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on 
Laws of the Human Body 
Schmitz > 
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3000 Questions 
on 
Laws of the Human Body 
or 
Physiology 
by 
Prof. J. F\ Schmitz, XI. ]). 
3321 Twenty-first Street, San Francisco, California 
1899 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1899, by 
John P. Schmitz. 
In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 
All rights reserved. PREFACE. 
N. B.—A careful perusal of this Preface is especially 
recommended to my readers. 
It is gratifying to notice that the time for the study of medicine 
in medical colleges has been extended to four years, which is surely 
not too long for one who wishes to acquire something above medi- 
ocrity in this science. In one respect, however, it may not be amiss 
to allude here to a serious defect in some localities of not requiring 
a better qualification in the knowledge of the Laws of Life. 
Students intending to become physicians, have a right to demand 
a most thorough teaching of the laws that govern the human body. 
Deception in this regard is bad; and when diplomas are awarded to 
those who have not a thorough knowledge of physiology, it endan- 
gers human life and perpetuates conditions in the profession that 
keep up the danger. It is the duty of all medical examining boards 
to refuse licenses to applicants who are found deficient in this regard. 
This work is intended, as an accompaniment to the author’s book 
on “Human Physiology, Analysis and Digest,” one of the principal 
features of which is, that physiology is carefully distinguished from 
histology. It is notorious that even in some first-class Colleges 
these two branches are not unfrequently confounded. What can be 
expected from the student when the teacher himself does not know 
that Physiology is the science of the Laws of life and Functions 
of living organisms; Histology the science of minute anatomy. It 
is on account of confounding these matters in text-books that the 
mischief is worked. The student gets confused, and at last gets to 
hate and shun physiology, managing to cram a few dozen answers 
to questions in one or two years in order to get out of it. The fact 
is, as the author has always experienced, that, when physiology is 
truthfully and comprehensively laid before students, no branch of 
medical knowledge is so pleasing and fascinating. The student soon 4 
PREFACE. 
gets to feel internally that the true and thorough knowledge of the 
Laws of Life is the very Foundation of medical competency, 
diagnosis, and safety of treatment. 
The conscientious student will ask himself: How shall I be able 
to make a sure, true diagnosis? How shall I be able to know what 
remedy to administer? How shall I be able to know the physiologi- 
cal actions of remedies? The books on Materia Medica and Practice 
tell me that the action is such and such, but not one tells me how the 
remedies act. How shall I be able to know whether what I observe 
in a patient is to be attributed to remedies or to the disease? 
A common sense man says, give me a lawyer thoroughly versed 
in the law and I will trust my case to him. Can a lawyer ignorant 
of the law know when he does harm to his case? Certainly not. 
It is exactly the same with the physician. The practitioner, ignor- 
ant of the laws of human life, may be not inaptly compared to a 
blind bird; it may find the grain on the way-side, but the chances 
are against it. 
The greatest responsibility falls on the medical college faculty or 
officers, who supply the chair of physiology with simply a book- 
worm. In fact, it seems very often as if any physician is thought 
competent to fill that chair as Professor, provided he is able to talk 
the hour away two or three times a week. Such a Professor cares 
little whether the student has fully understood him or not, or in fact 
whether he has understood him at all: for, if he did he would not 
allow students, as very often happens, to cram a few dozen questions 
and answers for what is termed “Examination,” and then dispense 
with physiology for the balance of the College course. 
It has often been publicly remarked, that no two physicians agree 
in regard to treatment. Why is this? Because if all physicians 
were thoroughly educated in physiology they would know posi- 
tively what is required, and there would be no difference of opinion 
in treatment. Then the treatment of human beings would be truly 
scientific, but it cannot be without that knowledge. Physiology is 
no longer guess work; it is as positive as any other science, and the 
physician who does not know the Laws of life is either at fault him- 
self or the blame falls back on his teacher. It is not due to the 
science. 
The author for years has maintained that the time required for 
the study of physiology in the medical colleges is too short, and 
he has kept his students for the full term of college study of four PREFACE. 
years on physiology. That he was not alone in this idea it is 
agreeable to notice that the College Faculty of Physicians and Sur- 
geons, London, have by resolution extended the time for the 
study of physiology of three years, so that hereafter students are 
required to continue this subject for the full term of five years. 
Anyone who maintains that medical students can be excused from 
the study of physiology before the end of their college life, knows 
but little about it. If he comprehended them, he would know the 
importance of that study. 
Does the Professor on physiology ever reflect on the following:— 
Am I fit for the position? Do I do my duty? Am I not neglectful? 
Do I see that every student my care fully comprehends the 
subject? Will I not be partly responsible for the acts of a physi- 
cian once in my care who doss more harm than good to patients, 
or perhaps shortens their lives on account of not having received 
from me thorough teaching? 
On no other chair in medical colleges does the responsibility so 
forcibly rest as on the chair of physiology; because a doctor once 
out of college can easily continue the study of other branches of 
medical knowledge, but not that of physiology. This latter has to 
be acquired in the college, because to fully comprehend the laws of 
life, requires a thorough and practical professor to teach, to read, 
to explain, to illustrate a subject sometimes in many different ways, 
before every student fully comprehends it. Besides, the explana- 
tions and illustrations have to branch off more or less on a subject 
of another chair, or to several at a time, so as to make the point 
understood. 
The so-called Q,uiz-books in the market, i. e., books contain- 
ing questions and Answers on physiology, are surely detrimental 
to the student in acquiring a knowledge of physiology. No man can 
learn any science out of quiz-books. 
The Three Thousand and more questions in this work, have 
Not been designed to puzzle the student, nor are they intended to 
he learned by heart. Neither were they made in order to force the 
student to answer every question; but they were formulated that 
the student might better understand the real point contained in the 
text-book. A student often reads a sentence in a book on physio- 
logy, and remains in doubt as to the real point contained therein, 
or, perhaps he does not see anything of importance in the sentence. 
It will be found that the questions in this work contain really 6 
PKKFACK. 
the gist of the various texts, and that the different sentences of the 
texts contain the Answers to the Questions. It will also be 
noticed that the answers (sentences in the author’s text) on physio- 
logy follow one another in the same order as the questions. 
The student, therefore, can with ease understand and truly compre- 
hend the laws governing all the organs of the human body. This 
work, in connection with the author’s physiology, is, if I may so 
express it, a chewing up of the scientific food for more easy digest- 
ion by the student. 
It may not be too much to assume that the author in his text-book 
on “Human Physiology, Analysis and Digest,” 1894, is the first who 
ever laid down in a medical college text-book, the true fact of the 
following physiological laws: 
First—That the Stimulus for respiration and circulation are the 
carbonic acid elements of the venous blood to the heart and lungs. 
Second—That the Acid for the gastric juice normally originates 
in the lower portion of the oesophagus. 
Third—That External Sensation lies in the sense-organ. 
Fourth—That the living body comprehends an Immaterial Vi- 
tal Principle or Soul. 
Fifth—That all brain and spinal-cord Nervous-centre Ac- 
tions, voluntary or involuntary on external organs, are due to 
Reflex Actions only. 
Sixth—That the Cause of the Capillary Circulation in the 
animal body is peristaltic. 
Seventh—That the defective mucous membrane is the Primary 
Cause of Consumption. 
Eighth—That th° physiological action of remedies will become an 
exact science as soon as physiology is truly comprehended, and not 
before. 
J. P. Schmitz, M. I). 
3321 Twenty-first street, 
San Francisco, Cal. PHYSIOLOGICAL QUESTIONS. 
THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ARE DESIGNED WITH A VIEW TO THE 
THOROUGH COMPREHENSION OF THE TEXT IN 
Human Physiology; Analysis and Digest, 
By Prof. John P. Schmitz, M. D., San Francisco, Cal. 
The Answers to the questions will be found in the text following one 
another in that book. 
INTRODUCTION. 
1. Define Physiology? Page 23 in the above stated book. 
2. Of what does an Organism consist? 23. 
3. What are the functions of an organism? 23. 
4. What is an Organ? 23. 
5. What is understood by the function of an organ? 23. 
6. What is meant by the Organic World? 23. 
7. Upon what does Animal and Vegetable Life depend? 23. 
8. Regarding accumulation of matter, how do organic bodies differ 
from inorganic? 23. 
9. In what manner do Inorganic bodies enlarge? 23. 
10. How do Organic living structures enlarge or grow? 23. 
11. In regard to stability of organisms, what changes are notice- 
able? 23. 
12. What happens to an organized body when the mutual living 
functions of its organs cease? 23. 
13. What force keeps the organized body in form after the living 
functions of its organs cease? 23. 
14. What is the principal vegetative active constituent of the vege- 
table or plant? 23. 
15. What causes the decomposition of the carbonic acid, ammonia, 
and water, within the plant? 23. 
16. Of what use for the plant is the decomposed carbonic acid, 
ammonia and water? 23. 8 
INTRODUCTION. 
17. What outside agent influences the chemical change or decom- 
position of the carbonic acid, ammonia, and water, in the 
plant? 23. 
18. Through what influence does the carbon of the carbonic acid 
become fixed in the structure of plants? 23. 
19. What element exhale plants useful to animals? 24. 
20. In what function are all living animal and vegetable organ- 
isms alike? 24. 
21. What performs the vital phenomena in organisms? 24. 
22. What causes the cells of organisms to act? 24. 
23. What do the cells of living organisms especially require for their 
proper action? 24. 
24. Of how many chemical elements does our body consist? 24. 
25. Name four elements found most abundantly in the human 
body? 24. 
26. What is the percentage of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and car- 
bon in the human body? 24. 
27. Anatomically, into how many parts is the body divided? 24. 
28. Name the four anatomical divisions of the body? 24. 
29. Name three organs of the head? 24. 
30. Name six organs of the trunk? 24. 
31. Name some organs of the extremities? 24. 
32. Anatomically, what constitutes a System? 24. 
33. Anatomically, what constitutes an Apparatus? 24. 
34. Anatomically, what is understood by Tissue? 24. 
35. What is an Anatomical Element? 24. 
36. Name some anatomical elements? 24. 
37. Of what are the human tissues formed? 24. 
38. Of what are all the parts of the human frame made up? 24. 
39. What property of the anatomical elements expedites vitality or 
life? 24. 
40. What constitutes the great secret of material vitality or life? 25. 
41. What is a Cell? 25. 
42. Name some functions of the different cells? 25. 
43. What mass of formation indicates first the propagation of vital 
phenomena? 25. 
44. What function have cells besides secreting, absorbing, repair- 
ing and reproducing? 25. 
45. Has the cell a wall or inclosing membrane? 25. 
46. How are the Cells Reproduced? 25. 
47. What is the most important substance of a cell? 25. CHAPTER I. 
NUTRITION. 
1. Define Nutrition? 26. 
2. Whence are the nutritive substances of the body derived? 26. 
3. Define a Proximate Principle? 26. 
4. Name three proximate principles necessary for nutrition? 26. 
5. Are the albuminous proximate principles of organic or inorganic 
origin? 26. 
6. Does the animal, or the vegetable food furnish the albuminous 
proximate principles for our body? 26. 
7. Are the starchy, saccharine, and oleaginous proximate principles 
of organic, or of inorganic origin? 26. 
8. Does animal, or vegetable food furnish the starchy, saccharine 
and oleaginous proximate principles for our body? 26. 
9. Name some inorganic proximate principles? 26. 
10. From what are the inorganic proximate principles of the body 
derived? 26. 
11. Of what do the coloring matters of the body consist? 26. 
12. State the origin of the coloring matters of the body? 26. 
13. Of what importance is albuminous food? 26. 
14. Why are the albuminous matters called nitrogenous proximate 
principles? 26. 
15. In what do nitrogenous proximate principles differ from non- 
nitrogenous? 26. 
16. State the principal food substance of muscular tissues? 26. 
17. Where does Pure Albumen naturally exist? 26. 
18. What is understood by Albuminous Matter? 26. 
19. What is Albuminose? 26. 
20. Can albumen pure pass through animal membranes? 26. 
21. Why are albuminous substances hygroscopic? 26. 
22. When the moisture of albuminous substances is evaporated, to 
what extent can they again absorb moisture? 26. 
23. When albuminous proximate principles are coagulated, is it pos- 
sible for them to resume their original condition? 27. 
24. How can Albumen be coagulated? 27. 
25. How can Casein be coagulated? 27. 10 
NUTRITION. 
26. How can the Fibrin of the blood be coagulated? 27. 
27. When albumen coagulates what becomes of its water? 27. 
28. State the most essential constituent of vegetable tissue when 
used as food? 27. 
29. How much albumen exists in the human blood? 27. 
30. What is the physiological property of albumen in the blood? 27. 
31. What becomes of the blood-albumen? 27. 
32. Into how many groups are the non-nitrogenous proximate prin- 
ciples divided? 27. 
33. Name the groups of non-nitrogenous proximate principles? 27. 
34. What effect has Saliva on starch? 27. 
35. What is the significance of glucose in the stomach during diges- 
tion? 27. 
36. Why are Starch, Sugar, and Fat, termed non-nitrogenous 
substances? 27. 
37. Of what elements do pure starch, sugar, and fat, consist? 27. 
38. To what per cent is carbon present in starch, sugar, and fat? 27. 
39. What effect has Pancreatic Juice on starchy substances dur- 
ing digestion? 27. 
40. Is vegetable food absolutely necessary for the adult human 
body? 27. 
41. If the adult human body was restricted to animal diet, what 
would be the result? 27. 
42. What is the origin of the saccharine and oleaginous substances 
of food? 27. 
43. Would saccharine, or oleaginous matter alone, be sufficient for 
perfect nutrition? 27. 
44. In the body, what becomes of the sugar of food and that formed 
in the liver? 27. 
45. How can we prove that sugar contains a great amount of car- 
bon? 27. 
46. What change of the sugar has taken place, after its water is 
evaporated on a hot stove? 27. 
47. Where does Sugar of Milk originate? 27. 
48. Where does Liver Sugar originate? 27. 
49. State the organs in which liver-sugar is found? 28. 
50. In what form is the oleaginous matter in animal substances 
found? 28. 
51. In what form are oleaginous substances found in vegetable struc- 
tures? 28. 
52. What is required for the Production of Fat in the body? 28. NUTRITION. 
11 
53. What change takes place to adipose vesicles or fat-cells in ema- 
ciation of the body? 28. 
54. What causes Cow’s Milk to have a pasty consistency? 28. 
55. What causes the formation of Butter when milk is churned? 28. 
56. From what is the fat of the body derived? 28. 
57. Is all the fat of the body derived from oily or fatty food only ? 28. 
58. Of what do the Fixed Oils of animal and vegetable origin con- 
sist? 28. 
59. What constitutes the liquid, and what the solid portion of fixed 
oils? 28. 
60. What change, if any, does fat undergo in the stomach when 
taken with food? 29. 
61. In what part of the alimentary canal is fat converted into a fine 
emulsion? 29. 
62. What converts the fat of food in the intestine into a fine emul- 
sion? 29. 
63. What absorbs the fat in the intestines? 29. 
64. What becomes of the absorbed fat after having entered the cir- 
culation? 29. 
65. How does the transformation of fat in the vital economy Pro- 
duce Heat? 29. 
66. In regard to heat, what is the action of fat under the skin? 29. 
67. Besides producing and retaining heat, of what further use is fat 
in the vital economy? 29. 
68. When more fat is taken than the absorbent vessels are capable 
of taking up, what becomes of the residue? 29. 
69. When starch, sugar, and fat, have served the intended purposes 
in the body, what becomes of them? 29. 
70. What is an inorganic proximate principle? 29. 
71. What inorganic proximate principles are the most abundantly 
found in the body? 29. 
72. What kind of salts are partly formed in the economy? 29. 
73. From what are the alkaline Carbonates, Phosphates and 
Sulphates, formed in the body? 29. 
74. Is water changed in the body? 29. 
75. With what does water unite in the body? 29. 
76. From what can the body abstain the longer, from liquid, or from 
solid food? 29. 
77. Of what use is Water in the body? 29. 
78. What is the percentage by weight of water in the body? 30. 
79. What amount of water is ordinarily introduced daily into the 
adult body? 30. 12 
NUTRITION. 
80. By what channels does water pass from the body ? 30. 
81. In a 100 parts of water passing from the body, how much passes 
off by the lungs? By the skin? By the kidneys? and with 
the feces? 30. 
82. In what kinds of food is Lime Phosphate introduced? 30. 
83. In what solids and fluids of the body is lime phosphate? 30. 
84. What mineral salt is most abundantly present in the body? 30. 
85. What amount of lime phosphate is in bone? 30. 
86. What holds lime phosphate in solution in the blood? 30. 
87. What physical property does lime phosphate give to bone? 30. 
88. In what peculiar manner is lime phosphate in the body com- 
bined with all kinds of tissues? 30. 
89. If lime phosphate is deficient in a child, what is the result? 30. 
90. What is the result of an insufficient supply of lime phosphate 
in the adult? 30. 
91. What holds lime phosphate in solution in urine? 30. 
92. If urine is rendered alkaline by adding soda or potassa, what 
effect on the earthy phosphates? 30. 
93. In what parts of the body is Lime Carbonate found? 30. 
94. What is the proportion of lime carbonate, compared with that 
of lime phosphate, in the body? 30. 
95. What holds lime carbonate in solution in the fluids? 40. 
96. Of what origin is Magnesium Phosphate in the body? 30. 
97. What tissues and fluids contain magnesium phosphate? 30. 
98. What kinds of food supply Alkaline Salts (carbonate of so- 
da and potassa) to the body ? 31. 
99. By what diet may the alkaline salts be increased or lessened 
in the body? 31. 
100. By what food are Phosphates introduced into the body? 31. 
101. Of what source are alkaline carbonate salts of the blood? 31. 
102. How is the proper proportion of salts preserved in the body? 31. 
103. How are the alkaline salts excreted? 31. 
104. What diet, or food, increases the Acidity of Tissues? 31. 
105. Next to lime phosphate, which of the mineral salts is the most 
abundant in animal tissues and fluids? 31. 
106. What regulates the endosmosis and exosmosis of nutritive fluids 
through organic membranes? 31. 
107. What property has Sodium Chloride (salt) in regard to 
digestive fluids? 31. 
108. How is sodium chloride discharged from the body? 31. 
109. Of what importance is sodium chloride in regard to the forma- 
tion of gastric juice? 31. NUTRITION. 
13 
110. In what substance is the Most Perfect Natural Combina- 
tion of Food Elements for nutrition found? 32. 
111. State the principal constituents of Good Milk? 32. 
112. What gives milk that opaque white color? 32. 
113. Why does milk not solidify by boiling? 32. 
114. What causes milk to curdle? 32. 
115. Why does a warm atmosphere curdle milk? 32. 
116. What is the most nutritious combination of Vegetable Mat- 
ter when used as food? 32. 
117. Why is Wheat the best grain for bread? 32. 
118. To make Oat-meal easily digestible, why should it be thor- 
oughly boiled and strained? 32. 
119. What principal ingredient does Indian Corn possess for the 
nourishment of the body? 32. 
120. What constitutes the most nutritious substance of Rice? 32. 
121. Why is Meat nutritious? 32. 
122. Of what do the mineral salts of meat consist? 32. 
123. State the composition of the Yelk of the Egg? 32. 
124. State the composition of the White of the Egg? 32. 
125. Of what do the mineral salts of the egg consist? 32. 
126. Why are vegetables valuable to the animal as food? 32. 
127. On what does the Nutritious Value of food depend? 33. 
128. What circumstances change the requirements of food? 33. 
129. Is more food required in cold than in warm weather? 33. 
130. Why is Carbon so important in the animal economy? 33. 
131. What amount of carbon is continually required to support an 
adult human body? 33. 
132. Why is Nitrogen important to the human body? 33. 
133. What amount of nitrogen is continually required to support an 
adult human body? 33. 
134. What is the source of energy spent during Fasting? 32. 
135. What is the result if more food, or nutritious elements, are 
introduced into the body than absolutely required? 33. 
136. What is understood by Amyloid Compounds? 33. 
137. In what do the amyloid compounds differ from protein com- 
pounds? 33. 
CHAPTER II. 
ACTIVE PRINCIPLES IN LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS. 
1. Which are the Most Active Principles in the liquids and 
solids of the body? 34. 14 
ACTIVE PRINCIPLES IN LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS. 
2. Name six fluid albuminoids? 34. 
3. Name four solid albuminoids? 34. 
4. Name six active principles of coloring matters of the body? 34. 
5. What is the principal nutritive substance of Milk? 34. 
6. From what substance in milk is Cheese formed? 34. 
7. What effect has a dilute acid, or magnesium sulphate, on the 
casein of milk? 34. 
8. In what condition of the stomach should one abstain from 
milk? 34. 
9. What is the principal active agent in Saliva? 34. 
10. What action has ptyalin in regard to the secretion of saliva? 34. 
11. What action has saliva on moist, Boiled-starch of food? 34. 
12. What is the quantity of saliva daily secreted in the adult? 34. 
13. State the principal constituent of Gastric Juice? 34. 
14. How does the Pepsin come into the gastric juice? 34. 
15. What parts of pepsin in 1000 parts of gastric juice? 34. 
16. On what does pepsin principally act during digestion? 34. 
17. What quantity of gastric juice is daily secreted in the adult? 34. 
18. State the most active constituent of Pancreatic Juice? 34. 
19. What parts of pancreatin in 1000 parts of pancreatic juice? 34. 
20. How much pancreatic juice is daily secreted in the adult? 34. 
21. What is the reaction of pancreatic juice? 34. 
22. What is the property of pancreatic juice? 34. 
23. Taking starchy food and not giving time for conversion into glu- 
glucose by the saliva, what becomes of it during digestion? 34. 
24. What is Mucosin or Mucin? 34. 
25. What property does mucosin impart to mucus? 34. 
26. Of what use is Mucus on the membranes? 35. 
27. What is Myosin? 35. 
28. When, after death, the myosin coagulates, how are the muscles 
thereby affected? 35. 
29. How can the coagulation of myosin be retarded or delayed? 35. 
30. What effect has an abnormally increased acidity, or alkalinity, 
of the body on myosin? 35. 
31. What effect has an abnormally increased acidity, or alkalinity 
on the muscular system? 35. 
32. What tissues contain Collagen? 35. 
33. When a tissue containing much collagen is boiled, what is the 
product? 35. 
34. What effect has tannic acid on collagen? 35. 
35. Why is tannic acid (oak-bark) used in preparing hides for 
leather? 35. ACTIVE PRINCIPLES IN LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS. 
15 
86. What constitutes the organic basis of Cartilege? 35. 
37. What is Elasticin? 35. 
88. What tissues contain elasticin? 35. 
39. What is Keratin ? 35. 
40. What class of compounds are the Coloring Matters of the 
body? 35. 
41. Which is the most abundant coloring matter of the body? 35. 
42. What absorbs oxygen in the lungs? 35. 
43. Where are the animal coloring matters found? 35. 
44. What is Haemoglobin? 35. 
45. What per cent of haemoglobin is in red blood-corpuscles? 35. 
46. In what combination is oxygen carried by haemoglobin? 35. 
47. How much of iron is contained in haemoglobin? 35. 
48. What is Melanin? 35. 
49. What tissues contain melanin? 35. 
50. What gives to bile the reddish yellow or orange color? 35. 
51. Where and from what is Bilirubin formed? 36. 
52. From what is Biliverdin formed? 36. 
53. What gives to bile the green color? 36. 
54. What gives the color to urine? 36. 
55. What is the normal color of fresh urine? 36. 
56. What substance gives the green coloring matter to plants? 36. 
57. Where is Chlorophyll formed? 36. 
58. What is the effect of a deficiency of chlorophyll in plants? 36. 
59. State the essential substance of chlorophyll? 36. 
60. On what does the growth and accumulation of organic material, 
such as starch, sugar, and vegetable tissues, in the plant 
depend? 36. 
61. What is Urea? 36. 
62. In what secretion is urea mostly found? 36. 
63. Besides urine, in what other secretion is urea found? 36. 
64. Does urea, as such, normally exist in the blood and tissues? 36. 
65. Where is urea completely formed? 36. 
66. Under what condition of the body may urea be found in blood, 
lymph, and tissues? 36. 
67. What amount of urea is in urine? 37. 
68. What amount of urea may sometimes be in blood? 37. 
69. What amount of urea is excreted daily by an adult? 37. 
70. At what time, during the 24 hours, is urea produced in larger 
quantity? 37. 
71. What class of food increases the amount of urea? 37. 
72. What class of food diminishes the amount of urea? 37. 16 
THE MUCOUS MEMBRANE AND EPITHELIUM. 
73. Does the amount of urea formed depend on food only? 37. 
74. Where is uric acid found? 37. 
75. What is Uric Acid? 37. 
76. Where is uric acid formed? 37. 
77. From what is uric acid formed? 37. 
78. What are the principal bases of uric acid? 37. 
79. What difference in amounts of uric acid and urea formed by a 
vegetable, or an animal food diet? 37. 
80. How much uric acid is excreted by an adult in 24 hours? 37. 
81. What is the proportion of uric acid to urea excreted? 37. 
82. Of what are Urinary Gravel and Calculi generally com- 
posed? 37. 
83. Why is urine not absorbed by the urinary bladder? 37. 
84. Why does bathing in fresh water relieve thirst, but not in strong 
salt water? 37. 
CHAPTER III. 
THE MUCOUS MEMBRANE AND EPITHELIUM. 
1. Why is it important that the physician should thoroughly un- 
derstand the structure and physiological functions of Mu- 
cous Membranes? 38. 
2. State the most important structure of the body through which 
the proper nourishment is accomplished? 38. 
3. If more attention were paid by physicians to the mucous mem- 
branes, to their structure, importance, and maintenance in a 
normal, healthy condition, would not Consumption, which 
now is the most fatal disease, become the least fatal? 38. 
4. When the mucous membrane of the alimentary canal is defect- 
ive, what is the effect on the body? 38. 
5. Why is the mucous membrane of the lower portion of the oesoph- 
agus the most exposed to inflammation? 38. 
6. What is the general cause of an abnormally acid condition of 
the gastric juice? 38. 
7. What is a Ptomaine? 38. 
8. In what tissues of the body are ptomaines soonest and most 
easily developed? 38. 
9. What is a Saprophyte? 39. 
10. What is a Pathogenyte? 39. 
11. In what tissue of the body do saprophytes and pathogenytes 
find a most favorable soil for development? 39. THE MUCOUS MEMBRANE AND EPITHELIUM. 
17 
12. How can the product of a ptomaine, developed in the mucous 
membrane of the body, enter the lungs? 39. 
13. Why are the lungs more easily affected by an absorbed ptomaine 
than any other organ? 39. 
14. If physicians studied the structure and functions of mucous 
membranes more, and the primary cause of consumption? 
would they bother their heads about Koch’s Bacilli? 39. 
15. If the mucous membranes had always been properly attended 
to, would the word Tuberculosis ever have come into ex- 
istence? 39. 
16. What is the structure of Mucous Membranes? 39. 
17. Of what does the free outer layer of mucous membrane con- 
sist? 39. 
18. Where are the Mucous membranes found? 39. 
19. Where are the Serous membranes found? 39. 
20. What do the cells of mucous membranes secrete? 39. 
21. Of what does Mucus consist? 39. 
22. What is the property of mucus? 39. 
23. Physically, in what does mucus differ from the fluid of serous 
membranes? 39. 
24. Is the mucous membrane simply a straight continuous covering 
in the various localities? 39. 
25. In what do the depressions of the mucous membrane differ? 39. 
26. Why is not the mucous membrane injured when the stomach, 
uterus, or bladder, are distended? 39. 
27. Where does the mucous membrane of the alimentary canal com- 
mence, and end? 39. 
28. What furnishes the Digestive Secretions for the reduction 
of food? 39. 
29. What absorbs the nutritious materials of chyle? 40. 
30. What produces the Saliva? 40. 
31. Where is the Acid of the gastric juice produced? 40. 
32. What produces the Pepsin of the gastric juice? 40. 
33. What produces the Intestinal Secretions? 40. 
34. What is the function of the large intestine? 40. 
35. State the parts of the head covered with mucous membrane? 40. 
36. Through what membrane are the alimentary and respiratory 
nutritious materials absorbed? 40. 
37. What secretes the digestive fluids of the follicles and glands of 
the alimentary mucous membrane? 40. 
38. How far does the respiratory mucous membrane extend from 
the larynx and trachea? 40. 18 
THE MUCOUS MEMBRANE AND EPITHELIUM. 
39. What is the diameter of a Bronchial Tubule? 40. 
40. What membrane lines the Pulmonary Alveoli (air-cells) ? 40 
41. What becomes of the mucus secretion in congestion of the pul- 
monary mucous membrane? 40. 
42. What medicines increase the mucous secretion in bronchial 
tubes? 40. 
43. What medicines diminish the mucous secretion in bronchial 
tubes? 40. 
44. In how many ways do expectorants operate in expelling copious 
secretions from bronchial tubes? 40. 
45. Explain the nervous operation of expelling mucus from bron- 
chial tubes by local stimulus on the gastro-oesophageal mu- 
cous membrane? 40. 
46. Explain the nervous operation of expelling mucus from bron- 
chial tubes by remedies which change the secretions at the 
same time? 41. 
47. By what can the use of medicines for expelling mucus from 
bronchial tubes be assisted? 41. 
48. To what organs does the genito-urinary mucous membrane ex- 
tend? 41. 
49. What influence has a congested and inflamed mucous membrane 
on its mucous secretions? 41. 
50. What causes an abnormally increased and acid secretion by the 
epithelial cells of the mucous membrane? 41. 
51. Why is the food in the lower portion of the oesophagus more or 
less retained? 41. 
52. Where does the Acid originate for the gastric juice? 41. 
53. What is the cause of an increased acid secretion in the oesopha- 
gus and stomach? 41. 
54. To what class of acids does Vital Tissue Acid belong? 41. 
55. What is the reaction of the normal secretions of the small in- 
testines? 41. 
56. What is the result when the stomach is continually irritated and 
abnormally acid? 41. 
57. What kind of food and drink Increase the Acidity of the 
Stomach and produce softening of the membrane? 41. 
58. What is generally the cause of Indigestion and Starvation 
(consumption) of the body? 42. 
