “maize cake,” horse beans, maize, oats, hay, and straw was fed. The maize cake was made from starch factory and distillery waste, and con- tained a considerable portion of potato and barley as well as corn refuse. In the second series (Nos. 3102-3119) the ration consisted of hay; in the third series (Nos. 3144-3155), of oats and straw; in the fourth series (Nos. 3156-3181), of hay and straw; in the fifth series (Nos. 3182-3217), of maize and straw; in the sixth series (Nos. 3218-3241), of horse beans and oat straw; and in the seventh series (Nos. 3242-3267), of maize cake and oat straw. Analyses were made of the food, mine, and feces. In most cases the nitrogen volatilized from the feces while drying, that eliminated in the perspiration and in the material removed by currying, and that from the hoofs, is taken into account. In inserting the experiments in the present compilation the nitrogen from these sources was included with that of the feces. The effect of the rations was studied while the horses were at rest, walking, trotting, at work while walking, and at work while trotting. The work consisted in turning the arm of a dynamometer a definite number of times. Experiments were also made in which fhe horses drew a vehicle, though the metabolism of nitrogen was not always studied in this connection. The effect of the rations under the different conditions of rest and work on temperature and weight of the animals was studied. In every case the detailed results for each horse for each day of the various periods are given in tabular form. The conclusions drawn have to do particularly with the problem of feeding horses.1 Following are some of the principal conclusions drawn from these experiments: The pace at which a horse travels was found to have a marked influence on the amount of labor performed and the food required. Thus, a horse walking 7.8 kilo- meters per day neither gained nor lost in weight on a daily ration of 8,800 grams of hay, while a ration of 10,886 grams was not sufficient provided the horse trotted the same distance. When a horse walked the above distance and drew a load, the addi- tional work being equivolent to 60,449 kilogram meters, a ration of 11,975 grams of hay was sufficient for maintenance. A ration of 14,787 grams, all a horse would consume, was not sufficient for maintenance when the same work was done trotting. Some of the reasons given for the fact that rapid work is less economical than slow work are the increased action of the heart when a horse is trotting or galloping; the lifting of his own weight at each step only to allow it to fall again, thus devel- oping heat; and the increase of body temperature with exertion and the loss of heat by evaporation through the skin and lungs. A horse of 500 kilograms weight by the motion of forward progression through a horizontal distance of 10 kilometers at a speed of 1.5 meters per second loses 2.4 kilograms in weight. A horse of the same weight covering a distance of 10 kilo- meters with a velocity of 1.5 meters per second, and producing 190,000 kilogram- meters of work loses about 3.8 kilograms in weight. Generally speaking, the horses digested from a ration of maize cake (1) sometimes more and sometimes less carbohydrates, but always two or three times as much protein as from a ration of hay; (2) less carbohydrates, but more protein than "from a ration of oats or maize, and (3) less carbohydrates and protein than from a ration of horse beans. In general, when no work was performed, the horses gained in weight when oats were consumed, but the gain was not proportional to the quantity eaten. The gain was less with hay, and hay furnished less available energy. On the other hand, maize cake did not produce a gain comparable with that from maize and beans. When walking the gains in weight of the horses varied with the different rations, being greatest when maize was fed, followed by beans, maize cake, oats, and hay in 1 For a summary of a number of the earlier experiments see Experiment Station Record, 6, p. 1018. EXPERIMENTS WITH RABBITS. 363 the order mentioned. The superiority of cake to oats is still more noticeable when it is remembered that the quantities assimilated of the former are much less than the latter. On the same basis the apparent superiority of the maize, especially of beans, diminishes. As a ration for horses when trotting, hay was much inferior to the other feeding stuffs as regards gains in weight, and it can also be said that the nutri- tive ingredients assimilated from this food are much inferior in quality. Maize cake produced less, satisfactory results than beans, and maize than oats, as regards the available energy furnished. For work done in drawing a cab maize at first seemed to be inferior to the other rations, but this was not the case. The quantity fed did not furnish a sufficient amount of nutriment, which was also true of the oats, cake, and beans. From these experiments it appeared that maize cake was much supe- rior both to hay, a coarse fodder, and to beans, which may be regarded as a type of feeding stuffs rich in protein. On the other hand, the cake was much inferior to feeding stuffs like maize and oats, which are rich in starch and moderately rich in protein. Its coefficient of digestibility is also midway between maize and oats, as is also its nutritive ratio. Nos. 3102-3119. (See Nos. 3081-3101.) Nos. 3120-3143 1 were made by Wolff and his associates at Hobenheim in 1885-86. The objects were to investigate the capacity for work of a horse on a diet rich in nitrogen and one containing little nitrogen, and to study the metabolism of nitrogen and mineral matter. The basal ration consisted of meadow hay, usually with oats. In some cases straw, beans, flaxseed, or maize were also fed. The dry matter, organic substance, profein, fat, crude fiber, and nitrogen-free extract in food and feces and the nitrogen in the urine were determined. In addition the dry matter, ash, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium oxids, the phosphoric, sulphuric, and salicylic acids, iron oxid, and chlorin in the food, urine, and feces (in one case food and feces only) were determined in a number of the experiments. The muscular work per- formed was measured by a dynamometer of special construction. The principal conclusions drawn were the following: The food rich in nitrogen had no greater nutritive value as regards the production of energy than that con- taining little nitrogen. Digestible protein beyond a certain definite minimum has no more value for the production of energy than an equal quantity by weight of starch or the equivalent quantity of fat. The amounts of nitrogen, the total ash, and the several mineral constituents excreted in-the urine and feces were equal to the amount consumed. This is a proof that during the whole time of the experi- ment the subject remained in equilibrium; that is, the food consumed was just suffi- cient for the amount of work performed under the experimental conditions. A horse weighing 500 kilograms requires for maintenance in medium condition when no external work is performed, 4,200 grams of nutrients per day, it being assumed that a considerable quantity (at least half the daily ration) consists of coarse fodder. Nos. 3144-3267. (See Nos. 3081-3101.) EXPERIMENTS WITH RABBITS. INFLUENCE OF OTHER CONDITIONS THAN FEEDING. Tn Table 34 are included 22 tests with rabbits. All tlie animals were in health. The special questions investigated are noted in the text accompanying the table. •These experiments were originally published in Landw. Jahrb., 16,1887, Sup. Ill, p. I. The figures are more conveniently arranged in the publication cited in Table 33. 364 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Serial number. Date of publica- tion. Observer. Subject. Pood per day. Duration. Nitrogen. Remarks. Kind of animal. Weight. In food. In urine. In feces. + 7 a % Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm Gm. 39,68 1881 7 0. 0 0.8 0.0 —0. 8 3269 1881 9 0.0 2.2 0.0 —2.2 3270 1881 19 0.0 1.3 0.0 —1.3 3271 1881 19 0.0 0.8 0.0 —0.8 3272 1888 1-2 60 gm. oats, 206 gm. grass, 59 gm. water 2 2.4 1.2 0.7 +0.5 Sexual rest. 3273 1888 65 gm. oats, 187 gm. grass, 43 gm. water 27 2.5 1.1 0.4 + 1.0 Fifth day after pairing to third day before delivery. Nitrogen in feces 26 days only. 3274 1888 91 gm. oats, 162 gm. grass, 53 gm. water 1 2.7 0.9 (0.4) + 1.4 First day of No. 3273. 3275 1888 43 gm. oats’ 148 gm. grass, 42 gm. water 2 1.7 0.5 0.3 +0.9 Last 2 days of No. 3273. 3276 1888 59 gm. oats, 190 gm. grass, 31 gm. water 27 2.0 0.9 0.5 4 0.6 Pregnancy. 3277 1888 75 gm. oats, 226 gm. grass, 32 gm. water 2 2.7 0.8 0.5 +1.4 First 2 days of No. 3276. 3278 1888 22 gm. oats’ 234 gm. grass, 24 gm. water 1 1.8 0.6 0.4 + 0.8 Last day of No. 3276. 3279 1888 64 gin. oats, 127 gm. grass, 41 gm. water 6 1.9 0.9 0.8 +0.2 Sexual rest. 3280 1888 72 gin. oats, 110 gm. grass, 55 gm. water 28 2.0 0.7 0.6 +0.7 Pregnancy. 3281 1888 . do ... 98 gm. oats, 175 gm. grass, 26 gm. water 2 2.7 1.0 0.6 + 1.1 First 2 days of No. 3280. 3282 1888 ...do 56 gm. oats, 89 gm. grass, 92 gm. water 2 1.5 0.6 0.3 +0.6 Last 2 days of No. 3280. 3283 1888 2 4 1.5 1.0 (0.4) + 0.1 Before pregnancy. 3284 1888 do 44 gm. oata, Utfgmrgraas, 100 gm. water 24 1.7 0.9 0.4 +0.4 Pregnancy. Nitrogen in feces, mean of 18 days. (One day in middle of period, food adlibitum, not taken into account.) 3285 1888 60 gm. oats, 108 gm. grass, 125 gm. water 2 1.8 1.4 (0. 4) 0.0 First 2 days of No. 3284. 3286 1888 24 gm. oatsi 199 gm. grass, 102 gm. water 2 1.4 0.6 0.3 +0.5 Last 2 days of No. 3284. 3287 1888 do 94 gm. oats, 122 gm. grass, 130 gm. water 8 2.6 0.8 0.8 +1.0 After pregnancy. (Sexual rest.) 3288 1892 Graffenberger 3.7 11 1.6 1.1 0.2 + 0.3 Subject was kept in the light and was given 1 gm. calcium car- bon ate. 3289 1892 3.5 do 11 1.6 1.1 0.2 +0.3 Subject was kept in the dark and was given 1 gm. calcium car- bon ate. No. 3268. Ztschr. Biol. 17. n 218. Nos. 3269- 3271. Ibid., p. 219. Nos. 3272-3275. On the influence of pregnancy on the metabolism of matter in animals. Inaug. Diss. (Russian), St. Petersburg, 1888, p. 22. Nos. 3276-3278. Ibid., p. 34. Nos. 3279-3282. Ibid., p. 44. Nos. 3283-3287. Ibid., p. 68. Nos. 3288, 3289. Pfliiger’s Arcb. Physiol., 53, pp . 247-248. Table 34.—Experiments with rabbits. Influence of other conditions than feeding. EXPERIMENTS WITH SHEEP. 365 Nos. 3268-3271 were made by Rubner at the laboratory of tbe Physiological Insti- tute at Munich in 1879-80. The object was to investigate the amount of material, i. e., body tissue, metabolized by fasting Herbivora. The subject was a rabbit. The nitrogen in the urine was determined. In a number of experiments the carbon dioxid excreted was also measured with Voit’s small respiration apparatus. Though the balance of income and outgo of carbon was not determined, the con- clusion was reached that Herbivora, when fasting, metabolize almost as much protein as Carnivora of the same weight. Nos. 3272-3287. (See Nos. 2970-2972, Table 29.) Nos. 3288, 3289 were made by Graifenberger at the Institute of Animal Physiology at the University of Breslau in 1892. The object was to note the changes which take place in the animal organism when the subject is kept in the dark. The sub- jects were 2 rabbits. The food consisted of oats to which a little calcium car- bonate was added. The food, urine, and feces were analyzed. The blood was also examined from time to time, and at the close of the experiments the animals were killed and the blood and organs examined. One rabbit was kept in the light and the other in the dark. Prom these experiments and a preliminary experiment not recorded in the present compilation the conclusion was reached that animals kept in the dark gain in weight more rapidly than those kept in the light. Further, light had no particular influence on metabolism or gain in nitrogen. An increase in metabolism as a whole seems to have very little if any connection with the increased excretion of carbon dioxid, which was observed by some investigators.1 The two rabbits digested their food equally well. Light appeared to have no particular influence on the formation of glycogen. The subject kept in the dark gained more fat than the one kept in the light; the gain in fat was less after a time, probably owing to the fact that the general health became affected. Tests were made by Aronsohn and Sachs2 to study the relation of the brain to body temperature and to fever. Three rabbits and a dog were used as subjects. The experiments with the dog are noted on page 345. The brain of the animals was pierced with a needle through the eye or through an opening made in the skull. This caused au increased body temperature. During the operation the third rabbit was given morphin. The rabbits consumed daily 20 gra i s of starch, 5 grams of sugar, and 0.1 gram of a mixture of several salts approximating hay ash in composition. The food contained no nitrogen. Before the operation the rabbits excreted daily, on an average, 1.1, 1.7, and 0.3 grams of nitrogen. After the operation, while the temperature was higher than normal, the daily excretion was 1.4, 2.1, and 0.3 grams. After the temperature again became normal rabbits 1 and 2 excreted 1.0 and 0.6 grams. On the same diet rabbit 2 excreted 1.1 grams of nitrogen daily during fever from other cause than injury to the brain, while the excretion under normal conditions was 0.6. The conclusions drawn from these experiments will be found on page 345. EXPERIMENTS WITH SHEEP. INFLUENCE OF FEEDING, In Table 35 are included 104 tests with sheep. All the animals were in health. The nitrogen balance was usually determined in connection with feeding and digestion experiments. In some cases special ques- tions were investigated, which are noted in the text accompanying the table. 1 Molescbott, Wiener med. Wochenschr., No. 43 (1855). 2 PAuger's Arch., 37 (1885), p. 232. 366 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Serial number. Date of publica- tion. Observer. Subject. Food per day. Duration. Nitrogen. Remarks. Kind of animal. A w> *3 £ M 6 .9 a H 00 © a +1 w oo .9 o c8 T1 O o Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. T~> _ • _ _ J. 168 9. 1 2 5 +6. 6 25.0 7.5 10.0 + 7. 5 8292 1364 842.5 gm. meadow hay" 750 gm. oats, 35 gm. oil 22.5 10.0 7.5 + 5.0 3293 1864 do 762.5gm. meadow hay, 750 gm. oats. 75gm. oil 22.5 12.5 7.5 + 2.5 3294 1864 610gm. meadow hay, 750 gm. oats, 67.5gm. oil 20.0 10.0 7.5 + 2.5 3295 1864 1,000 gm. meadow bay, 352.5 rape-seed cake 30.0 15.0 7.5 + 7.5 3296 1864 967.5gm. meadow hay, 260 gm.rape-seed cake, 25.0 12.5 7.5 +5.0 17.5 gm. oil. 3297 1864 940 gm. meadow hay, 225 gm. rape-seed cake, 22.5 12.5 7.5 +2.5 1675 gm. oil. 3298 1865 Hellriegel and Lu- Sheep I 1,087 gm. hay, 1,544 gm. water 14 17.9 9. 6 7.9 +0.4 CRUIlBi rln 472 gm. chopped straw, 395 gm. water 4 3.3 3.8 2.4 —2.9 1,488 gm. fermented chopped straw 5 3.9 .2.9 3.0 —2.0 1,616 gm. chopped straw, steeped 6 4.4 2.6 3.2 —1.4 1865 381 gm. chopped straw, 1,440 gm. turnips 8 5.3 3.0 2.9 —0.6 1,066 gm. hay, 1,424 gm. water 14 15. i 7.5 6.5 + 1.1 637 gm. chopped straw, 558 gm. water 5 4.4 2.8 3.5 —1.9 1865 ..do 1,731 gm. fermented chopped straw 5 4.6 3.0 3.6 —2.0 1,908 gm. chopped straw, steeped 6 5.2 3.2 3.7 —1.7 3307 1865 777 gm. chopped straw, 150 gm. lupine seed, 5 13.2 8.1 4.3 +0.8 880 gm. water. 3308 1865 717 gm. chopped straw, 350 gm. lupine seed, 6 23.3 15.4 4.6 +3.3 1,177 cc. water. 250 gm. hay, 512.5 gm. oat straw 3-4 6.8 2. 4 3. 6 + 0.8 3310 1868 250 gm. hay, 500 gm. straw, 17.5 gm. rape- 3-4 7.3 3.0 4.4 —0.1 seed cake. 3311 1868 do do 250 gm. hay, 442.5 gm. straw, 33.5 gm. rape- 3-4 7.0 3.7 4. 0 —0.7 seed cake. 3312 1868 250 gm. hay, 457.5 gm. straw, 67.5 gm. rape- 3-4 8.8 2.8 4.8 + 1.2 seed cake. 3313 1868 do 250 gm. hay, 487.5gm. straw, 840gm. potatoes 3-4 8.4 2.1 6.3 0.0 3314 1868 do do 250 gm. hay, 397.5 gm. straw, 2,000 gm. pota- 3-4 13.0 2. 0 6. 6 + 4. 4 250gm. hay, 385gm. straw, 3,000gm. potatoes. 3-4 16.8 2.4 9.2 + 5.2 3316 1868 do 250gm. hay, 390gm. straw, 3,950gm. potatoes. 3-4 19.2 2.4 9.6 -j-7. 2 Table 35.—Experiments with sheep. Influence of feeding. EXPERIMENTS WITH SHEEP. 367 3317 3318 3319 1868 1868 1868 do do do 250 gm hay, 367.5 gm. straw, 3,900 gm. pota- toes, 33.5 gin. rape-seed cake. 250gm. hay, 282.5gm. straw, 3,457.5gin. pota- toes, 33.5 gm: rape-seed cake. 250 gm. hay, 197.5 gm. straw, 3,840 gm. pota- toes, 33.5 gin. rape-seed cake. 250gm. hay, 495 gm. straw, 1,000 gm. mangel- wurzels. 250 gm. hay, 215 gm. straw, 1,970 gm. mangel- wurzels. 250 gm. hay, 235gm. straw, 2,485gm. mangel - wurzels, 33.5 rape-seed cake. 250 gm. hay, 575 gm. straw, 37.5 gm. rye bran. 250 gm. hay, 537.5 gm. straw, 375 gin. rye bran, 35 gm. oil. 250 gm. hay, 332.5 gm. straw, 375 gm. rye bran, 50 gm. oil. 250 gm. hay, 125 gm. straw, 345 gm. rye bran, 61.5 gm. oil. 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 3 4 20.4 18.4 19.8 8.0 8.2 in. 9 2.4 3.2 2.9 3.7 3.9 5.0 6.4 7.8 7.4 6. 8 11.6 9.6 (9. 6) 6.4 6.4 6.4 9.4 7.2 7.6 6 4 +6.4 +5.6 +7.3 —2.1 —2.1 —0.5 —0.6 0.0 —1.1 —1.2 + 2.5 The nitrogen in feces was sup plied from No. 3318. 3320 1868 3321 1868 3322 1868 3-4 3 4 3323 1868 15. 2 3324 3325 1868 1868 do do 3-4 3-4 15.0 13. 9 3326 1868 3.4 12.0 3327 1868 do 17. 5 7. 5 7. 5 3328 1868 17.5 7. 5 3329 1868 22 5 12. 5 7. 5 +2.5 +1.0 +3.0 +1.3 + 1.3 2.1 3330 1869 167 gm." rape-seed cake, 1,OOtT gm. potatoes, 1,000 gm. meadow hay. 167 gm. rape-seed cake, 1,000 gm. potatoes, 992 gm. meadow hay. 163 gm. rape-seed cake, 1,667 gm. potatoes,' 803 gm. meadow hay. 167 gm. rape seed cake, 1,667 gm. potatoes, 813 gm. meadow hay. 138 gm. rape-seed cake, 125 gm. peas, 1,667 gm. potatoes, 633 gm. meadow hay. 152 gm. race-seed cake, 125 gm. peas, 1,667 gm. potatoes, 657 gm. meadow hay. 138 gm. rape-seed cake, 125 gm. peas, 1,667 gm. potatoes, 645 gm. meadow hay. 163 gm. rape-seed cake, 125 gm. peas, 1,667 gm. potatoes, 667 gm. meadow hay. 915 gm. meadow hay, 337 gm. barley meal, 6 gm. salt. 923 gm. meadow hay, 343.5 gm. oatmeal, 6 gm. salt. 659 gm. meadow hay, 693 gm. oatmeal, 6 gm. salt. 25.0 11. 5 12. 5 3331 1869 do Sheep II (South- down-Frank). 25.0 11.2 10. 8 3332 1869 24.2 11. 7 11.2 3333 1869 Sheep II 24.7 11.7 11.7 11.2 3334 1869 do 24.8 15.7 3335 1869 do 25. 8 14.7 10. 7 +0.4 +3.2 +2. 5 +2.8 + 1.9 +2.0 —0.3 +0.3 0.0 +0.3 3336 1869 do 25.2 10. 7 11.3 10.2 7.3 7.9 X 4 3337 1869 Sheep 11 26. 7 14. 0 3338 3339 1870 1870 Schulze and Marcher and associates. Sheep I and II (average). 54.5 55.5 56.0 57,0 48.6 50.4 56.0 8 8 9 18.9 18. 8 8.8 9.0 X X 3340 1870 19. 2 3341 1870 10 16. 3 9. 4 7.2 6.5 6.6 6 5 3342 1870 Sheep III and IV (average). Sheep I and IV (average). Sheep II and III (average). 10 14. 8 8. 0 3343 1870 918 gm. meadow hay, 105.5 starch waste, 2.3 gm. salt. 998 gm. meadow hay, 131.5 gm. gluten, 6 gm. salt. 13 10 16.0 29.0 9.4 22.2 3344 1870 - 368 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Serial number. Date of publica- tion. Observer. Subject. Food per day. Duration. , Nitrogen. Remarks. Kind of animal. +3 [3c *© £ 'C o .© a H © a *5 a 00 © © £ a H Gain (+) or loss (—). Eg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 3345 1870 Schulze and Sheep II 67.2 1,029 gm. meadow hay, 290 gm. gluten, 6 gm. 10 46.9 38.0 7.2 +1-7 Marcker and salt. associates. 3346 1870 63 4 16 7 9 9 3347 1870 52. 2 10 13. 3 8. 1 5 5 3348 1870 64.1 25 4 16 4 3349 1870 Sheep III 52.3 19. 5 12. 9 6 2 3350 1870 1,500 gm. meadow hay, 6 gm. salt 22 17.8 7. 9 8! 3 -j-1 6 3351 1870 Sheep IV 22 17. 7 7.3 8. 2 +2 2 3352 1870 50. 5 18 17.3 7.5 7. 7 -j_2 1 3353 1870 56. 4 18 20.1 8.4 9. 0 -f-2 7 3354 1870 do Sheep III and IV 48.7 921 gm. meadow hay, 289.5 gm. starch, 25 gm. ii 14.4 3.9 9.5 + 1.0 Subject was given 32.5 gm. diso- (average). sugar. dium phosphate and 10.5 gm. potassium chlorid. 3355 1870 49. 4 8 26. 4 15. 4 7.7 +3.3 gni. salt. 3356 1870 do 50.1 689 gm. meadow hay, 336 gm. bean meal, 295 8 24.3 10.2 10.5 +3.6 Subject was given 31 gm. disodium gm. starch, 29 gm. sugar. phosphate and 10 gm. potassium chlorid. 3357 1870 Sheep III . 49.4 33.5 22.8 8.4 +2.3 gm. salt. 3358 1875 Weiske, Schrodt, rj 21 2 10.5 8.7 +2.0 Sheep unshorn. Pott, and Kell- 5 gm. salt. 3359 1875 Sheep II do 21 2 8 1 4-2 3 Do. 3360 1875 21 2 11 7 8 5 3361 1875 13 21 2 11 7 8 4 Do. 3362 1876 Weiske, Kellner, Sheep I 44 763.3 gm. hay, 200 gm. oatmeal, 5 gm. salt... 6 ie.o 9.5 5.5 + 10 Schrodt, and Wimmer. 3363 1876 Sheep II 49 6. 2 3364 1876 44 8 16.1 10.4 6.0 —0.3 scrap, 5 gm. salt. Table 35.—Experiments with sheep. Influence of feeding—Continued. EXPERIMENTS WITH SHEEP. 369 3365 1876 49 800 gm. hay, 100 gm. oatmeal, 20 gm. fish scrap, 5 gm. salt. 400 gm. hay, 100 gm. oatmeal, 371.5 gm. straw, 65.2 gm. fish scrap. 600 gm. straw, 1,000 gm. mangel-wurzels, 13i.9 gm. fish scrap. 8 16. 5 10. 7 5.7 +0.1 + 1.2 3366 1876 44 8 16. 3 9. 7 5.4 3367 1876 do do 44 8 16. 4 10. 0 4. 9 +1. 5 3368 1876 49 8 16. 4 9. 3 5.1 +2. 0 3369 1879 Weiske, Kennop- hol.and Schulze. do 59 8 19. 8 12.0 7.0 +0.8 +0.1 0. 0 3370 1879 62 8 20.1 13. 0 7.0 3371 1879 59 500 gm. meadow hay, 316 gm. extracted hops. 500 gm. meadow hay, 379 gm. extracted hops. 250 gm. lupine seed (bitter principle re- moved), 750 gm. hay. 250 gm. lupine seed (steamed), 750 gm. hay. 1,000 gm. meadow hav, 256 gm. harley, 125 gm. beans, 8 gm. salt. .. do 8 18. 0 8.6 9. 4 3372 1879 62 8 19. 6 9.0 10.7 —0.1 3373 1880 8 24. 3 15.9 6.0 +2.4 +2.0 +3.9 -) 2.9 3374 3375 3376 1880 1882 1882 do Weiske, Kennop- hol.and Schulze. do Sheep (Rambouil- let.) Sheep (South- down-Merino). 8 8 8 25.4 28.9 28.9 17.2 16.0 16.6 6.2 9.0 9.4 3377 1885 600 gm. timothy hay, 200 gm. cotton-seed meal. 5 20.7 16.8 5.4 —1.5 P2 0-, in food, 8.1 gm.; in urine, 0.0 gm.; in feces, 7. 5 gm.; gain, 0.6 gm. K20 in food, 12.4 gm.; in urine, 5.2 gm.; in feces, 6.1 3378 1885 do do 600 gm. timothy hay, 200 gm. corn meal 4 9.0 4.6 4.1 +0.3 gm.; gain, 1.1 gm. P2 Os in food, 2.7 gm.; in urine, 0.0 gm.; in feces, 2.5 gm.; gain, 0.2 gm. K20 in food, 8.2 gm.; in urine, 2.7 gm.; in feces, 3.0 3379 1886 Weiske, Schulze, aud Flechsig. 7 22.6 20.9 2.1 —0. 4 gm.; gain, 2.5 gm. 3380 1886 do 490 gm. bean meal, 515 gm. chopped oat straw, 6 gm. salt. 500 gm. bean meal, 180 gm. starch, 20 gm. sugar, 6 gm. salt. 490 gm. bean meal, 515 gm. oat straw, 6 gm. salt. 500 gm. bean meal, 90 gm. starch, 10 gm. sugar, 6 gm. salt. 800 gm. hay, 150 gm. clover, 3,566 cc. water.. 700 gm. hay, 135 gm. clover, 1,838 cc. water.. 800 gm. hay, 150 gm. clover, 60 gm. olive oil, 4.205 cc. water. 700 gm. hay, 135 gm. clover, 148 gm. starch, 2,239 cc. water. 800 gm. hay, 150 gm. clover, 174 gm. starch, 3,793 cc. water 700 gm. hay, 135 gm. clover, 50 gm. olive oil, 2,140 cc. water. 800 gm. hay, 200 gm. flaxseed, 1,926 cc. water . 800 gm. hay, 200 gm. flaxseed, 174 gm. starch, 1.946 cc. water. 6 24. 8 16. 8 5.2 +2.8 +5.2 + 1.5 +2.8 +1.1 +0.8 +2.4 + 1.3 +2.6 +2.0 +0.9 + 1.6 3381 1886 do 5 22.8 14. 9 2.7 3382 1886 do 24.9 17. 3 6.1 3383 1886 do do 5 99 7 17.8 2.1 3384 1895 Sheep I 44. 8 7 15.0 8.3 5. 6 3385 1895 38. 5 7 13. 2 7. 6 4. 8 3386 1895 44. 8 9 15. 0 6. 9 5. 