Two Thousand Questions 
on 
Practical Anatomy 
prepared for 
Students of Medicine and Dentistry 
by 
George Fetterolf, A. 8., M. D. 
distant Demonstrator of Anatomy, University of Pennsylvania; 
Assistant Laryngologist, Methodist Episcopal Hospital 
Philadelphia 
• W. S. Langmaid, M. D. 
202 South Thirty-sixth Street 
1899 Copyright, 1899, 
By F. W. S. Langmaid. 
All rights reserved. Preface. 
This little book is intended to aid the student 
ln learning and reviewing his practical anatomy. 
Anatomical knowledge has advanced to such an 
extent and text-books have become so elaborate 
that the student is likely to become confused in 
determining what is important and what may be 
Profitably ignored as unessential detail. In the 
following pages the writer has embodied what 
experience has shown him to be the facts that 
should be firmly impressed on the minds of those 
studying the subject treated. As the book is 
Hiteuded primarily as a guide to practical work, 
the only portions of the body dealt with are 
tnose that ordinarily come under the observation 
0i the student in the dissecting-room. 
The four sections comprise the Head and 
the Thorax and Abdomen, the Upper Ex- 
terrnity, and the Lower Extremity. For the sake 
continuity the Subclavian Artery has been 
described with the Upper Extremity, and the 
Ischiorectal Fossa and Perineum with the Tho- 
rax and Abdomen. 
1317 Girard Avenue, 
Philadelphia. 
Feb., 1899. SECTION I. 
The Head and Neck, 
Including the Muscles of the Back 
The Common Carotid Artery, 
1 Of what is the left common carotid a 
branch? The right? 
The aorta. The innominate. 
2 Which is the longer? 
The left. 
3 Where does the common carotid divide ? 
At the upper border of the thyroid carti- 
ngs. 
4 Into what does it divide? 
External and internal carotid. 
Which is the larger f 
internal. 
What (7) structures separate the external 
fr°m the internal carotid f 
The stylo-glossus and stylo-pharyngeus 
tQuscles, the glosso-pharyngeal nerve, the 
pharyngeal branch of the pneumogastric 
nerve> the stylo-hyoid ligament, the parotid 
an<i carotid glands. 
7 Carrie the (3) contents of the carotid sheath f 
Common carotid artery, internal jugular 
Veilb and pneumogastric nerve. 6 
The Head and Neck 
8 What relation does the vein bear to the 
artery f 
The vein lies external to the artery. 
9 What special relation, low down on the left 
side ? On the right side f 
The vein crosses the artery. The vein 
diverges from the artery. 
10 What relation does the nerve hear to the 
other two structures f 
It lies between and behind. 
11 What (2) important structures lie in front 
of the carotid sheath f 
The descendens hypoglossi nerve and the 
middle sterno-mastoid artery. 
12 What (6) lie internal to the sheath f 
The trachea, larynx, oesophagus, pharynx, 
thyroid gland, and recurrent laryngeal 
nerve. 
13 What (3) lie behind the sheath? 
The inferior thyroid artery and the 
sympathetic and recurrent laryngeal nerves. 
Branches of the External Carotid. 
14 What are the (4) sets of branches of the 
external carotid ? 
Anterior, posterior, ascending, and terminal. 
15 What are the (3) anterior branches ? 
16 What are the (4) branches of the superior 
thyroid ? 
Superior thyroid, lingual, and facial. Branches of the External Carotid. 
7 
lufra-hyoid, superior laryngeal, middle 
sterno-mastoid, and crico-thyroid. 
17 How does the superior laryngeal get into 
the larynx ? 
It pierces the thyro-hyoid membrane. 
18 What passes in with it? 
The superior laryngeal nerve. 
19 Of what is the inferior laryngeal artery 
a branch ? 
The inferior thyroid. 
20 Of what is the superior sterno-mastoid 
artery a branch ? 
The occipital. 
21 Of what is the middle sterno-mastoid a 
branch? 
The superior thyroid. 
22 What (2) other arteries have sterno-mastoid 
branches ? 
The suprascapular and the transversalis 
colli. 
23 What course does the crico-thyroid pursue? 
Transversely across the crico-thyroid mem- 
brane. 
24 How many portions has the lingual artery? 
Three. 
25 What are they ? 
Oblique, horizontal, and ascending. 
2b What divides it into three portions? 
The hyo-glossus. 
How is the triangle of Leser bounded ? 
The hypoglossal nerve and the two 
dlies of the digastric. 8 
The Head and Neck 
28 What are the (4) branches of the lingual 
artery ? 
Supra-hyoid, dorsalis linguae, sublingual, 
and ranine. 
29 How many portions has the facial artery 9 
Two. 
30 What are they 9 
Cervical and facial. 
31 What are the (5) branches of the cervical 
portion 9 
Tonsillar, ascending palatine, submaxillary, 
submental, and muscular. 
32 What gland does the facial artery pass 
through or under 9 
The submaxillary, 
33 What gland does the facial nerve traverse 9 
The parotid. 
34 What are the (6) branches of the facial 
portion of the facial artery 9 
Muscular, inferior labial, inferior coronary, 
superior coronary, lateral nasal, and angular. 
35 What relation does the facial vein bear to 
the facial artery 9 
The vein lies posterior to the artery. 
36 What are the (2) posterior branches of the 
external carotid 9 
The occipital and the posterior auricular. 
37 What are the three branches of the pos- 
terior auricular 9 
Auricular, mastoid, and stylo-mastoid. 
38 What canal does the stylo-mastoid enter 9 Branches of the External Carotid. 
9 
The facial canal. 
39 How does it get into the canal ? 
Through the stylo-mastoid foramen. 
49 What else passes through the foramen? 
The facial nerve. 
41 What winds around the occipital artery f 
The hypoglossal nerve. 
42 What are the (5) branches of the occi- 
pital ? 
Auricular, arteria princeps cervicis, men- 
lngeal, superior sterno-mastoid, and muscular. 
43 What are the (2) branches of the arteria 
PTmceps cervicis ? 
Superficial and deep. 
44 With what do they anastomose respec- 
tively ? 
The superficial and deep cervical. 
4o What is the ascending branch of the ex- 
ternal carotid ? 
The ascending pharyngeal. 
43 What separates it from the tonsil? 
The superior constrictor of the pharynx. 
47 What other vessel is thus separated from 
the tonsil ? 
3 Tf hat are the (2) terminal branches of 
le external carotid ? 
The temporal and the internal maxillary. 
49 tt/7 r . 
w here does it divide into its terminal 
f 
The internal carotid. 
the neck of the condyle of the jaw. 10 
The Head and Neck, 
50 What are the (5) branches of the tem- 
poral artery f 
Anterior, middle, and posterior temporal, 
transverse facial, and anterior auricular. 
51 Of what is the posterior auricular a 
branch ? 
The external carotid. 
52 Of what is the deep auricular a branch ? 
53 How many portions has the internal max- 
illary ? 
The internal maxillary. 
Three. 
54 What are they ? 
Maxillary, pterygoid, and spheno-maxillarjr. 
55 Between what structures does it run in 
the first part of its course? 
The neck of the jaw and the pterygo- 
maxillary ligament. 
56 By what nerve is it crossed in this situ 
ation ? 
The inferior dental 
57 In the second portion of its course, between 
what structures does it lie? 
The pterygoid muscles and the ramus of 
the jaw. 
58 Between what muscular heads does it 
pass ? 
The external pterygoid and temporal, or 
the heads of the external pterygoid. 
59 Where is the third portion found ? 
In the spheno-maxillary fossa. 
60 How does it get there? Branches of the External Carotid. 
11 
Through the pterygo-maxillary fissure. 
61 What else passes through this fissure ? 
The posterior superior dental nerve. 
62 What are the (5) branches of the first 
portion of the internal maxillary f 
Tympanic, deep auricular, middle and 
small meningeal, and inferior dental. 
63 How does the tympanic get into tympa- 
num ? 
Through the Glaserian fissure. 
64 Between the roots of what nerve does the 
middle meningeal pass f 
The auriculo-temporal. 
65 How does it get into the cranium ? 
Through the foramen spinosum. 
66 How does the small meningeal get into the 
cranium ? 
Through the foramen ovale. 
6f What canal does the inferior dental 
enter f 
The inferior dental. 
63 What branch does it give off before it 
enters the canal f 
The mylo-hyoid. 
69 What are its (2) terminal branches f 
Mental and incisive. 
How does the mental escape on the chin f 
Through the mental foramen. 
What are the (4) branches of the second 
portion of the internal maxillary f 
Masseteric, temporal, pterygoid, and buccal. 12 
The Head and Neck. 
72 What are the (6) branches of the third 
portion ? ■ 
Alveolar, infraorbital, Vidian, spheno-pala- 
tine, pterygo-palatine, and posterior palatine. 
The Internal Carotid. 
73 What are the (4) portions of the internal 
carotid ? 
Cervical, petrosal, cavernous, and cerebral. 
74 Which portion gives off no branches? 
The cervical. 
75 What separates it from the tonsil? 
The superior constrictor. 
76 What separates it from the internal jugu- 
lar vein? 
The last four cranial nerves, 
77 What nerves accompany it ? 
The ascending branch of the superior cer- 
vical ganglion. 
78 What sinus does it pass into ? 
The cavernous. 
79 Which wall of the sinus ? 
The inner wall. 
80 What are the (2) branches of the petro- 
sal portion ? 
81 What canal does the Vidian enter? 
The Vidian canal. 
Tympanic and Vidian 
82 What nerve does it accompany? 
The Vidian nerve. 
83 What are the (7) remaining branches ? Branches of the Internal Carotid. 
13 
Arteriae receptaculi, anterior meningeal, 
ophthalmic, posterior communicating, anterior 
choroid, anterior and middle cerebral. 
84 How does the ophthalmic get into the 
orbit ? 
Through the optic foramen. 
85 What are its (10) branches f 
Lachrymal, supraorbital, central artery of 
the retina, muscular, ciliary, anterior and 
posterior ethmoidal, palpebral, frontal, and 
nasal. 
86 Hoiv does the ophthalmic vein escape from 
the orbit f 
Through the sphenoidal fissure. 
87 Between the heads of what f 
The external rectus. 
88 Where does it empty f 
Into the cavernous sinus. 
89 Which fissure lodges the middle cerebral 
artery f 
The fissure of Sylvius. 
90 What is its most important branch f 
The lenticnlo-striate. 
91 Which fissure lodges the anterior cerebrals f 
The great longitudinal. 
92 What connects the two anterior cerebrals f 
The anterior communicating. 
93 What ganglion lies on itf 
The ganglion of Ribes. 
94 What (5) vessels form the circle of Willis f 
Anterior and posterior cerebral, anterior 14 
The Head and Neck. 
and posterior communicating, and internal 
carotid. 
95 What is peculiar about the cerebral circu- 
lation f 
There is no peripheral anastomosis. 
Sinuses of Dura Mater. 
96 Where does the superior longitudinal sinus 
begin 9 
At the foramen caecum. 
97 What is its shape on cross-section 9 
Triangular. 
98 Where is it found? 
Along the upper edge of the falx cerebri. 
99 What bones does it groove 9 
The frontal, parietals, and occipital. 
100 Where does it terminate 9 
At the torcular Herophili. 
101 What does it become 9 
The right lateral sinus. 
102 What fibrous bands cross it 9 
The chordae Willisii. 
103 What structures project into its lumen 9 
The Pacchionian bodies. 
104 How do its tributaries empty into it f 
Opposite the direction of the blood cur« 
rent. 
105 Where is the inferior longitudinal sinus 
found 9 
At the lower border of the falx cerebri 
106 Over what does it arch 9 Sinuses of Dura Mater. 
15 
The corpus callosum. 
107 Where does it terminate 9 
In the straight sinus. 
108 What else terminates in the same place 9 
The veins of Galen. 
109 Where is the straight sinus found 9 
At the junction of the falx cerebri and 
the tentorium cerebelli. 
110 What (2) structures form it ? 
The straight sinus and the veins of 
Galen. 
11l Where does it terminate 9 
At the torcular Herophili. 
112 What does it become 9 
The left lateral sinus. 
113 Where does the occipital sinus begin f 
As what 9 
At the edge of the foramen magnum. As 
the marginal sinus. 
114 Where is it found 9 
Along the posterior edge of the falx cere- 
belli. 
115 Where does it terminate? 
At the torcular Herophili. 
116 Where does the lateral sinus begin 9 
At the torcular Herophili. 
117 Of what is the right a continuation 9 
The left 9 
The superior longitudinal. The straight. 
118 What (3) bones does it groove ? 
The occipital, parietal, and temporal. 
119 In what order? 16 
The Head and Neck. 
Occipital, parietal, temporal, and occipital. 
120 Which portion of the temporal? 
The mastoid portion. 
121 How is it connected with the cavernous 
sinus ? 
By the superior and inferior petrosal 
sinuses. 
122 Where does it unite with the inferior 
petrosal ? 
Just below the jugular foramen. 
123 Where does the cavernous sinus begin ? 
At the sphenoidal fissure. 
124 What large vein empties into it here ? 
The ophthalmic. 
125 What (3) structures are found in the 
outer wall of the cavernous sinus ? 
The third and fourth nerves, and the first 
division of the fifth nerve. 
126 What (2) in the inner wall f 
The sixth nerve and the internal carotid. 
127 What separates these structures from the 
blood current f 
Endothelium. 
128 Into what does the cavernous sinus di- 
vide ? 
Superior and inferior petrosal. 
129 With ichat do they connect the cavernous? 
The lateral sinus. 
130 What connects the two cavernous sinuses f 
The circular sinus. 
131 What does the circular surround ? 
The pituitary body. The Jugular Yeins. 
132 Where is the superior petrosal found f 
Along the upper margin of the petrous 
portion of the temporal bone. 
133 What does it connect? 
The same as the inferior. 
134 What connects the inferior petrosals f 
The transverse or basilar sinus. 
135 How does the inferior petrosal escape 
from the cranium ? 
Through the anterior compartment of the 
jugular foramen. 
136 How does the lateral escape ? 
Through the posterior compartment of the 
jugular foramen. 
137 What do they unite to form ? 
The internal jugular vein. 
138 What (3) structures pass hehveen them f 
The ninth, tenth, and eleventh nerves. 
The Jugular Veins. 
139 What are the four pairs of jugular 
veins f 
Internal, external, anterior, and posterior 
external. 
140 Where does the internal jugular vein 
begin ? 
Below the jugular foramen. 
141 What artery does it accompany in the 
upper part of the neck ? 18 
The Head and Neck 
The internal carotid. 
142 What (4) structures separate it from the 
artery f 
143 What artery does it accompany in the 
lower part of the neck? 
The last four cranial nerves. 
The common carotid 
144 With what does it join? 
The subclavian. 
145 To form whatf 
The innominate. 
146 Where does the external jugular vein be- 
gin ? 
At the angle of the jaw. 
147 What veins unite to form it f 
The posterior auricular and the temporo- 
maxillary. 
148 What is the line for it ? 
From the angle of the jaw to the middle 
of the clavicle. 
149 Where does it empty? 
Into the subclavian. 
150 Where does the posterior external jug- 
ular empty ? 
Into the external. 
151 Where does the anterior jugular begin? 
Below the chin. 
152 Into what two places may it empty? 
The external jugular or the subclavian. 
153 What space does it sometimes pass 
through ? The Deep Cervical Fascia. 
19 
The space of Burns. 
The Deep Cervical Fascia. 
154 What is the deep cervical fascia attached 
to posteriorly ? 
The ligamentum nuchae and the spines 
of the vertebrae. 
155 What does it first surround as it passes 
forward ? 
The trapezius. 
156 What space does it then roof over ? 
The posterior triangle. 
157 What does it then surround ? 
The sterno-mastoid. 
158 What space does it then roof over ? 
The anterior triangle. 
159 Where does it meet its fellow ? 
In the middle line. 
160 What does it do low down in front? 
It splits into two lamellae. 
161 Where are they attached ? 
To the margins of the sternum 
162 What is the space between them f 
The space of Burns. 
163 What passes through this space sometimes? 
The anterior jugular veins. 
164 What (2) processes are found on the 
face ? 
The parotid and masseteric fascias 
165 What process is found internal to the jaiv ? 
The stylo-maxillary ligament. 20 
The Head and Neck. 
166 What (2) structures are separated by this 
ligament ? 
The parotid and submaxillary glands. 
167 What (2) large processes are given off 
in the neck ? 
The pretracheal and prevertebral fascias. 
168 What tioo compartments are formed 
thereby 1 
169 What becomes of the pretracheal fascia 
in the thorax ? 
The muscular and the visceral. 
It blends with the fibrous layer of the 
pericardium. 
170 How is the carotid sheath formed? 
By processes from the pretracheal and 
prevertebral fascias. 
The Cervical Plexus. 
171 What nerves form the cervical plexus ? 
The anterior primary divisions of the 
tipper four cervical. 
172 What are the (2) sets of branches of 
the cervical plexus ? 
Superficial and deep. 
173 What do the superficial wind around ? 
Which border ? 
The sterno-mastoid. Posterior. 
174 What triangle are they in ? 
The occipital. 
175 What are the (3) sets of superficial 
branches ? The Cervical Plexus. 
21 
Ascending, transverse, and descending. 
176 What are the (2) ascending branches ? 
Anricnlaris magnns and occipitalis minor. 
177 What are the (3) branches of the auri- 
cularis magnus ? 
Mastoid, auricular, and facial. 
178 What is the posterior auricular nerve? 
A branch of the facial. 
179 What is the auriculo-temporal nerve ? 
A branch of the inferior maxillary. 
180 What are the (3) branches of the occi- 
pitalis minor ? 
Occipital, mastoid, and auricular. 
181 What is the suboccipital nerve? 
The posterior division of the first cervical 
nerve. 
182 What is the great occipital nerve ? 
The internal branch of the posterior divi- 
sion of the second cervical nerve. 
183 What is the smallest occipital nerve ? 
The internal branch of the posterior di- 
vision of the third cervical nerve. 
184 What is the transverse branch of the 
superficial division of the cervical plexus ? 
The superficialis colli. 
185 What is its distribution ? 
From the chin to the sternum 
186 What are the (3) descending branches ? 
Supra-sternal, supra-clavicular, and supra- 
acromial. 
187 What are the (2) sets of the deep di- 
vision of the cervical plexus ? 22 
The Head and Heck. 
Internal and external. 
188 What are the (2) external branches ? 
Muscular and communicating. 
189 What are the (4) internal branches ? 
Muscular, communicating, communicantes 
liypoglossi, and phrenic. 
190 With what do the communicantes hypo- 
glossi inosculate ? 
The descendens hypoglossi. 
191 To form what ? Where ? 
The ansa hypoglossi. In front of the 
carotid sheath. 
192 What does this loop supply ? 
The infra-hyoid muscles. 
193 From what nerves does the phrenic 
come ? 
The third, fourth, and fifth cervical. 
194 On what muscle does it lie ? 
The scalenus anticus. 
195 Between what piuscles does it pass ? 
The subclavian artery and vein. 
196 Over the root of what vessel does it 
pass ? 
The internal mammary. 
197 Into what mediastina ? 
Superior and middle. 
198 Between what membranes ? 
The pericardium and pleura, 
199 What does it supply? 
The diaphragm. 
200 Which surface ? 
The lower. The Triangles of the Keck. 
23 
201 Which phrenic is the longer? Why? 
The left. It winds around the heart and 
the diapragm is lower on the left side. 
The Triangles of the Neck. 
202 How is the inferior carotid triangle 
hounded ? 
The middle line, the steruo-mastoid, and 
the omo-hyoid. 
203 What (3) structures form its floor ? 
The scalenus anticus, longns colli, and 
rectus capitis anticus major. 
204 What are its contents ? a. In the sheath 
(3) ? b. In the front of the sheath (2) ? c. 
Internal to the sheath (3) f d. Behind the 
sheath (3) f 
a. The common carotid artery, internal jug- 
ular vein, and pnenmogastric nerve, b. De- 
scendens hypoglossi and middle sterno-mas- 
toid artery, c. Trachea, larynx, and thyroid 
gland. d. Sympathetic and recurrent laryn- 
geal nerves and inferior thyroid artery. 
205 How is the superior carotid triangle 
hounded ? 
The sterno-mastoid, the omo-hyoid, and the 
digastric (posterior belly). 
206 What (4) structures form its floor ? 
The thyro-hyoid, hyo-glossus, and middle 
and inferior constrictors. 
207 What are its contents ? a. What (8) ar- 24 
The Head and Heck 
levies? b. What (6) veins? c. What (7) 
nerves f 
a. Common, external and internal carotid, 
superior thyroid, lingual, facial, occipital, and 
ascending pharyngeal. b. Superior thyroid, 
lingual, facial, occipital, ascending pharyn- 
geal, and internal jugular, c. Pneumogastric, 
superior and external laryngeal, spinal acces- 
sory, hypoglossal, descendens hypoglossi, and 
sympathetic. 
208 How is the submaxillary triangle bounded? 
The two bellies of the digastric, and the 
lower jaw and a line to the mastoid pro- 
cess. 
209 What (2) structures form its floor ? 
The mylo-hyoid and hyo-glossus. 
210 What divides it into two portions? 
The stylo-maxillary ligament. 
211 What are the contents of the anterior 
portion ? a. What gland f b. What artery 
and vein f c. What artery, vein, and nerve ? 
d. What small artery ? 
a. Submaxillary. b. Facial, c. Mylo-hyoid 
d. Submental. 
212 What are the contents of the posterior 
portion ? a. What (5) arteries ? b. What (4) 
veins? c. What (5) nerves? d. What (2) mus- 
cles ? e. What ligament ? 
a. External and internal carotid, posterior 
auricular, temporal and internal maxillary, 
b. Posterior auricular, temporal, internal max- 
illary, and internal jugular, c. Ninth, tenth, The Triangles of the Neck. 
25 
eleventh, twelfth, and sympathetic, d. Stylo- 
glossus and stylo-pharyngeus. e. Stylo-hyoid. 
213 Hold is the occipital triangle bounded? 
The sterno-mastoid, the omo-hyoid and the 
trapezius. 
214 What (4) structures form its floor f 
The splenius, levator anguli scapulas, sca- 
lenus medius, and scalenus posticus. 
215 What are its contents f a. What spinal 
nerves f b. What cranial nerve f c. What ar- 
tery and vein f d. What lymphatics f 
a. The superficial branches of the cervical 
plexus, b. The spinal accessory, c. Trans- 
versalis colli, d. A chain of lymphatics. 
216 How is the subclavian triangle bounded f 
The sterno-mastoid, the omo-hyoid, and the 
clavicle. 
217 What (2) structures form its floor f 
The first rib and the first digitation of 
the serratus magnus. 
218 What are its contents ? a. What (3) arte- 
ries ? b. What (5) veins f c. What plexus ? 
d. What small nerve? e. What lymphatic 
structure ? 
a. Subclavian, suprascapular, and transver- 
salis colli, b. Subclavian, suprascapular, trans- 
versalis colli, external jugular, and jugulo- 
cephalic. c. Brachial. d. The nerve to the 
subclavius muscle. e. A lymphatic gland. 26 
The Head and Heck. 
The Salivary Glands. 
219 Name the (3) pairs of salivary glands? 
Parotid, submaxillary and sublingual. 
220 Which is the largest ? 
221 How is the parotid hounded above ? 
Below ? Behind f In front ? 
The parotid. 
By the zygoma. By a line from the 
angle of the mandible to the mastoid pro- 
cess. By the external auditory meatus, the 
mastoid process, and the digastric and sterno- 
mastoid muscles. By the masseter muscle. 
222 What are the (4) lobes of the parotid 
gland ? 
Glenoid, carotid, pterygoid, and the socia 
parotidis. 
228 Where is the socia parotidis located ? 
On the masseter above Stenson’s duct. 
224 What (3) nerves are there in the paro- 
tid f 
Facial, great auricular, and auriculo-tem- 
poral. 
225 What (5) arteries are there in the par- 
otid ? 
External carotid, temporal, internal max- 
illary, transverse facial, and anterior au- 
ricular. 
226 What (2) veins are there in the parotid? 
The temporo-maxillary and a communi- 
cating branch to the internal jugular. 
227 What is the duct of the parotid? The Salivary Glands. 
27 
Stenson’s duct. 
228 What muscle does it cross ? 
The masseter. 
229 What muscle does it pierce f 
The buccinator. 
230 What empties into it ? 
The duct of the socia parotidis. 
231 Where does it empty ? 
Into the mouth opposite the second upper 
molar tooth. 
232 What separates the parotid from the sub- 
maxillary gland ? 
The stylo-maxillary ligament 
233 On what muscles does the submaxillary 
rest ? 
Mylo-hyoid, hyo-glossus, and stylo-glossus. 
234 What artery and vein run through or 
under it ? 
The facial. 
235 What is its duct ? 
Wharton’s duct. 
236 What muscle does the duct wind 
around ? 
The mylo-hyoid. 
237 Between what pairs of muscles does it 
run ? 
Mylo-hyoid and hyo-glossus; mylo-hyoid 
and genio-hyo-glossus. 
238 Between what other pairs of structures 
does it pass ? 
The lingual and hypoglossal nerves; the 
sublingual gland and the genio-hyo-glossus. 28 
The Head and Neck. 
239 Where does it empty f 
Into the side of the frsenum linguae. 
240 Which is the smallest pair of salivary 
glands f 
241 What separates the sublingual and sub- 
maxillary glands ? 
The sublingual. 
The mylo-hyoid muscle. 
242 What separates the sublingual gland from 
the mouth f 
Mucous membrane. 
243 What is the large duct of the sublingual 
gland ? 
The duct of Bartholine. 
244 Where does it empty ? 
245 What are the small ducts of the sub- 
lingual f 
Into Wharton’s duct. 