59. How may an artificial gastric juice be produced? 42. 
60. When the acid secretion of the oesophagus is abnormally in- 
creased, what is the result? 42. 
61. Of what does Endothelium consist? 42. DIGESTION. 
19 
62. Where is endothelium found? 42. 
63. State some parts lined with endothelium? 42. 
64. To what variety or class of cells do endothelium cells belong? 42. 
65. Of what does Epithelium consist? 42. 
66. Where is epithelium found? 42. 
67. What is understood by free surface of a cavity or vessel? 42. 
68. How many varieties of epithelial cells are there? 42. 
69. What functions have epithelial cells? 42. 
70. How is the surface of the epithelial lining kept moist? 43. 
71. What is the principal constituent of mucus? 43. 
72. How is nitrogen principally eliminated from the system? 43. 
73. Of what do the Ciliated epithelial cells consist? 43. 
74. What is the length of the cilia of ciliated epithelial cells? 43. 
75. How many times do the cilia of ciliated cells vibrate per min- 
ute? 43. 
76. What is the function of the vibrating cilia of cells? 43. 
77. Where are the ciliated cells found? 43. 
78. About how many cilia has each ciliated cell? 44. 
79. Of what do the Columnar epithelial cells consist? 44. 
80. What is the length of colmunar epithelial cells? 44. 
81. Where are the columnar epithelial cells found? 44. 
82. What is understood by Goblet Cells? 44. 
83. Of what do Squamous epithelial cells consist? 44. 
84. Where are the squamous epithelial cells found? 44. 
85. Of what do the Tessellated epithelial cells consist? 44. 
86. Where are the tessellated epithelial cells found? 44. 
87. Of what do the Glandular epithelial cells consist? 44. 
88. Where are the glandular epithelial cells found? 44. 
89. What is the function of glandular epithelial cells? 44. 
90. Where are the Transitional epithelial cells found? 45. 
91. How are the various epithelial cells arranged in position? 45. 
92. In what manner do epithelial cells change, and be cast off? 45. 
CHAPTER IV. 
DIGESTION. 
1. What organs are included when we speak of Digestive Or- 
gans? 46. 
2. What organs are included in the Digestive Apparatus? 46; 
3. What is understood by Digestion of food? 46. 
4. Is digestion a mechanical or chemical process? 46. 20 
DIGESTION. 
5. Of what is food proper, composed? 46. 
6. How does the nourishment of animal life differ from that of 
vegetable life? 46. 
7. What is understood by Alimentary Canal? 46. 
8. By what is the alimentary canal divided into several compart- 
ments? 46. 
9. What guard is there between the mouth and oesophagus? 46. 
10. What guard is there between the oesophagus and stomach? 46. 
11. What guard exists between the stomach and pylorus? 46. 
12. What is the length of the small intestine in the adult? 46. 
13. State the subdivisions of the small intestine? 46. 
14. What orifices of ducts are in the duodenum? 46. 
15. Where is the Ileo-caeeal Valve? 46. 
16. Where is the Sigmoid Flexure? 46. 
17. What constitutes the guard at the Anus? 46. 
18. What prevents the regurgitation of the ingesta from the large 
into the small intestine? 46. 
19. What is the length of the Colon or Large Intestine in the 
adult? 47. 
20. What is the difference between the contents of the large intes- 
tine and those of the small intestine? 47. 
21. Where is the Vermiform Appendix? 47. 
22. What is the function of the vermiform appendix? 47. 
23. Of what use is the alkaline secretion of the vermiform appen- 
dix? 47. 
24. Of how many layers does the Stomach consist? 47. 
25. State the four layers of the stomach? 47. 
26. What is the thickness of the wall of the stomach in adult? 47. 
27. How are the muscular fibres of the stomach arranged? 47. 
28. What average capacity has the fully distended adult stomach? 
29. What vessels are in the wall of the stomach? 47. 
30. How are the secreting follicles of the stomach arranged? 47. 
31. What length are the follicles of the stomach? 48. 
32. How do the follicles in the wall of the stomach terminate? 48. 
33. What is the diameter of the mouth of the duct of stomach fol- 
licles? 48. 
34. What kind of cells are imbedded in the wall of each follicle of 
the stomach? 48. 
35. What kind of cells cover the surface of the mucous membrane 
of the stomach? 48. 
36. What secretes the mucus that covers the membrane of the 
stomach? 48. DIGESTION. 
21 
37. When are the mucus secreting cells of the stomach active? 48. 
38. When are the pepsin secreting cells of the stomach active? 48. 
39. What is the normal stimulus for the secretion of pepsin, and 
peristaltic action of the stomach? 48. 
40. What organs does an External Sensation require? 48. 
41. How does stimulation of food bring about dilatation of the ca- 
pillary vessels of the stomach? 48. 
42. Of what benefit is the normal dilatation of the capillary blood- 
vessels of the stomach? 48. 
43. How does stimulation of food bring about Peristaltic Action 
of the stomach? 48. 
44. Why is peristaltic action of the stomach essential to digestion?48 
45. How is the Digestion of Food effected? 48. 
46. Why is Mastication of food essential? 49. 
47. What changes Starch into glucose? 49. 
48. What active principle of the saliva effects the change of starch 
into glucose? 49. 
49. In what condition must starch be to become transformed into 
glucose by the saliva, or by pancreatic juice? 49. 
50. Name some articles of food which contain much starch? 49. 
51. Why cannot the gastric juice of the stomach change starch into 
glucose? 49. 
52. Has dextrine nutritive properties like glucose? 49. 
53. Explain the movements of the stomach during the digestive 
process? 49. 
54. What is Chyme? 49. 
55. Of what reaction is the normal secretion of the mucous mem- 
brane of the empty stomach? 49. 
56. If the action of digestion in the stomach is too prolonged, or too 
often repeated, what is the consequence? 49. 
57. Why is it that food during disease is not properly digested? 49. 
58. How can strong Mental Disturbances affect digestion? 50. 
59. What is Gastric Digestion? 50. 
60. What is the stomach’s temperature for proper digestion? 50. 
61. What effect has moderate exercise before, or rest after eating, on 
digestion? 50. 
62. What becomes of the pepsin and acidity of chyme when they 
pass from the stomach into the duodenum? 50. 
63. How is Chyle produced? 50. 
64. Into what are the Peptones of chyme transformed? 50. 
65. How do the albumen, fibrin, and other essential material of 
the blood, get into existence? 50. 22 
DIGESTION. 
66. From what do the cells of secreting follicles and glands secrete 
the active principles of secretions? 50. 
67. What is an Albuminoid? 50. 
68. State some albuminoids? 50. 
69. Why is it important that food be properly masticated and di- 
gested? 50. 
70. How many secreted fluids act on food in the alimentary canal? 
71. State the Five Secretions acting on food in the alimentary 
canal? 50. 
72. What is the origin of the Acid of gastric juice? 51. 
73. What kind of acid is it that becomes transformed, and, when 
changed, constitutes a part of the gastric juice? 51. 
74. What changes the vital tissue acid of the stomach into Hydro- 
chloric Acid? 51. 
75. Is the Vital Tissue Acid for gastric juice always changed 
into hydrochloric acid? 51. 
76. What secretes the Pepsin of the gastric juice? 51. 
77. What condition is required in the stomach before pepsin can act 
on food? 51. 
78. What is first secreted—the Acid, or Pepsin—of the gastric 
juice? 51. 
79. What normally neutralizes the acid of the oesophagus? 51. 
80. Why is expectoration of saliva soon after meals, injurious? 51. 
81. When the oesophagus is in an abnormal acid condition, would 
it be proper to treat the stomach for Indigestion or Dys- 
pepsia? 51. 
82. In what condition of the stomach is the administration of di- 
luted hydrochloric acid beneficial? 51. 
83. What causes an insufficiency of acid in gastric juice? 51. 
84. What kinds of food and drink are injurious when the mucous 
membrane in the alimentary canal is defective? 52. 
85. What is Pepsin? 52. 
86. What is the action of pepsin? 52. 
87. What class of food is acted upon by pepsin? 52. 
88. How are Peptones produced during digestion? 52. 
89. What part of the gastric juice—the acid or the pepsin—affects 
the solution of food, and what part the conversion? 52. 
90. Is the digestion of food completed in the stomach? 52. 
91. What happens to peptones coming in contact with intestinal 
juices? 52. 
92. State the only alimentary secretion capable of producing a nat- 
ural peptone? 52. DIGESTION. 
23 
93. At what stage, during the process of digestion, are the peptones 
formed, and when do they disappear? 53. 
94. Who was the first to call certain constituents of chyme, pep- 
tones? 53. 
95. How can albumen be distinguished from albumen-peptone? 53. 
96. What neutralizes the acidity of chyme entering the intestine? 53 
97. What secretion acts on the pepsin of chyme when it enters the 
intestine? 53. 
98. Are peptones, as such, absorbed? 53. 
99. How are the substances, Albuminose, Fibrinose, and 
Globulose, produced? 53. 
100. What is the difference between Albumen, Albuminous, 
Albuminose, and Albuminoid? 53. 
101. Is the change of food substances in the alimentary canal into 
albuminose, fibrinose, globulose, and other solutions, a chem- 
ical, or physical change? 53. 
102. What difference between a Chemical, and Physical change? 
103. Give two illustrations of physical change? 53. 
104. How are Albuminoids produced? 54. 
105. How is the albuminoid Haemoglobin produced? 54. 
106. What produces the albuminoids of digestive juices? 54. 
107. What produces the albuminoids Myosin, and Chondrin? 54. 
108. Where do the cells producing albuminoids get materials for 
their secretions? 54. 
109. Into how many classes are the albuminoids divided? 54. 
110. Are the albuminoids of the fluids and solids similar in compo- 
sition, properties, and action? 54. 
111. What is the action of albuminoids of juices? 54. 
112. What is the action of albuminoids of the solid tissues? 54. 
113. What vegetable Alkaloids are analagous to animal solid 
Albuminoids? 54. 
114. What is an Albuminoid, and what are its elements? 54. 
115. What other term is sometimes applied to albuminoids? 54. 
116. In what are the albuminoids alike in composition, and in what 
do they differ? 54. 
117. Why are not albuminoids identical with the substances from 
which they have been derived? 54. 
118. What is the general chemical composition of an albuminoid? 54 
119. What action has Bile on Pepsin? 55. 
120. What results when bile enters the stomach? 55. 
121. How is Indigestion generally produced? 55. 
122. What action has tannic acid on digestion in the stomach? 55. 24 
DIGESTION. 
123. Name some substances that are generally absorbed by the 
stomach? 55. 
124. Into what organ do the substances absorbed by the veins of 
the stomach pass? 55. 
125. How may nutritive and other substances be introduced into 
the body without passing through the stomach? 55. 
126. How may life be sustained when no food can be taken into the 
stomach? 55. 
127. By what are substances absorbed when applied on the skin? 55. 
128. Is a Chemical Change of nutritious substances absolutely 
necessary before absorption? 55. 
129. In what condition must nutritious substances be before they 
can be absorbed by the skin? 55. 
130. Why can lacteals of the intestine absorb nutritious substances 
more thoroughly than the lymphatics of the skin? 55. 
131. What substances are normally absorbed by the Lacteals? 55. 
132. What substances are principally absorbed by the Capillary 
Veins of the intestinal wall? 56. 
133. How many reasons may be assigned why the Stomach does 
not Digest Itself ? 56. 
134. State the four reasons why the stomach does not digest itself ? 56 
135. What is the result when Pepsin is administered into the 
empty stomach? 56. 
136. Under what condition may the stomach become perforated, or 
partly digest itself? 56. 
137. What is Chyme? 56. 
138. By what is chyme acted upon in the intestine? 56. 
139. Is digestion of food performed by the stomach only? 56. 
140. How does chyle come into existence? 56. 
141. What is Chyle? 56. 
142. What is understood by the molecular basis of chyle? 56. 
143. Where are the fibrin elements of chyle first formed? 56. 
144. Where do the White Blood-corpuscle (leucocytes) originate? 
145. Into what vessel is the chyle discharged? 56. 
146. Where is the Duodenum located? 57. 
147. What is the length of the duodenum? 57. 
148. Where, in the intestine, does the common bile duct (ductus 
communis choledochus) discharge its contents? 57. 
149. Where are the orifices of the pancreatic ducts? 57. 
150. What is the length of the small intestine? 57. 
151. Of how many layers is the wall of the intestine composed? 57. 
152. How are the muscular fibres arranged in the intestinal wall? 57 DIGESTION. 
25 
153. How is the peristaltic action of the intestine accomplished? 57. 
154. What is the Stimulus for the peristaltic action of the intestine? 
155. Explain the Nervous Phenomena involved in the produc- 
tion of intestinal peristalsis? 57. 
156. What covers the mucous membrane of the small intestine? 57. 
157. What lines the surface of the Villi of the small intestine? 57. 
158. For what purpose is the small intestine covered with villi'? 57- 
159. What vessels are within each villus? 57. 
160. At what part of the intestine are the villi most numerous and 
highly developed? 57. 
161. In what state are the villi of the intestine during the process of 
digestion, and during prolonged fasting? 57. 
162. What is the estimated surface of the small intestine? 58. 
163. What is the estimated number of villi in the small intestine? 58. 
164. In what layer of the intestinal wall are the Follicles of 
Lieberkuhn? 58. 
165. In what layer of intestinal wall are the Glands of Brunner? 
166. In what portion of the intestine are the Glands of Brunner 
found? 58. 
167. Where are the solitary glands found? 58. 
168. What is a Solitary Gland? 58. 
169. What is the size of solitary glands? 59. 
170. How do the solitary glands discharge their contents? 59. 
171. What is understood by Valvulse Coniventes? 59. 
172. For what purpose are the valvulae coniventes placed in the 
intestine? 59. 
173. What is understood by Peyer’s Glands? 59. 
174. Where are the Peyer’s glands found? 59. 
175. What is the long diameter of Peyer’s glands? 59. 
176. What is the number of Peyer’s glands? 59. 
177. What is the function of Peyer’s glands? 59. 
178. In what diseases do the Peyer’s glands generally ulcerate? 60. 
179. By what are the villi, the secreting follicles and glands, in the 
intestinal wall nourished? 60. 
180. State the reason and importance why the venous capillaries 
are weaker than the arterial, especially in the walls of the 
stomach and intestines? 60. 
181. What is the Normal Stimulus for gastric and intestinal 
peristaltic actions? 60. 
182. Of what benefit are gastric, and intestinal peristalsis? 60. 
183. What effect has exessive irritation on the intestinal wall, regard- 
ing absorption? 60. 26 
LIVER, BILE, AND PANCREATIC JUICE. 
184. What actions occur at the wall of intestine during diarrhoea? 60. 
185. Why does severe Diarrhoea, or Cholera, soon terminate 
fatally? 60. 
186. How is mucous membrane of the large intestine constructed? 61 
187. What blood-vessels act as absorbents in the walls of the stom- 
ach and intestines? 61. 
188. What does hunger and thirst indicate? 61. 
189. What is the surest criterion of the quantity of food or drink 
naturally required by the body. 61. 
CHAPTER V. 
LIVER, BILE, AND PANCREATIC JUICE. 
1. To what class of organs does the Liver belong? 62. 
2. Which is the largest gland in the body? 62. 
3. Where is the liver situated? 62. 
4. How is the liver retained in position? 62. 
5. What is the weight of the salivary glands taken together? 62. 
6. What is the weight of the pancreas? 62. 
7. What is the weight of the liver? 62. 
8. Of what does the liver consist? 62. 
9. What constitutes Gleason1 s capsules? 62. 
10. Of what does the Bile-secreting Apparatus consist? 62. 
11. In what are the bile-secreting cells of the liver situated? 62. 
12. What is the diameter of the bile-secreting cells? 62. 
13. How are the bile-secreting cells in the lobules arranged? 62. 
14. What separates the bile-secreting cells from capillary vessels? 62 
15. What supplies the liver with blood? 62. 
16. Of what is the Hepatic Artery a branch? 62. 
17. What structures of the liver are supplied by the hepatic artery? 62 
18. From what is the Bile secreted? 62. 
19. From what is the Bilirubin formed? 62. 
20. From what organ are the elements derived for the formation of 
bilirubin? 62. 
21. What vessels unite and form the Portal Vein? 62. 
22. From what organs does the portal vein receive venous blood car- 
ried to the liver? 62. 
23. How do the glycogen, albuminose, organic and inorganic salts, 
get into the liver? 62. 
24. From what is the Liver-sugar formed? 63. 
25. How does the portal vein subdivide in the liver? 63. LIVER, BILE, AND PANCREATIC JUICE. 
27 
26. From what do the Hepatic Veins arise? 63. 
27. What is the difference of functions of Hepatic Cells? 63. 
28. What effete substances are removed from arterial blood by the 
secretion of bile? 64. 
29. What deleterious substances are removed from arterial blood by 
the kidneys? 64. 
30. For what use is the Gall-bladder? 64. 
31. At what time does the gall-bladder discharge its contents? 64. 
32. What is the physical appearance of bile? 64. 
33. Of what reaction is bile? 64. 
34. What is the specific gravity of bile? 64. 
35. What is the Composition of Bile? 64. 
36. When does the secretion of bile take place? 64. 
37. At what time is bile most abundant and completely secreted? 64. 
38. What causes the bile in bile-ducts, and the blood in capillary 
vessels, to move, or circulate in the liver? 64. 
39. What assists bile and blood in the large hepatic vessels to flow? 
40. What is the office of the two Hepatic Veins? 64. 
41. What is the office of the Bile-ducts? 64. 
42. What quantity of bile is secreted in the adult during 24 hours? 64. 
43. What effect has bile on the contents of the intestines? 64. 
44. What becomes of bile in the intestines? 65. 
45. What becomes of the Salts of Bile in the intestines? 65. 
46. When the bile-ducts are obstructed, what effect has that on the 
intestines? 65. 
47. What is the result on the body of an abnormally increased se- 
cretion of bile? 65. 
48. What results to nutrition when no bile enters the intestine? 65. 
49. What imparts to bile its sticky consistency? 65. 
50. What causes Biliousness? 65. 
51. What may cause a resistance to the flow of bile from the liver? 65 
52. What is the cause of Jaundice? 65. 
53. What effect has jaundice on intestinal peristalsis? 65. 
54. Why does constipation accompany jaundice? 65. 
55. When bile enters the blood, what is the effect on the pulse, res- 
piration, and temperature? 65. 
56. How does bile, when in the blood, produce the effect on the 
pulse, respiration, and temperature? 65. 
57. Physiologically, in what manner do Veratrin, and Aconitin, 
act on the body? 65. 
58. What effect has an Ether Spray on the local sensitiveness of 
the skin? 65. LIVER, BILE, AND PANCREATIC JUICE. 
59. How are Biliary Calculi or Gall-stones produced? 65. 
60. What is the cause of jaundice in the Newly-born infant? 65. 
61. What is the result when the glandular cells of the liver contain 
an abnormally increased quantity of oil globules? 65. 
62. What results when bile enters the stomach? 65. 
63. Why should the bowels be kept open when administering He- 
patic Stimulants? 66. 
64. In what part of the alimentary canal are the hepatic remedies 
generally absorbed? 66. 
65. Where do the Veins of the stc mach discharge their contents? 66. 
66. State some remedies that stimulate more or less hepatic cells? 66 
67. State some remedies that stimulate more of less both the liver 
and the intestinal follicles and glands? 66. 
68. State some remedies which stimulate the intestinal follicles and 
glands, but not the liver? 66. 
69. What remedy Depresses the biliary secretions? 66. 
70. How many different actions does bile exert on the contents of 
the intestines? 66. 
71. State the Five-fold Actions of bile on the contents of the 
intestines? 66. 
72. What becomes of that part of starch which is not transformed 
into glucose by the saliva and pancreatic juice? 66. 
73. From what is Liver-sugar formed? 66. 
74. State the two ways in which sugar is formed in the economy? 66. 
75. What is the quantity of sugar in the blood? 66. 
76. What becomes of sugar in the blood? 67. 
77. If from any cause the quantity of sugar is abnormally increased 
in the blood, what is the effect on the urine? 67. 
78. State the causes that may produce a Diabetic Condition of 
the economy? 67. 
79. In what condition is the urine during Diabetes Mellitus? 67. 
80. Whence are the Nerve-fibres supplying the liver derived? 67. 
81. By what is the Hepatic Plexus formed? 67. 
82. What part of the liver do the nerve-fibres of the hepatic plexus 
supply? 67. 
83. What is the Normal Stimulus in the liver for Continual 
Secretion of bile? 67. 
84. State the Nervous Phenomenon for continual secretion of 
bile? 67. 
85. How may bile-secretion be increased, or diminished? 67. 
86. In what manner is the liver supplied with Lymphatics? 67. 
87. What is the Pancreas? 67. LIVER, BILE AND PANCREATIC JUICE. 
29 
88. What is the structure of the pancreas? 67. 
89. Where is the pancreas situated? 67. 
90. How are the ducts of the pancreas arranged? 67. 
91. Where do the Pancreatic Ducts discharge? 67. 
92. Where does the common-bile-duct discharge into the intestine? 
93. What amount of Pancreatic Juice is daily secreated by an 
adult? 68. 
94. When is the pancreatic juice secreted? 67. 
95-. What is the principal active agent of pancreatic juice? 67. 
96. What amount of pancreatin is present in pancreatic juice? 68. 
97. What is the physical appearance of pancreatic juice? 68. 
98. What"is the reaction of pancreatic juice? 68. 
99. What is the chemical composition of pancreatic juice? 68. 
100. What is the action of pancreatic juice? 68. 
101. What is the action of the stomach on fatty matter? 68. 
102. What acts principally on fatty matters in the intestines? 68. 
103. When are fatty matters ready for absorption by the lacteals? 68. 
104. What becomes of starch in the intestines? 68. 
105. How is the pancreas supplied with arterial blood? 69. 
106. Where do the pancreatic veins discharge? 69. 
107. Where do the pancreatic lymphatics discharge? 69. 
108. What is the nerve-supply of the pancreas? 69. 
109. In what nerves do the pancreatic nerve-fibres (sensory and 
motor) run? 69. 
110. What kind of an organ is the Spleen? 69. 
111. Sizeconsidered, which is the most vascular organ of the body? 69 
112. Of what size and weight is the spleen? 69. 
113. Where is the spleen situated? 69. 
114. How is the spleen held in position? 69. 
115. With what organ is the spleen in close contact? 69. 
116. What are the investments of the spleen? 69, 
117. How does the spleen receive nourishment? 69. / 
118. Where is the venous blood of the spleen discharged? 69. 
119. Of what is the pulp of the spleen composed? 69. 
120. What is the size of the colorless nucleated cells of the spleen? 69 
121. What constitutes the parenchyma of the spleen? 69. 
122. Where do the lymphatic vessels of the spleen arise? 69. 
123. Is the spleen absolutely necessary to life? 69. 
124. How many functions has the spleen? 69. 
125. State the four different functions of the spleen? 69. 
126. Does the spleen produce new blood-corpuscles? 70. 
127. What changes do red blood-corpuscles undergo in the spleen? 70 30 
SECRETION AND EXCRETION. 
128. What becomes of the haemoglobin and oxygen released from 
red blood-corpuscles of the spleen? 70. 
129. How are the diverticula of the spleen formed? 70. 
130. Of what use are the diverticula of the spleen? 70. 
131. What condition of the liver causes enlargement of the spleen? 70 
132. What condition of the intestine may cause enlargement of the 
spleen? 70. 
133. In the normal condition of the body, when is the spleen en- 
larged, and when is it contracted? 70. 
134. Whence does the liver receive materials for the secretion of 
bile when no digestion is going on? 70. 
135. In what condition is the spleen during prolonged fasting? 70. 
136. For what is the spleen a reservoir, or storehouse? 70. 
137. When the spleen is enfeebled or removed, what may easily 
result? 70. 
138. In what way may Apoplexy be relieved most quickly? 70. 
139. In what disease is the spleen generally enlarged? 70. 
CHAPTER VI. 
SECRETION AND EXCRETION. 
1. What is Secretion? 71. 
2. How many forms of secretion are there in the body? 71. 
3. State the four forms of secretion? 71. 
4. State some secretions of the Solid form? 71. 
5. State some secretions of the Semi-solid form? 71. 
6. State some secretions of the Fluid form? 71. 
7. State the Gaseous secretion? 71. 
8. How are the secretions produced? 71. 
9. State some secretions that are deposited and remain in the 
tissues? 71. 
10. State some secretions for immediate action on other matter? 71. 
11. State some secretions that are excreted? 71. 
12. How are the secreting cells in bones and muscles situated? 71. 
13. How are the secreting cells placed in mucous and serous mem- 
branes, in Lieberkuhn follicles, and in ducts? 71. 
14. In what form are the secreting cells placed of Brunner’s glands, 
of the pancreas, and salivary glands? 71. 
15. State the Two Great Classes of secreting glands? 71. 
16. State some secreting glands with ducts? 71. SECRETION AND EXCRETION. 
31 
17. State some secreting glands without ducts? 71. 
18. State some secreting glands racemose (clustered, grape-bunch- 
like) in form? 71. 
19. State some secreting glands of the solid form? 71. 
20. What is the Source of Nourishment of secreting glands? 71. 
21. Do all secreting cells receive their material from arterial blood 
only? 71. 
22. Are the secretions, as such, formed in the blood, or how are they 
produced? 71. 
23. How does protoplasm of cells accomplish secretion? 71. 
24. What is the principal active agent of secreting organs? 72. 
25. How Many Classes of nerve-fibres supply secreting organs ? 72 
26. What is the action of Sensory nerve-fibres in regard to se- 
cretions? 72. 
27. What reflex centre of the brain acts on all secreting organs? 72. 
28. What action have Motor nerve-fibres on secreting organs? 72. 
29. How Many Kinds of Impulses are carried by motor nerve- 
fibres to secreting organs? 72. 
30. State the four kinds of impulses carried by motor nerve-fibres to 
secreting organs? 72. 
31. What action has an impulse through Vaso-motor nerve-fibres 
on secreting organs? 72. 
32. What action has an Inhibitory impulse on secreting organs? 72 
33. When do the vaso-motor, or inhibitory impulses on secreting 
organs, take place? 72. 
34. When do the impulses of the Trophic nerve-fibres on secreting 
organs take place? 72. 
35. What is the proof that there are Four Kinds of motor impulses 
to secreting organs? 72. 
36. In what state are the secreting organs during activity? 73. 
37. What is the stimulus on Sensory nerve-fibres in secreting 
organs? 73. 
38. Describe the Nervous Phenomenon when a secreting organ 
is active, or inhibited by mental influence? 73. 
39. Are the cells of the cerebral convolutions in direct communica- 
tion with secreting organs? 73. 
40. Is the Mind-influence on secreting organs direct, or by reflex? 
41. What is the Stimulus for the secretion of saliva? 73. 
42. What is the Stimulus for the secretions of the oesophagus, the 
stomach, and intestines? 73. 
43. What is the Normal Stimulus for the liver and pancreas for 
active secretions? 73 32 
THE ABSORBENT SYSTEM. 
44. Explain the Nervous Phenomenon when a very hot drink 
. in the oesophagus and stomach, or mental excitement, or de- 
pression, causes perspiration? 73. 
45. What nerve-fibres (sensory or motor) pass through sympathetic 
Ganglia before arriving at the medulla oblongata? 73. 
46. What nerve-fibres (sensory or motor) pass from the medulla 
oblongata to sympathetic Plexus before entering the se- 
creting organs? 73. 
47. Why is the venous blood of secreting organs of higher temper- 
ature than arterial? 73. 
48. State Four Fluids of the body with acid reaction? 73. 
49. State Ten Fluids of the body with alkaline reaction? 73. 
50. What acid secretion becomes neutralized in the body? 73. 
51. Why are all secretions that remain acid excreted from body? 74 
52. What is Excretion? 74. 
53. What vessels collect the decomposed and broken-up tissues? 74. 
54. By what route are the decomposed and broken-up tissues car- 
ried to the organs of elimination? 74. 
55. State some organs that are Secretory, but not excretory? 74. 
56. State some organs that are Secretory and Excretory? 74. 
57. State four reasons why the separation of urine elements from 
the blood is not a simple filtering process? 74. 
58. Why is it necessary that the decomposed matters of the body 
be rapidly carried off? 74. 
CHAPTER VII. 
THE ABSORBENT SYSTEM. 
1. Of what does the Absorbent System consist? 75. 
2. What is the function of the absorbents? 75. 
3. Of what does the Lymphatic System consist? 75. 
4. To what parts of the body do the lymphatic vessels extend? 75. 
5. What is the function of the lymphatic vessels? 75. 
6. In what direction do the lymphatic vessels lead or carry the 
lymph? 75. 
7. To what system do the Laeteals belong? 75. 
8. By what is the Chyle Absorbed, and where is it carried to? 75. 
9. What is the receptaculum chyli? 75. 
10. By what is the Thoracic Duct formed? 75. 
11. Why are the lymphatics that absorb chyle termed laeteals? 75. 
12. What is Chyle? 75. THE ABSORBENT SYSTEM. 
33 
13. Where is the chyle found? 75. 
14. Why must the chyle be in an alkaline condition before absorp- 
tion and endosmosis? 75. 
15. Where does the absorbed chyle pass to? 75. 
16. Where does the thoracic duct empty the lymph into the general 
circulation? 75. 
17. By what is the passage of liquid foods through the intestinal 
mucous membrane controlled? 75. 
18. By what is the secretion of the intestinal fluids accomplished? 75 
19. Is the secretion and absorption of the intestinal fluids accom- 
plished by one class of cells only? 75. 
20. Name the cells that accomplish Secretion in the intestine? 75- 
21. Name the cells that accomplish Absorption in the intestine? 76 
22. What is understood by the molecular basis of chyle? 76. 
23. On what does the whiteness and opacity of chyle depend? 76. 
24. When are the lacteals distended, and when contracted? 76. 
25. By How Many Routes are the products of digestion carried 
into the circulation? 76. 
26. Name the route by which the Blood from the intestines is con- 
veyed into the circulation toward the heart? 76. 
27. Name the route by which the Chyle is conveyed toward the 
heart? 76. 
28. What substances of digested materials are contained in ab- 
sorbed chyle? 76. 
