LIFE. 
§ 
SHEETS 
OF 
A NEW WORK ON PHYSIOLOGY, 
BY 
W. H. TRIPLETT, M. D., 
WASHINGTON, D. C., U. S. 
WASHINGTON, D. C.: 
J. F. SHEIRY, BOOK AND JOB PRINTER, 307 SEVENTH STREET, N. W. 
1878. INTRODUCTORY. 
We invite the human intellect to fresh inspection of Itself 
and of the Temple in which it dwells. 
We speak only of Law and of Evidence. 
An opinion is worth nothing if it have not law for its foun- 
dation. 
Evidence is not entitled to confidence if it may not be in- 
spected. 
The mind is informed only through the senses, and comes 
to correct conclusions solely upon their testimony carefully 
taken, adjudicating matters upon law and evidence. LIFE. 
CHAPTER I. 
CARDINAL PRINCIPLES. 
1st interrogatory. What is Life ? 
An Anatomical Basis operated by Physical Law,—this is 
life. 
2nd interrogatory. What is the mode of the circulation of 
the juices which construct and sustain life’s forms? 
3d interrogatory. What is Life’s Fundamental Form and 
Archetype ? 
4th interrogatory. What are the Terms of Independent An- 
imal Existence ? 
5th interrogatory. What is Death? 
Answer to interrogatory 2. The juices circulate in a vacuum, 
the arteries control the circulation of red blood, and as a con- 
sequence regulate vital phenomena. 
Answer to interrogatory 3. Life’s Fundamental Form and 
Archetype is an Ellipse, the big end up, the 
small end down, after S' '\ the manner of the 
earth’s orbit, or the / \ solar ellipses, out of 
which it is evolved and / \over which it is mod- 
eled. It stamps its I image on what it pro- 
duces, life’s form doing / the same The flora 
grow to cardiac config- \ / uration, which is an el- 
lipse, showing it in the \ / form of its leaflets, the 
shape of its shrubs, \ / trees, flowers and fruits. 
The higher the eleva- \ / tion the more cordiform 
its products. The apple vtree and apple are of 
high cordiform type. The fauna exhibit it in their cordiform 
eggs and cordiform bodies; the measure of ascent in the scale 
of evolution being in exact proportion to degree of conforma- 
tion to cardiac configuration. The body of animal life is fash- 
ioned over the model furnished in the central organ of the 
circulation Nature sets up in the first several days of the nutri- 
tive process, as miniature of life’s great ellipse in the stellar 
circulation, the matrix of life’s form. 6 
I ~ 
Answer to interrogatory 4. The bws of independent ani- 
mal existence are in placental functions which have continua- 
tion and enlargement in the body mechanisms. 
Answer to interrogatory 5. Death is reversal of the Move- 
ment of Evolution, beginning always in the brain, with exten- 
sion thence to the medulla bulb, thence to the heart itself. 
Life disappears through the temple it first constructs, sinking 
below the surface in the auricles. Organic change may render 
the organ incapable of performing its proper labor upon the 
circulation, and somatic death ensues. Nevertheless there is 
no infraction of the law, for cardiac action continues the most 
persistent. The outermost works, or border-land, are the first 
abandoned, as they are the last constructed The intellect goes 
first; then respiration; then cardiac pulsation. The heart has 
ceased to fill up and strike against the chest-wall, but if the 
chest be opened it will be seen to continue its rhythmic move- 
ments some minutes later. Resuscitation is revival of the 
movement of evolution, commencing from the heart, with ex- 
tension to the medulla bulb, thence to the cerebral cortex. 
The intellect is the last to revive. 
Every one of these allegations rests upon an ANATOMICAL 
BASIS ; or has support in well-known PHYSICAL LAW; 
or in DIRECT PHYSIOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTA- 
TIONS; or in CORROBORATIVE EVIDENCE, in vast 
amount in MEDICAL EXPERIENCE; in addition to the 
weighty circumstance, that heretofore UNANSWERABLE 
MEDICAL PROBLEMS have ready solution; being a de- 
gree of circumstantial evidence sufficient in itself to make con- 
viction a moral certainty; BUT TAKEN ALTOGETHER, 
LEAVES NOT ROOM ENOUGH TO STAND AN 
INTERROGATION POINT UPON. 
Before the intellect can perform work upon the darkness 
which besets it on every side, it needs to have clear apprecia- 
tion of the tools it has to work with, and the nature of the ob- 
struction which stands in front of it, inhibiting further ad- 
vance. And it is necessary to have an enterprise clearly 
thought out, and a problem have formal statement upon the 
scientific slate, before a move be made upon the black border- 
land. The engineer must have suitable instruments, and firm- 
ness of footing; avoiding the morass of superstition; being al- 
ways brave and vigilant. The proper preparation is the edu- 
cation of the senses. The intellect can only be informed in 
this manner. The greater number of the five senses he can 7 
bring to bear upon the labor of inspection, the more highly 
qualified is the individual to perform effective work, and in- 
form himself of the true relation of things in the environment 
out of which he is evolved, and of his own individuality, which 
occasions him so much solicitude and so much care. Would 
he know more of life ?—he has instruction how to proceed to 
work. The animal body is a corporate mechanism of many 
smaller mechanisms. Set that fact down upon the slate. It 
is the first proposition of the vital problem. The body may 
be resolved into pieces of complete mechanisms, inter-depend- 
ent. It is a composite government; it is capable of still fur- 
ther resolution ; it was evolved out of blood. There is writ- 
ten history of organization, and growth out of blood, in cm- 
bryological tracing. There needs to be a scheme of construc- 
tion and adjustment of means to the end sought to be attained. 
Where there is method there must be a scheme 
This is not all. It is a well-known fact, easy of demonstra- 
tion, that vital phenomena, as well as nutritive processes, are 
dependent upon the circulation of the blood; hence it follows 
as a corVellary that the manner of its generation, and the mode 
of its distribution, is matter of paramount inquiry; to have 
satisfactory answer made before Physiology may make for- 
ward movement into unknown territory of vital elaboration. 
The manner of the circulation of the blood to be made out 
fully; and thorough appreciation of the mechanism had pos- 
session of by the mind: that formal statement may be made 
upon the slate; how blood circulates throughout the entire 
body ? How it is regulated in the vascular apparatus, so that 
it may be turned on or turned otf a part ? Vital phenomena 
have explanation, in this circumstance. To put the interroga- 
tories tersely : How do arteries and veins manage the circu- 
lation ? And what great physical law has application to the 
vascular apparatus ? These latter interrogatories to have con- 
spicuous place upon the slate. 
The law being specialized, it will be in order to go into the 
inquiry how the vascular tubing perform their work, in the 
necessary steps to carry out the law ? To execute a law there 
must be power delegated to the vascular tubing of a high or- 
der. The time is come to set down other interrogatories upon 
the slate. How is an artery constructed ? What are the 
anatomical constituents of an artery ? Anatomical structure 
has definite meaning and ready interpretation given it. Mus- 
cular substance is Nature’s preparation for producing MOTION 8 
in animal mechanisms. Nerve ganglia, and nerve wire con- 
necting them with muscular substance, is Nature’s method for 
energizing it. This is the source of all voluntary and involun- 
tary movement in animal mechanisms. The result is depend- 
ent upon the location and arrangement of the muscular sub- 
stance. In the straight muscles condensation and shortening 
take place upon a line between their points of origin and in- 
sertion, flexion or extension being matter of location and 
leverage only. If, for example, muscular substance be upon 
the back of the arm, when it contracts under nerve stimulus 
there will be extension of the forearm. On the other hand, 
if it be upon the front of the arm there will be flexion of 
the forearm, upon condensation from nerve stimulus. If mus- 
cular substance be disposed in circular fibres, as happens in arte- 
rial and intestinal tubing, its condensation means diminution 
of the lumen of the vessel. 
Before proceeding further it would be in order to return 
answer to these several interrogatories, as nothing can be done 
until proper answer be rendered. We formulate them in reg- 
ular order, beginning from the initial point: 
First, What physical law has application to the vascular ap- 
paratus for the circulation of blood ? 
Second, How do arteries and veins manage the circulation 
and carry out the law ? 
The answer to the first question is that blood circulates in a 
vacuum. By energizing muscular substance nature is ena- 
bled to form a vacuum, and by aid of atmospheric pressure 
which stands upon everything with great weight, she is en- 
abled to force the surrounding juices into the excavation until 
the cavity be filled. 
The great physical law upon which vital mechanisms have 
construction for the circulation of the juices is formation of 
vacuum areas, and the filling of the same by atmospheric pres- 
sure force. The auxiliary to the movement is in special mag- 
netic force, known as chemical affinity, of especial service in 
plant life. In animal forms the chief means of transportation 
is formation of vacuum areas, and muscular energy constring- 
ing the contents in the rhythmic movement of aspiration 
Speaking of magnetic force as auxiliary, water has strongest 
affinity for carbon, seeking it in the remotest branches of the 
tallest trees. It tears itself away from the powerful magnet of 
the earth to do this, supporting in its midst the soluble salts 
for the nutritive processes of the plant. ALL LIFE has con- 9 
s traction upon WATER, the highest forms having as much as 
three-fourths of their gross composition in this single element. 
The gray substance of the brain is eighty per cent, water and 
five decimal over. The lower the organization the less pro- 
portion of water there is in it. In animal structure cartilage 
has less than bone, the latter less than muscle, and muscle less 
than brain substance. The commerce of the tissues float upon 
the water of the circulation. In animal life this commerce has 
introduction into the body, and transportation through its hid- 
den channels, by agency of atmospheric pressure force and 
formation of vacuum areas in front of it. There is no other 
mode to remove resistance and obviate'friction. By such 
agency substances have importation into the body and expul- 
sion from it. The lowest forms create a vacuum behind sto- 
mata when atmospheric pressure forces in the juice in which 
the microcosm swims until the cell is full. This is amoeboid 
movement. In the higher forms, as in the mammalian, the 
animal opens its mouth into water, then rarities the air in the 
mouth cavity by withdrawing the oral air into the lung vacuum, 
made by descent of the diaphragm, in simultaneous and har- 
monious movement with the external performance, when 
atmospheric air presses the fluid into the excavation or unoc- 
cupied area. The importation of air is accomplished in the 
same manner. After water or other substance is in the mouth, 
the buccinators and dorsum of the tongue close around it in a 
species of systole, and push it beyond the isthmus of the fauces, 
where the movement to form the vacuum area is more simple. 
The vermicular motion of the intestinal tubing called “peris- 
talsis,” constituting such vacuum areas and succeeding systoles. 
The infant begins it at the breast. Tightly closing its lips 
around the nipple, it forms the vacuum in the mouth cavity, 
whilst atmospheric pressure standing over the mamma ex- 
presses the lactic juice into the unoccupied area. Imitation of 
the same process is the invention of the breast-pump Cup- 
ping and leeching is enlarged application of the same principle 
as therapeutic device to relieve a part from congestion. The 
principle ever remains the same and cannot suffer change. 
There is variety in mechanical construction ; that is all. The 
terms never suffer change. The infant gives indication at the 
breast HOW IT IS TO LIVE. The law for the importation 
of the juices into the body is the one for their transportation 
through the mechanisms. 
Drinking is of more difficult performance in the quadruped 10 
than in the man, since the former is necessitated to lift the 
water from the ground solely by aspiratory force, whereas in 
the latter the hand is made to do important service and the 
magnetic force of the earth (gravitation) overcome by that 
means. Still, after it is so raised to his lips, he would ut- 
terly fail in the effort to transport it to the inner side of 
his body but for the aid of aspiratory force in the mouth- 
cavity, which he must summon to his assistance. He must 
make a vacuum in the mouth-cavity before water can climb 
into it under atmospheric pressure force. He can lighten the 
labor of aspiration but is utterly unable to dispense with it. 
That he does so relieve it, let him make attempt to drink from 
the ground, especially if he be fat, and of impeded respiration. 
Being so afflicted, he has greatest difficulty in withdrawing the 
oral air into his lungs to form the vacuum in the mouth, since 
the voluminous abdominal viscera have such tight compression 
against the diaphragm from his weight upon them (as he lies 
upon his stomach) that the organ cannot force them down to 
make the vacuum in the lung cavity; so that when he opens 
his mouth into the streamlet, atmospheric pressure standing 
upon it accomplishes nothing for him with all its force. But 
his thirsty horse standing near lifts the fluid up the whole dis- 
tance of the long axis of his head and neck; and his fellow- 
companion who is of spare build and free respiration is up in 
a few moments having filled himself quickly; the difference 
between him and them being entirely due to respiratory ca- 
pacity with its qualifying power to form the oral vacuum. Fat 
men carry cups when they journey in the forrest. At each 
suck the diaphragm must descend else there will be no drink- 
ing. 
If arteries are not manipulated by nerves it is in order to 
explain the following strange proceeding, viz.: The applica- 
tion of ice to an inflamed part. (The manner it stops hemor- 
rhage is the manner it stops inflammation.) The application of 
external heat in pneumonia and peritonitis and other deep in- 
flammation. The application of a blister over the sacrum or 
hypogastric region in visceral disease located in the pelvic ba- 
sin. Why cup the loins or irritate them in renal congestion? 
What are you doing with these agents ? Take example of the 
chest region, the skin, superficial fascia, pectoral muscles, cos- 
tal bones, and pleural lining, are interposed between them and 
the lungs. Moreover, after penetrating this barrier, you come 
down upon the plural cavity, the lung having no connection 11 
with the walls unless pleuritic invasion have had such effect 
upon them. It such prompt relief, as frequently happens after 
such procedure, be not due to impression made upon the sens- 
ory nerves of the part, thence reflected to the spinal medulla, 
and the DOUBLE ROW OF GANGLIA along the dorsal 
column having CONTROL OF THE DEER VASCULAR 
TERRITORY, (in this instance the posterior pulmonary plexus, 
thence to the pulmonary vascular apparatus,) it would be in 
order to furnish other explanation and make us intelligent 
upon this point. We await answer It is a matter of impor- 
tance. Li the chapters on the circulation of arterial and of 
venous blood, special nerve territory has consideration, with 
tabulation of numerous physiological experimentations. Spinal 
nerves have special vascular territory, and the circulation may 
at any time be influenced through them, and blood turned on 
or turned off a part, according to the energy of nerve stimu- 
lation. If the spinal medulla be destroyed up to the sixth 
dorsal vertebra the animal will die in twenty-four hours of 
brain anemia, the paralyzed abdominal apparatus holding 
nearly all the blood in the body. 
In the chapter on the circulation of the blood anatomical 
and physiological data in great abundance have full exhibition 
to confirm the statement that the entire vascular apparatus, 
inclusive of intestinal, venous, lymphatic, air, and arterial 
tubing, are composed of a vast series of tubular hearts, pos- 
sessing the power in great or less degree to aspirate liquids into 
their cavities, and to expel them again in rythmic movement. 
In the chapter upon the Placentia, evidence anatomical and 
physiological is given to prove that the intestine is only a great 
venous tube, and analogue to the tortuous venous sinuses un- 
der the placenta, but instead of blood contains chyle, out of 
which the villi of the independent animal make selection of 
nutrient constituents, turning them into the radicals of the por- 
tal vein (the new umbilical vein) of the independent animal, 
as placental villi do, from the venous sinuses underneath it. 
This could not always continue, and larger preparation for a 
larger environment had to be made in advance of the change; 
hence such great analogue. For the present we defer further 
description. We claim it to be muscular tubing, with power 
to fill and empty itself, in a series of cardiac territories of lim- 
ited extent, which actively expand and actively contract under 
the stimulus of their contents. This is the meaning of “peris- 
talsis.” 12 
Muscular substance, and ganglionic nerves to energize it, 
are the two great factors to all the vascular apparatus for the 
importation and quick transportation of the juices. There is 
no exception. Physical law is no pent-up Utica, but has uni- 
versal application and extension over the entire class of animal 
mechanisms. 
By muscular force solid substances are caught by the incis- 
ors and cut in twain ; by muscular force is triturated between 
the grinders and insalivated. After this it is pushed beyond 
the isthmus of the fauces, where it is passed down the cesopha- 
gean escarpment to the dilated portion of the intestinal tube for 
further reduction and preparation, and by active muscular ex- 
pansion and contraction is passed along a complete cardiac 
chain, forming the intestinal tubing Such active expansions 
being necessary to guard the delicate epithelium, and ward off 
traction force and incision of hard substances from the highly 
organized and delicate villi, which would otherwise be una- 
voidable. Serious detriment would result with arrest of func- 
tion if intestinal contents had to force a passage by severe con- 
stringing movement only. There can be but one opinion upon 
this subject. It would be a bad plan. Nature never adopts a 
bad method. It is therefore not the true one—she promotes 
the best. Arrest of this movement is constipation; it is gang- 
lionic lesion Cathartics are substances which stimulate these 
ganglia. 
What remains for solution at the present stage of inquiry is : 
IIow are arteries constructed, and what their anatomical com- 
position ? The former requires consultation of embryological 
evolution. Arteries are made in sections of distinct pieces, 
and have construction and elaboration, as the heart is being 
built and elaborated, and finished when it is completed in 
simultaneous action, the separate pieces having connections 
made from time to time, like a lengthening train of cars, till 
at length the whole is complete in one harmonious line of ar- 
terial tubing, when blood may pass over continuous conduits. 
But the circumstance must be ever borne in mind that they 
were made independent of the heart, doing their own work of 
self-construction as the former was building up itself. Having 
such high prerogative at life’s beginning, it may well be sup- 
posed Nature does not intend TO TAKE AWAY THEIR 
INDIVIDUALITY when she links them together in a contin- 
uous line, to act in concert, as a file of soldiers, for the com- 
mon good, the whole army of hearts being under one system 13 
of government, and acting with the central organ of the circu- 
lation. When one cardiac territory falls out, (indicated by 
ganglia in the muscular walls,) there is interruption of the cir- 
culation at that point. In other words, to use old terminolo- 
gy, there is “congestion” in the part The matter has full 
consideration in the chapter on the circulation. The anatomi- 
cal composition of an artery is the same as that for the heart, 
the modification being only in difference of arrangement and 
in size. But when amount of tissue in the two has full consid- 
eration, the gross amount of arterial structure is fully fifty 
times greater than the central organ. Each has three coats or 
tunics—an internal, smooth, non-vascular one. In the former 
it is called the “intima,” in the latter, the “endo-cardium.” 
The heart has a powerful muscular tunic, so have the arteries. 
The arterioles are more than half muscular substance. Lastly, 
the heart has a strong fibrous envelope, to limit dilatation; 
the arteries have their strong fibrous adventitia,to limit dilatation 
in their walls also. The heart has sympathetic ganglia in its 
muscular substance, and plexuses of nerves upon it. The ar- 
teries have special sympathetic ganglia in their muscular sub- 
stance, whilst the external wall is literally covered over with 
nerve plexuses. The heart has communication with the cer- 
ebro-spinal axis through the par vagum. The double chain of 
spinal ganglia of the sympathetic have each two roots of con- 
nection with the spinal cord; the sympathetic nerve has most 
intimate union with the cerebro-spinal axis It is a matter of 
demonstration, the entire vascular tubing is under control of 
sentient nerves; that they contract and expand under appro- 
priate stimulus. Blood is turned on or turned off a part by 
arterial behavior only, in response to special stimulus. 
The hsemic hydraulics is under control and is manipulated 
by the arterial tubing, through cardiac ganglia resident in their 
walls. Condensation of its muscular substance means anemia 
of the part, and if it continues over long, there will be necrosis 
of the bleached part, as in ergotism from spurred rye. Relax- 
ation, or paresis of its muscular substance is followed by con- 
gestion and disturbance of the circulation in the affected local- 
ity- 
Nutrition and vital phenomena have regulation by the vas- 
cular apparatus. The import of two most important medical 
terms-—anemia and hyperemia—may now he given, and true 
explanation rendered to a vast deal of important symptomat- 
ology. 14 
It is a matter of great moment that the entire vascular ap- 
paratus, more especially the arteries and intestines, are under 
influence of sentient nerves of the skin. For example, the 
great weakness coming on in sea bathing is due to cerebral 
anemia, from condensation of cephalic arterial tubing and the 
deep vascular territory of the trunk, with consequent transfer 
of arterial blood to the body surface. If it go too far, syncope 
will be produced, so great is the alteration in hsemic hydraul- 
ics, with excess of blood diversion from the brain substance to 
the body superfice. The sudden desire to pass water, or fecal 
matter (if any be present in those receptacles,) is measure of 
amount of condensation in the intestinal tu bing or walls of the 
bladder, the whole being under one system of government, 
and connected with the skin surface through the double row of 
dorsal and lumbar ganglia, extending the entire length of the 
spinal column. An impression made over the sentient nerves 
of a part has immediate report made to these telegraphic sta- 
tions, and radiates at once over all the immediate visceral con- 
nexions. 
The common practice of relieving infantile colic by placing 
the little sufferer in hot water, has ready explanation. Hot 
baths operate by causing condensation in the deep vascular 
territory, including the large venous tube of the intestines and 
bladder, etc., the fluids having expulsion to the external sur- 
face, excementitious matters being driven through the sphinc- 
ters and blood into the skin capillaries. If it be pushed too 
far, syncope will result; if further than this still, death will 
ensue from deep bleaching of the brain substance. In this 
manner an animal may be bled to death without loss of one 
drop of blood from the vascular apparatus. On the other 
hand, local bleaching in vital parts may be suddenly induced 
by NERVINES or by TRAUMATIC INJURY. Chloroform 
kills by inducing, 1st, CEREBRAL ANEMIA (unconscious- 
ness ;) 2d, by inducing BASILAR ANEMIA, with consequent 
arrest of respiration. Syncope is basilar anemia of short du- 
ration, the heart not filling up and striking the chest wall as 
usual, yet it still continues its rhythmic movements; and if 
the left chest be opened, they may be seen to continue for some 
minutes later. It is the same case in death from a blow or 
gunshot injury to the brain. Heath always occurs from BASI- 
LAR ANEMIA This subject has full consideration in the 
chapter upon the functions of the sympathetic nerve, with 
abundant physiological experimentations to confirm the state- 15 
ment, “that death is always from basilar anemia,” the heart 
being the last organ to suspend its movements. 
When ganglionic lesion takes place in an artery the result 
is congestion. The essential factor being the circular muscu- 
lar substance is not energized by appellate nerve ganglia, with 
arrest of active expansion and contraction Cure is effected 
by stimulation of the ganglia. Application of cold or other 
suitable stimulant to the nerve-arc supplying the affected walls 
is preferable to all other methods when direct application is 
impossible. Medicated blood has arrest in a paralyzed artery 
and stimulates it, when it condenses itself. It passes too rap- 
idly over sound arteries to affect them. 
In respect to other matter. THE BLOOD and ALL THE 
JUICES CIRCULATE IN A VACUUM. The advantage 
is too apparent to require argument to show its great utility. 
It may he mentioned cursorily that it away with the 
necessity of a mighty central cardiac force, as now obtains, 
a fraction of such force being all that is necessary to the per- 
formance of the circulation. The arteries and arterioles aspi- 
rate blood by active dilatation. The corpuscles are saved 
the rudeness of distension force upon the walls of the arteries 
to make a roadway for them into the tissues, not to mention 
the circumstance of enormous atmospheric pressure to be over- 
come by the central engine, since it is all outside the arteries, 
upon the base of the pyramid, and would have to be overcome 
before blood could run under it. The corpuscles would go to 
pieces at once if such thing could be attempted. Nature does 
not place such burden upon the heart; on the contrary, each 
artery and arteriole lifts up the air that stands upon itself, acting 
simultaneously and in universal accord, as a vast army of well- 
trained soldiery They move in unison for the common good. 
The blood therefore performs no rude labor and sustains no 
shock beyond what is necessary to lift it through a vacuum. 
It has ceased to be impossible to give explanation of con- 
tinuance of arterial circulation, after an aneurismal mountain 
has risen up in the road-way of the blood, especially in in • 
stances of enormous thoracic aneurism. In such condition the 
muscular substance of the heart is frequently atrophied. Ac- 
cording to the law of muscular development, this is the oppo- 
site of what should happen, predicated upon the statement that 
the labor of carrying on the circulation is performed by the 
heart Hypertrophy of that organ means imperfection of its 
valves and measure of such organic change. 16 
Symptomatology has fresh interpretation. The condition 
indicated by “shock,” the most difficult term in medicine to 
define, (and never has been,) is rendered transparent under the 
white light of physical law. It is a sudden condensation of 
arterial tubing through encephalic territory. MENTAL MO- 
TION or traumatic injury is exciting cause. It is DEEP 
BLEACHING OF THE BRAIN SUBSTANCE FROM 
ARREST OF ARTERIAL FLOW from quick diminution 
of the lumen of the vessels. A powerful systole has been ex- 
cited in the arterial walls and blood inhibited from the natu- 
ral channels. The internal carotids, for example, have not 
near their size, their walls being so energetically condensed un- 
der stimulation of nerve wires focused upon them through 
the carotid plexuses. Some females have very flexible and 
excitable carotids, condensing them on the slightest occasion. 
A sight of blood will make them faint. Mental motion is ex- 
cessive in them from this cause. They are very emotional, 
because arterial blood is subject to irregular distribution from 
lack of uniformity in arterial behavior, and are often “giddy” 
from sudden brain anemia. The generative apparatus is most 
potential cause of vascular disturbance in them, robbing the 
cortical portions of the cerebrum, by sudden springing open of 
arterial mains in the pelvic organs and abdominal viscera. 
Women who grow “nervous” have need TO CONDENSE 
THIS DILATED VASCULAR APPARATUS and SEND 
MORE BLOOD TO THE BRAIN. Sponging the body 
surface with cold salt water, especially the dorsal region, will 
send the blood back into its channels. THE DOUBLE ROW 
OF DORSAL and LUMBAR GANGLIA ARE CENTRES 
OF NERVE ARCS TO ALL THIS APPARATUS—ONE 
END BEING UPON THE SKIN, THE OTHER UPON 
THE VASCULAR WALLS. An impression made upon 
the skin surface has immediate reflection upon the arterial, 
venous and intestinal territories. If cold water is not success- 
ful, let warm water and salt be substituted. 
That hundred-headed hydra “Hysteria” may have intelli- 
gent inspection, and be looked through and through. Hemic 
hydraulics is tampered with, and blood has irregular distribu- 
tion in consequence. Convulsion is the result of over-vascu- 
larity of the base of the brain and spinal cord. Coma is 
Anemia of the Cerebral Cortex. Delirium is the product of 
Irregular Vascularity of the Cerebral Cortex. 
The hard wiry pulse of extensive peritonitis has ready ex- 17 
planation. Nearly all the blood in the systemic circulation is 
in the abdominal organs, and in order to keep the brain sup- 
plied the arterial tubing condenses itself upon the remnant to 
propel it along, and give them control of what is left. The 
arteries become hard as wire in consequence of EXTREME 
DEGREE OF CONDENSATION, the arterial lumen shrink- 
ing in a ratio with the contained current. The whole vascu- 
lar apparatus (outside of the abdomen WHICH IS PAR- 
ALYZED) is under tribute to the brain. The red corpuscles 
are sent to it as long as there are any to send. The RIGOR 
MORTIS irons out everything; the last systole of the ventri- 
cle (now relaxed;) the last systole of the arterial tubing (now 
also relaxed;) the wiry radials are gone with the last systole of 
the arterioles, and nothing is left in their open lumen of what 
the arteries had been during life; not so much as a vestige of 
the tragic end remaining. The Left Ventricle is EMPTY; 
the Arteries are EMPTY. Is it Coincidence only, or corres- 
pondence of function ? Do not arteries contract upon blood 
as well as the heart ? What is the hindrance ? Hindrance— 
the word is in Medical Imagination, not in anatomical con- 
struction, for this looks all the other way. 
Take up the slate and write this upon it—THE AUTONO- 
MY OP ARTERIES. 
THE MODE OP MOTION IN THE TRUNK is the same 
as that for the vascular walls. It is susceptible of demonstra- 
tion that it expands and contracts rhythmically, having an in- 
terval of rest, after the manner of cardiac movement. 
Respiration is a circulation and pulsation of the trunk of an- 
imal life THE PLACENTAL SOUFFLE OF THE INDEPENDENT ANI- 
MAL—the number of such movements or pulsations being 
sixteen per minute. It is the number of miles life travels per 
minute by the axial movement of the earth. 
It is a matter of demonstration that increase of this move- 
ment is the essential factor of fever. The thermometer test ap- 
plied before and after vigorous lung performance in a set of 
vocalists is an experimentum crucis. After an hour’s exercise 
increase of temperature is in exact proportion to lung exertion 
and lung capacity. 
It is a matter of surpassing interest that respiratory perform- 
ance may have influence from external nerves. The inter- 
costals are motor and sensory, administering to all the external 
walls, and when irritated by scald, or specific poison of the 18 
exanthemata, hurry respiratory movement by reflex action 
upon the spinal medulla, with extension to the phrenics and 
pneumogastrics. The danger is in proportion to extent of sur- 
face involved and duration of the irritation. 
Death from scald and death from small-pox or scarlet fever 
is the same vital performance, and is the result of excessive 
blood temperature, causing great restlessness, delirium, coma, 
and finally suspension of respiration. 
To revive respiratory movement the head should be lowered. 
To re-awaken it the trunk should be inverted and rhythmical 
compression made around the walls, with powerful stimulation 
of the skin-surface, including castigation, the object being to 
facilitate arterial flow to the medulla and medulla bulb, the 
vascular ganglionic centres having impression made upon 
them over nerve arcs terminating upon the skin. 