The ducts of Rivini. 
246 Where do they empty ? 
Into the frsenum linguae. 
The Facial Nerve, 
247 How does the facial nerve escape from 
the cranium f 
Through the internal auditory meatus. 
248 What canal does it enter f 
The facial canal or aqueductus Fallopii. 
249 How does it leave this canal f 
Through the stylo-mastoid foramen. The Facial Nerve. 
29 
250 What (6) branches does it give off in 
the facial canal f 
Chorda tympani, nerve to the stapedius 
muscle, communicating to the vagus, and the 
great, small, and external superficial petrosal 
nerves. 
251 What (3) branches does it give off after 
leaving the stylo-mastoid foramen ? 
Posterior auricular, stylo-hyoid, and digas- 
tric. 
252 What does the posterior auricular sup- 
ply f 
The occipitalis and the retrahens and atto- 
lens aurem. 
253 What does the stylo-hyoid supply ? 
The corresponding muscle. 
254 What does the digastric branch supply ? 
The posterior belly of the digastric. 
255 What supplies the anterior belly ? 
The mylo-hyoid nerve. 
256 What gland does the facial nerve tra- 
verse ? 
The parotid. 
257 What plexus does it spread out into? 
The pes anserinus. 
258 What (2) great divisions does it form ? 
The temporo-facial and cervico-facial. 
259 What are the (3) branches of the tem- 
poro-facial ? 
Temporal, malar, and infraorbital. 
260 What are the (3) branches of the cer- 
vico-facial ? 30 
The Head and Neck. 
Buccal, supramaxillary, and inframaxillary. 
261 What nerve supplies the muscles of ex- 
pression ? 
The facial. 
The Trifacial Nerve. 
262 What nerve supplies the muscles of mas- 
tication f 
The trifacial. 
263 What are the (5) muscles of mastication ? 
Masseter, temporal, buccinator, and exter- 
nal and internal pterygoids. 
264 Which has two heads f 
The external pterygoid. 
265 What passes between the heads ? 
The buccal and anterior deep temporal 
nerves. 
266 What are the (3) branches of the fifth 
nerve ? 
Ophthalmic, superior maxillary, and in- 
ferior maxillary. 
267 Sow does the ophthalmic get into the 
orbit f 
Through the sphenoidal fissure. 
268 What are its branches ? 
Nasal, frontal, and lachrymal. 
269 Into what does the frontal divide? 
Supraorbital and supratrochlear. 
270 Sow does the superior maxillary escape 
from the cranium ? 
Through the foramen rotundum. The Trifacial Nerve. 
31 
271 Into what fossa does it pass? 
The sphenomaxillary fossa. 
272 How does it escape from the fossa ? 
Through the spheno-maxillary fissure. 
273 Into what does it then pass? 
The infraorbital groove and canal. 
274 How does it escape on to the face f 
Through the infraorbital foramen. 
275 What branch does it give off in the 
cranium ? 
The recurrent branch. 
276 What (3) branches in the spheno-max- 
illary fossa f 
Spheno-palatine, orbital, and posterior su- 
perior dental. 
277 What (2) branches in the infraorbital 
canalf 
Middle and anterior superior dental. 
278 What (3) branches on the face? 
Labial, nasal, and palpebral. 
279 With what do these inosculate ? 
The infraorbital branch of the facial 
280 To form what ? 
The infraorbital plexus. 
281 How does the inferior maxillary escape 
from the cranium f 
Through the foramen ovale. 
282 What branches does it give off before 
dividing f 
Recurrent and internal pterygoid. 
283 Into what does it divide ? 
Anterior and posterior divisions. 32 
The Head and Neck. 
284 What (5) branches does the anterior di- 
vision give off? 
Masseteric, anterior and posterior deep 
temporal, buccal, and external pterygoid. 
285 What (3) branches does the posterior di- 
vision give off ? 
Auriculo-temporal, lingual, and inferior 
dental. 
286 How many roots has the auriculo-fem- 
poral ? 
Two. 
287 What passes beiiveen them f 
The middle meningeal artery. 
288 What hind of a nerve is the lingual ? 
Sensory. 
289 What are the motor nerves of the 
tongue ? 
The hypoglossal and the chorda tympani. 
290 What are the nerves of special sense to 
the tongue ? 
The glosso-pharyngeal and the chorda 
tympani. 
291 What is the nerve of common sensation 
to the longue ? 
The lingual. 
292 What branch does the inferior dental 
give off? 
The mylo-hyoid. 
293 What does the mylo-hyoid supply ? 
The mylo-hyoid muscle and the anterior 
belly of the digastric. The Glosso-pharyngeal Nerve. 
294 What are the terminal branches of the 
inferior dental f 
Mental and incisive. 
The Glosso-pharyngeal Nerve. 
295 How does the glosso-pharyngeal nerve es- 
°ape from the cranium f 
Through the middle compartment of the 
jugular foramen. 
296 Between what vessels does it pass f 
The internal carotid and the internal jugu- 
lar. 
297 What are its (7) branches? 
Recurrent, communicating, tympanic, mus- 
cular, pharyngeal, tonsillar, and lingual. 
The Pneumogastric Nerve. 
298 How does the pneumogastric escape from 
the cranium? 
Through the middle compartment of the 
jugular foramen. 
299 What vessels does it separate ? 
The internal carotid and the internal jug- 
ular. 
300 Where does it lie ? 
In the carotid sheath. 
301 What are its (6) branches in the nech ? 
Recurrent, communicating, auricular, pharyn- 
geal, superior laryngeal, and cervical cardiac. 34 
The Head and Neck. 
302 Into what does the superior laryngeal 
divide ? 
Internal and external. 
303 How does the internal get into the 
larynx ? 
Through the thyro-hyoid membrane. 
304 What does it supply? 
The laryngeal mucous membrane. 
305 What does the external supply ? 
The crico-thyroid muscle. 
306 What supplies the other laryngeal mus- 
cles ? 
The recurrent laryngeal nerve 
307 Where does the left inferior cervical car- 
diac go ? 
308 Where do the other cardiac branches of 
the pneumogastric go ? 
To the superficial cardiac plexus. 
To the deep cardiac plexus. 
The Spinal Accessory Nerve 
309 How does the spinal accessory escape 
form the cranium f 
Through the middle compartment of the 
jugular foramen. 
310 Between what vessels does it pass ? 
The internal carotid and the internal 
jugular. 
311 What triangle does it first cross ? 
The superior carotid. The Hypoglossal Nerve. 
35 
312 What muscles does it pierce ? 
The sterno-mastoid. 
313 What triangle does it then cross f 
The occipital. 
314 What muscle does it then supply ? 
The trapezius. 
315 What plexus does it help to form f 
The subtrapezial. 
The Hypoglossal Nerve. 
316 How does the hypoglossal nerve escape 
from the cranium ? 
Through the anterior condyloid foramen. 
317 Between what vessels does it pass ? 
The internal carotid and the internal 
jugular. 
318 What vessel does it wind around ? 
The occipital artery. 
319 What apparent branch does it give off? 
The descendens hypoglossi. 
320 With what does the descendens hypoglossi 
inosculate ? 
The communicantes hypoglossi. 
321 To form what ? 
The ansa hypoglossi. 
322 Where does the ansa hypoglossi lie ? 
In front of the carotid sheath. 
323 What does it supply ? 
The infra-hyoid muscles. 36 
The Head and Heck. 
The Eyelids. 
324 What are the (7) layers of the eyelids? 
Skin, superficial fascia, orbicularis palpe- 
brarum, levator palpebrae (in the upper lid 
only), tarsal plate, Meibomian glands, and 
conjunctiva. 
The Muscles. 
325 Where does the serratus posticus superior 
arise ? 
The lower part of the ligamentum 
nuchae, the spines of the last cervical and 
first two thoracic vertebrae, and the connect- 
ing ligaments. 
326 Where does it insert ? 
The second to the fifth ribs, external to 
their angles. 
327 Where does the serratus posticus inferior 
arise ? 
The spines of the last two thoracic and 
first two lumbar vertebrae. 
328 Where does it insert ? 
The last four or five ribs external to 
their angle. 
329 Where does the splenius capitis arise ? 
The lower two-thirds of the ligamentum 
nuchae, the spines of the seventh cervical 
and last two thoracic vertebrae, and the inter- 
spinous ligaments. 
330 Where does it insert ? The Muscles. 
37 
The mastoid process and the outer third 
of the middle nuchal line of the occipital 
bone. 
331 Where does the splenius colli arise? 
The spines of the third to the sixth 
thoracic vertebras and the interspinous liga- 
ments. 
332 Where does it insert ? 
The transverse processes of the three or 
four upper cervical vertebrae. 
333 Where does the erector spince arise ? 
The spines of the last two thoracic, all 
the lumbar and the four upper sacral verte- 
brae, the side of the fourth sacral vertebra, 
the posterior sacro-iliac ligaments, the pos- 
terior superior iliac spine, and the iliac 
crest. 
334 Where does it insert ? 
It is a continuation of the spinalis and 
longissimus dorsi and the ilio-costalis. 
335 Where does the ilio-costalis arise ? 
The outer portion of the erector spinas. 
336 Where does it insert ? 
The angles of the sixth to the eleventh 
ribs, the lower border of the last rib, and 
the transverse processes of the lumbar verte- 
brae. 
337 Where does the accessorius arise? 
The angles of the seventh to the eleventh 
ribs and the last rib. 
338 Where does it insert ? 
The transverse process of the seventh 38 
The Head and Neck. 
cervical vertebra and the first to the fifth 
ribs. 
339 Where does the cervicalis ascendens arise ? 
The back of the four or five upper ribs. 
340 Where does it insert ? 
The transverse processes of the fourth, 
fifth, and sixth cervical vertebrae. 
341 Where does the longissimus dorsi arise? 
The middle of the erector spiuae and the 
transverse processes of the lower thoracic 
vertebrae. 
342 Where does it insert ? 
The transverse processes of the upper 
lumbar vertebrae and the lower border of 
the ribs; internally into the thoracic and 
upper lumbar vertebrae. 
343 Where does the transversalis colli arise f 
The transverse processes of the five or 
six upper thoracic vertebrae. 
344 Where does it insert ? 
The transverse processes of the second to 
the sixth cervical vertebrae. 
345 Where does the trachelo-mastoid arise ? 
The lower four cervical and the upper 
five thoracic vertebrae. 
346 Where does it insert ? 
The posterior border of the mastoid pro- 
cess. 
347 Where does the spinalis dorsi arise? 
The erector spinae. 
348 Where does it insert ? The Muscles. 
39 
The spines of the upper thoracic verte- 
brae. 
349 Where does the com/plexus arise ? 
The articular processes of the third to 
the sixth cervical vertebrae, the transverse 
processes of the seventh cervical and upper 
six thoracic vertebrae, and the spine of the 
seventh cervical vertebra. 
350 Where does it insert? 
The occipital bone between the middle 
and inferior curved lines. 
351 Where does the semispinalis dorsi arise ? 
The transverse processes of the sixth to 
the tenth thoracic vertebrae, 
352 Where does it insert ? 
The spines of the last two cervical and 
first four thoracic vertebrae. 
353 Where does the semispinalis colli arise ? 
The transverse processes of the upper five 
or six thoracic vertebrae. 
354 Where does it insert ? 
The spines of the second to the fifth cer- 
vical vertebrae. 
355 Where does the multijidus arise ? 
The sacrum, posterior sacro-iliac ligaments, 
the erector spinae, the lumbar vertebrae, the 
transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae, 
and the fourth to the seventh cervical ver- 
tebrae. 
356 Where does it insert ? 
The spines of the vertebrae from the last 
lumbar to the second cervical. 40 
The Head and Neck. 
357 Where do the rotatores spinae arise? 
The transverse process. 
358 Where do they insert ? 
The lamina of the vertebra next above. 
359 Where do the interspinales arise? 
The spine of the vertebra. 
360 Where do they insert ? 
The spine of the vertebra next above. 
361 Where do the intertransversales arise and 
insert f 
They pass between adjacent transverse 
processes. 
362 Where does the rectus capitis posticus 
major arise? 
The spine of the axis. 
363 Where does it insert ? 
The middle third of the inferior nuchal 
line. 
364 Where does the rectus capitis posticus 
minor arise ? 
The posterior tubercle of the atlas 
365 Where does it insert ? 
The inner third of the inferior nuchal 
line. 
366 Where does the superior oblique arise f 
The transverse process of the atlas. 
367 Where does it insert ? 
Behind the outer half of the inferior 
nuchal line. 
368 Where does the inferior oblique arise ? 
The spine of the axis. 
369 Where does it insert 9 The Muscles. 
41 
The transverse process of the atlas. 
370 Where does the rectus capitis lateralis 
arise ? 
The lateral mass of the atlas. 
371 Where does it insert? 
The jugular process of the occipital bone. 
372 Where does the platysma myoides arise ? 
The deep fascia of the front of the chest 
and shoulder and the deep cervical fascia 
over the sterno-mastoid. 
373 Of what is it an occupant? 
The superficial fascia. 
374 Where does it insert ? 
The body of the jaw and the shin from 
the masseter to the angle of the mouth. 
375 Where does the occipitalis arise ? 
The outer two-thirds of the superior 
nuchal line and the mastoid process. 
376 Where does it insert ? 
The epicranial aponeurosis 
377 Where does the frontalis arise? 
The skin of the eyebrow and the root of 
the nose. 
378 Where does it insert? 
The epicranial aponeurosis. 
379 What tioo portions has the orbicularis 
palpebrarum ? 
Orbital and palpebral. 
380 What are its origin and insertion ? 
The internal angular process, the nasal 
process of the maxilla and the inner tarsal 
ligament. 42 
The Head and Neck. 
381 What is Horner’s muscle? 
The tensor tarsi. 
382 Where does it arise ? 
The lachrymal crest. 
383 Where does it insert ? 
The inner end of the tarsal plates. 
384 Where does the corrugator supercilii 
arise ? 
The inner end of the superciliary ridge. 
385 Where does it insert ? 
The skin at the middle of the eyebrow. 
386 Where does the attollens aurem arise % 
The epicranial aponeurosis. 
387 Where does it insert f 
The inner surface of the pinna. 
388 Where does the attrahens aurem arise ? 
The epicranial aponeurosis. 
389 Where does it insert f 
The inner surface of the helix. 
390 Where does the retrahens aurem arise ? 
The mastoid process. 
391 Where does it insert ? 
The inner surface of the concha. 
392 Where does the pyramidalis nasi arise ? 
The upper border of the nasal aponeu- 
rosis. 
393 Where does it insert ? 
The skin between the eyebrows. 
394 Where does the compressor narium arise ? 
The nasal aponeurosis. 
395 Where does it insert ? The Muscles. 
43 
The canine fossa and into adjacent 
muscles. 
396 Where does the depressor alee nasi arise? 
From the incisive fossa. 
397 Where does it insert ? 
The cartilage of the ala and the septum. 
398 Where does the dilatator naris anterior 
arise ? 
The lateral nasal cartilage. 
399 Where does it insert ? 
The skin over the ala. 
400 Where does the dilatator naris posterior 
arise ? 
From the edge of the nasal aperture of 
the maxilla and the nasal sesamoid carti- 
lages. 
401 Where does it insert ? 
The skin over the alar cartilage. 
402 What fixed attachments has the orbicularis 
oris ? 
The septal cartilage and the incisive fossa 
of both maxillse. 
403 Where does the buccinator arise ? 
The alveolar process of the upper and 
lower jaws at the last two molars and the 
pterygo-maxillary ligament, inserting into the 
orbicularis oris. 
404 Where does the zygomaticus major arise? 
The malar bone near the zygomatic suture. 
405 Where does it insert f 
The skin at the angle of the mouth. 
406 Where does the zygomaticus minor arise ? 44 
The Head and Neck. 
The front of the malar bone 
407 Where does it insert f 
The skin of the upper lip between the 
middle and the angle of the mouth. 
408 Where does the levator anguli oris 
arise ? 
The canine fossa of the upper jaw. 
409 Where does it insert ? 
The skin external to the angle of the 
month. 
410 Of what is the risorius part f 
The platysma myoides. 
411 Where does it arise ? 
The subcutaneous tissue over the masseter 
and parotid gland. 
412 Where does it insert? 
Similar tissue external to the angle of 
the mouth. 
413 Where does the depressor anguli oris 
arise ? 
The lower maxilla below the canine, 
molar, and first molar teeth. 
414 Where does it insert? 
At the angle of the mouth. 
415 Where does the levator labii superioris 
alceque nasi arise ? 
The nasal process of the upper maxilla. 
416 Where does it insert ? 
The skin at the ala of the nose and the 
inner half of the upper lip. 
417 Where does the levator labii superioris 
arise f The Muscles. 
The superior maxilla below tire orbit. 
418 Where does it insert f 
The skin of the inner half of the upper 
lip. 
419 Where does the depressor labii inferioris 
arise f 
The lower jaw below the canine and pre- 
molar teeth. 
420 Where does it insert f 
The skin at the edge of the lower lip. 
421 Where does the depressor alee nasi 
arise ? 
The incisive fossa. 
422 Where does it insert f 
The septum and ala. 
423 Where does the masseter arise ? 
As a superficial and a deep layer from the 
malar bone and the zygomatic arch. 
424 Where does it insert f 
The outer surface of the ramus of the 
lower jaw. 
425 Where does the temporal arise ? 
From the temporal fossa and temporal 
fascia. 
426 Where does it insert ? 
The coronoid process of the lower jaw 
down to the last molar tooth. 
427 How many heads has the external ptery- 
goid f 
Two: an upper and a lower. 
428 What (2) nerves run between the 
heads? 46 
The Head and Neck. 
The buccal and anterior deep temporal. 
429 Where does the upper head arise ? 
The great wing of the sphenoid. 
430 Where does the lower head arise ? 
The outer surface of the external ptery- 
goid plate. 
431 Where does the upper head insert ? 
The interarticular fibro-cartilage, the cap- 
sular ligament, and the neck of the condyle 
of the inferior maxilla. 
432 Where does the lower head insert ? 
In front of the neck of the condyle. 
433 Where does the internal pterygoid arise f 
The inner surface of the external ptery- 
goid plate, the tuberosity of the palate 
bone, and the superior maxilla adjacent to 
it. 
434 Where does it insert ? 
The lower half of the inner surface of 
the ramus of the jaw. 
435 Where does the sterno-cleido-mastoid arise? 
The sternal head from the manubrium 
and the clavicular head from the inner 
third of the clavicle. 
436 Where does it insert ? 
The mastoid process and outer half of 
the superior nuchal line. 
437 Where does the sterno-hyoid arise ? 
The manubrium, the posterior sterno-clavi- 
cular ligament, and the back of the clavicle. 
438 Where does it insert? 
The body of the hyoid bone. The Muscles. 
47 
439 How many bellies has the omo-hyoid ? 
Two. 
440 Where does it arise ? 
The upper border of the scapula and the 
transverse ligament. 
441 Where does it insert? 
The body of the hyoid bone external to 
the sterno-hyoid. 
442 Where does the sterno-thyroid arise ? 
The manubrium, the first costal cartilage, 
and the back of the clavicle. 
443 Where does it insert f 
The oblique line of the thyroid cartilage. 
444 Where does the thyro-hyoid arise ? 
The oblique line of the thyroid cartilage. 
445 Where does it insert ? 
The body and greater corner of the hyoid 
bone. 
446 How many bellies has the digastric f 
Two. 
447 Where does it arise f 
The digastric fossa. 
448 What muscle does it perforate f 
The st}do-hyoid. 
449 Where does it insert ? 
The body of the lower jaw external to 
the symphysis. 
450 Where does the stylo-hyoid arise f 
The styloid process. 
451 Where does it insert f 
The body of the hyoid bone 
452 Where does the mylo-hyoid arise f 48 
The Head and Week. 
The mylo-hyoid ridge. 
453 Where does it insert f 
The body of the hyoid bone and the 
median raphe from the hyoid bone to the 
genial tubercle. 
454 Where does the genio-hyoid arise f 
The lower genial tubercle. 
455 Where does it insert ? 
The body of the hyoid bone. 
456 Where does the genio-hyo-glossus arise f 
The upper genial tubercle. 
457 Where does it insert ? 
The under surface of the tongue, the 
body of the hyoid bone, and the pharynx. 
458 Where does the hyo-glossus arise f 
From the body and both cornua of the 
hyoid bone. 
459 Where does it insert f 
The posterior half of the under surface 
of the tongue. 
460 Where does the stylo-glossus arise ? 
The styloid process and the stylo-max- 
illary ligament. 
461 Where does it insert ? 
The side and under surface of the tongue. 
462 Where does the palato-glossus arise f 
The palatal aponeurosis. 
463 Where does it insert f 
Tlie tinder surface of the tongue. 
464 What does it form? 
465 Where does the scalenus anticus arise? 
The anterior pillar of the fauces. The Muscles. 
49 
The transverse processes of the third to 
the sixth cervical vertebrae. 
466 Where does it insert f 
The scalene tubercle of the first rib. 
467 What nerve lies on it? 
The phrenic. 
468 W vessels does it separate ? 
The subclavian artery and vein. 
469 Where does the scalenus medius arise ? 
The six lower cervical vertebrae. 
470 Where does it insert ? 
The first rib. 
471 What nerve arises in it ? 
The posterior thoracic. 
472 Where does the scalenus posticus arise? 
The posterior tubercles of the two or 
three lower cervical vertebrae. 
473 Where does it insert? 
The second rib. 
474 Where does the rectus capitis anticus 
major arise ? 
The anterior tubercles of the third to the 
sixth cervical vertebrae. 
475 Where does it insert ? 
The basilar process of the occipital bone. 
476 Where does the rectus capitis anticus 
minor arise ? 
The lateral mass of the atlas 
477 Where does it insert? 
’The basilar process of tbe occipital bone 
m front of tbe foramen magnum. 50 
The Head and Heck. 
478 Where does the longus colli arise? 
From the third cervical to the third tho- 
racic vertebras. 
479 Where does it insert f 
The upper six cervical vertebra. SECTION 11. 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
The flediastinal Space. 
1 What are the (2) viscera of the thorax ? 
The heart and the lungs. 
2 What is the mediastinal space ? 
The space between the pleurse. 
3 How is it hounded laterally ? 
By the pleurae. 
4 What are its (4) subdivisions? 
The superior, anterior, middle, and pos- 
terior mediastina. 
5 What are the (3) structures hounding the 
superior mediastinum in front? 
The manubrium of the sternum and the 
origins of the sterno-hyoid and sterno-thy- 
roid muscles. 
3 What (2) structures hound it behind ? 
The bodies of the first four thoracic verte- 
brae and the lower portions of the longus 
colli muscles. 
1 How is it hounded laterally ? 
By the pleural sacs. 
8 What is its upper limit f Its lower limit ? 
"The upper opening of the thorax. A 
plane passing from the junctions of the 52 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
first and second pieces of the sternum to 
the lower border of the body of the fourth 
thoracic vertebra. 
9 What are the contents of the superior medi- 
astinum ? a. What portion of the respiratory 
system ? b. What portion of the alimentary 
system ? c. What portion of the lymphatic 
system ? d. What (5) arteries ? e. What (2) 
veins ? f. What (4) nerves ? g. What (2) 
glands ? h. What ligaments 1 
a. The trachea. b. The oesophagus, 
c. The thoracic duct. d. The arch of the 
aorta and the innominate, left common car- 
otid, left subclavian and thyroidea ima ar- 
teries. e. The innominate and superior vena 
cava. f. The pnenmogastric, left recurrent 
laryngeal, phrenic and cardiac, g. The thy- 
mus and bronchial lymphatic. h. The su- 
perior sterno-pericardiac. 
10 What determines the middle mediastinum ? 
The pericardium. 
11 What are its contents f a. What viscus ? 
b. What (3) arteries ? c. What (2) veins ? 
d. What pair of nerves ? e. What (2) other 
structures ? 
a. The heart. b. The aorta, pulmonary 
and comes nervi phrenici. c. The superior 
vena cava and vena azygos major, d. The 
phrenic. e. The roots of the lungs and 
bronchial lymphatic glands. 
12 What is the anterior boundary of the 
anterior mediastinum ? The Mediastinal Space. 
53 
The sternum, the fourth, fifth, sixth and 
seventh costal cartilages and the triangularis 
sterni muscle. 
13 What is the posterior boundary? 
14 What are its contents ? a. What (2) 
glands, b. What ligaments ? 
The pericardium. 
a. Lymphatic and thymus. b. The supe- 
rior sterno-pericardiac. 
15 What (2) structures hound the posterior 
Mediastinum in front ? 
The roots of the lungs and the peri- 
cardium. 
16 What is its posterior boundary ? 
The vertebral column below the fourth 
thoracic vertebra. 
17 What is its lateral boundary ? 
The pleurae. 
18 What are its contents f a. What artery ? 
b. What veins? c. What (2) portions of the 
lymphatic system ? d. What portion of the 
alimentary canal? e. What pair of nerves? 
a. The aorta. b. The azygos. c. The 
thoracic duct and lymphatic glands, d. The 
oesophagus, e. The pneumogastric. 
The Lungs. 
13 What surrounds the lungs ? 
The pleura. 
20 How many layers has it ? 
Two. 54 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
21 What are they called ? 
Parietal and visceral. 
22 Which is in relation with the lung 
tissue ? 
The visceral layer. 
23 What fold of pleura descends on each 
side to the diaphragm ? 
The ligamentum latum pulmonis 
24 To what is it attached above ? 
The root of the lung. 
25 How high in the neclc do the pleurce 
rise ? 
An inch above the first rib 
2G How manu lobes has the right lung ? 
The left? 
Two. Three. 
27 Which lung is the larger ? 
The right. 
28 Which is the shorter ? 
The right. 