29. What is the composition of the contents of the thoracic duct? 77 
30. What is the origin of the white blood-corpuscles contained in 
the thoracic duct? 77. 
31. Is water readily absorbed by the intestines? 77. 
32. Why does a strong solution of salt, such as Sulphate of Mag- 
nesia, physic? 77. 
33. Is an alkaline, or acid, condition of the intestine required for 
the Absorption of Fat? 77. 
34. Why does fat taken in large quantity into the body Physic? 77 
35. What is Lymph? 77. 
36. What is the physical appearance of lymph? 77. 
37. What is the reaction of lymph? 77. 
38. What is the specific gravity of lymph? 77. 
39. What is the composition of lymph? 77. m 
40. Why does lymph coagulate like blood? 77. 
41. What causes the flow of lymph in vessels? 77. 
42. How much lymph is daily absorbed in an adult? 77. 
43. What is the origin of lymph? 77. 34 
THE BLOOD. 
44. What becomes of lymph in the body? 77. 
45. What is the physical appearance of the lymphatic vessels? 77. 
46. How are the Lymphatic Vessels arranged? 77. 
47. Where is the superficial set of lymphatic vessels found? 77. 
48. Where is the deep set of lymphatic vessels found? 77. 
49. How and where do the lymphatic capillaries originate? 77. 
50. By what is the metamorphosis of the tissues and the quantity 
of lymph increased? 78. 
51. What is the size of Lymphatic Glands? 78. 
52. Where are the lymphatic glands situated? 78. 
53. What kind of Blood-corpuscles are produced in lymphatic 
glands? 78. 
54. Where of the body are the lymphatic glands most numerous? 78. 
55. What is understood by Bubo? 78. 
56. What parts of the body have no lymphatic vessels? 78. 
57. Whence is the origin of lymph that enters the left subclavian 
vein? 78. 
58. Where does the lymph from the head, neck, and right side of 
the chest and arm, enter the circulation? 78. 
59. Where do the absorbed substances (chyle, lymph) of the body,, 
with the venous blood, enter the heart? 78. 
60. What is Osmosis? 78. 
61. What is Endosmosis? 78. 
62. What is Exosmosis? 78. 
63. Is egg-albumen osmotic? 78. 
64. What is required for egg-albumen to become osmotic? 78. 
65. What is Catalysis? 78. 
66. What is Dialysis? 78. 
67. How is (Edema produced? 78. • 
68. How is Anasarca, or Dropsy, produced? 78. 
CHAPTER VIII. 
THE BLOOD. 
1. What is the Blood? 79. 
2. Of what does the blood consist? 79. 
3. Of what per cent by weight are the Corpuscles in the blood? 79 
4. Of what per cent by weight is the Plasma in the blood? 79. 
5. What is the per cent by volume of corpuscles in the blood? 79. 
6. What is the per cent by volume of plasma in the blood? 79. THE BLOOD. 
35 
7. What is the specific gravity of the blood? 79. 
8. Is the blood alkaline, or acid, in reaction? 79. 
9. How many Red-corpuscles are there in each cubic millime- 
tre of arterial blood? 79. 
10. What is the form and size of red blood-corpuscles? 79. 
11. Of what are the red blood-corpuscles composed? 79. 
12. When the blood-corpuscles are larger than the capillary vessels, 
how can they pass through? 79. 
18. If water be added to blood, what effect has it on red-corpuscles? 79 
14. What effect have Strong Alkaline Solutions on the blood 
corpuscles? 79. 
15. What becomes of blood-corpuscles after they have circulated 
through the capillaries for some time? 79. 
16. In what manner do the White blood-corpuscles undergo ap- 
parent changes? 79. 
17. What is Haemoglobin? 79. 
18. What is the per cent of haemoglobin in red blood-corpuscles? 79. 
19. In What Organs is the formation of haemoglobin completed? 80 
20. Of what Chemicl Elements is haemoglobin normally com- 
posed? 80. 
21. What two compounds are included in the composition of haemo- 
globin? 80. 
22. Where is the composition of haemoglobin changed from normal 
in the circulation? 80. 
23. Of what composition is haemoglobin after its circulation through 
the capillaries of the tissues? 80. 
24. Where does the Color of haemoglobin become changed? 80. 
25. By what is the oxygen Absorbed in the lungs? 80. 
26. On what depends the bright Red Color of blood-corpuscles? 80. 
27. What imparts the reddish color to muscular tissue? 80. 
28. What is the principal Function of red blood-corpuscles? 80. 
29. In what condition do the red blood-corpuscles hold oxygen? 80. 
30. What is the difference in regard to vital functions between one 
class of animals in which the red blood-corpuscles are Large 
but not numerous, and another class in which the red blood- 
corpuscles are Small but more numerous? 80. 
31. After the red blood-corpuscles are broken up, how is their num- 
ber replenished? 80. 
32. Is the red blood-corpuscle provided with a Nucleus? 80. 
33. Do red blood-corpuscles Originate From red corpuscles? 80. 
34. What is the Origin of the White Blood-corpuscles that 
become red? 80. 36 
THE BLOOD. 
35. Are the normal constituents of the blood stationary or only tem- 
porarily present? 81. 
36. How many parts of Water are there in 1000 parts of healthy, 
normal blood? 81. 
37. How many parts of Solids are there in 1000 parts of healthy, 
normal blood? 81. 
38. By evaporating the water from 1000 parts of blood, how many 
parts of the solids are corpuscles? 81. 
39. Of what do the 210 parts of the solids in blood consist? 81. 
40. When the red corpuscles are in excess in blood, what is the 
result? 81. 
41. When the red corpuscles are deficient in number in blood, what 
is the result? 81. 
42. What is the special function of red blood-corpuscles in the 
lungs? 81. 
43. Why is the blood classified as a Tissue? 81. 
44. What tissue of the body changes its chemical constituents and 
replaces its losses most quickly? 81. 
45. What is the number of white blood-corpuscles compared with 
the red? 81. 
46. What is the diameter and shape of White Blood-corpuscles ? 
47. What kind of blood-corpuscles contain Nuclei? 81. 
48. What effect have Strong Alkaline Solutions on the white 
blood-corpuscles? 81. 
49. In what manner do the white blood-corpuscles circulate in the 
blood? 81. 
50. How do the white blood-corpuscles act when the blood current 
is retarded or obstructed? 81. 
51. What is the Origin of the White Blood-corpuscles that 
become Red, and of those that remain White? 81. 
52. Can all poisons of disease working in the blood be detected? 82. 
53. What is Blood-plasma? 82. 
54. What are the constituent parts in 1000 parts of blood-plasma? 82 
55. What causes the alkalinity of the blood? 82. 
56. Why must the blood be alkaline? 82. 
57. By what action in the body do the Carbonic Acid Elements 
come into existence? 82. 
58. Where is the carbonic acid gas Secreted and Eliminated? 82 
59. Which are the most nutritious ingredients of blood-plasma? 82. 
60. What is the origin of the serum of blood? 82. 
61. On what functions do the blood-corpuscles and secreted juices 
in normal condition depend? 82. THE BLOOD. 
37 
62. How is a so-called Dyscrasia of the body produced? 82. 
63. By what means are the nutritious substances diffused through- 
out the tissues? 82. 
64. By what means is heat supplied to different parts of the body 
when lost by exposure? 82. 
65. By what means are the waste products conveyed to the organs 
of exit from the body? 82. 
66. Is the velocity of the blood current the same everywhere in the 
body? 82. 
67. What is the velocity of blood in the heart during its systole? 83. 
68. What is the velocity of the blood in the descending aorta? 83. 
69. What is the velocity of the blood in the carotid arteries, vena 
cavse, and redial arteries, respectively? 83. 
70. What is the velocity of the blood in the capillary vessels? 83. 
71. What is the average velocity of the blood in the arteries? 83. 
72. What time is required for the blood to make the entire circuit 
of the body? 83. 
73. When is the amount of blood in the body increased? 83. 
74. What is' the per centage by weight of blood in the body? 83. 
75. In cases of death from haemorrhage, about how much blood re- 
mains in the body? 83. 
76. Does each tissue absorb all the nutritious materials from arterial 
blood as it passes through the tissues? 83. 
77. Has venous blood of different organs the same composition? 83. 
78. Why is the intermixture of the venous blood in the heart nec- 
essary? 83. 
79. What kind of poisons may be retained in the blood for years? 83. 
80. Do certain poisons in the body affect the same kind of tissues 
alike and at the same time? 83. 
81. What system of the body is generally the first depressed and 
weakened by impure or bad blood? 83. 
82. Which of the nervous tissues of the body is the most delicate and 
soonest affected by insufficient or faulty nutrition? 83. 
83. In what condition is the blood in Chlorosis? 83. 
84. Is the chlorotic condition in chlorosis due to the disease or de- 
cay of the red blood-corpuscles? 83. 
85. In what sex and age does chlorosis most frequently occur? 84. 
86. What are the symptoms of chlorosis? 84. 
87. What disease simulates chlorosis? 84. 
88. In what condition is the blood in Leucocythamplio? 84. 
89. State the difference of conditions of the blood in chlorosis and 
leucocythamplio? 84. 38 
THE BLOOD. 
90. Where does the increased production of white blood-corpuscles 
take place in leucocythamplio? 84. 
91. In what condition is the spleen in leucocythamplio? 84. 
92. How is the enlargement of the Spleen brought about? 84. 
93. What is the effect on lymphatic glands and peritoneal covering 
during leucocythamplio and swelling of the spleen? 84. 
94. In what condition is the blood in Malarial Disease? 84. 
95. What organs are always enlarged in malarial disease? 84. 
96. How is the enlargement of the spleen in malarial disease 
brought about? 84. 
97. On what does the coagulation of blood depend? 85. 
98. What is the quantity of fibrin in 1000 parts of blood? 85. 
99. What causes blood out of blood-vessels to coagulate? 85. 
100. .Does fibrin, as such, normally exist in the blood? 85. 
101. What are the principal ingredients in the formation of the fibrin 
of the blood? 85. 
102. Why does the venous blood contain less fibrin elements than 
arterial blood? 85. 
103. In what organs do the fibrin elements entirely disappear? 85. 
104. What veins contain no fibrin elements? 85. 
105. When a congenital deficiency of fibrin elements exists in the 
blood, what is the consequence after ligating a blood-vessel ? 85 
106. If a blood-vessel was properly ligated and secondary haemor- 
rhage occurred, what would that indicate? 85. 
107. What is the consequence of a dyscrasia of insufficient fibrin 
elements in the blood in regard to even a slight wound or 
operation? 85. 
108. What causes chyle as well as lymph to coagulate? 85. 
109. What are the constituents of blood before coagulation? 85. 
110. What does the clot contain, and what the serum, after blood 
has coagulated? 85. 
111. How soon after death does the blood generally coagulate, even 
in the heart and large blood-vessels? 85. 
112. What may be the cause of the coagulation of the blood in any 
part of the body during life? 85. 
113. To what extent does the blood coagulate in a blood-vessel when 
ligated? 85. 
114. What becomes of the ligated part of the blood-vessel towards 
the periphery? 86. 
115. How is a partial blood thrombus formed? 86. 
116. How may a partial thrombus become a complete one? 86. 
117. What is a Thrombus? 86. THE CIRCULATION. 
39 
118. How is a thrombus produced? 86. 
119. What is a conical obstructing thrombus? 86. 
120. Does a thrombus once formed in a vessel, become permanent? 86 
121. On what does the formation of the difference of thrombi, in re- 
gard to construction and composition, depend? 86. 
122. If a clot forms in the pulmonary veins, or left side of the heart, 
where may it pass to? 86. 
123. If a clot forms in the venous system, or right side of the heart, 
where does it pass to? 87. 
124. What is understood by Embolism? 87. 
125. What may be the result of embolism? 87. 
126. What prevents the white blood-corpuscles from accumulating 
excessively, and from adhering one to another? 87. 
CHAPTER IX. 
THE CIRCULATION. 
1. In what manner are the Digested Nutritious Substances 
carried into the general circulation? 88. 
2. Explain the Route by which the venous blood of the stomach, 
spleen, and intestine, is carried to the right auricle of the 
heart? 88. 
3. Explain the Route by which the chyle of the intestine is car- 
ried to the left internal jugular vein? 88. 
4. By what Means is the blood carried from the heart to the skin, 
and back again to the heart? 88. 
5. Of what do the Arterial Capillaries consist? 88. 
6. Who first described the circulation of the blood? 88. 
7. Who first described how the arterial blood passed through the 
capillaries to the veins? 88. 
8. Of what does the Circulatory Apparatus consist? 88. 
9. What is the Heart? 88. 
10. What is understood by Arteries? 88. 
11. What is understood by Capillaries? 88. 
12. What is understood by Veins? 88. 
13. What is the structure of the heart? 89. 
14. Into how many Cavities is the heart divided? 89. 
15. Name the four cavities of the heart? 89. 
16. What is understood by Venous, or Pulmonary Heart? 89. 
17. What is understood by Arterial, or Systemic Heart? 89. 40 
THE CIRCULATION. 
18. Where does the blood of the right side of the heart pass to? 89. 
19. Where does the blood of the left side of the heart pass to? 89. 
20. What is the size and weight of the heart? 89. 
21. What holds the heart in position? 89. 
22. How many Orifices has the heart? 89. 
23. How many orifices are there in the auricles of the heart? 89. 
24. Where are the Auriculo-ventricular orifices? 89. 
25. Name all the orifices of the heart? 89. 
26. How many orifices of the heart have Valves? 89. 
27. Name the orifices of the heart provided with valves? 89. 
28. Of what use are the valves of the heart? 89. 
29. Where is the Eustachian Valve? 90. 
30. Where is the Valve of Thebesius? 90. 
31. Where is the Coronary Valve situated? 90. 
32. Where is the Tricuspid Valve? 90. 
33. What valve is at the pulmonary artery? 90. 
34. Where is the Mitral Valve? 90. 
35. What valve is at the aortic orifice? 90. 
36. At what part of the heart is its wall thickest and strongest? 90. 
37. By what means does the heart receive its nourishment? 90. 
38. What becomes of the blood of the Coronary Artery after hav- 
ing nourished the walls of the heart? 90. 
39. What arterial blood has the Shortest circulation of any in 
the body? 90. 
40. Describe the Route by which the blood passes from the right 
auricle of the heart to the aorta? 90. 
41. What is understood by Cardiac Pulsation? 91. 
42. Where is the first sound of cardiac pulsation the loudest? 91. 
43. Where is the second sound of cardiac pulsation best and most 
distinctly heard? 91. 
44. By what is the first sound of the heart caused? 91. 
45. By what is the second or aortic sound of the heart caused? 91. 
46. For what length of time is the heart at rest? 91. 
47. What is understood by Diastole? 91. 
48. What is understood by Systole? 91. 
49. What causes the heart to move in a lateral rotating motion? 91. 
50. When is the diameter of the heart increased and its length di- 
minished? 91. 
51. What is understood by Rhythm of the heart? 91. 
52. What is the number of pulsations of the heart per minute in 
the adult? 91. 
53. Where does the Stimulation for respiration take place? 91. THE CIRCULATION. 
41 
54. What Is the stimulus for respiration? 91. 
55. Where does the Stimulation for the heart’s action take place? 91 
56. What Is the stimulus for the heart’s action? 91. 
57. What is the Primary physical or chemical Stimulus for the 
normal action of organs and cells? 92. 
58. Are the Nervous Centres the primary cause of the normal 
actions of organs and cells of the body? 92. 
Read the forcible arguments in the author’s “Physiology, on pages 92,93, 
and 94, about the physical laws of the human economy, the primary cause of 
the lungs- and heart-action, the power of producing motion, carbonic acid as 
a stimulus, the primary cause of normal activities, the true actions of the 
nervous system, the importance of the nervous system, the missing link of 
organic life, the reasons why the laws of life are not understood, and why a 
physiology cannot be truthful if the vital principle or soul is not considered in 
the text, or in the teachings. 
59. What are the symptoms and effect of Syncope? 94. 
60. What reflex centres are interfered with in syncope? 94. 
61. State the nervous operations in sentimental emotions caused by 
the soul, and affecting the heart? 94. 
62. What is the Function of Arteries? 94. 
63. How do the branches of the Aorta terminate in tissues? 94. 
64. Of what are the walls of arteries composed? 94. 
65. Name the Three Coats of arteries, and what they consist of? 94. 
66. What difference exists between the walls of large and small 
arteries? 95. 
67. Of what does the coat of large arteries consist? 95. 
68. Of what does the coat of small arteries consist? 95. 
69. In regard to structure, of what do the capillaries consist? 95. 
70. State the Two Properties of arteries that influence the move- 
ent of the blood within? 95. 
71. What influence has the Elasticity of arteries? 95. 
72. In what is the Contractility of arteries concerned? 95. 
73. How is the arterial pulsation produced? 95. 
74. State the two forces contributing to the production of arterial 
pulsation? 95. 
75. What effect has age on the arteries? 95. 
76. What prevents the backward motion of the blood when the heart 
dilates? 95. 
77. At what part of the circulatory apparatus has the blood the 
greatest velocity? 95. 
78. What is the average velocity of blood in the Carotid arteries? 95 
79. What is the velocity of blood in Capillary vessels? 95. 
80. What is the pulse rate of the Foetus in Utero? 96. 
81. What is the pulse rate in the New-born infant? 96. the circulation. 
82. What is the normal pulse in the child from 1 to 4 years old? 96. 
83. What is the normal pulse rate at 15 years of age? 96. 
84. What is the normal pulse rate from 25 to 60 years of age? 96. 
85. Does a rapid pulse indicate strength, or weakness of the heart? 1 
86. To what height may the pulse rate go in Hydrocephalus? 96. 
87. What may be the rate of the pulse in Apoplexy? 96. 
88. What is a Dicrotic Pulse? 96. 
89. How is a dicrotic pulse produced? 96. 
90. In what disease is a dicrotic pulse often noticeable? 96. 
91. Does a dicrotic pulse always denote a diseased condition? 96. 
92. By what instrument can the pulse be measured? 96. 
93. What is the Function of Veins? 96. 
94. What is the structure of veins? 96. 
95. In what does the wall of veins differ from the arterial? 96. 
96. In what tissues are there no veins? 96. 
97. Where do the capillary veins commence? 96. 
98. Into how many sets are the veins divided? 96. 
99. What do the deep set of veins generally accompany? 96. 
100. By what are the smaller arteries accompanied? 96. 
101. What is understood by venee comites? 96. 
102. Where do the veins beneath the integument discharge? 96. 
103. What forms the superior and inferior Venae Cavae? 96. 
104. Where do the superior and inferior venae cavae discharge? 96. 
105. What is the function of the arterial portion of the capillary? 96 
106. What is the function of the venous portion of the capillary? 96 
107. What veins act in the capacity of arteries? 96. 
108. What veins are supplied with Valves? 97. 
109. Of what structure are the valves of veins? 97. 
110. Name the veins that have no valves? 97. 
111. Of what use are the valves of the veins? 97. 
112. On what does the flow of blood in veins depend? 97. 
113. State Five Forces that cause the blood in veins to flow? 97. 
114. Where do the veins of the stomach, spleen, pancreas, and in- 
testine discharge their contents? 97. 
115. In what manner does the vena porta supply the liver? 97. 
116. From what blood is the Bile secreted? 97. 
117. What arterial blood passes through Two Sets of capillaries 
after leaving the aorta and entering the vena cava? 97. 
118. What is the rate of the movement of the blood in veins com- 
pared with that of arteries? 97. 
119. Of what capacity is the entire venous system compared with 
the arterial? 97. THE CIRCULATION. 
43 
120. What part of the circulatory apparatus is the most important 
for nutrition? 97. 
121. Through what vessels doos the interchange between the blood 
and tissues take place? 97. 
122. What is the average diameter of capillaries? 97. 
123. How are the capillaries arranged in the muscular system? 98. 
124. How are the capillaries arranged in the skin? 98. 
125. How are the capillaries arranged around fat-cells? 98. 
126. What change takes place in the walls of arteries before the 
capillary is formed? 98. 
127. What is a Capillary? 98. 
128. How are the capillary Plexus formed? 98. 
129. Where are the Largest capillaries found? 98. 
130. Where are the Smallest capillaries found? 98. 
131. What is the diameter of the smallest capillaries? 98. 
132. Is the inosculation of capillaries the same in each organ and 
tissue? 98. 
133. In what organs are the capillaries most numerous? 98. 
134. What is the diameter of the arterial and venous capillaries com- 
bined, compared with the parent trunk, venae cavse or aorta ? 98 
135. What causes the circulation or blood flow in the capillaries? 98. 
136. What stimulus causes the peristaltic action in the alimentary 
canal? 98. 
137. What stimulus causes the peristaltic action of the heart and 
arteries? 98. 
138. What stimulus causes the flow of lymph in lymphatic vessels ? 98 
139. What stimulus causes the urine to flow in the uriniferous tub- 
ules, and in the ureters? 98. 
140. What produces the peristalsis of capillary vessels in all organs 
and tissues? 99. 
141. State four reasons why the heart does not cause capillary cir- 
culation? 99. 
142. State the causes of capillary action in dead matter, for instance, 
in a sponge, towel, or piece of sugar? 100. 
143. At what time, in activity, or repose, are the organs or glands 
nourished? 100. 
144. Why does the arterial blood not become venous in circulating 
in a paralyzed tissue, in complete muscular repose, or in com- 
plete etherization? 100. 
145. Why is the venous blood from each organ or tissue different? 
146. Why must all the blood of the body return to the heart within 
half a minute or, at most, within a minute? 100. CHAPTER X. 
RESPIRATION. 
1. What is understood by Respiration? 101. 
2. How much Oxygen is absorbed during each inspiration? 101. 
3. For what purpose is the Trachea provided with cartilaginous 
rings? 101. 
4. What part of the air passage is termed Bronchial Tubes? 101 
5. What is the diameter of a bronchial tube? 101. 
6. What part of the air passage is termed Bronchioli? 101. 
7. Where do the bronchioli terminate? 101. 
8. Why is the right lung broader and shorter than the left? 101. 
9. What is the weight of each lung? 101. 
10. What is the color of the lungs? 101. 
11. Why does the lung float when placed in water? 101. 
12. When air enters the Pleural Cavity, what is the effect on the 
lung? 101. 
13. Of what does the parenchyma of the lung consist? 101. 
14. Of what are the Lobules of the lungs composed? 101. 
15. How long can respiration go on in cases of Pulmonary Tub- 
erculosis? 101. 
16. Of how many great lobes are the aggregated lobules of the lungs 
formed? 102. 
17. What area would all the alveoli or air-cells cover if they were 
spread on a flat surface? 102. 
18. Why are liquids and gases called fluids? 102. 
19. Whence are the nerve-fibres of the lungs derived? 102. 
20. Whence are the nerve-fibres derived that form the Phrenic 
Nerve? 102. 
21. What does the phrenic nerve supply? 103. 
22. From what does the phrenic nerve proper arise? 103. 
23* By what Route does the phrenic nerve descend to the dia- 
phragm? 103. 
24. What is the result on respiration if the phrenic nerve alone be 
divided outside the spine? 103. 
25. What is the result on respiration of a division or compression 
of the intercostal nerves? 103. 
26. What is the result on respiration of a division of the spinal cord 
above the third cervical vertebrae? 103. R INSPIRATION. 
45 
27. Why does respiration stop when the Medulla Oblongata is 
injured? 103. 
28. Why does a gasping inspiration ensue when cold water is poured 
on the skin of the chest? 103. 
29. Why does a tickling of the soles of the feet, or the skin of the 
sides of the body, cause laughter? 103. 
30. Describe the Nervous Phenomenon when a funny sight, or 
the hearing of a funny speech, produces laughter? 103. 
31. Where is the Respiratory Reflex Centre (vital point)? 103 
32. By what Route is the stimulus carried to the reflex centre of 
respiration? 103. 
33. By what Route are the motor impulses carried to the lungs and 
respiratory muscles? 103. 
34. What is the office of the lymphatics of the lungs? 103. 
35. By what kinds of blood are the lungs supplied? 103. 
36. For what purposes do the two kinds of blood enter the lungs? 103 
37. Through what channel is the arterial blood derived for the 
Nourishment of the lungs? 104. 
38. Through what channel is the blood of the lungs derived for its 
Purification? 104. 
39. What becomes of the blood of the bronchial artery? 104. 
40. What becomes of the blood of the pulmonary artery? 104. 
41. Whence does the pulmonary artery convey the blood? 104. 
42. How are the Capillaries of the pulmonary artery arranged in 
the alveoli? 104. 
43. Of what thickness is the Capillary Wall at the alveoli? 104. 
44. What is the diameter of the pulmonary capillary at the wall of 
the alveoli? 104. 
45. What is the diameter of an Alveolus? 104. 
46. By what are the alveoli separated? 104. 
47. What is the diameter of a Bronchiolus? 104. 
48. How many alveoli are in the lungs of an adult? 104. 
49. By what kind of cells are the walls of the alveoli lined? 104. 
50. What is contained in the walls of the alveoli? 104. 
51. Is each pulmonary capillary in contact with one alveoli only ? 104 
52. How long is the blood in the capillaries exposed to the air in 
the alveoli? 105. 
53. Explain the Modus Operandi of how the oxygen is absorbed 
and the carbonic acid gas given off in the alveoli? 105. 
54. What substance of the blood attracts the oxygen? 105. 
55. By what forces is the absorption of oxygen and the liberation 
of carbonic acid gas in the alveoli accomplished? 105. 46 
RESPIRATION. 
56. Why is respiration more difficult and hurried in an atmosphere 
of higher temperature than blood? 105. 
57. What benefit is there in perspiring when living in a high tem- 
perature? 105. 
58. Why is the Venous Blood carried to the lungs by an artery? 105. 
59. Why is the Arterial Blood of the lungs carried away by veins? 105. 
60. How many vessels carry the aerated blood of the lungs to the 
heart? 105. 
61. Where is the arterial blood converted into venous? 105. 
62. What is the Stimulus for respiration? 105. 
63. What Counteracts the normal carbonic acid stimulation of 
the lungs? 105. 
64. In what manner do the nervous centres act on organs? 105. 
65. How are the nervous centres connected with organs? 105. 
66. Where does the Stimulation and Sensation for respiration 
take place? 106. 
67. Where is the Respiratory Reflex Centre situated? 106. 
68. Where is Haemoglobin completely formed? 106. 
69. To what is haemoglobin allied? 106. 
70. Of what is haemoglobin composed? 106. 
71. On what does the absorption of oxygen in the lungs depend? 106 
72. What is the result when iron is deficient in blood? 106. 
73. What do the red blood-corpuscles give up to the tissue? 106. 
74. What becomes of the red blood-corpuscles after they have given 
up the oxygen, iron, haemoglobin, and potassium salts? 106. 
75. Do the corpuscles, or the plasma, of the blood carry the carbonic 
acid elements? 106. 
76. What becomes of haemoglobin entering the liver? 106. 
77. From what is Haematin derived? 106. 
78. What causes the lungs, glottis, chest, and abdominal move- 
ments to act so harmoniously together? 106. 
79. What Amount of Air is renewed at each inspiration? 106. 
80. State the number of respirations at different ages? 106. 
81. What produces the crepitus, or vesicxdar murmur of the lungs? 106 
82. What influence has the Will over respiration? 107. 
83. Why can a person remain under water for a short time only? 107 
84. On what do the expansive and collapsing forces of the lungs 
depend? 107. 
85. What is the action of the Diaphragm and Intercostal Mus- 
cles during inspiration? 107. 
86. What effect has an injury in the lower cervical or upper dorsal 
region of the spinal cord on respiration? 107. RESPIRATION. 
47 
87. What is the effect of peritonitis or abdominal inflammation on 
respiration? 107. 
88. What is the principal physical force used in expiration? 107. 
89. When do the intercostal muscles contract, and when the dia- 
phragm, during respiration? 107. 
90. How much air does an adult require in 24 hours? 107. 
91. What is the result if inhaled air contains less than 10 per cent 
of oxygen? 107. 
92. State why death results when insufficient oxygen is contained 
in inhaled air? 107. 
93. What causes the Convulsive Movements before death 
from Asphyxia? 108. 
94. What is the Composition of normal Inspired air? 108. 
95. What is the Composition of Expired air? 108. 
96. What results if air enters both pleural cavities? 108. 
97. What precaution is required when the pleural cavity has to be 
opened? 108. 
98. How much water is eliminated by the lungs of an adult in 24 
hours? 108. . 
99. Why does a person with a dry and hot skin Respire more 
frequently? 108. 
100. Why does respiration become less frequent during and after 
thorough Perspiration? 108. 
101. Why does a dog protrude its tongue during hot weather or 
while running very fast? 108. 
102. What substances are given off by the lungs and skin? 108. 
103. Why is the air oppressive in a crowded and confined space? 108 
104. Under what form do carbonic acid elements exist in the 
economy? 108. 
105. Does carbonic acid gas, As Such, exist in the blood? 108. 
106. Where is the carbonic acid Gas produced in the body? 108. 
107. By what is the carbonic acid Gas of the lungs, skin, and kid- 
neys produced? 109. 
108. What is the formula of carbonic acid? 109. 
109. Of what does the gas issuing normally from the body consist? 109 
In regard to the formation of carbonic acid gas, animal vitality, 
primary stimulus for respiration, actions on lungs and heart, exter- 
nal organic sensation, motion of blood in capillaries, paramagnetic 
action of oxygen, diamagnetic action of carbonic acid, mixture of 
oxygen and carbonic acid gases in the lungs, respiratory activity, 
why respiration and pulsation act in unison, carbonic acid gas from 48 
TEMPERATURE. 
the skin, continual activity of the skin, amount of carbonic acid 
from lungs skin and kidneys, cause of organs that are continually 
active, most vital importance of carbonic acid in the body, respira- 
tory excitants, action of albumen on respiration, increased perspira- 
tion, increased urine secretion, irritability of organs and tissues, 
organs where oxygen enters, organs of exit of carbonic acid, origin 
of heat in the body, cause of high temperature in disease, true phy- 
siological process in lowering high temperature, how medicines act 
in lowering high temperature, cause of the periodical rise of temper- 
ature, why oxidation is a misnomer, why combustion in the body is 
a misnomer, how untruths are taught to students, meta- 
bolic processes of cells and tissues, importance of oxygen in the 
vital economy, paralysis from oxygen, elements of compound pro- 
teids, physiological importance of sulphur, physiological importance 
of iron, transformation of albumen into tissues, formation of car- 
bonic acid in different ages, why some animals can remain in water 
as well as on land, causes of dyspnoea, how to promote respiration 
in the newly-born infant, or to overcome asphyxia— for all of the 
foregoing read the text on Respiration in Schmitz’s “Physiology,” 
page 108 to the end of the chapter page 117. 