7 3387 1895 38.5 44.8 9 13. 2 6. 2 3388 1895 do Sheep I 9 15. 0 6.1 6. 3 3389 1895 Sheep II 38. 5 9 13. 2 6.1 5.1 3390 1895 52 8 22. 0 15. 2 5. 9 3391 1895 do 52 9 22.0 13.6 6.8 749—No. 45 24* 370 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Serial number. Date of publica- tion. Observer. Subject. Pood per day. Duration. Nitrogen. Remarks. Kind of animal. |o *© £ © S3 M 6 •5 "u M GO O © <£ a M Gain (+) or loss (—). 3392 3393 3394 1895 1895 1895 W icke and W eiske do Sheep I Sheep II Kg. 52 41 41 800 gm. hay, 200 gm. flaxseed, 60 gm. olive oil, 2,136'cc. water. 650 gm. hay, 200 flaxseed, 1,265 cc. water 650 gm. hay, 200 gm. flaxseed, 50 gm. olive oil, 1,252 cc. water. Days. 9 8 9 Gm. 22.0 19.4 19.4 Gm. 14.8 13.1 12.6 Gm. 6.3 5.5 5.4 Gm. +0.9 +0.8 +1-4 • No. 3290. Compt. Rend., 56, p. 574. No. 3291. Landw. Vers. Stat., 6, p. 302. Nos. 3292-3295. Ibid., p. 303. Nos. 3296,3297. Ibid., p. 304. Nos. 3298-3308. Landw. Vers. Stat., 7, pp. 391-396. No. 3309. Landw. Vers. Stat., 10, p. 284. No. 3310. Ibid., p. 286. No. 3311. Ibid., p. 288. No. 3312. Ibid., p. 293. No. 3313. Ibid., p. 308. No. 3314. Ibid., p. 310. Nos. 3315, 3316. Ibid., pp. 312, 313. Nos. 3317-3319. Ibid., pp. 315-317. No. 3320. Landw. Vers. Stat., 11, P- 242. No. 3321. Ibid., p. 244. No. 3322. Ibid., p. 246. No. 3323. Ibid., p. 365. Nos. 3324, 3325. Ibid., pp. 367, 368. No. 3326. Ibid., 370. Nos. 3327- 3329. Landw. Vers. Stat., 6, p. 302. Nos. 3330, 3331. Landw. Vers. Stat., 12, p. 103. Nos. 3332-3336. Ibid., p. 104. No. 3337. Ibid., p. 105. Nos. 3338- 3357. Jour. Landw., 1870, p. 301. Nos. 3358, 3359. Jour. Landw., 1875, p. 311. Nos. 3360, 3361. Ibid., p. 315. Nos. 3362, 3363. Jour. Landw., 1876, p. 276. Nos. 3364, 3365. Ibid., p. 278. No. 3366. Ibid., p.284. Nos. 3367, 3368. Ibid., p. 287. Nos. 3369, 3370. Jour. Landw., 1879, p. 265. Nos. 3371, 3372. Ibid., p. 269. Nos. 3373, 3374. Landw. Jahrb., 9, p. 994. Nos. 3375, 3376. Jour. Landw., 1882, p.404. Nos. 3377 3378. Maine Sta. Rpt., 1885-86, pp. 44, 45. No. 3379. Ztschr. Biol., 22, p. 380. No. 3380. Ibid., p. 383. No. 3381. Iibd., p. 387. No. 3382. Ibid., p. 390. No. 3383. Ibid., p. 392. Nos. 3384, 3385. Ztschr. physiol. Chem., 21, p. 55. Nos. 3386, 3387. Ibid., p. 59. Nos. 3388, 3389. Ibid., p. 65. Nos. 3390-3394. Ibid., 22, pp. 144,145. Table 35.—Experiments with sheep. Influence of feeding—Continued. EXPERIMENTS WITH SHEEP. 371 No. 3290 was made by Reiset in 1856-57 in connection with the study of the feeding and fattening of farm animals. The experiment was begun with three sheep, but one was dropped before the close. The average results Avere taken as representing the values for one animal wheu the figures were added to the present compilation. The experiment was divided into four periods, but the data for the individual periods are not given by the author. The food consisted of beets, bran, oats, and Avheat straw. Analyses were made of the food and of the urine and feces together. At the begin- ning of the experiment two sheep of the same breed were slaughtered and the amounts of flesh, wool, and tallow determined. The amounts for the sheep used in this experiment were calculated from the data thus obtained. At the close of the experiment the sheep Avere slaughtered and the weight of the flesh and organs determined. They had gained 6 kilograms in Aveight, 3 kilograms of which the author calculates to be pure muscular tissue. All the nitrogen consumed was not recovered in the urine and feces, since they contained 6.6 grams per day loss than the food consumed. The author calculates that the muscular tissues gained would account for 0.3 gram of nitrogen daily. Deducting this amount there would still remain 6.3 grams, which, according to the author, Avas not stored in the organ- ism, but Avas excreted in the gaseous excretory products. The author gives G grams per day as the amount of nitrogen which Avas thus excreted by one sheep. The dis- crepancy between this figure and that given in the table is due to the fact that in discussing his results as a whole the author uses round numbers. In computing the daily average for the present compilation this was not done. [Reiset’s work is often quoted as a proof of the excretion of nitrogen in the gas- eous excretory products. The work Avas carried on many years ago and the experi- ment is of more interest to-day from an historical standpoint than from its actual value. The bearing of this Avork upon the subject of the excretion of nitrogen in the excretory products has been discussed in a previous publication of this Office.1] Nos. 3291-3297 were made by Hofmeister at the experiment station of the Royal Veterinary School at Dresden in 1863 in connection with a series of feeding experi- ments. The subjects were 2 three-year-old sheep. They were fed together and the average results were taken in determining values of food for one sheep. The rations consisted of meadoAv hay with oats, oats and oil, rape-seed cake, or rape-seed cake and oil. The dry matter, water, ash, fat, crude fiber, nitrogen, and carbohydrates in fodder and feces, and the dry matter, ash, nitrogen, urea, and hippuric acid in the urine were determined. The conclusions reached are not of the kind which are quoted here. Nos. 3298-3308 were made by Hellriegel and Lucanus at the experiment station in Dahme in 1862. The object was to investigate the nutritive value of fermented chopped straw as compared Avith dry and steeped chopped straw. The experiments were made with 2 sheep. Each was fed dry chopped straw, fermented straw, and steeped straw with turnips or lupine seeds. For purposes of comparison each sheep was fed hay alone for 14 days. The nitrogen in the food, urine, and feces was determined. Fermented straw is usually prepared by moistening the chopped straw with water, mixing with potatoes and other materials, and allowing the mixture to ferment. The temperature rises to 40-45° C. In these experiments the chopped straAv was fer- mented without the addition of potatoes or other materials. The steeped straAv was prepared by pouring hot Avater OArer chopped straw and allowing it to stand. The conclusion was reached that the sheep made better gains when steeped straw was fed, because less effort was required to chew it and they could eat larger quantities. The coefficient of digestibility of the dry matter of the dry chopped straw Avas 1 The excretion of metabolized nitrogen by animals, C. F. Langworthy, Experiment Station Record 7, pp. 817-825. 372 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENT0. 42.1 per cent, of tlio steeped straw 41.8 percent, arid of the fermented straw 37.9 per cent. Nos. 3309-3329 were made by Hofmeister and associates at the experiment station of the Royal Veterinary School in Dresden in 1864-65 in connection with a series of feeding experiments. The subjects were 2 sheep years old, weighing about 70 kilograms each. The sheep were fed together and the urine and feces were not col- lected for each sheep separately. The average results were taken as representing the values for 1 sheep. The basal ration consisted of hay or hay and straw. In several periods there was added either potatoes with or without rape-seed cake, mangel- wurzels with or without rape-seed cake, rye bran with or without oil, or oats. Analyses of the feeding stuffs and of the feces were made. The specific gravity, dry matter, ash, hippuric acid, uric acid, and nitrogen in the urine were determined. The conclusions reached do not bear directly upon the metabolism of nitrogen and are therefore not quoted here. Nos. 3330-3337 were made by Hofmeister at the experiment station of the Royal Veterinary School in Dresden in 1869 in connection with a feeding experiment with Merino and Southdown-Frank sheep. Three slieep of each breed were used and the average taken as the values for 1 sheep. The food consisted of rape-seed cake, meadow hay, and potatoes. In several cases peas were also fed. The food, urine, and feces were analyzed. The Southdown-Frank sheep gained flesh and the Merinos lost flesh in every case. The feeding experiment is discussed at length. Nos. 3338-3357 were made by Schulze and Marcher at the experiment station in Weende in 1868-69. The object was to determine whether Voit’s theory that no nitrogen is excreted except in the solid and liquid excretory products, held good for sheep. The subjects were full-grown animals. In some cases the tests were made with 2 animals and the average results taken as representing the value for one animal. In other cases the tests were made with one animal as a subject. The basal ration consisted of meadow hay or rowen with salt. In a number of cases starch, starch and sugar, bean meal, barley meal, oatmeal, starch waste, or gluten were also fed. In Nos. 3354 and 3356 potassium chlorid and disodium phosphate were given. Great care was taken in collecting the urine and feces, and both were analyzed. The conclusion was reached that Voit’s theory was true in the case of sheep. Nos. 3358-3361 were made by Weiske and associates at the experiment station in Prosk'au in 1875. The object was to investigate the influence of shearing sheep upon the digestibility of the rations and the metabolism of nitrogen. Two sheep were used as subjects. The experiments were each divided into two periods. At the end of the first period the sheep were shorn. Several days elapsed between the first and second periods. The food consisted of meadow hay and barley meal, and the same quantity was fed throughout the experiments. The food, urine, and feces were analyzed. The conclusion was reached that shearing increased the excretion of nitrogen in the urine. The digestibility of the food was not affected by shearing. Nos. 3362-3368 were made by Weiske and associates at the experiment station in Proskau in 1876. The object was to investigate the digestibility of animal food (fish scrap) by Herbivora. The subjects were 2 sheep. In Nos. 3362-3365 the food con- sisted of hay and oatmeal, to which fish scrap was added in one period, and straw and fish scrap in another period. In Nos. 3367, 3368 straw and beets with fish scrap were consumed. The nitrogen consumed was practically the same in every case. Food, urine, and fecjes were analyzed. The nitrogen of the animal food was well assimilated, and the author recommends adding fish scrap, meat meal, or similar food to a ration when for any reason vegetable foods containing protein are scarce. Nos. 3369-3372 were made by Weiske, Kennophol, and Schulze at the experiment station at Proskau in 1878. The object was to investigate the digestibility and nutri- tive value of hops which have been used in brewing beer. The subjects were 2 sheep. The food consisted of meadow hay fed with and without hops. The food, urine, and feces were analyzed. EXPERIMENTS WITH SHEEP. 373 The conclusion was reached that although the hops were not as valuable as coarse fodder of similar composition, yet on account of their high content of protein they are worth using as a feeding stutf when easily obtainable. Nos. 3373, 3374 were made by Kellner at the Agricultural Experiment Station at Hohenheim in 1880. The object was to study the effect of removing the bitter prin- ciple of lupine seeds upon their digestibility. The subject was a sheep. The basal ration consisted of hay; in No. 3373 lupine seeds with the bitter principle removed, and in No. 3374 steamed lupine seeds were fed. The food, urine, and feces were analyzed. The bitter principle was removed from the lupine seeds by soaking them, then steaming and extracting with cold water. The following are the principal conclusions reached: Seeds treated as above lose considerable dry matter, mostly nitrogen-free extract, but this is more than made good by the improved quality as a feeding stuff. They are eaten readily, improve the appetite, are more digestible, and improve the digestibility of crude fiber in the coarse fodder fed with them. Experiments were begun with another sheep, but it became sick and the urine could not be collected. Nos. 3375, 3376 were made by Weiske, Kennophol, and Schulze at the Institute of Animal Chemistry of the University of Breslau in 1882. The object was to study the digestibility of food by different breeds of sheep. The subjects were a South- down-Merino and a Rambomllet sheep of about the same weight. The food con- sisted of meadow hay, bai’ley, and beans, with a little salt. The food, urine, and feces were analyzed. The conclusion was reached that the two breeds of sheep digested the nutrients equally well. Nos. 3377, 3378 were made by Jordan at the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station iu 1885. The object was to compare the fertilizing constituents in a ration containing cotton-seed meal and one containing corn meal. The subject was a full-grown sheep. Three experiments were begun, but only two were successfully completed. In the first period the food consisted of timothy hay and cotton-seed meal, and in the second of timothy hay and corn meal. The nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash in the food, urine, and feces were determined. The principal conclusions reached were the following: The nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash in the excretory products are in direct relation to the amount of these ingredients in the food. The urine contained nearly half the potash excreted, from one-half to tliree-fourtlis of the nitrogen, and no phosphoric acid [sic], this being all excreted in the feces. Nos. 3379-3383 were made by Weiske, Schulze, and Flechsig at the experiment station in Proskau in 1885 (?). The object was to determine whether cellulose acted as a protector of protein for Ilerbivora. The subject was a sheep. The basal ration consisted of pea meal and a little salt, to which either oat straw, starch, or starch and sugar were added in different periods. The amount of water consumed was recorded. The food, urine, and feces were analyzed. The conclusion was reached that digestible cellulose and nitrogen-free extract can take the place of a definite quantity of starch. The subject is discussed at consid- able length and many references are made to previous work. Nos. 3384-3394 were made by Wicke and Weiske at the Institute of Animal Chem- istry at the University of Breslau in 1895 (?). The object was to investigate the influence of fat and starch on the digestion and assimilation of nutrients. The subjects were two sheep. To a basal ration consisting of hay and clover, or hay and flaxseed, from which the oil had been partially removed, starch or isodynamic quantities of olive oil were added. The food, urine, and feces were analyzed. The following conclusions were reached: With both subjects the addition of starch to the ration diminished the digestibility and assimilation of fat, and more especially of protein and crude fiber. The addition of fat to the ration did not show a similar marked effect. The addition of starch and fat increased the amount of feces (dry). The addition of starch increased the water content of the feces, while the addition 374 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. of fat did not change it. The addition of fat and starch to the ration had no marked effect on the amount of water consumed or urine produced. The metabolism of nitrogen of both subjects was considerably diminished by the addition of starch and fat to the ration, and the effect was more marked with starch than with isodynamic quantities of fat. The gain of nitrogen was increased by the addition of starch and fat. The gain in the case of starch was greater than with isodynamic quantities of fat, provided the quantity of starch consumed did not produce too great a diminu- tion of digestibility of the nitrogenous constituents of the food. On the other hand, it was possible to produce greater gain with fat than with isodynamic quanti- ties of starch, since the fat usually did not diminish the digestibility of the food. Wicke and Weiske1 made experiments in continuation of the work reported above to study the influence on metabolism and gain of nitrogen in the animal-body of the addition of increasing quantities of fat to the ration. The report of these experi- ments was received too late for insertion in the tables. The experiments were made with the same sheep and under the same general experimental conditions noted above. Sheep I, weighing 69 kilograms, received a basal ration of 1,000 grams of meadow hay and 250 grams of linseed cake per day. Sheep II, weighing 56.5 kilograms, received a basal ration of 750 grams of meadow hay and 200 grams of linseed cake. The tests were divided into 4 periods of 7, 5, 6, and 5 days, respectively. In the second period 60 grams of olive oil was added to the ration of Sheep I, and 50 grams to that of Sheep II. In the third period the amount of oil was increased to 120 grams and 100 grams, respectively, and in the fourth period to 180 grams and 150 grams. The balance of income and outgo of nitrogen is shown in the following table: Nitrogen balance per day in experiments with sheep. Animal. N itrogen in— Gain ( + ) Food. Urine. Feces. loss (—). Sheep I... Sheep 11.. Sheep I... Sheep II.. Sheep I... Sheep II.. Sheep I... Sheep II.. Orams. 31.65 24. 42 31. 65 Orams. 22. 00 17. 51 20. 92 Orams. 9.10 7.43 9 23 Grams. +0. 55 —0. 52 + 1.50 0 16 24. 42 17.07 19. 01 7. 51 31. 65 8. 79 +-3.85 + 0.71 +3. 54 +2.21 24. 42 16.14 7.57 31. 65 18. 62 9.49 Hay, linseed cake, and 150 gm. of olive oil 24.42 15.18 7.12 The authors discuss the experimeut at length. Following are the principal con- clusions reached: The addition of fat to the ration diminished the excretion of nitrogen in the urine, and this decrease was greater the more fat was added, the limit being reached, in the author’s opinion, the first day of the fourth period. The addition of the maximum quantity of fat to the ration did not influence the digestibility and assimilation of protein. INFLUENCE OF OTHER CONDITIONS THAN FEEDING. In Table 30 are included 50 tests with sheep in health in which the iniiuence of other conditions than feeding were investigated. These conditions were the effect of feeding chiefly during the day and during the night, the influence of drugs, and of variations in the amount of water consumed. Physiol. Cliem., 22 (1896), p. 265. EXPERIMENTS WITH SHEEP, 375 Serial number. 3 s Subject. Nitrogen. Date of p cation Observer. Kind of ani- mal. Weight. Pood per day. Duration. In food. In urine. In feces. j Gain ( + ) or loss (—). Remarks. 3395 3396 3397 3398 1870 1870 1870 1870 1874 Henneberg a nd associates. Sheep III ... Kg. 1,230 gm. hay, 6 gm. salt, 1,790 gm. water Days. 8 Gm. 18.2 Gm. 8. 1 Grtp. 8.3 Gm. +1.8 Fed chiefly during the day. In Sheep IY 1,202 gm. hay, 6 gm. salt, 1,639 gm. water 8 18.0 7.2 8.6 + 2.2 wool 0.8 gm. Nitrogen not taken into account in balance. Fed chiefly during the day. In Sheep III 1,148 gm. hay, 6 gm. salt, 1,882 gm. water 8 17.5 7.6 8.1 +1.8 wool 0.7 gm. Nitrogen not taken into account in balance. Fed chiefly during the night. In Sheep IV 1,145 gm. hay, 6 gm. salt, 1,647 gm. water 8 17.6 7.5 7.8 +2.3 wool 0.8 gm. Nitrogen not taken into account In balance. Fed chiefly during the night. In 3399 642.8 gm. meadow hay, 2,205 gm. straw, 218.8 gm. barley meal, 2,065 gm. water, 5gm. salt. 8 18.4 8.2 10.2 0.0 wool 0.7 gm. Nitrogen not taken into account in balance. K20 in food, 21.3 gm.; in urine, 18.0 gm.; in feces, 1.1 gm.; in wool, 0.8 gm.; gain,2.4gm. Na2Oinfood,5.7gm.; in urine, 3.1 gm.; in feces, 1.4 gm.; in wool, 0.0 gm.; gain 1.2 gm. CaO in food, 8.4 gm.; in urine, 0.4 gm.; in feces, 9.4 gm.; in wool, 0.0 gm.; loss, 1.4 gm. MgO in food, 4.5 gm.; in urine, 1.1 gm.; infeces,3.7 gm.; in wool, 0.0 gm.; loss, 0.3 gm. P205in food, 4.1 gm.; in urine, 0.1 gm.; in feces, 4.0 gm.; in wool, 0.0 gm.; gain or loss, 0. SO3 in food, 2.5 gm.; in urine, 1.3 gm.; in feces, 0.9 gm.; in wool, 0.0 gm.; gain, 0.3 gm. Cl in food, 9.7 gm.;in urine, 8.4 gm.; in feces, 0.0 gm.; in wool, 0.1 gm.; gain, 1.2 gm. SiO2, Fe, etc., in food, 19.5 gm.; in urine, 0.4 gm.; in feces, 22.3 gm.;in wool. 0.0 gm.; loss, 3.2 gm. Total ash in food, 75.6 gm.; in urine, 32.9 gm.; in feces, 42.8 gm.; in wool, 0.9 gm.; loss. 1.0. gm. Pott, and Pfeiffer. Table 36.—Experiments ivith sheep. Influence of other conditions than feeding. A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS, a> 3 Subject. Nitrogen. a 0 0 *a © V2 Date of i cation Observer. Kind of ani- mal. 3 c£ ’© Food per day. Duration. In food. Iu urine. In feces. Gain (+) or loss (—). Remarks. 3400 1874 Weiske, Wildt, Pott, and Pfeiffer. Kg. Food same as No. 3399 with 2,515 gm. water. 642.8 gm. meadow hay, 220.5 gm. straw, 218.8 gm. barley meal, 2,345 gm.water, 10 gm. salt. 642.8 gm. meadow hay, 220.5 gm. straw, 218.8 gm. barley meal, 2,701 gm. water, 10 gm. salt. Food same as No. 3399 with 1,708 gm. water.. Food same as No. 3399 with 2,200 gm. water.. 1,000 gm. meadow hay, 250 gm. barley meal, 5 gm. salt. Days. 8 Gm. 17.8 Gm. 7.4 Gm. 10. 3 Gm, +0.1 49.3 gm. meadow hay uneaten. 3401 3402 1874 8 18.4 8.6 9.7 +0.1 + 1.3 1874 do . . 8 17.5 7.1 9.1 68.8 gm. meadow hay uneaten. 61.7 gm. meadow hay uneaten. 118.6 gm. meadow hay uneaten. Subject-was given 0.10 gm. arsenic. 3403 1874 8 17.7 8.2 9.4 +0. 1 3404 1874 8 17.0 7.5 8.6 +0.9 3405 1875 Weiske, Scbrodt, Pott, and Kell- 11 21.6 10.9 8.2 +2.5 3406 1875 Sheep II 7 21.6 10.5 7.6 +3 5 Subject was given 0.7 gm. arsenic. S in food, 1.0 gm.; m urine, 0.6 gm.; in feces, 0.4 gm.; gain or loss, 0. S in food, 1.0 gm.; in urine, 0.5 gm.; in feces, 0.5 gm.; gain or loss, 0. Subject was given 42 gm. asparagin. S in food, 1.0 gm.; in urine, 0.4 gm.; in feces, 0.5 gm.; gain, 0.1 gm. S in food, 1.5 gm.; in urine, 0.8 gm.; 3407 1879 Weiske, Schrodt, and Dangel. 58 500 gm. meadow hay, 200 gm. starch, 50 gm. sugar. 5 7.3 3.3 3.7 +0.3 3408 1879 Shee II 68 5 7.3 3.4 3.6 +0.3 3403 1879 5 15.1 10.0 3.8 +1.3 3410 3411 3412 3413 1879 500 gm. meadow hay, 80 gm. starch, 20 gm. sugar, 250 gm. pea meal. 500 gm. meadow hay, 200 gm. starch, 50 gm- sugar, 53 gm. gelatin. 5 17.3 11.1 3.8 +2.4 1879 do 5 15.2 8.7 4.6 +1.9 in feces, 0.6 gm.; gain, 0.1 gm. S in food, 1.3 gm.; in urine, 0.5 gm.; 1879 1879 Sheep II. 6 15.2 10.0 4.6 +0.6 in feces, 0.7 gm.; gain, 0.1 gm. S in food, 1.3 gm.; in urine, 0.6 gm.; 500 gm. meadow hay, 115 gm. starch, 15 gm. sugar, 200 gm. pea meal. 500 gm. meadow hay, 200 gm. starch, 50 gm. sugar. 5 15. 4 9.7 4.0 + 1.7 in feces, 0.7 gm.; gain or loss, 0. S in food, 1.5gm.; in urine,0.6gm.; 3414 1879 do 5 17.4 11.5 3.9 +2.0 in feces, 0.6 gm.; gain, 0.3 gm. Subject was given 53 gm. asparagin. S in food, 1.0 gm.; in urine, 0.5 gm.; in feces, 0.5 gm.; gain or loss, 0. 3415 3416 3417 3418 1881 1881 1881 1881 Weiske, Kenno- phol,and Schulze, do 6 17. 1 9.9 6.2 +1.0 6 17.1 9.6 6.5 + 1.0 do . . 991.4 gm. meadow hay, 250 gm. bean meal 1,000 gm. meadowhay, 130 gm. starch, 32 gm. sugar. 6 25.9 14.7 8.1 +3.1 6 27.1 16.9 7.8 +2.4 Subject was given 52.5 gm. aspara- gin. Table 36.—Experiments with sheep. Influence of other conditions than feeding—Continued. 377 EXPERIMENTS WITH SHEEP. 