The pulmonary organs are for importation of oxygen. In- 
crease of respiratory movement means increase of blood tem- 
perature (if it be not physiological compensation for diminished 
lung area.) The formula is simple for the regulation of blood 
temperature. Regulate Respiration. To reduce fever, In- 
crease the Surface Evaporation. 
Sponging the naked body (in extreme cases) with tepid wa- 
ter, with free ventilation, will accomplish speedy reduction of 
body temperature. Fanning expedites surface evaporation. 
’Tis Nature’s method for absorption of heat. Create currents 
of air over the moist body from tepid bathing. 
To reduce respiratory movement Induce Sleep by full doses 
of chloral, when blood temperature will admit narcosis. Res- 
piration falls during sleep to almost normal rate of speed; tem- 
perature falls in consequence. Surface evaporation to have 
regulation by the thermometer. Sleep to follow reduction of 
temperature. Increase of respiratory movement will be per- 
sistent in degree to duration of exciting cause. Invasion of 
low organisms speedily subsides—they soon perish. In pro- 
tracted fever local lesions, set up by the microcosm, keep up 
respiratory movement; local lesion to have regulation through 
the vascular apparatus by reflex stimulation through nerve arcs 
terminating upon the external surface. The chief danger in 
fever is excessive blood temperature. The office of therapeu- 
sis, to regulate temperature and respiratory movement. Local 
irritation hurries respiratory movement. Gastric fever results 
from irritation of the par vagum and trisplanchnic nerves, re- 
flected upon the spinal medulla and medulla bulb. CHAPTER II. 
life’s fundamental form and archetype. 
All substances have FORM; it is visible evidence of OR- 
DER. Life lias appropriate form in harmony with universal 
behavior. The viscera in animal forms have definite shape, 
and perpetuity throughout all time, in all portions of the globe. 
The law applies to the body or trunk in which they have sus- 
pension ; otherwise definite forms have embrace in an indefi- 
nite form. Such proposition is remarkable and monstrous. 
THERE IS DEFI- 11 18 Ih HARM°- 
/ \ NY WITH UNI- 
HITE SHAPE TO / \ VEKSAL ORDER, 
THE BODY OF I AND PUBLISHED 
\ / THOUGIiOUT THE 
PLANT AND ANI- \ / 
\ / FLORA AND THE 
MAL LIFE. FAUNA. 
LIFE’S FUNDAMENTAL FORM AND ARCHETYPE 
IS AN OVOID. 
Polar force organizes matter into form by crystallization. 
On a cold morning it is seen in its lowest type in tire beautiful 
archetypal miniatures cast upon window-plates, of frost-ferns, 
frost-leaflets, arbor-vitas, etc., from a moist atmosphere of a 
‘‘living room.” These beautiful archetypes of plant life are 
resolvable into minute atoms. 
Matter crystallizes into a sphere, as the lowest expression of 
life’s form. It is earliest effort to organize life into vital gov- 
ernment. The earth is globular from magnetic force; so is the 
cryptogamic cell from prevalence of the same law. From this 
point life’s form grows up into an ELLIPSE, making progres- 
sive stages of ascent, and leaving record of progress in in com- 
pleted forms. The ellipse is the line of momentum of planet- 
ary spheres—the pathway of the stellar circulation. The im- 
petus of this momentum is pulsated through matter, which be- 
ing free to move under guidance, under all-pervading magnetic 20 
force, swings into the line of march with universal order and 
discipline. All moving bodies circumscribe elliptical config- 
uration as the foot-path of their momentum. It is the mode of 
motion of the solar circulation. 
The large end of the earth’s orbit is up, the small end down. 
The flora hold up this configuration in their highest products. 
The more advanced the growth, the more elliptical or cordi- 
form the fruit, the leaflets, and the tree itself. 
The apple tree is a beautiful example. It is the highest 
product of the flora. Its broad base and cone-like apex has 
renewal in its cordiform leaflets, whilst the highest product of 
the tree, the apple itself, is of high archetypal form; and its very 
seeds have growth in this direction, as indicated in their wide 
upper end tapering to conical apex below. 
It is true of all the higher fruits—the cherry, the peach, apri- 
cot, plumb, strawberry, etc., etc., etc. 
The rosebud is highest flower, whilst its broad base, with 
gently sloping sides to form the beautiful conical apex, is min- 
iature of the great ellipse out of which it is evolved and over 
which it has such faithful mould. A tree is of rosebud shape, 
whilst a forest is vast bouquet of rosebuds. 
As example of persistence of ovoidal type in the fauna, do- 
mestic fowls may be taken as ready to our hand. Look from 
the rosebud to the egg of the hen. Is their very close resem- 
blance in configuration accidental ? Are not all rosebuds 
ovoidal, and all high fowl and all their eggs of rosebud shape ? 
The partridge is a very high bird. Its eggs are of rosebud con- 
figuration. In scarcely more time than one revolution of the 
earth upon its axis after commencement of incubation, if the 
egg be opened and the yolk inspected, another smaller ellipse 
may be seen, a miniature of the egg in which it is born. The 
heart is centre of an ovoidal body yet in embryo; but, when 
complete, and ready to break its shell, will be still higher ani- 
mal form. The prominent breast and tapering hinder parts 
is maintenance of cordiform configuration—a nest of three 
eggs, before the marble temple be broken and the chick es- 
cape. Take the dog, as example of the quadruped. Its head 
is ovoidal. After removal of the head and extremities, inclu- 
sive of all the hip muscles down to the iliac bones, (since these 
have reference entirely to the crural appendage,) the remain- 
der will be cordiform, or a broad fore part and a conical hinder 
part. The head of the horse is ovoidal; so his eyes. The 
body is of high archetypal form. One. need only direct atten- 21 
tion to the quadruped in confirmation of all-pervading law. 
They are all cordiform. 
Man is consummation of cardiac growth, his body being a 
perfect heart. After similar removal of the extremities and 
ovoidal head, with the rosebud eyes on the stamen of the optic 
nerve, what remains is clear outline of the heart in his bosom, 
the little prototype Nature sets up in the centre of the blood 
circulation in the early hours of foetal elaboration. After for- 
mulation of the terms of independent animal existence, it will 
he in order to regard the circumstances in detail of Anatomi- 
cal Construction and Mode of Motion, in the body of animal 
life and its prototype. How do they agree? 
Seeing the persistence of cardiac form in the flora and fauna, 
it is a matter of great interest to discover the connecting links 
in the chain of ascent from vegetable to animal forms. It 
may be done quite readily. In terrestrial environment they 
exist in the hollow worms, which subsequently become insects 
in great variety, representing different stages of cardiac growth. 
They are all ellipsoidal. In water environment it is still the same 
—variety being degree and measure of development only. 
Fish configuration is ellipsoidal. Ocean shell have similar 
contour. The Mpadites Umbonatus and CONCII is 
beautiful carnation rosebud wrought in living marble. Nature 
perpetuates her image in sea and land upon life’s form and 
on the very marble in which it may encase itself or erect within 
the temple. 
Skeletons are ellipsoidal. Examine the diagram of a trans- 
verse section of the human body above the heart. Is not the 
general outline that of an apple? The spinous process is stem 
—the breast-bone is representation of the lower part or blos- 
som. The heart in its capsule is the seed in its envelope and 
origin of the tree, the source of all growth. The body is built 
up out of it and over it. It resembles a rosebud hanging by 
vascular rootlets. 
Territorial acquisition is in cephalic and pedal extremities, 
elaborating them now more rapidly, now more slowly, accord- 
ing to environment and means of doing so. 
The lumbricords are first stage of cardiac growth. They arc 
tubular hearts, having circular and longitudinal muscular sub- 
substance, with which they contract and elongate their bodies, 
or expand their hollow cavities to form a vacuum, and aspirate 
themselves full of juice, living independent of every other ap- 
purtenance till the time of metamorphosis—a tubular heart, 22 
feeding itself and sustaining existence by itself. The “grab” 
is yet higher growth, almost ovoidal or cordiform. When it 
contracts its longitudinal fibres it is cordiform. The body of 
the butterfly, of which it becomes the chrysalis, is still higher 
form, whilst its egg is later growth toward cardiac configura- 
tion. The chrysalis itself is ovoidal. 
The body of a fly is cordiform. It is perfect in the humble 
bee. The head of either is complete configuration of the great 
archetype. 
The fresh water frog is example of speed of elaboration. 
Beginning with an egg, it journeys by rapid metamorphosis 
till it can set up almost human-like, and the pedestals with 
their five terminal digits before and behind, the abdominal 
breathing, erect head, and great conscious eyes, present a pic- 
ture remarkably near to what is accomplished in uterine gesta- 
tion in the human species in two hundred and eight days, the 
difference of time being due to the slow evolution of brain sub- 
stance It is the slowest evolved, and delays gestation. 
In water environment, cardiac evolution has many phases, 
different degrees of growth being observable. The leech is a 
water lumbricord, and can aspirate quite vigorously. 
If one seek for connecting links they may be found in count- 
less numbers. 
The “Medusa” is ovoidal or cordiform—a large heart swim- 
ming by itself and feeding on the juices of the sea. They swarm 
in tide-water. 
The scale of cardiac ascent, from the simplest to the highest 
forms of animal existence, in sea or land, is quite long indeed. 
The walrus and the whale in the former, man and the elephant 
in the latter, are consummation of the highest form possible to 
the environment. 
And in the pregnant woman there is miniature of it all in 
embryological elaboration of the ovoidal embryo ; with the 
ovoidal heart in its midst, as its archetypal form, the ovoidal 
uterus, and lastly, the ovoidal ventricle in the abdomen itself, 
the base at the diaphragm, the apex in the pelvic excavation; 
a nest of four eggs instead of three, as in the case of the chick 
within the egg. Most wonderful of all, the record of the jour- 
ney is kept in embryological tracings, beginning with the cell 
and progressing to conclusion. 23 
EVOLUTION. 
Before taking up the matter of the terms of independent 
animal existence, it/ is our duty, as also an impulse of 
our mind, to follow Evolution to its present terminus. Sci- 
ence would account for all forms of growth and all vital phe- 
nomena through operation of great physical laws. 
EVOLUTION IS TRUE.' For confirmation of the state- 
ment let the intellect look upon its environment—then upon 
the temple in which it dwells—then upon its own behavior— 
and from that standpoint of observation regard stellar space 
attentively. Man is what he is because he is where he is. He 
is organized out of matter which is rocked in the cradle of the 
spheres. He is evolved within the environment of the stellar 
mechanism and participating in all its movements. He is 
travelling at vast rate of speed, the momentum is enormous. 
That attention is called to the circumstance will the ra- 
tional mind contend for one moment that it is not affected by 
the tremendous momentum? Will it deny that a vast moving 
mechanism containing a small one has no effect upon the lat- 
ter? It cannot do so and retain its self-respect, the highest 
loyalty in the universe and most just homage to virtue. It is 
not sufficiently informed, else some hidden motive in the mo- 
rass of prejudice and superstition swerves it from the lofty path 
of knowledge, to follow the ignis fatuus of dark tradition into 
a hopeless past. Whether it do so or no is matter for itself. 
This is a law that will live regardless of his behavior—that 
which rides upon a mechanism shares its momentum. 
From want of experience (his attention not having been di- 
rected to it) is he inclined to put in objection? Let him pro- 
pose to jump from a railroad train at fast rate of speed—sixty 
miles an hour—would any one follow the suicide? If it is ir- 
rational to make such jump, it follows as a necessary corollary 
it is equally irrational to make remark that momentum is a 
trivial circumstance. Take the slate and write this interroga- 
tory upon it—WHERE AM I? Science makes answer— 
You are upon a planet in the heliocentric system, riding at a 
vast rate of speed. The earth is twenty-fi ve thousand miles in 
circumference. This entire journey is accomplished in twenty- 
four hours, else there would not be alternation of day and night. 
At a given point upon the globe Life’s Form travels 1,000 
miles an hour, 16| miles a minute. At such rate of speed 
matter takes the shape of a sphere under magnetic force which 
holds it fast. 24 
This is not all; there remains the still greater momentum 
of the pathway of the earth’s orbit for consideration. It makes 
an annual revolution around the sun. The enormous distance 
and necessary rate of speed to traverse the millions of miles 
through space startle the intellect. The earth has a radius of 
8,000 miles. At a given point Life’s Form is at the end 
of the radius of a vast wheel of that extent, revolving at 
the rate of one thousand miles per hour, and moving over an 
ellipse perpendicular to the radius at still faster rate of speed. 
It is a spiral motion. Life’s form is propelled through a screw 
at enormous rate of speed. Is it a matter of wonder there are 
whirlwinds when atmospheric conditions are suitable? 
Take smaller example. If a man place himself in the me- 
chanism of a mill he is lost, for its momentum is so great that 
traction force will tear him limb from limb, and further reduce 
the shapeless mass into a bloody fluid. Physical law pulverizes 
him into a juice. 
Man is horn within the solar mechanism, a motion within a 
motion. What is the result? Let him look into stellar space 
attentively, then into himself and into his life. Look at the 
shape of his heart 
The central organ of the circulation holds up ellipsoidal con- 
figuration. Look from it to stellar space for interpretation of 
elliptic form. There is other information. There are seven 
pencils of light; are they accidental? There are a number of 
atmospheric envelopes of volatilized metals around the sun, 
the source of these rays. This matter has extension : There 
are seven cortical layers to the earth, seven cortical layers to 
vegetable forms in each annual ring, seven cortical layers to 
animal forms with extension all through the mechanism; sev- 
en layers to dermic follicles; seven cortical layers to the mus- 
cular envelope of the body; seven cortical layers to the heart; 
seven to the stomach, seven to the bladder, seven to the womb 
and EVERY HOLLOW ORGAN. 
The matter does not rest here : Vital phenomena are PRO- 
DUCT OF PHYSICAL CONSTRUCTION—a spring bow- 
ing out of the organic form. Vital performance cannot rise 
higher than its source, and a mechanism may be known BY 
ITS DEEDS. Man performs great or little things in propor- 
tion to cerebral development; lie cannot exceed it. This is 
not all, for he is in the works of a tremendous mechanism, 
whirled through space at enormous rate of speed, and THROB- 
BING PLANETARY MOTION through mental movement. 25 
He is part and parcel of ALL THERE IS, and miniature of 
it all. The seven cortical layers which pervade his organic 
form, shadow themselves in the grouping of layers of seven 
days to form a week, his earliest notation of time, whilst pro- 
gress in elaboration enabled him at last by terrestrial meas- 
urement and terrestrial movement to measure time by a rising- 
scale of consciousness, of the line of momentum of the vast 
mechanism, to record time by seconds, minutes, hours, days, 
weeks, months, years-—the month having reference to lunar 
movement, the remainder to terrestrial behavior. The axial 
movement, with a succession of day and night, produce cor- 
responding effects upon him, represented in sleeping and 
waking. Animal life subsides in darkness. 
His forms of government are perpetuation of the rhythmic 
movement in which he is swept along, showing increasing con- 
formity the higher the scale of ascent. Central solar force 
has representation in the organic law or constitution of gov- 
ernment, with impersonation of the same in the chief 
presiding officer, or Magistrate, or King, as the case may be. 
The seven cabinet officers are persistence of the seven cortical 
layers; the seven chief justices is further expression of the mo- 
mentum of this organic force. The relegation of social 
misadjustment to twelve individuals in a jury has vast anal- 
ogue in the conservation of the planetary movement through 
influence of the Zodiac. The rule of arbitration in the selec- 
tion of three men is evolved out of the potential law of the 
universe. Three forces dominate all there is. Republican 
form of government would seem to be the highest type, since 
life’s highest form is left free to move through its own ellipse 
without prejudice. Nevertheless, monarchical government 
shall be needed for considerable time ere sufficient numbers will 
have been entitled to hold the reins by higher evolution. A con- 
stitutional monarchy is high order of government. 
In his very diseases man exhibits further conformity to all- 
pervading physical law. The seventh day recurrence of ague 
after subsidence of quotidian. The seventh day recurrence, 
else exacerbation, of remittent fever. Fever continues in mul- 
tiples of seven. The 7, 14 or 21 days of typhoid fever arc 
cases in point. Not to continue the matter further at present, 
we would respectfully commend it to scientists, more particu- 
larly to students of astronomy, suggesting that life’s ellipse, 
especially that of the circulation of the blood, have careful in- 
spection, since the child of space needs to sustain resemblance 26 
to the mother that gives it birth and supports it in its little 
circle of activities. 
Whence all the order and cohesion of government, the vis- 
ible evidence of all-pervading law, holding lowest species of 
animal life together, in harmony, having highest definition in 
man, if it be not momentum of the vast mechanism in which 
life’s form dwells, transmitted over wires that regulate its 
movements ? 
There is such a thing as MOTION UNDERSTANDING 
ITSELF. Life is conscious movement pervading a mechan- 
ism. Man elects his food, thrilling with the sensations occa- 
occasioned by it when passing his lips. Nor does it end here, 
for he rolls the sweet morsel in his mouth; he is happy with 
the sensations it provokes. He does even more than this ; he 
looks into his own mechanism, watching its motion, even his 
own thoughts. He has inspiration as product of high mo- 
mentum of thought. He is coming to an understanding with 
himself, knowing a vast deal more than he did how the 
matter stands between him and Nature, looking into stellar 
space fearlessly, full of unspeakable affection. 
Passing allusion is made to the wonderful corpuscles swim- 
ming on the waters of the circulation over the circuit of the 
blood, and comparison drawn to stellar circulation around the 
great ellipses in the heavens, whilst man, a miniature of it all, 
rides through space on something larger than a corpuscle. 
Solar heat is the cardiac force to the blood circulation by 
energizing muscular substance in the walls of the vascular ap- 
paratus. 
If animal life be miniature of the heliocentric system, as is 
apparent, the cardiac force to the stellar circulation is also so- 
lar heat, gravitation remaining as other name for all-pervading 
magnetic force. 
Gravitation is name for other thing than it is. It is misno- 
mer for Magnetic Force, otherwise it is without place in the 
solar system, is isolated and alone in a universe of affection, 
opposing everything, appropriating everything—Enormous— 
Unnatural—Solitary—Monstrous—Selfish—gulping the uni- 
verse down its prodigious gullet. It served useful purpose 
(early forms ever do) to give place to better growth and high- 
er knowledge of dominant potentialities of the stellar circula- 
tion. It was far-reaching thought of a great intellect, dispos- 
ing of the difficulty of planetary space for that time. Intel- 
lectual night is yielding under solar force. Gravitation is pass- 27 
mg away upon its clouds. Gravitation needs reconstruction 
and fresh interpretation. There is misadjustment here. 
The earth is a great magnet. Everything terrestrial moves 
toward it when resistance is taken off; but there is special 
magnetic force in its component parts which cause them to 
assume close and intimate relation, called chemical affinity. 
When a tree is cut through, magnetic force pulls it speedily to 
the ground, where special magnetic force dissolves it, the air 
greatly assisting in the work, whilst water exports its alkaline 
earths and minerals. Finally it is resolved back into original 
elements. Water is the great solvent and organizer of the 
earth, going down into innermost depths to oxydize the metals 
and to dissolve them, after facilitating certain combinations in 
the formation of the numerous salts. What is left after these 
affinities have been satisfied serves as a means of transporta- 
tion to this hidden commerce, bringing it to the external world 
for the construction of plant life and animal forms. The work 
is going on all the time. Water that escapes at the foot of a 
mountain is the juice of the mountain, and that which escapes 
from the earth is the juice of the earth It is a most potential 
organizer. At the present time the Burning Spring, at Niag- 
ara Falls, is more luminous than ever before in the memory of 
the present generation. It is Sulphuretted Hydrogen Gas. 
The explanation is simple. The season has been an unprece - 
dented rainy one. Water has penetrated the rocky strata 
deeper than usual, and in larger quantity. Oxygen comes 
across a stronger affinity than it has in Hydrogen, and marries 
at once some powerful metal, whilst Hydrogen weds with sul- 
phur, becoming a luminous gas. Nature looks upward through 
the affections, climbing higher and higher, ever moving on- 
ward and upward, till life’s highest form be reached. There 
is no such thing as “inorganic chemistrv.” It is all organic, 
the difference being only one of degree. TIIEBE IS NO 
CONFLICT IN NATURE. There is commotion of elements 
falling into line to form closer union; there is co-operation 
and concert of action, and formation of higher products. Di- 
vorcements take place to effect higher and better union. 
Water, air and earth have construction into plant life by 
agency of solar force. Trees grow to a prodigious height—in 
California as much as 340 feet. In all that labor of construc- 
tion there is no conflict. Water transports the salts it gener- 
ates in the earth into the capillary spaces of the tree, drawn 
onward and upward by the powerful affinity water has for 28 
carbon, the chief constituent of the tree. It hunts up carbon 
eagerly. In a vacuum it will rush up through the interstices 
of sugar with great rapidity. When the tree is cut through it 
falls upon the bosom that gave it birth and nourished it.' No 
conflict anywhere. On the contrary, there is mutual love and 
undying affinity everywhere. 
Take other example. Water falling upon the Rocky Moun- 
tain chain perforates to deep recesses in its sides, and, after 
saturation of the earth, making numerous details for the labor 
of organization, what is left escapes at the foot of the chain and 
becomes A WANDERER, going oceanward. It satisfies the 
affinities in the earth; the remainder starts out on a pilgrim- 
age. Some of the water of the Mississippi river wanders 
nearly 2,000 miles before it reaches the Gulf of Mexico ; even 
then it wanders onward to the ocean, and belts the globe itself. 
Where is Central Force, that it does not sit heavily upon it, 
and stop it in all this journey ? It moves over hill and plane 
—on, and on—ever onward—always moving—moving. It 
never stops. Where is Gravitation force, that the roaming 
vagabond may undergo arrest, and have estoppel of this un- 
ceasing marching—marching—marching? Follow it to the 
sea-shore; no rest-—no quiet subsidence and gentle submission 
to Central Force, but an unceasing, never-ending movement 
of the waters breaking upon the beach, now more rapidly, now 
more slowly, under Magnetic force emanating from the lunar 
orb. Study the history of the river. Is it not torn from 
the bosom of the ocean by solar force through vast surface 
evaporation, and the clouds driven landward by the same 
power, partly through magnetic force of the earth itself? 
What is left unprovided for in the earth seeks speedy return 
to the great magnet from which it had been removed some 
days and weeks previously, big end forward in this great flu- 
ent magnetic needle. It is the law of the magnetic needle. 
If a mountain spring up in the roadway it will tear it down 
in frantic efforts to get back home. Harper’s Ferry is ready 
witness, as also the Natural Bridge, in the Blue Ridge chain. 
The Whirlpool below Niagara Falls is eloquent witness that 
water will hew out a channel through the hardest stone, in or- 
der to make more expeditious journey to the great Magnet 
from which it had suffered temporary removal. At this point 
it abandoned an old road-bed of 17 miles in length for a new 
one of only 11 miles, in a quite different direction. If the 
metals are slow and tardy of solution, water runs over and 29 
around the side of the mountain at tirst but the work of mining 
and excavating never ceases till more expeditious roadway is 
complete. Nothing is lost; out of the hard resisting moun- 
tain the soft seed-bed of the river deltas is formed. 
This is not all that water performs. Life’s form which comes 
up out of the earth—life’s forms everywhere are constructed 
upon water. Three-fourths water are the terms for highest 
products. LIFE HEARS ITS TEMPLES UPON A SEA. 
Important circumstances concerning animal life have ready 
explanation given them, for animal life is under magnetic force. 
Gravitation cannot be shown to exist; magnetic force may 
at any time. 
Why is it such difficult matter to walk? IT IS THE MO- 
TION OF A SMALL MAGNET OVER A GREAT ONE. 
The magnetic attracton of the earth is enormous, and but for 
OUTSIDE POWER OF SOLAR FORCE there would not 
be motion upon the earth. If blood temperature should fall 
but only one degree from 98-J to 97|, man cannot walk; if 
one degree below this he perishes. The essential factor of his 
movements is Solar Heat. Mental motion has similar arrest. 
What it evolves flows out of the same inexhaustible source, 
and when man is dead solar force re-arranges his elements. 
Not a temple in the earth, not so much as a stone is built in 
the absence of this all-pervading power. All rain would cease 
and air be still as death. Instinct is magnetic force. 
The brain and spinal cord constitute a great magnetic nee- 
dle, supported on movable stilts. 
For illustration, let a dog, cat, or pig suffer removal from 
home to a considerable distance. Notice the result. The 
needle gets up at once on movable stilts, straightens out, whirls 
round to the proper adjustment, and WALKS OFF to the 
METALS OUT OF WHICH IT HAD BEEN EVOLVED, 
nor pauses in the journey till it reaches home. It will go no 
further than home, whatever may have happened in its absence 
to him or his. 
In man the needle stands straight up. IT IIAS LOST 
THE POWER OF ADJUSTING ITSELF. In consequence 
he hesitates to send his ten-year-old son away from home; and 
if himself lose memory, he is lost at a slight remove only, nev- 
ertheless he has the strongest local attachments. He gains in 
other respects. Set down two more propositions. 
1st. The moon has great influence upon oceanic water, caus- 
ing the vast movement of “the tides.” 30 
2d. Life’s Form is three-fourths water. 
One may not dispute either of these propositions if he would 
have his opinion respected. 
Corollary—the water in life’s form is oceanic water, and af- 
fected in degree with the larger body. It is common belief in 
rural districts that sleeping with the face exposed under a full 
moon causes it to he swollen in the morning—dropsical. It is 
foolish to contend that water in the ocean may be dominated 
by the moon, but that upon the shore in life’s form is not af- 
fected. Nor does the matter stop abruptly with the lunar in- 
fluence, for there are constellations in the heavens holding 
striking resemblance to forms of animal life and plant life. 
For a long period of time men have been speaking of the fol- 
lowing constellations : Leo, Cancer, Gemini, Taurus, Aries, 
Pisces, Aquarius, Capricornus, Sagittarius, Scorpio, Libra, 
Virgo. May it be reasonably doubted that other planetary and 
stellar influence than the moon is moving the chess represent- 
ed in particles of matter upon the tables of the earth? Is water 
only a trifling matter, to be rolled from continent to continent 
as mere pastime of the moon, or is it quite as respectable as 
other matter of the earth ? If water ebbs and flows in oceanic 
basins, it ebbs and flows in Life’s Form as well, though small 
it is, escaping notice in consequence. Since water is under 
influence of the moon, may not similar influence of the stellar 
constellations arrange matter into shapes similar to their own? 
Being a less perceptible movement of matter than the vast 
rolling tides, yet moving nevertheless though all unconsciously 
to human knowledge. Impossible, say you? I would not use 
that term so often. It is not more incredible than for two men 
to hold conversation upon opposite sides of the earth, directing 
each other what to do for him where he is standing. This is of 
hourly occurrence through electric currents. Agriculturists 
have their signs for planting; carpenters for cutting timber 
they wish to use. I would not laugh at them, since they are 
dealing with nature, and you with your imagination only. The 
little stars which constitute Life’s Form are beyond reasonable 
doubt affected by the larger bodies moving near them. Water 
rolls in huge waves under lunar force. May there not be mo- 
tion taking place within this motion, and matter arranging 
itself in form of a crab by potentiality emanating from the 
stellar constellation of that shape ? The temple of life is built 
with minute stars drawn into place by magnetic force pertain- 
ing to the vast stellar circulation. Is.it longer matter of won- 31 
der why yon gaze so tenderly into the firmament? The earth 
is the womb—the firmament is the body of your mother. 
Life embraces every motion and form of evolution, and 
since there is archetypal form to the body, there needs to he 
archetypal form to thought itself. There is such archetypal 
form to thought furnished in the SUPREME INTELLI- 
GENCE. 
There is matter of much import concerning man which we 
may not pass over in silence without doing violence to our 
judgment of things. Suppression is not the order of Nature; 
on the contrary, evolution is the eternal method. 
MAN IS A GROWTH. This much may he admitted 
without harm to anything but tradition. Much of that has al- 
ready been discarded without hurt. 
TO THEOLOGIANS. 
Gentlemen ! We have not aught to say against Religion ; 
on the contrary, believe conviction in the existence of a Su- 
preme Intelligence to he the primordial feeling in human life, 
far exceeding any other in the mind of man. This is not 
what men struggle against, but with the varied systems of the- 
ology which have been evolved at intervals, and are full of 
error and preposterous assumption—being no less than that 
they were special communications and personal interviews 
with the August Power of the Universe. 
To probe this matter a little begin at the cardinal point of 
inspection for the higher races—the Hebrew Bible. Take the 
slate and write down two propositions, viz ; 
1st. Man is of God, and made by His own hand. 
2d. The Holy Bible is Divine. 
Interrogatory: Which of these two editions of the God- 
Head is the elder? There is only one opinion between us. 
Set down two more propositions. 
1st. Science says man is three-fourths water and one-fourth 
made up of Carbon, Nitrogen, Lime, Phosphorus, Iron, Soda, 
Magnesia, and traces of several other minerals. A 
2d. The Hebrew Bible says man was made of clay and the 
dust of the earth. 32 
Interrogatory: Which of these two statements is correct ? 
There is much clay where Moses wandered; moreover, he had 
not the remotest idea that man is three-fourths water, else he 
never would have committed so grave an error in HIS Genesis. 
Set down two more propositions. 
1st. God made the Heavens and the Earth, and all there is, 
in six days. 
2d. Science says, the testimony in the Geological strata es- 
tablishes gradual evolution of the earth’s surface, occupying 
millions of years in the labor of construction. 
Which of these two statements is true? 
There is no occasion to extend the matter. Wrong in the 
cardinal points, the matter of detail is of seconday importance. 