CHAPTER XI. 
TEMPERATURE. 
1. How is the vital or Animal Heat produced? 118. 
2. Why does the temperature vary in each organ and tissue? 118. 
3. Deline Heat? 118. 
4. Why does heat expand all kinds of matter, whether solid, liquid, 
or gaseous? 118. 
5. Under what condition does a liquid dissolve a solid? 119. 
6. Why does the blood, in high temperature of the body, dissolve 
the more solid tissues? 119. 
7. How is the normal, regular standard of temperature of the body 
maintained, he it summer, or winter? 119. 
8. What parts of the body possess the equalizing power of temper- 
ature? 119. 
9. Is absolute rest possible in nature? 119. 
10. Why are the deeper tissues of the body warmer than the more 
superficial? 119. 
11. How is the temperature of the body affected immediately after 
meals? 119. 49 
TEMPERATURE. 
12. How is the temperature of the body affected during digestion 
and absorption? 119. 
13. What effect on the blood and temperature has section of the 
sympathetic nerve supplying a part? 119. 
14. Why is the temperature of arterial blood the same, while that 
of venous blood varies in each organ and tissue? 119. 
15. Name two cold liquids that evolve heat immediately upon mix- 
ing? 120. 
16. By what medium are the materials for the renewal of normal 
heat, carried? 120. 
17. What degree of difference is there in the temperature of the 
blood in the left and right auricles of the heart? 120. 
18. In what organ of the-body is the temperature highest? 120. 
19. Why is the temperature of the hepatic veins the highest of the 
body? 120. 
20. At what part of the body is the temperature the lowest? 120. 
21. Why is the temperature of the peripheral capillaries lowest? 120 
22. What degree of internal high temperature generally proves fatal 
to the body? 120. 
23. To what degree of high atmospheric temperature can a person 
live? 120. 
24. What is a Caloric? 120. 
25. Has Temperature reference to the quantity of heat? 120. 
26. What is the normal temperature of an adult? 120. 
27. At what time during the 24 hours is the normal temperature of 
the body highest; at what time lowest? 120. 
28. What is the temperature at birth, and how does it vary between 
birth and the age of 50? 120. 
29. Change the temperature of 97° F. into Centigrade? 120. 
30. Change the temperature of 37° C. into Fahrenheit? 121. 
31. When exposed to cold, how can the normal temperature of the 
body be increased or maintained? 121. 
32. What does a persistent abnormal temperature indicate? 121. 
33. In what fatal disease does the temperature remain normal? 121. 
34. Why is temperature intimately connected with the functions of 
vitality? 121. 
35. Why are the vital activities, such as nutrition, growth, reproduc- 
tion, possible only within certain limits of temperature? 121. 
36. What are the extreme limits of internal human temperature? 121 
37. Why does a persistent abnormal high temperature prove fatal? 
38. What relation exists between the temperature and the pulse? 121 
39. What pulse-rise for every degree of temperature above 100° F.? 121 50 
TEMPERATURE. 
40. Why should the temperature be taken soon on visiting a pa- 
tient? 121. 
41. If an increased pulse is due to disease, what is the temperature? 
42. Can external indications be relied upon in regard to internal 
temperature? 121. 
43. How should the temperature of the body be taken? 122. 
44. What causes the temperature of the body to rise in old age? 122. 
45. What does a persistent increase of temperature of the body with- 
out exhibiting any disease, indicate? 122. 
46. What does an increase of temperature during tuberculosis, in- 
dicate? 122. 
47. What is indicated if the temperature does not rise above 102c F. 
in Pneumonia? 122. 
48. What does a persistent temperature of 104° F., or more, in pneu- 
monia, indicate? 122. 
49. What does a temperature of 104° F. in Acute Rheumatism, 
indicate? 122. 
50. How long is the temperature high in Exanthematous dis- 
eases? 122. 
51. What produces the high temperature in Tetanus? 122. 
52. What does an increase of temperature above the normal in 
Jaundice, indicate? 122. 
53. What does a normal temperature in Kidney Disease, indi- 
cate? 122. 
54. What does an internal temperature and pulse Below Normal 
indicate? 123. 
55. How does Bile in blood act to lower the temperature and 
pulse-rate? 122. 
56. Give some local affections that cause an abnormal low pulse? 122 
57. What effect has intestinal haemorrhage on the pulse? 123. 
58. What degree of temperature of the body is considered as fever ? 123 
59. What disease is a person apparently well likely to have, when 
there is a sudden rise of temperature from 101° to 105° F.? 123 
60. What are the manifestations of temperature in typhoid fever? 123 
61. At what time in the 24 hours in the temperature normally high- 
est, at what time lowest? 123. 
62. What does a higher temperature in the forenoon than on the 
previous afternoon in typhoid fever, indicate? 123. 
63. What results from a persistent internal temperature of 107° F. 
or more? 123. 
64. What does a sudden rise of temperature to about 105° or 107° F., 
or a sudden fall below normal, indicate? 123. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
51 
65. What is the Most Direct and Simple Means of moderating 
high temperature of the body? 123. 
66. How much water is daily discharged from the body? 123. 
67. How much water is given off by the skin in 24 hours? 123. 
68. How much water is given off by the lungs in 24 hours? 123. 
69. How much heat is normally evaporated from the body in 24 
hours? 123. 
70. How is heat given off by the growing plant? 123. 
71. At what time is the production of heat in plants increased? 123 
CHAPTER XII. 
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
1. Give the structure of the Nervous System? 124. 
2. Of what is the Gray nervous substance composed? 124. 
3. State where the gray nervous substance is found? 124. 
4. What constitutes a Nervous Centre? 124. 
5. Of what is the White substance of the brain and spinal cord 
composed? 124. 
6. Where is the white nervous substance in the brain and spinal 
cord, found? 124. 
7. Name the Two Great Divisions of the nervous system? 124. 
8. Of what does the Cerebro-spinal System consist? 124. 
9. What is the function of the cerebro-spinal system? 124. 
10. To what parts of the body are the nerve-fibres of the cerebro- 
spinal system principally expended? 124. 
11. To what do the involuntary muscles and muscular fibres owe 
their contraction? 124. 
12. To what is the contraction of the bladder, stomach, and intes- 
tines, due? 124. 
13. What is understood by mixed muscles? 125. 
14. What is the Function of the nervous system? 125. 
15. By what is the relationship of function (sympathy) of the nerv- 
ous system, accomplished? 125. 
16. Give two illustrations of sympathy of one organ to another thru 
physical impressions? 125. 
17. Give three illustrations of sympathy of physiological actions on 
organs? 125. 
18. Give an illustration of sympathy thru mental excitement? 125. 
19. What is understood by the Encephalon? 125. 52 
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
20. Name the four divisions of the brain? 125. 
21. How are the brain centres and spinal cord connected? 125. 
22. Into how many parts does the longitudinal fissure divide the 
brain? 125. 
23. How are the principal brain centres connected? 125. 
24. How are the cerebral areas (centres) connected with the sympa- 
thetic ganglia? 125. 
23. Where is the Greatest Quantity of the Gray substance of 
the brain, found? 126. 
26. What fissures or grooves of the brain are similar in all human 
individuals? 126. 
27. Into how many lobes is each cerebral hemisphere divided? 126. 
28. Of what does the Corpus Callosum consist? 126. 
29. How are the Two Hemispheres of the brain connected? 126. 
30. Of what does the corpus callosum form the roof? 126. 
31. Where is the fifth ventricle? 126. 
32. Where is the third ventricle? 126. 
33. Where is the fourth ventricle? 126. 
34. What is the chemical Composition of the healthy adult brain? 
35. What chemical substance has been found deficient in Insane 
Brain? 127. 
36. What arteries supply the brain with blood? 127. 
37. What forms the Circle of Willis? 127. 
38. In the arrangement of the circle of Willis, its work and im- 
portance, can we not see that the wisdom of the Creator only, 
could design such a structure? 127. 
39. If the circulation of the brain be interfered with, tho, only for 
a moment, what is the result? 127. 
40. Where must the haemorrhage be in a case of coma from haemor- 
rhage of the brain? 127. 
41. Where must the haemorrhage happen in case of hemiplegia from 
haemorrhage of the brain? 127. 
42. What is the result on the body in galvanization of the dura 
mater on one side of the head? 127. 
43. What is the result on the body in galvanization of the cerebral 
convolutions on one side of the brain? 127. 
44. Why does galvanization on one side of the cerebral convolutions 
excite muscular action on the opposite side of the body? 127. 
45. Are the gray and white substances of the brain excitable under 
ordinary artificial stimulus? 127. 
46. Which is the largest of the four divisions of the brain? 127. 
47. What is the form of the upper surface of the cerebrum? 127. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
53 
48. What condition of the convolutions of the cerebrum bears on 
the intellectual power of the individual? 128. 
49. How are the cerebral convolutions of the lower animals distin- 
guished from those of man? 128. 
50. Of what does the exterior of the cerebrum consist? 128. 
51. Of what does the interior of the cerebrum consist? 128. 
52. Name the nervous centres belonging to the cerebrum? 128. 
53. Into how many lobes is each hemisphere of the cerebrum di- 
vided? 128. 
54. Where is the Olfactory Lobe situated? 128. 
55. Through what cells of nervous centers does the Intellect of 
man operate? 128. 
56. What nervous structure is required for an External Sensa- 
sation? 128. 
(We have now come in the text in Schmitz’s ‘‘Physiology,” page 
129, to the “Operations of the Intellect and Imagination.” 
In answer to a question by a student of the class of 1896, for more 
information on these subjects, the reader is referred to the end of 
this chapter, see page 55 of this book.) 
57. Is the cerebrum directly essential for the immediate continuation 
of life? 129. 
58. Why may life continue for a time, even if the cerebrum is seri- 
ously injured? 129. 
59. What is the result of a lesion of the cerebral convolutions affect- 
ing the gray substance, or an impairment of its functions? 129 
60. What is Reason? 129. 
61. What is Judgment? 129. 
62. Define Insanity? 129. 
63. Name the different forms of insanity? 129. 
64. Can a physical lesion of the brain always be detected in case of 
insanity? 129. 
65. Define the Soul? 129. 
66. Where are the Corpora Striata situated? 130. 
67. Why are the corpora striata so termed? 130. 
68. Of what do the corpora striata consist? 130. 
69. What forms the Nucleus Caudatus? 130. 
70. What forms the Neucleus Lenticularis? 130. 
71. Where is the Claustrum situated? 130. 
72. What kind of nerve-fibres proceed to the corpora striata? 130. 
73. What is the Function of the corpora striata? 130. 
74. What cerebral centre communicates with the voluntary muscles? 54 
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
75. If the corpora striata on one side of the brain be injured, what 
is the result? 130. 
76. What may be the result of the impairment of both corpora 
striata? 130. 
77. Where are the Optic Thalami situated? 130. 
78. Of what do the optic thalami consist? 130. 
79. What kind of nerve-fibres proceed to the optic thalami? 131. 
80. What is the function of the optic thalami? 131. 
81. What is the result if the optic thalamus of one hemisphere is 
destroyed? 131. 
82. What constitutes the Basal Ganglia? 131. 
83. Of what do the Corpora Quadrigemina consist? 131. 
84. Where are the corpora quadrigemina situated? 131. 
85. What is the structure of the corpora quadrigemina? 131. 
86. What is the function of the corpora quadrigemina? 131. 
87. What is the result if the function of the corpora quadrigemina 
of one hemisphere be impaired? 131. 
88. What is the result of simple irritation of the corpora quadri- 
gemina? 131. 
89. What effect has the impairment of the corpora quadrigemina 
on the body? 131. 
90. Where is the Pineal Gland situated? 131. 
91. What is the function of the pineal glands? 131. 
92. What is the structure of the Crura Cerebri? 131. 
93. What is the dark-gray matter in the crura cerebii termed? 131 
94. What nerve-fibres originate in the locus niger of the crura 
cerebri? 132. 
95. What is the posterior portion of the crura cerebri termed? 132 
96. Through what part of the crura cerebri do the Sensory fibres 
pass? 132. 
97. Through what part of the crura cerebri do the Motor fibres 
pass? 132. 
98. Give the path of the spinal sensory fibres to the cerebral con- 
volution? 132. 
99. Give the path of the motor fibres from the cerebral convolutions 
to the spinal cord? 132. 
100. Where is the Valve of Vieussens situated? 132. 
101. What nerve originates at the side of the valve of Vieussens? 132 
102. State the relation of position of the four divisions of the brain? 
103. Of what does the Pons Varolii consist? 132. 
104. What divides the pons Varolii into two halves? 132. 
105. What nerves contain fibres arising in the pons Varolii? 132. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
55 
106. Where is the Cerebellum situated? 132. 
107. What separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum? 132. 
108. What divides the cerebellum into two halves? 132. 
109. Of what does the cerebellum consist? 132. 
110. What is the difference of structure of the convolutions of the 
cerebellum, and those of the cerebrum?, 132. 
111. Where is the Corpus Dentatum situated? 133. 
112. How does the cerebellum communicate with the spinal cord ? 133 
113. State the origin of the nerve-fibres that enable us to maintain 
the head in proper position on the trunk of the body? 133. 
114. What is the function of the cerebellum? 133. 
115. What effect has a lesion of the gray substance of the cerebel- 
lum on the muscles and limbs of the body? 133. 
116. Is the cerebellum the centre governing sexualism? 133. 
117. What is often the cause of the constant agitation of the head, 
limbs, or of both? 133. 
118. What is understood by iEsthesis? 278. 
119. What is understood by Agglutition? 278. 
120. What is understood by Algesia? 278. 
121. Wrhat is Amentia? 279. 
122. What is Anabolism? 279. 
123. What is Analgesia? 280. 
124. What is Aphasia? 280. 
125. What is Aphonia? 280. 
126. What is understood by Callosus? 282. 
127. What is Dementia? 285. 
128. What is a Gyrus? 289. 
129. What is understood by Gyrus Fornicatus? 289. 
130. What is Hemianaesthesia? 289. 
131. What is Hemiplesia? 289. 
132. What is Hyperaesthesia? 290. 
133. What is Hyperplasia? 290. 
134. What is Inanition? 291. 
135. What is Kinetic Energy? 291. 
136. What is understood by Limbic Lobe? 292. 
137. What is Monomania? 294. 
138. What is understood by Nervous? 295. 
139. What is understood by Pathetic? 295. 
140. What is understood by Pituitary? 296. 
141. What does Psychical refer to? 297. 
142. What is Psychical Blindness? 297. 
143. What is understood by Sphacelus? 300. 56 
NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
INTELLECT AND IMAGINATION. 
GOD, AND SOUL. 
The following is the answer of the author to the question referred to 
above, on page 53, as delivered in a lecture to the students of the class of 1896, 
in regard to the “ Operations of the Intellect and Imagination.” 
Everything that may be performed, made, or done by man, must, first of 
all, have made an impression on either one or more of the external five senses. 
A man deprived of all of these senses, can accomplish nothing, he is, to all 
intents and purposes, dead. 
In regard to immaterial things, the soul (mind), while in our body, can 
accomplish nothing without first imagining the subject in a material form,. 
Illustrated : Can anyone think of an angel (the thought of which is surely 
an act of the intellect only), without imagining that the angel is in the form 
for example, of a child or human being with wings? Yet, the angel is an im- 
material being, and consequently, has no body or wings. Again, can anyone 
think of God, without imagining Him for example in the shape of a great 
powerful man or under some other corporeal form? Yet, He has no body; 
but is an inspiritly intelligent, Spiritual Being, as every one endowed with 
reason must admit for all that we see about us teaches and proclaims that 
nature is governed by exact and precise laws, from which the only logical con- 
clusion is the existence of an All-wise Law'-giver and Governor distinct and 
above matter. Let us notice again in this connection, that the operations of 
the intellect cannot act, “unless the operation of the imagination, which, 
depends primarily on the external senses, precedes and accompanies it.” Im- 
agination is an issue-product between the spiritual soul and the animal mate- 
rial body. 
Now, I have mentioned a God, and a soul. Some of you may possibly sqy: 
What have we to do with such remarks in a physiological medical lecture? Let 
me tell you, sincerely, that we cannot dispense with them, if w7e want to be 
honest and truthful to you. Every one of you certainly wishes to be a scien- 
tifically trained physician, and to know’ all about the laws governing both 
mind and body and their dependence on the First Primary Cause. Who has 
ever explained thought and reason truthfully and fully by studying simply 
the material world about him and resting in the mere material? Every man 
has a longing, more or less intense, to probe things to their ultimate causes ; 
and man by denying God and the soul, has nothing to build on. Can such a 
man find and state the truth? No, he is like one tossed about on the wide 
ocean, in a boat without a rudder, seeking the harbor he shall never attain. 
Every scientific subject demands sufficient truthful explanation, if any. 
Again, as scientific men, we are not even satisfied to know merely the 
material and spiritual part of man, but, as a historical fact, we wrant to know7 
the origin of man also. For that reason, while I am at it, I will use the rest 
of the time allotted to our lecture to-day on this subject. 
Through what organs or parts, the vital principle (soul, mind) stimulates 
in causing the various actions of the body, has previously in different lectures 
been illustrated to you on the black-board, and, as far as I know, to your com- 
prehension and entire satisfaction. So we need not dwell any more on that 
part. 
The materialist denies spiritual existence; but, I would ask him to explain 
on material grounds, how7 the thought of a dead animal on the street, can NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
57 
make a person’s (material) stomach throw up its contents? He cannot ex- 
plain. I would ask him to explain how in the material bcdy, or out of 
material food, reason and judgment come into existence? He cannot ex- 
plain. Ask him to explain on material grounds, how the sensations of sor- 
row and happiness come into existence? He cannot explain those either. Now, 
if I had taught you physiology (the laws of life) on material grounds only, 
would it not have been a parody on science, and a proof of consummate ignor- 
ance and falsehood? 
We have all read, or heard it stated that: '‘The fool has said in his heart 
there is no God.” Now, pure scientific inquiry into the laws of nature, and 
human physiology, would furnish a proof, if such a proof were wanting of 
the truth of this statement, and men who deny it are like beggars with sound 
eyes who carry written on their foreheads: ‘I am blind.” By observation 
on the scientific absolute materialist, we find also, that his purpose is never 
wanting, be that egotism, money-making, or public notoriety. The material- 
ist is ever superficial, and a perverter of science; don’t forget that. True 
science teaches and elevates, nonsense lowers to the animal. The true scien- 
tist is always a God-loving man. 
Sound reason leads to the conclusion that, what does not exist cannot pro- 
duce activity or bring forth itself, and, as the world has all the marks of a con- 
tingent being, it must have been created. We know positively that no created 
action is possible without a cause, and consequently we are forced in the ul- 
timate analysis and come to the existence of a God. Again, in regard to the 
laws of nature, we comprehend that, no law can possibly be thought of without 
a law-maker who existed before the law. God was, is, and always will be ac- 
tive in His Creation, and, were He to withdraw His concurrence for an in- 
stant, the whole material world would cease to be and fall back into its 
pristine nothingness. 
Of all the spurious materialistic explanations of the origin of the world, 
that have occasionally been brought forth, not one has stood the test. We are 
bound, therefore, to fall back and adhere to the one true explanation set forth 
by Moses in the first chapter of Genesis: This God-inspired writer was the 
first who wrote of God’s creation and there most wonderfully does he describe 
the difference of the creation of man, and that of the animals and plants. 
The kind attention and great interest you seem to take in these remarks, 
encourages me to proceed.—After the creation of heaven and earth, of the sun, 
stars, the planets, of light and darkness, God said: ‘‘Allis well.” Then He 
created the plants of the earth, and they lived; then the animals, and the 
fishes of the waters, andsaid: “Increase and multiply.” Here, let us remark 
that, the creation of the body and vital principle of the plants, fishes, and 
animals, in each case, was One Act only. This goes to show that their bodies 
and souls are inseparable and dependent, and that when the body of the 
plant, fish, and animal dies, its vital part (soul) also ceases to be. 
Now. notice the difference; then He formed the body of man from the 
earth, and breathed into him the breath of life. In man, therefore, God formed 
the material part first, and afterward imparted to him by a special creative act 
the principle of a living soul. The creation of the body and soul consequent- 
ly, of man, required Two Acts. While he lives, that body and soul makes up 
one composite being, but after death, the soul, because independent of the body, 
can still live and does and will live forever in accordance with the yearn- 
ing for immortality which the Author of Life has implanted in the soul. 
The act and manner of creation of the soul of man, teaches us also, that the 
spirit is a simple thing which needs no further development, and can exist 
in a body or without one after death. The soul of the plant, the soul of the 
animal, and the soul of man, are three entirely different things, and bear to 58 
NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
one another this only relation, that they have all been produced by One Al- 
mighty, Creator. 
We can see the wisdom and greatness of the Creator everywhere, yet 
we do not need to go outside of our own body to prove the existence of 
God, and the presence of an immaterial soul. This I will explain to you now on 
the black-board. In anatomical and physiological investigations, we have found 
that the Material Human Body consists of, and depends on, Systems and 
Apparatus, (see next page). We found that the two latter consist of, and 
depend on. Organs; these on Cells; these on Nuclei; these on Nucleoli; 
these on Molecules; these on Atoms. Now, no chemist or scientist has ever 
penetrated further than the Atom. We find that of all these material struct- 
ures, one tiling depends on another, except the Atom. The question then 
arises, Is the Atom Independent? The answer to this will follow hereafter; 
for the present we simply make a question-mark—?—below the Atom. 
Since with few exceptions, as you all know the fruit is carried on the 
top of the tree or plant, so we will delineate and describe the fruit or qualities 
of the human body, as over or above the body. We write then above the body, 
that it manifests Vitality (see the next page), which is essential for Senses, 
through which are effected Impressions, that lead to Reason, resulting in 
Conclusion (Judgment)', which requires a Mind or Soul. Here again, you 
notice that we have come to the end and we place the interrogation mark—?— 
as before. The question here is indeed similar: Is the Soul an Independent 
Finality. 
We have considered the Human Body, as the Greeks say from “Alpha 
to Omega,” and, in conclusion, I am sure that all right-minded men will ad- 
mit with me, reasoning from the very contingency which everything about us 
bears, that the Atom and the Soul depend on a necessary, immutable, self- 
existing Being, we call God. ? 
SOUL 
on 
MIND 
. 
REQUIRES A 
(JUDGMENT) 
CONCLUSION 
RESULTS IN 
REASON 
LEAD TO 
IMPRESSIONS 
EFFECT 
SENSES 
ESSENTIAL FOR 
VITALITY 
MANIFESTS 
HUMAN BODY 
\ CONSISTS OF AND DEPENDS ON 
SYSTEMS AND APPARATUS 
THESE ON 
ORGANS 
THESE ON 
CELLS 
THESE ON 
NUCLEI 
THESE ON 
NUCLEOLI 
THESE ON 
MOLECULES 
THESE ON 
ATOMS 
TH ESC ON 
O 
▼ CHAPTER XIII. 
THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA. 
1. Where is the Medulla Oblongata situated? 134. 
2. By what is the medulla oblongata subdivided? 134. 
3. Name the four columns of the medulla oblongata? 134. 
4. Of what is the anterior pyramid of the medulla oblongata a con- 
tinuation? 134. 
5. Of what is the lateral tract of the medulla oblongata a continu- 
ation? 134. 
6. Of what is the restiform body of the medulla oblongata a con- 
tinuation? 134. 
7. Of what is the posterior pyramid of the medulla oblongata a 
continuation? 134. 
8. Where is the Olivary Body situated? 134. 
9. What nerves carry fibres arising at the olivary body? 134. 
10. By what is the Fourth Ventricle formed? 134. 
11. What forms the floor and roof of the fourth ventricle? 134. 
12. With what does the fourth ventricle communicate upward? 134. 
13. At what part of the medulla oblongata do the cerebro-spinal 
nerve-fibres decusate? 134. 
14. What portion of the brain is the Most Important for the im- 
mediate continuation of life? 135. 
15. Where are the Reflex Centres situated presiding over Res- 
piration and Circulation? 135. 
16. How many Cranial Nerves contain fibres originating in the 
medulla oblongata? 135. 
17. What cranial nerves contain no fibres from the medulla oblon- 
gata? 135. 
18. Over what functions do the reflex centres of the medulla oblon- 
gata preside? 135. 
19. Name the external sense organs that are connected with some 
nerve-fibres with the medulla oblongata? 135. 
20. Where is the Vaso-motor reflex centre situated? 135. 
21. Where is the reflex centre for co-ordinate movements of the pal- 
ate, pharynx, and oesophagus, for Deglutition and Swal- 
lowing? 135. THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA. 
61 
22. Where is the reflex centre for co-ordinate movements concerned 
in Speech? 135. 
23. Where is the Salivary Excitor reflex centre? 135. 
24. Where is the Cardio-inhibitory reflex centre? 135. 
25. Why does irritation of the medulla oblongata cause glycosuria 
or Diabetes Mellitus? 136. 
26. What does the blood supply to the medulla oblongata? 136. 
27. Why does a High Temperature cause acceleration of the 
heart and lungs? 136. 
28. When do the Vaso-motor and Respiratory reflex centres, 
respectively, commence to be stimulated? 136. 
29. At what spot of the medulla oblongata is the Respiratory 
Reflex Centre situated? 136. 
30. Of what does the Vital Point consist? 136. 
31. Whence is the stimulation for the respiratory reflex centre de- 
rived? 136. 
32. What influence has Inhaled Oxygen on respiration? 136. 
33. What is the result if the lungs are over-saturated with carbonic 
acid, or with oxygen? 136. 
34. What does respiratory irregularity in disease, indicate? 136. 
35. On what does Respiratory Irregularity, depend? 136. 
36. Does suspension of Volition, Sensation, and Intellectual 
Power, necessarily prove fatal? 136. 
37. Does cerebral Apoplexy from haemorrhage necessarily prove 
fatal? 136. 
38. At what part of the brain does haemorrhage produce immediate 
Death? 136. 
39. Where is the reflex centre for Deglutition? 137. 
40. At what part of the mouth and throat is swallowing voluntary, 
and at what part involuntary? 137. 
41. When the swallowing of Food or Drink, during disease pro- 
duces choking, though the throat is clear, what does that in- 
dicate? 137. 
42. What brain centres require to co-operate in the exercise of the 
Voice or exhibition of Emotion? 137. 
43. Where does the Hypoglossal Nerve originate? 137. 
44. Where is the reflex centre for the mechanism in the larynx in 
the production of sound, situated? 137. 
45. What nerve carries the motor impulses to the muscles of the 
Tongue and regulation of the Rima Glottis? 137. 
46. Where is the seat of lesion in difficult articulation, Paralysis 
of the Speech muscles, or of Ataxic Aphasia? 137. CHAPTER XIV. 
NERVOUS CENTRES AND REFLEX ACTION. 
1. What is a collection of gray matter of the nervous system 
termed? 138. 
2. Of what is a Nervous Centre composed? 138. 
3. Does a mass of gray nervous matter contain only one nervous 
centre? 138. 
4. What is the function of nervous centres? 138. 
5. Of what do the nervous centre Cells consist? 138. 
6. What is the size of nervous centre cells? 138. 
7. Where are the largest nervous centre cells found? 138. 
8. Where are the smallest nervous centre cells found? 138. 
9. Where are the middle-sized nervous centre cells found? 138. 
10. How are the nerve-fibrillse connected with cerebro-spinal nerv- 
ous centre cells? 138. 
11. Have all nervous centre cells an equal number of Processes? 138 
12. What portion of the nerve-fibre is in communication with the 
nucleolus of the nervous centre cell? 138. 
13. Name the four classes of Peripheral Termination Cells? 138 
14. What is understood by axis cylinder process? 138. 
15. In how many Classes of Functions are the different nervous 
centres concerned? 139. 
16. How many classes of nervous centre functions are involved in 
the External Senses? 139. 
17. How many classes of nervous centre functions are involved in 
the Internal Senses? 139. 
18. What are the Five external senses? 139. 
19. What are the Four internal senses? 139. 
20. What causes the nervous centre cells to act? 139. 
21. When the nervous centre cells have received an impulse, what 
then is their action? 139. 
22. Give an illustration of nervous centre cells that are constantly 
active? 139. 
23. Why do convulsive actions of the body occur easier during sleep, 
than when awake? 139. 
24. How can Convulsions of Children often be prevented? 139. 
25. How are the reflex excitabilities increased? 139. 
26. How can reflex excitabilities be diminished? 139. NERVOUS CENTRES AND REFLEX ACTION. 
63 
27. In what organs do the Reflexes take place? 139. 
28. What is understood by Reflex Action? 139. 
29. Is the energy of a stimulus Transformed in a sense-organ, or 
how is the organ stimulated? 139. 
30. What is Sensation? 139. 
31. Physiologically, what is Property? 139. 
32. Physiologically, what is Irritability? 140. 
33. Physiologically, what is Excitability ? 140. 
34. How many varieties of stimulation can excite living matter? 140 
35. Name the Five Varieties of stimulation which excite living 
matter? 140. 
36. How does heat or cold act in regard to the excitability of living 
matter? 140. 
37. When a nerve or muscle is at absolute rest for a long time, what 
is the result? 140. 
38. What is understood by Co-ordination of reflex action? 140. 
39. How many agents are required for a Voluntary, or Involun- 
tary external activity? 140. 
40. Name Seven Agents required for a reflex act? 140. 
41. By what are the nervous centres in communication with each 
other? 140. 
42. Of what is the medullary or White Nervous Substance of 
the brain and spinal cord, composed? 140. 
43. In how many ways can co-ordinate movements and reflex acts 
of the body be produced? 140. 
44. Name the three ways by which co-ordinate movements and re- 
flex acts may be effected in the body? 140. 
45. To what are the normal activities of organs and performance of 
functions due? 141. 
46. Give an illustration of how activities of organs and performance 
of functions are produced by reflex action? 141. 