29 Which is the broader ? 
The right. 
30 What are the (3) main structures form- 
ing the root of the lung ? 
Bronchus, pulmonary artery, and pulmonary 
vein. 
31 What is the relation of these from above 
downward on the right side f On the left 
side ? 
Bronchus, artery, and vein. Artery, bron- 
chus, and vein. The Heart. 
55 
32 What is the arrangement from before 
backward ? 
Vein, artery, and bronchus. 
The Heart. 
33 What surrounds the heart f 
The pericardium. 
34 What (2) portions has it ? 
Parietal and visceral. 
35 What (2) layers has it? 
Fibrous and serous. 
36 With what is the fibrous layer connected 
above f 
The deep cervical fascia. 
37 What is the general shape of the peri- 
cardium ? 
Pyramidal. 
38 Which direction does its apex point? 
Upward. 
39 To what is it attached below ? 
The diaphragm. 
40 To ivhat is it attached above ? 
The great vessels. 
41 To what is it attached in front? 
The sternum. 
42 By what ? 
The sterno-pericardiac ligaments. 
43 How many of these ligaments are there f 
Two. 
44 What are they called ? 
The superior and the inferior. 56 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
45 Where is the vestigial fold of the 'peri- 
cardium f 
Between the left pulmonary artery and 
the left pulmonary vein. 
46 What does it contain ? 
The remains of the left superior vena 
cava. 
47 What (2) vessels have complete pericardial 
coverings ? 
The aorta and the -pulmonary artery. 
48 Which vessel has no pericardial covering ? 
The inferior vena cava. 
49 What (5) structures are in relation an- 
teriorly with the pericardium ? 
The thymus gland, sterno-pericardiac liga- 
ments, triangularis sterni muscle, internal 
mammary vessels, and sternum. 
50 What (4) structures posteriorly f 
The bronchi, oesophagus, aorta, and pneu- 
mogastric nerves. 
51 What (3) structures laterally f 
The lungs, pleurae, and phrenic nerves. 
52 What is the general shape of the heart ? 
Conical. 
53 Which way does its apex point ? 
Downward and to the left. 
54 Which side of the heart is in front f 
The right. 
55 Which forms the apex heat ? 
The left ventricle. 
56 Opposite what (3) vertebra does the base 
lie f The Heart. 
The sixth, seventh, and eighth thoracic. 
57 How do you mark on the chest wall the 
area occupied by the heart ? 
The base lies under a transverse line on 
the sternum at the level of the third costal 
cartilage, half an inch to the right and one 
inch to the left of the sternum. The apex 
lies under the fifth interspace, two inches 
helow and one inch to the sternal side of the 
nipple. The lower border is indicated by a 
line curving downward drawn from the apex 
to the junction of the sixth right costal 
cartilage with the sternum. Curved lines 
connecting the line of the base with that 
of the lower border will complete the out- 
line. 
58 What groove separates the auricles from 
the ventricles ? 
The anricnlo-ventricular. 
59 What groove separates the ventricles f 
The interventricular. 
60 What is the course of the blood from the 
vence cavce to the aorta ? 
Right auricle, right ventricle, pulmonary 
artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left auricle, 
left ventricle. 
61 Of what (2) portions does the right auricle 
consist? 
The atrium and the auricular appendix. 
62 What vessel does its appendix overlap f 
The aorta. 58 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
63 What are the (5) openings into the right 
auricle f 
The superior vena cava, inferior vena 
cava, coronary sinus, foramina of Thebesius, 
and anricnlo-ventricular. 
64 Of what are the foramina Thebesii the 
mouths f 
Small veins from the heart muscle. 
65 Where does the coronary sinus empty ? 
Between the inferior cava and the anricnlo- 
ventricular opening. 
66 What valve guards it ? 
The coronary valve. 
67 What are the (5) elevations in the right 
auricle f 
The mnscnli pectinati, Eustachian valve, 
tubercle of Lower, coronary valve, and an- 
nulus ovalis. 
68 In what two places are the musculi pecti- 
nati found f 
The anterior wall and the auricular ap- 
pendix. 
69 Where is the Eustachian valve located ? 
Between the annulus ovalis and the auri- 
cular wall 
70 What is its function in the foetus? 
To direct the blood through the foramen 
ovale. 
71 To what is its left cornu attached ? 
The aunulus ovalis. 
72 What does this annulus surround f 
The fossa ovalis. The Heart. 
59 
73 Of what is the fossa a remnant? 
The foramen ovale. 
74 Where is the tubercle of Lower located? 
Between the openings of the two cavae. 
75 What valve guards the right auriculo-ven- 
tricular opening ? 
The tricuspid. 
76 How many leaflets has it ? 
Three. 
77 What are their positions ? 
One anterior and two posterior. 
78 What elevations are found in the right 
ventricle ? 
The columnae carnese. 
79 How many sets are there? 
Three. 
80 How do they differ f 
One set is composed of ridges, a second 
of bands, and a third of papillae. 
81 What are the papilloe or those attached 
by one end called f 
The papillary muscles. 
82 What is attached to the free end of the 
papillary muscles f 
The chordae tendineae. 
83 What other attachments have the chordae 
tendineae f 
To the leaflets of the valves. 
84 In how many places f 
Three. 
85 What are they ? 
The base, the middle, and the free edge. 60 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
86 What portion of the right ventricle gives 
origin to a large artery f 
The infundibulum or conus arteriosus. 
87 What artery f 
The pulmonary. 
88 What valve guards its opening? 
The pulmonary valve. 
89 How many leaflets has it? 
Three. 
90 What is their shape f 
Semilunar. 
91 What are their positions ? 
One anterior and two posterior. 
92 What sinus lies behind each ? 
The sinus of Valsalva. 
93 What nodule caps each ? 
The corpus Arantii. 
94 What bands pass laterally from each 
nodule f 
The lunulse. 
95 Into what does the pulmonary artery di- 
vide f 
Right and left. 
90 Which passes under the aortic arch ? 
The right- 
-97 How does the blood get bach from the 
lungs f 
By the pulmonary veins. 
98 How many are there ? 
Four. 
99 Do they have valves ? 
No. The Heart. 
61 
100 Of what portions does the left auricle 
consist 9 
The atrium and the auricular appendix. 
101 What does its appendix overlap ? 
The pulmonary artery. 
102 valve guards the left auricula- 
ventricular opening 9 
The bicuspid or mitral. 
103 How many leaflets has it 9 
Two. 
104 What are their positions 9 
One is in front and to the right; the 
°ther behind and to the left. 
105 What vessel arises from the left ventricle 9 
The aorta. 
106 What valve guards its opening 9 
The aortic. 
107 How many leaflets has it? 
Three. 
108 What are their positions ? 
Two in front and one behind 
109 In other respects what valve do they re- 
semble ? 
The pulmonary. 
110 What is the blood supply of the heart 9 
The two coronary arteries. 
Hi 
Between what structures does the right 
coronary pass 9 
The pulmonary artery aud the right an- 
gular appendix. 
112 What groove does it traverse? 
The auriculo-ventricular. 62 
The Thorax and Abdomen 
113 Which surface of the heart does it reach f 
The posterior. 
114 What are its terminal branches ? 
One which passes on in the same groove 
and an interventricular branch. 
115 What course do they pursue? 
They occupy the auriculo-ventricular and 
interventricular grooves. 
116 Between what structures does the left 
coronary pass ? 
The pulmonary artery and the left auri- 
cular appendix. 
117 What groove does it occupy f 
The auriculo-ventricular. 
118 Which surface of the heart does it 
reach f 
The anterior. 
119 What are its terminal branches ? 
The same as the right. 
120 What course do they pursue ? 
The same relatively as the right. 
121 What is the nerve supply of the heart ? 
The superficial and deep cardiac plexuses. 
122 Where is the superficial located f 
Beneath the arch of the aorta. 
123 What nerves form it ? 
The superior cervical cardiac branch of 
the left sympathetic and the inferior cervical 
cardiac branch of the left pneumogastric. 
124 Where is the deep plexus located ? 
Behind the aortic arch and in front of 
the bifurcation of the trachea. The Foetal Circulation. 
63 
125 What nerves form it ? 
The other cardiac nerves. 
126 What is the order of the valves of the 
heart from the surface in f 
Pulmonary, aortic, tricuspid, and mitral. 
127 What point on the surface corresponds 
1° (a) the pulmonary valve f (b) To the 
aortic ? (c) To the tricuspid f (d) To the 
'mitral ? 
(a) The junction of the third left costal 
cartilage with the sternum, (b) The third 
interspace at the left margin of the sternum, 
(c) The middle of the sternum at the level 
°f the fourth costal cartilage, (d) The third 
intercostal space an inch to the left of the 
sternum. 
The Foetal Circulation. 
128 How does the blood get from the placenta 
the foetus ? 
Through the umbilical vein. 
129 After passing through the umbilicus, 
what fissure of the liver does the vein 
pass ? 
The longitudinal. 
130 What two courses does the blood then 
take f 
Through the liver and through the ductus 
vcnosus. 
I°l What (2) vessels are connected by the 
ductus venosus ? 64 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
The umbilical vein and the inferior vena 
cava. 
132 What vessel does the blood then reach ? 
The inferior vena cava. 
133 What cavity of the heart does it enter f 
The right auricle. 
134 Through what opening does it pass? 
The foramen ovale. 
135 What directs it thus ? 
The Hustachian valve. 
136 After reaching the left auricle, what 
cavity does it enter ? 
The left ventricle. 
137 What, vessel does it then enter 9 
The aorta. 
138 What part of the body does it supply 9 
The head and upper extremities. 
139 On its return what vessel does it reach ? 
The superior vena cava. 
140 What cavity of the heart does it enter f 
The right auricle. 
141 Through what opening does it pass ? 
The tricuspid. 
142 To reach what cavity ? 
The right ventricle. 
143 What vessel does it enter ? 
The pulmonary artery. 
144 Where does a little of the blood go f 
To the lungs. 
145 Through what does the major portion of 
the blood pass ? 
The ductus arteriosus. The Arch of the Aorta. 
65 
146 To get into ivhat vessel 9 
The aorta. 
147 To what portion of the body does it go ? 
To the trunk and lower extremities. 
148 Into what vessels'does some of it pass? 
The hypogastric arteries. 
149 What do these arteries become at the 
umbilicus ? 
The umbilical arteries. 
150 Where do they then carry the blood? 
To the placenta. 
The Arch of the Aorta. 
151 What is the first portion of the aorta 
called ? The second part ? The third part ? 
The arch. The thoracic aorta. The ab- 
dominal aorta. 
152 What vessel corresponds to a sacral and 
coccygeal aorta ? 
The arteria sacra media. 
153 Where does the arch of the aorta begin ? 
At the left ventricle. 
154 Where does it terminate ? 
At the lower border of the fifth thoracic 
vertebra. 
155 What (3) portions has it ? Which por- 
tion gives off no branches ? 
Ascending, transverse, and descending. The 
descendingf. 
o 
156 How far does the ascending portion rise? 
5 66 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
To the upper border of the second right 
costal cartilage. 
157 What are its relations ? 
In front, the right auricular appendix, 
pulmonary artery, thymus gland, and Inng. 
Behind, the left auricle, right bronchus, and 
right pulmonary artery. On the right, the 
right auricle and superior vena cava. On 
the left, the pulmonary artery. 
158 How far does the transverse portion go ? 
To the left side of the body of the fourth 
thoracic vertebra. 
159 What (3) structures pass under it? 
The left bronchus, the right pulmonary 
artery, and the left recurrent laryngeal 
nerve. 
160 What are its relations ? 
In front, the right and left pleurae and 
lungs, phrenic and pneumogastric nerves, 
cardiac branches of the pneumogastric and 
sympathetic nerves, and the left superior in- 
tercostal vein. Behind, the trachea, oesoph- 
agus, thoracic duct, and left recurrent laryn- 
geal nerve. Above, its three branches and 
the left innominate vein. Below, the bifur- 
cation of the pulmonary artery, the left 
bronchus, the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, 
the remains of the ductus arteriosus, and 
the superficial cardiac plexus. 
161 What are its (3) tranches ? 
The innominate, left common carotid, and 
left subclavian. The Thoracic Aorta. 
67 
162 What constriction is met with in the 
Ascending portion ? 
The aortic isthmus. 
163 What dilation is there below this con- 
striction ? 
The aortic spindle. 
164 What are the relations of this portion ? 
In front, the root of the left lung. Be- 
hind, the pleura and the bodies of the 
fourth and fifth thoracic vertebrae. To the 
right, the oesophagus, thoracic duct, and the 
fourth and fifth thoracic vertebrae. To the 
left, the left lung. 
165 Of what is the thyroidea ima a branch f 
The innominate. 
The Thoracic Aorta, 
166 Where does the thoracic aorta begin? 
At the lower border of the fifth thoracic 
vertebra. 
167 Where does it terminate f 
At the body of the twelfth thoracic ver- 
tebra. 
ln which mediastinum is it found ? 
posterior. 
169 What relation does it hear to the median 
line ? 
It lies to the left of the median line. 
170 What (3) relations does the oesophagus 
bear to it 9 68 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
The oesophagus lies first to the right, 
then in front, and finally to the left. 
171 What are the (5) branches of the tho- 
racic aorta ? 
The pericardiac, oesophageal, bronchial, me- 
diastinal, and intercostal. 
172 How many pericardiac branches are there? 
What do they supply f 
Two or three. The pericardium. 
173 What is the function of the bronchial 
arteries ? 
To supply blood for the nutrition of the 
lungs. 
174 How do they differ from the pulmonary? 
The pulmonary arteries supply blood to 
be aerated by the lungs. 
175 Of what are they a constituent? 
The roots of the lungs. 
176 How many oesophageal arteries are 
there ? What do they supply f 
Four or five. The oesophagus. 
177 How many intercostal arteries are there? 
Ten pairs. 
178 Those of which side are the longer? 
The right. 
179 What is the tenth intercostal called f 
The subcostal. 
180 Into what branches does each intercostal 
divide near the vertebrae f 
Anterior and posterior. 
181 Into what does the posterior branch di- 
vide f Thoracic, Sympathetic. 
69 
A spinal and a muscular branch. 
182 On what muscle does the anterior branch 
first lie. 
The external intercostal. 
183 Between what muscles does it then lie ? 
The external and internal intercostals. 
184 What relation does it hear to the ac- 
companying vein and nerve ? 
It lies between them. 
The (Esophagus. 
185 Where does the oesophagus begin ? 
At the fifth cervical intervertebral disc. 
186 Where does it end ? 
At the tenth thoracic vertebra. 
187 Which is the narrowest portion ? 
Its upper end. 
188 In which mediastina is it? 
The superior and the posterior. 
189 What plexus surrounds it? 
The oesophageal plexus. 
190 What nerves form this plexus? 
The two pneumogastries. 
191 What (3) relations does the oesophagus 
bear to the thoracic aorta f 
First to the right, then in front, and 
finally to the left. 
The Thoracic Portion of the Qangliated 
Cord. 
192 How many pairs of sympathetic ganglia 
are found in the thorax f 70 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
Twelve. 
193 How are they connected with the spinal 
nerves ? 
By gray and white rami communicantes. 
194 What does the gray ramus do when it 
reaches the spinal nerve ? 
195 What course do these branches pursue ? 
One passes np to the spinal cord and the 
It divides. 
other passes out with the nerve. 
196 What is the course of the white ramus ? 
It passes to the ganglion, and either stops 
there or passes on through succeeding 
ganglia. 
197 What (2) branches does each ganglion 
have ? 
198 What are the external branches? 
The rami communicantes. 
External and internal. 
199 What (3) structures are supplied by the 
internal branches of the four upper ganglia ? 
The aorta, mediastinum, and lungs. 
200 What (3) nerves arise from the loiver 
eight ganglia ? 
The three splanchnic nerves. 
201 How are they named ? 
The great, the lesser, and the least 
202 From what ganglia does the great 
splanchnic come ? 
203 How does it get into the abdomen ? 
Through the crus of the diaphragm. 
The fifth to the ninth inclusive. The Azygos Veins. 
71 
204 What does it enter ? 
The semilunar ganglion. 
205 From what ganglia does the lesser 
splanchnic come f 
The tenth and eleventh 
206 How does it get into the abdomen f 
Through the crus of the diaphragm or 
through the internal arcuate ligament. 
207 What (2) plexuses does it enter f 
The solar and the renal. 
208 From what ganglion does the least 
splanchnic come f 
The twelfth. 
209 How does it get into the abdomen? 
Through the internal arcuate ligament. 
210 What plexus does it enter ? 
The renal. 
The Azygos Veins 
211 How many azygos veins are there ? 
Three. 
212 What are they called ? 
Vena azygos major, vena azygos minor, 
and vena azygos tertia. 
213 Where does the vena azygos major begin ? 
At the right side of the second lumbar 
vertebra. 
214 Of what fxtal vein is it a remnant 2 
The primitive cardinal vein. 
215 How does it get into the thorax ? 72 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
Through the aortic opening in the dia- 
phragm. 
216 On which side of the body does it lie ? 
The right. 
217 In which mediastinum does it lie? 
The posterior. 
218 Over what does it arch ? 
The root of the right lung. 
219 Where does it empty ? 
The superior vena cava. 
220 Where does the vena azygos minor be- 
gin ? 
At the left side of the second lumbar 
vertebra. 
221 How does it get into the thorax? 
By piercing the left crus of the dia- 
phragm. 
222 Hoiv high in the thorax does it rise ? 
As high as the eighth thoracic vertebra. 
223 Where does it empty ? 
Into the vena azygos major. 
224 In which mediastinum does the vena 
azygos tertia lie I 
The posterior. 
225 To ivhat vertebrae does it lie adjacent ? 
The left side of the fifth, sixth, and 
seventh thoracic. 
226 Where does it empty ? 
Above into the lower left superior inter- 
costal vein and below into the vena azygos 
major or minor. The Diaphragm. 
73 
The Thoracic Duct. 
227 Where does the thoracic duct begin ? 
Opposite the first or second lumbar verte- 
brae. 
228 In what f 
229 Hoiv does it get into the thorax ? 
Through the aortic opening of the dia- 
phragm. 
The receptaculum chyli. 
230 On which side of the median line does 
it lie ? 
The left. 
231 Which mediastina does it occupy ? 
The posterior and the superior. 
232 What relation does it hear to the aortic 
arch ? 
It passes behind the aortic arch. 
233 How high in the neck does it rise ? 
As high as the seventh cervical verte- 
bra. 
234 Over what (2) structures does it arch f 
The apex of the left pleura and the left 
subclavian artery. 
235 Where does it empty ? 
Into the junction of the left internal jug- 
ular and subclavian veins. 
The Diaphragm, 
236 What is the sternal origin of the dia- 
phragm ? The Thorax and Abdomen. 
The ensiform cartilage. 
237 What is its costal origin f 
The six lower ribs. 
238 What is its vertebral origin ? 
The internal and external arcuate liga- 
ments and the crura. 
239 Which crus is the longer ? 
The right. 
240 What is its origin ? 
The bodies of the first, second, third, 
and fourth lumbar vertebrae. 
241 What is the origin of the left crus? 
The bodies of the first, second, and third 
lumbar vertebrae. 
242 What (2) structures pierce the left crus ? 
The great splanchnic nerve and the vena 
azygos minor. 
243 What pierces the right crus ? 
The great splanchnic nerve. 
244 What (4) structures are in relation with 
the upper surface of the diaphragm ? 
The pleura, pericardium, heart, and lungs. 
245 What (7) structures with the lower sur- 
face ? 
The peritoneum, liver, stomach, spleen, 
pancreas, kidneys, and suprarenal capsules. 
246 What are the (3) openings in the dia- 
phragm f 
The aortic, oesophageal, and caval. 
247 What (3) structures pass through the 
aortic opening f Inguinal Hernia. 
75 
The aorta, vena azygos major, and thoracic 
duct. 
248 What (3) through the oesophageal ? 
The oesophagus, pneumogastric nerves, and 
oesophageal branches of the thoracic aorta. 
249 What through the canal ? 
The inferior vena cava. 
Inguinal Hernia. 
250 What is the inguinal canal ? 
A weak spot in the abdominal walls, 
formed by the descent of the testicle. 
251 How long is it ? 
About an inch and a half. 
252 What is its external opening ? 
The external abdominal ring. 
253 What is its internal opening f 
The internal abdominal ring. 
254 In what is the external abdominal ring 
(ln aperture f 
The aponeurosis of the external oblique. 
255 In what is the internal ring an aper- 
ture f 
The transversalis fascia. 
256 How is the external ring hounded: (a) 
-Above ? (b) Below f (c) Externally ? (d) 
Internally? 
(a) The intercolumnar fibres. (b) The 
Crest of the pubes. (c) Ponpart’s ligament. 
W) The inner pillar. 76 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
257 What fascia is attached to its edges ? 
The intercolumnar. 
258 What is the difference between the inter- 
columnar fascia and the intercolnmnar fibres ? 
The fascia fills in the ring and the 
fibres lie above and connect the pillars of 
the ring. 
259 How is the internal ring bounded: (a) 
Sup ero-exter natty f (b) Infero-internally ? 
(a) By the arching fibres of the transver- 
salis. (b) By the deep epigastric artery. 
260 What fascia fills it in? 
The infundibuliform. 
261 Of ivhat is this fascia a process? 
The transversalis fascia. 
262 What is the third fascia of the spermatic 
cord ? 
The cremasteric. 
263 Of ivhat is it a process? 
The internal oblique. 
264 Where do the cremaster fibres arise ? 
From Poupart’s ligament. 
265 Where do they insert? 
The spine and crest of the pubes and 
the infnndibnliform fascia. 
266 What is their nerve supply? 
The genital branch of the genito-crural. 
267 What (2) structures bound the inguinal 
canal above. 
The arching fibres of the internal oblique 
and transversalis. Inguinal Hernia. 
77 
268 Where do the arching fibres of the 
hransversalis arise ? 
From the outer third of Poupart’s liga- 
ment. 
269 Where do those of the internal oblique 
arise f 
From the outer half of Poupart’s liga- 
ment. 
270 Where do they both insert I As what ? 
Into the ilio-pectiueal line. As the con. 
joined tendon. 
271 What relation does the conjoined tendon 
bear to the external ring ? 
It lies behind the ring. 
272 What is interposed between the conjoined 
lendon and the external ring f 
The triangular ligament. 
273 Of what is it a process ? 
Oimbernat’s ligament. 
274 What is Qimbernat’s ligament ? 
A reflection of Poupart’s ligament to the 
ilio-pectiueal line. 
275 What is Poupart’s ligament ? 
A bundle of fibres of the external oblique 
passing from the anterior superior iliac 
spine to the spine of the pubes. 
2V 6 How is the inguinal canal bounded be- 
low f 
By Poupart’s ligament and the transyer- 
salis fascia. 
2/7 What (2) structures bound it in front? 
The external and internal oblique. 78 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
278 What (3) structures hound it behind? 
The conjoined tendon, the triangular lig- 
ament, and the transversalis fascia. 
279 What are the two common forms of in- 
guinal hernia f 
Oblique or indirect and direct. 
280 What are the two varieties of the ob- 
lique form ? 
281 In what does their difference consist f 
Complete and incomplete. 
Whether or not the gut passes through 
the external abdominal ring. 
282 What separates the neck of an oblique 
from that of a direct hernia? 
The deep epigastric artery. 
283 What is an internal inguinal hernia ? 
An external ? 
284 Why are they so called ? 
A direct. An indirect. 
On account of their piercing the abdomi- 
nal wall internal or external to the deep 
epigastric artery. 
285 Which form passes through Hesselbach’s 
triangle ? 
The direct. 
286 How is this triangle bounded ? 
By Poupart’s ligament, the deep epigastric 
artery, and the outer margin of the rectus 
abdominis. 
287 What are the coverings of a complete 
oblique inguinal hernia ? 
3kin, superficial fascia, intercolumnar fas- Inguinal Hernia. 
79 
Cla> cremaster muscle, infundibuliform fascia, 
subperitoneal tissue, and peritoneum. 
288 What are the coverings of an incomplete 
oblique f 
Skin, superficial fascia, external oblique, 
Creinaster muscle, infundibuliform fascia, sub- 
poritoueal tissue, and peritoneum. 
289 What are the coverings of a direct? 
Skin, superficial fascia, intercolumnar fas- 
Cla, conjoined tendon, transversalis fascia, 
subperitoneal tissue, and peritoneum. 
290 What are the three fascias of the sper- 
matic cord f 
Intercolumnar, cremasteric, and infundibuli- 
form. 
291 Of what are they processes? 
The intercolumnar of the external oblique 
aponeurosis; the cremasteric of the internal 
oblique muscle; the infundibuliform of the 
transversalis fascia. 
292 What are the (2) nerves of the cord? 
The ilio-inguinal and geuito-crural. 
293 What are the (3) arteries of the cord ? 
The spermatic, cremasteric, and artery to 
fbe vas deferens. 
294 Qf what are they branches ? 
The spermatic of the aorta; the cremas- 
torie 0f ppe deep epigastric; the artery of 
vas deferens of the superior vesical. 
What is the venous plexus of the cord ? 
pampiniform. 80 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
296 Where does the left spermatic vein 
empty f 
Into the renal. 
297 Where does the right empty ? 
Into the inferior vena cava. 
298 What is the duct of the cord ? 
The vas deferens. 
The Common Iliac Artery. 
299 Where does the abdominal aorta divide f 
At the lower border of the fourth lumbar 
vertebra. 
300 What are its terminal branches f 
The common iliacs. 
301 Into what do they divide ? Where ? 
The external and internal iliac. At the 
sacro-iliac j unction. 
302 Into what does the internal iliac divide f 
Where ? 
The anterior and posterior trunks. At the 
upper margin of the great sacro-sciatic fora- 
men. 
