Gorilla gorilla. A REVIEW OF THE PRIMATES BY DANIEL GIRAUD ELLIOT, D. SC., F. R. S. E., &C. Commander of the Royal Orders of the Crown of Italy, of Frederic of Wurtemburg, and of Charles the Third of Spain; Knight of the Imperial and Royal Orders of Francis Joseph of Austria, of the Dannebrog of Denmark, of the Albert Order of Saxony, of St. Maurice and St. Lazare of Italy, of Isabella the Catholic of Spain, of Christ of Portugal, of Philip the Magnanimous of Hesse, etc., etc.; Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, of the Zoological Society of London; A Founder and ex-Vice-President of the Zoological Society of France; A Founder and ex-President of the American Ornithologists' Union; Honorary Member of the Nuttall Ornithological Club; of the Linnaean Society of New York; of the New York Zoological Society; Member of the Imperial Leopoldino-Carolina Academy of Germany, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, of the Academy of Sciences of New York, of the Societe D'Acclimatation of Paris, of the New York His- torical Society; Corresponding Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Lisbon, of the Natural History Society of Boston, etc., etc. MONOGRAPH SERIES VOLUME III ANTHROPOIDEA Miopithecus to Pan PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NEW YORK, U. S. A. MCMXIH CONTENTS. VOLUME HI. Page Suborder IL Anthropoidea 1 Family III. Lasiopygidae 1 Subfamily I. Lasiopyginae-Guenons-Talapoins-Red Guenons 1 Subfamily II. Colobinae-Langurs-Retrousse-nosed Monkeys-Proboscis Monkey-Guerezas 19 Family IV. Hylobatidae-Gibbons 149 Family V. Pongiidae-Ourang-utan-Gorillas, Mayema Ape-Chimpanzees. 181 III LIST OF COLORED PLATES. VOLUME III. Opposite Page 1. Pygathrix thomasi 65 2. Pygathrix margarita 81 3. Rhinopithecus roxellanae 102 4. Nasalis larvatus Ill 5. Colobus ellioti 126 6. Colobus ferrugineus 131 7. Hylobates pileatus 170 8. Pan kooloo-kamba 243 V LIST OF PLATES OF CRANIA. VOLUME III. Opposite Page I. Miopithecus talapoin 1 II. Erythrocebus albigenis 4 III. Pygathrix melanolophus 19 IV. Pygathrix rubicunda 35 V. Pygathrix frontata 38 VI. Pygathrix cephaloloptera 68 VII. Pygathrix aurata 75 VIII. Pygathrix entellus 86 IX. Pygathrix nigripes 98 X. Rhinopithecus roxellanae 102 XL Rhinopithecus bieti 104 Extra Plate. Rhinopithecus avunculus 106 XII. Simias concolor 109 XIII. Nasalis larvatus Ill XIV. Colobus verus 115 XV. Colobus tephrosceles 124 XVI. Colobus kirki 128 XVII. Colobus satanas 138 XVIII. Colobus polycomus 140 XIX. Colobus caudatus 146 XX. Hylobates lar 149 XXL Symphalangus syndactylus 176 XXII. Symphalangus klossi 180 XXIII. Pongo pygmaeus ex Landak Sarawak District 195 XXIV. Pongo pygmaeus ex Batangtu District 196 XXV. Pongo pygmaeus ex Dadap District 197 XXVI. Pongo pygmaeus ex Genepai District 198 XXVII. Pongo pygmaeus ex Skalau District 199 XXVIII. Pongo pygmaeus Comparative Series 205 XXIX. Gorilla gorilla 206 XXX. Gorilla matschie 218 XXXI. Gorilla jacobi 219 XXXII-XXXIII. Pseudogorilla mayema 224 XXXIV-XXXV. Pan calvus 227 XXXVI-XXXVII. Pan kooloo-kamba 242 XXXVIII-XXXIX. Pan vellerosus 250 VII LIST OF PLATES OF FIGURES FROM LIFE. VOLUME III. Opposite Page 1. Erythrocebus pyrrhonotus 9 2 J Pygathrix cephaloloptera ) ' | Pygathrix entellus ) 3. Colobus vellerosus 139 J Hylobates hoolock } ' | Symphalangus syndactylus ) 5 j Pongo pygmaeus figure ) 192 ' | Pongo pygmaeus head f 6. Gorilla gorilla, juv 213 J Pan calvus 1-234 J Pan schweinfurthi [ 8. Pan chimpanse 245 IX LIST OF GENERA AND SPECIES. VOLUME III. Page Miopithecus 1 Miopithecus talapoin 1 Miopithecus ansorgei 3 Erythrocebus 4 Erythrocebus patas 6 Erythrocebus pyrrhonotus 9 Erythrocebus formosus 10 Erythrocebus poliophaeus 11 Erythrocebus whitei 11 Erythrocebus kerstingi 13 Erythrocebus zechi 13 Erythrocebus langeldi 14 Erythrocebus albigenis 14 Erythrocebus sannio 15 Erythrocebus circumcinctus 16 Erythrocebus baumstarki 17 Pygathrix 19 Pygathrix melanolopha 32 Pygathrix nobilis 34 Pygathrix rubicunda 35 Pygathrix carimatae 38 Pygathrix frontata 38 Pygathrix nudifrons 40 Pygathrix cruciger 41 Pygathrix chrysomelas 42 Pygathrix sumatrana 43 Pygathrix batuana 44 Pygathrix percura 44 Pygathrix femoralis 45 Pygathrix melamera 47 Pygathrix barbei 48 Pygathrix holotophrea 49 Pygathrix phayrei 49 Pygathrix flavicauda 50 Pygathrix robinsoni 51 Pygathrix obscura 52 Pygathrix carbo 54 Pygathrix sanctorum 55 Pygathrix nubigena 55 Pygathrix dilecta 56 Pygathrix natunae 57 XI XII GENERA AND SPECIES Page Pygathrix rhionis 58 Pygathrix cana 58 Pygathrix siamensis 59 Pygathrix catemana 60 Pygathrix aygula 60 Pygathrix fusco-murina 62 Pygathrix sabana 63 Pygathrix everetti 63 Pygathrix hosei , 64 Pygathrix thomasi 65 Pygathrix potenziani 67 Pygathrix fran^oisi 68 Pygathrix cephaloloptera 68 Pygathrix c. monticola 71 Pygathrix senex 71 Pygathrix johni 72 Pygathrix ursina 74 Pygathrix aurata 75 Pygathrix cristata 79 Pygathrix c. pullata 80 Pygathrix ultima 81 Pygathrix margarita 81 Pygathrix germaini 82 Pygathrix crepuscula 84 Pygathrix c. wroughtoni 85 Pygathrix entellus 86 Pygathrix albipes 91 Pygathrix schistaceus 92 Pygathrix lania 93 Pygathrix pileata 94 Pygathrix hypoleuca 95 Pygathrix priamus 96 Pygathrix nemaeus 98 Pygathrix nigripes 100 Rhinopithecus 102 Rhinopithecus roxellanae 102 Rhinopithecus bieti 103 Rhinopithecus brelichi 105 Rhinopithecus avunculus 106 Simias 109 Simias concolor 109 Nasalis Ill Nasalis larvatus Ill Colobus 115 Colobus verus 122 Page Colobus rufomitratus 123 Colobus tephrosceles 124 Colobus nigrimanus 125 Colobus ellioti 126 Colobus preussi 127 Colobus kirki 128 Colobus bouvieri 128 Colobus tholloni 129 Colobus temmincki 130 Colobus foai 131 Colobus graueri 132 Colobus oustaleti 132 Colobus ferrugineus 133 Colobus fuliginosus 134 Colobus rufo-niger 136 Colobus pennanti 136 Colobus godonorum 137 Colobus satanas 138 Colobus ruwenzori 138 Colobus vellerosus 139 Colobus polycomus 140 Colobus palliatus 141 Colobus sharpei 142 Colobus angolensis 143 Colobus abyssinicus 143 Colobus occidentalis 144 Colobus poliurus 145 Colobus caudatus 146 Colobus gallarum 148 Hylobates 149 Hylobates nasutus 155 Hylobates hoolock 156 Hylobates lar 161 Hylobates henrici 165 Hylobates leucogenys 165 Hylobates gabrielli 166 Hylobates leuciscus 166 Hylobates agilis 168 Hylobates pileatus 170 Hylobates concolor 171 Hylobates funereus 174 Hylobates fuscus 175 Symphalangus 176 Symphalangus syndactylus 177 Symphalangus s. continentis 179 Symphalangus klossi 180 GENERA AND SPECIES XIII XIV GENERA AND SPECIES Page Pongo 181 Pongo pygmaeus 192 Pongo abelli 203 Gorilla 206 Gorilla gorilla 213 Gorilla g. matschie 218 Gorilla g. diehli 218 Gorilla g. jacobi 219 Gorilla g. castaneiceps 220 Gorilla g. ? 220 Gorilla beringeri 222 Gorilla g. ? 223 Pseudogorilla 224 Pseudogorilla mayema? 225 Pan \227 Pan calvus 234 Pan fuliginosus 240 Pan satyrus 241 Pan kooloo-kamba 242 Pan leucoprymnus 244 Pan chimpanse 245 Pan schweinfurthi 245 Pan s. marungensis 248 Pan aubryi 249 Pan vellerosus 250 Pan fuscus 251 Pan ex Basho 252 Pan ex Dunne 252 Pan ex Lomie 253 APPENDIX. CEdipomidas salaquiensis 255 Cercopithecus midas egens ...» 256 A REVIEW OF THE PRIMATES VOLUME III. PLATE I. Miopithecus talapoin. SIDE VIEW REVERSED. No. 0.2.5.8. Brit Mus. Coll. Nat. Size. CLASS MAMMALIA. ORDER ANTHROPOIDEA. FAMILY LASIOPYGID/E. GENUS VIII. MIOPITHECUS. T 2-2 ~ 1-1 „ 2-2 . - 3-3 I* 2-2> C. i_ii P. 2-2 5 M. 3-3 32- MIOPITHECUS I. Geoffroy, Comptes Rendus, XV, 1842, p. 1037. Type Simia talapoin Schreber. Size small; posterior lower molar with only three cusps; hairs in front of ears radiate from a point like a fan. But two species of this genus are known at the present time, one from the Gaboon, M. talapoin, and the other M. ansorgei from Angola, West Africa. They are small animals compared to the species composing the genera placed before and after them, and they differ from them structurally, in having only three cusps on the last lower molar. As the presence of a fifth cusp on the same tooth in Cercoce- bus has been to a large degree the cause for separating the species of that genus, it would be reasonable to consider that the two species of Miopithecus should also be accorded generic rank founded mainly upon tooth structure. KEY TO THE SPECIES. A. General hue greenish. a. Upper parts dark olive yellow M. talapoin. b. Upper parts greenish yellow M. ansorgei. Miopithecus talapoin (Schreber). Simia talapoin Schreb., Saugth., I, 1775, p. 101; Bodd., Elench. Anim., 1784, p. 59; Gmel., Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 101; Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 21. Cercopithecus talapoin Erxl., Syst. Regn. Anim., 1777, p. 36; E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 93; Desm., 1 2 MIOPITHECUS Mamm., 1820, p. 56; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 78; Mar- tin, Mammif. Anim., 1841, p. 534; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 100; Schleg., Mus. Pays- Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 71; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 82; Bates, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., II, 1907, p. 741, pl. XLII, fig. 6. Pithecus talapoin Blainv., Osteog., 1841, Atl., pl. III. Miopithecus capillatus Geoff., Compt. Rend., XV, 1842, p. 720. Miopithecus talapoin I. Geoff., Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, II, 1843, p. 549; Id. Diet. Hist. Nat., Ill, 1849, p. 308; Id. Cat Primates, 1851, p. 18; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 20; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., II, 1907, p. 741. Simia melarhinus Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 47. Cercopithecus (Miopithecus') talapoin * Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 103, figs. 242, 243. the talapoin. Native name, Ozem. Type locality. Unknown. Geogr. Distr. Gaboon, Southern Cameroon, West Africa. Color. Space around eyes orange; upper lip yellow; nose black; top of head ochraceous and black, hairs black ringed with ochraceous; upper parts of body, hairs on back gray at roots ringed with yellow and black giving them an olive or grayish tinge; black streak from corner of eye half way to ear; outer side of limbs pale yellowish sometimes tinged with red; whiskers golden yellow; some hairs brownish black at tip; under parts and inner side of limbs white; hands and feet reddish yellow; tail above black and gray mixed, beneath yellow at base, then black and yellow to nearly black at tip. Considerable varia- tion among individuals. Some specimens have a decided buff tint and this sometimes ex- tends over the lower parts, overcoming the greenish hue to a large extent. Measurements. Total length, 817; tail, 359.8; foot, 101.6. Skull, total length, 70.6; occipito-nasal length, 63.7; intertemporal width, 33.2: Hensel, 41.6; zygomatic width, 57.2; median length of nasals, .83; palatal length, 2; length of upper molar series, 15.5; length of mandible, 44.3; length of lower molar series, 19.1. "The habits of the little 'Ozem,' " says Bates, (1. c.) "differ in some respects from those of the other kinds. It is never found far from a large stream of water, and generally keeps to trees on the MlOPITHECUS 3 very banks of streams. At villages situated near rivers, I have been told that these little monkeys steal corn from the gardens. They are quicker in their movements even than the others. Their call is very different being a little explosive 'K-sss!' that sounds like a splash of a stick thrown into the water." MlOPITHECUS ANSORGEI (Pocock). Cercopithecus talapoin ansorgei Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1907, p. 742. Type locality. Canhoca (not Cambaca Pocock), Angola, West Africa. Genl. Char. Larger than M. talapoin, less black on cheeks; hairs anterior to ears mostly white. Dorsal area paler and greener; ventral area pure white, hairs longer and softer. Color. Space around eyes bright orange; nose black; black mark from corner of eye half way to ear; hairs on upper lip near nose, long, stiff, black; hairs on cheeks golden yellow, tips black, directed down- ward ; hairs in front of ears radiating from the centre in a half circle, of a greater diameter than in M. talapoin, these hairs directed down- ward with black tips; hairs on hinder part of cheek longest and directed backward and joining those radiating from the ear; top of head and upper part of the body yellow and black, having a strong greenish tinge; outer side of arms and legs chrome yellow; hands and feet chrome yellow with a buff tinge; entire under parts and inner side of limbs pure white; tail above brownish black on basal third, browner on remaining portion, hairs tipped with yellowish white or buff; beneath yellowish gray at base, rest buff; ear black. Ex type British Museum. Measurements. Total length, 925; tail, 525; foot, 105; ear, 35. This is a much yellower animal and with more of a green tint than M. talapoin. There are two examples in the British Museum a male, the type, and a female, and the latter is even more green than the male, and came from Casualalla, North Angola, also procured by Mr. W. J. Ansorge. 4 ERYTHROCEBUS GENUS IX. ERYTHROCEBUS. t r- -. p 2=2. w -=?2 A. 2-2» 1-1» 2-2> 1V1, 3-8 ERYTHROCEBUS Trouess., Cat. Mamm., Viv. et Foss., I, 1897, p. 17. Type, none designated. C. pat as Schreber? Size large, limbs long, slender; pelage mostly reddish; skin whitish or pale blue; face short; angle from forehead to lips abrupt; head flat on top; tail long; teeth moderate, except canines, which in the adult male are very long, curved and pointed; first two upper premolars have one outer and one inner cusp; molars with two outer cusps; second molar the larger; first lower premolar large and heavy. Unlike the members of the genus Lasiopyga those of the present are not arboreal in their habits, but are dwellers of the open country and the plains, and for travelling over such areas their long limbs are specially adapted. They go in small companies, and the various species appear to be quite local, and restricted in their ranges. Shy and watchful, they are very difficult to approach even within the reach of the long range rifles of the present day, and the animals easily, on the approach of danger, find concealment in the long grass that covers their accustomed haunts, and thus escape from their pur- suers. On this account specimens in collections are usually few, and there is no Museum that possesses a good representation of the vari- ous species, indeed, in many institutions, they are conspicuous by their absence, or by the presence of an example of the long known E. patas. Of their food and habits in the wild state but little reliable informa- tion has been obtained except of E. patas. They are very handsome animals, and considerably larger than the species of Lasiopyga. LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES. 1775. Schreber, Die Saugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen. Erythrocebus patas first described as Simia patas; and in the volume of plates a figure given called S', rufa, which is undeterminable, no species like it being known. 1788. Gmelin, Sy sterna Naturae. Erythrocebus patas (Schreb.), renamed Simia ruber. PLATE II. VOLUME III. Erythrocebus albigenis. No. 8.6.15.1. Brit. Mus. Coll. Type. % Nat. Size ERYTHROCEBUS 5 1792. Kerr, Animal Kingdom, etc. Erythrocebus patas redescribed as Simla (Cercopithecus) ruber nigrofasciatus, and Simia (Cercopithecus) ruber albo- fasciatus. 1838. Hemprich et Ehrenberg, Symbolce Physicce. Erythrocebus pyrrhonotus first described. 1840. R. P. Lesson, Species des Mammiferes Bimanes et Quadru- manes. The species of the genus Erythrocebus in this work, as is the case with nearly all Authors, are placed in the genus Cerco- pithecus (nec Gronov.). They are (C.) ruber = E. patas; and (C.) pyrrhonotus. 1863. Reichenbach, Die Vollstdndigste Naturgeschichte der Affen. Erythrocebus poliophjeus and E. circumcinctus first de- scribed under Cercopithecus (nec. Gronov.). 1905. Matschie, in Sitzungsberichte Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, Berlin. Erythrocebus kerstingi; E. zechi; E. baumstarki; and E. langheldi first described under the genus Cercopithecus (nec Gronov.). 1906. O. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Erythrocebus sannio first described as Cercopithecus sannio. 1909. D. G. Elliot, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Erythrocebus formosus and E. albigenis first described. 1910. N. Hollister, in Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Erythrocebus whitei first described. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES. Restricted to the African Continent, the members of Erythroce- bus are about equally divided between the eastern and western por- tions. Beginning in the northeast we find E. albigenis in the Egyptian Soudan. In Kordofan, Darfur and Sennaar, E. pyrrhonotus occurs; while from the Bahr el Ghazal on the west, and in Abyssinia to an elevation of 3,000 feet, E. poliophjeus is found. In Uganda E. for- mosus is met with, its exact position as yet unknown; while in Masai- land, British East Africa, E. baumstarki ranges, and on the Nzoia River, Guas Ngishu Plateau in the same Protectorate, E. whitei has been obtained. In West Africa, in Senegal E. patas is found, while in Togoland E. kerstingi and E. zecki, doubtfully separable from it, 6 ERYTHROCEBUS occur. At Lake Chad, Nigeria, E. sannio is met with, the only species yet discovered in that large Province, and in Cameroon, E. langeldi was obtained. The locality of one species E. circumcinctus is quite unknown, nor is there any specimen extant, a figure given by Reichen- bach being the only evidence we have of its existence. KEY TO THE SPECIES. A. Brow band black. a. Shoulders not black. a.' Thighs not black. a." Nose black E. patas. b." Nose white. a.'" Rump and tail above ochra- ceous E. pyrrhonotus. b.'" Rump vinaceous rufous, grad- ing into bay on tail E. formosus. b. Shoulders mostly black. a.' Thighs mostly reddish. a." Chin white. a.'" Outer side of forearm to hand grizzled black and white E. poliophceus. b.'" Outer side of forearm to hand white. a."" Nose white E. whitei. b."" Nose black. a.5 Chin white E. kerstingi. b.5 Chin black E. zechi. c.'" Outer side of forearm to hand buff E. langeldi. b.' Thighs mostly all white. a." General color rich bay E. albigenis. b." General color speckled orange buff, and white E. sannio. B. Brow band white E. circumcinctus. C. No brow band E. baumstarki. Erythrocebus patas (Schreber). Simia patas Schreb., Saugth., I, 1775, p. 98, pl. XVI; Bodd., Elench. Anim., 1784, p. 59. Cercopithecus patas Erxl., Syst. Regn. Anim., 1777, p. 34; Less., ERYTHROCEBUS 7 Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 84; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 122, figs. 304-306; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 84; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1893, p. 249; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 63; Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1900, p. 952; Holden, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1906, p. 233, fig. 60; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., II, 1907, p. 742, fig. 192, pl. XLI, fig. 6. Simia ruber Gmel., Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 34; Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 24. Simia (Cercopithecus) ruber nigrofasciatus Kerr, Anim. Kingd., 1792, p. 71, No. 48. Simia (Cercopithecus) ruber albofasciatus Kerr, Anim. Kingd., 1792, p. 71, No. 49. Cercopithecus ruber E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 96; Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 59; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 84; Martin, Mammif. Anim., 1841, p. 509; Geoff., Diet. Hist. Nat., HI, 1849, p. 307; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 42; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 105, 109; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 120, figs. 305, 307; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 664; Anders., Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, p. 58. Le Patas, et le Patos a bandeau noir F. Cuv., Hist. Mamm., I, 1829, Livr. LIX, pl. Chlorocebus ruber Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 25. PATAS GUENON. Type locality. Senegal, West Africa. Geogr. Distr. Senegal, West Africa. Genl. Char. Nose black at tip, ridge of nose covered by narrow line of black hairs. Color. Face flesh color, eyelids whitish; lips, sides of face below eyes grayish white; nose black expanding to a large spot on tip; brow band black extending across temples to ears, and mixed in front with a few white hairs; whiskers extending beyond ears; sides of neck pale yellow; top of head, hind neck, upper parts of body, flanks and thighs bright orange red, the hairs red to the roots, darkest on dorsal line on upper back where the hairs are black tipped; shoulders and outer side of arms pale yellow; outer side of legs below knees yellowish white; hands and feet yellowish above, grayish white on sides; chin, 8 ERYTHROCEBUS throat, chest, inner side of limbs and abdomen grayish white; tail above like back growing gradually paler to tip which is cream buff; beneath buff. Measurements. Total length, 1,115; tail, 575; foot, 135. Schreber in the volume of plates accompanying his work, on plate XVI B gives a figure of a red monkey evidently an Erythrocebus which he names Simia rufa. If the coloring is correct, (there is no description), this is quite distinct from E. patas. The head and upper parts are red as are also the thighs, but it differs from E. patas in the black superciliary line not going on sides of head, and having a white line behind it. The under parts and inner side of arms to elbows and legs are white, but inner side of forearms are buff; sides of face and under parts, together with hands and feet are white, tail red like back and thighs, but the end is black. I do not know any species that is like this figure, and must place it among those that are undeterminable. Wagner makes it the same as patas, but if color is a criterion, and allowing for all the defects of color shown in Schreber's figures, this one cannot be considered the same as patas. The figure is drawn and colored in a much superior manner than is seen in the usual run of Schreber's plates, and was evidently done from an actual specimen, and not copied from some drawing. Bennett in his "Gardens and Menagerie Delineated" gives the following account of this monkey: "In its native woods of Senegal, the Patas, as it is denominated by the natives, associates in large troops, which according to De la Brue, are in the habit of uniting together in the common cause against an enemy. As he passed along the river with his party, in boats, they descended from the tops of the trees and advanced to the extremity of the lower boughs, for the purpose of examining more closely the objects below. Having, for some time, attentively watched the boats, and no longer satisfied with remaining merely spectators, they began a system of offensive operations, casting dry branches and other missiles at the party, who in return, fired and killed several of the assailants. Upon this, the survivors began to utter the most frightful cries, and undauntedly redoubled their effort at annoyances; some gathered stones, others sticks, and various missiles for the purpose of hurling them at their enemies; and it was not until severely taught the inequality of the contest, that they terminated it by a retreat. PLATE 1. VOLUME III. Erythrocebus pyrrhonotus. ERYTHROCEBUS 9 "In captivity the Patos is lively, but very spiteful and capricious; as with its race in general, its evil qualities become more developed the more it advances in age, when its liveliness degenerates into irascibility, and its temper becomes morose and vindictive." A young individual "had a habit when pleased, of dancing on all-fours, in a peculiar and measured step, which was far from being ungraceful, though, after a time, it became ludicrous from its monotony." Erythrocebus pyrrhonotus (Hemprich et Ehrenberg). Ceropithecus pyrrhonotus Hempr. et Ehrenb., Symb. Phys., 1838, pl. X; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 85; Geoff., Diet. Hist. Nat., HI, 1849, p. 307; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 42; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 12, figs. 311, 313; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 623; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 84; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1893, p. 250; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1904, p. 64; Anders., Zool. Egypt. Mamm., 1902, p. 22. Cercopithecus ruber Rupp., Neue Wirlbeth., Saugth., 1835, p. 8; Martin, Mammif. Anim., 1841, p. 509, (Part.) ; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 105, 109. Cercopithecus patas pyrrhonotus Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., II, 1907, p. 744, fig. 193. NISNAS GUENON. Type locality. Kordofan? Type in Berlin Museum. Geogr. Distr. North-east Africa; Kordofan, Darfur and Sennaar, at 3,000 feet elevation. Genl. Char. Similar to E. patas but the nose is white not black, and the shoulders and outer side of arms are rufous, not grayish. Color. Top of head fox red; back of neck and on dorsal region and rump, flanks and thighs, ochraceous rufous; side of neck pale yellow; black line on head and sides of head to ears; outer side of arms above elbows, ochraceous, hairs black tipped; cheeks, throat, under parts of body, inner side of limbs, forearms, legs below knees, hands and feet grayish white, hairs of cheeks black tipped; tip of nose white; tail above fox red, beneath yellowish white; hair on ridge of nose black; tuft of hairs inside of ears whitish. Ex Hemprich et Ehren- berg's type in Berlin Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,205; tail, 650; foot, 130. Skull: total length, 143; occipito-nasal length, 115; Hensel, 106; intertemporal width, 45.5; zygomatic width, 88; median length of nasals, 18; length 10 ERYTHROCEBUS of upper molar series, 32; length of mandible, 106; length of lower molar series, 41. Ex Hemprich et Ehrenberg's type in Berlin Museum. » Erythrocebus formosus Elliot. Erythrocebus formosus Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., IV, 8th Ser., 1909, p. 264. Type locality. Uganda, particular locality not known. Type in British Museum. Genl. Char. Similar to E. pyrrhonotus, but with a much darker rump and tail, more black on shoulders, and under parts of body buff pink, instead of grayish white, with a pale yellow line down center of belly. Color. Head, face and cheeks like E. pyrrhonotus, with white patch on end of nose; the black brow line is not distinct between eye and ear, and turns up over the crown from corners of the eyes as in the allied form; top of head fox red; head above ear, nape, hind neck and shoulders ochraceous buff, hairs yellow tipped; lower back to rump and flanks pinkish, hairs tipped with yellow, this last giving a yellow effect to all the upper parts; rump vinaceous rufous grading into bay at tail and hips; sides of neck and chest lemon yellow, some hairs tipped with black; outer side of arms lemon yellow; inner side of arms and hands white; under parts of body buff pink with a yellow line down center of belly; chin, throat and center of chest white, this hue narrow- ing to a point on lower part of chest as it is encroached upon by the lemon yellow color on each side; outer side of thighs in front to knees like rump, on sides pale yellow; below knees the legs and feet are white; inner side of thighs and legs grayish white; tail bay, slightly paler at tip. Ex type British Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,410; tail, 740; foot, 145, (skin). Ex type British Museum. This is a large species resembling E. pyrrhonotus on upper parts except on rump which with the tail is much darker, in fact quite a different color; the thighs are also unlike those of E. pyrrhonotus, and the under parts have the sides of neck, chest and arms lemon yellow quite different from the gray chest and yellowish white arms of the allied species, and the under parts of the body are altogether different, of a color difficult to describe, but which I have called buff pink. Unfortunately there is no skull. The only species of Erythrocebus dwelling near this one, is ERYTHROCEBUS 11 E. baumstarki from Masailand, but as that animal has no black on brow or head it cannot be compared with the present one. Ebythbocebus polioph^us (Reichenbach). Cercopithecus poliophaus Reichenb,, Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 122, fig. 309; Heugl., Faun. d. Roth Meeres, p. 13; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., II, 1907, p. 745. Type locality. Fagzohl, Blue Nile, on border of Western Abys- sinia. Genl. Char. Shoulders mostly black, chin white. Geogr. Distr. Abyssinia, Bahr el Ghazal. Color. Face black; two black stripes from eye to ear, and a branch to top of head; crown of head fox red, and back of neck bright reddish brown; upper part and sides of body dark reddish, hairs tipped with white; cheeks, sides of head, throat, breast and inner side of limbs white; under parts yellowish white; shoulders and outer side of arms to elbows black; forearms white, speckled; hands white; thighs on outer side deep red; legs below knees, and feet, white; upper part of tail dark purple red, beneath white; ears black; hairs on upper lip white. Size about same as E. pyrrhonotus. Head and body, 620; tail, 680; foot, 175. Ex specimen Vienna Museum, obtained by Heuglin. White Nile. Measurements. Skull: total length, 122.1; occipito-nasal length, 106.6; intertemporal width, 50; Hensel, 82.3; zygomatic width, 75.3; width of braincase, 69.3; median length of nasals, 27; palatal length, 38.6; length of upper molar series, 31.6; length of mandible, 81.4; length of lower molar series, 37.1. This species resembles E. pyrrhonotus, but differs in being of a darker red color, and in having black shoulders. It will readily be seen on comparison that the proportions between the skull of this species and that of E. albigenis are altogether differ- ent, this one being much shorter and broader, in fact of an altogether different shape. The black and white forearms, speckled rump, and black band from eye to ear will cause E. polioph^us to be easily recognized from its near relatives. Ebythbocebus whitei Hollister. Erythrocebus whitei Hollister, Smith. Mise. Coll., 56, No. 2, 1910, p. 11. Type locality. Nzoia River, Guas Ngishu Plateau, British East Africa. Type in United States National Museum. 12 ERYTHROCEBUS Genl. Char. Forearms, to and including hands, yellowish white; nose white. Color. Nose, lips and cheeks yellowish or cream white; brow band black, with long white hairs intermingled, this band extending back to ear where it forks, the short arm going to beneath ear, the long arm on either side of crown to nape; crown chestnut bay; nape and upper parts grizzled cinnamon rufous; the hairs cinnamon rufous at base, bay on terminal half, a subterminal band of buff, and tip black; shoulders and arms to elbows grizzled, with black dominating; a cinnamon rufous stripe from middle of back to tail; rump dark bay; thighs nearly to knees bay, paler than rump; outer side of thighs, beneath the bay color, and legs to ankles white; inner side of limbs white; under parts scantily haired, ochraceous, or ochraceous buff, the tips of hairs white; hands and feet yellowish white; tail above bay, beneath white. Ex type United States National Museum. Measurements. Total length, 870; tail, 640, (skin). Skull: total length, 149; occipito-nasal length, 114.4; Hensel, 118.3; zygomatic width, 98.5; intertemporal width, 70.8; palatal length, 68; median length of nasals, 22.7; length of upper molar series, 32.1; length of mandible, 118.4; length of lower molar series, 41.7. Ex type United States National Museum. This species singularly enough is nearest to E. kerstingi from West Africa. Two specimens were obtained, both males. They were in troops of from four to a dozen, in entirely open country and were very difficult to approach. My friend the Rev. Dr. W. S. Rainsford, who obtained this monkey in East Africa, (specimen presented to Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y.,) says: "The monkey, (Erythrocebus whitei) I shot on the N'soia Plateau. It is a very shy and very active species living on a level country where there are no high trees, often no trees at all. Indeed it avoids high and thick woods, where other monkeys are usually found. This flat country is so infested with lions and leopards that all the activity and cunning of the native is frequently called into play to escape them. I have even known lions of that region to hunt down and devour a cheetah. "I saw the monkeys several times but only once did I succeed in getting a shot. I never saw more than three of them together and I found them harder to stalk than any other animal I followed in Africa." ER VTHROCEBUS 13 Erythrocebus kerstingi (Matschie). Cercocebus kerstingi Matsch., Sitzungsb. Gesell. Naturf. Freunde, 1905, p. 274; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., II, 1907, p. 745. Type locality. Sokode, Togoland, West Africa. Type in Berlin Museum. Genl. Char. Like E. patas, but ochraceous rufous above instead of fox red. Color. Top of head dark ochraceous rufous, paler on sides, hairs tipped with black; back of neck, upper part and inner side of thighs ochraceous rufous, hairs tipped with buff, giving a yellowish tinge over all the body; narrow line on forehead extending backward to ears black; nose black; lips white; cheeks grayish white, hairs tipped with black; sides of neck yellowish, shoulders gray, hairs tipped with black; forearms and legs below knees, throat, chest, under parts of body and inner side of limbs grayish white; tail above dark fox red, beneath white. Ex type Berlin Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,620; tail, 760. Skull: total length, 150; occipito-nasal length, 121; Hensel, 104; intertemporal width, 51; zygomatic width, 93; median length of nasals, 22; length of upper molar series, 31.5; length of mandible, 106; length of lower molar series, 42. Ex type Berlin Museum. This form is precisely like E. patas in its markings and distribu- tion of colors, but is not so red on upper parts, the shade being an ochraceous rufous darkest on center of head. A specimen in the British Museum from Lagos, seems referable to this form. Erythrocebus zechi Matschie. Erythrocebus zechi Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, 1905, p. 276. Cercopithecus zechi Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., II, 1907, p. 745. Type locality. ? Togoland, West Africa. Type in Berlin Museum. Genl. Char. Exactly like E. kerstingi, a little paler on sides of body, and with a black chin. The type is a young animal and has not acquired the fully adult coloring, the forearms and legs being still yellow, not grayish white like the adult. The differences relied upon for separating this form from E. kerstingi are very slight, only the upper parts a little paler red and 14 ERYTHROCEBUS the black chin. The latter however is said to be constant. Ex type Berlin Museum. Erythrocebus langeldi Matschie. Erythrocebus langeldi Matsch., Sitzungsb. Gesell. Naturf. Freunde, 1905, p. 276. Cercopithecus langeldi Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., II, 1907, p. 745. Type locality. Garu, Cameroon, West Africa. Type in Berlin Museum. Genl. Char. Nose black; tail rather short. Color. Top of head ochraceous rufous; upper parts of body reddish orange buff; flanks orange buff; black line across forehead extending backward to ears; hairs on fore part of cheeks brownish black, hind part white; sides of neck, arms and legs below knees, buff; lips and chin with black and white hairs mixed; throat white, rest of under parts and inner side of arms yellowish white; thighs orange buff; inner side of legs white; hands and feet silvery white with buff centers; tail like back at root, remainder above ochraceous buff, beneath whitish. Ex type Berlin Museum. Measurements. Total length, 905; tail, 325. Ex type Berlin Mu- seum. There are two specimens of this form in the Berlin Museum one of which is quite immature, and that is the type. It is so young I have not deemed it worth while to give the dimensions of the skull. Unfortunately of the older and larger example there is no skull. Both specimens agree in color, and are much darker than E. baumstarki, and also have the black stripes on head. Erythrocebus albigenis Elliot. Erythrocebus albigenis Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., IV, 8th Ser., 1909, p. 265. Type locality. "Egyptian Soudan"; exact locality not known. Type in British Museum. Genl. Char. Black brow band extending to crown, not to ear; thighs mostly white. Hair on hind neck and shoulders very long, mane- like. Color. Adult male. Face and nose black; narrow line on edge of upper lip white; black brow band mixed with white over eyes, turning upward at corner of eyes and encircling the crown; no black ERyTHROCEBUS 15 line from eye to ear; crown of head fox red; rest of head and hind neck tawny ochraceous, hairs with a subterminal yellow band and black tips; rest of dorsal region dark ochraceous rufous becoming a bright bay on flanks and rump; hairs tipped with golden, only occasionally one with a black tip; shoulders covered with long black hairs annulated with cream color; side of face white; whiskers and sides of neck white tinged with yellow; inner and outer side of arms white, hands grayish white; upper parts of thighs around hips bright bay like rump; rest of thighs and legs, inner and outer sides, white; feet yellowish white; chin, throat and chest white; middle of abdomen pale yellow; tail bay above, beneath yellowish white. Ex type British Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,070; tail, imperfect, 430; foot, 140, (flat skin). Skull: total length, 135; occipito-nasal length, 114; intertemporal width, 47.3; Hensel, 94.7; zygomatic width, 80; breadth of braincase, 59.3; median length of nasals, 25.2; palatal length, 47.7; length of upper molar series, 29.7; length of upper canines, 34.7; length of mandible, 81.8; length of lower molar series, 36.6. Ex type British Museum. The skull is long and narrow, the length of cranium from the anterior edge of orbital ridge to occiput being nearly twice the breadth; rostrum rather long and nearly of equal width, being but slightly broader posteriorly; narial opening broad for the length; no de- pression behind orbital ridges, the superior outline being nearly level beginning to descend about the middle of the parietal; palate long, deep and narrow; canines very long, curved and pointed. This form is distinguished from E. polioph^eus by having white forearms, no black line from eye to ear, thighs white not reddish, much deeper color of the upper parts of the body, and the rump unspeckled. The skull is much longer and narrower, the middle molar larger, the last molar and the second premolar smaller than the corresponding teeth in E. polioph^us. The exact locality of the unique type which was received by the British Museum from Captain Flower, Director of the Zoological Gardens in Ghiza, Egypt, is unknown, the only state- ment given is that it was brought from the Egyptian Soudan. Erythrocebus sannio (Thomas). Cercopithecus sannio Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th Ser., XVII, 1906, p. 173; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., II, 1907, p. 745. 16 ERYTHROCEBUS Type locality. Go, Lake Chad. Type in British Museum. Color. Face brownish black, paler about eyes; a narrow line along ridge of the nose, broadening out and forming a large patch on the end, black; band across brow, and extending over temples to ears, but not branching upwards to crown, black; top and back of head rufous, speckled with black on outer edge; neck and upper back extending over shoulders, hairs pinkish buff annulated with cream buff, and tipped with black; rest of upper parts dark orange buff, hairs annu- lated with white on dorsal line and lower back, but not on rump, the tips are black, the annulations, however, are more conspicuous than the black tips, and give a frosted appearance to the upper parts; rump rather deeper in color than back, and without annulations towards root of tail; flanks like upper parts; hairs below eyes on upper part of cheeks, mixed black and white; whiskers long, extending beneath and beyond ears, grayish white becoming cream buff at end of hairs; sides of neck cream buff; lips, chin, throat, chest, narrow line down middle of belly, forearms, hands, legs and feet, white; arms above elbows on outer side covered with long black and white hairs, the black predominating towards the shoulders; sides of belly buff; tail above ochraceous rufous at base, growing paler towards the tip which is cream buff; beneath white, tinged with buff at tip. Ex type British Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,350; tail, 720; foot, 172, (taken in the flesh). Skull: total length, 143; occipito-nasal length, 127.5; intertemporal width, 47.3; Hensel, 98.2; zygomatic width, 88.5; width of braincase, 63.2; median length of nasals, 24.8; palatal length, 49; length of upper molar series, 29.8; length of upper canines, 28.5; length of mandible, 99.3; length of lower molar series, 38.4. Ex type British Museum. This form seems to be entitled to a distinct specific rank instead of being regarded as a subspecies of E. patas. Indeed it may be said to belong to a different group from that which E. patas represents, that one having the legs from thighs downward pure white. The type is a large, fully adult male. It differs materially from patas in its grayish black shoulders instead of pale yellow, in its white thighs and in the paler upper parts of body. Erythrocebus circumcinctus Reichenbach. Cercopithecus circumcinctus Reich., Vollstand. Naturg? Affen, 1862, p. 123, pl. XXI, fig. 310; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., II, 1907, p. 745. Type locality. Unknown. "West Africa." ERYTHROCEBUS 17 Reichenbach (1. c.) has given a figure of a red Cercopithecus, (Erythrocebus), with a white brow band and white whiskers sur- rounding the face, which he named circumcinctus. I have not seen any example of this genus which resembles this animal. It is not known where Reichenbach's type was obtained, and it is not now in the Dresden Museum, and may never have been there, for it is well known that Reichenbach included many species in his book which were not in the Dresden Collection, but which he obtained by loan from various persons and Institutions; and some possibly he never saw at all, but copied the figures from the published works of various authors. His description of Cercopithecus (nec Gronov.), circumcinctus is as follows: C. circumcinctus Reich. "Patas mit scharzen, weiss ein- gerahmten Gesicht, Rothelfarbig Stirnband und Umgebungen das schwarze Gesicht und Kinn, sowie die Unterseite und Innenseite der Gliedmassen weiss. Befand sich im J. 1830 hier lebendig und wurde von unserm Thiermaler Herrn W. Wegener, skizziet und mir gefallig mitgetheilt. Die angefiihrten Kennzeichen unterschieden ihn sehr bestimmt von seinen Nachbarn Wahrscheinlich aus dem westlichen Afrika." Erythrocebus baumstarki Matschie. Erythrocebus baumstarki Matsch., Sitzungsb. Gesell. Naturf. Freunde, 1905, p. 273. Cercopithecus baumstarki Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond II 1909, p. 745. Type locality. Ikoma, Masailand, East Africa. Type in Berlin Museum. Genl. Char. No black on forehead or on side of head; similar to E. langeldi, but head and limbs paler. Color. Top of head and dorsal region reddish orange buff; (not orange rufous Matschie) ; back of head buff, mixed with long black hairs; sides of head and neck yellowish white; flanks orange buff paler than dorsal line, and not so red; shoulders and arms grayish white, black hairs intermingled; thighs buff; legs buffy white; under parts yellow, and inner side of limbs yellowish white; hands and feet grayish white, with dark brown hairs intermingled; tail at base like dorsal line, remainder ochraceous buff, paler beneath. Ex type Berlin Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,080; tail, 500. Skull: total length, 109; occipito-nasal length, 93; Hensel, 70; intertemporal width, 47; zygomatic width, 66; median length of nasals, 20; length of upper 18 ER Y THROCEB US molar series, 28; length of mandible, 76.5 ; length of lower molar series, 28. Ex type Berlin Museum. This form is peculiar in not having any black on head, the usual black stripes seen on E. patas and its allies being absent. It is also of a paler color on head, limbs and flanks, the dorsal region, however, being of the same hue as that of E. langeldi. PLATE III. VOLUME III. Pygathrix melanolophus. No. 1164.b. Brit. Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. PYGATHRIX 19 Subfamily 2. Colobinae. GENUS I. PYGATHRIX. T 2-2 ~ 1-1 n 2-2 . , 3-3 !• 2-2» C. 1-15 P• 2-2 » M. 3-3 32. PYGATHRIX E. Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 90. Type Simia nemaus Linnaeus. Presbytis Esch., Kotz. Entd-Reise Siid-See u.n. Berings-Strass., &c., Ill, 1821, p. 196, pl. Semnopith^que F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., Ill, 1821, Livr. XXX, pl. Semnopithecus F. Cuv., Dents Mamm., 1825, p. 247, pl. IV. Trachypithecus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 89, pis. XV, XVI, figs. 198-225. Kasi Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 101, pl. XVII, figs. 234, 235, 240, 241. Entellus Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 14. Cory pith ecus Trouess., Rev. Mag. Zool., 3me Ser., VII, 1879, p. 53. Lophopithecus Trouess., Rev. Mag. Zool., 3me Ser., VII, 1879, p. 53. Presbypithecus Trouess., Rev. Mag. Zool., 3me Ser., VII, 1879, pp. 52, 56. Body slender, elongate; tail long, slender; limbs long; head round; muzzle short; thumb short with a flat nail; cheek pouches absent; laryngeal sac present; ridge of stiff hairs projecting forward over eyes. Skull with rounded braincase; large orbits; projecting superciliary ridge; upper molars with four cusps; posterior lower molar with five cusps. Stomach large, pouches several. The Langurs, as the members of the genus Pygathrix are usually called, resemble, in general appearance, the Guenons of the genus Lasiopyga, but are distinguished from them outwardly, by the short thumb, absence of whiskers, and the shorter muzzle; while the head is often ornamented by the elongation of the hairs on the occiput; and internally they differ from all the Old World Primates, except the 20 PYGATHRIX species of Colobus, in the large, many pouched stomach. In some species the hair on top of the head radiates from a central point, sometimes overhanging the forehead. The Langurs are eminently arboreal, though able to traverse the ground with considerable speed, and live in the forests, subsisting on leaves and fruits, though they are not averse to certain kinds of grain. Some species live at low altitudes, while others dwell on high mountains, some not descend- ing below 2,000 feet, while others remain amid the snow seeming to enjoy the low temperature, and play about the snow covered branches. They are exceedingly active and quick in their movements, and in India, where one species at least is considered sacred by many of the inhabitants, they do much damage to the gardens and fields, and often enter the villages and help themselves at the shops to such things as tempt their appetites. They are not so gaily colored as the majority of the Cercopitheci but some few have beautiful coats, those of the red species being, occasionally, brilliant. The tail is very long, usually carried low, but at times raised over the back. They go in troops, sometimes of large numbers, and are generally peacefully inclined among themselves, though sometimes the old males have severe fights, ending at times in the death of one of the combatants. They do not bear captivity well, and usually soon succumb. LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES. 1758. Linneeus, Sy sterna Natures. ' Pygathrix aygula first described as Simla aygula. 1771. Linnceus, Mantissa Plantarum. P. nem^us first described as Simia nemesus. 1775. Schreber, Die Saugthiere. Simia maura plate XXII B, undeterminable. 1777. Erxleben, Systema Regni Animalis. Simia senex ex Ceylon described, but undeterminable, probably an albino individual of one of the Ceylonese species of Pyga- thrix. 1780. Zimmermann, Geographische Geschichte des Mennschen, etc. Pygathrix cephaloloptera first described as Simia cepha- lop terus (!) 1797. Dufresne, in Bulletin de la Societe Philomatique de Paris. Pygathrix entellus first described as Simia entellus. 1812. E. Geoffroy, in Annales du Museum d'Histoire Naturelie, Paris. PYGATHRIX 21 In this paper the Author creates the genus Pygathrix with Simia nemceus Linn., as the only species and type, and in the genus Cercopithecus (Lasiopyga), the following members of Pygathrix are placed: (C.) maurus (nec Schreb.), ex Java = (C.) auratus Geoff., first described; (C.) latibarbatus Geoff., = P. cephaloloptera (Zimm.), and (C.) entellus Dufresn. The species of Pygathrix in this paper were considered co- generic with those of Cercopithecus (nec Gronov.), = (Lasi- opyga), and their characters were overlooked. 1821. Hors field, Zoological Researches in Java. Pygathrix aurata E. Geoff., redescribed as Semnopithecus pyrrhus. 1821. Raffles, in Transactions of the Linncean Society of London. Pygathrix melanolopha first described as Simia melalophus! 1821. Escholtz, in Kotzebue Reise in die Siid-See und nach der Ber- ings-Strasse zur Erforschung einer nordostlichen Durchfahrt. Pygathrix aygula redescribed as Presbytis mitrata. 1822. Raffles, in Transactions of the Linncean Society of London. Pygathrix cristata first described as Simia cristatus. 1823. Desmarest, Mammalia. Supplement. Pygathrix cristata redescribed as Semnopithecus pruinosus; and Pygathrix aygula as 5*. comatus. 1825. Desmoulin, in Dictionnaire Classique d'His to ire Naturelie. Pygathrix aurata redescribed as Simia ceylonicus; and Pygathrix cephaloloptera redescribed as Semnopithecus fulvogriseus. 1825. Otto, in Nova Acta, Kaiserliche Leopoldino Carolinische Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher. Pygathrix cephaloloptera redescribed as Cercopithecus leucoprymnus. 1829. Fischer, Synopsis Mammalium. In this work under the genus Simia the following species of Pygathrix are given: (.S'.) nemceus; (S'.) entellus; (5.) melanolopha; (S'.) aurata; (S'.) edvuardsi = P. aurata; (S'.) fulvogriseus = P. cephaloloptera; (S'.) comata = P. aygula; (S'.) leucoprymna = P. cephaloloptera; (S'.) cephaloloptera; and (S'.) johni. 1830. Horsfield, in Life of Raffles. Appendix. Pygathrix femoralis first described as Semnopithecus femo- ralis. 22 PYGATHRIX 1830. I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Lesson Centurie Zoologique. Pygathrix melanolopha redescribed as Semnopithecus flavi- manus. 1833. Bennett, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Pygathrix cephaloloptera redescribed as Semnopithecus nestor. 1834. I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Belanger Voyage aux Indes- Orientales; Mammif^res. Pygathrix johni redescribed as Semnopithecus cucullatus. 1837. Reid, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Pygathrix obscura first described as Semnopithecus obscurus. 1838. Muller, in Tijdschrift voor Natuurlijke Geschiedenis en Physi- ologic. Pygathrix chrysomelas first described as Semnopithecus chrysomelas ; and Pygathrix rubicunda first described as Semnopithecus rubicundus. 1839. Muller und Schlegel, in Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen, etc. Pygathrix sumatrana first described as Semnopithecus sumatranus ; and Pygathrix entellus redescribed as Semno- pithecus albogularis? 1840. Hodgson, in Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Pygathrix schistacea first described as Semnopithecus schis- taceus. 1840. Wagner, Schreber, Die Saugthiere. Supplement. Pygathrix johni redescribed as Semnopithecus jubatus. 1840. R. P. Lesson, Species des Mammiferes Bimanes et Quadru- manes. A list of the species of Pygathrix, as known to the Author, is here given under the genus Semnopithecus with synonymy and descriptions. The species are (5'.) nemjeus; (S'.) entellus; (S'.) leucoprymnus = Pygathrix cephaloloptera; (S'.) cucullatus = P. johni; (S'.) bicolor undeterminable; (S'.) nestor = P. cephaloloptera; (S'.) davimanus = P. mela- nolopha; (S'.) melanolophus; (S'.) comatus = P. aygula; (S'.) pruinosus = P. cristata; (S'.) auratus; (S'.) pyrrhus = P. aurata; (S'.) albogularis = P. entellus; (S'.) kra = Pithecus fasicularis; and (S'.) obscurus. 1841. Blyth, in Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Pygathrix barbei first described as Presbytis barbei; and Pygathrix pileata first described as Semnopithecus pileata. PYGATH RIX 23 1841. Muller und Schlegel, in V erhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen, etc. Pygathrix siamensis first described as Semnopithecus siamensis. 1842. I. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, in Comptes Rendus. Pygathrix hypoleuca redescribed as Semnopithecus dus- sumieri. 1842. Gray, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Pygathrix nobilis first described as Presbytis nobilis. 1843. Blyth, in Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Pygathrix barbei first described as Presbytis barbei; and Pygathrix pileata first described as Semnopithecus pileata. 1843. I. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, in Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. P. siamensis Mull, und Schleg., redescribed as Semnopithecus nigrimanus. 1844. Blyth, in Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Pygathrix entellus redescribed as Semnopithecus anchises; and Pygathrix priam first described as Semnopithecus priam. 1844. Blyth, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Pygathrix priam redescribed as Semnopithecus pallipes. 1847. Blyth, in Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Pygathrix phayrei first described as Semnopithecus phayrei; and Pygathrix priamus redescribed as Presbytis thersites. 1849-50. Kelaart, in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, (Ceylon branch). Pygathrix cephaloloptera monticola first described as Presbytis cephalopterus (!) monticola. 1851. Blyth, in Horsheld's Catalogue of Mammals in the Museum of the East India Company. Pygathrix phayrei redescribed as Semnopithecus argentatus. 1851. Blyth, in Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Pygathrix ursina first described as Presbytis ursina. 1851. I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Catalogue des Primates. Pygathrix entellus redescribed as Semnopithecus albipes, (albinistic). 1852. Kelaart, Prodromus Fauna Zeylanicce. Pygathrix cephaloloptera redescribed as Presbytis albinus. 1856. Bonaparte, in Comptes Rendus. Pygathrix potenziani first described as Semnopithecus potenziani. 24 PYGATHRIX 1862. Reichenbach, Die V ollstdndigste Naturgeschichte der Affen. The species of Pygathrix are in this work placed in Semno- pithecus, with subgenera Trachypithecus, Semnopithecus, Maurus, and Kasi, as follows: (S'.) pruinosus = P. cristata; S', maurus undeterminable, possibly = P. aurata; (S'.) CHRYSOMELAS; (S'.) MELALOPHUS ( !) J (S'.) SUMATRANUS ; (S'.) CRISTATUS; (S'.) FRONTATUS; (S'.) AURATUS; (S'.) RUBI- cundus; (S'.) pyrrhus = P. aurata; (S'.) co mat us = P. aygula; (S'.) siamensis; (S'.) nobilis; (S'.) pileatus; (S'.) davimanus - P. melanolopha; (S'.) melalophus (!); (S'.) albigena is a Cercocebus; (S'.) entellus; (S'.) priamus; (S'.) anchises = P. entellus; (S'.) thersites = P. priamus; (S'.) schistaceus ; (S'.) hypoleucus ; (S'.) atys, undeterminable; (S'.) albipes = P. entellus; (S'.) dussumieri = P. hypoleuca; (S'.) albocinereus, undeterminable; (S'.) cephalolopterus ; (S'.) cucullatus = P. johni ; (S'.) leucomystax Mull, und Schleg., = P. obscura (Reid) ; and (S'.) nigrimanus Geoff. = P. siamensis Mull, und Schleg. 1870. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, in the Collection of the British Museum. In this List the members of Pygathrix are included in two genera Lasiopyga, and Semnopithecus. The first is made to contain nem^us Linn., which is an error, for nem^eus is the type of Pygathrix, and the type of Lasiopyga is Simla nicti- tans Linn. The species placed in Semnopithecus are (S'.) leucoprymnus = Pygathrix cephaloloptera ; (S'.) obscurus Reid; (S'.) johni; (S'.) entellus; (S'.) albipes = Pygathrix entellus; (S'.) maurus = Pygathrix aurata; (S'.) cris- tatus; (S'.) femoralis; (S'.) frontatus; (S'.) mitratus = Pygathrix aygula; (S'.) siamensis; (S'.) melanolophus; (S'.) nobilis; and (S'.) rubicundus. 1871. A. Milne-Edwards, in Archives du Museum d1His to ire Natu- relie, Paris. Pygathrix nigripes first described as Semnopithecus nigripes. 1875. Blyth, Catalogue of Mammals and Birds of Burma. Pygathrix barbei redescribed as Presbytis cristatus. 1876. A. Milne-Edwards, in Bulletin de la Societe Philomatique. Pygathrix germaini first described as Semnopithecus ger- maini. 1876. Schlegel, Museum d'Histoire Naturelie des Pays-Bas, Simla. The species of Pygathrix in this Review are all placed in the PYGATHRIX 25 genus Semnopithecus. The Author begins with those species not represented in the Leyden Museum, viz.: (5*.) germaini Milne-Edw., (S'.) nigripes A. Milne-Edw., and (S'.) pileatus ; of which three he gives descriptions. Of three species he had no personal knowledge: (S'.) phayrei; (S'.) barbei; and (S'.) priamus. (S'.) albipes = P. entellus he considers distinct. The remaining examples he divides into two groups, as Sem- nopitheci Veri, and Semnopitheci Abnormes, the latter con- taining S. nem^us (Linn.) ; S. roxellanje A. Milne-Edwards; and S', nasica = N. larvatus Wurmb. Only the first of these, nem^us belongs to Pygathrix, the others being members of other genera, Rhinopithecus, and Nasalis respectively. The first group is divided into two sections: I. "Especes pourvues d'une huppe comprimee," and II. "Point de huppe proprement dite." The first of these has six subdivisions, according to the style of crest and color of pelage, A-F. A. has (S'.) fron- tatus; B. (S'.) rubicundus; C. (S'.) mitratus (Escholtz), = Pygathrix aygula (Linn.); (S'.) albocinereus, comprising two or more species, the albocinereus Desmarest, being unde- terminable; D. (S'.) ferrugineus Schleg., = Pygathrix melanolopha (Raffles); E. (S'.) femoralis; (S'.) chrysome- las; (S'.) neglectus Schleg., = Pygathrix femoralis (Horsf.) ; F. (S'.) obscurus. The second section has two divisions A and B. The first, A, contains those species with hair on top of head directed backward and lengthened possibly at the occiput, and the dominant color of the pelage tending to black or grayish brown, with these species: (S'.) johni; (S'.) cephalolopterus; (S'.) kelaarti Schleg., = Pygathrix cepha- loloptera (Zimmer.); (S'.) senex Erxl., undeterminable. The second, B, has species with long, erect hairs on forehead, and lengthened hairs on occiput, but not forming a crest; thumb shorter; pelage of young russet red, changing early to a very different color, the adults being uniform black, or black with hairs tipped with whitish gray, or a uniform russet red, as follows: (S'.) maurus F. Cuv., = Pygathrix aurata (Geoff.) ; (S'.) pyrrhus Horsf., = Pygathrix aurata (Geoff.) ; (S'.) pruinosus Desm., = Pygathrix cristata (Raffles); (S'.) en- tellus; (S'.) schistaceus; and (S'.) dussumieri (I. Geoff.), = Pygathrix hypoleuca (Blyth); (S'.) germaini is men- tioned, but is not in the Museum. 26 PYGATHRIX 1878. J. Anderson, Anatomical and Zoological Researches, and Zoological Results of the Yunnan Expedition. Pygathrix holotophrea described as Semnopithecus holo- tophreus from an unknown locality, and specimen apparently not preserved; probably = Pygathrix barbei; and Semno- pithecus routledgi also from an unknown locality, and no example preserved, possibly = Pygathrix cristata. 1879. Peters, in Monatsberichte Koniglische Akademie der Wissen- schaften, Berlin. Pygathrix potenziani redescribed as Semnopithecus chryso- gaster. 1889. O. Thomas, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of Lon- don. Pygathrix hosei first described as Semnopithecus hosei. 1892. O. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Pygathrix cruciger first described as Semnopithecus cruciger. 1892. O. Thomas, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of Lon- don. Pygathrix everetti first described as Semnopithecus everetti. 1892. Collett, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Pygathrix thomasi first described as Semnopithecus thomasi. 1893. O. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Pygathrix sabana first described as Semnopithecus sabanus. 1894. Thomas and Hartert, in Novitates Zoologicce. Pygathrix natunai first described as Semnopithecus natuna. 1898. Pousargues, in Bulletin du Museum d'Histoire Naturelie, Paris. Pygathrix fran^oisi first described as Semnopithecus fran- qoisce. 1903. G. S. Miller, Jr., in Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Pygathrix batuana first described as Presbytis batuana. 1906. G. S. Miller, Jr., in Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Pygathrix carimat^e first described as Presbytis carimatce; and Pygathrix cana first described as Presbytis cana. 1906. D. G. Elliot, in Proceedings of the Biological Society of Wash- ington. Pygathrix fusco-murina first described as Presbytis fusco- murina. 1908. M. W. Lyon, in Proceedings of the United States National Mu- seum. PYGATHRIX 27 Pygathrix percura first described as Presbytis percura; and Pygathrix catimana first described as Presbytis catimana. 1909. D. G. Elliot, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Of the genus Pygathrix, under the genus Presbytis, the following species were here first described: P. nudifrons; P. melamera; P. nubigena; P. dilecta; P. margarita; P. crepuscula ; P. c. wroughtoni; and P. lania. 1909. O. Thomas and R. C. Wroughton, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Pygathrix cristata pullata first described as Presbytis cristata pullata; and Pygathrix obscura carbo was first described as Presbytis obscura carbo. 1909. Dollman, Annals and Magazine of Natural History. P. rubicunda redescribed as Presbytis ignita. 1910. D. G. Elliot, in Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Of the genus Pygathrix, the following species were first de- scribed under Presbytis: P. flavicauda ; P. sanctorem ; and P. ULTIMA. 1910. O. Thomas, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of Lon- don. Pygathrix robinsoni first described as Presbytis robinsoni. 1911. M. W. Lyon, in Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Pygathrix rubicunda redescribed as Pygathrix r. rubida. 1911. Robinson and Kloss, in Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums. Pygathrix femoralis redescribed as Presbytis neglecta keatii. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES. The members of the genus Pygathrix have a wide distribution and are found throughout the peninsula of India, in Ceylon, Thibet, and the countries on the east of the Bay of Bengal, from Assam throughout the Malay Peninsula, Cochin China, Annam, Siam, and various islands in the Eastern Archipelago, including the great islands of Borneo, Sumatra and Java, but not, so far as known, in the Philip- pines. Beginning in the farthest north we find in the Chumba Pass, Thibet, P. lania, but its range to the north is not known. From Cash- mere to Bhutan P. schistacea is found, while P. entellus the allied 28 PYGATHRIX form, ranges from the southern banks of the Ganges and Jumna Rivers, through parts of the Gangetic Provinces, the Dukhun and the Carnatic down to the Malabar coast according to Hutton, while Blanford gives its distribution as South-western Bengal, Orissa, Central Provinces, Bombay, Guzerat, Southern Rajputana and part of the Northwest Provinces to Kattiwar and probably to Cutch, but not to Sind or the Punjaub. Although well known for so long a period the range of this species is still somewhat in doubt, on account of its having been intro- duced into various places, such as "Colonies found near certain Hindu shrines, as Muttra in the North-west Provinces and Kishnagurh in Bengal," and probably in other localities. From Nellore in the north to the Coromandel Coast and the Carnatic, the Wynaad, and also on the eastern slopes of the Nilgiri Hills up to 6,000 feet, and from Northern Ceylon to the Kandyan Hills in the south P. priamus is met with. On the western side of the peninsula, on the Malabar coast to Cape Comorin, P. hypoleuca has been observed up to 1,200 feet. On the higher parts of the Western Ghats, from the Wynaad to Cape Comorin, and on the Nilgiri, Palnai, and Animali Hills, in all of which it is abundant, P. johni is found, but not below 2,500 feet. Besides the species already mentioned Ceylon also contains P. cepha- loloptera generally distributed, but not above 1,200 feet; P. monti- cola in the mountains of the Kandyan Provinces, and P. ursina in the mountains of southern parts near Nuwarra Eliya. Passing now to the east of the Bay of Bengal, P. pileata is met with in Assam and hills to the south of the valley, Sylhet, Tipperah, Chittagong, northern Arakan, and part of Upper Burma, but is not known to go into Tenas- serim. In the Bassein district of Pegu, and in Arakan, and south to around Moulmein, Tenasserim, P. phayrei is met with; and in the Tipperah Hills south to Mount Muleyit, in Tenasserim, and in Upper Burma on the Irawady above Mandalay, and in the Kakhyen Hills P. barbei ranges. At Cadu Ciaung, Bhamo, North Burma, P. mela- mera was taken, its range unknown. In Tenasserim at Bankasun P. femoralis has its most northern range, going south through the Malay Peninsula, and is also found on Mount Ophir in Sumatra. On Mount Muleyit, at 5,000 feet elevation extending eastward into Siam P. obscurus has been observed, and also on Mount Muleyit P. crepus- cula was taken. In Siam at Pachebon P. c. wroughtoni was procured, and in the same kingdom, range unknown, P. siamensis is found, and also P. germaini, the latter going to Cochin China. At Lang Bian, PYGATHRIX 29 Annam, P. margarita was discovered; and at Trong, Lower Siam, P. flavicauda was procured. On the boundary between Tonkin and China P. fran^oisi was taken. In northern Cochin China and on the Island of Hainan P. nem^eus was procured, and at Saigon, and near the mouth of the Mekong River, P. nigripes was obtained. In the Malay Peninsula at Trang, P. robinsoni was procured, and at Keka P. nubigena was found, while at Selangore in the south, P. dilecta was obtained. In the Mergui Archipelago off the west coast of the Malay Peninsula, on the island of St. Matthew, P. sanctorum was discovered. In the Straits of Malacca, on the islands of Langkawi and Turutau, P. carbo was obtained. In the Rhio Archipelago at Telok Pemudong, Batsu Island, P. c. pullata, and on Pulo Bitang. P. rhionis were discovered, and on Kundur, P. cana was found. Sumatra has several species of this genus. In the Langhat district, north eastern part, is P. thomasi ; P. cristata at Padung and Indra- pore, and also on the west coast at Bay of Lampongs; on the east coast at Kompei, is P. percura ; and on the Katiman River is P. catimana ; while in the south near Telok Betong is P. fuscomurina. In the Indra- pore district in the northwest, to Bencoulen in the southwest, we have P. melanolopha and P. nobilis, exact locality unknown; and lastly on Mt. Ophir P. sumatrana. On South Pagee Island of the Metawee Group, P. potenziani is found, P. cristata is said by Schlegel, (p. 31), to be found on Banka, but I have no knowledge of its presence there. In the great Island of Java two species are found, P. aygula in the mountains of the western portion, and P. aurata in the south and east, at Tjelatjap and Sourabaya, or their vicinities. In the Karimata Islands at Telok Edar, P. carimata is found. On Natuna Island, of the group of that name, P. natuna was discovered. Borneo possesses a number of species of Pygathrix, and commencing in the northwest we have P. nudifrons at Bepalong, Sarawak; and on the Miri River, Sarawak, is P. cruciger, which is also found on the borders of the Butong Lupar, and Bakam rivers, At Miah, also on the northwest coast, in the Bairam district, is P. hosei and P. chrysomelas ; and at Paitan, P. sabana is found. On Mount Dulit, at an elevation of 3,000 feet P. ultima is met with; and on Mt. Kina Balu at 3,500 feet elevation P. everetti dwells. From eastern Borneo, east of the Banjer River we have P. frontata. Lastly from Mt. Malu at a height of 1,000 feet to east of the Banjer River, and in western Borneo to south of the Kapuas River, and in south western Borneo P. rubicunda ranges. The habitat of one described form, P. holotophrea, is unknown, nor is there any speci- men extant so far as I am aware. 30 PYGATH RIX KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES. A. Head crested. a. General color ochraceous or reddish. a.' Occipital crest black or blackish. a." Limbs ochraceous P. melanolopha. b." Limbs bright fox red P. nobilis. b! Occipital crest chocolate red P. rubicunda. c! Occipital crest tawny P. carimata. b. General color brown, or slaty gray. a.' Upper parts Prout's brown P. frontata. b.' Upper parts slaty gray P. nudifrons. c. General color above black or brownish black; no white on head. a.' Crest ochraceous rufous P. cruciger. b.' Crest black. a." Upper parts of body black; tail white beneath P. chrysomelas. b" Upper parts of body brownish black; tail white at base only. a"' Size large; mandible broad, rather heavy P. sumatrana. b.'" Size small; mandible light and slender P. batuana. c.' Crest brown. a." Tail all black P. percura. b." Tail white at base beneath P. femoralis. d. General color reddish brown or dusky. a.' Limbs and tail blackish brown P. melamera. b.' Limbs and tail grayish P. barbei. e. General color dusky gray P. holotephrea. f. General color broccoli brown + ..P. phayrei. g. General color black tinged with brown, tail cream color P. flavicauda. h. General color creamy white with black hairs mixed P. robinsoni. i. General color dark, or pale brown. a.' Thighs grayish, not white. a." Nuchal patch conspicuous. a.'" Upper parts sooty black P. obscura, b.'" Upper parts black. PYGATHRIX 31 a.4 Nuchal patch pale drab gray tail dark gray P. carbo. b.4 Nuchal patch creamy white, tail buffy gray P. sanctorum, b." No nuchal patch P. nubigena. b.' Thighs white extending to body. a." Legs below knees grayish white P. dilecta. b." Legs below knees black. a.3 Forearms black P. natunce. b.3 Forearms not black. a.4 Nuchal crest broccoli brown. o.6 No white on chest P. rhionis. b.5 With white on chest P. cana. b.4 Nuchal crest grayish brown. .P. siamensis. c.' Thighs white not extending to body P. cat emana. j. General color gray. a.' Hands and feet white. a." No white on head P. aygula. b." With white on head P. fuscomurina. b.' Hands and feet black. a." No white on head P. sabana. b." With white on head a.3 Black stripe from eye to ear P. everetti. b.3 No black stripe from eye to ear P. hosei. c." White spot on forehead rest of head black P. thomasi. k. General color black. a.' Sides of head white. a." Under parts of body rufous P. potenziani. b." Under parts of body black P. frangoisi. b.' Sides of head yellowish white. a." Inner side of thighs white P. cephaloloptera. b." Inner side of thighs not white ... .P. c. monticola. c.' Sides of head yellow tinged with red. a." Tail jet black P. johni. b." Tail at base gray P. ursina. I. Entire pelage black P. aurata. m. General color speckled white and black. a! Tooth rows curved. a." Much silver in the black P. cristatus. b." Less silver in the black P. c. pullata. 32 PYGATHRIX b.' Tooth rows straight P. ultima, n. General color bright bluish silvery gray P. margarita, o. General color silvery gray and brown P. germaini. p. General color drab gray. a.' Forehead and sides of head black P. crepuscula. b! Forehead and sides of head wood brown. .P. wroughtoni. q. General color various, hues pale. a.' Hands and feet black. a." General color buff yellow P. entellus. b." General color mars brown P. schistaceus. c." General color pale sepia grading into brownish gray; fur woolly P. lania. d." General color yellowish gray P. pileata. e.n General color purplish brown P. hypoleuca. b.' Hands and feet yellowish P. priamus. B. Head not crested. a. General color grizzled gray, rump and tail white. a.' Whiskers white; legs from knees reddish brown P. nemaus. b.' Whiskers black; legs from knees black P. nigripes. Subgenus Lophopithecus. I* 2-2> C. i-1> P. 2-2> M. 3_3 32* Pelage mostly red or reddish; crest prominent, upright. Pygathrix melanolopha (Raffles). Simia melalophus (sic), Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIII, 1822, p. 244. Semnopithecus melalophus ( !) Desm., Mamm., 1822, Suppl., p. 533; Id. Diet. Scien. Nat., 1827, p. 160; Griffiths, Anim. Kingd., 1827, p. 10; Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 40; E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 10, 8me Le<;on; Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 14; Belang., Voy., Zool., 1834, p. 40; Mull., Tidjsch. Nat. Gesch., II, 1835, p. 327; Waterh., Cat. Mamm. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1838, p. 4; Mull, und Schleg., Verh., 1839-44, pp. 60, 66, tab. 12 bis, fig. 2; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 85; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 61; Martin, Mammif. Anim., 1841, p. 470; Schinz, Syn. PYGATHRIX 33 Mamm., I, 1844, p. 36; I. Geoffroy, Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 16; Gerv., Hist. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 63; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 21; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim., 1856, pp. 88, 90; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 93, fig. 225; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit- eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 16; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 43, (Part.) ; Anders., Zool. Exped. Yunnan, 1878, p. 34; Id. Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, p. 53; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 136. Semnopithecus flavimanus Less., Cent. Zool., 1830, p. 109, pl. XL; I. Geoff., Belang., Voy., Zool., 1834, p. 39; Waterh., Cat. Mamm. Zool. Soc. Lond., 2nd ed., 1838, p. 4; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 60; I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., XV, 1842, p. 719; Id. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, II, 1843, p. 543; Mull. und Schleg., Verhandl., 1839-44, pp. 61, 67; Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 37; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 16; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1854, p. 63; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Regn. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 88, 90. Semnopithecus sumatranus var. aurata Mull, und Schleg., Ver- handl., 1839-44, pl. X bis, fig. 2, $. Presbytis melalophus ( 1) Gray, Handb. Mamm., Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 2. Presbytis flawimana Gray, Handb. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 2. Semnopithecus (Trachypithecus) melalophus (!) Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 92, pl. XVI, figs. 220, 221. Semnopithecus {Trachypithecus') flawimanus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 93, pl. XVI, fig. 225. Semnopithecus ferruginous Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 42. BLACK-CRESTED LANGUR. Type locality. Bencoulen, Island of Sumatra. Geogr. Distr. Padang and the Idrapore district, north west Sumatra (Schlegel) ; Bencoulen, (Raffles), Island of Sumatra. Genl. Char. Upright crest, compressed, running along the center of the head, and longest on the occiput; body slender; hair long, soft; tail long. Color. Long black hairs along the forehead, golden cream yellow; brownish black streak from eye encircling the crown; crest golden yellow becoming brownish black on the hind part; back of head and neck grayish yellow, the whiskers of the same color mingling with the hairs of hind neck below and behind the ears; entire upper parts of 34 PY GA TH RIX body and arms, general color ochraceous, the hairs being ochraceous buff tipped with brown, this giving a darkened hue to the general effect; outer surface of legs bright ochraceous rufous, with a dark line of the same color from knee on to thigh; entire under parts and inner side of limbs yellowish white; hands and feet ochraceous rufous; tail above like the back, but becoming a clearer ochraceous rufous towards the tip, beneath paler for basal half, remainder like upper parts. Measurements. Total length, 1,110; tail, 650; foot, 160, (skin). Skull: total length, 99.2; occipito-nasal length, 80.4; intertemporal width, 40; Hensel, 31.6; zygomatic width, 74.8; breadth of braincase, 55; length of upper molar series, 26.8; length of mandible, 73.5 ; length of lower molar series, 31.7. Female. Skull in Paris Museum. Total length, 99.7; occipito- nasal length, 87.8; intertemporal width, 46; breadth of braincase, 57.2; Hensel, 62.8; zygomatic width, 71.6; median length of nasals, 10.6; length of upper molar series, 25.7; length of mandible, 67.2; length of lower molar series, 25.5. The type of S. flavimanus Geoff., is no longer in the Paris Mu- seum, but there is an example labelled with that name, presented by M. Diard but without date. It is in very good condition although faded somewhat in the lighter colors, and cannot be separated from P. MELANOLOPHA. Semnopithecus ferrugineus Schleg., (1. c.) is represented in the Leyden Museum, all the examples immature, and among them the one figured in Muller and Schlegel's work (1. c.). I can see no reason to separate these from P. melanolopha, as they seem to grade gradually into the pelage of the adult of that species, and slightly older specimens recognized as P. melanolopha differ from S', ferrugineus Schleg., only in the crest and back having turned a little darker, progressing to the brownish back of P. melanolopha. Pygathrix nobilis (Gray). Semnopithecus nobilis Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., X, 1842, 1st Ser., p. 256; Id. Handb. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 3; I. Geoff., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, II, 1843, p. 545; Blyth, Jour. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XIII, 1844, p. 476; XLIV, 1875, p. 11, ext. no.; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1854, p. 68; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 17. Semnopithecus (Trac hyp it hocus) nobilis Reichenb., Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 92, not figured. VOLUME III. PLATE IV. PYGATHRIX RUBICUNDA. SIDE VIEW REVERSED. No. 42.1.19.93. Brit. Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. PYGATHRIX 35 Type locality. Sumatra. Type in British Museum. Genl. Char. General color above and below, much deeper and richer than P. melanolopha; under parts not yellow. Color. Crest on hinder part of head brownish black in front, but remainder, together with hind neck, yellowish red; long brownish black stiff hairs shooting outwards from a narrow line on forehead over eyes, continuing backwards from corner of eyes over temples to back of head, forming a narrow streak; top and sides of head, and outer side of limbs bright fox red; upper parts of body dark brown- ish red, close to cinnamon rufous; flanks lighter red; throat and sides of neck buff, with a red tinge varying in depth among individuals; inner side of limbs and lower abdomen reddish buff; chest and upper parts of abdomen reddish; tail bay color throughout. Ex type in British Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,530; tail, 850; foot, 180. Skull: total length, 98.3; occipito-nasal length, 86.5; intertemporal width, 47.8; breadth of braincase, 62.8; Hensel, 62.9; zygomatic width, 78; median length of nasals, 91; length of upper canines, 19; length of upper molar series, 26; length of mandible, 68.1; length of lower molar series, 35. Ex type British Museum? This is a larger and differently colored monkey from S. melano- lophus Raffles, and is recognizable also by the differences between the skulls, that of the present species not only being larger in accordance with the greater size of the animal, but has the upper tooth rows more curved, a broader basioccipital and presphenoid, a more largely developed bullae, and a broader mastoid region. Canines much longer. The crest of P. nobilis is longer and of quite a different color. Anderson in his Zoology of Yunnan says that an examination of the type of P. nobilis did not reveal any differences between it and P. melanolophus. I wonder, however, that he arrived at such a conclusion, and it must be supposed that he inadvertently compared two specimens of P. nobilis together, but if this was not the case, it is difficult to understand how he could reconcile the difference in size and coloration existing between the two forms, to cause him to con- sider them as belonging to one species, and this also without considering the cranial characters. Pygathrix rubicunda (Muller). Semnopithecus rubicundus Miill., Tijdsch. Natur. Geschied., V, 1838, p. 137, pl.; Martin, Mammif. Anim., 1841, p. 473; Mull, und Schleg., Verhandl., 1839-44, pp. 61, 69, Tab. 9, figs. 1, 36 PYGATHRIX 2, 3, 4, Tab. II, fig. 1; Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 36; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 16; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1854, p. 63, fig.; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 22; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 88, 90; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 17; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 36; Anders., Zool. Exped. Yunnan, 1878, p. 33; Hose, Mamm. Borneo, 1893, p. 9; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 128. Semnopithecus (Trachypithecus) rubicundus Reichenb., Voll- stand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 91, pl. XV, figs. 213-215. Presbytis ignita Dollman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., LV, 1909, 8th Ser., p. 204. Pygathrix rubicunda rubicunda Lyon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XL, 1911, p. 138. Pygathrix rubicunda rubida Lyon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XL, 1911, p. 139. MAROON LANGUR. Type locality. East of Banjer River, Southeast Borneo. Type? in Leyden Museum. Geogr. Distr. Northern to Southeastern Borneo, to 1,000 feet elevation on Mount Mulu. Genl. Char. Hair radiating on the forehead; crest compressed; mandible light, slender. Color. Crest long, erect from crown and falling over to each side from the occiput, and with the entire upper parts uniform chocolate red; outer side of limbs chestnut; under parts of body and inner side of limbs, paler, yellowish red; hands and feet black; tail chestnut. Measurements. Total length, 1,260; tail, 730; foot, 175. Skull: total length, 96; occipito-nasal length, 85.7; intertemporal width, 41.7; Hensel, 56.6; zygomatic width, 68.8; breadth of braincase, 59.1; median length of nasals, 95 ; palatal length, 25.1; length of upper molar series, 23.9. The presumed type of (Y.) rubicunda, and one from which the figure in Muller and Schlegel's work was taken, is in the Leyden Mu- seum. It is uniformly red, except on the inner side of limbs which is paler, with a yellowish tinge. The hands and feet are like body but darker, caused by the presence of black hairs, as if these members were turning to that color. P. ignitus Dollman came from Mt. Mulu, north Borneo and the PYGATHRIX 37 first impression it makes upon the observer is that it is specifically distinct from P. rubicunda; but after examining a series of this red monkey from northwest Borneo, some of them from Mt. Mulu, the type locality of ignita, with numerous examples in the United States National Museum from southeast Borneo, they were found to be identical in color of coat and in character of skull. Of course there was individual variation, but both the dark hue, characteristic of typical rubicunda and light red answering to typical ignitus were present, and all the skulls had the light mandible and slender ascending ramus seen in rubicunda, but not in the island form P. carimat.e. The variation observable among the specimens in the shades and tints of red in their pelage was independent of age or locality. I have therefore placed P. ignita as a synonym of the present species. Since I examined Dr. Abbott's material, in the United States National Museum, of P. rubicunda, Dr. Lyon (1. c.) has described a specimen from Batu Jurong, southwestern Borneo, as distinct under the name of Pygathrix rubicunda rubida. The specimen from this part of the island should be compared with those from other parts of Borneo, not with P. carimata which is distinct. Between P. r. rubida and P. r. ignita (locality of last named specimen not mentioned, but supposedly Mt. Mulu), the only differences observable in the table of comparisons on page 139, are "Fossa between pterygoids relatively deep, and the outer edge of posterior zygomatic root as a rule not separated from outer mastoid edge by a distinct space or groove, the two edges soon confluent" in P. r. ignita; per contra, we have, "Fossa between pterygoids relatively shallow, and outer edge of posterior zygomatic root separated from outer mastoid edge by a more or less well defined groove or distinct space" in P. r. rubida. The italics are mine. It would seem that one of these characters in the case of P. r. ignita is not always present, and that the same one in P. r. rubida varies among individuals. There is no difference mentioned in the color of the examples. When examining the same material which proved that P. r. ignita could not be separated from P. rubicunda both being found on Mt. Mulu, as mentioned above, I was unable to dis- cover any character important enough to base a separation of these monkeys from various parts of Borneo, any one from another, and it does not seem that those advanced by Dr. Lyon are of sufficient im- portance to create even subspecific distinctness, and the name bestowed by him is therefore placed among the synonyms of the present species. 38 PYGATHRIX Pygathrix carimat^e (Miller). Presbytis carimata Miller, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXI, 1906, p. 65; Lyon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XL, 1911, p. 139. Type locality. Telok Edar, Karimata Islands. Type in United States National Museum. Color. Head, occipital crest and long hairs on neck and arms to elbows, tawny, paler on crest and nape; upper parts, forearms and legs red, a color most difficult to describe, but similar to red mahogany; hands and feet chestnut; tail like body; face slaty; palms and soles dark brown; callosities dark brown. Ex type United States National Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,240; tail, 710; foot, 169. Skull: total length, 94.7; occipito-nasal length, 84; Hensel, 64.8; zygomatic width, 72.1; intertemporal width, 43.7; palatal length, 28.5; median length of nasals, 70; length of upper molar series, 24.9; length of mandible, 69.5; length of lower molar series, 34.2. Ex type United States National Museum. The type example is that of an adult female. Seven specimens in all were procured, all females save one. This species differs from the Bornean P. rubicunda, in having the nape pale red like the crest, and plainly contrasted with the dark back. The mandible is also much heavier and the ascending ramus broader and shorter. Subgenus Corypithecus. T 2-2 r 1-1 p 2-2 M 3-8 = I. 2^2 > C. r. 2-2, M. 8_3 3Z- Pelage dark, or silvery, sometimes black, and forehead occasionally naked; crest peaked, in some cases dependent. Pygathrix frontata (Muller). Semnopithecus frontatus Mull., Tijdsch. Natur. Geschied, V, 1838, p. 136, pls. I, II; Mull, und Schleg., Verhandl. Geschied., 1839-44, pp. 62, 78, Tab. VIII, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4; Martin, Mam- mif. Anim., 1841, p. 475; Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 38; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 15; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 63; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 24; Dahlb., Stud. Fam. Regn. Anim., 1856, pp. 88, 90; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 90, figs. 211, VOLUME III. PLATE V. Pygathrix frontata. No. 10.4.5.12. Brit. Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. PYGATHRIX 39 212; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 16; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 34; Anders., Zool. Exped. Yunnan, 1878, p. 39; Hose, Mamm. Borneo, 1893, p. 12. Semnopithecus ^Trachypithecus} frontatus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 90, pl. XV, figs. 211, 212. Pygathrix frontata Lyon, U. S. Nat. Mus., XL, 1911, p. 140. WHITE-FRONTED LANGUR. Type locality. East of River Banjer, southeast Borneo. Type in Leyden Museum. Geogr. Distr. Southeastern Borneo. Genl. Char. Bald triangular wrinkled area between eyebrows; median crest erect, overhanging forehead; hair on cheeks long, depend- ent ; forehead narrow, high; facial portion of skull short; orbits broad. Color. Triangular spot on head white; line between eyes and nose, and line on margin of upper lip and lower lip flesh color; rest of face and the nose black; lips covered with short yellow hairs; hairs on head diverge on three sides from the bare spot; long black hairs from forehead over and behind eyes, extend backward over temples and cheeks in a lengthened point to behind ear; crest rises from behind the bare spot, and extends over center of head to nape, of equal length throughout, and with the hairs on top of head, is blackish brown; entire upper parts of body, and outer side of arms to shoulders Prout's brown; forearms above from wrist black, grading to dark brown above elbows; hands, legs below knees, and feet, black; thighs, blackish brown; lower part of cheeks, throat, inner side of limbs, and entire under parts of body pale reddish, inclining to yellowish on cheeks, breast and beneath arms; tail above black at base, rest greenish olive, beneath brownish black at root, remainder greenish olive like the upper part. Ex type Leyden Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,200; tail, 760; foot, 155, (skin). Skull: total length, 93.5; occipito-nasal length, 91.6; zygomatic width, 72.4; length of upper molar series, 25; length of mandible, 64.6; length of lower molar series, 28.8. Ex type Leyden Museum. This is a brown monkey, with partially black limbs and wholly black hands and feet. It differs in many ways, besides coloration, from the next species from northwest Borneo. The skull has a high arched narrow forehead, with the superior outline circular; the bare space on forehead is triangular in shape and white, (it is square and yellow in the northern species, possibly in life it is orange yellow). Besides 40 PYGATHRIX the different color of the body, the tail of the northern species in no way resembles that of P. frontatus, being a silvery gray with a brown tinge. Pygathrix nudifrons (Elliot). Presbytis nudifrons Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., IV, 8th Ser., 1909, p. 266. Type locality. Byalong, Sarawak. Northwest Borneo. Type in British Museum. Genl. Char. Bare spot on forehead like in P. frontata, divided in the middle by a line of short black hairs running from forehead to end of nose, these hairs growing towards each other from each side, and forming a low ridge where they meet; crest equally long through- out its length from forehead to nape, hairs turned forward; no brown coloring on any part of the pelage. Skull: without the high forehead of P. frontata, this being only slightly raised, and the superior outline descending rapidly to occiput. Color. Forehead, orange yellow, face flesh color; eyelids black; line of short hairs down line of nose from forehead, black; hairs on upper lip and cheeks black, those from the latter very long, and extending to a point along the neck; hair from corner of the eye, and hairs from forehead, black, very long, directed backward along side of head join- ing together on temples; hairs on center of head to nape, long, erect, directed forward forming a crest, sepia in front grading to slate gray on hind neck; entire upper part and sides of body slaty gray; outer side of arms to below elbows, and inner side of legs to near ankles feet, black; throat white; under parts of body brownish gray; inner side of arms to below elbows, and inner side of legs to near ankles grayish white, darkest on legs below knee; tail above and beneath black at base, remainder silvery gray with a brown tinge. Ex type British Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,170; tail, 645; foot, 160, (skin). Skull: total length, 98.5; occipito-nasal length, 87.7; intertemporal width, 48.1; Hensel, 58.9; zygomatic width, 71.8; width of braincase, 55.5; median length of nasals, 12; palatal length, 26.7; length of upper molar series, 25; length of upper canines, 16; length of mandible, 15.9; length of lower molar series, 29. Ex type British Museum. This species is found on the opposite end of Borneo from the locality in which P. frontata dwells. It has a squarish, not triangular bare spot on the forehead, divided by a line of short hairs. In color PYGATH RIX 41 the two forms are entirely different, and there are examples of both sexes, and of adults and young named P. frontata, in the Leyden Museum, some of which exhibit the coloration of this northwestern form. Pygathrix cruciger (Thomas). Semnopithecus cruciger Thomas., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., X, 1892, p. 475; Id. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1893, p. 3; Hose, Mamm. Borneo, 1893, p. 15; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 121. Presbytis femoralis cruciger Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., F. C. M. Pub., VIII, 1906, p. 572. CROSS-BEARING LANGUR. Type locality. Miri River, Sarawak, Borneo (Hose). Type in British Museum. Geogr. Distr. Miri River, Batang Lupar River, Bakam River, Borneo. (Hose). Genl. Char. Hair of head long, forming an irregular crest, which is partly erect, and partly directed backward on the occiput; hairs on fore part and sides of head directed backwards, only those in center inclined to form a low, elevated, ridge-like crest. Color. Top and sides of head, flanks, outer side of thighs, and legs below knees, deep ochraceous rufous; back of head and neck, upper part of body and shoulders, outer side of arms, stripe at knee, and another on inner side of leg, hands and feet jet black; this color on the back being gradually restricted in width as it goes towards the root of tail; lower part of cheek covered with long hairs directed back- ward, and reaching to the shoulders, golden yellow, as are also the hairs on throat and upper part of chest; inner side of arms reddish yellow, becoming less red towards the wrist; under parts from chest to lower abdomen ochraceous rufous, but paler than the flanks; lower abdomen and inner side of legs yellowish white; tail black, basal half beneath white, and tip inclined to rufous. The type of this species being a very young animal, not having obtained its fully colored dress, the description has been taken from an adult male procured on the Batang Lupar River, Sarawk, No. 93. 1. 30. 1. British Museum Col- lection. Measurements. Total length, 1,240; tail, 740; foot, 160, (skin). Skull: total length, 92; occipito-nasal length, 81.3; intertemporal width, 45; Hensel, 60; zygomatic width, 68.1; breadth of braincase, 52.4; median length of nasals, 68; palatal length, 28.6; length of upper 42 PYGATHRIX molar series, 22.7; length of mandible, 64.4; length of lower molar series, 27.3. An adult female in the collection in the British Museum from the Bairam district, Sarawak, No. 0. 2. 2. 1, is peculiar in that the whole top of the head, flanks, and outer side of legs are reddish yellow, the top of head being mostly golden yellow, and the black line on front of leg is reduced to a small spot on the knee; while the under side of body is pale yellow. Whether this difference of color is due to age or individual variation it is difficult to determine. "This is a most remarkable monkey," says Mr. Hose in his Mam- mals of Borneo, "which has lately been described by Mr. Thomas from a flat skin obtained by me some years ago at a place called Miri in the Baram district. I always considered the skin to be merely a striking variety of Semnopithecus femoralis. I shot the monkey on the sea coast along with a number of Semnopithecus femoralis; this was in the year 1887. I afterwards had the skin of a baby brought in, the markings of which were similar to that of the type, and it was obtained within a few miles of Miri, at a place called Bakam. But in September 1892, one of my Dyak hunters procured three fine adult specimens of this monkey on the Butang Lupar River in Southern Sarawak, and reported that they had seen several other specimens of like marking. In the three adult specimens, the black cross down the center of the back in some cases is broken, and the thighs are darker in some cases in one than in the other, but the striking red marking is kept up throughout each specimen." Pygathrix chrysomelas (Muller). Semnopithecus chrysomelas Miill., Tijdsch. Natur. Geschied., V, 1838, p. 138, pl.; Mull, und Schleg., Verhandl. Geschied., 1839-44, p. 61, tab. X, figs. 1, 2, tab. II, figs. 2, 3; Schinz, Mamm., I, 1844, p. 37; Jacquem. et Pucher., Voy. Pole Sud, III, 1853, p. 22; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., 1855, p. 23; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 46. Semnopithecus (Trachypithecus} chrysomelas Reichenb., Voll- stand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 89, pl. XV, figs. 204-206. Type locality. Pontianak, Borneo. Type in Leyden Museum. Geogr. Distr. West coast of Borneo. Pontianak, (Schlegel) ; Baram District, (Hose); Balingean, Sarawak, (Robinson). Color. Head crested like that of P. frontata, but crest thicker and broader. Head, upper part of body, flanks, outer side of limbs, PYGATH RIX 43 hands and feet glossy jet black; sides of neck blackish, some hairs ringed with white; inner side of limbs grayish white; dark brownish gray bar across breast between shoulders, followed by a broader band of gray; belly black; anal region and inner sides of arms, grayish white; tail above black to tip, beneath white, covering all the tail at base, but growing into a narrow stripe as it proceeds to the tip. Hairs on sides of head and neck long and directed upward towards ears, while those on top of head are parted from the crest, and are directed backward. Some males are all black on under side of body, probably the result of mature age. Ex type Leyden Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,260; tail, 800; foot, 160, (skin). Skull: total length, 89.1; occipito-nasal length, 78.8; intertemporal width, 46.6; Hensel, 47.6; zygomatic width, 66.1; breadth of brain- case, 55.3; median length of nasals, 11.8; length of upper canines, 13.8; length of upper molar series, 21.8; length of mandible, 58.7; length of lower molar series, 25.7. Ex type Leyden Museum. This species has been considered a synonym of P. femoralis by many writers, but it is quite distinct, and can readily be recognized by its jet black pelage, and white beneath the tail. The shape of the crest, and growth of hair on top of the head, is quite different from P. FEMORALIS. Pygathrix sumatrana (Muller and Schlegel). Semnopithecus sumatranus Mull, und Schleg., Verhandl. Geschied., V, 1839-44, p. 73, tab. X bis, fig. 1, J'; Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 39; Horsf., Cat. Mamm. E. Ind. Co. Mus., 1851, p. 15; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 23. Semnopithecus (Trachypithecus} sumatranus Reichenb., Voll- stand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 90, figs. 207, 208. Type locality. Ophir Mountain? Sumatra. Genl. Char. Upper parts not black; bar across chest not brown. Color. Forehead black; crest, upper parts, flanks, and shoulders mummy brown darkest on dorsal region; outer side of arms, hands, legs and feet black; inner side of arms, narrowest on upper arms, gray, and on thighs yellowish white to knees, sometimes extending in slender line to ankles; below knees sooty; throat and chest blackish; abdomen yellowish white; tail beneath on basal half white, apical half, and all upper part jet black. Measurements. Total length, 1,270; tail, 760. Skull: total length, 44 PYGATH RIX 95.7; occipito-nasal length, 87; Hensel, 63.5; zygomatic width, 72.2; intertemporal width, 43; palatal length, 28.4; median length of nasals, 10; length of upper molar series, 24.9; length of mandible, 66.3; length of lower molar series, 27.1. This form differs from P. chrysomelas, in having on the upper parts various tints of brown instead of black, according to the indi- vidual or sexual peculiarities of examples, and the throat and chest black not brown. Each kind represents a fairly distinct island species. Pygathrix batuana (Miller). Presbytis batuanus ( !) Miller, Miscel. Coll. Smith. Instit., Wash., 1903, p. 670. Type locality. Pulo Pinie, Batu Islands. Type in United States National Museum. Genl. Char. Similar to P. sumatrana but smaller, tail shorter, and white at root beneath. Color. General hue black, with crown and back washed with brownish; inner side of thighs, belly, median line of chest grayish white; tail above like body, beneath grayish white at root, grading into black at tip. Ex type United States National Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,150; tail, 665; foot, 163. Skull: greatest length, 912; occipito-nasal length, 80.8; zygomatic width, 70.5; Hensel, 58.5; intertemporal width, 40.7; palatal length, 28.6; median length of nasals, 11.7; length of upper molar series, 22.9; length of mandible, 62.5; length of lower molar series, 28.4. Ex type United States National Museum. This species differs from its ally, P. sumatrana, in having a smaller skull, with shorter slighter canines, and quite a different mandible, this being very broad at the angle, and the ascending ramus is also very wide and with a deep lateral pit; the mandible of the Sumatran form being rather light and slender, and with a narrow ascending ramus, its anterior edge much curved outwardly and then backward, ending in a point. In body and limb measurements the two differ much. Pygathrix percura (Lyon). Presbytis percura Lyon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXIV, 1908, p. 671. Type locality. Kompei, eastern Sumatra. Type in United States National Museum. PYGA TH RIX 45 Genl. Char. Exactly like P. sumatrana, but the tail unicolor, black above and below. Measurements. Total length, 1,150; tail, 660; foot, 177. Skull: total length, 84.4; occipito-nasal length, 80.6; Hensel, 59.6; zygomatic width, 74.9; intertemporal width, 46; palatal length, 27.2; median length of nasals, .77; length of upper molar series, 23.3; length of mandible, 66.6; length of lower molar series, 28.4. Ex type United States National Museum. Pygathrix femoralis (Horsfield). Simia maura Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIII, 1822, p. 247. (nec Schreb.). Semnopithecus femoralis Horsf., Life Raffles, Append., 1830, p. 643; Waterh., Cat. Mamm. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1838, p. 5, 2nd ed.; Martin, Charlesw., Mag. Nat. Hist., New Ser., II, 1838, p. 436; Horsf., Cat. Mamm. E. Ind. Co. Mus., 1851, p. 10; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 15; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 62; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 88, 90; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 16; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 45; Anders., Zool. Exped. Yun- nan, 1878, p. 30; Id. Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, p. 52; Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, p. 66; Blanf., Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., 1891, p. 42; Hose, Mamm. Borneo, 1893, p. 13; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 126; Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1900, p. 317. Simia femoralis Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XV, 1846 p. 174. Semnopithecus neglectus Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 47. Presbytis femoralis Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., F. C. M. Pub., VIII, 1906. p. 572, Zool. Ser. Presbytis neglecta keatii Robin, and Kloss, Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus., IV, 1911, No. 2, p. 174. BANDED LANGUR. Type locality. Tenasserim, Bankasun, (Thomas). Geogr. Distr. Sumatra, Malay Peninsula north to Tenasserim; Borneo, (Hose). Color. Head, limbs and tail black; arms grizzled with whitish, and the inner side of arms, and thighs to below knees grayish white; body above and on sides brownish black, with, in some specimens, a 46 PYGATH RIX narrow white line from throat to abdomen; face, palms of the hands, and soles of feet black; under parts blackish, or sooty gray of varying intensity, in some examples nearly white. Measurements. Total length, 1,225; tail, 725; foot, 140. Skull: total length, 98.2; occipito-nasal length, 76; intertemporal width, 47.1; Hensel, 57.8; zygomatic width, 68.9; width of braincase, 56; median length of nasals, .75; palatal length, 45.8; length of upper molar series, 23.7; length of mandible, 63.9; length of lower molar series, 28. This species varies considerably in its coloring, dependent ap- parently upon age. Some specimens, and these are young, have the thighs grayish in hue, dorsal line a paler brown and the under parts nearly white especially on lower part of the belly, the older individuals being like the description given above. The tail, however, is never whitish at the base beneath, and in this differs from P. chrysomelas, which always has this part of the tail white. In some specimens there is a white line from throat to posterior part of abdomen. Schlegel has separated this form with white line beneath as Sem- nopithecus neglectus, and says it is found only at Singapore. Among the specimens of P. femoralis in the British Museum there are three with this mark, one from Johore, collected by Capt. S. S. Flower, the white line rather indistinct; one from Singapore collected by Wal- lace, and one from Tenasserim collected by Davison, the line very distinct in both. As, however, other Tenasserim examples have not the white line nor any trace of it whatever, unless it can be shown, that somewhere in Tenasserim there is a point beyond which, to the north or south, neither style passes, it would be wiser to consider this white mark rather an individual peculiarity, than a specific character. It certainly is not confined to individuals from Singapore, as was sup- posed by Schlegel, nor even to the southern part of the Malay Penin- sula. Hose (1. c.) mentions the white line, "from the chest, in the adult, to the hinder portion of the abdomen" seen in specimens taken in Borneo, so it would seem that the character Schlegel mainly relied upon for his new species, is not confined to any locality. Messrs. Robinson and Kloss have described (1. c.) a monkey of this genus from Trang, and the Larut Hills, Central Perak, Malay Peninsula, as Presbytis neglecta keatii, comparing it with P. neglecta (Schlegel), from which it differs in having a generally browner colora- tion, no white on the chest, and the white femoral line produced to the heel. As has been shown above, P. neglecta (Schlegel) cannot be sepa- rated from P. femoralis, the character relied upon not being of any PYGATH RIX 47 specific value but merely individualistic. The "generally browner color" of P. n. keatii, pertains to such examples of P. femoralis as have not assumed the fully adult dress which is black, and the length of the abdominal white line varies among individuals, and cannot be relied upon as a specific character. P. femoralis ranges in the Malay Peninsula north to Tenasserim, and it is not reasonable to believe that a distinct subspecific form is found within that species' limits, espe- cially one so slightly differentiated as P. n. keatii. It is therefore considered as a young adult of the present species and the name placed among its synonyms. Flower states, (1. c.) that "in September 1897, in the woods among the foothills of Gunong Puli, Johore, were many Lutongs of this species going about in flocks; they were shy and difficult to see except for a glimpse of a black form disappearing from one high tree to another." Hose (1. c.) says that "this monkey is a low country species seldom to be found on the mountains, and then only ascends to about 1,000 feet. It is fond of living near the sea shore, and is generally found in numbers of from ten to thirty, sitting on the branches of tall trees in open spaces. Its Dyak name is 'Bigit,' that of the Kyans 'Pant.' " Pygathrix melamera (Elliot). Presbytis melamera Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., IV 8th Ser 1909, p. 267. Type locality. Cadu Ciaung, Bhamo, north Burma. Type in British Museum. Genl. Char. Resembling P. obscura, but legs uniform sooty or blackish brown; hair long, thick, soft; head without crest. Color. Long hair on forehead directed upward and forward, and with hairs on cheeks framing the face, black; hair on back of neck long, extending on to back, drab gray but not forming a conspicuous patch as in P. obscura; dark hairs of head and back mingling with the light ones; top of head, sides of body and rump, shoulders, outer side of arms and legs to wrists and ankles, blackish brown; dorsal region more of a reddish brown, and paler than the flanks; whiskers long, blackish brown, the hairs with pale tips; chin white; under parts, inner side of arms, and inner side of thighs, sparsely covered with whitish hairs; inner side of legs below knees similar to upper part, but paler; tail blackish brown at base, grading into grayish brown, and with a white patch at base of tail beneath; face brownish, with space 48 PYGATHRIX around eyes apparently red; cheeks, and sides of upper lips covered with black hairs; upper lip in the center beneath nose, covered with short white hairs. Ex type British Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,210; tail, 750; foot, 150, (skin). Skull: total length, 91.5; occipito-nasal length, 80.3; intertemporal width, 43.5; breadth of braincase, 56.8; Hensel, 60; zygomatic width, 66.3; palatal length, 27.1; median length of nasals, 10.8; length of upper molar series, 26.1; length of mandible, 64.4; length of lower molar series, 32.3. Ex type British Museum. This monkey, while resembling somewhat P. obscura, is easily distinguished by having the thighs colored like the upper part of the body, by the absence of a conspicuously defined nuchal patch, and by the dark tail. The hair is much less silky in texture, and more fitted for the less temperate climate of the northern region in which it dwells. The unique type was collected by L. Tea, and presented to the British Museum by the Marquis Doria. Pygathrix barbei (Blyth). Presbytis barbei Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XII, 1843, p. 358; Id. Cat. Mamm. Asiat. Soc. Mus., 1863, p. 14; Id. Mamm. Burma, 1875, p. 11. Presbytis cristata Blyth, Mamm. Burma, 1875, p. 9, (nec Raffles). Semnopithecus barbei, Anders., Zool. Exped. Yunnan, 1878, p. 12; Id. Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, p. 48; Blanf., Faun. Brit. India, Mamm., 1891, p. 39; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 102. BARBE'S LANGUR. Type locality. Province of Ye, Tenasserim. Type in Calcutta Museum. Geogr. Distr. Tenasserim; Kachin Hills, Upper Burma, defile of the Irawady above Mandalay. Color. Head and body uniform, dusky; hairs on hind neck and shoulders similar to back but with a gray tinge, and with numerous white hairs intermingled; arms and legs dusky, the legs below the knees inclined to grayish; hands and feet black; under part of body grayish; tail long and slender, dusky gray. Skull in specimen. Ex type Calcutta Museum. This is a rather small slender Langur, of a black or dusky color, relieved with a grayish tinge on shoulders, elbows, and legs below knees. The type is in good preservation. Unfortunately the skull is in the specimen and no measurements can be given. PYGATH RIX 49 Pygathrix holotephrea (Anderson). Semnopithecus holotephreus Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. Yunnan, 1877, p. 27; Id. Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, p. 50; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 124 ANDERSON'S LANGUR. Type locality. Unknown. Measurements. "Total length 3 feet, 9.60 in." "Uniform dark slaty gray, passing into black on the forearm and handstand also on the feet. Upper parts, and inside of hind limbs and thighs pale yellowish gray. Head slightly crested over vertex, but only with a feeble tendency to lateral compression. Supra orbital hairs moderately long, and black; whiskers rathqr long, directed backwards and outwards, hiding the ears in front. Face bluish black; area around the eyes and the lips white. The nasal region of the skull is rather prominent, nearly straight and moderately broad, with the orifice narrow and rather long. Supra orbital ridges are well developed, and the orbits are nearly round and of moderate size. The premaxillaries form a slightly expanded suture with the nasals. The last mentioned bones are about half the lateral length of the premaxillaries. The palate has moderately broad margins very slightly posteriorly convergent." The type of this form in the Calcutta Museum where it was sup- posed to be, although Anderson gives no information on this point, was not found. No locality was given by the describer for his speci- men, nor beyond the description does he give any information about it. It probably will prove to be the same as P. barbei to which species Anderson's description given above, shows it bears a close resemblance. Pygathrix phayrei (Blyth). Semnopithecus phayrei Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. XVI 1847, p. 733, pl. XXXI, fig. 3, and p. 1271; Wagn., Schreb.', Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 28; Tickell, Journ. Asiat. Soc Beng., XXVIII, 1859, p. 428; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simile, 1876, p. 33; Anders., Zool. Exped. Yunnan, 1878, p 34* Blanf., Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., 1891, p. 39; Forbes, Handb' Primates, II, 1894, p. 131. Semnopithecus obscurus Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Ben?. XIII 1844, p. 466, (nec Reid). Semnopithecus argentatus Blyth, Horsf. Cat. Mamm Mus E Tnd Co, 1851, p. 7. * ' 50 PYGATH RIX Semnopithecus rubicundus var. C. Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 17. PH AYRE'S LANGUR. Type locality. Arakan. Type in Calcutta Museum. Geogr. Distr. Arakan, in the Passein district of Pegu, and prob- ably northern Tenasserim. Genl. Char. Hair on top and sides of head long, forming a crest on occiput; tail very long. Color. Head pale mars brown; upper part of back and shoulders broccoli brown; back, sides and legs dusky inclining to grayish on thighs; arms, hands and feet blackish brown; throat and under parts yellowish white; tail, dusky above, grayish beneath. Ex type Calcutta Museum. A small, slender, inconspicuous species with a general grayish brown appearance, darkest on the back. I could not find the skull but Anderson who gives a description of it says it "has the interorbital space of moderate length, the forehead rather full, but the supra orbital ridges are not strongly developed, while the external orbital angle of the frontal is rather prominent in adults." He gives no measurements of the skull, but only those of the body and tail, viz.: length of body, (head supposedly included), 462; tail, 539. Blanford states (1. c). that Phayre's Leaf Monkey, as he calls this species, is "found in dense forests, or amongst bamboos on the hill sides and on the banks of streams, usually in flocks of twenty or thirty individuals. It is very shy and wary, and is consequently more often heard than seen, the whole flock when alarmed rushing through the forest shaking the branches violently and leaping from tree to tree. But occasionally, as Tickell observes, an old male stays behind in a safe post of vantage on the top of one of the highest trees, where he may be heard uttering his short, deep, alarm-cry at frequent intervals. This cry is an angry bark, not unlike that of the Hanuman. I was once well scolded from a tree by an old monkey, I believe of this species, on the edge of a half deserted clearing in Southern Arakan. I had done nothing to offend his monkeyship, but he evidently considered me as something unusual and suspicious. Blyth observes that the young of this species, besides making a whining noise to express their wants, emit a cry that might be mistaken for the mew of a cat." Pygathrix flavicauda Elliot. Pygathrix flavicauda Elliot, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXVIII, 1910, p. 352. PYGATHRIX 51 Type locality. Trong, Lower Siam. Type in United States Na- tional Museum. Geogr. Distr. Lower Siam and southern Tenasserim; Kisseraing, and Sir William James Islands, Mergui Archipelago. Genl. Char. Of the P. obscura group, but legs from hips pale smoke gray, and tail cream color. Color. Face bare, upper lip, and space over eye flesh color, darker about nose and beneath eyes. Hairs on forehead long, upright, and extending to ears brownish black; hairs on lips and lower cheeks long, and extending backward beyond ears, blackish; top of head and nape yellowish white; dorsal line mummy brown, paler than black; rest of upper parts and flanks black tinged with brown; outer side of arms very dark hair brown, with a reddish tinge on shoulders, and grading into black on wrists and hands; throat sparsely covered with dark brown hairs; under parts grayish brown; outer side of legs smoke gray, with a brownish tinge from knee to ankle; feet blackish; tail uniform cream color. Ex type United States National Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,257; tail, 724. Skull: total length, 94.7; occipito-nasal length, 77; Hensel, 66.5; zygomatic width, 70; intertemporal width, 40.7; palatal length, 32.7; median length of nasals, 93; length of upper molar series, 24.4; length of mandible, 68.6; length of lower molar series, 30. Ex type United States National Museum. This very distinct species can at once be recognized by its cream colored tail and pale legs. The examples from the islands, of which there are only a male and a female, differ slightly in certain particulars. The legs are even paler than those of the type, hands and feet jet black, strongly contrasted with the arms and legs, and the skulls have a flatter braincase and broader rostrum. The material is hardly sufficient to enable definite decision to be reached, and I leave these island examples under the name of the present species, although they may eventually prove to be worthy of a separate designation. Pygathrix robinsoni (Thomas). Presbytis robinsoni Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1910, p. 634. ROBINSON'S LANGUR. Type locality. Ko-Khan, Trang, Northern Malay Peninsula. Type in British Museum. Genl. Char. Color white, dark beneath. Occipital hairs directed forward, hairs on forehead radiating from points on temples; median crest present. 52 PYGATHRIX Color. Upper parts creamy white, with black hairs intermixed; sides of body and belly darker, the black hairs being in the majority; under surface gray, darker on throat and sides of neck; outer side of arms to wrists like back; outer and inner sides of legs gray, dark and light hairs being equally mixed; hands and feet grayish brown; tail grayish white; ear tufts white; face dark, lips white. Measurements. Total length, 1,389; tail, 824; foot, 177; ear, 30. No dimensions given of skull. Although Mr. Thomas says this example is "obviously not an albino," yet the coloring is so entirely abnormal both of the fur and face, and also of the hands and feet, that it is most probable it will eventually prove to be an albinistic individual of a dark-colored species, just as the Pithecus philippinensis Geoff., proved to be an albino of the dark animal the same writer called afterward palpebrosus. Pygathrix obscura (Reid). Semnopithecus obscurus Reid, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1837, p. 14, (desc. nulla) ; Martin, Charlesw., Mag. Nat. Hist., II, New Ser., 1838, p. 440; Id. Mammif. Anim., 1841, p. 486; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 65; I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., XV, 1842, p. 719; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XII, 1843, p. 176; XVI, 1847, p. 734; Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XV, 1846, p. 174; Horsf., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVII, 1846, p. 335; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 12; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 27, pl. II; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 87, 89; Murie, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 742; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit- eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 14; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 49; Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. Yunnan, 1878, p. 25; Id. Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, p. 46; Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, p. 66; Blanf., Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., 1894, p. 41; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 123; Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1900, p. 317. Presbytis obscura Gray, Handb. Mamm., 1843, p. 3; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XIII, 1844, p. 467; Id. XLIV, 1875, p. 10, ext. no.; Id. Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 1863, p. 14; Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., IV, 8th Ser., 1909, p. 269. Semnopithecus halonifer Cantor, Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond., I, 1845, p. 235; Id. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XV, 1845, p. 497; XVII, 1846, p. 335. PYGATHRIX 53 DUSKY LANGUR. Type locality. Unknown. Geogr. Distr. Tenasserim, Mt. Muleyit, 5,000 feet elevation; Siam. Color. Fore part and sides of head black, the hairs on forehead rather stiff, those in center standing erect, those on side shooting away at right angles to head; hairs on side of head very long extending far behind ears; crown of head brownish black; occipital crest brownish white; dorsal line Prout's brown, sometimes mummy brown, always lighter than rest of upper parts which are sooty black, this color also extending over the flanks; arms above elbows paler, sometimes yellow- ish brown, sometimes with a reddish shade; forearms and hands black or brownish black; space around eyes yellow in skin, probably flesh color in life, rest of face black; some white hairs on upper lip and on chin; throat sparsely covered with blackish hairs, as is also the under side of the arms; a black bar across chest at shoulders; rest of under parts grayish brown; outer edge of thigh to knee black; outer side grayish brown; inner side slightly paler; hands and feet black; tail at base above like back, rest dark olive gray, peneath paler. Measurements. Total length, 1,120; tail, 570; foot, 145, (skin). Skull: total length, 96.6; occipito-nasal length, 80; intertemporal width, 42.8; width of braincase, 55.3; Hensel, 68; zygomatic width, 73.5; median length of nasals, 11.2; length of upper molar series, 27.9; length of upper canines, 17.9; length of mandible, 72.3; length of lower molar series, 33.9. This is a well marked species of the Malay Peninsula, easily recognizable by the light nuchal crest, and the paler dorsal line amid the general sooty black upper parts. There is a certain amount of variation among individuals some being lighter than others, but they all adhere to the same pattern, and are easily recognizable. The newly born young, according to Anderson, are bright fulvous, but this color soon changes and becomes ashy brown. This rufous color lingers longest on the head, throat, flanks, thighs and apical half of the tail. Reid's mention of this species (1. c.) contains no description of the animal, and the name obscurus could not be accepted had it not been adopted by subsequent authors who gave full descriptions, in some cases taken from Reid's own example, and these were published prior to the bestowal of any other name upon the species. The type of Semnopithecus albo-cinereus Eydoux et Souleyet, is in the Paris Museum, and, as their plate shows, is the same as S. obscurus Reid. 54 PYGATHRIX Desmarest's type of S. albo-cinereus is not in the Museum, and to- day it is impossible to identify his species. Flower, (1. c.) says "Cantor found this species most common in Penang and Singapore, and that it also occurs on the Peninsula." It is doubtful, however, he adds, "whether it does occur at Singapore at the present time. In April, 1895," he continues, "I found this species very common in Kedah, living in the highest trees along the banks of the Kedah River and the tributaries, either solitary or in parties of about half a dozen; they were very active and wild. In the Botanical Gardens, Penang, I have seen this species playing in the trees. On Penang Hill I have occasionally seen Lutongs which appeared to belong to this species; they are very shy, and it is difficult to see much of them before they disappear among the jungle trees. In the Museum at Taiping there are specimens from the Larut Hills, Perak. In April 1898 at about 3,500 feet elevation in the Larut Hills, I came on a party of from 10 to 20 Semnopitheci of this, or a closely allied species." Pygathrix carbo (Thomas and Wroughton). Presbytis obscura carbo Thos. and Wrought., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., IV, 8th Ser., 1909, p. 534. Type locality. Langkawi Island, Straits of Malacca. Type in British Museum. Geogr. Distr. Terautau and Langkawi islands, Straits of Malacca. Genl. Char. Much darker than P. obscura. Color. Superciliary stripe and whiskers black; fore part of head blackish brown, rest of head and hind neck brownish gray; upper parts of body, arms, hands and feet black tinged with brown on dorsal region, and on arms to elbows; legs from hips to ankles grayish brown; chin and under parts of body, and inner side of arms blackish brown; inner side of legs dark gray; tail above slate gray, paler beneath; ears black. Ex type British Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,380; tail, 800; foot, 125. Skull: total length, 104.2; occipito-nasal length, 83.8; intertemporal width, 40.6; breadth of braincase, 57.1; median length of nasals, 13.9; palatal length, 37.6; length of upper molar series, 26.6; length of mandible, 73.2; length of lower molar series, 35. Ex type British Museum. This island race while resembling P. obscura in its general style of coloring is very much darker almost black in fact; back varies only in the parts mentioned above with a dark brown hue. Three specimens are in the British Museum from the islands above named. PYGATHRIX 55 Pygathrix sanctorum (Elliot). Presbytis sanctorum Elliot, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXVIII, 1910, p. 351. Type locality. St. Matthew Island. Mergui Archipelago. Type in United States National Museum. Genl. Char. Similar in color to P. carbo from Terautau and Langkawi islands, Straits of Malacca, but different cranial characters. Teeth large; rostrum longer as is also the palate; palatal arch pointed, reaching nearly to posterior edge of second molar; pterygoids much longer, widely spread; pterygoid fossa contracted, widening at posterior edge of palate; arch longer and more curved; occipital region above foramen magnum broader. Braincase longer and wider, and orbits higher than wide, not round. Mandible and lower tooth row longer. Color. This species is very like the Terautau animal, except that the nuchal crest is creamy white, and the tail is a pale buffy gray. Measurements. Total length, 703.2; tail, 508. Skull: total length, 98.8; occipito-nasal length, 81.7; Hensel, 70.5; zygomatic width, 73.8; intertemporal width, 40.6; palatal length, 31.2; length of upper molar series, 27.3; length of mandible, 67.1; length of lower molar series, 34.3. Ex type United States National Museum. The island forms of P. obscura are apparently characterized by having much larger teeth than are seen with those on the mainland. While resembling the species of the islands of the Straits of Malacca, in general coloration, the many and important cranial differences forbid the idea that they should be considered the same species. Pygathrix nubigena (Elliot). Presbytis nubigena Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., IV, 8th Ser., 1909, p. 268. Type locality. 