3419 1881 6 17.2 8 2 7.1 + 1.9 phol, and Schul ze. sugar. 3420 1881 6 27 1 17. 4 7. 9 + 1.8 sugar, 64.4 gm. gelatin. 3421 1886 8 19. 5 8.5 6. 9 +4.1 sig. water. 3422 1886 10 20.0 8. 4 7. 2 +4.4 cent alcohol. 3423 1892 43 10 13 9 6 1 7 7 + 0 1 3424 1892 do 6 13 9 0. 1 7. 5 +0. 3 3425 1892 8 13 9 5. 7 7. 8 j-0 4 3426 1892 do do 8 13. 9 5. 5 7. 4 +1. 0 3427 1892 43 9 13. 9 6. 5 7. 5 0.1 3428 1892 6 13.9 6. 4 7.0 +0. 5 3429 1892 8 13. 9 6. 3 6. 9 +0. 7 3430 1892 do 8 13. 9 6. 3 6. 8 +0. 8 3431 1892 do 71 22.3 15.0 6. 9 +0. 4 3432 1892 6 22. 3 13.9 6.6 + 1. 8 3433 1892 7 22. 3 15.0 6.9 +0.4 3434 1892 do 7 22.3 15.1 6.4 +0. 8 3435 1892 Sheep III 43 7 22. 3 13. 5 7. 0 +1. 8 3436 1892 6 22.3 13.3 7. 0 +2.0 3437 1892 do salt. 7 22.3 13.8 7.2 + 1. 3 3438 1892 7 22. 3 13. 9 7. 1 + 1. 3 3439 1895 8 15. 6 7.3 6.6 +1.7 Weiske. water. 3440 1895 Sheep II 8 15.6 8.2 6.1 +1.3 I)o. water. 3441 1895 10 15. 6 7. 9 6. 7 +1.0 Water before eating. water. 3442 1895 Sheep II 10 15. 6 8. 3 5. 9 +1.4 Water after eating. water. 3443 1895 10 15. 6 7. 9 6.4 + 1.3 Do. water. 3444 1895 10 15. 6 8. 2 6.1 +1.3 Water before eating. water. Nos. 3395-3398. Jour. Landw., 1870, pp. 172-175. Nos. 3399, 3400. Jour. Landw.,1874, p. 381. Nos. 3401, 3402. Ibid., p. 385. Nos. 3403, 3404. Ibid., p. 389. Nos. 3405, 3406. Jour. Landw., 1875, p. 325. Nos. 3407-3409. Ztschr. Biol., 15, p. 273. Nos. 3410, 3411. Ibid., p. 280. No. 3412. Ibid., p.283. Nos. 3413, 3414. Ibid. p. 287 Nos. 3415,3416. Ztschr. Biol., 17, p. 422. Nos. 3417, 3418. Ibid., p. 424. Nos. 3419, 3420. Ibid., p. 426. Nos. 3421, 3422. Jahresber. agr. Chen ., 29, pp. 555, 556. Nos. 3423-3426. Ztschr. Biol., 29, p. 560. Nos. 3427-3430. Ibid., p. 563. Nos. 3431-3434. Ibid., p.566. Nos. 3435-3438. Ibid., p.567. Nos. (439-3444. Landw. Vers. Stat., 45, p. 317. 378 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENT. Nos. 3395-3398. See Nos. 3648-3650, Table 38. Nos. 3399-3404 were made by Weiske and associates at the experiment station in Proskau in 1874 (?). The object was to investigate the influence of salt and water on nitrogen metabolism, on the weight of the subject, and on the digestibility of various feeding stuffs. The subjects were sheep about 3 years old. The experiment was divided into three periods. The food consisted of meadow hay, straw, and barley meal. During the first period 5 grams of salt was added to the ration. In the second period the amount was increased to 10 grams. In the. third period no salt was given. Water was supplied ad libitum. Each period was preceded by a preliminary period of about two weeks’ duration on the same diet. Food, urine, and feces were analyzed. The following conclusions were reached: Increasing the amount of salt in the food increased the amount of water consumed and urine exci’eted. Since the increased salt and water consumption increased the amount of urine, it also increased the nitro- gen metabolism. When no salt was consumed much less water was drunk, and the quantity of urine excreted and of nitrogen metabolized also diminished. Other conclusions were drawn which have to do with gains in weight and digest- ibility. Nos. 3405, 3406 were made by Weiske and associates at the experiment station in Proskau in 1875 (?). The object was to investigate the influence of arsenic upon the digestibility of food and upon nitrogen metabolism. These experiments were made immediately after the close of experiments Nos. 3358-3361, with the same sheep and the same ration, with the addition of 0.1 gram arsenic acid. The conclusion was that small quantities of arsenic diminished the excretion of nitrogen in the urine and increased the digestibility of the food. Nos. 3407-3414 were made by Weiske, Sclirodt, and Dangel at the experiment sta- tion in Proskau in 1878 to study the value of asparagin for the nourishment of ani- mals. The subjects were 2 sheep. The basal ration consisted of meadow hay, starch, and sugar. Asparagin, pea meal, and gelatin were each added to the ration in two periods. Analyses were made of food, urine, and feces. The balance ot income and outgo of nitrogen and sulphur was determined. The experiments showed that asparagin has a decided value in the diet, and is a nutrient in the same way that gelatin is. It acts as a protector of protein and diminishes the nitrogen metabolism when fed in a diet containing little protein, though it does not serve for the formation of nitrogenous tissue. Nos. 3415-3420 Avere made by Weiske, Kennophol, and Schulze at the experiment station in Proskau in 1879-80 and are a continuation of Nos. 3407-3414. The subjects were 2 sheep. The experiment Avas divided into three periods. In the first period (Nos. 3415, 3416) the food consisted of meadow hay. In the second period (Nos. 3417, 3418) both sheep Avere fed about the same amount of meadow hay. In addition Sheep I was fed bean meal and Sheep II starch, sugar, and asparagin, furnishing approximately as much nitrogen and nitrogen-free material as the bean meal. In the third period (Nos. 3419, 3420) both sheep were given starch and sugar in addition to the basal ration of meadow hay, and Sheep II was given gelatin in addition. The food, urine, and feces were analyzed. The conclusion was reached that asparagin serA'ed as a protector of protein. Nos. 3421 and 3422 were made by Weiske and Flechsig in 1885 to study the influ- ence of alcohol on Herbivora. The subject was a Southdown-Merino sheep. In No. 3421 the food consisted of meadow hay and a little salt and water. In No. 3422 the food was the same except that an equal amount of 5 per cent alcohol Avas substituted for Avater. Food, urine, and feces Avere analyzed. The conclusion was reached that the alcohol diminished the digestibility of the food Arery little, if any. No marked change in the amount of nitrogen in the urine was observed. Other experiments with larger doses of alcohol were begun but not finished, because the animal did not take the alcohol readily and lost his appetite. In the EXPERIMENTS WITH SWINE. 379 authors’ opinion the large doses of alcohol seemed to increase the metabolism of nitrogen. Nos. 3423-3438 were made by Gabriel at the Institute of Animal Chemistry of the University of Breslau in 1892-93. The object was to study the influence of salt on the digestibility and metabolism of protein. The subjects were 3 sheep in medium condition. The food consisted of meadow hay or meadow hay and peas, with or without salt. The food, urine, and feces were analyzed. The results obtained were contradictory. The author concludes, therefore, that salt is not one of the substances which under all conditions and circumstances exercises a marked influence on the metabolism of protein or a definite effect on digestibility. Nos. 3139-3444 were made by Gabriel and Weiske at the Institute of Animal Chem- istry of the University of Breslau in 1893. The object was to study the influence of drinking water ad libitum and before and after eating on the digestibility of nutri- ents and the metabolism of nitrogen. The subjects were 2 Southdown-Merino sheep. The food, which consisted of meadow hay and oats, was fed in three portions daily. Analyses were made of food and feces. The specific gravity and nitrogen of the urine were determined. In the first period both sheep drank water ad libitum. In the second period Sheep I drank water before and Sheep II after eating. In the third period the conditions were reversed. The author concludes that as far as the metabolism of nitrogen or the digestibility of the nutrients of the food was concerned it was immaterial in which way the water was consumed. Somewhat more water was consumed when it was drank at will or after eating than when it was consumed before eating. In all the periods some undigested oats were found in the feces. The water and dry matter contained in the feces was practically the same under the different experimental conditions. The fresh feces in the first period contained 53 per cent Avater, in the second period 50.5 per cent, and in the third 48.4 per cent. The author cites experiments by Kiilin made with steers. The subjects were fed wheat bran and hay, Avith and without water. The coefficients of digestibility were practically the same in both cases. EXPEBIMENTS WITH SWINE INFLUENCE OF FEEDING. In Table 37 are included 18 tests with swine in which the conditions were not abnormal or unusual. Some of these tests were made in connection with feeding experiments, while others were made for the purpose of studying special points. Those which have to do with the question of the formation of fat in the animal organism (Nos. 3445 and 3443) are of special historical interest. The theory was advanced by some of the earlier investigators that animals took the material used in the formation of fatty tissue ready-made from vegetable foods. For many years it was a disputed point whether or not fat was formed from carbohydrates, and also whether it could be formed from protein, It is now generally conceded that fat is formed from fat and carbo- hydrates consumed, though the possibility of its formation from protein under certain circumstances is also quite generally admitted.1 1S. Soskin: The formation of fat in the animal body. Experiment Station Record, 8, p. 179. 380 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Serial number. Date of publi- cation . Observer. Subject. Pood per day. Nitrogen. Remarks. Kind of animal. Weight. Duration. In food. 6 a W In feces. Gain (+) or loss (—). Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 3445 1845 Boussingault Kg 7,000 gm. potatoes, 25 gm. salt 3 25.3 6.9 9.2 + 9.2 Observer gives 9.2 gm. nitrogen in respiratory products. 3446 1845 do do 3,800 gm. potatoes, 2,500 gm. kitchen slop, 3 17.3 3.9 3.8 + 9.6 Observer gives 9.6 gm. nitrogen in 10 gm. salt. respiratory products. 3447 1885 Pfeiffer Pig i 23. 0 6 16.2 6.6 3.7 + 5.9 salL 5 gm. calcium carbonate. gm., in feces 17.7 gm.: gain 5.8gm. 3448 1885 Pig ii 22.1 6 16. 3 6. 0 4.4 + 5.9 gm., infeces 18.7gm.; gain5.8gm. 3449 1885 do PigI 27.1 510-600 gm. starch, 120-150 gm. sugar, 270- 7 0.2 1.2 2.2 - 3.2 Ration without protein. lA.sh in food 300 gm. paper fiber, 25 gm. oil, 25 gm. 54.6 gm., in urine 33.9 gm., in feces sodium phosphate, 12 gm. tricalcium phos- 13.6 gm.; gain 7,1 gm. phate, 10 gm. potassium chlorid, 5 gm. calcium carbonate, 3,000 gm. water. 3450 1885 Pig II 26.0 7 0.1 1.3 1.8 — 3.0 x food 53.0 gm., in urine 32.7 gm., in feces 13.2 gm.; gam 7.1 gm. 3451 1885 25.7 4 10.1 3.3 1.7 + 5.1 3452 1885 Pig II 24. 0 4 7.1 2.7 1.2 + 3.2 3453 1892 Pig 400 gm. corn cockles, 300 gm. barley, 300 gm. 21 19.2 10.6 3.4 + 5.2 Arche. maize, 3 gm. salt, 1 gm. calcium phosphate. 3454 1893 113. 4 4,000 gm. barley and shorts (1:1),— gm.water 7 88. 8 36.9 20.7 -LSI. 2 gm., in feces 105.6 gm., loss 1.0 gm. 3455 1893 122. 9 6 50.4 38. 6 9.3 + 2.5 3456 1893 do Pig 107.1 2’313 gm. corn and shorts (1:1), 3,173 gm. 7 42.8 34.2 8.7 - 0.1 water. 3457 1893 112. 0 7 51. 8 33.7 6.5 + 11.6 3458 1893 Pig 7 39.5 14.3 9.1 +16.1 water. 3459 1893 do Pig 1,878 gm. peas and bran (1:1), — gm. water. 7 59.0 25.9 9.7 +23. 4 3460 1891 7 17.8 8.3 2. 3 + 7.2 3461 1891 7 17.1 8.0 2.0 -f- 7.1 Subject was given 3 gm. sacchari- num pnrum. 3462 1891 6 17.5 7.8 2.2 + 7.5 Nos. 3445, 3446. Ann. Chim. et Phys., ser. , 14, p. 443. Nos. 3447, 3448. Jour. Landw., 33, p. 535. Nos. 3449, 3450. Ibid., p. 166. Nos. 3451, 3452. Ibid., p. 178. No. 3453. Landw. Vers. Stat., 40, p . 187. Nos. 3454, 3455. Minnesota Sta. Bui., 26, pp. 22, 23 Nos. 3456 3457. Ibid., pp. 26, 28. Nos. 3458, 3459. Ibid. pp. 31, 32. Nos. 3460-3462. Landw. 1 ~ers. Stat., 38, p. 253. Table 37.—Experiments ivith swine. Influence of feeding, EXPERIMENTS WITH SWINE. 381 Nos. 3445,3446 were made by Boussingault in 1845 and formed part of an extended investigation of tlie formation of fat in the animal organism. The subject was a pig. The food consisted of potatoes and salt, with and without slop. Elementary analyses of the food, urine, and feces were made. One of the conclusions reached was that nitrogen was excreted in the gaseous respiratory products. The other conclusions have to do largely \Hth the special question of.the formation of fat. These are the experiments of Boussingault, which are often quoted in the discussion of formation of fat in the animal organism. Nos. 3447-3452 were made by Pfeiffer at the Agricultural Experiment Station in Gottingen in 1883, to learn how much of the nitrogen of the feces was due to meta- bolic products and to study the nature of such nitrogenous metabolic products. The subjects were 2 young pigs. The experiment covered three periods. In the first period an abundant ration of barley meal, with some salt and calcium carbonate, was fed. In the second period the ration was of about the same nutritive value, except that it contained no protein. It was made up of sugar, starch, paper fiber, and olive oil, with a mixture of mineral salts, which were believed to be necessary. In the third period the ration was the same as during the second period, with the addition of conglutin, a protein compound, which in the author’s opinion would be thoroughly assimilated. The food and feces were analyzed, the usual determinations being made. In addi- tion, the mucin in the feces was determined and the nitrogen and ash in the feces. Nitrogenoiis metabolic produces—e. g., mucin—were found in the feces in all three periods. In other words, when the food contained no nitrogen metabolic nitrogen was still found in the feces. In the first period the feces of the 2 pigs contained 0.7 gram and 0.8 gram of mucin and 150.0 grams and 158.7 grams of dry matter, respect- ively; in the second period 0.9 gram and 0.8 gram mucin and 262.5 grams and 249.5 grams dry matter; and in the third period 2.2 grams and 1.6 grams mucin and 204.5 grams and 173.3 grams dry matter. The following are the principal conclusions reached: The nitrogenous metabolic products in the feces must be taken into account in all investigations of the nutritive value of feeding stuffs. Tho amount of nitrogenous metabolic products in the feces is proportional to the amount of dry matter digested. For swine the relations are such that 0.7 gram of nitrogen may be assumed in the feces for every 100 grams of dry matter digested. This agrees with the value found by Kellner for Herbivora. The author discusses the subject at length, quoting the work of Rieder, Kellner, and other investigators. No. 3453. See Nos. 3658, 3659, Table 38. Nos. 3454-3459 and Nos. 2324, 2325, Table 27, were made by Snyder at the University of Minnesota in 1893 in connection with a study of the digestibility of a number of feeding stuff's by milch coavs and growing pigs. Six pigs were used in the test. They were fed barley, corn, and peas separately and in combination with bran and shorts. Full analyses of the food and feces were made. The nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash in the urine and feces were also determined. The coefficients of digestibility of the different feeding stuffs are reported. Among the conclusions reached are tho following : When no nitrogen was retained in the body there was a slight loss in weight. There was a corresponding gain in weight when a little nitrogen was retained. When 250 grams of digestible protein was fed per day, the pigs consuming barley and corn and shorts made no perceptible gains. When the digestible protein was increased to about 375 grams and the other nutrients increased in the same propor- tion the pigs made a fair gain. When the nutrients Avere still further increased the gains were correspondingly large. Whether the pigs were gaining or losing in weight about 35 grams of nitrogen per day Avas excreted in the urine. The amount of nitrogen excreted in the feces varied with the character of the food. When the digestilde protein of the food was increased above the amount required to maintain the animal nearly all this increase Avas stored up in the body. 382 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. A practical deduction drawn from the tests was that for every 2,948 grams of bar- ley or corn fed to a pig weighing 114 kilograms about 2,722 grams is used up in the mechanical processes of the body, and only about 227 grams goes to form flesh. The chief benefits that are derived from the food come from the amount in excess of that required for maintenance. The general deduction is drawn that it is unprofit- able to feed small or unbalanced rations when fattening mature animals. Nos. 3460-3462 were made by Kornauth at the Imperial Experiment Station of Agricultural Chemistry in Vienna in 1871 in connection with a study of saccharin) and form a series with the experiments with a duck included in Table 31 (Nos. 3034, 3035). The pig used as the subject of Nos. 3460-3462 was fed corn and barley (equal parts) and whey. A period on normal diet preceded and followed a period in which saccharin was added to the food. The usual analyses of food, urine, and feces were made. The nitrogen in the urine and feces was determined by the Kjeldahl method and the azometric method. The author also made experiments with rabbits and a dog. The balance of income and outgo of nitrogen was, however, not determined. The dog was fed as much as 59 grams of saccharin per day. It did not relish the saccharin at first, but gradu- ally became accustomed to it. A post-mortem examination revealed nothing ab- normal. i From all the experiments the conclusion was reached that feeding saccharin for a long time and in large doses had no bad effects. The fact that the subjects did not relish saccharin was attributed to individual peculiarities. Generally speaking, the coefficients of digestibility were not lowered when saccharin was taken. EXPERIMENTS IN WHICH THE BALANCE OF NITROGEN AND CARBON WAS DETERMINED. The number of experiments with animals in which the balance of income and outgo of carbon was determined, with or without oxygen, hydrogen, and mineral matter, is large. Such experiments necessitated the measurement and analysis of the products of respiration. For this purpose special apparatus has been devised, to which the name respira- tion apparatus has been applied. As noted in the section devoted to respiration experiments with man, such apparatus may be conveniently divided into three classes: (1) Apparatus in which the oxygen is sup- plied to a limited volume of air to take the place of that used, (2) apparatus in which a current of air is constantly supplied, and (3) a device worn over the mouth or a tube inserted in the throat which per- mits the measurement of the oxygen of the inspired air and the carbon dioxid of the expired air. The apparatus designed by Kegnault and lieiset1 maybe taken as a type of the first, that of Pettenkofer2 of the second, and that of Zuntz3 of the third. Apparatus of the first two types has usually been employed in determining the balance of income and outgo of carbon. The apparatus of Zuntz has been usually employed to determine the respiratory quotient, i. e., the ratio of inspired oxygen to expired carbon dioxid. Experiments of this nature are very important and furnish the basis for interesting and valuable deductions concerning the laws of metabolism. However, no attempt has been made to include them in the present compilation, since they are very numerous and it was believed they could more properly form a subject by themselves. The apparatus used in the experiments with animals here cited was essentially the same in principle and construction as that used in experi- ments with man. RESPIRATION EXPERIMENTS, In Table 38 are included 37 respiration experiments with steers, 6 with calves', 7 with cats, 99 with dogs, 5 with doves and poultry, 1 with a horse, 30 with rabbits, 4 with sheep, and 8 with swine. The special problems discussed are noted in the text of the individual experiments. ‘Ann, Chim. et Phys., ser. 3, 26, p. 310. 2 Ann. Chem. Sup. II, p. 1. For description of a smaller form devised by Aroit, see U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 21, p. 109. 3Landw. Jahrb., 1889, p. 1. 384 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. 08 Subject. Nitrogen. Carhon. Serial numbe s S d <*- .2 c$ Kind of animal. *3 * Food per day. d cc U P A o =2 M 6 .2 M CD jjj H U © . +1 sS •a 5 a *6 o =2 a H 6 ’u H © O P M c3 u © ‘ftp, oo • © >5 ® * §! H U O . +T K $ '8 ® d5 Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gin. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 3463 1868 Steer II 712.5 5,000 gm. clover hay, 6,000 gm. oat straw, 3,700 gm. bean meal, 75 gm. salt, 56,100 gm. water. 4,095 gm. clover hay, 4,910 gm. oat straw, 235 gm. bean meal, 142 gm. starch, 475 gm. sugar, 305 gm. salts, 35,875 gm. water. 4,500 gm. clover hay, 5,500 gm. oat straw 4,500 gm. clover hay, 5,500 gm. oat straw, 750 gm. gluten. 4,500 gm. clover hay, 5,500 gm. oat straw, 1,500 gm. gluten. 19 310.0 170.0 105.0 +35.0 5, 825. 0 220.0 2, 585. 0 2,690. 0 + 330.0 3464 3465 3466 3467 1868 1868 1868 1868 Steer I Steer do do 637.5 32 135.0 130.0 250.0 370.0 110.0 60.0 150.0 260.0 75.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 —50.0 0.0 +30.0 + 40.0 4, 375. 0 3,855. 0 4, 255. 0 4,650.0 135.0 130.0 170.0 215.0 1, 870.0 1, 955. 0 1, 955.0 1,955.0 2, 070. 0 1, 785.0 1,960. 0 2, 030. 0 + 300.0 — 15.0 + 170.0 + 450.0 3468 1871 Steer I 637.5 4,095 gm. clover hay, 4,910 gm. oat straw, 235 gm. bean meal, 142 gm. starch, 475 gm. sugar, 305 gm. salts, 35,875 gm. water. 32 135.5 62.5 72.5 + 0.5 4, 375.0 140.0 1,870.0 1, 396. 0 + 919.0 3469 1871 do 642.7 4,385 gm. clover hay, 5,260 gm. oat straw, 75 gm. salt, 31,600 gm. water. 11 131.0 66.5 65.5 — 1.0 3, 830. 0 130.0 1,920.0 1,145. 0 + 635.0 3470 1871 do 660.3 4,435 gm. clover hay, 5,320 gm. oat straw, 75 gm. salt, 31,975 gm. water. 6 131.0 60.0 67.5 + 3.5 3, 860. 0 135.0 1,955. 0 1, 202.0 + 568.0 3471 1871 Steer II 696.6 4,960 gm. clover hay, 5,950 gm. oat straw, 3,620 gm. bean meal, 1,240 gm. starch, 75 gm. salt, 55,770gm. water. 17 306.5 159.5 110.0 +37.0 6,135. 0 215.0 2, 700. 0 1,740. 0 +1,480.0 3472 1871 do 700.9 4,955 gm. clover hay, 5,950 gm. oat straw, 250 gm. bean meal, 1,985 gm. starch, 320 gm. salts, 44,700 gm. water. 10 161.5 77.5 90.0 — 6.0 5,145. 0 155.0 2,365. 0 1, 564. 0 * + 1, 061.0 3473 1871 do 715.1 4,970 gm. clover hay, 5,965 gm. oat straw, 200 gm. bean straw, 3,230 gm. starch, 320 gm. salts, 51,105 gm. water. 11 160.0 59.0 97.5 + 3.5 5,545.0 155.0 2, 575. 0 1,686.0 +1,129. 0 3474 1871 do 712.0 5,000 gm. clover hay, 6,000 gm. oat straw, 3,700 gm. bean meal, 75 gm. salt, 56,080 gm. water. 19 311.5 171.0 103.0 37.5 5,830.0 215.0 2, 585.0 1,825.0 +1, 205. 0 3475 1871 do , 726.1 4,985 gm. clover hay, 5,980 gm. oat straw, 3,640 gm. hean meal, 1,245 gm. starch, 75 gm. salt, 56,115 gm. water. 17 308.5 146.5 107.5 54.5 6, 205.0 210.0 2, 675.0 1, 940.0 +1,380.0 3476 1894 Steer I 8,801 gm. hay, 1,671 gm. starch, 29,680 gm. water. 5 140.0 67.1 71.7 + 1.2 4, 816. 9 217.2 1, 720.4 2, 551.9 + 327.4 3477 1894 do 8,657 gm. hay, 1,667 gm. starch, 31,030 gm. water. 5 136.1 68.3 70.1 — 2.3 4, 748. 