The Abdominal Aorta. 
303 What are the (8) branches of the ab- 
dominal aorta ? 
The phrenic, coeliac axis, supra-renal, 
renal, superior mesenteric, spermatic (or 
ovarian), inferior mesenteric, and lumbar. The Coeliac Axis. 
81 
The Phrenic Arteries. 
304 What do the phrenic arteries supply ? 
The diaphragm. 
The Coeliac Axis 
305 What surrounds the coeliac axis ? 
The solar plexus. 
306 What are the (3) branches of the coeliac 
axis f 
The gastric, hepatic, and splenic. 
307 Where does the gastric artery run ? 
Along the lesser curvature of the stomach. 
308 Between the layers of what ? 
The lesser omentum. 
309 What are its (4) branches ? 
The oesophageal, cardiac, gastric, and 
hepatic. 
310 With what does it anastomose ? 
The pyloric. 
31l What does the hepatic artery help to 
bound f 
The foramen of Winslow. 
31.2 What (2) boundaries does it enter f 
The anterior and inferior. 
Between the layers of what structure 
does it pass 9 
The lesser omentum. 
314 To which margin of this structure does 
it He close 9 82 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
The right or free margin. 
315 With what (2) other structures does it 
here lie in relation f 
The portal vein and the common bile 
duct. 
316 What relation do these structures hear to 
each other f 
The duct lies to the right, the artery to 
the left, and the vein between and behind. 
317 What fissure of the liver does the artery 
reach ? 
The transverse. 
318 What are the (3) branches of the hepatic 
artery ? 
The pyloric, cystic, and gastro-duodenal. 
319 With what does the pyloric anastomose f 
Where ? 
The gastric. Along the lesser curvature 
of the stomach. 
320 Between what two layers f 
The layers of the lesser omentum. 
321 What does the cystic supply f 
The gall-bladder. 
322 Into what does the gastro-duodenal di- 
vide ? 
The superior pancreatico-duodenal and the 
gastro-epiploica dextra. 
323 What does the superior pancreatico-duod- 
enal supply ? 
The pancreas and the upper part of the 
duodenum. The Superior Mesenteric Artery. 
83 
324 With what does the gastro-epiploica dextra 
anastomose ? Where f 
The gastroepiploica sinistra. Along the 
greater curvature of the stomach. 
325 Between the layers of what ? 
The great omentum. 
326 Where is the splenic artery found ? 
Along the upper border of the pancreas. 
327 What ligament does it enter ? 
The phreno-splenic. 
328 What are its (4) branches ? 
The pancreaticse parvse, pancreatica magna, 
vasa bfevia, and gastro-epiploica sinistra. 
329 With what does the gastro-epiploica sinis- 
fra anastomose ? 
The gastro-epiploica dextra. 
330 What do the rasa brevia supply f 
The fundus of the stomach. 
331 Between the layers of what structure do 
they pass f 
The gastro-splenic omentum. 
332 What (5) vessels comprise the arterial 
collar of the stomach ? 
The gastric, pyloric, vasa brevia, and gas- 
tro-epiploica dextra and sinistra. 
The Superior Mesenteric Artery. 
T33 Between ivhat viscera does the superior 
Mesenteric artery pass ? 
The pancreas and duodenum. 
334 What are its (5) branches? 84 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
Inferior pancreatico-duodenal, vasa intestini 
tenuis, ileo-colic, colica dextra, and colica 
media. 
335 What does the inferior pancreatico-duo- 
denal supply ? 
The pancreas and lower part of the duo- 
denum. 
336 What (2) vessels supply the duodenum f 
The superior and inferior pancreatico-duo- 
denal. 
337 What do the vasa intestini tenuis 
supply f 
The jejunum and upper part of the 
ileum. 
338 Between the layers of what do they run ? 
The mesentery. 
339 What does the ileo-colic supply ? 
The lower part of the ileum and the 
caecum. 
340 What does the colica dextra supply ? 
The ascending colon. 
341 Between what (2) layers does it pass ? 
The ascending meso-colon. 
342 What does the colica media supply f 
The transverse colon. 
343 Between what (2) layers does it pass? 
The transverse meso-colon. 
344 What (4) arteries supply the small in- 
testines ? 
The superior and inferior pancreatico-duode- 
nal, vasa intestini tenuis, and ileo-colic. 
345 Of what are they branches ? The Inferior Mesenteric Artery. 
85 
The first of gastro-duodenal and the 
others of the superior mesenteric. 
The Inferior Mesenteric Artery. 
346 Between the layers of what structure 
does the inferior mesenteric artery pass ? 
The meso-rectum. 
347 What are its (3) branches ? 
The colica sinistra, sigmoid, and superior 
hemorrhoidal. 
348 What does the colica sinistra supply ? 
The descending colon. 
349 Between the layers of ivhat does it pass ? 
The descending meso-colou. 
350 What does the sigmoid artery supply f 
The omega loop. 
351 Between the layers of what does it pass ? 
The meso-sigmoid. 
352 What does the superior hemorrhoidal 
supply ? 
The upper part of the rectum. 
353 What (8) arteries supply the large intes- 
tine ? 
The ileo-colic, colica dextra, colica media, 
oolica sinistra, sigmoid, and superior, middle, 
and inferior hemorrhoidal. 
354 Of ivhat are they branches f 
The first three of the superior mesenteric; 
the next three of the inferior mesenteric; 
the middle hemorrhoidal of the anterior 86 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
trunk of the internal iliac; the inferior 
hemorrhoidal of the internal pudic. 
The Renal Arteries, 
355 Which renal artery is the longer f 
The right. 
356 What relation does it bear to the inferior 
cava ? 
It passes behind the cava 
357 Which renal vein is the longer ? 
The left. 
358 What relation does it hear to the aorta ? 
It passes in front of the aorta. 
359 What important vein empties into the 
left renal ? 
The spermatic. 
The Spermatic Arteries. 
360 How do the spermatic arteries get out of 
the abdomen ? 
Through the inguinal canal. 
361 What portion of the gut crosses the left 
spermatic f The right ? 
The omega loop. The ileum. 
362 What do they cross ? 
The ureter and the external iliac artery. 
The Ovarian Arteries. 
363 Between the layers of what does the, 
ovarian artery pass f The Iliolumbar Artery. 
87 
The broad ligament. 
364 What relation does it bear to the Fallo- 
pian tube ? 
365 With what does it anastomose ? 
The uterine artery. 
It lies below the tube. 
The Arteria Sacra Media. 
366 What is the course of the sacra media ? 
Down the middle of the sacrum and 
coccyx. 
367 In what does it terminate ? 
Tuschka’s gland. 
The Posterior Trunk of the Internal 
Iliac. 
368 What are the (3) branches of the pos- 
terior trunh of the internal iliac f 
The ilio-lumbar, lateral sacral, and gluteal. 
The Ilio=lumbar Artery. 
369 Between what structures does the ilio- 
lumbar run at first ? 
The lumbosacral cord aud the obturator 
t^rve. 
370 Then betiveen what two? 
The psoas magnus and the vertebral 
column. 88 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
371 What are its terminal branches f 
The iliac branch and the lumbar branch. 
The Lateral Sacral Arteries. 
372 How many lateral sacral arteries are 
there ? 
Two. 
373 What are they called ? 
The superior and the inferior. 
The Gluteal Artery. 
374 What is the gluteal artery sometimes 
called ? 
The superior gluteal. 
375 How does it escape from the pelvis ? 
Through the great sacro-sciatic foramen. 
376 What passes out with it f 
The superior gluteal nerve. 
The Anterior Trunk of the Internal 
Iliac. 
377 What are the (7) branches of the an- 
terior trunk of the internal iliac f 
The superior, middle, and inferior vesical, 
middle hemorrhoidal, obturator, sciatic, and 
internal pndic. 
378 What (2) other branches are given off 
in the female ? 
The uterine and vaginal. The Internal Pudic Artery. 
89 
379 What are the terminal branches f 
The sciatic and internal pndic. 
380 What branch to the spermatic cord does 
the superior vesical give ojff 
The artery to the vas deferens. 
381 What duct crosses the obturator artery 1 
The vas deferens. 
382 How does the obturator artery escape from 
the pelvis ? 
Through the obturator foramen 
383 What does it surround ? 
The obturator foramen. 
The Sciatic Artery. 
384 How does the sciatic artery escape from 
the pelvis ? 
Through the great sacro-sciatic foramen. 
385 In what relation to the pyriformis? 
Below. 
386 What are its (5) branches f 
The coccygeal, muscular, articular, inferior 
gluteal, and comes nervi ischiadici. 
387 What (4) vessels form the crucial anas- 
tomosis ? 
The sciatic, internal and external circum- 
flex, and superior perforating. 
The Internal Pudic Artery. 
388 How does the internal pudic escape from 
the pelvis f 90 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
Through the great sacro-sciatic foramen. 
389 What accompanies it? 
The internal pudic nerve. 
390 What does it wind around ? 
The spine of the ischium. 
391 What does it enter ? 
The lesser sacro-sciatic foramen. 
392 What muscle passes through this fora- 
men f 
The obturator. 
393 What fossa does the artery then enter f 
The ischio-rectal. 
394 Which wall of the fossa ? 
The outer wall. 
395 What canal does it enter ? 
Alcock’s. 
396 In what fascia is this canal ? 
The obturator fascia. 
397 Between what structures does it then pass ? 
The two layers of the triangular ligament. 
398 What (3) branches does it here give off? 
The artery of the bulb, the artery of the 
corpus cavernosum, and the dorsal artery of 
the penis. 
399 Which of these are terminal branches ? 
The artery of the corpus cavernosum and 
the dorsal artery of the penis. 
400 What (3) other branches does it give 
Off? 
The inferior hemorrhoidal and the super- 
ficial and transverse perineal. The External Iliac Artery. 
91 
401 Of what are the (3) hemorrhoidal arte- 
ries branches ? 
The superior is a branch of the inferior 
Mesenteric; the middle of the anterior trunk 
of the internal iliac; the inferior of the in- 
ternal pudic. 
402 What other artery supplies the rectum f 
The sacra media. 
403 What is Ahernethy’s fascia? 
A layer of subperitoneal tissue covering 
the external iliac artery. 
The External Iliac Artery, 
404 What portion of the intestine crosses the 
right common iliac artery f The left ? 
The ileum. The omega loop. 
405 What nerve crosses the external iliac ? 
The genito-crural. 
406 What (2) ducts ? 
The ureter and the vas deferens 
407 What vessels f 
The ovarian and superior mesenteric. 
408 What does the external iliac become f 
Where ? 
The femoral. At Ponpart’s ligament. 
409 What are its (2) branches ? 
The deep circumflex iliac and deep epi- 
gastric. 
410 What is the course of the deep circum- 
fle°c iliac ? 
It passes out along Ponpart’s ligament 92 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
and pierces the transversalis, between which 
and the internal oblique it terminates. 
The Deep Epigastric Artery. 
411 What ring does the deep epigastric help 
to hound ? 
The internal abdominal. 
412 What structure winds around it in the 
male ? The female ? 
The vas deferens. The round ligament. 
413 What relation does it bear to the ex- 
ternal abdominal ring ? 
It lies above and to the outer side of the 
ring. 
414 What triangle does it help to bound ? 
Hesselbach’s. 
415 Over what fold does it pass ? 
The semilunar fold of Douglas. 
416 What branch to the spermatic cord does 
it give off ? 
The cremasteric. 
417 With what does it anastomose ? Where ? 
The superior epigastric ? In the sheath 
of the rectus. 
The Stomach, 
418 What is the left end of the stomach 
called 1 
The fundus. 
419 What is the right end called f The Small Intestine. 
93 
The pylorus. 
420 What dilatation is there at the 'pyloric 
end? 
The pyloric antrum. 
421 What (2) curvatures has the stomach ? 
The superior or lesser and the inferior or 
greater. 
422 What is attached to the lesser curvature? 
The lesser omentum. 
423 What is attached to the greater curva- 
ture ? 
The great omentum. 
424 What is attached to the fundus ? 
The gastro-splenic omentum. 
425 With what (3) structures is the stomach 
vn relation above ? 
The diaphragm, liver, and lesser omentum. 
426 With what (3) in fro?it ? 
The diaphragm, liver, and abdominal 
walls. 
427 With what (3) below f 
The great omentum, transverse colon, and 
gastro-splenic omentum. 
428 With ivhat (7) behind? 
The spleen, pancreas, left kidney and 
capsule, great vessels, solar plexus, and 
crura of the diaphragm. 
The Small Intestine. 
429 What (2) portions comprise the intestine? 
The large and small intestine. 94 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
430 Which is the longer? 
The small intestine. 
431 Which is the wider ? 
The large intestine. 
432 How long is the small intestine f 
About twenty-four feet. 
433 How many portions has the small intes- 
tine ? 
Three. 
434 What are they ? 
The duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. 
The Duodenum. 
435 How long is the duodenum ? 
About ten inches. 
436 How many portions has it f 
Four. 
437 What are they ? 
Ascending, descending, transverse, and as- 
cending. 
438 How far does the first ascending portion 
rise ? 
To the gall-bladder, 
439 How long is it ? 
Two inches. 
440 How loio does the descending portion go f 
To the third lumbar vertebra. 
441 How long is it ? 
Three inches. 
442 What is the course oj the transverse 
portion f The Duodenum. 
Across to the left side of the vertebral 
column. 
443 How long is it f 
Five inches. 
444 How long is the second ascending 'por- 
tion f 
One inch. 
445 Which is the widest portion? 
The first. 
446 What are its (2) relations above ? 
The liver and gall-bladder. 
447 What (1) below f 
The pancreas. 
448 What (2) behind? 
The hepatic vessels and common bile 
duct. 
449 What does the first portion help to 
bound ? 
The foramen of Winslow 
450 Which is the only portion ofi the duode- 
num completely covered with peritoneum ? 
The first. 
451 How much of the second, third, and 
fourth portions is thus covered ? 
The anterior surface. 
452 What (2) relations has the descending 
portion in front ? 
The transverse colon and meso-colon. 
453 What (2) on the left side? 
The pancreas and bile duct. 
454 What (3) behind? 96 
The Thorax and Abdomen 
The right kidney and its vessels and the 
inferior vena cava. 
455 What (2) structures empty into the sec- 
ond portion f 
The biliary and pancreatic ducts 
456 What (2) relations has the transverse 
portion in front ? 
The lower layer of the transverse meso- 
colon and the superior mesenteric vessels. 
457 What (2) above ? 
The pancreas and the superior mesenteric 
vessels. 
458 What (2) behind ? 
The great vessels and the crura of the 
diaphragm. 
459 What holds the fourth portion in place f 
The mnscnlus suspensorius duodeni. 
460 What peritoneal pouch is found here f 
The fossa dnodeno-jejnnalis. 
The Jejunum and Ileum. 
461 How long is the jejunum f 
About nine feet. 
462 How long is the ileum ? 
About fourteen feet. 
463 What holds them in place ? 
The mesentery. 
464 What is sometimes found on the ileum 9 
Meckel’s diverticulum. 
465 Where is it found ? 
One to three feet above the caecum. The Caßciim. 
97 
466 Of what is it a remnant ? 
The vitellointestinal duct. 
The Large Intestine. 
467 W are the (5) differences between 
l>LTge and small intestine ? 
I'he large intestine is wider, shorter, and 
Peculated; has epiploic appendages and has 
ari interrupted longitudinal muscular coat. 
468 How is the longitudinal muscular coat 
°f the large intestine arranged ? 
In three ‘bauds. 
489 Where are those hands situated ? 
One anterior, one posterior, and one in- 
ternal. 
470 What effect has this arrangement ? 
As the longitudinal bands are shorter 
than the gut, these bands have a “ pucker- 
Jrig-string ” effect, and hence the sacculations 
°f the large gut. 
471 How long is the large intestine ? 
About four and a half feet. 
472 TVhat relation does it bear to the small 
intestine f 
473 What are the (4) portions of the large 
intestine ? 
It surrounds the small intestine. 
Caecum, colon, omega loop, and rectum. 
The Csecum. 
47* is the caecum f 98 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
That portion of the large intestine below 
the entrance of the ileum. 
475 How long is it ? 
476 What relation does the peritoneum bear 
to it f 
About two and a half inches. 
It is completely surrounded by peritoneum. 
477 What is attached to its lower end ? 
The vermiform appendix. 
The Vermiform Appendix. 
478 What is the vermiform appendix ? 
The undeveloped end of the caecum. 
479 How long is it ? 
About four inches. 
480 How many types are there of caecum and 
appendix ? 
Four. 
481 Describe one. 
The foetal type. The caecum is conical 
and tapers off to the appendix. 
482 Describe the second. 
The appendix comes off at the apex of 
the caecum between two equal sized saccu- 
lation s. 
483 Describe the third. 
The inner sacculation is smaller than the 
outer, and the appendix comes off between 
them at the inner side of the caecum. 
484 Describe the fourth. 
There is absence of the inner sacculation, The Ascending Colon. 
99 
and the appendix comes off at the angle 
between the outer sacculation and the ileum. 
485 What holds the appendix in place ? 
The meso-appendix. 
486 Of what is this a process ? 
The left layer of the meseuter}^, 
487 What runs between its layers ? 
The appendicular artery. 
488 Of what is this a branch f 
The ileo-colic. 
489 What (2) peritoneal fossce are found in 
this region ? 
The superior and inferior ileo-csecal. 
The Colon. 
490 What portion of the large intestine fol- 
lows the ccecum ? 
The colon. 
491 Hoiv many portions has the colon ? 
Three. 
492 What are they ? 
The ascending, transverse, and descending. 
The Ascending Colon. 
493 How far does the ascending colon ex- 
tend f 
To the under surface of the liver. 
494 What relation does it bear to the peri- 
toneum ? 100 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
It is covered by the latter on its front 
and sides. 
495 What holds it in place ? 
The ascending meso-colon. 
496 What (3) relations has the ascending 
colon posteriorly ? 
The right kidney, duodenum, and quadra- 
tus lumborum. 
497 What (1) internally ? 
The small intestine. 
498 What flexure separates the ascending 
from the transverse colon ? 
The hepatic. 
The Transverse Colon. 
499 How far does the transverse colon ex- 
tend ? 
To the spleen. 
500 Which way does it bend ? 
Downward and forward. 
501 How far down may the loop go ? 
To the pubes. 
502 What (4) relations has the transverse 
colo7i above ? 
The liver, gall-bladder, stomach, and 
spleen. 
503 What (1) behind ? 
The duodenum. 
504 What (1) below? 
The small intestine. The Omega Loop. 
101 
505 What relation does it bear to the peri- 
toneum ? 
It is surrounded by the peritoneum. 
506 What holds it in place f 
The transverse meso-colou. 
The Descending Colon. 
507 How far does the descending colon ex- 
tend ? 
To the outer border of the psoas. 
508 What sustains it above f 
509 What flexure connects it with the trans- 
verse colon ? 
The costo-colic ligament 
The splenic. 
510 What relation does it bear to the peri- 
toneum ? 
The latter covers its front and sides 
511 What holds it in place f 
The descending meso-colon. 
512 What (3) relations has it behind ? 
The diaphragm, left kidney, and quadratus 
lumborum. 
513 What (1) in front and internally ? 
The small intestine. 
The Omega Loop. 
514 Where does the omega loop begin ? 
At the outer margin of the psoas. 
515 Where does it terminate ? 102 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
At the third piece of the sacrum. 
516 What course does it pursue ? 
Across the psoas, down the left pelvic 
wall, then across to the right, then back 
toward the left to end in the rectum. 
517 What holds it in place ? 
The meso-sigmoid. 
518 What peritoneal pouch is found in re- 
lation with the omega loop f 
The inter-sigmoid. 
The Rectum. 
519 How many portions has the rectum ? 
Two. 
520 What is their extent ? 
From the third piece of the sacrum to 
the tip of the coccyx. From the tip of the 
coccyx to the aims. 
521 What portion is in relation with the 
peritoneum f 
The first. 
522 What is the relation f 
The upper portion is covered on its an- 
terior surface. 
523 What (2) relations has the first por- 
tion posteriorly ? 
The sacrum and coccyx. 
524 What (3) anteriorly in the male? 
The bladder, prostate gland, and seminal 
vesicles. 
525 Which (2) anteriorly in the female f The Liver. 
103 
The vagina and uterus. 
526 What surrounds the second portion of 
the rectum f 
The internal sphincter. 
527 In what (3) portions of the gut are 
found aggregations of circular muscle fibre ? 
At the pylorus, the ileo-csecal valve, and 
the internal sphincter of the anus. 
528 What is attached to the side of the sec- 
ond portion of the rectum ? 
The levator ani muscle. 
529 What is at the end of the rectum ? 
The external sphincter. 
530 What are the (3) muscles at the anus ? 
The internal and external sphincters and 
the levator ani. 
The Liver. 
531 What are the (5) lobes of the liver ? 
The right, left, caudate, quadrate, and 
Spigelian. 
532 What are the (5) ligaments of the liver ? 
The right and left lateral, coronary, falci- 
form, and round. 
533 What is the round ligament ? 
The obliterated umbilical vein. 
534 Of what are the other ligaments com- 
posed ? 
535 To what are the lateral and coronary 
ligaments attached f 
Peritoneum. 104 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
The diaphragm. 
536 To what. is the falciform ligament at- 
tached ? 
The diaphragm and the sheath of the 
1 o 
right rectus abdominis. 
537 What runs between its layers ? 
The round ligament 
538 In what fissure is the round ligament 
found ? 
The longitudinal. 
539 What are the (5) fissures of the liver f 
The umbilical or longitudinal, the trans- 
verse, and the fissures for the gall-bladder, 
ductus venosus, and inferior vena cava. 
540 How are these fissures arranged? 
To form the letter H. 
541 What is attached to the Ups of the 
transverse fissure f 
The lesser omentum. 
542 What (3) surfaces has the liver? 
Superior, inferior, and posterior. 
543 What makes an impression on the supe- 
rior surface f 
The heart. 
544 What (2) relations has this surface f 
The diaphragm and anterior abdominal 
wall. 
545 What (4) relations has the posterior sur- 
face ? 
The tenth and eleventh thoracic vertebrae, 
crura of the diaphragm, oesophagus, and 
great vessels. The Portal Vein. 
105 
546 What (5) relations has the lower sur- 
face ? 
The colon, duodenum, stomach, right kid_ 
ney, and gall-bladder. 
547 What (3) portions of the liver are un- 
covered by peritoneum ? 
The fissure for the gall-bladder, the trans- 
verse fissure, and the posterior surface of 
the right lobe. 
The Portal Vein. 
548 What are the (2) afferent vessels of the 
liver f 
The hepatic artery and the portal vein. 
549 What is (heir function ? 
The hepatic artery brings blood to nour- 
ish the liver and the portal vein blood to 
be acted on by the liver. 
550 What is the efferent vessel? 
The hepatic vein. 
551 How long is the portal vein f 
About three inches. 
552 Where does it begin ? 
Behind the head of the pancreas 
553 How is it formed ? 
By the fusion of the superior mesenteric 
and splenic veins. 
554 What relation does it bear to the duode- 
num ? 
It passes behind the first portion. 
555 What does it enter ? 106 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
The lesser omentum. 
556 With what does it lie ? 
The hepatic artery and common bile duct. 
557 In what relation to them ? 
Between and behind them. 
558 What surrounds them ? 
The capsule of Glisson. 
559 What are the tributaries of the 'portal 
vein f 
The splenic, superior mesenteric, gastric, 
pyloric, and cystic. 
560 Where does the inferior mesenteric 
empty ? 
Into the splenic. 
561 Into what does the portal vein divide ? 
Right and left. 
562 Where do they pass? 
Into the liver. 
The Gallbladder. 
563 Where is the gall-bladder situated ? 
Between the right and quadrate lobes on 
the under surface of the liver. 
564 Of what (3) portions does it consist? 
Fundus, body, and neck. 
565 Which surface is covered with peri- 
toneum f 
The under. 
566 What is the duct of the gall-bladder? 
The cystic duct. The Pancreas. 
107 
567 What is the duct of the liver ? 
The hepatic duct. 
568 What do these two unite to form ? 
The ductus communis choledochus or 
common bile duct. 
569 Between the layers of what structure 
does the common bile duct pass ? 
The lesser omentum. 
570 Behind what does it pass ? 
The duodenum. 
571 Between what does it pass f 
The duodenum and the head of the pan- 
creas. 
572 Where does it empty? 
Into the second portion of the duodenum. 
573 What enlargement has it before it ter- 
minates ? 
The ampulla of Vater. 
The Pancreas. 
574 Of what (3) portions does the pancreas 
consist f 
Head, body, and tail. 
575 What surrounds the head? 
The duodenum. 
576 How far over does the tail extend ? 
To the spleen. 
577 What are the (3) relations of the pan- 
creas above ? 
The first part of the duodenum, the 
splenic artery and vein, and the coeliac axis. 108 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
578 What (2) beloiv ? 
The transverse portion of the duodenum 
and superior mesenteric vessels. 
579 What (2) in front? 
The stomach and transverse meso-colon. 
580 What (6) behind ? 
The common bile duct, great vessels, 
superior mesenteric vessels, crura of the 
diaphragm, left kidney, and spleen. 
581 Where does the duct of the pancreas 
empty ? 
Into the second part of the duodenum. 
The Spleen. 
582 Where is the spleen situated ? 
In the axillary line opposite the ninth, 
tenth, and eleventh ribs. 
583 What (4) structures are interposed be- 
tween it and the ribs ? 
Peritoneum, diaphragm, pleura, and lung- 
-584 What is the fissure of the spleen called ? 
The hilum. 
585 What is attached to the edges of the 
hilum ? 
The gastro-splenic omentum. 
586 What other peritoneal structure is at- 
tached to the spleen ? 