'Keka,' Malacca. (Cantor). Type in British Mu- seum. Geogr. Distr. Southern Malacca. Genl. Char. Eyelids, lips and chin flesh color, face brownish black, (skin). General color very dark above, top of head black, under parts light; hair radiating from a central point on the crown. Short occipital crest. Color. Long black hairs on forehead directed outward, top of head black, hairs grayish white at base; neck and entire upper part of body, and outer side of arms Prout's brown; wrists and hands black; outer side of thighs grayish white; from hips to below knees on top is a brownish black line much mixed with brownish gray hairs 56 PYGATHRIX near hips; feet blackish; hairs from eyes across temples to ears seal brown; whiskers beneath yellowish gray; sides of neck, chin, throat, inner side of arms and legs, under parts of body and flanks, grayish white; tail, Prout's brown for basal half, grading into blackish brown for the remainder. Ex type British Museum. Measurements. Skull: total length, 90; occipito-nasal length, 74.2; intertemporal width, 40.8; breadth of braincase, 54; Hensel, 62.2; zygomatic width, 67.6; median length of nasals, 11.5; palatal length, 30; length of upper molar series, 27.9; length of mandible, 68.4; length of lower molar series, 31.9. Ex type British Museum. Several specimens of this form from the southern part of Malacca are in the British Museum, resembling each other in the color of their coats, much darker than those from the Straits Settlements and lower parts of the peninsula, and more like P. obscura but with- out the nuchal patch, and not so dark in color. They belong to the white-or grayish-thigh group of these monkeys. These examples had gone under the name of albo-cinereus Desmarest, but that species has "epaules, flancs, face externe du haut des bras et des cuisses d'un gris clair; milieu du dos d'un gris un peu plus fonce," which in no wise described any Sumatran Pygathrix that I have seen, and comes nearer to P. aygula than any other. Eydoux and Souleyet in their work on the voyage of the 'Bonite' describe and figure a monkey under the name of albo-cinereus Desmarest, but which answers in no respect the description that Author gives of his species, and which is evidently the Semnopithecus obscurus Reid. Pygathrix dilecta (Elliot). Presbytis dilecta Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., IV, 8th Ser., 1909, p. 270. Type locality. Selangore, Malacca. Type in British Museum. Genl. Char. Hairs radiating from a point on forehead; general hue of body pale, thighs white, with dark stripe from near hip to ankle over knee; tail moderately long. Color. Brown superciliary stripe, turning backwards over temples at corners of eyes; face black; eyelids apparently flesh color; crown grayish brown, hairs whitish at base; occiput, hind neck, upper part of body and shoulders, outer side of arms to elbow, and flanks, drab; an indistinct purplish gray stripe on flanks; outer side of forearms grayish brown, grading into black on wrists and hands; thighs white tinged with gray, and with a brown stripe from near hip to near ankle, PYGATHRIX 57 darkest at knee, where it is blackish brown, gradually fading away towards hip and ankle; ankles and feet black; chin, sides of neck, throat, inner side of limbs and under parts of body grayish white; tail above like back, grading into dark brown with whitish hairs inter- mingled on apical half, beneath grayish white at root remainder like upper side. Ex type British Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,120; tail, 620; foot, 150, (skin). Skull: total length, 89.5; occipito-nasal length, 77.7; intertemporal width, 43.5; Hensel, 58.7; zygomatic width, 70.3; breadth of brain- case, 50.3; median length of nasals, .69; palatal length, 25.2; length of upper molar series, 21.2; length of mandible, 54.2; length of lower molar series, 27. Ex type British Museum. This is a pale species of a drab color with very white thighs both on outer and inner sides. It differs from P. rhionis in its pale legs and general color of the upper parts, and from P. cana by lacking the pale occipital crest, and black legs. Pygathrix NATUNzE (Thomas and Hartert). Semnopithecus natunce Thos. and Hart., Novitat. Zool., I, 1894, p. 652. NATUNA LANGUR. Type locality. Mount Ranai, Island of Natuna. Type in British Museum. Geogr. Distr. Island of Natuna. Genl. Char. Hair radiating from a point on forehead, crested on occiput. Color. Head black; occiput, hind neck, and upper parts of body purplish black, hairs gray at base; outer side of arms, line on outer edge of thighs, and outer side of legs below knees, together with hands and feet jet black; sides of face and neck, chin, throat, under parts of body, outer side of thighs to below knees, inner side of the knees, and inner side of arms to wrist white; tail at base like back, remainder black; space around eyes and on upper lip flesh color, rest of face black. Ex type British Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,170; tail, 690; foot, 160. Skull: total length, 90.3; occipito-nasal length, 77.5; intertemporal width, 23.4; breadth of braincase, 54.3; Hensel, 24.5; zygomatic width, 66.3; median length of nasals, .68; palatal length, 27; length of upper molar series, 23.9; length of mandible, 66; length of lower molar series, 29.2. Ex type British Museum. 58 PVGATH RIX This is a plainly colored animal, its only colors a purplish black and white, but from the distribution of these hues, is rather con- spicuous than otherwise. On the upper parts it does not look unlike P. femoralis, but is at once distinguished by its white thighs. Pygathrix rhionis (Miller). Presbytis rhionis Miller, Miscel. Coll. Smith. Inst., Wash., 1903, p. 64. Type locality. Telok Pemudong, Pulo Bitang, Rhio Archipelago. Type in United States National Museum. Genl. Char. Like P. obscura but not so dark. Blackish tinge on back; legs and tail absent; line along flanks narrow. Color. Forehead and temples black or nearly so, front of crown lighter; upper parts broccoli brown; shoulders wood brown; flanks and lumbar region chocolate; arms seal brown to elbows, above like body; from axillae to thighs a faint dark line bordering white of under parts; thighs brownish black to a patch, which is white tinged with cream color; entire under surface and inner side of arms to elbows, and legs to knees, white tinged with gray, darkest on chest and thighs; hands and feet blackish; tail, basal fourth above broccoli brown, grading into seal brown at tip, beneath like upper surface; face slaty in life; eyelids and lips fleshy white; palms of hands and soles of feet black. Ex type United States National Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,173; tail, 705; foot, 150. Skull: total length, 86; occipito-nasal length, 77.2; Hensel, 56.5; zygomatic width, 65.3; intertemporal width, 45.3; palatal length, 27.5; median length of nasals, .79; length of upper molar series, 22.7; length of mandible, 62.2; length of lower molar series, 28.8. Ex type United States National Museum. Mr. Miller compares this species with P. natun^ Thos. and Hart., but its nearest ally is P. obscura, from which it differs only in the narrow blackish line along the flanks. Pygathrix cana (Miller). Presbytis cana Miller, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXI, 1906, p. 275. Type locality. Pulo Kundur; Rhio Archipelago. Type in United States National Museum. Genl. Char. Only differing from P. rhionis in a rather broad, indistinct dark band along flanks, and the basal portion of hairs at the radiating point on crown being white. Ex type United States National Museum. PYGATHRIX 59 Measurements. Total length, 1,173; tail, 705. Skull: total length, 89.1; occipito-nasal length, 78; Hensel, 60.4; zygomatic width, .73; intertemporal width, 47.8; palatal length, 27.9; median length of nasals, .80; length of upper molar series, 23.4; length of mandible, 65.4; length of lower molar series, 27.4. Ex type United States National Museum. Pygathrix siamensis (Muller and Schlegel). Semnopithecus siamensis Mull, und Schleg., Verhandl. Geschied., 1841, p. 60; Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 40; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 25; I. Geoff., Cat. Pri- mates, 1851, p. 16; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1854, p. 63; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 88, 90; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 16; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XLIV, 1875, p. 9, extra no.; Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. Yunnan, 1878, p. 37; Id. Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, p. 51. Semnopithecus nigrimanus I. Geoff., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, II, 1843, p. 546; Id. Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 16; Rei- chenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 99, no fig.; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 626; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XLIV, 1875, p. 9, extra no. Semnopithecus albo-cinereus Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XII, 1843, p. 175; XVI, 1847, p. 733; Wagn., Schreb, Saugth. Suppl, V, 1855, p. 29; Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Mus; Asiat. Soc. Beng, 1863, p. 15. Semnopithecus argentatus Blyth, Horsf, Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. Ind. Co, 1851, p. 7. Semnopithecus (Trachypithecus} siamensis Reichenb, Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 91, not figured. Semnopithecus cinereus Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1864, p. 626. Presbytis cristatus (!) (nec Raffles), Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng, 1875, p. 9, extra no. Type locality. Siam, (Diard, Muller and Schlegel). Genl. Char. Head with a moderate compressed crest. Color. Forehead blackish brown; rest of head and upper parts grayish brown; cheeks pale yellowish brown; hands and feet brownish black; tail blackish; a whitish line on inner side of leg; under parts yellowish gray; face black; around eyes and mouth flesh color; hairs on head radiating from a center. 60 PYGATHRIX A specimen in the Calcutta Museum may be described as follows: Top of head blackish brown, hairs radiating from a central point; back of head and neck, and entire upper part of body and arms broc- coli brown, lightest on occiput; legs from knees to ankles broccoli brown; hands and feet blackish brown; under parts, anal region and thighs yellowish white; tail very long, bistre, being darker than back. Hair on occiput forming a short pointed crest. Measurements. Total length, 1,420; tail, 910; foot, 155, (skin). Skull: total length, 106.2; occipito-nasal length, 86.4; intertemporal width, 39.2; breadth of braincase, 56.6; Hensel, 38; zygomatic width, 74.6; median length of nasals, 10.7; palatal length, 38.7; length of upper canines, 18.7; length of upper molar series, 26.7; length of mandible, 75.2; length of lower molar series, 35. Ex specimen from Takamen, Siam, in British Museum. Pygathrix catemana (Lyon). Presbytis catemana Lyon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXIV, 1908, p. 672. Type locality. Kateman River, Eastern Sumatra. Type in United States National Museum. Color. Exactly like P. cana, but patch on thigh is grayish and does not go to side of rump. Ex type United States National Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,200; tail, 740; foot, 175. Skull: total length, 89.1; occipito-nasal length, 77.7; zygomatic width, 68.3; Hensel, 60.4; intertemporal width, 46.8; palatal length, 27; median length of nasals, .64; length of upper molar series, 23. Ex type United States National Museum. Pygathrix aygula (Linnaeus). Simia aygula Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1758, p. 27; I, 1766, p. 39. Presbytis mitrata Esch., Kotzeb., Reise, 1821, p. 196, pl., figs. 1, 2, 3; Less., Man. Mamm, 1827, p. 44. Semnopithecus comatus Desm., Mamm., Suppl., 1822, p. 533; F. Cuv, Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1825, pl. XIII; Desmoul., Diet. Class. Hist. Nat., VII, 1825, p. 569; Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 41; Temm., Mon. Mamm., I, 1827, p. 14; Desm., Diet. Scien. Nat., XLVIII, 1827, p. 438; Griff., Anim. Kingd., V, 1827, p. 10; Cuv., Regn. Anim, I, 1829, p. 94, (Part.) ; Fisch, Syn. Mamm, 1829, p. 16; I. Geoff, Belang, Voy, Zool, 1834, p. 40: Wagn, Schreb, Saugth. Suppl, I, 1840, p. 87, pl. XXIV; V, 1855, p. 24; Less, Spec. Mamm, 1840, PYGA TH RIX 61 p. 61; Martin, Mammif. Anim., 1841, p. 468; Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 38; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 16; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 63; Beyr., Abhandl. Berl. Akad. Wiss., 1860, p. 7; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 16; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 37; Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. Yunnan, 1878, p. 36; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 137. Semnopithecus fulvogriseus Desmoul., Diet. Class. Hist. Nat., VII, 1825, p. 570; Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 15; I. Geoff., Belang., Voy., Zool., 1834, p. 36; Martin, Charlesw., Mag. Nat. Hist., II, 1838, New Ser., p. 439. Presbytis mitrula ( !) Griff., Anim. Kingd., V, 1827, p. 7. Semnopithecus fascicularis Owen, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1833, p. 75. Semnopithecus mitratus Schleg., Essai Phys. Serp., Pt. Gen., 1837, p. 237; Mull, und Schleg., Verhandl., 1839-44, pp. 60, 65, pl. XII, fig. 2, juv. pl. XII bis, fig. 1; I. Geoff., Cat. Pri- mates, 1851, p. 16; Horsf., Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. Ind. Co., 1851, p. 15; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 88, 90; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 626, (note) ; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit- eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 16; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 37; Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. Yunnan, 1878, p. 36; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 137; Flow., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1900, p. 319. Semnopithecus (Trachypithecus} comatus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 91, pl. X, figs. 217-219, 222-224. Presbytis aygula Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 128. Type locality. "India." Geogr. Distr. Island of Java. Genl. Char. Head crested; fur long, loose, soft; tail long. Color. Top and sides of head to ears black; hairs forming a high crest from forehead to nape; hind neck, upper back, shoulders, outer side of arms, iron gray; dorsal region whitish gray, flanks darker but not so dark as shoulders; outer side of thighs gray, the upper edge iron gray; outer side of legs below knees iron gray; sides of neck, entire under parts from chin to root of tail, and inner side of limbs white; a slight yellowish tinge on arms near wrist; tail above, and a line over rump at root of tail, continuing across thighs black, hairs tipped with 62 PYGATHRIX white, beneath whitish; hands and feet whitish on upper parts, outer sides, and a band crossing at base of fingers and toes iron gray. Measurements. Total length, 1,150; tail, 620; foot, 150. Skull: total length, 95.3; occipito-nasal length, 82.4; intertemporal width, 44.1; width of braincase, 55.2; Hensel, 58.6; zygomatic width, 71.1; length of upper molar series, 25; length of mandible, 66.2; length of lower molar series, 30. Ex specimen from Java, British Museum. Pygathrix fusco-murina (Elliot). Presbytis fusco-murina Elliot, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XIX, 1906, p. 49; Id. Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., F. C. M. Pub., VIII, 1906, p. 573, Zool. Ser. Type locality. Telok Betong, South Sumatra. Type in Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago. Genl. Char. A long occipital crest, inclining backward, face, hands and feet, white or flesh colored. Color. A narrow dark line across forehead runinng backward on side of head above ears, and widening as it goes to occiput, where it joins the long central occipital crest; entire upper parts of body, outer side of arms from wrist, and upper side of tail dark mouse gray tinged with brown; top and sides of head beneath the dark line, cheeks, throat, under side of body, inner side of arms, legs from hips on both inner and outer sides, face, hands, feet, and tail beneath, white. Ex type Field Museum. Measurements. Total length (dried skin), 1,280; tail, 600. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 95; Hensel, 61; zygomatic width, 71; inter- temporal constriction, 45.5; breadth across orbits, 60; width of brain- case, 56; width of orbit, 23; height of orbit, 24.5; height of nasal aperture, 13; breadth of nasal aperture, 9; median length of nasals, 9; palatal length, 30; breadth of palate inside m2, 19; length of upper molar series, alveolar border, 24; length of upper molars, 16; length of upper canines, 15; length of mandible, 59; length of lower molar series, 29; length of lower molars, 18; length of lower canines, 12.5. Ex type Field Museum. Belonging to the group containing hosei and thomasi, this species is quite differently colored. The white crown is encircled by a dark line as in P. thomasi, but there is no central line in the white so conspicuous in the species named. It is strikingly different also in its white face, hands, feet and legs. PYGATHRIX 63 Pygathbix sabana (Thomas). Semnopithecus sabanus Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XII, 6th Ser., 1893, p. 230, pl. VII; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 116; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., F. C. M. Pub., VIII, 1906, p. 572. Zool. Ser. PAITAN LANGUR. Type locality. Paitan, North Borneo. Type in British Museum. Geogr. Distr. Borneo, range unknown. Genl. Char. Face flesh colored between orbits and around cheeks; chin, sides of neck, throat and chest grayish. Head crested. Color. A flattened crest along middle line of head from forehead to rear of crown, the hairs colored like those on top of head, gray at base, the apical half black; hairs from cheeks long, passing over temples, black; entire upper parts of body, shoulders, upper arms and flanks iron gray; outer side of forearms paler gray; legs from hips to ankles on outer side, gray, paler than back, but darker than fore- arms; upper parts of face across orbits flesh color, rest black with short white hairs on lips; entire under parts of body, inner side of arms to elbows, and legs white; inner side of forearms gray slightly paler than on outer side; hands and feet black; tail above iron gray, beneath paler. Ex type British Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,440; tail, 880; foot, 165, (skin). Skull: total length, 94.2; occipito-nasal length, 84.5; intertemporal width, 47; Hensel, 61.2; zygomatic width, 73.5; breadth of braincase, 60.5; median length of nasals, .89; palatal length, 27.9; length of upper molar series, 24.7; length of mandible, 65.3; length of lower molar series, 30. Ex type British Museum. This is a fine gray species with a peculiar flat narrow crest along center of head. Pygathbix evebetti (Thomas). Semnopithecus everetti Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 582, pl. XLI; Hose, Mamm. Borneo, 1893, p. 15; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 120, pl. XXIV. EVERETT'S LANGUR. Type locality. Mount Kina-Balu, Borneo, at 3,500 feet elevation. Type in British Museum. Geogr. Distr. Mount Kina-Balu, Dulit, and Batu Song, Sarawak, Borneo, at an elevation of 3,000 to 3,500 feet. Genl. Char. Similar to P. hosei, but where that species is white this is cream color. 64 PYGATHRIX Color. Nose, eyelids and lips flesh color, rest of face black; top of head to bottom of hind neck jet black; a white spot over nose; upper parts of body and limbs, dark gray like P. hosei ; sides of head and neck, chin and entire under parts of body, and inner sides of limbs cream color; hands and feet black; tail above dark gray, beneath paler. Ex type British Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,300; tail, 740; foot, 150, (skin). Skull: total length, 92.5; occipito-nasal length, 81.5; intertemporal width, 43.4; Hensel, 60; zygomatic width, 69.5; breadth of braincase, 53.7; median length of nasals, 9; palatal length, 26; length of upper molar series, 24.4; length of mandible, 64.3; length of lower molar series, 27.1 Ex type British Museum. This species resembles P. hosei very closely, the chief and really only difference is that the head is mostly black instead of white, and the under parts cream color. Its proper rank will probably be that of a subspecies, but as no intermediate examples of the forms have been obtained, it must for the present be regarded as an independent species. Mr. Hose says both species are found on Mt. Dulit and also on Mt. Batu Song, but P. everetti has not been found in the low country. Pygathrix hosei (Thomas). Semnopithecus hosei Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, p. 159, pl. XVI; Hose, Mamm. Borneo, 1893, p. 10; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 117; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., F. C. M. Pub., VIII, 1906, p. 572. Zool. Ser. HOSE'S LANGUR. Type locality. Niah in the Baram district northwest coast of Borneo. Type in British Museum. Geogr. Distr. Baram district, Sarawak; Mt. Dulit; Kina-Balu? 4,000 feet elevation, Borneo. Genl. Char. Crest black, sloping backward; forehead and cheeks white. Color. Nose, eyelids and upper lip flesh color, rest of face black; upper part and sides of body, hoary, mixed black and white hairs; forehead, sides of head and neck, chin, (tufted), entire under parts, inner side of arms to middle of forearm, and of legs below knee pure white; outer side of limbs like body, grading into black on hands and feet; tail hoary gray, darkest above; eyebrows long, black. Ex type British Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,190; tail, 670; foot, 154; length of crest, 40. Skull: total length, 89.7; occipito-nasal length, 79.2; Volume III Plate 1 Pygathrix thomasi PYGA TH RIX 65 intertemporal width, 46.6; Hensel, 57.6; zygomatic width, 67.8; breadth of braincase, 53.4; median length of nasals, 10; palatal length, 26.4; length of upper molar series, 25.9; length of mandible, 60.8; length of lower molar series, 28. Ex type British Museum. Mr. Hose, (1. c.) says of this species that "this handsome monkey is perhaps my finest discovery among the Mammals. The type was shot at a place called Niah in the Baram district. I have since pro- cured several specimens in different parts of the country, but although it is often seen in the low country I think we must consider it to be a mountain species which leaves the mountains at certain times in search of fruit. It ascends Mt. Dulit to the height of 4,000 feet, but is more common at 2,000 feet. It frequents the salt springs which are common in the interior, churning up the mud, and it is at these salt springs that the Punans procure numbers of specimens with the blow pipe and poisoned arrows. From this monkey the Bezoar stones are obtained, being found either in the gall bladder or near it. The noise that this animal makes is loud and distinct-'Gagah, gagah!' The young resemble the color of the adults, and are exceedingly pretty little things, but they won't live long in confinement and would never bear a voyage to England, as they suffer severely from sea sickness. The Kyan name is 'Bengat.' " Pygathrix thomasi (Collett). Semnopithecus thomasi Collett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 613, pl. XIII; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 119. THOMAS'S LANGUR. Type locality. Langkat district, northeast Sumatra. Type in the University Zoological Museum at Christiania, Norway. Geogr. Distr. Northeast Sumatra. Genl. Char. Similar to P. hosei, but the white of the forehead and cheeks is separated by a black band running from the mouth to the ear. Pointed crest, sloping from forehead backward, and from occiput forwards; tail very long. Color. Crest white with a black stripe in the center on front, and another on sides from before ears to apex, which is also black; upper parts of body and sides, and outer side of limbs dark gray; black stripe from upper jaw to ear; cheeks, chin, sides of neck, entire under parts, and inner side of limbs white; hands and feet black; tail above dark gray, beneath creamy white. Iris brown. Ex co-type British Museum. Old male is darker, with upper part of head brownish black, front whitish, and upper part of cheeks black. 66 PVGA TH RIX Measurements. Old male, total length, 1,430; tail, 810. Skull: greatest length, 104; zygomatic breadth, 80; Hensel, 73; intertemporal width, 46; interorbital width, 8; width of braincase, 69; median length of nasals, 12; palatal length, 34; length of upper molar series, 27; length of upper canines, 20. Collett, ex type. A skull of a female in British Museum measures somewhat less. Total length, 90.5; occipito-nasal length, 80.4; zygomatic breadth, 70; Hensel, 56; palatal length, 27. Mr. Collett gives the following account of this species, (1. c.) : "These monkeys were only met with by Herr Iversen in the Langkai district and were not observed in Deli. They were fairly numerous on several of the estates, especially at Glen Bervie and Beckri. Their haunts were in the highest trees, and they never descended of their own accord to the ground, or visited the rice fields. Herr Iversen saw, however, one wounded individual take to flight on the ground. They always live in companies, and inhabit the dry spots in the thickest parts of the forests. They appear to be non-migratory, and may be met with at all times of the year in almost the same part of the forest. They hardly ever visited the more open places, but kept to the highest tree-tops, where they moved about with the greatest ease, and made the most astonishing leaps through the branches. They were, on the whole, excessively shy; if they found themselves dis- covered, they endeavored at once to hide, and the mothers would leave their young sitting on the branches whilst they themselves sought shelter in the tree-tops. When hunted they all took to flight in the same direction, so that the companies were not dispersed. "The companies appeared to consist chiefly of full-grown indi- viduals, and young ones were but seldom seen. An occasional half grown individual, however, might be noticed following the old ones; babies were not often seen, but these are, on the whole, more difficult to observe, as they are carried by the mother under her belly. The young one brought home was noticed through the mother deserting it, after which it began to shriek. They have a very penetrating cry, which they generally utter in chorus after one has given the note. In the individuals which have been examined no foetus has ever been found. Possibly the pregnant females and the younger ones hide themselves more closely. "They were seen in activity only in the daytime, and were not heard to cry at night. They lived, it appeared, only on fruits. In their stomachs were chiefly found the soft pulp of a fruit, belonging PYGATH RIX 67 to a foliated tree, having a stony kernel. They were often observed foraging in company with Hylobates syndactylus, but with this excep- tion they were never seen along with other monkeys. One individual which was taken alive, proved to be wild and untamable." Pygathbix potenziani (Bonaparte). Senmopithecus potensiani Bonp., Comptes Rendus, XLIII, 1856, p. 412, (note, desc. insufficient). Senmopithecus chrysogaster Licht., Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1879, p. 830, pl. IVb; Blanf., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1887, p. 627; Id. Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., 1891, p. 38. Presbytis chrysogaster Licht., Peters, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 429; Blyth, Mamm. and Birds Burma, 1875, p. 10. Senmopithecus pileatus Anders., Exped. Yunnan, Zool., 1878, p. 13. (In synonymy). RED-BELLIED LANGUR. Type locality. ? Type in Berlin Museum. Geogr. Distr. Sipora, and South Pagi islands, Mettawee Group. (Modigliani), (Abbott). Genl. Char. Small compressed crest from crown to nape; whisker tufts absent. Chin and lips with few white hairs. Color. Patch on top of head jet black; front and sides of head, and behind ears grayish white; hind neck black, the hairs rufous at base and tipped with black, the rufous showing on sides and above shoulders; rest of body, limbs, hands, feet and tail black, the rufous of the base of hairs giving a tinge to the black; throat and chest grayish white; under parts rufous. Young yellow. Ex type Berlin Museum of P. chrysogaster. Measurements. Total length, 1,140; tail, 550. Skull: total length, 102; Hensel, 66; occipito-nasal length, 97.7; zygomatic width, 75; intertemporal width, 41.1; greatest width of braincase, 54.6; palatal length, 36.1; median length of nasals, 11.9; length of upper molar series, 29.2; length of mandible, 74; length of lower molar series, 33.9; length of canines, 17. This species has been considered the same as P. pileatus Blyth, from which, however, it is quite distinct. Two examples are in the Berlin Museum, the type, an adult animal from which my description was taken, and a young one. They were stated to have been obtained in Tenasserim, but that was a mistake as the species inhabits the Mettawee group of islands off the west coast of Sumatra. 68 PYGATH RIX A specimen in the British Museum obtained from the Genoa Museum and procured by Dr. Modigliani in Sipora, Mettawee Islands, answers to the description of 5". potenziani Bon., and is the same as chrysogaster Peters. The habitat of the species is therefore fixed. It has also been taken on South Pagi Island of the same group by Dr. Abbott, who sent a series of examples to the United States Na- tional Museum. Pygathrix fran^oisi (Pousargues). Semnopithecus fran^oisi Pousarg., Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1898, p. 319. Type locality. Boundary of Tonkin and China. Type in Paris Museum. Genl. Char. Upright, lengthened, slender crest from middle of occiput; body slender, limbs and tail long. Color. Band from angle of mouth across cheeks to ears, and hairs on top of ears white, entire rest of pelage, head, body, limbs, hands, feet and tail black. Ex type Paris Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,231.9; tail, 748.7; foot, 139.7. Skull: total length, 97; occipito-nasal length, 83; Hensel, 64; zygomatic width, 76; intertemporal width, 48; palatal length, 28; breadth of braincase, 60; median length of nasals, 11; length of upper molar series, 26; length of mandible, 63; length of lower molar series, 31. Ex type Paris Museum. While resembling in some respects P. potenziani, it differs from that species in having the under parts of the body black, no rufous appearing anywhere. Its habitat also, on the borders of Tonkin and China, is far removed from the Mettawee Islands where P. potenziani is found, for there is no proof that that species inhabits Tenasserim or any portion of the continent, being, so far as known, strictly an island species. Subgenus Presbypithecus. t - c - p - m 3-3 - 2-2> I-1» 2-2» 3_3 - 32' Hair on head crested, sometimes radiating from a central point. Pelage brown or black. Pygathrix cephaloloptera (Zimmermann). The Lion-tailed Monkey (B) Penn., Syn. Mamm., 1771, p. 109, pl. CVIII, fig. 2. VOLUME III. PLATE VI. Pygathrix cephaloloptera. No. 122775 U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. PYGATHRIX 69 The Purple-faced Monkey Penn., Hist. Quad., I, 3rd ed., 1793, p. 199, pl. XLIH; Shaw, Gen. Zool., I, 1800, Pt. I, pl. XIII. Cercopithecus kephalopterus (!) Zimm., Geog. Gesch., II, 1780, p. 185. Cercopithecus cephalopterus ( !) Bodd., Elench. Anim., 1785, p. 58; Fisch., Syn. Anim., 1829, p. 17. Simia veter Shaw, Gen. Zool., I, Pt. I, 1800, p. 36. ^Cercopithecus latibarbatus Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 94; Desm., Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., XV, 1817, p. 578; Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 10; Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 57; Desmoul., Diet. Class. Hist. Nat., VII, 1825, p. 568; Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 35; Griff., Anim. Kingd., V, 1827, p. 11. Simia latibarbata Cuv., Diet. Scien. Nat., XX, 1821, p. 32. Cercopithecus leucoprymnus Otto, Nov. Acta, Acad. Caes. Leop., XII, 1825, p. 505, pl. XLVI bis; Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 37; E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 10, 8me Le<;on. Semnopithecus fulwogriseus Desmoul., Diet. Class. Hist. Nat., VII, 1825, p. 570; I. Geoff., Belang., Voy., Zool., 1834, p. 36, (Part.); Id. Compt. Rend., XV, 1842, p. 719; Martin, Charlesw., Mag. Nat. Hist., II, New Ser., 1838, p. 439; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 87, 89. Semnopithecus leucoprymnus Desm., Diet. Scien. Nat., XLVIII, 1827, p. 439; Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, Sect. E. 8, p. 10; Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 16; Less., Compl. Buff., IV, 1828, p. 22; Id. Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 57; I. Geoff., Belang., Voy., Zool., 1834, p. 36, (Part.) ; Id. Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 12; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 96; V, 1855, p. 25; Mull, und Schleg., Verhandl., 1839-44, p. 59; Martin, Mammif. Anim., 1841, p. 482; Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 40; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1854, p. 60; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim., 1856, p. 87; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 14; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 51; Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. Yunnan, 1878, p. 22; Blanf., Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., 1888-9, p. 34; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 113. *The specimen called latibarbatus, Paris Museum, is too young to charac- terize, though adults when obtained may prove it to be specifically distinct. 70 PYGATHRIX Macacus silenus var. alba Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 28. Semnopithecus nestor Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1833, p. 67; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 60; Waterh., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1844, p. 1. Semnopithecus latibarbatus Martin, Charlesw., Mag. Nat. Hist., II, New Ser., 1838, p. 439; Waterh., Cat. Mamm. Mus. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1838, p. 4; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 12; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 87, 89; Anders., Res. Zool. Exped. Yunnan, 1878, p. 23. Presbytis cephaloptera ( !) Kelaart, Prodr. Faun. Zeylan., 1852, p. 1. IPresbytis albinus Kelaart, Prodr. Faun. Zeylan., 1852, p. 7. Semnopithecus cephalopterus ( !) Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 99, fig. 239; Hutton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 949. Petulus nestor Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, pl. XXII, fig. 326. TSemnopithecus thersites Hutton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 949. Semnopithecus kelaarti Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 52. Semnopithecus cephalopterus (!) Anders., Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, p. 43. PURPLE-FACED LANGUR OR WANDEROU. Type locality. Ceylon. Geogr. Distr. Restricted to the Island of Ceylon. Color. Male. Black hairs along the line of forehead over eyes; forepart of head Prout's brown grading to Vandyke brown on back of neck; upper parts of body to rump, outer side of thighs and inner side of arms black, speckled on thighs with white; rump pale gray; hands and feet black; hair on sides of face, long, reaching beyond ear; chin, and beneath lower jaw and hairs on upper lip yellowish white; entire under parts black. Face black; tail olive brown. Females are usually brownish and the following description of a young male is from one in the Calcutta Museum. Top of head wood brown; black stripe on side of head from eyes to ears; sides of head, neck and throat yellowish white, hairs on neck long; occiput yellowish brown; upper part of back Prout's brown; shoulders and arms grayish or smoky brown; rump, thighs and tail smoky gray; knees and legs black or blackish brown in front, brownish on sides; hands and feet blackish. No skull. Ex specimen juv. Calcutta Museum. VOLUME III. PLATE 2. Pygathrix cephaloloptera. Pygathrix entellus. PYGATHRIX 71 Measurements. Total length, 1,110; tail, 620; foot, 140, (skin). Skull: Male, total length, 99.9. Female. Top of head, legs and hind neck yellowish brown; upper part, and sides of body and arms to elbow Prout's brown; forearms, and legs below knees bistre; outer side of thighs wood brown; rump pale yellowish brown; whiskers long, extending beyond ears, yellowish brown, as are also chin and throat; under side of body and limbs mars brown; hands and feet mummy brown; tail like rump, pale yellowish brown. Measurements. Female. Occipito-nasal length, 84.9; intertem- poral width, 42.9; breadth of braincase, 54.5; Hensel, 64.5; zygomatic width, 72.3; median length of nasals, 11.2; length of upper canines, 18.2; length of upper molar series, 28.2; length of mandible, 71.2; length of lower molar series, 34.1. Pygathrix cephaloloptera monticola (Kelaart). Presbytis cephalopterus ( !) monticola Kelaart, Journ. Roy. Asiat. Soc., (Ceylon branch), II, 1849-50, No. 5, p. 321. Geogr. Distr. Higher part Kandyan Provinces, Nuwarra Eliya, Ceylon. Genl. Char. Similar to P. cephaloloptera but without white on rump and inside of thighs; larger and darker than its low country relative, and has a rufous tinge on the neck, and with longer and more wavy hair. Measurements. "Total length, 2 feet, 7% in; tail 2 ft, 2 in; foot, 6 inches." "Usually seen in large numbers jumping on the trees, and when disturbed makes a peculiar short howling noise. One was known to have attacked a cooly on a coffee estate carrying a rice bag. The Malabars eat the flesh of this monkey, and consider it very delicious food, and some Europeans who have tasted it, are of the same opinion." I have not seen examples of this species, and am not aware that there is a specimen in any collection. Pygathrix senex (Erxleben). Undeterminable. Cercopithecus senex Erxl., Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, p. 24. ?Presbytis albinus Kelaart, Prodr. Faun. Zeyl., 1852-54, p. 7; Id. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XX, 1852, p. 182. Semnopithecus senex Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 53; Blanf., Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., 1888-91, p. 35. 72 PYGA TH RIX Semnopithecus cephalopterus ( !) white var., Anders., Zool. Res. Exp. Yunnan, 1878, p. 23, (footnote). Type locality. Ceylon. "C. barbatus totus albus" Erxl. A white monkey from Ceylon was described in the above terms by Erxleben, (1. c.). Blanford (1. c.) describes P. senex as follows: "Fur dense and wavy, whiskers full. Long white hairs over the toes." "Color. Yellowish white, faintly marked with brownish on the head, dusky over the shoulders and on the middle of the back. Face and ears black. Soles and palms flesh-colored." "Dimensions. Apparently the same as those of S', ursinus. "Distribution. Mountains of Southern Ceylon at considerable elevations." Blanford does not state from what specimen he took his descrip- tion, but does say that the only one he had seen was "a young animal in the Leyden Museum which Schlegel says came from Temminck's Collection and was brought from Ceylon at the end of the last century," (1700). His description does not exactly agree with Blanford's. "Sa teinte dominante, d'un blanc jaunatre, est lavee de brun sur le dos, et de roux sur le dessus de la tete et la nuque." No example from Ceylon answering Erxleben's description is known so far as I am aware, and it was probably an albino of P. ursina, or P. cephaloloptera, or the one described by Kelaart as P. monticola, but which one of these can never now be known, and therefore senex Erxl., being unde- terminable must be dropped from the list. Should a third species of Pygathrix be discovered in Ceylon, it probably will be ascertained to be the one described by Kelaart as Presbytis monticola. Pygathrix johni (Fischer). Simia johni Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 25. Semnopithecus cucullatus I. Geoff., Belang., Voy., Zool., 1834, p. 38; Id. Compt. Rend., XV, 1842, p. 719; Id. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, II, 1843, p. 541; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 59; Miill. und Schleg., Verhandl., 1839-44, p. 59; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 98; V, 1855, p. 26; Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 41; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 13; Id. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, V, 1852, p. 538; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 61, fig.; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 87, 89; Reichenb., Voll- PYGATH RIX 73 stand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 101, fig.; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, XIV. Semnopithecus johni Waterh., Cat. Mamm. Mus. Zool. Soc. Lond., 2nd ed., 1808, p. 5; Martin, Charlesw., Mag. Nat. Hist., II, New Ser., 1838, p. 439; Id. Mammif. Anim., 1841, p. 487, (Part.) ; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XII, 1843, p. 169, XXVI, 1847, pp. 734, 1272; Id. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., II, New Ser., 1848, p. 454; Gray, Handb. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 3; Horsf., Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. Ind. Co., 1851, p. 8; Id. Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, p. 45; Schleg., Mus. Pays- Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 50; Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. Yunnan, 1878, p. 21; Blanf., Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., 1891, p. 33; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 111. Semnopithecus jubatus Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 305; V, 1855, p. 26; Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 41; Horsf., Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. Ind. Co., 1851, p. 14. Semnopithecus cephalopterus ( !) Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XXVIII, 1859, p. 283; Id. Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 1863, p. 14. Semnopithecus (Kas!) cucullatus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 101. Presbytis jubata Jerd., Mamm. Ind., 1867, p. 7. Presbytis johni Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., F. C. M. Pub., VIII, 1906, p. 573, Zool. Ser. NILGIRl LANGVR. Type locality. "India orientali." Geogr. Distr. Nilgiri Hills to Travancore, Western Ghats from the Wynaad to Cape Comorin, not lower than 2,500 feet elevation. India. Genl. Char. Allied to P. cephaloloptera but the mandible is narrower and shorter; palate more contracted; supraorbital ridges little developed, teeth larger. Color. A black line on forehead above eyes, composed of rather stiff hairs standing erect; crown and occiput yellowish, forepart and sides of head yellow strongly tinged with red; hairs of occiput long, those of hind neck reddish; entire upper parts, except rump, outer side of limbs, hands, feet and tail, and under parts of body from throat jet black; rump gray; chin black, throat reddish. Measurements. Total length, 1,580; tail, 860; foot, 160. Skull: total length, 93.6; occipito-nasal length, 79.5; intertemporal width, 42.8; breadth of braincase, 56.5; Hensel, 59.7; zygomatic width, 67.5; 74 PYGATHRIX median length of nasals, 18.4; palatal length, 31.4; length of upper molar series, 27.1; length of mandible, 63.9; length of lower molar series, 31.1. Blanford says this species is shy and wary, the result of human persecution. It inhabits the sholas or dense but abruptly limited woods of the Nilgiris and other high ranges of Southern India, and is also found in the forests on the slopes of the hills, usually in small troops of from five to ten individuals. It is very noisy, having a loud guttural alarm cry, used also to express anger, and a loud long call. Jordan relates that when the sholas of the Nilgiri range were beaten for game, these monkeys made their way rapidly and with loud cries to the lower portion and thence to a neighboring wood at a lower level. In consequence of the beauty of their skins, and the circumstances that certain castes eat their flesh, these monkeys are more frequently shot than most of the Indian species, hence their shyness. Pygathrix ursina Blyth. Presbytis ursina Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XX, 1851, p. 155; Id. Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 1863, p. 13; Kelaart, Prodr. Faun. Zeylan., 1852, p. 2. Semnopithecus ursinus Hutton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 949; Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. Yunnan, 1878, p. 24; Id. Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, p. 441; Blanf., Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., 1894, p. 36; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 122. Vetulus ursinus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 128, not figured. URSINA LANGUR. Type locality. Nuwarra Eliya, Ceylon. Type not found in Calcutta Museum. Geogr. Distr. Mountains of Southern Ceylon, near Nuwarra Eliya. Genl. Char. Similar to, but larger than P. cephaloloptera and P. JOHNI. Color. Superciliary stripe black, composed mostly of stiff erect hairs; forepart and sides of head dark, slightly reddish brown; nape and hind neck, yellowish brown; rump and base of tail, gray; entire rest of pelage of body, limbs, hands, feet and tail, jet black. Measurements. Total length, 1,480; tail, 780; foot, 170, (skin). VOLUME III. PLATE VII. Pygathrix aurata. No. 113171 U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. PYGATHRIX 75 This is a very large monkey, a giant by the side of either P. johni or P. cephaloloptera, but in color resembling the former almost exactly. It is confined to the mountainous portions of Ceylon. Kelaart states that this species is "usually seen in large numbers jumping on the trees, and when disturbed make a short howling noise"; while Tennent says that "at early morning, ere the day begins to dawn, their loud and peculiar howl, which consists of quick repetition of the sound kow-kow, may be frequently heard in the mountain jungles." Subgenus Trachypithecus. t c p 2"2. m ?=?=i2 2-2> 1-1J r- 2-2> 3-3 Whiskers long; pelage blackish or silvery gray. Pygathrix aurata (E. Geoffroy). La guenon negre Buff., Hist. Quadr., I, 3me ed., 1793, p. 206. Cercopithecus maurus (nec Erxleb., nec Schreb.), Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 93; Desm., Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., XV, 1817, p. 576; Id. Mamm., 1820, p. 55; Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 12. Cercopithecus auratus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 93; Desm., Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., XV, 1817, p. 576; Id. Mamm., 1820, p. 56; Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 10; Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 35; Temm., Monog. Mamm., I, 1827, p. 14; Griff., Anim. Kingd., V, 1829, p. 11. Semnopithecus pyrrhus Horsf., Zool. Resch., Java, 1820, pl. $; Id. Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. Ind. Co., 1838, p. 5; Martin, Charlesw., Mag. Nat. Hist., II, New Ser., 1838, p. 438; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 94; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 64; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 15; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 91, fig. 216. Simia aurata F. Cuv., Diet. Scien. Nat., XX, 1821, p. 34. Semnopithecus maurus (nec Schreb.), F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1822, pl. XII; Horsf., Zool. Resch., Java, 1824, pl.; Desmoul., Diet. Class. Hist. Nat., VII, 1825, p. 570; Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 40; Id. Compl. Buff., IV, 1828-30, p. 30; Griff., Anim. Kingd., V, 1827, p. 9; E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 4, 8me Le^on; G. Cuv., Regn. Anim., I, Nouv. ed., 1829, p. 94; Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 15, (Part); I. Geoff., Belang., Voy., Zool., 1832, p. 42; Schleg., Essai Phys. Serp., Pt. Gen., 1837, p. 237 ; Waterh., Cat. Mamm. 76 PYGATH RIX Mus. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1838, p. 5; Martin, Charlesw., Mag. Nat. Hist., II, New Ser., 1838, p. 436; Id. Mammif. Anim., 1841, p. 478; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 23; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 63; Mull, und Schleg., Ver- handl., 1839-44, pp. 61, 76, tab. 12 bis ; Schinz, Syn. Mamm., II, 1844, p. 39; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 14; Horsf., Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. Ind. Co., 1851, p. 9; Jacq. et Pucher., Voy. Pole Sud, III, 1853, p. 22; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 62, fig.; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 88, 90; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit- eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 15; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 54; Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. Yunnan, 1878, p. 27; Id. Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, p. 47; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 125, (Part.) ; Flow., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1900, p. 319. Semnopithecus auratus Desmoul., Diet. Class. Hist. Nat., VII, 1825, p. 570; Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 15; Less., Compl. (Euvr. Buff., 1828-30, III, p. 18; Geoff., Belang., Voy., Zool., 1834, p. 44; Schleg., Ess. Phys. Serp., Pt. Gen., 1837, p. 237; Martin, Charlesw., Mag. Nat. Hist., II, New Ser., 1838, p. 439; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 63; Martin, Mammif. Anim., 1841, p. 474, pl. (Part.) ; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 15; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 62; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 88, 90; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 22; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 90, fig. 233; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., LXVI, 1875, p. 10; Anders., Zool. Exped. Yunnan, 1878, p. 32. Simla ceylonica Desmoul., Diet. Class. d'Hist. Nat., VII, 1825, p. 572. Semnopithecus edwardsi Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 15. Presbytis pyrrhus Gray, Handb. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 3; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XLIV, 1875, p. 10, ext. no. $. Presbytis maura Gray, Handb. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 3. Presbytis maurus ( !) Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XVI, 1847, p. 735; Id. Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 1863, p. 13. Presbytis pyrrha Thos. and Wrought., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1909, p. 372. NEGRO LANGUR. Type locality. Java. Type of C. auratus Geoff., in Paris Mu- seum. PYGATHRIX 77 Geogr. Distr. Bencoolen, the Lampongs, Java. Genl. Char. Hair of head radiating from a center, long; whiskers bushy passing behind ears. Color. Adult, top of head, body above and on sides, limbs and tail, and under parts of body, jet black; the thighs, limbs and rump, and sometimes other parts of the body in an old individual, speckled with white. Head, upper part and sides of body, shoulders and thighs bright cinnamon rufous, arms, hands and feet tawny ochraceous; legs between knees and ankles, ochraceous, grading into ochraceous buff at ankle. Description from specimen in Calcutta Museum labelled S'. pyrrhus. No locality and no skull. Probably young adult of the Javan species. Measurements. Total length, 1,275; tail, 755; foot, 160, (skin). Skull: total length, 98; occipito-nasal length, 81.4; intertemporal width, 42.2; Hensel, 69.5; zygomatic width, 75.4; breadth of braincase, 54.2; median length of nasals, 12; palatal length, 31.6; length of upper molar series, 27.2; length of mandible, 73.1; length of lower molar series, 34.8. Color. Female. Black patch on each knee; entire rest of pelage, head, body and limbs golden yellow, reddish golden on back; tail golden yellow, interspersed with black at intervals. Ex type Paris Museum of C. auratus E. Geoffroy. The adult of this species is jet black, the newly born yellow, which color is usually soon lost for that of the adult. The type of Cercopithecus auratus E. Geoffroy, or an example so labelled, is in the Paris Museum, and is without doubt a female of this species, having retained the color of pelage of the young, which, although a rare occurrence does sometimes happen, as is stated by Mr. Shortridge, the British Museum Collector, who sent several females from Java in the pelage of C. auratus. Geoffroy's type is a female, its locality un- known. This Javan species has usually been known as Simla maura Schreber, and supposed to be founded, as asserted by Messrs. Thomas and Wroughton (1. c.) upon the middle sized Black Monkey of Edwards in his Gleanings of Natural History. It is a fact that Schreber cites Edwards in his synonymy, but the description of his "Morhaffe" has nothing whatever to do with Edwards' Black Monkey, and is not founded upon it. Schreber had a baby yellowish brown monkey, seven inches long, in spirits, as he states, and this was the type of his 5'. maura. It is difficult to explain why Schreber connected 78 PYGATHRIX his little brown monkey with Edwards' black one, for he nowhere indicates that he knew that any species of black monkey had brown or red young, and he had no knowledge of the locality of his species as he quotes Guiana, as given by Edwards for the habitat. It is clearly impossible, therefore, to prove that Schreber's specimen was a Pygathrix, or to connect this seven inch brownish red example with the black monkey of Java, or in fact with any species known, and it can only be regarded as indeterminable, and Simia maura Schreber, must be dropped from the list of the Primates. Now the question arises what is the name for the Javan black Monkey? Messrs. Thomas and Wroughton decide that it should be pyrrha Horsfield, described from a female that had retained the reddish color of the young, never having assumed the black pelage of the adult, and reject aurata previously given by E. Geoffroy, also to a red female, which had not assumed the adult coloration, because, they "do not think the evidence for the identification of Geoffroy's C. auratus with this monkey is sufficient to justify the use of his name." The knowledge which these Authors had of Geoffroy's type appears to have been derived from his description only, and which, unfor- tunately in the majority of cases, is all that Authors usually have to assist them in reaching a decision. But the Type of P. aurata still remains in the Paris Museum, and resembles so closely red females sent by Mr. Shortridge from Java to the British Museum, that there can be no hesitation in ascribing it to the same species. Geoffroy's type is a female, its locality unknown, but the black hairs intermingled with the golden yellow ones of the tail is a strong indication of its affinity to the Javan black Pygathrix. Geoffroy described previously on the same page the Javan species as Cercopithecus maurus; the adult as black; and the first and second ages as more or less red. There would be no question what name the species should properly bear if it were not for the doubt as to what was the animal Erxleben and Schreber called maurus. If it was a Pygathrix, and not this species, it would invalidate the name for the present genus, but as it can never now be determined what species maurus, as employed by Erxleben and Schreber, really represented, it is better to drop the name and take that of aurata, although the latter is misleading as regards the color of the adult. Geoffroy's type is without a doubt a red female of the black Javan Pygathrix and is the same as pyrrhus Hodgson, and the name aurata has priority. PYGATHRIX 79 Pygathrix cristata (Raffles). Simia cristatus ( !) Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIII, 1822, p. 245. Semnopithecus pruinosus Desm., Mamm., 1823, Suppl., 533, no white hairs, spec. Paris Mus.; Desmoul., Diet. Class. Hist. Nat., VII, 1825, p. 569; Griff., Anim. Kingd., V, 1827, p. 10; Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 41; I. Geoff., Belang., Voy., Zool., 1834, p. 4; Waterh., Cat. Mus. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1838, p. 5; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 92; V, 1855, p. 24; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 62; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 62, fig.; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 58; Tent., Notes Leyd. Mus., XI, 1889, p. 215, pl. IX; XIII, 1891, p. 209. Semnopithecus cristatus Mull., Tijdschrift Natuur. Geschied., II, 1835, p. 316; Schleg., Essai Phys. Serp., Pt. Gen., 1837, p. 237; Martin, Charlesw., Mag. Nat. Hist., New Ser., II, 1838, p. 435; Id. Mammif. Anim., 1841, p. 476; Gray, Handb. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 3; Mull, und Schleg., Verhandl., 1839-44, pp. 61, 77, tab. 12, fig. 1, juv.; Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 39; Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XVI, 1846, p. 175; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 4; Horsf., Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. Ind. Co., 1851, pp. 13, 14; Jacq. et Pucher., Voy. Pole Sud, HI, 1853, p. 22, pls. Ill, IV; Dahlb, Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 87, 89; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 15; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 54; Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. Yunnan, 1878, p. 27; Id. Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, Pt. I, p. 50; Hose, Mamm. Borneo, 1893, p. 15. Semnopithecus (Tr achy pith ecus} pruinosus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 89, pl. XV, figs. 198, 199. Semnopithecus (Trachypithecus) cristatus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 89, pl. XV, figs. 200, 203. Semnopithecus maurus Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 125. (Part). Semnopithecus routledgii Anders., Exp. Yunnan, Zool., 1878, p. 38. Pygathrix cristata Lyon, U. S. Nat. Mus., XL, 1911, p. 140. Type locality. Island of Sumatra. Geogr. Distr. Island of Sumatra. Color. General color of head, body and limbs black the hairs broadly tipped with white, and this color is conspicuous over all the animal, so that it appears gray with a black ground, the gray becoming 80 PYGATHRIX more extensive on the rump and legs to the ankles where it is the prevailing color, the black beneath scarcely appearing; arms above elbows like back; forearms with more black showing through the gray; hands and feet entirely black. Tail, black above, pale beneath; under parts yellowish white. Forehead and cheeks black. Ex speci- men Calcutta Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,240; tail, 730; foot, 150. Skull: total length, 103; occipito-nasal length, 88.8; intertemporal width, 43.5; breadth of braincase, 55.3; Hensel, 72.5; zygomatic width, 78.7; median length of nasals, 12; length of upper molar series, 26; length of mandible, 71.6; length of lower molar series, 32.1. In general appearance this is a silvery gray animal with black showing more or less distinctly on various parts of the body. This species has usually gone under the name of pruinosus Des- marest, published in the Supplement to his Mammalogie in 1822. But in his synonymy of P. melalophus (!) he cites the volume of the Transactions of the Linnaean Society in which Raffles had described this species as cristatus, therefore he must have seen Raffles' paper before this Supplement was published, and his name of pruinosus would naturally become a synonym of cristatus. Anderson, (1. c.) describes a female from an unknown locality as Semnopithecus routledgi. He gives no information as to the place or Institution in which he deposited his examples, and I was unable to find it in the Calcutta Museum. It is probably the same as P. cristata. Pygathrix cristata pullata (Thomas and Wroughton). Presbytis cristata pullata Thos. and Wrought., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ill, 8th Ser., 1909, p. 439. Type locality. Battam Island. Type in British Museum. Geogr. Distr. Islands of Bintang, Battam, Sugi, Jombol, Sebang, Linga, Rhio Archipelago; and Banka Island. Genl. Char. Much darker than P. cristata, some examples almost entirely black. Color. General color of head and body above, limbs, hands and feet, black, hairs tipped with silvery white; a silvery white line on side of head above ears to occiput; under parts grayish black, hairs being black and broadly tipped with gray on under side of body and legs; tail above jet black with gray hairs intermingled, beneath grayer, the gray hairs more abundant especially at base. Whiskers long. Ex type British Museum. Plate 2 Volume III PYGATHRIX MARGARITA ELLIOT PYGATH RIX 81 Measurements. Total length, 1,240; tail, 740; foot, 150. Skull: total length, 92.9; occipito-nasal length, 79.6; intertemporal width, 44.4; breadth of braincase, 51; Hensel, 26.9; zygomatic width, 69; median length of nasals, 11.1; length of upper canines, 14.8; length of upper molar series, 25.4; length of mandible, 62.2; length of lower molar series, 29.9.