Moreover, testimony received from unreliable witness is at 
election of qualifying circumstances only. Your trouble lias 
ever been from attempt to enforce unqualified belief, and cre- 
ate implicit confidence in the truth of every statement of the 
Hebrew chronicles, emphasizing every word and letter upon 
the ever-growing human mind, threatening it with damnation 
if it showed resistance. Ah! ’tis a long, sad tale; pitiful, too 
pitiful, too horrible, too agonizing, too monstrous to recount 
upon a summer morning in the sweet sunshine. It was the 
sad havoc of delusion and monomania, from excessive religious 
fervor and ignorance. When this was done you had implicit 
confidence in every statement in that book of chronicles and 
traditions. You are still convinced it is Divine emanation, 
and so are we; but we look at it from different standpoint. 
We reverse the order of the outlook, regarding it from the an- 
tecedent edition; hut you have ever regarded man from the 
standpoint of the Bible. 
Your Bible is archetypal of the God-Head and GROWING 
FORM of Divinity in Hebrew evolution. Their traditions and 
chronicles are measure of degree of progression only. The 
Bible is chronicle of Jewish growth. Its later products are, 
therefore, always higher than those which preceeded them. 
The truest, best and highest form of the majesty of the uni- 
verse contained in that wonderful human chrysalis of Divinity 
is the Great Nazarene. His misfortune was in UNFOLDING 
THE DIVINE IMAGE more rapidly than the rest of his race, 
his crucifixion being the price extorted by popular homage to 
the traditions of Moses. ITE HAD OUTGROWN MOSES 
AND THE PROPHETS. Jesus Christ is by far the loftiest 
character in the Bible. He was not pure Jew, however, but 33 
had FOREIGN BLOOD in his veins, developing more rap- 
idly in consequence. Nor his hair, nor his blue eyes, nor his 
face is Jewish, but rather North German. The doctrines which 
he taught are charming, are sweet indeed, and will live for- 
ever ; for what is true is imperishable. His poverty, early ed- 
ucation, and kind disposition, made him unusually patient and 
forbearing, whilst his wandering and romantic life, with its 
periods of abstraction, contributed in large degree to hasten 
cerebral evolution. He mapped out the line of progression 
the intellect must take to see Divinity from human standpoint. 
Being true growth, lie will be always luminous figure-head in 
past time, worthy to be beloved. The misfortune is his follow- 
ers worshipped him, and in their credulity and ignorance made 
him one of the God-Head. And in order to carry conviction 
in that age of superstition made him do incredible things. He 
was an enthusiast contributing somewhat to the result. 
It is irrational in you to be forever relegating all virtue to 
Revelations. Your Revelations pale in presence of the pro- 
nounced character and lofty virtue of Christ. Those Jew evo- 
lutions of internal consciousness were far transcended by the 
Nazarene. His admixture of foreign blood made him much 
greater than a Jew. A pure Jew is a Mosaic worshipper to- 
day, and will ever be so long as he remains a Jew. Large 
numbers of the human race have outgrown that species of men 
and their silly legends, passing them in the race of evolution, 
their bigotry and exclusiveness having been their ruin. They 
attempted a nobility upon a false basis, sticking to a form of 
religious evolution, saying they were “God’s chosen people.” 
It is not strange such bigots should be left far back in the past 
with the God they had monopolized, and had met so often in 
secret rendezvous, to gossip with about fallen man, to carry 
fresh messages to the wretches who had had such a fall, and 
had set their hearts against Him. There is no proprietorship 
of Divinity on part of the human intellect. The animus of 
offence of the Nazarene was that he preached to the Gentiles, 
striking a blow at the vital point of their false nobility. Since 
then the intellect has continued to grow away from the Jew, 
leaving him farther and farther in the midst of the decayed 
past. In his heart of heart man feels the Jew to be in his 
way and hates him. Nature is true to herself. It is the sol- 
emn duty of theology to gather what it may find of Divinity 
and of virtue in that remarkable Jewish book and consign the 
rest to the Jew. What you take away is not his. The Testa- 34 
ment holds all the virtues of the old Bible without its abomi- 
nations. There has been tacit performance of this duty, a 
recognition of the fact that we have outgrown Moses and the 
Prophets. 
Theology has done great harm by unceasing effort to resus- 
citate and perpetuate upon present time the crudities and stu- 
pid sayings of a barbarous age. 
The mound it has reared with the bones of those who ever 
protested against the abnormality, is oppressive sight to look 
upon even in the setting sun of receding time, under the mellow 
light of memory and human charity. 
Theology will have hard effort to get away and be off to the 
great future. You could be of incalculable assistance to high- 
er growth of Divinity by promoting thought ; but instead of 
doing this society has to pull you along by main force. You 
linger about the tomb of Jewish life. You belong to the pres- 
ent, not to the past. The 19th century has left Moses and his 
savages far to lea-ward upon the ocean of thought. 
That bloody ground has been fought over sufficiently often, 
and that you came up out of that heap of ashes is no reason 
why you should be forever returning to it and make attempt 
to burrow into that enormous sarcophagus. You take exam- 
ple of a roaming tribe of savages as proper mentors for the 
19th century. You go to the infancy of a race for intelli- 
gence. Man has only one childhood, the other is imbecility. 
It is pitiful to have you ever standing with your face backward 
drawn by the loadstone of mental inertia to that past. You 
are forever looking into that gloomy graveyard, trying to de- 
cipher the hieroglyphics of deceased species of men to make 
out which was greatest Your homage is so deep and your 
servility so mean that their most suppliant slave could do no 
more, memorizing every word you may find, and embracing 
every fossil and piece of rottenness. Onward and upward is 
the line of life’s momentum—not DOWNWARD and BACK- 
WARD. That Golgotha, the Past, you are to stand upon, 
tracing only the rootlets of your language running into that 
vast cemetery. 
WHO MEMORIZES THE PAST IS LOST TO THE 
FUTURE. It will crush his intellect. The more he rumin- 
ates through that gloomy arena the more he grows like it, in 
obedience to the law of environment. 
What of the rootlets of his language, what of art, what of 
science he may find let him seize with avidity, and turning 35 
his back upon the accursed spot, his face to the great future, 
step out bravely in the fulness of intellectual manhood, the 
glory of emancipation full upon him. If he does not thus he 
becomes a toadstool, lost to the generations which are to come 
after him. 
The mind of Socrates and Seneca had not origin in Reve- 
lations, nor any of the greatness you call Paganism. Calling 
names does not remove the trouble nor make falsehood true. 
Your Revelations never produced anything; on the contrary, 
were evolved out of what had been in existence for vast period 
of time, to be themselves supplanted by future growth of in- 
tellect. There is a book so old compared to which your Reve- 
tations are in feeblest infancy. Do you wish to know where 
Ihe infant had its birth ? Be patient. The Hebrew intellect 
evolved Revelations out of its inner consciousness, reading the 
passages written on the walls of the temple in which it dwelt. 
It had partial consciousness of the vast significance of its abid- 
ing place, delivering itself accordingly. It was confused ar- 
ticulation of the order of the universe through the momentum 
of his own organic form, and foreshadowing of the possibilities 
of cerebral growth and mental motion. But it was not near 
so great as was performed by Jesus of Nazareth, though the 
Evangelist had fine mental power exceeding any other of his 
species wdio came after him, till the men of the 15th century 
came upon the stage, since which time religious momentum 
has been an ever increasing one, growing more and more 
conservative and more in harmony with universal order and 
constitution ot the visible universe. Intellectual liberty has 
accomplished much for religious sentiment, taming its natural 
ferocity and impatience, making it lovable. But Theology has 
work to do before adjustment will be complete. It has strong- 
est reasons to justify its constitution of the God-IIead, but its 
duties only begin here. Your high vocation is to aid mankind 
—living men. You are living in present time; tell us what 
you know of it. I would not stand there any longer ringing 
up the past, gesticulating with some violence, talking a great 
deal, and at times shrieking about this past. What men wish 
to know more of is present time, and less of the past than it 
has heretofore been crammed and stuffed with, till they can- 
not endure it any longer and leave you in disgust. I)o all the 
good you can in God’s name; it is your high privilege and 
bounden duty; but do you not see what is taking place all 
around you? You term it growing cold in the cause—a fall- 36 
ing away from grace. God help you out of your infatuation. 
The truth is men are tired of this ever ranting of the past. 
Mark you, if you continue it longer your pews will contain 
only women and children, half-grown men and half-grown wo- 
men. You will have gotten rid of men. Study the matter a 
little more attentively and notice whose church is fullest, and 
where intellect pays profound attention. The revelations men 
will listen to must be of present time, and what you are doing 
to help men out of the Slough of Despond. Talk less of the 
past and make report of all the earth that you may hear from, 
what men are doing for themselves, and how you are assisting 
them. All men are your brothers, and some are in want of 
everything but life—they are tired of living. This is horrible 
in the extreme. May you not do more by living in present 
time and aiding these men a little by intelligent instruction 
how to go to work upon their environment to improve matters. 
Your catechisms do not teach them; on the contrary, they 
make attempt to rattle up the past. Never was child so tired 
of catechism as are grown men of this unceasing ding-dong- 
ding about those Jews of yours. Their NOM ADIC descend- 
ants are indifferent; they never stop to listen to you. Mayhap 
they have bad judgment, 
Pardon us, but we had fancied your vocation had reference 
to living men and not to dead ones. Teach men how to live, 
that when dying blessing you you shall be blest. Say you it is 
irreligious ? Irreligious! that is word of yours, coined in the 
mint of your imagination. Know you who man is? Read from 
a volume, containing text so old compared to which, in point ot 
time, your Jewish chronicles are but moments to countless cen- 
turies. Open the Book of Nature to find out the meaning of 
things and how your text came to be written at all. Learn 
how man articulated thought which is imperishable, beginning 
to do so in remote time and gaining in intensity as he jour- 
neyed on till the present time, thought being an ever-growing 
quantity. Years and years ago he had attained a point of ev- 
olution when inner consciousness could make out the foot- 
prints of a Divinity within him. lie said startling things to 
his auditory after these communings. All systems of theology 
have had such origin, ever becoming more and more distinct 
in utterance, till at last in those Jewish chronicles there is ev- 
olution of a Trinity in the God-Head. And religious convic- 
tion of the existence of a Great Book in which all things are 
written is also true. There is such book—it is the human body. 37 
It is susceptible of demonstration upon an anatomical basis 
and physiological performance that there are three dominant 
forces in the universe. 
We live in a tripartite government who operate the heliocen- 
tric system through inflexible law by assistance of five execu- 
tive officers or members of the cabinet. There is difference in 
degree of power in the God-Head, as also in the cabinet, since 
there is a central figure in the former and a central figure in 
the cabinet. 
How may one form such opinion ? And where is evidence 
to support such statement that may undergo intelligent inspec- 
tion ? Proceed in the order of nature and follow patiently the 
steps of the journey to the highest point of observation, begin- 
ning with the first letters of life’s alphabet in the Geological 
strata, and proceed to acquire knowledge until you come to 
the HUM AH BODY, when you will be qualified to translate 
it. ANATOMY IS A LANGUAGE. The three great pon- 
derables—earth, air and water—constitute THE TYPE The 
three imponderables—light, heat and electricity—the forces 
which are used to set up this type for publication of the uni- 
verse. The leaflets are in the flora and the fauna, the com- 
pilation of it all being in that latest edition, the Human Body. 
A last edition should embrace the virtues of all preceding 
ones; this greatest of books is no exception to that law. Man 
contains everything.. His Head is impersonation of governing 
majesty; his Body a miniature of the heliocentric system and 
book of chronicles, Regard it as complete in itself, the mem- 
bers being attached to it for its support and direction, whilst 
the head, the great seat of power, is far above it. That little 
heliocentric system has support on two great props or crura, 
which terminate in two pedestals. These pedestals have five 
terminal digits each, with a great inner one on either foot, 
called the great toe. Set down these factors to themselves and 
proceed up either colum in search of higher expression of these 
factors. Evolution has a scale of ascent. 
There are five Lumbar Vertebrae, through whose articular 
facets the whole trunk is rendered flexible. 
Regard the upper extremities. There are five terminal di- 
gits to each of these, with the strong inner one in the thumb. 
Here is higher elaboration and more marked individuality in 
the several members. Persevere in the ascent; the head is 
reached. Look at that remarkable semi-circle of the five 
senses, with the strong, well-marked inner one giving charac- 38 
ter to the whole face—the nose. These factors are all around 
your universe. Moreover, they guide, feed and sustain the 
body. These are representation ot the five great cabinet offi- 
cers, the presiding one in the middle. 
Where is solution of the Trinity ? Is not all that great reach 
of brain substance over and above the semi-circle of the five 
senses ? Does not the intellect reside here as autocrat of all 
below ? Do not the limbs obey it and the senses heed its bid- 
ding? They may all fail, yet if the intellect survive to ask for 
food and raiment life continues in the body, as in the paralytic. 
Look at its place of residence; there are two great brain 
masses—the right and left hemispheres. Is this all ? Do they 
not generate electric fluid, which reaches with lightning speed 
throughout the entire body, commanding it to perform ? What 
power would the brain exert over the body in the absence of 
this pervading spirit ? Religious sentiment has evolved a Trin- 
ity, one of them the Holy Spirit. The relation of the other 
two, as being father and son, may not be shown to exist; nev- 
ertheless, one is much greater than the other. 'In this inspec- 
tion follow Nature closely, beginning as before at the ground. 
There are three bones to the leg, the tibia and fibula below, the 
femur, or thigh bone above. The latter is the equal of the 
other two in strength and weight; moreover, is above them. 
Ascend higher. There are three great pelvic bones, the os sa- 
crum, higher than the others and base of support to the bod}7, 
regulating the two side bones and capacity of the pelvic basin. 
Look at those two side bones the ossa innominata They are 
resolvable into three bones each, a great broad portion above 
(os ilium,) equal to the os ischium and os pubis, forming the 
lower two portions. Ascend to the upper extremities. There 
are three bones to the arm, the upper one in the os humerus, 
the equal of the two bones below, radius and ulna, forming the 
skeleton of the fore-arm. The two great crura, with assistance 
of all-pervading nerve fluid, support the body in erect position 
and determine which direction it shall move. The two upper 
extremities that feed it would be impotent in the absence of 
the all pervading nerve power. Three then is the dominant 
factor to animal organisms, and number of the potentialities 
which rule its behavior, there being difference of virtue in 
them. This great power sits above the solar system, the seven 
cervical vertebrae representing the seven cortical layers. The 
number of bones, two hundred and forty, have representation 
in planetary space. The twelve ribs around the heart, and 39 
twelve dorsal vertebrae, are its Zodiac, holding all this system 
together, whilst the great central organ of the heart sends out 
the life-giving fluid that builds up everything. 
So much for the constitution and relations of the august po- 
tentialities of the vast autonomy of the universe, written in ana- 
tomical symbols through Life’s Form. Let us see further into 
this wonderful book to make out how much the Trinity is spo- 
ken of. There are three great factors to the circulation of the 
juices, viz: Atmospheric pressure, muscular substance, and 
nerve force There are three great vessels in close association 
in the umbilical cord which constructs life’s form. There are 
three comprehensive systems of vessels composing the vascular 
apparatus, viz: Arteries, veins, and lymphatic vessels. There 
are three great openings through the diaphraghm for transit— 
the three large conduits, the oesophagus, aorta and vena cava 
trunk. The venous tube of intestines has three great anatomi- 
cal sections, viz ; 1st part from mouth to pyloric end of stom- 
ach ; 2d, from stomach to colon; 3d portion includes colon, 
caecum and rectum. Either of these portions is resolvable into 
three subdivisions, which are again resolvable into a like num- 
ber of lesser divisions The buccal or mouth cavity, the pha- 
rynx, and stomach are in the first portion ; the duodenum, je- 
junum, and ilium in the recond portion ; the ascending, trans- 
verse, and descending colon form the terminal portion of the 
tube, etc., etc 
The renal territory has extension of the law. The kidney 
has its cortex, its medullary substance and pelvis; the latter 
has its three infundibula. The bladder has its three tubes, two 
receiving and a discharging one; so has the womb. These 
ovoidal bodies have each three grand compartments or regions. 
There are three great divisions of the nervous system—the 
brain, spinal cord and smypathetic nerve. Nerves have three 
fundamental elements—neurilemma, axis cylinder, and the 
white substance of Schwann. The body is divided into three 
great divisions—head, trunk and extremities. Its envelope, 
the skin organ has three divisions—epidermis, rete mucosum, 
and cutis vera. The trunk contains three great cavities—the 
cranial, the chest, and abdominal. Either of ydiich is resolv- 
able into three lesser ones, as in the cranium there is the right 
and left hemispheres and cerebellum, the entire brain substance 
resting within the three great fossae at the base of the skull 
itself. The chest has its two pleurae and pericardial cavities. 
The abdomen has its compartments in the hypochondriac re- 40 
gions, the soft abdominal regions and the pelvic excavation, 
containing organs with a fundus, a body, and a neck. The 
extremities have three great natural divisions, viz :•—the arm, 
fore-arm and hand ; the thigh, leg and foot. The hand is re- 
solvable into the same number of divisions, viz :—carpus, met- 
acarpus and phalanges. There is a shoulder, an elbow, and 
wrist joint; a hip, knee and ankle joint. The law has exten- 
sion to the bones themselves. There are long, flat, and irreg- 
ular bones. Bones have an external, an internal table, and an 
intervening diploe. There is a shaft or diaphesis and two ex- 
tremities. There are three inlets into the body for the trans- 
portation of the solids and fluids for the support and construc- 
tion of life’s form, viz :—the mouth and two nares. The nose 
has its two alse and septum, and its bony skeleton has three 
pieces, two ossa nasi and vomer. There are three turbinated 
bones. The eye has three great di visions, viz: the aqueous, 
the crystalline, and the vitreous humor. 
Making one more reference, we will refrain from further 
reading at present, since the matter has extension into the mi- 
nutia of construction, running through the fauna and the flora. 
Sound is transmitted over a mechanical contrivance eloquent 
with the Divine autonomy. The auditory apparatus is divided 
into three great divisions, resolvable into an equal number of 
subdivisions of generic factors, viz : the external (auricula) in- 
cluding the external canal to the membrana tvmpani; 2, the 
middle chamber (the tympanum,) lastly, the labrynth or inter- 
nal ear. The first resolvable into the helix, the lobulus and 
the concha, with subdivisions into the tragus, the anti-tragus 
and anti-helix. Sound is conducted through the middle cham- 
ber over a chain of three bones (the malleus, incus and stapes,) 
and delivered into the internal ear or labrynth. This is the 
most complicated portion of the mechanism, marking progres- 
sive increase of complexity. The labrynth is divided into three 
portions, viz : the vestibule, semi-circular canals and cochlea. 
These divisions are again resolvable into an equal number of 
subdivisions. There are three semi-circular canals, enclosing 
an equal number of divisions of the auditory nerve. 
When the intellect rises up from the contemplation of this 
wonderful mechanism it must believe in a Divine intelligence, 
and have impression that the vast autonomy of the universe is 
a tripartite government, publishing the Gocl-Head in the book 
of life—the HUMAN FORM. Out of the inner conscious- 
ness three grand words have audible articulation from that 41 
great seolian harp, the human brain. Thou, God Divine—Om- 
nipotent, Omniscient and Omnipresent! Is it longer matter of 
wonder, thou Man of Nazareth, thou didst deliver immortal 
utterances? As long as the human race continues thy memory 
will evoke unspeakable love. 
We have seen that three is dominant factor in animal me- 
chanisms, the foundation of anatomical construction, and that 
the factor live is administrative only, never suffering displace- 
ment from this relation ; and the influential position they hold 
outside the organism has continuation to the internal territory, 
as is well exemplified in the hepatic organ. The liver super- 
intends and watches over luematosis. All the blood gathered 
by the radicals of the portal vein is passed through that won- 
derful mechanism for filtration and higher elaboration. It has 
five as its ruling factor. There are five ligaments, five lobes, 
five vessels and five fissures. 
It holds pre-eminent position in the abdominal cavity, both 
in relation to function and height of elevation over the other 
viscera. 
The cabinet has representation in the blood organs, a con- 
tinuation of the external relation supervising the manufacture 
of blood, as they had directed the body for securing the rough 
material for its elaboration. 
A rising scale of consciousness is measure of the tone of vi- 
bration of the cords of life’s great harp, whilst History is chron- 
icle of the journey, The religious revolution of the 16th cen- 
tury is measure of intellectual momentum, extending itself 
over the cerebral cortex of large numbers of the highest types 
of the human species, testifying to the truth of the immortal 
utterances of Christ with reference to the God-Head bodily, the 
God-Head spiritually, and true relation of man to man. The 
key-note sounded by Sir Isaac Newton and M. Harvey is fur- 
ther evidence of intellectual momentum and diffusion of the 
wave over the entire solar mechanism, with in vasion of life’s 
form, the product of stellar motion, the mighty artist sitting 
above originating that vast mechanism and sustaining it. Mat- 
ter is visible evidence of imperishable law, hence as eternal 
as the law itself. Unnatural event is spoken of in Hebrew 
Chronicles quite often, but with steady diminution in frequency 
with the increase of intellectual evolution. Unnatural event 
there never was in the earth, nor may it be shown to be in keep- 
ing with the harmony of all-pervading law. Imperishable tes- 
timony engraven with fossil flora and fauna declares in lan- 42 
guage not to be mistaken, that progression has been steady 
and uninterrupted. It is foolishness to say otherwise, and bad 
judgment to attempt to invert the order of events in the earth. 
The observant Israelite saw the evidences of a flood all around 
him ; the rest he evolved out of his imagination. The intel- 
lect of to-day knows a little more of the history of the flood, 
and of the composition of man’s body, than that remarkable 
waif of the bulrushes adopted by Pharaoh’s daughter, and only 
freedman in Egypt. Such knowledge was not to be had in 
Egypt among slave-owners, let alone ignorant slaves. By 
reason of his superior education he had no difficulty in perform- 
ing a great role in the face of this simple race, and to impose 
upon them to any extent, Having run away with him from 
their Egyptian owners, there was nothing for them but what 
these nomads could take by violence and brigandage from un- 
resisting nations on their line of march. The nomadic exist- 
ence which the freed slaves led for so long a time is a peculiar- 
ity of the race. Moses had his hands full; no one knows how 
much trouble he had with the savages, but may form some idea 
of it from the number of extraordinary appeals he made to 
their superstitious fears, keeping them in the traces of mental 
discipline and restraint by terrible denunciations, and not un- 
frequently necessitated to make fierce example of the more re- 
bellious. He ruled his Hebrew ruffians through terrorism, not 
stopping at anything, making frequent use of their faith in the 
supernatural to accomplish his end. It was a thankless ser- 
vice. He finally disappeared in a mysterious manner. His 
pupil and successor, Joshua, was like him in many respects, for 
it was he “who stopped the sun” in order to prolong a bloody 
massacre in the mountains of Palestine, which he and liis bri- 
gands were wrenching from the rightful owners. After hav- 
ing beeh despoiled of the arable lands of Palestine the forlorn 
natives rallied in the mountain passes, fighting the best they 
could in defense of their little homes and firesides. But this 
horde of nomads had to be kept employed to prevent mutiny 
over the spoils they had taken. They did not actually want 
the soil, for that race never sow and reap as other races. The 
Books of Moses is wretched tale of murder, rapine, spoliation, 
crime, and heinous immorality. One thing we may rest as- 
sured of, they never told the half of their infernal deeds, 
being their own historian. If such be virtue to be lauded in 
this hour, God save the name. 
One of the most astounding circumstances of this age of civ- 43 
ilization and recognition of human rights (the right of property 
being held sacred,) is that pulpit orators should elect this sav- 
agery and diabolical performance as exemplars of God and re- 
ligion. It is amazing. If it be attempt to inhibit inquiry and 
investigation it is a great mistake. Mankind will sit in judg- 
ment upon those deeds despite the protests of theology. The 
love of truth for its own sake is growing quantity in the hu- 
man intellect, THE MEASURE OF INCREASING VIR- 
TUE and of mental evolution. It is organized crime on 
the part of theology to make attempt TO SUPPRESS IN- 
QUIRY. TRUTH DEMANDS INVESTIGATION, and 
Moses will have enough of it. Religion is child of truth ; su- 
perstition is other name for ignorance—it is the night of intel- 
lect. 
The stakes have been much advanced of late into the stygian 
darkness through the courage and industry of scientific engi- 
neers, and proclamation of this sort is made all along the black 
border. EVERYTHING MUST BE SUBMITTED TO 
INSPECTION OF THE SENSES. Education of the senses 
is the true mode of informing the intellect. To OBSERVE 
first, to THINK afterward is rapid care for dreaming dreams 
and evolving hallucinations. 
Man now knows he advances ONLV BY HIS OWN IN- 
DUSTRY, and performs HIGH or LOW LABOR according 
to his knowledge and opportunity of being taught, never hav- 
ing received the slightest assistance along the entire journey 
from any Revelation, good, had or indifferent; on the contra- 
ry, has cause to remember them with unspeakable sorrow. 
He is aware of the advantage of A GOOD ENVIRON- 
MENT, seeking how to improve upon it for more rapid con- 
summation of what he wants in animal life and plant forms. 
And he will do better yet than ever before when he submits 
himself to the law of hybridization more completely than he 
has yet done, preferring to add up the potentialities in the 
mind, stored in cerebral convolutions, rather than promote the 
aggregation of personal propertv and landed estate. THERE 
IS ONE TRUE AND IMPERISHABLE NOBILITY—that 
of intellect. Nature is true to herself. The AVORLD IS 
DOMINATED, and will ever be, by HYBRIDS OF THE 
HIGHEST TYPE. The English are highest order of hybrids 
(there is difference in them ) MEN MUST HAVE ADDI- 
TION as well as horses and roses, beginning with the best type 
of the highest species. Republics do so well by reason of less resistance to this scheme of human culture. They need to un- 
derstand it better than they do. The eternal order of nature 
is to look upward through the affections, to climb higher and 
higher, ever climbing. To step down is a violation of the first 
law of nature. Onward and upward in unceasing struggle for 
better growth and higher elaboration is the all-pervading and 
dominant law of evolution. 
Thought is evolved OUT OF LIFE’S FORM, being high- 
est product of it, hence THE TESTIMONY GIVEN ALL 
ALONG THE JOURNEY OF MENTAL GROWTH IN 
CHRONICLES kept by different species of men, differing in 
quality according to degree of evolution, constituting the letter 
of their religious faith which they cherish and preserve. Ev- 
ery species of men who have advanced to sufficient evolution 
to keep a chronicle of events have religious sentiment the most 
conspicuous, with great leading characters as figure-heads, oc- 
curring at long intervals of time, so slow is mental evolution. 
The species of men dwelling in Palestine kept good chronicles 
and preserved them well. Being a high race they evolved 
much of the archetypal form of the God-Head, which has such 
faithful correspondence to that evolved by the inner conscious- 
ness of the 19th century. Being archetypal it is imperishable. 
The duty remains for the higher intellect of this age to elimi- 
nate it from the vulgar vesture of Jewish habits in which the 
priceless gem is embedded. Amid the rubbish there are many 
beautiful pearls. 
What matter is it, so far as truth be spoken, which distinct 
species, OR INDIVIDUAL OF THE SAME, first elaborated 
life’s highest archetypal form, in religious evolution, and gave 
articulation to imperishable human thought, and a voice to si- 
lent language in the mind of his fellow-men, who by reason of 
this fact crowned him a hero and a*God? What the intellect 
needs is exact information of what it is, and how it exists in 
this terrestrial environment, holding on to true information 
and rejecting mythology Superstition is suffering much re- 
trenchment, growing less and less in power to do harm. 
We live in the midst and are evolved out of imperishable af- 
fections. It is mark of childishness and savage credulity to 
repeat old legends making man a stake in a game of chance, 
the cultivated and informed falling to the devil. 
It seems incredible at this day how the human intellect could 
entertain it. One, however, should remember there was such 
time when it knew how to satisfy only immediate wants of the 45 
simplest kind. It has grown much since then. The bonds of 
mental slavery are cracking with fresh fissures, everywhere 
falling off numbers of men. 
The hardest work man has to do is the cultivation of his 
reasoning faculties. Environed in a thick fog of superstition, 
the way has been most difficult and progress very slow; yet 
some advance is being made all the time. The world is bet- 
ter than it was even a century ago. Who says differently 
speaks without law and against overwhelming evidence. He 
speaks of his sensations only, not of human growth. However 
slow it he, ultimately the true remains to tower above the false. 
At last the intellect has reached a point of elevation where it 
may no longer suffer intrusion from devil or triar. They per- 
ish in the attempt to reach that ascent. 
Since the law of evolution is made out, a rule of general ap- 
plication is of ready formulation, viz ; the amount and degree 
of unreasoning faith (superstition) is measure of defective cer- 
ebral development. There may be degree of intellect with 
large amount of special knowledge, yet the individual fall be- 
low the highest cortical expansion ian as he sinks 
in credulity and faith in the marvelous. The reasoning facul- 
ties are in abeyance, whilst memorv is enormous. The indi- 
vidual PERFORMS ACCORDINGLY. The female sex, as a 
class, have six to eight ounces less brain substance than males. 
They are very superstitious and fanatical. That sweet frailty 
fancies itself to have one rib more than man, thinking of Gen- 
esis. Her flexible nature takes its shape from the mould of 
that rugged Hebrew mythology. 
One may not run away from his own organization. He is 
inside of HIS FORM and must stay there, working away with 
all his might upon his brain substance. How to grow men- 
tally is the problem of problems. To change one’s height or 
his sex is an impossible performance; he is walled up in an 
unyielding casemate. 