The phreno-splenic ligament. 
587 What are the (5) relations of the 
spleen f The Peritoneum. 
109 
The stomach, pancreas, left kidney, colon, 
and diaphragm. 
The Peritoneum. 
588 What is the peritoneum f 
A closed serous sac, covering to a 
greater or less extent the abdominal vis- 
cera and lining the abdominal parietes. 
589 What exception is there to the fact that 
it is a closed cavity ? 
In the female the fimbriated end of the 
oviduct opens into it. 
590 Of what (2) folds does it consist ? 
The greater and the lesser. 
591 Of what (2) cavities does it consist ? 
The greater and the lesser. 
592 How do these communicate f 
Through the foramen of Winslow. 
593 How is this foramen hounded? 
In front by the free border of the lesser 
omentum. Above by the caudate lobe of 
the liver. Behind by the vena cava. Be- 
low by the duodenum and the hepatic ves- 
sels. 
594 In what (2) ways may the course of the 
peritoneum he traced ? 
Longitudinally and transversely. 
595 In tracing longitudinally, how many folds 
or layers stand at the transverse fissure of the 
liver ? 
Two. 110 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
596 What are they f 
The greater and lesser folds. 
597 Which is anterior f 
The greater. 
598 Where does it pass from the liver f 
To the lesser curvature of the stomach. 
599 Of what does it form the anterior layer ? 
The gastro-hepatic omentum. 
600 Where does it pass from the lesser cur- 
vature of the stomach 1 
Over the anterior surface of the stomach 
to the greater curvature. 
601 Where does it pass from the greater cur- 
vature f 
Down in front of the transverse colon and 
small intestines to the lower part of the 
abdomen, where it turns on itself and 
passes up in front of and then above the 
transverse colon to reach the posterior ab- 
dominal wall. 
602 What does it thus form ? 
The outer layers of the great omentum 
603 What does it include ? 
Similar layers of the lesser fold. 
604 After reaching the posterior abdominal 
wall, what course does it pursue ? 
It passes forward and around the trans- 
verse colon and returns to the vertebral 
column. 
605 What does it thus form ? 
The transverse meso-colon. 
606 Where does it then go f The Peritoneum, 
111 
Forward, around the small intestine, and 
back to the vertebral column again. 
607 What does it thus form ? 
The mesentery. 
608 What course does it then pursue ? 
It goes down into the pelvis to cover in 
the upper part of the rectum. 
609 Where does it then go f 
In the male to the bladder, forming the 
recto-vesical pouch; in the female to the 
uterus, forming the recto-uterine pouch or 
pouch of Douglas. 
610 After reaching the uterus, where does it 
go? 
Over the posterior surface, fundus, and 
anterior surface of the uterus, and then to 
the bladder, forming the vesico-uterine 
pouch. 
611 How much of the bladder is covered in? 
The posterior and upper surfaces. 
612 Where does the peritoneum pass after 
leaving the bladder ? 
Up the anterior abdominal wall, covering 
the urachus and obliterated hypogastric arte- 
ries, to reach the under surface of the dia- 
phragm. 
613 On reaching the diaphragm, where does 
it go ? 
It covers the under surface of the dia- 
phragm and is then reflected to the upper 
surface of the liver, whence it passes around 
the anterior .edge to the under surface, to 112 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
reach the transverse fissure, the starting- 
point. 
614 What is the posterior of the two layers 
at the transverse fissure of the liver? 
615 Where does it go after leaving the 
transverse fissure ? 
The lesser fold. 
To the lesser curvature of the stomach. 
616 What does it thereby form f 
The posterior layer of the gastro-hepatic 
omentum. 
617 Where does it then go f 
It covers the posterior surface of the 
stomach and reaches the greater curvature. 
618 Where does it then pass ? 
Down to the lower part of the abdominal 
cavity and back inside of similar layers of 
the greater fold. 
619 What does it thus form part of? 
The great omentum. 
620 After this, where does it pass ? 
Above the transverse colon and back to 
the vertebral column. 
621 Where does it then go ? 
Up the vertebral column to the diaphragm, 
whence it passes to the liver, to finally 
reach the transverse fissure. 
622 In what (2) situations is the peritoneum 
traced transversely ? 
Above and below the transverse colon. 
623 In starting from the median line 
anteriorly and passing to the right (iboVG the The Peritoneum. 
113 
transverse colon, what is the first structure en- 
closed ? 
The round ligament of the liver, 
624 What ligament is formed by including 
the round ligament ? 
The falciform. 
625 Where does the 'peritoneum then go ? 
Around the lateral abdominal wall to the 
posterior wall and across the great vessels 
and vertebral column to the left side. 
626 Where does it then pass?- 
To the spleen. 
627 From the spleen where does it go ? 
To the fundus of the stomach, forming 
the posterior layer of the gastro-splenic 
omentum. 
628 After reaching the stomach, where does it 
go? 
It covers the under surface of the stom- 
ach, and, on reaching the pyloric end, passes 
over to the right to surround the hepatic 
artery, portal vein, and common bile duct, 
after which it returns to the pylorus. 
629 What does it form by including the 
hepatic vessels ? 
The free border of the gastro-hepatic 
omentum. 
630 After returning to the pylorus, where 
does it go ? 
Over the anterior surface of the stomach 
to the fundus and then to the spleen, 114 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
forming the anterior layer of the gastro- 
splenic omentum. 
631 Where does it then go ? 
Completely around the spleen and back 
to the abdominal wall, around which it 
passes to the starting-point, the middle line. 
632 Beginning at the anterior median line 
and passing to the right hdow the trans- 
verse colon, what is its course ? 
It passes around the abdominal walls to 
reach the ascending colon, the sides and 
front of which it covers. 
633 What does it thus form? 
The ascending meso-colon. 
634 Where does it then pass? 
To the vertebral column, whence it goes 
forward, surrounds the small intestine, and 
returns to the vertebral column, forming the 
mesentery. 
635 Where does it then go? 
To the left as far as the descending 
colon, the sides and front of which it cov- 
ers to form the descending meso-colon. 
636 What does it then do ? 
It passes around the lateral wall to the 
starting-point, the middle line. 
The Great Omentum, 
637 What are the (3) omenta f 
The gastro-colic or greater, the gastro- 
hepatic or lesser, and the gastro-splenic. The Lesser Omentum. 
115 
638 To what is the great omentum attached 
above ? 
The stomach and transverse colon. 
639 Of how many layers does it consist: (a) 
Above the transverse colon ? (b) Beloiv the 
transverse colon ? 
(a) Two. (b) Four. 
640 How far down does it go ? 
Usually to the pubes. 
641 What (2) arteries run between its lay- 
ers at the greater curvature of the stomach f 
The gastro-epiploica dextra and sinistra. 
The Lesser Omentum. 
642 To what is the lesser omentum attached: 
(a) Above ? (b) Below ? (c) At the left f 
(a) The lips of the transverse fissure of 
the liver, (b) The lesser curvature of the 
stomach, (c) The oesophagus. 
643 Which border is free f 
The right. 
644 What does it contain ? 
The hepatic artery, portal vein, and com 
mon bile duct. 
645 Of what does it form the anterior 
boundary ? 
The foramen of Winslow. 
646 What (2) vessels run between its layers 
at the lesser curvature of the stomach ? 
The gastric and pyloric arteries. 116 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
The Gastro-spienic Omentum. 
647 What are the (2) attachments of the 
gastro-splenic omentum ? 
The fundus of the stomach and the lips 
of the spleen. 
648 Of how many layers is it composed ? 
Two. 
649 What (2) structures are found between 
its layers ? 
The splenic artery and the vasa hrevia. 
The Mesentery. 
650 What holds the small intestine in place ? 
The mesentery. 
651 How many layers has it ? 
Two. 
652 What structures are found between them ? 
Vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels and 
glands. 
653 What is its posterior attachment ? 
The vertebral column from the left side 
of the second lumbar vertebra to the right 
sacro-iliac synchondrosis. 
The Meso=colon. 
654 What structures hold the large intestine 
in place f 
The ascending, transverse, and descending 
meso-colons and the meso-sigmoid. The Pelvic Fascia. 
117 
655 What are found between their layers f 
Vessels, nerves, and lymphatics. 
656 With one exception, of how many layers 
are they composed ? 
Two. 
657 What is the exception? 
The transverse meso-colon, which consists 
of four layers. 
The Pelvic Fascia. 
658 With what is the pelvic fascia continu- 
ous above ? 
The iliac and transversalis fascias 
659 Where does it divide ? 
At the arcus tendiueus or “ white line.” 
660 Into what ? 
The obturator and recto-vesical fascias. 
661 What process does the obturator fascia 
give off? 
662 What relation does the anal fascia hear 
to the levator ani ? 
The ischio-rectal or anal fascia. 
It covers the outer surface of the levator 
ani. 
663 What space does it help to bound ? 
The ischio-rectal fossa. 
664 What covers the inner surface of the 
levator ani ? 
The recto-vesical fascia. 
665 What are the (2) portions of the obtu- 
rator ffascia ? 118 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
That covering the obturator internus 
above the white line and that below. 
666 What are they called f 
The upper portion is called the pelvic 
portion and the lower portion the ischio- 
rectal portion. 
667 What canal is there in the ischio-rectal 
portion ? 
Alcock’s 
668 What does it contain ? 
The internal pudic vessels and nerve. 
669 What fossa does this portion of the ob- 
turator fascia line ? 
The ischio-rectal. 
T3ie Ischio-recta! Fossa. 
670 Where is the ischio-rectal fossa f 
At the side of the rectum. 
671 How is it hounded externally ? 
The obturator fascia below the white line, 
the ischio-rectal portion of the obturator 
fascia, and the innominate bone. 
672 How is it bounded internally f 
The levator ani and coccygeus muscles 
and the ischio-rectal fascia. 
The Perineum. 
673 What line divides the perineum into tivo 
portions ? The Perineum. 
119 
A line connecting the tuberosities of the 
ischium. 
674 What is the anterior 'portion called ? 
The perineum proper or the urethral tri- 
angle. 
675 What is the posterior portion called? 
The ischio-rectal region or anal triangle. 
676 Where does the external sphincter of the 
anus arise f 
From the tip of the coccyx 
677 What is its insertion? 
The tendinous centre of the perineum 
678 What other muscles insert here? 
The superficial trans versus perinei, the 
bulbo-cavernosi, and the levatores ani. 
679 How many layers of superficial perineal 
fascia are there ? 
Two, superficial and deep. 
680 Which one covers the whole perineum ? 
The superficial layer. 
681 What is the deep layer called? 
Colics’ fascia. 
682 How far bach does it pass? 
To the posterior border of the superficial 
transversus perinei, around which it turns. 
683 To what is it attached? 
The posterior edge of the superficial and 
deep layers of the triangular ligament. 
684 What are its lateral attachments? 
The ischio-pubic ramus and the ischial 
tuberosity. 
685 What space lies wider it ? 120 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
The superficial perineal interspace. 
686 How many of these interspaces are there ? 
Two. 
687 What are they called f 
The superficial and deep perineal inter- 
spaces. 
688 How is the supeificial interspace hounded 
superficially f 
Colies’ fascia. 
689 How is it hounded deeply ? 
By the superficial layer of the triangular 
ligament. 
690 What are the (11) contents of the super- 
ficial interspace ? 
The crura and bulb of the penis, the 
superficial transversals perinei, the bulbo-cav- 
eruosi and the ischio-cavernosi muscles, 
the dorsal arteries of the penis, the arteries 
of the corpora cavernosa and the superficial 
perineal arteries and associated veins, and 
the dorsal nerves of the penis. 
691 What is the origin of the superficial 
transversus perinei f 
The tuberosity and ramus of the ischium. 
692 What is its insertion ? 
The central tendon of the perineum. 
693 W here does the ischio-cavernosus arise f 
The tuberosity and ramus of the ischium, 
the ramus of the pubes, and the root of the 
crus penis. 
694 Where does it insert f The Perineum. 
121 
The dorsal surface of the corpus caver- 
nosum. 
695 What slip does it give off? 
696 Where does the bulbo-cavernosus arise ? 
The compressor vense dorsalis. 
From a median raphe extending the whole 
length of the bulb. 
697 Where does it insert ? 
The superficial layer of the triangular lig- 
ament and the bulb and dorsum of the cor- 
pus cavernosum. 
698 How many layers has the triangular lig- 
ament f 
Two, superficial and deep. 
699 What is the superficial layer ? 
The deep perineal fascia. 
700 What does it separate? 
The two perineal interspaces 
701 What (6) structures pierce it ? 
The urethra, the ducts of Cowper’s glands, 
the arteries of the corpora cavernosa, the 
arteries of the bulb, the dorsal arteries of 
the penis, and the dorsal nerves of the 
penis. 
702 What structure runs over its upper 
margin ? 
The dorsal vein of the penis. 
703 How is the deep perineal interspace 
bounded ? 
Superficially by the superficial layer of the 
triangular ligament and deeply by the deep 
layer of the triangular ligament. 122 
The Thorax and Abdomen. 
704 What are the (6) contents of the deep 
interspace ? 
The membranous urethra, Cowper’s glauds, 
the deep transversus periuei, the internal 
pudic arteries giving off their last three 
branches, the accompanying veins, and the 
dorsal nerves of the penis. 
705 What is the origin of the deep trans- 
versus perinei? 
The inner surface of the ischio-pubic 
ramus. 
706 What is its insertion ? 
A median raphe, the opposite pubic ra- 
mus, the bulb and the tissue between the 
corpora cavernosa. 
707 What is the deep layer of the triangu 
lar ligament f 
A prolongation of the obturator fascia 
across the arch formed by the rami of the 
pubes and ischium. 
708 What are the (7) layers and spaces of 
the perineum enumerated from the surface in f 
Skin, superficial layer of the superficial 
fascia, Colics’ fascia, superficial interspace, 
superficial of the triangular ligament, 
deep interspace, deep layer of the triangu- 
lar ligament. SECTION 111. 
The Upper Extremity, 
Including the Subclavian Artery. 
The Subclavian Artery. 
1 What are the branches of the arch of the 
aorta ? 
The innominate, the left common carotid, 
and the left subclavian. 
2 Into what does the innominate divide ? 
The right subclavian and the right com- 
mon carotid. 
3 How many innominate veins are there f 
Two. 
4 How are they formed ? 
By the junction of the internal jugular 
and subclavian veins. 
5 What do they unite to form ? 
The superior vena cava. 
6 Which is the longer ? 
The left. 
7 Which subclavian artery is the longer ? 
The left. 
8 How many portions has the subclavian 
artery f 
Three. 
9 What divides it into three portions ? 124 
The Upper Extremity. 
The scalenus anticus. 
10 What relation does the subclavian vein 
hear to it ? 
11 What (2) structures separate the subcla- 
vian artery and vein f 
The vein lies in front and below. 
The scalenus anticus muscle and the 
phrenic nerve. 
12 How high in the neck does the subclavian 
artery rise ? 
Half an inch above the clavicle. 
13 Over what does it arch f 
The pleura and the first rib. 
14 Between what muscles does it pass ? 
The scalenus anticus and the scalenus 
medius. 
15 What structure winds around the right 
subclavian artery ? 
The right recurrent laryngeal nerve. 
16 What portion gives off no branches f 
The third. Sometimes the suprascapular or 
the posterior scapular arises from it. 
17 What are the (3) branches of the first 
portion ? The branch of the second portion ? 
The vertebral, the thyroid axis, and the 
internal mammary. The superior intercostal. 
The Vertebra! Artery. 
18 How many portions has the vertebral 
artery ? What are they ? The Vertebral Artery. 
125 
Four. Cervical, vertebral, occipital, and 
cranial. 
19 Between what two muscles does the verte- 
bral artery pass f 
The scalenus anticus and the longns colli. 
20 What vertebra does it enter f What pro- 
bum of the vertebra ? 
The sixth cervical. The foramen in the 
transverse process. 
21 What vertebra does it leave ? 
The atlas. 
22 What triangle does it enter ? 
The snboccipital. 
23 Ho w is that triangle bounded ? 
By the superior oblique, the inferior ob- 
lique, and the rectus capitis posticus major. 
24 What forms its floor ? 
The posterior occipito-atloid ligament. 
25 What forms its roof? 
The complexus. 
2G What are its (3) contents ? 
The vertebral artery, the snboccipital 
nerve, and a plexus of veins. 
27 What does the artery then pierce f 
The posterior occipito-atloid ligament. 
28 Ho w does it get into the cranium ? 
Through the foramen magnum. 
29 With what does it anastomose ? 
Its fellow of the opposite side. 
30 What is formed thereby ? 
The basilar artery. 
31 How does the vertebral vein begin ? 126 
The Upper Extremity, 
In a plexus of veins. 
32, Where does it begin ? 
In the suboccipital triangle. 
33 What relation does it bear to the artery 
in the vertebrae ? After it leaves the vertebrae ? 
It surrounds the artery. It lies anterior 
to it. 
34 Where does it empty f 
Into the innominate vein. 
35 Which portion of the vertebral artery 
gives off no branches ? 
The cervical portion. 
36 What are the (2) branches of the second 
portion f 
Lateral spinal and muscular. 
37 What are the (2) branches of the third 
portion f 
38 What are the (4) branches of the fourth 
portion 9 
Muscular and anastomatic. 
Posterior meningeal, anterior spinal, poste- 
rior spinal, and posterior inferior cerebellar. 
39 Of what is the anterior meningeal a 
branch 9 
The internal carotid. 
40 Of what is the middle meningeal a branch f 
The internal maxillary. 
41 Of what is the small meningeal a branch 9 
The internal maxillary. 
42 Of what is the posterior meningeal a 
branch ? 
The vertebral. The Thyroid Axis. 
127 
43 What (4) other arteries have meningeal 
branches ? 
The anterior and posterior ethmoidal, the 
ascending pharyngeal, and the occipital. 
44 What 'portion of the brain is grooved by 
the basilar artery ? 
45 What are its (5) branches ? 
The pons. 
The transverse, the internal auditory, the 
superior cerebellar, the anterior inferior cere- 
bellar, and the posterior cerebral. 
46 What are its terminal branches? 
The posterior cerebrals. 
47 How does the internal auditory escape 
from the cranium ? 
Through the internal auditory meatus. 
48 What (3) other structures pass out with 
it? 
The auditory nerve, the facial nerve, and 
the pars intermedia of Wrisberg. 
The Thyroid Axis. 
49 What are the (3) branches of the thy- 
roid axis ? 
The inferior thyroid, the suprascapular, 
and the transversalis colli. 
50 What artery arises from the subclavian 
opposite to it f 
The internal mammary. 
51 What branch of the axis sometimes arises 
from the subclavian ? 128 
The Upper Extremity. 
The suprascapular; and sometimes the pos- 
terior scapular branch of the transverse cer- 
vical. 
The Inferior Thyroid Artery. 
52 What relation does the inferior thyroid 
hear to the carotid sheath ? 
It lies behind the sheath. 
53 What (2) other structures bear the same 
relation ? 
The sympathetic and recurrent laryngeal 
nerves. 
54 With what ganglion of the sympathetic is 
it in relation ? 
The middle cervical. 
55 What is that ganglion sometimes called ? 
The thyroid ganglion. 
56 What are the (5) branches of the inferior 
thyroid artery ? 
Ascending cervical, inferior laryngeal, tra- 
cheal, oesophageal, and muscular. 
57 With what (3) arteries does the ascending 
cervical anastomose ? 
Ascending pharyngeal, vertebral, and oc- 
cipital. 
The Suprascapular Artery. 
58 In which triangle is the suprascapular 
artery found f 
The subclavian. The Transversalis Colli Artery. 
129 
59 What relation does it bear to the trans- 
verse ligament of the scapula ? 
It passes over the ligament. 
60 What passes under the ligament ? 
The suprascapular nerve. 
61 To what (2) fossce is it distributed ? 
The supraspinous and infraspinous. 
62 With what (3) arteries does it anastomose ? 
Posterior scapular, subscapular, and dorsal 
scapular. 
The Transversalis Colli Artery, 
63 What (2) triangles does the transversalis 
colli traverse f 
The subclavian and the occipital. 
64 What are its terminal branches ? 
The posterior scapular and the superficial 
cervical. 
65 Which is the continuation of the main 
trunk f 
The posterior scapular. 
66 With what (4) arteries does the posterior 
scapular anastomose ? 
The suprascapular, subscapular, dorsal 
scapular, and intercostal. 
67 With ivhat does the superficial cervical 
anastomose f 
The superficial branch of the arteria priu- 
ceps cervicis. 130 
The Upper Extremity. 
The Internal Mammary Artery. 
68 What are the (2) portions of the internal 
mammary artery ? 
Cervical and thoracic. 
69 Which portion gives off no branches ? 
The cervical portion 
70 What nerve crosses this portion? 
The phrenic. 
71 What are the (8) branches of the internal 
mammary ? 
The superior phrenic, mediastinal, pericar- 
diac, sternal, anterior intercostal, perforating, 
musculo-phrenic, and superior epigastric. 
72 Where does the internal mammary divide 
into its terminal branches ? 
At the sixth interspace. 
73 What are its terminal branches? 
Musculo-phrenic and superior epigastric. 
74 With what does the superior epigastric 
anastomose ? Where ? 
The deep epigastric. In the sheath of the 
rectus abdominis. 
75 How many intercostal spaces are supplied 
by the anterior intercostal branches ? 
The upper five or six. 
76 Which (3) perforating arteries supply the 
mammary gland ? 
The second, third, and fourth. The Axilla. 
131 
The Superior Intercostal Artery. 
77 From which aspect of the subclavian artery 
does the superior intercostal arise % 
78 Behind what muscle? 
The scalenus anticus. 
The posterior. 
79 What nerve lies on this muscle ? 
The phrenic. 
80 What ganglion is in relation with the 
superior intercostal artery ? 
The first thoracic ganglion. 
81 How many intercostal spaces are supplied 
by the superior intercostal? 
One and a half. 
82 What other branch does it give off? 
The profunda cervicis. 
83 With what does this branch anastomose ? 
The deep branch of the arteria princeps 
cervicis. 
The Axilla. 
84 What does the subclavian artery become? 
The axillary. 
85 Where does it become axillary ? 
At the lower border of the first rib. 
8G What is the generalshape of the 
axilla ? 
Pyramidal. 
87 Which wall is the wider, the inner or 132 
The Upper Extremity. 
the outer 9 Which is the longer, the an- 
terior or the posterior ? 
The inner. The posterior. 
The Anterior Wall of the Axilla. 
88 What (3) structures form the anterior 
wall of the axilla ? 
The pectoralis major and minor and the 
costo-coracoid membrane. 
The Costo=coracoid Membrane. 
89 What is another name for the costo-cor- 
acoid membrane 9 
The clavi-pectoral fascia. 
90 How many borders has it ? 
Four. 
91 Of what is it a portion ? 
The deep cervical fascia. 
92 To what is it attached above ? 
The clavicle. 
93 By how many lamellae 9 
Two. 
94 What is there between these leaflets f 
The subclavius muscle. 
95 To what (2) structures is it attached be- 
low f 
The pectoralis minor and the axillary 
sheath. 
96 What is its external attachment 9 
The coracoid process. The Triangular Space. 
133 
97 What is its internal attachment ? 
The cartilage of the first rib. 
98 What (4) structures pierce it? 
The cephalic vein, the acromial thoracic 
artery and vein, and the external anterior 
thoracic nerve. 
The Posterior Wall of the Axilla. 
99 What (3) structures form the posterior 
wall of the axilla? 
The snbscapularis, latissimus dorsi and 
teres major muscles. 
100 What large artery lies on the posterior 
axillary 'wall ? What nerves ? 
The subscapular. The subscapular. 
The Quadrilateral Space 
101 How is the quadrilateral space hounded ? 
By the snbscapularis, teres major, humerus, 
and long head of the triceps. 
102 What (3) structures pass through it ? 
The posterior circumflex artery and vein 
and the circumflex nerve. 
The Triangular Space. 
103 How is the triangular space hounded ? 
By the snbscapularis, teres major, and 
long head of the triceps. 
104 What passes through it ? 
The dorsalis scapulae artery. 134 
The Upper Extremity. 
The External Wall of the Axilla. 
105 What (3) structures form the outer wall 
of the axillaf Which head of the biceps? 
The humerus, coraco-brachialis, and biceps. 
The short head. 
106 What large artery and vein are on this 
wall ? What nerves ? 
The axillary. The brachial plexus. 
The Internal Wall of the Axilla. 
107 What (3) structures form the inner ivall 
of the axilla ? 
The serratus magnus, the first four ribs, 
and the corresponding intercostal muscles. 
108 What nerve lies on this wall? 
The posterior thoracic. 
109 What (2) nerves pierce this wall ? 
The intercosto-humeral and the lateral 
cutaneous branch of the third intercostal. 
The Nerve Supply of the Axilla. 
110 What nerves supply the anterior axillary 
wall ? The posterior ? The external ? The 
internal ? 
The external and internal anterior thor- 
acic. The three subscapular. The musculo- 
cutaneous. The posterior thoracic and the 
three upper intercostals. The Axillary Artery. 
135 
The Apex and Base of the Axilla. 
11l What (3) structures hound the apex of 
the axilla 1 
The clavicle, scapula, and first rib. 
112 What forms the base of the axilla? 
The axillary fascia. 
113 With what is it continuous anteriorly ? 
The pectoral fascia. 
The Axillary Artery. 
114 What relation does the axillary vein 
hear to the artery ? 
It lies anterior and internal to the artery. 
115 What relation does the brachial plexus 
hear to the first part of the artery ? To the 
second part ? 
It lies above and external to the artery. 
It surrounds the artery. 
116 What (2) nerves lie to the outer side of 
the third part f (4) To the inner side f (2) 
Posterior to it ? 