3 223.9 1, 689.3 2, 565. 9 + 269.2 Table 38—Part I.—Respiration experiments. 385 RESPIRATION EXPERIMENTS. 3463 3464 3465 3466 3467 3468 3469 3470 3471 3472 3473 3474 3475 3476 3477 Serial number. * is. fl 5 H Si 2 2j 2 & 0 Su 0 J> J> -i H H - 5 T> H Zl 2 r • Steer II Steer I Kind of animal. Subject. 637.5 642. 7 660.3 696.6 700.9 715.1 712.0 726.1 Kg. 712.5 637. 5 Weight. Gm. 63, 890 42, 490 Total con- sumed. Oxygen. co § 5? H-* CO f CO *~ o« o Total ex- creted. 1, £s> s §? Gain ( + ) or loss (—). o o» Total con- sumed. *- i t—* $ 00 Of o d Total ex- creted. lydrogen. Gm. + 110 — 40 Gain (+) or loss {—). co co co co co c: Ci —i to o cn cc to 00 00 CO cn cn O' O CTOiO Oi 00 - CO CO $* CH O • In food. Asb. 305 220 250 330 320 320 305 300 Gm. 305 305 In urine. 495 440 440 625 590 630 575 620 Gm. 575 495 In feces. + + + + 11+ | to to co to Ol 04 04 O O 04 O OI L i Cl o § Gain (+) or loss ('—). Period II b * w CD i. ?? CD Henneberg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Henneberg and associates. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Kuhn and asso- i ciates. Do. Observer. Table 38—Part II.—Respiration experiments. 749—No. 45 25* 386 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. C8 Subject. Xitro gen. Carbon. Serial numbe Date of publ tion. Kind of animal. Weight. Food per day. d .2 P In food. In urine. In feces. +1 a ® *© In food. 6 .5 In feces. In respira- tory prod- ucts. Gain (+) or loss (—). Kg. Dayf. Gm. Gm. Gin. Gm. Gin. Gm. Gin. Gm.. Gin. 3478 1894 Steer II 8,734 gm. bay, 350 gm. starch, 22,840 gm. water. 4 129.1 65.9 63.1 + 0.1 3, 887. 6 202.7 1,595.2 2, 021.4 + 68.3 3479 1894 do 8,302 gm. hay, 1,694 gm. starch, 28,670 gm. water. 5 131.1 54.5 68.9 + 7.7 4,597. 2 203.7 1,653.0 2, 383.1 +357.4 3480 1894 Steer III 3,853 gm. clover hay, 3,892 gm. oat straw, 25,300 gm. water. 5 101.6 56.7 47.5 — 2.5 3, 618. 2 160.7 1, 598. 5 1. 809. 6 + 49.4 3481 1894 do 3,741 gm. clover hay, 3,856 gm. oat straw, 1,656 gm. starch, 31,190gm. water. 5 100.0 35.1 55.2 + 9.7 4, 289. 4 139.8 1, 722. 0 2,181.5 +246.1 3482 1894 do 3,676 gm. clover hay, 3,797 gm. oat straw, 1,668 gm. starch, 584 gin. gluten, 28,880gm. water. 5 180. 0 108.6 57.2 +14.2 4, 541. 2 198.3 1,662.3 2, 346.5 +334.1 3483 1894 do 3,795 gm. clover hay, 3,825 gm. oat straw, 1,673 gm. starch, 1,173 gm. gluten, 31,460 gm. water. 4 265.9 194.3 63.5 + 8.1 4, 922. 7 262.4 1, 722.2 2, 509.1 +429. 0 3484 1894 Steer IV 3,763 gm. clover hay, 3,864 gm. oat straw, 23,010 gm. water. 5 99.5 54. 7 45.3 — 0. 5 3,561. 9 158.1 1, 536.1 1, 781.4 + 86.4 3485 1894 do 3,675 gm. clover hay, 3,801 gm. oat straw, 23,420 gm. water. 5 97.4 56.8 46.3 — 5.7 3, 491. 6 160.1 1, 579. 6 1, 833. 3 — 81.4 3486 1894 do 3,777 gm. clover hay, 3,810 gm. oat straw, 1,611 gm. starch 28,090 gm. water. 4 100.5 38.8 55.0 + 6.7 4, 263. 7 145.3 1, 786.1 2,187. 7 +144.6 3487 1894 do 3,844 gm. clover day, 3,859 gm. oat straw, 1,615 gm. starch, 590 gm. gluten, 28,030 gm. water. 5 184.7 116.2 59.6 + 8.9 4, 627. 6 201.9 1, 724.4 2, 374. 7 + 326.6 3488 1894 Steer V 7,784 gm. clover hay, 23,740 gm. water 5 128.4 63.6 56.3 + 8.5 3, 595. 8 152.5 1, 532.1 1, 787. 9 +123.3 3489 1894 do 7,726 gm. clover hay, 1,626 gm. starch, 27,910 gm. water. 5 128. 3 51.9 62.4 + 14.0 4,297. 6 154.0 1,611.1 2,183.1 + 349.4 3490 1.894 do 7,708 gm. clover hay, 1,666 gm. starch, 27,740 gm. water. 4 128.2 57.6 66.6 + 4.0 4, 305.0 152.5 1, 663. 3 2,165. 2 +324. 9 3491 1894 do 7,726 gm. clover hay, 2,937 gm. starch, 31,430 gm. water. 4 128.7 38.6 79.3 +10.8 4, 884.4 140.4 1, 801. 2 2, 369. 2 +573. 6 3492 1894 Steer VI 4 127.1 67.1 53.7 + 6.3 3, 558. 2 172.4 1,412.3 1, 835.3 + 138.2 3493 1894 do 7,555 gm. clover hay, 1,682 gm. starch, 28,510 gm. water. 4 125.4 49.2 64.9 + 11.3 4, 243. 0 153.4 1, 554. 8 2, 264. 5 +270.3 3494 1894 do 7,776 gm. clover hay, 1,673 gm. starch, 29,550 gm. water. 4 129.0 51.9 64. 8 +12.3 4,340.5 150.4 1, 579. 2 2, 278. 7 +332. 2 3495 1894 do 7,747 gm. clover hay, 2,795 gm. starch, 31,870 gm. water. 3 129.8 44.4 68.9 + 16.5 4, 824. 5 155. 5 1,634.4 2, 591. 9 +442. 7 3496 1894 Steer XX 8,482 gm. clover hay, 28,710 gm. water 4 149.9 83.2 63.4 + 3.3 3,891.2 327.0 1,406. 1 2, 079. 6 + 78.5 3497 1894 do 8,479 gm. clover hay, 857 gm.meatmeal, 34,160 gm. water. 4 284.0 191.9 71.6 +20.5 4,332. 0 414.6 1,481.1 2. 283. 0 +153.3 Table 38—Part I.—Respiration experiments—Continued, RESPIRATION EXPERIMENTS. 387 u Subject. Oxygen. Hydrogen. Ash. Serial numbr Kind of animal. Weight. Total con- sumed. Total ex- creted. Gain (+) or loss (—). Total con- sumed. Total ex- creted. Gain (+) or loss (—). 1 In food. In urine. In feces. U © X +i 35 2 3C 'csS Remarks. Observer. 3478 Steer II Kg. 6m. 6m. 6m. 6m. 6m. 6m. 6m. 6m. 6m. Gm. 3479 do ates. Do. 3480 Do. 3481 Do. 3482 do Do. 3483 Do. 3484 Steer IV • Do. 3485 do Do. 3486 do Do. 3487 do Period III Do. 3488 Steer V Do. 3489 Do. 3490 Do. 3491 Do. 3492 Steer VI Do. 3493 Do. 3494 Do. 3495 Period III Do. 3496 Steer XX Do. 3497 do Period II a Do. Table 38—Part II.—Respiration experiments—Continued. 388 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Serial number. Date of publica- tion. Subject. Food per day. Duration. Kitrogen. Carbon. Kind of animal. 2 _bJD "3 In food. In urine. In feces. Gain (+) or loss (—). In food. In urine. In feces. In respira- tory prod- | ucts. Gain (+) or loss (—). Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 3498 1894 3 286. 5 201.1 73.6 + 11.8 4, 402. 4 426.2 1. 497. 7 2, 341. 7 +136.8 gm. water. 3499 1894 4 291. 8 189.1 84.1 + 18.6 5, 245.0 446.4 1, 619.3 2,887. 3 + 292.0 gmTstarch, 34,020 gm. water. 3500 1878 44 2 3 30. 0 6. 8 2.6 +20.6 3501 1878 56 0 3 39. 1 10. 4 2.5 + 26. 2 3502 1878 62 9 3 55. 3 15. 8 2.4 + 37.1 16. 2 12.0 356.6 + 270.4 3503 1878 Steer calf B II.... 68.7 10,429 gm. milk 3 52.6 16.2 1.8 + 34. 6 652.8 16.0 10.0 372.3 +280. 5 3504 1878 48 5 1 44. 3 9.7 2.3 +32.3 507.0 11.2 11.2 258.1 + 226. 5 3505 1878 Steer calf 50.0 3,093 gm. milk —. 39.2 • 10.2 2.2 +26.8 488.0 11.6 9.0 257.6 +209. 8 3506 1852' Cat 3.2 236.8gm. meat, 57.1 gm.water, 64.2gm. oxygen 8 8.6 7.8 0.0 + 0.8 40.9 3.3 0.6 20.3 + 16.7 from air. 3507 1852 18 0.0 1.7 0.0 — 1.7 0.0 0.7 0.1 10.6 — 11.4 3508 1852 do 3.2 142.4 gm. meat, 87.8 gm. water, 60.1 gm. oxygen 9 4.5 4.5 0.0 0.0 20.0 1.9 0.2 17.9 0.0 from air. 3509 1852 do 3.3 247.3 gm. meat, 51.3 gm. water, 103.8 gm. oxy- 24 7.8 7.8 0.0 0.0 34.8 3.0 0.5 31.0 0.0 gen from air. 3510 1852 do 3.3 150 gm. meat, 63.5 gm. ogygen from air 23 4.7 4.6 0.0 + 0.1 21.1 2.0 0.2 18.9 0.0 3511 1852 do 2.8 Fasting; 1,448 gm. water, 44.6 gm. oxygen 6 0.0 1.6 0.0 — 1.6 0.0 0.8 0.0 12.6 — 13.4 from air. 3512 1852 do 1.2 98 gm. meat, 12.2 gm. water, 41.2 gm. oxygen 9 3.1 3.1 0.0 0.0 13.8 1.3 0.2 12.3 0.0 from air. 3513 1852 l>Og 3.9 103.8 gm. lean meat, 58. 9 gm. water, 101. 2 gm. 1 3.3 5.5 0.1 — 2.3 14.6 2.4 0.7 29.3 —t 17.8 oxygen from air. 3514 1852 Dog 5.4 549 gm. lean meat, 201.1 gm. water, 160.1 gm. 1 19.2 18.1 0.2 + 0.9 79.3 7.8 10.9 49.7 + 10.9 oxygen from air. • Table 38—Part I.—Respiration experiments—Continued. RESPIRATION EXPERIMENTS. 389 Serial number. Subject. Oxygen. Hydrogen. Ash. • Remarks. Observer. Kind of animal. Weight. Total con- sumed. Total ex- creted. Gain (+) or loss (—). Total con- sumed. | Total ex- creted. Gain (+) or loss (—). In food. In urine. In feces. Gain (+) or loss (—). 3498 3499 Steer XX Kg. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Kuhn and asso- ciates. Do. do Period III 3500 Steer calf AI 44.2 . 52.5 23. 2 1. 8 4-21. 2 3501 Steer calf A II 56.9 67.9 30. 9 2. 4 -{-34. 6 3502 Steer calf B I 62.9 80.8 35.4 +43. 9 3503 Steer calf B II.... 68.7 81. 3 35.3 1. 9 +44.1 T)n 3504 Steer calf C 66. 2 29. 9 1. 2 4-35.1 3505 Steer calf 50.0 62.0 27 4 1. 6 +33.0 Do! weeks old. P2 Os in food, 19 gm.; in urine, 5 gm.; in feces, 0.2 gin.; gain, 13.8 gm. CaO in food, 15 gm.; in urine, 0 gm.; in feces, 0.5 gm.; gain, 14.5 gm. 3506 Cat 3.2 78.0 75.1 +2.9 2.8 2.2 0.5 +0.1 Sinfood,0.5gm.; in urine, 0.2gm.; Bidder and in feces, 0.1 gm.; gain, 0.2 gm. Schmidt. 3507 0 0 1.1 0.5 —0.6 Do. in feces, 0.2 gm.; loss, 0.1 gm. 3508 do 3.2 67.2 67.2 0.0 1.4 1.3 0.1 0.0 Sin, food, O Ogm.; in urine, 0.1 gm.. Do. in feces, 0.1 gm.; gain, 0.1 gm. 3509 do 3.3 116.1 116.1 0.0 2.5 2.1 0.4 0.0 Sin food, 0.5 gm.; in urine,0.1 gm.; Do. in feces, 0.4 gm.; gain or loss 0. 3510 .....do 3.3 70.9 70.9 0.0 1.3 1.4 0.1 0.0 S infood,0.3gm.; in urine,0.1 gm.; Do. in feces, 0.2 gm.; gain or loss, 0. 3511 do 2.8 47.9 47.9 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.6 S in food,0.1gm.; in urine, 1.1 gm.; Do. in feces, 0; loss, 1.1 gm. 3512 do 1.2 46.1 46.1 0.0 1.0 0.9 0.1 0.0 Sin food,0.2gm.; in urine,O.lgm.; Do. in feces, 0.1 gm.; gain or loss, 0. 3513 Ilog 3.9 106.4 110.6 —4.2 2.0 4.5 —3.2 1.2 2.1 0.2 — 1. 1 In dry gall 0. 2 gm. N, 2. 9 gm. C, Do. 0.4 gm. H, 0. 9 gm. 0, 0. 3 gm. S, 0. 5 gm. ash. 3514 Dog 5.4 189.1 186.1 +3.0 10.8 8.9 + 1.9 6.1 3.3 1.3 +1.5 In dry gall 0. 6 gm. N, 9. 8 gm. C, Do. 1.4 gm. H, 3. 0 gm. O, 0.9 gm. S, 1.5 gm. ash. Table 38—Part II.—Respiration experiments—Continued. 390 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. .* OS G ' Subject. Nitrogen. Carbon. 03 3 U U i 5 a © m . ° © 43 © £ M Kind of animal. W eight. Food per day. Duration. 'd o 5 a In urine. GO © © © © H Gain (+) loss (—) In food. In urine. In feces. In respir tory pro uct-s. Gain (+) loss (—) Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 3515 1852 Dos? ... 5.4 526. 2 gm. lean meat, 193.5gm. water, 149.5 gm. 1 18.4 17.0 0.4 + 1.0 76.0 7.3 15.2 46.9 + 6.6 oxygen from air. 3516 1862-63 30 1,500 gm. lean meat, 647. Ogm. oxygen from air. 1, 500 gm. lean meat, 375. 6 gm. oxygen from air. 1 51.0 51.7 0.7 — 1.4 187.8 31.1 4.8 154.6 — 2.7 3517 1862-63 do . 1 51.0 48.4 0.8 + 1.8 187.8 29.1 5.6 141.0 + 12.1 3518 1862-63 do . 1, 500 gm. leanmeat, 309. 5gm. oxygen from air. 1 51.0 48.9 0. 6 + 1.5 187.8 29.4 4.1 122. 5 + 31.8 3519 1862-63 do . 1, 500 gm. leanmeat, 423. 6gm. oxygen from air. 1 51.0 51.1 0.6 — 0.7 187.8 30.7 4.1 139.6 + 13.4 3520 1862-63 do . 1, 500 gm. lean meat, 457. 2 gm. oxygen from air. 1 51.0 51.3 0.6 — 0.9 187.8 30.9 4.1 128.7 -}- 24.1 3521 1862 63 1,500 gm. leanmeat, 553. 2 gm. oxygen from air. 1, 500 gm. lean meat, 619.4 gm. oxygen from air. 1 51.0 50.2 0. 6 + 0.2 187.8 30.2 4.1 135. 2 + 18.3 3522 1862-63 do . 1 51.0 48.6 0.5 + 1.9 187.8 29.3 3.0 178.9 — 23.4 3523 1862 63 1, 500 gm. leanmeat, 367. 7 gm. oxygen from air. 1 51.0 51.3 0. 5 — 0. 8 187.8 30.6 3.0 150.3 + 3.9 3524 3525 1862-63 1869 1 51.0 52.4 0.4 — 1.8 187.8 31.5 3.0 146.6 + 6.7 Fasting; 33 gm. water, 358.1 gm. oxygen from air. Fasting; 125 gm. water, 302. 0 gm. oxygen from 1 0.0 6.0 0.0 — 6.0 0.0 4.2 0.0 99.9 —104.1 3526 1869 do . 1 0.0 5.2 0.0 — 5.2 0.0 3.9 0.0 78.9 — 82.8 3527 1869 air. • Fasting; 123 gm. water, 370.7 gm. oxygen from air. Fasting; 25 gm. water, 358.0 gm. oxygen from air. Fasting; 15gm water, 335. 3 gm. oxygen from 1 0.0 11.6 0.0 —11.6 0.0 5.0 0.0 103.7 —108.7 3528 3529 1869 1869 1 0.0 5.7 0.0 — 5.7 0.0 2.5 0.0 97.5 —100.0 do . 1 0.0 4.7 0.0 — 4.7 0.0 2.0 0.0 91.2 — 93.2 3530 1869 do . air* 100 gm. fat, 214 gm. water, 262. 2 gm. oxygen 1 0.0 5.0 0.4 — 5.4 76.5 4.0 5.5 82.3 — 15.3 from air. 76.5 85.0 — 17.2 3531 1869 do . 100 gm. fat, 158 gm. water, 226.4 gm. oxygen 1 0.0 4.0 0.4 — 4.4 3.2 5. 5 9.5 141.7 + 113.6 3532 1869 350 gm. fat, 358 gm. water, 522.3 gm. oxygen from air. 1 0.0 6.8 0.9 — 7.7 267.7 2.9 62.6 2.2 107.2 — 61.1 3533 3534 1871 1871 500 gm. lean meat, 351.1 gm. oxygen from air. 500 gm. lean meat, 379.8 gm. oxygen from air. 1 17.0 23.7 0.3 — 7. 0 14.3 do . 1 17.0 20.9 0.3 — 4.2 62.6 12.6 2.2 103.2 — 55.4 3535 3536 1871 1871 500 gm. lean meat, 332.3 gm. oxygen from air. 500 gm. lean meat, 351.6 gm. oxygen from air. 1 17.0 19.4 0.3 — 2. 7 62. 6 11. 7 2. 2 100. 2 — 51. 5 do . 1 17.0 18.5 0.3 — 1.8 62.6 11.2 2.2 93.8 — 44.6 3537 1871 do . 500 gm. lean meat, 301. 0 gm. oxygen from air. 1 17.0 18.9 0.3 — 2. 2 62. 6 11. 4 2. 2 89.1 — 40.1 3538 3539 1871 1871 500 gm. lean meat, 330.3 gm. oxygen from air. 1,000 gm.lean meat, 394.2 gm. oxygen from air. 1 17.0 18. 9 0.3 — 2.2 62. 6 11. 4 2. 2 90. 8 — 41. 8 do . 1 34.0 38.6 0.6 — 5.2 125.2 23.3 3.7 129.0 — 30.8 3540 1871 do . 1,000gm.leanmeat,453.3 gm.oxygen from air. 1 34.0 36.1 0.6 — 2.7 125. 2 21. 7 3. 7 124. 4 — 24.6 Tablr 38—Part I.—Respiration experiments—Continued. RESPIRATION EXPERIMENTS. 391 mini 1111111 iiiiiiiii i i Serial number. PjPjP^PjP o o o o o o'o Dog g* P^ o g* g* g- 5" f QO do do do Dost Dog Dog do do do do Kind of animal. Subject. Kg. 5.4 30 Weight. sssssisp ;mmm pi'i'il'i'i a 0 : M U* © 05 tO © M M 05 05 00 00 00 CO CO Oxygen. Gm. 175.7 1, 833.7 1, 544.6 1, 321. 8 1, 523. 8 1, 583. 7 1,693. 8 1, 729. 3 1, 566. 7 1, 538. 5 721.7 638.5 745.8 673.6 533.8 550.6 569.0 1,186.1 989.7 893.3 781.1 810.1 751.7 758.9 1,333. 9 1, 366.4 Total ex- creted. Gm. + 1.6 — 96.7 — 78. 8 + 75.0 — 11.0 — 37.3 — 51.4 — 20.7 + 76.9 + 58.6 —334.3 -225.4 | —265.8 —185. 2 — 86.6 —190.5 —305. 0 -275.5 —150. 5 — 85.7 — 95.4 — 87.6 — 65. 5 i —213.5 —186. 9 Gain (+) or loss (-). gigggggg 0505 00 00 00 00 00 -3 Gm. 10.3 152.4 152.4 152.4 152.4 152.4 152.4 152. 4 175.8 170.8 Total con- sumed. B 92.7 80.1 65.8 73.1 65.8 66.1 129.0 134. 9 nmm s 4 Total ex- creted. —42.0 —29.3 —15.0 —22.3 —15.0 —15.3 —27.4 —33.3 Gm. + 1.0 —29.3 + 2.4 +24.2 + 4.5 — 6.6 —18.1 —28.2 + 15.2 + 14.4 Gain (+) or loss (-). SSoooaao oovviyiyiciw ®®seSSS£S £ w §* uiwoiwwyioiw 00 • In food. Asli. cntf^k-i^coto^ios Gm. 3.5 16.5 15.5 15.6 16.3 16.4 16.1 15.5 16.4 16.7 In urine. to to M r i- H- H- C505Cn<0iOiOiCnCn _ (OMMtsMfj.Mw co co« In feces. f-*)-M-‘oooooooooo co et r 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 pommomvjo ++++++++ | +? pf'rpppf'p .° p§ <1 O CO 05 to M to CO 00 ’ Gain (+) or loss (-). : : : : i I : : : In dry gall 0.7 gm. N", 5. 3 gm. C, 0.7 gm. H, 1. 6 gm. 0, 0. 5 gm. S, 0. 8 gm. ash. Kemarks. + w fwmw ? ?????? rnnrmfy fi s ; p- (p Observer. Table 38—Part II.—Respiration experiments—Continued. 392 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. | Serial number. ! Date of publica- tion. Subject. Food per day. 1 Nitrogen. Carbon. Kind of animal. Weight. In food. a? p M In feces-. Gain (+) or loss (—). In food. In urine. In feces. In respira- tory prod- ucts. Gain (+) or loss (—). Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 3541 1871 Dog 1,500 gm. lean meat, 514.0 gm. oxygen from air. 1 51.0 39.8 0.7 + 10.5 187.8 24.3 4.9 164.4 — 5.8 3542 1871 do 1,500 gm. lean meat, 514.8 gm. oxygen from air. 1 51.0 49. 8 0.7 + 0.5 187.8 30.0 4.9 151.3 + 1.6 3543 1871 do 1,500 gm. lean meat, 485 2gm. oxygen from air. 1 51.0 51. 6 0.7 — 1.4 187.8 31.1 4.9 149.3 + 2.5 3544 1871 do 1,500 gm.leanmeat,478.1 gm. oxygen from air. 1 51. 0 50.3 0.7 0.0. 187.8 32.2 4.9 149.1 + 1.6 3545 1871 1 0 51 5 0 7 1 2 3546 1871 do 1,500 gm. lean meat, 454.3gm. oxygen from air. 1 51.0 49.4 0.0 + 1.0 187.8 29! 7 3.8 151.2 + 3.1 3547 1871 1 51 0 40 0 0 6 3548 1871 1 51 0 40 5 3549 1871 do . 1,500 gm. lean meat, 260 gm. water, 455.6 gm. 1 51.0 52.0 0.7 — 1.7 187.8 3D 3 4.7 148.9 + *2.'9 oxygen from air. 3550 1871 do 1,500 gm. lean meat, 273 gm. water, 535.0 gm. 1 51.0 55.3 0. 7 — 5.0 187.8 33.3 4.7 159. 9 — 10.1 oxygen from air. 1871 do 1 51 0 41 1 0 5 -f- 0 4 187 8 35?2 1871 1 51 0 50 8 0 5 0 3 187 8 3553 1871 do 1,500 gm.leanmeat, 476.4 gm. oxygen from air. 1 51.0 51.4 0. 5 — 0.9 187.8 30.9 3! 4 134.5 + 19+ 3554 1871 do 1,800 gm. meat, 592.3 gm. oxygen from air 1 61.2 59.1 0.6 + 1.5 225.4 35.6 4.3 179.0 + 6.5 1871 1 68. 0 66 5 0. 8 -f 0. 7 250. 4 5 4 3556 1871 do 1 68.0 70. 9 0. 8 3. 7 250.4 42.7 5.3 171.2 + 31.2 gen from air. 3557 1871 do 2,500 gm. meat. 668 gm. water, 688.1 gm. oxy- 1 85.0 84.4 1.0 — 0.4 313.0 50.8 6.7 213. 6 + 41.9 gen from air. 1873 1 13. 6 14.6 0. 7 1. 7 203.1 8.8 161.1 + 24.9 gm. oxygen from air. 3559 1873 do 500 gm. meat, 100 gm. fat, 375.5 gm. oxygen 1 17.0 16.4 0.3 + 0.3 139.1 9.8 3.6 98.6 + 27.1 from air. 3560 1873 do 500 gm. meat, 200 gm. fat, 299.4 gm. oxygen 1 17.0 17.5 0.8 — 1.3 215.6 10.5 8.6 116. 6 + 79.9 from air. 3561 1873 1 17. 0 16.9 0.8 - 0.7 215. 6 10.2 8.6 120.0 + 76.8 274.8 gm. oxygen fiom air. 3562 1873 do 500 gm. meat, 200 gm. fat, 449.2 gm. oxygen 1 17.0 15.1 0.8 + i.i 215.6 9.1 8.6 141.8 + 56. 1 from air. 3563 1873 do 1 17. 0 17 0 0.8 0. 8 215.6 9. 9 8.6 136.7 + 60.5 from air. 3564 1873 do 500 gm. meat, 200 gm. fat, 370 gm. water, 1 17.0 17.5 0.8 — 1.3 215.6 10.5 8.6 133.4 + 63.1 374.0 gm. oxygen from air. 1873 do 1 27. 2 21.1 0. 5 + 5. 6 067. 9 12. 7 7. 5 163.1 + 184.6 3565 j 1 584.5 gm. oxygen from air. Table 38—Part I.—Respiration experiments—Continued. 393 RESPIRATION EXPERIMENTS. 00 OO OO OO 00 OO 00 00 oo oooooooooooo oo oocooocooooooooo oo Ci CI Cl ci Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl CI Cl Cl CI Oi CI Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl CI CI C CI Cl 05 05 05 05 05 05 Cl Cl Ci Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Ci P Ci4*-00t0h-*O<000-3 CD Cl if- 00 tO O <0 00 -q C5 Cl If- OO t© ►—4 Serial number. . w w • • • • * • • (TQ • • QFQ p p p p p p P ■ p P P p p P p p p P pi p p p P P o o o o o o c ; o ooccoo o ooooocoo ; • • • i i • • • • •••••• • i i • • i • i i • • i • • « i i • • • i * • • • i •••»iii» • • i • • i • • • • • i • i • • i • • i i • * i • • Kind of animal. Subject. • • i i i i i • i ■ i • • • i • i • • • i • * i i Weight. Gm. 1, 603. 2 1, 604. 0 1,574. 4 1, 567. 3 1,557.1 1,543. 5 1, 526. 2 1,554. 5 1, 775. 9 1, 866. 9 1,442.9 1,543. 9 1, 565. 6 1, 899.4 1, 960. 4 2,155. 9 3, 097. 3 1,413. 2 750.2 685.6 754.4 835.4 573.1 1, 089. 2 1, 608. 7 Total con- sumed. Oxygen. Gm. 1, 724. 9 1, 602.1 1, 637. 9 1, 573. 3 1, 579. 3 1, 650 2 1, 602. 3 1.584.1 1, 850.3 2, 041. 0 1, 223.1 1, 536. 5 1.559.1 2, 055. 9 1, 950. 7 2,159. 3 3,141. 3 1,490. 6 800.1 997.1 1,143. 9 1,088. 0 1.180.1 1,232. 8 1, 509. 6 Total ex- creted. Gm. —121.7 + 1.9 — 63.5 — 6.0 — 21.6 —106. 7 — 76.1 — 29.6 — 74.4 —174.1 +219.8 + 7.5 + 6.5 —156. 5 + 9.7 — 3.4 — 44.0 — 77.4 — 49.9 —311. 5 —389.5 —252. 5 —606. 9 —143. 6 + 99.1 Gain (+) or loss (—). Gm. 152.4 152.4 152.4 152. 4 152.4 152.4 152.4 152.4 181.3 182.7 152.4 152.4 152.4 182.9 203. 3 225.5 | 328.3 128. 6 62.7 74.6 86.3 74.6 74.6 115. 7 173. 3 Total con- sumed. Hydroge Gm. 165.6 153.8 162. 8 153.1 153. 7 159.7 156.9 153. 9 187.9 209. 2 118.5 151.0 155.1 201.9 196.6 218.3 327.9 134.7 71.8 96.3 111.7 105.7 111.1 119.4 136.7 Total ex- creted. + 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + ++II++ 1 1 II II II 1 k CO CO CO to to h-4 CO to ►—4 i—4 OCOOit—-‘ClH-4COCi® -3 05 CD tO t-4 CO CD C5 l-4 h-4 ® © i-4 CO 5$ 05 -1 H-4 C5 H4 M rf*. tO -3 © -T rfx CO Cl 05 Cl Cl CO CO —3 tO Gain (+) or loss (—). B H-4 CO tOtOWHHM M mmmhhHi-H h-4 O 05 05 05 05 05 05 Cl tO 05 05 CO CO CO C© CO OCOOCOCCOOCO CO^ #*■ CI Cl CI ci Cl Cl to Cl ci Cl CI CI ot Cl ci Cl OI ci* In food. Ash. Gm. 12.7 15.9 16.5 16.1 16. 5 15.8 16.0 15.8 16.6 17.7 13.2 16.3 16.5 18.9 21.3 22.7 27.0 4.7 5.2 5.6 5.4 4.9 5.2 5.6 6.7 In urine. tOH4h-‘8-‘H-4H4 CO CO CO to to to CO CO to to to CO CO CO CO CO 5 -a-1 O CO CO CO to CO^lOlOS^^rf4 r In feces. Gm.. + 3.4 +0.2 —0.4 0,0 —0.4 + 1.1 +0.9 + 1.0 —0.4 —1.4 +4.0 +0.9 +0.7 + 1.5 +1.0 —0.4 +0.9 —2.6 —0.2 —1.0 —0.9 —0.3 —0.7 —1.0 +1-2 Gain ( + ) or loss (—). : : : i : : : i : : : i i : : : : i i i i : : : Remarks. — Pettenkofer and Voit. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Observer. Table 38—Part II.—Respiration experiments—Continued. 394 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. o Subject. Nitrogen. Carbon. Serial numbe Date of publ tion. Kind of animal. Weight. Food per day. Duration. © ■-2 a H In urine. In feces. © . +T z ® S o In food. In urine. In feces. In respira- tory prod- ucts. Gain (+) or loss (—). Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 3566 1873 Dog 1,500 gm. meat, 30 gm. fat, 400 gm. oxygen from air. 1 51.0 48.8 0.6 + 1.6 210.7 29.4 5.0 147.0 + 29.4 3567 1873 do 1,500 gm. meat, 30 gm. fat, 475 gm. oxygen from air. 1 51.0 49.1 0.6 + 1.3 210.7 29.6 5.0 145.3 + 30.9 3568 1873 do 1,500 gm. meat, 60 gm. fat, 503.4 gm. oxygen from air. 1 51.0 50.2 0.8 0.0 233.7 30.2 7.6 165.8 + 30.1 3569 1873 do 1,500 gm. meat, 100 gm. fat, 432.7 gm. oxygen from air. 1 51.0 46.1 0.6 + 4.3 264.3 27.8- 6.9 141.0 + 88.6 3570 1873 do 1,500 gm. meat, 100 gm. fat, 480.1 gm. oxygen from air. 1 51.0 48.0 0.6 + 2.4 264.3 28.9 6.9 153.2 + 75.3 3571 1873 do 1,500 gm. meat, 100 gm. fat, 397.3 gm. oxygen from air. 1 51.0 48.8 0.5 + 1-7 264.3 29.4 5.6 139.4 + 89.9 3572 1873 do 1,500 gm. meat, 150 gm. fat, 564.4 gm. oxygen from air. 1 51.0 49.3 0.7 + 1.0 302.5 29.7 9.0 153.6 + 110.3 3573 1873 do 1,500 gm. meat, 150 gm. fat, 478.7 gm. oxygen from air. 1 51.0 48.2 0.7 + 2.1 302.5 29.0 9.0 155.9 +108. 6 3574 1873 do 400 gm. meat, 250 gm. starch, 10.2 gm. fat, 390 gm. water, 439.7 gm. oxygen from air. 1 13.6 14.4 0.5 — 1.3 151.4 8.7 4.8 148.6 — 10.7 3575 1873 do 400 gm. meat, 250 gm. grape sugar, 350 gm. water,434.7 gm. oxygen from air. 1 13.6 12.6 0.8 + 0.2 141.0 7.6 5.4 146.6 — 18.6 3576 1873 do 400 gm. meat, 400 gm. starch, 5.6 gm. fat, 385.4 gm. water, 467.5 gm. oxygen from air. 1 13.6 13.3 0.8 — 0.5 207.1 8.9 7.9 157.5 + 32.8 3577 1873 do 500 gm. meat, 200 gm. starch, 5.6 gm. fat, 144 gm. water, 171.1 gm. oxygen from air. 1 17.0 19.7 0.3 — 3.0 141.1 13.2 3.8 115.6 + 8.5 3578 1873 do 500 gm. meat, 200 gm. starch, 4.0 gm. fat, 159 gm. water, 393.2 gm. oxygen from air. 1 17.0 19.5 0.3 — 2.8 139. 9 13.1 3.8 111.9 + 11.1 3579 1873 do 500 gm. meat, 200 gm. starch, 5.4 gm. fat, 141 gm. water, 265.8 gm. oxygen from air. 1 17.0 18.0 0.3 — 1.3 140.9 12.1 3.8 111.2 + 13.8 3580 1873 do 500 gm. meat, 200 gm. starch, 5.5 gm. fat, 147 gm. water, 262.8 gm. oxygen from air. 1 17.0 18.9 0.3 — 2.2 141.0 12.7 3.8 112.1 + 12.4 3581 1873 do 500 gm. meat, 200 gm. starch, 5.0 gm. fat, 169 gm. water, 282 gm. oxygen from air. 1 17.0 18.9 0.3 — 2.2 140.6 12.7 3.8 116. 3 + 7.8 3582 1873 do 500 gm. meat, 200 gm. grape sugar, 368.8 gm. oxygen from air. 1 17.0 17.7 0.4 — 1.1 135.3 11.9 3.6 146.8 — 27.0 3583 1873 do ' **' 500 gm. meat, 200 gm. grape sugar, 215.9 gm. oxygen from air. 1 17.0 18.8 0.4 •-2.2 135.3 12.6 3.6 109.9 + 9.2 Table 38—Part I.—Respiration experiments—Continued. RESPIRATION EXPERIMENTS. 395 Serial number. Subject. Oxygen. Hydrogen. Ash. Remarks. Observer. Kind of animal. Weight. ! Total con- sumed. Total ex- creted. Gain (+) or loss (—). Total con- sumed. 1 Total ex- creted. Gain (+) or loss (—). In food. 6 £ S3 d H In feces. Gain (+) or loss (—). Kq. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 3566 Dog 1, 492.7 1, 530. 2 37. 5 156.0 146. 9 + 9.1 19.5 15.6 2. 7 + 1.2 Voit. 3567 do 1,568. 6 1,554.3 -f 14.3 156.0 149. 8 + 6.2 19.5 15.7 2.7 + 1.1 Do 3568 do 1, 599. 6 1, 717.3 - 117 7 159 6 172. 3 -12.8 19. 5 16.1 3.7 ...-0. 3 T)n 3569 do 1, 533.5 1,501.2 -f 32 4 164.3 147.0 +17.3 19.5 14. 7 2.9 +1.9 Do 3570 do 1, 580. 9 1, 605.1 24. 2 164. 3 153. 6 +10. 7 19.5 15.3 2.9 +1. 3 Do 3571 do 1,498.1 1,479.4 -f 18 7 164. 3 144.4 +19.9 19.5 15. 6 2.3 + 1. 5 Do 3572 do 1,670. 9 1, 641.7 -f 29 2 170. 3 161. 0 + 9.3 19. 5 15.8 3.2 +0. 5 Do 3573 do 1, 585.2 1, 634.1 48. 9 170. 3 159. 8 + 10. 6 19. 5 15.4 3. 