Man has voluntary power to effect LIMITED alteration 
upon the environment for promotion of growth to higher cere- 
bral elaboration, which he accomplishes by patient inspection 
of visible properties of matter and knowledge of physical law. 
He desires to do well—is doing better than he did. He makes 
attempt to follow example of Deity in constructing wonderful 
mechanisms. Steam machinery is not feeble imitation of ani- 
mal mechanism. If man could find what he is seeking for so 
earnestly—PERPETUAL MOTION, the thing would be done. At present the terms upon the slate read: the highest animal 
mechanism may evolve and elaborate other lower forms of 
mechanism, a motion within a motion, having gradation. 
There is persistence of the law—THE CREATOR IS GREAT- 
ER THAN THE CREATED. 
To conclude :—in the illimitable expanse, as far as mental 
motion may propel its wave till it exceed the solar ellipses and 
break upon the God-Head, there is continuation and persist- 
ence of law. Everything is conserved in imperishable law, 
and IT IS HOT POSSIBLE FOR ANYTHING TO BE 
LOST. There are no fragments falling into hell. Nothing 
may escape from the embrace of the solar mechanism hut 
THOUGHT, which is potentiality of the God-Head Itself. 
All is well. 
Gentlemen, you should travel more. Those of you who are 
able to do so commit a grave error by neglecting it. Instead 
of marrying so soon, your first savings should go in this direc- 
tion. Place yourself upon a steam carriage which intellect 
carves out of the children of the forest, and sends rushing over 
the great magnet of the earth by aid of solar heat turned loose 
upon iron cylinders, (having laid dormant in coal for thousands 
of centuries,) and look you out of the window to the right and 
to the left upon everything, as if with intent to purchase. Go 
down to innermost depths through hidden stairways dug in the 
earth’s side by the children of men, intellect leading the way, 
and examine the leaflets carefully as you descend. Visit sub- 
terranean passages carved by hidden streams with blind fish 
in them. The sculpturing in mammoth cave, of vast halls 
chiseled out of solid rock, with bottomless pits leading down 
into infernal blackness, with jaws standing ajar for him who 
stumbles, will give impetus to thought and grandeur to pres- 
ent time. From high plateaus on the Rocky Mountains cast 
your eye down declivities more than 5,000 feet deep, (some of 
them half a mile in width,) dug out of solid limestone by etch- 
ings of water which falls only from the dew of heaven. The 
ocean is mother of all that marble which she is transporting 
hack to her own bosom again after such long absence. Thous- 
ands of centuries ago her myriads of swarms of coral insects 
did the labor of constructing it, when a vast subterranean force 
suddenly elevated the sea bottom, and you are regarding what 
has happened since. How many drops of dew did it take to do 
all that carving? Are you disposed to enter into the calcula- 
tion ? It is madness ; however, if you are bent upon the in- 47 
quiry, set clown as lirst term of the proposition the number of 
grains of sand on the Pacific coast, and multiply them by suf- 
ficient drops of water to chisel out the flinty crystals from the 
elevated plateau and transport them to the ocean side. The 
sum will be an unspeakable number of years. You must not 
stop at this. Place yourself upon a steam mechanism which 
wades out boldly over the powerful magnet of the ocean, drawn 
by solar force under guidance of intellect, and when the steam- 
boat rides you as a feather upon all that motion, and you look 
from sky to sea, and from the ocean to the firmament, where 
motion is yet more vast in the wake of rolling planets, and your 
inner consciousness is awake at last to the momentum of the 
universe, think of the despised Copernicus—of Giordano Bruno, 
of Galileo. The Teutonic Pole was out of your reach in the 
midst of the brave Germans, but what of the two latter ? On 
February 17, in the year 1600, a most brutal public murder, a 
most savage and inhuman one, was committed in an open 
square near the Vatican. Giardano Bruno was burned alive. 
The Nazarene perished by crucifixion for unfolding the Trinity, 
and the divine rights of man. The Italian was incinerated for 
unfolding the universe, and the heroic virtue displayed in the 
midst of the burning fagots is the peer of anything in history. 
The Religious Revolution of the 16th century had its army of 
martyrs drafted from the noble and heroic of the earth; but 
the 17th century led off in the struggle for intellectual liberty 
with as noble a victim as Theology had ever burned at the 
stake or tore into ugly ribbons with the teeth of the inquisi- 
tion. BIGOTRY IS A BLOODHOUND; when fully 
aroused it is a monster. The time it takes to cool its blood is 
mournful in the extreme. That poor old man, Galileo, in his 
70th year, to save his life was necessitated to kneel upon this 
tragic ground thirty-three years subsequent to this event, and 
made to recant the Copernidan theory and to promise he would 
never more teach that the earth revolves and the sun is sta- 
tionary. To make the abjuration more impressive, and if pos- 
sible more binding, they caused him to spread both hands out 
over the Hebrew chronicles and dressed his noble person IN 
SACKCLOTH. Notwithstanding they condemned him to 
imprisonment at the inquisition during pleasure; finally he got 
free of a living death upon his taking a vow worded by them, 
declaring his detestation of the proscribed opinions, with a 
promise to recite once a week for three years (as long as they 
thought he could live,) the seven penitential psalms. But 48 
they set a watch upon him, and when that immortal philoso- 
pher and mathematician was cold in death, refused his bones 
a resting place. Say you ’twas the work of zealous Catholics? 
But for the revelations of science you would do the same to- 
day. You are all alike in essence. You grow restive, intol- 
erant—FRENZIED UNDER SCRUTINY. You of all men 
living are bent upon having your own way, cost what it will. 
YOU are helping God Almighty, whilst THOSE OPPOSED 
TO YOUR NOTIONS are enlisted in the army of the devil. 
The Calvinists hated Science and Philosophy. But the 19tli 
century is what it is because of the labors of those matchless 
twins. They have rent into fragments that horrible and mon- 
strous theological web, with its infundibulum resting upon 
Rome, the nidus of its TARANTULA, where human flies ad- 
ministered to it. For centuries nearly all of Europe, boots 
and spurs, was in this web. 
Superstition also has its cortical layers, where fossil ptero- 
dactyls and monstrous megatheriamaybe found. In the 19th 
century smaller and more agile forms have taken their place. 
To keep up a show of life in Hebrew chronicles a new art has 
introduction into human experience called Allegory. So that 
when some long-established opinion, moss-grown and hoary 
from Mosaic time, is forced to yield to inevitable logic, you 
slip in quickly by dextrous movement a flaming placard with 
only two words written upon it—“an allegory,” and place it 
over the ruined text, every word and letter of which you had 
previously insisted was true and unchangeable. You are 
aware this invention is designed to conceal a new rent in the 
sides of the Ark of the Covenant. THESE UNHEALED 
FISSURES are now grown very numerous, and presently the 
whole truth will be out, when all will be but Allegory and 
BIOGRAPHY. 
Ah, gentlemen, it is common circumstance with you to do 
this thing, but is it honest? Is it just to intellect ? Is it ALL 
THE RETURN you propose to make for its vast labors, its 
prodigious sacrifices, and last, though not least, for unspeaka- 
ble sufferings endured at your hands ? Remember the law:— 
be who asks for justice shall do justice. 
One dense shadow after another is dissipated by the white 
light students place underneath its black drapery; and one 
falsehood after another is nailed to the counter with unyield- 
ing rivets wrought by science out of the furnace of truth. 
Hark you! for you are to undergo investigation also; there are 49 
men coming who will sit in judgment; and what is noble and 
true in your utterances will live to posterity, hut what is false 
and hurtful will perish utterly. Adieu ! CHAPTER III. 
THE TERMS OF INDEPENDENT ANIMAL EXISTENCE. 
THE PLACENTA. 
The question of FERTILIZATION throughout the fauna 
and the flora is a settled one, and for the purposes of this pa- 
per there is no occasion for a recapitulation of the pains-taking 
labors of indefatigable students of nature, in observations of 
the nutritive changes which subsequently take place in the 
fertilized ovum in the march of elaboration. It is sufficient to 
know that whilst lower forms precede the higher ones, the lat- 
ter must contain ALL THE ESSENTIAL FACTORS of the 
former, receiving yet clearer definition and more emphatic 
enunciation; hence, whatever function is present in the pla- 
cental organ must not only have continuance in the new or 
ganism it is constructing, but receive additional enlargement 
and more distinct provision. Not one factor may he ignored. 
This circumstance being irrevocably fixed by Nature, it is in 
order to set down an interrogatory upon the slate, viz : What 
kind of work does the placenta perform in foetal elaboration ? 
Whatever this is must he added to the new organism, since 
Nature does not abolish principles; on the contrary, she has 
an ascending scale of elaboration of mechanical contrivances 
for their accommodation and perpetuation, ever promoting the 
best arrangement. 
It follows that whatever principle is operative in the placen- 
tal mechanism during the intra-uterine environment, to have 
perpetuation in extra uterine existence must have incorporation 
with the new organism which is being constructed. There is 
no such thing as abolition of principle, but displacement of a 
lower contrivance by the substitution of a higher one, is the 
eternal method. Nature cannot change the vital scheme at 
birth ; she simply enlarges the individual mechanisms, adjust- 
ing them for the rude experiences to which they would have 
exposure, at the same time to enable them to perform agreat- 
er amount of labor than the primitive organs. Therefore, to :>1 
find the essential factors of independent animal existence, the 
initial point of inquiry will be inspection of the contents of the 
womb (taking example of the higher animal species) before 
expulsion, making note of the essential factors, a prime ques- 
tion being, what is the placenta ? 
There are two great factors in placental functions, viz : 1st, 
It manufactures its own blood, using the venous juice of the 
mother for the purpose. 2d. It lias the cardiac power to dis- 
miss this blood out of its cavities into the systemic circulation 
of the animal mechanism which it is building, else the work of 
construction wpuld not go on. It must be apparent to brief 
reflection only, that separate and independent existence would 
be impossible without previous absorption of these two great 
factors resident in the primitive placenta. To proceed to the 
minutia of detail. Placental mechanisms manufacture blood 
by importations of nutritive material from outside, extracted 
out of the mother’s blood. To accomplish this there is arrange- 
ment of innumerable little organs (placental villi,) which ex- 
tend into tortuous venous canals containing the elements 
needed in foetal elaboration. No blood of the mother circu- 
lates in the foetus; on the contrary, it is but the juice out of 
which the villi make appropriatiation of what is needed for the 
special labor in hand. Hence it is essential that the new or- 
ganism should have such power of manufacturing blood after 
it will have been cut off from the placental function; other- 
wise it would perish speedily. We have already had occasion 
to advert to the great analogue of placental villi and the tor- 
tuous venous canals in which they feed, as having appropriate 
representation in the intestinal tubing, and vast numbers of 
villi feeding in its white juice. 
In respect to the second factor, or the cardiac force, to ship 
the blood placental mechanisms manufacture into the systemic 
current of the foetus, such function must be conceded as afore- 
gone conclusion, since however abundant or however perfect 
blood elaboration may have been within the placenta, if it lack 
the power to get rid of it, it would go for nothing, since noth- 
ing would be accomplished upon the foetus. But it does have 
such power, for the placental souffle and the heart of the in- 
fant are overheard through the maternal structures, each at its 
own special labors. 
There are two hearts performing work upon the foetal organ- 
ism—one for the manufacture and importation of blood into 
its systemic circulation, and one for its distribution to the nu- 
tritive processes, both performing work at the same time. 52 
Hence it follows, the new organism must also have full repre- 
sentation of this most important and essential factor, to take 
its place after amputation of the primitive placenta in two hun- 
dred and eighty days. Up to this period that organ had sub- 
served three important functions, viz : 1st, the manufacture of 
blood; 2d, the oxygenation of blood ; 3d, the cardiac force to 
dismiss it into the body of the foetal organism. These factors 
are unalterable and eternal ; they remain ever the same and 
must ever continue so. The problem is simple enough in for- 
mulation. The primitive placental mechanism answers the 
vital necessities of a twelve-pound child ; but what is placental 
compensation to fill out the requirements of a three-hundred- 
pound man ? Where are placental mechanisms located in the 
human body, taking example of the highest type of animal life? 
I have made discovery that Nature adds both factors to- 
gether, combining them into one, by making an enormous car- 
diac organ—the heart of the independent animal—and suspends 
the mechanisms for the manufacture of blood by means of re- 
duplications of its endo-cardial lining, after the manner of the 
forming of the valves in the little primitive organ, and known 
by the anatomical names of peritoneal and pleural ligaments, 
whilst it delivers the blood so manufactured from substances 
called food, into the systemic circulation by its own cardiac 
power through a special umbilical vein (the Vena Porta.) The 
pulsations in the placental souffle have large analogue in'res- 
piratory movement, which are the pulsations of the great heart 
of Independent Animal Life. This heart contracts upon blood 
contained in a system of flexible tubing instead of upon naked 
blood as in the prototype 
In the rudimental organ the villi of the chorion in due time 
become the villi of the placenta, and projecting into venous 
canals make appropriation of needed nutrient constituents, 
which, after passing through the placental mechanisms, is de- 
livered into the radicals of the umbilical vein The homologue 
of this is seen in the transfer of the products of the intestinal 
villi to the radicals of the portal vein, the new umbilical vein 
of the independent animal, under safe protection against exter- 
nal violence. And the cardiac power resident in the placenta, 
represented by its muscular substance, has its great analogue 
in the muscular substance of the abdominal walls, including 
the diaphragm. When it contracts the blood contained in 
the portal vein is driven over the old road-beds through the 
liver that blood of the primitive umbilical vein had previously 53 
traveled, making use of every canal and passage-way in this 
comprehensive system of tubing, (for it is all umbilical,) with 
final escape into the ascending vena cava trunk by the com- 
mon channels of exit the of hepatic veins. The placental an- 
alogue is not yet complete, for perfect blood needs to he oxy- 
genated, which is accomplished through the mechanism of the 
pulmonary apparatus, where exposure of its carbonized iron 
takes place on a larger scale than in the intra-uterine environ- 
ment. The oxygen of atmospheric air and the oxygen of the 
maternal blood is the same, whilst the magnetic force which 
deoxydized iron in the red corpuscles exerts on oxygen has uni- 
versal application. Oxygen will make its way through diapa- 
nous membranes anywhere to satisfy its powerful affinity for 
unoxydized iron. Placental mechanisms provide for this law, 
the pulmonary organs being a still larger provision. 
Does the statement meet with objection—that the placenta 
has cardiac power to empty its lisemic reservoirs into the um- 
bilical tubing? 
It will be in order for him who utters this protest to show 
how Nature does this work; since foetal construction waits on 
the supplies, growing in a ratio with the amount received, else 
perishing utterly from its suspension. 
Let the circumstance be borne in mind also, that no general 
force can be made effective upon placental blood; a local one 
must be shown to exist. Atmospheric pressure must have ex- 
clusion, since, acting through the maternal walls, it presses 
uniformly upon the liquor amnii and all the foetal structures. 
And if extent of regional surface have influence, the body of 
the foetus is under greater pressure than the placenta, and the 
hsemic current would have reversal, going towards the placenta 
from the body by reason of this fact, 
The same principle would necessarily exclude maternal aid, 
through uterine contraction ; it would be felt upon everything. 
What is essential to the performance of this function, therefore, 
is a local force, sufficient for the purpose of constringing the 
walls of the placental reservoirs, and driving out their contents 
into the vein, as the ventricle does into the aorta trunk. Less 
than this would not be effective. It is also in order, to explain 
what other purpose the muscular substance of the placenta sub- 
serves, than the one assigned. It is expression of power. Mus- 
cular substance always is representation of force, (to be ener- 
gized on special occasion.) If it should condense itself in this 
instance under a ganglionic system of nerves, as obtains in the 54 
heart, would it not have the effect to approximate the walls of 
its cavities containing blood, as the muscular substance of the 
ventricle approximates its walls under influence of its special 
ganglia? What good comes of human protest if it oppo- 
ses physical law? and why make captious objection? Mus- 
cular substance shortens when it contracts, is a physical law 
If muscular substance over the placental cortex should con- 
dense itself, would there not be corresponding diminution of 
placental area ? 
Physical law is not pent up in a corner of the body; on the 
contrary, has universal application. In this instance mus- 
cular substance is not in the central organ constrmging 
the blood and ejecting it out of the ventricle into the lumen of 
the aorta; but it is in the placenta, expressing blood into the 
umbilical vein. 
Thus Life’s scheme is rendered perfect in placental elabora- 
tion, and the terms of independent animal existence have for- 
mal statement. 
The placenta is not abolished at birth, but has perpetuation 
with elevation in the scale of vital elaboration. The several 
great principles represented in its anatomical construction do 
not suffer disruption from the vital scheme with ligation of the 
umbilical cord. 
The circumstance is self-evident—the science of Life must 
stop abruptly and remain stationary till full and complete an- 
swer be given of these fundamental constituents. 
The crude result of the alterations is to bring placental 
mechanisms in close and immediate relation with the central 
cardiac organ or hsemic reservoir, with such modifications in 
the apparatus for making blood from more crude material 
than that furnished to the primitive organ. 
The accompanying photograph, Fig. 1, is a primitive pla- 
centa taken immediately after delivery. It has ovoidal configu- 
ration. It does important work in constructing the great substi- 
tute which is to finally displace it. The higher growth is 
evolved out of the lower in keeping with the eternal order of 
progressive evolution. No conflict anywhere; the matter 
being one of co-operation in vital mechanisms over a definite 
roadway, in one harmonious and continuous line of march, 
from the simplest to the highest of life’s forms. Does any one 
object? What matter is it? no notice is taken of his protest, 
nature moving on as if it had never been uttered. Is he worse 
off than before he had such information ? verily not; for can 55 
he not buy food and raiment all the same? One thing, how- 
ever, follows him: he must subsist. How to do this is a prob- 
lem hung up over his cradle to be taken down only in his coffin. 
The accompanying photograph, Fig. 2, from a drawing of 
placental mechanisms (taken in situ) of the independent ani- 
mal, is given, predicated upon the logic of vital evolution. The 
various systems of anatomy separate these organs, dissociating 
them and destroying that entity and comprehensive unity which 
is their peculiar and greatest virtue. It is needless to add that 
the casing in which it is lodged is not only essential to its pre- 
servation, but contributes most important aid in the labor of 
the blood circulation. The whole trunk is a placenta, the 
limbs carrying it about and ministering to it; while that pin- 
nacle which surmounts it all, represented in the head, but more 
especially in the brain substance, is the grand objective point 
toward which nature is bending all her energies This won- 
derful harp with its countless strings makes response to the 
lightest touch of nature and utters tones divinely sweet, or sav- 
age and barbaric according to fineness of elaboration and de- 
gree of finish. 
The configuration of the organ is ovoidal. The outside 
ovoid is higher evolution of life’s form. The law holds good 
upon extension of the principle, for when the abdomen, or great 
ventricle, is regarded its form is ovoidal, the great end up, 
(represented by the incurvated diaphragm,) the small end down, 
(represented in the pelvic excavation.) The manufacture of 
blood requires high order of mechanism, hence the necessary 
evolution of high archetypal configuration in this great territory 
of the common domain. The lungs are reversal of the figure, 
their base being down, their apices up. The explanation is in 
the difference of dignity in their respective labors, with degree 
of appropriate complexity in their mechanisms. The abdomi- 
nal viscera manufacture blood, whereas, the lung organs only 
expose it to the air. They don’t manufacture anything, hold- 
ing anatomical relations only with the leaflets. They afford 
the necessary contact between atmospheric air and life’s 
juices, with resulting chemical change upon either. Both are 
interdependent; yet the mechanisms for the manufacture of 
blood are of higher order than the device for bleaching it. 
The diagram shows the dilated intestine (stomach) pulled 
aside to expose the new umbilical vein (portal vein) where it 
disappears into the liver-substance. The terms are simple — 
A GREAT PLACENTA FOR A GREAT ANIMAL. 56 
Fig. 3 is a photograph of the trunk or placenta of the inde- 
pendent animal. The head crowns this mechanism, whilst the 
upper extremities are suspended from the auricular appendage 
of either side in the usual manner. 
The inferior extremities are not exposed. A window is cut 
through the auricles at their anterior central portion, in order 
to exhibit the great elevation of the diaphragm in the chest 
cavity and the hsemic reservoir, the heart of hearts, suspended 
by vascular rootlets above it. At each descent of the dia- 
phragm the right side of this reservoir has sudden inrush of 
blood from the great ventricle below, passing into the tubular 
apparatus of the great auricles. 
At each expiration the left side of the cardiac reservoir re- 
ceives the blood which had passed into the lung organs during 
the preceding inspiratory act, having been charged in the in- 
terim with oxygen which turns it red. This rhythmic move- 
ment of respiration is the analogue of the souffle of the primi- 
tive placenta, the net product being the same; i. e., the deliv- 
ery of oxygenated blood into the central reservoir for general 
distribution. This great placenta retains every factor of the 
original one, with specialized mechanical contrivances of a 
higher order for manufacturing blood and oxygenating it; 
while the rhythmic expansion and contraction of the trunk as- 
pirates and expels blood into the central reservoir with aug- 
mented energy. The terms of the first placenta are fully met 
and nothing is lost out of the scheme of life. The trunk of 
animal life has cardiac force to deliver the blood manufactured 
in its mechanisms into the central reservoir. 
Nature deals in fundamental forms, rearing in the midst of 
all this structure in the first hours of foetal construction, a 
heart of hearts, as the prototype of the great cardiac temple 
which is to follow. The body is perfect configuration of the 
heart in the bosom of this cadaver; the little rose-hud of ani- 
mal life has perpetuation in life’s great temple. The arms 
removed would allow the auricular projections to extend on 
either side, as in the little archetype. The head, and life’s 
great petal (the brain) have grown out of the placenta, and 
should be removed. 
At the inferior portion of the trunk the red line is the 
boundary of the ventricle; what is oh the outer side relates 
to the lower extremities, which are only appendages for car- 
rying it about. 
The comparative anatomy has full consideration in the 57 
chapter on The Heart of Animal Life. The little heart of 
hearts acts as a hsemic reservoir for changing the circulation 
of the blood from the right to the left side, delivering the same 
into the aorta trunk and arterial mains. This opinion has 
support in anatomical construction and physiological require- 
ment. 
Never for one moment do we lose sight of the ANATOM- 
ICAL BASIS, with adjustment to PHYSIOLOGICAL RE- 
QUIREMENT, looking from one to the other, then back 
again, from the former to the latter. 
Such reversal is speedy cure of anatomical and physiologi- 
cal misadjustment, of which there is so much in medicine. 
Nature being required to do impossible things to suit the phys- 
iology evolved out of the inner consciousness of men. No 
misadjustment is in greater degree than that for the circulation 
of the blood. A tremendous central force, having power to 
lift up the entire blood-column and pitch it forward into the 
tissues against the atmospheric pressure and resistance of ar- 
terial tubing, is not Nature’s mode of performing the circula- 
tion, but comes of a rude time of barbaric force and evolved 
out of the mind of that period, to be supplanted by Nature’s 
kindlier and more gentle method, in perfect harmony with 
anatomical construction of the vascular apparatus and the del- 
icate corpuscles. Nature’s method is much higher order of 
mechanism than Mr. Harvey’s mode for carrying on the circu- 
lation. 
Look at the location and surroundings of the little heart, 
hanging by large conduits between two great vascular organs, 
which have grown up out of it, becoming so large as to envel- 
op it. In the independent animal they aspirate blood from 
the right side and deliver it into the left side of the heart. 
In the work of elaboration something like this happens : the 
primitive heart is quickly evolved, but slowly and patiently, 
with great pains-taking, mighty auricles of similar pattern are 
built over and around them, closing in on all sides, when the 
rudimental organ becomes no longer visible, the new structure 
engulfing it in the vast expanse and reach of territory. Whilst 
these great auricular walls are being constructed most import- 
ant and interesting transformations are talcing place within. 
Two large and singular looking masses grow up around the 
rudimental heart, formed of a congeries of compressed tubes. 
The heart pulsates between these objects which have grown 
out of it and are fastened to it by large tubular roots, six in 58 
number, counting the bifurcation of an unusually large one as 
two, otherwise there would be only five rootlets. In the life 
of the living child these rootlets are called the pulmonary ar- 
tery and the four pulmonary veins. The two large vascular 
masses are, in common parlance, the lungs. This whole appa- 
ratus, with the foetal heart suspended between it, is secured to 
a bony formation at the posterior portion of the auricles (the 
dorsal vertebra), by means of reduplications of endo-cardial 
lining called the pleurae, enlarging the lesson taught in the 
formation of the valves of the foetal organ. This endo-cardium 
envelops all the apparatus so as to give protection and strong- 
est possible support to the delicate mechanism, to ward off the 
rude force to which animal life is habitually exposed. 
At the same time the huge auricles are being built, there is 
vast design of most curious construction immediately adjacent 
and contiguous to them, moving at an equal ratio of evolution, 
yet more complicated in internal mechanisms, in numbers and 
varieties far exceeding anything to be seen within the auricles. 
The external configuration is that of the primitive ventricle. 
The curious looking objects are fastened and secured in simi- 
lar fashion to what is observed in the auricles. The endo-car- 
dium sends out vast projections and reduplications sufficient to 
embrace every article and piece of the wonderful apparatus in- 
tended for filtration of blood constituents from articles of food, 
and completely elaborate it, securing them firmly in their place 
in the posterior wall of the ventricle, some of them being sus- 
pended from the arch. This endo-cardium is known as the 
peritoneum, and notwithstanding the extreme fatality of ex- 
tensive inflammation to which it is subject, the true cause of 
death has never been suspected : for instead of paresis of the 
walls of the ventricle, this deduction was made upon the foetal 
heart or force-pump above the real ventricle of animal life. 
The filtration of blood takes place into a vast series of capil- 
lary tubes, called the portal radicals, sufficiently descriptive for 
our purpose, and, like streams mountain-born, flow out of the 
viscera in ever-increasing streamlets, until the whole volume of 
blood converges in the common trunk of the portal vein. A 
systole of the great ventricle gently closes on this apparatus ot 
flexible blood tubes, assisting it through the liver capillar 
ries for still higher elaboration by the contrivances in its won- 
derful machinery, finally empties it into the great trunk of the 
vena cava, when another systole of the ventricle lifts it up this 
tube to the little force pump, the auricles assisting in the workj 59 
whence it is dispatched into the pulmonic system of vessels 
constituting a large part of the beautiful apparatus, for filtra 
tion of carbonic gas generated in the blood, and the reception 
of the last constituent the properly elaborated blood still needs 
for the sustentation of life (oxygen), which is in like manner 
filtered from atmospheric air, introduced into the organs by 
means of a vast mechanism of tubes larger, if not more numer- 
ous, than its blood vascular apparatus. There is no escape for 
the refuse after oxygen filtration, but by the common route of 
entrance, whence it is pumped out along with the carbonic acid 
gas This stream, therefore, is intermitting, and called respir- 
ation. But the injection and ejection of air is not all this 
movement means, but only apart—one of the factors embraced 
in the act. The blood which is to be filtered of carbonic acid 
gas and receive a charge of oxygen gas, must flow into and 
complete the journey of the vascular network during the time 
of respiratory movement. The time occupied in transporting 
the blood from the great ventricle through the right side of the 
central force-pump, to the lungs and utmost system of radicals, 
is the period of full inspiration ; the time occupied in deliver 
ing it into the left side of the heart, is the space of time occu- 
pied in expiration. The four large short conduits that deliver 
it into the left auricle is explanation why the expiratory act 
may be made shorter than the inspiratory. It is not prudent 
to do this for long periods of time, as in blowing upon wind 
instruments or running. When all is ready to start the elabo- 
rate mechanism, Nature suddenly changes the environment 
If there be no error in construction, from a lost link, the beau- 
tiful machinery runs at once and becomes a life. If it does 
run it is not a life, but an incomptent abortion. Independent 
animal life begins on condition only, of precedent respiratory 
movement. It is a circulation passing the pulmonary appara- 
tus by the cardiac force only of the trunk itself—being a pul- 
sation of the heart of animal life. If there be imperfection in 
this mechanism, the whole intra-uterine labor is lost. When 
it runs after tins fashion a full and complete answer is given, 
how independent, animal life is maintained after amputation 
of the placenta. Respiration is a circulation. CHAPTER IV. 
THE HEART OF ANIMAL LIFE. 
We have made the statement that the body of animal life 
is a heart. It has support in the highest order of evidence 
known to human knowledge: being no less than that fur- 
nished in anatomical construction and physiological perform- 
ance. That the rhythmic movement of the trunk is essential 
to the circulation of the blood, is fully proven by the prompt 
arrest of the circulation in the right heart and cava trunks, 
simultaneously with arrest of respiratory movement. The 
central hsemic reservoir has not the power to pass blood on 
through the pulmonic reservoirs to the left side of the heart 
This is the office of the great auricles, and when there is im- 
pediment of function in them, there is impeded circulation in 
proportion to extent of pulmonic trouble, and vice versa. 
Anatomical construction remains for consideration. The 
comparative anatomy of the little model, and the great 
mechanism, is proof positive of their relationship; whilst the 
physiological experimentations introduced at the close of the 
anatomical evidence confirming the cardiac power of the 
trunk, is the end of argument. There is nothing further 
needed, nor anything remaining to be proven in this respect. 
To begin with the comparative anatomy, take the circumstance 
of the relative position of the organs, and the relation of their 
compartments, with the general configuration. Both are 
ellipsoidal, the big end up, the small end down. The relative 
velation of auricles and ventricles is also the same. The 
former are built over the latter, extending beyond them on 
either side, and reaching down considerable distance on the 
lateral aspect. In other words, the auricles form a kind of 
liood or cap to the ventricles, having ear pieces, which project 
on either side. Does not the chest sit upon the ventricle of 
the abdomen in similar fashion, reaching down its lateral 
aspects, forming the hypochondriac regions ? The upper 
third of the abdomen is in the chest excavation. In the mat- 
ter of the auricular appendages, do not the acromian pro- 
cesses project out in similar fashion, at the lateral aspect of the 61 
auricles, perpetuating even the shape of the aural curve ? 