* There are specimens of this race in the British Museum from both Battam and Bintang Islands. It differs from P. cristata in being of a much darker hue, and in not having so much of the silvery white speckling throughout the pelage. In general size the two forms are about the same. Pygathrix ultima (Elliot). Presbytis ultima Elliot, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXVIII, 1910, p. 351. Type locality. Mount Dulit, Borneo. Elevation 3,000 feet. Type in United States National Museum. Genl. Char. Similar in color to P. cristata but cranial characters very different. The skull compared with that of P. cristata, two adult males, is generally larger; rostrum and also the braincase longer and narrower,-septum broader; tooth row almost straight, (curved in P. cristata) ; teeth larger and tooth row longer; pterygoid fossa longer and pterygoids not so widely flaring; bullae much less inflated, in fact compressed and flattened; palate longer and narrower; the lower edge of the mandibular angle is much more rounded, and the lateral pit of the ascending ramus is shallower. Color. Like P. cristata but averaging slightly darker. Measurements. Total length, 1,370; tail, 820, (skin). Skull: total length, 104.2; occipito-nasal length, 87; Hensel, 75.3; zygomatic width, 77; intertemporal width, 42.5; palatal length, 38.9; width, 19.4; median length of nasals, 15.1; length of upper molar series, 39; length of mandible, 75.7; length of lower molar series, 36.5. Ex type in United States National Museum. Pygathrix margarita (Elliot). Presbytis margarita Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., IV, 8th Ser., 1909, p. 271. Type locality. Lang Bian, Annam. Type in British Museum. Color. Forehead covered by long, stiff, erect, black hairs; *The type of this race being a female, the measurements have been taken from a skull of a male. 82 PYGATH RIX whiskers directed backward, long, extending far beyond ears, grayish white; space around eyes pale, apparently flesh color in life, rest of face black, with a line of white hairs on upper lip; a bar of silvery white hairs goes from each side of the head from above and behind ears to the occiput, where they meet and form a point at the nape; top of head, entire upper part of body, outer side of arms to elbows, and legs from hips to ankles, except front edge about knees which is black, bright bluish silvery gray, the hairs being bluish gray from the root, and tipped with silvery white; forearms, hands and feet jet black; chin, throat, under parts of body, and inner side of arms and legs sparsely covered with white hairs; flanks paler silvery gray than the upper parts; tail above jet black, slightly speckled with white, beneath silvery gray. Ex type British Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,315; tail, 775; foot, 127, (skin). Skull: total length, 91.6; occipito-nasal length, 77.9; intertemporal width, 40.1; width of braincase, 52.4; Hensel, 56; zygomatic width, 61.5; median length of nasals, 11.6; palatal length, 28.6; length of upper molar series, 27.7; length of mandible, 61.4; length of lower molar series, 32.3. Ex type British Museum, young adult male. This is a very handsome monkey with its brilliant pearl gray shining pelage, quite different from any other species of the genus. The coloring varies greatly according to the light which at certain times casts shadows on the gray that are almost black in their intensity. The unique type was obtained in Annam by Doctor Vassal. Pygathrix germaini (A. Milne-Ed wards). Semnopithecus germaini A. Milne-Edwards, Bull. Soc. Philom., 1876, Feb. 12; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simise, 1876, p. 34; Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. Yunnan, 1877, p. 27; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 124; Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1900, p. 319. GERMAIN'S LANGUR. Type locality. Cochin China. Geogr. Distr. Cochin China, Siam. Genl. Char. General color pale silvery gray. Two specimens are in the Paris Museum slightly different in color, and the hair on head of different arrangement. One, the lighter in hue, has the hairs on forehead upright and falling off to either side, but not over the face, no occipital crest; the other, the darker specimen, has hairs on forehead upright, and inclining backward, and a central occipital crest inclined backward. The arrangement of the hair on the head PYGATHRIX 83 is quite different, and renders doubtful the value of characters depend- ing upon any peculiar set of such hairs, as they are so easily distorted both in skins and mounted specimens. Hairs on side of head very long passing far beyond ears; and hairs on flanks long falling below line of body in light specimen; tail very long, slender. Color. Face black; hairs on forehead black; top of head, neck, upper parts of body and flanks, arms to elbows, and hind limbs to ankles brownish gray, silvery gray in certain lights, darkest on dorsal region; long hairs on side of head, silvery brown; forearms, hands and feet black; under parts silvery gray; tail iron gray, hairs tipped with silvery white; tip blackish. The darker specimen has the forehead blackish brown; top of head and dorsal region blackish brown, hairs tipped with silvery white; flanks pale brown; front of shoulders and arms above elbows, and forearms black, hairs tipped with white, giving a grayish aspect to forearms; middle of shoulders brownish gray; hind limbs to ankles brownish gray; hands and feet black; throat and under parts and inner side of limbs yellowish white; long hairs on sides of head yellow- ish brown; tail blackish brown. It will thus be seen that one specimen is much darker than the other, more dark brown than silvery brown. Both are marked types! Measurements. Total length, 1,074.6; tail, 641.2; foot, 139.7. Skull: total length, 103; occipito-nasal length, 83; Hensel, 74; inter- temporal width, 41; zygomatic width, 76; palatal length, 39; breadth of braincase, 55; median length of nasals, 13; length of upper molar series, 27; length of mandible, 73; length of lower molar series, 34. Ex type Paris Museum. Specimen marked "Type." Flower states, (1. c.) "when on the Bangpakong River in Siam in March, 1897, we from time to time saw flocks of from 10 to 20 monkeys of this species in high trees in patches of jungle. The skin of the face is entirely black, the iris dark brown. A male I shot near Tahkamen measured:-Head and body 23% in. (or 587 mm.) ; tail with end hair 33 in. (or 838 mm.); without end hair 31% in. (or 800 mm.) "On April 1st, 1897, I bought from a Siamese at Tahkamen a young monkey apparently of this species; it was evidently very young and was weak and feeble. We tried feeding it at first with a bit of cotton wool soaked in tinned milk and water (fresh milk was not to be had), but soon a young Siamese woman offered to suckle it, and she fed it with her own milk till we left Tahkamen on the 5th April; 84 PYGATHRIX then we had to feed the monkey on tinned milk and mashed bananas. It throve very well; in a few weeks it could feed itself on a mess of bananas, rice, porridge and milk, and when we had it about six weeks it took to eating a little grass on the lawn every day. It grew stronger and very active and was very fond of us, (although it screamed at strangers and would not be touched by them) ; it also enjoyed romps with a Siamese kitten, and the two little animals would sleep curled up together-the monkey grasping the kitten's fur in its hands. When playing about and extra pleased, this monkey had a comic little habit of jumping in the air vertically and coming down again on all fours. Its sense of sight and hearing were particularly acute, and it would follow my wife or myself about the house or compound. For two months this little animal was as well, happy and active as could be; then it got a sudden attack of diarrhaea and a bad cold in the head, and in spite of careful nursing died on June 4th, 1897. Color. Fur bright gold all over, except the long hair on the forehead which is dark gray, and the hands and feet which are also dark gray, and the hairs on the cheeks and chin which are white. Skin of face and ears dark brown. The skin of the abdomen and inner side of limbs is white, sparsely covered with golden fur. The hair of the crown does not radiate, but is directed backwards, forming a pointed crest over the occiput. Black supra-orbital hairs well developed, whiskers long, beard short." Pygathrix crepuscula (Elliot). Presbytis crepuscula Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., IV, 8th Ser., 1909, p. 271. Type locality. Muleyit, British Burma. Altitude 5,000 feet. Type in British Museum. Genl. Char. Hair on head long, but no elevated crest, color pale, tail long. Stiff hairs above eyes erect in the center, standing out at right angles on side. Color. Eyelids and upper lip, flesh color; forehead and temples black; rest of head above, nape and hind neck, shoulders and arms to elbows on outer side, entire upper part of body and flanks drab gray, palest on dorsal line and darkest on flanks where in certain lights the hair becomes a drab without the gray tint, varying, however, according as the light falls upon it; forearms, in the type a very old male, on the outer side dark grayish brown, on inner edge the arms covered with russet hairs that extend downward over the hands, faded from the original black; outer side of thighs and legs to ankles buffy gray; outer PYGATH RIX 85 edge yellowish brown going below knee, hands brownish black; feet brownish black but overlaid with russet hairs; space above eye and eyelids, and upper lip flesh color, probably orange yellow in life; face black covered with short black hairs; whiskers long extending beyond ears black, grading into drab gray towards tip; chin whitish; inner side of arms olive gray, tinged with buff; under part of body grayish white tinged with buff; tail above brownish olive gray, beneath olive gray. Ex type British Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,160; tail, 620; foot, 160. Skull: type, occipital region gone; intertemporal width, 46.2; zygomatic width, 81.4; breadth of braincase, 60; length of nasals, 11.5; palatal length, 32.7; length of upper molar series, 27.1; length of upper canines, 19.4; length of mandible, 75; length of lower molar series, 33.7. Ex type British Museum. The two specimens in the British Museum, both males, are from the same locality, and the type, a very old individual, is the only one having russet hairs on any part of the arms or body. The other male is a beautiful drab gray above and on the limbs, with hands and feet brownish black, this color extending slightly on outer side of fore- arms above wrist; the tail is silver gray with a slight olive tinge. I attribute the russet hairs seen on the type to age. It is a very hand- some species in its attractive Quaker dress. Pygathrix crepuscula wroughtoni (Elliot). Presbytis crepuscula wroughtoni Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., IV, 8th Ser., 1909, p. 272. Type locality. Pachebon, Siam, (Mouhot). Type in British Mu- seum. Genl. Char. Forehead and temples not black; hands and feet jet black; upper parts generally paler than P. crepuscula, more silvery. Color. Space above eyes and lips flesh color, rest of face blackish brown; a line of stiff, black, erect hairs above eyes; top and sides of head, wood brown; whiskers reaching beyond ears, wood brown; hind neck and upper parts of body and arms to elbows, silvery drab gray, varying in depth of shade according as the light falls upon it, but always paler, and of a different hue from P. crepuscula; forearms brownish gray, grading almost into blackish brown, on hands speckled with whitish from tips of hairs; legs a paler silvery drab gray than back, the outer edge over knees brownish; feet blackish brown; tail silvery gray on basal half grading into brownish gray for the remaining 86 PYGATHRIX portion to tip; chin, throat and abdomen white; rest of under parts, chest and inner side of limbs dark drab gray. Ex type British Mu- seum. Measurements. Total length, 1,250; tail, 800; foot, 150, (skin). Skull: Total length, 90; occipito-nasal length, 88.5; intertemporal width, 42.8; breadth of braincase, 55.7; Hensel, 59.6; zygomatic width, 67.2; median length of nasals, 10.2; palatal length, 25.7; length of upper molar series, 25; length of upper canines, 15.3; length of man- dible, 65.5; length of lower molar series, 31.1. Ex type British Mu- seum. This species resembles P. crepuscula but is easily recognized by its brown head and blackish brown hands and feet, and the lighter more silvery hue of the fur. Subgenus Semnopithecus. , 2-2 „ 1-1 „ 2-2 . . 3-3 I- 2-2» C. 1_1; P. >-25 3-3 32* Size large; crest small or absent; pelage plain or varied in color. Pygathrix entellus (Dufresne). L'Entelle Audeb., Hist. Nat. Singes et Makis, 1797, Fam. IV, Sec. H, fig. 2. Simia entellus Dufres., Bull. Soc. Philom., I, 1797, p. 49; Id. Mag. Encyclop., IV, 1797; F. Cuv., Diet. Scien. Nat., XX, 1821, p. 33. Cercopithecus entellus Latr., Hist. Nat. Buff., XXXVI, 1809, p. 283; Id. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., XV, 1817, p. 581; Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 12; Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 59. Semnopithecus entellus Desmoul., Diet. Class. Hist. Nat., VII, 1825, p. 568; Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 40;* Griff., Anim. Kingd., V, 1827, p. 10; E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 10, 8me Le^on; Cuv., Reg. Anim., I, 1829, p. 94; Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 14; Bennett, Gard, and Menag. Zool. Soc. Lond., I, 1831, p. 81; Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1831, p. 199; I. Geoff., Belang., Voy., Zool., 1834, p. 38; Waterh., Cat. Mamm. Mus. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1838, p. 4; Martin, Charlesw., Mag. Nat. Hist., II, 1838, p. 435; Id. Mammif. Anim., 1841, p. 461; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 99, pl. XXII B; V, 1855, p. 32; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 56; Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1840, p. VOLUME III. PLATE VIII. Pygathrix entellus. "T. R. B." Brit. Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. PYGATHRIX 87 42; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XII, 1843, pp. 169, 172; XIII, 1844, pp. 470, 476; Mull, und Schleg., Verhandl., 1839, pp. 44, 59; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 13; Id. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., V, 1852, p. 537; Horsf., Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. Ind. Co., 1851, p. 4; Gerv., Nat. Hist. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 60; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, p. 87; Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, p. 512; Rei- chenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 94, figs. 227-230; Lankest., Quart. Journ. Scien., 1865, p. 562; Hutton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 944; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 14, var. 1; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 60; Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. Yunnan, 1877, p. 15; Id. Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, p. 35; Blanf., Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., 1891, p. 27; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 104. Semnopithecus albogularis Mull. und Schleg., Verhandl., 1839-44, p. 58. Presbytis entellus Gray, Handb. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 4, (Part.) ; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XVI, 1847, p. 733; Id. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XX, 2nd Ser., 1851, p. 313; Id. Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 1863, p. 11; Jerd., Mamm. Ind., 1867, p. 4; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., F. C. M. Pub., VIII, 1906, p. 573, Zool. Ser. Semnopithecus anchises Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XIII, 1844, p. 470; XVI, 1847, p. 733; Id. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XX, 2nd Ser., 1851, p. 313; Horsf., Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. Ind. Co., 1851, p. 14; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 32; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 94, fig. 230. THE H00N00MAUN OR HANVMAN. Type locality. Bengal. Type in Paris Museum, faded to white. Geogr. Distr. Southern banks of the rivers Ganges and Jumna; parts of the Gangetic provinces, the Dukhun, and the Carnatic down to the Malabar coasts, (Hutton). Southwestern Bengal, Orissa, Central Provinces, Bombay, Guzerat, Southern Rajputana and part of the Northwest Provinces to Kattywar and probably to Cutch, but not to Sind or the Punjaub, (Blanford). Color. Top of head, back, arms, legs and tail drab, darkest on the limbs and tail; rest of head and body pale buff yellow; hands and feet, black, as are also the face and eyebrows. Ex specimen in Cal- cutta Museum. 88 PYGATHRIX Measurements. Total length, 1,560; tail, 980; foot, 180. Skull: total length, 118; Hensel, 82; zygomatic width, 92; intertemporal width, 52; palatal length, 48; length of upper molar series, 67; length of mandible, 86; length of lower molar series, 46. The type in the Paris Museum has faded to a pure white and bears but little resemblance to the animal in life. It is quite useless as a specimen for determining the species, a faint brownish tinge along the dorsal line, and on the right thigh alone indicating that the example ever possessed any color on its pelage. Although so well known and met with frequently in various parts of India, where it is protected and often worshipped, the range of this monkey is not yet completely known, probably on account of it being confounded by unscientific observers with either P. schistaceus or P. priamus according to locality. The ranges given above are from the two most reliable sources and probably cover the distribution of the species in the Indian Peninsula. The following account of the habits of the Hanuman Monkey is given by Blanford (1. c.) : "Few, if any wild animals, afford better opportunities for observa- tion than the Hanuman Monkey of Northern and Central India. Generally protected, and looked upon as sacred by many of the Hindu inhabitants, it has no fear of man, and may be found in groves near villages, or even in the village trees, as commonly as in the depths of the forest. In many parts of India it is a common occurrence to see these monkeys on the roofs of houses. They frequently pilfer grain from the grain dealer's shops, whilst the damage they inflict on gardens and fields renders them so great a nuisance that the inhabitants of the country, although they will not as a rule kill the monkeys them- selves, sometimes beg Europeans to shoot the intruders. "S'. entellus feeds on fruit and grain, seed, seed-pods (for instance gram), leaves and young shoots, the last two forming a large portion of its food. Certain vegetable poisons are said to be taken by this monkey with impunity, doses of five and even ten grains of strychnine having been given to one without effect, although the same drug killed Macacus rhesus quickly. "The Hanuman is usually found in smaller or larger communities, composed of individuals of both sexes and all ages, the youngest clinging to their mothers and being carried by them especially when alarmed. An old male is occasionally found solitary, as with many other animals. The story that male and female live in separate troups, PYGATHRIX 89 though apparently believed by Blyth and quoted by Jerdon, I agree with Hutton in regarding as fictitious, though, as the latter observer justly remarks, females with very young offspring may keep together and temporarily apart from the remainder of the troup to which they belong. "Away from villages, the high trees on the banks of streams or tanks, and, in parts of Central India, rocky hills are the favorite haunts of these monkeys. They are never found at a great distance from water. Whether on trees, on rocks, or on the ground they are exceedingly active. 'They leap with surprising agility from branch to branch, and when pressed take most astonishing jumps. I have seen them cross from tree to tree, a space 20 to 30 feet wide, with perhaps 40 or 50 feet in descent. They can run on all fours with considerable rapidity, taking long strides or rather bounds' (Jerdon). They leap from rock to rock as readily as from tree to tree. But great as their apparent speed is, McMaster found that on horseback he easily ran down a large male in a very short distance; indeed it is their power of bounding and the remarkable appearance they present whilst leap- ing, with their long tails turned over their backs, that convey the idea of speed, rather than the actual rapidity of their motions. "Their voice is loud and often heard, especially in the morning and evening. The two commonest sounds emitted by them are a loud, joyous rather musical call, a kind of whoop, generally uttered when they are bounding from tree to tree, and a harsh guttural note, denoting alarm or anger. The latter is the cry familiar to the tiger hunter, amongst whose best friends is the Hanuman. Safely ensconced in a lofty tree, or jumping from one tree to another as the tiger moves, the monkey by gesture and cry points out the position of his deadly enemy in the bushes or grass beneath, and swears at him heartily. It is marvellous to observe how these monkeys, even in the wildest forests, where human beings are rarely seen, appear to recognize the men as their friends, at least as allies against the tiger. It is a common but erroneous notion of sportsmen that this guttural cry is the sure indication of a tiger or leopard having been seen, whereas the monkey quite as often utters it merely as an expression of surprise. I have heard it caused by the sight of deer running away, and I believe it is frequently due to the monkeys catching sight of men. In confine- ment the Hanuman is, as Jerdon says, quite sedate and indolent. Older animals are not infrequently morose and savage. None of this group are so docile or so amusing as the Macaci, and even in the wild state, the Hanuman appears quieter, less possessed by an insatiable curiosity, 90 PYGATHRIX less sportive, and also less quarrelsome. His behavior is more in accordance with the extreme gravity of his appearance. "The female Hanuman is said not infrequently to have twins, although one young at a time is the rule, as throughout the order. The period of gestation does not appear to have been ascertained, nor the age at which these monkeys become adult." This species often goes in large flocks and evinces no fear what- ever of man, caused by the immunity it enjoys from all persecution. The present writer has met old males in the parks of the towns of northern India sedately walking about, inspecting the flower beds, and scrutinizing the people passing by, as if each was an habitue himself of the grounds. Once he went to a large tank a few miles from Ahmenabad, especially to see this monkey, for he had been told that there were large numbers in the vicinity, and he brought with him, his daughter accompanying him, a quantity of grain. Arriving at the tank, no monkeys were visible, and we took our stand near a small grove of trees near the water. Beyond was an open plain on the farther side of which was a forest. The man with us uttered a loud somewhat plaintive call, and after it had been twice or thrice repeated we saw the monkeys come galloping across the plain in a large drove, with their long tails elevated above their backs, leaping and racing at a considerable speed. The females carried their young beneath their bodies, the little ones holding firmly to their mothers' hair with hands and feet. They soon came to where we had taken our position and surrounded us. Monkeys seemed everywhere, and they came close to us and sat down, their little black wizened faces, surrounded by their ridiculous whiskers, with the peaked hair over the forehead, were raised expectantly to ours. Pouring some grain into his hand the writer stooped down and held it out to the one closest to him, when with exceeding gravity and good manners the creature placed one of its hands beneath his and with the other took the grain and commenced to eat, doing this sedately and with perfect composure as if we had been lifelong intimates and were accustomed to visit each other every day. Some of the young ones, too large to be carried by their mothers, were shy, and climbed to the lower branches and watched us, but could not be coaxed to come down and get the grain. There was no crowding or jostling among them, though occasionally two males would indulge in a boxing match during which their hands were employed with much skill, and several resounding whacks were given on the sides of the head. They would grasp the lady's skirt with one hand, as if fearful she might get PYGATHRIX 91 away, and take the grain from her hand eyeing her intently, all the while. Occasionally one would stealthily approach from the throng and make a sudden grab for the grain, bounding instantly back amid the crowd, but this was rarely attempted. One individual who would not approach near enough to obtain any food, consoled him- self by sitting down a short distance away, and taking his feet in his hands rocked himself backward and forward and up and down, and evidently enjoyed himself hugely. Some grain was thrown into their midst, and they immediately became busy picking it up, but very quietly and without any squabbling or fighting about it. After we had disposed of most of the grain we had brought, the rest was scattered upon the ground, and all the monkeys gathered about it in a solemn circle, with their backs rounded and heads sunk between their shoulders, like so many little old men, and we left them busily employed. It was an extraordinary sight, this great gathering of wild monkeys, perfectly behaved, no attempt being made to bite, or, to their visitors, exceeding in any way the bounds of polite society. Hanuman which means 'long jaw,' was a member of the Monkey Kingdom of Southern India, who aided Rama in his conquest of Ceylon by forming a bridge of rocks opposite Manar. Pygathrix albipes (I. Geoffroy). Semnopithecus albipes I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p, 14; Id. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, V, 1852, p. 536; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 61; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 34; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 87; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 97; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 15; Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. Yunnan, 1878, p. 18. Type locality. "Manilla, Island of Luzon, Philippine Archi- pelago." Type in Paris Museum. Color. Long hairs on forehead black; top of head, neck and entire upper parts, shoulders, arms, and upper edge of thighs reddish or pinkish buff; sides of head and throat yellowish white; tail grayish brown, hairs pale brown tipped with white; limbs, hands, feet, under parts and inner side of limbs grayish white. Ex type in Paris Mu- seum. The specimen in the Paris Museum, labelled as the type of this form, is a yellowish white animal tinged rather strongly with reddish on upper parts and on arms. There is a central upright occipital crest. 92 PYGATH RIX The locality given for this example, "Manille" is doubtless an error, as this genus is not found in the islands of that Archipelago. The type of P. entellus in the Paris Museum, or the specimen labelled as such, is now pure white, having faded, but whether this example has also faded cannot be ascertained, for Geoffroy described only the hands and feet, the former "gris fauve sale, avec les doigts en partie blancs," and the latter, "blanc sale un peu lave de jaune." I am in- clined to regard P. albipes as an albinistic individual of P. entellus. Pygathrix schistaceus (Hodgson). The Langdr Hodgs., Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., I, 1832, p. 339. Semnopithecus entellus Hodgs., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1834, p. 95, (nec Dufresne) ; Ogilby, Madras Journ. Lit. and Scien., XII, 1840, p. 144. Semnopithecus schistaceus Hodgs., Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., IX, 1840, p. 1212; X, 1841, p. 907; Id. Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist., II, 1842, p. 212; IV, 1844, p. 285; Id. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1st Ser., VIII, 1842, p. 314; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XII, 1843, p. 171; XIII, 1844, pp. 471, 476; Horsf., Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. Ind. Co., 1851, p. 5; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 33; Horsf., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, p. 393; Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, p. 512; Rei- chenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 96, no fig.; Schlagenw., Proc. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 1866, p. 23; Hutton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 948; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 6; Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. Yunnan, 1873, p. 16; Id. Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, p. 3; Blanf., Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., 1891, p. 30; Forbes, Handb. Pri- mates, II, 1894, p. 107. Semnopithecus nepalensis Hodgs., Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., IX, 1840, p. 1212; Id. Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist., II, 1842, p. 212. Presbytis entellus (nec Dufresne), Gray, Cat. Hodgs. Mamm. Nepal, I, 1846, var. 2; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit- eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 14. Presbytis schistaceus (!) Blyth, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XX, 2nd Ser., 1851, p. 313; Id. Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 1863, p. 2; Jerd., Mamm. Ind., 1867, p. 6; Blanf., Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XLI, 1872, p. 32. HIMALAYAN LANGUR. Type locality. "Terai forest and lower hills, rarely the Kachar also." PYGATHRIX 93 Geogr. Distr. Range of the Himalayas, Cashmere to Bhutan. Genl. Char. Similar to P. entellus but larger; head paler than the back; ears smaller; feet and limbs of nearly uniform color; nasals project beyond the anterior border of premaxillaries. Hair on head radiating from central point. Color. Black line across forehead over eyes, top of head wood brown or whitish on frontal half, straw yellow on back and sides of head and on throat; upper parts and sides of body mars brown; under parts grayish; limbs mars brown like back; hands and feet mixed brown and gray; tail like back. Skull in skin. Ex specimen Calcutta Museum from Sikkim. The skin was not made up, and was very stiff and difficult to handle, especially to get the color of limbs, hands and feet. Measurements. Total length, 1,520; tail, 820; foot, 200, (skin). Skull, (of another specimen), total length, 143.7; occipito-nasal length, 111.3; intertemporal breadth, 53.5; Hensel, 103.8; zygomatic width, 114.2; breadth of braincase, 75.6; median length of nasals, 12.6; palatal length, 56.5; length of upper molar series, 40; length of mandible, 107.4; length of lower molar series, 50.3; length of upper canines, 24.4. "Except in inhabiting a much cooler climate, this Langur differs but little from the Hanuman monkey in habits. Hutton has observed it near Simla, sporting amongst fir trees that were loaded with snow wreaths." (Blanford). Pygathrix lania (Elliot). Presbytis lania Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., IV, 8th Ser., 1909, p. 273. Type locality. Chumbi, Thibet. Type in British Museum. Genl. Char. Hair long, thick, woolly, inclined to gather in masses especially on upper back and shoulders. Size large. Color. Head and hind neck yellowish white; sides of head, pure white; upper parts of back and shoulders, sepia; flanks and upper parts of arms, pale brownish gray; upper parts of legs paler, more silvery gray; hands black; chin, throat, under parts of body and inner side of limbs yellowish white; tail, above like back, paler, more whitish beneath. Ex type British Museum. Measurements. Size about the same as P. schistacea. Skull: total length, 125.3; occipito-nasal length, 102.7; intertemporal width, 50.8; breadth of braincase, 73.5; Hensel, 88.3; zygomatic width, 102.5; 94 PVGA TH RIX median length of nasals, 12; palatal length, 49.3; length of upper molar series, 47.5; length of mandible, 91.5; length of lower molar series, 44.4. Ex type British Museum. The unique specimen, the type of the species, was received by the British Museum from Chumbi, Thibet. It is a female with the feet and most of the tail wanting. It is chiefly remarkable for its woolly coat, quite unlike the pelage of P. schistacea. It probably repre- sents a form dwelling among the higher mountains, possibly mainly to the north of the Himalayas, whose coat has been modified to enable the wearer to successfully withstand the low temperature of those regions. The skull is generally larger than one of a female of P. schistacea; it is broader across the orbits, the orbits themselves are much larger, and the orbital ridges greatly arched; the rostrum is broader at base; the palate is longer and its roof flatter; the orbital ridge is more prominent, the depression at the frontal is much greater, and the braincase broader; unfortunately the posterior portion of the skull of P. schistacea is wanting and a comparison posterior to the pterygoids cannot be made; the skull of P. lania indicates a larger animal, but it is impossible to say whether this is an individual trait or a specific character. There are five lower incisors but this must be regarded as abnormal, although the teeth are in no wise crowded. Pygathrix pileata (Blyth). The Assam Entellus Monkey Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XVI, 1847, p. 732. Semnopithecus pileatus Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XII, 1843, p. 174; XIII, 1844, p. 467; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 30, pl. XXVI; Horsf., Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. Ind. Co., 1857, p. 7; Hutton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 946; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 57; Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. Yunnan, 1877, p. 13; Id. Cat. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, p. 40; Blanf., Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., 1891, p. 37, fig. 9; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 103. Presbytis pileatus (!) Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XVI, 1847, pp. 735, 1271, pl. XXVI, fig. 3; XLIV, 1875, p. 2, ext. no.; Id. Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 1863, p. 12; Id. Mamm. Burma, 1875, p. 10. Semnopithecus (Trachypithecus} pileatus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 92, not figured. BONNETED LANGUR. Type locality. Malay Peninsula? Type not in Calcutta Museum. PYGATHRIX 95 Geogr. Distr. Assam and hills to the south of the valley, Sylhet, Tipperah, Chittagong, northern Arakan and part of Upper Burma, (Blanford). Genl. Char. Allied to P. entellus but smaller. Color. Top of head, hair brown; long black hairs on forehead; upper back, hair brown graduating into pale gray, and then into a cream buff on the rump; sides of head tawny, this color extending on to the shoulders, along the edge of the arms and lower sides of body; arms pale yellowish gray, hands blackish brown, under side of body, throat, inner side of arms and legs orange buff; feet dark gray; tail pale gray, graduating into purplish black on apical third. Ex specimen Calcutta Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,690; tail, 1,030; foot, 195, (skin). Skull: total length, 116.2; occipito-nasal length, 96.3; intertemporal width, 50.4; width of braincase, 65.5; Hensel, 77.2; zygomatic width, 86.3; median length of nasals, 11; palatal length, 36; length of upper canines, 18.4; length of upper molar series, 30.7; length of mandible, 81.6; length of lower molar series, 39. In some adult males the upper parts are gray to the tail, no cream buff or any other color showing. Pygathrix hypoleuca (Blyth). Semnopithecus hypoleucus Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., X, 1841, p. 839'; XII, 1843, p. 170; XIII, 1844, pp. 470, 476; XVI, 1847, pp. 733, 1271, pl. XXVI, fig. 1; Id. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XX, 2nd Ser., 1851, p. 313; Horsf., Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. Ind. Co., 1851, p. 14; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 31; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 99, figs. 231, 232; Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. Yun- nan, 1877, p. 20; Id. Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, p. 40; Blanf., Faun. Brit. Ind., 1891, p. 33; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 110. Semnopithecus johni var. Martin, Mammif. Anim., 1841, p. 489; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 14. Semnopithecus dussumieri I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., XV, 1842, p. 719; Id. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris. II, 1843, p. 538, pl. XXX; V, 1852, p. 537; Id. Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 13; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1854, p. 61, pl. IV; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 87, 89; Reichenb., 96 PYGATH RIX Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 97, figs. 234, 235; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bays, Simiae, 1876, p. 62. Presbytis hypoleuca Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XVI, 1847, p. 733. Presbytis johni Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XXVIII, 1859, p. 283; Id. Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 1863, p. 12; Jerd., Mamm. India, 1867, p. 7. MALABAR LANGUR. Type locality. Travancore. Type not found in Calcutta Museum. Geogr. Distr. Malabar coast to Cape Comorin, up to 1,200 feet elevation. Genl. Char. Similar to P. entellus, but always darker in the middle of the back than on the sides; no crest, hair on crown radiating from the center. Color. Head, cream buff, with a narrow black line on border of face; back, shoulders and arms to elbows purplish brown; forearms, hands, legs and feet black; lower part of sides, under parts of body, and sides of thighs, and anal region pale yellowish; tail black; face black. No skull. Ex spec. Calcutta Museum from Travancore. Anderson gives measurements of the type (1. c.) as follows: premaxillaries to the lambdoidal ridge, 4.26 inches; palate, 1.73; fronto-malar breadth, 2.55; zygomatic width, 3.30 in.; occipital and basioccipital portions of skull wanting. These figures indicate that P. hypoleuca is the smallest of this group of monkeys. The type of 5. dussumieri is in the Paris Museum, a female with a young one in her arms, and though faded somewhat on the back, agrees with the description of the specimen in the Calcutta Museum. The habits of this species do not differ much from those of P. entellus, and although it is found in trees near houses, according to Blanford, it is not familiar and shuns observation. It has the usual loud call of the genus, and the same kind of alarm note, when it sees tigers or other beasts of prey. It is frequently taken young and tamed. Pygathrix priamus (Blyth). Semnopithecus priam Elliot, Mss. Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XIII, 1844, pp. 470, 476. Semnopithecus pallipes Blyth, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1844, p. 312. Presbytis priamus Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc Beng., XVI. 1847, p. 732, pl. LIV, fig. 1; XX, 1851, p. 313; Id. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., I, New Ser., 1848, p. 454; Id. Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 1863, p. 12; Horsf., Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. Ind. PYGATHRIX 97 Co., 1851, p. 5: Kelaart, Prodr. Faun. Zeylan., 1852, p. 3; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 36; Tennent, Nat. Hist. Ceyl., 1861, p. 5, fig. 2; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 94, no fig.; Jerd., Mamm. Ind., 1887, p. 7; Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. Yunnan, 1877, p. 18; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 108. Presbytis thermites Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XVI, 1847, p. 1271, pl. LIV, fig. 3; Horsf., Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. Ind. Co., 1851, p. 14; Kelaart, Prodr. Faun. Zeylan., 1852, p. 5; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 34; Tennent, Nat. Hist. Ceylon, 1861, p. 132, pl. fig. 1; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 96, no fig.; Hutton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 15. Vetulus priamus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 128, not figured. Vetulus thersites Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 129, not figured. Semnopithecus priamus Hutton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 949; Anders., Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, p. 38. MADRAS LANGUR. Type locality. Coromandel Coast. Type not in Calcutta Museum. Geogr. Distr. India, Coromandel Coast and the Carnatic north to Nellore; the Wynaad, and eastern slope of the Nilgiri Hills to 6,000 feet, and also in Northern Ceylon to the Kandyan Hills in the south. Genl. Char. Similar to P. entellus, but head with a slight occipi- tal crest; hands and feet yellowish not black above; facial portion of skull shorter and more concave; nasals short and broad. Color. Dark brown spot on middle of head, rest of head pale yellow, very long black hairs above eyes; upper part of body and outer side of limbs dark broccoli brown; hands and feet broccoli brown; under parts straw yellow like head; tail similar to back but darker. Ex specimen Calcutta Museum from St. Pedro, Ceylon. Face black? Callosities large. A very plain species of an almost uniform color on body, and with a pale straw colored head. Measurements. Skull: total length, 107.4; occipito-nasal length, 88.8; intertemporal width, 48.1; width of braincase, 62.1; Hensel, 71.8; zygomatic width, 85.1; median length of nasals, 10; palatal length, 39.3; length of upper molar series, 32.4; length of upper canines, 21.1; length of mandible, 76.2; length of lower molar series, 35.5. 98 PYGA TH RIX Specimens from the Coromandel Coast are much grayer than those from Ceylon, these being a vinaceous brown above. Whether these differences in color indicate the existence of a race separable from the typical form, would require more examples than are at present available to determine satisfactorily, and the problem will have to remain for Indian Mammalogists, who are on the ground, to solve. Blyth described this species as having a high, compressed vertical crest, but Anderson (1. c.) has stated that the crests of specimens in the Calcutta Museum were produced artificially, in one case by cotton wool placed beneath the skin, and in another by a wire, in both cases the result of unskilled taxidermy. On the other hand Blanford states in a footnote, that in three dried skins from Ceylon in the British Museum, the crest was dis- tinctly shown, and that he had also seen it in skins from Southern India and he was assured by Davison and others that it was constantly present. The type of P. thersites came from Ceylon and agrees with other individuals from that island considered the same as P. priam us. Subgenus Pygathrix Size large, body robust; limbs of nearly equal length; facial angle 50°. Pygathrix nemjeus (Linnaeus). Simia nemceus Linn., Mant. Plant., 1771, p. 521; Schreb., Saugth., I, 1775, p. 110, pl. XXIV; Gmel., Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 34; Shaw, Gen. Zool., I, Pt. I, 1800, p. 56; F. Cuv., Diet. Scien. Nat., XX, 1821, p. 32. Cercopithecus nemceus Zimmer., Geogr. Gesch., II, 1770, p. 194; Erxl., Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, p. 42; Bodd., Elench. Anim., 1785, p. 60; Desm., Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., XV, 1817, p. 574; Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 8. Le douc Audeb., Hist. Nat. Singes et Makis, 1797, IV, Fam. Sec. 1, pl. I. Pygathrix nemceus Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 90. Cercopithecus (Lasiopyga) nemceus Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 54. Lasiopyga nemceus Less., Man. Mamm., 1820, p. 39; Griff., Anim. Kingd., V, 1827, p. 8; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, p. 84; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. VOLUME III. PLATE IX. PYGATHRIX NIGRIPES. No. 225 Brit. Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. PYGATH RIX 99 Affen, p. 123, figs. 314, 316; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 13. Semnopithecus nemceus F. Cuv., Hist. Nat Mamm., 1825, pl. XIV; Desmoul., Diet. Class. Hist. Nat., VII, 1825, p. 570; E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 9, 8me Le<;on; G. Cuv., Regn. Anim., I, 1829, p. 93; Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 13; I. Geoff., Belang., Voy., Zool., 1834, p. 34; Waterh., Cat. Mamm. Mus. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1838, p. 4; Martin, Charlesw., Mag. Nat. Hist., New Ser., I, 1838, p. 434; Id. Mammif. Anim., 1841, p. 459; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 55; Blainv., Osteog., 1841, pl. VI; Mull, und Schleg., Verhandl., 1839-44, p. 62; Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 43; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 12; Gerv., Nat. Hist. Mamm., I, 1856, p. 60, pl. Ill; A. Milne-Edw., Recher. Mamm., 1868-74, p. 242; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 64; Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. Yunnan, 1878, p. 40; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 134. Presbytis nemceus Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XLIV, 1875, ext. no. p. 11. DOUC LANGUR. Type locality. Cochin China. Geogr. Distr. Northern Cochin China; Island of Hainan. Genl. Char. No crest; forehead low; interorbital space broad. Color. Forepart of head black; rest of head, neck, upper part of body to rump, flanks and arms to below elbows, iron gray; shoulders, bar across chest, inner side of elbows and thighs black; forearms on outer side, yellowish white; legs maroon; hands and feet black; whiskers and throat white; a broad deep ochraceous rufous collar on chest above the black bar, passes around neck to above the black shoulders; under parts of body yellowish brown speckled with white; rump, anal region, and thighs beneath white; tail white. Measurements. Total length, 1,230; tail, 610; foot, incomplete, 180. Mr. O. Thomas in his valuable paper on Linnsean types (1. c.) has followed Gray in placing P. nem^eus in a generic rank distinct from all other Langurs. For the present species, Gray chose the term Lasiopyga, proposed by liliger in 1811 for nictitans and nemjsus species of different genera, restricted to nictitans by Geoffroy in 1812, who selected nem^eus for the type of his genus Pygathrix. Gray knew this for he cites Pygathrix, but he did not heed the fact that the two species concerned were of different PYGATHRIX 100 genera. Gray's characters for the genus are trivial and as Mr. Thomas says are based upon external characters and the relative proportions of fore and hind limbs, in themselves quite insufficient for the estab- lishment of a distinct genus. Mr. Thomas practically abandons these, and relies for the establishment of Pygathrix upon the position of the basal axis of the braincase which is "set on the facial bones at quite a different angle in the two genera being far more strongly inclined in Pygathrix, in which, as a consequence the posterior nares are of enormously greater height." In regard to the skulls of P. nem^us and P. nigripes, they vary considerably in shape, and although nigripes is the larger animal, its skull is smaller, has a more depressed braincase, having less height, with a short facial angle. Among the Langurs there is no little cranial variation, and if any single character is deemed sufficient for the establishment of a distinct genus, it would probably be necessary to increase materially such prominent divisions, and which, up to the present have been quite sufficiently segregated under subgeneric terms. There is nothing so vitally important in the cranial difference men- tioned by Mr. Thomas as to necessitate a distinct genus for the two species concerned, a difference never referred to by Authors when conferring generic rank on these monkeys, and therefore not considered by them of sufficient importance to be mentioned. The position of the facial bones to the basal axis of the cranium, may possibly be regarded as of sufficient importance to cause the creation of a subgeneric divi- sion, if the known species included in it, at present but two, present the same peculiarity in an equal degree, (which these two species do not), but it can hardly be deemed of such extreme importance as to separate the two Langurs from all the rest of their relatives, (with whom they are closely allied in most respects), by a distinct generic rank. Believing that sufficient reasons have not yet been advanced for this fact to be established, P. nemaus and P. nigripes have been continued in the genus Pygathrix, but tentatively in a subgeneric divi- sion of the same name. Geoffroy, who proposed (1. c.) the genus Pygathrix for Simia nemceus gives the facial angle at 50°, the same as his Cercopithecus, which includes also various species of Pyga- thrix, such as P. AURATUS, P. ENTELLUS, etc. Pygathrix nigripes (A. Milne-Edwards). Semnopithecus nigripes A. Milne-Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat, Paris, VI, 1871, p. 7; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XLIV, 1875, p. 11; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, PYGATHRIX 101 1876, p. 32; Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. Yunnan, 1878, p. 41; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1874, p. 135. BLACK-FOOTED LANGUR. Type locality. Saigon, Cochin China. Type in Paris Museum. Geogr. Distr. Saigon, and the borders of the Mekong River near its mouth. Genl. Char. Similar to P. nem^eus but the legs longer, and pos- terior portion black; skull smaller; braincase more depressed and not so high; facial portion short, no interorbital swelling. Color. Front of head black, extending in a narrow line to ears, where it joins a black patch covering sides of face in front of ears; a narrow line from above eyes, passing down sides of face in front of black patch to opposite angle of mouth yellowish white; top and back of head, neck and upper part of body to rump, grizzled gray; shoulders, and arms to wrists iron gray, all hairs ringed with black and white; sides of body iron gray; hind limbs, hands and feet black; rump and tail white; chin, throat, and spot on chest, whitish; rufous band from behind ears, down sides of neck and across lower part of throat, beneath which is a black bar from inner side of arms near elbows; under parts iron gray to anal region which is black; inner side of arms black on inner and outer edge on elbow, remainder iron gray; inner side of legs black except inner side of thighs near tail, which is white. Ex type Paris Museum. Measurements. Male. Total length, 1,490; tail, 670; foot, 180, (skin). Skull: total length, 128.3; occipito-nasal length, 95.3; inter- temporal width, 50; breadth of braincase, 60; Hensel, 32.3; zygomatic width, 82; median length of nasals, 13.8; length of upper canines, 19.5; length of upper molar series, 29.2; length of mandible, 73.3; length of lower molar series, 35.3. 102 RHINOPITHECUS GENUS II. RHINOPITHECUS. RETROUSSE-NOSED LANGURS. T C - • P -• M - 1- 2-2» k-'- 1-1» F- 2-2» IV1, 8-8 RHINOPITHECUS A. Milne-Edw., Recherch. Mamm, 1872, p. 233, pls. XXXVI, XXXVII. Type Rhinopithecus roxellance A. Milne-Edwards. Nasal portion of face depressed; end of nose turned upward; thick ruff surrounds face; humerus longer than radius. But four species of this genus are known, all of large size, and of striking coloration. They are inhabitants of northwestern China, Tonkin and eastern Thibet, rare in collections, and of their habits nothing is known. Two of the species, R. roxellance and R. bieti were described by A. Milne-Edwards in 1870 and 1898 respectively, and the third R. brelichi by O. Thomas in 1903, and the fourth, R. avunculus by G. Dollman in the present year. The geographical range of all the species is but imperfectly known. KEY TO THE SPECIES. A. Nose small, upturned, depressed in center; tail long. a. No white patch between shoulders. a.' Pelage orange, rufous, and grayish black.. .R. roxellance. b.' Pelage black, brown and white R. bieti. b. With white patch between shoulders R. brelichi. c. Patch on each side of tail at root above R. avunculus. Rhinopithecus roxellanje (A. Milne-Edwards). Semnopithecus roxellantf A. Milne-Edw., Compt. Rend., LXX, 1870, p. 341; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simise, 1876, p. 65; Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. Yunnan, 1878, p. 43; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 139. Rhinopithecus roxellance A. Milne-Edw., Rech. Mamm., 1868-74, p. 233, pls. XXXVI, XXXVIII; Blyth, Mamm. Burma, 1875, p. 11; De Winton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, p. 572. MOUPIN LANGUR. Type locality. Eastern Thibet. Type in Paris Museum. PLATE X. VOLUME III. Rhinopithecus roxellan/e. No. 8.10.9.1. Brit. Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. Volume III Plate 3 Rhinopithecus roxellanae RHINOPITHECUS 103 Geogr. Distr. Moupin, north-western China to Kokonoor, and Kansu Kinsu, northwestern Sechuen, (Styan). Eastern Thibet. Genl. Char. Face naked, green; nose small, depressed in center, tip elevated; a rufous line of hairs towards nose across face. Color. Male. Top of head, nape and upper parts, shoulders, and upper part of outer side of arms grayish black; this overlaid on back, and sides, and shoulders, with long silvery gray hairs; rump and tail grayish black, tip of tail whitish; forehead, temples, sides of head and neck, shoulders, chin, throat, and upper part of breast rich deep rufous; outer side of forearms silvery color; grayish black line down outer side of leg; inner side of arms and legs orange ochraceous; under parts yellowish white; hands buff yellow; feet orange ochraceous; ears hidden in fur, but deep rufous tufts protrude upwards. Ex specimen British Museum. Female. Is similar to the male, but the head and upper parts, and outer side of limbs are brownish black, and there are only a few strands of buff and buffy ochraceous hairs straggling over upper back and shoulders; forehead, line on face, temples, side of head and neck to shoulders, chin, throat, and upper part of breast rufous, not so deep as in the male; tufts on ears yellowish white; outer side of arms, legs and tail brownish black; inner side of limbs, and under parts pale buff; patch on upper part of thighs externally, and anal region whitish; wrists and ankles, hands and feet orange buff. Ex specimen British Museum, West China. Measurements. Total length, 1,270; tail, 700; foot, 190, (skin). Skull: total length, 129; occipito-nasal length, 96; intertemporal width, 51; zygomatic width, 99; median length of nasals, 15; palatal length, 46; length of upper molar series, 33; length of mandible, 95; length of lower molar series, 40. This species, the first discovered of the genus, is the handsomest of them all, but not the largest. It is a very striking object, with its short upturned nose, and brilliant coloring. It is near neighbor of its relative the next species, R. bieti, their habitats separated probably by the River Blue, but does not equal it in size. Nothing is known of the habits of this species. The type is so faded from exposure to light that a description of it would be of no value. Rhinopithecus bieti A. Milne-Edwards. Rhinopithecus bieti A. Milne-Edw., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, X, 1898, p. 121, pls. IX-XII. 104 RHINOPITHECUS Type locality. Atentse, Chinese Province of Yunnan. Type in Paris Museum. Geogr. Distr. Chinese Province of Yunnan; left bank of the Mekong, and right bank of Blue Rivers, Eastern Thibet. Genl. Char. Size very large, powerful; body heavy, limbs moder- ate; tail long, rather thick. Just back of the forehead rises a narrow crest extending along center of head to occiput, diminishing in length as it goes backward, until it is very short on occiput. In front the long hairs curved forwards nearly reaching the brow. Hairs on tail curly. Colors black, brown and white. Color. Forehead and center of head occupied by the crest; crest itself, nape, entire upper parts and sides, outer side of arms, outer edge of thighs, and all the legs below knees, with hands, feet, and tail black with a brownish tinge on sides of body, and basal half of tail; sides of head and nape, and sides of face sooty white; a band across upper part, and line down center of chest dark brown; chin, throat, sides of neck below ears extending back to shoulders, inner side of arms above elbows, and thighs white, the hairs on thighs very long and hanging down from hinder edge in a thick fringe; inner side of forearms at elbow, and for a short distance below, and inner side of hind limbs dark reddish brown. Face around eyes green. Ex type Paris Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,409.7; tail, 723.9; foot, 230.9. Skull: Male. Total length, 133; occipito-nasal length, 105; Hensel, broken; zygomatic width, 103; intertemporal width, 52; width of braincase, 78; median length of nasals, 10; palatal length, 53; length of upper molar series, 34; length of mandible, 95; length of lower molar series, 43. Ex type Paris Museum. This is a splendid species, even larger than R. roxellanas, but lacks all the fine coloring of that animal, the hues of this one being restricted to brown, black and white, but the white is so effectively placed, that the individuals are very conspicuous even among their more brilliantly colored relatives. An entire family is in the Paris Museum, comprising adults and young. M. A. Milne-Edwards says of this fine animal (1. c.) that "in the region of Tsekon, the R. bieti is known by the name of Tchru-tchra or Monkey of the snows. It is difficult to give with precision the ^limits of its dispersion. As we have already indicated, all the individuals the Museum possesses were taken in the extreme north- western part of the Chinese Province of Yunnan, on the left bank of PLATE XI. VOLUME III. Rhinopithecus bieti. No. A. N. E. dv. Paris Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. RHINOPITHECUS 105 the Mekong in the vicinity of Yerkalo, Atentse and Tsekon. It is certain that along the straight and elevated crest that separates the Mekong from the Yantze-kiang in the places that are nearest to their course, it is found in large troupes. It may be supposed that these Rhinopitheques inhabit both sides of this chain, but at different seasons; in summer they would frequent the side towards China, and descend eastward towards the right bank of the River Blue; these would be the great black Monkeys mentioned by M. L'Abbe A. David; in winter, on the contrary, they would take up their abode on the western slope towards Thibet, and limited to the valley of the Mekong, as is proved by the period in which our specimens were killed by Mgr. Biet's hunters, several months after the last of August, the date of the passage of Prince Henry of Orleans from Tsekon. This last locality apparently is the approximate meridian limit of their domain; but to the northwest they must go quite near the Thibetan Province of Kham, both M. Bonvalet and Prince Henry of Orleans having seen them during their passage of the Tengri-Nor at Batang. Finally, to the east, the River Blue would probably be the natural barrier separating them from R. roxellance, their relative of the Principality of Moupin, and south of the Province of Kansu." Rhinopithecus brelichi Thomas. Rhinopithecus brelichi Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., I, 1903, p. 224, pl. XXI. BRELICH'S LANGUR. Type locality. Unknown. Type in British Museum. Geogr. Distr. Van Gin Shan range of mountains, north of the Province of Kwei-chow, 108° E. 29° N., Central China. Genl. Char. Size very large; fur on flanks longest; oval white patch between shoulders; tail very long. Color. Crown and cheeks yellowish, hairs tipped with black; nape black, hairs broccoli brown, black tipped; hind neck, hairs brown- ish with black tips; large white patch between shoulders, hairs white to roots; upper part of body and flanks slaty gray; sides of neck, hairs pale orange tipped with black, the orange deepening in color as it goes towards the shoulders and inner side of arms; outer side of arms black; outer side of thighs silvery gray, legs below knees black; inner side of limbs yellowish white, becoming orange next to the black on inner side; throat black, hairs being gray, black tipped; under parts of body ashy gray; tail very long, black for the entire length, and with a small white pencil at tip; ears black, the edges all around 106 RHINOPITHECUS covered with short silver white hairs. Hands, feet, and fore parts of head missing. Ex type British Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,740; tail, 1,050, (skin). No skull. A young animal, sex unknown, from the same mountain range is also in the British Museum. It is complete and resembles the adult. Forehead and top of head white, with long stiff black hairs on the superciliary line; space about eyes orange? perhaps flesh color; nose black, rest of face covered with short white hairs; whiskers reaching ears, whitish, but changing to black over temples; back of neck brown- ish and black mixed, running into the white patch between shoulders; upper parts of arms brownish gray; outer side of arms blackish brown becoming black on the hands; outer side of legs grayish white, with a black line from hip over knee nearly to ankle; under parts, and inner side of limbs grayish white, becoming smoky gray on legs below knees; tail blackish brown, with white speckling mostly notice- able at base; ear tufts white. This specimen is interesting on account of giving us some idea of the color of the face, hands and feet, which in the adult would probably be black, but instead of the white head the same coloring seen on the anterior portion of the head of the adult would probably be continued to the forehead. As the measurements show, this is a very large monkey, with an extraordinarily long tail. In its style of coloring and texture of hair it differs much from R. roxellan^, and it will be interesting to obtain an adult skull to learn if this species is really a third member of Rhinopithecus or represents another genus. It evidently is a dweller of high mountains, the young one having been shot by a native hunter at an altitude of 7,000 to 8,000 feet. The two skins are the only ones yet obtained and nothing whatever is known of the creature's habits. Rhinopithecus avunculus G. Dollman. Rhinopithecus avunculus Dollman, Abstract Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1912, p. 18. (March 26). Type locality. "Yen-bay, Song-koi River, Tonkin." Genl. Char. "Size smaller than in Rhinopithecus bieti M.-Edw., with dorsal surface of body black and under parts yellowish buff. Size and general proportions of body much less than in bieti; tail considerably longer. Hair shorter than in any of the other forms, EXTRA PLATE. VOLUME III. Rhinopithecus avunculus. Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambridge Coll. No. 13681. % Nat. Size RHINOPITHECUS 107 the general appearance more that of a true ^Presbytis than a Rhino- pithecus. No well-marked crest on crown of head, the hairs in this region only slightly longer than on the neck; in bieti a conspicuous crest is present in both sexes. Ears not concealed by dense tufts of hair, rather more marked than in the Mekong species. Skull like that of bieti as regards the general shape, but smaller and with smaller cheek-teeth. Supraorbital region rather more like that of roxellance than of bieti; muzzle formed as in the latter species, without any well- marked concave depression of the premaxillary region. Interorbital breadth less than in roxellance. Zygomatic arches almost parallel, not expanded laterally." Color. "General colour of dorsal surface deep black, tinged with brownish on the crown and nape; the black coloration extends all over the dorsal surface, both of body and limbs. Sides of face and fore- head creamy white tinted with buff, the colour gradually darkening on the back of the forehead and merging into the dark blackish brown of the crown. Supra-orbital line of stiff black hairs well developed. Face around eyes naked and apparently flesh-coloured; a crescent- shaped row of creamy-white hairs extending from the temporal region on to and across the cheek. Sides of neck orange-buff, the bright buff-coloured hairs forming a most conspicuous border to the dark- coloured nape. Ears with creamy-white tufts arising from their inner sides. Rump with two prominent buffy-white patches on either side of the tail, connecting with the light-coloured markings on the backs of the thighs, but not forming the large conspicuous light-coloured areas such as occur in bieti. Backs of hands and feet covered with rather short black hairs, the hair not sufficiently long to conceal the digits nor extending over the nails. Entire ventral surface of body yellowish buff, the buff tint most dominant on the throat and anterior portion of the belly; no trace of any grey or dark-coloured hairs on the chest and neck. Inner sides of arms yellowish white, the colour almost white at the elbow and visible from above as a light cream- coloured border, the contrast between the black hairs on the outer side and the bright yellowish white of the inner side of the arm being most marked. The light yellowish colour extends right down the inner sides of the limbs as far as the hands and feet, where it is somewhat duller and dirtier. Tail long, measuring 100 mm. longer than that of bieti; clothed with comparatively short hairs, except at the tip, where the hairs are rather longer and form a distinct, tuft. Colour, above *Pygathrix. 108 R HIN O P1 T H E C U S dark black mixed with creamy white down the mid-line with a creamy- buff border; terminal tuft almost pure white, faintly washed with pale buff; ventral surface considerably lighter." Ex type British Museum. Adult $. Measurements. "Head and body 520 mm.; tail 660; hind foot 165; ear 40, (measured in the flesh). Skull: greatest length 109 mm.; basilar length 68; zygomatic breadth 77; greatest breadth across orbital region 72.5; greatest diameter of orbit 28; interorbital con- striction 11; greatest width of cranium 68.3; palatilar length 32.9; width of palate (inside m1) 20.5; length of upper tooth-row, from front of first premolar to back of last molar, 30." Ex type British Museum. "This interesting monkey was readily distinguished from its nearest ally, R. bieti, by its dark black back, yellowish-buff under parts, and light coloured tail. "A young specimen, sent with the type, was coloured in much the same manner as the adult, only very much paler, the crown of the head and hind limbs being yellowish tinged with grey, whilst the back was just commencing to become dark. The entire under parts were, as in the adult, a rich yellowish-buff colour." This fine species is the fourth of the present genus, which contains, in so far as the face and particularly the nose is concerned, the most bizarre members of the Primates. They are all large, conspicuous animals, and the discovery of the present species indicates that prob- ably many more unknown forms belonging to this great order yet remain to reward the efforts of enterprising collectors. PLATE XII. VOLUME III. SlMIAS CONCOLOR. No. 121660 U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. SIMIAS 109 GENUS III. SIMIAS. PAGI ISLAND LANGUR. T 2-2 „ 1-1 „ 2-2 . , 3-3 L 2-2 5 C. i_!