2 +0. 9 Do 3574 do 1, 217.1 1,314.0 96. 9 102. 6 116. 0 13.4 4. 6 1.4 0. 8 Do 3575 do 1,177.7 1,280.1 102. 4 97.2 112.6 15.4 5. 2 4. 0 3.8 2. 6 Do 3576 do 1,321.0 1,344.8 23.8 111. 6 122.8 11. 2 5. 2 4.4 1. 7 0. 9 Do 3577 do 774.7 815.7 41.0 81.5 +15.9 6. 6 1. 8 1.9 Do. 3578 do 1, 009.9 951.9 + 58.0 83. 0 83. 7 0. 7 6.5 6. 5 1.8 1.8 3579 do 866.6 805.0 + 61.6 81.1 65.5 +15.6 6. 5 6.0 1.8 1. 3 Do 3580 do 869. 0 833.0 + 36. 0 81. 8 68. 8 + 13. 0 6.5 6.3 1. 8 1.6 Do 3581 909.7 913.9 6.2 84.2 77.4 + 6.8 6. 3 1. 8 16 Do 3582 do 845.0 919.4 74.4 65.0 67.9 2.9 5. 9 2. 3 1.7 1» 3583 do 692.1 741.2 — 49.1 58.0 + 7.0 6. 5 6.3 2. 3 2.1 i Do. Table 38—Part II.—Respiration experiments—Continued. A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Serial number. Date of publica- tion. Subject. Food per day. Duration. Nitrogen. Carbon. Kind of animal. i Weight. In food. 6 .2 a M m 9 o M Gain (+) or loss (—). <2 In urine. OS o & M In respira- tory prod- ucts. Gain ( + ) or loss (—). Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 3584 1873 1 17.0 17. 4 0. 4 — 0.8 135. 3 11. 7 3. 6 114.5 + 5.5 oxygen from air. 1873 1 17.0 17.6 0.4 — 1.0 135.3 11. 8 3.6 112.9 + 7.0 oxygen from air. 3586 1873 do 500 gm. meat, 200 gm. starch, 6.7 gm. fat, 144.5 1 17.0 19.6 0.3 — 2.9 141.9 13.1 4.3 116.6 + 7.9 gm. water, 305 gm. oxygen from air. 3587 1873 do 500 gm. meat, 200 gm. starch, 5.5 gm. fat, 164.3 1 17.0 16.2 0.3 + 0.5 141.0 10.9 4.3 119.5 + 6.3 gm. water, 240.9 gm. oxygen from air. 3588 1873 do 500 gm. meat. 200 gm. starch, 4.8 gm. fat, 197.2 1 17.0 17.2 0.3 — 0.5 140.5 11.5 4.3 120.3 + 4.4 gm. water, 258.7 gm. oxygen from air. 3589 1873 do 800 gm. meat, 450 gm. starch, 13.7 gm. fat, 1 27.2 20.0 0.7 + 6.5 279.0 14.2 7.4 180.9 + 76.5 339.0 gm. water, 472.2 gm. oxygen from air. 3590 1873 do 1,500 gm. meat, 200 gm. starch, 5.2 gm. fat, 1 51.0 48.6 1.2 + 1.1 268.2 30.7 8.9 236.4 — 7.9 519.6 gm. water, 759.5 gm. oxygen from air. 3591 1873 do 1,500 gm. meat, 200 gm. starch, 3.8 gm. fat, 1 51.0 48.9 1.2 + 0.8 267.1 30.9 8.9 185.1 + 42.2 155.9 gm. water, 561.5 gm. oxygen from air. 3592 1873 do 1,800 gm. meat, 450 gm. starcb, 10.1 gm. fat, 1 61.2 49.3 0.6 +11.3 401.5 31.1 6.3 229.3 + 134.7 701.0 gm. water, 611.2 gm. oxygen from air. 3593 1873 do 450 gm. starch, 16.9 gm. fat, 405.0 gm. water, 1 0.0 6.4 0.8 — 7.2 181.3 4. 5 8.6 148.8 + 19.4 429.6 gm. oxygen from air. 3594 1873 1 1 0 5 9 0 5 5. 4 271. 7 4. 2 8. 5 189. 6 + 64.4 3595 1873 1 1. 0 0. 4 1.1 6. 5 273. 9 4. 6 17.3 149. 2 +102. 8 3596 1873 do 1 1. 0 5.1 2. 5 6. 6 285. 8 3.6 51. 5 214.1 + 16.6 3597 1873 1 0. 9 8. 2 2.1 9. 4 237. 8 5.8 42.5 218. 0 — 28. 5 3598 1873 do 800 gm. bread, 963 gm. water, 448.9 gm. 1 10.2 9.9 2.0 — 1.7 194. 9 7.2 32.6 158.2 — 3.1 oxygen from air. 3599 1873 do 900 gm. bread, 964 gm. water, 477.9 gm. 1 11.6 10.9 2.0 — 1.3 220.4 8.0 32.3 179.6 + 0.5 oxygen from air. 3600 1873 do 900 gm. bread, 853 gm. water, 522.2 gm. 1 11.6 11.7 2.0 — 2.1 220.4 7.3 32.3 164. 6 + 16.2 oxygen from air. 3601 1883 Dog Fasting 1 0.0 1.5 0.2 — 1. 7 0.0 1.1 1.4 53.6 — 56.1 3602 1883 1 0.0 1. 5 0.2 — 1.7 0.0 1.1 1.4 49. 6 — 52.1 3603 1883 Dog 6.0 do 3 0.0 2.5 0.1 — 2.6 Table 38—Part I.—Respiration experiments—Continued. RESPIRATION EXPERIMENTS. 397 ! Serial number. Subject. Oxygen. Hydrogen. Asli. Kemarks. Observer. Kind of animal. Weight. j Total con- sumed. Total ex- creted. Gain (+) or loss (—). Total con- sumed. Total ex- creted. Gain (+) or loss (—). In food. In urine. In feces. Gain ( + ) or loss (—). Kg. Om. Om. Om. Om. Om. Gin. Om. Om. Om. Om. 3584 Dog 709.9 925.7 —215. 8 65. 0 79.4 —14.4 6.5 5.8 2.3 1. 6 Yoit. 3585 (lo 678.4 855.1 —176. 7 65. 0 71.2 — 6.2 6.5 2. 3 1.7 Jin 3586 do 909.1 991.7 — 82.6 81.7 96.5 —14.8 6.6 2.0 2.1 3587 do 862.5 876.9 — 14.4 83.7 80.0 + 3.7 6.5 5.4 2.0 —0. 9 3588 909.5 924.9 — 15.5 87.3 87.0 + 0.3 6.5 5.8 2.0 —1.3 T>n 3589 do 1, 606. 3 1, 648. 7 — 42.4 151. 9 147.9 + 4.0 10.4 6. 4 2. 2 +1.8 T>o 3590 do 2, 421.1 2, 376.3 + 44.8 224.6 223.1 + 1.5 19. 5 15. 5 3 7 +0.3 3591 1, 899. 6 2, 059. 9 —160. 3 184. 0 209.1 —25.1 19.5 15. 6 3.7 -f 0.2 3592 do 2,792. 9 2,568. 4 +224. 5 293.4 249.0 +44.4 23.4 15.8 1. 9 +5.7 3593 do 1, 041.9 1. 260. 7 —218. 8 78.3 108. 9 —30.6 0.0 2. 0 2. 6 —4. 6 3594 3595 do 3596 do 3597 Do 3598 do 1,813.2 1, 528. 3 +284. 9 175. 9 140.3 +35.6 17.7 10.9 4. 8 +2. 0 Do 3599 do 1, 833. 9 + 71.6 184.5 172. 3 +12.2 20. 0 12.4 4.6 -t-3. 0 Tin 3600 do 1, 851.2 1,920.3 — 69.1 172.1 195. 6 23.5 20. 0 12. 7 4. 6 +2.7 Do 3601 Dog 3602 do 3603 Dog 6.0 Do! Table 38—Part II.—Respiration experiments—Continued. 398 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Serial number. c8 o © cS ft Subject. Food per day. Duration. ' Nitrogen. Carbon. Kind of animal. 5 *© 5 P 6 B 2 H X © © .© H +T a n ’3° l M © ‘E M © © „© 3 c3 rd Ph Cl* 1 © 2 M © . g X C8© O 3604 3605 3606 3607 3608 3609 3610 3611 1883 1883 1885 1885 1885 1886 1886 1886 Kg. Days. 1 1 2 2 Gm. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gm. 2.4 2.7 3.7 3.4 3.6 3.1 1.7 0.7 Gm. 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Gm. — 2.6 — 2.8 — 3.8 — 3.5 — 3.7 — 3.2 — 1.8 — 0.8 Gm. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 84.1 84.1 Gm. 1.8 2.1 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.3 1.3 0.6 Gm. 1.4 0.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 0.6 0.6 0.6 Gm. 38.3 70.3 77.5 70.3 73.6 27.6 35.6 39.3 Gm. — 41.5 — 72.7 — 81.5 — 74.1 — 77.5 — 30.5 + 46.6 + 43. 6 Doe 20.3 20.3 6.2 2 1 1 7do 100 gm. cane sugar, 85 gm. starch, 4.7 gm. fat. 3612 1844 0.2 5 0.4 0.3 + 0.1 6.1 1. 2 4. 9 0. 0 3613 1844 7 0.5 0.3 + 0. 2 6. 7 1.4 5. 3 0. 0 3614 1844 7 0.0 0.1 0.1 0. 0 0. 1 2.4 2.5 3615 1882 1. 9 3 0. 0 2. 8 2. 8 0. 0 3. 3 8. 9 12. 2 3616 1882 Hen 1.0 do \ 6 0.0 0.9 — 0.9 0.0 1.0 7.1 — 8.1 3617 1894 Horse 432.0 4,000 gm. oats, 1,880 gm. meadow bay, 800 gm. 1 89.7 51.0 26.2 +12.5 2,946. 7 89.2 1,224.8 1,309. 2 +323. 5 oat straw. 3618 1849 3.6 1 1. 0 n. 4 + 0.6 26. 0 2 1 23. 9 0. 0 3619 1885 9 3. 4 3. 0 1. 0 0. 6 35. 3 2.5 5. 7 31. 6 4. 5 3620 1885 do 500co. milk, 5gm. hornshavingsT, 22 gm. crude 8 3.5 2.3 1.1 + 0.1 44.1 2.6 8.5 31.7 + 1.3 liber, 50 cc. water. 3621 1885 3 4 2 7 0. 8 0.1 36 1 2 6 5. 6 33 7 4. 2 3622 1885 do 500 cc. milk, 5gm. horn shavings, 11 gm. sugar. 4 3.4 2. 5 1.2 — 0.3 40.9 3.2 6.5 34.6 — 3.4 3623 1885 do 500cc.milk, 5gm.horn shavings, 33gm. sugar. 3 3.4 2.3 0.8 + 0.3 50.5 3.4 4.4 37.2 — 5.5 3624 1885 6 2 3 1 9 0 6 0. 2 19.1 1. 1 2. 7 18. 7 3. 4 3625 1885 4 2. 3 2. 0 0. 7 0. 4 22.1 1. 7 3. 3 19.1 2.0 4 gm. lard. 3626 1885 do 15 gm. albumen, 1.5 gm. meat extract, 3.0 gm 5 2.4 2.4 i.i — 1.1 12.7 2.2 4.2 13.1 — 6.8 horn shavings, 0.3 gm. hay ash, 10 gm. sugar, 250 cc. water. 3627 1885 do 15 gm. albumen, 1.5 gm. meat extract, 3.0 gm. 4 2.2 3.4 0.9 — 2.1 14.4 3.6 8.3 10.6 — 8.1 horn shavings, 0.3 gm. hay ash, 10 gm. crude liber from cabbage leaf, 10 gm. sawdust, 1 - 250 cc. water. _ ■ Table 38—Part I.—Respiration experiments—Continued. RESPIRATION EXPERIMENTS. 399 u Subject. Oxygen. Hydrogen. Ash. Serial numbe Kind of animal. 43 r0 .2° Total con- sumed. T o t a 1 ex- creted. Gain (-f) or loss (—). Total con- sumed. Total ex- creted. Gain (+) or loss (—). o <2 0 M In urine. In feces. Gain (+) or loss (—). Remarks. Observer. 3604 Eg. 6m. 6m. 6m. 6m. 6m. 6m. 6m. 6m. 6m. 6m. 3605 Do. 3606 20. 0 3607 20.0 Do. 3608 Average of Nos. 3606, 3607 Do. 3609 6. 2 3610 Do. 3611 .. do Do. 3612 0.2 0. 3 0. 4 0.1 Boussingault. Do. 3613 0.4 0.4 0.0 3614 Do. 3615 1. 9 3616 1.0 Do. 3617 432.0 Lehmann, Hage- mann, andZuntz. 3618 101.3 101.3 0.0 ■ 3.7 3. 7 0.0 2.9 2. 9 0.0 Regnault and Rei- set (Bidder and Schmidt). 3619 3620 Do. 3621 Do. 3622 Do. 3623 Do. 3624 . do Do. 3625 Do. 3626 do Do. 3627 do Do. Table 38—Pakt II.—Respiration experiments—Continued. 400 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. u cS © Subject. Kitrogen. Carbon. r© 3 c3 r i h O Ph p, s 0 a • Cl 3 Kind of animal. Food per day. 0 © 02 © . +T © OC © . +^ ©•'** -a +3 X .3 © ai © m © C3 P ’<3 * c3 £ p .© P u a hi <2 M g g •a ® cs .0 PS © H J M 0 43 3 H S o O Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 3628 1885 15 gm. albumen, 1.5 gm. meat extract, 3 gm. horn shavings, 0.3 gm. hay ash, 10 gm. sugar, 4 2.4 2.3 0.2 —0.1 12.7 2.3 2.4 11.3 — 3.3 250 cc. water. 3629 1894 3 0. 0 1.5 0.0 —1.5 0.0 1.4 0.0 13. 2 —14.6 3630 1894 2 0.0 2.1 0.0 —2.1 0.0 1.7 0.0 13.8 —15. 5 3631 1894 1 0. 0 0.1 0. 0 —0.1 3632 1894 5 0. 0 2.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 ' 13.1 —14.6 3633 1894 2 0. 0 2.7 0.0 —2.0 —2.7 0.0 2.1 0.0 14. 2 —16.3 3634 1894 4 0. 0 1. 3 0.0 —1.3 0.0 1.2 0. 0 17. 7 —18.9 3635 1894 2 0. 0 1.5 0. 0 —1.5 0.0 1.3 0. 0 15.2 —16.5 3636 1894 1 0. 0 0. 8 0. 0 —0.8 17.1 0.7 0.0 15.6 + 0.8 3637 1894 1894 4 0. 0 1. 4 0.0 1. 4 3638 4 0.0 1.4 0.0 —1.4 0.0 1.3 0.0 10.8 —12.1 3639 3640 3641 3642 3643 3644 3645 3646 3647 1894 1 0.0 1.2 0.0 —1.2 12.0 1.0 0.0 13.0 — 2.0 1894 3 0. 0 2.3 0.0 —2.3 0.0 1.7 0.0 9.2 —10.9 1894 1894 1894 1894 1 0. 0 2. 8 0. 0 —2.8 0. 0 2.2 0.0 11.5 —13.7 1 0. 0 2.4 0.0 —2.4 12.0 1.9 0.0 13.9 - 2.8 •2 0.0 1. 5 0. 0 —1.5 do 2 0.0 2.0 0.0 —2.0 0. 0 1.9 0.0 19.9 —21.8 1894 1894 1894 1 0. 0 1.3 0. 0 1.3 12.0 1.0 0.0 17.1 -6.1 2 0. 0 1.6 0.0 —1.6 do". 2 0.0 2.2 0.0 —2.2 0.0 1.9 0.0 16.9 —18.8 3648 1870 Sheep (average of 47.8 1,216 gm. meadow hay, 6 gm. salt, 1,714.5 gm. 8 18.1 7.7 8.5 + 1.9 460.2 23.3 202.5 213.9 + 20.5 111 and IV). water, 587.6 gm. oxygen from air. 3649 1870 do 48.0 1,146.5 gm. meadow hay, 6 gm. salt, 1,764.5 gm. 8 17.6 7.6 8.0 +2.0 438.6 22.1 191.4 209.4 -t-15.7 water, 575.3 gm. oxygen from air. 3650 1870 do 47.9 1,181.3 gm. meadow hav, 6 gm. salt, 1,739.5 gm. 17.8 7.6 8.2 +2.0 449.4 22.7 196.9 211.6 +18.2 water, 581.4 gm. oxygen from air. 3651 1873 6 13.3 7.3 5.2 —0.8 371.4 15.6 133.8 185.1 +36.9 Table 38—Part I.—Respiration experiments—Continued. RESPIRATION EXPERIMENTS. 401 u Subject. Oxygen. Hydrogen. Ash. Serial nunibe Kind of animal. Weight. Total con- sumed. T o t a 1 ex- creted. Gain (+) or loss (—). Total con- sumed. Total ex- creted. Gain (+) or loss (—). In food. In urine. In feces. Gain ( + ) or loss (—). Remarks. Observer. 3628 Rabbit Kg. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Kuierieni. IfnV 3629 .Rabbit No fever. Respiration experiment was of 1 day’s duration. 3630 do Do. Ho. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 3631 do 3632 Rabbit No fever. Respiration experiment was of 3 days’ duration. 3633 do 3634 do 363p do 3636 do 3637 Rabbit 3638 do No fever. Respiration experiment was of 1 day’s duration. 3639 3640 Kabbit No fever. Respiration experiment was of 1 day’s duration. 3641 do 3642 do 3643 do 3644 do Fever. Respiration experiment was of 1 day’s duration. 3645 3646 Rabbit 3647 do Fever. Respiration experiment was of 1 day’s duration. 3048 Sheep (average of 47.8 2,694.4 2, 655. 0 +39. 4 276.2 268.8 +7.4 75.2 31.2 44.0 0.0 Henneberg and as- sociates. Do. Do. 3649 IIL and IV). do 48.0 2, 688. 3 2,628.1 2, 641. 5 + 60.2 +49.8 276.3 267.1 + 9.2 71.6 30.7 41. 6 0. 7 3650 do 47.9 2, 691.3 276.2 268.0 +8.2 73.4 31.0 42.8 —0.4 3651 Sheep scher, and Muller. Table 38—Pakt II.—Respiration experiments—Continued. 741)—No. 45 20* 402 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Serial number. I Date of publica- tion. Subject. Food per day. Duration. Nitrogen. Carbon. Kind of animal. Weight. In food. In urine. In feces. Gain ( + ) or loss (—). In food. In urine. Iii feces. In respira- tory prod- ucts. Gain (+) or loss (—). Kg. Days. Gm. Gm. 6m. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 3652 1886 Pig 140.0 1,986.4 gm. rice, 10,000 gni. water, 15 gm. salt.. 6 18.7 10.5 2. 1 + 6.1 765.4 10.9 12.0 453.3 + 289.2 3653 1886 Pig 68.8 2,000 gm. rice, 10,000 gm. water, 10 gm. salt 7 21.8 10.3 3.7 +7.8 785.8 12.0 19.6 415.0 +339. 2 3654 1886 Pig 124.1 1,896 gm. barley meal, 10,000 gm. water, 15 gm. 5 29.0 14.1 9.5 +5.4 725.4 13.6 185.1 375.1 +151.2 salt. 3655 1886 Pig 102.0 750 gm. rice, 8,000gm. whey, 400 gm. meat meal. 7 69.9 61.1 1.7 +7.1 672. 5 34.7 11.6 409.2 +217.0 3656 1886 144.0 3 0. 0 9. 8 0. 0 9. 8 0. 0 7. 5 0. 0 217. 0 224. 5 3657 1886 1 0. 0 6. 8 0. 0 6. 8 0. 0 5. 0 0. 0 194. 9 199. 9 3658 1892 Pig 31.5 400 gm. corn cockles, 300 gm. barley, 300 gm. 10 18.9 10.3 3.6 +5.0 384. 0 9. 5 61.3 211.6 + 101. 6 maize, 3 gm. salt, 1 gm. calcium phosphate. 3659 1892 Pig Oil cake, barley, maize, 3 gm. salt 10 20.6 10.4 3.9 +6.3 384.9 10.0 55.9 221.1 + 97.9 Table 38—Part I.—Respiration experiments—Continued. RESPIRATION EXPERIMENTS. 403 Serial number. Subject. i Oxygen. Hydrogen. Ash. Remarks. Observer. Kind of animal. 43 e© .3° *© £ o . _ © cs a 43 3 O '/} H * © rz © a 43 o O H u © X +1 CO d * •is C S3 © . OrS i-H © « 9 43 d o ® H H © aS g © © H U © -4 + J. S3 sg *3 —• o © .© S3 M © *s S3 W oo © © S3 H © © X + 1 o" 3652 3653 3654 3655 3656 3657 3658 3659 Pig... Kg. 140.0 68.8 124.1 102.0 144.0 Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. 9.7 10.2 42.8 45.4 0.0 0.0 Gm. 4.5 4.0 11.3 36.9 4.4 3.0 « Gm. 3.0 4.1 28.5 4.5 0.0 0.0 Gm. + 2.2 +2.1 + 3.0 +4.0 —4.4 —3.3 Meissl. Strohmer, and Lorenz. Kornautli and Arche. Pig PiN. Zuntz, “The metabolism of nutrients in the animal body and the source of muscular energy7’ (Experiment Station Record, 7, p. 538). S. Soskiu, “The forma- tion of fat in the animal body” (Experiment Station Record, 8, p. 179). 2Pfliiger7s Arch., 51 (1892), p. 267. 3Jahresber. Thier. Chem., 1892, p. 34. 410 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. atory products were measured and analyzed. In No. 3603 tlie figures for balance of income and outgo of carbon are not given, as the data were not found in the pub- lication cited. Among the conclusions reached were the following: Each gram of fat in the food is the isodynamic equivalent of a gram of body fat, and protein of food (circulat- ing protein) is the isodynamic equivalent of protein of tissue which is metabolized when sufficient protein is not supplied in the food. It is probable that the forma- tion of organized protein from the protein of the food takes place without any con- siderable storing up of potential energy. In general, 240 parts of carbohydrates are the isodynamic equivalent of 100 parts of fat, and 100 parts of protein are the isodynamic equivalent of 113 parts of cane sugar or 122 parts of grape sugar. In the author’s opinion this investigation first gave experimental proof of the fact that energy is utilized in the body without loss; that is, the principle of the con- servation of energy holds good for the animal organism. The experiments and the theories deduced from them are discussed at length. Nos. 3606, 3607 were made by Simanowsky at the Physiological Institute in Munich in 1883-84. The object was to study the influence on metabolism of a body temper, ature higher than normal produced by artificial methods. The subject was a dog. No food was consumed. The rise in temperature was produced by giving the dog hot baths of 38-38.5° C. The animal was placed in a large tub which had a wooden cover with an opening for the head. His temperature rose rapidly—for instance, inside of 7 minutes from 38.35° to 40.4°, and remained there until half an hour after the bath. The separation of the feces was made with bones. The urine was collected with a catheter. The nitrogen in the urine was determined by the Schneider-Sesgen method and in the feces by the Will-Warrentrapp method. Respiration experiments were made with the Pettenkofer-Voit apparatus. The conclusion was reached that raising the body temperature artificially for several hours by means of hot baths did not increase the nitrogen-free metabolic products. The excretion of nitrogen remained normal or was increased a very little. Nos. 3609-3611 were made by Rubner in the laboratory of the Physiological Insti- tute in Munich in 1883, with a dog. The object was to learn something of the forma- tion of fat from carbohydrates in the animal organism. In one test no food was consumed. In the other two tests the food consisted of cane sugar and starch. The respiration experiments were made with the small Pettenkofer apparatus. In all details this work corresponds to the work of Pettenkofer and Yoit. The conclusion is drawn that fat is formed from carbohydrates in the case of meat-eating animals. Nos. 3612-3614 were made by Boussingault in 1844 (?). The object was, by com- paring the ingested and excreted material, to determine whether nitrogen was excreted in the gaseous excretory products of birds. The subject was a dove. In Nos. 3612 and 3613 the food consisted of millet; in No. 3614 no food was consumed. Elementary analyses of the millet and feces were made. The carbon dioxid pro- duced in the respiratory products was measured by means of a small respiration apparatus. This consisted of a glass bell jar in which the subject was confined, with a suitable device for pumping air through the jar. The carbon dioxid and water in the air which left the jar was determined. In Nos. 3612 and 3613 the sub- ject lost between 1 and 2 grams in weight. More nitrogen was consumed than was excreted in the feces. It was the author’s conclusion that the amount representing the difference was excreted in the gaseous excretory products. Nos. 3615 and 3616 were made by Kuchein in the laboratory of the Physiological Institute at Munich in 1880. The object was to study the metabolism of fowls when fasting to see if it was similar to that of Carnivora and Herbivora. The subject of No. 3615 was a rooster and of No. 3616 a hen. The rooster died on the ninth day of fasting and the hen on the twelfth day. The nitrogen in the excreta was deter- mined by the Will-Warrentrapp method. The carbon in the excreta was calculated, RESPIRATION EXPERIMENTS. 411 The carbon dioxid in the respiratory products was determined with a small Yoit respiration apparatus by the usual methods. In No. 3616 the weight of the different organs and the water, nitrogen, and fat in the bones, muscles, tissue, and internal organs was determined. The following conclusions were reached: When fasting, fowls metabolize less pro- tein and more nitrogen-free extract than other animals pound for pound; therefore the metabolism of fowls can not be regarded as intense. Fowls require much less protein and much more nitrogen-free nutrients for maintenance than other animals of the same weight. No. 3617 was made by Lehmann, Hagemann, and Zuntz at the Agricultural Experi- ment Station of the University of Gottingen in 1891 (?), in connection with a series of investigations on the metabolism of a horse, conducted by Zuntz at the Institute for Animal Physiology of the Agricultural Institute in Berlin. The food consisted of oats, liay; and chopped straw, and was calculated to be sufficient for the production of 6,777 kilogrammeters of work. Analyses were made of the food, urine, and feces. The res- piratory products were measured for 1 day. An apparatus similar to that of Petten- kofer was used and similar methods followed. The figures for nitrogen in the food, urine, and feces represent the average for several days. In the experiments carried on in Berlin the respiratory quotient was measured by the aid of Zuntz’s apparatus— i. e., a tube was inserted in the horse’s trachea. This was connected with two tubes and by an arrangement of valves the air passed in through one tube and out through another. No air was taken into the lungs except through this apparatus. It is stated that horses undergo the operation of tracheotomy without permanent injury and apparently suffer no inconvenience from it afterwards. The carbon dioxid produced and oxygen consumed were measured by suitable methods. The authors devised another apparatus which served the same purpose as the tracheal tube and could be used in place of it. This consisted of a mask worn over the horse’s nose and mouth. It was provided with two tubes with suitable valves; one tube for the inspired, and the other for the expired, air. By combining the results obtained with the Pettenkofer apparatus and those obtained with the Zuntz apparatus it was possible not only to measure the total carbon excreted, but also to determine the amount of carbon dioxid excreted from the lungs and from the intestines and skin. The following conclusions were drawn from the experiments: Methan accompanies carbon dioxid as a gaseous excretory product of horses, though the amount is very much less than in the case of Herbivora. As an average of six experiments, 210 grams of methan, equivalent to 15.7 grams of carbon dioxid, was produced daily when the horse was fed principally oats, the amount being little more than sufficient for maintenance. The methan is largely excreted from the intestines, and with it about 37.5 per cent of its volume of carbon dioxid. Not more than 1 gram of free hydrogen was excreted per day. In this experiment the horse produced 73.9 liters of carbon dioxid in 24 hours in addition to that excreted from the lungs, and of this 13.3 liters were excreted from the intestines and 60.6 liters through the skin. The gaseous excre- tion through the skin was about 2.5 per cent of that through the lungs. When the gaseous exchange through the lungs only is taken into account, the carbon dioxid excretion obtained is 3 per cent too low and the nitrogen excretion is also too low, though the amount is less than 3 per cent. Taking into account this error, the metab- olism of a horse doing no work, calculated by the Zuntz method, gave the same result as by the Pettenkofer method. The results by the two methods differed only within the limits of error due to the fact that the animal could not be kept perfectly still. No. 3618 was made by Kegnault aud Reiset at the College de France in Paris in 1849, and forms part of a long series, of respiration experiments. The subject was a rabbit. The food consisted of carrots. No analyses of food, urine, or feces were made. The subject was confined in a small respiration apparatus. This consisted of (1) a respiration chamber, (2) a device for absorbing the carbon dioxid, and (3) a device for supply i»g oxygen. The respiration chamber was a bell glass of 45 liters 412 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. capacity. It was cemented to a base and immersed in water. The carbon dioxid produced by the subject was absorbed in two vessels containing potassium bydroxid solution. These vessels resembled the mercury holders of an air pump. When one was lowered the potassium hydroxid solution would fill it and the other was filled with air from the respiration chamber. When the position of the two vessels was reversed, potassium hydroxid solution passed from one to the other and removed more or less of the carbon dioxid from the air with which it came in contact. Oxygen was stored in several large vessels and admitted to the respiration chamber as needed. The air in the respiration chamber at the beginning and end of the experiment was analyzed. From the amount of carbon dioxid in it and that absorbed by the potassium hydroxid solution, the amount of carbon dioxid produced was cal- culated. The nitrogen content of the air at the beginning and end of the experiment was also determined. In this experiment with the rabbit the air contained more nitrogen than normal air, and the conclusion was reached that nitrogen was excreted in the gaseous excre- tory products. The rabbit gained 14 grams in weight. Bidder and Schmidt quoted this experiment in a discussion of the theory of “ luxus consumption” of food. They calculated the composition of the food, urine, and feces, and their figures are those given in the table. The figures are quoted for their interest from an historical standpoint. The authors made a large number of experiments with dogs, rabbits, marmots, chickens, small birds, frogs, and lizards. The marmots were hibernating at the time of the experiment. The special points considered in these experiments were the excretion of carbon dioxid and the amount of oxygen absorbed from the air. The respiratory excretion of nitrogen was also discussed. The authors believed when food was consumed some nitrogen was excreted in the gaseous excretory products, although the amount was very small. When fasting it was believed that nitrogen was absorbed from the air. [The experiment and the respiration apparatus used for it are of special interest, both because of the fact that they mark the beginning of that class of systematic investigations which are commonly classed as respiration experiments, and because of the ingenuity of the apparatus1 and methods of investi- gation. Notwithstanding the crudeness of the experimental methods of half a century ago as compared with the present, these investigations have permanent historical value.] Nos. 3619-3628 were made by Knieriem at the laboratory of the Physiological Insti- tute in Munich in 1879-80. The object was to study the nutritive value of cellulose. Two rabbits were used. They were in separate cages and were fed the same rations. In calculating the results, the mean of the total excreted urine and feces was taken as representing the amounts for one animal. The respiration experiments were made with the small Voit respiration apparatus and were of one or two days’ dura- tion. The excreted carbon dioxid was the only factor measured. The food con- sisted of milk or egg albumen. Hoim shavings, crude fiber, and sugar were fed with the milk and meat extract, and horn shavings, sugar, and fiber from cabbage leaf were fed in varying combinations with the albumen. A sufficient quantity of milk for a whole experiment was boiled, and then kept on ice in sealed bottles until needed. The dry matter, carbon, nitrogen, ash, sulphur, and phosphoric acid in the milk and horn shavings and the fat in the milk were determined. The carbon in the sugar, and crude fiber from cabbage leaf were deter- mined and elementary analyses of egg albumen and meat extract were made. The nitrogen and carbon, and sometimes the sulphur and phosphoric acid in the urine and feces and the crude fiber in the feces, were also determined. 