There is great fidelity of outline in the two, the model being 
followed in every particular. They serve to widen the upper 
or big end of the heart in the archetype and great organ. So 
far every one of the counts in the protype has had its tally in 
that of the trunk of animal life, score for score. Both aspirate, 
and both expel blood from their cavities by rhythmic move- 
ment. 
Following up the comparative anatomy, an initial interrog- 
atory would be : How is a heart constructed ? 
What its FRAME-WORK or SKELETON? It is a hol- 
low muscular organ, built from unyielding rings. The mus- 
cular bundles of the left ventricle are suspended from a strong 
fibrous ring that embraces the root of the aorta. The muscu- 
lar substance of the right ventricle is similarly disposed around 
the root of the pulmonary artery. 
Briefly stated, a heart is composed of AURICLES, VEN- 
TRICLES, MUSCULAR SUBSTANCE and FIBROUS 
RINGS. Auricles are constructed over rings; ventricles are 
suspended from rings, with the auricles above them, extending 
beyond their base of attachment. 
Auricles are RESERVOIRS for receception of blood, to be 
TRAN SPORTED TO THE ARTERIAL CIRCULATION, 
by rhythmic expansion and contraction, with interval of rest. 
Such are cardinal principles, having appropriate anatomical 
representation in the two organs. 
Where is tHe firm, unyielding ring to which the muscular 
substance of the great ventricle is fastened? Answer:-Around 
the lower chest margin, composed of costal bones and cartil- 
ages It is a solid osteo-cartilagenous sill or beam. 
Upon this great analogue God Almighty has founded the 
temple of animal life. The manner of the curving of this 
great ring on either side of the ziphoid cartilage, subserves a 
most useful purpose in chest diastole, also allowing for respi- 
ratory compensation in regional disease ; at the same time per- 
mitting such insertion of the costal cartilages and diaphragm 
as would result in flaring the chest, and give spring and elas- 
ticity to respiratory movement. 
This matter has careful consideration when treating of the 
mode of insertion of the diaphragm and the mechanism of 
respiration. 
The muscular -substance of the great ventricle is suspended 
from this bony ring, and embraces a bony basin at its apex 62 
below. The conical apex to this great ventricle lias much 
marble in its composition, to subserve essential needs in the 
independent animal. The pelvis is a marble vault built within 
the apex of the ventricle for the purpose of holding the waste 
products of blood manufacture in the mechanisms above, as 
bran from wheat in a merchant mill, fecal matter represent- 
ing bran, whilst blood represents flour. The excavation is so 
deep in order to hold the waste products of ten, twelve, or fif- 
teen hours, collecting during this time in rectal and urinal 
closets. The problem in the sacral promontory is now* of easy 
solution. The vault is pushed or bent backward that the per- 
pendicular axis may have removal from the perpendicular axis 
of the great ventricle, falling against the umbilical territory 
instead of striking the middle of the diaphragm. If this were 
not done, every time he laughed, or coughed, or sung, or made 
explosive sound, man would have the contents of the closets 
escaping in his clothes. In the woman with a small sacral 
promontory the urine often suffers such escape, the sphincter 
vesicse not being sufficient to resist the expulsive force above, 
transmitted from the great ventricle. Man must bend his body 
forward in order to make adjustment for the bend in the prom- 
ontory when inclination take him to empty the closets. This is 
the reason man is the only animal with a sacral promontory. 
He carries his great heart erect, and in consequence of such 
change in the position of the ventricle, vital mechanisms must 
suffer modification, so that when the ventricle contracts in the 
systole, constringing force sweeps over the pelvic plane, leav- 
ing the contents of the pelvic excavation undisturbed. The 
small intestines, suspended by powerful ligament of endo-car- 
dial lining called the mesentery, sweep over this plane with 
every contraction of the ventricle, unless specially directed 
upon the contents of the excavation, when the intestines are 
crowded and packed into it with greater or less force as occa- 
sion may require The muscular movement of this great or- 
gan is subject to voluntary power. More of this presently. 
The hinder or inferior extremities are adjusted to deep de- 
pressions (acetabula) on the sides of the vault, The object be- 
ing to enable the animal to move to a convenient spot for 
feeding or for emptying his closets, which he does according 
to his habits and elevation in the scale of vital evolution. The 
highest types of the highest forms elect a china or marble-like 
basin, similar to his own in water-closets, into which his excre- 
metns are discharged and pass out of sight with all the stench 63 
they have, whilst in savagery the individual goes behind his 
house and performs it upon the ground in an open common, 
under the public gaze if not admiration. Among quadrupeds 
there is also difference in this respect. Cows are quite indiffer- 
ent; cats and dogs are very particular, keeping their little 
household free of all excrement, especially if of the higher types 
of the species. 
So much for the points of semblance in the anatomical frame 
work or skeleton of the greater and lesser cardiac organs. To 
complete the comparative anatomy vital mechanics will have 
to be applied to the disposition of their relative muscular struc- 
ture. Muscular substance in the archetype is arranged in cir- 
cular and spiral layers, being the most effective manner for 
the disposal of muscular force to secure simultaneous shorten- 
ing of both longitudinal and transverse diameters. Upon su- 
perficial examination, the longitudinal greatly diminishes, 
whilst the transverse diameter seems to lengthen during the 
systole. This is, however, the result of thickened muscular 
substance, and not at the expense of ventricular area, since its 
transverse axis is undoubtedly shortened in an equal ratio with 
the longitudinal; otherwise the effort of the ventricle to empty 
itself would be abortive. How are the muscles of the great 
ventricle disposed so as to similarly qualify it to perform its ap- 
propriate labor? Answer:—The disposition of its muscular 
force is perfect. To economize time, as also to render the la- 
bor of description more effective, attention is directed to the 
following wood cuts in Mr. Quain’s Anatomical Plates : Plate 
27, page 51, Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, showing the position of the dia- 
phragm and cavity of the ventricle. 
The following wood cuts, in Mr. Wilson, Fig. 114, and Mr. 
Gray, Fig. 160, and Plates 26 and 40, Mr. Quain, are exhibit 
of the chief muscular substance in the walls of the great auri- 
cles. 
The manner muscular substance of the auricles is disposed 
upon the walls of these organs, and the mode of motion in them 
will be fully considered after treating of the ventricle, it being 
necessary to do so for full appreciation of auricular move- 
ment, which is propagated from the ventricular side. The 
matter is therefore delayed for the present, for more correct 
interpretation from a higher point of observation. We reverse 
the outlook upon respiration, regarding it from below, 
looking through the eye-piece of the telescope, which is the 
proper method; the other is the objective end of the instru- 64 
ment. The fashion has been to look into the big end down- 
ward. Life is the loftiest object in the firmament of science, 
hence the intellect should make use of the eve-piece, and it 
will see more of life’s mysteries and life’s expanse. 
The diaphragm is ballooned high in the chest excavation, 
formed by the bony frame-work of the ribs, with the dorsal 
column behind and the sternum in front. Upon the right side 
its elevation corresponds to the fifth rib in front; on the oppo- 
site side it is about one inch lower, corresponding with the 
sixth rib. The periphery of the diaphragm is firmly fastened 
around the entire inferior margin of the chest-walls, terminat- 
ing posteriorly in two powerful cables, (crura,) securely an- 
chored to to the lumbar vertebrae. The interval between the 
twelfth rib and the lumbar vertebrae is spanned by two large 
loops of transversalis fascia, the ligamentum arcuatum exter- 
num and internum. They bridge over the substance of the 
quadratus lumborum and psoae muscles. 
Muscular fibres in the diaphragm extend from the ring up- 
ward perpendicularly. When they contract the arch or vault of 
the organ must necessarily approach the plane of the ring. In 
other words, this great muscular leaflet makes attempt to 
straighten out its curve upon the plane of attachment in the 
costal ring, moving toward this plane during inspiration. 
Attention is called to Plate 26, Quain’s Anatomical Plates, 
showing the posterior wall of the ventricle The posterior wall 
is built up by the two quadrati lumborum, one on either side, 
and the two psoae muscles. The former are securely fastened 
above along the entire extent of the inferior rib, firmly holding 
this portion of the ring; their inferior attachment being into 
several transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae, the ilio- 
lumbar ligament, and the posterior portion of the crest of the 
ilium. The two psoae muscles, one on either side of the spinal 
column, complete this portion of the muscular envelope. 
They do important service in progression, passing out under 
Poupart’s ligament for insertion into the former. The limb is 
advanced under the trunk by its contraction in quadrupeds. In 
bipeds the thigh is flexed upon the abdomen, but the action 
is the same as in the former; it simply shortens the distance 
between the points of attachment in the lumbar vertebrae and 
thigh bone. 
Attention is now directed to Fig. 117, System Human An- 
atomy, by Erasmus Wilson, M. I).; also, Mr Grey, Page 285, 
Fig. 165, and to Plate 24, Mr. Quain. 65 
The transversales muscles are now in place, and complete 
this lay'er of the muscular envelope or inner wall of the ven- 
tricle. Notice their extensive attachments and the disposition 
of their fibres: they form the circular muscular substance of 
the ventricle. When these contract they shorten the transverse 
axis. Their upper insertion is by muscular inter-digitations, 
with those of the diaphragm, along the entire border of 
the inferior ribs on the inner aspect of the costal ring, the 
other points of insertion of the muscular substance of the lat- 
eral walls being upon the external aspect of the ring. The 
rectus abdominis on either side of the mesial line secure this 
portion of the ring against sudden traction made upon it, as 
in blowing or in singing or in efforts made in climbing, lifting 
the body by the upper extremities. In any of these exercises, 
these muscles become rigid in the necessary labor to hold down 
the ring. For the more effectual performance of this office, 
their upper extremities are divided into three muscular bun- 
dles, to secure the widest possible insertion over the surface of 
the central portion of the ring: being into the 5th, 6th and 
7th costal cartilages. The inferior extremities of the recti are 
fastened into the pubic bone. Attention is called to figure 
164, Mr. Gray’s Anatomy; and plate 23, Mr. Quain’s Ana- 
tomical Plates, showing the middle muscular layer of the ven- 
tricle. 
The internal obliques are now in place. We feel it to he 
unnecessary to give the minute anatomy in description of the 
ventricle, the object being only to show the disposition of the 
muscular layers. It does not require tiresome detail of the 
fasciae leaflets, serving, as they do, to afford firm attachment 
to muscular bundles. This is the office of works on descrip- 
tive anatomy. When the muscular fibres of the internal ob- 
liques contract, the result will be (from their insertion into the 
lateral and anterior portions of the ring) to draw this portion 
downward and backward, toward the iliac crest, being the 
point of origin for its powerful muscular bundles; by reason 
of their fibrous apponeurosis covering the central portions of 
the ventricle, its transverse axis will be proportionately af- 
ffected, thereby augmenting the power of the transversales. 
Attention is directed to Fig. 163, Mr. Gray, and to Plate 21 
and 22, Mr. Quain’s Anatomical Plates, completing the cor- 
tical layers of the trunk. These pictures represent the entire 
muscular envelope of the heart. We would have preferred a 
picture representing the muscular substance of the ventricle, by itself, but defer it to another time, when one may be made. 
Firm contraction of the muscular substance in the external ob- 
liques would have the effect of drawing down and approxi- 
mating the posterior half of the ring toward the pelvic basin, 
bending the body forward, shortening the long axis, and 
greatly reducing the area of the ventricle. 
This completes the muscular arrangement in the ventricular 
walls for the performance of systolic action. The nervous 
supply is from the spinal cord, from the third cervical to the 
twelfth dorsal or intercostal nerves. 
The manner of arrangement of the muscular substance over 
the cardiac wall, occasions a systole of the ventricle synchro- 
nously, with diastole of the auricles. It can not possibly do 
otherwise, from the nature of the mechanism, as will be pres- 
ently shown. The question is one purely of leverage, and not 
of difference of muscular substance or of nerve-supply. 
Muscular behavior is uniform under a given amount of 
nervous force. The common nervous supply to auricles and 
ventricle, is by the intercostal nerves. 
An electric current passing over these nerves, condenses 
muscular substance upon the walls of the chest and abdomen 
at the same instant. It can not be otherwise; they extend 
through the intercostal spaces to the walls of the abdomen, the 
ribs being the rods of support to the wires, (or of the muscular 
substance in which they are imbedded), and conduct them- to 
the muscular substance of the abdomen. An electric current 
is therefore felt upon all this territory at one time. 
So, then, the matter may be very readily understood, how 
one region may contract and another dilate, if suitable ar- 
rangement be made in adjustment of the leverage, the mus- 
cular energy being the same in both localities, according to 
quantity of muscular substance—being more energetic where 
it is more abundant. 
The base of the ventricle (diaphragm) has first connexion 
with the cord, tapping the main line through the phrenic wires, 
in the upper cervical region. This is the reason respiratory 
movement begins in the diaphragm, and has gradual exten- 
sion over the outer vTalls. It is also reason for the manner 
respiratory movement may sutler modification by voluntary 
power ; and why eating, singing, talking, screaming and laugh- 
ing may he performed at will — explosive force having direc- 
tion toward the outlets of the body through modification of 
muscular movement in the walls of the ventricle. 67 
Were it not for voluntary control over the great cardiac 
pulsations, such vital phenomena would never happen, nor 
animal life continue. The animal can not pass substances 
down the oesophagus unless it had the power to relax the ven- 
tricle, that they may drop into it, when peristaltic action passes 
them to the cardiac orifice; articles are not put into a fist or closed 
hand, but into an open one. The ventricle opens during deg- 
lutition, and when the animal swallows, respiratory movement 
must halt peremptorily. This is the explanation of relaxation 
of the diaphragm, with circular movement of the oesophagus, 
after section of the pnemogastrics with irritation of the prox- 
imal end of superior laryngeal nerve. 
Apoplectics starve. Animals survive eight to ten day’s star- 
vation. This class of patients survive this long, if the cerebral 
hemorrhage be not sufficient to destroy life in the earlier 
stages. Heath by starvation is a common termination of this 
kind of injury. 
MUSCULAR MOVEMENT IN THE WALLS OF THE 
VENTRICLE. 
In order to bring out in relief the muscular power and func- 
tion of the great ventricle, and thereby effect a clear mental 
picture of cardiac movement, description of its powerful mus- 
cular envelope will be given in detail, beginning with the 
fundus formed by the incurvated diaphragm. 
THE DIAPHRAGM. 
Muscular energy in the ventricle, is the chief force to respi- 
ratory function—therefore the point of great activity — for 
there is such pivotal point to respiratory energy. The force of 
respiration is focused upon the muscular floor of the chest, the 
culmination of its energy being in the powerful vibratory 
movement of this most remarkable organ. And for proper 
appreciation of its performances, it is absolutely essential that 
we have before us the bony skeleton of the chest-walls, to ob- 
serve the mode of their construction and the manner the dia- 
phragm is fastened into them. The mechanism is beautiful in 
the extreme, and worthy the best effort of the intellect for 
that high appreciation it so well deserves. Study the mode of 
construction of the ribs, with cartilagenous fastenings in front, 68 
combining strength with elasticity, where bone alone would 
be inflexible and hurtful: as, also, the degree of costal incli- 
nation to the dorsal column, and the very firm mode of fasten- 
ing at this point, giving great solidity to the respiratory skel- 
eton. After observing all this mecanism critically, make equal 
careful inspection of the manner the diaphragm is ballooned 
into it, and the points of its fastenings ; also, the general rela- 
tion of the two, with the object of forming an intelligent 
opinion as to the probable result of diaphragmatic movement 
upon this position, and the kind of motion it would impart to 
the costal frame-work. For it is the manner of ascent nature 
makes to the mammalian elevation, and solution of the prob- 
lem of respiration in them. Look at Fig. 5, Plate 27, Mr. 
Quain’s Anatomical Plates. 
The inclination of the costal bones is below the horizontal 
line of the dorsal perpendicular, progressively increasing from 
the fifth costal bone down, each one of these representing the 
horizontal leg of a distinct dorsal triangle. On the other hand, 
the seven ribs on either side undergo progressive retrench- 
ment, till in tne twelfth, the shortening becomes so great the 
bone does not measure one-half the length of the last true rib. 
This shortening takes place upon a line extending from the 
third lumbar vertebrae to the lower portion of the sternum. 
This oblique line is represented by the elastic beam of carti 
lagenous substance, which receives the ends of the costal car- 
tilages, holding them fast in their places, at regular intervals. 
The interval between the costal hones is occupied by two lay- 
ers of short, muscular fibres, that cross each other at an acute 
angle, known as the “ external ” and “ internal ” intercostal 
muscles — the intercostal arteries and nerves running between 
them. The diaphragm acts upon this cartilaginous beam from 
the inside, when it begins its descent, the vicera pressing against 
it under about four hundred square inches of atmospheric 
pressure; this is to be overcome before a vacuum area can 
be formed at the base of the lungs. By reason of its high bal- 
loonment, it exerts great traction force in pulling itself out of 
the chest-excavation, which is felt upon the ends of the seven 
inferior ribs. The utility of this arrangement is two-fold. 
1st. By pulling upon the long axis of the costal bones, traction 
force has greater solidity than if it pulled transversely against 
the intercostal muscles. 2d. By pulling against the ends of the 
costal bones, it bends them, and flares them open at the sides 
and middle—being arched and elastic. Their elasticity is in- 69 
creased, at the terminal extremity in front, by cartilaginous 
splicing, extending from them to the cartilaginous beam or 
ring of the ventricle. If one pull upon the end of a flexible 
bow with suflicient force it is bound to spring at the more flex- 
ible portion, first, extending to other firmer portions, with in- 
crease of the energy. This is the explanation of respiratory 
movement. The manner of costal articulation with the dorsal 
vertebrae is such that when the hones undergo the bending of 
inspiratory movement, they are rolled outward and upward. 
In other words, the manner the diaphragm pulls against their 
extremities causes the ribs to twist upon their long axis, at the 
same time increasing their curvature and occasioning the 
widest possible expansion at the lower lung regions, corres- 
ponding with their base. 
By such arrangement respiratory movement is made elastic, 
and being operated from below, necessity does not exist for 
muscular substance upon the chest walls for respiratory pur- 
poses ; a fact we propose to prove by physiological experiment- 
ation of dissecting off the external chest muscles, leaving res- 
piratory movement unimpaired. When the flaring takes place 
by bending of the bony arches, the inter-costals regulate the 
distances or intervals between the costal bones. 
But on special occasion muscular substance upon the chest 
can be made operative to a degree for chest expansion, as will 
be shown later on, and the manner it is done. 
The curving of the cartilaginous ring in front, on either side 
of the ziphoid cartilage, leaving a V shaped interval, is provis- 
ion for extension of the costal bows when the diaphragm re- 
laxes. Interest in the latter organ is not diminished by com- 
parison with the device of the costal mechanism in which it 
works and performs such great role in life’s drama. 
Its shape is ovoidal, and for the purposes of description is 
resolvable into three leaflets; the central or cordiform one, 
though small as compared with the one on either side, is nev- 
ertheless the point of greatest interest. The pericardium is 
fastened to this portion, whilst the aorta, vena cava, and 
oesophagus pass through its territory. 
If a flatish apple be held by the stem, and a section one- 
eighth of an inch thick be made through it on either side, the 
slice will not be bad imitation of the diaphragm. The core 
and seed pocket represent the cordiform territory, with its heart 
and pericardium ; the terminal blossom and the sides represent 
the crura and the lateral leaflets. Lite’s form grows out of 70 
this seed- bed. The diaphragm sustains the relation of constituting 
the oscillating floor to the respiratory apparatus, at the same 
time forming the vibrating ceiling to the abdomen or great 
ventricle, whose viscera under atmospheric pressure carry it 
high up into the chest excavation, where it is found after death, 
tense from distention. The effect of contraction is to momen- 
tarily withdraw itself from the depths to which it had been car- 
ried, coming nearer the lower chest line. This act constitutes 
INSPIRATION. Its relaxation and retreat under atmospher- 
ic pressure, into the deeper chest regions again, constitutes 
EXPIRATION. The sudden lowering of the pleural floor in 
the former, produces the pulmonic vacuum, whilst the com- 
pression force of the latter aids in expressing out the air again 
through the same roadway by which it had rushed into the 
vacuum areas. This, with a little flaring movement of the 
lower ribs, is the whole extra pulmonic performance in ordi- 
nary respiration; the movement taking place in the lateral 
walls of the ventricle, having reference to the vascular appara- 
tus of the abdomen chiefly, though contributing an item in the 
firmer fixation of the costal ring, even in this quiet form of 
respiratory movement. The more energetic action in the ab- 
dominal walls occurs during active movements of the animal; 
when blood must be dismissed rapidly out of the great ventri- 
cle, respiratory movement has proportionate increase. The 
pleurae occupy the whole upper surface and sides down to the 
point of insertion into the costal ring, with exception of the 
pericardial territory. It follows that in the act of withdrawal 
of the diaphragm during inspiration, the BASE of the lungs is 
included in the vacuum. This is quite enough for ordinary 
respiration, 
The central portion of the diaphragm, or middle leaflet, has 
less muscular fringe than the right and left leaflets, and in con- 
sequence, this cordiform territory is comparatively quiet. The 
reason for such arrangement is to save cardiac oscillation, since 
the pericardium being firmly fastened to it and to the arterial 
mains above, traction force would be immediately felt in a car- 
diac jerk, the anterior and posterior fastenings of the pericar- 
dium not being sufficient to prevent it. The ascending cava 
takes advantage of this eddy in the undulating plane to effect 
entrance to the pericardium and right auricle. 
The character of this venous lumen is worthy of notice; it 
differs so notably from the oesophageal opening several inches 
to the left of it. It is a permanent and nearly circular lumen, 71 
destitute of muscular fibre; whereas, the latter is an ellipse, 
formed of strong muscular bundles, which must inevitably con- 
stringe the oesophagus in powerful movements of the organ, as 
in. running and jumping, screaming and laughter, when it is 
highly probable an important office is to aid the sphincter muscle 
of the cardiac orifice to retain the ingesta. The same mus- 
cular bundles embrace the aorta trunk between their tendons 
before insertion into the lumbar vertebrae and compress it with 
every inspiratory movement, as I have repeatedly demonstra- 
ted bv physiological experimentations, some of which are re- 
ported further on. 
The permanent vena cava opening, as also the permanent 
hepatic openings into the cava trunk, are to facilitate onward 
movement of the blood, occasioned by the great cardiac pul- 
sation. The gall bladder is subject to pressure also, and the 
juice expressed through its discharging duct into the duode- 
num. If movement of the ventricle be arrested it becomes 
enormously distended in twenty-four hours, as I have 
proven experimentally over and over again. 
For full appreciation of the perfection of the muscular ap- 
paratus of the abdominal excavation, a cat should be chloro- 
formized and a section taken out of the adjacent abdominal 
walls and costal ring, including a portion of the diaphragm. 
When the peritoneal surface is exposed, one cannot for the life 
of him tell where the line of distinction is between the trans- 
versalis muscle and the diaphragm ; and only by closely fol- 
lowing separate muscular fibres with some pains-taking can it 
be done at all, the whole matter having such strong semblance 
to the walls of a continuous muscular ventricle. The dia- 
phragm acts as a great detrusor muscle of the abdomen in ex- 
pulsive effort. When the systole is fully organized by corres- 
ponding movement in the lateral walls, the pelvic excavation 
is filled to repletion by the movable viscera forced into it, (the 
small intestines and omentum); and what collection there may 
be in the bladder, in the rectum, and in the womb, will be 
subject to a great amount of pressure, and may be driven out 
of the body even against one’s will, for the sphincters may 
yield under the force'. Its habitual participation in the act of 
defecation is in the common experience. Its effectiveness in 
the later stages of parturition one should not deny who would 
have his opinion respected. 
A most important circumstance, not hitherto noticed, is 
COMPRESSION of the aorta trunk AT THE CRURAL 72 
OPENING during each inspiratory act, the degree of compres- 
sion force having regulation hy the energy of diaphragmatic 
contraction. When inspiration is deepest it is greatest, and 
vice versa. The right crus forms an arc or bow over the ar- 
tery, and when the muscular bundles shorten during inspira- 
tion, the bow straightens out between its extremities or points 
of attachment, pushing the vessel in consequence AGAINST 
THE OPPOSITE CRUS. 
Fig. 4 is a photograph of the diaphragm, from Mr. Gray. 
For experiment let a ruler be placed so as to rest upon the up- 
per origin of the right crus, at the tendinous center, and upon 
its point of insertion into the third lumbar vertebra. The ruler 
will cover up the lumen of the aorta; hence energetic contrac- 
tion of the muscle would have the etfect to occlude the aorta 
trunk. During inspiration blood comes to a rest at the crural 
flood-gate, whilst the heart continuing to beat as usual it accu- 
mulates in the upper portion of the aorta, climbing up through 
the internal carotids and vertebrals to their relative brain 
territory, passing through bony canals and supplying the nerve 
substance by gentlest irrigation. Brain substance (the vesicu- 
lar matter) is four-fifths water, and it is not capable of with- 
standing the thumping of arteries and the forcible injection of 
blood, as in the common method. Blood reaches the brain 
substance through long bony tunnels hy most devious passage. 
The cerebral circulation is unique. When its sub- 
stance is incised, there is no jet or spurting of blood from the 
divided vessels, but a constant flowing, marked hy a diminu- 
tion at each inspiration from sudden out-rush at the base 
through the wide jugular canals, which takes place at this time. 
Physiological experimentations are given corroborating the 
above. 
MUSCULAR MOVEMENT IN THE LATERAL WALLS OF THE VEN- 
TRICLE. 
It is with unmixed pleasure we contemplate the exalted me- 
chanism Nature has elaborated in this large territory of the 
animal organism. The wonderful perfection of a scheme hav- 
ing several paramount objects to he attained, where failure in 
one would result in common ruin, is measure of exalted ge- 
nius, well calculated to inspire the beholder with a feeling of 
awe and reverence; it may be for the first time in his life. The f-h 4 73 
intricate and delicate mechanisms for the elaboration of blood, 
need support and protection against injurious compression ; 
yet, an amount of compression is absolutely essential to the 
systemic and portal circulations. At the same time, the in- 
terests of respiration must be subserved without entailing in- 
jury upon these functions. Moreover, suitable modification, 
to be made in the female, for lodgment of the fruit of the 
womb, in addition to the waste materials left from blood man- 
ufacture. 
All these varied interests, having appropriate mechanisms, 
performing without collision under one roof, in one compart- 
ment, the mobility of whose walls alone is fraught with peril, 
otter a problem in vital mechanics without rival. A ventricle 
containing all these mechanisms, must have construction, 
whose systole will not be fatal. The corner-stone of anatomi- 
cal construction is furnished in the principle of muscular con- 
traction ; when muscles contract, they shorten in the direction 
of their origin and insertion. Applied to the construction of 
the great ventricle, we observe the following arrangement of 
the muscular substance of its walls. The upper attachment is 
around the border of the inferior ribs; the lower insertion is 
around the pelvic rim. 
When contraction sets in during the systole, it would there- 
fore occur on a plane between said origin and insertion; the 
more energetic the muscular condensation, the nearer an ap- 
proach to a horizontal line in the plane. Compression must, 
therefore, take place by effort to compress the viscera within 
this plane. The distance between the lateral walls effected by 
insertion into a bony ring above and below, is estoppel of the 
systole, and arrest of compression from muscular force, though 
atmospheric pressure is still operative. The energy of this 
latter force is well exemplified in cases of emaciation, in which 
such shrinkage in the volume of the viscera takes place, as to 
bring them within the muscular plane of the ventricle ; when 
atmospheric pressure, continuing as active as ever, the plane 
is bent backward against the viscera, in degree with the vis- 
ceral shrinkage, causing that incurvated appearance under the 
ribs, extending to other portions of abdominal surface char- 
acteristic of this condition. Hunters, after a several days run, 
lose the abdominal rotundity with which they started, becoming 
lank and hollow from loss of visceral fat, given for the gene- 
ration of running force. 
Muscular energy being equal, ventricular compression is 74 
most effective upon a line anterior to the plane, hence hernial 
protrusions result to this class of persons. The viscera are so 
forcibly compressed, the movable parts burst through the less 
protected portions of the walls, escaping at the inguinal and 
umbilical regions. In the female, the pelvic ring is made 
wider, to allow for uterine expansion ; but when she is so un- 
fortunate as to have a more narrow (male-like) pelvic rim, she 
must be habitually upon her guard during gestation, keeping 
as quiet as possible, more especially must energetic movement 
he inhibited, as in mounting stairs, since the systolic force ne- 
cessary to support the blood column upon the brain mass, to 
enable it to perform such energetic action, would endanger 
miscarriage. 