47. To what is the disturbance of equilibrium of other organs due, 
when one organ of the body is disturbed? 141. 
48. Give an illustration of disturbance of equilibrium caused by one 
organ on another? 141. 
49. Why does not the entire system generally suffer severely, when 
the action of one organ is abnormally increased? 141. 
50. What action may the will exercise over certain reflexes? 141. 
51. Give an illustration of external reflexes on organs in response 
to stimulation of the skin? 142. 
52. What is understood by Pupil Reflex from irritation of the 
skin? 142. CHAPTER XV. 
NERVE FIBRES AND THEIR TERMINALS. 
1. What is a Nerve-fibre? 143. 
2. Of what is a nerve-fibre composed? 143. 
3. What is the structure and function of the nerve-fibre Sheath? 
4. What is the medullary layer of nerve-fibres termed? 143. 
5. Of what is the White Substance of Schwann composed? 143 
6. What is the physiological property of the white substance of 
Schwann? 143. 
7. What is the structure of the Axis Cylinder? 143. 
8. Where is the axis cylinder situated? 143. 
9. What is the physiological property of the axis cylinder? 143. 
10. What is the average diameter of nerve-fibres? 143. 
11. Where are the smallest nerve-fibres found? 143. 
12. Where are the largest nerve-fibres fo.und? 143. 
13. In structure how do nerve-fibres differ? 143. 
14. Are nerve-fibres medullated throughout their entire length? 143 
15. What is understood by Neurilemma? 143. 
16. What is the origin of the neurilemma? 143. 
17. What is a Nerve? 143. 
18. Do nerve-fibres within the nerve inosculate? 143. 
19. Where do the sensory nerve-fibres terminate, considering the 
stimulation carried? 144. 
20. Where do the mctor nerve-fibres terminate, considering impulses 
carried? 144. 
21. Is the neurilemma endowed with sensitiveness? 144. 
22. Of what does the white marrow-like substance of the brain and 
spinal cord, consist? 144. 
23. What change takes place in nerve-fibres before entering at the 
periphery? 144. 
24. How are the nerve-fibres arranged in the skin? 144. 
25. How are the nerve-fibres subdivided in the peripheral plexus? 144 
26. What is the sensory nerve-fibres’ peripheral termination? 144. 
27. What is the motor nerve-fibres’ peripheral termination? 144. 
28. Where are the Tactile Corpuscles situated? 145. 
29. Where are the tactile corpuscles most numerous? 145. 
30. What is the function of tactile corpuscles? 145. 
31. Of what do tactile corpuscles consist? 145. NERVE-FIBRES AND THEIR TERMINALS. 
65 
■32. What becomes of the sheath and medullary layers of nerve-fibres 
on entering the tactile corpuscle? 145. 
33. What part of the nerve-fibre enters the tactile corpuscle? 145. 
34. On what does the high degree of sensibility of tactile corpuscles 
depend? 145. 
35. Is there only one degree of quality in the Sense of Touch? 145 
36. Mention some qualities of the sense of touch? 145. 
37. To what class of sensation does Pain pertain? 145. 
38. What effect have Narcotics on sensation? 145. 
39. In analgesia, which sense is affected, and which not? 146. 
40. Of what does a Pacinian Body consist? 146. 
41. Where are the Pacinian bodies found? 146. 
42. How is a Pacinian body connected with a nerve-fibre? 146. 
43. What becomes of the sheath and medullary layer of the nerve- 
fibre on entering the Pacinian body? 146. 
44. What part of the nerve-fibre enters the Pacinian body? 146. 
45. What is the function of Pacinian bodies? 146. 
46. Is the size, structure, and function of Pacinian bodies in all or- 
gans, alike? 146. 
47. After the Taliacotian Operation, why is the seat of sensation 
changed? 146. 
48. Which is the Most Important and necessary external Sen- 
sation of the vital economy? 146. 
49. Give some illustrations why the sense of touch is the most im- 
portant in the vital economy? 146. 
50. Of what does a Terminal Bulb consist? 147. 
51. Where are the terminal bulbs found? 147. 
52. How does a nerve-fibre enter a terminal bulb? 147. 
53. On what does the Sense of Taste depend? 147. 
54. Give the three important factors in nervous operations? 147. 
55. Where is the determinant point of an external sensation? 147. 
56. Where are the Terminal Plates found? 147. 
57. How do nerve-fibres penetrate the muscular fibres? 147. 
58. What becomes of the sheath of the nerve-fibre when penetrating 
the muscular fibre? 148. 
59. What is a Terminal Plate? 148. 
60. What is the function of nerve-fibres? 148. 
61. Why is the physiological attractive power of stimuli compared 
with a magnetic bar? 148. 
62. What is physiological Irritability of a nerve? 148. 
63. Do other tissues (not nerves) possess irritability? 148. 
64. Give some illustrations of the irritability of tissues? 148. 66 
NERVE-FIBRES AND THEIR TERMINALS. 
65. What takes place within the nerve-fibre when an impulse passes 
through? 148. 
66. What is the effect on the nerve-fibre when an impulse is strong 
or very prolonged? 148. 
67. How can Lost Nervous, or Muscular Irritability, from 
over-excitation, be restored? 148. 
68. How does cold, compression, or contusion affect the irritability 
and transmission of impulses? 148. 
69. What nerve-fibres transmit impulses inward to nervous centres? 
70. What nerve-fibres transmit impulses from nervous centres to 
peripheral organs? 148. 
71. Of what nerve-fibres are the nerves generally composed? 148. 
72. What is the difference of structure between Sensory and Mo- 
tor nerve fibres? 148. 
73. Where do the nerve-fibres branch off from the nerve? 148. 
74. Give an illustration showing that the irritability of muscular, 
and motor nerve fibres are distinct? 148. 
75. What irritability is destroyed by Woorara? 148. 
76. How many Kinds of Paralysis are there? 149. 
77. Are nerve-currents from stimulation instantaneous? 149. 
78. How many stages are in sensation? 149. 
79. Name the three stages in Sensation? 149. 
80. What is the speed of transmission of Motor nerve-fibres? 149. 
81. What is the speed of transmission in Sensory nerve-fibres? 149 
82. Are all transmissions of impulses through the spinal cord of the 
same speed? 149. 
83. What is the speed of Tactile impressions through the cord? 149. 
84. What is the speed of Painful impressions through the spinal 
cord? 149. 
85. What is the speed of motor impulses through the spinal cord? 149 
86. What results in regard to transmission if a nerve is divided? 149 
87. What is the result in regard to transmission if the axis cylinder 
of a nerve-fibre is separated, though the sheath and white 
substance of Schwann remain intact? 149. 
88. If a nerve-fibre is cut through, can it unite again? 149. 
89. If a nerve containing hundreds of Sensory and Motor fibres, 
is divided, can each one of the fibres again unite as before? 149. 
(Here, in this law of life, we have another proof of the great wisdom of the 
Creator, for if. in the process of healing, the sensory fibres would unite with 
motor fibres, confusion of function of the part affected would be the result. 
The proper union again of the sensory with sensory, and motor witli motor 
nerve-fibres within the entire nerve, seems to contradict the theory of Waller, 
— Vide Law of Waller, in Schmitz’s “Physiology,” page 153.) THE SPINAL COLUMN. 
67 
90. What Time is required for a divided large nerve to unite again? 
91. What is the result on the parts supplied if small nerve branches 
are divided? 149. 
92. What kinds of action on the system can be produced by Elec- 
tric Galvanic Currents? 149. 
93. How is a Direct electric current on nerve-fibres produced? 149. 
94. How is an Inverse electric current on nerve-fibres produced? 
95. What electric current produces muscular contraction of both, 
from commencement to termination of the muscle? 149. 
96. When a nerve is exhausted by a direct electric current, how can 
it be made to respond again? 150. 
97. How can a nerve be excited Most Severely by electric cur- 
rents? 150. 
98. What apparatus produces the alternate exciting direct and in- 
verse currents? 150. 
CHAPTER XYI. 
THE SPINAL COLUMN. 
1. Of what does the Spinal Column consist? 151. 
2. Name the vertebral divisions of the spinal column? 151. 
3. Why are the vertebrae of the first three divisions called true ver- 
tebras? 151. 
4. What is understood by false spinal vertebrae? 151. 
5. By what are the true spinal vertebrae joined? 151. 
6. For what purpose are the vertebrae provided with discs of fibro- 
cartilage? 151. 
7. For what purpose is the spinal column provided with a cervical, 
dorsal, lumbar, and pelvic, curve? 151. 
8. For what purpose are the dorsal and pelvic curves of the spine 
backward? 151. 
9. For what purpose are the cervical, lumbar, and coccyx parts of 
the spine curved forward. 152. 
THE SPINAL CORD. 
10. What is the Spinal Cord? 152. 
11. Of what does the spinal cord consist? 152. 
12. Where does the central canal of the spinal cord commence, and 
where does it end? 152. 
13. Of what does the gray substance of the spinal cord consist? 152. 
14. Of what does the white substance of the spinal cord consist? 152. 68 
THE SPINAL CORD. 
15. Into how many fibrous tracts is each half of the spinal cord di- 
vided? 152. 
16. Why does the spinal cord diminish in diameter toward its lower 
end? 152. 
17. Why do the two halves of the spinal cord act as one organ? 152. 
18. From what cells do the anterior nerve-roots of the spinal cord 
issue? 152. 
19. What impulses do nerve-fibres issuing from the anterior spinal 
horns, carry? 152. 
20. What nerve-fibres are connected with the posterior horns of gray 
matter of the spinal cord? 152. 
21. What impulses do nerve-fibres entering the posterior spinal 
horns, carry? 152. 
22. What shape or form have the cells of the anterior spinal horns? 
23. What is the shape and size of cells of the posterior spinal horns? 
24. How are the spinal cord and sympathetic system connected? 152 
25. Thru what foramina do the spinal nerve-fibres issue from the 
cord? 152. 
26. How many nerves are formed by nerve-fibres issuing from the 
spinal cord? 153. 
27. How many nerves from the cervical portion of spinal cord? 153. 
28. How many nerves from the dorsal portion of spinal cord? 153. 
29. How many nerves from the lumbar portion of spinal cord? 153. 
30. How many nerves from the sacral portion of spinal cord? 153. 
31. How many nerves issue from the coccyx of the spinal cord? 153. 
32. How many roots has each spinal nerve? 153. 
33. Which nerve-fibres of the spinal cord are motor, and which sen- 
sory? 153. 
34. What nerve-fibres pass thru the sympathetic ganglion before en- 
tering the spinal cord? 153. 
35. Of what cells do the spinal sympathetic ganglia consist? 153. 
36. In what direction is the nutritional activity of nerve-fibres? 153. 
37. Which ends of the fibres degenerate in section of a posterior 
nerve-root between the cord and sympathetic spinal ganglion? 
38. Which ends of the fibres degenerate in section of an anterior 
spinal nerve-root? 153. 
39. To what extent does the fibre degenerate in section of a motor 
nerve-fibre near the spinal cord? 153. 
40. Where do the motor nerve-fibres of the brain hemispheres Dec- 
usate before entering the spinal cord? 154. 
41. What do motor nerve-fibres of the brain enter within the spinal 
cord, before leaving it? 154. THE SPINAL CORD. 
69 
42. Do all brain motor nerve-fibres decusate before entering the 
spinal cord? 154. 
43. Brain motor nerve-fibres that do not decusate before entering the 
spinal cord, where do they pass to? 154. 
44. What is the Route of an impulse through a sensory nerve-fibre 
from a peripheral organ to the brain? 154. 
45. Do the cerebro-spinal sensory nerve-fibres decusate similar to 
the motor? 154. 
46. Where are the spinal nerves formed? 154. 
47. What classes of nerve-fibres are contained in spinal nerves? 154. 
48. What is the exclusive organ through which all communications 
to and from the brain, body, and limbs, have to pass? 154. 
49. Do any nerve-fibres originate in the spinal cord? 154. 
50. What muscles and muscular-fibres are supplied by nerve-fibres 
that originate in the spinal cord? 154. 
51. From what are nerve-fibres derived that supply the small intes- 
tine, caecum, and colon? 154. 
52. From what are the nerve-fibres derived that supply the rectum, 
its mucous membrane and sphincter muscles? 154. 
53. By what are the retention and discharge of Feces effected and 
regulated? 154. 
54. What muscles keep the anus closed? 154. 
55. By what muscle is the rectum opened? 154. 
56. Does an external stimulus to the sphincter ani close or open the 
anus? 154. 
57. Is the habitual closure of the anus voluntary, or involuntary ? 154 
58. What is the stimulus for the evacuation of the feces? 154. 
59. Where is the lesion when the feces pass off without the knowl- 
edge of the patient? 155. 
60. What arteries supply blood to the spinal cord? 155. 
61. At what parts is the spinal cord enlarged in diameter? 155. 
62. What parts of the body do nerves issuing from the spinal Cer- 
vical enlargement, supply? 155. 
63. What parts of the body do nerves issuing from the spinal Dor- 
sal enlargement, supply? 155. 
64. What parts of the body do nerves issuing from the Lumbar 
enlargement, supply? 155. 
65. Does the spinal cord contain nervous centres independent of the 
brain in their reflex functions? 155. 
66. How many spinal reflex centres are independent of the brain? 155 
67. Name the four spinal reflex centres independent of the brain? 155 
68. Where is the Cilio-spinal reflex centre situated? 155. 70 
THE SPINAL CORD. 
69. Where is the Genito-spinal reflex centre? 155. 
70. Where is the reflex centre for Parturition pains? 155. 
71. Where are the Ano-spinal and Vesico-spinal centres? 155. 
72. Suppose the ano-spinal and vesico-spinal centres lose their re- 
flex functions, what is the result? 155. 
73. What respiratory muscles are affected in section of the spinal 
cord between the seventh and twelfth dorsal vertebrae? 155. 
74. What respiratory muscles are effected, in section of the spinal 
cord between the first and ninth dorsal vertebrae? 155. 
75. What respiratory nerve and muscles are affected in section of 
the spinal cord between fifth and seventh cervical vertebrae? 
76. What respiratory nerve and muscle are affected, in section of the 
spinal cord between third and fourth cervical vertebrae? 155. 
77. What are the Three-fold principal functions of the spinal cord 
as a whole? 156. 
78. What spinal cord reflex cannot be inhibited by the will? 156. 
79. Of what use is the urinary bladder? 156. 
80. How is the bladder provided so as to retain the urine from time 
to time? 156. 
81. What is the source of nerve-fibres to the urinary bladder? 156. 
82. From what source are the nerve-fibres that supply the upper 
part of the neck of the urinary bladder? 156. 
83. From what source are the nerve-fibres that supply the lower 
part of the neck of the urinary bladder? 156. 
84. Is the contraction and relaxation of the sphincter vesicae volun- 
tary, or involuntary? 156. 
85. What muscle and muscular-fibres act during micturation? 156. 
86. What is the nervous operation when the will influences urina- 
tion? 156. 
87. What is the result on the urinary bladder in lesion of the hypo- 
gastric plexus? 156. 
88. What is the result on the urinary bladder in lesion of the sacral 
plexus? 156. 
89. Thru what nerves do the principal spinal reflex impulses pass 
for the contraction of the urinary bladder? 156. 
90. What effect on the bladder and urination has inflammation of 
the bladder, or increased acidity of the urine? 156. 
91. What effect on urination has paralysis of the bladder? 156. 
92. Normally, of What Kind are all the reflex actions of the 
spinal cord? 157. 
93. Give some acts of organs, caused by reflex action of the spinal 
cord, over which the will has little or no control? 157. THE SPINAL CORD. 
71 
94. Where does the decusation of the cerebro-spinal motor and sen- 
sory nerve-fibres take place? 157. 
95. What side of the body is affected in a lesion of the lateral half 
of the brain above the medulla oblongata? 157. 
96. What side of the body is affected in a lesion of the lateral half 
of the spinal cord? 157. 
97. What is Hemiplegia? 157. 
98. What is Paraplegia? 157. 
99. What parts of the body are affected, and how, in a lesion of the 
middle entire spinal cord transversely? 157. 
100. How can we determine the Seat of Lesion in any part of the 
spinal cord? 157. 
101. What parts of the body and limbs are affected in a lesion of the 
lumbar portion of the spinal cord? 157. 
102. What parts of the body and limbs are affected in a lesion of the 
dorsal portion of the spinal cord? 157. 
103. What parts of the body and limbs are affected in a lesion of the 
middle cervical portion of the spinal cord? 157. 
104. What is the effect on the body in lesion just above the middle 
cervical portion of the spinal cord? 157. 
105. Where does the Phrenic Nerve arise? 157. 
106. What does the phrenic nerve supply? 157. 
107. What is the physiological effect of Strychnine? 157. 
108. How may a wound on the periphery or limbs produce Tetanic 
spasms? 157. 
109. Has the will any power over spasms of Hydrophobia, or 
Tetanus? 157. 
110. Whatpartsof nervous system are involved in hydrophobia? 158 
111. How is hydrophobia produced? 158. 
112. What stimulus is most effective in bringing on convulsions, 
when hydrophobia is once established? 158. 
113. What external senses are liable to bring on spasms in hydro- 
phobia? 158. 
114. What is Tetanus? 158. 
115. What external sense is liable to bring on spasms of tetanus ? 158 
116. What medicine produces irritation resembling tetanus? 158. 
117. What lesions can cause tetanus? 158. 
118. Would amputating the injured limb prevent tetanic spasms 
at any stage of the disease? 158. 
119. What is Epilepsy? 158. 
120. What may be the cause of epilepsy? 158. 72 
THE SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM. 
121. How may death result from epileptic convulsions? 158. 
122. What is Hysteria? 158. 
123. What diagnostic feature exists between epilepsy and hysteria? 
124. What is Meningitis? 158. 
125. Where is the inflammation in spinal meningitis accompanied 
with great pain? 159. 
126. Where is the inflammation in convulsions from spinal menin- 
gitis, but without pain? 159. 
CHAPTER XVII. 
THE SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM. 
1. Of what does the Sympathetic nervous system consist? 160. 
2. Is the sympathetic nervous system independent of the cerebro- 
spinal system? 160. 
3. How are the sympathetic and cerebro-spinal nervous systems, 
connected? 160. 
4. How are the sympathetic Ganglia arranged on the sides of the 
spinal column? 160. 
5. How are the sympathetic ganglia arranged in the body? 160. 
6. What is a nervous Ganglion? 160. 
7. What kinds of cells do the ganglia contain? 160. 
8. Do all sympathetic nerve-fibres contain a medullary layer? 160. 
9. Of what source are the Medullated nerve-fibres of the sympa- 
thetic ganglia, and what do they supply? 160. 
10. Of what source are the Non-medullated nerve-fibres of the 
sympathetic ganglia, and what do they supply? 160. 
11. By what is the sympathy between the organs of the body, es- 
tablished? 160. 
12. In what manner do nerve-fibres supply the blood and lymphatic 
vessels? 160. 
13. What ganglia act as Protectors for the nervous centres, so as 
to prevent over-irritation? 160. 
14. Thru what ganglion of the cerebrum do the sensory fibres of the 
spinal cord pass to the cerebral convolutions? 160. 
15. To what parts of the body is the sympathetic system most large- 
ly distributed? 161. 
16. About how many Nervous Plexus are in the body? 161. 
17. Name twelve nervous plexus of the body? 161. THE SENSES. 
73 
18. What is the difference between a nervous Ganglion and a nerv- 
ous Plexus? 162. 
19. What is understood by Ganglion-Plexus? 162. 
20. What are the Nervous Actions affecting peristalsis of the 
oesophagus, stomach, and intestines? 162. 
21. Where are the reflex centres for the peristaltic action of the 
oesophagus, stomach, and intestines? 162. 
22. Where are the vaso-motor centres Situated for the dilatation 
and contraction of the vascular system? 162. 
23. Give the Route of the vaso-dilator and contractor impulses 
from the medulla oblongata to abdominal organs? 162. 
24. Are the cerebro-spinal and sympathetic nerve-fibres of the same 
diameter? 162. 
25. Over what functions does the cerebro-spinal nervous system 
principally preside? 162. 
26. Over what functions does the sympathetic nervous system prin- 
cipally preside? 162. 
27. What organs are principally supplied by nerve-fibres of the 
sympathetic system? 162. 
28. What are the functions of the sympathetic nervous centres, or 
ganglia? 162. 
29. Which of the Two Great Divisions of the nervous system 
requires the most continued stimulation, and is the least 
rapid in its actions? 162. 
CHAPTER XVIII. 
THE SENSES. 
The study of Sensation is a difficult matter, inasmuch, as it in- 
volves a knowledge:— 
1. Of Physics (natural philosophy ), the science of the accidental 
changes of matter; extending, therefore, to gravitation, heat, light, 
sound, magnetism, electricity, cohesion, etc. 
2. Of Chemistry, the science of substantial changes. 
3. Physiology, the science of the laws of life and functions of 
living organisms. 
4. Of Psychology (a branch of Metaphysics), the science of the 
powers and functions of the human soul. 
From time immemorial till now, great efforts have been made by 
physiologists to enumerate and classify sensations as simple material 
functions, but all have failed; for instance, the sensations of seeing, 74 
THE SENSES. 
hearing, smelling, tasting, touching, of hunger, thirst, orgasm, faint- 
ness, discomfort, fatigue, burning, pain, want, appreciation of quan- 
tity or quality, roughness or smoothness, restlessness, satisfaction, 
comfort or discomfort, the pleasant or unpleasant sensation of a 
kind or unkind word, happiness or unhappiness, and many others. 
In studying the chapter on “The Senses” (see Schmitz’s “Physi- 
ology”) it will be noticed that sensations are classified under nine 
heads; jive for the external senses, sight, hearing, smell, taste, and 
touch; and four for the internal senses, such as common sense, im- 
agination, estimative faculty or instinct, and sensitive memory. 
Intentionally, no questions have been prepared on the chapter of 
“The Senses,” because it should be studied and comprehended thoro- 
ly as a whole. In Schmitz’s “Physiology,” pages 163,164, 165,166, 
167, 168, and 169, the subject of the Senses is plainly, intelligently, 
and comprehensively laid dowrn. 
In considering the chapter on “The Senses,” a student seeking 
for further explanation, inquired what constituted the difference be- 
tween “Intellect” and “Instinct” ? 
In order, therefore, to give a few more ideas on this subject, we 
must go outside of physiology, and dabble a little in metaphysics. 
We have already considered (see the above mentioned “Physiolo- 
gy”) the Nine Classes of Senses, that is, the five external and 
the four internal senses, and found that they are organic, and pos- 
sessed by all the higher animals. So we may sajq whatever is re- 
ceived, is received according to the nature of the recipient. The in- 
ternal senses are the discriminating senses between the properties of 
objects presented to them through the external senses, not, however, 
says Hill in his philosophy, by way of a formal judgment; but by a 
true, though sensible appreciation of them. The proper sensible is 
perceived by one sense only, and it cannot be apprehended by an- 
other; in regard to it, the sense cannot err when acting normally. 
The common sensible can be perceived by more senses than one, and 
in respect to it the sense can err. It is for that reason, that they, in 
whom the internal senses, imagination, estimative faculty, and sen- 
sitive memory are best disposed, are best fitted to understand; hence, 
the beginning of our knowledge is from the senses; yet, we have not- 
iced that the sense organ of man as well as of the animal, is essen- 
tially dependent on matter. 
We will now in the following show, that uIntelligence'>'1 is absolutely 
immaterial, and entirely super-sensible. We have on a previous oc- 
casion (page 56) fully explained, that the material animal body and THE SENSES. 
spiritual soul constitute one physical compound. Now we may add, 
that no spirit which is dependent on matter, both in existing and 
operating, can reflect fully on its own acts. We have also shown that 
the human material body and spiritual soul are Two Separable 
realities, and that this independent separable soul, is on that account 
rational, and can reflect on its own acts; therefore, the rational (in- 
tellectual, reasonable) soul is superior to matter, both in its essence 
and its action. The body is required for the action of the intellect, 
not as an organ by which such action is exercised, but on account 
of the object. 
The Estimative Faculty, or Instinct, is a property of the 
sentient soul, analogous, though inferior, to rational judgment. 
Judgment is an act of the mind or soul by which it affirms the 
agreement or disagreement of two concepts or ideas; consequently, 
judgment is a choice resulting from reason. Instinct is a blind 
impulse impelling the animal to act in a restricted, specific manner. 
That animal instinct is different, says Maher in his psychology, not 
in degree, but in kind, from human intellect, the following example 
may illustrate the difference: The young female wasp, without ma- 
ternal experience, will seize caterpillars or spiders, and stinging them 
in a certain definite spot, paralyze and deprive them of all power of 
motion (probably also of sensation), without depriving them of life. 
She places them thus paralyzed in her nest with her eggs, so that, 
when her young are hatched, they may live on the alive though 
helplessly paralyzed prey. Now, it is absolutely impossible that the 
consequences of its actions can have been intellectually apprehended 
by the parent wasp; for, says Mivart in his Lessons from Nature, had 
she (the parent wasp) Reason without her natural Instinct she could 
only learn to perform such actions through experience. 
Maher defines “Instinct as a natural aptitude which guides animals 
in the unreflecting performance of complex acts useful for the pres- 
ervation of the individual or of the species.” We notice then, that 
this natural aptitude and performance of acts is independent in tne 
animal of any reasoning or intelligence. The sense is of singulars; 
the intellect, of universals. CHAPTER XIX. 
THE CRANIAL NERVES. 
1. How many Pairs of Cranial Nerves are there? 170. 
2. Name the twelve pairs of cranial nerves? 170. 
3. Give the general Classification of the cranial nerves? 170. 
4. What cranial nerves belong to the Sensory class? 170. 
5. What cranial nerves belong to the Motor class? 170. 
0. What cranial nerves belong to the Mixed class, that is, con- 
taining sensory and motor nerve-fibres? 170. 
7. At what part of the medulla oblongata and pons Varolii do the 
nervous centre cells give off the sensory, at what part the 
motor nerve-fibres? 170. 
8. What is the name of the First Pair of cranial nerves? 171. 
9. Of what sense does the Olfactory Nerve carry impulses? 171. 
10. From how many roots does the olfactory nerve arise? 171. 
11. Where does the external root of the olfactory nerve arise? 171. 
12. Where does the middle root of the olfactory nerve arise? 171. 
13. Where does the internal root of the olfactory nerve arise? 171. 
14. When the three roots of the olfactory nerve have coalesced, to 
what bulb do they pass? 171. 
15. Where is the Olfactory Bulb situated? 171. 
16. How many nerve-fibres issue from the olfactory bulb? 171. 
17. Where do the nerve-fibres issuing from the olfactory bulb, ter- 
minate? 171. 
18. How is the Schneiderian membrane situated in the nose? 171. 
19. How are the nervous centres of the olfactory nerve of both hemi- 
spheres, in communication? 171 
20. By what does the olfactory nerve differ from other nerves? 171 
21. What effect has a large or small olfactory bulb in regard to the 
functions of smell? 171. 
22. What effect has congenital absence, or disease of the olfactory 
bulb, on smell? 171. 
23. What are the three necessary conditions for smelling? 171. 
24. What effect on smell has a dry membrane of the nose? 172. 
25. When respiration is interrupted, what is the effect on smell? 172 
26. In what condition must the stimulus come in contact with the 
Schneiderian membrane, for smelling? 172. 
27. What are the five normal chief functions of the nose? 172. THE CRANIAL NERVES. 
28. \\ hy is the smell of a substance lost when in continual contact 
with the Schneiderian membrane? 172. 
29. Do the stimuli of smell and those of cold, heat, tickling, and 
pain of the nasal membrane, pass thru the same nerve-fibres? 
do. \\ hat nerve carries the sensation of heat, cold, itching, and pain; 
of the nasal membrane? 172. 
81. How do we know the olfactory nerve does not carry the sensa- 
tions of cold, heat, itching, and pain, of the nasal membrane? 
32. To what sense do the sensations of cold, heat, tickling, and pain, 
pertain? 172. 
33. Have all individuals the same appreciation of a pleasant odor? 
34. Where are the nervous centres of smell, and taste, located? 172. 
35. What is the name of the Second Pair of cranial nerves? 172. 
36. Where do the fibres of the Optic Nerves originate? 172. 
37. How is the Optic Commissure formed? 172. 
38. Where do the optic nerves proper, form? 172. 
39. Where do the optic nerves leave the cranium? 172. 
40. Externally, where do the optic nerve-fibres terminate? 172. 
41. How is each optic nerve in Communication with both hemi- 
spheres? 172. 
42. Of what nerve do the fibres run a longer course within, than 
without the cranium? 172. 
43. Whence is the Neurilemma of the optic nerve derived? 173. 
44. Of what use is the Decussation of the fibres of the optic nerve? 
45. What impulse does the optic nerve carry? 173. 
46. What organs are required for the Completion of the sense of 
sight? 173. 
47. What part of the eye receives the stimulus of vibrations of the 
luminous ether for sight? 173. 
48. Is section of the optic nerve painful? 173. 
49. How is it that in Hemiplegia partial blindness of both eyes 
may occur? 173. 
50. How is it that stimulus applied to one eye may cause contrac- 
tion of the pupils of both eyes? 173. 
51. What is the name of the Third Pair of cranial nerves? 174. 
52. What impulses does the Oculomotorius Nerve carry? 174. 
53. How many muscles of the eye are supplied by the oculomotorius 
nerve? 174. 
54. Where do the nerve-fibres of the oculomotorius nerve originate? 
55. Where does the oculomotorius nerve pass out of the skull? 174. 
56. What physiological properties has the oculomotorius nerve? 174. 
57. What is the result when the oculomotorius nerve is paralyzed? 174 78 
THE CRANIAL NERVES. 
58. What is the name of the Fourth Pair of cranial nerves? 174. 
59. Where do the fibres of the Trochlearis Nerve originate? 174. 
60. Where does the trochlearis nerve pass out of the skull? 174. 
61. What does the trochlearis nerve supply? 174. 
62. What is the physiological property of the trochlearis nerve? 175. 
63. What is the result in paralysis of the trochlearis nerve? 175. 
64. What is the result of a lesion at the origin of the trochlearis 
nerve-fibres at one hemisphere? 175. 