1 American readers not familiar with the fact will be interested to know that there is in the laboratory of Professor Chapman, of the Jefferson Medical College, Phila- delphia, a duplicate of the famous respiration apparatus of Regnault and Reiset. It was made by Golaz, of Paris, the maker of the original, and from the same drawings. RESPIRATION EXPERIMENTS. 413 The conclusion is reached that cellulose is a nutrient for Herbivora. The article contains an extended discussion of the subject, with many references to previous work. A number of digestion experiments in which no metabolic balance was determined were made by the author with man, hens, dogs, a hedgehog, and rabbits. Nos. 3629-3647 were made by May at the Physiological Institute in Munich in 1892. The object was to investigate metabolism during fever. The subjects were rabbits. Fever was produced by inoculation with hog-cholera culture. In most of the experi- ments no food was consumed. In some grape sugar and water were injected into the stomach. The urine was collected with a catheter. The respiration experiments were made with the small Voit respiration apparatus. The carbon in the grape sugar was calculated. The nitrogen in the urine was determined by the Ivjeldahl or Schneider-Seegen method. The carbon was calculated in two cases from Rubner’s figures and in the other cases determined. The carbon dioxid was determined, and in two instances the oxygen was estimated in the respiratory products. Careful records were kept of the body temperature. The heat, measured in calories, pro- duced by the rabbits with and without fever, was calculated. The principal conclusions drawn were the following: Fever increases the amount of heat produced. This depends upon the fact that more protein is metabolized. Carbohydrates protect protein during fever. The relation of carbon to nitrogen in the urine is changed by fever, fever urine being richer in carbon than normal urine. The increased metabolism of protein during fever is caused by the increased demand of the organism for carbohydrates, which are utilized and can not protect protein. A number of experiments (which were not of the sort reported in this compilation) were made on the utilization of glycogen during fever. The conclusion was reached that glycogen in the body disappears more rapidly during fever than under normal conditions. Nos. 3648-3650 and Nos. 3395-3398, Table 36, were made by Henneberg, Bussc, Schultz, Kuhn, Maercker, Schulze, and Schultze at the experiment station in Weende in 1868, to study the metabolism of sheep on a maintenance ration and to compare the effect of feeding during the day with feeding during the night. The subjects were 2 sheep about 4-J years old. In Nos. 3395 and 3396 the animals were fed during the day and in Nos. 3397 and 3398 they were fed during the night. The food consisted of meadow hay, with a little salt. No. 3648 is an average, based on Nos. 3395 and 3396, with the figures for balance of income and outgo of carbon in addition. No. 3649 is a similar average, based on Nos. 3397 and 3398. No. 3650 is an average based on 3648 and 3649. The balance of mineral matter given in No. 3398 is an average value for the two subjects for the whole experimental period. The respiratory products Were measured and analyzed in connection with Nos. 3395-3398. Sufficient data were not given by the author to include the results in the present compilation. Analyses were made of the food, urine, and feces. The res- piration experiments were made with a Pettenkofer-Voit apparatus by practically the same methods as those followed in Munich. The ammonia in the respired air was also determined. It amounted to 0.37 gram per day, equivalent to 0.31 gram of nitrogen. A test was also made to determine the carbon dioxid excretion when no food was consumed. The urine and feces were not analyzed. Among the conclusions reached were the following: The carbon dioxid produced during the day and night differed in amount. This was not Caused by light and darkness, but by the time of feeding. When the same quantities of food were con- sumed, the total quantity of carbon dioxid excreted in 24 hours was unchanged. When food was consumed during the day more carbon dioxid was produced, and vice versa. Variations in the amount of carbon dioxid excreted were also influenced by the fact that the sheep did not remain quiet—by their eating at unusual times, by the temperature of the apparatus, the temperature and quantity of food and water consumed, and by the amount of water vapor excreted through the lungs. The pro- 414 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. cluction of carbon dioxid and water vapor were parallel. No marked excretion of metlian, ammonia, or hydrogen was observed. The inspired oxygen was not all immediately expired. Of the total amount of carbon consumed, 48.7 per cent was excreted in the respiratory products and 43.8 per cent in the feces. Three-iifths of the water consumed was excreted in the urine and feces and two-fifths in the gase- ous excretory products. The heat produced by the oxidation processes in the body was calculated to be equal to about 1,900 calories per day, or 420 calories per kilogram body weight. The experiments and the deductions drawn from them are discussed at length. No. 3651 was made by Henneberg, Fleischer, and Muller at the experiment station in Weende in 1872, and forms part of an investigation on the changes in metabolism in ruminants due to changes in the food consumed. Two sheep were used as sub- jects. The excretory products of both sheep were collected and the average results taken as the values for one sheep. The experiments were made by the usual meth- ods followed at Weende. The investigation was divided into three periods. In the first period the rat'on consisted of meadow hay and barley meal. In the second and third period’s the amount of protein in the ration was increased by diminishing tbe amount of barley meal and adding wheat gluten. In the publication cited in the reference column of the table the authors reported in full the data for the fii st period only, but gave conclusions which were drawn from the whole investigation, as follows: Small animals require relatively more material for building tissue than large ani- mals. In this investigation in all cases where the amount of digestible protein con- sumed was greater than the amount necessary for equilibrium there was a gain in protein. When this was not the case there was a loss. This was not due alone to the consumption of stored protein, but also and in large part to the great change in the ration. A period of 6 days did not seem to be long enough to insure nitrogen equilibrium. Nos. 3652-3657 were made by Meissl, Strohmer, and Lorenz at the Experiment Sta- tion for Agricultural Chemistry at Vienna in 1882-1884. The object was a study of the metabolism of swine. The food consisted in 2 experiments of rice, in 1 of bar- ley meal, and in 1 of rice, whey, and meat meal. In 2 experiments no food was con- sumed. Analyses of food and feces were made by the Weende method. The nitro- gen in food and feces was determined by the Will-Warrentrapp, Dumas (with Meissl’s modification), or Kjeldahl method. Often two methods were used for the same substance. The nitrogen in the urine was determined with Knop’s azometer with some later modifications. Carbon was determined in food, urine, and feces. The specific gravity, hippuric acid, and chlorin of the urine Avere also determined. The carbon dioxid in the respiratory products was determined with a respiration apparatus made on the Pettenkofer plan. The experiments are discussed in detail, and one of the principal conclusions drawn concerns the very considerable amount of fat which must have been formed from carbohydrates. The digestibility of the rations is also discussed at length. The conclusion is also reached that the amount of protein metabolized increases with the amount supplied in the food. Nos. 3658, 3659, and 3453, Table 37, were made by Kornauth and Arche at the Imperial Agricultural Chemical Experiment Station in Vienna in 1889. The object was to study the metabolism of swine on a diet containing corn cockles. In Nos. 3453 and 3658 the food consisted of corn cockles, barley, and maize, and in No. 3659 of oil cake, barley, and maize. A little salt or salt and calcium phosphate were fed with the grain. Full analyses of food and feces, including total nitrogen and amid nitrogen, were made. The carbon and nitrogen in the urine were deter- mined in Nos. 3658 and 3659, and the carbon dioxid in the respiratory products was determined with a Voit respiration apparatus. Two other pigs were fed for purposes of comparison. One received the same ration as in the experiments proper, the other a ration consisting of 70 per cent corn RESPIRATION EXPERIMENTS. 415 cockles and 30 per cent barley and maize. The results were not given in suck form that they could he included in the present compilation. The following conclusions were reached: Corn cockles diminished the metabolism of protein, increased the accumulation of fat, and diminished the excretion of carbon dioxid. They produced no bad effects on the health of the pig. When the ration was largely composed of corn cockles it was not eaten as readily, owing to its bitter taste, and the pig made little growth. The digestibility of the ration with corn cockles did not differ materially from that of the ration without them, and the flesh gained on the ration containing them was normal in quality and composition. Considering their small cost, corn cockles may be regarded as a suitable food for pigs. An investigation of the possibility of the formation of fat from protein in a cat was reported by Cremer1 too late for insertion in the tables of this compilation. A considerable number of experiments were made at the University of Vienna. The article cited is a brief report of some of them. The urine was collected as in Bidder and Schmidt’s experiments, and analyses were made of the food, urine, feces, and gaseous excretory products, a respiration apparatus being employed for the measure- ment of the respired air. After a daily consumption of 450 grams of meat for 8 days the subject fasted. The daily excretion of nitrogen (average of 8 days) in the urine and feces was 13.0 grams. The excretion of carbon in the urine was 7.5 grams, in the feces 1,4 grams, and in the respiratory products 25.4 grams; in all, 34.3 grams. The total carbon which it was calculated would be furnished by the metabolism of protein sufficient to furnish the nitrogen excreted was 41.6 grams; that is, the body gained 7.3 grams carbon, which must have been derived from the cleavage of protein of body tissue. In the calculation it was assumed that in fat- and glycogen-free flesh nitrogen is to carbon as 1: 3.2. The calculated gain of carbon for the whole period (8 days) was 58 grams, which would be equivalent to about 130 grams of glycogen. At the close of the experiments the cat was killed. It weighed 3.7 kilo- grams, and the organs and tissues were found to contain only 35 grams of glycogen and sugar. Experiments were also made with a cat fed an abundance of meat. It was calcu- lated that in one of the experiments over 20 per cent of the total carbon derived from metabolized protein was stored up in the body. The nitrogen excretion reached 5 grams per kilogram of body weight—a very high value. The author concludes that his experiments confirm Voit’s theory of the formation of fat from protein. Experiments, received too late for insertion in the tables of this compilation, were made with two steers A and B at the Agricultural Experiment Station at Mockern by Kellner, Kohler, Barnstein, Zielstorff, Hartung, and Liihrig.2 The object was to study the metabolism of matter and energy on a maintenance ration. This work is regarded by the authors as preliminary to a series of investigations on the metab- olism of steers under various conditions. The food, urine, feces, and respiratory prod- ucts were analyzed. The respiratory products were measured by the Pettenkofer apparatus. The analytical methods and apparatus were the same as those used by Kuhn3 in his experiment with steers. For some time before the experiments proper began the steers were fed the same ration under similar eonditions, to accustom them to it. The digestibility of the ration was determined for 15 days. Five of the days (not consecutive) were spent in the respiration apparatus. 1 Miinchen. med. Wochenschr., 44 (1897), p. 811. 2 Land w. Vers. Stat., 47 (1896), p. 275 (Experiment Station Record, 9, p. 167). 3Land\v. Vers. Stat., 44 (1894), p. 257. 416 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. The daily balance of income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon was as follows: Balance of income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon. Nitrogen. Carbon. In food. In urine. In feces. Gain (+) or loss (—). In food. In urine. In feces. In respi- ratory prod- ucts. Gain (+) or loss (—). Steer A: 8.5 kg. bay. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grains. Grams. Grams. G rams. Grams. Grams. 26 kg. water Steer B: 4 kg. bay, 5 kg. straw, 40 gm. salt, 2,621 kg. water. 116.2 61. 3 48.7 + 6.2 3, 554. 6 210.4 1,207.0 1,810. 0 + 127. 2 77.1 46.6 45.1 — 14.6 3, 554.2 169.1 1, 500.1 2, Oil. 6 —126. 6 From the balance of nitrogen and carbon the authors calculate that steer A gained 39 grams protein and 139 grams fat, aud that steer B lost 91 grams protein and 102 grams fat. The fuel value of the food, urine, and feces was determined by the bomb calorimeter. Taking into account the fuel value of food and excretory products, and of the gain or loss of body tissue, the balance of income and outgo of energy in the two experi- ments was determined. (The balance is not complete, since the author did not measure the energy liberated as heat or used for external muscular work.) The fuel value of these factors was as follows: Fuel value of food actually consumed, excretory products, and tissue gained and lost in experiments with steers. Income. Outgo. “«teer A: Calories. 32,177. 3 Calories. 11,750.3 1,945.0 2, 098. 2 220. 5 1,320. 5 17, 334. 5 14, 8»2.8 Steer B: 15,426.4 18,368.0 14, 576.1 1,549.4 2, 314.1 405.3 969.0 18, 439. 6 16, 729.1 From their own experiments, and from experiments by Kuhn, the authors calculate that for steers 24,000 calories of energy per day per 1,000 kilograms live weight are necessary for maintenance, and that the nutritive ingredients of hay of fair quality and similar feeding Btuffs furnish about 3.5 calories per gram. EXPERIMENTS IN WHICH THE BALANCE OF NITROGEN AND ENERGY WAS DETERMINED. The establishing of the balance of energy in the animal body is a difficult task, since it involves the determination of the income and outgo of nitrogen, carbon, and other elements and adds thereto the measurement of the potential energy of food and excretory products and the more serious problem of measuring the energy transformed within the body and given off as heat, mechanical work, or otherwise. This balance may be most conveniently expressed in terms of heat. The fuel value of the food consumed and of the urine and feces may be easily determined by a bomb calorimeter,1 or some similar suitable instrument. The measurement of the heat radiated from the body requires special apparatus to which the name respiration calorimeter has been applied. Several forms have been devised. A description of these, reasonably complete up to date of publication, was prepared several years ago, by Rosenthal (seep. 12). Most of the calorimeter experiments which have been found in the literature of the subject have been concerned with the measurement of the energy produced by the subject. The energy of the food has been left out of account, not because it was unimportant, but because the elaboration of methods and appara- tus for the special point studied was necessary before more complex investigations could be undertaken. No published experiments have been found with man in which the balance of income and outgo of energy was determined. A considerable number were made by Lik- hachev2 at St. Petersburg in which the attempt was made to measure the total outgo of energy with a calorimeter of special construction. This was a development of the apparatus used by Pashutin3 in simi- lar experiments with animals. As stated in a previous publication4 of this Office a respiration calorimeter designed for experiments with man has been constructed in this country, although the experiments in which the balance of income and outgo of energy was determined have not been published. EXPERIMENTS WITH ANIMALS In Table 39 are included 9 tests with dogs in which the balance of nitrogen and energy was determined. These experiments and others in which the results are not tabulated are discussed in the text. 1 U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 21, p. 120. 2 The production of heat hy healthy man in a condition of comparative rest. Inaug. Diss. (Russian), St. Petersburg. 3 Vrach, 1886, No. 18. 4U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 44. 749—No. 45 27* 417 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. d .2 Subject Nitrogen. Energy. Serial number. £ & c © Observer. Kind of animal. [3d 'o £ Food per day. Duration. In food. In urine. In feces. Gain( + ) or loss (-)• Fuel value of food and body tissue con- sumed. Heat produced measured by calorimeter. Difference. Remarks. 36G0 1894 Eg. 4. 6 Days. 5 Gm. 0. 0 Gm. 1 Gm. 4. Gm. 1. 4 Calories. 259. 3 545. 6 Calories. 261.0 598 3 Calories. — 1.7 ' 17.3 3661 1894 Dog . 12. 0 2 0. 0 3. 5 3. 5 3662 1894 4.4 1 0. 0 1.1 1.1 243. 5 13. 6 Last day of No. 3660. 3663 1894 4.4 1 13. 3 8. 5 + 4.8 1.3 329. 9 333. 9 4. 0 3664 1894 5.0 5 0. 0 1.3 302. 0 299.1 + 2. 9 3665 1894 do 5. 0 80 gm. meat; 30 gm. fat (ba- con). 12 2.7 2.6 +0.1 332.1 329. 9 + 2.2 3666 1894 4.8 8 2. 7 3.0 —0.3 311. 6 311. 0 + 0.6 4. 5 3667 1894 4.9 6 11. 9 10.1 +1.8 + 1.2 375. 0 379. 5 3668 1894 do Dog 11.8 580 gm. meat 7 19.7 18.5 683.0 681.3 + 1.7 Nos. 3660, 3661. Ztschr. Biol., 30, p. 119. Nos. 3662, 3663. Ibid., p. 122. No. 3667. Ibid., p. 132. No. 3664. Ibid., p. 124. No. 3665. Ibid., p. 127. No. 3668. Ibid., p. 134. No. 3666. Ibid., p. 129. Table 39.—Experiments icith dogs in icltich the income and outgo of nitrogen and energy were determined. 