This is the secret of such accidents. The obstetrician has 
long acquired the habit of shaking his finger at the woman 
with a gi avid womb, in emphatic warning against climbing 
stairways. The wider the pelvic rim, however, the greater de- 
gree of exemption from such “ accident,” premising the ab- 
sence of uterine disease. But such modification of the pelvic 
rim, is strongest obstacle to that measure of physical energy 
in the lower extremities witnessed in the male, and cause of 
that “pain in the side,” of which she complains so much, pro- 
duced by traction and pressure upon terminal twigs of inter- 
costal nerves, located about the region of the ring; when 
the strong muscular substance of the ventricle suffers unusual 
condensation, as in deep inspiration, in “sighing,” or the 
still more frequently repeated traction force exerted in running; 
at such time, the pelvic muscles have strong tendency to flare 
open the upper ring, till it correspond to its own muscular 
plane of the pelvic circumference. If energetic movement 
continue after the “ stitch in the side” is felt, it will soon ex- 
tend all through the ring. The man with a wide pelvis can 
not run well, and he need not try it more than once. Women 
even aggravate this trouble, by bending the costal ring still 
further inward, by tight lacing, and compressing bands in their 
petticoats and outer-dress. Hence, they sigh oftener after din- 
ner, especially if they lead a sedentary life (sewing), which in- 
terferes with respiratory action : for the “ sigh ” is but compen- 
satory movement for restricted lung-base, whilst the greater 
pain endured is proper penalty exacted for violated law. 
Let them relax the energy of the lacings, if they would de- 
sire abatement of the pain. They should be more moderate 
in cultivating deformity. The soil to this spontaneous growth 75 
in distortion, exists in male prejudice, to which the female ever 
panders. 
The Chinese woman works upon her foot; a small, deformed 
foot is her delight. But the Caucasian rejoices in a “small 
waist.” The greater mobility in the upper chest-walls, is na- 
ture’s compensation for the foul imprisonment of the lung- 
base, so long indulged, and so persistently carried out, over 
the 'model of artistic taste. And, since the higher types of 
the male species prefer the hips to appear full and round, and 
the feet a little larger than the Chinese woman’s, it does not 
appear very probable, the absurd custom of over lacing the 
waist with corsets, and the feet with tight-fitting shoes, will be 
discontinued soon. 
The trunk of animal life is in two great pieces: a broad 
upper one and a long lower piece, which telescopes the upper 
piece. Respiration must be viewed from below upward—the 
eye-piece is toward the ground. It is a GLIDING IN AND 
GLIDING OUT MOVEMENT, of the lower piece into the 
upper one, piston fashion. 
Respiratory movement is energized in this manner, viz.: 
1. The electric current from the cord strikes the phrenic 
nerves, being the first given off by the trunkal line. The 
movement, therefore, begins in the diaphragm. 
2. The electric current continuing down the cord, passes 
into the twelve dorsal nerves, or the twelve pairs of inter- 
costals, the wave-like movement extending over them from 
above downward, and from within outward. The twelve pairs 
of dorsal nerves are the common nervous supply to the chest- 
surface and abdominal walls. When muscular substance con- 
denses under them in respiratory movement, it is, therefore, 
simultaneous over both localities. The result is dependent upon 
the manner of the disposition of the muscular substance, the 
whole matter being one of leverage simply. 
The condensation over the chest-walls of muscular bundles 
operative for chest-expansion, causes upward traction upon the 
costal hones and cartilages, with upward movement as the re- 
sult of inspiratory act, the diaphragm being the potential 
cause. 
At the instant this is taking place, there is synchronous 
movement through the muscular bundles of the abdominal 
walls, the result of such condensation being to approximate 
their points of origin and insertion; they straighten out upon 
their plane of attachment; the diaphragm coming down all 76 
the time of this lateral movement (piston-fashion,) over the 
mouth of the muscular barrel of the abdomen. The more en- 
ergetic the inspiratory movement, the greater its descent, and 
straighter the sides of the barrel. 
The diaphragm is ballooned high into the chest-excavation, 
in close apposition with the base of the lungs (the thickness 
of the pleurae intervening,) and initiates respiratory move- 
ment, by condensing itself upon the ring of insertion, which 
would remove it from the lung-base, did not their alveolae suf- 
fer atmospheric distension from inrush of air, in exact ratio to 
the downward movement, keeping the lung-substance upon the 
diaphragm all the time 
.No divorcement takes place between them. The lungs ever 
follow the diaphragm, and ever submit to it. Both are mu- 
tually inter-dependent. The problem is in formation of the 
vacuum. To effect this, the diaphragm must pull itself out of 
the deep portions of the chest, with the abdominal viscera 
upon its breast, opposing it, and about four hundred inches 
ot atmospheric pressure upon them in addition. 
It performs tremendous labor to accomplish this result; and 
if it had all to be done on the instant, it would utterly fail. 
On the contrary, only a portion has to be done at a time, 
whilst the conquered territory in the vacuum areas is as rapidly 
occupied by its atmospheric ally, which comes into the open 
province from the rear, and firmly holds what has been ac- 
quired by the diaphragm, keeping steady pace with its - ad- 
vancing lines, till all the territory is occupied, and inspiration 
accomplished. Still, great traction force necessarily falls upon 
the ring during this performance, in order to form a vacuum 
of small extent even, since the viscera, and several thousand 
pounds of atmospheric pressure must be first pried up a little 
way at a time. Atmospheric pressure from the lung surface 
is only one of occupation ; it does not more than occupy what 
has been taken by previous movement of the diaphragm. It 
simply follows it, and holds possession of what is taken in the 
forward movement of the force in front of it. Under cerebral 
stimulus, traction energy so exerted upon the ring of the ven- 
tricle, through the diaphragm, would be sufficient to roll it 
inward and upward into the chest-cavity, if provision had not 
been made to interdict the movement, by timely contraction 
of the recti, and the two pairs of oblique muscles, acting from 
the firm anchorage of the pelvic basin. 
To have some appreciation of the voluntary power in the 77 
diaphragm, or rather its measure of energy under voluntary 
stimulus, make use of the following experiment, viz.: 
Place one hand upon the surface of the abdomen, and make 
firm pressure, with the object of ascertaining what is taking 
place under it, at the same time firmly compress the nares 
with the thumb and fore-finger of the other hand, with the ob- 
ject of inhibiting any ingress of air into the lungs, keeping 
the lips compressed against each other with the same intent. 
After all is ready, make strong effort to inspire. The dia- 
phragm makes prodigious efforts to force down the viscera, by 
pulling itself out of the chest cavity, hut the abdominal mus- 
cles are prompt to the rescue and support of the osteo-carti- 
laginous ring, upon which the diaphragm is pulling, opposing 
the upward movement with such force as to render them hard 
and iron-like, under the firmness of their contraction. The 
experiment is readily made through the clothing. Has wrong 
interpretation been placed upon this strong muscular move- 
ment ? By all means let the true one be given. What is 
nature attempting to perform with such expenditure of nerve- 
force, and muscular energy, in this locality, at this particular 
time ? What does animal life stand so much in need of 
at this juncture of its affairs? Whatever that is, will he 
appropriate answer to this interrogatory. But, remove the 
pressure from the nose and mouth, and air will rush into the 
vacuum, at the lung-base, instantaneously, with simultaneous 
abatement of muscular energy in the walls of the abdomen. 
Is the latter not dependent upon the former? Is the relation 
not one of cause arid effect ? Would the latter ever happen 
with the former in abeyance ? The diaphragm can make but 
partial descent in the absence of its ally of occupation, fur- 
nished in fresh pulmonic air. What other law would explain 
muscular energy in such degree of exaltation in the walls of 
the abdomen, at this special crisis in respiratory want, than 
the one to which reference is made ? In other words, it is the 
measure of diaphragmatic force, and exact ratio with it, in the 
hardening of the muscular substance of the lateral walls, which 
holds the ring. During ordinary respiration, muscular energy 
over the external walls of the abdomen is greatly reduced, so 
much not being necessary to make the needed compression 
upon the vascular tubing it contains, to empty their contents 
into the ascending cava, and express the lymphatic juice 
through its system of vessels. Besides, compression force 
must have regulation on account of the heart itself; if too 78 
great, it may rupture it, else the lung capillaries, as frequently 
happens in racing. 
In normal respiration, the diaphragm gradually, but only 
partially, extrudes the viscera out of the chest excavation, 
causing them to appear under the softer abdominal walls, which 
being still flcired and relaxed from the previous diastole, re- 
ceive a wave-like motion upon the visceral approach, and are 
lifted up by tile strong under-current; when resistance sets in 
at once through all this territory, increasing every moment to 
completion of inspiratory movement, being greatest at its 
acme. Because this energy is evolved after diaphragmatic 
action sets in, is no reason for depreciating it, the movement 
being essential to later stages of lung expansion, and the cir- 
culation of the blood. The blood throughout all the vascular 
tubing, in the great cavity of the abdomen, is caught between 
the two contending forces in the diaphragm and abdominal 
walls, and driven out of this great ventricle ; the energy of the 
movement being dependent upon degree of vigor of the 
systole. 
That this is true, is fully borne out in cases of sudden death 
occurring at the height of this energy, as in running the race 
horse, or in overloading the draught horse. These cases do 
not perish from lung obstruction, from inability to expand 
their alveolae, with corresponding blood-delay in the right 
chambers of the heart; on the contrary, its vascular appara- 
tus is over-full of blood, and, in consequence, receives, the 
largest amount of areation possible, as is fully proven bv the 
ARTERIAL HEMORRHAGE, that takes place in the'rush- 
ing torrent escaping by the mouth and nostrils. The fault is 
not in the LIJXG - ORG ANS — their mechanism may be per- 
fect, and most ample — but in TOO GREAT ARRIVAL OF 
BLOOD. The blood can not go into the left chambers, al- 
ready full, nor is it permitted to return into the right heart — 
the semi-lunar valves interdicting. The only mode is to either 
burst the capillaries, else burst the heart. In obesity, or fatty 
metamorphosis of its muscular structure, the right ventricle 
is very liable to give way under this kind of strain. If it 
happen to the left side, dyspnoea will precede rupture of the 
ventricle from pulmonary blood-stasis. The too rapid delivery 
of blood under the powerful pressure of the great ventri- 
cle, may, therefore, either result in bursting one of the little 
ventricles above, or the lung capillaries. Venous blood from 
the head and neck, straight-out, as the latter are in racing, 79 
could not do it, since the venous blood-column inclines to a 
straight line with the heart. The heart is broken by injection 
from behind, from which there is no escape. The blood in 
the portal veins and in the eava-trunk, in racing, is subject to 
great pressure. 
The abdomen forms a muscular barrel, with projecting ends, 
the lower one comprising the pelvic basin, the larger upper one 
extending into the chest, and covered by the diaphragm, which 
is fastened around its rim. The sides are flexible and yielding, 
with a stiff section in it, represented by the spine. It is con- 
stantly full, but alters its area by rhythmic contraction and 
expansion. During diastole, it is greatest, at which time 
the arch of the diaphragm is at its highest elevation in the 
chest cavity. When the upper piece, or incurvated head, be- 
gins to condense itself and straighten out horizontally over the 
head-line or rim, it forces the subjacent viscera down into the 
barrel, the sides of which, feeling the stimulus, begin at once 
to condense themselves also, and, under the combined pres- 
sure of this augmenting force — which is greatest at the 
height of inspiration—the contained fluids in the vascular 
apparatus, including the lymphatic juice, escape through the 
diaphragm, the glandular organs discharging their contents at 
the same time: a circumstance readily proven by physiologi- 
cal experimentation of dividing the walls crucially, else para- 
lyzing them by destruction of the spinal marrow as high as the 
sixth dorsal vertebra ; in which event, there is arrest of urinary 
secretion, whilst the gall bladder is full to bursting within 
twenty-four hours, the space of time the animal may survive. 
There can be no mistake in this matter. The diaphragm 
descends upon, and acts as a piston in a muscular well, which 
narrows on its approach, to confine the contents, and pre- 
vent escape of fluids in any other direction than that through 
the piston and secretory outlets. 
Hence, w7hen the diaphragm b down nearly upon the top of 
the well, as in energetic inspiration, its plane is nearly kew - 
to the muscular plane of the well. A section would, 
therefore, represent the letter L, inverted. 
The mistake of interpretation of muscular behavior in re- 
spiratory movement of the abdomen, is mainly attributable to 
the earlier portions of the inspiratory act; at this time the muscu- 
lar barrel is relaxed, and the piston of the diaphragm coming 
down just after this relaxation of diastole has taken place, 
causes a wave-like movement, sight entirely being lost of the 80 
instantaneous contraction setting in over the crest of the wave, 
hearing it down and holding it so it go no further, which is 
caused by the barrel straightening its sides. 
I have seen this performance go on with the left side of the 
chest opened so as to expose the incurvated piston of the dia- 
phragm, descending as if to go into the barrel, then stop and 
come back again, having finished the movement of inspira- 
tion. Have seen it repeat this performance again and again ; 
moreover, had the animal to revive, with the left lung col- 
lapsed, and the heart exposed. The diaphragm, therefore, 
went down toward the mouth of the muscular barrel as its 
own act, and part of the respiratory performance, to meet re- 
sponse and co-helpers in the full act later in the performance 
of life’s drama of respiration. If this last actor fail, there is 
speedy end of respiration and of life. Death results from 
anaemia of the brain, from non-arrival of blood out of the 
great ventricle. The co-ordination of movement in the per- 
pendicular walls of the ventricle, with that of the diaphragm, 
has confirmation by physiological experimentation, corrobora- 
ting the auto-physiological experimentation of the aborted re- 
spiration, advised above. There are several methods of doing 
this, which are quite satisfactory in their results, placing the 
matter beyond controversy; not leaving room for doubt. Vivi- 
section settles it. 
The object being, of course, to see whether blood will con- 
tinue to accumulate in the ventricle, till the animal perish 
from cerebral anaemia, in consequence of such blood-diversion. 
It is no small circumstance, that after these operations, the an- 
imal keeps perfectly quiet, and all the great activities in abey- 
ance ; since it is especially for their performance great energy 
is needed in the ventricle, to keep the arterial circulation full, 
especially that of the brain-substance. "Whereas, in the very 
quiet condition of torpor, no such tension exists. 
Nevertheless, the animal can not save its life, and it dies of 
cerebral amemia. from blood-diversion in the vascular appa- 
ratus in the great ventricle, the requisite force not being pre- 
sent to expel it. 
The piston of the diaphragm acts as usual, moving even 
more energetically; but the muscular barrel is now only a 
bag, passive, unresisting, no longer opposing the downward 
movement; and the contained juices ooze out and around in 
every direction. At death from extensive peritonitis, the per- 
itoneal sac is full of hiemic juice; whilst the systemic vessels 81 
are nearly empty; the blood diversion being gradual life con- 
tinues until the general anaemia is complete. Had paresis of 
the muscular walls been less gradual, death would have had 
corresponding acceleration, with less amount of oozing; the 
vessels containing sufficient blood to destroy life before much 
oozing can take place. 
If the ventricle be divided crucially by an incision extending 
from the middle of the quadratus lumborum to a correspond- 
ing point on the opposite side, and one from the ziphoid car- 
tilage to the pubes, death speedily follows; taking place in some 
instances in a few minutes, in others life continues for an hour 
or such matter, the time varying somewhat. 
Death results from anaemia of the brain, the blood having 
accumulated below the diaphragm. 
With this revelation many unexplained circumstances in 
clinical experience, embracing some in physiology and anato- 
my, have ready explanation given them. Syncope following 
paracentesis abdominis, or from parturition, is due to sudden 
loss of support to the blood column in this great cavity, the re- 
laxed abdominal wall not having had time to condense them- 
selves after removal of the contents which had distended them. 
The operation of ovariotomy does not disprove the ventricular 
character of the abdomen, as no muscles are divided, the recti 
being only separated to a limited extent. The patient is care- 
fully bound up with bandage and padded with cotton wool. 
In this class of cases death is more rapid than in ordinary per- 
itonitis, by reason of traumatic injury to the great nerve 
plexuses, with resulting vascular paralysis which it occasions, 
and consequent more rapid withdrawal of blood from the sys- 
temic circulation. The rupture of adhesions over the parietal 
surface are comparatively free of danger, but it is far otherwise 
with those over the viscera, for this is the territory of the sym- 
pathetic centres. 
It may be very readily understood how extensive adhesions 
may be broken up in the one case with speedy recovery, whilst 
in the other but limited adhesions are fraught with peril. In 
the latter it is far preferable to leave the adherent portions of 
the sac undisturbed, by cutting them out of the latter with scis- 
sors. The term septicaemia is no explanation of the mode ot 
death following ovariotomy, further than the irritation fetid 
exudations may occasion to the sympathetic ganglionic centres, 
when it overflows them ; for this reason good drainage cannot 
be lauded too much. These patients all die alike, the unfavor- 82 
able issue being sooner reached in some than in others, from 
more rapid extension of the vascular paresis in this greatest 
cavity of the body. Shock following this operation is brain 
anaemia from vascular engorgement of this territory. It is also 
of ready appreciation why there is such staining of the inner 
portion of the thighs, extending over the inguinal and lumbar 
regions in fatal cases of peritonitis; being due to venous stasis, 
since the ventricle is paralyzed and no longer aspirates blood 
from these localities. The lungs do not aspirate blood from 
the lower extremities, for after abdominal paralysis from de- 
struction of the spinal medulla over the lower portions, blood 
accumulates in these localities, notwithstanding the unusual 
energy of the diaphragm it stimulates as physiological compen- 
sation for paresis of the lateral walls of the ventricle. 
It is also of easy solution why there is a gush of uterine blood 
at each effort to cough, in cases of hemorrhage from this lo- 
cality ; there is violent systole of the ventricle at this time, 
with unusual energy over the apex where the womb resides, 
compressing the dilated organ. 
The singular anatomical circumstance of the absence of 
valves in the venous circulation of the abdominal cavity, so 
long unaccounted for, receives ready explanation also. No 
valves are needed inside of a ventricle save at the point of in- 
gress of blood to inhibit reflux during the application of com- 
pression force. The femoral and iliac veins have such valves. 
And the great mystery of the portal circulation has final ex- 
piation, as also that of the lymphatic system; especially'that 
portion of it through the devious course of the mesentery, with 
its rows of glands emptying finally into the receptaculum chyli. 
THE MANNER OF EXPULSIVE MOVEMENT IN THE VENTRICLE. 
This may occur in one of two directions representing the 
terminal extremities of the trunk, i. e. through the chest re- 
gion, as in coughing, screaming, harking and vomiting; else 
through the pelvic excavation, as in defecating, urinating, ten- 
esmus and parturition. Some of these acts are voluntary, oth- 
ers involuntary. Coughing and vomiting are involuntary; so 
is tenesmus. In the act of coughing the lungs are driven with 
great force into the upper chest regions, the greatest violence 
falling upon the apex, from its being driven against the upper 
ribs. The broad base resting upon the diaphragm distributes 
concussion force, so that no one portion is unduly strained; 88 
but it is not the case with the conical apex, which receives the 
whole force of the impetus from below in an impact against 
the unyielding bony walls which it occasions. This is the rea- 
son tubercle elects the upper portion of the lungs in preference to 
any other. When a scrofulous subject contracts a cough the 
violence it occasions to the lung apices is followed by cheesy 
exudation products; it is simply scrofulous inflammation fol- 
lowing the injury to the alveolae. This class of persons should 
guard themselves against lung concussion, as coughing, singing 
and screaming with violence. Many a case of phthisis begins 
from one of these lung exercises. And this is explanation of 
the clinical circumstance pointed out by Laennec and Louis 
of exemption of emphysematous lungs from invasion of tuber- 
cle, since it proves the absence of scrofula in them, as the alve- 
olar lesions would have had cheesy inflammation products to 
follow as a natural consequence of their injury. 
The pulmonic explosion is the result of a sudden let-go, or 
relaxation of the diaphragm after deep descent, and the quick 
surging of the viscera under atmospheric pressure, against the 
base of the lungs, assisted by energetic action of the obliques, 
and especially of the transversales. If the party be thin in 
flesh the spine itself is tightly embraced by the energy of the 
contracting force. 
Being under voluntary control, the ventricle can be so 
tightly constricted from below as to empty this portion into the 
chest excavation, causing the walls to retreat backward upon 
the spinal region, whilst the hypochondriac sections flare out 
from visceral impaction. If effort be made to draw 
down the diaphragm in this condition the flaring becomes still 
greater, when the ring of cartilage straightens more and more 
from enormous distention force. Young subjects, having flex- 
ible walls, can do this readily enough; but middle-aged per- 
sons, especially corpulent ones, cannot succeed entirely. They 
have more abdominal contents than will fill the excavation ; 
the chest walls besides are more rigid in them. 
When explosive energy is directed upon the pelvic organs, 
the body is bent forward by lumbar flexure till the long axis 
of the ventricle is made to correspond with the perpendicular 
axis of the pelvis; when the diaphragm begins its descent, 
pushing the viscera before it, and those immediately over the 
basin, (the cluster of intestinal loops suspended by the mes- 
entery with the pendant omental covering.) These movable 
parts fill the basin to overflowing, when the obliques and tran- 84 
versales transmitting the motor wave from above downward, the 
diaphragm holding its own, the viscera are packed with great 
force into the pelvic excavation; compression force being great- 
est upon the uterus, the bladder and the rectum, since they are 
at the bottom of the bony vault. These.several organs have a 
complement of muscular force, but need the assistance of the 
greater force above to expedite expulsion of their contents. 
The two forces added together in parturition are formidable, 
and at times even terrific. 
MUSCULAR MOVEMENT IN THE WALLS OF THE AURICLES. 
Muscular substance upon the chest walls is not disposed in 
such manner as to obtain its full force in chest diastole. The 
muscular bundles are quite oblique, falling away from the per- 
pendicular axis of the body, having reference more to the uses 
of the upper extremity than to subserve respiratory purposes. 
The great serrati and pectorals do not run above a line of 
thirty degrees, most of the bundles tailing below this plane, ap- 
proaching or corresponding with the transverse axis of the body, 
thereby losing most all their power of drawing up or elevating 
the ribs. To effect this they should have inclination in the op- 
posite direction, or toward the longitudinal axis. On the other 
hand, their point of attachment to operate the chest walls is on 
a most unstable bone, (scapula,) which rocks with every move- 
ment of the arm. Even in walking there is much rocking of 
this bone, indicated by the motion of the dress. The scapulae 
of school girls are as nimble as kittens; and the muscular sub- 
stance winch swings them to the trunk is designed to secure 
such great mobility for special purposes of the arm and shoul- 
der. The clavicle acts as a flag-staff in swinging the arm out 
from the body, allowing it to swing free of the trunk ; but if 
accident break the clavicle, the arm falls against the side as a 
wet rag, useless and helpless. The base of the skull and spin- 
ous processes of the cervical vertebrae, suspend this flag-staff by 
the long ropes of the trapezius and sterno-cleido-mastoideus 
muscles. This and moving the head is their chief oflice. They 
support the shoulder and the arm. What of the serra- 
tus and great pectoral ? When the arm swings free at the side 
they are relaxed, and not in a position to perform any move- 
ment upon the chest walls to effect inspiration. Moreover, 
the serrati are obviously enough for quite other purpose, being 
no less important than that of supporting the entire weight of 85 
the front portion of the body in the quadruped, which swings 
free of the ground between their broad and powerful muscu- 
lar bundles. They are made so wide, to cover nearly the 
whole chest, having insertion into the entire base of the scap- 
ula, that they may form the broad swing in which the trunk is 
rocked as the animal moves along. They enable man to lean 
upon his hands, or elbows, or to push with force against resist- 
ing obstacles. The asthmatic acquires the habit of leaning 
upon his elbows, as in this position he pushes the scapulae back, 
putting the great serrati upon the stretch, and thus making 
them operative upon the chest wall, which he wishes to help 
out of the way of lung expansion, since otherwise the lungs 
would have to lift them up. But this kind of respiration is 
extremely awkward and abnormal. Moreover, what other 
mode remains for putting the serrati upon the stretch ? What 
sort of firm fastening do the scapulae have to effect this ? The 
spinous processes are not strong at best, whilst the thin ribbons 
of the rli mboiclii, and the long fibres of the transverse por- 
tions of the trapezius of either side, extending all the distance 
to the scapular spine, is the weakest and most ineffective me- 
chanical contrivance Nature could adopt to secure that firm 
support needed for moving the chest wall. Nature is no bung- 
ler, and it is a false position to place her in. The muscles of 
the chest are the analogue to those of the pelvic basin ; they 
have reference to the adjacent extremity, with secondary ac- 
tion upon the trunk itself, moving ALL OF IT, not a portion 
only. And if firmness of support is measure of traction force 
to be exerted upon it in respiratory movement, the problem is 
not of difficult solution where to find the pivotal point. If 
not in the strong pelvic mechanism, where is it to be found ? 
If the chest walls are to be lifted by the two long muscular 
ribbons on either side of the neck, it is of ready solution how 
much work they must do. There is something like three 
thousand pounds of atmospheric pressure upon the chest to be 
overcome—not all at once, but a little at a time—that a vacu- 
um of any extent may be formed. Would it not be imprudent 
to throw* a great weight sixteen tim 33 a minute upon the cer- 
vical vertebrae? Nature does not lose judgment at this point 
of the circulation. She would not endanger the spinal cord, or 
the spine itself, in the effort to expand the great heart of ani- 
mal life. 
In all due deference to medical opinion, muscular substance 
upon the chest walls is for other purpose than chest expansion, 86 
which is of onlv limited extent and of secondary importance ; 
the chief one "being to SUPPORT THE BODY AND TO 
OBTAIN SUPPLIES. The great pectorals are for embrac- 
ing, climbing, and lifting the body ; their extensive points of 
origin over the front and sides of the chest and ring of the 
great ventricle, eminently qualifying them for these purposes 
by strongest possible support; their insertion is into the ante- 
rior bicipital ridge of the humerus. With such insertion how 
can they he effective for lung expansion in ordinary respira- 
tion, since they lie loose upon the chest when not specially oc- 
cupied, by reason of approximation of their points of origin 
and insertion? In extraordinary respiration, when the elbows 
are fixed, or the arms are extended above the head, the hands 
clasping a railing or bed-post, as in the worst forms of diph- 
theria, some of the muscular bundles inserted into the mova- 
ble ribs, and not into the immovable ring of the ventricle, or 
the sternum, may be effective in chest diastole. They are op- 
erative in inspiration, receiving much assistance from the small 
pectorals, whose origin and insertion qualify them to perform 
regular labor upon respiratory functions. These are potential 
muscles in respiratory compensation for restricted lung base 
in the female. 
Wliat other muscles remain for consideration in this locality? 
The subclavius, short intercostals and levatores anguli costa- 
rum, near the dorsal articulations, inclusive of the small scalenii 
with which they have associate function in deep inspiration, as 
also the little serrati. How much work do they perform ? 
Upon this strong anatomical evidence, and muscular law, we 
therefore reiterate the statement that lung expansion is not ef- 
fected through the muscular apparatus of the chest , but that of 
the abdominal territory. An autophysiological experimenta- 
tion confirming this statement is that ot aborted inspiration 
spoken of above. The hand removed from the abdomen where 
muscular energy is most violent, and placed upon the UPPER 
chest region discovers only slight movement in these ribs. The 
diaphragm moves the others; hence the lower ribs are the 
more active ones. This would account for the more rapid dis- 
tention of the lower lobes, and the more gradual filling up of 
the upper ones after the lower ones are filled, toward the end 
of inspiration, and FULL ONLY AT THE END OF THE 
DEEPEST INSPIRATION. Hence, in ordinary respiration, 
the lower lobes are the more active portions, doing the greater 
part of the work, (nearly all of it.) This is the explanation of 87 
the common occurrence of pneumonia in these portions ; also 
of the compensatory breathing in the upper lobes in such con- 
dition, indicated by deeper and more hurried movement. The 
physiological experimentation of removing the chest muscles 
fully eontirms it. Respiration moves on as usual. As the 
lungs fill up, the muscular substance on the chest walls LIFT 
THEM OUT OF THE AVAY, so as not to interfere with 
LUNG EXPANSION. To do this requires considerable work, 
as in addition to their own weight they have to lift that of the 
upper extremities, being fully as much as they are able to do. 
If relieved of the weight of the upper extremities, by resting 
them upon a table, that amount could be expended in active 
effort to form a vacuum, and thus expedite the filling of the 
upper portions of the lungs. This is the explanation of the 
behavior of the asthmatic He rushes to an open window, 
and PROPS HIMSELF UPON HIS ELBOWS, thus keying 
up the muscles of the chest bv acting upon the scapulae through 
the ossa humeri. 
MUSCULAR MOVEMENT IN THE NECK TO FACILITATE VENOUS FLOW 
FROM THE INTRA-CRANIAL TERRITORY. 
When the circumstance has full appreciation that it is of the 
utmost importance to expedite escape of venous blood from 
the cranial excavation, where its detention hut for the short 
space of a minute, or even less time, would lead to fatal con- 
sequences, (by reason of the unyielding bony walls inhibiting 
arterial influx, else from rupture in its system of over-distend- 
ed capillaries or arterioles,) the study of the mechanism assumes 
commanding interest and importance. 
And the manner of arrangement of this system of blood 
tubing to effect the object sought, does not flag in degree of 
interest it excites as the student proceeds in the various steps 
of the inquiry; nor suffer by comparison with the wonderful 
and comprehensive vascular apparatus for the transportation 
of arterial blood through this matchless domain, the prime ob- 
ject being to dismiss venous blood out of the reservoirs for its 
collection, chiefly at the base of the brain, as rapidly as it col- 
lects in the sinuses, that deoxydized arterial blood may flow 
into them through this same system of vessels, the arterial ca- 
pillaries terminating in that of the venous. If the latter have 
arrest, the former become engorged, and life imperiled with 88 
most alarming rapidity. And if eve1’ it begin again after such 
final arrest, it will be on condition only of previous vacation 
of the'venous blood, with tresb irrigation of brain suhshmce 
by arterial overflow, when respiration revives, followed more 
or less rapidly by cerebration, when all the splendid mechan- 
ism is once more in running order. And its movements may 
have arrest at any time in the same manner —it is a law of the 
vital mechanism. But resuscitation after such event is of most 
difficult performance. The nausea which precedes returning 
consciousne-s is Nature’s effort to overflow the brain substance 
with fresh arterial blood, by firm compression of the aorta 
trunk at the crural flood gate, effected through energetic ac- 
tion of the diaphragm. 