> P. 2-2, M. 3-3 - 32' SIMIAS Miller, Miscel. Coll. Smith. Inst. Wash., 1903, p. 671. Type Simias concolor Miller. Skull as in Nasalis, but less pronounced rostrum, and narrower nasals. Nose like Rhinopithecus. Tail one third the length of head and body, naked except at tip which is tufted. Ischial callosities large. Teeth as in Rhinopithecus. No cheek pouches. Simias concolor Miller. Simias concolor Miller, Miscel. Coll. Smith. Inst. Wash., 1903, p. 671. PAGI ISLAND LANGUR. Type locality. South Pagi Island, Sumatra. Type in United States National Museum. Genl. Char. Nose and teeth like Rhinopithecus roxellaNtE and R. bieti. Skull as in Nasalis larvatus, but smaller rostrum, less produced, and nasals narrow; size like Pithecus nemestrinus; tail one third the length of head and body, naked, tip tufted; tufts of hair over ears and on each side of chin. Color. General hue of head, body above and beneath, and limbs clove brown becoming black on hands and feet; hind neck, and shoul- ders, back and upper arms, the hairs annulated with buff; face, palms, soles, and callosities black; tail bare, tuft clove brown. Ex type United States National Museum. Measurements. Total length, 740; tail, 190. Skull: total length, 135.3; occipito-nasal length, 88.7; Hensel, 74.7; intertemporal width, 40; zygomatic width, 74.5; palatal length, 36.3; median length of nasals, 19.4; length of upper molar series, 30; length of mandible, 72; length of lower molar series, 35. Ex type United States National Museum. This is a very remarkable species, allied in some respects to the members of Rhinopithecus, but very distinct from them both generically and specifically; and if it had not been overshadowed by the large size and brilliant or striking coloration of those animals, would doubt- less have been considered one of the most remarkable discoveries 110 SIM I AS among the Primates in late years. So far as is known, it is restricted to South Pagi Island of the Mettawee Group, but it may be found an inhabitant of other islands of the group as they become better known. With its small upturned nose, short naked tail with a terminal tuft, and jet black pelage, it is a most unique and extraordinary animal. The remark may be pardoned, that we might wish a different name had been selected for the genus, the great similarity between the one chosen and the long established Simla of Linnaeus, being very apt to create confusion. Volume III Plate 4 Nasalis larvatus, juv. PLATE XIII. VOLUME III. Nasalis larvatus. SIDE VIEW REVERSED. No. 10.4.5.5. Brit. Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. NASALIS 111 GENUS IV. NASALIS. PROBOSCIS MONKEY. ▼ 2-2 1-1 y-x 2-2 * » 3-3 L 2^2 5 C. fzj; r. M. 3H3 - 32. NASALIS E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 90. Type Cercopithecus larvatus Wurmb. Rhinalazon Glog., Hand u. Hilf sb. Naturg., I, 1841, pp. XXVII, 36. Rhynchopithecus Dahlb., Stud. Zool., I, Andra Haftet, 1857, pp. 83, 91-94, Tab. IV. Nose proboscis-like, capable of dilatation; nostrils opening down- wards, separated by a thin septum; nose furrowed in center in adult males, seeming to be double; forehead low; eyes separated widely; laryngeal sac large; ears small; chin bearded; hair on upper part of body and head long. One species only known. Nasalis larvatus (Wurmb) . Cercopithecus larvatus Wurmb, Mag. Neuste. Phys. u. Nat., II, 1784, p. 7. Simla (Cercopithecus) nasicus Kerr, Animal Kingd., 1792, No. 55; Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 12. Cercopithecus capistratus Kerr, Animal Kingd., 1792, No. 56. Nasalis larvatus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 91; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 66; Jacq. et Pucher., Voy. Pole Sud, Zool., HI, 1853, p. 17, pls. II, HA, HB; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 124, figs. 317- 320; Lenz., Zool. Gart., XXXII, p. 216; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 8; Hose, Mamm. Borneo, 1893, p. 8; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 140; Lyon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 40, 1911, p. 141. Cercopithecus nasicus Desm., Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., XV, 1817, p. 574; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 102, pl. XB. Sitnia nasica F. Cuv., Diet. Scien. Nat., XV, 1821, p. 32. Semnopithecus nasicus Desmoul., Diet. Class. Hist. Nat., VII, 1825, p. 570; E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 11, 8me Le<;on; Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 43; Wagn., 112 NASALIS Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 35; Seienka, Stud. Entw. Tier. Menschens-Aff., 1900, Achtes Heft, pp. 189-191, figs. 25, 26, and A to G. Nasalis recurvus Vig. and Horsf., Zool. Journ., IV, 1828-29, p. 109, fig. juv.; Martin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, p. 71. Semnopithecus larvatus Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 16; Mar- tin, Mammif. Anim., 1841, p. 453, figs. 279, 280-282. Rhynochopithecus (1) nasalis Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, p. 93, tab. II. Semnopithecus (Nasalis) larvatus Anders., Zool. Exped. Yunnan, 1878, p. 42; Id. Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., Pt. I, 1881, p. 56. Semnopithecus nasicus Pryor, Zoologist, 1881, p. 398; Jent., Notes Leyd. Mus., 1897, p. 35. PROBOSCIS MONKEY. Type locality. Borneo. Geogr. Distr. Island of Borneo. Color. Top of head light ferruginous; back of neck, back, sides, arms to elbow cinnamon rufous; sides of head and neck, chin, throat, and under parts bright pinkish buff; forearms buffy white; rump white; thighs pale reddish, grading into buff tinged with red on legs; tail white, tip black; face and nose flesh color; hands and feet buffy white. Measurements. Skull: total length, 135; occipito-nasal length, 111; Hensel, 96; intertemporal width, 45; zygomatic width, 95 ; median length of nasals, 24; palatal length, 45; length of upper molar series, 33; length of mandible, 94; length of lower molar series, 45.5. This extraordinary monkey is restricted to the Island of Borneo, where it dwells in the vast forests growing in or near water. Very little is known of its habits as it has only been met with by the few travellers who have seen it as they passed along the rivers. It is strictly arboreal and goes in small troops, and is known to the natives as Blanda or Rasong. There seems to be but one species of this monkey, at all events, among the considerable number of examples I have examined at various times, there existed a constant uniformity of color and markings. It is true that a Mr. Pryor, (1. c.) writes of a monkey he obtained on the Island of Balhalla, near Sandaken Bay, which he described as resembling a 'picture' of Pygathrix nem^us, but which had a nose as large as the Proboscis monkey. It was "three feet eight inches high, about as big as the smaller species (?) of orang-outan, strongly built, and with a determined expression." I have NASALIS 113 not seen an example from this island, but P. nemaus is a native of Cochin China, and the Island of Hainan, and neither it, nor its relative, P. nigripes, has ever been found, so far as I am aware, in Borneo or on any of the near lying islands. A long-nosed monkey colored like either of the two species mentioned, would certainly represent an undescribed species. Mr. Hornaday met with the Proboscis Monkey in Borneo, and states, "as usual, they were over water, and being swift climbers and quite shy were hard to kill. I saw altogether during my ramblings in the forests of Borneo, perhaps a hundred and fifty Proboscis Monkeys, and without a single exception, all were over water, either river, lake, or submerged forest. As long as they are in sight they are very conspicuous objects, choosing the most commanding positions in open tree-tops; once I saw thirteen in one tree, sitting lazily on the branches, as is their habit, sunning themselves and enjoying the scenery. It was the finest sight I ever saw in which Monkeys played a part. The cry of the Blanda is peculiar and unmistakable. Written phonetically it would be 'Honk' and occasionally 'Kee-Honk' long drawn and deeply resonant, quite like the tone of a bass viol. The Proboscis Monkey is a large animal of striking appearance both in form and color. Taken altogether, Nasalis larwatus is to the hunter- naturalist a very striking object of pursuit, and were he not partially eclipsed by the orang he would be the most famous Quadrumane in the East Indies." There is a more or less general impression that monkeys cannot swim, and the following account of a Proboscis Monkey swimming one of the rivers in Borneo was given to me by my friend Mr. C. William Beebe, the Curator of Birds in the New York Zoological Garden, and proves at all events as regards this species, that such a belief is entirely incorrect. The natives informed Mr. Beebe that these monkeys were often seen swimming across the rivers. "Up the Rejang River in small steamer. At 7 A. M. (about three and a half hours below Sibu) where the river was about one hundred and fifty yards wide we passed a Long-nosed Monkey (Nasalis lar- watus} in mid-stream swimming strongly. His fore arms moved dog- fashion downward and back, but he swam first on one side then on the other. Once when he turned his head with its prominent nose, backward to look at us, his arms swept far apart, man-fashion, but almost at once he returned to the other method. These monkeys inhabit all this delta region of half submerged nipa palms and owing to the wide intersecting tidal reaches, they must frequently utilize 114 N AS ALIS this habit of swimming. The natives say it is a common occurrence. The Malay Captain fired wantonly at the poor beast but I nudged his arm and the shot went wide. The monkey dived and remained beneath the surface for 28 seconds by my watch, then came up a few feet ahead and swam on as strongly as ever." VOLUME III. PLATE XIV. COLOBUS VERUS. No. 1895.8. Paris Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. COLOBUS 115 GENUS V. COLOBUS. THE GUEREZAS. t 2-2 1-1 r» 2-2 . - 3-3 I* 2-2» G. 1-1; P. 2-25 M. g_3 32' COLOBUS Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, 1811, p. 69. Type Simla polycomus Schreber. Colobolus Gray, Lond. Med. Repos., XV, 1821, p. 108. Guereza Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, pp. 5, 19. Procolobus Rochebr., Faun. Senegamb., Suppl. Vert., Prem, fasc., 1886-87, pp. 95, 97-102, pl. I. Tropicolobus Rochebr., Faun. Senegamb., Suppl. Vert., Prem, fasc., 1886-87, p. 102, pls. II, XXVIII. Piliocolobus Rochebr., Faun. Senegamb., Suppl. Vert., Prem, fasc., 1886-87, p. 105, pls. III-VI. Stachycolobus Rochebr., Faun. Senegamb., Suppl. Vert., Prem, fasc., 1886-87, p. 114, pl. VII. Pterycolobus Rochebr., Faun. Senegamb., Suppl. Vert., Prem, fasc., 1886-87, p. 125, pl. X. Lophocolobus Pousarg., Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, III, 1895, p. 98. Thumb nearly obsolete; body slender; ear rounded, naked, some- times tufted internally; callosities large; tail long, frequently tufted; hairs on sides of body long, hanging like a fringe. Skull: braincase large; muzzle short; lower posterior molar with five cusps; cheek pouches very small, nostrils widely separated; face covered by short, soft hairs, downy in texture. The brain has the cere- bellum concealed by the cerebrum; and there is a hippocampus minor present. Vermiform appendix absent. Stomach elongate, with several pouches; muzzle short; callosities small. Os centralis in wrist present. The Guerezas can be divided into two groups, which may be designated the Red and Black Guerezas. They are conspicuously separated from the Langurs by the practical absence of the thumb. They are large monkeys with exceedingly long tails, which are heavily tufted in the black members, in some species with enormous brushes, and as a rule they are handsome animals, and the long flowing white hair which decorates the coats of the black members affords a striking 116 COLOBUS contrast to their sombre livery. The Red Colobi are the rarer, and there is no considerable collection of them in any Museum, but the black species are evidently more easily captured, and in a few collections are fairly well represented. The Guerezas are forest loving animals, and striking as the coloring of their coats may be, and large as is their size, they are not easy to see amid the foliage, thus illustrating the well known fact, that the most brilliantly colored creatures, such as the tiger and zebra, are by no means the most conspicuous. Not many individuals are found together, and they usually keep to the tops of the loftiest trees. Their food consists of various fruits and leaves, and their peculiar stomachs are admirably fitted to digest the latter, for great quantities are rapidly swallowed at a time, as monkeys always eat in a hurry, whether impelled by greediness or fear. The Black Colobi appear to bear extremes of temperature without difficulty and are found at an elevation of 9,000 feet on the great Uganda mountain of Ruwenzori, and on the Elgon Plateau; but they are equally at home in the tropical forests of the same Protectorate, bearing well the extremes of cold and heat. In Uganda, according to *Sir Harry Johnston, these monkeys live entirely on leaves, and seem to dislike animal food. Some native tribes eat them, and among the Andorobo it is the favorite article of diet. As a rule they do not live long in captivity and require much care; since deprived of an arboreal existence, they are not reconciled to a life upon the ground. Of the Red Colobi very little is known, as but few Europeans have met with them in the wild state. LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES. 1775. Schreber, Die S'dugthiere. In the volumes of plates accompanying this work, Pennant's figure of the Full bottom Monkey, is given with the name Simia polycomus, but no description is added in the text. 1800. Shaw, General Zoology. Colobus ferruginous first described as Simia ferruginea, and Simia comosa = S. polycomus Schreber. 1816. Oken, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte. Colobus abyssinicus first described. 1820. Kuhl, Beitr'dge zur Zoologie. Colobus temmincki first described. ♦Uganda Protectorate, I, p. 362. COLOBUS 117 1834. I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Belanger Voyage aux Indes Orient ales, Mammiferes. Colobus vellerosus first described as Semnopithecus vel- lerosus. 1835. Riippell, Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinian gehbrig entdeckt und beschreiben. Colobus abyssinicus renamed C. guereza. 1835. Ogilby, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Colobus fuliginosus first described, and C. polycomus rede- scribed as C. ursinus. 1838. Ogilby, in Library of Entertaining Knowledge. Colobus fuliginosus redescribed as Colobus rufofuliginosus, and Colobus rufoniger first described. 1838. Van Beneden, in Bulletin de I'Academic Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Belgique. Colobus verus first described. 1838. Waterhouse, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of Lon- don. Colobus satanas, and C. penanti first described. 1840. R. P. Lesson, Species des Mammiferes Bimanes et Quadru- manes. The following species of Colobus are here given with synon- ymy and descriptions: C. polycomus; C. ferrugineus; C. guereza = C. abyssinicus; C. temmincki; C. fuliginosus; C. ursinus = C. polycomus; and C. verus. No new species described. 1840. Wagner, Schreber, Die Sdugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen, Supplementband. Colobus verus redescribed as Semnopithecus olivaceus. 1857. Le Conte, in Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Colobus satanas redescribed as Semnopithecus anthracinus. 1860. Sclater, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Colobus angolensis first described. 1862. Reichenbach, Die Vollstandigste Naturgeschichte der Affen. The genus Colobus in this work has the following species: C. verus ; C. ferrugineus ; C. vellerosus ; C. polycomus ; C. guereza = C. abyssinicus; C. ursinus = C. polycomus; C. angolensis; and C. satanas. 1866. J. E. Gray, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Colobus verus redescribed as Colobus cristatus. 118 COLOBUS 1863. Peters, in Monatsberichte Konigliche Akademie der Wissen- schaften, Berlin. Colobus palliatus first described. 1868. J. E. Gray, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Colobus kirki first described. 1870. J. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats in Collection of British Museum. The species of Colobus known to the Author are here given. C. satanas; C. polycomus; C. angolensis; C. bicolor = C. vellerosus; C. ferrugineus; C. cristatus = C. verus; and under the genus Guereza, G. riipellii = C. abyssinicus. 1879. Peters, in Monatsberichte Konigliche Akademie der JVissen- schaften, Berlin. Colobus rufomitratus first described. 1885. O. Thomas, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of Lon- don. Colobus caudatus first described as Colobus guereza caudatus. 1886. A. Milne-Edwards, in Revue Scientihque. Colobus tholloni first described. 1886. Rochebrune, Faune de la Senegambie, Supplement, Premier Fasicule, Mammiferes. This work is a monographic essay on the genus Colobus, and is divided into two groups. "A. Formas pilis brevibus vel subelongatis; vellere versicolore attamen praecipue rufo, cas- taneo, olivaceoque permixto" includes the following genera: Procolobus for C. verus; Tropicolobus for C. rufomitratus; Piliocolobus for C. ferrugineus; C. bouvieri first described; C. tholloni ; and C. kirki ; Stachycolobus for C. satanas ; Colobus for C. ursinus = C. polycomus; and C. angolensis; Pterycolobus for C. vellerosus; Guereza with C. riippellii = C. abyssinicus; C. caudatus; and C. occidentalis first de- scribed. B. "Formes douteuses ou Problematiques." He places here C. polycomus ( !) and gives a list of synonyms which he afterwards discusses at length. Very fair colored figures of the species recognized are given. The genera proposed are not necessary but may serve as subgenera, indicating artificial groups for the division of the species. 1896. E. de Pousargues, in Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie. In his paper on the Mammals of the French Congo, the Author here reviews the species of the genus Colobus, comments on the distinctive characters of the various forms, and discusses COLOBUS 119 their geographical distribution. He recognizes the following species: C. guereza = C. abyssinicus; C. angolensis; C. PALLIATUS; C. SATANAS; C. THOLLONIJ C. PENNANTI; C. FER- rugineus; C. fuliginosus; with a. C. fuliginosus var. rufo- fuliginosus; and b. C. fuliginosus var. rufoniger;- and C. KIRKI. In a previous paper in Volume I of the same publication he discusses C. verus; and C. fuliginosus var. rufoniger = C. rufoniger obtained by Mr. Moskowitz, and their relationship with allied forms. 1899. Neumann, in Sitzungsberichte Gesellschaft N aturforschender Freunde, Berlin. Colobus occidentalis redescribed as Colobus matschie. 1899. Pousargues, in Bulletin du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Colobus foai first described. 1900. Matschie, in Sitzungsberichte Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, Berlin. Colobus preussi ; and C. godonorum first described. 1900. O. Thomas, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of Lon- don. Colobus poliurus first described as C. abyssinicus poliurus. 1901. O. Thomas, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of Lon- don. Colobus ruwenzori first described. 1902. Neumann, in Sitzungsberichte Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, Berlin. Colobus gallarum first described. 1902. O. Thomas, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of Lon- don. Colobus sharpei first described. 1906. Lydekker, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Colobus sharpei redescribed as C. cottoni. 1906. Trouessart, in Bulletin du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Colobus oustaleti and Colobus nigrimanus first described. 1907. D. G. Elliot, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Colobus tephrosceles first described. 1909. G. Dollman, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Colobus ellioti and C. graueri first described. 1912. Lbnnberg, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Colobus caudatus redescribed as Colobus abyssinicus kikuyu- ensis. 120 COLOBUS GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES. The members of the genus Colobus are pretty evenly divided between the east and west coasts of Africa, in the central portion of the continent, being found from Abyssinia to Nyassaland on the east, and from Gambia and Lake Chad, Nigeria, to Angola on the west. Beginning with Abyssinia, in the Province of Godam and Kulla of the south and west, C. abyssinicus is found, ranging eastward probably into Somaliland; while in the forests through which the Omo flows C. poliurus dwells, and in the vicinity of Harrar at Abassie not far from the Somali border, C. gallarum was discovered, the extent of its range, however, unknown. Passing southward to the west of Lake Albert on the borders of Uganda and the Congo State the undescribed form in the Berlin Museum, from Avakubi, Lake Albert, is met with, and west of the north end of Lake Albert Edward, C. ellioti was dis- covered. On Mount Ruwenzori, at an elevation of 4,000 feet, C. tephrosceles was found, and on the north west flank of the same mountain, in the country of the Buambas, C. ruwenzori was obtained. In the vicinity of Mt. Kenia, C. caudatus was met with, and it extends its range to Mt. Kilimanjaro in German East Africa. At Muniuni, near Mombassa, C. rufomitratus was discovered, and opposite Zanzi- bar C. palliatus was found, its range not yet ascertained. C. kirki is restricted to the Island of Zanzibar, never found on the mainland, and now nearly extinct. Between Lake Tanganyika and the Upper Congo, C. foai ranges, and west of the same great lake, C. graueri was taken at Wabembeland. In the Ituri forest, and southward to the Tanganyika-Nyassa Plateau, C. sharpei ranges. In German East Africa at Udschumgwe Berge, C. godonorum is found. In West Africa commencing at the most northern part where any species of Colobus dwells, we find in Senegambia, C. bouvieri C. fuliginosus; and C. vellerosus ; the last ranging to the Gold Coast, and C. satanas going to the Gaboon. In Sierra Leone C. ferrugineus is found going into Liberia, while in the southern portion of Sierra Leone, C. rufoniger is also met with, and C. polycomus going to Liberia. Fantee and Ashantee have C. verus, which is also stated to inhabit Li- beria. In Nigeria from Lake Chad, through Central Africa along the Upper and Lower Congo to Victoria Nyanza, C. occidentals has its range. At Barombi in Cameroon, C. preussi was found; while in the Congo River forest were obtained C. nigrimanus at Lirranga, C. oustaleti in the Youmba country, and C. tholloni, exact locality not known. On the Island of Fernando Po, C. pennanti is met with, and COLOBUS 121 also in Gaboon; and lastly in Angola, and thence eastward to the Valley of the Pangani in German East Africa, C. angolensis has its range. Of the recognized species, the habitat of C. temmincki is quite un- known, but if in the future it should be proved to be the same as C. fuliginosus, Senegambia is the country in which it must be sought. KEY TO THE SPECIES. A. Upper parts and legs not black. a. Head partially crested. a.' Median reddish olive crest tipped with black... .C. verus. b. Hairs on forehead directed forward. a.' Tufts over ears. a." Black line between tufts, outside of limbs dark brown C. rufomitratus. b." No black line between tufts. a.'" Outer side of limbs pale brownish ' gray C. tephrosceles. b.'" Outer side of limbs red C. nigrimanus. c.'" Outer side of limbs Prout's brown ... C. ellioti. b.' No tufts over ears. a." Side of head and jaws red, tail at base dark brick red C. preussi. b" Side of head and jaws white. a.'" Shoulders and arms black C. kirki. b!" Shoulders and arms red C. bouvieri. c." Sides of head and jaws yellowish red .. .C. tholloni. d." Sides of head and jaws orange red .. .C. temmincki. e." Sides of head and jaws black . .Spec, from Avakubi, W. of L. Albert. f." Sides of head yellowish white and red, between lower jaws red C. foai. g." Sides of head ferruginous C. graueri. h." Sides of head fuscous C. oustaleti. B. Upper parts black, legs not black. a. Legs bright bay C. ferruginous. b. Legs tawny C. fuliginosus. c. Legs dark ferruginous C. rufoniger. d. Legs bright russet red C. pennanti. e. Legs ? C. godonorum. 122 COLOBUS C. Upper parts, rump, and legs black. a. No white on mantle. a.' Head all black C. satanas. b.' Forehead and auricular region grayish white. a." Fur on back woolly C. ruwenzori. b." Fur on back not woolly. a."' White on thighs C. vellerosus. b."' No white on thighs. a."" Tail all white C. polycomus. b."" Tail black at base grading into white C. sharpei. b. Long hairs on mantle from shoulders only, white. a.' No white line on forehead C. palliatus. b! White line on forehead C. angolensis. D. Upper parts black, rump white. a. Long white hairs from mantle and shoulders to tail. a.' Tail, basal half black, rest white, tuft medium C. abyssinicus. b.' Tail, two thirds black, tuft white C. occidentalis. c' Tail, basal half gray, rest black C. poliurus. d.' Tail, black at base, rest white, brush enor- mous C. caudatus. e.' Tail, basal half mixed gray and black, rest white, tuft long, thick C. gallarum. Subgenus Procolobus. Head crested. Colobus verus Van Beneden. Colobus verus Van Bened., Bull. Acad. Scien. Brux., V, 1838, p. 344, pl. XV; Less., Spec. Mamm,, 1840, p. 70; Martin, Mammif. Anim., 1841, p. 503; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 17; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 37; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, p. 95; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 86, figs. 190-192; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 182; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 28; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 87; Pousarg., Ann. Scien. Nat., I, 8me Ser., 1896, p. 250, fig. 1 in text. COLOBUS 123 Semnopithecus olivaceus Wagn, Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 309. Colobus cristatus Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVII, 3rd Ser., 1866, p. 77; Id. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 182, pl. XV; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, pp. 19, 128. Procolobus verus Rochebr, Faun. Senegamb., Suppl. Vert., 1887, p. 97, pl. I. VAN BEN EDEN'S GUEREZA. Type locality. "L'Afrique." Geogr. Distr. Forests of Fantee and Ashantee; Liberia, (Butti- kofer) ; West Africa. Color. Head with median reddish olive crest; tips of hairs black; narrow band on forehead, sides of face and jaws pale yellow; neck and back olive brown ringed with black; nape, and around callosities tinged with reddish; sides of head and throat dirty gray; shoulders greenish gray; arms and thighs olive brown annulated with black; hands and feet dark reddish brown; under parts ashy gray; tail reddish brown at base, rest olive brown. Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 80; Hensel, 58; zygomatic width, 68; intertemporal width, 37; median length of nasals, 18; length of upper molar series, 22; length of mandible, 61; length of lower molar series, 29. Ex specimen Paris Museum. The type of Colobus cristatus Gray, is in the Collection of the British Museum. The specimen is mounted, and the skull having been removed, showed it to be a fully adult animal. The hairy crest, however, was not fully developed, but in coloring the example agrees with the present species, and it is doubtless the same, a con- clusion that Gray himself arrived at, (vide Cat Monk. Lemurs, etc., App., p. 128). Subgenus Tropicolobus. Ears tufted; upper parts and legs not black. Colobus rufomitratus Peters. Colobus rufomitratus Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Berlin, 1879, pls. IA, II; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 88. Tropicolobus rufomitratus Rochebr., Faun. Senegamb., Suppl. Vert, 1887, p. 120. 124 COLOBUS RED-CRESTED GUEREZA. Type locality. Muniuni, near Mombassa, East Africa. Type in Berlin Museum. Geogr. Distr. Forests of Muniuni, East Africa; range unknown. Color. Band on forehead broadest on sides, and narrowest be- tween eyes, black, the hairs standing upright on outer edge; indistinct black line from eye to ear; top of head in center ochraceous, remainder extending to a point above nose and back of neck rusty red; sides of head yellowish gray; tufts above ears black, this color extending nearly to center of head, but not across it; back to rump, shoulders, and sides of body, seal brown, nearly black in some lights; rump dark drab brown; limbs sepia; under parts and inner side of arms yellowish white; hands and feet dark olive brown; tail reddish brown grading into blackish at tip. No skull. Ex type Berlin Museum COLOBUS TEPHROSCELES Elliot. Colobus rufomitratus (nec Peters), Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 86. Colobus tephrosceles Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th Ser., 1907, p. 195. Type locality. Ruahara River, Toro, Mt. Ruwenzori, altitude 4,000 feet, Uganda, East Africa. Type in British Museum. Genl. Char. Similar to C. rufomitratus, but differs in not having any black on head between tufts, in the pale colored arms and legs, in the gray brown basal portion of the tail, and in the absence of a black stripe between ears and shoulders, and in the feet and hands being brownish black instead of dark olive brown (dunkel oliven- braun). Upright tufts on sides of crown above ears. Color. A narrow black band on forehead extending backwards to ears; top of head and nape dark rusty brown; upright tufts dark rusty brown, mixed with some brownish black hairs tipped with yellow, these showing chiefly on the outer side of the tufts; sides of head between ears and eyes blackish gray, the hairs hiding the ears; side of upper lip extending down and covering lower jaw, purplish gray; hair on upper part of back long, covering the shoulders, brownish black, grading into dark Prout's brown on sides and rump; outer side of arms pale grayish brown; outer side of legs pale brownish gray; under parts and inner side of limbs grayish white; hands brownish black; feet Vandyke brown; tail, basal third grayish brown, remainder blackish brown grading into black at tip. Ex type British Museum. VOLUME III. PLATE XV. COLOBUS TEPHROSCELES. No. 1.8.9.46. Brit. Mus, Coll. % Nat. Size. COLOB US 125 Measurements. No skull to specimen described. Another *skull, 1. 8. 9. 46. from Toro collected by Sir H. H. Johnston measures: total length, 100; occipito-nasal length, 81.5; Hensel, 65.5; zygomatic width, 77; intertemporal width, 64; palatal length, 36.2; median length of nasals, 13; length of upper molar series, 27; extreme length of mandible, 74; length of lower molar series, 33. Three examples of this remarkable monkey, one adult and two young, were procured by Sir H. H. Johnston on the Ruahara River, district of Toro, on the east side of Mount Ruwenzori at an altitude of 4,000 feet. The species was not seen by the expedition lately returned from the exploration of the mountain, so it may be con- sidered rare. It bears a close resemblance to C. rufomitratus Peters from the Tana River, but differs sufficiently in coloration to warrant its separa- tion as distinct. Possibly the skulls, if they were compared, would exhibit different cranial characters. The distance dividing the habitats of the two forms, one a coast dweller, and the other living in the interior at high elevations, and the fact that no examples have been as yet procured in the intervening districts, would naturally cause us to expect a different animal from the heights of Ruwenzori. No account of its habits is recorded, but like many of its relatives of this genus, it probably dwells in the tops of the high trees of the African forest, and so is most likely to escape detection. Sir Harry Johnston says of this species, that "the Red Colobus of Toro answers to its Greek name in the adults, which have only four fingers on the hands and the minutest trace of a thumb nail in the place where the thumb is missing. But the young Colobuses of this species have a complete thumb, only a little smaller than this finger would be in the Cerco- pitheci. As the animal grows to maturity, so its thumb dwindles, until in a very old male there may be absolutely no trace left of the missing finger." Colobus nigrimanus Trouessart. Colobus nigrimanus Trouess., Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 1906, p. 444. Type locality. Lirranga, banks of the Congo. Type in Paris Museum. *In the original description of this species, by a misunderstanding, the measurement of the skull of another species was given. The one recorded above is correct for this species, though not belonging to the type. 126 COLOBUS Genl. Char. Size large; tail long, tufted on apical portion; small tufts above ears; hairs on back long, forming a short mantle. Color. Long hairs above eyebrows black; top of head and nape dark brownish red, becoming maroon on upper back and shoulders; rest of upper parts, and side of body and limbs, bright red; sides of head and throat grayish white tinged with yellow; chest dark yellowish brown; rest of under parts and inner side of limbs yellowish white; hands and feet black; tail dark red for three fourths the length; re- mainder dull dark maroon; ears apparently flesh color; face black. Ex type Paris Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,079.5; tail, 673.1; foot, 177.8. Skull: total length, 114; occipito-nasal length, 95; Hensel, 79; zygo- matic width, 82; intertemporal width, 42; breadth of braincase, 59; median length of nasals, 14; length of upper molar series, 29; length of mandible, 76; length of lower molar series, 38. Ex type Paris Museum. This species apparently belongs to the small group of red mem- bers of this genus, with small tufts behind and over the ears. It is a brilliantly colored animal, the red of body and limbs being very bright. It differs strikingly from its near relatives in having black hands and feet, and in addition from C. tephrosceles, the species probably nearest to it, in the red thighs, these in the other animal being pale brownish gray. Colobus ellioti Doilman. Colobus ellioti Dollman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., IV, 8th Ser., 1909, p. 474. Type locality. 80 kilometres west of the north end of Lake Al- bert Edward. Type in British Museum. Color. Male. Long hairs forming superciliary stripe, and indis- tinct line from eyes to ears black; top of head crested, brick red; back of head, sides of head and cheeks, and upper part of back chestnut red; arms and hands bright brick red; lower back and rump darker, the dorsal line almost black; legs from hips to ankles Prout's brown; sides of head behind ears pale red; chin olive gray, throat yellowish; sides of throat, inner sides of arms and chest pale rusty; under parts of body yellowish tinged with reddish on belly; inner side of legs yel- lowish near scrotum, remainder gray; tail above blackish maroon at base, rest black, beneath yellowish at base, rest black; feet Prout's brown; ears black with slender tufts of black and red hairs rising behind. Ex type British Museum. Volume III Plate 5 COLOBUS ELLIOTI COLOB US 127 Measurements. Total length, 1,380; tail, 690; foot, 170. No skull. Ex type British Museum. Female. Top of head crested, and together with outer side of arms, brick red; hands blackish; back of head chestnut; back of neck and upper parts black with a brownish tinge on rump; outer side of legs Prout's brown becoming blackish on feet; under parts like male; tail black. Measurements. Total length, 1,280; tail, 675; foot, 150. Skull: total length, 104.6; occipito-nasal length, 88.5; intertemporal width, 39.5; width of braincase, 54.5; Hensel, 76.2; zygomatic width, 72.7; palatal length, 38.2; median length of nasals, 13.2; length of upper molar series, 29; length of mandible, 73.2; length of lower molar series, 36. This species is nearest to C. nigrimanus Trouess., but differs in having the top of the head brick red, not dark brownish red, and the sides of the head chestnut red, not grayish white tinged with yellow; and the chest pale rusty, not dark yellowish brown, and the thighs gray instead of bright red. The tail is also different, the blackish maroon of the basal part and the rest black, contrasting with the three fourths dark red, and remainder, dull dark maroon tail of the allied species. Colobus preussi Matschie. Colobus preussi Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Natur. Freunde, Ber- lin, 1900, p. 183. Type locality. Barombi, Cameroon, West Africa. Type in Berlin Museum. Geogr. Distr. Cameroon, West Africa. Color. Top of head black speckled with brick red; back of head and neck, (the hairs on sides of head falling over ears), and upper part of body black, the hairs rather indistinctly speckled with red on upper back, but more pronounced on lower back and rump where they give a tinge of red over that part; sides of face, arms, hands, flanks, legs, feet, and tail dark brick red; inner side of limbs yellowish white; chin, line on center of throat, chest and center of abdomen yellowish white; rest of under parts pale brick red; tail dark brick red for two thirds the length, grading to purplish red on apical portion. Measurements. Total length, 1,480; tail, 795. No skull. Ex type Berlin Museum. 128 COLOBUS This is a very handsome species, remarkable for its red limbs and exceedingly long tail with its purplish tip. It is perhaps nearest to C. FERRUGINEUS. Colobus kirki Gray. Colobus kirki Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, pp. 180, 181, pl. XV; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 127; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 25; Kirk, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XIII, 5th Ser., 1884, p. 307; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 89; Pousarg., Ann. Scien. Nat. Paris, III, 7me Ser., 1896, p. 166. Piliocolobus kirki Rochebr., Faun. Senegamb., Suppl. Vert., 1887, p. 112, pl. VI. KIRK'S GUEREZA. Type locality. Island of Zanzibar. Geogr. Distr. Restricted to the Island of Zanzibar. Genl. Char. Face and ears naked, bluish black; tip of nose grayish white; long hairs on head bent backward over forehead. Color. Forehead and sides of head yellowish white, the long hairs extending beyond sides of head; crown of head reddish brown, as are also the upper parts from shoulders, and lower part of neck; shoulders, outer side of arms, hands and feet black; hairs on inner side of arms silvery gray to root; legs silvery gray, base of hairs black; throat and entire under parts of body grayish white; tail at base like back, rest dull reddish brown, beneath buff a few black upright hairs on brow. Measurements. Total length, about 1,270; tail, 610; foot, 137, (skin). Skull: occipito-nasal length, 78.8; Hensel, 57.7; zygomatic width, 69; intertemporal width, 38; width of braincase, 52.2; palatal length, 26.8; median length of nasals, 14; length of upper molar series, 24.4; length of mandible, 68.1; length of lower molar series, 20.8. British Museum specimen, No. 6. 6. 5. 4. The type of this species is in the British Museum preserved in spirits. It is quite a young individual, the canines and last molar just showing. I have therefore taken the measurements from an adult individual, as giving a more correct idea of the animal's size. Colobus bouvieri (Rochebrune). Piliocolobus bouvieri Rochebr., Faun. Senegamb., Suppl. Vert., 1886-87, p. 108, pl. IV; Pousarg., Ann. Scien. Nat., I, 1896, p. 263, 8me Ser., Zool. VOLUME III. PLATE XVI. COLOBUS KIRKI. No. 6.6.5.3. Brit. Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. COLOBUS 129 Type locality. Gambia, West Africa. Type not in Paris Museum. Geogr. Distr. Gaboon; Congo regions; forests of Gambia and Casamanca; West Africa. Genl. Char. Face flesh color, around eyes and cheeks blue; sides of head white; upper part of body of a bright color, not dark as in C. FERRUGINEUS. Color. Around eyes and cheeks blue, rest of face flesh color; ears paler; a narrow band on forehead, enlarging as it goes to the ears into a triangular shape, black; hairs on sides of head and jaws very long, white, tips of hairs pale yellow; upper parts of body brown- ish red, sides of body and arms bright red; outer side of thighs yellow- ish red; feet and hands reddish brown; throat, sides of neck, under parts and inner side of limbs white; tail golden brown. Measurements. Total length, 1,375; tail, 750. No skull. This species is nearest to C. pennanti from the Gaboon and the island of Fernando Po. The two species resemble each other in the white on cheeks, otherwise there is considerable difference in their coloring. Pousargues (1. c.) questions if this species is not one of the forms of C. fuliginosus, and decides it is the same as C. pen- nanti. "Etant donnee d'autre part sa concordance pour ainsi dire parfaite des descriptions du C. pennanti et du C. bouvieri, il me parait des lors impossible de reconnaitre et de maintenir une distinction quelconque entres ces deux especes." In spite of the opinion above given there seems to be a sufficient difference in coloration, to keep these animals, for the present at least, distinct, until adequate material may be obtained to enable a definite decision to be reached. Besides the differences mentioned above C. pennanti has the upper parts of body black while C. bouvieri has these parts reddish brown. Colobus tholloni A. Milne-Edwards. Colobus tholloni A. Milne-Edw., Rev. Scien., XIII, 1886, p. 15; Pousarg., Ann. Scien. Nat., Ill, 1896, pp. 150, 167. Piliocolobus tholloni Rochebr., Faun. Senegamb., Suppl. Vert., 1887, p. 110, pl. V. Type locality. Congo. Type in Paris Museum. Geogr. Distr. Left bank of the Congo; range unknown. Genl. Char. Resembles C. ferrugineus. but back not wholly black. Color. Forehead with a narrow line of long black hairs extending on sides of face to ears; top of head brownish red; nape chestnut 130 COLOBUS grading into blackish on hind neck and dorsal region to middle of back; sides of neck whitish; rest of upper parts, outer side of arms and thighs bright chestnut red; lateral line beneath the red deep orange; legs below knees paler red than thighs; under parts and inner side of limbs creamy white; tail for basal half like back, remainder purplish red, or maroon, blackish at tip; sides of head and jaws pale yellowish red. Ex type Paris Museum. Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 90; Hensel, 74; zygo- matic width, 74; intertemporal width, 40; median length of nasals, 17; length of upper molar series, 30; length of mandible, 78; length of lower molar series, 36. Ex type Paris Museum. While allied to C. ferrugineus, this species differs in its much brighter red on sides and limbs, and by having no black on lower back and limbs; the crown is brownish red, not black. It is a much brighter colored and handsomer animal than C. ferrugineus. COLOBUS TEMMINCKI Kuhl. Colobus temmincki Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 7; Desm , Mamm., 1820, p. 53; Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1835, p. 99; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 69; Martin, Mammif. Anim., 1841, p. 449. TEMMINCK'S GUEREZA. Type locality. Unknown. Type in Leyden Museum. Color. Hairs of superciliary stripe long, black, and also a black stripe from eye to ear; top of head dark purplish red; back of head and neck extending on back to shoulders black; rest of upper parts and flanks dark grayish brown with a reddish tinge; shoulders and inner side of arms to elbows brownish gray, and thighs smoky gray; cheeks, fore parts of arms to elbow, outer side of forearms, hands, outer side of legs below knees, feet, and lower part of flanks orange red; chin, throat, under parts of body and inner side of limbs pale yellow; tail at root like back; entire rest of tail bright red. Measurements. Total length, 1,496; tail, 956; foot. 150. No skull. Ex type Leyden Museum. The following description of a specimen in the Berlin Museum seems to indicate a new form: Type locality. Avakubi, west of Lake Albert. Specimens in Ber- lin Museum. Genl. Char. Resembling somewhat both C. temmincki and C. tholloni. Size large, tail long. Volume III Plate 6 COLOBUS FERRUGINEUS CO LOBUS 131 Color. Top and back of head chestnut red; superciliary line, cheeks and long hairs over ears black; back from nape to rump and flanks, black with red hairs mingling with black between shoulders; rump slaty gray with a strong reddish tinge; shoulders and arms to wrists bright red; thighs and legs to ankles slaty gray; inner side of limbs gray tinged with yellow; chin, throat and under parts of body brownish gray; hands, feet and tail, black; face black. Ex specimen Berlin Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,310; tail, 710; foot, 160. Skull: total length, 114.7; occipito-nasal length, 97.7; intertemporal width, 42.1; breadth of braincase, 60; Hensel, 77.7; zygomatic width, 89; median length of nasals, 17.5; palatal length, 39; length of upper molar series, 28.9; length of mandible, 80.8; length of lower molar series, 36.1. Ex specimen Berlin Museum. Considerable variation is exhibited by this species in the color of its coat at different ages, as seen in the series of skins in the Berlin Museum, some being red on the upper part of back and neck, with the lower back and rump grayish; again in others the dorsal region from neck to middle of back is black, remaining parts on side bright red, with lower back, rump and flanks brownish red, and basal half of the tail same color. These variations occur in specimens from the same locality. Colobus foai Pousargues. Colobus foai Pousarg., Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 1899, p. 278. Type locality. Country of the Ouroua, south west of Lake Tanganyika, Africa. Geogr. Distr. Central Africa, between Lake Tanganyika and the Upper Congo, country of the Ouroua and Baloubas. Color. Upright crest on forehead black or blackish chestnut; on front edge, the longer hairs behind red; top of head, and long hairs over ears above temples, hind neck, and back to rump black glossed with chestnut, becoming reddish on the sides of body; a patch of long reddish hairs in front; behind ears and sides of neck, beneath ears and throat, and under parts and inner side of limbs yellowish white; chin, and beneath lower jaw, arms and legs red; rump and thighs bright red; tail bright chestnut red for basal third; remainder maroon. Ex type Paris Museum. The unique type in the Paris Museum was a flat skin and lacked the hands and feet and these were supplied when the specimen was mounted by hands and feet taken from a skin of Colobus ferru- 132 COLOB US gineus. The color of these membefs therefore in this species is not known. Colobus graueri Dollman. Colobus graueri Dollman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., IV, 8th Ser., 1909, p. 473. Type locality. Wabembeland, 80 kilometres west of north end of Lake Tanganyika. Type in British Museum. Color. Superciliary line of long hairs extending backwards from above eyes to ears in a broad band, black; top of head crested, fer- ruginous ; back of head chestnut; back of neck and upper back including shoulders, black and chestnut mixed; rest of back to tail and flanks, rather bright chestnut; outer side of arms cinna- mon red; hands mixed cinnamon red and black, becoming nearly entirely black on fingers; legs paler cinnamon red than arms; feet cinnamon red and black mixed; cheeks and sides of head ferruginous; chin, throat, under parts of body, and inner side of limbs smoke gray; tail maroon red becoming dark maroon at tip; ears black. Ex type British Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,350; tail, 700; foot, 180. Skull: total length, 117.1; occipito-nasal length, 99; interorbital width, 43.1; breadth of braincase, 58.1; Hensel, 39.3 ; zygomatic width, 88.2; palatal length, 42.7; median length of nasals, 17.9; length of upper canine, 21.2; length of upper molar series, 18.9; length of mandible, 85; length of lower molar series, 35.9. Ex type British Museum. A young male differs from the above old adult male in having the back from neck to rump jet black; rump brownish red; hind legs brownish red like rump; back of neck black; tail brownish red, tip black. This form is quite close to C. foai, but differs in the under parts and inner side of limbs being smoky gray instead of yellowish white, and in the legs being pale cinnamon red instead of a bright red. Colobus oustaleti Trouessart. Colobus oustaleti Trouess., Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 1906, p. 443. OUSTALET'S GUEREZA. Type locality. Youmba country, Oubangui, Congo. Genl. Char. Size large; color nearly uniform, dull; tail long. Color. Top of head to middle of back blackish brown, rest of COLOBUS 133 upper parts and limbs paler brown; sides of head fuscous; throat, and under parts pale grayish brown; hands and feet brownish black; tail at root color of back; remainder black. Ex type in Paris Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,346.2; tail, 711.2; foot, 165.1. Skull: total length, 112; Hensel, 77; occipito-nasal length, 91; zygo- matic width, arch broken; intertemporal width, 42; breadth of brain- case, 57; median length of nasals, 12; length of upper molar series, 29; length of mandible, 76; length of lower molar series, 36. Ex type Paris Museum. This is a plainly colored Guereza, being of an almost uniform brown, darkest on head and upper parts of body. There are no tufts nor hairy crests, and in its peculiar coloration the species is unique in the genus. Subgenus Piliocolobus. Ears not tufted, upper parts and legs sometimes black. COLOBUS FERRUGINEUS (Shaw). Simia ferruginea Shaw, Gen. Zool., I, 1800, p. 59; Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 53; Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 13. Colobus ferrugineus Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm., 1811, p. 69; E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 15, 8me Leqon; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 68; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 66; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 86, figs. 191, 192; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 161; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 27; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1890, p. 590, pl. XLVHI; Forbes, Handb. Primates, 1894, p. 91; Pousarg., Ann. Scien. Nat., Paris, HI, 7me Ser., 1896, p. 162; Johnston, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 199. Colobus ferruginosus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 92; Ogilby, Menagerie, 1838, p. 267; Martin, Mam- mif. Anim., 1841, p. 498. Colobus rufo-fuliginosus Ogilby, Libr. Entert. Knowl., 1838, p. 270; Pousarg., Ann. Scien. Nat., HI, 7me Leqon, 1896, p. 163. Colobus ferruginea (!) Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 68; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 18. 134 COLOB US Piliocolobus ferrugineus Rochebr., Faun. Senegamb., Suppl. Vert., 1887, p. 105, pl. CXI. (Part.). BAY GUEREZA. Type locality. "Sierra Leone" ? Geogr. Distr. Liberia, (Johnston). West Africa. Color. Top of head, back of neck, upper parts of body, shoul- ders and arms to elbows, and thighs, (except front), and to knees jet black; cheeks dark bay overlaid with long black hairs; forearms and hands, front of thighs to knees, legs and feet, throat, and under parts of body bright bay; tail at root black, hairs on remaining portion dark bay at base and tipped with black, causing it to appear black tinged with maroon. Measurements. Total length, 1,260; tail, 700; foot, 165. Skull: total length, 101; occipito-nasal length, 81; Hensel, 72; intertemporal width, 41; zygomatic width, 73; palatal length, 41; median length of nasals, 12; length of upper molar series, 29; length of mandible, 68; length of lower molar series, 35. Ex specimen Leyden Museum. Colobus fuliginosus Ogilby. Colobus fuliginosus Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1835, p. 97; Id. Libr. Entert. Knowl., Menag., 1838, p. 270; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 69; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 17; Temm., Esquis. Guin., 1853, p. 24; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, p. 95; Pousarg., Ann. Scien. Nat., 1895, p. 259; Id. Ill, 7me Ser., 1896, p. 163. Colobus rufo-fuliginosus Ogilby, Libr. Entert. Knowl., 1838, p. 270; Pousarg., Ann. Scien. Nat., Ill, 7me Ser., 1896, p. 168. Colobus ferrugineus (nec Shaw), Rochebr., Faun. Senegamb., Suppl. Vert., 1887, p. 105, pl. III. FULIGINOUS GUEREZA. Type locality. Gambia. Type not now in British Museum. Geogr. Distr. Gambia, West Africa. Range unknown. Color. Front of head and upper part of back black; back of head and neck dark mars brown; rump, flanks, arms to elbows, and thighs smoky gray, passing gradually into the black of the back; sides of face, arms below elbows, legs below knees, hands and feet, tawny; under parts dirty yellowish gray; tail smoky gray at base, then brownish yellow, apical portion pale maroon. Measurements. Total length, 1,265; tail, 715. Ex specimen Ber- lin Museum. COLOBUS 135 The above description was taken from a specimen in the Berlin Museum. The type was in the Museum of the Zoological Society of London, but seems to have* disappeared. The description differs slightly from that of the type which reads as follows: "The Society's specimen measures two feet five inches from the upper lip to the origin of the tail, which organ is itself two feet eight inches in length. All the upper parts of the body are of a light smoky blue, very similar to that of the common Mangabey (Cercopithecus fulig- inosus), rather darker on the shoulders than elsewhere and copiously tinged with red on the occiput; the color of the back descends some way down on the external face of the forearms and thighs, and also a short distance but more obscure, on the upper surface of the tail. With these exceptions, all the rest of the extremities, the arms, fore- arms, thighs, legs, hands, feet and tail, are of a uniform light or brick red, and a more intense shade of the same color extends up the forepart of the shoulders and spreads over the breast, throat and whiskers, which latter are long, directed downwards on the cheeks, and backwards into long pointed tufts behind the ears, which are small, round, naked, and furnished with a distinct helox, in all respects like that of the human subject. The belly and flanks are of a dirty yellowish white, and a circle of black stiff hairs passes over the eyes. The face, palms of the hands and soles of the feet are naked and of a violet color; the callosities are of moderate size." In the Library of Entertaining Knowledge, Menageries, 1838, Ogilby, (as the Author of the article is presumed to be, the book and the text being anony- mous), gives a wood cut figure, useless for identification, of this species under the name of rufo-fuliginosus, for as the writer naively says, "the epithet rufo-fuliginosus more accurately expresses the colors of the animal, and contains within itself a short, but very accurate definition of the species; and as it has since been ascertained to be identical with the animal there described as Colobus temmincki, we have de- termined to suppress both the specific names there given, and to sub- stitute that here proposed in order to avoid the confusion which might otherwise attend the double synonym" The italics are mine, and if there is any better way to create confusion in nomenclature than by the way here adopted, I do not know it. As regards the species which is compared in the above extract, it may be said that C. temmincki appears to be distinct. The color of the "front of head and upper part of back light smoky blue," is entirely unlike the species compared Cercopithecus (Cercocebus) fuliginosus = Cercocebus ?ethiops Schreb., which has the head speckled yellow and brownish 136 COLOBUS black, and upper parts sooty black, and there is known to me no species whose upper parts are "light smoky blue." Its relation to C. tem- mincki is closer, but the color of the head and upper parts quite different. It may be that Ogilby's type was a young animal which had not acquired the full depth of coloring exhibited by the adult, but as that is impossible to prove at present, the type having been lost, it seems better not to unite it with C. temmincki, regardless of Ogilby's statement, and await the arrival of sufficient material, by which, any doubts now existing can be satisfactorily removed. COLOBUS RUFO-NIGER Ogilby. Colobus rufo-niger Ogilby, Libr. of Entert. Knowl. Menag., 1838, p. 273; Martin, Mammif. Anim., 1841, p. 500; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 181. Colobus fuliginosus var. rufo-niger Pousarg., Ann. Scien. Nat., Ill, 7me Ser., 1896, p. 165; I, 8me Ser., 1896, p. 258. Type locality. Sierra Leone. Type in British Museum. Geogr. Distr. South Sierra Leone; Liberia. West Africa. Color. Forehead, top of head, neck, and upper parts of body, arms to elbows, and thighs black; some white hairs on shoulders and upper part of thighs; sides of head to corner of mouth and extending upward behind ears, sides of neck, chin, back of ears, throat, forearms, legs from the knees, flanks, inner side of limbs, and under parts dark ferruginous; tail black at base and on apical third, rest dark maroon and black mixed. Ex type British Museum. This species was formerly united to C. temmincki Kuhl, but is quite distinct from it. The specimen described is in the Collection of the British Museum and was Ogilby's type of the species. It is imperfect, a flat skin, lacking the hands and feet. Another specimen, however, No. 4. 6. 2. 2. is complete, and shows that the hands and feet are of the same color as the forearms and legs from the knees. It is evidently very distinct from C. ferrugineus Shaw, with which it has been connected by some writers, Shaw's species having the back "deep bay color, and outer side of limbs black." Colobus pennanti Waterhouse. Colobus pennanti Waterh., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1838, p. 57; Martin, Mammif. Anim., 1841, p. 501; I. Geoff., Diet. Hist. Nat., IV, 1849, p. 209; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 181, var. 2; Pousarg., Ann. Scien. Nat., Ill, 7me Ser., 1896, pp. 157, 166; I, 8me Ser., 1896, p. 260. COLOB US 137 PENNANT'S GUEREZA. Type locality. Island of Fernando Po. Type in British Museum. Geogr. Distr. Gaboon to Island of Fernando Po, West Africa. Color. Top of head, neck, shoulders and back black; upper part of thighs and arms reddish brown; cheeks and throat whitish; sides 'of body, arms, outer part of thighs and outer side of legs bright rusty red; forepart of shoulders, under parts of body and inner side of limbs pale yellow; tail dark maroon and black. Ex type British Mu- seum. Measurements. Total length, 1,421.8; tail, 736. Mr. Waterhouse had two imperfect flat skins when he described this species and they are still in the British Museum Collection. The feet and hands are missing, so I am unable to give a description of them. This species is very distinct from C. rufo-niger with which some writers have confounded it. The back is not so black, the cheeks and throat are white and the red is altogether of another color, and the arms and legs are of a very different hue. It appears to be a rare species in collections, as I have not seen a complete specimen anywhere. Colobus godonorum Matschie. Colobus godonorum Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Natur. Freunde, Berlin, 1900, p. 186. Type locality. Udschungwe Berge, German East Africa. Type in Berlin Museum. Geogr. Distr. German East Africa. Color. Top and back of head dark ferruginous; side of head before ears, upper part of back, shoulders, arms and outer side of arms and thighs, and flanks black, the hair slate color at base then black; lower part of back, the hairs are reddish at base then black, the basal color giving a reddish tint to lower back and rump; sides of head and ears, throat, entire under parts and inner side of limbs white; tail at root black, mixed with red hairs, rest of the upper part black, beneath yellowish white. Ex type Berlin Museum. The type is without the forepart of head, hands, feet and most of the tail, only a short piece from root remaining, so no measure- ments can be given. No skull obtained. The mutilated skin of the type and a mutilated flat skin as stated above are all that have been procured of this form. It is nearest to C. kirki, but differs in the lower part of back being black instead of red. 138 COLOBUS Subgenus Stachycolobus. Upper parts and legs always black. Colobus satanas Waterhouse. Colobus satanas Waterh., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1838, p. 58; Martin, Mammif. Anim., 1841, p. 497; I. Geoff., Diet. Hist. Nat., 1849, p. 208; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1854, p. 65; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, p. 246; Reichenb., Voll- stand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 88, fig. 197; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 181; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit- eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 17; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 27; Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Natur. Freunde, Berlin, 1892, p. 226; 1893, p. 176; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 93; Pousarg., Ann. Scien. Nat. Paris, HI, 7me Ser., 1896, p. 149; Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, p. 185; Lydekk., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 325, fig. 54. Semnopithecus anthracinus Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phila, 1857, p. 10. Guereza satanas Trouess., Comp. Mamm., 1879, p. 10. Stachycolobus satanas Rochebr., Faun. Senegamb., Suppl. Vert., 1887, p. 114, pl. VII. BLACK GUEREZA. Type locality. Island of Fernando Po. Geogr. Distr. Senegambia; Sierra Leone; Island of Fernando Po; Gaboon and the Congo; West Africa. Genl. Char. Hair long, coarse, hairs on forehead erect, long; those on cheeks directed backwards; hairs on tail short; tip without tuft. Color. Entirely and uniformly black; head, body, limbs and tail. Measurements. Skull: total length, 111; occipito-nasal length, 96; Hensel, 82; zygomatic width, 81; intertemporal width, 45; palatal length, 44; median length of nasals, 13; length of upper molar series, 30; length of mandible, 77; length of lower molar series, 35. Colobus ruwenzorii Thomas. Colobus ruwenzorii Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 85; Lydekk., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 326. Type locality. Buamba country, northwest flank of Mt. Ruwen- zori, Uganda. Type in British Museum. Geogr. Distr. Uganda, East Africa. VOLUME III. PLATE XVII. COLOBUS SATANAS. No. 1.11.21.1. Brit. Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. VOLUME 111. PLATE 3. COLOBUS VELLEROSUS. COLOBUS 139 Genl. Char. Similar to C. palliatus ; fur on back very long and wavy, "resembling that of Angora goat." White cheek tufts long and bushy, tail without apical tuft. Color. Narrow band on forehead, sides of head, throat, long hairs of mantle from shoulders to middle of back, and anal region white; entire rest of pelage black; tail black; tip alone white. Ex type British Museum. Measurements. Skull: none in Collection. Colobus vellerosus (I. Geoffroy). Semnopithecus vellerosus I. Geoff., Belang., Voy., Mamm., 1834, p. 37. Semnopithecus bicolor Wesmael, Bull. Acad. Scien. Brux., II, 1835, p. 236. Colobus leucomeros Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, p. 69; Less.', Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 70; Martin, Mammif. Anim., 1841, p. 497. Colobus vellerosus I. Geoff., Diet. Hist. Nat., IV, 1849, p. 116; Id. Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 17; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 65; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, p. 246; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 87, fig. 193; Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Natur. Freunde, Berlin, 1892, p. 226; 1893, p. 175; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 94; Bedd., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1903, p. 16, (Brain) ; Lydekk., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 329, fig. 58. Colobus ursinus Temm., Esquis. Zool. Guin., 1853, p. 21. (Part.). Colobus bicolor Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 181; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 18; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 26; Rochebr., Faun. Senegamb., Suppl. Vert., 1885, p. 24. Guereza vellerosa Trouess., Comp. Mamm., 1879, p. 10. Pterycolobus vellerosus Rochebr., Faun. Senegamb., Suppl. Vert., 1887, p. 125, pl. X. WHITE-THROATED GUEREZA. Type locality. West coast of Africa; locality unknown. *Type in Paris Museum. Geogr. Distr. Gold Coast to Senegambia, West Africa. Genl. Char. Recognizable from the other species by the white thighs. *FIat skin without hands. 