419 EXPEEIMENTS WITH ANIMALS. Nos. 3660-3668 were made by Rubner at the University of Marburg in 1889-90 as a study of the source of animal beat. The subjects were two dogs, weighing about 5 and 12kilograms, respectively. In some of the experiments the animals fasted; in others they had lean meat to furnish protein, or bacon to furnish fat, or both. They were placed inside the chamber of a respiration calorimeter especially devised by Rubner for determining the respiratory products and the heat given off from the body.1 The respiratory products were measured by the methods of Pettenkofer and Yoit, and the heat by the expansion of air. The respiration chamber was a box with 6 rectangular walls of copper. This w§s surrounded by a box of copper, making an air jacket, and this in turn by another copper box making a second air jacket which served to isolate the air in the inner jacket from an outer jacket of water contained in a double-walled box of copper surrounding the whole. The inner air jacket was connected by a tube with a spirometer which served to measure the expansion of the air in the jacket when the latter was heated or the contraction when it was cooled, thus making practically an air thermometer. The water in the outside jacket could be maintained uniformly at any convenient temperature. It served not only to prevent access of heat to the chamber from without but also to absorb and carry away heat which was given off within the chamber and passed through the air jackets. Inside the water were vessels of copper connected by a tube with a second spirometer, making a second air thermometer which showed the correc- tions to be applied for temperature and barometric pressure. At one end was an opening through the walls of the apparatus. This was closed by a cover consisting of a metal frame with a double window of glass. By opening this door the animal could be passed in and out. Tubes were also provided for passing a current of air through the chamber and for mercury thermometers. A part of the heat given off from the body of the animal was carried out by the air current and was determined from the volume of the latter and its rise in temperature in passing through the chamber; another part was carried away in the water vapor in this air, which was also measured, while the greater part passed through the walls the amount being determined from the expansion of the air in the inner jacket. The mechanical features of the apparatus were numerous. Its accuracy was tested by numerous control experiments in which known amounts of carbon dioxid, water, and heat were introduced into the chamber and measured. In the experiments with animals the determinations actually made were as fol- lows : The weights of the animal at the beginning and at the end of the experiment, of food and water given, and of urine and feces; the percentages of fat in the food and of nitrogen and feces in the urine; the weights of carbon dioxid and water in respiratory products; and the calories of heat given off from the body. The nitro- gen in the food (lean meat) was computed by the compilers for the nitrogen balance in tabulating the results, Yoit’s factor (3.4 per cent), which is assumed by the author in discussing the experiments, being used for the computation. The carbon was not determined in the food, feces, or urine and no carbon balance was made. No deter- minations were made of heats of combustion of food or excretory products. For the balance of energy the income was estimated by the author from the esti- mated amounts of material oxidized in the bofly, and the outgo was found in the measurement of the heat given off from the body as above described. The materials oxidized were assumed to be protein, fats, and carbohydrates of the body or the food, or both. The amounts were estimated from the nitrogen and carbon excreted in the urine and the carbon dioxid exhaled. Froyn the nitrogen excreted the amount of protein oxidized and the carbon in the latter were computed. The remaining carbon was assumed to come from fat and carbohydrates burned. How much belonged to each of these two latter classes of compounds the data of income and oirtgo of material were insufficient to show, but the author assumes that the propor- tions can be calculated from the amount of heat produced. The data for the bal- 1 Described by Eubner in Calorimetrische Metkodik. Marburg, Elwert, 1891. 420 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. ance of energy given in the tables were estimated by the author. The differences of income and outgo of energy in the individual days and experiments as thus com- puted were in some cases quite appreciable, hut for the forty-five days covered by the experiments there was a discrepancy of only 0.47 per cent. It is assumed that all of the energy given off from the body of the animals was in the form of heat. In the author’s opinion these experiments furnish a proof that the nutrients of the food and the body materials consumed are the sole sources of heat in the animal body. They thus confirm the belief that the law of the conservation of energy applies in the living organism. . The experiments are discussed at considerable length, and from standpoints dif- ferent from that of the present compilation. In a bibliography of Russian literature received from Russia too late for detailed use in this compilation reference is made to the following investigations in which calorimetric measurements were made in connection with investigations of the respir- atory quotient. With one exception these were published as inaugural disserta- tions at the Imperial Military Medical Academy of St. Petersburg. In the last three experiments cited tlie balance cf income and outgo of nitrogen was also determined, and a “ water calorimeter” was used for the measurement of heat. Pashutin’s appa- ratus was generally used for the determination of the respiratory quotient. In 1884 Kostiurin published the results of experiments on the effect of injuring the lower part of the spinal cord upon metabolism in animals. Three experiments of from two to six days’ duration were made with fasting dogs. The conclusion was reached that the amount of heat produced and the carbon dioxid excreted was increased, and at the same time the ratio of heat to carbon dioxid production was increased. In the same year Botcharov published a report of his experiments on the influence of septic poisoning on metabolism. Twelve experiments of three days’ duration were made with fasting dogs. Poisoning was produced by the injection of a fer- menting solution (Jauche). In the author’s opinion this form of poisoning increased the production of carbon dioxid, water vapor, and heat. In 1886 Sadovyen published an account of investigations on the respiratory quotient and the production of heat in urfemia. Fourteen experiments of from four to seven days’duration were made with dogs and rabbits. The ureter was ligated. The con- clusion was reached that in xxra;mia there was a decrease in the consumption of oxygen and the production of carbon dioxid, water vapor, and heat. Jnrovski published in 1888 the results of experiments on the respiratory quotient and the production of heat in poisoning produced by gallic acid salts. Fifteen experiments of from four to six days’ duration were made with rabbits. It was found that the amount of oxygen consumed and the carbon dioxid and heat produced was decreased. In the same year Kosorotov published an account of experiments on the effect of poisoning due to putrescent material. Twenty experiments, continuing from twelve to twenty-four hours, were made with fasting dogs. Calorimetric measurements were made in only fourteen of the experiments. The author found that the amount of oxygen consumed and carbon dioxid and heat produced increased after the injec- tion of Naegeli’s solution, which had putrefied on exposure to the air. In 1890 Archarov1 published an article on the relation of antipyretics to fever. Forty tests of six hours’ duration were made with dogs. Fever was induced by the injection of Naegeli’s solution (Nagelischer Jauche). The conclusion was reached that under the influence of quinin and antipyrin the oxidation processes of the body and the production of heat increased. When fever was induced and antipyretics were given the increase was still greater. In the experiments which follow the nitrogen balance was determined in addition to the respiratory quotient and calorimetric measurements. 1 Yoyenno Med. Jour. [St. Petersburg], 1890, Apr. EXPERIMENTS WITH ANIMALS. 421 Uschinski published in 1891 the results of investigations of the respiratory quotient and the production of heat in glycoseria induced by phlorizin. Eight tests of live days’ duration were made with dogs fasting and fed under various conditions. The author believes that in glycoseria it is possible that the kidneys are an important factor. It is hardly probable that the amount of heat produced can be accurately calculated from the amount of matter metabolized in the body. In 1893 Likhachev investigated the production of heat by healthy man in a con- dition of comparative rest. Six experiments were made, each continuing twenty- four hours. The principal conclusions reached were the following: In healthy man the daily production of heat is from 33.0 to 38.7 calories per kilogram body weight, and when fasting 31.8 calories. At night during sleep the heat production and lib- eration and the respiratory quotient decreased. Soon after falling asleep the decrease in the production and liberation of heat was more pronounced than the decrease in the respiratory quotient. The author believes there is a parallelism between the production of carbon dioxid and the liberation of heat dependent upon the fact that both processes are regulated by a common cause. In 1897 Studenski published the results of an extended investigation for the pur- pose of comparing the amount of heat actually produced by the body with the cal- culated amount (using Rubner’s figures). Forty-five tests of twenty-four hours’ duration were made with dogs fasting and fed with meat. Some of the dogs were in normal condition and others were pregnant or had fever. In the case of healthy dogs Rubner’s method of calculating thermal values gave results which were practi- cally identical with the measurements of the heat actually produced per day. In the case of dogs with fever the heat actually produced in a given time was less than the calculated amount which the matter metabolized during the same period of time would furnish. Relatively less oxygen was consumed during fever than under nor- mal conditions. INDEX OF NAMES. Ahramovitch, 238, 239, 241. Adams, 107,116. Aikinov, 100,101,102,103,113. Albertoni, 12, 75, 84, 329, 330, 338. Alekan, 359, 360,361. Alexeyev, 50, 51, 54. Andral, 174. Appeur, 44. Archarov, 420. Arche, 380,403, 414. Argutinsky, 122,123,132,133,134. Aristov, 149,150,151,163. Aronsohn, 345, 365. Atwater, 12, 31, 38, 44, 85, 270. 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 282, 283, 311. Avsitidiski, 22, 23, 25. Badt, 107,116. Baeber, 352, 353, 354. Baftalovski, 68. 69, 70,78, 79. Baginsky, 254, 258. Ballaeey, 358, 359, 360, 361. Barnstein, 415. Barral, 11, 224, 266, 267, 276. Bauer, 92. Beckmann, 114. Bendix, 138,140. Benecke, 62. Benedict, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 282, 283. Bergeat, 311,324. Bezrodnov, 156,157,158,168. Bidder, 12, 224, 389, 391, 399, 406, 407, 412, 415. Biedert, 34. Billings, 46. Biscboff, 12,130, 300, 302, 303, 314, 327. Bischoff, E., 304, 305, 315, 316, 317, Blagoveschchenski, 145,146, 147, 161. Blake, 331,339. Bleibtreu, 259, 260. Blumenfeld, 205, 215. Bochkarev, 203,204, 205, 214. Boeck, von, 195, 212,328,336. Bdttcher, 404. Boussingault, 11, 12,286, 298, 355, 361, 380, 381,399, 410. Bowie, 59, 62. Brandt, 333, 342. Breithaupt, 93. Breuer, 35, 43. Burchard, 99,112,218, 226. Burlakov, 122,131. Bnrzhinski, 247, 278. Bushuiev, 201, 213. Busse, 404,413. Buys, 72, 81. Camerer, 26, 34, 72,73, 81. Cetti, 93, 94. Chadchi, 209. Chapman, 412. Cheltsov, 230, 236, 330, 331,339. Chernov, 117. Chittenden, 12, 95,96, 107,110, 111, 115, 116, 331, 332, 333, 339, 340, 341. Chudnovski, 11. Constantinidi, 22, 24, 308, 321. Cramer, 22,24. Cremer, 415. Cutlibert, 95,110. Dangel, 376, 378. Danilevski, 11. Dapper, 74, 75, 83. Dashkevich, 242, 243,245. Deiters, 56,57. Denaeyer, 57. Diakonov, 185, 209. Dockendorff, 332, 340. Dommer, 333, 334, 342. Dronke, 107,116. Dubelir, 333, 341. Dumas, 13. Eijkmann, 60, 61, 64, 66. Emery, 286, 297, 299, 300. Epstein, 34. Evdokimov, 142,143,144,159. Ewald, 107,116. Pastier, 44. Favitski, 232,233, 234, 237. Feit, 142,159. Fermanoff, 172. Pick, 134. Finkelstein, 218, 219, 226. Flechsig, 12, 369,373, 377, 378. Fleck, 165. Fleischer, 286, 298,401,414. Flint, 12,119,129. Formanek, 155,156,165,167. Forster, 31, 42, 68, 77, 95,110, 306, 317. Foster, 20. Friinkel, 332, 341, 348, 349,350. Frantzius, 141,142,159. Frolov, 197,198,199, 200,212. Friihling, 352,354. Funke, 361. Gabriel, 337, 379. Gaehtgens, 216, 217,224. Gaertig, 228, 235. Garine, 144,145,161. Gavarret, 174. Geisler, 195, 211. Gerhard, 404. Gerhardt, 256. Gilbert, 12. Golaz, 412. Gopadze, 136,139,148,149,162 Gorokhov, 89, 90, 91,94. Gorsky, 98,112. Graifenberger, 364,365. Gramatchikov, 97, 98, 111, 189, 190,191,192,193,194,210. Grandeau, 12, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361. Grassman, 243, 245. Graves, 211. Grigoriev, 249, 250, 251, 255. Grouven, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 299. Gruber, 306, 307, 318, 319. Gruzdiev, 187,188, 210. Guriev, 73,82. Gyergyai, 306, 318. Hagemann, 344, 399, 411. Hahn, 332, 341. Haller, von, 9. Harley, 237. Hartung, 415. Hasse, 42. Hellriegel, 366, 371. Helmers, 109,118. Henneberg, 12, 286, 287, 288, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 299, 375, 385, 401, 404, 413, 414. Henriot, 270, 271, 281. Hermann, 13. Hildesheim, 266,267, 276. Hirschfeld, 59,62,64,123,132. Hoesslin, 182, 208. Hoffmann, 26, 31. Hbfler, 95,110. Hofmeister, 355, 361, 366, 367,371 372. Hoover, 86. Hoppe-Seyler, 302, 314. Hultgren, 40,41, 46, 71, 80. Huppert, 238, 240. Husche, 243, 244, 245. Ippolitov, 99,100,113. Jacques, 92,93. 424 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Jawein, 82,108,118, 217, 225. Jefdokinoff, 172. Jones, 119, 130. Jordan, 369,373. Jurovski, 420. Kalugine, 347, 350. Karchagin, 175,176,177. Kayser, 74, 82. Kellner, 12, 355, 361, 368, 369,373, 376, 381,404,415. Kennophol, 369, 372, 373, 376,377, 378. Ketcher, 247, 248. Khadgi, 184,185, 209. Kianovsky, 136,137,138,139. Kilgore, 286, 297, 299, 300. Klemperer, 60, 63, 64,88, 93 Klemptner, 98, 99,112. Klingmiiller, 155,165. Knieriem, 348, 350, 399, 401, 412. Kohler, 246 Koch, 404. Kohler, 404, 415. Kolpakcha, 308, 309, 310, 311,321, 338. Kdnig, 24,92. Kiinig, G., 404. Korkounov, 50, 54, 249, 255. • Kornauth, 349, 350, 380, 382, 403, 414. Kornblum, 253,254, 257. Kosorotov, 420. Kostiurin, 420. Kdstlin, 155,164. Kosturine, 54. Kotlyar, 105,106,115. Kozerski, 103,104,114. Kreuzliage, 12, 361. Krug, 75,84. Krummacher, 123, 126, 127, 133, 134. Kucliein, 399, 410. Kuhn, 12, 286, 298, 385, 387, 389, 403, 404, 415,423. Kumagawa, 59, 60, 63, 64. Kurclieninov, 37, 38, 44, 79. Kurlov, 200,201, 213. Kuznetsov, 40, 45. Labadine-Legran, 237. Lachinov, 117. Lafarge, 113. Lambert, 332, 340. Landergren, 40, 41, 46,71,80. Lange, 30, 33, 313, 326. Langworthy, 371. Lankisch, 404. Lapicque, 61, 66. Laptschinsky, 26, 31. Laudenheimer, 203, 228,229, 235. Lavoisier, 10. Lawes, 12. Leclerc, 12, 256, 355, 357, 358, 359, 361. Lehde, 352,353,354. Lehmann, 10,12,35,42, 89, 93, 399, 411. Leo, 217, 218, 226. Levin, 71, 79, 202,214,217, 224. Lewinstein, 179. Leyden, 235. Liebig, 10,11. Likhachev, 11,12, 417. Limbeck, von, 75, 84. Lipman-Wulf, 247, 248. Lipski, 201, 202, 213. Listov, 29, 33. Loewy, A., 180. Loewy, J., 180. Lorenz, 403,414. Ldsche, 404. Lucanus, 366,371. Luciani, 89,93. Liihrig, 415. Lusk, 71, 80. Magnus-Levy, 29, 33, 49, 53. Makovetski, 147,148,161. Malakhovski, 38, 39, 44,114. Malfatti, 12. Manfredi, 74, 83. Mann, 253, 257. Maercker, 12, 367, 368,372,404,413. Marcuse, 313, 325. Marette, 61,66. Markov, 28, 32,33. Martin, 404. Matzkevich, 185,186,187, 210. Mauthner, 333, 342. May, 400, 401, 413. Mayer, 329,338. Mayow, 9. Melilis, 346, 347. Meissl, 12,402, 403, 414. Mering, 113. Mielcke, 404. Mikhalevitcli, 222, 223, 227. Milne-Edwards, 13. Mitchell, W., 260. Miura, 49, 50, 54. Mogilianski, 47,48, 52. Mohr, 404. Molleschott, 365. Mori, 12, 63,71, 73,79. Mugdan, 331, 340. Muller, 89, 93, 185, 228, 231, 235, 259,401,414. Miiller, P.,252,253,256. Munk, 13, 14, 46, 56, 57, 59, 88, 89, 93,132, 311,312, 313, 325, 328, 329, 330, 336, 337. Navasartianz, 104,105,114. Nechayew, 152,153,163. Neubauer, 92. Noorden, von, 12,13,14, 34, 53, 57, 83, 93, 108, 116,118, 224, 231, 232, 235, 236, 246,248, 253, 256. Norris, 332, 333, 341. North, 12,120,121,131. Novi, 12, 75, 84. Nowak, 12. Oddi, 172. Oertel, 174. Oi, 12,73, 81,82. Oppenlieim, 95,119,120,130. Osier, 14,181. Ossendovski, 97,98, 111. Ott, 329, 337. Parkes, 47, 52,119, 129,131. Pashutin, 11,12, 92,417. Paton, 12, 88,92,123,132,133. Pautz, 219, 220, 221,222, 227. Pcchsel, 60, 64,81. Peiser, 165. Peligot, 13. Pettenkofer, 11, 12, 62, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 277, 280, 281, 383, 391, 393, 395, 397, 407, 410. Pfeiffer, 375,376,380, 381. Pfliiger, 11,12,113,132,409. Pipping, 206, 215. Pldsz, 306, 318. Pollitzer, 307,308, 320. Popov, 259, 260. Pott, 368,375,376. Pottliast, 308, 321, 334,343. Prausnitz, 29,40, 45. Priestly, 10. Prior, 251, 252, 255. Punine, 123,124,125,126,134. Puritz, 195,211. Quincy, 10. Rabuteau, 174, 337,343. Ranke, 11, 62, 67,110, 224, 266,267, 277,281. Raspopov, 261, 262, 263, 264. Regnault, 11,12, 383,399,411, 412. Reiset, 11,12, 366, 371, 383, 399,411, 412. Renk, 182,195, 212. Reprev, 334, 343,364. Ilicliet, 270, 271, 281. Rieder, 42,68,78, 307, 320, 381. Riesell, 238, 240. Ritter, 253,256. Rohmann, 182, 208, 216, 238, 240, 348, 349, 350. Rosa, 274, 275,283. Rosenthal, 12, 417. Rost, 352, 354. Rubner, 11, 12, 26, 31, 33, 35,42, 43, 64, 68, 77, 78,81,112, 208, 364, 365, 397, 399, 409,410,418,419. Rudenko, 26, 27, 28, 31, 307, 320. Rutgers, 22,24, 71,116. Sacc, 346, 347. Sachs, 345,365. Sachse, 232, 237. Sadovyen, 88,92, 420. Salkovsky, 92, 94. Sanctorius, 10. Sassetzky, 209. Savatski, 106,107,115. Scherer, 42. Sclimehl, 130. Schmidt, 12, 224, 389, 391, 399,406, 407,412, 415. Schmitz, 178,179. Schneider, 243, 245. Schopp, 229, 230, 235. Schrader, 173,174. Schrodt, 368,376, 378. Schultz, 369, 373, 404, 413. INDEX OF NAMES. 425 Schultze, 404, 413. Schulze, 12, 95, 110, 349, 350, 367, 368, 369, 372, 373, 376,377,378,404, 413. Schuster, 68,77. Seegen, 12, 306, 317, 327, 328, 336, 337. Senator, 89, 93. Sevastyanov, 202,203, 214. Slrmitz, 178,179. Siewert, 67, 68, 77. Sigrist, 144,160. Simanowsky, 399, 410. Skvortsov, 332, 340. Slagle, 85. Slatkowsky, 26, 31. Smirnov, 75, 76, 85. Smith, E., 12. Smith, E. E., 332, 333,341. Smith, H. M., 85. Smitz, 179. Snyder, 86,286, 299, 380. Sollmann, 86. Solntzev, 35, 36,37, 44. Solomin, 41, 46. Sonden, 174. Soskin, 379. Soxlilet, 12, 34, 389, 405. Spilker, 331,339. Spirig, 205, 215, 247, 248. Stadnitski, 107,108,117. Stammreich, 49, 53. Stockman, 88,92, 352, 353,354. Stohmann, 12,352, 353,354. Strauss, 219, 226. Strohmer, 403, 414. Studenski, 12. Sturtevant, 286, 298. Succi, 93. Taniguti, 23, 25,41,331,339. Tappeiner, 333,342,405. Tarchanov, 11,113. Ter-Grigorianz, 175,177. Terray, von, 179. Thomas, 404. Tigerstedt, 12,174. Toldt, 306,317. Topp, 156,167. Torrey, 85. Troitsky, 155,165,197. Tschudnovski, 11,118, 211. Tuczek, 88, 92. TTrach, 81. TTffelinann, 13,14,46. Uschinski, 421. Vatsadze, 148,149,162. Velitchkine, 154,164. Vicarelli, 172, Vilizhanin, 334,344. Virchow, 330, 338. Vogel, 216,224, 246. Voit, C., 11,12,13,14, 22, 24, 25,31, 42, 62, 64, 78,89,130,134, 224, 266, 267,268,269,270,277, 279, 280, 281, 286,292,298,300,302, 303, 304, 305, 306,314,315,316, 318, 324, 327, 336, 338,346,347,391, 393, 395, 397,406, 407,410,415. Voit, E., 59, 62,409. Voit, F., 217,225. Volkov, 107,108,117. Voskresenski, 153,154,163. Waage, 404. Walter, 96, 97, 111, 136,139. Washburn, 107,115. Weintraud, 226. Weiske, 12, 346, 347, 349, 350,368, 369,370,372,373, 374, 375,376, 377, 378,379. Weston, 129. Whiteliouse, 96,111. Wicke, 369, 370, 373, 374. Wildt, 375, 376. Wimmer, 368, 369. Winternitz, 159. Wislicenus, 134. Wolff, 12,13, 356, 357, 361,363. Wollowicz, 47,52. Woods, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 282. Yakovlyev, 196,197, 212. Zachajewsky, 169,170,171,172. Zasietski, 121, 122, 131, 182, 183, 184,208. Zavadovski, 127,128,135. Zavadski, 151,152,163. Zielstorff, 415. Zouiev, 334, 345. Zuntz, 12, 49, 53, 83, 89,93,133, 321, 326, 383, 399, 409,411. Zuntz, L., 180. INDEX OF SUBJECTS. Page. Absinthium, effect on digestion of protein. 330,339 in chronic indigestion 230,236 with dogs 330, 339 Adonis vernalis, in cirrhosis of liver 233, 237 Air, compressed, effect of breathing 177 Albumen, in albuminuria 251, 255 preparations 38,40, 44, 45 Albumose vs. meat for dogs 308,320 Alcohol 46 and exercise, physiological effect.. 47,52 as a nutrient 66 bibliography 46 combustion in respiration calorim- eter 283 effect on cattle 293,300 dogs 332,341 Herbivora 377, 378 man 29,33,49,53,54 with typhoid fever. 185, 209 respiratory quotient 49, 53 physiological effect 46, 47, 49, 52, 53 Alkaline treatment in cirrhosis of liver.. 233, 237 Amido acetic acid, with chickens 348, 350 Ammonia in respiratory products 300 Ammonium bromid 95,110 chlorid, with chickens 348, 350 sulphate, with chickens 350 Animal food 24, 68, 79, 85,227, 266, 267 for Kerbivoya 368, 372 in hysteria 259, 260 vs. mixed diet 68, 79 vegetable diet 68, 79 protein 24 Animals, experiments with 285 Antifebrin in pneumonia 238, 241 Antimony 331,339 Antipyrin 96,107, 111, 116 with dogs 420 Arsenic 328, 336 effect on digestibility of food .... 376, 378 iron water, composition 117 Ash, metabolism in— cattle 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 380, 385 diabetes and in normal health 216, 224 dogs 303, 304, 316, 391, 393, 395, 397 fowls 346, 347, 399 horses 356, 357, 363 man 266, 267,268, 269, 270,271, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280 rabbits 399 sheep 401 swine 380,403 Pago. ! Asia in gall 389,391 of milk, digestibility 25,31 j Asparagin, effect on metabolism of protein in Carnivora 333,342 nutritive value 376, 378 with chickens 348, 350 dogs 330, 338 Aspartic acid, with chickens 348, 350 geese 349, 350 Barley and rice vs. rice for man 73, 82 digestibility 351,380,381 Baths and enemas 140 aromatic 153,163 cold 155,167 douche 148,162 in typhoid fever 182,183, 208 shower 145,161 fresh water 141,144,159,160 hot 156,167,398,410 hot-air 144,154,161,164 in diabetes 217, 224 heart disease 242, 245 kidney diseases 249, 253, 255, 257 mineral 141,159 mud 155,165 in gonorrhea 165,197 syphilis 165,197 salt 152,155,163,164 in phthisis 202, 214 with dogs 333, 334, 342, 343 sand 156,168 Scotch douche 148,162 steam 147,161 warm 144,148,151,155,160,162,163,165 in cirrhosis of liver 234, 237 with dogs 333, 342 Beans, digestibility 35,40,43,45 Beef, lean, digestibility 35, 42 vs. fish 38, 44 vs. horse meat for men 67,77 Bibliography of alcohol 46 Black bread, digestibility 35, 43 Blatta orientalis, in cirrhosis of liver 233, 237 Blood and ductless glands, diseases of 246 transfusion 329, 338 Bomb calorimeter, use '... 416,417 Bones, diseases of 260 Boric acid 95,110 Brain of animals, effect of injuring 345 Brandy, physiological effect 47, 52 Bread and milk, digestibility 29, 33 other single food materials 35 black, digestibility 35,43 428 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. rage. Bread, digestibility 35,43,49, 53 making, use of potato starch in 49, 53 with dogs 302, 305, 315, 317 Breathing exercises 127,135 Breed, effect on digestibility of food by sheep 369,373 Bromids 95,110 Buckwheat, digestibility 350 Butter, digestibility 40, 45 Caffein, in cirrhosis of liver 233, 237 Caffeinum natro-salicylium, in heart dis- ease 242,245 Calcium carbonate 329, 338 metabolism in man 75, 84 with fever .. 189,190, 191,192,193,-194, 211 sheep 375 Calorimeter, bomb. (See Bomb calorimeter.) Calorimeter, respiration. (See Respiration calorimeter.) Calves, sucking, experiments with 388,405 Cancer. (See Carcinoma.) Cane sugar, effect on cattle 291, 300 digestion in dogs... 302, 314 Canned vs. fresh meat 35,44 vegetables 35,44 Carbohydrate diet in diabetes 217, 226 ration with and withoutfat. 390,407 Carbohydrates and fat, relation to metab- olism of protein 71, 74, 80,82 Carbon and nitrogen metabolism as affected by various diets 266,267, 277 Carbon dioxid excretion— as affected by transfusion of blood... 