The muscnlo-cutaneous and the outer head 
of the median. The ulnar, the internal 
cutaneous, the lesser internal cutaneous, 
and the inner head of the median. The 
mnscnlo-spiral and the circumflex. 
117 How many portions has the axillary 
artery ? 
118 What divides it into these portions ? 
Three. 136 
The Upper Extremity. 
The pectoralis minor. 
119 Where are these portions located f 
Above, behind, and below the pectoralis 
minor. 
The Superior Thoracic Artery. 
120 What are the (2) branches of the first 
portion ? 
The superior thoracic and the acromial 
thoracic. 
121 Which pierces the costo-coracoid mem- 
brane f 
The acromial thoracic. 
122 Which runs along the upper border of 
the pectoralis minor f 
The superior thoracic. 
123 What artery runs along the lower 
border f 
The long thoracic. 
The Acromial Thoracic Artery. 
124 What are the (4) branches of the acro- 
mial thoracic f 
Acromial, pectoral, humeral, and clavicular. 
125 In what intermuscular groove is the hu- 
meral branch found ? 
In the delto-pectoral groove. 
126 What vein is found in this groove ? 
The cephalic. The Subscapniar Artery. 
137 
The Alar Thoracic Artery. 
127 What are the (2) branches of the second 
portion of the axillary ? 
The alar thoracic and long thoracic. 
128 Which supplies the axillary contents ? 
The alar thoracic. 
The Long Thoracic Artery. 
129 Where do you find the other branch? 
Along the lower border of the pectoralis 
minor. 
The Subscapniar Artery. 
130 What are the (3) branches of the third 
portion ? 
Anterior and posterior circumflex and sub- 
scapular. 
131 Which is the largest ? 
The subscapniar. 
132 On which wall of the axilla is it found f 
The posterior. 
133 What nerve accompanies it f 
The long subscapniar. 
134 With what (3) arteries does it anasto- 
mose ? 
The posterior scapular, long thoracic, and 
intercostal. 
135 What (2) branches does it give of? 
The dorsal scapular and iufrascapular. 138 
The Upper Extremity. 
136 Which passes through the triangular space? 
The dorsal scapular. 
The Circumflex Arteries, 
137 Opposite what artery is the anterior cir- 
cumflex given off? 
The posterior circumflex. 
138 What is the crucial anastomosis at the 
shoulder ? 
The acromial thoracic, the anterior and pos- 
terior circumflex, and the superior profunda. 
139 Through what space does the posterior 
circumflex pass ? 
The quadrilateral space. 
140 What accompanies it ? 
Its vein and the circumflex nerve. 
The Brachial Artery. 
141 What does the axillary artery become ? 
Where ? 
The brachial. At the teres major. 
142 What (2) muscles overlap the brachial? 
The coraco-brachialis and the biceps. 
143 What nerve crosses it ? In what direc- 
tion ? 
The median. From without inward. 
144 What vein crosses it at the elbow ? 
The median basilic. 
145 What are the (5) branches of the bra- 
chial ? The Antecubital Fossa. 
139 
The superior profunda, inferior profunda, 
muscular, nutrient, and anastomotica magna. 
146 What does the superior profunda ac- 
company ? The inferior profunda f 
The musculo-spiral nerve. The ulnar 
nerve. 
147 Which quadrant of the elbow is not sup- 
p)lied by the anastomotica magna ? 
The anterior external. 
148 What are the terminal branches of the 
brachial f 
The radial and ulnar. 
149 Which is the continuation of the main 
trunk f 
The radial. 
150 Which is the larger branch ? 
The ulnar. 
The Antecubital Fossa. 
151 How is the antecubital fossa bounded? 
By the supinator longus, the pronator 
radii teres, and the intercondylar line. 
152 What (4) structures form its roof? 
The skin, superficial and deep fascia, and 
bicipital fascia. 
153 What (2) veins are found in its roof? 
What (2) nerves ? 
The median cephalic and median basilic. 
The internal cutaneous and the musculo- 
cutaneous. 
154 What (2) muscles form its floor? 140 
The Upper Extremity. 
The brachialis anticus and supinator 
brevis. 
155 What are its contents f How are they 
arranged ? 
The median nerve, the brachial artery, and 
the tendon of the biceps. From within out- 
ward as enumerated. 
The Radial Artery. 
156 Between what muscles does the radial 
artery lie in the upper third of the forearm? 
In the lower two-thirds f 
The supinator longus and the pronator 
radii teres. The supinator longus and the 
flexor carpi radialis. 
157 What relation does the radial nerve hear 
to it f 
The nerve lies to the radial side. 
158 How does it reach the hack of the 
hand ? 
By passing under the extensor tendons of 
the thumb; through the “ snuff-box.” 
159 How does it reach the palm ? 
Between the heads of the abductor indicis. 
160 What are its branches in the forearm ? 
The radial recurrent, muscular, snperficialis 
volse, and anterior carpal. 
161 What is the anastomosis in front of the 
outer condyle ? 
The radial recurrent and superior pro- 
funda. The Radial Artery. 
141 
162 With what does the anterior carpal 
anastomose ? 
The anterior ulnar carpal, anterior inter- 
osseous, and palmar recurrent. 
163 What does it form thereby ? 
The anterior carpal rete. 
164 With what does the superficial volar 
anastomose f 
The superficial branch of the ulnar. 
165 What does it form thereby ? 
The superficial palmar arch. 
166 What are the (4) branches of the radial 
in the wrist f 
Posterior carpal, metacarpal, dorsales polli- 
cis, and dorsalis indicis. 
167 With what does the posterior carpal 
anastomose f 
The posterior ulnar carpal and the an- 
terior interosseous. 
168 What does it form thereby ? 
The posterior carpal arch or rete 
169 What (2) branches does this arch give 
Off? 
The metacarpals 
170 With what do they anastomose I 
The second and third perforating arteries. 
171 What space does the metacarpal artery 
supply ? 
The second interosseous. 
172 With what does it anastomose f 
The first perforating. 142 
The Upper Extremity. 
173 Between what muscles does the radial 
artery run after reaching the palm ? 
The adductor pollicis and the flexor 
brevis pollicis. 
174 What are the (5) branches of the radial 
in the palm ? 
The radialis indicis, princeps pollicis, per- 
forating, recurrent, and interosseous. 
175 Between what muscles do the princeps 
pollicis and radialis indicis pass ? 
The adductor pollicis and the adductor in- 
dicis. 
176 How many perforating arteries are there? 
Three. 
177 How do they get to the bach of the 
hand f 
Between the heads of the second, third, 
and fourth dorsal interosseous muscles. 
178 With what do they anastomose? 
The three metacarpal arteries. 
The Ulnar Artery. 
179 What nerve crosses the upper part of the 
ulnar artery ? 
The median. 
180 What muscle separates them f 
The deep head of the pronator radii teres. 
181 Between what muscles does the lower part 
of the ulnar artery lie ? 
The flexor sublimis digitorum and the 
flexor carpi ulnaris. The Ulnar Artery. 
143 
182 What relation does the ulnar nerve hear 
to it ? 
The nerve lies to the ulnar side. 
183 How does it get into the 'palm ? 
Over the annular ligament 
184 What (5) branches does it give off in 
the forearm f 
Anterior and posterior ulnar recurrent, in- 
terosseous, muscular, and nutrient. 
185 What is the anastomosis in front of the 
inner condyle ? 
Anterior ulnar recurrent, inferior profunda, 
and anastomotica magna. 
186 What is the anastomosis behind the inner 
condyle f 
Posterior ulnar recurrent, inferior profunda, 
and anastomotica magna. 
187 Into what docs the interosseous divide ? 
Anterior and posterior interosseous. 
188 Between what muscles does it pass ? 
The flexor longus pollicis and flexor pro- 
fundus digitorum. 
189 Where does the anterior interosseous lie? 
On the interosseous membrane. 
190 What accompanies it ? 
The anterior interosseous nerve. 
191 What branch does it give offf 
The median. 
192 What docs the branch accompany? 
The median nerve. 
193 Where does the anterior interosseous ter- 
minate f 144 
The Upper Extremity. 
At the upper border of the pronator 
quadratus. 
194 How does the posterior interosseous get to 
the hack of the forearm f 
By passing between the oblique ligament 
and the interosseous membrane. 
195 Where does it lie ? 
Between the superficial and deep exten- 
sors. 
196 What does it accompany ? 
The posterior interosseous nerve. 
197 What branch does it give off? 
The interosseous recurrent. 
198 What is the anastomosis behind the outer 
condyle ? 
The interosseous recurrent, superior pro- 
funda, and anastomotica raagna. 
199 What are the (2) branches of the ulnar 
in the wrist ? 
The anterior and posterior carpal. 
200 With what do they anastomose ? 
Corresponding branches of the radial 
201 What do they form thereby ? 
The anterior and posterior carpal arches. 
202 Into what does the ulnar divide in the 
palm ? 
203 Which is the direct continuation of the 
majin artery f 
The superficial and deep. 
The superficial. 
204 With what does it anastomose ? 
The superficial volar. The Brachial Plexus. 
145 
205 What does it form thereby f 
The superficial palmar arch. 
206 What (5) structures separate it from the 
deep arch ? From the surface ? 
Flexor tendons, lumbricales, median and 
nlnar nerves, and the short muscles of the 
little finger. Skin, superficial and deep 
fascia, and palmaris brevis. 
207 What are the (4) branches of the super- 
ficial arch f 
Four digital arteries. 
208 How many fingers do they supply f 
Three and a half. 
209 On which side of the hand ? 
The ulnar. 
210 How are the remaining fingers supplied ? 
By the radialis indicis, princeps pollicis, 
and superficialis volse. 
211 Between what muscles does the deep 
branch pass ? 
The adductor and flexor brevis minimi 
digiti. 
212 With what does the deep branch of the 
ulnar anastomose ? 
The radial. 
The Brachial Plexus, 
213 What nerves form the brachial plexus ? 
The fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth cer- 
vical and first dorsal. 
214 What divisions of these nerves f 146 
The Upper Extremity. 
The anterior. 
215 Between what muscles does this 'plexus 
emerge ? 
216 How many stages has the plexus ? What 
are they f 
The scalenus anticns and medius. 
Four. Nerves, trunks, divisions, and cords. 
217 What are the two sets of branches ? 
Those above the clavicle and those below. 
218 What are the (4) branches above the 
clavicle ? 
Suprascapular, posterior thoracic, communi- 
cating, and muscular. 
The Suprascapular Nerve. 
219 What relation does the suprascapular 
hear to the transverse ligament of the scapula? 
It passes under the ligament. 
220 What (3) structures are supplied by it ? 
The supraspinatus and infraspinatus mus- 
cles and the shoulder joint. 
The Posterior Thoracic Nerve. 
221 From what nerves does the posterior tho• 
racic arise ? 
The fifth, sixth, and seventh cervical. 
222 In what muscle ? 
The scalenus medius. 
223 In what relation to the plexus ? To the 
axillary artery ? The Mnscalo-ciitaneons Nerve. 
147 
Posterior. Posterior. 
224 On which wall of the axilla is it found? 
The inner. 
225 What does it supply ? 
The serratus magnus. 
The Communicating Branch. 
226 With what does the communicating branch 
communicate ? 
The phrenic. 
The Outer Cord. 
227 What are the (3) branches of the outer 
cord ? 
The external anterior thoracic, musculo- 
cutaneous, and outer head of the median. 
The External Anterior Thoracic Nerve. 
228 With what does the external anterior 
thoracic form a loop ? 
The internal anterior thoracic. 
229 What does it pierce ? 
The costo-coracoid membrane. 
230 What does it supply ? 
The pectoralis major. 
The Musculocutaneous Nerve. 
231 What does the musculo-cutaneous pierce? 148 
The Upper Extremity 
Tlie coraco-bracliialis 
232 What (3) muscles does it supply? 
The biceps, coraco-bracliialis, and brachialis 
antic ns. 
233 Between what muscles is it found above 
the elbow ? 
The biceps and brachialis anticus. 
234 Into what does it divide at the elbow ? 
An anterior and a posterior branch. 
235 How far do these branches run? 
As far as the thenar eminence. 
The Median Nerve. 
236 How many heads has the median nerve ? 
Two. 
237 From what do they come ? 
The outer and inner cords. 
238 Which crosses the axillary vessels? 
The inner head. 
239 What relation does it bear to the Ora- 
chial artery ? 
First outside, then over, and finally on 
the inside. 
240 In what part of its course does it give 
off no branches ? 
In the arm. 
241 Between the heads of what muscle does 
it pass ? 
The pronator radii teres. 
242 What separates it from the ulnar artery ? Tlie Inner Cord. 
149 
The deep head of the pronator radii 
teres. 
243 Between what muscles does it lie in the 
forearm ? 
The flexor suhlimis and flexor profundus 
digitorum. 
244 What accompanies it here f 
The median artery. 
245 Between what muscles does it lie at the 
wrist f 
The flexor carpi radialis and palmaris 
longus. 
246 How does it get into the hand ? 
Under the annular ligament. 
247 What are the (3) branches in the fore- 
arm ? 
Muscular, anterior interosseous, and palmar 
cutaneous. 
248 Between what muscles does the palmar 
cutaneous pass ? 
The flexor carpi radialis and palmaris 
longus. 
249 What fingers in the palm are supplied 
by the median? What on the dorsum? 
Three and a half on the radial side. 
The last phalanx of all the fingers and 
the last two phalanges of the three middle 
fingers. 
The Inner Cord. 
250 What are the (5) branches of the inner 
cord ? 150 
The Upper Extremity. 
The internal anterior thoracic, lesser in- 
ternal cutaneous, internal cutaneous, ulnar, 
and inner head of median. 
The Internal Anterior Thoracic Nerve. 
251 Between what 'vessels does the internal 
anterior thoracic pass ? 
The axillary artery and vein 
252 What does it pierce ? 
The pectoralis minor. 
253 What does it supply ? 
The pectoralis minor and major. 
The Lesser Internal Cutaneous Nerve. 
254 With what does the lesser internal cuta- 
neous inosculate f 
The intercosto-hnmeral. 
The Internal Cutaneous Nerve. 
255 Into what does the internal cutaneous 
divide? Where? 
An anterior and a posterior branch. At 
the elbow. 
256 How far do its branches run ? 
As far as the wrist. 
The Ulnar Nerve. 
257 Which intermuscular septum does the 
ulnar nerve pierce ? The Subscapular Nerves. 
151 
The internal. 
258 Between the heads of what muscle does 
it pass? 
The flexor carpi nlnaris. 
259 Between what muscles does it run ? 
The flexor carpi nlnaris and flexor pro- 
fundus digitorum. 
260 How does it get into the palm f 
Over the annular ligament. 
261 Which part gives off no branches f 
The part in the arm. 
262 What muscle does it supply in the fore- 
arm ? Half of what muscle ? 
Flexor carpi nlnaris. Flexor profundus 
digitorum. 
263 What fingers does the ulnar supply in 
the palm f On the dorsum ? 
One and a half on the ulnar side. Two 
and a half on the ulnar side. 
The Posterior Cord. 
264 What are the (3) branches of the pos- 
terior cord ? 
The musculo-spiral, circumflex, and sub- 
scapular. 
The Subscapular Nerves. 
265 How many subscapular nerves are there ? 
Three. 
266 What (4) structures do they supply ? 152 
The Upper Extremity. 
The subscapularis, latissimus dorsi and 
teres major muscles, and the shoulder joint. 
The Circumflex Nerve 
267 How many divisions has the circumflex 
nerve f 
268 Through what space does it pass ? 
The quadrilateral. 
Two; superior and inferior. 
269 What accompanies it ? 
The posterior circumflex artery and vein. 
270 What (2) muscles does it supply ? 
The deltoid and teres minor. 
271 What else does it supply f 
The skin over the deltoid. 
TSie Musculo=spiral Nerve. 
272 What groove does the musculo-spiral oc- 
cupy ? 
273 What artery accompanies it? 
The musculo-spiral. 
The superior profunda. 
274 Between the heads of ivhat muscles does 
it pass ? 
The long and short heads of the triceps. 
275 Which intermuscular septum does it 
pierce ? 
The external. 
276 Between what muscles does it lie above 
the elbow ? The Cutaneous Nerve Supply. 
153 
The bracliialis anticus and supinator 
longus. 
277 What cutaneous branches does it aive 
°ff? 
External and internal. 
278 How many external ? Internal f 
Two. One. 
279 What are the externals called? 
Superior and inferior. 
280 What do they supply ? 
The area over the lower part of the 
biceps and the back of the forearm. 
281 What (3) muscles in the arm are sup- 
plied by the musculo-spiral f 
The triceps, anconeus, and bracliialis anti- 
cns. 
282 What are its terminal branches ? 
The radial and posterior interosseous. 
283 How does the posterior interosseous get to 
the bach of the forearm f 
By piercing the supinator brevis. 
284 What fingers does the radial supply? 
Three and a half on the dorsum, radial 
side. 
The Cutaneous Nerve Supply. 
285 What is the cutaneous nerve supply of 
the front of the arm ? 
Circumflex, musculo-spiral, intercosto-hu- 
meral, and internal cutaneous. 154 
The Upper Extremity. 
286 What is the cutaneous nerve supply of 
the back of the arm ? 
Circumflex, musculo-spiral, intercosto-hu- 
meral, and lesser internal cutaneous. 
287 What is the cutaneous nerve supply of 
the front of the forearm ? 
Musculo-cutaneous and internal cutaneous. 
288 What is the cutaneous nerve supply of 
the back of the forearm? 
Musculo-cutaneous, internal cutaneous, and 
musculo-spiral. 
289 What is the cutaneous nerve supply of 
the palm of the hand ? 
Median, radial, ulnar, and musculo-cutane- 
ous. 
290 What is the cutaneous nerve supply of 
the dorsum of the hand f 
Median, radial, and ulnar. 
The Superficial Veins. 
291 Hoiv do the superficial veins of the upper 
extremity begin ? 
In two plexuses. 
292 Where are they located ? 
On the dorsum of the hand and the front 
of the wrist. 
293 What are the (4) main veins of the 
forearm ? 
Radial, median, and anterior and posterior 
ulnar. 
294 Into what does the median divide f The Muscles. 
155 
Median ceplialic and median basilic. 
295 With what does the median cephalic 
unite ? 
296 To form what ? 
The cephalic. 
The radial. 
297 In what sulcus is the cephalic vein ? 
The delto-pectoral. 
298 With ivhat artery f 
The humeral branch of the acromial 
thoracic. 
299 What structure does it pierce ? 
The costo-coracoid membrane. 
300 Where does it empty ? 
Into the axillary. 
301 What do the anterior and posterior 
ulnar veins unite to form ? 
302 With what does the common ulnar unite? 
The median basilic. 
The common ulnar. 
303 To form what? 
The basilic. 
304 What does the median basilic cross ? 
The brachial artery. 
305 What does the basilic help to form ? 
The axillary vein. 
The Muscles. 
306 Where does the trapezius arise ? 
From the inner third of the superior 
curved line of the occipital bone, from the 156 
The Upper Extremity. 
ligamentum nnchae, and from the spines of 
the seventh cervical and all the thoracic 
vertebrae and the supraspinous ligaments. 
807 Where does it insert f 
The outer third of the clavicle, the acro- 
mion process, and the spine of the scapula. 
308 Where does the levator anguli scapula} 
arise f 
From the transverse processes of the upper 
four cervical vertebrae. 
309 Where does it insert ? 
The upper part of the posterior border of 
the scapula. 
310 Where does the rhomhoideus minor arise ? 
From the lower part of the ligamentum 
nuchae, the spines of the seventh cervical 
and first thoracic vertebrae, and the supra- 
spinous ligaments. 
311 Where does it insert ? 
The posterior border of the scapula oppo- 
site the spine. 
312 Where does the rhomhoideus major arise f 
From the spines of the upper four or five 
thoracic vertebrae and the supraspinous liga- 
ments. 
313 Where does it insert ? 
The posterior border of the scapula oppo- 
site the iufraspinous fossa. 
314 Where does the latissimus dorsi arise f 
From the spines of the lower five or six 
thoracic vertebrae and the supraspinous liga- 
ments, the lumbar fascia, the outer third of The Muscles. 
157 
the iliac crest, the lower three or four ribs, 
and the inferior angle of the scapula. 
315 Where does it insert ? 
316 How many portions has the pectoralis 
major f What are they ? 
The bottom of the bicipital groove. 
Two. Sternal and clavicular. 
317 Where does the sternal portion arise? 
From the sternum as far down as the 
ensiform cartilage, the cartilages of the sec- 
ond to the sixth ribs, and the aponeurosis 
of the external oblique. 
318 Where does the clavicular portion arise f 
The inner half of the clavicle. 
319 Where does it insert ? 
The external bicipital ridge. 
320 What is peculiar about its insertion ? 
Those fibres which arise the highest insert 
the lowest. 
321 Where does the subclavius arise ? 
From the first rib and its cartilage. 
322 Between the layers of what does it lie? 
The costo-coracoid membrane. 
323 Where does it insert ? 
On the lower surface of the clavicle. 
324 Where does the pectoralis minor arise f 
From the third, fourth, and fifth ribs and 
the intervening fascia. 
325 Where does it insert ? 
The coracoid process of the scapula. 
326 Where does the serratus magnus arise ? 
From the first to the ninth ribs. 158 
The Upper Extremity. 
327 Where does it insert ? 
Into the. posterior margin of the scapula 
and adjacent portions. 
328 Where does the deltoid arise f 
From the outer third of the clavicle, the 
acromion process, and the spine of the 
scapula. 
329 Where does it insert f 
Above the middle of the outer surface 
of the humerus. 
330 Where does the supraspinatus arise f 
From the supraspinous fossa, the spine of 
the scapula, and overlying fascia. 
331 Where does it insert? 
Into the greater tuberosity of the hum- 
erus. 
332 Where does the infraspinatus arise ? 
From the infraspinous fossa, the spine of 
the scapula, and overlying fascia. 
333 Where does it insert ? 
The greater tuberosity of the humerus 
334 Where does the teres minor arise ? 
The upper two-thirds of the axillary bor- 
der of the infraspinous fossa. 
335 Where does it insert f 
Into the greater tuberosity of the 
humerus. 
336 Where does the sub scapularis arise ? 
From the subscapular fossa, the lower two- 
thirds of the outer border of the scapula, 
and from intermuscular septa. 
337 Where does it insert ? The Muscles. 
159 
The lesser tuberosity of the humerus. 
338 Where does the teres major arise ? 
From the lower third of the axillary 
border of the iufraspinous fossa and from 
intermuscular septa. 
339 Where does it insert ? 
The inner lip of the bicipital groove. 
340 Where does the coraco-brachialis arise ? 
From the coracoid process and the short 
head of the biceps. 
341 What nerve pierces it f 
The mnsculo-cutaneous. 
342 Where does it insert ? 
The middle third of the humerus and the 
inner intermuscular septum. 
343 Where does the biceps arise ? 
The short head from the coracoid process 
and the long head from the upper margin 
of the glenoid cavity and the glenoid liga- 
ment. 
344 Where does it insert f 
The bicipital tubercle of the radius and 
the deep fascia of the forearm. 
345 Where does the brachialis anticus arise ? 
From the lower three-fifths of the front of 
the humerus and from the external and 
internal intermuscular septa. 
346 Where does it insert ? 
The coronoid process. 
347 Where does the triceps arise ? 
The long head from the lower margin of 
the glenoid cavity and the scapular border 160 
The Upper Extremity. 
below it, the external head from the 
humerus above the umsculo-spiral groove 
and the intermuscular septum, and the in- 
ternal head from the humerus below the 
musculo-spiral groove and the external and 
internal intermuscular septa. 
348 Where does it insert f 
The olecranon process and the deep fascia 
of the forearm. 
349 How many layers of jiexor muscles are 
there in the forearm ? 
Four. 
350 Which arise from the inner condyle? 
The first two layers. 
351 Where do the other two layers arise ? 
From the radius and ulna. 
352 Where does the 'pronator radii teres 
arise f 
From the internal condyle and from the 
coronoid process. 
353 What passes between its heads ? 
The median nerve. 
354 Where does it insert ? 
The middle of the outer surface of the 
radius. 
355 Where does the flexor carpi radialis 
arise ? 
The internal condyle and intermuscular 
septa. 
356 Where does it insert ? 
The base of the second metacarpal bone. 
357 Where does the palmaris longus arise? The Muscles. 
161 
From the internal condyle, deep fascia, 
and intermuscular septa. 
358 Where does it insert ? 
The palmar fascia and annular ligament. 
359 Where does the jlexor carpi ulnaris 
arise ? 
One head from the internal condyle and 
deep fascia and the other head from the 
olecranon and upper two-thirds of the ulna. 
360 What passes between its heads ? 
The ulnar nerve. 
361 Where does it insert f 
362 Where does the flexor suhlimis digitorum 
arise ? 
The pisiform bone. 
One head from the internal condyle, 
intermuscular septum, internal lateral liga- 
ment, and the corouoid process; the other 
head from the oblique line of the radius. 
363 Where does it insert ? 
By four tendons, each of which splits to 
be inserted into the sides of the middle 
phalanges of the four fingers. 
364 Where does the flexor profundus digitorum 
arise f 
The upper three-fourths of the ulna and 
the interosseous membrane. 
365 Where does it insert ? 
By four tendons which pass between the 
slips of the flexor sublimis digitorum and 
are inserted into the base of the third pha- 
langes of the four fingers. 162 
The Upper Extremity. 
366 Where does the flexor longus pollicis 
arise ? 
One head from the radius from the 
oblique line down, except the lower two 
inches; the other head from the coronoid 
process. 
367 Where does it insert ? 
The base of the last phalanx of the 
thumb. 
368 Where does the pronator quadratus 
arise ? 