65. What is the name of the Fifth Pair of cranial nerves? 175. 
66. From how many roots does the Trigeminus Nerve arise? 175 
67. Where is the origin of nerve-fibres of the Sensory root of the 
trigeminus nerve? 175. 
68. Where is the origin of nerve-fibres of the Motor root of the tri- 
geminus nerve? 175. 
69. Which cranial nerve contains the most nerve-fibres. 175. 
70. Through what Ganglion does the trigeminus nerve pass? 175. 
71. Where is the Gasserion Ganglion situated? 175. 
72. What functional impulses does the trigeminus nerve carry? 175. 
73. What parts does the trigeminus nerve supply? 175. 
74. How many nerves are given off from the Gasserian ganglion? 176 
75. What nerves issue from the Gasserian ganglion? 176. 
76. What impulses does the Ophthalmic Nerve carry? 176. 
77. What does the ophthalmic nerve supply? 176. 
78. How many branches are given off from the ophthalmic nerve? 176 
79. Name the branches of the ophthalmic nerve? 176. 
80. Where do the branches of the ophthalmic nerve pass out of the 
cranium? 176. 
81. What is the result if the nasal branch of the ophthalmic nerve 
be injured? 176. 
82. If the nasal branch of the ophthalmic nerve is injured or irri- 
tated, how can it affect the sense of smell? 176. 
83. What impulses does the Superior Maxillary Nerve carry? 
84. Where does the superior maxillary nerve pass out the cranium? 
85. What does the superior maxillary nerve supply? 176. 
86. What impulses does the Inferior Maxillary Nerve carry? 
87. Where does the inferior maxillary nerve pass out of the cranium? 
88. What does the inferior maxillary nerve supply? 177. 
89. What is the function of the lingual branch of the inferior maxil- 
lary nerve? 177. 
90. Why is taste marred with a tongue dry or coated? 177. 
91. What muscles bring the teeth of the lower jaw powerfully in 
contact with the upper? 177. THE CRANIAL NERVES. 
79 
92. What effect on mastication has paralysis of the muscular branch 
of the inferior maxillary nerve on one side of the face? 177. 
93. What effect on the eyes has an injury of the trigeminus nerve 
or Gasserian ganglion? 177. 
94. Where are the cerebral areas or centres of taste and smell sit- 
uated? 177. 
95. What is the name of the Sixth Pair of cranial nerves? 177. 
96. Where do the fibres of the Abducens Nerve originate? 177. 
97. What impulses does the abducens nerve carry? 177. 
98. What does the abducens nerve supply? 177. 
99. Where does the abducens nerve pass out of the cranium? 178. 
100. Why is the abducens nerve very liable to partial or complete 
paralysis? 178. 
101. What is the result if one abducens nerve is paralyzed? 178. 
102. What affections of the eye may produce strabismus? 178. 
103. What is the name of the Seventh Pair of cranial nerves? 178 
104. Where do the fibres of the Facial Nerve originate? 178. 
105. How does the facial nerve pass out of the cranium? 178. 
106. What are the communications of the facial nerve before enter- 
ing the integument of the face? 178. 
107. Where does the chorda tympani nerve commence? 178. 
108. What does the chorda tympani nerve supply? 178. 
109. What impulse does the facial nerve carry? 178. 
110. What does the facial nerve supply? 178. 
111. What effect on the face has paralysis of the facial nerve? 179. 
112. What effect on the nose has paralysis of the facial nerve? 179. 
113. What is understood by Bell’s paralysis? 179. 
114. What nerve is paralyzed in paralysis of the face on one side, 
the mouth being drawn over to the other side? 180. 
115. What is the name of the Eighth Pair of cranial nerves? 180. 
116. From how many roots does the Auditory Nerve arise? 180. 
117. What nerve carries the impulses of sound from the cochlea and 
vestibule of the internal ear? 180. 
118. What nerve carries the impulses for maintaining the equilibri- 
um of the head and body? 180. 
119. What is the result of irritation or disturbance of the semicircu- 
lar canals of the internal ear, on the head and bod}r? 180. 
120. What is the name of the Ninth Pair of cranial nerves? 181. 
121. What nerve-fibres does the Glosso-pharyngeal Nerve con- 
tain? 181. 
122. Where do the fibres of the glosso-pharyngeal nerve arise? 181. 
123. What does the glosso-pharyngeal nerve supply? 181. 80 
THE CRANIAL NERVES. 
124. Where is the glosso-pharyngeal nerve formed? 181. 
125. What other nerves accompany the glosso-pharyngeal in pass- 
ing out of the cranium? 181. 
126. Where does the glosso-pharyngeal nerve pass out the cranium? 
127. Thru what Ganglion does the glosso-pharyngeal nerve pass? 
128. In function, what impulses does the glosso-pharyngeal nerve 
transmit? 181. 
129. Is Deglutition voluntary, or involuntary? 181. 
130. What is the normal Stimulus for deglutition? 181. 
131. Explain the nervous action when food or liquid stimulates the 
throat for deglutition? 181. 
132. Why do abnormal, nauseous, or irritating substances in the 
pharynx produce vomiting? 182. 
133. With how many nerves is the tongue supplied? 182. 
134. What nerves supply the tongue? 182. 
135. How many varieties of Terminal Bulbs are there for taste 
in the tongue? 182. 
136. Name the four varieties of taste? 182. 
137. Which senses of taste are easily impaired, and which not? 182. 
138. What receives the stimulation in the tongue for taste? 182. 
139. What nerves carry the sensory impulses of the tongue? 182. 
140. At what part of the tongue is the taste for sweet and acid sub- 
stances most acute? 182. 
141. At what part of the tongue is the taste for bitter and saline sub- 
stances most acute? 182. 
142. Has the number of terminal bulbs any influence on taste? 182. 
143. What is Hypergeusia? 182. 
144. What is Hypogeusia? 182. 
145. What is Ageusia? 182. 
146. What condition is required of any substance before it can ex- 
cite the sense of taste? 182. 
147. What is the sensation of an insoluble substance on the tongue? 
148. What external sense is in close relation with that of taste? 182. 
149. What effect on taste has closing the nose? 182. 
150. What part of the tongue most quickly induces Nausea and 
Vomiting on tasting an unpleasant substance? 182. 
151. What nerve supplies the mucous membrane and papillte of the 
root of the tongue? 183. 
152. What nerve supplies the muscular portion of the tongue? 183. 
153. What nerve supplies the taste bulbs and mucous membrane of 
the anterior two-thirds part of the tongue? 183. 
154. How do substances tasted penetrate the papilla) of the tongue? THE CRANIAL NERVES. 
81 
155. Why cannot different substances be tasted in quick succession? 
156. What is the name of the Tenth Pair of cranial nerves? 183- 
157. What nerve-fibres does the Pneumogastric Nerve contain? 
158. Where do the sensory fibres of the pneumogastric nerve arise? 
159. What is the source of the motor fibres of the pneumogastric? 183 
160. How many branches ramify from the pneumogastric nerve? 183 
161. Name the branches of the pneumogastric nerve? 183. 
162. Where is the pneumogastric nerve proper formed? 183. 
163. Where does the pneumogastric nerve pass from the cranium? 183 
164. What does the pneumogastric nerve supply? 183. 
165. Thru what nerve are the sensory impulses for respiration and 
circulation conveyed? 183. 
166. To what nerve do the sensory fibres supplying the wall of the 
stomach, belong? 183. 
167. What is the name of the Eleventh Pair of crania1 nerves? 184. 
168. From how many roots does the Spinal Accessory Nerve 
arise? 184. 
169. Give the origin of nerve-fibres of the two roots of the spinal ac- 
cessory nerve? 184. 
170. How do the nerve-fibres of the spinal accessory arising at the 
spinal cord get into the cranium? 185. 
171. What nerve incorporates the spinal accessory nerve-fibres in 
passing out of the cranium? 185. 
172. Where do the pneumogastric and spinal accessory nerve-fibres 
pass out of the cranium? 185. 
173. What does the spinal accessory nerve supply? 185. 
174. What effect on the voice has section or injury of the spinal ac- 
cessory nerve? 185. 
175. What organs of the throat are paralyzed in section of the 
pneumogastric nerve? 185. 
176. What is the name of the Twelfth Pair of cranial nerves? 186. 
177. Where do the fibres of the Hypoglossal Nerve arise? 186. 
178. Where is the hypoglossal nerve proper formed? 186. 
179. Where does the hypoglossal nerve pass out of the cranium? 186. 
180. What impulses does the hypoglossal nerve carry? 186. 
181. What does the hypoglossal nerve supply? 186. 
182. In what brain hemisphere is the lesion, when one side of the 
face and tongue are paralyzed? 186. 
183. Which muscle is affected, and which not, when, in protusion, 
' the tongue is drawn to one side? 186. 
184. For what is the motor influence of the hypoglossal nerve essen- 
tial? 186. CHAPTER XX. 
THE EYE AND THE SENSE OF SIGHT. 
1. What is Bulbus Oculi? 187. 
2. What holds the eyeball in position? 187. 
3. What is the situation of the Sclerotica of the eve? 187. 
4. Where is the Cornea of the eye situated? 187. 
5. What is the structure of the cornea of the eye? 187. 
6. What is the structure of the sclerotica of the eye? 187. 
7. What muscles are inserted in the sclerotica of the eye? 187. 
8. What is the structure of the Choroid Coat of the eye? 187. 
9. Where is the choroid coat of the eye situated? 187. 
10. What effect has the choroid coat of the eye in regard to light? 187 
11. What is the structure of the Hyaloid Membrane of the eye? 
12. Where is the hyaloid membrane of the eye situated? 187. 
13. Of what use are the processes of the hyaloid membrane of the eye? 
14. What is the structure of the Vitreous Body of the eye? 187. 
15. Where is the vitreous body of the eye situated? 187. 
16. What is the composition of the vitreous body of the eye? 187. 
17. How is the vitreous body of the eye nourished? 187. 
18. Of what use are the multipolar cells in the vitreous body of the 
eye? 188. 
19. What is the composition of the Aqueous Humor of the eye? 
20. Where is the aqueous humor of the eye situated? 188. 
21. What divides the cavity of the eve containing the aqueous hu- 
mor into two chambers? 188. 
22. What is the boundary of the Anterior Chamber of the eye? 188 
23. What is the boundary of the Posterior Chamber of the eye? 
24. Where is the Ciliary Muscle of the eye situated? 188. 
25. How can the ciliary muscle, during contraction, facilitate ac- 
commodation of sight for different distances? 188. 
26. From wrhat source are the arteries and nerves supplying the cili- 
ary muscle of the eye? 188. 
27. Where is the Ciliary Ligament of the eye situated? 189. 
28. Where is the Canal of Schlemm in the eye situated? 189. 
29. What parts of the eyeball are connected by the ciliary ligament? 
30. Where is the Suspensory Ligament of the eye situated? 189 
31. Of what use is the suspensory ligament of the eye? 189. 
32. Where is the Canal of Petit of the eyeball? 189. THE EYE AND THE SENSE OF STGHT. 
83 
33. What is the meaning of Iris? 189. 
34. What is the structure of the iris? 189. 
35. Where is the iris situated? 189. 
36. What is the function of the iris? 189. 
37. What divides the cavity between the cornea and the crystalline 
lens into two chambers? 189. 
38. What causes the Pupil to become small when light enters the 
eye? 189. 
39. What nerve carries the Sensory fibres of the eye? 189. 
40. What nerve carries the Motor fibres of the eye? 189. 
41. Describe the nervous operation when rays of light enter the eye, 
causing the pupil to contract? 189. 
42. What effect has the destruction of the Corpora Quadrigem- 
ina on the ir(s, or pupil? 189. 
43. Besides light, what condition of the eye may cause contraction 
of the pupil? 190. 
44. What vegetable remedies cause contraction of the pupil? 190. 
45. Why is sight obscured temporarily on passing suddenly from 
light into darkness? 190. 
46. Why is the eye dazed temporarily on passing suddenly from 
darkness to bright light? 190. 
47. Why does strong light on one eye cause contraction of the pu- 
pils of both eyes? 190. 
48. How can powerful brilliant light produce lesion of the retina? 190 
49. Thru what ganglion do the reflex impulses for contraction and 
expansion of the iris (pupil), pass? 190. 
50. Give the name and situation of the reflex nervous centre for the 
Contraction of the pupil? 190. 
51. Give the name and situation of the reflex nervous centre for the 
Dilatation of the pupil? 190. 
52. What effect has section of the oculomotorius nerve on the iris? 190 
53. What condition of the eye can produce dilatation of the pupil? 
54. What vegetable remedies cause dilatation of the pupil? 190. 
55. What nerve supplies the circular muscle-fibres of the iris? 190. 
56. What remedies stimulate the pupil contracting-centre, and para- 
lyze the dilator? 191. 
57. What remedies stimulate the pupil dilating-centre, but paralyze 
the contractor? 191. 
58. What is the Lens of the eye? 191. 
59. What is the size of the lens of the eye? 191. 
60. What is the weight of the lens of the eye? 191. 
61. What is the structure of the lens of the eye? 191. 84 
THE EYE AND THE SENSE OF SIGHT. 
62. Of what is the lens of the eye composed? 191. 
63. What is the function of the lens of the eye? 191. 
64. How many Ciliary Processes are there in the eye? 191. 
65. Where are the ciliary processes of the eye situated? 191. 
66. What is the Retina of the eye? 191. 
67. Where is the retina of the eye situated? 191. 
68. What is the thickness of the retina of the eye? 191. 
69. What is the most sensitive spot of the retina for sight? 191. 
70. What is the Macula Lutea of the eye? 191. 
71. What nerve-fibres does the Optic Nerve contain? 192. 
72. What impulses do the optic nerve-fibres carry? 192. 
73. Where do the optic nerve-fibres receive the impulses, transmit- 
ted? 192. 
74. To what do the optic nerve-fibres transmit the impulses? 192. 
75. Why is it that in stimulation of the optic nerve (mechanically 
or electrically) the sensation of light is produced? 192. 
76. How many muscles are attached to the sclerotic coat of the eye? 
77. Which muscle moves the eye outward, which inward, upward, 
and downward? 192. 
78. What nerves carry the impulses for the action of the eye-muscles? 
79. What nerve carries the sensory impulses of the eyeball and lid? 
80. Through what Ganglia do the sensory fibres of the fifth, and 
motor fibres of the third cranial nerves, pass to the eye. 192. 
81. Of all the parts that make up the eye, what part is the most im- 
portant for sight? 192. 
82. Of what use are the eyelids or palpebrse? 192. 
83. What muscle moves the upper eyelid upward? 192. 
84. Of what use is the tarsus, or cartilage, within the eyelid? 193. 
85. How many Meibonian Glands are in the eyelid? 193. 
86. What is the function of the Meibonian glands in the eyelid? 193. 
87. What is understood by Conjunctiva? 193. 
88. Where is the lachrymal canal situated? 193. 
89. What is the size of the lachrymal gland? 193. 
90. Where is the lachrymal gland situated? 193. 
91. What is the function of the lachrymal gland? 193. 
92. What nerve supplies the lachrymal gland? 193. 
93. What muscle contracts the eyelids? 193. 
94. What muscle opens the eyelids? 193. 
95. What muscle closes the eyelids? 193. 
96. Of what use is the continual winking of the eyelids? 193. 
97. What is meant by Accommodation of the eye? 193. 
98. How is an object seen? 193. THE EYE AND THE SENSE OF SIGHT 
85 
99. Is Light itself visible? 193. 
100. What is an Image? 193. 
101. What is the action in the seeing of objects? 193. 
102. Give an example to prove that the reflexion of rays from an 
object is the reason why we see them? 194. 
103. How is the power of estimating distance by sight acquired? 194. 
104. Why is it that in two persons, one one-eyed, the other two- 
eyed, both can see equally far, yet the one-eyed cannot see the 
object as clearly, nor estimate the size and distance, as well 
as the two-eyed person? 194. 
105. Give an example to show that a person with one eye cannot 
estimate distance as well as one with two eyes? 194. 
106. Why is it that a one-eyed person cannot estimate distance as 
well as one with two eyes? 194. 
107. What time is required for the eye in changing accommodation 
from a n«ar to a distant object? 194. 
108. At what distance from the eye is accommodation not necessary? 
109. How close to the eye can accommodation take place? 194. 
110. What is the Range of accommodation of the eye? 194. 
111. What structure of the eye accomplishes accommodation? 194. 
112. What is the change in the lens of the eye for a near object? 194. 
113. What is the change in the lens of the eye for a distant object? 
114. What structures of the eye must light traverse before it focuses 
properly on the retina? 195. 
115. What muscles bring about a change in the figure of the eye-lens? 
116. What effect has old age on the lens of the eye for accommoda- 
tion? 195. 
117. When the lens of the eye has lost its power of accommodation, 
how can it be remedied? 195. 
118. To render parallel rays on the eye more convergent, what kind 
of lens should be used in eye-glasses? 195. % 
119. To render parallel rays on the eye more divergent, what kind 
of lens should be used in eye-glasses? 195. 
120. What is understood by Focal Point? 195. 
121. Does a powerful lens shorten or lengthen the focal distance? 195 
122. What effect on accommodation has the absence of the eye-lens? 
123. Why is the entrance of the optic nerve in the retina of the eye- 
ball a blind spot? 196. 
124. Where is the most acute Area of Vision in the eye? 196. 
125. Where is the Macula Lutea in the eye situated? 196. 
126. Why is the Fovea Centralis in the eye the most acute spot 
of vision? 196. 86 
THE EYE AND THE SENSE OF SIGHT. 
127. State the number of cones in the fovea centralis of the eye? 196. 
128. What makes the retina sensitive to light? 196. 
129. How are the Rods and Cones in the retina arranged? 196. 
130. When some of the cones of the retina are destroyed, what is the 
effect on vision? 196. 
131. What are the terminal organs of the optic nerve-fibres in the 
retina? 196. 
132. What is the function of the rods of the retina? 196. 
133. What is the transverse diameter of the rods and cones of the 
retina? 196. 
134. How long do impressions remain on the retina ? 196. 
135. Give an example showing that impressions remain for a short 
time on the retina? 196. 
136. Why does rapid winking not interfere with reading, or vision 
of objects? 196. 
137. What is Light? 196. 
138. Where is the organ that appreciates the quality of light? 196. 
139. At what rate is light propagated in a second? 196. 
140. Can light transmit and impart energy? 196. 
141. What is Ether? 196. 
142. What distance does Sound travel in a second? 196. 
143. What is Radiation? 196. 
144. Normally, what stimulates the sense of sight? 196. 
145. How do the rays of light-ether travel? 196. 
146. In light, from what does the color of bodies result? 196. 
147. If some of the colored rays contained in white light are unab- 
sorbed and traverse the body, what is the appearance of that 
body? 197. 
148. If a portion of the colored rays contained in white light are re- 
fracted by a body, what is the appearance of the body? 197. 
149. Why is the white color of distilled water not visible by adding 
other matter? 197. 
150. Why does the sensational effect of a stimulus on the external 
sense-organ not proportionately affect the internal sense-or- 
gan? 197. 
151. On what do the vibrations of light-ether, their repetition and 
intensity, depend? 197. 
152. On what does the difference between the colors of the spectrum 
depend? 197. 
153. What determines the Pitch, of a note in sound? 197. 
154. What may be the cause of Color Blindness? 197. 
155. In regard to sight, what is Daltonism? 197. THE EAR AND THE SENSE OF HEARING. 
87 
156. What is understood by Emmetropic Eye? 197. 
157. What is understood by Hypermetropic, or Hyperopic 
Eye? 197. 
158. If the eyeball is too short antero-posteriorly, what is the effect 
on sight? 197. 
159. In a hypermetropic, or hyperopic eye, what kind of eyeglasses 
can remedy the defect? 197. 
160. What is understood by Myopic Eye? 197. 
161. If the eyeball is too long antero-posteriorly, what is the effect 
on sight? 197. 
162. What may be the cause of myopia? 198. 
163. What kind of eyeglasses should a short-sighted person use? 198. 
164. What is Diplopia? 198. 
165. What is the cause of Diplopia? 198. 
166. What is Presbyopia? 198. 
167. What generally causes failure of sight in advanced years? 198 
168. What eyeglasses should be used in presbyopia? 199. 
169. What is Hemeralopia ? 199. 
170. What is the cause of hemeralopia? 199. 
171. What is the remedy for hemeralopia? 199. 
172. How is Snow Blindness caused? 199. 
CHAPTER XXI. 
THE EAR AND THE SENSE OF HEARING. 
1. Into how many principal parts is the Organ of Hearing di- 
vided? 200. 
2. What part of the organ of hearing receives the sound? 200. 
3. What part of the organ of hearing mechanically transmits the 
sound? 200. 
4. What part of the organ of hearing receives the impressions of 
sound, analyzes their quality, pitch, and intensity? 200. 
5. Where is the material part for the production of sound in hear- 
ing, completed? 200. 
6. Of how many parts does the External Ear consist? 200. 
7. What part of the organ of hearing collects, moderates, concen- 
trates, and reflects the sound inwardly? 200. 
8. Of what does the Pinna or Auricle consist? 200. 
9. What constitutes the Concha, and what the Lobe of the pinna 
or auricle? 200. 88 
THE EAR AND THE SENSE OF HEARING. 
10. Of what importance is the irregular surface of the pinna or auri- 
cle? 200. 
11. How many muscles are attached to the pinna or auricle? 200. 
12. What are the three muscles of the pinna or auricle? 200. 
13. Of what use are the three muscles of the pinna or auricle? 200. 
14. What constitutes the External Auditory Canal, or meatus 
auditorius externus? 200. 
15. What constitutes the Tragus of the pinna or auricle? 201. 
16. How is the Ear-wax (cerumen) in the external auditory canal 
produced? 201. 
17. Of what use is the cerumen in the external auditory canal? 201. 
18. What are the results of ear-wax lodging against the membrana 
tympani, or plugging up the external auditory canal? 201. 
19. What effect has the size and length of the external auditory 
canal on hearing? 201. 
20. Where is the Membrana Tympani situated? 201. 
21. Of what good is the oblique slope of the membrana tympani? 201 
22. What influence has the thickness or thinness of the membrana 
tympani, on its vibrations? 201. 
23. What prevents the membrana tympani from vibrating oftener 
than the sound-waves strike it? 202. 
24. For wrhat purposes is the malleus bone attached to the membrana 
tympani? 202. 
25. What muscle produces tension of the membrana tympani? 202. 
26. Howr can the action of the tensor tympani muscle affect the mem- 
brana tympani? 202. 
27. How is the tensor tympani muscle called into action? 203. 
28. What is understood by the Accommodating Power of the 
membrana tympani? 203. 
29. What is the function of both, the external and middle ear? 203. 
30. What is the situation of the Middle Ear, or Tympanum? 203 
31. What are the contents of the middle ear? 203. 
32. How are the sound vibrations transmitted from the membrana 
tympani to the internal ear? 203. 
33. How are the oscillations of the membrana tympani in extent 
modified, for the fenestra ovalis? 203. 
34. Of what good is the modification of the extent of oscillations, of 
the membrana tympani for the fenestra ovalis? 203. 
35. In what manner is the sound propagated through the three lit- 
tle bones of the middle ear? 203. 
36. What is the lining, inside of the middle ear? 203. 
37. What tube constitutes an inlet and outlet to the middle ear? 203. THE EAR AND THE SENSE OF HEARING. 
89 
38. Where are the Fenestra Ovalis, and Fenestra Rotunda 
situated? 203. 
39. What communicates with the fenestra ovalis of the ear? 203. 
40. What communicates with the fenestra rotunda of the ear? 203. 
41. Where are the middle and internal ear situated? 204. 
42. What fills the space of the middle ear? 204. 
43. Of what use is air in the middle ear? 204. 
44. What separates the middle ear from the brain? 204. 
45. What may be the effect of an abscess in the periosteum of the 
roof of the middle ear on the brain? 204. 
46. What large blood-vessels pass just on the outside of the floor of 
the middle ear? 204. 
47. Why may fatal haemorrhage result, if the floor of the middle ear 
is ruptured, in an accident? 204. 
48. Why may a good swimmer drown in water if the membrana 
tympani is perforated? 204. 
49. Of what does the Malleus bone consist? 204. 
50. What bone articulates with the malleus bone? 204. 
51. What muscles are attached to the malleus bone? 204. 
52. What bone takes part in the vibrations of the membrana tym- 
pani, and yet acts on it as a damper? 204. 
53. What difference is there in the extent of vibrations, and power, 
between the membrana tympani and the membrane of the 
fenestra ovalis? 204. 
54. Of what does the Incus bone consist? 204. 
55. What bones articulate with the incus bone? 204. 
56. What holds the incus bone in position? 204. 
57. Of what-does the Stapes bone consist? 205. 
58. What bone articulates with the stapes? 205. 
59. What muscle is attached to the stapes bone? 205. 
60. Of what use is the Stapedius muscle in the ear? 205. 
61. Why are there three bones instead of one, in the middle ear? 205. 
62. Of what use are the three bones in the middle ear? 205. 
63. What is the result on hearing, in case of Anchylosis of the 
malleus, incus, and stapes bones? 205. 
64. What is the function of the Tensor Tympani muscle in the 
ear? 205. 
65. What is the function of the Laxator Tympani muscle in the 
ear? 205. 
66. What is the origin and insertion of the stapedius muscle in the 
ear? 205. 
67. What is the function of the stapedius muscle in the ear? 205. 90 
THE EAR AND THE SENSE OF HEARING. 
68. What nerve supplies the three muscles in the middle ear? 205. 
69. What is the length of the Eustachian Tube? 205. 
70. Of what use is the Eustachian tube? 205. 
71. What nose troubles impede the hearing? 205. 
72. How may a membranous blocking of the Eustachian tube be 
removed? 206. 
73. Why should a person simultaneously perform the act of swal- 
lowing when air is forced into the nose to open the Eustachi- 
an tube? 206. 
74. Why is hearing dull when too much air is in the middle ear? 206. 
75. How can excess of air in the middle ear be normally relieved? 206 
76. What is the function of the Eustachian tube? 206. 
77. What effect on hearing has a permanent occlusion of the Eus- 
tachian tube? 206. 
78. Where is the Internal Ear situated? 206. 
79. What is understood by the Osseous Labyrinth of the ear? 206 
80. What is understood by the Membranous Labyrinth? 206. 
81. Give the situation of the membranous labyrinth of the ear? 206. 
82. What fills the space between the membranous and osseous laby- 
rinth of the ear? 206. 
83. How is the Liquor Cotunnii or Perilymph of the ear pro- 
duced? 206. 
84. Of what use is the Aqueduct Cochlearis of the ear? 206. 
85. Of the three principal parts of the organ of hearing, which is 
the most essential? 206. 
86. What are the three principal parts of the internal ear? 206. 
87. What is the situation of the fenestra ovalis, and fenestra rotunda? 
88. Through what does the middle ear communicate with the inter- 
nal ear? 206. 
89. What passes thru the Internal Auditory Meatus? 206. 
90. What is understood by the Vestibule of the ear? 206. 
91. Give the communications of the vestibule of the ear? 207. 
92. Where is the Fovea Hemispherica of the ear? 207. 
93. What passes thru the Maculse Cribrosae of the ear? 207. 
94. What is the movable medium separating the air of the middle 
ear from the fluid of the labyrinth? 207. 
95. What causes the membrane of the fenestra ovalis to vibrate? 207 
96. What causes the endolymph of the internal ear to oscillate? 207 
97. How can we find out whether the cause of difficult hearing is in 
the internal, or middle and external ear? 207. 
98. What part of the vestibule communicates with the Membran- 
ous Semicircular Canals of the ear? 207. THE EAR AND THE SENSE OF HEARING. 
91 
99. By how many Orifices do the semicircular canals communi- 
cate with the vestibule of the ear? 207. 
100. Thru what does the Ductus Endolymphaticus pass from 
the internal ear? 207. 
101. Where does the ductus endolymphaticus of the ear terminate? 
102. Where is the Utricle and the Saccule of the ear? 207. 
103. What is understood by the Macula Acustica of the internal 
ear? 207. 
104. Where are the Otoliths and Otoconia of the ear? 207. 
105. Of what are the otoliths and otoconia of the ear composed? 207. 
106. Of what use are the otoliths and otoconia of the ear? 207. 
107. If a sound makes a fine, gentle impression on the contents of the 
.vestibule of the ear, to what part are such impressions sent? 
108. If a sound makes a harsh, disagreeable impression on the con- 
tents of the vestibule of the ear, to what part are such im- 
pulses relegated? 207. 
109. What is Noise? 208. 
110. In what part of the ear are sound impulses directed to different 
compartments, according to quality? 208. 
111. What parts of the ear does the auditory nerve supply? 208. 
112. Of how many layers does the wall of the membranous labyrinth 
of the ear consist? 208. 
113. What part of the ear does the Liquor Scarpae occupy? 208. 
114. Of what does the inner layer of the membranous labyrinth of 
the ear, consist? 208. 
115. What produces the Endolymph. of the internal ear? 208. 
116. What parts of the ear does the endolymph occupy? 208. 
117. How do the nerve endings of the Auditory Nerve terminate 
in the ear? 208. 
118. How is the endolymph in the ear renewed? 208. 
119. How does the worn-out endolymph of the ear pass off? 209. 
120. What is understood by the Semicircular Canals of the ear? 
121. What is the diameter of the semicircular canals of the ear? 209. 
122. Where do the semicircular canals of the ear commence, and ter- 
minate? 209. 
123. What is understood by the Ampulae of the internal ear? 209. 
124. How do auditory nerve-fibres supply the semicircular canals? 
125. What is understood by Equilibrium-organ of the ear? 209. 
126. What effect on the head has lesion of the horizontal semicir- 
cular canals of the ear? 209. 
127. What effect on the head has lesion of the vertical semicircular 
canals of the ear? 209. 92 
THE EAR AND THE SENSE OF HEARING. 
128. What effect on the head and body has disturbance of all three 
semicircular canals of the ear? 209. 
129. Why may a person become dizzy or fall down by roughly re- 
moving the ear-wax from the ear? 209. 
130. Why does a person become affected with vertigo, giddiness, or 
dizziness by rotating the body quickly? 209. 
131. What causes some persons to lose their equilibrium and fall 
down in suddenly beholding a shocking spectacle? 210. 