329, 338 by dogs 419,420 horses 411 man 421 rabbits 420 sheep 384,404 steers 384,404 during fasting 413,419,420 Carbon, metabolism. (See Respiration ex- periments.) unoxidized. (See Hydrocarbons.) Carcinoma 201,213, 228, 229,230, 235 Carlsbad salts, in cirrhosis of liver 233, 237 Carnivora vs. fowls, fasting 398, 410 Herbivora 353, 354 Carrots, digestibility 35, 43 Casein vs. meat for dogs 313, 325 Cats, fasting, experiments with 388,406,415 respiration experiments with... 388,406,415 Cattle. (See also Steers.) experiments with 285 fasting, experiments with 288,299 respiration experiments with. 384, 404,415 vs. sheep, carbon dioxid produc- tion 384,404 Cellulose as a protector of protein in Her- bivora 369,373 nutritive value 398,412 Cereals, digestibility 85 Cheese, digestibility 35, 42 Chickens, experiments with 346 fasting, experiments with 398,410 respiration experiments with . 398,410 Page. Childbirth Ki8 Children, dietaries of 72,81 experiments with. .26, 29, 30,72, 73,75,99, 138,140,184, 219,220,243, 244, 254, 262, 266 nursing 30,33 Chloral, effect on protein cleavage 331, 339 Clilorids, excretion as affected by hypnotic sleep 86 Clilorin, metabolism in carcinoma 228,235 sheep 375 Chloroform, effect on protein cleavage 331,339 Cldorosis 247,248 Cholecystotomy, effect on digestion 232, 237 Cinchonidin sulphate 96, 111 Circulatory system, diseases of 241 Cirrhosis of liver 232,233, 234,237 Claret, physiological effect 47,52 Climate, influence of 60,64 Cod-liver oil, with children 99,113 Coffee, physiological effect 119,130 Constipation 149,150,151.163 Constitutional diseases 215 Corn cockles, with swine .• 402,414 digestibility 355,362,380,381 meal and cotton-seed meal, fertilizer constituents compared 369,373 digestibility.. 35,42 Corpulence, effect of diet 71,74,79,83 Oertel treatment 174 Corrosive sublimate, in pneumonia 238, 241 syphilis 197, 212 Cotton-seed hulls, digestibility 297, 299,300 meal and corn meal, fertilizer constituents compared 269,273 digestibility 297,300 Cow’s milk vs. human milk 30, 34 Creolin, effect on bacteria in feces 331,340 Creosote, in phthisis 201, 213 Crude fiber, digestibility 346, 347, 355,361 effect on cattle 293,300 Darkness, physiological effect 364, 365 Be Bove’s method of forced feeding 201, 213 Dextrin, with cattle 292, 300 Dextrose, in diabetes 218,226 Diabetes 80,216, 217, 218,219, 220, 221, 222, 224, 225, 226, 227, 268, 269,270, 271, 277 Diet, abundant, in typhoid fever 195,211 effect of change 26, 31 on corpulence 71, 74, 79,83 European vs. Japanese 73, 82 Malayan 60, 66 influence of 66 insufficient, in typhoid fever 195,211 Japanese 71,79 mixed 35, 42, 68, 79 digestibility 71, 80 effect on amount of protein re- quired '. 59,63 in diabetes 270,271, 280 vs. animal 68,79 vegetable 25,68, 79 nitrogen-free 35, 42 digestibility 68, 78 effect on nitrogen excre- tion 119,129 of sailors on land and on shipboard... 71,80 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 429 Page. Diet, with little protein and abundance of energy . 311,325 without carbohydrates, in diabetes... 218, 219, 226, 270, 271, 280 protein 268, 269, 277 in diabetes 270, 271,280 influence on carbon and nitrogen meta- bolism 266, 267, 277 Dietaries of children 72,81 European soldiers 65 hospital patients 195,196,212 Italian peasants 75,84 prisoners 68, 77 the poor 68, 74, 77,83 Digestibility of— animal food by Herbivora 368,372 ash of milk 25, 31 barley 351,380,381 beans 35,40, 43, 45 black bread 35, 43 bread 35, 43,49, 53 and milk.. 29,33 buckwheat 350 butter 40,45 carrots 35,43 cereals 85 cheese :. 35,42 corn 380,381 meal 35,42 cotton-seed hulls 297, 300 meal 297, 300 crude fiber 355, 361 disembittered lupine seed 369, 373 eggs 35,42 fat 68, 77 food as affected by alcohol 377, 378 arsenic 376,378 by sheep, as affected by breed... 369,373 shearing 368, 372 fruits 85 hay 415 hops 369, 372 lean beef 35, 42 macaroni 35,43 margarin 40,45 milk 26,29,31,33 millet 347 mixed diet 71, 80 nutrients 85 as affected by drinking water 377,379 starch and fat. 369,373 peas 350,380,381 potatoes 86 rations for horses 361 rice 35, 43 straw '. 366,372,415 sugar 85 tripe 41,46 vegetables 85 wheat 351 Digestion as affected by continuous flow of gall 232,237 typhoid fever... 182,208 Digestion experiments with— cattle 286, 287, 297, 298, 299, 300 Page. Digestion experiments with— chickens 351 dogs 311,321 geese 316,317 horses 355,361,362 man 25, 26, 29,31,33, 35,40,41, 42, 43, 45,46, 49, 53, 68, 71,77, 78,80, 85, 86, 236 sheep. 366, 368, 369, 371, 372, 373,376,377,378,379 swine 380, 381,402,414 Digestive system, diseases of 227 Digitalis, in heart disease 242,245, 246 nephritis 249, 255 Diphtheria 205, 206,215 Diseases of blood and ductless glands 246 digestive system 227 Dogs, calorimetric experiments with 417, 418,419,420,421 experiments with 301 fasting, experiments with. 316, 327, 329, 330, 390, 396, 398, 400, 407, 409, 410, 419,420,421 metabolism of energy in 417, 418,419,420,421 respiration experiments with 388, 407 sucking, experiments with 313,326 Doves, experiments with 346,347 respiration experiments with 398, 410 Ductus thoracicus, ligature, in dogs 334, 345 Dynamometer, use in experiments with horses 361,362,363 Echinococcus hepatis 231, 236 Eggs, digestibility 35,42 Enemas 150,151,163 in typhoid fever 195,211 Energy, metabolism in dogs.. 417, 418, 419,420,421 man 283,421 Ether, effect on protein cleavage 331,339 European vs. Japanese diet 73,82 Malayan diet 60, 66 Excretory products— examination 17 gaseous, as affected by copious water drinking 187, 210 • determination 25 Exercise and alcohol, physiological effect .. 47, 52 Faradization in diseases of liver. 136,139, 233, 237 Easting cats, experiments with 388, 406, 415 cattle, experiments with 288, 299 chickens, experiments with 348, 350,398,410 dogs, experiments with. 302, 308, 311, 313, 315,316, 322,324, 327,329, 330,390, 396, 398, 400, 407,409, 410,418, 419,420, 421 during hypnotic sleep 86 effect on carbon dioxid excretion .. 413 urea excretion 119,130 Herbivora and Carnivora com- pared 364,365 in diabetes 268, 269, 280 man, experiments with 86, 88,89, 90, 91,92, 93, 94, 95, 266, 267,268, 269, 277, 280 rabbits, experiments with ... 364, 365,420 swine, experiments with 402, 414 Pat and carbohydrates, relation to metabol- ism of protein 74, 82 meat for dogs 302, 315 protein for dogs 390,407 starch for dogs 302,315 430 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Page Fat assimilation as affected by alcohol 47, 52 orexin 105,115 in phthisis 205, 215 digestibility 68, 77 effect on diabetes 219, 226 digestion of nutrients 369,373 for dogs 390, 407 formation in animal organism.. 286,298,305, 316, 380, 381, 384, 398,405, 409, 410,414, 415 in rations for sheep 374 Fatty acids, physiological role 328,337 Feces, bacteria in, as affected by creolin 339 metabolic nitrogen in 68, 78, 380,381 Fertilizer constituents of cotton seed meal and corn meal compared 369, 373 Fever as affected by copious water drink- ing 187,188,210 effect on cleavage of protein 345, 365 metabolism of protein of milk 182,183,184,208 in children 205, 206, 215 dogs 345,420 rabbits 400, 413 metabolism of mineral matter in.. 189, 190,191,192, 193,194, 210, 211 relapsing. (See Relapsing fever.) typhoid. (See Typhoid fever.) utilization of glycogen in 413 Fish and vegetable diet in hysteria 259, 260 vs. lean beef 38, 44 Fluorin compounds, storing in the body of. 333, 342 Fodder, digestibility as affected by change of ration 286, 298 Food, consumption at frequent intervals ... 75, 85 effect of preparation on assimilation of protein 81 functions 7, 58 Forced feeding in phthisis 201,213 Fowls and Herbivora, fasting, compared.. 398,410 fasting, experiments with . 348, 350, 398,410 Friction baths, Winternitz’s method 141,159 Fruits, digestibility * 85 Fuel value, determination. (See Bomb calorimeter.) Gall, ash in 389,391 effect of continuous flow on digestion. 232, 237 hydrogen in 389,391 nitrogen in ... 389, 391 sulphur in 389, 391 Gallic acid, poisoning 420 Geese, experiment s with 346, 347 Gelatin and fat for dogs 302,315 with and without meat for dogs.. 302, 315 vs. meat for dogs 308,320 Glandularum mesareacum, starchy degen- eration of 231,236 Glucose, effect on phosphoric acid excre- tion 96, 111 Gluten, digestibility 35, 43 Glycerin, physiological role 328, 337 Glycogen of the body, utilization in fever.. 413 Glycoseria 421 Goats, experiments with 351, 354 Gonorrhea 165,197 Gout 216,224 Page Grape sugar, with cattle 291, 300 Gum, wood, with cattle 293, 300 Hay, digestibility - 355, 362, 415 maintenance ration for cattle 288, 299 Healthy man, experiments with 21, 202, 213, 216, 217,218, 219,224, 226, 227, 231, 236, 261, 262, 264, 266, 421 Heart disease 242, 245 Heat, animal, source of 418 Heat, nieasurement in— control experiments with alcohol 284 experiments with dogs 418, 419,420, 421 man 283, 421 rabbits 420 Herbivora, cellulose as a nutrient for 412 protector of pro- tein in 369,373 digestibility of animal food by. 368, 372 effect of alcohol on 377, 378 vs. Carnivora 353, 354 Hippuric acid in urine as affected by crude fiber 355, 361 Hops, digestibility 369, 372 Horseback riding, influence of 123,134 Horse beans, digestibility 355, 362 meat vs. beef for man 67, 77 Horses, capacity for work as affected by various rations 356, 363 digestion of various rations 355,361 effect of work 355,361 excretion of carbon dioxid by 411 methan by 411 experiments with 354 respiration experiments with 398, 411 Hydrocarbons, formation in intestines as affected by ration 384, 405 Hydrogen in gall 389, 391 metabolism in dogs 389, 391,393, 395, 397, 399 man 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280 rabbits 399 sheep 401 Hypnotic sleep 86 Hysteria 259, 260 Icthyol, physiological effect 109,118 Insanity 88, 92, 93 Iodin in syphilis 195, 212 Iron, effectonhaemoglobincontentof blood 332, 340 metabolism in dogs 306,317 sheep 375 Isodynamic values of nutrients 369,409 Italian peasants, dietaries 75, 84 Japanese dietaries 71,79 rice diet 25 vs. European diet 73, 82 Jaundice 231,236 artificially produced in dogs 334, 344 Kepliir 46 assimilation in disease 201, 213 health 202,213 effect on assimilation of nitrogen .. 50, 54 preparation 46,54 protein of, composition 55 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 431 Page Kidneys, diseases of 248 Koumiss 46 assimilation 50,54 preparation 46 Lactation in dogs 334, 343 goats 352,354 Leucaemia 247,248 Leucin, with chickens 348, 350 Leucocythaemia 270, 271 Levico mineral water, composition 117 Levnlose, in diabetes 218,226 Light, physiological effect 364, 365 Lipanin as a substitute for cod-liver oil 113 Lithium bromid, in nephritis 249, 255 carbonate 98, 111 Liver, digestibility by dogs 311, 324 Lungs, digestibility by dogs 311,324 inflammation 187,210 Lupine meal vs. meat meal 321 seed, disembittered, digestibility . 369, 373 “Luxus consumption” of food, theory of... 412 Macaroni, digestibility 35, 43 Magnesium, metabolism in fever 189,190, 191,192, 193,194, 211 sheep 375 Maize. (See also Corn.) Maize cake, digestibility 355, 362 Malayan vs. European diet 60, 66 Malt extract, in phthisis 203, 204, 214 Man, calorimetric experiments with 283,421 experiments with 21 Margarin, digestibility 40,45 Massage 135 in hysteria 259,260 Measles 241 Meat and fat for dogs 302, 315 peptones, nutritive value com- pared 326 canned vs. fresh 35, 44 for dogs 302, 315 meal for geese 349,350 vs. lupine meal for dogs 321 peptone, composition 57 vs. albumoses for dogs 308, 320 casein for dogs 313, 325 gelatin for dogs 308, 320 peptones 56, 57,307, 320 Men, experiments with 22, 26, 35,47, 56, 59, 67, 88, 95,119,136,142,175,178,182, 216, 228, 238, 242, 247, 249, 261, 266, 421 Menstruation 172 Mercury, in syphilis 195,196,198,199, 200, 212 Metabolic balance, definition 8 determination 9 Metabolism, definition 8 experiments, compilation and classification 13 experiments, factors affecting value 16 experiments with man, his- tory 10 investigations, history 7 theories 9 Methan, excretion by horses 411 Milk and bread, digestibility 29, 33 cheese, digestibility 35,42 Page. Milk assimilation as affected by sweating.. 26, 31 diet 25,26, 31,32,121,131 for dogs 307, 320 in cirrhosis of liver 233, 237 hysteria 259,200 nephritis 249, 255 digestibility 26,29,31,33 human vs. cow’s 30, 34 production as affected by change of ration : 286, 298 protein of, composition 55 raw vs. sterilized 29,33 secretion by dogs as affected by food . 316 sugar, in diabetes 218, 226 Millet, digestibility by chickens as affected by gravel 347 meal 37,44 Mineral constituents of food, value 306,317 matter. (See Ash.) water 95,104,107,110,114,117 Levico, composition 117 Miso, preparation r 80 Mixed diet. (&eeDiet.) Moor soil, composition 166 water, composition 135 Morphin, effect on metabolism 328, 336 Morrhuol as a substitute for cod-liver oil .. 113 Muscular work. Work.) Nephritis 143,144,145,159,161 Nervous diseases 258 Nitrogen, assimilation— as affected by consuming food at fre- quent intervals 75, 85 kephir 50, 54 koumiss 50, 54 from the air 355, 361 Nitrogen, consumption, effect on nitrogen excretion 119,129 content of perspiration 172 determination, comparison of methods 279,306,319 effect of consuming limited quan- tities 72, 81 Nitrogen excretion— as affected by muscular work 118 salt 333,341 transfusion of blood... 329, 338 water 333,341 by dogs 303,306,316,317 sheep 367,372 in diabetes as affected by carbohy- drates 21fj, 226 gaseous excretory products 288, 299, 318, 320, 346, 347,352,354, 366,367, 371, 372,381,398,404,407, 410, 412 perspiration 65 Nitrogen free diet 35, 42 from the air, absorption by Her- bivora 286, 298 in feces, character 68, 78, 380, 381 gall 302, 314, 389,391 urine, source 308, 321 ratio to phosphoric acid in food and urine, theory based on 322 432 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Page. Nitrogen in ratio to sulphur in food and urine, theory based on. 322 Nutrients, digestibility 85 isodynamic values 64,396,409 Nutrition, use of alcohol in 66 Oats, digestibility 355,362 Oertel treatment for corpulence 174 Orexin, effect on assimilation of fats 105,115 Ossein, nutritive value 306, 318 Oxygen, effect of increased inhalation in leucajmia 247, 248 metabolism in dogs. 389, 391, 393, 395, 397 man. 266, 267, 268, 269,270, 271, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280 rabbits 399 sheep 401 consumption 420 Paraldehyde, physiological effect. 331, 332, 339, 340 Peas, digestibility 350,380,381 Peasants, Italian, dietaries 75, 84 Pectin, with cattle 293,300 Pedestrian, professional, experiments with. 119, 129,130 Peptone, meat, composition 57 Peptones '• 55 and meat, nutritive value com- pared 326 nutritive value 306, 318 preparation and use 55 vs. meat 56,57,307,320 Perspiration, nitrogen content 65,160,172 Perspiring 119,130,142,159 influence on assimilation of milk 26,31 Phlorizin, producing glycoseria 421 Phosphates, excretion as affected by— hypnotic sleep 86 muscular work 120,131 Phosphoric acid- excretion by dogs 304, 316 metabolism in cattle 297, 300 diabetes 217,224 diseases of the bones 261, 262, 263, 264 dogs 304,305,308, 309, 310,311, 316, 317,321, 324 man 67, 68,120, 121,202. 261,262, 263,264 with fever 189, 190,191,192,193,194, 211 sheep 369,373, 375 ratio to nitrogen in food and urine, the- ory based on 322 Phosphorus, excretion as affected by glu- cose 96, 111 metabolism in phthisis ..... 202, 214 poisoning 107,116, 348, 350 Phthisis 187,188,200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 210, 213,214, 215,231,236 Pigs. (See Swine.) Pilocarpin, physiological effect 119,130 Pipirizin, in gout 216, 224 Pneumonia 238, 239,240, 241 Poor people, dietaries 68,74,77,83 Potassium bromid 95,110 Page. Potassium chlorid, metabolism in fever 189, 190,191,192,193,194 iodid 107,117 in cirrhosis of liver 232,237 oxid, metabolism in sheep. 369,373,375 Potato starch, use in bread making . 49, 53 Potatoes, digestibility 35,43,86 Pregnancy 168, 334, 343, 421 Prisoners, dietaries 68, 77,161 Protein, acquired, definition 84 amount required as affected by muscular work 59,62 amount required as affected by vegetable and mixed diet 59, 63 and carbohydrate ration, with and without fat 390,407 and fat for dogs 390, 407 animal vs. vegetable 24, 308, 321 circulating, deduction s concerning. 324 cleavage as affected by chloral.. 331,339 c li 1 o r o - form .. 331,339 ether.... 331,339 fever 345, 365 paralde- hyde.. 331,339 determination of amount required in a dietary 58 diet for man 268,269,277 in diabetes 217, 225, 270, 271, 280 digestion of, as affected by diseases of the stomach 231,236 factors affecting amount required. 58 from different sources, in kidney diseases 253,256 increased consumption in hyste- ria 259,260 metabolism as affected by carbo- hydrates 71, 80 method of determining amount re- quired 58 of kephir, composition 55 milk, assimilation by dogs 307, 320 man 26, 55 composition 55 tissue, conversion into reserve protein 240 protection by cellulose in Herbiv- ora 369, 373 ration for dogs 390, 407 reserve, definition 84 stored, deductions concerning 324 varying amounts in ration for horses 356,363 vegetable vs. animal 308,321 Pyrodin poisoning 332, 341 Quassia, effect on digestion of protein 330,339 in chronic indigestion 230,236 Quinin 328, 336,420 in relapsing fever 184,208 typhoid fever. 184, 208 physiological effect 119,130 Kabbits, calorimetric experiments with 420 experiments with . 363 respiration experiments with 398,411 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 433 Page. Ration, maintenance, for sheep 400,413 steers 405,415 Rations for horses, value for production of work 355, 361 ruminants, effect of change .. 402,414 Relapsing fever 184,208 Respiration apparatus— classification ' 383 description 405,411,418 varieties 265 Respiration calorimeter— description 282 test of accuracy 283 use in experiments with alcohol 284 cattle 415 dogs. 418,419,420,421 man 283, 421 rabbits 420 Respiration experiments— analytical methods 279 experimental methods ... 405, 406, 407, 408,411 with cats 388,406, 415 cattle 384,404,415 chickens 398,410 dogs 388, 407 doves 398,410 horses 398,411 man 266 rabbits 398, 411 sheep 400,413 swine 402,413 Respiratory quotient, as affected by alcohol. 49, 53 determination 94 343,411, 420 system, diseases of 237 Rheumatism 216 Rice diet, J apanese 25 digestibility 35,43 vs. rice and barley for man 73, 82 Ruminants, as affected by change of ra- tions 402, 414 Saccharin, effect on assimilation of nitro- gen 106,115 physiological effect... 349, 350, 380, 382 Sailors, diet on land and on shipboard 71,80 Salt, effect on sheep 375, 378 excretion of nitrogen 333,341 urine 333, 341 Scurvy 222,223,227 Septic poisoning 420 Sexual life, phases in dogs 334,343, 421 Sheep and cattle, carbon dioxid production by 384,404 digestibility of animal food by 368, 372 effect of breed on digestibility of food 369,373 feeding during day and night 400,413 shearing 368, 372 experiments with 365 maintenance ration for 400,413 nitrogen excretion by 367, 372 respiration experiments with 400, 413 Shoyu, preparation 80 Silica, metabolism in sheep 375 Page. Sleep, consumption of oxygen during 421 production of carbon dioxid during . 421 heat during 421 Smoking, physiological effect 97, 111 Sodium acetate 329, 331,338, 339 benzoate 330, 338 in diabetes 216,217, 224 bicarbonate 108,118 in diabetes .. 216, 217, 224, 225 carbonate.... 103,114,327, 329, 336, 337, 338 effect on nitrogen excre- tion 98, 111 chlorid, effect on excretion of urea by dogs ".... 302, 314 in carcinoma. 228, 229,230, 235,236 typhoid fever 182, 208, 240 metabolism in— fever 189, 190,191,192,193,194, 211 measles 241 normal health 208 pneumonia 238,240 citrate 108,118 fluorid, effect on fluorin compounds in the body 333, 342 oxid, metabolism in sheep 375 phosphate 329,338 salicylate 330,338 in typhoid fever 184,208 sulphate 327,329,336,338 Soldiers, European, dietaries 65 Specific infectious diseases 181 Spinal cord of animals, effect of injuring .. 420 Sputa, nitrogen in 238, 239 Starch and fat for dogs 302, 315 effect on digestion and assimilation of nutrients 369,373 in rations for cattle 292, 300 Steers. (See also Cattle.) and sheep, carbon dioxid production by 384,404 as affected by change of ration 384, 404 increased consumption of water 384,404 maintenance ration for 404,415 Sterilized milk vs. raw milk 29,33 Stomach diseases, effect on digestion of pro- tein 231, 236 Straw, digestibility 361,366,371 nutritive value 289, 299 Strophanthus, in heart disease 242,245 Succinic acid, with geese 349, 350 Sugar, cane, effect on digestion in dogs... 302, 314 in rations for cattle 291,300 digestibility 85 grape, in rations for cattle 291, 300 with and without meat, for dogs.. 302, 315 Sulfonal 332,341 Sulphur in gall 389, 391 metabolism in cats 389 sheep 376,378 ratio to nitrogen in food and urine, theory based on 322 Sulphuric acid, metabolism in fever.. 189,190,191, 192,193,194, 211 sheep 375 749—No. 45 28* 434 A DIGEST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. Page. Swine, experiments with 379 fasting, experiments with 402, 414 respiration experiments with 400,413 Syphilis 195,196,197,198,199, 200,212, 213 Tata albumen 40, 45,100,113 composition 100,114 Thymus gland, digestibility by dogs 311, 324 Tissue, muscular, as affected by diet 75, 84 Tobacco, physiological effect 97, 111 Tofu, preparation 80 Trifolium, effect on digestibility of pro- tein 330, 339 Tripe, digestibility 41,46 Typhoid fever 182, 183,184,185,186,187,195, 208, 210, 211, 240 Uraemia 420 Uranium nitrate, physiological and toxic effects 332,340 Urea excretion as affected by— fasting 119,130 frequent urination 119,130 hypnotic sleep 86 Ureter of dog, ligature 420 Urethan 107,115 Urine, excretion as affected by salt 333, 341 hippuric acid content as affected by crude fiber 355,361 source of nitrogen in 308, 321 Vaselin, in syphilis 198,212 Vegetable and fish diet in hysteria 259, 260 diet, effect on amount of protein required 59,63 vs. animal diet. 68, 79 protein 24 mixed diet 25,68,79 Vegetables, canned vs. fresh 35,44 digestibility 85 Page. Vegetarian diet, experiments with 21 Vichy, in nephritis 249,255 Water— copious drinking, effect on excretion through skin and lungs 187, 210 copious drinking, in typhoid fever 185, 186,187, 210, 211 effect of copious and diminished drink- ing 174,177 increased consumption 119, 130, 375, 378, 384, 404 on digestion of nutrients 377, 379 excretion of nitrogen 333,341 Wax, effect on cattle 293,300 Weir Mitchell cure for hysteria 259, 260 Wheat, digestibility 351 gluten, digestibility 308,321 Winternitz’s method cf friction baths. (See Baths.) Women, experiments with.. 22, 24, 26, 27,40, 56, 71, 74, 75, 88,101,103,107,169,173,185, 205, 218, 220, 221, 228, 231, 232, 233, 242, 243, 247, 253, 259, 266 Wood gum, effect on cattle 293, 300 Work, capacity for, by horses as affected by diets rich and poor in protein... 356,363 effect on horses 355,361 mental 272, 273,282 muscular. 118,119,131, 266, 267, 268, 269, 277 after effect 135 effect on amount of protein required 59, 62 excretion of nitro- gen 118 excretion of phos- phates 120,131 Houghton's formula for computing 129