The lower fourth of the ulna. 
369 Where does it insert ? 
The lower two inches of the radius. 
370 Where does the supinator longus arise ? 
From the upper two-thirds of the exter- 
ual condylar ridge and the intermuscular 
septum. 
371 Where does it insert? 
The styloid process of the radius 
372 Where does the extensor carpi radialis 
longior arise ? 
From the lower third of the external 
condylar ridge, from the intermuscular 
septum, and from the common extensor ten- 
don. 
373 Where does it insert? 
The base of the second metacarpal bone. 
374 Where does the extensor carpi radialis 
hrevior arise ? 
The common tendon, intermuscular septa, 
and the external lateral ligament. The Muscles. 
163 
375 Where does it insert ? 
The bases of the second and third meta- 
carpal bones. 
376 Where does the extensor communis digi- 
torum arise ? 
From the common tendon, the deep fascia, 
and intermuscular septa. 
377 Where does it insert f 
The lateral ligaments of the metacarpo- 
phalangeal joints and the base of the sec- 
ond and third phalanges of the four fingers. 
378 Where does the extensor minimi digiti 
arise ? 
The common tendon, the deep fascia, and 
intermuscular septa. 
379 Where does it insert? 
With the corresponding tendon of the 
extensor communis digitorum. 
380 Where does the extensor carpi ulnaris 
arise ? 
One head from the common tendon, the 
deep fascia, and intermuscular septa; the 
other head from the ulna and aponeurosis. 
381 Where does it insert ? 
The base of the fifth metacarpal bone. 
382 Where does the anconeus arise ? 
The external condyle and the posterior 
ligament of the elbow. 
383 Where does it insert ? 
The olecranon and the upper third of the 
ulna. 164 
The Upper Extremity. 
384 Where does the supinator brevis arise ? 
From the external condyle, the external 
lateral and orbicular ligaments, and the ulna. 
385 What nerve pierces it ? 
The posterior interosseous. 
386 Where does it insert f 
The neck and that portion of the radius 
above the oblique line. 
387 Where does the extensor ossis metacarpi 
pollicis arise ? 
The middle of the radius and ulna, the 
interosseous membrane, and intermuscular 
septa. 
388 Where does it insert f 
The base of the first metacarpal bone. 
389 Where does the extensor brevis 'pollicis 
arise f 
The lower part of the radius, the inter- 
osseous membrane, and aponeurosis. 
390 Where does it insert ? 
The base of the first phalanx of the 
thumb. 
391 Where does the extensor longus pollicis 
arise f 
From the lower half of the ulna and the 
interosseous membrane. 
392 Where does it insert ? 
The base of the last phalanx of the 
thumb. 
393 Where does the extensor indicis arise f 
From the lower third of the ulna, the The Muscles. 
165 
interosseous membrane, and the intermuscu- 
lar septum. 
394 Where does it insert ? 
The first tendon of the extensor communis. 
The Palmar Fascia, 
395 With what (2) structures is the palmar 
fascia continuous above ? 
The annular ligament and the palmaris 
longus. 
396 Of ivhat (3) divisions does it consist f 
A central and two lateral. 
397 How many processes has the central por- 
tion ? 
Four. 
398 What structures pass between them ? 
The digital arteries and nerves. 
399 What do they bind down ? 
The flexor tendons. 
400 What is the outer lateral division called ? 
The inner lateral division f 
The thenar fascia. The hypothenar fascia. 
The Muscles. 
401 Where does the palmaris brevis arise ? 
From the annular ligament and the pal- 
mar fascia. 
402 Where does it insert f 
The skin of the hand at the ulnar border 
of the palm. The Tipper Extremity. 
403 How many lumbricales are there ? 
Four. 
404 What is their origin ? 
The two outer from the outer side of the 
first and second tendons of the flexor pro- 
fundus digitorum and the two inner from 
the adjacent sides of the second, third, and 
fourth tendons of the same muscle. 
405 Where do they insert ? 
The aponeurosis of the extensor communis 
tendon on the radial side of each finger. 
406 How many palmar interossei are there? 
407 Where do they arise ? 
Three. 
From the mesial side of the second, 
fourth, and fifth metacarpal bones. 
408 Where do they insert ? 
The aponeurosis of the extensor tendons 
on the back of the first phalanges of the 
middle, ring, and little fingers and the adja- 
cent portion of the side of the phalanx. 
409 How many dorsal interossei are there ? 
Four. 
410 Where do they arise? 
From the five metacarpal bones, each aris- 
ing by two heads from the adjacent bones-: 
411 What is the first called ? 
The abductor indicis. 
412 What passes between its heads ? 
The radial artery. 
413 What passes between the heads of the 
other three ? The Muscles. 
167 
The three perforating arteries. 
414 Where do they insert ? 
Into the aponeurosis of the extensor com- 
munis tendons and the base of the first 
phalanx of the first, second, and third 
fingers, the second or middle finger receiv- 
ing the insertion of two. 
415 Where does the abductor pollicis arise ? 
The scaphoid bone, the trapezium, the 
anterior annular ligament, the palmar fascia, 
and the tendon of the extensor ossis meta- 
carpi pollicis. 
416 Where does it insert f 
The base of the first phalanx of the 
thumb and the aponeurosis of the extensor 
longus pollicis. 
417 Where does the opponens pollicis arise ? 
The trapezium and the anterior annular 
ligament. 
418 Where does it insert? 
The whole length of the first metacarpal 
bone. 
419 Where does the flexor brevis pollicis 
arise ? 
The outer head from the annular ligament 
and the trapezium; the inner head from 
the os magnum, the bases of the first, sec- 
ond, and third metacarpal bones, and the 
sheath of the flexor carpi radialis tendon. 
420 Where does it insert ? 
The base of the first phalanx of the 
thumb. 168 
The Upper Extremity. 
421 Where does the adductor pollicis arise ? 
From the third metacarpal bone. 
422 Where does it insert ? 
The base of the first phalanx of the 
thumb and the adjacent aponeurosis of the 
extensor longus pollicis. 
423 Where does the abductor minimi digiti 
arise ? 
The pisiform bone and the tendon of the 
flexor carpi nlnaris. 
424 Where does it insert ? 
The base of the first phalanx of the 
little finger and the adjacent aponeurosis 
of the extensor minimi digiti. 
425 Where does the flexor brevis minimi digiti 
arise ? 
The unciform bone and the annular liga- 
ment. 
426 Where does it insert ? 
The base of the first phalanx of the 
little finger. 
427 Where does the opponens minimi digiti 
arise ? 
From the unciform bone and annular lig' 
ament. 
428 Where does it insert ? 
The ulnar border and head of the fifth 
metacarpal bone. SECTION IV. 
The Lower Extremity. 
Poupart’s Ligament. 
1 What does the external iliac artery become f 
Where f 
Femoral. At Poupart’s ligament. 
2 What (c 9) structures pass under PouparVs 
ligament f 
The femoral artery and vein, psoas and ilia- 
cus muscles, and external cutaneous, ante- 
rior crural, crural branch of the genito- 
crural and accessory obturator nerves. 
3 What is PouparVs ligament ? 
A bundle of fibres of the aponeurosis 
of the external oblique, extending from the 
anterior superior spine of the ilium to the 
spine of the pubes. 
4 What is GimbernaVs ligament f 
A reflection of Poupart’s to the ilio-pec- 
tineal line. 
5 What is the triangular ligament f 
A reflection of Gimbernat’s to the linea 
alba. 
The Femoral Sheath. 
6 How many compartments has the femoral 
sheath f 
Three. 170 
The Lower Extremity. 
7 What is in the outer compartment f In 
the middle ? 
The artery. The vein. 
8 What is the inner compartment called ? 
The femoral canal. 
9 What is its upper opening f Its lower 
opening ? 
The femoral ring. The saphenous open- 
ing. 
Scarpa’s Triangle. 
10 What triangle contains the femoral ves- 
sels f 
Scarpa’s. 
11 How is it hounded, ? 
Above by Ponpart’s ligament, internally 
by the adductor longus, and externally by 
the sartorins. 
12 What (5) structures form its floor f 
The psoas, iliacns, pectineus, adductor 
longus and adductor brevis muscles. 
13 What forms its roof? 
The fascia lata. 
The Facia Lata. 
14 What is the fascia lata ? 
The deep fascia of the thigh 
15 What {2) muscles insert- into it ? 
The glutens maximns and the tensor 
fasciee femoris. 
16 What is the tendon of the tensor fascia 
femoris called ? Femoral Hernia. 
171 
The ilio-tibial band 
17 What are the two portions of the fascia 
lata f 
18 What relation do they hear to the femoral 
vessels f What is Hefs ligament f 
The iliac and the pubic. 
The iliac lies in front and the pubic be- 
hind the vessels. The upper inner part of 
the iliac portion. 
Femoral Hernia. 
19 What opening is there in the fascia lata f 
The saphenous opening 
20 What fills it in f 
The cribriform fascia. 
21 What is this a portion off 
The deep layer of the superficial fascia. 
22 What (3) structures pass through it f 
The long saphenous vein, and the super- 
ficial epigastric and superficial external pudic 
arteries. 
23 How is the femoral ring bounded (a) in 
front f (b) Behind f (c) Internally f (d) Ex- 
ternally f 
(a) Poupart’s ligament, (b) the pectineus. 
(c) Gimbernat’s ligament. (d) the sheath 
of the femoral vein. 
24 What fills in the femoral ring f 
The septum crurale. 
25 What are the coverings of a femoral her- 
nia f 
Skin, superficial fascia, cribriform fascia, 172 
The Lower Extremity. 
femoral sheath, septum crurale, subperitoneal 
fat and peritoneum. 
The Common Femoral Artery. 
20 What relation does the common femoral 
vein hear to the artery ? 
The vein is internal to the artery. 
27 What muscle separates the common femo- 
ral artery from the hip-joint f 
The psoas magnus. 
28 What are the (4) branches of the common 
femoral artery f 
The superficial epigastric, superficial ex- 
ternal pudic, deep external pudic and super- 
ficial circumflex iliac. 
29 Which {2) pass through the saphenous 
opening f 
The superficial epigastric and superficial 
external pudic. 
30 Which crosses the pectineus muscle f 
The deep external pudic. 
81 What does the common femoral artery 
divide into ? 
The superficial femoral and the deep 
femoral or profunda femoris. 
32 What (3) relations does the profunda hear 
to the superficial f 
First external, then behind, finally internal. 
The Deep Femoral Artery. 
33 What are the (5) branches of the pro- 
funda f The Deep Femoral Artery. 
The external and internal circumflex and 
the three perforating. 
34 What is the termination of the profunda 
called f 
The fourth perforating. 
35 Which perforating artery enters into the 
anostomosis at the knee ? 
36 Which enters into the crucial anastomosis f 
The first. 
The fourth. 
37 What are the [3) branches of the external 
circumflex f 
Ascending, transverse and descending. 
38 Under what muscle does the ascending pass f 
The tensor fascise femoris. 
39 Under what muscle does the descending 
branch pass f 
40 Into what anastomosis does it enter f 
The anastomosis at the knee. 
The rectus femoris. 
41 Into what anastomosis does the transverse 
branch enter f 
42 How are the perforating arteries named ? 
First, second and third or superior, middle 
The crucial. 
and inferior. 
43 What muscle do they all perforate f 
The adductor magnus. 
44 What relation do they bear to the adduc- 
tor brevis f 
The first is above, the second passes 
through and the third below. 174 
The Lower Extremity. 
45 Betiveen what muscles does the internal 
circumflex pass f 
The psoas and the pectineus. 
46 Between what second pair f 
The quadratns femoris and the adductor 
magnns. 
47 What anastomosis does it enter f 
The crucial. 
Hunter’s Canal. 
48 What nerve crosses the superficial femoral 
artery at the apex of /Scarpa's triangle f 
The internal cutaneous. 
4.9 What then does the artery enter f 
Hunter’s canal. 
50 Where does this canal begin f 
At the apex of Scarpa’s triangle 
51 Where does it terminate f 
At the opening in the adductor magnns. 
52 How is it bounded internally f Exter- 
nally f 
The adductor longus and magnns. The 
vastus internns. 
53 What forms its roof ? 
Aponeurosis. 
54 What muscle overlies the roof f 
The sartorins. 
55 What [3] structures are found in the 
canal f 
The superficial femoral artery and vein 
and the long saphenous nerve. The Popliteal Space 
175 
56 What relation does the vein hear to the 
artery f 
57 How does the nerve escape from the canal f 
By piercing the roof. 
The vein lies external. 
58 What artery escapes in a similar manner f 
The anastomotica magna. 
59 How do the superficial femoral artery and 
vein escape from the canal f 
By passing through the adductor inagnns. 
The Popliteal Space. 
60 What do they then become f 
The popliteal. 
61 What space do they enter f 
The popliteal space. 
62 What is the shape of the space ? 
Lozenge or diamond shaped. 
63 How is it bounded (a) supero-externally f 
(b) Supero-internally f (c) Infero-externally f 
(d) Infero-internally f 
(a) By the biceps, (b) By the inner ham- 
strings (semi-tendinosns, semi-membranosus, 
sartorius and gracilis), (c) By the plantaris 
and the outer head of the gastrocnemius, 
(d) By the inner head of the gastrocnemius. 
64 What (4) structures form its floor ? 
The femur, tibia, posterior ligament of 
Winslow and popliteus muscle. 
65 What forms its rooff 
The deep fascia. 176 
The Lower Extremity. 
66 What structure pierces its roof f 
The short saphenous vein. 
67 What [2] nerves are found in the super- 
ficial popliteal fascia f 
The small sciatic and the internal cuta- 
neous. 
68 How many popliteal nerves are there f 
Two, internal and external. 
69 Which is in relation with the artery f 
The internal. 
70 What (3) relations does it hear to the 
artery f 
71 What (3) relations docs the vein bear to 
the artery f 
Outside, behind, inside 
Outside, behind, inside. 
72 What small nerve lies on the artery f 
The geniculate branch of the obturator. 
73 Ho w does it get into the joint f 
By piercing the posterior ligament 
74 What else enters the joint in a similar 
manner 7 
The azygos articular artery, 
75 What are (7) the branches of the popliteal 
artery f 
The superior external and internal articular, 
inferior external and internal articular, azygos 
articular, superior and inferior muscular. 
76 What (3) arteries from the thigh enter 
the circumpatellar anastomosis f 
The external circumflex, fourth perforating 
and anastomotica magna. The Anterior Tibial Artery 
177 
77 What (8) arteries comprise this anasto- 
mosis ? 
The superior external and internal articu- 
lar, inferior external and internal articular, 
external circumflex, fourth perforating, anasto- 
motica magna and anterior tibial recurrent. 
78 Into what does the popliteal artery divide? 
W here ? " 
The anterior and posterior tibial. At the 
lower border of the popliteus muscle. 
The Anterior Tibial Artery. 
79 How does the anterior tibial get to the 
front of the leg ? 
By passing over the interosseous mem- 
brane and between the heads of the tibialis 
posticus. 
80 Between what muscles does it lie in the 
upper third ? In the middle third ? In the 
lower third f 
The tibialis anticus and extensor longus 
digitorum. The tibialis anticus and extensor 
longus hallucis. The extensor longus hal- 
lucis and extensor longus digitorum. 
81 What relation does the nerve hear to it 
in the upper third? In the middle third ? In 
the lower third ? 
The nerve lies outside. In front. Outside 
or in front. 
82 What are its (6) branches? 
The anterior and posterior tibial recur- 178 
The Lower Extremity. 
rent, superior fibular, muscular, and internal 
and external malleolar. 
83 What tendon crosses it f 
The extensor proprius hallucis. 
The Dorsalis Pedis Artery 
84 What does it become ? Where f 
The dorsalis pedis. At the ankle 
85 What tendon crosses the dorsalis pedis f 
The inner tendon of the extensor brevis 
digitorum. 
86 What are its (4) branches f 
The tarsal, metatarsal, dorsalis hallucis, 
and communicating. 
87 What are the branches of the metatar- 
salf 
The three digital. 
88 Sow many toes do they supply f 
Three and a half on the fibular side. 
89 What are the terminal branches of the 
dorsalis pedis f 
The dorsalis hallucis and communicating. 
90 Which goes to the sole of the foot f 
The communicating. 
91 How does it get there f 
By passing between the heads of the 
first dorsal interosseous muscle. 
92 With what does it anastomosef 
The external plantar. 
93 What is formed thereby f 
The plantar arch. The Posterior Tibial Artery. 
179 
94 Into how many branches does the dorsalis 
hallucis break up f 
Two. 
95 Which is crossed by a tendon f What 
tendon f 
The inner. The extensor proprins hallucis. 
96 How many toes are supplied by the dorsa- 
lis hallucisf 
One and a half on the tibial side. 
The Posterior Tibial Artery. 
97 Where does the posterior tibial artery be- 
gin f 
At the lower border of the popliteus 
muscle. 
98 What relation does it bear to the two lay- 
ers of muscles in the leg f 
It lies between them and under the deep 
transverse fascia. 
99 What are its (5) branches ? 
The peroneal, muscular, nutrient, commu- 
nicating and internal calcanean. 
100 What are (5) the branches of the peroneal f 
The anterior peroneal, muscular, nutrient, 
communicating and external calcanean. 
101 Into what does the posterior tibial divide f 
The internal and external plantar. 
102 Where does this division take place f 
Under the internal annular ligament. 
103 Under what muscle does this bifurcation 
take place f 180 
The Lower Extremity. 
The abductor hallucis. 
104 At which malleolus f 
105 Which plantar artery is the larger f 
The external. 
The inner. 
106 Between what (2) structures does it first 
lie f 
The calcanenm and abductor hallucis. 
107 Between what (2) muscles does it then 
pass f 
The abductor minimi digiti and flexor 
brevis digitornm. 
108 How many toes does it supply f 
Three and a half on the fibnlar side. 
109 What perforating branches does it give off f 
Two sets, anterior and posterior. 
110 How many posterior are there f 
Three. 
11l How do they get to the dorsum of the 
foot f 
Between the heads of the three outer 
dorsal interosseous muscles. 
112 With what do they anastomose ? 
The digital or interosseous branches of the 
metatarsal. 
113 How many anterior perforating arteries 
are there ? 
Four. 
114 How do then reach the dorsum of the 
foot ? 
By passing through the distal part of the 
interosseous spaces. The Iliohypogastric Nerve. 
181 
115 With what do they antastomose f 
The interosseous branches of the meta- 
tarsal , 
The Lumbar Plexus. 
116 What nerves form the lumbar plexus f 
The last thoracic and the first four lum- 
bar. 
117 In what muscle is this plexus formed? 
The psoas magnus. 
118 What are its (7) branches ? 
The ilio-hypogastric, ilio-iuguinal, geuito- 
crural, anterior crural, obturator, accessory 
obturator and external cutaneous. 
119 What if ) nerves cross the quadratus lum- 
bar um ? 
The ilio-hypogastric and ilio-inguinal. 
The Ilio-hypogastric Nerve. 
120 What muscle does the ilio-hypogastric then 
pierce ? 
The transversalis. 
121 Into what does it divide ? 
An iliac and a hypogastric branch. 
122 What does the iliac branch pierce? 
The internal and external oblique muscles. 
123 What area does it supply ? 
The skin of the gluteal region as far 
down as the great trochanter. 
124 What does the hypogastric branch pierce? 
The internal oblique muscle. 182 
The Lower Extremity. 
125 With what does it inosculate f 
The ilioinguinal. 
126 What does it then pierce ? Where ? 
The external oblique muscle. An inch 
above the external abdominal ring 
127 What area does it supply f 
The hypogastric. 
The Ilioinguinal Nerve. 
128 What does the ilio-inguinal pierce f 
The transversal is muscle. 
129 With what does it communicate f 
The ilio-hypogastric nerve. 
130 What does it then pierce f 
The internal oblique muscle. 
131 What does it then pass through f 
The external abdominal ring. 
132 What area does it supply f 
The skin of the external genitals and the 
upper inner part of the thigh. 
The Qenito=Crural Nerve. 
133 On what muscle does the genito-crural lief 
The psoas magnus. 
134 On what artery does it lief 
The external iliac. 
135 Into what does it divide f 
A genital and a crural branch. 
136 How does the genital branch escape from 
the abdomen f 
Through the external abdominal ring. The Obturator Nerve. 
183 
137 What does it supply ? 
The cremaster muscle. 
138 How does the crural branch get out of 
the abdomen ? 
Beneath Ponpart’s ligament. 
139 What does it supply ? 
The skin of the upper front part of the 
thigh. 
The Obturator Nerve 
140 How does the obturator nerve escape from 
the abdomen ? 
Through the obturator foramen 
141 W hat accompanies it ? 
The obturator artery and vein. 
142 Into how many divisions does it break up ? 
Two. 
143 What are they called ? 
Anterior and posterior. 
144 What separates them? 
The adductor brevis muscle. 
145 What relation does the anterior branch 
bear to the obturator externus? The posterior? 
It lies in front of the muscle. It pierces 
the muscle. 
146 What are the {6) branches of the ante- 
rior division ? 
To the hip-joint, adductor longus, ad- 
ductor brevis, gracilis and pectineus muscles 
and a cutaneous branch. 
147 What are the (4) branches of the poste- 
rior division ? 
To the hip-joint, adductor magnus and ob- 184 
The Lower Extremity. 
turator externus muscles and the geniculate 
branch. 
148 How does the geniculate branch get to 
the bach of the thigh f 
By piercing the adductor magnus. 
149 What space does it enter f 
The popliteal. 
150 What artery does it lie on f 
The popliteal. 
151 How does it get into the joint f 
By piercing the posterior ligament 
The Accessory Obturator Nerve 
152 How does the accessory obturator nerve 
escape from the abdomen f 
Beneath Poupart’s ligament. 
153 What does it supply f 
The hip-joint and the pectineus muscle. 
The External Cutaneous Nerve. 
154 How does the external cutaneous nerve 
escape from the abdomen f 
Beneath Poupart’s ligament, 
155 What are its branches f 
156 How far down does it gof 
To the knee. 
Anterior and posterior, 
The Anterior Crural Nerve. 
157 How does the anterior crural nerve escape 
from the abdomen f The Anterior Crural Nerve. 
185 
Beneath Poupart’s ligament. 
158 In what intermuscular groove does it 
lie f 
A groove between the psoas and ilia- 
cns. 
159 What relation does it hear to the femoral 
sheath f 
It lies external to the sheath. 
160 What two sets of branches has it ? 
Anterior and posterior. 
161 What are the {£) posterior branches f 
Muscular and articular. 
162 What group of muscles does it supply f 
The extensors. 
163 What nerve supplies the adductors? 
The obturator. 
164 What nerve supplies the flexors ? 
The great sciatic. 
165 What are the (3) anterior branches of the 
anterior crural? 
The internal and middle cutaneous and 
long saphenous. 
166 What are the branches of the internal 
cutaneous ? 
Anterior and posterior. 
167 What are the branches of the middle cuta- 
neous f 
168 What relation do they bear to the sarto- 
riusf 
Internal and external. 
One passes superficial to and the other 
through the sartorius. 186 
The Lower Extremity. 
The Long Saphenous Nerve. 
169 Where does the long saphenous pass after 
leaving Scarpa's triangle ? 
Into Hunter’s canal. 
170 How does it escape from the canal ? 
By piercing the roof. 
171 Between what tendons does it pass? 
The sartorius and gracilis. 
172 What vein does it accompany? 
The long saphenous. 
173 What relation does it hear to the inner 
malleolus ? 
It passes in front of the malleolus ? 
174 What does it supply in the foot? 
The inside of the foot as far forward as 
the ball of the great toe. 
The Patellar Plexus 
175 What {f) nerves form the patellar plexus? 
The internal, middle and external cuta- 
neous, and long saphenous. 
The Subsartorial Plexus. 
176 What (3) nerves form the sub sartorial plexus? 
The internal cutaneous, long saphenous, 
and obturator. 
The Sacral Plexus. 
177 What nerves form the sacral plexus f 
The lumbo-sacral cord and the four upper 
sacral nerves. The Small Sciatic Nerve. 
187 
178 On what muscle does it lie f 
The pyriformis. 
179 What are its two sets of branches ? 
Collateral and terminal. 
180 What are the (5) collateral branches f 
The superior and inferior gluteal, small 
sciatic, muscular, and visceral. 
181 What arc the [2) terminal branches f 
The great sciatic and internal pudic. 
The Superior Gluteal Nerve. 
182 How does the superior gluteal nerve es- 
cape from the pelvis f 
By the great sacro-sciatic foramen. 
183 In ivhat relation to the pyriformis? 
Above. 
184 What (S) muscles does it supply f 
The gluteus medius and minimus and 
tensor fascise femoris. 
The Inferior Gluteal Nerve. 
185 How does the inferior gluteal escape from 
the pelvis ? 
By the great sacro-sciatic foramen. 
186 In what relation to the pyriformis f 
Below. 
187 What muscle does it supply ? 
The gluteus maximus. 
The Small Sciatic Nerve. 
188 What hind of a nerve is the small sciatic f 
Cutaneous. 188 
The Lower Extremity. 
189 How far down the lower extremity does 
it go f 
To the middle of the leg. 
190 What does it accompany in the upper 
part of the leg f 
The short saphenous vein. 
191 What are its (f) branches f 
Reflected and pudendal. 
192 Where are the refected branches given 
offr 
At the lower margin of the gluteus maxi- 
mus. 
193 What do they wind around f 
The gluteus maximus. 
194 What muscles does the long pudendal 
wind around ? 
The origin of the hamstring muscles. 
195 What fascia does it pierce f 
Colies’. 
19G What does it supply f 
The scrotum or labium majus. 
The Internal Pudic Nerve. 
197 What nerves form the internal pudic 
nerve f 
The second, third, and fourth sacral. 