132. Why may ear disease cause affections of the eye, and vice versa ? 
133. What does the osseous cochlea of the ear resemble? 210. 
134. What is the size of the Cochlea of the ear? 210. 
135. What constitutes the Modiolus of the internal ear? 210. 
136. What constitutes the anterior portion of the internal ear? 210. 
137. Where do the nerve-fibres and arteries enter the cochlea of the 
ear? 210. 
138. WThere does the modiolus of the cochlea terminate? 210. 
139. What is the length of the winding canal of the cochlea of the 
ear? 210. 
140. What constitutes the Osseous Spiral Lamina of the cochlea 
of the ear? 210. 
141. What subdivides the membranous cochlea of the ear, into 
Three Scalse? 211. 
142. What scala of the cochlea of the ear communicates with the 
fenestra rotunda? 211. 
143. What scala of the cochlea of the ear communicates with the 
vestibule? 211. 
144. Where do the Scalse Tympani and Vestibuli of the cochlea 
of the ear intercommunicate? 211. 
145. What forms the Scalae Media (membranous ductus cochle- 
aris) of the ear? 211. 
146. Where is the Membrane of Corti in the ear situated? 211. 
147. Where is the Membrana Basilaris in the ear situated? 211. 
148. Wrhat is the size and shape of the scala media (ductus coch- 
learis) of the ear? 211. 
149. What separates the scala media from the scala vestibuli of the 
ear? 211. 
150. ’What separates the scala media from the scala tympani of the 
ear? 211. 
151. Where is the Membrane of Reisner in the ear? 211. 
152. What is the function of the membrane of Reisner? 212. 
153. What fluid fills the three scalse of the internal ear? 212. 
154. To what is the membrana Basilari of the ear attached? 212. THE EAR AND THE SENSE OF HEARING. 
93 
155. What is supported by the membrana Basilari of the ear? 2V2. 
156. Where are the Rods of Corti in the ear situated? 212. 
157. About how many rods of Corti are there? 212. 
158. Are the rods of Corti all of the same size and length? 212. 
159. What is understood by the organ of Corti? 212. 
160. What supports the ciliated cells, or rods of Corti? 212. 
161. What kind of nerve-fibres supply the organ of Corti? 212. 
162. What is the route of the nerve-libres of the auditory nerve to 
the organ of Corti? 212. 
163. What is the function of the rods of Corti? 212. 
164. What rods of Corti respond to deep bass notes, and which to 
notes of higher pitch? 212. 
165. Define Sound? 212. 
166. Is sound in the sounding body, or in the medium that conveys 
it? 212. 
167. Describe the vibration of sound? 213. 
168. What is understood by period of vibrations of sound? 213. 
169. Does an elastic, or a dense medium, facilitate the velocity of 
sound vibrations? 213. 
170. On what does the variation of intensity of sound depend? 213. 
171. On what does the Intensity of sound depend? 213. 
172. What is Wave-length of sound? 213. 
173. Are the wave-lengths shorter or longer the greater the number 
of vibrations of sound per second? 213. 
174. What distance does Sound travel per second through air? 213. 
175. What distance does Light travel per second? 213. 
176. What are the extreme limits of regular periodic vibrations of 
sound for hearing? 213. 
177. In what manner must the vibrations of sound arrive at the 
ear, in order to produce a musical tone? 213. 
178. What are the three essential characters of a musical tone? 213. 
179. Describe the vibrations of the air, in noise? 213. 
180. Are sound waves Refractive? 213. 
181. Are sound waves Reflective? 213. 
182. In what do Musical sounds differ? 213. 
183. On what does the Loudness of a tone of sound depend? 213. 
184. What is understood by Amplitude of a sound wave? 213. 
185. On what does the high pitch of a note depend? 213. 
186. What vibrating waves of sound are required from an instrument 
to produce the same pitch of tone as another instrument? 213. 
187. Do rapid, or slow, vibrating wave-lengths of sound produce a 
high pitch of tone? 213. 94 
THE EAR AND THE SENSE OF HEARING. 
188. On what does the Quality of various musical tones depend? 214 
189. What is understood by Timbre, or sound-clang? 214. 
190. On what does timbre or sound-clang depend? 214. 
191. What peculiarity of sound enables a person to determine 
whether a tone comes from a violin, flute, harp, piano, or bell? 
192. What is understood by Overtones? 214. 
193. How are overtones produced? 214. 
194. What is Sonorous Resonance? 214. 
195. If sonorous resonance is caused by reflection, how far can the 
body reflecting the sound, be distant? 214. 
196. How is an Echo produced? 214. 
197. How do sound waves occur in a fluid, and a solid; and give an 
illustration of each? 214. 
198. Give an illustration of a single sound wave, and one of contin- 
uous waves in succession? 214. 
199. In what manner can sound waves be transmitted by air to a 
great distance? 214. 
200. What difference is there between waves of sound and waves of 
water? 214. 
201. In what two ways can sound vibrations set the fluid of the 
auricular labyrinth in motion? 215. 
202. What is the route of sound waves from organ to organ in the 
ear, and finally to the rods of Corti? 215. 
203. What Membranes Modify the sound vibrations of the en- 
dolymph in the ductus cochlearis of the ear? 215. 
204. At what part of the organ of hearing is sound resolved into its 
three properties of intensity, pitch, and quality? 215. 
205. Are the cells and the projecting rods of Corti all of the same 
length and strength? 215. 
206. What is the termination of the auditory nerve-fibrillae, in the 
ear? 215. 
207. What is the Function of the cilise, or rods of Corti? 215. 
208. How are the impulses of sound vibrations transmitted from 
the ear to the auditory centre of the cerebrum? 215. 
209. What qualities must sound vibrations have to stimulate the 
terminals of the auditory nerve? 216. 
210. What is the Function of the membrane of Corti? 216. 
211. What supports the cells of the organ of Corti, and on what do 
they rest? 216. 
212. About how many vibrations are required per second, to corre- 
spond to the note C ? 216. 
213. Where is the Auditory Nervous Centre situated? 216. THE VOICE AND SPEECH. 
95 
214. What effect has destruction of the Tempero-sphenoidal 
Gyrus of the brain? 216. 
215. Where do External Sensations take place? 216. 
216. Can an external sensation be improved? 216. 
CHAPTER XXII. 
THE VOICE AND SPEECH. 
1. Is Voice, or vocal sound, a voluntary or involuntary act? 217 
2. How is a tone or vocal sound produced? 217. 
3. What is understood by Rima Glottis? 217. 
4. Physically, how many muscles are involved in articulation or 
speech? 217. 
5. On what do the muscles involved in speech act? 217. 
6. What Five muscles act on the vocal chords during speech ? 217. 
7. What Three muscles act on the epiglottis during speech? 217. 
8. What is the function of the thyro-arytaenoid muscles? 217. 
9. What constitutes the Vocal Chords? 217. 
10. What is the function of the crico-thyroid and the posterior crico- 
arytaenoideus muscles? 217. 
11. What muscles cause the vocal chords to become straight and 
tense? 217. 
12. What causes the vibration of the vocal chords? 217. 
13. Explain how the mucous membrane on the thyro-arytaenoid 
muscles is formed into vocal chords? 217. 
14. What effect have the posterior crico-arytaenoid muscles on the 
glottis? 218. 
15. What is the function of the crico-arytaenoid laterelis muscles 
during speech? 218. 
16. What effect on the voice has paralysis of the crico-arytaenoid 
lateralis muscles? 218. 
17. What effect on the voice has paralysis of the thyro-arytaenoid 
muscles? 218. 
18. What is the function of the arytaenoideus muscle? 218. 
19. What is the function of the thyro-epiglottideus muscle during 
speech? 218. 
20. What is the function of the superior arytaeno-epiglottideus mus- 
cle during speech? 218. 
21. What is the function of the inferior arytaeno-epiglottideus mus- 
cle during speech? 218. 
22. How are the different tones of voice produced? 219. 96 
THE VOICE AND SPEECH. 
23. What medium transmits the sounds of speech? 219. 
24. What cavities constitute Resonators of sound during speech? 
25. What causes the muscles To Act on the larynx, pharynx, nose, 
mouth, and trachea, resonating cavities, during speech? 219. 
26. What is the Stimulus to produce a head note (falsetto), or a 
chest tone, during speech? 219. 
27. What are the Limits of human voice vibrations per second? 219 
28. What are the limits of sound vibrations per second for an expert 
human ear to appreciate tones of musical sounds? 219. 
29. What note is produced by a piano-string vibrating 256 times per 
second? 219. 
30. On what does the Pitch of a tone depend? 219. 
31. What is the effect on sound if the vocal chords come in contact? 
32. What effect has the length or shortness of the vocal chords on 
the pitch of tones? 219. 
33. Why have females as a rule a higher pitch of voice than man ? 219 
34. Which is easier to execute, a crescendo, or a deep bass tone? 220. 
35. At what separation of vocal chords is no tone produced? 220. 
36. On what does the Tone, Pitch, and Intensity of sound in 
speech depend? 220. 
37. Where is the Vocalization of speech accomplished? 220. 
38. Where is the Articulation of speech effected? 220. 
39. What is articulation of speech? 220. 
40. Through what Nerve do the impulses pass for the articulation 
of speech? 220. 
41. Through what Nerve do the impulses pass for vocalization of 
speech? 220. 
42. Define Speech? 220. 
43. Where is the Speech-centre of the brain situated? 220. 
44. Where is the trouble in Sensory Aphasia, that is, a deficiency 
or suspension of the power to recall a word? 220. 
45. Where is the trouble in Motor Aphasia, that is, a loss of power 
to produce the proper muscular co-ordination for articulation 
of speech? 220. 
46. What Nervous Centres are concerned in reflex action when 
an organist plays the organ with the fingers and feet, at the 
same time sings from notes he sees before him? 220. 
47. What effect on speech has Embolism of the middle cerebral 
artery in the left hemisphere? 221. 
48. What is Ataxic Aphasia? 221. 
49. In ataxic aphasia, are the muscles of the speech organs para- 
lyzed? 221. THE SKIN. 
97 
50. In ataxic aphasia, does a person really know the word he wishes 
to say? 221. 
51. In ataxic aphasia, if a person really knows the word he wishes 
to say, why can he not speak or pronounce it? 221. 
52. In ataxic aphasia, can a person write the words? 221. 
53. Where is generally the lesion effecting ataxic aphasia? 221. 
54. What is Stammering? 221. 
55. What causes stammering? 221. 
56. What is Stuttering? 221. 
57. What is the cause of stuttering? 221. 
CHAPTER XXIII. 
THE SKIN. 
1. For what purposes is the Skin of body? 222. 
2. What are the two principal layers of the skin of the body? 222. 
3. What is understood by Epidermis? 222. 
4. Of what does the epidermis consist? 222. 
5. What are the two layers of the epidermis? 222. 
6. Of what does the Cuticle of the epidermis consist? 222. 
7. Of what does the Rete Mucosum of the epidermis consist? 222 
8. Of what does the Stratum Corneum of the epidermis consist? 
9. Of what use is the stratum corneum of the epidermis? 222. 
10. Of what does the Stratum Ducidum of the epidermis consist? 
11. What is the situation of the Stratum Granulosum of the 
epidermis? 222. 
12. What is the function of the stratum granulosum of the epider- 
mis? 222. 
13. What is Melanin of the skin? 222. 
14. What does melanin impart to'the skin? 222. 
15. What causes the different colors of the human race? 222. 
16. Are Pigment deposits, for instance in the skin of the negro, 
formed in the epidermis? 222. 
17. What proof is there that pigment deposits of the skin are not 
formed in the epidermis? 222. 
18. How do the pigment deposits get into the epidermis? 222. 
19. What is the situation of the Stratum Malpighii of the epi- 
dermis? 222. 
20. How are the strata corneum and lucidum of the epidermis pro- 
duced? 222. 
21. How is Dandruff produced? 222. 
7 98 
THE SKIN. 
22. What is the use of the epidermis on the skin? 223. 
23. Why is the complexion changed when sunburnt? 223. 
24. What are Freckles on the skin due to? 223. 
25. Of what does the Dermis of the skin consist? 224. 
26. What are the two layers of the dermis? 224. 
27. What is understood by Cutis Vera? 224. 
28. Of what is the cutis vera, or true skin, composed? 224. 
29. What constitutes the essential parts of the Organ of Touch? 
30. In what part of the skin are the Papillae of touch situated? 224. 
31. At what parts of the body are the papillae of touch most num- 
erous? 224. 
32. In what position are the papillae of touch on the last joint of 
the fingers? 224. 
33. About how many papillae of touch are in a square line of the 
palm of the hand? 224. 
34. What is the average height of the papillae of touch? 224. 
35. Do all papillae of the derma contain tactile corpuscles? 224. 
36. Considering the number of Tactile Corpuscles that contain 
papillae, what parts of the derma is most sensitive to touch? 
37. What difference in the nerve-fibrillae supply to tactile corpuscles 
that contain papillae, and those that contain none? 224. 
38. Of what are the papillae of the derma that contain no tactile cor- 
puscles, mostly composed? 224. 
39. What part of the nerve-fibre enters the tactile corpuscle? 224. 
40. What becomes of the sheath of the nerve-fibre that supplies the 
tactile corpuscle? 224. 
41. Of what shape are the tactile corpuscles? 224. 
42. What constitutes the organ of touch (organum tactusJ? 225. 
43. In what parts of the skin is the sense of touch the most highly 
developed? 225. 
44. Where are the Pacinian Bodies of the skin situated? 225. 
45. What is the function of the Pacinian bodies of the skin? 225. 
46. On what does the healthy reddish hue of the skin depend? 225. 
47. What consiitutes the Corium of the skin? 225. 
48. Of what does the corium of the skin consist? 225. 
49. What effect has a long continued internal use of argentum ni- 
trate, on the skin? 225. 
50. What is the thickness of the corium of the skin? 225. 
51. Why is the dermis, or cutis vera, covered with epidermis? 225. 
52. What is the thickness of the derma of the skin? 225. 
53. State whether the skin is thinner on the front or back part of 
body, on the outside or inside of limbs? 225. THE SKIN. 
99 
54. Of what kinds are the muscular fibres of the skin? 226. 
55. How many classes are there of Non-striated musclular fibres 
of the skin? 226. 
56. What are the three classes of non-striated muscular fibres of the 
skin? 226. 
57. What is the function of the arrectores pilorum muscles of the 
skin? 226. 
58. What kind of tissues mainly constitute the corium of the skin? 
59. What is the function of the oblique tensor muscular fibres and 
elastic tissue of the skin? 226. 
60. What effect has a medium high temperature on the skin? 226. 
61. What causes the wrinkles of the skin in old age? 226. 
62. Of what use is the fat beneath the corium in the skin? 226. 
63. How many kinds of Secreting Glands are in the skin? 226. 
64. What are the secreting glands of the skin? 226. 
65. What do the secreting glands of the skin secrete? 226. 
66. What is understood by Appendages of the skin? 226. 
67. Of what do the Sudoriparous or sweat glands consist? 227. 
68. What is the function of the sudoriparous or sweat glands? 227. 
69. In what manner do the efferent ducts of the sweat glands pass 
through the skin? 227. 
70. What is the diameter of the efferent ducts of the sweat glands? 
71. What is the size and number of the sweat glands? 227. 
72. What is the situation of the sweat glands? 227. 
73. State the number of orifices of efferent ducts of the sweat glands 
in each square inch on the palm of the hand? 227. 
74. What would be the area of an opening if all the orifices of the 
sweat glands of the body were taken together? 227. 
75. Where are the largest sweat glands of the body situated? 227. 
76. Where are the odoriferous glands of Horner? 227. 
77. Where do the glands of Moll discharge? 227. 
78. What do the Ceruminous glands of the external auditory me- 
atus secrete? 227. 
79. What is the action of the cerumen in the external auditory me- 
atus? 227. 
80. Is sweat the production of the sudoriparous glands only? 227. 
81. Why do not dogs sweat? 227. 
82. What is understood by Insensible perspiration? 227. 
83. What is understood by Sensible perspiration? 227. 
84. What is the Most Direct means of lowering a high tempera- 
ture of the body? 228. 
85. Where is the Nervous Reflex Centre for sweating situated? 100 
THE SKIN. 
86. How does the nervous reflex centre effect sweating? 228. 
87. Does sweating occur when the skin is red, or pale? 228. 
88. Is the skin a secreting or excreting organ? 228. 
89. Of what is Sweat composed? 228. 
90. Of what use is the sebaceous secretion or Sebum? 228. 
91. What is the result on the body if the secretory processes (sweat 
and sebum) are stopped? 228. 
92. What secretes the sebum of the skin? 228. 
93. Where are the Sebaceous Glands situated? 228. 
94. In what parts of the skin are the sebaceous glands most num- 
erous? 228. 
95. Where are the largest sebaceous glands situated? 228. 
96. Where are the Meibonian glands situated? 228. 
97. Where do the orifices of the tubes (ducts) of the sebaceous 
glands terminate? 228. 
98. Where do the ducts of sebaceous glands discharge on the sur- 
face of the body? 228. 
99. Where are Tyson’s glands situated? 228. 
100. Of what do the mixed secretions of the sebaceous glands, hair- 
follicles, and epidermic intercellular matters, consist? 228. 
101. What gives the sebaceous secretions its peculiar odor? 228. 
102. Of what use are the sebaceous secretions? 228. 
103. Are sebaceous secretions reckoned among secretions or excre- 
tions? 228. 
104. What kind of parasite is often contained in sebaceous glands? 
105. Of what do Comedos consist? 229. 
106. What parts of the skin are not covered with hair? 229. 
107. How is the Hair situated in the skin? 229. 
108. From what does the hair arise in the skin? 229. 
109. What is understood by Hair-follicle? 229. 
110. What is the lining of the hair follicles? 229. 
111. What glands discharge into the hair-follicles? 230. 
112. Where is the Papilla of the hair situated? 230. 
113. What prevents the hair from uniting with the wall of the hair- 
follicle from which it grows? 230. 
114. What constitutes the Cuticle of the hair? 230. 
115. Is the hair a solid growth throughout? 230. 
116. How and from what does the hair grow? 230. 
117. What causes the hair, for instance, of a mad dog, to stand 
erect? 230. 
118. When a hair is pulled out, why does a new one sometimes grow 
again, and sometimes not? 230. THE KIDNEYS. 
101 
119. What is the cause that certain animals periodically shed their 
hair? 230. 
120. What causes the human scalp in old age to lose its hair? 230. 
121. Why does the hair often fall out after a severe illness, and af- 
terward grow again? 230. 
122. What is the cause of the hair turning Gray? 231. 
123. What is the cause of the hair turning Silver Gray in appear- 
ance? 231. 
124. In how many ways may a Haemorrhage be caused within 
the skin? 231. 
125. What are the three causes of haemorrhage within the skin? 231. 
126. What are the three progressive colors resulting on the skin 
from haemorrhage within? 231. 
127. What amount of water and other excretory matters are given 
off by the skin of an adult in 24 hours? 231. 
128. Of what use is the skin on the body? 231. 
129. Can nourishment and medicines enter the body through the 
skin? 231. 
130. Of what do the nails on the fingers and toes consist? 231. 
131. What is understood by the Lunula of the nails? 232. 
132. What is the process of the nail-growth? 232. 
133. How is the nail substance produced? 232. 
134. What prevents the nails of the fingers and toes from growing 
backward? 232. 
CHAPTER XXIV. 
THE KIDNEYS. 
1. To what class of organs do the Kidneys belong? 233. 
2. What is the situation of the kidneys? 233. 
3. How are the kidneys held in position? 233. 
4. To what organs does the right kidney lie in close relation? 233 
5. To what organs does the left kidney lie in close relation? 233. 
6. What form and structure has the kidney? 233. 
7. What is the size and weight of the kidney in the adult? 233. 
8. What part of the kidney constitutes the Cortical Substance? 
9. Of what does the cortical substance of the kidney consist? 233. 
10. What gives the cortical substance of the kidney its granular 
appearance? 233. 
11. What is the situation of the Medullary Substance of the 
kidney? 233. 102 
THE KIDNEYS. 
12. Of what does the medullary substance of the kidney consist? 233. 
13. What constitutes the Renal Pyramids? 233. 
14. What is the number of the renal pyramids? 233. 
15. To what do the renal pyramids extend? 233. 
16. What constitutes the Renal Papilla? 233. 
17. Of what use are the Uriniferous Tubes in the kidney? 233. 
18. What constitutes the Pelvis of the kidney? 233. 
19. Of what use is the Renal Pelvis and Ureter? 233. 
20. What is the lining inside of the renal pelvis and ureter? 233. 
21. What is understood by Calyces of the kidney? 234. 
22. Describe the passage of the urine from the uriniferous tubules to 
the bladder? 234. 
23. What is understood by the kidney excretory duct for the urine? 
24. What holds the blood-vessels, nerves, and lymphatics in place 
in the kidneys? 234. 
25. What supplies the kidney with blood? 234. 
26. Of what do the Glomernles (Malpighian bodies) of the kidney 
consist? 234. 
27. Where are Bowman’s Capsules of the kidney situated? 234. 
28. What is the diameter of Bowman’s capsule of the kidney? 234. 
29. Of what do Bowman’s capsules and uriniferous tubules consist? 
30. What is the function of the glomerules of the kidney? 235. 
31. What is the function of Bowman’s capsules and uriniferous tub- 
ules of the kidney? 235. 
32. What produces in the kidney the urea, uric acid, creatine, and 
inorganic salts-of the urine? 235. 
33. How do the watery and solid parts of urine come together in 
the kidney? 235. 
34. How can the cells of the uriniferous tubules get the elements of 
salts from the blood, as found in the urine? 235. 
35. What is understood by Henle’s Loop Tubes of the kidney? 
36. What is the function of the kidneys in regard to the health of 
the body? 236. 
37. On what do the variations of the fluid and solid constituents of 
urine normally depend? 236. 
38. What are the most essential organs in the kidneys for the per- 
formance of their function? 236. 
39. In what part of the kidney are the lymphatic capillaries situ- 
ated? 236. 
40. From what are the Nerve-fibres derived supplying the kid- 
ney? 236. 
41. What Impulses do the nerve-fibres carry for the kidney? 236. THE KIDNEYS. 
103 
42. What is the appearance of urine? 236. 
43. What is the reaction of urine? 236. 
44. What is the specific gravity of urine? 236. 
45. What is the composition of urine? 236. 
46. How much water in 1000 parts of urine? 236. 
47. What substances of urine are derived from nitrogenous organic 
matter? 236. 
48. What Mineral Salts are found in urine? 236. 
49. What amount of urine is secreted in 24 hours by an adult? 236. 
50. What effect on the body has a complete suppression of urine? 236 
51. What does a variation of the specific gravity of urine during 
24 hours indicate, in regard to health? 237. 
52. What does a continual abnormality for days of the specific 
gravity of urine indicate, in regard to health? 237. 
53. What is Urea? 237. 
54. In what forms does urea crystallize? 237. 
55. Why does urine ferment soon? 237. 
56. What is the Normal Stimulation for micturation? 237. 
57. What are the Nervous Phenomena effecting micturation? 237 
58. State the nervous phenomena when by Will-power mictura- 
tion is delayed? 237. 
59. How much urea is excreted during 24 hours by an adult? 237. 
60. What amount of Uric Acid is excreted during 24 hours by an 
adult? 237. 
61. How can artificial urea be obtained? 237. 
62. What quantity constitutes the urea of the entire solid ingredi- 
ents of urine? 237. 
63. On what does the quantity of urea in urine depend? 237. 
64. What class of food Increases the quantity of urea in urine? 238 
65. What class of food Decreases the quantity of urea in urine? 238 
66. Does urea, As Such, normally exist in the blood, or tissues? 238 
67. Where in the body is urea completely formed? 238. 
68. State how urea sometimes gets into the blood, or tissues? 238. 
69. Is urea of use or not in regard to the body? 238. 
70. What quantity of Solids are discharged daily with the urine 
by the healthy adult? 238. 
71. When organic salts, such as acetates, lactates, and tartrates, are 
taken, what becomes of them in the blood? 238. 
72. When organic salts, such as acetates, lactates, and tartrates, are 
taken, what effect have they on the urine? 238. 
73. What sodium acetate is taken internally, what is the effect on 
the urine? 238. 104 
TIIE MUSCULAR TISSUES. 
74. What Class of Food increases the sodium and potassium 
urates of urine? 238. 
75. Why are the sodium and potassium urates of urine increased 
by nitrogenous food? 238. 
76. Chemically, what is a Base? 238. 
77. Chemically, what is a Salt? 238. 
78. What gives urine the property of reddening blue litmus paper? 
79. Does urine contain a free acid? 238. 
80. Of what composition is Uric Acid in urine? 238. 
81. Does uric acid exist in a free state in urine? 238. 
82. How does the urine acquire an acid reaction? 238. 
83. Adding an acid to urine, what becomes of the uric acid? 238. 
84. Why does the urine become alkaline when eating fruit or vege- 
tables containing tartrates and citrates? 238. 
85. What salts of urine are increased by continued mental labor? 
86. What diseases generally increase the earthy phosphates in 
urine? 239. 
87. What holds the earthy phosphates in solution in urine? 239. 
88. What nerves supply the urinary bladder? 239. 
89. To what is Incontinence of urine often due? 239. 
90. What is the cause of the retention of urine in old people? 239. 
91. In what relation are the Wolffian Bodies to the kidneys? 239 
92. What is the origin of the Suprarenal Capsules? 239. 
93. When the function of the kidneys is stopped, what is the effect 
on the blood, and the body? 239. 
94. What change in the kidneys brings on Bright’s Disease? 240 
95. What is the cause of albumen in urine of Bright’s disease? 240. 
96. What are the symptoms of Nephritis? 240. 
97. What is the structure of the suprarenal capsules? 240. 
98. Where are the suprarenal capsules situated? 240. 
99. What constitutes Addison’s Disease? 240. 
100. What effect has Addison’s disease on the skin? 240. 
101. What can be expected in regard to treatment and result in Ad- 
dison’s disease? 240. 
CHAPTER XXV. 
THE MUSCULAR TISSUES. 
1. Of how many kinds of Muscular Fibres do the muscular tis- 
sues consist? 241. 
2. What kind of muscular fibres constitute Striated muscles? 241 THE MUSCULAR TISSUES. 
105 
3. What is the Function of the Striated muscles in regard to 
life? 241. 
4. What is the Function of the Unstriated muscular fibres in 
regard to life? 241. 
5. Are the two kinds of muscular fibres apparent in the embryo ? 241 
6. Do the striated or nonstriated muscular fibres normally ever 
change from one into the other? 241. 
7. Does the increase of muscular tissue during life involve a change 
in elementary composition? 241. 
8. Do the same number of fibres exist in muscles of the foetus as 
in that of the adult? 241. 
9. What per cent of the adult body is muscle-tissue? 241. 
10. Of what do the striated muscles consist? 241. 
11. What is the Perimysium Externum? 241. 
12. Of what use is the perimysium externum? 241. 
13. What is the Perimysium Internum? 241. 
14. From what is the perimysium internum derived? 241. 
15. Of what use is the perimysium internum? 241. 
16. Are the Fasciculi of the same length in short and long mus- 
cles? 242. 
17. What is understood by Endomysium? 242. 
18. From what is the endomysium derived? 242. 
19. What holds the muscular fibres in the Fasciculi separated one 
from another? 242. 
20. What supports and carries the capillary vessels and nerve fibres 
within the fasciculi of muscles? 242. 
21. What is understood by the Fasciculi of muscles? 242. 
22. What holds the fasciculi of muscles together? 242. 
23. Are the muscular fibres of a fasciculus of equal length? 242. 
24. To what are the ends of muscular fibres attached? 24.2. 
25. What is the surrounding sheath of the muscular fibre? 242. 
26. Where do the Sarcolemmae terminate? 242. 
27. How are the Tendons of muscles produced? 242. 
28. To what are the tendons of muscles attached? 242. 
29. Where are the larger nerves and vessels within the muscle situ- 
ated? 242. 
30. Where are the small nerve-fibrillse and capillary-vessels within 
the muscle situated? 242. 
31. What nerve-fibres enter the muscular fibres? 242. 
32. Do capillary vessels enter the muscular fibres? 243. 
33. What is the Sarcolemma? 243. 
34. What constitutes the transverse partitions of muscular fibre? 243 106 
THE MUSCULAR TISSUES. 
35. What separates the cells within striated muscular fibres? 243. 
36. What is the function of the cells within the muscular fibre? 243 
37. What produces the myosin of muscular fibres? 243. 
38. Where is the greater quantity of myosin of the muscular fibre 
found? 243. 
39. What is Myosin? 243. 
40. Of what does the Muscular Fibre consist? 244. 
41. What is the average diameter of the muscular fibre in the adult? 
42. What is the length of the muscular fibre in the adult? 244. 
43. In what muscle are the muscular fibres as long as the muscle? 244 
44. What is understood by Krause’s Membranes of muscles? 244 
45. What is the average distance between the Striae of the muscu- 
lar fibre? 244. 
46. How many Physiological Properties has the muscle? 244. 
47. What are the physiological properties of the muscle? 244. 
48. What is Irritability of the muscle? 244. 
49. In what ways can The Cells of a muscle be brought into ac- 
tion? 244. 
50. How does the Motor nerve-fibre terminate in the muscular 
fibre? 244. 
51. How can one original nerve-fibre supply many muscular fibres? 
52. Where does the nerve-fibre generally enter the muscular fibre? 244 
53. What tissues of the body are most abundantly supplied with 
nerves? 244. 
54. How do the Nerves run (proceed) within the muscle? 244. 
55. When a motor nerve-fibre penetrates the sarcolemma, how is 
the fibre changed? 244. 
56. How do the Sensory nerve-fibres terminate in the muscle? 244 
57. What determines the power of an impulse conveyed thru a mo- 
tor nerve-fibre? 244. 
58. Are the motor impulses more powerful for muscles nearer nerv- 
ous centres, or for muscles farther off? 244. 
59. Why do the Striated muscles become more vigorous when fre- 
quently called into action? 244. 
60. What effect has the number and size of tendonous fibres in re- 
gard to power of muscles? 245. 
61. What effect has-an abnormal temperature on irritability of the 
body? 245. 