The increasing number of deaths from cerebral hemorrhage, 
and inflammation products which the smaller capillary hem- 
orrhage provokes in the brain substance, in public men, (speak- 
ers and musicians especially,) is undoubtedly due to venous 
obstruction in the respiratory apparatus, with the inevitable 
reflux upon the cerebral circulation it occasions. 
Venous flow from the lateral sinuses is specially aided by 
the wide permanent lumen of the deep jugular origin, and 
MODE OF TRANSIT BEHIND the great muscular ropes 
of the sterno-cleido-mastoid muscles, which give them safe con- 
duct to the great trunks of the venae in nominate, and slight 
remove only from the central reservoir. The relation which 
these venous conduits sustain to the muscular rones which di- 
vide the lateral aspect of the neck into their two great trian- 
gles, is strikingly illustrated in threatened asphyxiation. In 
this condition these muscles stand out as great cables stretched 
between the base of the skull and the middle of the auricles, 
not to dilate the latter, for their insertion would not pro- 
mote this movement, but on the contrary to perform a high 
order of work of a different character; being no other than to 
lift up atmospheric pressure from the jugular conduits and al- 
low for more rapid descent of the blood from the intra-cranial 
region. And the force of this pressure may have appreciation 
by the degree of crushing in of the softer cervical tissues, tight- 
ly fitting them around the muscular ropes, and by the great 
depth of the excavations at the root of the neck, resting upon 
the very apex of the lung. These uglv depressions are OUT- 
SIDE THE CLAVICULAR INSERTION of the cables. 
The double insertion below is the best possible arrangement 
for the distribution of this force so as to ward ofi‘pressure from 89 
the great underlying canals near their confluence in the vena 
innominata of either side ; whilst their attachment to the mas- 
toid eminence on either side, by placing the broadest portion 
of the base of the skull between their upper extremities, is suf- 
ficient reason why these two great cords should stand out in 
relief their entire length and widen the neck in front when 
they tighten under the electric current. The arrangement to 
drain the venous reservoirs at the base of the brain would ap- 
pear to be perfect. Forced expiration, as in blowing upon 
wind instruments, or in carrying high notes, is obstructive to 
venous descent, as it is arrest of aspiratory force in the auri- 
cles, with consequent suspension of the onward movement in 
the venous column into the pulmonic territory. In this con- 
dition of lung collapse from constringing force, the stern o- 
cleido-mastoid muscles act with great energy in the effort to 
lift up atmospheric pressure from the two discharging conduits 
of the venous reservoirs of the encephalon. If these muscles 
were really inspiratory, as had been suspected, they are moving 
out of time when they become rigid in expiration. Moreover, 
they could not be inspiratory if they would, since they have 
insertion into the rigid and unyielding portions of the chest 
walls. They have triple functions, however, viz.; 1st. They 
move the head from right to left, and vice versa, by alternat- 
ing contractions, turning it upon its pivot. When they act 
together, (the trapezii not opposing,) they flex the head upon 
the breast 2d. They regulate venous flow through the deep 
jugulars. 3d. They aid in supporting the arm and shoulder. 
Deficient aeration of the blood is urgent necessity for hur- 
rying the circulation, Nature endeavoring to present as many 
red corpuscles for oxygenation as possible in a given time in 
the lung organs; hence the action of these neck muscles, to 
expedite venous descent as well as to relieve the brain. 
PHYSIOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTATION OF REMOVING THE MUSCULAR 
ENVELOPE OF THE CHEST WITHOUT EMBARRASSING RESPIRA- 
TION. 
Case 1. A large male cat was chloroformizecl, and the scap- 
ulae separated from the spinous attachments and clavicular ar- 
ticulation, and pushed in front, so as to relax and render inop- 
erative all the great muscular bundles of the chest surface. 
There was no interference with respiration. The small dorsal 
muscles having insertion into the angle of the ribs were next 90 
divided, with similar result. The intercostals are so delicate in 
a cat, that for fear of penetrating the pleura they were let 
alone. The number of respirations before the operation was 
forty; after the operation they were also forty per minute. 
Respiration was not affected. The animal was now killed with 
chloroform, with the view of ascertaining the action of the drug 
upon the heart. When respiration had ceased altogether, the 
sternum was lifted up by separation from the cartilages, and 
the heart exposed. It was beating regularly in perfect rhythm- 
ic movement, and continued to do so for six minutes, growing 
more feeble after the first several minutes. Movement was 
most prolonged in the auricles. 
Case 2. A bull terrier was chloroformized and treated in the 
same manner with the cat. Respiration was not affected, con- 
tinuing a regular and gentle to-and-fro movement between the 
two great cavities. This dog was now trephined, to make ex- 
periment upon the brain circulation. Both hemispheres were 
uncovered. With each inspiration there was brain motion, 
and when sections were removed by the knife there was pro- 
fuse flowing of blood, hut no spurt or jet shot out of the arte- 
ries as in other portions of the body when an artery is divided. 
The brain is irrigated by gentle overflow. 
SELECTIONS FROM PHYSIOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTATIONS SHOWING 
COMPRESSION OF AORTA TRUNK AT THE CRURA OF THE DIA- 
PHRAGM, DURING CONTRACTION OF THIS MUSCLE IN INSPIRA- 
TION, WITH CORRESPONDING ARREST OF THE ARTERIAL FLOW 
THROUGH THE TUBE. 
Case 1. A strong male cat was chloroformized, and incision 
made on the left side from the inferior rib to the crest of the 
ilium, following the anterior margin of the quadratus lumbo 
rum muscle. The incision was several inches in extent, and 
made upon a grooved director till the peritoneum was reached, 
when it was laid aside; the index finger was then inserted and the 
peritoneum carefully pushed off the crura. This having been 
accomplished, the grooved director was cautiously inserted be- 
tween the right crus and aorta trunk, so as to isolate the for- 
mer ; and for better protection to the artery its groove was di- 
rected upward, and section of crus performed by cutting from 
the groove outward and upward, the hack of the bistoury rest- 91 
mg in the sulcus of the instrument. I subsequently found the 
crus could be torn loose from its attachment to the lumbar 
vertebra. When it can be done without expenditure of great 
force, it is the preferable method, since the nutrient artery 
which supplies it causes some hemorrhage when first divided, 
though it always ceases of itself. After section, chloroform 
was discontinued. After more than ordinary delay, there were 
some symptoms of returning animation, but the pupils remain- 
ed large, with great amount of torpor. It was presently ob- 
servable that the animal was blind, and behaved m a singular 
manner, seeming to lack sense or intelligence It was placed 
in an open barrel and carefully watched. There was constant 
tremulous motion of the head, simulating paralysis agitans very 
remarkably. Whilst this was going on the animal seemed to 
be making effort to inspect its surroundings, moving its nose 
over the bottom of the barrel from side to side, as if in search 
of something, but not attempting to rise up, acting like an im- 
mature kitten freshly come into the world. There was com- 
plete anaesthesia, as no amount of tail bending or pinching at- 
tracted the least attention. When passing its nose over pieces 
of meat (which were now placed in front of it) it would stop 
for a moment, then resume its movements; after a time it made 
efforts to eat it, trembling violently all the while. The lower 
portions of the body were perfectly still. In an hour it could 
see some, but was not able to sit or stand up. It took some 
milk from a saucer. In an hour and thirty minutes it sat up, 
and began to pay some attention to its wound, but continued 
stupid to a degree. The tremulousness grew less, disappearing 
in two hours. Three hours subsequently it was sitting up, but 
dull and listless. It was placed in a large room and carefully 
attended. Intelligence improved with the returning activities. 
In four days the animal was killed intentionally with chloro- 
form. The heart continued its pulsations five and a half min- 
utes after the chest had been fully opened. Post mortem:— 
There was great contraction of aorta trunk below the superior 
mesenteric artery, extending beyond the renal artery. This 
portion was not more than half its natural size, round, hard, 
and of pipe-stem appearance; whereas the upper and lower 
portions of the tube were as large again and flattened out. 
This was the manner then that cerebral hydraulics had com- 
pensation made for the loss of haemic control higher up the 
tube. And as a result of this procedure, there was anaemia 
of the pelvic viscera, with diminution of the renal activity, at- 92 
tested by greatly diminished excretion, and a bleaching of the 
lower viscera at the post mortem, as also of the kidneys As 
the animal kept very quiet, moving about but little, there was 
not great necessity for large amount of blood in the lower ex- 
tremities. Moreover, during such exercise the blood has most 
forcible direction upon the brain and spinal cord, where it is 
needed to generate muscular force, accumulating here 
and in the trunk, especially in the chest cavity. 
To exclude the factor of shock, which would probably have 
introduction to vitiate the force of the physiological bearing of 
the operation, another cat of equal size was chloroformized, 
and same extent of incision made at the same locality, (except- 
ing division of the crus.) Cold water was poured into the 
wound to intensity shock; in nine minutes the wounded 
cat got up and moved away. 
Case 2. A young dog, nearly grown and very active, being 
chosen on this account, was chloroformized and the crus di- 
vided as in the cat. When the grooved director had been in- 
serted it compressed the aorta so tightly as to arrest the arterial 
current, and in consequence suddenly aroused the cerebral ac- 
tivities, by the great arterial flow it determined over the brain 
substance, the animal making vigorous efforts to get away, and 
barking vociferously. At last, by dexterous movement, the 
knife was placed in the desii ed position and the crus divided. 
Immediately this was done all demonstration ceased, all move- 
ment stopped abruptly, and there was substituted a new and 
completely opposite order of vital phenomena for those that 
had arrested previous attention, viz: collapse, stupor and an- 
aesthesia. In an hour and a half the animal stood up, trem- 
bling with excessive weakness. It is remarkable, but a dog 
will make extraordinary effort to get upon his feet, and will 
stand as long as he possibly can. After three hours he showed 
some restlessness, moving about, but exhibiting great weak- 
ness, staggering, his hinder parts rocking from side to side. 
He was listless and torpid, though there was appreciable re- 
turn of intelligence as the interval since the operation increas- 
ed. He would stand as long as he could, then sit down, then 
lay down. The rocking of the hinder parts always taking 
place before the sitting down; he had to sit down from sheer 
debility, and assume a horizontal position from the same cause. 
After resting awhile he would get up and move about as be- 
fore, till the same symptoms recurred. He had lost control of 
his arterial circulation by reason of the ruined flood-gate, with ys 
consequent brain anaemia which it occasioned. 13ut in nine 
hours after this event he could move into a fast walk, and 
could even trot, urged by a rope around his neck, the party 
running in front. lie showed no sign of suffering from any- 
thing but languor and weakness, explained by the cerebral 
anaemia. The next day he was more improved, exhibiting 
considerable amount of intelligence, which was conclusive 
proof of arterial condensation somewhere in the great aorta 
trunk, compensating for the section of the crus. He relished 
his food, and moved about with freedom and evident pleasure. 
At the time of the operation, in order to eliminate the cir- 
cumstance of shock (which the profession believe in with such 
immeasurable faith, mistaking it as an entity, or something 
inherent in nervous action, when it is an alteration in the -hse- 
mic hydraulics only, involving diminished supply of arterial 
blood to the great cerebro spinal axis,) another dog 
was placed under chloroform and the parts divided 
to the same extent, excepting the crus. The dog was 
quite fat, and some of the viscera escaped through the rotten 
peritoneum, which had been injured by fatty metamorphosis. 
They were carefully replaced and the parts closed with inter- 
rupted suture. In fifteen minutes the animal sprang off the 
box he was lying on, which had served the purpose of opera- 
ting table, and had to be caught by the rope around his neck, 
and fastened, to prevent his- running away. The effects of 
chloroform quickly pass off. 
Respiration is not affected by division of the crus; more- 
over, that circumstance would not explain the symptoms. 
Nothing had happened the first dog differing from the other, 
save section of the tendon, with sudden loss of support to the 
cerebral blood column it occasions. Forty-eight hours after 
operation the wound in his side was still the skin flaps 
that had been twisted together with wire suture were loose and 
nearly free of secretion, there being no such exudation of plastic 
lymph, as occurs in the normal condition, to connect the lips of 
the wound and repair the injury, else by the granulating process 
The inference drawn from this latter circumstance was great 
arterial condensation of aorta trunk in the vicinity, cutting off 
or greatly reducing the blood supply to the lumbar arteries 
given off' from it, on the supposition arterial condensation had 
taken place at the point of election in the cat. 
Would his misfortune stop here? He had made great com- 
pensation for loss of arterial support at the ruined flood-gate ; 94 
but what was it to cost him ? The activities originating in the 
cephalic mass could be abated in degree and frequency; but 
what of those residing in the sympathetic system below the 
point of constriction ? How compensate for deficient renal 
secretion ; for anaemia of the pelvic viscera; for anaemia of the 
lower extremities? 
Atrophy of his testicles, from deficient supply through the 
spermatic arteries, would hurt his powers of procreation only. 
I have him under observation. 
Case 3. A strong cur was chluroformized, and section of the 
right crus performed. Whilst the grooved director was in 
place he struggled to get up ; but when division was effected 
he lapsed at once into deep coma, so that no amount of 
pinching or tail bending had the slightest effect upon him. 
There was great dilatation of the pupils. He paid not the slight- 
est attention to the closing of his wound by sutures. In eighty 
minutes he succeeded in getting upon his feet, rocking a great 
deal in the hinder parts. He remained drunk till night, when 
no more observations were made. In the morning he was 
quite intelligent. In seven days the wound had not closed, 
nor the nutrive processes much advanced. The animal was 
killed and the wounded parts carefully inspected. There was 
great contraction of aorta trunk, extending above and below 
the passage of the crura, the condensation being uniform and 
continuous for nearly tw7o inches in extent. 
I have preserved a number of these arterial specimens, which 
sustain striking resemblance, the point of election, however, 
not always being the same portion of the tube, sometimes ex- 
tending higher up the thoracic aorta, in others reaching lower 
down the abdominal trunk. 
PHYSIOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTATIONS SHOWING THE CARDIAC FUNC- 
TION OF THE ABDOMINAL WALLS TO ASPIRATE AND TO EXPEL 
BLOOD OUT OF ITS VASCULAR APPARATUS, AND THE ESSENTIAL 
NATURE OF THIS FUNCTION TO THE CONTINUANCE OF LIFE. 
Venous blood is lifted from the lower portions of the trunk 
into the pulmonic reservoirs for oxygenation, through the 
agency of two great levers viz: MUS’ULAR FORCE 
in formation of vacuum areas, and co-operation of ATMOS- 
PHERIC PRESSURE FORCE. The veins contribute some- 
thing to the first of these two factors, but the major portion of 95 
the work is performed by the great muscular envelope of the 
trunk, more especially through the walk of the ventricle. The 
following vivisections were made with the object of discover- 
ing the relative amount of labor performed on the venous cir- 
culation by the respective portions of the trunk; i. e. whether 
by the auricles or the great ventricle. 
Case 1. A full-grown female cat was chloroformized, and 
the phrenic nerve of each side divided, in order to paralyze 
the diaphragm, the arch of the ventricle and most active por- 
tion of its walls. There was great embarrassment to re spira- 
tion upon section of one of these nerves, hut after division of 
the remaining one death took place almost immediately. Post 
mortem examination : Much venous discoloration of abdomi- 
nal contents from great engorgement of the portal system, 
which was universal. The vena cava trunk and tributaries 
full of blood. Lungs normal; right heart full; lett one emp- 
ty. The descending cava and its depurating veins full of 
blood. The interpretation of tlie-e phenomena is simple 
enough. The big end of the ventricle having been paralyzed 
through section of the phrenics, the power to expel blood out 
of its vascular apparatus was no longer present; hence its ac- 
cumulation m such great quantity in so short a space of time. 
The absence of lung engorgement was due to the arrest of so 
much blood in the ventricle below, together with inability of 
the right heart to transfer the blood accumulating in its reser- 
voirs from the upper portions of the trunk into the pulmonic 
capillary system, which in consequence remained empty, the 
auricles not being able to form a vacuum without assistance 
from the diaphragm. 
And death was due to basilar anaemia from A OX-ARRI- 
VAL OF FRESHLY OXYGENATED RED CORPUS- 
CLES in the great nervous centres, the integrity of the phren- 
ic nerves being essential to the cardiac force in the ventricle, 
and the aspiratory force in the auricles, for the due circulation 
and oxygenation of the venous blood. Hence they are the 
most important nerve lines to the muscular envelope of the 
respiratory mechanism. Section of the pneumogastrics inter- 
feres with aspiratory force in the auricles by causing extensive 
paresis in its vascular apparatus and air tubing, with conse- 
quent delay in the onward movement of the blood, and expul- 
sion of air; these nerves being the motor and sensory tranks 
to its non-striated muscular substance and mucous membrane. 
And if it were not for the additional aid contributed through 96 
the posterior pulmonic plexus from the upper dorsal medulla, 
life could not continue long after their section; as it is, 
much cough and dyspnoea follows it, with supervention of 
pneumonic inflammation, the animal finally dying of combined 
starvation with deficient aeration of the blood; not being able 
to swallow from the oesophagean paresis it occasions. 
Beyond a reasonable doubt, asthma is result of a neurosis of 
the pneumogastrics; in extreme cases probably involving the 
dorsal plexus of the lungs. 
Case 2. A dog, twenty-two pounds weight, (an English ter- 
rier,) was cliloroformized, and a grooved director inserted un- 
der the integument at the front edge of the quadratus lumbo- 
rnm of one side, carefully divided upon a line with the umbili- 
cus to a corresponding point upon the opposite side. The flaps 
were then carefully dissected up from the muscular substratum, 
so as to fully expose all this portion of the muscular envelope, 
the object being to leave no muscular power in the anterior 
portion of the ventricle. This was now carefully divided and 
liberated from the peritoneum by incisions crossing the fibres 
of the obliques and transversalis of either side. The rectus 
abdominis of either side was treated in the same manner, till 
finally muscular power in the anterior half of the great ven- 
tricle was abolished. The skin flaps were now replaced and 
secured bv running suture. The amount of blood lost was ex- 
ceedingly small; I do not think it exceeded one-half ounce. 
In the course of some fifteen or twenty minutes, when the 
chloroform narcosis had passed off, the animal made unsuc- 
cessful efforts to get up and move away; but when it did suc- 
ceed at last, staggered from side to side till it fell over upon 
the ground. To prevent this it would spread its legs and prop 
itself, changing the position frequently. It acted as though 
under cerebral concussion ; finally, it made a lunge for a pile 
of plank standing near, stacked upon pieces of wood, creeping 
nervously under it, its hinder parts rocking from side to side. 
It made the feeblest bark, and repeated it several times. It 
could not well have been lower, to have been heard twenty 
feet away. The animal did not appear to suffer, as it uttered 
no sound of distress, nor made attempt to examine its wound. 
Medicine would say the animal was under shock, as if 
there is such thing, irrespective of sudden withdrawal of blood 
supply to the cerebral cortex. In this instance it was attribu- 
table to non-arrival of the due amount of cerebral blood, for 
the generation of the cerebral processes, concerned in muscular 97 
action and cerebration, or generation of thought. And charge- 
able to the loss of compression force over the cava ascendens 
and vena porta system of vessels. 
The animal lived twenty-three hours, dying of cerebral anae- 
mia. It warded off the fatal issue as long as possible, bv 
STANDING in a corner of its kennel, WITH ITS HEAD 
ALMOST TOUCHING THE GROUND, till within several 
hours of its death; this position being most favorable for keep- 
ing the cerebral circulation full. It made no complaint, the cere- 
bral anaemia being sufficient to repress the generation of pain, 
its entire time being occupied upon the haemic hydraulics, and 
life,s sustentation it involves. 
Post mortem two hours after death : No rigor mortis. In- 
tense congestion of abdominal viscera, with great fulness of 
vena cava ascendens and tributaries. Considerable lymph and 
peritoneal juice : congestion of inguinal regions and fulness of 
crural veins immediately adjacent; kidneys and spleen con- 
gested, and the liver of mahogany color; its venous stasis being 
so great. The gall bladder distended from loss of com- 
pression force. The pelvic viscera much discolored from 
venous stasis. Some fluid in the urinary bladder. The parie- 
tal peritoneum appear to be normal; viscera of chest cavity 
normal; the right heart full, the left one empty. There is 
a blanched appearance of the sub-cutaneous chest surface, of 
neck surface, of face surface, of peri-cranial surface, and of the 
cerebral surface and substance. Death was due to basilar 
anaemia, from excessive blood diversion to the vascular appa- 
ratus of the abdomen. In other more explicit statement, death 
was result of the non-expulsion of the blood out of the great 
ventricle in the heart of animal life, with the failure of the 
cerebral circulation which it involves. The result of the post 
mortem placed beyond question the mode of death, fixi ng it in 
the alterations effected upon haemic hydraulics in the abdomi- 
nal vascular apparatus, due to destruction of aspiratory and 
constringing force in its muscular walls, with resulting absence 
of power to lift the venous column into the pulmonary appa- 
ratus on its way to the left central reservoir for brain supply 
and general distribution. It therefore continued to accumu- 
late in the lower trunk, at the expense of the upper portions, 
till this great section became nearly exsanguine, and a longer 
continuance of life impossible, from extreme cerebral anaemia. 
Case 3. A large female cat was chloroformized, and the ab- 
dominal walls divided by crucial incision, extending from the <)8 
ensiform cartilage to the pubes, and from one quadratus to the 
other, upon a line with the umbilicus, care being taken not to 
penetrate the peritoneum, by cautious insertion of the grooved 
director under the muscular bundles before division. The 
edges of the skin fiaps were then carefully readjusted, and se- 
curely fastened by running suture. A cord was passed through 
the deep tissues over the sternum and those over the pubis, and 
the ends pulled through so as to draw upon the upper and low- 
er fastening, and when the front of the great ring (which had 
suffered elevation and removal) had been pulled down to its 
proper position, the free ends were securely tied in the middle 
and the patient laid carefully away. She died in the night, 
and was cold and stiff in the morning, living perhaps for twelve 
to fifteen hours after the operation. 
Post mortem examination : Extreme engorgement of the 
entire viscera of the abdomen ; the cava trunk and portal sys- 
tem full of blood; liver of mahogany color ; gall bladder full; 
much injection of the stomach and intestines; spleen engorg- 
ed ; kidneys not so much congested; urinary bladder empty; 
some congestion at root of left lung; right heart partially fill- 
ed ; left one empty ; a blanched and exsanguine condition of 
the upper portions of the trunk; the skin surface and fasciae of 
the chest, neck and pericranium white and colorless; brain 
substance very white, and but little blood in the sinuses. 
Cause of death—BRAIN AN/K.MI A from blood diversion 
to the lower portions of the trunk; such diversion having been 
due to loss of muscular force in the great ventricle to lift it up 
the cava into the central reservoir for aeration and general 
distribution. 
Case 4. A female cat, two years old, was chloroformized, 
and the spinal medulla below the fifth dorsal vertebra destroy- 
ed by cutting through the arches of several dorsal lamellae, 
and running a wire from above downward, so as to destroy the 
cord. Recovery from chloroform speedy; complete paralysis 
in lower trunk. Three hours after the injury the animal stood 
upon its fore feet and regarded me when I went to inspect her. 
The hinder parts were stretched out upon the ground. The 
eye had a wild look, but she did not seem to suffer. There 
was no crying of distress, and the wild look I attributed to 
commencing brain anaemia. It was a dry eye from want of 
the requisite amount of blood, and abeyance of secretory func- 
tion in consequence Respiration not embarrassed. Duration 
of life twentv-four hours. 99 
Post mortem examination : There is no red staining of the 
anterior peritoneal surface, as in the third case ; but the con- 
gestion of the abdominal viscera, from portal and vena cava 
obstruction, exceeds anything I have ever witnessed. All the 
viscera vm* intensely congested; the liver has a dark ma- 
hogany appearance, and the terminal trunks that converge 
into the portal veins seem twice their natural size. The kid- 
ney congestion is extreme; the gall bladder full to bursting; 
the urinary bladder empty; the crural, iliac, and common cava 
trunk full of blood ; some staining of the inguinal regions. In 
the chest cavity there is some pulmonary congestion, ex- 
plained by injury of the pulmonary dorsal plexus of nerves 
given off at the fifth dorsal vertebra. The heart moderately 
full of blood on the right side ; empty on the left; blanching 
of the tissues of the chest surface, of the neck surface, and of 
the face surface. Upon opening of the cranium no blood es- 
caped, so great had beeu the brain anaemia. Its surface is 
firm and blanched; no blood in basilar plexus. Death by 
basilar anaemia, from blood diversion below the diaghragm, 
chiefly in the abdominal cavity. 
The result of this experiment afforded incontrovertible proof 
that the abdominal walls have cardiac power to propel blood, 
and serve the purpose of a ventricle to lift venous blood into 
the chest cavity, otherwise it would not accumulate in the ex- 
cavation after paresis. The operation had this effect upon 
its muscular walls, and no force being present to drive 
out the blood it continued to accumulate, till sufficient deple- 
tion had taken place in the brain to suspend respiration. At- 
mospheric pressure force had been of great effect, but not suf- 
ficient to prevent accumulation, from loss of ventricular force. 
In order to eliminate the tactor of vascular paresis being the 
cause of the blood diversion, I resolved upon another opera- 
tion, which would remove that factor, giving the net result of 
paralysis of muscular energy only in the walls. I resolved up- 
on incision through the walls, so as to render conti action abor- 
tive in the systole, by emptying out the viscera, which takes 
off pressure from the portal system and cava trunk. 
Case 5. A large strong male cat, several years old, wras 
chloroformized, and incision made through the front walls of 
the ventricle from near the ensiform cartilage to the pubes. 
The contained viscera w’ere encouraged to present through the 
opening, but owing to the shortness of the suspensory liga- 
ments met with only partial success, ft was impossible in this 100 
manner to completely empty the ventricle and prevent all pres- 
sure upon the vena porta and cava. Nevertheless, the animal 
remained in a stupor the whole time the viscera protruded, the 
cerebral circulation being insufficient for the generation of the 
mental processes. When the animal was pinched or disturbed 
it would make momentary effort to defend itself against the 
attack; but immediately its head would again fall to the earth 
and its eyes close in deep sleep. An hour was so occupied, 
when the viscera were replaced into the ventricle and the open- 
ing closed by interrupted suture. Five minutes afterward the 
animal revived, sat up, licked its paws, and examined its 
wound. After the expiration of some minutes, when anima- 
tion was complete, the interrupted sutures were quickly div'ded 
and the viscera again allowed to protrude. Torpor and mild 
coma ensued at once. 
Case 6. A large dog, of mixed breed, was chloroformized, 
and incision made through the linea alba, several inches in ex- 
tent. At inspiration some of the omentum protruded, the 
largest quantity escaping during the deepest inspirations. This 
was undoubted proof of a diminished abdominal area during 
inspiration; and reduction of area is in proportion to the energy 
of the inspiratory movement, being greatest at the height of 
deepest inspiration. This circumstance has many corrobora- 
tive facts in medical experience ; as hernial protrusions leaping 
outward during coughing and vomiting, or straining at stool. 
The incision was now enlarged to allow of the introduction of 
the hand, to make further exploration of the alterations that 
ensue in the abdominal walls during inspiration. The- dia- 
phragm initiates the movement, but after it has descended a 
little way from its high elevation, there is a counter movement 
in the lateral walls of the abdomen, growing in energy rapidly 
in the later stages of diaphragmatic descent. The lateral walls 
and diaphragm are in accord beyond a doubt, acting synchro- 
nously, and in this manner bring about reduction in the ab- 
dominal area, and cause visceral escape during inspiration. 
An incision was now made transversely through the walls from 
one quadratus to the other, upon a line with the umbilicus. 
The diaphragm immediately commenced contracting with the 
greatest energy, to compensate for the loss of muscular force 
below, felt at once upon the great nervous centres. The en- 
ergy of the diaphragm was very striking. The animal survived 
over an hour, when respiration had suspension from basilar 
anaemia. The central organ was now exposed, and found to be 101 
pulsating as usual. After nine and a half minutes some mo- 
tson was still perceptible in the auricles, having but just disap- 
peared from the ventricles. 
Such frequent reference has been made to the PERSIST- 
ENCE OF CARDIAC MOVEMENT in all forms of death, 
that no occasion exists for further reference to it here, except 
perhaps to indicate the most effective mode of suspending its 
action, which is done by suffocating the animal, and is purely 
MECHANICAL in its mode of operation, the organ suffering 
such extreme degree of distention from amount of blood it con- 
tains as absolutely to inhibit systolic action. The right cavi- 
ties are full almost to bursting, as are also the jugulars 
and cerebral reservoirs. This mode of arrest of the vital me- 
chanisms is consequently the most difficult to recover from, or 
to effect resuscitation movement in; and we are of opinion 
that it would be good practice to relieve the distention of the 
right heart, by means of a trocar and canula inserted into the 
ventricle, the point of election being between the third and 
fourth costal cartilages on the right side, keeping close to the 
sternum, the point of the instrument having direction toward 
the mesial line. Blood drawn off in this manner would re- 
lieve not onlv the enormously distended organ, but also have 
most benign effect upon the vascular apparatus of the respira- 
tory centre. The heart is very tolerant of such manipulation, 
a circumstance I have most fully proven by repeated experi- 
ment. I have had an animal to revive with an awl transfixing 
the ventricles, after respiratory movement had ceased for some 
minutes, from the toxic effects of chloroform. It was revived 
by suspending it by the hind legs and making rhythmical com- 
pression around the chest wall (the left chest was open.) It 
made vigorous effort to get away, when I destroyed it instantly 
by cutting the ascending aorta from the heart. 