198 How does it escape from the pelvis f 
By the great sacro-sciatic foramen. 
199 In what relation to the pyriformis f 
Below. 
200 Around what does it wind f 
The ischial spine. The Internal Pudic Nerve. 
189 
201 Through what does it then pass? 
The lesser sacro-sciatic foramen. 
202 What accompanies it f 
The internal pudic artery and vein. 
203 What fossa does it enter ? 
The ischio-rectal. 
204 Which wall of the fossa f What fascia f 
The outer wall. The obturator fascia. 
205 What canal in the fascia does it traverse f 
Alcock’s. 
206 What branch does it give off while in 
the canal ? 
The inferior hemorrhoidal. 
207 What are its terminal branches f 
The perineal nerve and dorsal nerve of 
the penis. 
208 Into what does the perineal nerve di- 
vide f 
Cutaneous and muscular. 
209 How many cutaneous branches are there f 
Two. 
210 What are they called f 
Anterior and posterior superficial 
211 What does the muscular branch supply f 
The bulb of the urethra and the perineal 
muscles. 
212 What relation to the layers of the tri- 
angular ligament does the dorsal nerve of the 
penis bear f 
213 Which layer does it pierce f 
The anterior. 
It lies between them. 190 
The Lower Extremity. 
The Great Sciatic Nerve. 
214 What nerves form the great sciatic? 
The lumbosacral cord and the first, sec- 
ond, and third sacral. 
215 How does it escape from the pelvis f 
By the great sacro-sciatic foramen. 
216 In what relation to the pyriformis f 
Below. 
217 What structures leave the pelvis through 
the great sacro-sciatic foramen above the pyri- 
formis f 
The superior gluteal nerve and the gluteal 
artery. 
218 What structures leave below f 
The great and small sciatic, internal pndic, 
and inferior gluteal nerves, and the sciatic 
and internal pudic arteries. 
219 What (2) muscles lie posterior to the 
great sciatic f What nerve f 
The gluteus maximus and biceps. The 
small sciatic. 
220 What (5) muscles lie anterior f 
The superior gemellus, obturator intern us, 
inferior gemellus, quadratus femoris, and ad- 
ductor magnus. 
221 What if) muscles in the thigh does it 
supply f 
The biceps, semitendinosus, semimembrano- 
sus and adductor magnus. 
222 Into what does it divide ? 
Internal and external popliteal. The Short Saphenous Nerve. 
191 
The External Popliteal Nerve. 
223 What tendon does the external popliteal 
lie close to f 
The biceps. 
224 Between what muscles does it pass f 
The biceps tendon and the outer head of 
the gastrocnemius. 
225 What are its terminal branches? 
The anterior tibial and muscnlo-cntaneous. 
226 How many cutaneous branches has it f 
Two. 
227 Which is the more important? 
The nervus communicans fibularis or com- 
municans perouei. 
228 With what does it inosculate f To form 
what? 
The nervus communicans tibialis or com- 
municans poplitei. The short saphenous. 
The Short Saphenous Nerve. 
229 What accompanies the short saphenous 
nervef 
The small sciatic and short saphenous 
veins. 
230 Around which malleolus does it wind? 
The external. 
231 What does it supply f 
The outer side of the foot and little toe. 
232 In what muscle does the recurrent articu- 
lar end? 
The tibialis anticus. 192 
The Lower Extremity. 
c/ 
The Musculocutaneous Nerve. 
233 TF hat muscle does the musculo-cutaneous 
traverse f 
The peroneus longus. 
234 Between what muscles does it then lie f 
The peroneus longus and brevis. 
235 What are its terminal branches ? 
Internal and external. 
236 What toes does it supply f 
All except adjacent sides of the great and 
next toes and the outer side of the little 
toe. 
The Anterior Tibial Nerve. 
237 What muscle does the anterior tibial 
traverse f 
The peroneus longus. 
238 Between what muscles does it lie in the 
upper third of the leg f Bi the middle third ? 
In the lower third f 
Tibialis anticus and extensor longus digi- 
torum. Tibialis anticus and extensor pro- 
prius hallucis. Extensor longus digitorum 
and extensor proprius hallucis. 
239 What relaiion does it bear to the artery 9 
First outside, then in front, then outside 
or in front. 
240 What are its terminal branches ? 
External and internal. 
241 What toes does it supply f 
Adjacent sides of the great and next toes. The Posterior Tibia! Artery. 
The Internal Popliteal Artery. 
242 What (3) relations does the internal pop- 
liteal nerve hear to the artery? 
External, posterior, and internal. 
243 What separates it from the artery ? 
The popliteal vein. 
244 What is the cutaneous branch of the in- 
ternal popliteal? 
The nervus counnimicans tibialis or com- 
inunicans poplitei. 
245 With what does it inosculate ? 
The communicans fibularis to form the 
short saphenous. 
246 How many articular branches has the 
internal popliteal? The external popliteal? 
Three. Two. 
The Posterior Tibia! 
247 What is the continuation of the internal 
popliteal ? 
The posterior tibial. 
248 What (3) relations does the artern bear 
to it? 
External, anterior, and internal. 
249 What branch does it give off before it 
divides ? 
The internal calcanean. 
250 Into what does it divide? 
Internal and external plantar, 
251 Which is the larger? 
The internal. 194 
The Lower Extremity. 
252 How many toes does it supply f 
Three and a half. 
253 What supplies the other toes? 
The external plantar. 
254 What (7) nerves supply the foot ? 
The anterior tibial, musculo-cutaneous, long 
and short saphenous, internal and external 
plantar, and internal calcanean. 
The Cutaneous Nerve Supply. 
255 What is the cutaneous nerve supply of 
the front of the thigh f 
The external, middle, and internal cuta- 
neous, ilio-inguiual and genito-crural. 
256 What is the cutaneous nerve supply of 
the front of the leg f 
The external popliteal, long saphenous, 
and musculo-cutaneous. 
257 What is the cutaneous nerve supply of 
the dorsum of the foot? 
The long and short saphenous, musculo- 
cutaneous, and anterior tibial. 
258 What is the cutaneous nerve supply of 
the buttock ? 
The last thoracic, ilio-hypogastric, posterior 
branches of the lumbar and sacral nerves, 
perforating cutaneous branch of the fourth 
sacral nerve, and small sciatic. 
259 What is the cutaneous nerve supply of 
the back of the thigh ? 
Small sciatic, obturator, and external cuta- 
neous. The Long Saphenous Yein. 
195 
260 What is the cutaneous nerve supply of 
the hach of the lag f 
Small sciatic and long and short saphe- 
nous. 
261 What is the cutaneous nerve supply of 
the sole of the foot ? 
Internal calcanean and internal and ex- 
ternal plantar. 
The Long Saphenous Vein. 
262 How many saphenous veins are there? 
Two. 
263 What are they called ? 
Long and short or internal and external. 
264 Where do they begin ? 
In an arciform plexus on the dorsum of 
the foot. 
265 What relation does the long saphenous 
hear to the inner malleolus ? 
It passes in front of the malleolus. 
266 What accompanies it in the leg ? 
The long saphenous nerve. 
267 What relation does it hear to the inner 
femoral condyle? 
It passes behind the condyle 
268 What opening does it traverse? 
The saphenous opening. 
269 What fascia does it pierce ? 
The cribriform fascia. 
270 Where does it empty ? 
The femoral vein. 196 
The Lower Extremity. 
The Short Saphenous Vein. 
271 What relation does the short saphenous 
bear to the external malleolus ? 
It passes behind the malleolus 
272 What nerve accompanies its loiuer por- 
tion ? 
The short saphenous. 
273 What nerve accompanies its upper por- 
tion ? 
The small sciatic. 
274 What fascia does it pierce ? 
The popliteal. 
275 Where does it empty ? 
The popliteal vein. 
The Muscles 
276 What are the (4) flexors of the thigh? 
The psoas magnus, iliacus, pectineus, and 
sartorius. 
277 Which if) arise in the pelvis? 
The psoas and iliacus. 
278 What (fl) muscles arise in the pelvis and 
pass out ? 
Psoas, iliacus, pyriformis and obturator in- 
ternus. 
279 Where does the psoas magnus arise? 
By five processes from the intervertebral 
discs between the last thoracic and five lum- 
bar vertebrae, the bodies and transverse pro- 
cesses of the lumbar vertebras and from ten- 
dinous arches. The Muscles. 
197 
280 How does it escape from the pelvis f 
Beneath Poupart’s ligament. 
281 Where does it insert f With what? 
The lesser trochanter of the femur. The 
iliacus. 
282 What plexus arises in its substance ? 
The lumbar. 
283 Where does the iliacus arisef 
The ala of the sacrum, the ilio-lumbar, 
lumbo-sacral and anterior sacro-iliac ligaments, 
the outer half of the venter of the ilium, 
the upper tendon of the rectus and the ilio- 
femoral ligament. 
284 How does it escape from the pelvis ? 
Beneath Poupart’s ligament. 
285 Where does it insert f 
The lesser trochanter of the femur, and for 
an inch below it. 
286 Where does the psoas parvus arise f 
From the disc between the last thoracic 
and first lumbar vertebrae. 
287 Where does it insert f 
The ilio-pectineal line. 
288 Where does the sartorius arise f 
From the anterior superior spine and the 
notch below it. 
289 Where does it insert f 
The tibia internal to the tubercle, and the 
deep fascia of the leg. 
290 Where does the pectineus arise f 
The ilio-pectineal line and the pubes and 
deep fascia in front of the line. 198 
The Lower Extremity. 
291 Where does it insert ? 
The back of the femur in a two-inch line 
behind and below the lesser trochanter. 
292 How many layers of gluteal muscles are 
there f 
Three. 
293 What are the {2) of the first layer f (!) 
Of the second layer f {!) Of the third 
layer f 
Gluteus maximus and tensor fasciae femoris. 
Gluteus medius. Gluteus minimus. 
294 Where does the gluteus maximus arise f 
The posterior fifth of the outer lip of 
the crest of the ilium and the ilium between 
the outer lip and the superior curved line, 
the lumbar aponeurosis, the last two pieces 
of the sacrum, the side of the coccyx, the 
back of the great sacro-sciatic ligament, and 
the fascia lata over the gluteus medius. 
295 Where does it insert f 
The upper part of the ilio-tibial band, the 
gluteal ridge, and the adjacent origin of the 
vastus externus. 
296 Where does the tensor fasciae femoris arise f 
The front of the outer lip of the iliac 
crest, the notch below the anterior superior 
iliac crest, and the inner surface of the 
fascia lata. 
297 Where does it insert ? 
298 Where does the gluteus medius arise ? 
The fascia lata. 
The anterior four-fifths of the outer lip The Muscles. 
199 
of the iliac crest, the ilium between the 
crest and superior curved line above and 
the middle curved line below, and the deep 
fascia covering both surfaces of the muscle. 
299 Where does it insert f 
The oblique line on the great trochanter. 
300 Where does the gluteus minimus arise ? 
The ilium between the inferior and mid- 
dle curved lines, the deep fascia covering it, 
and the capsule of the hip joint. 
301 Where does it insert f 
The anterior border of the great trochanter. 
302 What are the if) external rotators of the 
thigh f 
The pyriformis, obturator internus, ge- 
mellus superior and inferior, quadratus fe- 
moris, and obturator externus. 
303 Which (2) arise within the pelvis f 
The pyriformis and obturator internus ? 
304 Where does the 'pyriformis arise f 
The front of the sacrum between the first 
and fourth foramina, the great sacro-sciatic 
ligament and the upper margin of the great 
sacro-sciatic notch. 
305 How does it escape from the pelvis f 
By the great sacro-sciatic foramen ? 
306 Where does it insert f 
The anterior part of the upper border of 
the great trochanter. 
307 What converts the great sacro-sciatic notch 
into a foramen f 
The small sacro-sciatic ligament. 200 
The Lower Extremity. 
308 What converts the small notch into a 
foramen f 
The great sacro-sciatic ligament. 
309 What separates the two foramina f 
The spine of the ischium. 
310 What passes through both foramina ? 
The internal pndic vessels and nerve. 
311 Where does the obturator internus arise f 
The body and descending ramus of the 
pubes, the ascending ramus of the ischium, 
the inner surface of the obturator membrane, 
the bone behind the obturator foramen and 
the pelvic and obturator fascias. 
312 Where does it insert f 
The inner surface of the upper border of 
the great trochanter. 
313 How does it escape from the pelvis f 
By the lesser sacro-sciatic foramen. 
314 What (£) muscles insert with it ? 
The gemelli. 
315 What (4) structures pass through this 
foramen f 
The obturator internus, internal pudic ves- 
sels and nerve, and muscular branches of the 
sacral' plexus. 
316 Where does the gemellus superior arise ? 
The spine of the ischium and the upper 
margin of the lesser sacro-sciatic notch. 
317 Where does it insert f 
The upper and anterior surfaces of the 
obturator internus tendon. 
318 Where does the gemellus inferior arise? The Muscles. 
201 
The tuber ischii and the lower margin of 
the lesser sacro-sciatic foramen. 
319 Where does it insert? 
The lower and anterior surfaces of the 
obturator internus tendon. 
320 Where does the quadratics femoris arise? 
The tuber ischii. 
321 Where does it insert ? 
The linea quadrati. 
322 Where does the obturator externus arise? 
The inner half of the outer surface of the 
obturator membrane, the descending ramus of 
the pubes, and the ascending ramus of the 
ischium. 
323 Where does it insert ? 
The digital fossa. 
324 What are the {3) hamstring muscles ? 
The biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and 
semimembranosus. 
325 Where does the biceps femoris arise? 
The long head from the tuber ischii in 
common with the semitendinosus and from 
the great sacro-sciatic ligament; the short 
head from the lower part of the linea aspera 
and its outer division, and the external in- 
termuscular septum. 
326 Where does it insert ? 
The head of the fibula, the outer tuberos- 
ity of the tibia and the deep fascia. 
327 Where does the semitendinosus arise? 
With the biceps from the tuber ischii. 
328 Where does it insert? 202 
The Lower Extremity. 
The upper part of the tibia and the deep 
fascia. 
329 Where docs the semimembranosus arise f 
The tuber ischii. 
330 Where does it insert? 
The inner tuberosity of the tibia, the 
posterior ligament of the knee-joint, the pop- 
liteus fascia, and the internal lateral liga- 
ment. 
331 What muscles form the quadriceps exten- 
sor femorisf 
The rectus, vastus internus, vastus ex 
ternus, and crureus. 
332 Which arises from the innominate bonef 
The rectus. 
333 Where do the others arise f 
From the femur. 
334 Where do they all insert ? 
Into the patella. 
335 Where does the rectus femoris arise f 
The anterior head from the anterior in- 
ferior iliac spine; the posterior head from 
the tipper margin of the acetabulum. 
336 Where does it insert f 
The patella. 
337 Where does the vastus externus arise f 
The upper half of the anterior intertro- 
chanteric line, the femur along the anterior 
border of the great trochanter, the lower 
border of the great trochanter, the outer lip 
of the gluteal ridge, the upper half of the 
outer lip of the linea aspera, and adjacent The Muscles. 
203 
portion.of the femur and the external inter- 
muscular septem. 
338 Where does it insert ? 
The patella, the outer tuberosity of the 
tibia, and the deep fascia. 
339 Where do the vastus interims and crureus 
arise ? 
The external intermuscular septum, the 
outer lip of the lower half of the linea 
aspera and its outer limb, the lower part of 
the anterior intertrochanteric line, the spiral 
line, the inner lip of the linea aspera and 
its inner limb with the adjacent internal 
intermuscular septum, the tendon of the 
adductor magnus, and the front and sides 
of the femur. 
340 Where does it insert ? 
The patella, the outer tuberosity of the 
tibia, and the deep fascia. 
341 What is the common tendon of the quad- 
riceps called f 
The ligamentum patellae 
342 How many layers of muscles are there 
on the hack of the leg? 
Two above and four below. 
343 What (1) muscles form the first layer ? 
The gastrocnemius and plantaris. 
344 What is the origin of the gastrocnemius? 
The outer head from the external condyle 
and femur above it; the inner head from 
the femur above the internal condyle. 
345 Where does it insert? The Lower Extremity. 
204 
By the tendo Achillis into the posterior 
surface of the os calcis. 
346 Where does the plantar is arisef 
The lower part of the outer limb of the 
liuea aspera and the posterior ligament of 
the knee. 
347 Where does it insert f 
By the longest tendon in the body, into 
the inner side of the posterior surface of 
the os calcis. 
348 What {2) muscles form the second layer ? 
349 What is the origin of the popliteus f 
The popliteus and soleus. 
The external condyle and posterior liga- 
ment. 
350 Where does it insert f 
The back of the tibia above the oblique 
line and the fascia from the semimembra- 
nosus tendon. 
351 Where does the soleus arise ? 
The oblique line and inner border of the 
posterior surface down to the middle of the 
tibia, the head and upper third of the fib- 
ula, intermuscular septa and a tendinous 
arch between the upper portions of the 
tibia and fibula. 
352 Where does it insert f 
Through the tendo Achillis 
353 What separates the second and third 
layers f 
The deep tibial or transverse fascia 
354 What if) muscles comprise the third layerf The Muscles. 
205 
The flexor longus digitorum and flexor 
longus hallucis. 
355 Where does the flexor longus digitorum 
arise ? 
The inner part of the posterior surface 
of the tibia from the oblique line to three 
inches above the inner ankle, the deep fas- 
cia and the intermuscular septum. 
356 Which malleolus does it pass around ? 
The inner. 
357 Where does it insert ? 
The base of the last phalanx of the four 
outer toes. 
358 What muscle inserts into it ? 
The flexor accessorius. 
359 Where does the flexor longus hallucis arise ? 
The lower two-thirds of the fibula, inter- 
muscular septa, the deep fascia over the 
muscle, and the lower part of the interos- 
seous membrane. 
360 What malleolus does it pass around ? 
The inner. 
361 Where does it insert? 
The base of the last phalanx of the great 
toe and the tendon of the flexor longus 
digitorum passing to the second and third 
toes. 
362 What muscle comprises the fourth layer? 
The tibialis posticus. 
363 Where does the tibialis posticus arise? 
The interosseous membrane, except the 
lower portion; the tibia from the oblique line 206 
The Lower Extremity. 
to the junction of the middle and lower thirds; 
the fibula, except its lower inch or two; 
intermuscular septa and fascia. 
364 What malleolus does it wind around? 
The inner. 
365 Where does it insert ? 
Mainly the tuberosity of the scaphoid bone; 
also the tarsal bones, except the astragalus; 
and the bases of the second, third and fourth 
metatarsal bones. 
366 What are the (4) muscles on the front 
of the leg? 
The tibialis anticus, extensor proprius hal- 
lucis, extensor longus digitorum, and peroneus 
tertius. 
367 Where does the tibialis anticus arise? 
The outer tuberosity and upper two-thirds 
of the tibia, the interosseous membrane, deep 
fascia, and intermuscular septum. 
368 Where does it insert ? 
The internal cuneiform and base of the 
first metatarsal bone. 
369 Where does the extensor proprius hallucis 
arise ? 
The middle two-fourths of the fibula and 
the adjacent interosseous membrane. 
370 Where does it insert? 
The base of the second phalanx and the 
back and sides of the metatarso-phalangeal 
articulation of the great toe. 
371 Where does the extensor longus digitorum 
arise ? The Muscles. 
207 
The outer tuberosity of the tibia, the upper 
three-fourths of the fibula, the upper third of 
the interosseous membrane, the deep fascia, 
and intermuscular septa. 
372 Where does it insertf 
The metatarso-phalangeal joints and all 
three phalanges of the outer four toes. 
373 Where does the peroneus tertius arise f 
The lower fourth of the fibula, the lower 
inch or two of the interosseous membrane, 
the external intermuscular septum, and deep 
fascia. 
374 Where does it insert f 
The base of the fifth metatarsal bone. 
375 What muscle is there on the dorsum of 
the foot f 
The extensor brevis digitorum. 
376 Where does it arise f 
The great process of the calcanetim and 
the anterior annular ligament. 
377 Where does it insert f 
By fonr tendons, the inner at the base 
of the first phalanx of the great toe and 
the other three in the tendons of the ex- 
tensor longus digitorum. 
378 What (2) muscles form the peroneal group 
or muscles on the outer side of the leg ? 
The peroneus longus and brevis. 
379 Where does the peroneus longus arise f 
The outer tuberosity of the tibia, the head 
and upper two-thirds of the fibula, the deep 
fascia, and intermuscular septa. 208 
The Lower Extremity. 
380 Where does it insert ? 
The base of the first metatarsal bone and 
the internal cuneiform. 
381 Where does the peroneus brevis arise f 
The lower two-thirds of the fibula, the 
deep fascia, and intermuscular septa. 
382 Where does it insert f 
The base of the fifth metatarsal bone and 
the tendon of the extensor longus digitorum. 
The Plantar Facia 
383 How many portions has ike plantar 
fascia f 
Three. 
384 What are they f 
A central and two lateral. 
385 Where is the central portion attached 
posteriorly f 
To the calcanenm. 
386 Into how many processes does it break up f 
Five, one for each toe. 
387 What do they bind down f 
The flexor tendons. 
388 What structures pass between them f 
Digital vessels and nerves. 
389 What are the margins of the central por- 
tion prolonged to form ? 
The external and internal intermuscular 
septa. 
390 Where is the inner portion attached f 
Behind to the great tubercle of the os 
calcis and the internal annular ligament and The Muscles. 
209 
in front to the base of the first phalanx of 
the great toe. 
391 Where is the outer portion attached f 
Behind to the lesser tubercle of the os 
calcis and the external annular ligament, 
and in front to the base of the first pha- 
lanx of the little toe. 
The Muscles. 
392 How many layers of muscles are there 
in the sole of the foot ? 
Four. 
393 What are the (3) muscles of the first 
layer f 
The abductor hallucis, flexor brevis digi- 
torum, and abductor minimi digiti. 
394 Where does the abductor hallucis arise f 
The outer head from the great tubercle 
of the calcaneum, the plantar fascia and 
internal intermuscular septum; the inner 
head from the inner annular ligament and 
the attachment of the tendon of the tibialis 
posticus to the scaphoid bone. 
395 Where does it insert f 
The base of the first phalanx of the great 
toe. 
396 Where does the flexor brevis digitorum 
arise f 
The great tubercle of the calcaneum, the 
plantar fascia, and the two intermuscular 
septa. 
397 Where does it insert V 210 
The Lower Extremity. 
By four tendons, which split to transmit 
the tendons of the flexor longns digitornm 
and then insert into the middle phalanx of 
the four outer toes. 
398 Where does the abductor minimi digiti arise? 
The lesser tubercle and adjacent surface of 
the calcaneum, the plantar fascia, the exter- 
nal intermuscular septum, and ligaments of 
the sole of the foot. 
899 Where does it insert ? 
The base of the first phalanx and of the 
metatarsal bone of the little toe and the 
fourth tendon of the extensor longus digi- 
torum. 
400 What (4) muscles form the second layer f 
The flexor accessorius, the four lumbricales, 
and the tendons of the flexor longus hallucis 
and flexor longus digitorum muscles. 
401 Where does the flexor accessorius digitorum 
arise ? 
The inner head from the calcaneum below 
the groove for the flexor longus hallucis, 
and the outer head from the calcaneum in 
front of the lesser tubercle and the long 
plantar ligament. 
402 Where does it insert? 
The tendon of the flexor longus digitorum. 
403 Where do the lumbricales arise ? 
The first from the inner side of the first 
tendon, and the other three from adjacent 
sides of the second, third and fourth tendons 
of the flexor longus digitorum. The Muscles. 
211 
401 Where do they insert ? 
The expansion of the tendon of the ex- 
tensor longus digitorum on the back of the 
first phalanx of the four outer toes. 
105 What (4) muscles form the third layer ? 
The flexor brevis hallucis, the adductor 
hallucis, the transversus pedis, and the 
flexor brevis minimi digiti. 
406 Where does the flexor brevis hallucis 
arise ? 
The plantar ligaments, the tibialis posti- 
cus tendon, and the cuboid bone. 
407 Where does it insert? 
The base of the first phalanx of the 
great toe. 
408 Where does the adductor hallucis arise ? 
The sheath of the peroneus longus tendon 
and the base of the second, third, and 
fourth metatarsal bones. 
409 Where does it insert ? 
Base of the first phalanx of the great toe. 
410 Where does the transversus pedis arise f 
The plantar ligaments of the three outer 
metatarso-phalangeal joints and the deep 
transverse metatarsal ligament. 
411 Where does it insert ? 
Base of the first phalanx of the great toe. 
412 Where does the flexor brevis minimi 
digiti arise ? 
The base of the .fifth metatarsal bone and 
the sheath of the peroneus longus tendon. 
413 Where does it insert f 212 
The Lower Extremity. 
The base of the first phalanx of the 
little toe and the front of the fifth metatar- 
sal bone. 
414 What muscles form the fourth layer ? 
The interossei. 
415 How many plantar interossei are there? 
Three. 
416 How many dorsal? 
Four. 
417 Where do the plantar interossei arise ? 
The lower inner surface of the three 
outer metatarsal bones and the sheath of 
the peroneus longus. 
418 Where do they insert ? 
The base of the first phalanx of the 
three outer toes and the extensor tendons 
on the back of the first phalanx of these 
toes. 
419 Where do the dorsal interossei arise? 
By two heads from the adjacent surface 
of the five metatarsal bones. 
420 Where do they insert f 
The base of the first phalanx of the sec- 
ond, third, and fourth toes, the second toe 
receiving the insertion of two. 
421 What passes between the heads of the 
first dorsal interosseous ? 
The communicating branch of the dorsalis 
pedis artery. 
422 What passes between the heads of the 
outer three ? 
The posterior perforating arteries.