62. What is the effect on the irritability of muscles when the reflexes 
are interfered with? 245. 
63. What effect is produced on the nutrition of muscles in disuse or 
prolonged absolute rest of striated muscles? 245. THE MUSCULAR TISSUES. 
107 
64. What effect has division of the nerve supplying a muscle? 245. 
65. How can the nutrition and irritability of muscles be retained 
during their injury or impairment? 245. 
66. Is the muscular tissue excitable independently of the nervous 
influence? 245. 
67. Wfhat does Curare paralyze in the muscle? 245. 
68. Where has the stimulation to be applied to revive the muscle in 
paralysis from curare? 245. 
69. What remedies applied to muscles produce movement, but not 
when applied to the nerves? 245. 
70. What is Elasticity of a muscle? 245. 
71. Of what good is the elasticity of the muscle? 245. 
72. Do all fibres of a muscle normally act simultaneously? 245. 
73. is Tonicity of a muscle? 245. 
74. When the mutual counterbalance (tonicity) of muscles is de- 
stroyed by paralysis, what effect on the part affected? 245. 
75. Regarding the tonicity of muscles, why normally are the hands 
partially closed in profound sleep? 245. 
76. What is Contractility of a muscle? 246. 
77. In what Forms do the contractility of muscles exhibit? 246. 
78. What constitutes the greater Mass of quick-acting muscles? 246 
79. Why are quick-acting muscles called Voluntary muscles? 246. 
80. Mention some of the quick-acting muscles that are not under the 
control of the will? 246. 
81. Of what kind of muscular fibres are the Sphincter muscles and 
the Diaphragm composed? 246. 
82. Name Eleven Structures of the body that are supplied with 
muscular fibres longitudinally, circidarly, and obliquely ? 246, 
83. For what are the muscular contractions required? 246. 
84. What time is normally required for striped muscular fibres to 
contract when stimulated? 246. 
85. What nervous system furnishes the Motor nerves for the mus- 
cular system? 246. 
86. What substance gives the muscles principally the power of con- 
tractility? 246. 
87. What Part of the muscular fibres contain the myosin? 246. 
88. Do the Fasiculi of a muscle all contract simultaneously? 246, 
89. How does the stimulation pass through a muscle? 246. 
90. To what extent does the stimulation travel per second within 
the muscle? 246. 
91. Is the velocity of stimulation the same in strong, or weak vital- 
ity; in high, or low, temperature? 246. 108 
THE MUSCULAR TISSUES. 
92. What effect has the stimulation at the point of contact on mus- 
cles when the vital activity is very low? 246. 
93. In how many ways can the stimulation for muscular contrac- 
tion take place? 246. 
94. What is Indirect stimulation for muscular contraction? 246. 
95. What is Direct stimulation for muscular contraction? 246. 
96. When muscles are active, what in regard to blood-vessels, nu- 
trition supply, and carbonic acid elements of the muscles? 246. 
97. What part of the muscle becomes Exhausted first, if excess- 
ively stimulated? 246. 
98. What substance of the muscle is Wanting, when exhausted 
from excessive stimulation? 246. 
99. In what do the capillary arteries, veins, and lymphatics run, or 
lie within the muscle? 247. 
100. Do capillary arteries, veins, or lymphatics Enter the muscu- 
lar fibres? 247. 
101. How does the nutriment required Get Into the muscular 
fibres? 247. 
102. How do the excrementitious substances Get Out of the mus- 
cular fibres, for, no lymphatics enter? 247. 
103. Is the power of absorption and excretion in muscles increased, 
or lowered, during contractile activity? 247. 
104. Is the blood of muscles required for their Nutrition only? 247 
105. In what condition must the blood be, in order to exercise its 
salutary influence on muscles? 247. 
106. What effect is produced on the muscles if the blood is not prop- 
erly aerated, or ceases to circulate? 247. 
107. Since the activity of the striped muscular tissue of the Heart 
is necessarily constant, when does the heart Repair its waste? 
108. When voluntary striated muscles are nourished, fa- 
tigued, and impaired from prolonged activity, what is neces- 
sary for their Repair? 247. 
109. What chemical compounds are especially necessary for the 
normal Nutrition of muscles? 247. 
110. If sodium chloride and potassium salts are not in food for a long 
time, what would be the effect on the muscles, nervous sys- 
tem, and digestive apparatus? 247. 
111. Of the Chemical Salts in food, which is most necessary? 247. 
112. Of all the chemical salts in food, which Injures the nerves 
and muscle-tissue the least? 247. 
113. What Tires Out soonest, the contractile substance, or nerve 
terminals of muscular tissue? 247. THE MUSCULAR TISSUES. 
109 
114. What effect has Paralysis of the muscle on its Nutrition 
and Myosin? 247. 
115. Why is contractility of the muscle Lost during its paralysis? 
116. How can the flow of blood and lymph be facilitated, nutrition 
favored, waste products removed, in paralyzed muscles? 247. 
117. When does an increase of decomposition of matter in the mus- 
cle take place, in activity, or during fatigue? 247. 
118. What is the Proper Treatment for a paralyzed, or fatigued 
muscle, in order to soon recover its loss? 247. 
119. How long after death does the muscle retain contractility un- 
der artificial stimulus? 248. 
120. Do the striped, or unstriped muscular fibres, retain their con- 
tractility longest after death? 248. 
121. What is Muscular Action? 248. 
122. Which structures of muscles possess the property of contraction, 
and which not? 248. 
123. What structure is the most perfect in regard to simplicity of 
mechanism, and adaptability for work? 248. 
124. What structure of the muscle makes it naturally stronger? 248. 
125. Where is the Adipose tissue of the muscle situated? 248. 
126. What is the Reaction of muscle-tissue at repose? 248. 
127. What effect has the Activity of muscles on its tissues? 248. 
128. At what time is the acidity and excrementitious substances in 
the muscle greatest? 248. 
129. What is Vital Tissue Acid? 248. 
130. What is the Cause of the Acidity of muscles? 248. 
131. By what is the acidity of muscles neutralized? 248. 
132. What is the Source of carbonic acid elements of muscular 
tissue? 248. 
133. How do the carbonic acid elements Get Away from the mus- 
cular tissues? 248. 
134. How are the excrementitious substances (other than acid ele- 
ments) removed from the muscular tissues? 248. 
135. Through what is the vital activity of the muscular tissues ac- 
complished? 248. 
136. Is the Composition of Protoplasm in muscular tissues al- 
ways the same? 248. 
137. What is Metabolism? 248. 
138. What Guides the chemical combinations within the vital ani- 
mal economy? 248. 
139. State the two great metabolic activities going on within the 
vital animal economy? 248. 110 
THE MUSCULAR TISSUES. 
140. What is understood by Anabolism? 248. 
141. What is understood by Katabolism? 249. 
142. To what extent does Protoplasm modify the tissues? 249. 
143. Give the reason why the form and function of protoplasm are 
not always the same in the body? 249. 
144. On what does the protoplasm act, and by what is it acted upon? 
145. What contains and supplies the energy, chemically speaking, 
for material physical action? 249. 
146. How does the true tissue Pabulum come into existence in the 
body? 249. 
147. Into what is pabulum first transformed in the body? 249. 
148. Explain how nervous and muscular energy is produced? 249. 
149. How are the form, size, and composition of the body main- 
tained? 249. 
150. Why are the features, weight, and size of the body about the 
same from 25 to 40 years of age, but not at other ages? 249. 
151. Why does prolonged Mental exertion increase the alkaline 
phosphates in urine? 249. 
152. Why is it that the brain does not diminish in substance during 
mental exertion? 249. 
153. Why is more heat evolved in the body when we run than when 
we walk? 249. 
154. Where does the transformation of physical energy take place 
within the body? 249. 
155. Of what do the Unstriped muscular fibres consist? 249. 
156. What is the length and thickness of unstriped muscular fibres? 
157. About how many cells does each unstriped muscular fibre con- 
tain? 249. 
158. How long and broad are the cells of unstriped muscular fibres? 
159. How do the nerve-fibrillse connect with the unstriped muscular 
fibres? 250. 
160. What causes the unstriped muscular fibres to contract? 250. 
161. What is the difference in actions, between striped and unstrip- 
ed muscular fibres? 250. 
162. What is the difference in attachments of striped and unstriped 
muscular fibres? 250. 
163. What do the unstriped muscular fibres principally supply? 250 
164. How do muscular fibres lie in the walls of capillary vessels? 250. 
165. How do the muscular fibres lie in the walls of the intestine, the 
stomach, and the bladder? 250. 
166. Which requires a longer time for contraction, the striped or 
the unstriped muscular fibres? 250. REPRODUCTION. 
167. From what Source is the nerve supply for the unstriped mus- 
cular fibres? 250. 
168. What remedies stimulate the muscular fibres of the alimentary 
canal to normal action? 250. 
169. By what means are the striped fibres of muscles most readily 
called into action? 250. 
CHAPTER XXVI. 
REPRODUCTION. 
1. By what processes is the Reproduction of animal life accom- 
plished? 251. 
2. What is reproduction of animal life by Fission? 251. 
3. What is reproduction of animal life by Gemmation? 251. 
4. What is reproduction of animal life by Fecundation? 251. 
5. What are the forms of reproduction of the lower orders of ani- 
mal life? 251. 
6. What class of animal life is reproduced by fission? 251. 
7. What class of animal life is reproduced by gemmation? 251. 
8. What condition is absolutely necessary for a human Fertil- 
ized Ovum to develope and acquire maturity? 251. 
9. What is the shape of the Uterus of the human female? 251. 
10. Where is the uterus of the human female situated? 251. 
11. Anatomically, what are the three divisions of the uterus? 251. 
12. Name the Layers of the wall of the uterus? 251. 
13. What is the size of the uterus about two years after puberty? 252 
14. Where is the uterine Os Internum? 252. 
15. What is the extent of the Cervix of the uterus? 252. 
16. Where is the uterine Os Externum? 252. 
17. What portion or the uterus projects into the vagina? 252. 
18. What is understood by Fundus of the uterus? 252. 
19. Where do the Fallopian Tubes enter the uterus? 252. 
20. Where are the Ovarian and Round Ligaments? 252. 
21. What constitutes the Broad Ligament of the uterus? 252. 
22. Of what use is the broad ligament of the uterus? 252. 
23. What is the thickness of the muscular wall of the uterus? 252. 
24. What holds the internal walls of the uterus separated? 252. 
25. Of what thickness is the mucous membrane of the uterus? 252. 
26. Why does the uterine mucous membrane not rupture when the 
uterus dilates? 252. 
27. Of what color is the uterine mucous membrane? 252. 112 
REPRODUCTION. 
28. At what part of the uterus is the mucous membrane thinnest? 252 
29. What lines the surface of the uterine mucous membrane? 252. 
30. What change do the uterine epithelial cells undergo during preg- 
nancy? 252. 
31. Where are the Glandular Follicles of Naboth? 252. 
32. What is the length of the glandular follicles of Naboth? 252. 
33. What is the function of the glandular follicles of Naboth? 253. 
34. What is understood by Ovula of Naboth? 253. 
35. What is the appearance of the swollen ovula of Naboth in the 
cervix uteri? 253. 
36. What is the number of the glandulae folliculi Nabothi in the cer- 
vix uteri? 253. 
37. Of what use is the secretion of the glandular follicles of Naboth? 
38. Where are the Fallopian Tubes situated? 253. 
39. What passes through the Fallopian tubes? 253. 
40. What is the shape and size of the canal of the Fallopian tube? 253 
41. What is the form of the outer extremity of the Fallopian tube? 
42. What is understood by Morsus Diaboli of the fimbriated ex- 
tremity of the Fallopian tube? 254. 
43. What is the length of the Fallopian tube? 254. 
44. What kind of epithelial cells line the internal membrane of the 
Fallopian tubes? 254. 
45. How is the Fallopian tube connected with the ovary? 254. 
46. What Guides the fimbriated extremity of the Fallopian tube 
to the ovary? 254. 
47. What is the Round Ligament of the uterus? 254. 
48. To what are the round ligaments of the uterus attached? 254. 
49. What is understood by the Canal of Nuck? 254. 
50. Why may the canal of Nuck afford a chance for an extra uter- 
ine pregnancy, or become the seat of a hernia? 254. 
51. What Source is the serous membrane covering the uterus? 254. 
52. What forms the Pouch of Douglas; where is it situated? 254, 
53. What is the Source and use of the broad ligaments? 254. 
54. Of what use are the muscular fibres within the broad ligaments? 
55. What Arteries supply blood to the uterus? 254. 
56. What Source are the arteries supplying blood to the uterus? 254 
57. Why do the uterine arteries not tear when the uterus greatly 
distends? 255. 
58. What is the Source of the ovarian arteries? 255. 
59. What structures do the ovarian arteries supply? 255. 
60. What is the Source of the uterine nerves? 255. 
61. Where is the Inferior Hypogastric nerve plexus situated? REPRODUCTION. 
113 
62. What Source is the inferior hypogastric nerve plexus? 255. 
63. What structures do the uterine nerves supply? 255. 
64. What is the Source of the ovarian nerves? 255. 
65. What structures do the ovarian nerves supply? 255. 
66. What is the Cause of puerperal fever? 255. 
67. Give the situation of the Ovary? 255. 
68. What is the Tunica Albuginea Ovarii? 255. 
69. What connects the ovary with the uterus? 255. 
70. What connects the ovary with the Fallopian tube? 255. 
71. What is the appearance, size, and weight of the ovary? 255. 
72. Of what does the ovary consist? 255. 
73. How many ova does an ovary contain? 255. 
74. What is understood by Graafian Vesicles? 255. 
75. What does the Graafian vesicle contain? 255. 
76. What is a Vesicle of Baer? 255. 
77. Give the situation of the Membrana Granulosa of the ovary? 
78. Of what does the membrana granulosa of the ovary consist? 255. 
79. How can the Graafian vesicle get to the surface of the ovary? 255 
80. About what Number of Ova has the female of eighteen in 
both ovaries? 256. 
81. About what size is an Ovum of the female before puberty? 256. 
82. Of what appearance are the ova of the female before puberty? 256 
83. What constitutes the wall of the ovum of the human female? 256 
84. What are the contents of the ovum of the human female? 256. 
85. What constitutes the Nucleus of the human ovum? 256. 
86. What constitutes the Nucleolus of the human ovum? 256. 
87. About what diameter is the mature human ovum? 256. 
88. What is the Vesicle of Purkinje of the human ovum? 256. 
89. What is the diameter of the vesicle of Purkinje of the mature 
human ovum? 256. 
90. What is the diameter of the Germinal Spot of the mature 
human ovum? 256. 
91. How do the human ova form or grow at the early period in 
foetal life? 256. 
92. What is the Zona Pellucida of the human ovum? 256. 
93. What is the normal time for Ovulation, Maturation and 
Discharge, of the human ovum? 256. 
94. What parts participate in the normal periodical menstruation? 
95. What causes the Graafian vesicle, with its contained fluid and 
ovum, to enlarge at the menstrual period? 256. 
96. At what time do Graafian vesicles rupture? 256. 
97. What is liberated when a Graafian vesicle ruptures? 256. 114 
REPRODUCTION. 
98. What effect has the Morsus Diaboli on Graafian vesicles? 256 
99. When the ovum escapes from the ripe Graafian vesicle, what 
becomes of its Germinal Vesicle and Germinal Spot? 
100. When does the bursting of the Graafian vesicle take place? 256- 
101. What receives the ovum from the Graafian vesicle? 256. 
102. What change takes place in the internal layer (zona pellucida) 
previous to the time of rupture of the Graafian vesicle? 257. 
103. What is a Corpus Luteum of the Graafian vesicle? 257. 
104. Does the corpus luteum indicate previous pregnancy? 257. 
105. What is a False, or a True, corpus luteum of the Graafian 
vesicle? 257. 
106. How is the False corpus luteum of the Graafian vesicle pro- 
duced? 257. 
107. What time is normally required for the false corpus luteum of 
the Graafian vesicle to heal? 257. 
108. How is the True corpus luteum of the Graafian vesicle pro- 
duced? 257. 
109. What time is required for the true corpus luteum to heal? 257. 
110. What is the cause that the true corpus luteum of the Graafian 
vesicle requires so long a time to heal? 257. 
111. What is the physical appearance of the true corpus luteum of 
the Graafian vesicle? 257. 
112. What may Cause a False corpus luteum to become just like 
a True corpus luteum of the Graafian vesicle? 257. 
113. Does the existence of a large, or a small corpus luteum on the 
Graafian vesicle determine whether conception has, or has 
not, taken place? 257. 
114. Do true or false corpora lutea afford any criterion that concep- 
tion ever existed or.not? 257. 
115. What affords the only positive proof of conception? 257. 
116. What is the Testicle? 248. 
117. What is the number of Lobuli Testis in the testicle? 258. 
118. Of what are the lobuli testis composed? 258. 
119. What is understood by Vesicles of Evolution of the testi- 
cle? 258. 
120. From what are the Spermatozoa developed in the testicle? 258 
121. What constitutes the Active Generative Element of Se- 
men? 258. 
122. What separates the lobuli testis one from another? 258. 
123. At what age does the semen commence to be secreted? 258. 
124. What is Semen? 258. 
125. What is Spermatozoon? 258. REPRODUCTION. 
115 
126. What is the length and shape of the spermatozoon? 258. 
127. How do the spermatozoa get into the semen? 258. 
128. What gives the spermatozoa propelling power? 258. 
129. To what extent can the spermatozoon propel per second? 258. 
130. Why are Hybrids Sterile? 258. 
131. What is Fecundation? 259. 
132. At what time is the product of conception termed Embryo, 
at what time Foetus? 259. 
133. Where is generally the spot of meeting of the spermatozoon and 
and ovum? 259. 
134. How does the spermatzoon Fertilize the ovum? 259. 
135. What becomes of the germinal vesicle of the ovum after im- 
pregnation? 259. 
136. What is Segmentation or Cleavage of the human ovum? 260 
137. What change has already taken place in the ovum by the time 
it arrives at the uterine cavity? 260. 
138. What is the Source of the Area Germinativa? 290. 
139. What is the Source of the Blastoderm, or Germinal 
Membrane? 260. 
140. What constitutes the External layer of the germinal mem- 
brane? 260. 
141. What constitutes the Internal layer of the germinal mem- 
brane? 260. 
142. What constitutes the Middle layer of the germinal mem- 
brane? 260. 
143. What develops from the blastoderm or germinal membrane? 260 
144. What is the difference between ectoderm, ectoblast, and epiblast? 
145. What is Ectoderm? 260. 
146. What systems, apparatus, organs, and tissues develop from the 
ectoderm? 260. 
147. What is the difference between mesoderm, and mesoblast? 260. 
148. What is the Mesoderm? 260. 
149. What apparatus, organs, and tissues develop from the meso- 
derm? 260. 
150. What is the difference between entoderm, endoderm, and hypo- 
blasts 260. 
151. What is the Entoderm? 260. 
152. What structures and tissues develop from the entoderm? 260. 
153. When and where is the Membrana Decidua developed? 261. 
154. What is the Source of the Decidua? 261. 
155. What is the Decidua Vera? 261. 
156. What is the Decidua Reflexa? 261. 116 
REPRODUCTION. 
157. What is the Decidua Serotina? 261. 
158. How far does the decidua extend in the uterus? 261. 
159. Why does the decidua not extend to the uterine os externum ? 261 
160. What is the Chorion? 261. 
161. What is the Source of the chorion? 261. 
162. Of what layers is the chorion composed? 261. 
163. What is understood by False Amnion? 261. 
164. What is understood by Allantois? 261. 
165. What is the Source of the urinary bladder of the foetus? 261. 
166. What is the Source of the Placenta? 261. 
167. By what is the combined maternal and foetal circulation es- 
tablished? 261. 
168. Of what use is the Placenta? 261. 
169. Why does the new-born infant during the first few days turn 
yellow (jaundice)? 261. 
170. What is Extra-uterine Pregnancy ? 261. 
171. Why is extra-uterine foetation of rare occurrence? 262. 
172. How is extra-uterine pregnancy established? 262. 
173. Of what use is the Fimbriated Extremity of the Fallopian 
tube? 262. 
174. What is Graviditas in Substantia Uteri? 262. 
175. How can graviditas in substantia uteri take place? 262. 
176. How do Twin, Triple, or Quadruple Pregnancies take 
place? 262. 
177. What is the average of twin pregnancy in the white race? 262 
178. What is the average of triple pregnancy in the white race? 262 
179. What is the average of quadruple pregnancy in the white race? 
180. Give the situation of the Human Mamma? 262. 
181. To what class of organs does the mamma belong? 262. 
182. What is the number of the Tubuli Dactiferi in the human 
mamma? 262. 
183. Where do the tubuli lactiferi terminate? 262. 
184. What does a dark-colored circle, or areola, around the nipple 
of the mamma, indicate? 262. 
185. Of what does the substance of the mamma consist? 262. 
186. In what are the milk-secreting cells of the mamma situated ? 262 
187. What constitutes the envelope of the secreting lobe of the 
mamma? 262. 
188. Give the communication of the ducts of the secreting lobes in 
mamma? 262. 
189. What arteries supply blood to the mammary gland? 263. 
190. Does the mammary gland contain lymphatic vessels? 263. REPRODUCTION. 
117 
191. What nerves supply the mammary gland? 263. 
192. What is the internal lining of the secreting lobes, ducts, and 
lactiferous tubules? 263. 
193. Of what use is the arterial blood to the mammary gland? 263. 
194. Where and by what is the milk in the mammary gland pro- 
duced? 263. 
195. Where and by what is the fat of milk in the mammary gland 
produced? 263. 
196. What is Colostrum, and when is it produced? 263. 
197. What becomes of milk in the mammae when the child is not 
nursing? 263. 
198. How is secretion of milk influenced by the nervous system? 263 
199. How can the secretion of milk continue after section of the 
nerves known to supply the mammae? 263. 
200. Why is there Nausea and Vomiting during one pregnancy, 
but not during another, in the same female? 264. 
201. What is a Mole in the uterus? 264. 
202. What constitutes a True Mole in the uterus? 264. 
203. What constitutes a False Mole in the uterus? 264. 
204. What is a Hydatidform Mole in the uterus? 264. 
205. What is the source of the hydatidform mole in the uterus? 264 
206. By what process do the Villi of the chorion in the uterus 
grow? 264. 
207. What is the cause of the growth of a mole in the uterus? 264. 
208. In what manner does the hydatidform mass, or false mole, de- 
velope in the uterus? 264. 
209. What is a True Hydatid? 264. 
210. Where do hydatids develop? 264. 
211. Does the hydatid adhere to other tissues? 265. 
212. What does the hydatid in the uterus simulate, and how is it 
expelled? 265. 
213. What is generally developed when the ovum or some cells of 
its germinal layers are malformed? 265. 
214. Are moles always the result of impregnation? 265. 
215. In a medico-legal sense, of what has the physician to be care- 
ful, in regard to a true or false mole? 266. 
216. Give some examples that would simulate impregnation? 266. 
217. How is the membrane that passed off as a single mass the size 
of the entire uterine cavity, distinguished from a soft mem- 
branous formation resulting from impregnation? 266. 
218. What is a true mole in the uterus a result of? 266. 
219. How is the true mole distinguished from a false mole? 266. 118 
REPRODUCTION. 
220. What is the source of a Vesicular Mole in the uterus, and 
what does it resemble when expelled? 266. 
221. How is a vesicular mole distinguished from a true hydatid? 266. 
222. Can a vesicular or fleshy mole normally develop at the same 
time with a foetus in the uterus? 266. 
223. About how long may a mole remain in the uterus? 266. 
224. In what manner is a mole of the uterus expelled? 266. 
225. How is a polypus distinguished from a mole in the uterus? 266. 
226. What is Menstruation? 266. 
227. What is the normal time for a Graafian Vesicle to burst? 266 
228. Of what Source is the menstrual fluid? 267. 
229. At what.time of life does the Graafian vesicle ripen? 267. 
230. What is the difference between Menstruation and Ovula- 
tion? 267. 
231. Can a woman become pregnant who never menstruated? 267. 
232. What change takes place in the ovaries, Fallopian tubes, ute- 
rus and its glands, before the menstrual discharge? 267. 
233. What is the reason of the mucous discharge before and after 
the bloody flux of menstruation? 267. 
234. What causes the congestion in organs involved during the men- 
strual period? 267. 
235. What is the cause of the blood flow in menstruation? 267. 
236. What effect has the rupture of one or more Graafian vesicles in 
regard to the blood flow in menstruation? 267. 
237. What difference is there in the appearance of the uterus of 
women who die during menstruation, and those who die after 
abortion? 267. 
238. What is the Membrana Decidua Menstrualis? 268. 
239. Why does pregnancy take place easier soon after the menstrual 
period? 268. 
240. Can menstruation take place without ovulation, and vice versa? 
241. Why does menstruation generally stop when a fertilized ovum 
is lodged in the uterus? 268. 
212. Why may the periodical menstruation continue after preg- 
nancy? 268. 
243. How does extra-uterine pregnancy become established? 268. 
244. Whence is the Source of blood to the foetus in case periodical 
menstruation continues? 268. 
245. Does menstruation depend on the maturation of Graafian vesi- 
cles? 268. 
246. Why does the maturation of one or more Graafian vesicles re- 
cur in the human female at regular periods of 28 days? 268. MISCELLANEOUS. 
119 
247. What is the change of the uterus and ovaries at the age of 
about forty-five, when the menstrual discharge in the human 
female ceases? 269. 
248. What is Menopause? 269. 
249. What is understood by Entozoa? 269. 
250. What living organisms can live within other animal tissues? 269. 
251. What are Trichinae Spiralis? 269. 
252. In what animal flesh are trichinae spiralis especially found? 269 
253. How do trichinae spiralis enter the human muscular tissue? 269 
254. What are Infusoria? 269. 
255. Where do the infusoria live and propagate? 269. 
256. What is the manner of reproduction of infusoria? 269. 
257. What do the physical life functions pass thru unceasingly? 269. 
258. Why can certain plants reproduce themselves? 269. 
259. What becomes of the ovules of self-reproducing plants imme- 
diately after the ovules are fertilized? 269. 
CHAPTER XXVII. 
MISCELLANEOUS. 
1. What is the function of Connective Tissues? 270. 
2. What are connective tissues? 270. 
3. What is the function of the Cells of connective tissues? 270. 
4. Have the young, or the old, connective tissues the most cells? 270 
5. What effect have Weak Acids on the fibrous connective tis- 
sues? 270. 
6. What do the Cartilage Cells secrete? 270. 
7. What is the function of the Cells of bone? 270. 
8. What imparts to bone its great strength and hardness? 270. 
9. Of what does Bone consist? 270. 
10. What covers the bone at the articular surfaces? 270. 
11. What is Periosteum? 270. 
12. Of what use is the periosteum on bones? 270. 
13. Why is Periostitis dangerous to bone? 270. 
14. What is generally the cause of Necrosis of bone? 270. 
15. Does the interruption of the return of venous blood always cause 
Gangrene? 271. 
16. What causes gangrene of a Hernial Sac ? 271. 
17. What is generally the cause of gangrene? 271. 
18. What medicine used continuously for some time causes gan- 
grene? 271. 120 
MISCELLANEOUS. 
19. What may cause defective nutrition to any part of the body? 271. 
20. What becomes of the part of the body, where the arterial blood 
current ceases? 271. 
21. What causes may bring about a disturbance of the blood circu- 
lation? 271. 
22. What is Gangraena Senilis? 271. 
23. What is the cause of gangraena senilis? 271. 
24. What is understood by New Formation, in the body? 271. 
25. How do Abnormal Cells multiply? 271. 
26. What is generally the cause of the multiplication of abnormal 
cells? 271. 
27. What are Giant Cells? 272. 
28. What is understood by Roots of Cancer? 272. 
29. When are Roots of cancer produced, and when not? 272. 
30. What tissue of the body contains the largest percentage of 
water? 272. 
31. What tissue of the body decomposes soonest after death? 272. 
32. On what does Tumefaction, or swelling of soft tissues, depend, 
after death? 272. 
33. By what process is Fatty Degeneration in the living tissue 
produced? 272. 
34. What is understood by Granular Corpuscles of fatty degen- 
eration? 272. 
35. Why is Colostrum of a yellowish tint? 272. 
36. What is the cause of the white appearance of the tissues in fatty 
degeneration? 273. 
37. What muscles of the body are most liable to fatty degenera- 
tion? 273. 
38. What force keeps the tissues of the body together for a limited 
time, after death? 273. 
39. Can Spontaneous Generation take place in animal life? 273 
40. What are Schizomycetes? 273. 
41. What are Saprophytes? 273. 
42. To what class of organisms do Algae belong? 273. 
43. What class of animals is endowed with mobility in the absence 
of oxygen? 273. 
44. In what do Bacteria naturally as a rule develop? 273. 
45. Do Micrococci, Bacteria, and Bacilli differ in species? 273 
46. What is a Ptomaine? 273. 
47. What is the difference of action on the tissue between a pto- 
maine and a proteid? 273. 
48. In -what tissues are Pathogenytes most easily developed? 273. MISCELLANEOUS. 
121 
49. How can pathogenytes developed in one part of the body, in- 
fect another? 273. 
50. How do Diphtheritic Cocci developed in decayed mucous 
membrane of the tonsils, enter the circulation and poison the 
blood of the whole body? 274. 
51. Why should the physician be careful in his testimony in a case 
of death from poisoning? 274. 
52. What is the difference between Infection and Contagion? 274 
53. What is meant by Ether, which is supposed to fill all space? 274 
54. Does the ether of the universe enter into combination with other 
substances? 274. 
55. Of what use is the ether of the universe? 274. 
56. What difference is noticed in the epithelium of the terminal 
bronchioli, of a live infant and that of a still-born one? 275. 
57. Describe the proper process of artificial respiration? 275. 
58. What is especially required in addition to the act of artificial 
respiration, to resuscitate the drowned? 275. 
N. B.—The spelling of the word “tho” for “though” and “thru” for 
“through” was intentional, wherever it thus occurs. JUST OUT—SECOND EDITION (Unaltered) 
OF 
Human Physiology, Analysis and Digest, 
By Prof, Tohn P, Schmitz, M, D. 
This text-book on physiology elucidates All the Laws and 
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