I have over and over again (after suspension of respiration 
by chloroform) exposed the heart from the left side, and made 
a puncture through the right ventricle, (the uppermost one,) 
the blood escaping through the wound into the pericardial sac, 
(in one instance almost filling it,) and have witnessed its ar- 
rest by formation of a clot occluding the cardiac wound, and 
had the animal to revive after suspension, and rhythmic com- 
pression of the right chest. We therefore have no hesitation 
in uttering the opinion that the heart is very tolerant of injury. 
A broad blade may sever important ganglionic connexions in 
its substance, hence should not he used; a trocar would not do 102 
this. The explanatiun of cases of death following small cardiac 
wounds is not from primary suspension of cardiac movement, 
but to be ascribed to DIMINISHED energy in the organ, 
withholding the normal amount from the encephalic territory. 
And if the chest be opened, the organ would be found to con- 
tinue its movements for minutes later. It is the case when 
destroyed by a blow from an axe upon the head, or after being 
shot through the head, or after amputation of the head itself. 
It is the same after death from toxic agents. The persistence 
of cardiac movement over all other vital phenomena is a 
law of the animal mechanism. In case of sudden death from 
a stab wound, the body should have inversion, and rhythmical 
compression made around the chest. 
In respect of the difference of the cerebral circulation from 
other portions of the body, ascribed to unique modifica- 
tions in its vascular apparatus, the experiment of dividing 
an arterial trunk in one of the extremities,at the same 
time slicing off the brain substance till the terminal trunks 
of the internal carotids be opened, (having previously 
exposed it with the trephine,) will leave not longer room for 
doubt; for the instant the former artery suffers partial di- 
vision, a jet of blood shoots out of the wound to the distance 
of some feet beyond the body; whereas, when made into the 
internal carotids, blood rushes over the contents till it over- 
flows the cavity, and runs down the outside walls, hut never 
jets or spurts out upon the floor, as in the former case. 
Muscular energy is the force of the circulation, and since 
the MEDULLA ' BULB IS THE CENTRE OF MUSCU- 
LAR FORCE, it follows as a corollary it is the centre of AR- 
TERIAL FORCE; and such really is the case, for if the pos- 
terior lobes of the great hemispheres be carefully removed, and 
the index finger be gently pressed upon the cut surface of the 
pons so as only to stimulate the nerve substance, the heart will 
be hurried into tumultuous action. The finger maybe passed 
down to this region without removal of much brain substance. 
The chest should be laid open so as to expose the heart and 
have it under observation during experiment. The par vagum 
like other spinal nerves is motor and sensory, a small spinal 
cord, administering to the vascular apparatus of the chest and 
abdominal viscera, and distributed to its NOX-STRIATED 
muscular substance and MUCOUS MEMBRANE. After 
section of these nerves there is paralysis of oesophagus, stom- 
ach, and upper portion of intestinal tube; as also over consid- 103 
erable portions of the pulmonary apparatus, making respirato- 
ry movement difficult, from inability to express the blood and 
air; and but for the pulmonic plexus of nerves given off at the 
fourth and fifth dorsal vertebrae, the animal would die speedily 
from asphyxia. Loss of nervous force to the heart has degree of 
compensation made through the three pairs of cervical ganglia. 
The oesophagus receives some assistance from the pulmonic 
plexus, and spinal influence upon the viscera of the abdomen in- 
creases from this point down. The great solar plexus receives 
the three pairs of splanchnic nerves, as also some power through 
the phrenies. For this reason, section of the great pneumogas- 
tric wires is not followed by absolute paresis of the chest or- 
gans and upper abdominal viscera, yet is sufficient to occasion 
severe cough and pneumonia within a few hours, with progres- 
sive increase till the animal perish, or is killed out of feeling 
of commiseration. If life be not terminated by pneumonia it 
w<uld do so by starvation, the animal being no longer able to 
swallow, or even to retain what food he may have in his stom- 
ach, since the systole of the great ventricle causes it to RE- 
GURGITATE; and coming up into the pharynx, in the way 
of ingress of air through the rima glotiids, some of it is swept 
down the trachea under atmospheric pressure, to add to the 
pulmonic trouble. 
But all this matter has full consideration in the chapter on 
the circulation of the blood, and functions of the cerebro-spinal 
axis, whose nerves indicate special vascular territory which 
they regulate on occasion. 
In a suckling bitch the mammary arteries are twice the size 
they are in the interim, owing to special ganglionic influence. 
Let the circumstance be ever borne in mind that whilst the 
spinal medulla is the r eflex centre to SITUATED muscular 
fibres of voluntary muscles of the trunk and extremities, that 
it is also the reflex centre to NON-STRIATED muscular sub- 
stance of TIIE VISCERAL TERRITORY, with extension 
to the vascular apparatus of the extremities, that both striated 
and non-striated muscular substance have nerve-arcs passing 
through it and focused in the lateral tracts; the latter termin- 
ating in the double row of dorsal ganglia, which they energize. 
Knowledge of this latter circumstance is essential to full 
appreciation of the most important part of vital performance, 
since HAEMAL HYDRAULICS HAS REGULATION BY 
THESE NERVE-ARCS. CHAPTER IV. 
RESUSCITATION. 
The movement of resuscitation is the same as that for evolu- 
tion, extending from the heart to spinal medulla and medulla 
bulb, thence to the cerebral cortex. THE INTELLECT IS 
LATEST TO REVIVE; the first to yield; the last construct- 
ed. Such is vital order. 
To hasten the movement INVERT THE BODY and make 
hot applications to the head; at the same time make use of 
rhythmical compression of the chest with electric currents 
along the spinal medulla and abdominal territory, to provoke 
muscular movement of the great cardiac pulsation, or RES- 
PIRATION. 
DEATH. 
Interrogatory: What is death ? To make concise statement 
it is reversal of evolution. The manner it may be effected 
from disturbance in the individual mechanisms is matter of 
detail only, as death is always the same process. The mode 
of constructing the stellar constellation in Life’s Form has had 
consideration in the preceding pages, and what remains is 
solution of the manner of its breaking up. 
The cohesive power of animal organisms is maintained 
through the functions of the cerebro-spinal axis, containing 
special centres of force; the most important being in the me- 
dulla oblongata, or respiratory centre. Somatic death results 
from suspension of the circulation of oxygenated red corpus- 
cles over the nerve ganglia of this most important territory. 
Life’s pivotal point is in the integrity of the basilar circula- 
tion, and anything which may disturb it is inimical to life. 
The basilar artery is in consequence the most important haemal 
conduit, as it is the deepest laid and best protected arterial ca- 
nal in the entire domain. In the chapter on the circulation of 
the blood this matter has full consideration, but tor present in- 
quiry anatomical detail is not necessary. The muscular sub- 
stance of the basilar artery is under control of ganglionic cen- 
tres, but not to the same extent as the carotids and other por- 
tions of the arterial tubing; more especially what administers 105 
to SECRETORY function. Being under control of nerve 
ganglia, it is necessarily subject to whatever influence is oper- 
ative upon the ganglia; hence DEATH from YERVIYES, 
and traumatic injury from a blow or other violence. Chloro- 
form in excessive doses interferes with the LUMEY OF TIIE 
BASILAR ARTERY by over-stimulation of its muscular sub- 
stance, and reducing in proportion the number of red corpus- 
cles which should pass over the nerve cells of the respiratory 
centre, in order to sustain uniformity in respiratory movement. 
It should be borne in mind, however, that this centre is not 
all the nerve force of respiration supplied by the VERTE- 
BRALS, since the reflex centres in the cervical medulla, nota- 
bly the respiratory nerves of Sir Charles Bell, (phrenic and long 
external thoracic,) are similarly furnished. The vertebral ar- 
teries supply the CERYICULAR MEDULLA as well as the 
MEDULLA BULB. This most important nerve territory in 
the body has, in consequence of the dignity of its function, re- 
ceived corresponding attention from Yature, in wonderful pro- 
vision against accident to itself or to the arterial tubing which 
supply it. An overdose of morphia interferes with this circu- 
lation, but before doing so it will have condensed the arterial 
apparatus in the two hemispheres, producing deep coma as a 
consequence ; for coma precedes suspension of the respiratory 
centre. If the vertebrals were as sensitive to irritants as the 
carotids, nervines would have to be abandoned. Shock means 
sudden interference with the arterial circulation of the great 
nervous centres, acting in similar manner with chlorofoim or 
morphia, even to measure of intensity or degree of duration ; 
and marked in the slight cases only by nervousness from di- 
minution of the normal amount of the red corpuscles; and 
in still greater degree with the occurrence of stupor, and a 
blanched skin, with irregular respiration ; if worse still, by 
suspension of consciousness and of respiration. All this may 
be brought about so rapidly, as from a fall or blow, that the 
succession of symptoms escape notice; but the manner life is 
restored explains the whole matter of suspension, since respira- 
tion revives first; then the intellect returns in degree as measure 
OF THE RETURYIYG CIRCULATIOY OYER 
THE CEREBRAL CORTEX, being complete only when it 
is finished. To hurry this movement nausea supervenes, which 
has the effect of compressing the aorta at the crural flood-gate, 
through the spasm it excites in the diaphragm, causing the ar- 
terial blood to overflow the territory which had been suddenly 106 
robbed of blood. Nausea is Nature’s method of quickly cor- 
recting the altered hsemic hydraulics of the brain substance ; 
it soon banishes INSENSIBILITY from simple brain anaemia. 
If it result from intra-cranial pressure from cerebral hem- 
orrhage, or inflammatory product, it is next to impossible to 
provoke nausea, nor would it be productive of good if it could 
be done. It follows that the essential factor to vital manifest- 
ations, whether respiratory or intellectual, is the circulation of 
red corpuscles over the nervous centres. THOUGHT suffers 
diminution in old age by reason of impairment of the arterial 
capillaries, with corresponding atrophic change which it im- 
plies in the appellate nerve territory. Imbecility has interpre- 
tation in large amount of arterial degeneration over the cere- 
bral cortex ; hence it is incurable. The circumstance should 
be ever borne in mind of the relation of the red corpuscles to 
vital manifestations ; the latter being entirely dependent upon 
their presence in the great nervous centres, and subject to mod- 
ification by the varying numbers of the corpuscles which may 
be present at one time; being greatest when they are in ex- 
cess, and vice versa. IRREGULARITY of behavior means 
IRREGULARITY OF THE CEREBRAL CIRCULA- 
TION, if the matter have ref erence to the intellect; otherwise 
to irregularity of the circulation in the APPELLATE NERV- 
OUS CENTRE, or centres of the part disordered. 
Any circumstance which interferes with the regular supply 
of blood to the spinal medulla in the upper cervical region, is 
inimical to life; so that should one of the vertebrals be divided, 
death is imminent; if both suffer division, speedy death would 
result. The wonderful anastomosis of the vertebrals with each 
other, with additional provision in that of the posterior cere- 
brals, is explanation of the continuance of life after injury to 
ONE of them. The circle of "Willis is an arterial chain con- 
necting the basilar region of the brain with the spinal medulla, 
marking a high order of mechanical contrivance for the per- 
petuity of life. The cerebro-spinal axis is encased in a vascu- 
lar sheath, constructed out of arterial mains, whose minute 
subdivision it represents, reaching the important province 
through FIRM BONY CANALS, Nature’s provision against 
sudden overflow and inundation. 
The vascular apparatus is under control of sympathetic 
ganglionic centres, with motor and sensory roots connecting 
with the cerebro-spinal axis, and receives impression from that 
great trunk line according to the intensity of the electric wave 107 
passing over it. At sight of blood a woman with excitable 
arteries will faint. Before this result, which is product of cer- 
ebral commotion, there is sudden condensation of the arterial 
tubing supplying the cerebral convolutions, with consequent 
suspension of CEREBRATION. The very rapid manner this 
may he brought about is owing to the rich nerve connexions 
existing between the VISUAL ORGANS and CAROTID 
PLEXUSES, and their slight remove only from each other. 
The eyes would appear to regulate these hsernic flood-gates. 
Death is result of complete suspension of the circulation in the 
BASILAR TERRITORY, and resolvable into two factors 
only, viz : 1st, Either from MUSCULAR RIGIDITY in the 
VERTEBRALS, superinduced by TRAUMATIC violence, or 
by NERVE IRRITANTS, as chloroform, etc. 2d. By AC- 
TUAL DIMINUTION OF THE VOLUME OF' THE 
BLOOD FLOWING INTO THE PART, TILL FINALLY 
IT FALL BELOWT THE AMOUNT NECESSARY TO 
SUSTAIN LIFE. This maybe effected suddenly, as through 
great hemorrhage; or more slowly, as through starvation, cut- 
ting off the source of supply; or by inflammatory process of 
great extent, as in extensive peritonitis, with amount of blood 
diversion from the systemic circulation as to almost empty it, 
rendering the pulse at the wrist imperceptible, and longer con- 
tinuance of life impossible. Acute fermentative processes, 
which disorganize the blood, are put upon a footing with high 
blood temperature, which disorganizes the nervous centres. 
Infection complicates vital performance by introducing a for- 
eign element into it, but cannot destroy the validity of the vi- 
tal law. Death remains ever the same vital performance. In 
other words, there is—1st, Brain anaemia; 2d, Basilar anaemia; 
3d, Suspension of the heart’s action. 
The following are some of the vital problems that have so- 
lution in the preceding papers that had remained unanswered, 
and were unanswerable, upon the basis of present medicine: 
1st. Why is man the only animal with a sacral promontory? 
2d. Why is the PELVIS so DEEP, if the SHAPE of the 
excavation be for the purpose of parturition ? 
3d. Why does the plane of the linea-ilio pectineal line, or 
top of the true pelvic basin, join the dorsal column AT AN 
OBTUSE ANGLE, so as to form an INCLINE PLANE ? 
(The case in all high animals.) 
4th. Why are the veins of the abdominal cavity without 
valves ? 108 
5th. How is the portal circulation performed ? 
6th. How is the lymphatic circulation to be accounted for ? 
7th. "What is the function of the pneumogastric nerve, in- 
cluding its entire trunk ? 
8th. Why is the operation for ovariotomy followed by high 
mortality ? (Septicaemia is not the answer.) 
9th. Why is extensive peritonitis so fatal ? (These are dis- 
tinct questions.) 
10th Why does tubercle elect the APEX AXH UPPER 
PORTIONS OF THE LUNGS in preference to the lower 
lobes ? 
11th. Why should extensive emphysema pulmonum be in- 
dicative of the exemption of the patient from tuberculosis ? 
12th. Why does this lesion invade the UPPER PORTIONS 
of the lungs, the apex especially ? 
13th. Why should blowing upon wind instruments affect 
THE LEFT SIDE OP THE HEART ? 
14th. Why should VOCAL MUSIC be frequent cause of 
PAIN IN THE UPPER CHEST REGION, (sometimes at- 
tended with a feeling as if something had given way, and 
starting point of phthisis in the case ?) 
15th. Why should cardiac pulsation INCREASE WITH 
AUGMENTED RESPIRATION ? 
16th. Whv should traumatic injury, more especially scalds 
BE FOLLOWED BY HIGH BLOOD TEMPERATURE? 
17th. In the absence of a fermentative principle in the blood, 
how is fever to be explained ? 
18th. Plow does the circumstance of cupping, blistering, 
embrocations, and all forms of counter-irritation, explain THE 
RELIEF OF DEEP-SEATED CONGESTION, or of vis- 
ceral inflammation ? 
19th. Why should a cold hand, GENTLY APPLIED to 
the abdominal surface, be followed by increase of contractile 
en orgy in the parturient womb ? 
20th. Why does bathing in cold water cause urination ? 
21st. Why should it excite defecation ? 
22cl. How does the application of ice check the inflamma- 
tory process ? 
23d. What is THE ESSENTIAL LESION OF INFLAM- 
MATION ? 
24th. How is the action of nervines to be explained ? 
25th. What is the explanation of SPIOCK ? 
26th. What is the interpretation of NAUSEA ? 109 
27th. What is THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF HYS 
TERIA ? 
28th. What is the explanation of the continuance of the 
circulation in enormous thoracic aneurism, with ATROPHY 
of the muscular substance of the heart ? 
29th. What the explanation of the action of a hot bath in 
infantile colic ? 
30th. WHY SHOULD IT RELIEVE CONVULSION ? 
31st. What are the ESSENTIAL FACTORS to the cir- 
culation of the blood and animal juices ? 
The several interrogatories relative to the pelvic viscera are 
designed to bring out more conspicuously the special function 
of the sympathetic nerves, viz: to administer to non-stria- 
ted muscular substance distributed over the internal mechan- 
isms ; for whilst reflex action upon the womb, bladder, and 
rectum, from external application, is a familiar circumstance, 
yet the interpretation of the phenomena is quite different, 
since the deduction of the source of the great and sudden en- 
ergy is made not upon the several small sacral nerves to the 
parts from the sacral plexus, but to the double row of large 
lumbar and sacral ganglia connecting with the cord at every 
LUMBAR AND SACRAL FORAMEN BY TWO ROOTS, and focused ill 
the enormous hypogastric plexus, with its numerous loops, 
which ENVELOPE EVERY PELVIC ORGAN IN A WEB OF NERVE WIRE. 
Their sudden shrinkage, inclusive of the arterial trunks of the 
terminal aorta and iliacs which feed them, is of ready explana- 
tion, as all this apparatus is under one system of govern- 
ment. If the stimulus be wide-spread, as a hot or cold bath, 
or electric current over the abdomen, there is corresponding 
visceral condensation, with determination of blood to the sur- 
face of the body, with sweating as result of the deep arterial 
tension, a transudation of serum through the capillary walls of 
the sweat glands, made under pressure. After sea bathing, 
stimulants are had recourse to, to overcome the.sudden debil- 
ity, and weakness, and giddiness, from the brain anaemia; 
which alcohol removes by relaxing the tension in the deep 
vascular apparatus, (especially of the brain,) allowing the 
blood to return to its old channels again in usual quantity if 
not increase, which would account for their invigorating effects. 
In sleeplessness, if hot salt water be poured .down the spine for 
fifteen minutes at bed time, deep and refreshing sleep will fol- 
low it. The condition is result of loss of tone in the cere- 
bral circulation, with increase of vascularity as result; the 110 
hot water is the needed stimulant. Chorea should be treated 
in similar manner. 
The next chapter will be devoted to the circulation of 
THE BLOOD, to include RESPIRATION OR THE GREAT CARDIAC PUL- 
SATION and function of the sympathetic nerve. As yet onlv 
the principles of anatomical construction, and the great physi- 
cal law of atmospheric pressure force, operative in the circula- 
tion of the blood and animal juices, have had consideration ; 
the particular circumstances of the various circulations having 
been intentionally left over for separate consideration Spe- 
cial vascular territories under influence of individual nerves 
of the cerebro-spinal axis form a chapter of themselves, which 
the subject well deserves, whether viewed from a physiological 
or pathological standpoint. 
Since blood is the foundation of life’s form, or body which 
is evolved out of it, and moreover its presence an absolute ne- 
cessity for the generation of the vital phenomena, it follows as 
a corollary that full appreciation of the circulation is essential 
to a correct basis for scientific medicine. Medicine cannot 
become a science till this entire matter has full and complete 
solution. And to those who desire no change in its present 
status, it will be startling news, calculated to disturb some'what, 
to have formal statement made, that Mr. Harvey’s mode for 
CARRYING ON THE CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD AND JUICES IS NOT 
nature’s method of performing it. "When Mr. Harvey no- 
ticed that the great arterial and venous mains terminate in the 
heart, and the amount of muscular structure it contains, he 
formed opinion upon this data, that its muscular substance 
is the force of the circulation ; whereas, there are two 
great forces which propel fluids through animal tissues, viz : 
muscular force and atmospheric pressure force. In the ab- 
sence of atmospheric pressure the circulation of the blood could 
not go on. On the other hand, whilst muscular force is a 
great and. essential power to the circulation of the blood, there 
is only but a small fragment of it in the central organ, 
scarcely one per cent, of the muscular substance in the vascu- 
lar apparatus having widest distribution over all this mechan- 
ism, a vast amount being used in the construction of the great 
heart of animal life itself, whose essential power upon the cir- 
culation is no longer subject of doubt. Vivisection settles it. 
The difficulty in this old theory, which can perform nothing 
more, is not alone in its inadequacy for the lymphatic circu- 
lation ; nor in the ever-increasing difficulties arising in the 111 
venous system, but grows more and more apparent out of es- 
sential circumstances in the anatomical construction of the 
HEART AND ARTERIES OF THE BLOOD ITSELF ; and last, though 
not by any means least, the rapid variance of innumerable 
local circulations, (diminishing or increasing every moment,) 
being an amount of opposing evidence which places the mat- 
ter beyond question or doubt. How may central force pro- 
vide for secretion; for evolution; for generation; for 
thought force; for sleeping; for waking; for ARREST of 
hemorrhage, etc.? Upon this amount of overwhelming anat- 
omical and physiological data the statement is predicated, that 
BLOOD DOES NOT FLOW INTO A CENTRAL EN- 
GINE to be driven PELL-MELL throughout the entire 
body. And this system of haemal hydraulics, evolved out of 
the human intellect, must give place to the more intricate and 
higher order of vital mechanics to meet the requirements of 
Nature and of Medicine. There is an ALL-PERVADING 
AUTONOMY OE THE ARTERIES manipulating the arte- 
rial current and REGULATING THE CIRCULATION in a 
part under guidance of APPELLATE GANGLIONIC CEN- 
TRES of the sympathetic nerve, which have NERVE ARCS 
communicating with the SPINAL MEDULLA, and TER- 
MINATING upon the SKIN SURFACE. And impression 
made upon the sentient nerves of the skin is REFLECTED 
UPON SPECIAL PORTIONS OF THE DEEP VASCU- 
LAR APPARATUS. That whilst the spinal medulla IS 
REFLEX CENTRE to voluntary or STRIATED muscular 
substance, it is as well the reflex centre to NON-STRIATED 
or involuntary muscular substance ; and upon this circumstance 
hang all the TIIERAPEUSIS of EXTERNAL applications. 
Vital phenomena have similar regulation by INTERNAL agents 
furnished in Purgatives, Stimulants, Nervines, etc. 
The great misfortune of Medicine has been that it has ever 
Lost Itself in the MINUTIA, and occupied itself in studying 
the details, over-taxing its mind with enormous number of cir- 
cumstances, very interesting indeed, and necessary to a His- 
tory of the nutritive process, and of a complete knowledge of 
Anatomy, and normal and pathological change; but never- 
theless almost useless at the bedside, where only such knowl- 
edge is of service which has come of independent observation 
of diseased conditions, to be managed by that empirical pro- 
cedure which experience had made out to be the best; the 
most satisfactory being the use of powerful sedatives and nar- 112 
coties for the relief of pain ; for which one had some right for 
self gratulation, having brought relief speedily about. The 
great embarrassment and confusion growing out of this anom- 
alous state of things is mainly attributable to to defective knowl- 
edge of the mode of the circulution of the blood, and the man- 
ner of its regulation or of its disturbance; for out of these cir- 
cumstances flow all vital phenomena. Medicine had been right 
all the time in its earnest conviction that life’s problem must 
have solution upon an anatomical basis, adhering to it closely 
and persistently, with extraordinary painstaking of detail wor- 
thy of better success; memorizing all the wonderful minutia 
of anatomy, and the colossal heap of independent clinical ob- 
observations, with the theories evolved out of them by medical 
teachers. But it has never made physicians by this method; 
on the contrary, the fact has long since become patent everv- 
where, that students must walk the hospital, and grow up by 
the bed-side in order to make good practitioners. Bringing 
theory down to practice seemed an impossible performance. 
And it is only since the introduction of physical law into the 
human body, for the elucidation of vital phenomena, that Med- 
icine has made any solid advance, since this knowledge is of 
service at the bedside. 
Chemistry and microscopy contribute important informa- 
tion from the excreta of deep-seated disorder. And tact in 
the use of auscultation and percussion, based upon the physical 
law of sound has been of incalculable service to physical diag- 
nosis, receiving important additional aid through intelligent 
palpation and the use of exploratory puncture, especially by 
the aspiratory needle. The specula have also contributed im- 
portant help, and must ever be regarded as valuable contribu- 
tions to scientific medicine. But the latest, and by far the best 
of all, is the clinical thermometer ; of such ready application, 
and so unfailing in definite knowledge it imparts, of that most 
formidable factor of acute processes—TEMPERATURE, upon 
which circumstance treatment may have intelligent direction. 
It was a prodigious leap in the right direction, but it must be 
apparent to every one that a great hiatus still exists between 
medical knowledge and the practice of medicine, or the con- 
trol and regulation of vital phenomena. And since every tis- 
sue and organ is constructed out of blood, and vital manifest- 
ations are evolved or have suspension altogether, according 
to whether it continue to circulate through a part or have ar- 
rest, it follows as a necessary corollary that Medicine must 113 
learn the manner of the circulation, and methods of eontrol- 
ing it, if it desire to become more and more scientific and ex- 
act in its teachings, as also its success at the bedside. That 
whilst knowledge of regional anatomy is essential to physical 
diagnosis, and tact in physical diagnosis is essential in the 
practice of medicine ; yet the question of questions that looms 
up above and overshadows all this is the essential nature of the 
lesion itself, for the true method of controling inflammation 
can come only of such definite physiological knowledge of the 
blood circulation. Is the matter not one of great moment, if 
it prove true, to make statement that inflammation is a vascu- 
lar lesion, due to paresis of its muscular walls, from gangli- 
onic disturbance in the part or organ ? And if it may be shown 
that these vaso-motor ganglia connect with the spinal cord 
through nerve arcs communicating with the skin surface, as in 
the case of the striated muscular apparatus of the trunk, will it 
not amount to something in enabling Medicine to make near 
approach to an exact science, so close to the heart of every true 
son of this greatest of professions ? The importance of the 
fact that respiration is a circulation and pulsation of the great 
heart of animal life, is ready explanation why increase of its 
movements necessarily hurries the central organ of the circu- 
lation, to pass on the blood torrent surging into this force- 
pump and reservoir, for distribution to the great nervous cen- 
tres and all of life’s domain. Increase of movement in the 
former must have corresponding augmentation in the latter; 
and increase of aspiratory force in the cardiac trunk has other 
important circumstance attending it, viz : Elevation of the 
body temperature from excessive importations of oxygen which 
the passing blood delivers over to the tissues. In the absence 
of infection or fermentative principle in the blood, increase of 
respiratory movement is the cause of fever. Fermentation is 
attended by the evolution of heat out of the body, with exten- 
sion of the law into the vital mechanisms. But the persistence 
of fever after fermentation has been expended, is due to reflex 
action upon the spinal medulla of local congestions and inflam- 
mations set up by the fever, hurrying respiratory movement; 
and when the additional circumstance is borne in mind that 
the entire trunk is the analogue of a great artery, aspirating 
fluids into its great cavities, and expelling them again in 
rhythmic movement, through the constringing force of muscu- 
lar substance under ganglionic control, the all-pervading prin- 
ciples of physical law may be seen to stand out in bold reliet 114 
against the great firmament of science, a faint picture of the 
unity and comprehensiveness of Nature. 
What Medicine so badly needs is more knowledge of the 
laws controling the universal scheme, and less of interminable 
minutia, the fitting analogue of which would be in naming ev- 
ery plank and brick and fastening in the construction of a 
house, calling each by distinct name, and filling vast tomes 
with all such details, instead of simply noting the chemical con- 
stitution and physical properties of the component parts and 
principles of architecture, upon which the temple has construc- 
tion ; all of which may be quickly taught and readily remem- 
bered, and put to practical use at a moment’s notice. The 
former party spends days, months, years, in memorizing mat- 
ters of no earthly use to him; on the contrary, crushes his in- 
tellect. It is too much the case in Medicine, mistaking this 
kind of industry, with capacity of memory, for Genius and 
Science. Medicine has pulled down the great temple of the 
human body, memorizing all of its pieces with a fidelity of de- 
tail which is extraordinary, going down into the minutia with 
the microscope, but losing sight altogether of the entity of the 
great macrocosm itself, and mode of construction of the tem- 
ple built by the Great Artist of the Universe; thought 
having never projected a wave over the vastness of that com- 
prehensive scheme, and made out the design or purpose in the 
shape of the body. From this high point of observation more 
of life’s mysteries and of life’s great expanse may be overlooked 
by the human intellect, and circumstances it could not make 
out before be looked through and through. 
It is indisputable fact that Medicine ever advances upon an 
anatomical basis by application of physical law. It is the route 
Nature takes, and Medicine may not do more than follow af- 
ter her footsteps, learning more and more of her laws and 
methods of procedure : And for the life of us we cannot make 
out why the human mind resists so stubbornly extension of 
physical law into the human body, for the elucidation and cor- 
rect interpretation of vital phenomena: unless the explanation 
be in a fanaticism which is born of Egoism and Superstition 
—a religious monomania. Physical laws are God’s laws, eter- 
nal and unchangeable, evolving life’s form or constellation out 
of the material of the mother star, (the number being limited 
only by the supply of appropriate elements,) and moving in 
countless swarms and endless variety over the face of the huge 
planet which gives them birth, but are continually and perpet- 115 
ually breaking in pieces to reform again. Considering the 
geological record, and the countless ages since life first came 
into the earth in its simplest form, with its final fruition in 
man, this kind of movement has been going on for considera- 
ble time. Au Revoir. 
Washington, D. C., July 25, 1878.