140 COLOBUS Color. Broad band on forehead, sides of head covering the ears, and extending downward including chin and throat, and thighs from anal region to knees white; rest of pelage, top of head, nape, body above and below, arms and hands, legs from below knees, inner side of thighs and feet black; tail black at base, remainder white. Ex speci- men British Museum. Measurements. Total length, 1,543; tail, 914.4; foot, 171.4. Skull: total length, 116; occipito-nasal length, 102; zygomatic width, 81; intertemporal width, 40; median length of nasals, 19; length of upper molar series, 33; length of mandible, 84; length of lower molar series, 38. Ex specimen Berlin Museum. Colobus polycomus (Schreber). Simia polycomos Schreb., Saugth., 1775, pl. XD. (nec desc.). Simia (Cercopithecus) regalis Kerr, Anim. Kingd., 1792, No. 61. Simia comosa Shaw, Genl. Zool., I, 1800, p. 59. Colobus polycomus Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Av., 1811, p. 69; E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat., 1828, p. 14, 8me Le<;on; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 67; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 108; V, 1855, p. 36; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 82, fig. 194; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 181; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 1; Rochebr., Faun. Senegamb., Suppl. Vert., 1887, p. 117, pl. VIII; Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, 1892, p. 227. Colobus ursinus Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1835, p. 98; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 70; Martin, Mammif. Anim., 1841, p. 495; Fras., Zool. Typ., 1849, pl. I; I. Geoff., Diet. Hist. Nat., IV, 1849, p. 208; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, p. 245; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 86, fig. 197; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 24; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 93; Johnst., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 199. Semnopithecus (Colobus) polycomos Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 108. Guereza ursina Trouess., Consp. Mamm., 1879, p. 10. URSINE GUEREZA. Type locality. Unknown. Geogr. Distr. Sierra Leone: Liberia (Johnston), West Africa. Genl. Char. Allied to C. vellerosus, but tail white from the root. Color. Front and sides of head, extending behind ears, cheeks, PLATE XVIII. VOLUME III. COLOBUS POLYCOMUS. No. 59.5.5.2. Brit. Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. COLOBUS 141 long hairs falling over shoulders, and throat white; entire rest of pelage, top and back of head, hind neck, body above and beneath, limbs, hands and feet black; tail pure white for its entire length. Measurements. Total length, 1,638.3; tail, 685.8; foot, 207.4. Skull: total length, 116; occipito-nasal length, 93; intertemporal width, 43; zygomatic width, 83; palatal length, 44; median length of nasals, 15; length of upper molar series, 31; length of mandible, 85; length of lower molar series, 37. While Schreber does not describe this monkey, yet as his plate shows a figure, though exaggerated, with a tail white for its entire length, it is best to retain his name, for this species is the only one with a tail colored in such manner. Colobus palliatus Peters. Colobus palliatus Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., Berl., 1868, p. 637; 1879, p. 830, pl. IV A; Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ill, 4th Ser., 1869, p. 171; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 68; Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Natur. Freunde, Berlin, 1892, p. 227; Pousarg., Ann. Scien. Nat., 1896, 7me Ser., Ill, p. 146; 8me Ser., p. 262, fig. 5; Lydekk., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 326, fig. 55. Type locality. German East Africa, opposite Zanzibar. Type in Berlin Museum. Geogr. Distr. Konde, north of Lake Nyassa, German East Africa; Bagamoyo; Ousambara district north bank of the Pangani. Genl. Char. Differs from C. angolensis Sclat., in having a white frontal band. Color. A band across forehead extending over the temples and under the ears to sides of neck, throat to breast and long hairs of mantle over shoulders white; head, body above and beneath, limbs, hands and feet, jet black; tail black on basal three fourths grading into white for the remainder of the length. Ex type Berlin Museum. Measurements. Skull: total length, 106; occipito-nasal length, 86; Hensel, 77; zygomatic width, 77; intertemporal width, 40; palatal length, 44; median length of nasals, 10; length of upper molar series, 30. Ex type Berlin Museum. This species resembles C. angolensis in all respects except that it has a narrow white band across the forehead, and the white of the throat extends farther down, reaching the chest. 142 COLOBUS Colobus sharpei Thomas. Colobus angolensis Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 97. (nec Sclat., 1860). Colobus palliatus (nec Peters), Pousarg., Ann. Scien. Nat., 1895, p. 269, fig. 5; Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 788; 1897, p. 927. Colobus sharpei Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, p. 118; Lydekk., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1905, pp. 326, 327, fig. 50. Colobus cottoni Lydekk., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVI, 7th Ser., 1906, p. 432. SHARPE'S GUEREZA. Type locality. Fort Hill, Nyassa-Tanganyika Plateau. Type in British Museum. Geogr. Distr. Nyassaland to Tanganyika Plateau. Ituri forest, East Congo. Genl. Char. Similar to C. palliatus in color, but cranial differ- ences considerable. Skull is larger in all dimensions; frontal region more convex; nasals longer, broader, and more acute posteriorly; zygomatic arches greatly divergent posteriorly; front edge of coronoid process angularly convex. Color. Practically exactly like C. palliatus, but of a larger size. Frontal band, sides of head, neck, throat to chest, and long hairs of mantle white, all the rest of the pelage black; tail black for two thirds its length grading into white on the remaining third. Flat skin. Ex type British Museum. Measurements. Total length, about 1,440; tail, 760; foot, 190. Ex stuffed specimen not the type. Skull: total length, 114; occipito- nasal length, 95; Hensel, 87; zygomatic width, 84; intertemporal width, 43; palatal length, 49; median length of nasals, 16; length of upper molar series, 32; length of mandible, 90; length of lower molar series, 39. Ex type British Museum. I place as a synonym of this species C. cottoni Lydekker, the type of which is in the British Museum. There is no difference perceptible in the color of the pelage, C. cottoni is a male, and C. sharpei a female, so the skulls may not be compared, as such differences as are observable may be only those caused by sex. The right that C. cottoni may have to a distinctive rank can only be establishel by cranial char- acters proved to exist. As this cannot at present be shown and there are no differences in the color of the skins, the animals are considered as representing one and the same species. COLOBUS 143 Colobus angolensis Sclater. Colobus angolensis Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, pp. 245, 246; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 88, no fig.; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 181; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 18; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 24; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 68; 1892, p. 97; Rochebr., Faun. Senegamb., Suppl. Vert., 1887, p. 119; Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb., 1889, p. 9; Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Natur. Freunde, Berlin, 1892, p. 226; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 96; Pousarg., Ann. Scien. Nat., 7me Ser., 1896, p. 146; I, 8me Ser, 1896, pp. 267, 271, fig. 65. Guereza angolensis Trouess, Cours Mamm, 1879, p. 10. ANGOLAN GUEREZA. Type locality. Angola, West Africa. Type in British Museum. Geogr. Distr. Mouata-Yamvo country watered by the Kassai, left bank of Congo to Angola; West JYfrica. Genl. Char. Hair on head short; tail tufted; white spot between legs. Color. Band over eyes, temples, sides of face in front of ears, long hairs of mantle, throat and apical half of tail white; rest of head, body above and beneath, limbs, hands, feet and basal half of tail black. Ex type British Museum. Flat skin, and perfect specimen from Bon- gandango, Congo, in British Museum. Measurements. Skull: total length, 104-118; occipito-nasal length, 85-86; intertemporal width, 41-45; Hensel, 71-78; zygomatic width, 78; median length of nasals, 10-12; palatal length, 47; length of upper molar series, 30-31; length of mandible, 72-79; length of lower molar series, 30. Like C. palliatus, but without the frontal band, and the white on throat more restricted. Colobus abyssinicus Oken. Colobus abyssinicus Oken, Lehrb. Zool., Ill, 1816, Pt. II, p. 1182; Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1900, p. 800, (note). Colobus guereza Rupp., Neue Wirbelth. Saugth., 1835, p. 1, pl. I; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 68; Martin, Mammif. Anim., 1841, p. 494; I. Geoff., Diet. Hist. Nat., IV, 1849, p. 117; Id. Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 17; Temm., Esquis. Zool. Guin., 1853, p. 23; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 144 COLOBUS 1856, p. 95; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, p. 246; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 86, figs. 195, 196; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 182; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 25; Heugl., Reise Nord Afr., II, 1877, p. 1; Anders., Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, p. 55; Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 219; 1888; p. 5; Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Natur. Freunde, Berlin, 1892, p. 225; 1893, p. 176; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 97; Pousarg., Ann. Scien. Nat., 7me Ser., Ill, 1896, p. 146; Bedd., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1903, p. 17, figs. 5, 6, (Brain) ; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., F. C. M. Pub., VIII, 1906, p. 574, fig. XC, Zool. Ser. Guereza riippelli Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 19; Rochebr., Faun. Senegamb., I, Mamm., 1885, p. 25; Suppl., 1887, p. 129, pl. XL Guereza guereza Trouess., Consp. Mamm., 1879, p. 10. ABYSSINIA GUEREZA. Type locality. Abyssinia. Geogr. Distr. Niam-niam, Soudan, (Schweinfurth) ; Kiliman- jaro; right bank of the Oubanqui, Province of Godam and Kulla, south and west Abyssinia, (Riippell) ; German West Africa. Genl. Char. Face covered with short grayish white hairs; nose, upper lip and ears black. Color. Broad line on forehead, sides of face and neck, chin, throat, long hairs of mantle, and lower parts of back white; head, upper back between the long white fringe, under part of body, limbs, hands and feet black; tail with end tufted; basal half black, rest white. Ex co-type British Museum. Purchased from Riippell. Measurements. Skull: total length, 117; occipito-nasal length, 92; Hensel, 88; intertemporal width, 40; zygomatic arches broken; palatal length, 47; length of nasals, 10; length of upper molar series, 32; length of mandible, 91; length of lower molar series, 42. Ex co-type in British Museum. Colobus occidentalis Rochebrune. Colobus abyssinicus occidentalis Rochebr., Faun. Senegamb., Suppl. 1887, p. 140, pl. XIII; Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 86. Colobus guereza Pousarg., Ann. Scien. Nat., Ill, 1897, p. 144, (nec Rupp.) ; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1898, p. 587, (Nigeria). COLOBUS 145 Colobus matschie Neum., Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, 1899, p. 15. WESTERN GUEREZA. Type locality. Noki? Lower Congo. Type not found. Geogr. Distr. Upper and Lower Congo; Nigeria to Lake Chad; Western and Central Africa; Uganda; Victoria Nyanza; East Africa. Genl. Char. Tail with a large tuft occupying about one third the apical portion, and composed of long white hairs; white on sides of face extending to top of ears; long white hairs of mantle thinly dis- tributed. Color. Rather broad band across forehead, sides of face to top of ears, the hairs rather long and almost covering the ears, chin and throat to breast, long hairs of mantle extending from the shoulders to the tail, and space around the root of tail extending between the thighs beneath, white; remainder of head, body above and beneath, limbs, hands and feet black; tail black for two thirds its length, apical portion white, covered by a large thick brush, too large to be termed a tuft, and composed of long flowing hairs. Ex Berlin Museum speci- men. Measurements. Total length about 1,200; tail, 600, (skin). Skull: total length, 122; occipito-nasal length, 99; Hensel, 93; zygomatic width, 83; intertemporal width, 47; palatal length, 52; median length of nasals, 11; length of upper molar series, 32; length of mandible, 84; length of lower molar series, 41. Ex Berlin Museum specimen. The type of C. matschie in the Berlin Museum was examined and no difference could be perceived between it and the present species. It is claimed that the white tuft is smaller, but in the type it is one third the length of the tail, just what Rochebrune says is the length of the tuft in C. occidentalis. There is no difference in the skulls. Colobus poliurus Thomas. Colobus abyssinicus poliurus Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1900, p. 800; 1902, p. 308. GRAYISH-WHITE-TAILED GUEREZA. Type locality. Omo River, north of Lake Rudolph, East Africa. Type in British Museum. Geogr. Distr. Range undetermined. Dodgit, W. Shoa. Abys- sinia, (Thomas). Genl. Char. Basal two thirds of tail grayish white, otherwise similar to C. abyssinicus ; mantle less developed. 146 COLOBUS Color. Band across forehead, sides of head extending to the neck, chin and throat to breast, long hair of mantle from shoulders to tail, lower part of back, and anal region white; rest of pelage every- where black; tail, basal half grayish white, rest white with yellowish tinge; face and nose covered with short white hairs. Ex type British Museum. Measurements. Skull: total length, 111; occipito-nasal length, 91: Hensel, 83; intertemporal width, 39; zygomatic width, 73; palatal length, 46; median length of nasals, 13; length of upper molar series, 31; length of mandible, 82; length of lower molar series, 39. Ex type British Museum. Colobus caudatus Thomas. Colobus guereza caudatus Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 219, pl. XII; Johnst., Kilimanj. Exped., pp. 388, 389, fig. 72; Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Natur. Freunde, Berlin, 1892, p. 225; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894. p. 99. Guereza caudatus Rochebr., Faun. Senegamb., Suppl. Vert., 1887, p. 136, pl. XII. Colobus caudatus Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1895, p. 98, pl. XXV; Scott Elliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1895, p. 341; Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1900, p. 174; Lydekk., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1900, p. 174; 1905, p. 328, fig. 57; Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1909, p. 175. Colobus abyssinicus kikuyuensis Lonnb., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 8th Ser., IX, 1912, p. 63. WHITE-TAILED GUEREZA. Type locality. Mount Kilimanjaro, German East Africa. Type in British Museum. Geogr. Distr. Mt. Kenia, British East Africa; Uganda; Unyam- wezi, south east of Victoria Nyanza; Mt. Kilimanjaro, German East Africa. Genl Char. Remarkable for its large bushy tail, far exceeding in its brush-like character those of all the members of the genus. In the coloring of the body and mantle it resembles C. abyssinicus. Color. Band across forehead, sides of head, sides of neck, throat to chest, long hairs of mantle from shoulders to tail, lower part of back, and space around callosities white; top of head and hind neck, back, under parts of body, limbs, hands and feet black; tail mixed gray and black for basal third, rest white. Ex type British Museum. Measurements. Skull: total length, 121; occipito-nasal length, VOLUME III. PLATE XIX. COLOBUS CAUDATUS. No. 27710 Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. % Nat. Size. COLOBUS 147 92; Hensel, 50; intertemporal width, 44; palatal length, 50; median length of nasals, 18; length of upper molar series, 32; length of man- dible, 85; length of lower molar series, 42. Ex type British Museum. Herr Lonnberg, (1. c.) has described a Colobus from Escarpment Station, British East Africa, under the name of C. a. kikuyuensis as follows: "Closely allied to Colobus caudatus, Thomas, but smaller, with the white tuft of the tail shorter and less developed, measuring only 44 cm. to the tips of the hair in a rather old male. The black of the basal part of the tail extending over 24-27 cm., thus longer than in C. caudatus. The young not white, as in C. caudatus, but nearly of the same color as in the adult." Measurements. "Condylo-basal length of skull in a rather old male 101 mm. (Ill mm. in C. caudatus) ; occipito-nasal length 91 mm. (101 mm. in C. caudatus)." I have not seen any of Herr Lonnberg's examples of this Colo- bus, and the above very brief description is all that is known of it. Considering that the type locality of C. caudatus, is not so very far removed from that of Herr Lonnberg's examples, and the considerable extent of this part of East Africa in which C. caudatus is found, it would seem unlikely that an allied form would be a resident of a por- tion of the same district. It may also be remarked that the tufts of the tails among different individuals of C. caudatus are not all of the same length or thickness, and allowance should always be made for individual variation that is generally met with. Dr. Allen (1. c.) men- tions how the black on the tail varies in extent in specimens from Mt. Kenia and Kyabe, British East Africa, collected by the Tjader Expedi- tion. Variations in skull measurements also differ considerably some- times. Herr Lonnberg gives but two, a condylar-basal measure- ment, one not often given, and the other the "occipito-nasal length" as 91 mm., while that of the type, as given above is 92 mm., not a sufficient difference to require comment. The only other difference mentioned by Herr Lonnberg is "the young not white as in C. cauda- tus, but nearly of the same color as in the adult." I have examined a great many examples of C. caudatus of all ages and from numerous localities, and have no recollection of ever having seen a white one either old or young, but the latter were always like the adult both in color and its distribution. As I can find nothing in Herr Lonnberg's description of his new form to warrant its separation from C. cauda- tus I have placed his name among the synonyms. 148 COLOBUS Colobus gallabum Neumann. Colobus gallarum Neum., Sitzungsb. Ges. Natur. Freunde, Ber- lin, 1902, p. 49. Type locality. Abassie near Harrar, Abyssinia. Geogr. Distr. Abyssinia and Galla country, East Africa. No type designated. Color. Narrow band on forehead above eyes, sides of head, chin, throat, sides and front of neck to chest, long hairs of mantle from shoulders to rump continuing across rump, and band around root of tail white, rest of pelage, head, body, limbs, hands, feet black; tail black with gray hairs mixed, tuft white. Measurements. Skull: total length, 112; occipito-nasal length, 88; zygomatic width, 83; intertemporal width, 47; median length of nasals, 12; length of upper molar series, 31.5; length of mandible, 79; length of lower molar series, 37. Ex typical example Berlin Museum. This is a close ally of C. caudatus, but differs in the white of throat coming down to the breast and in having the tail nearly all black, only the tuft being white. VOLUME III. PLATE XX. HYLOBATES LAR. No. 111970 U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. HYLOBATES 149 FAMILY 4. HYLOBATID/E. GENUS I. HYLOBATES. GIBBONS. T 11 D KA -3 __ *• 2-2> 1-1» *• 2-2» M. 3_3 32- HYLOBATES Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, 1811, p. 67. Type Homo lar Linnaeus. Satyrus Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., 3ter Theil, Zool., 2te Abth., 1816, pp. XI, 1225-1227, (nec Meigen 1803 Diptera). Laratus Gray, Lond. Med. Repos., XV, 1821, p. 297. Chevron Burnett, Quart. Journ. Scien. Lit. and Art, XXVI, 1828, p. 307. Brachiopithecus Senechai, Diet. Pitt. Hist. Nat., VIII, Pt. II, 1839, p. 428. (Part.). Head small, round; body slender; arms very long, the forearm exceeding the arm in length; thumb and great toe widely separated from the next digits; great toe well developed, and nearly half as long as the foot; callosities present; cheek pouches and tail absent; skull has large orbits; supraorbital ridges prominent; canines large; cusps of molars not forming transverse ridges; last lower molar without pos- terior talon; vermiform appendage present; sternum consisting of a manubrium and a single bone only; ribs usually seven, but sometimes eight pairs. Of all the Anthropoids the Gibbons are farthest removed from man. They are well named Hylobates or Tree-walkers, for their lives are passed upon trees, through whose branches they move with the ease and swiftness of a bird, but are practically helpless on the ground, over whose surface they progress awkwardly and with no little difficulty, balancing themselves by holding the long arms above the head and hastening forwards as rapidly as possible in order to maintain an equilibrium. But let one of the long slim hands touch a bough of some low tree and how marvellous the change; the struggling animal of earth becomes endowed with flying powers, and in many a graceful sweep and an amazing accuracy of aim, it passes with in- credible speed through the forest, holding its course from bough to 150 HY LO B ATES bough, and tree to tree, in many a graceful swing and curve, rivalling in its swift flight that of the feathered inhabitants of its leafy abode. The great peculiarity of the Gibbon is its exceedingly long fore- arm, which so lengthens the entire arm that the tips of the fingers can touch the ground if the animal should stand erect, for the slender hand is longer than the foot, and the thumb is long in proportion. The voice is wonderfully powerful, and can be heard for a great distance. Gibbons go in troops, and call early in the morning when they may be heard howling in chorus, and at such times the volume of sound is phenomenal. But one young is produced at a time and this is carried by the mother under her body, the little one clinging to her fur with hands and feet, its weight seeming not to have the slightest effect on the female as she makes her way through the forest by prodigious swings. The Gibbon is a very delicate animal, in spite of its selecting usually an elevated habitat, and rarely survives long in captivity, generally succumbing to some pulmonary complaint. As a rule it is very gentle, sometimes even affectionate, and does not object to being handled even by strangers, coming close up to the side of its cage and inserting its hand and at times its entire arm between the bars, and regarding with grave attention any one who may take its hand and gently stroke the arm. Most of the recognized species are very variable in coloring and this appears to be regulated by no rule, but is merely an individual peculiarity. The Gibbons never leave the forests of the more elevated tracts of their habitats, and one species only goes to the vicinity of the coasts, the Symphalangus syndactylus of Sumatra. LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES. 1771. Linnaus, Mantissa Plant arum. Hylobates lar first described as Homo lar. 1775. Schreber, Die Saugthiere. Hylobates lar redescribed as Simia longimana. 1809. Latreille, in Sonini Edition Histoire Naturelie de Buffon. Hylobates lar redescribed as Pithecus varius. 1812. E. Geoffroy, in Annales du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Hylobates agilis Cuv., (1821), called Pithecus lar nec (Linn.) ; and Hylobates lar redescribed as Pithecus varie- gatus; and H. leuciscus first described as Pithecus leuciscus. 1820. Kuhl, Beitrdge zur Zoologie und vergleichenden Anatomic. HYLOBATES 151 Three species are here given in the genus Hylobates : H. lar ; H. variegatus = H. lar ; and H. leuciscus. 1821. F. Cuvier, Histoire Naturelle des Mammiferes. Hylobates agilis first described. 1827. Temminck, Monographies de Mammalogie. Hylobates agilis renamed H. variegatus. 1827. Harlan, in Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Hylobates concolor first described. 1827. Lesson, in Bulletin des Sciences Naturelles et de Geologic. Hylobates concolor redescribed as H. harlani. 1828. Vigors and Horsfield, in Zoological Journal. Hylobates lar redescribed as Simia albimana. 1828. E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, in Cours d'Histoire Naturelle des Mammiferes. Hylobates agilis redescribed as Hylobates rafflesi (melanistic form). 1834. Harlan, in Transactions American Philosophical Society for Promoting Useful Knowledge. Hylobates hoolock first described. 1834. Winslow-Lewis, in Journal of the Natural History Society of Boston. Hylobates fuscus first described. 1839. Ogilby, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Hylobates hoolock redescribed as Hylobates choromandus. 1840. Ogilby, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Hylobates leucogenys first described. 1840. Lesson, Species des Mammiferes Bimanes et Quadrumanes, etc. The following are placed in the genus Hylobates: H. syn- dactylus, is a Symphylangus; H. leuciscus; H. lar; H. variegatus = H. lar; H. unko = H. lar; H. hoolock; and H. choromandus = H. hoolock. No new species are described. 1840. Wagner, Schreber, Die Sdugthiere, Supplementband. The following Hylobates are given in this work: H. syndac- tylus, (Genus Symphalangus) ; H. lar; H. rafflesi = H. agilis ; H. variegatus = H. lar ; H. hoolock ; and H. leucis- cus wrongly attributed to Schreber, but first described by E. Geoffroy. 1841. Martin, A Natural History of Quadrupeds and Other Mam- miferous Animals. Hylobates concolor redescribed as H. miilleri. 152 HYLOBATES 1842. I. Geoffroy, in Comptes Rendus. Hylobates lar redescribed as H. entelloides. (Yellowish white variety). 1851. I. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Catalogue des Primates. In this work the following species are recorded: H. leuciscus, wrongly attributed to Schreber; H. agilis ; H. miilleri = H. con- color; H. rafflesi = H. agilis; H. lar; H. hoolock; H. en- telloides = H. lar; and H. syndactylus = Symphalangus SYNDACTYLUS. 1853. I. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, in Comptes Rendus. Hylobates funereus first described. 1856. Dahlbom, Studies Zoologica Familias Regiis Animalis Matu- rates. A synopsis of the species of Hylobates is here given. An important character is considered to be the presence or absence of a tubercle on the clavicle, and species recognized accordingly. This tubercle, however, indicates a more or less powerful attachment for the muscle, and is not a structural character nor one bestowing specific value, but is the result of great activity or effort on the part of the individual. The species recognized are H. leuciscus ; H. miilleri = H. concolor ; H. hoolock; H. entelloides = H. lar; H. lar; H. agilis; H. rafflesi = H. agilis. 1861. Gray, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Hylobates pileatus first described. 1862. Reichenbach, Die Vollstdndigste Naturgeschichte der Affen. The genus of Hylobates in this work is divided into two sub- genera A. Siamanga with S. syndactylus ; and B. Hylobates with H. lar; H. hoolock; H. rafflesi = H. agilis; H. leu- cogenys ; H. albimanus = H. lar ; H. miilleri = H. concolor ; H. agilis ; H. entelloides = H. agilis ; H. choromandus = H. hoolock; H. funereus; H. leuciscus; H. pileatus. 1870. Swinhoe, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Hylobates nasutus renamed H. pileatus. 1870. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, in Collection of the British Museum. In this list the species of Hylobates are divided into two groups: I. Hands and feet white; nose rather elongate; and II. Hands and feet like the rest of body. In the first of these are placed, H. lar; and H. pileatus; and in the second, H. HYLOBATES 153 leucogenys ; H. hoolock ; H. raffle si = H. agilis ; H. agilis ; and H. leuciscus. 1876. Pousargues, in Bulletin du Museum d'His to ire Naturelie, Paris. Hylobates henrici first described. 1876. Schlegel, in Museum des Pays-Bas, Simice. After reviewing briefly the distribution of Hylobates as species, the Author divides those recognized by him, into two groups, the second having only one species H. syndactylus which is almost universally regarded as representing a distinct genus, Symphalangus. The other species recognized are H. lar ; H. pileatus ; H. hoolock ; H. agilis ; H. leuciscus ; H. concolor ; H. miilleri = H. concolor. 1884. Kiinckel, in Sciences Naturelles, Paris. Hylobates nasutus first described. 1878. Anderson, Anatomical and Zoological Researches and Zoolog- ical Results of the Yunnan Expeditions. In this work a synopsis of the species is given with a full synonymy and discussion of the specific values. The species recognized are H. hoolock; H. lar, with pale variety H. en- telloides; H. funereus ex Sulu as a synonym. H. agilis; H. syndactylus, belonging to the genus Symphalangus ; H. fus- cus; and H. concolor Harlan. 1892. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Hylobates nasutus redescribed as H. hainanus. 1909. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Hylobates gabrielli first described. 1911. M. W. Lyon, Jr., in Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Hylobates concolor redescribed as Hylobates miilleri albi- barbis. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES. The Gibbons are essentially an Oriental Family the most western limit of any of the species being, according to Pemberton, the Hills or lower ranges of Bhutan where H. hoolock is found, and thence extends its range to Upper Assam, Sylhet Cachar, the Khasia and Garo Hills, Chittagong, Arakan, and south to Martaban, according to Ander- son, on the gulf of that name. In Upper Burma it also occurs in the defile of the Irawady below Bhamo, and also on the Kakhyen Hills on the eastern frontier of Yunnan. From the boundary between 154 HYLOBATES Pegu and Arakan, to Tenasserim up to 3,500 feet, and the Malay Peninsula H. lar has its range. In Siam H. leucogenys and H. pileatus are found, the latter also going to Cochin China, through Cambodgia. In Tonkin at Lai-chee, near the Yunnan border H. henrici was procured, and H. nasutus, which is also a native of the Island of Hainan. In Annam H. gabrielli has been obtained. In Sumatra we have H. agilis; and H. leuciscus in Java. Borneo contains but one species remarkable for the wonderful variation in the color of its coat, H. concolor; and attributed to Sulu Island is a doubtfully separable form H. funereus. One very doubtful form from an unknown locality remains, H. fuscus. KEY TO THE SPECIES. A. General color black. a. Color entirely black H. nasutus. b. Frontal band white H. hoolock. c. Eyebrows, whiskers, beard, hands and feet white H. lar. d. Top of head, occiput and line down back of neck black H. henrici. e. Area below ears, and throat beneath chin white.H. leucogenys. f. Area below ears, and throat beneath chin ochra- ceous H. gabrielli. B. General color uniform gray H. leuciscus. C. General color buff or pale brown H. agilis. D. General color buff and black or grayish and black. .H. pileatus. E. General color brown and black H. concolor. F. General color grayish white H. funereus. G. General color dirty brown H. fuscus. The above Key, excepting H. henrici, describes the typical style only of the recognized species, all of which are subject to variation, some of them to a most extraordinary degree, the black ones having albinistic individuals in many degrees of change and variety of tints; the paler forms on their side having melanistic representatives wholly or in part, so that a collection of members of this genus presents a bewildering array of many colored or unicolored individuals. These examples, adverse in the hues of their coats to the typical style, are not confined to particular localities, but are found, members of the same troop, and frequently in the same place in which the type HYLOBATES 155 was obtained, proving conclusively, that the numerous variations com- mon to practically all the accepted species, have no specific value, but are merely individual vagarisms, to be regarded as a curious fact, but one not worthy of any serious scientific consideration. Hylobates nasutus Kiinckel. Hylobates nasutus Kiinck., Scien. Nat., 1884, pp. 86-89, fig. desc.; A. Milne-Edw., Le Natural., 1884, p. 497. Hylobates pileatus Swinh., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 224, (nec Gray). Hylobates hainanus Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., IX, 6th Ser., 1892, p. 145; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 541; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 164; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 160, pl. V. Type locality. Tonkin (Harmond), Menagerie of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris. Milne-Edwards' specimen in Paris Museum. The whereabouts of Kunckel's type is unknown. Geogr. Distr. Island of Hainan. Cochin China. Color. Everywhere black, body and limbs. Measurements. Size of body and limbs about equal to H. hoo- lock. No skull available. Milne-Edwards' type of this species was a young animal brought from Tonkin by Dr. Harmond and at one time was living in the Menagerie in the Jardin des Plantes, Paris. Like its relatives this species has its varieties, and while the typical style is wholly black, entirely white individuals are known, and doubtless if a series of examples were procured, all styles between the wholly black or entirely white dress would be seen. Milne-Edwards' type is preserved in alcohol. The entire top of the head is now red, and there is a reddish patch on the breast. This discoloration is probably caused by the spirit; the rest of the pelage however is jet black. The individual lived for some time in the Menagerie of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris. Two individuals of this species were received by the Zoological Society of London from Hainan in the jet black pelage, but when their coats were shed, one, the female, gradually assumed a white or silvery gray dress as is shown in the plate published in the Society's Proceedings, thus presenting a striking and an unanswerable evidence of the muta- bility of the coloring in the coats of members of this genus, and its worthlessness as a specific character, when the general hue of the dress is considered. Some characteristics may be regarded as perhaps per- 156 HYLOBA TES manent, as the white hands and feet of H. lar, but no dependence can be placed upon the general hue of the pelage at any time. Uniformity of coloring is not one of the tenets of the species of Hylobates, and so far as the hues of their coats are concerned each one wears whatever seems best in his own eyes. The quantity and depth of color pigments among the members of the different species is a most uncertain quality, and rarely do two individuals possess them in the same degree, other- wise these many and extreme variations are quite unaccountable. Mr. Pocock states that the voice of the Hainan Gibbon "is quite different from that of the Hoolock. It has a high pitched trill all on the same note, and shriller even than the high note of the Hoolock's cry. It consists of from about three to six distinct cries repeated in very rapid succession, suggesting almost production by vibration of the tongue, although as a matter of fact, I believe the lips alone are instrumental in producing the effect. There is then a momentary pause, after which the cry is repeated. It may perhaps be represented in the following way: hoo, hoo, hoo, hoo-hoo, hoo, hoo-hoo, hoo, hoo, hoo-etc. The Hoolock on the contrary cries as follows: hah, hoo, hah, hoo, hah, hah, hoo, hah. The 'hoo' is on a lower note than the 'hah,' with which the cry frequently ends. "The ordinary expression of anger or remonstrance in the Hainan Gibbon is a prolonged and guttural grunt, which is repeated rapidly and often, and frequently interspersed with a kind of warble when the excitement rises. "Both the Hoolock and Lar Gibbon in the Gardens drink habit- ually by dipping the back of the hand and knuckles into the dish and licking the water off. They do not scoop it up in the strict sense of the word at all. The Hainan Gibbon, on the contrary, almost invariably drinks direct with her mouth, only very rarely using her left hand for the purpose. It is possible she may have abandoned the habit of employing the hand at the time when an injury deprived her of the use of her right arm, and since the left is frequently occupied in sup- porting herself upon the bars or perches in the cage, she has no hand available for the purpose of drinking without quitting her hold." Hylobates hoolock Harlan. Simia hoolock Harlan, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., IV, New Ser., 1834, p. 52, pl. II. Hylobates choromandus Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, p. 689; Waterh., Cat. Mamm. Mus. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1838, p. 3; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 54; Martin, Mammif. VOLUME III. PLATE 4. Symphalangus syndactylus. Hylobates hoolock. HYLOBATES 157 Anim., 1841, pp. 415, 442, pl.; I. Geoff., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, II, 1843, p. 535; Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 31; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XIII, 1844, p. 464; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 55; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 174, figs. 441-444; Anders., Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, p. 26. Hylobates hoolock Waterh., Cat. Mamm. Mus. Zool. Soc. Lond., 2nd ed., 1838, p. 3; McClell., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1839, p. 148; I. Geoff., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, II, 1841, p. 535; Martin, Mammif. Anim., 1841, pp. 416, 438, fig.; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XI, 1841, p. 838; XIII, 1844, pp. 464, 476; XLIV, 1875, ext. no. p. 1; Id. Cat. Mamm. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 1863, p. 4; Gray, Handb. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 2; Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 29; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 9; Horsf., Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. Ind. Co., 1851, p. 2; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 54, fig.; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, p. 76; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, p. 86, pl. V; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 168, fig. 425; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 11; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 14; Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. Yunnan, 1878, p. 1; Blanf., Faun Brit. Ind., Mamm., 1891, p. 5; Forbes, Handb. Pri- mates, II, 1894, p. 161; Candi., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1906, p. 187. IHylobates scyritus *Ogilby et Auct., nec desc. vide Anderson, Zool. Res. Exp. Yunnan, 1878, p. 1, note. Hylobates hulok Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 76; V, 1855, p. 20. Hylobates houlock Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 54. THE HOOLOCK. Type locality. Garo Hills. Geogr. Distr. Upper Assam to Sylhet and Cachar and the Khesia and Garo Hills, Chittagong, Arakan, south to Martaban. Defile of the Irawady below Bhamo, Upper Burma, and Kakhyen Hills on the eastern boundary of Yunnan. Color. Adult male. White frontal band; rest of pelage, hands and feet black. Female. Pelage generally tinged with brown; often, however, the color is pale yellow, or grayish yellow; nude face en- circled with white; under parts and sides of head brown. Young males *1 have not found this name as given by Ogilby. 158 HYLOBATES often resemble the females and have a brownish black pelage. The species is subject to great individual variation. Measurements. Head and body, 520; foot, 150. Skull: total length, 114; occipito-nasal length, 93.9; intertemporal width, 49; breadth of braincase, 61.5 ; Hensel, 82.2; zygomatic width, 72.4; median length of nasals, .95 ; palatal length, 45.7; length of upper canines, 21.5j length of upper molar series, 29.6; length of mandible, 78.6; length of lower molar series, 35. The specimen called H. choromandus by Ogilby (1. c.) from an unnamed locality, is without doubt this species. It was presented to the Zoological Society of London by General Hardwicke many years before it was described, and at the same time a typical H. hoolock from the same locality had also been presented, name of donor not mentioned. It is stated to be "ashy brown" in color, and is no doubt a young male, or a female. The whiskers are stated to be "black." The description is contained in the words quoted, hardly sufficient to determine a specimen, even if of a new species, particularly if no locality for it was given, but as it was accompanied by a veritable H. hoolock, it may without hesitation be referred to it, as no two species of Hylobates are known to inhabit the same locality. While the general and typical hue of this species is black, many varieties are found, even almost wholly white, or yellowish white individuals. In general, however, the Hoolocks may be said to be more steadfast to a typical style of coloring than any other member of the Hylobates group so far as the male is concerned, the variation in the color of the pelage being more often observed in the female. They represent the changeable sex. The Hoolock is confined in its range to a comparatively limited district bounded by the Brahmaputra and Irawady Rivers; its aversion to water, for it cannot swim, probably preventing it from making any effort to cross such broad streams. Like all the members of this genus the Hoolock is arboreal, and although it can make a ludicrous progress over the ground balancing its body by awkwardly holding its long arms bent over its head, its life is passed in the trees, under whose branches it swings itself in a trapeze-like performance in so swift a progress that it can only be likened to the passage of a bird through the air. Mr. Candler has given (1. c.) an interesting account of the habits of this ape, short extracts from which are here given. "He swings along to the thinnest part of a bough, or to the slender end of a bamboo, until it bends to his weight, then with a swing and a HYLOBATES 159 sort of kick-off, he flies through the air, seizing another bough and swinging along it with the unerring accuracy of a finishel trapeze per- former. I fancy he does very little walking in the wild state, for I have never seen a wild Hoolock on the ground. Moreover they are only found in the dense jungle, where the ground is everywhere covered with tangled vegetation. It is puzzling to me why these anthropoids, being so entirely arboreal in habit, should be lacking in such a useful appendage as a tail. The Hoolocks are extremely shy, and it is most difficult to watch them, as they are concealed by leaves high up in the tops of the bamboo clumps or forest trees. You may hear their cries all around you as you ride quickly along a jungle-tract, but the moment you leave the path or look up at them there is a dead silence and scarcely a leaf stirs, until tired of waiting, you move on again. The cry of the Hoolock is a characteristic sound in the Cachar jungle. It is a very pleasing note, rising and falling in intensity, and reminding one somewhat in its rhythm of a pack of beagles giving tongue on a scent which is waxing and waning in strength, as a larger or smaller number of the band join in the chorus. It is heard chiefly in the early morning, then all through the heat of the day there is silence, but towards evening as the sun sinks, you may hear it again. Hooloo! Hooloo! Hooloo! with the accent on the Hoo syllable, is supposed to describe the sound, but it is really quite indescribable in writing. As in other species of Apes, there is a special modification of the larynx, which acts as a sort of resounding box, and helps, (I sup- pose), to make the sound carry, as it does, long distances. There is also a peculiar arrangement of the upper aperture of the larynx, with its small and inadequate looking epiglottis, which more resembles the arrangement in birds than the leaf-like epiglottis in man. "As, day after day I have ridden through the jungle, it has seemed to me that the Hoolocks worked their ground systematically in their search for food, just as the planter plucks one section of his tea to- day and another section in a distant part of the garden to-morrow. For I have found them filling the air with their cries along a particular stretch of jungle-road one day, whilst the next day not one was to be heard; then perhaps, a week later they are back again in the same place. Living as they do in communities, they are constantly on the move, and from what we know of their great intelligence, it seems to me highly probable that their movements are guided by very definite plans, and that very probably they have some sort of government system. "In Cachar, where these notes are written, the tea-planters often keep Hoolocks for years, allowing them to run loose about the com- 160 HYLOBATES pound; ♦ ♦ * Several such tame Hoolocks I have had the oppor- tunity of observing for some months past. Often they will be away in the tree tops for days together, when nothing will tempt them down, but when one chooses to be sociable he will come and sit on the arm of your chair at breakfast, and never reach or snatch things off the table, in fact his manners are unexceptionable, and he keeps his skin beautifully clean. At sunset you may see him settle down to sleep, jammed tight in the fork of a tree in a squatting position. In this semi-domesticated state I notice that the Hoolock seldom uses his voice. I suppose, leading a solitary bachelor life, he finds no necessity for chattering or calling. "With regard to the diet of the Hoolock, Dr. Blanford gives a long list, including fruit, leaves, young shoots, spiders, insects, birds, eggs and young birds. But it seems to me the diet of such shy creatures must be largely a matter of conjecture, for no certain conclusions can be drawn from the habits of captured specimens, nor can we recognize as a rule substances in the stomachs of shot specimens, as we can in the crop in the case of birds. My own observations lead me to believe that fruits and the succulent shoots of young bamboos and other trees form the bulk of their diet. They will certainly catch and eat certain spiders; but I have invariably found them to refuse such insects as moths or butterflies, perhaps because many such insects have a bitter taste. Eggs too, I found they will not eat. If you give an insect or small bird to a Hoolock he will certainly pull it to pieces, and possibly taste or bite it, but it by no means follows that it is one of the regular dishes he enjoys in his wild life. "When captured young the Hoolock is easily tamed, and is gentle, good-tempered, very intelligent and cleanly in its habits. It is, how- ever, very delicate, and does not live long in captivity. The female gives birth to a single young, but as regards the period of gestation but little is known." Anderston states, (1. c.) that "the Hoolock is common on the Kakhyen hills, on the eastern frontier of Yunnan, and there, too, my attention was called to them at daybreak when they passed up from their sheltered sheeping-ground in the deep and warm valleys to a height of about 4,OCX) feet. We, in the middle distance, first caught a faint murmur of voices; but every minute it became more and more distinct, till at last the whole troupe rushed past in a storm of sound, vociferating 'whoko' 'whokol' and in a few minutes more HYLOBATES 161 their cry was heard far up the mountain-side. Considering that their progress is almost exclusively arboreal, the rapidity with which they make their ascent is wonderful." Hylobates lab (Linnaeus). Homo lar Linn., Mantis. Plant., 1771, Append., p. 521. Simia longimana Schreb., Saugth., I, 1775, p. 66, pl. HI, figs. 1, 2; Erxl., Syst. Regn. Anim., 1777, p. 9; Zimmer., Geogr. Gesch., II, 1780, p. 174. Simia lar Bodd., Elench. Anim., 1784, p. 55; Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 12, (Part.). Pithecus lar Latr., Hist. Nat. Buff., XXXVI, 1809, p. 276. Pithecus varius Latr., Hist. Nat. Buff., XXXVI, 1809, p. 276. Pithecus variegatus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 88. Hylobates lar Illig., Abhandl. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, 1815, p. 88; Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 5; Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 50, pl. V, fig. 3; E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 33, 7me Legon; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 52; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 71; V, 1855, p. 15; Martin, Mam- mif. Anim., 1840, pp. 416, 417, 463, pl.; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., X, 1841, p. 838; XII, 1843, p. 176; XIV, 1845, p. 463; XV, 1846, p. 172; XVI, 1847, p. 729; XLIV, 1875, ext. no. p. 1; Id. Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 1863, p. 5; Gray, Handb. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 2; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p 10; Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XV, 1846, p. 172; Fry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1846, p. 15; Id. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1st Ser., 1846, p. 487; I. Geoff., Cat. Pri- mates, 1851, p. 8; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 52, fig.; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, p. 77; Tickell, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XXVIII, 1859, p. 428; Id. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XIV, 1869, p. 360; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, p. 86, pl. V; Reichenb., Voll- stand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 167, figs. 422-424; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 10; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 86, pl. V; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 15; Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. Yunnan, 1878, p. 5; Id. Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, p. 28; Blanf., Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., 1891, p. 7; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 159. 162 HYLOBATES Hylobates variegatus Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 5; Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 51; Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 31; Griff., Anim. Kingd., V, 1827, p. 6; I. Geoff., Belang., Voy., 1834, p. 27; Waterh., Cat. Mamm. Mus. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1838, p. 4; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 52; Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 30, (Part.). Simla albimana Vig. and Horsf., Zool. Journ., IV, 1828, p. 107. Simia variegatus Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 11. Hylobates albimanus I. Geoff., Belang., Voy., 1834, p. 29; Schleg., Essai Phys. Serp., Pt. Gen., 1837, p. 237; Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 28; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 171, fig. 429. Hylobates unko Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 53. Hylobates leuciscus Cantor, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVII, 1846, p. 338, (nec Schreber). Hylobates entelloides I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., 1842, XV, p. 717; Id. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, II, 1843, p. 582, pl. XXIX; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 173, figs. 437- 440. Hylobates agilis (nec F. Cuv.), Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1900, p. 313. Ex Malay Peninsula. WHITE-HANDED GIBBON. Type locality. "India." Geogr. Distr. Tenasserim, up to 3,500 feet, and Malay Peninsula, north to the range between Pegu and Arakan. Possibly in the Sittoung Valleys, Burma. Genl. Char. Similar to H. hoolock but hands and feet white, and white eyebrows and whiskers. Color. Hair around face grayish white; hands and feet white; entire rest of pelage black. Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 85 ; zygomatic width, 63; intertemporal width, 47; median length of nasals, 9; length of upper molar series, 23; length of mandible, 67; length of lower molar series, 29. The Hylobates albimanus Geoffroy, is represented in the Paris Museum by an individual obtained by the "Expedition de la Bonite," and is marked on the label as the 'type.' The hair around the face and on the cheeks with the hands and feet is white; rest of pelage dark reddish brown. It is one of the color variations seen among individuals of this species, but without any specific value, and the same may be said of the H. entelloides I. Geoffroy, the type of which is in the Paris Mu- HY LO B AT ES 163 seum, and which is entirely a pale yellow, a hue not infrequently seen among examples of H. lar. Capt. Flower (1. c.) under the name of H. agUis says that, "in the Museum at Taiping there are specimens of both the black and light varieties from Larut, Perak. In April, 1898, when I was in the Larut Hills, a party of these Gibbons were to be seen daily in a group of high trees at about 3,200 feet elevation; every morning they com- menced calling at 6 A. M. and continued until 10.30 A. M. They must come down almost to the foot of the hills, as I have frequently heard them in the morning from Taiping, which is but little above the sea-level." Tickell (1. c.) gives the following account of this species as observed by him in Tenasserim: "The Hylobates lar is found in great abundance in all the forests skirting the hills, which run from north to south through the Province of Tenasserim. They ascend the hills themselves up to an elevation of 3,000 to 3,500 feet above sea-level, but not higher, and are usually met with in parties of from 8 to 20, composed of individuals of all ages. It is rare to see a solitary one; occasionally, however, an old male will stay apart from the flock, perched on the summit of some vast tree, whence his howls are heard for miles around. The forests which these animals inhabit, resound with their cries from sunrise to about 9 A. M. * * * During these vocal efforts they appear to resort to the extreme summits of the loftiest trees, and to call to each other from distant parts of the jungle. After 9 or 10 A. M. they become silent and are engaged feeding on fruit, young leaves, and shoots, and insects for which they will occasionally come to the ground. When approached, if alone, they will sometimes sit close, doubled up on a thick tuft of foliage, or behind the fork of a tree near the top, so screened as to be quite safe from the shot of the sportsman. But indeed when forced from its conceal- ment and put to flight, the Gibbon is not easily shot. It swings from branch to branch with its long arms, shaking the bough all around, flings itself from prodigious heights into dense foliage, and is quickly concealed from view by intervening trees. "If hit, there is no animal more tenacious of life, and its efforts when desperately wounded to cling to the branch and drag itself into some fork or nook where to hitch itself and die, excite amusement and compassion. "The Gibbon (if we restrict that name to this species) is not nearly so light and active as its congener H. hoolock (the Tooboung of the Arakanese,) which latter species is not likely to vary in color, being 164 HYLOBATES always black, with the hands and feet concolorous, and the supercilia only white, instead of a circle of that color all around the face. The Gibbon, moreover, walks less readily on its hindlegs than the hoolock, having frequently to prop and urge itself along by its knuckles on the ground. In sitting it often rests on its elbows, and will lie readily on its back. Anger it shows by a fixed steady look, with the mouth held open and the lips occasionally retracted to show the canines, with which it can bite severely, but it more usually strikes with its long hands, which are at such times held dangling and shaken in a ridiculous manner, like a person who has suddenly burnt his fingers. It is, on the whole, a gentle peaceable animal, very timid and so wild as not to bear confinement if captured adult. They are born generally in the early part of the cold weather, a single one at a birth, two being as rare as twins in the human race. The young one sticks to the mother's body for about seven months, and then begins gradually to shift for itself. So entirely does this animal confine itself to its hands for locomotion about the trees, that it holds anything it may have to carry by its hind hands or feet. In this way I have seen them scamper off with their plunder, out of a Karen plantain garden in the forest. "I have had many of these animals while young in confinement. They were generally feeble, dull, and querulous, sitting huddled upon the ground, and seldom or never climbing trees. On the smooth surface of a matted floor they would run along on their feet, and slide on their hands at the same time. By being fed solely on plantains, or on milk and rice, they were apt to lose all their fur, presenting in their nude state a most ridiculous appearance. Few recovered from this state; but a change of diet, especially allowing them to help themselves to insects, enabled some to come round, resuming their natural covering. For the most part they were devoid of those pranks and tricks which are exhibited by the young of the Macacus and Inuus, though occasionally and if not tied up, they would gambol about with cats, pups, or young monkeys. "The tawny and black varieties of the Gibbon appear to mix indiscriminately together. The Karens in the Tenasserim provinces consider there is a third variety which they name 'Khay oo kaba,' and the Talains 'Woot-o-padga' (blue ape). This is probably the parti- colored or mottled phase of the animal which occurs very often to the southward in Malacca. The pale variety is more numerous in the district of Amherst than the black one. - "Hylobates lar extends southward to the Straits, and north- ward to the northerly confines of Pegoo (British Burma) ; whether HYLOBATES 165 it is found throughout Burma proper or not, I cannot ascertain. To the west of the spur dividing British Burma from Arakan, and throughout the latter province into the mountains east of Chittagong, is found only Hylobates hoolock. And further northward in the forests and hills of Cachar, Munnipoor and Asam, exists either a third species (not yet I believe distinguished by Naturalists), or if the same species as H. hoolock, so strongly modified as to be larger and stouter, with a totally different call, and subject to vary in color the same as H. lar, which H. hoolock in Arakan is not." Hylobates henrici Pousargues. Hylobates henrici Pousarg., Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 1896, p. 367, $. PRINCE HENRY OF ORLEANS' GIBBON. Type locality. Lai-chau, (Tonkin), north of Black River, near border of Yunnan. Color. Top of head and occiput in the center black, the spot con- tinues as a black line on back of neck; sides of head, chin, throat, and shoulders, ochraceous rufous; forehead ochraceous buff; body and limbs buff. Ex type Paris Museum. Flat skin, incomplete; arms from elbows and legs from knees lacking. In another specimen the hands and feet are yellowish white. Measurements. Head and body, 990. Whether this is a phase of H. lar from a new locality or a dis- tinct form cannot yet be definitely determined. More adult examples must be obtained before its status in the group can be fixed. Hylobates leucogenys Ogilby. Hylobates leucogenys Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1840, p. 20; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., X, 1841, p. 838; Martin, Mammif. Anim., 1841, p. 445, pl.; I. Geoff., Compt Rend., XV, 1842, p. 717; Id. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, II, 1843, p. 535; Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 28; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 54; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 20; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 171, fig. 428; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 11; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 13; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 679, pl. LXX; Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. Yunnan, 1878, p. 6; Id. Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, p. 34; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 158. 166 HYLOBATES WHITE-CHEEKED GIBBON. Type locality. Siam. Type in British Museum. Geogr. Distr. Siam. Color. Area below ears, cheeks, throat beneath chin white; rest of pelage black; face and ears black. Ex type British Museum. Measurements. Head and body, 448.8; foot, 139.7. Ex type British Museum. Hylobates gabrielli Thomas. Hylobates gabrielli Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1909, 8th Ser., p. 112. Type in British Museum. Type locality. Lang Bian, Annam. Altitude 1,500 feet. Color. Face black; sides of under jaw and throat beneath chin, ochraceous; all the rest of pelage, head, upper and under parts of body, chin, limbs, hands and feet, jet black. Ex type British Museum. Measurements. Total length, 560; foot, 150. Skull: total length, 116; occipito-nasal length, 97.2; intertemporal width, 50; breadth of braincase, 65.1; Hensel, 79.4; zygomatic width, 75.7; median length of nasals, .86; palatal length, 42.2; length of upper canines, 18.8; length of upper molar series, 27; length of mandible, 75.7; length of lower molar series, 31.5. Ex type British Museum. A single specimen of this rather curiously marked Gibbon is in the British Museum, and is different from any example I have met with. Whether it represents a phase of pelage not yet seen of some species, or is that of an undescribed species, cannot as yet be determined, and we must wait for additional specimens before it can be satisfac- torily decided. The H. henrici Pousargues comes from a locality considerably to the north of the present form, but it may have a range sufficiently great to bring it into Annam. The type of H. henrici certainly does not resemble the Annam Ape, but the animals of this genus are accustomed to vary in such an extraordinary degree, that it necessitates bringing together a con- siderable number of examples before the specific value of any style of coloring in their coats can be determined. At present this Annam specimen in its coloring is unique. It seems to be nearest to H. leu- cogenys, from which it differs only in the color of sides of under jaw, throat and beneath chin, which is ochraceous instead of white. Hylobates leuciscus (Geoffroy). Pithecus leuciscus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 89. HYLOBATES 167 Hylobates leuciscus Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 6; Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 51; F. Cuv., Diet. Scien. Nat., XXXVI, 1825, p. 289; Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 31; Griff., Anim. Kingd., V, 1827, p. 6; E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 34, 7me Legon; Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 12; G. Cuv., Regn. Anim., I, 1829, p. 90; I. Geoff., Belang., Voy., Zool., 1834, p. 26; Mull., Tijdsch. Natuur. Geschied., II, 1835, p. 327; Schleg., Essai Phys. Serp., Pt. Gen., 1837, p. 237; Waterh., Cat. Mamm. Mus. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1838, p. 4; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 78, pl. Ill B; V, 1855, p. 17, (Part.); Mull., Verhandl., 1839-44, p. 15; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 51; Martin, Mammif. Anim., 1841, pp. 416, 417, 436; I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., XV, 1842, p. 716; Id. Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 7; Id. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 1852, p. 534; Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1842, p. 31; Gray, Handb. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 2; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XIII, 1844, p. 465; XLIV, 1875, p. 4, ext. no.; Id. Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 1863, p. 5; Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XV, 1846, p. 173; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 53, fig.; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, p. 73; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 174, figs. 446-449; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 15; Forbes, Nat. Wander. E. Archip., 1875, p. 70; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simia, 1876, p. 19; Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. Yunnan, 1878, p. 7; Id. Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, p. 33; Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 227; 1893, p. 494; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 154; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., F. C. M. Pub., VIII, 1906, p. 575, Zool. Ser.; Thos. and Wrought., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1909, p. 372. Hylobates javanicus Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, 1893, pp. 62, 210. WAU-WAV GIBBON. Type locality. None given. Geogr. Distr. Java. Color. Uniformly gray, top of head blackish occasionally. Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 85; Hensel, 66; zygo- matic width, 62; intertemporal width, 44; median length of nasals, 10; length of upper molar series, 24; length of mandible, 64; length of lower molar series, 27. juv. 168 HYLOBATES This species is confined to Java, a style resembling it somewhat is found in Borneo, being only one of the variations exhibited by H. concolor. This species varies less than many of its relatives, and this is confined mainly to the extent of the black cap on the head. The Bornean gray variety sometimes has a faint blackish cap also varying in size and in depth of hue, but I have never seen any having a jet black cap as is witnessed in Javan examples. Herr Matschie sup- posing the gray form of H. concolor to be a distinct species and the typical H. leuciscus renamed the Javan animal H. javanicus, differ- ing from the Bornean gray form on account of the black cap. But the original H. leuciscus came from Java, and if there was a specific difference between it and the Bornean animal, it was not the Javan ape that should have received a new name. However as Mr. Hose's testimony, (reproduced in the article on H. concolor), shows, the Bornean gray Gibbon Ape is not a distinct form, but only exhibits one of the many phases of color of H. concolor. Schreber has frequently been quoted as the describer of this form, but he makes no mention of it whatever in his work, and the plate HIB is not Schreber's, but a supplementary one of Wagner, who attributes leuciscus to Schreber, (1840, p. 78), without, so far as I can discover, any reason whatever for so doing. The first de- scription given of the species appears to be that of E. Geoffroy (1. c.). Hylobates agilis F. Cuvier. Pithecus lar (nec Linn.), E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 88. Hylobates agilis F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1821, pls., V, VI; Id. Diet. Scien. Nat., XXXVI, 1825, p. 288; Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 31; Temm., Mon. Mamm., I, 1827, p. 13; Griff., Anim. Kingd., V, 1827, p. 7; E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 34, 7me Le?on; G. Cuv., Regn. Anim., I, 1829, p. 90; Yarr., Zool. Journ., V, 1835, p. 137; Mull., Tijdsch. Natuur. Gesch. Phys., II, 1835, p. 326; Waterh., Cat. Mamm. Mus. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1838, 2nd ed., p. 3; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., X, 1841, p. 838; XIII, 1844, p. 465; XLIV, 1875, ext. no. p. 3; Martin, Mammif. Anim., 1841, pp. 416, 417, 425, pl.; Gray, Handb. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 2; Mull, und Schleg., Verhandl., 1839-44, p. 48; Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XV, 1846, p. 173; Fry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1846, p. 11; Id. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVII, 1st Ser., 1846, p. 484; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 7; Gerv., HYLOBATES 169 Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 53, fig.; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, p. 78, pl. Ill, fig. 9; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 212; Id, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 12; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 172, figs. 432- 436; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 17; Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. Yunnan, 1878, p. 9; Id. Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, p. 31; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 151; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., F. C. M. Pub., VIII, 1906, p. 575. Pithecus agilis Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 532. Simla lar (nec Linn.), Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIII, 1842, p. 222; Vig. and Horsf., Zool. Journ., IV, 1828-29, p. 106; Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 12, (Part.). Hylobates lar (nec Linn.), F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1824, pls. VII, VIII; Id. Diet. Scien. Nat., XXXVI, 1825, p. 289; Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 30; Griff., Anim. Kingd., V, 1827, p. 5; E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1829, p. 33; G. Cuv., Regn. Anim., I, 1829, p. 90; Schleg., Essai Phys. Serp., Pt. Gen., 1837, p. 237. Hylobates wariegatus Temm., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. XIII; Miill., Tijdsch. Natuur. Gesch. Phys., II, 1835, p. 326; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 74; V, 1855, p. 16; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 52; Blainv., Osteog., 1841, Atl., pl. II; Miill., Verhandl., Indisch. Archip., 1841, p. 15; Id. Verhandl., 1839-44, p. 47; Horsf., Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. Ind. Co., 1851, p. 3. Hylobates rafdesi Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 34, 7me Le^on; Id. Belang., Voy., Zool., 1834, p. 28; Mull., Tijdsch. Natur. Gesch. Phys., II, 1835, p. 326; Miill. und Schleg., Verhandl., 1839-44, p. 48; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 73; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 8; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 53, fig.; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., 1856, pp. 74, 80; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 168, figs. 426-427; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 11; Seienka, Stud. Entw. Tier. Menschen Aff., 1900, Achtes Heft, pp. 182-187, figs. 19-24. Hylobates unko Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 53. Type locality. Unknown. Type in Paris Museum. Geogr. Distr. Island of Sumatra. 170 HYLOBATES Color. The type of H. agilis F. Cuvier, or one so styled on label and received in the Paris Museum in 1821, is yellowish white on head, upper parts and sides of body, limbs and hands; feet pale brown; throat and under parts of body pale ochraceous, or an orange shade; top of head tinged with buff. The specimen is doubtless faded and is much soiled with the dust of nearly a century. Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 89; Hensel, 80; zygomatic width, 65; intertemporal width, 48; median length of nasals, 10; length of upper molar series, 25; length of mandible, 70; length of lower molar series, 28. This is one of the most variable species of the genus Hylobates, and in color ranges from the typical yellowish white described above to jet black, with perhaps a narrow white superciliary stripe. These many variations, as is to be expected, have produced numerous syno- nyms, and not a little confusion, especially among the earlier writers who could not be cognizant of the fact that these striking differences were of no specific value, but merely evidences of individual eccen- tricities. Thus the melanistic style received the name of raffle si; and another variable form that of variegatus. Like H. lar, the index and middle toes are sometimes united by a web. Hylobates pileatus Gray. Hylobates pileatus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 136, pl. XXI; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 174, figs. 482-484; Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Natur. Freund., Berl., 1893, p. 209. Hylobates agilis S. S. Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1900, p. 313. Type locality. Cambodgia. Type in British Museum ? Geogr. Distr. Cambodgia; Paknam Kabin, Siam; Cochin China. Color. Top of head from forehead to rear of crown, sides of face before ears, throat and under parts of body to end of abdomen jet black; superciliary stripe, hairs around the black crown, and inner side of arms and legs yellowish white; rest of pelage grayish buff inclined to brownish on outer side of arms. Measurements. Head and body, 440; foot, 150. Skull: occipito- nasal length, 86; Hensel, 75; zygomatic width, 60; intertemporal width, 48: median length of nasals, 9; length of mandible, 67; length of upper molar series, 25; length of lower molar series, 30. This is another wonderfully varied species as regards the dis- position and extent of the black. The description given above is Volume III Plate 7 Hylobates pileatus HYLOBATES 171 taken from the supposed type in the British Museum, a mounted specimen, as none marked Type was found. Other specimens in the collection, have black only on the crown, and from lower part of breast to end of abdomen; or on whiskers, spot on throat, chest and abdomen, all the rest of the pelage being brownish or pinkish buff above, and yellowish white on under parts; but no matter how much the black may have disappeared from the other parts of the body, the belly is apparently always of that color. "At Paknam Kabin," says Flower, (1. c.) "in Siam, in 1897, there was a pet gibbon of the variety pileatus, said to have been caught in the neighborhood. Its color was buffy white, except the hair on the top of the head, which was black, and on its chest which was very dark gray. The skin of the face, and palms of the hands and soles of the feet were black." Hylobates concolor (Harlan). Simia concolor Harlan, Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., V, Pt. I, 1827, p. 229, pls. IX, X, $. juv., read 17 Oct. 1826. Hylobates concolor Schleg., Essai Phys. Serp., Pt. Gen., 1837, p. 237; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 79; V, 1855, p. 17, (Part.); Mull., Verhandl., 1841, p. 48; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., X, 1841, p. 417; Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 31; Fry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1846, p. 15; Id. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVII, 1st Ser., 1846, p. 487; Temm., Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1854,"p. 55, fig.; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, p. 74; Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. Yunnan, 1878, p. 11; Everett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1893, p. 493; Seienka, Stud. Entw. Tier. Menschen Aff., Achtes Heft, pp. 180, 181, figs. 14-18. Hylobates harlani Less., Bull. Scien. Nat., XIII, 1827, p. 111. Hylobates mulleri Martin, Mammif. Anim., 1841, p. 444; Temm., Coup d'oeil Possess. Neerl., Ill, 1849, p. 403; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 7; Id. Archiv. Mus., V, 1852, p. 534; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., 1836, p. 73; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 172, figs. 430- 431; Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 227; Everett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1893, p. 493; Lyon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XL, 1911, p. 142. Hylobates mulleri albibarbis Lyon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1911, p. 142. 172 HYLOBATES MULLER'S GIBBON. Type locality. Borneo. Type of S. concolor Harlan, not in Philadelphia Academy. Geogr. Distr. Borneo. Color. Top of head, black; back of head and upper parts of body variable, gray, buff yellow or dark broccoli brown, and in this case the upper back, hind neck and shoulders are nearly seal brown; arms usually the color of the upper parts, grayish, seal brown or wood brown, with black on inner side; legs gray, buff or seal brown; side of head and under parts of body black; inner side of thighs black; of legs, similar to back. Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 88; Hensel, 74; zygomatic width, 62; intertemporal width, 47; median length of nasals, 7; length of upper molar series, 24; length of mandible, 70; length of lower molar series, 28. This is a most changeable species and it is quite hopeless to attempt to recognize distinct forms among the variously colored individuals. The animals from the south-eastern and north-western sides of Borneo, have been separated as miilleri and concolor, on account of the former having darker hands and feet and under parts; but this distinction does not hold good, and in the British Museum are specimens with light and dark hands and feet taken in the same locality, and the under parts are black or brownish black. Color in this species, as in some others of the genus, has no specific value. The species has a gray phase,, sometimes with a more or less distinct blackish cap and as this certainly has some resemblance to the Javan species, it was supposed that H. leuciscus inhabited both islands. In respect to this Mr. Hose's testimony, given in his Mammals of Borneo, 1893, p. 60, of this species is interesting. He says, calling the animal H. miilleri, "this species varies from gray to dark yellowish brown, but the gray in certain lights appears pure ashy, and in others of a brownish tint. In some the chest and abdomen are frequently of a lighter color than the other parts, and of a brownish yellow, and this seems to be the character of individuals met with on the west coast of Borneo, while those inhabiting the meridional parts of the island have the hands and foreparts of the body of a black brown or reddish brown. In both of these varieties there is a yellowish white supercilium. The last of them leads into the Hylobates from the neighboring islands of Sulu to the northeast of Borneo, in which the upper parts of the body are either gray or brownish, the lower part of the back and loins being a little more clear than the rest. HYLOBATES 173 Specimens of this Gibbon procured by me at Claudetown and now in the British Museum show that the coloring in different parts of the body must be considered of little importance, as I obtained eleven specimens, five of which were in the same troupe, and the other six from the same locality, varying in color as much as it was possible for them to do; some had yellowish backs and black chests, and some nearly black all over, whilst others were almost a complete silvery gray. I therefore came to the conclusion that Hylobates miilleri and Hylobates leuciscus cannot be separated. The peculiar bubbling noise they make is similar. I think it very unlikely that two distinct species should be so constantly found together as they are in Sarawak. "The natives call the silver gray variety Emplian or Wa Wa, and the dark one Emplian-arang (coal) because of its color. The noise made by these gibbons is very pretty, commencing punctually at five o'clock in the morning and continuing till the sun is above the tops of the trees. They become very tame and make very nice pets." In regard to Mr. Hose's decision that H. miilleri, (H. concolor of this work), and H. leuciscus cannot be separated, it must be borne in mind that he is writing of the Bornean gray Gibbon that has been called leuciscus by some writers, and not Schreber's leuciscus from Java, to which Mr. Hose does not refer. He is undoubtedly correct in referring to one species all the Gibbons seen and obtained by him in Borneo, but the true leuciscus from Java has little resemblance to H. concolor, in fact none at all to the typical style, for the black and brown animal is not found in Java, and H. leuciscus of that island has none of the variations so characteristic of the Bornean species. This Gibbon was described by Harlan, most probably from an immature female, whose peniform clitoris misled him into charac- terizing his example as an "hermaphrodite ourang outan." (!) The type was imported from Borneo into New York in 1826, and lived for some time, and at its death was considered to be less than two years old. The teeth had not all appeared as there was but the first molar on each side of both jaws the second and third not having come. Harlan says there were three molars, but the first and second of these must have been premolars. Trouessart in the Supplement to his Catalogus Mammalium, 1904- 1905, in a footnote, states that concolor Harlan was applied to two different species of which the oldest was a young H. (symphalangus) syndactylus, and that the name concolor must be abandoned. In this, however, he is in error. Harlan never described any Hylobates in 174 HYLOB ATES 1825, but in Part II of the same volume of the Journal of the Phila- delphia Academy of Natural Sciences, bearing the date 1827, his paper on Hylobates occurs, but it is stated that it was read on the 17th October, 1826, as already mentioned. The type came from Borneo, and could not be referred to S. syndactylus, of which Trouessart makes it a synonym, as that species is not found in Borneo, and moreover Harlan expressly states his specimen had no gular sac, which is a characteristic appendage of the Sumatran Gibbon. Lesson (1. c.) gave the name of harlani to H. concolor Harlan and states it came from Borneo, and copies mostly Harlan's account of the animal, falling also into his error in considering it an hermaphrodite. Lesson makes no mention of Hainan, and it is difficult to see how the name harlani could possibly be applied to the species from that island, as is done by Trouessart. Dr. Lyon has separated the Gibbon, obtained by Dr. Abbott along the Mattan River, from H. concolor as a subspecies under the name of H. mulleri albibarbis. I had already examined Dr. Abbott's speci- mens, and, as the almost incredible variation of which the Bornean Gibbons are capable is very familiar to me, through the study of Mr. Hose's striking examples as well as of the many specimens scattered throughout the Museums of the world, I was unable to find any character that was reliable for separating individuals from different parts of the island. Dr. Lyon's characters are solely founded on color, which in the Bornean Gibbon especially, is not a character but purely an individual variation. Dr. Lyon found no difference whatever in the skulls, as was to be expected. I have placed the name among the synonyms of H. concolor. Hylobates funereus (I. Geoffroy). Hylobates funereus I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., XXXI, 1850, p. 874; Id. Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 7; Id. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, V, 1852, p. 532, pl. XXVI; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1854, p. 53; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 18; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 174, fig. 445. DARK GIBBON. Type locality. Sulu Island? Type in Paris Museum. Geogr. Distr. Islands of Sulu Archipelago? Color. Eyebrows whitish; top of head, sides of head, throat, under side of body, and inner side of limbs blackish brown; rest of pelage, head, body, limbs, hands and feet, grayish white with a brownish tinge. Ex type Paris Museum. HYLOBATES 175 The type is exactly like specimens of H. concolor except that the white band on the forehead is narrower; otherwise there is no differ- ence to be seen. Until more specimens from the Sulu group of islands are obtained, it is perhaps best to leave it as a race of H. concolor. Hylobates fuscus Winslow-Lewis. Hylobates fuscus Lewis, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Boston, 1, Pt. I, 1837, p. 32, pls. I, II; Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. Yunnan, 1878, p. 11. LEWIS'S GIBBON. Type locality. "Vicinity of the Himalay Mountains." Geogr. Distr. Unknown. Genl. Char. "Upper canines reaching nearly to the mental foramina, the lower canines projecting upwards as far as the alveolar process of the lower jaw." Color. "Dirty brown; face and hands black." The habitat of this Gibbon is extremely uncertain. A male and female were purchased in Calcutta from the menagerie of a Rajah, who stated that he had obtained them from the "vicinity of the Himalay Mountains," a locality that might mean anywhere. The very brief description given is that contained in quotation marks. Anderson describes the canines as stated above, but does not say where he saw the cranium, and I have no information as to the present location of the specimens. It is extremely doubtful if the examples have any claim to a distinct rank. 176 SYMPHALANGUS GENUS II. SYMPHALANGUS. THE SIAMANGS. T 2~2. c 1=1. p ?=?. M - = 12. A- 2-2> 1-1» *• 2-2» iV1" 3-3 J SYMPHALANGUS Gloger, Hand u. Hilfsb. Naturgesch., I, 1841, pp. XXVII, 34. Type Pithecus syndactylus Desmarest. Syndactylus Boitard, Jard. Plantes, Paris, 1842, p. 55. Siamanga Gray, List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, pp. XVII, 1. Size large; skin of throat distensible overlying the large laryngeal sac, which is formed by the extension of the thyrohyoid membrane. Second and middle toes united by web as far as last joint. Skull large, supraorbital ridges more developed than in Hylobates ; occipital region more truncate. Frontal lobes of brain flattened; olfactory bulbs extend forward beyond frontal lobes of the cerebrum; occipital lobes small; cerebellum projects from below the cerebrum backwards. LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES. 1820. Desmarest, Mammalogie. Symphalangus syndactylus described as Pithecus syndac- tylus. 1903. Miller, (G. S. Jr.), in Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Symphalangus klossi first described. 1908. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Symphalangus syndactylus continentis first described. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES. Sumatra contains S. syndactylus, and S. J. continentis is found in the Malay Peninsula possibly as far north as Tenasserim. South Pagi Island off the west coast of Sumatra has S. klossi. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES. A. With laryngeal sac. Color all black. a. Size very large S. syndactylus. b. Size smaller S. 5. continentis. c. Size very small S. klossi. VOLUME III. PLATE XXI. Symphalangus SYNDACTYLUS. No. 81.3.15.1. Brit. Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. SYMPHALANGU S 177 Symphalangus syndactylus (Desmarest). Pithecus syndactylus Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 531; Less., Man. Mamm., 1849, p. 30. Hylobates syndactylus F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., var., 1821, pl. IV; Id. Diet. Scien. Nat., XXXVI, 1825, p. 287; Griff., Anim. Kingd., V, 1827, p. 6; E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 34, 7me Le<;on; F. Cuv., Regn. Anim., I, 1829, p. 90; I. Geoff., Belang., Voy., Zool., 1834, p. 30; Bennett, Wander. N. S. Wales, II, 1834, p. 151; Mull., Tijdsch. Natuur. Gesch. Phys., II, 1835, p. 324; Schleg., Essai Phys. Serp., Pt. Gen., 1837, p. 236; Waterh., Cat. Mamm. Mus. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1838, p. 4; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 69; V, 1855, p. 15; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 30; Sandif., Verhand. Natur. Geschied. Nederl., 1840; I. Geoff., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, II, 1841, p. 535; Id. Compt. Rend., XV, 1842, p. 717; Martin, Mammif. Anim., 1840, p. 420, pl.; Mull, und Schleg., Verhandl., 1839-44, pp. 15, 31, 33, pl. II, figs. 3-5, pl. VII, figs. 1-3; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XIII, 1844, pp. 463, 474; XLIV, 1875, ext. no. p. 3; Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 28; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 51, fig.; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, p. 71; Flower, Nat. Hist. Review, 1863, p. 279, pl.; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiae, 1876, p. 22; Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. Yunnan, 1878, p. 10; Id. Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1884, p. 24; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 166, pl. XXVI; Beddard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1900, p. 1871; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., F. C. M. Pub., VIII, 1906, p. 576, Zool. Ser. Simla syndactylus (!) Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIII, 1822, p. 241; Horsf., Zool. Res., 1824, pl.; Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 11. Siamanga syndactyla Gray, Cat. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 1; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 9; Horsf., Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. Ind. Co., 1851, p. 1; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., 1856, p. 71; Rei- chenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 165, figs. 419, 420. SIAMANG GIBBON. Type locality. Island of Sumatra. Geogr. Distr. Malay Peninsula? (Wallace) ; Tenasserim? (Hel- fer) ; Sumatra. Genl. Char. Size large; laryngeal pouch large; bare patch on 178 SYMPHALANGUS throat; second and middle toes united by web up to first joint; supra- orbital ridges of skull well developed, occipital region truncate. The brain in the young has the cerebellum completely covered by the cere- brum: but in the old animal the cerebellum projects beyond the cere- brum posteriorly. Color. Black. Measurements. Skull: total length, 139; occipito-nasal length, 104.5; Hensel, 101; zygomatic width, 92; intertemporal width, 56.7; median length of nasals, 12.8; length of upper molar series, 35.3; length of mandible, 94; length of lower molar series, 40.9. If the S'. J. continentis Thomas, eventually proves to be a distinct race of the Sumatran species, then it is not at all probable that this species is to be found anywhere on the Malay Peninsula. The Sumatran animal is very large, in fact the greatest of all the Gibbons in size, and individuals from South Pagi Island and the Malay Peninsula differ from it only in size, and this is relative, the Malaccan Gibbon being intermediate, the one from South Pagi Island being the smallest. Mr. Forbes (1. c.) gives an interesting account of one of these Gibbons he had in Sumatra from which the following is taken: "Its expression of countenance is most intelligent and often very human; but in captivity it generally wears a sad and dejected aspect, which quite disappears in its excited moods. * * * It will never put its lips to a vessel to drink, but invariably lifts the water to its mouth by dipping in its half-closed hand and then awkwardly licking the drops from its knuckles. It generally sits with its arms crossed over its chest, and its fingers overlaid behind its head. ♦ ♦ ♦ Although it often inflates its laryngeal sac, it rarely gives utterance to more than a yawn-like noise or suppressed bark; but this dilatation has no reference apparently to its good or bad temper, although when very eager and impatient for anything, a low pumping bark is uttered. Every evening it makes with me a tour around the village square, with one of its hands on my arm. It is a very curious and ludicrous sight to see it in the erect attitude on its somewhat bandy legs, hurrying along in the most frantic haste, as if to keep its head from outrunning its feet, with its long free arm see-sawing in a most odd way over its head to balance itself, and now and again touching the ground with its finger tips or knuckles. That they can leap the great distances from tree to tree ascribed to them is no doubt an accurate observation; but they appear to be sometimes terror-stricken and unable to perform SYMPHALANGUS 179 these feats to save their lives. During the felling of the forest near this village, a small colony of Siamangs got isolated on a tree separated from the next clump by some thirty feet or so. They scampered up and down in the crown of the tree howling in the most abject terror at every stroke of the axe; yet they would not venture to leap the intervening space, and even, when the tree was falling, they did not attempt to save themselves by springing on the ground but perished in its downfall. * * * During my march to the coast my Siamang accompanied me, occupying with the most grave demeanor a seat on one of the packages carried in the rear near to myself. Here it sheltered its head to the amusement of all whom we met, under a Chinese umbrella, which I had bought for it to protect it from the midday sun, and for which, after every halt, it held out its hands in the most knowing way, screaming lustily if the porters dared to move on before it had comfortably arranged itself. To my intense regret a misadventure put an end to a most charming existence before I could send it to London." Symphalangus syndactylus continentis Thomas. Symphalangus syndactylus continentis Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., II, 8th Ser., 1908, p. 30. Hylobates syndactylus Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1900, p. 313, ex Malay Peninsula. Type locality. Gemangko Pass, Selangore, Padang Boundary, Straits Settlements. Altitude 3,000 feet. Type in British Museum. Color. Black. Ex type British Museum. Measurements. Head and body, 846; hind foot, 164; ear, 34. Skull: total length, 43.9; occipito-nasal length, 127.1; intertemporal width, 107.5; breadth of braincase, 62.6; Hensel, 89.6; zygomatic width, 86.6; median length of nasals, 11.9; palatal length, 47.8; length of upper canines, 22.3; length of upper molar series, 32.9; length of mandible, 87.5; length of lower molar series, 40.7. Ex type British Museum. This animal in outward appearance is exactly like the Sumatran species, the only difference being that the skull is slightly smaller, with the corresponding reduction in its various parts. The tooth row is shorter, but of the two skulls of this race as yet obtained, the difference in the length of their tooth rows is as great as is that between the longest of them and that of the Sumatran Ape; and they are all adult individuals if not even aged. It requires a large number of crania 180 SYMPHALANGUS from the continent and from Sumatra to decide whether or not a separation, even of a racial kind, between the two is required. Captain Flower states, (1. c.) that "no gibbons are found wild in the islands of Penang or Singapore, though they are very generally distributed over the mainland; when met with in the jungle it is very hard to identify the species, and it is of little use and cruel to attempt to shoot them with a shot gun; if a specimen be needed, kill it with a rifle-bullet. In September 1897, at the foot of Gunong Pulai in Johore, I saw both black and white gibbons of apparently the same species, but I cannot say which. In March 1897 near Tahkamen, Siam, there were many in the high trees in the thick jungle; their call was loud and musical, 'Pua, pua, pua, pua, pua, pua,' beginning slowly and gradually getting faster. One morning we followed up an individual for a long time; it was a very large black gibbon, extremely agile. Occasionally it progressed by running along the boughs, but generally by swinging by its hands; every now and then it leaped down vertically to a great depth among the branches, as if falling, but it never actually came to the ground. In the forest of the Dong Phya Fai (between Ayuthia and Korat), at about 900 feet elevation, I have heard gibbons making a great noise in the early morning; judging from the cry, I should say it was the same species heard at Tahkamen." Symphalangus klossi Miller. Symphalangus klossi Miller, Miscel. Coll. Smith. Inst. Wash., 1903, p. 70. Type locality. South Pagi Island, west of Sumatra. Type in United States National Museum. Genl. Char. Size small; color as in S. syndactylus. Color. Black everywhere. Ex type United States National Mu- seum. Measurements. Total length, 440-525; foot, 130-154. Skull: total length, 96; occipito-nasal length, 80.7; Hensel, 68.1; zygomatic width, 63.4; intertemporal width, 45.3; palatal length, 36.8; median length of nasals, .91; length of upper molar series, 22.5; length of mandible, 66.5; length of lower molar series, 27.3. Ex type United States National Museum. This is a very small form of the Siamang, differing from it in no respect save in size. VOLUME III. PLATE XXII. Symphalangus klossi. No. 122176 U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. PONGO 181 FAMILY 'PONGIID/E. GENUS I. PONGO. OURANG-UTAN. T 2-2 ~ 1-1 - 2-2 . . 3-3 I* 2-2' G 1_1> P. 2-2> M. g_-3 - 32- PONGO Lacepede, Tabi. Mamm., 1799, p. 4. Type Pongo borneo Lacepede = Simia pygmaus Hoppius. Pithecus G. Cuv., Tabi. Element. Hist. Nat. Anim., 1798, p. 95; Id. Legons Anat. Comp., 1800, tab. I, (nec Geoff, and Cuvier, 1795). Lophotus Fisch., Zoogn., II, 1813, pp. IX, 547. Faunus Oken, Lehb. Naturg., 3ter Theil. Zool., 2te Abth., 1816, pp. XI, 1227, (nec Montfort, 1810, Mollusca). Macrobates Bilb., Syn. Faun. Scandin., I, Mamm., 1828, Con- spectus A. Body heavy, stout; neck short, thick; face naked; lips broad, mobile, protrusive; arms very long, hands reaching to ankles when animal is erect; hands long, narrow; thumb short; fingers united by web; legs short, bowed; foot long, narrow, great toe short; cheek callosities sometimes present in adult male; tail absent. Skull: high, pointed; supraorbital ridges prominent; cranial ridges present; canines tush-like; upper molars have four cusps, the lower molars five. Satyrus "Linn.," has been included by Palmer in his "Index Generum Mammalium" on the authority of Sherborn. Linnaeus, how- ever, was not the Author of Satyrus but Hoppius in the Amoenitatis Academicae p. 69, and it was not employed by him as a genus, but as a specific name, for the second species of Simia, the first being his S. pygm^us founded on Edwards' plate. Hon. Walter Rothschild in his paper, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, p. 421, gives Satyrus Less., 1799? as co-equal with Pongo Lacepede, 1799. There must be an error here as Sherborn does not give Satyrus Less., at all, and Palmer gives *The type of Simia being the "Barbary Ape," a baboon, Simiidae cannot be employed as a Family name for the Great Apes, and Pongo, being the oldest generic name proposed for these animals must be taken for the Family name, and Pongiid^: will therefore be the correct term. 182 PONGO Satyrus Less., no earlier than 1840. Linnaeus is not the Author of any paper in the Amoenitatis Academicae and a Satyrus Linn., as a genus does not exist any more than does Lesson of 1799. Pongo Lacepede therefore antedates all others. Of all the members of the Pongiida, the Ourang occupies the lowest position and is the farthest removed from man. The skull, in the adult male, with its narrow, lengthened braincase of limited capacity, frequently possessed of a high, long, compressed crest, the protuberant jaws and great canines, the arms, immoderately lengthened, with the fingers reaching to the ankles when the animal is erect, fitting it essentially for an arboreal life, and causing it to become nearly helpless for terrestrial progression, and the short and comparatively feeble legs, all proclaim it the lowest of the great Apes. The number of pairs of ribs is twelve, thus differing from the Gorilla, and resembling the Chimpanzee and Man. The ligamentum teres which binds the head of the femur into its socket is not present, thus giving a much more free movement to the limb in climbing; but acts disadvantageously when the creature attempts the erect posture. The cranial capacity of the Ourang's skull is less than either of the other Apes, and compares as follows: Gorilla male, 34.5 cubic inches; Chimpanzee male, 27.6 cubic inches; Ourang male, 26 cubic inches; and considering the relative size of the different crania, the skull of the Chimpanzee has proportionately the largest brain; and Owen states, that the "Hottentots and Pappuans of Australia have the smallest cranial capacity amongst the Human races; but that the largest capacity yet observed in the adult male Gorilla is less than one half the mean capacity of those Ethiopian races." The Ourang has no uvula, but has large expansions of the lateral cavities of the larynx, and these extend from the throat as far as the axillae, and in some old males these swellings or extensions of skin beneath the chin, cause the animal to appear as if suffering from a severe case of goitre. I shall have occasion to refer to the great dis- similarity existing among the crania of the Ourang, and so many and equally important differences exist in other portions of its structure, that Owen has summed up his great review of the osteology of this Ape in the following significant language: "When we review the varieties already recorded, in the large Orang (Pithecus satyrus) of Borneo and Sumatra, especially in regard to the presence or absence of the nail and its phalanx in the halux, the occasional supernumerary molar tooth, the length of arm, the intermuscular ridges and crests of the skull; the shape of the orbits; the size and other conditions of the nasal bones; the fore-and-aft extent of the molar series, and the profile P 0>N GO 183 contour of the skull; we derive additional proof that the Simia Satyrus of Linnaus (!) is subject to a greater amount of variety in the state of nature, than has hitherto been observed in any other Quadrumanous species." The italics are Owen's. With such variations existing, and no cranial characters, or particular coloration of the fur pointing to a specific separation, the creation of distinct forms of Ourangs is at best, but a doubtful procedure, for all the indications we have in both skins and skeletons seem to point to but one existing species of this Ape in both Borneo and Sumatra; but one having almost unlimited cranial variations in the adult male. The brain of the Ourang, like those of all Quadrumana acquires its full development before the second set of teeth is completed. The only large collection of Ourang skulls in Europe, or in fact anywhere, is the one procured by Herr Seienka and brought with him to Munich. Herr Seienka did not himself go into the interior of Borneo, but made his headquarters at Pontianak on the west coast, and very few of his specimens were collected by himself, but were procured for him by native hunters chiefly. The entire material consisted of several hundred skulls and a considerable number of skins, but these last were very much fewer than the crania, for it would seem as if Herr Seienka attached much more importance to the skulls than he did to the outside covering of the animals. This material formed the basis for the various papers written by Herr Seienka on the Ourang, and with which Zoologists are familiar. It was therefore with great hopes of clearing up various difficult points, and especially arriving at a satisfactory conclusion as to the validity of the variously described species, that I went to Munich to examine the collection. It was in the Anthropological section of the Academy, but, alas, it was not the collection that Seienka brought back with him, for he had sold all the skins, probably to dealers, for no one knows where they went, nor what has become of them, it is only known they have most effectually disappeared. About 280 of the skulls were sold to the Department of Anthropology, and these are all that remain of the collection. The first thing that one notices on examining this series of skulls, is how few there are of old adult males, the great majority of them being those of young animals, many very young, and females, some adult. Another fact that impresses one is that not a single skull in the entire collection has any particular locality attached to it. It may have been that Herr Seienka did not pay much attention to particular localities, or not being able to verify them himself, as he did not go into the interior, he may have been aware that he could not place implicit trust upon 184 PON GO the native hunters. And in this he would be fully justified, for those of us who have had experience with native collectors in savage lands, know perfectly well that the localities they give their specimens cannot often be relied upon. However this may be, these Ourang skulls are without any particular locality, but simply have marked on them a letter to indicate the district from which each one supposedly came. Thus S', stands for Skalau District; B. for Batangtu; D. for Dadapai; G. for Genepai; L. for Landak; R. for Rantau; and some half dozen were found, all very young skulls, to represent the races he called tuakensis, obongensis, and wallacei. Another fact in regard to these skulls, was the infinite variations they exhibited. No two in the 280 were alike, and even some from the same locality, or at all events the same district, varied to an amazing degree. A study of this material proved that an attempt to establish species upon cranial characters would be futile, and it may be for that reason Herr Seienka did not attempt it, but endeavored to found his species upon the cubical di- mensions of the interior of the braincase, about as hopeless a pro- ceeding, as to try to subject the endless variations of the rest of the crania to some degree of uniformity. This was the only material available for the determination of species, and other interesting points connected with the Ourang-utan. A large series of crania, the largest in existence, mostly those of very young animals, and females, only a few of the latter being adult, and some old adult males, (of these last I was able to select eighteen out of the lot), none of which had a particular locality given to it, and no skins for any of them. The outlook was far from encouraging, but the material was the best in existence, lamentably defective as it was in most important points. Nothing could be done towards the solution as to the cause of the presence or absence of callosities, and although we knew from Seienka's statements, that individuals with and without callosities were obtained in the same districts, the skulls gave no sign as to whether they had been present or not. Herr Seienka bases his species mainly upon the cubical dimensions of the interior of the braincase, and upon certain theories, for much of which he has produced no proofs. According to his own tables, cubical dimensions are very unsatisfactory characters, for rarely do two crania agree in their dimensions, and we must regard this method as one quite unsuitable per se, for the determination of the species. His theory is as follows: Borneo is intersected by wide and deep rivers, and since Ourangs can neither swim rivers, nor climb moun- tains, they are hemmed in on sections of land as if on islands, and PON GO 185 thereby prevented from mingling with their kind in other portions of Borneo. Let us consider this idea a moment and see if it is sufficiently correct and forcible to merit acceptance. As far as Europeans have ascended the rivers of Borneo, it is, I believe, a fact, that Ourangs have been seen in the forests along the banks, but there is no proof that they may not be dispersed throughout the forests far into the interior, the conditions being the same. It is probably quite correct to say that Ourangs cannot swim wide and deep rivers near their mouths, but higher up, where the width is less, and the water shallow, and where the trees possibly overarch the stream, Ourangs can cross and join their fellows on the opposite side. It is not unreasonable to suppose that they often do this, and in the dry season it is probable that the rivers are very low, and some possibly almost dry. Then the objection that they cannot climb mountains, and that these would prove an insurmountable barrier in their path. This is a curious statement coming from one who has described a species or race as new, living upon a mountain and in its vicinity, dadap- pensis\ But we know, on the testimony of Wallace, given farther on, that Ourangs can, and do, climb mountains. It is probably a fact that if a steep mountain is bare of trees the Ourang could not ascend it, and very likely would not try, but if it were covered with forests the animal would find no difficulty in reaching the top, and Borneo is a forest covered island with possibly only a few of the highest peaks bare of trees. Wallace, moreover, states the fact, that in the Sadong Valley District, there are many isolated mountains which the Dyaks have covered with fruit trees, and the Ourangs ascend these to feed on the unripe fruits, retiring to the low swamps at night. It will thus be seen that both Herr Seienka's method and theories for establishing his species are subject to grave objections, and are not sufficiently satisfactory in the one case, nor probable in the other, to merit general acceptance. Now for consideration of the species described by him. And first there are no types; that is to say, Herr Seienka did not select any particular specimen as the representative of a species. With the Ourangs, however, this is not of supreme importance so far as the skulls are concerned, because, if Seienka had selected any particular one for his type, it would be found not to agree in its characters with any other, so infinite are the individual variations of the crania in a large series of examples. All the skulls therefore from a certain district must be taken for consideration, as representing a type with all its variations, and exhibiting the general characteristics of the 186 PON GO form found in that particular section of Borneo. It must be borne in jnind, however, that the part of Borneo from which Herr Seienka obtained his material is a very limited area of the island, entirely too small to possess any considerable number of species of Ourangs, especially as it is well covered with forests through which the Apes could travel as they chose, and there are no ranges of lofty mountains to act as barriers to their progress. Yet in this comparatively small district he describes seven races as distinct, viz.: P. s. landakensis, P. s. batangtuensis, P. s. dadappensis, P. s. genepaiensis. P. s. skalauensis, P. s. tuakensis, and P. s. rantaiensis. Of these batangtuensis was supposedly previously described, and the remainder are all antedated by Bongo pygm^us Hoppius for the reasons hereafter given. After a careful examination of these skulls, (no skins being available), and witnessing the almost incredible variations exhibited, and which are not confined to any locality, skulls from the same place differing as greatly from each other as they do from those in another district, and finding no character common to all of them, or even to a few of them, which can be regarded as indicating specific distinction, I was forced to the conclusion that these variations are simply individual, and may not in any degree be regarded as indicating a specific value. I could find nothing in this large series of crania which would distinguish those of one district, as a whole, from those of any other, and if a cranium from one locality exhibited some marked difference from others from another place, it would be found that its mate from the same district would not agree with it in this particular point. Failing therefore to discover any cranial character by which any kind of distinction could be established, I was obliged to conclude that but one species of Ourang was represented in this collection from Borneo. With regard to the cheek callosities, found only on old adult males, I do not believe these indicate a specific character, or are even dimorphic, as the Hon. Walter Rothschild has considered them to be in his paper. It has been proved that Ourangs with and without callosities are found in the same district, Seienka so states, and material otherwise received from Borneo confirms the fact. It is not to be believed that two distinct forms inhabit the same range of country characterized only by the presence or absence of these peculiar for- mations. It is not reasonable to think so. Then callosities are confined to some old males only, and among these, such growths vary greatly in size. The skulls, as I have said, give no indication either of the presence or absence of these callosities, and if one had to depend upon them alone, he would be totally unable to know in which group PON GO 187 the former owner of any skull should be placed. Instead of indicating a distinct race, or being dimorphic, of which there is at present no proof whatever, I am inclined to regard the callosities as an individual characteristic of some old adult males varying greatly in extent, but not always present; and I see no reason whatever to give them separate names on account of the presence or absence of these growths, as has been done, or to recognize them in any way as representing separate forms. I have seen no specimens of a small adult Ourang from Borneo, which could be regarded as representing a distinct species such as is indicated in the Pithecus morio Owen. There may be a dwarf Ourang, as there is a dwarf gorilla-like Ape, but at present it is not represented in any Museum so far as I am aware. Wallace mentions a specimen killed by him as having been de- posited in the British Museum, but I did not see it. It was, he said, about "one-tenth smaller in all its dimensions than the other adult males, and had no sign of the lateral protuberance on the face." These can hardly be considered sufficient 'differences' upon which to base a distinct species, and would not be likely in a series of skins to attract attention, and the differences mentioned by Prof. Owen are such as may be easily found in the variable crania of Ourangs. Of P. s. wallacei (1. c.), Herr Seienka had no especial knowledge, but applied the name to the form from Sarawak, which would make it a synonym of his P. s. landakensis. Of the Sumatra Ourangs Herr Seienka gives names to two, deliensis which becomes a synonym of S'. abelii Clark, (if this latter is distinct from the Bornean Ourang) ; and obogensis, which is a nomen nudum, as he gives no description having never seen a specimen, his only knowledge of the animal having been derived from the accounts told him by the natives. The animal, however, would probably be the same as S'. bicolor I. Geoffroy, of which obogensis would be a synonym. In a collection of 50 Ourang skins received at the Munich Acad- emy from one locality, as I understand, in Borneo, the majority of which, as is always the case, were immature individuals, there was but one male that had cheek callosities, which would certainly be a rather extraordinary fact, if these growths did not represent merely an individual peculiarity to which no specific value could be attached. The question now arises, what is the proper name for the Bornean Ourang-utan ? The name Simia pygm^us was first published in the "Amcenitates Academicae" (1. c.) 1763, VI, p. 69, by Christianus Emmanuel Hoppius 188 PONGO upon a description and colored plate of an Ourang published by Edwards in his 'Gleanings of Natural History.' Hoppius never saw the specimen, and certainly had no knowledge whence it came any more than did Edwards, who supposed its native country was Africa, (p. 7), and Hoppius repeats this. Edwards' specimen, which he states was then in the British Museum, and formerly belonged to the Sloane Museum, (but is no longer there), was a young animal, possibly not more than a year old, and only two feet high, (hence the name pygmaus}, and had been "soaked in spirits" and had to be dried before a drawing could be made of it, and he states it was covered with reddish brown hair. Hon. Walter Rothschild in his paper in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., (1. c.) says this specimen of Edwards' had no cheek callosities, which was a self evident fact, as the animal was far too young to produce any such appendage. The above short history is all that is known of Simia pygmaus, whether it was a native of Borneo or Sumatra cannot be said, though at the date Edwards wrote, it would be more likely to come from the latter island than the former. It is impossible to form any idea as to what species it represents if the Sumatran and Bornean Ourangs should prove distinct, for Edwards' figure gives no clue, and the species is quite undeterminable, and the name pygm^us cannot be maintained unless the Sumatran and Bornean Ourangs should be proved the same, in which case pygm^us, having been given to an Ourang, would have precedence. It will be seen from the above, Linnaeus had nothing to do with the bestowal of the name pygm^us. Schreber in his Saugthiere, gives a figure, uncolored, of an Ourang on plate II c, with the name Simia agrias at the bottom. This Author, however, never described an Ourang by that name, but in a footnote on page 65, in a quotation from Herodotus the word appears, "aypuu avbpea Kat ywaiKta aypiai." The figure is that of a very young animal, and appears to have been preserved in spirits. Rothschild says it has cheek callosities, but there is not a vestige of these growths visible, the specimen was too young to produce them, and moreover appears to have been a female! Wagner places his Simia agrias on page 56, vol. V, among the synonyms of Simia satyrus = Pongo pygm^us. Tiedemann, Zool., 1808, p. 329, bestowed the name wurmbi upon an Ourang from Borneo in the possession of, and described by Frederic v. Wurmb, (Ver- handl. Batav. Genootsch. Deel 2, Bl. 245). Von Wurmb's description indicates very clearly an Ourang. and Tiedemann, who probably knew PONGO 189 the animal only from Von Wurmb's description, never having seen it himself, in his own diagnosis sadly confuses two or more genera of the Primates together, and among other things says that his Pongo wurmbi has "Bakentaschen und Gesatrschwielen." Now no Anthro- poid has cheek pouches, and only Hylobates has very small hind callosities, but the expansion of the skin on the throat may have been mistaken for a pouch, otherwise Baboons and Apes have been mixed together. As, however, there seems to be no doubt that P. wurmbi was an Ourang, the name to be applied to the Borneo species would be that bestowed by Tiedemann, if it should hereafter prove not to be the same species as the Sumatran Ourang, whose name would then be abelii. Simia satyrus Linn., 1766, cannot be employed, because the name was given by him to a species of Chimpanzee, in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae, 1758, p. 25. LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES. . Bornean Ourang. 1763. Hoppius, in Amoenitates Academics'. Pongo pygmalUS first described as Simia pygmceus. 1766. Linnceus, Systema Natures. Pongo pygmceus renamed Simia satyrus. 1808. F. Tiedemann, Zoologie. In this work an Ourang from Borneo was named Pongo wurmbi = P. pygmceus Hoppius. 1812. E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, in Annales du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. In his Tableau des Quadrumanes this Author places the Ourang in two different genera, each genus having one species of this great Ape. Pithecus, "tete ronde, bras longs," with P. satyrus = Pongo pygmceus, and also including in the same genus three forms of Hylobates. The second genus is Pongo, "tete pyramidale, longs bras"; with one species P. wurmbi = P. pygmceus. The characters of the genera 'tete rond' and 'tete pyramidale' are of no distinctive value, representing as they do merely differences of age, or possibly sex. 1826. Clark, in Asiatic Researches, Calcutta. The Sumatran Ourang is here called Simia abelii. 1836. R. Owen, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. A female Pongo pygmceus described as Pithecus morio. 190 PONGO 1841. I. Geoffroy, in Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. A young Sumatran Ourang is here named Simia bicolor. 1851. I. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Catalogue des Mammif^res. Two species of Ourang are recognized under the genus Simia: S. satyrus Linn., and S', bicolor I. Geoff., both = Pongo PYGM2EUS Hoppius. 1853. Blyth, in Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. P. pygm^eus is here redescribed as Pithecus brooki, and Pithe- cus oweni. 1855. Blyth, in Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Pongo pygm^eus redescribed as Pithecus curtus. 1856. R. Owen, in Transactions of the Zoological Society of London. In this paper the Author compares the skull of an Ourang from Borneo, which he named P. morio, with those of the P. satyrus Linn., (1766), = Pongo pygm^us Hoppius; and is not con- vinced that it represents a distinct species, for in his concluding remarks he says, "As to the primitive originality of the Pithecus morio in Borneo, I by no means entertain a decided opinion. Had the whole dental series been proportionally smaller, as it is in the Troglodytes niger in comparison with the Trogl. gorilla, there might have been more reason for concluding as to the distinction of the species." 1869. A. R. Wallace, The Malay Archipelago. In this work the Author gives a full and interesting account of the habits of the Ourang, as observed by him in Borneo. 1896. Seienka, in Sitzungsberichte Konigliche Akademie der Wissen- schaften, Berlin. In this paper the Author describes the species and races he recognizes, establishing them upon the large collections of these animals obtained by him "on the right side of the river region of the Kapus"; founding his conclusions on "some variations of skull formation and on the milk and permanent teeth of these animals." In this restricted district he establishes six races as follows: Pithecus satyrus landakensis; P. s. dadap- pensis; P. s. gencpaiensis; P. s. skalauensis; and P. s. tuak- ensis; all = Pongo pygm^eus Hoppius, according to the inves- tigations of the writer, who could find no characters sufficiently distinctive in Seienka's material in the Munich Museum by which these forms could be established, the variations being so great as to make it difficult if not impossible to find two skulls that agreed in their individual peculiarities. PONGO 191 From Sumatra his material was much less extensive, and all of it was obtained from the Langkat District. He recognized one species Pithecus sumatranus, and two races, P. s. deliensis, and P. s. obongensis. At present the writer considers all these the same as Pongo pygmteus, the material thus far obtained not being sufficient for establishing distinct forms, the variations existing both in the color of the fur, and in the crania, even in individuals from the same locality, being too great to permit the selection of any specimen as possibly representing a distinct form. Like Bornean examples, some old males possess cheek callosities, others, equally old, not having them. But if at some later day more ample material proves that the Sumatran Ourang is distinct from the Bornean, then these races and species named by Seienka must be known as Pongo abelii (Clarke). 1898. Seienka, Studien uber Entwwkelungsgeschichte der Tier, Sechstes Heft, Menschenaffen. The various races given in the previous paper are here re- peated, and their distinction is attempted by the cubical dimen- sions of the braincase, which cannot be said either to be satisfactory or in any way final; variation both in the size and shape of the braincase being too great among individuals ever to permit this method to be accepted as conclusive. 1898. Seienka, Studien uber Entwickelungsgeschichte der Tier, Sie- bentes Heft, Menschenaffen. In this paper comparison is made of the capacity of the brain- case, and the shape and size of the teeth of the Ourang, Gorilla, and Chimpanzee. No species or races in either of the genera are predicated upon the differences observable. 1904. W. Rothschild, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. In this paper, after some remarks upon the contributions of Messrs. Matschie and Seienka to our knowledge of the Great Apes, the Author presents his view regarding the specific status of Ourangs. While considering the presence or absence of the cheek callosities to be dimorphic, and not indicating a distinct form, he, nevertheless, confers names upon these acci- dents of nature, and thus creates them subspecies, a conclusion not likely to be seriously entertained or adopted. One species 192 PONGO is recognized, Pongo pygm^us Hoppius, erroneously attributed to Linnaeus, and eight 'dimorphic' subspecies, according to the presence or absence of cheek callosities as follows: Without cheek Pongo pygmaus. With cheek callosities. callosities. Pongo pygmaeus pygmceus .... agrias nomen nudum . . pygmceus. Pongo pygmaeus wurmbi wurmbi skalauensis. Pongo pygmaeus dadappensis . dadappensis genepaiensis. Pongo pygmaeus bicolor abelii bicolor. It will thus be seen that all of Seienka's races are received, but with only one peculiarity, and that 'dimorphic,' (it cannot be con- sidered a character), attributed to them. As it has not been proven that cheek callosities are 'dimorphic,' or any evidence whatever produced to sustain his position, the Author of the paper being the only one to express this view of the case, and all the indications we possess, obtained from the study of skins and skulls, seeming to show that these growths are not 'dimorphic' but purely an individual peculiarity, as they attain any size only on some old males, and are not in evidence in the young or half grown indi- viduals, and no skull at any age indicates that these abnormities have ever existed, therefore it cannot be said that, with only our present knowledge to guide us, the Author's view of this question should be accepted. Pongo *pygmjeus (Hoppius). Bornean Ourang. Simia pygmaus Hoppius, Amoenit. Acad., 1763, p. 68. (Un- doubtedly bestowed on an Ourang). Simia satyrus Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 34, (nec 1758, p. 25) ; Bodd., Elench. Anim., 1784, p. 55; Shaw, Gen. Zool., I, 1800, p. 3; E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 22, 7me Leqon; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 44; Blainv., Osteog., 1841, Atl., pl. I; Gray, Voy. Samarang, Vert., 1843-46, p. 1; (nec Synon.), pl. I, Old Male; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, *If the Bornean and Sumatran Ourangs are specifically the same, as at present seems the fact, then pygmtEUS is the proper name for these Apes; but if they are distinct the Bornean Ourang should be called "wurmbi," the Sumatran "abelii" VOLUME III. PLATE 5. PONGO PYGM/EUS. PONGO PYGM/EUS. PONGO 193 p. 6; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim Nat., fasc. I, 1856, p. 59; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 176, figs. 450-462. Ourang-outan v. Wurmb, Verhandl. Batav. Genootsch., Deel. 20, pl. 245. Pongo wurmbi Tied., Zool., 1808, p. 329; Owen, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1835, p. 355. Pithecus satyrus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 89; Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., IV, 1851, p. 82. Simia morio Owen, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1836, p. 92, $; Bedd., Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., XIII, 1892, p. 201. Pithecus wallacei Blainv., Osteog., 1839, p. 46. Pithecus brookei Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XXII, 1853, p. 375. Pithecus owenii Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XXII, 1853, p. 375. Pithecus curtus Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XXIV, 1855, p. 527. Pithecus morio Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1836, p. 165. Pithecus satyrus ladakensis Seienka, Sitzungsb. Konigl. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, XVI, 1896, p. 134. Pithecus satyrus batangtuensis Seienka, Sitzungsb. Konigl. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, XVI, 1896, p. 384. Pithecus satyrus dadappensis Seienka, Sitzungsb. Konigl. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, XVI, 1896, p. 384. Pithecus satyrus genepaiensis Seienka, Sitzungsb. Konigl. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, XVI, 1896, p. 385. Pithecus satyrus skalauensis Seienka, Sitzungsb. Konigl. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, XVI, 1896, p. 385. Pithecus satyrus tuakensis Seienka, Sitzungsb. Konigl. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, XVI, 1896, p. 385. Pithecus satyrus rantaiensis Seienka, Sitzungsb. Konigl. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, XVI, 1896, p. 385. Simia satyrus ladakensis Seienka, Menschenaffen Stud, uber En- twick- und Schadelb. Ourang-utan, Erste Lief., 1898, pp. 7, 13, figs. 15-17. Simia satyra wallacei Seienka, Menschenaffen Stud, fiber Entwick- und Schadelb. Ourang-utan, Erste Lief., 1898, pp. 7, 14. Simia satyra batangtuensis Seienka, Menschenaffen Stud, fiber Entwick- und Schadelb. Ourang-utan, Erste Lief., 1898, pp. 7, 11, figs. 11, 12. 194 PONGO Simia satyra dadappensis Seienka, Menschenaffen Stud, uber Entwick- und Schadelb. Ourang-utan, Erste Lief., 1898, pp. 7, 8, figs. 3, 4. Simia satyra genepaiensis Seienka, Menschenaffen Stud, fiber Entwick- und Schadelb. Ourang-utan, Erste Lief., 1898, pp. 7, 12, figs. 13, 14. Simia satyra skalauensis Seienka, Menschenaffen Stud, fiber En- twick- und Schadelb. Ourang-utan, Erste Lief., 1898, pp. 7, 9, figs, 5, 6. Simia satyra tuakensis Seienka, Menschenaffen Stud, fiber En- twick- und Schadelb. Ourang-utan, Erste Lief., 1898, pp. 7,11. Simia satyra rantaiensis Seienka, Menschenaffen Stud, fiber En- twick- und Schadelb. Ourang-utan, Erste Lief., 1898, pp. 7, 10, figs. 7, 10. Pongo pygmceus Rothsch., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, p. 438, fig. 117. Pongo pygmceus agrias Rothsch., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, p. 438, fig. 116. Pongo pygmceus wurmbi Rothsch., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, p. 438. Pongo pygmceus skalauensis Rothsch., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, pp. 436, 438. Pongo pygmceus dadappensis Rothsch., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, pp. 436, 438. Pongo pygmceus genepainensis Rothsch., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, pp. 436, 438. Pongo pygmceus pygmceus Lyon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XL, 1911, p. 144. Type locality. Unknown. As Hoppius undoubtedly gave the name pygmceus to an Ourang, it stands if only one species is recognized, but if more than one is accepted, Bornean and Sumatran, then Hoppius' name falls as unde- terminable and wurmbi takes its place. Sumatran Ourang. Simla abelii Clarke, Asiat. Res., XVI, 1826, p. 489, pls. 1, 3, 4, 5; Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 10; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., XXII, 1853, p. 370; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 198, fig. 463, t. 38, fig. 496 head and foot. PLATE XXIII. VOLUME III. PONGO PYGM/EUS EX LANDAK-SARAWAK DISTRICT, BORNEO. Upper Head No. L.6. Munich Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. Lower Head No. L.l. Munich Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. PONGO 195 Simia bicolor I. Geoff., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, II, 1841, p. 526; Id. Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 6; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 182, figs. 455-457, t. 33, fig. 497. Simia satyrus (nec Linn.), Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 8. Pithecus sumatranus deliensis Seienka, Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, XVI, 1896, p. 386. Pithecus sumatranus obogensis Seienka, Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, XVI, 1896, p. 386. Pongo pygmceus bicolor Rothsch., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., II, 1904, pp. 437, 439. Pongo pygmceus abelii Rothsch., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., II, 1904, pp. 437, 439. Type locality. Ramboom, near Touraman. N. W. coast of Sumatra. Geogr. Distr. Borneo and Sumatra. Genl. Char. Hair dark mahogany to fox red, and frequently with patches of ochraceous. The above is the synonymy, or the essential citations of the Bor- nean and Sumatran Ourang-utans, and while of the opinion that there is only one species of this great Ape, I have not been able to compare sufficient material from the two islands to enable me to give a decided opinion as to their identity. I can only state that I have been unable to discover any character that would indicate they were distinct. The crania of the Sumatran Ourang that I have seen, present the same great individual variations that are so conspicuous in the Bornean examples, and afford no character upon which to base a specific difference from the Bornean Ourang or from among themselves, and the color of the pelage exhibits much variation among specimens. I have kept the synonymy separate in order to show what name each would bear, should ample material, gathered in the future, prove they were entitled to be considered distinct, which cannot be shown at the present time. The following dimensions are taken from a Landak skull from Upper Merekai River, Landak-Sarawak District, Borneo: Measurements. Skull adult male, total length, 240; occipito-nasal length, 167; intertemporal width, 59; breadth of braincase, 103; Hen- sel, 182; zygomatic width, 174; extreme breadth of orbits, 112; width of rostrum at canines, 77; palatal length, 93; length of upper canines, 33.6; length of upper molar series, 57.4; length of mandible, 184; 196 PON GO length of lower molar series, 72. Ex specimen from Landak, Seienka Collection, No. 1, Munich Museum. Among the skulls of the Ourang from Landak brought by Mr. Seienka, most of which are those of young animals, are two of old adult males, and these are entirely different in appearance, quite suffi- ciently so, if they belonged to a genus not known to vary so widely in cranial characters, to constitute them distinct species. No. 1, whose measurements are given above is in some degree the smaller of the two, with but a slightly sloping facial region, a braincase considerably elevated above the orbits, and with a low bony crest from the posterior part of the frontal to the occiput. The rostrum is but moderately long, and the orbits are round and not very close together. The face is quite broad for its length, and the ridges, rising from the outer side of the orbits, form an inverted V on the frontal. The other No. 6, is a long, comparatively narrow skull, with a very sloping facial region, and a rather long rostrum. The braincase is rounded, rather broad across the parietals, and less raised above the orbital ridges than that of No. 1, and instead of a crest, the two low ridges, from the outer side of the orbits, run backward on top of the skull, drawing nearer together as they go to the occiput. The orbits are very large, oblong in shape, and quite near together. It will thus be seen how absolutely different these two skulls are, and yet they do not exhibit any greater variation than can easily be found among the crania, not only of all forms of Ourangs, but also of the Chimpanzees and Gorillas. The following dimensions are from a skull of the Batangtu Dis- trict, Borneo: Measurements. Adult Male No. 141, from Batangtu Region, (Seienka Coll.). Total length, 239; occipito-nasal length, 171; inter- temporal width, 74; breadth of braincase, 105; Hensel, 172; zygomatic width, 174 ; extreme width of orbits, 124; width of rostrum at canines, 73; palatal length, 85.2; length of upper canines, 33; length of upper molar series, 61.7; length of mandible, 167; length of lower molar series, 70.2. This is a large massive skull a little longer than high, with a fairly wide braincase but without much depth. There is no long crest, but two ridges start from the outer side of the orbits and extend back- ward in parallel lines on top of the skull, turning outward at the inter- parietal, and join the lateral expansion of the occipital region. The orbits are large, higher than wide, separated by a bony septum 16.9 mm. broad. The rostrum protrudes considerably beyond the line PLATE XXIV. VOLUME III. PONGO PYGM/EUS EX BATANGTU REGION, BORNEO. Upper Head No. B 29 Munich Coll. % Nat. Size. Lower Head No. B 141 Munich Coll. % Nat. Size. PON GO 197 of the face, and broadens greatly at the canines. The molar series are large, the premolars only slightly smaller than the molars. There are three other skulls from Batangtu of old males, all smaller than No. 141, and varying in size, No. 23 being the smallest. All these possess crests, while the shape of the braincase varies in each, and all are different from No. 141. In three there is a considerable slope of the facial region, No. 24 having the least, but No. 23 has the greatest of all. There is much difference in the shape and size of the orbits, No. 41 being decidedly an elliptical oval, two of the others more rounded but varying in degree, the smallest skull, No. 23, having very large orbits higher than wide, being also more of an elliptical oval like those of No. 41. The rostrum of each of these four skulls also shows much variation in both length and width. In fact these crania are more remarkable for the way in which they vary from each other than for any similarity which they exhibit. The following dimensions are from a skull of the Dadap District: Measurements. Skull. Total length, 212; occipito-nasal length, 168; intertemporal width, 75; breadth of braincase, 103; Hensel, 174; zygomatic width, 174; extreme breadth of orbits 127; width of rostrum at canines, 73; palatal length, 94.8; length of upper canines, 32.8; length of upper molar series, 55.8; length of mandible, 182; length of lower molar series, 65.3. No. 169 Seienka Collection, Munich Museum. As is the case with all the skulls of the various forms recognized by Seienka in his Collection, the great majority are those of immature animals, even very young individuals, and with a few old females. So it was possible to procure only four old adult males of dadappensis, and two of genepaiensis. Even with this small number the variations exhibited by these skulls were extraordinary. Two of dadappensis, Nos. 169 and 183, are nearest in general appearance, but even they show considerable differences. No. 169 is slightly the larger, with a larger and more rounded braincase, round orbits, instead of oval as in the other, and a longer rostrum. Both have bony crests, that of No. 183 being the longer, but that of 169 the higher. The low ridges from the outside of the orbits recede over the skull very differently, that of 169 not joining the bony crest until beyond the frontal, and enclosing a large part of that bone between them, while on 183 these ridges meet the crest midway of the frontal and enclose a very small portion of that bone. The fourth skull, No. 165, is altogether a different object. It has no bony crest, the braincase rises considerably above the orbital ridges, and is rounded, and the low ridges from the orbits go back- 198 PONGO wards over the skull, drawing gradually nearer until they come together at the occiput. The facial region is much more horizontal than that of the other two, which, in them, has a considerable slope, and the rostrum is shorter. The orbits are small and oval, but still of a different shape from those of 183. The zygomatic width is less than in the others, although they also differ, and this causes the face to appear much narrower. Altogether No. 165 is so very different both in its general appearance, as well as in particular parts, some of which are mentioned above, that judging by the characters it presents as com- pared with the other two, it might easily be regarded as a distinct species, and yet all three came from the same district, or the same place. Turning now to the two old adult male skulls of so-called gene- paiensis, we are at first impressed by their total dissimilarity. Both are old males, but one, 151, is half as large again as the other, with the braincase lifted high up, and not so much slope to the facial region. It is altogether a more massive and heavier skull, and larger in all its parts. Both have bony crests, but that of 151 is broader and rises higher at the occiput. The superior outline of the braincase is nearly straight, while that of the smaller skull, No. 42, curves downwards at the occiput. In their general aspect these crania resemble those of P. dadappensis, varying in different particulars, as all Ourang skulls do from each other, but the two from Genepai differ from each other much more, in many ways, than they do from those from Dadap, and there are no characters exhibited by them which would help to assert a claim for separation, and in view of the proximity of the localities from which they came, and which would seem to negative the existence of distinct species, the proper course appears to be to regard them as the same. The following dimensions are from a skull of the Skalau District: Measurements. Skull. Adult Male. No. 200 Seienka Collection, Munich Museum. Total length, 248 ; occipito-nasal length, 149; inter- temporal width, 64; breadth of braincase, 91; Hensel, 163; zygomatic width, 158; extreme width of orbits, 104.1; width of rostrum at canines, 65; palatal length, 83.5; length of upper canines, 28.7; length of upper molar series, 54.9; length of mandible, 158; length of lower molar series, 67. The skull, the measurement of which is given above, is a fair average size of an old male Ourang. It has a low crest from the PLATE XXVI. VOLUME III. PONGO PYGMzEUS EX GENEPAI DISTRICT, BORNEO. SIDES REVERSED. Upper Head No. G. 42 Munich Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. Lower Head No. G. 151 Munich Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. PLATE XXVII. VOLUME III. PONGO PYGM/EUS EX SKALAU DISTRICT, BORNEO. SIDES REVERSED. Upper Head No. S. 200 Munich Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. Lower Head No. S. 14 Munich Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. PON GO 199 middle of the forehead to the occiput, meeting the two low ridges from the bony orbits at its anterior end. The plane of the facial region is more upright than those of the batangtuensis, dadappensis or landak- ensis styles which have a sloping facial region, and agree in this respect with the genepaiensis style of the Seienka Collection. As is the case with all of the skulls in the Seienka Collection, there are no skins to go with them. I place as synonyms of this form Simia satyrus rantiensis and 5. J. tuakensis of Seienka. Of the first named only immature indi- viduals were procured, and there is nothing in the few skulls in the Munich Museum to indicate what are the specific characters to war- rant a separation from other Ourangs. Moreover the locality assigned to this form, Rantai, is almost in the center of the Skalau District, a most unlikely place to find a species distinct from the so-called P. p. skalauensis. In the absence therefore of any proof that the Rantai specimens are distinct, it is better to drop the name from the list of accepted species. As for the form called tuakuensis, it is another case of trying to establish a species upon young animals, and here also the locality given was in the Skalau District. Seienka himself seemed in doubt of the validity of this form, and he must have removed all marks to identify his specimens, for there is not a skull in his series in the Munich Museum referred to tuakuensis, and the name does not anywhere appear. It is evident, satisfied that the specimen did not represent a distinct race, Seienka had changed the name, and placed the skulls with those of another form, most probably with skalauensis. Wallace has given an interesting account of the Ourang-utan (1. c.) from which the following extract is taken: "In Borneo it has a wide range, inhabiting many districts on the south-west, south-east, north-east and north-west coasts, but appears to be chiefly confined to the low and swampy forests. It seems at first sight, very inexplicable that the Mias should be quite unknown in the Sarawak Valley, while it is abundant in Sambas on the west, and Sadong on the east. But when we know the habits and mode of life of the animal, we see a sufficient reason for this apparent anomaly in the physical features of the Sarawak district. In the Sadong, where I observed it, the Mias is only found where the country is low, level, and swampy, and at the same time covered with a lofty virgin forest. From these swamps rise many isolated mountains, on some of which the Dyaks have settled and covered with plantations of fruit trees. 200 PON GO These are a great attraction to the Mias, which comes to feed on the unripe fruits, but always retires to the swamp at night. Where the country becomes slightly elevated, and the soil dry, the Mias is no longer to be found. For example in all the lower part of the Sadong Valley it abounds, but as we ascend above the limits of the tides, where the country though still flat, is high enough to be dry, it disappears. Now the Sarawak Valley has this peculiarity-the lower portion though swampy, is not covered with continuous lofty forest, but is principally covered by the Nipa palm; and near the town of Sarawak, where the country becomes dry, it is greatly undulated in many parts, and covered with small patches of virgin forest and much second growth jungle on ground which has once been cultivated by the Malays or Dyaks. Now it seems to me probable that a wide extent of unbroken and equally lofty virgin forest is necessary to the comfort- able existence of these animals. Such forests form their open country, where they can roam in every direction with as much facility as the Indian on the prairie, or the Arab on the desert; passing from tree- top to tree-top, without ever being obliged to descend upon the earth. The elevated and drier districts are more frequented by man, more cut up by clearings and low second growth jungle not adapted to its peculiar mode of progression, and where it would therefore be more exposed to danger, and more frequently obliged to descend upon the earth. There is probably a greater variety of fruit in the Mias district, the small mountains which rise like islands out of it serving as sort of gardens or plantations, where the trees of the uplands are to be found in the very midst of the swampy plains. "It is a singular and very interesting sight to watch a Mias making his way leisurely through the forest. He walks deliberately along some of the larger branches in the semi-erect attitude which the great length of his arms and the shortness of his legs cause him naturally to assume, and the disproportion between these limbs is increased by his walking on his knuckles, not on the palm of the hand as we should do. He seems always to choose those branches which intermingle with an adjoining tree, on approaching which he stretches out his long arms, and seizing the opposing boughs, grasps them together with both hands, seems to try their strength, and then deliberately swings himself across to the next branch, on which he walks along as before. He never jumps nor springs or even appears to hurry himself, and yet manages to get along almost as quickly as a person can run through PON GO 201 the forest beneath. The long and powerful arms are of the greatest use to the animal enabling it to climb easily the loftiest trees, to seize fruits and young leaves from slender boughs which will not bear its weight, and to gather leaves and branches with which to form its nest. I have already described how it forms a nest when wounded, but it uses a similar one to sleep on almost every night. This is placed low down, however, on a small tree not more than twenty to fifty feet from the ground, probably because it is warmer, and less exposed to wind than higher up. Each Mias is said to make a fresh one for him- self every night; but I should think that is hardly probable, or their remains would be much more abundant; for though I saw several about the coal mines, there must have been many Ourangs about every day, and in a year their deserted nests would become very numerous. The Dyaks say that when it is very wet the Mias covers himself over with leaves of pandanus or large ferns, which has perhaps led to the story of his making a hut in the trees. "The Ourang does not leave his bed till the sun has well risen, and has dried up the dew upon the leaves. He feeds all through the middle of the day, but seldom returns to the same tree two days running. They do not seem much alarmed at man, as they often stared down upon me for several minutes, and then only moved away slowly to an adjacent tree. After seeing one, I have often had to go half a mile or more to fetch my gun and in nearly every case have found it on the same tree, or within a hundred yards when I returned. I never $aw two full grown animals together, but both males and females are sometimes accompanied by half grown young ones, while at other times, three or four young ones were seen in company. Their food consists almost exclusively of fruits, with occasionally leaves, buds, and young shoots. They seem to prefer unripe fruits, some of which were very sour, others intensely bitter, particularly the large red, fleshy arillus of one which seemed an especial favorite. In other cases they eat only the small seed of a large fruit, and they almost always waste and destroy more than they eat, so that there is a con- tinual rain of rejected portions below the tree they are feeding on. The Durian is an especial favorite, and quantities of this delicious fruit are destroyed wherever it grows surrounded by forest, but they will not cross clearings to get at them. It seems wonderful how the animal can tear open this fruit, the outer covering of which is so thick and tough, and closely covered with strong conical spines. It probably 202 PON GO bites off a few of these first, and then, making a small hole, tears open the fruits with its powerful fingers. "The Mias rarely descends to the ground, except when, pressed by hunger, it seeks for succulent shoots by the river side; or, in very dry weather, has to search after water, of which it generally finds sufficient in the hollows of leaves. Once only I saw two half grown Ourangs on the ground in a dry hollow at the foot of the Simunjon hill. They were playing together standing erect, and grasping each other by the arms. It may safely be stated, however, that the Ourang never walks erect, unless when using its hands to support itself by branches overhead or when attacked. Representations of its walking with a stick are entirely imaginary. "The Dyaks all declare that the Mias is never attacked by any animal in the forest, with two rare exceptions; and the accounts I received of them are so curious that I give them nearly in the words of my informants, old Dyak chiefs, who had lived all their lives in the places where the animal is most abundant. The first of whom I enquired said, 'No animal is strong enough to hurt the Mias; and the only creature he ever fights with is the crocodile. When there is no fruit in the jungle, he goes to seek food on the banks of the river, where there are plenty of young shoots that he likes, and fruits that grow close to the water. Then the crocodile sometimes tries to seize him, but the Mias gets upon him and beats him with his hands and feet, and tears him and kills him.' He added that he had once seen such a fight, and that he believes that the Mias is always the victor. "My next informant was the Orang Kayas, or chief of the Balow Dyaks on the Semunjon River. He said, 'the Mias has no enemies; no animals dare attack it but the crocodile and the python. He always kills the crocodile by main strength, standing upon it, pulling open its jaws and ripping up its throat. If a python attacks a Mias, he seizes it with his hands, and then bites it, and soon kills it. The Mias is very strong; there is no animal in the jungle so strong as he.' " In regard to the size of the adult Ourang, Mr Wallace sums up the evidence gained from his own experience and the published accounts of others as follows: "I have myself examined the bodies of seventeen freshly killed Orangs, all of which were carefully measured, and of seven of them I preserved the skeleton. Of this extensive series, sixteen were fully adult, nine being males and seven females. The adult males of the large Orangs only varied from 4 feet 1 inch to PONGO 203 4 feet 2 inches in height, measured fairly to the heel, so as to give the height of the animal if.it stood perfectly erect; the extent of the outstretched arms from 7 feet 2 inches to 7 feet 8 inches; and the width of the face from 10 inches to 13% inches. * * * On the whole, therefore, I think it will be allowed that up to this time we have not the least reliable evidence of the existence of Orangs in Borneo more than four feet two inches high." Pongo abelii was described by Dr. Clarke (1. c.) as an Ourang- utan of remarkable height from the Island of Sumatra. It was stated to be from 7 to 8 feet high, which, if the measurements were correct, makes it the tallest Ourang of which we have any record. But measurements, unless made by an expert, are apt to go astray, and during the nearly one hundred years since this animal was captured, a very considerable number of these Apes have been procured in Su- matra, and none have fairly approximated the dimensions of Clarke's Ourang; and we are led to suspect either the measurements given were incorrect, from the skin having become stretched, or the tape had been wrongly applied, and that the animal was merely an extra large individual of the ordinary Ourang, for there is nothing in the descrip- tion, save size, to indicate that it was a different species. And if there was a race of gigantic Ourangs in north west Sumatra, it would be strange that during the last century another example had not been obtained. Until we have more knowledge of a huge Sumatran Ourang, it will be wiser to regard P. abelii as the same as the others procured in the island. "Head and body 7 feet 6% inches; mandible 4 inches; ascending ramus above teeth, 2% inches, depth at symphysis 2% inches." Measurements. Skull: Adult Male. Total length, 227; occipito- nasal length, 165; intertemporal width, 68; breadth of braincase, 95; Hensel, 163; zygomatic width, 184; extreme breadth of bony orbits, 114; width of rostrum at canines, 72; palatal length, 86; length of upper molar series, 58; length of mandible, 165; length of lower molar series, 63.1. Ex type P. s. deliensis Seienka, Munich Museum, No. 10. The above is an upright skull with a much less lateral depth, 203 to 239. The braincase is fairly large, rounded on top with a low bony crest rising from the posterior part of the frontal, and going to the occiput where it joins the lateral expansion of the occipital region. The facial region is horizontal and the rostrum broad and short, stand- ing at a right angle to the face. Orbits large and close together and the cheek bones are broad. Another skull of an adult male also 204 PO NGO marked "type" is quite different in shape. The facial region is very sloping from the upper edge of the orbital ridge to the root of the canines; the rostrum is much longer, and the canine sockets lie at a very different angle from those of the type; the braincase is narrower and higher posteriorly, and the occipital region is both broader and higher. The two skulls are quite unlike, and serve to show of how little value for specific distinctions are the cranial characters of these Apes. The type of deliensis Seienka in the Munich Museum collected by Dr. Martin, came from Kampong Stabat village on the north bank of the Wampoo River in Langkat District, north east Sumatra. Two specimens marked types. The type of S. bicolor in the Paris Museum is barely half grown. The face and under parts are very light while the upper parts of the body and limbs are chestnut with light areas, such as those about the shoulders, of a yellowish red. Four adult males in the United States National Museum from Aru Bay, east Sumatra, vary considerably among themselves. The general color is a rich dark mahogany, some with the limbs and whiskers almost ochraceous and this color is dis- tributed without any regard to similarity or regularity. A large series of females and young also exhibit the same individual variation in coloration. These all probably are the same as P. s. bicolor the type of which described above, has doubtless greatly faded. Measurements. Skull: total length, 224.1; occipito-nasal length, 165; Hensel, 169; intertemporal width, 64; zygomatic width, 162; palatal length, 92.3; length of upper molar series, 62.6; length of mandible, 191; length of lower molar series, 71.6. Aru Bay is close to Deli, and therefore these specimens must be the same as P. s. deliensis of Seienka, though the above measure- ments show a very differently proportioned skull from the type of deliensis given above. But there is no especial significance in this, for individual variation in the skulls of Ourangs is carried to so excessive a degree, that a divergence from the typical form may be expected as a matter of course. The surprise, if any existed, would arise if two crania were found to resemble each other. P. s. obongensis Seienka came from the vicinity of Mount Abongabong, northerly from Langkat, northeast Sumatra. This is the same locality from which deliensis came and therefore these two, and the Aru Bay examples are doubtless all the same species. VOLUME III. PLATE XXVIII. No. 6 No. 1 Landak-Sarawak District. No. 169 No. 165 Dadap District. , No. 151 No. 4^ Genepai District. No. 129 No. 141 Batangtu District. No. 200 No. 17 Skalau District. No. 6 No. 1 Landak-Sarawak District. No. 169 No. 165 Dadap District. No. 151 °' -jgpepai District. No. 129 No. 141 Batangtu District. No. 200 No. 17 Skalau District. _ //3ivi>eus, Borneo PONGO pVe lf Size- PONGO 205 Measurements of Old Adult Male Ourang Skulls in Selenka Collection from Borneo. PONGO PYGM^US HOPPIUS Total length. Occipito-nasal length. Intertemporal width. Breadth of braincase. Hensel. Zygomatic width. Extreme width of bony orbits. Width of rostrum at canines. Palatal length. Length of upper canines. Length of upper molar series. Length of mandible. Length of lower molar series. Breadth of upright portion of mandible at posterior molar. Pongo landakensis (Seienka) No. 1 240 167 59 103 182 174 112 33.6 57.4 184 72 67 Pongo landakensis (Seienka) 6 246 174 73 115 172 173 115 74 94.2 33.4 59 170 73.1 78.3 Pongo 1. dadappensis (Sei enka) 169 242 168 75 103 174 174 127 73 94.8 32.8 55.8 182 65.3 59.1 Pongo 1. dadappensis (Seienka) 183 242 171 57 165 182 123 97.4 33.6 62.6 188 68.6 77.4 Pongo 1. dadappensis (Seienka) Pongo 1. dadappensis 165 238 170 69 104 161 167 119 73 91.9 26.7 50.7 163 63.4 74.2 (Seienka) 168 243 177 67 105 168 172 111 69 92.3 39 6 65.5 180 68 69.8 Pongo 1. dadappensis genepai ( Seienka) ... Pongo 1. dadappensis 151 232 165 56 92 177 174 113 77 96 36.3 57.6 174 68.7 83 genepai (Seienka)... Pongo 1. skalauensis (Seienka) • • 42 228 163 57 91 154 163 106 63 80.3 32.5 55.2 176 65.2 65.5 17 207 157 61 167 120 66 79.1 25.5 57.4 163 68.6 64.6 Pongo 1, skalauensis (Seienka) 18 200 166 96 168 172 117 74 98.3 53.5 162 66.1 74.6 Pongo 1. skalauensis (Seienka) 100 234 164 62 106 159 168 120 67 86.9 27.3 52.8 157 63.7 72.5 Pongo 1. skalauensis (Seienka) 200 248 149 64 163 158 104.1 65 83.5 26.7 54.9 158 67 70.3 Pongo 1. batangtuensis (Seienka) 23 232 164 151 62 104 159 150 109 67 94.7 34.1 56 175 65.8 64.7 Pongo 1. batangtuensis (Seienka) *Pongo 1. batangtuensis (Seienka) 29 231 67 91 159 163 106 68 81.4 33.2 58.9 155 69.5 74.8 41 225 158 65 100 162 165 111 68 87.1 28.4 59.1 149 66.5 66.6 Pongo 1. batangtuensis (Seienka) 141 239 171 74 105 172 174 124 73 85.2 33 61.7 167 70.2 73.1 Pongo 1. batangtuensis (Seienka) 10 227 165 68 95 163 184 114 72 86 - 58 165 63.1 68 Pongo 1. batangtuensis (Seienka) ? 246 175 65 93 178 154 118 68 105 36 58 158 67.4 64.7 'This skull is not that of a freshly killed specimen, but is weather worn and was prob- ably found in the forest. 206 GORILLA GENUS II. GORILLA. GORILLAS T 2-2 1-1 o 2-2 3-3 _. L 2-2? C. 1-15 P. 2-2> 3-3 32' GORILLA I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., XXXIV, 1852, p. 84. Type Trog- lodytes gorilla Wyman. Size large; body stout, heavy; legs short; arms long, head large, nose broad, flat, grooved longitudinally; muzzle broad, mouth large; upper lip short, lower protrudable; eyes large, ears naked, pointed, with pendulous lobula on lower margin. Braincase small; supra- orbital ridges greatly developed. Great toe opposable, large, flat; lower joints of second, third and fourth toes united by a web. Arms reach to middle of legs below knees when the animal stands upright; hands wrinkled, thickly haired on back; the thumb short and thick with a broad nail. Canines very large; upper molars with four cusps, the posterior molar the largest; anterior lower molar with five cusps, three outer, two inner. Brain narrow, ovate, small end forward; cerebrum not extending beyond cerebellum; a keel present upon the orbital surface of the frontal lobes. The genus Gorilla contains the largest species of the Great Apes, which, of all mammals, in some particulars approach nearest to man. The three genera which include all the known species, Pongo, Gorilla and Pan have received different serial arrangements, according to the opinions of various writers, as to the greatest affinity which any par- ticular genus might exhibit, to man. Professor Owen who has written several memoirs on these Apes considers that the Gorilla is nearest to man, and does not think the difference between it and the Chim- panzee is sufficient to place them even in separate genera. Professor Owen bases his opinion of the Gorilla being closer to man than any other ape upon the following characters: "1st. The coalesced central margins of the nasals are projected forward, thus offering a feature of approximation to the human sub- ject, which is very faintly indicated, if at all in the T. nig er (Chim- panzee). "2nd. The inferior or alveolar part of the premaxillaries, on the other hand, is shorter and less prominent in the T. gorilla than in the T. niger; and in that respect the larger species deviates less from man. PLATE XXIX. VOLUME III. Gorilla gorilla. SIDE VIEW REVERSED. No. 11652 Berlin Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size GORILLA 207 '"3rd. The next character, which is a more anthropoid one, though explicable in the greater weight of the skull to be poised on the atlas, is the great prominence of the mastoid processes in the T. gorilla, which are only represented by a rough ridge in the T. niger. "4th. The ridge which extends from the ecto-pterygoid, along the inner border of the foramen ovale terminates in the T. gorilla by an angle process answering to that called 'styliform or spinous' in man, but of which there is no trace in T. niger. "5th. The palate is narrower in proportion to the teeth in the T. gorilla, but the premaxillary portion is relatively longer in the T. niger." In contradistinction to this Dr. Wyman states as follows: "The larger ridge over the eyes, and the crest on top of the head and occiput, with the corresponding development of the temporal muscles, form the most striking features. The submaxillary bones articulating with the nasals, as in the other quadrumana and most brutes; the expanded portion of the nasals between the frontals, or an additional osseous element of this prove an independent bone; the vertically broader and more arched zygomata, contrasting with the more slender and hori- zontal ones of the Chimpanzee; the more quadrate foramen lacerum of the orbit; the less perfect infraorbital canal, the orbits less dis- tinctly defined; the larger and more tumid cheek bones; the more quadrangular nasal orifice, which is depressed on the floor; the greater length of the ossa palati; the more widely expanded tympanic cells, extending not only to the mastoid process, but to the squamous portion of the temporal bones-these would, of themselves, be sufficient to counterbalance all the anatomical characters of the (enge-ena) gorilla. "When, however, we add to these the more quadrate outline of the upper jaws; the existence of larger and more deeply-grooved canines; molars with cusps on the outer side, longer and more sharply pointed; the dentes sapientiae of equal size with the other molars; the prominent ridge between the oqter posterior and the anterior inner cusps; the absence of a crista-galli; a cranial cavity almost behind the orbits of the eyes; the less perfectly marked depressions for the cerebral convolutions; and above all, the small cranial capacity in proportion to the size of the body, no reasonable grounds for doubt remain that the enge-ena occupies a lower position, and consequently recedes farther from man than the Chimpanzee. * * * "While the proportions of the ulna and humerus are more nearly human than the Chimpanzee, those of the humerus and femur recede 208 GORILLA much further from the human proportions than they do in the Chim- panzee, as will be seen in the following measures: Humerus. Femur. Man isn 18.5. Chimpanzee 100 11.0. Enge-ena 170 14.0. "Thus in one the femur is three inches longer than the humerus. In the Chimpanzee these bones are nearly of the same length; and in the enge-ena the humerus is three inches longer than the femur, indicating on the part of the enge-ena a less perfect adaptation to locomotion in the erect position than in the Chimpanzee." Whether the conclusion last reached by the distinguished com- parative anatomist judging from these bones is altogether correct, or not, reports of those, who have seen the gorilla in its haunts, appear to establish the fact that this Ape walks more frequently upon its legs only, than does the Chimpanzee, but the position assumed can only be called erect when compared to going upon all-fours, for even Du Chaillu, who leans towards the opinion expressed by Prof. Owen states that "when standing up the knees are bent at the joints outward, and his back has a stoop forward" not a very erect attitude, and his walk is a 'waddle' and he "balances himself with his arms." On the other hand I have seen a Chimpanzee walk as erect and without effort, alone and unsupported as any man. In a certain degree, no doubt, this was the result of instruction and practice, but it proved that this Ape could walk erect with ease, and it is exceedingly doubtful, considering the Gorilla's huge bulk, the enormous protruding paunch, the short comparatively feeble legs, and the almost entire lack of neck to permit the head to be thrown back, that walking erect would ever be other than a difficult feat, and one requiring much effort. It might stand comparatively erect, when it rises to make an attack, but its general 'build' is more favorable to going .on all-fours, its usual mode of progression, than to the erect method. The Gorilla has thirteen pairs of ribs; man but twelve, but excepting the skull, the skeleton is more nearly like that of man than of any anthropoid ape. The skull of the Gorilla with the very limited capacity for the brain, and this last having the cerebrum not extending beyond the cerebellum, indicates a very low order of intelligence, and degrades the animal to the ferocious beast that he is. In the young the skull has a more rounded braincase, but as its possessor grows older the form changes; the braincase GORILLA 209 lengthens, not, however, giving an increased capacity for the brain, for this does not increase either in weight or size, the bony structure alone monopolizing the increase in growth, the huge crest appears in the male, the facial region lengthens and the orbital ridges increase, producing the scowling visage characteristic of the creature. Alto- gether it is the head of a brute, whose instincts are bestial, and out- wardly without a vestige of resemblance to man beyond the possession of organs similar to his in appearance. There have been a number of species and races described at various times, on, what must be considered as very inadequate material, for it is not easy to secure specimens in sufficient numbers and of various ages, to obtain the necessary knowledge of the coloring of the pelage from infancy to old age, and also the differences which may exist caused by the sex of the individual. A number of the races, accepted at present, rely mainly if not entirely for their dis- tinctive characters on the color of their pelage and its method of distribution, but this may be caused entirely by the age of the indi- vidual, and it appears to be the general opinion of those who have had any experience with the wild Gorilla, that the older the male is the grayer he becomes, until, if he lives long enough, he is almost entirely gray, being then in a pelage resembling that of the very adult specimen in the Berlin Museum from Mokbe, southern Cameroon. It will require a large series of examples from youth to old age to exhibit the changes that take place during life, before this can be definitely ascertained, and the distinctive value of the present accepted races can only then be decided. The crania of the Gorillas vary in a most extraordinary degree, even among individuals from similar, even the same localities; and it is only equalled among the Primates by the crania of the other great Apes, the Ourangs and Chimpanzees. It can safely be asserted that there are no cranial characters that can be depended upon for specific or even racial differences, for when one skull would seem to possess them another from an individual taken in the same locality would not have them. Of course the crania of the three genera of the great Apes can be distinguished at a glance, but, the species or race to which an individual of one of these belongs, cannot be determined by a critical examination, and this, in every case would prove a failure if the locality from which the skull came was unknown, and even if this should be ascertained, such as "Cameroon," it would be extremely doubtful if it was attributed to the proper race, no skin accompanying it, or if the latter was in a pelage, probably 210 GORILLA caused by age or sex, that was different from the type. Three races have been described from Cameroon-diehli from northern Cameroon; matschie and jacobi from southern and western Cameroon, and, when more material has been obtained, these may be entitled to a racial distinction; for it is hardly to be supposed that there would exist in the same tract of country, distinct forms of these Apes, whose roving habits, caused by the necessity of obtaining food in large quantities, compel them to travel widely. With our present material their rank cannot be determined, but the variations shown in the skulls now in the collections, are so considerable that they give no clue towards a settlement of the problem how any kind of distinctive rank can be established. The specimens obtained exhibit a very large animal, but more material is required before it can be proved if more than one race, of the three described, exists. From the Gaboon two forms have been described, G. gorilla, longest known species of the genus, and G. g. castaneiceps, but it is extremely doubtful if the last one is entitled to any racial distinction. There are probably but two species of Gorillas, so far as our present knowledge permits a decision to be reached. G. gorilla from the Gaboon, and G. beringeri from German East Africa. These have little in common with each other, and their widely separated habitats preclude all likelihood of any approach or contact, but the status of the Cameroon Gorillas has yet to be determined. LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES. 1847. Wyman, in Journal of the Natural History Society of Boston. Gorilla gorii.la, first described from a skull as Troglodytes gorilla. 1848. Owen, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Gorilla gorilla from the Gaboon, supposed to be a species of Chimpanzee, and called Troglodytes savagei. 1851. Owen, in Transactions of the Zoological Society of London. A paper on the osteology of the Gorilla gorilla, and com- parisons made between its skull and dentition and those of other Anthropoid Apes. 1859. Owen, in Transactions of the Zoological Society of London. Memoir on an example of Gorilla gorilla received in spirits, with a comparison of its external characters and those of other Anthropoid Apes, and he decides that the Gorilla is nearest to man, and not generically different from the Chimpanzee'. 211 GORILLA 1862. Slack, in Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Gorilla castaneiceps first described in the genus Troglodytes, from a cast of the head. 1903. Matschie, in Sitzungsberichte Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, Berlin. Gorilla beringeri first described. 1904. Matschie, in Sitzungsberichte Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, Berlin. Gorilla gorilla diehli first described as Gorilla diehli. 1904. Rothschild, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Gorilla gorilla matschie first described, and a review of the species and races as recognized by the Author. Two species are accepted, G. gorilla with the following races: G. g. matschie; G. g. diehli; and G. beringeri from German East Africa. G. castaneiceps Slack is considered an aberration of G. GORILLA. 1905. Matschie, in Sitzungsberichte Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, Berlin. Gorilla gorilla jacobi first described as Gorilla jacobi. 1906. Rothschild, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. In this paper a resume of recently received skins and skulls of Gorilla is given, with comparative measurements of the crania of the single species G. gorilla and its four races: diehli, ber- ingeri, jacobi and matschie, showing how greatly they vary from each other. Unfortunately this comparison was not continued to show how greatly the crania of the individuals of each form also differed from each other. In order to account for these races of Gorilla being found in Cameroon the Author supposes they cannot swim and therefore the races are separated and entirely isolated by the large rivers. This is a view taken from Seienka, in defense of his creating various species of Ourang, but, as in Seienka's case, no proofs whatever, either of the Gorilla's lack of ability to swim or of its confinement to certain districts is forthcoming, and if may be considered exceedingly doubtful if this Ape is restricted in its wandering "as if on islands," for the 'dry seasons' in tropical lands reduce the volume of water in the rivers to such a degree as to dis- close their beds in many places, even sometimes of the largest streams, thus affording an easy passage from one bank to the other. 212 GORILLA GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES. It cannot be said that the dispersion of any species or race of the described Gorillas is definitely known at the present time, as the limited number of specimens in the various museums is too small to give any idea of the range, the majority giving us merely the type locality, and beyond this affording little information. Beginning with the species longest known, G. gorilla is found in the Gaboon, not going according to Du Chaillu south of Sette Cama, but how far it ranges into the interior is not known. Du Chaillu obtained specimens on the Fernand Vaz and Ofoubon Rivers. G. g. castaneiceps from the Fernand Vaz in French Congo, in the Kamma country, is by no means established as a distinct race. Most probably this is the same as G. gorilla. In Cameroon we have at Yaundi, G. g. matschie, and at Lobo-Mundung G. g. jacobi was found. All these from South Cameroon. In the north, at Oboni, G. g. diehli was found. On the east coast in the German Protectorate, at Kirunga G. beringeri was taken. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES. A. With gray or white on back. a. No chestnut patch on head, but mixed black and red hairs. a.' Rostrum broad, rather lengthened. a." Without beard. a/" Legs below knees black. a."" Skull very large, tooth row long G. gorilla. b."" Skull very large, teeth smaller, tooth row shorter G. g. matschie. b." With beard. a.'" Hair short G. g. diehli. b.'" Hair very long, thick G. beringeri. b.' Rostrum short, narrow G. g. jacobi. b. With chestnut patch on head. a.' Chestnut patch not covering nape G. g. castaneiceps. The above key retains the species or races as they are more or less accepted at the present time, and they are so left simply because volume III. PLATE 6. Gorilla gorilla, juv. GORILLA 213 the material in the Museums of the world is not sufficient to prove that any one of them is not entitled to the rank assigned it. One may have sincere doubts regarding the status given examples, but doubts are not proofs, and the latter alone permit decided opinions to be reached. Gorilla gorilla (Wyman). Troglodytes gorilla Wyman, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bost., V, 1847, p. 419, pls. I-IV; Owen, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1848, p. 53; 1859, p. 1; Id. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., IV, 1851, p. 75, pls. XXVII, XXVIII; 1866, p. 243, pls. I-XIII, (read 1859); Du Chaillu, Exped. and Expl. Equat. Afr., 1861, p. 388; Read, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 171; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 581; Du Chaillu, Journ. Ashango- Land, 1894, p. 56; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 303; Cunningh., Mem. Roy. Irish Acad., 1886, p. 1; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 180; Matschie, Sitzungsb. Gesell. Nat. Freund., Berlin, 1904, p. 47. Gorilla gina I. Geoff., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, VIII, 1852, pls. H-IV; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 84, Tab. II, HI; Pousarg., Ann. Scien. Nat., Paris, 7me Ser., HI, 1896, p. 141. Troglodytes savagei Owen, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1848, p. 27; I. Geoff., Rev. Mag. Zool., 1853, p. 104; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 106, figs. 473,495; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 7. Pithecus gesilla ( !) Blainv., Osteog., 1839-64, pls. II, V bis. Troglodytes gorilla Duvern., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, VIII, 1855, p. 29. Satyrus adrotes Meyer, Wiegm., Archiv., 1856, p. 182. Anthropopithecus gorilla Anders., Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, p. 2. The Gorilla Bedd., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1899, p. 65, text figs. 1-7, Sp. ? Gorilla gorilla Rothsch., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, p. 416; 1906, p. 465. GORILLA. Type locality. Gaboon, West Africa. Geogr. Distr. Gaboon, not south of Sette Cama?, West Africa; range into interior unknown. Color. Face and chest bare, black; sides of head before ears black speckled with yellow; arms and belly black; back and outside of thighs 214 GORILLA gray grading into black towards ankles and on feet; hands black; no beard; top of head black, nape mixed black and red. Measurements. Height, 5 ft. 10 in. Average male, 5 ft. 3 in. Skull: total length, 330; occipito-nasal length, 235; intertemporal width. 78.1; breadth of braincase, 104.3; median length of nasals, 46; palatal length, 100; Hensel, 183; zygomatic width, 170; length of upper molar series, 68; length of mandible, 185; length of lower molar series, 80. The Gorilla, the largest and most ferocious of all the great Apes, was the last one made known to Science. Rumors of a huge Ape exist- ing in Africa had prevailed for a long time but it was not until 1846 that the Rev. Dr. J. L. Wilson discovered a skull which he gave to Dr. Savage of Boston, from which Drs. Savage and Jeffries published the first account of this remarkable animal. Other memoirs followed as additional material was obtained, and at length the entire skeleton was described by Prof. Owen (1. c.). Hanno, somewhere about the sixth century B. C. seems to have been the first to have met with the huge Apes during his celebrated voyage beyond the Pillar of Her- cules, and on an island in a bay he called the "Horn of the South." This island contained a lake in which was an island full of wild hairy men. Three 'women' were captured the 'men' all getting away, and these fought so savagely they were obliged to kill them, preserving the skins which were brought to Carthage and placed in a temple of Juno and were still there when the city was destroyed. Gorillas were not supposed to be gregarious, and Du Chaillu, as will be noticed in the following extract from his first book stated that they were not, but in "Ashango Land" he changes his opinion, from his experience on the Fernand Vaz, where he saw Gorillas assembled together in considerable numbers. In "Ashango-Land" the following is recorded, p. 56: "A woman, belonging to a neighboring village, had told her people that she had seen two squads of female gorillas, some of them accompanied by their young ones in her plantain field. The men resolved to go in chase of them, so they armed themselves with guns, axes and spears and sallied forth. The situation was very favorable for the hunters; they formed a line across the narrow strip of land and pressed forward, driving the animals to the edge of the water. When they came in sight of them they made all the noise in their power, and thus bewildered the gorillas, who were shot or beaten down in their endeavors to escape. There were eight adult females altogether, but not a single male. The negroes thought the males were GORILLA 215 in concealment in the adjoining woods, having probably been frightened away by the noise." Then Du Chaillu states "this incident led me to modify somewhat the opinions I had expressed in 'Adventures in Equatorial Africa,' regarding some of the habits of the gorilla. I there said that I believed it impossible to capture an adult female alive, but I ought to have added, unless wounded. I have also satisfied myself that the gorilla is more gregarious than I formerly considered it to be; at least it goes in bands more numerous than those I saw in my former journey. Then I never saw more than five together. I have myself seen, on my present expedition, two of these bands of gorillas numbering eight or ten, and have had authentic accounts from the natives of other similar bands. It is true that, when gorillas become aged, they seem to be more solitary, and to live in pairs, or, as in the case of old males, quite alone. I have been assured by the negroes that solitary and aged gorillas are sometimes seen almost white; the hair becomes grizzled with age, and I have no doubt that the statement of their becoming occasionally white with extreme old age is quite correct." These facts, the gregariousness of the Gorilla, and the change in the color of the hair, raise grave doubts as to their being any number of distinct species. If there were as many as are recognized, with much reserve, in this work, and they are accustomed to rove in con- siderable number, the country suitable for their habitation is too limited in extent to keep these bands from meeting and mingling together, which would be fatal to the maintenance of distinct species, and as some supposed forms owe their distinct position mainly to the color of the hair, (cranial characters being altogether too unreliable), if this is merely indicative of age, nothing remains upon which to establish a distinctive character. Du Chaillu was apparently the first European to meet with and kill this savage creature in its native forest, and although his description of their habits and actions when they advanced to fight in defense of themselves and families was received with much doubt, and by certain persons almost with derision, yet accounts of this animal related by others who have penetrated its secluded haunts, have proved that he was fairly correct in his state- ments. He has given in his book, "Expeditions and Explorations in Equatorial Africa" a long account of the habits of the Gorilla from which the following passages are taken. "The gorilla," he says on commencing his narrative, "does not lurk in trees by the roadside and drag up unsuspicious passers-by in its claws and choke them to death in its vice-like paws; it does not 216 GORILLA attack the elephant and beat him to death with a stick; it does not carry off women from the native villages; it does not even build itself a house of leaves and twigs in the forest trees and sit on the roof as has been confidently reported of it. It is not gregarious even, and the numerous stories of its attacking in great numbers have not a grain of truth in them. "It lives in the loneliest portions of the dense African jungle, preferring deep wooded valleys and also rugged heights. The high plains also, whose surface is strewn with immense boulders, seem to be favorite haunts. Water is found everywhere in this part of Africa, but I have noticed that the gorilla is always found very near to a plentiful supply." He farther states that it is a restless beast rarely found in the same place two days at a time and this is caused by its struggle to obtain food, which consists of berries, pineapple leaves and other vegetable matter and of these it is a huge 'feeder.' Besides the things already mentioned it eats the wild sugar cane and a nut with a very hard shell which it cracks with its powerful jaws. It sleeps sitting on the ground with its back against the trunk of a tree, and only the young ascend a tree to sleep amid the branches, and possibly the females may also occasionally do so. Gorillas are very shy and at the least alarm the female runs off shrieking accompanied by the young if she has any. "Then the male, sitting for a moment with a savage frown on his face, slowly rises to his feet, and looking with glowing and malignant eyes at the intruders, begins to beat his breast, and lifting up his round head, utters his frightful roar. This begins with several sharp barks like an enraged or mad dog, whereupon ensues a long, deeply guttural rolling roar, continued for over a minute, and which, doubled and multiplied by the resounding echoes of the forest, fills the hunter's ears like the deep rolling thunder of the approaching storm. The horror of this animal's appearance at this time is beyond description. It seems as monstrous as a nightmare dream, so impossible a piece of hideousness, that, were it not for the danger of its savage approach, the hunter might fancy himself in some ugly dream." A hunter reserves his fire until the last moment for the onset of a gorilla no man could withstand for "one blow of that huge paw, with its bony claws, and the poor hunter's entrails are torn out, his breast bone broken, or his skull crushed." "His walk is a waddle from side to side, his hind legs which are very short, being evidently somewhat inadequate to the proper support GORILLA 217 of the huge superincumbent body. He balances himself by swinging his arms, somewhat as sailors walk on ship-board; and the vast paunch, the round bullet-head joined awkwardly to the trunk with scarce a vestige of neck, and the great muscular arms, and deep cavernous breast, give to this waddle an ungainly horror, which adds to his ferocity of appearance. At the same time the deep-set gray eyes sparkle out with gloomy malignity; the features are contorted in hideous wrinkles; and the slight, sharply cut lips, drawn up, reveal the long fangs and the powerful jaws in which a human limb would be crushed as a biscuit. "Fortunately the gorilla dies as easily as a man. A shot in the breast, if fairly delivered, is sure to bring him down. He falls forward on his face, his long muscular arms outstretched, and uttering with his last breath a hideous death cry, half roar, half shriek, which, while it announces his safety to the hunter, yet tingles his ears with a dreadful note of human agony." The walk of the Gorilla is usually on all-fours, not erect. "In this posture its arms are so long, that the head and breast are raised con- siderably, and as it runs the hind legs are brought far beneath the body. The leg and arm on the same side move together, which gives the beast a curious waddle. It can run at great speed." The adult Gorilla is untamable, and its strength very great. When erect the knees are bent and the back has a "stoop forward." The natives eat the meat which is dark red and tough, and the skin is thick and strong. The height of the Gorilla varies greatly and individuals have been taken from 5 feet 2 inches to over six feet. The color changes with age, old Gorillas, as the negroes told Du Chaillu are quite gray all over. There seem to be really only two species of Gorilla and those which have been separated as distinct, and almost invariably given specific rank by their describers, can only properly be considered, if separable at all, as races of G. gorilla. The individual variation observed in crania is often very great and occasionally, as in the type skull of G. g. jacobi, is extraordinary, but if we permit ourselves to recognize such a skull as proofs of a distinct species, though a resident of the same geographical district as the species from which it was separated, we throw open wide the door through which error and confusion can easily pass, the result being a multiplication of forms unworthy of serious consideration. 218 GORILLA Gorilla gorilla matschie Rothschild. Gorilla gorilla matschie Rothsch., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, p. 415, figs, skull, 1906, p. 465. Type locality. Yaundi, Southern Cameroon. Type in Tring Mu- seum. Genl. Char. Limbs shorter, stouter; hair longer; back and fore part of legs grayer than in G. gorilla; crest of skull higher; skull shorter. Color. Male. Top of head and nape mixed red and black; sides of face black speckled with yellow; sides of neck, throat and chest naked, belly speckled with yellow, red and black; legs and feet, arms and hands black; lower part of hind neck and back gray. Ex type Tring Museum. Female. Top of head reddish; hair on sides of head, long, black; lower part of chest and belly black; outer side of arms and legs black, hands and feet black; back dark brown, lightest on rump. Ex type Tring Museum. Measurements. Male. Height, 5 ft. 6 in. Skull: total length, 340; occipito-nasal length, 265; intertemporal width, 64.2; breadth of braincase, 100.6; length of braincase, 125; Hensel, 49.7; zygomatic width, 190; median length of nasals, 50.6; length of upper tooth row, 67.1; length of upper canines, 38.6; length of lower tooth row, 80; palatal length, 126; height of crest at occiput, 53.3 ; length of mandible, 200. The skull has a broad face, orbital ridges elevated; nasals broad, deep depression behind orbits; at anterior end the crest commences and rises above braincase, reaching its greatest breadth at occiput, where it meets the broad, rather flat lateral expansions extending around the braincase from the mastoid region; braincase broad and of medium length; occipital edge rounded not pointed. This skull is of very large dimension, massive in all its proportions, the brow rather high, raised above the level of the braincase. Ex type Tring Museum. Gorilla gorilla diehli Matschie. Gorilla diehli Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Freund., Berlin, 1904, p. 52; Rothsch., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, p. 418, figs, skull, 1906, p. 465. Type locality. Northern Cameroon, West Africa. Geogr. Distr. Oboni, Northern Cameroon, and Mokbe near border of French Congo. West Africa. PLATE XXX. VOLUME III. Gorilla matschie. SIDE VIEW REVERSED. No. ? Berlin Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. PLATE XXXI. VOLUME III. Gorilla jacobi. No. 28.05.1. Berlin Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. GORILLA 219 The type skull of this form is broader and shorter than G. beringeri with a smaller braincase, but much broader face and shorter rostrum; the flat expansions at sides and back of braincase are very wide and the posterior outline is rounded, curving inward in center; two broad ridges from outer edge of orbits meet at about fronto- parietal suture and may develop into a sagittal crest, but this is broken away; palate much shorter and narrower than G. beringeri and teeth smaller. Since the description of the skull was published, Hon. Walter Rothschild received a skin of this form, of which the following is a description: Color. Head black, forehead with a few brown hairs; arms and shoulders black; back, chest, nape, belly and legs below knees in front black; beard on chin and on sides of face long, black; middle of back grayish white; lower part of back, rump and outer sides of thighs iron gray grading into black towards ankles; hands and feet black; inner side of legs black; top of head black speckled with red. Measurements. Total length, 320; occipito-nasal length, 266; Hensel, 185; zygomatic width, 178; intertemporal width, 75; extreme width of orbits, 114; height of orbit, 43; width of orbit, 45; median length of nasals, 41; width of rostrum at canines, 64; length of braincase from orbital ridge to occiput, 180; greatest breadth of braincase, 104; palatal length, 102; postpalatal length, 185 ; width of palate at pm1. 37; length of upper molar series, 59; length of m1. 13; width of m1. 13. Ex type Berlin Museum. Gorilla gorilla jacobi (Matschie). Gorilla jacobi Matsch., Sitzungsb. Gesell. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, 1905, p. 279; Rothsch., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1906, p. 465. Type locality. Lobo-Mundung, South Cameroon, West Africa. Type in Berlin Museum. A very large, long and comparatively narrow skull, with large crest and wide lateral expansions around the braincase; face very broad with low straight brow; rostrum short, narrow; the orbital ridges being about on a line with the braincase; crest beginning on posterior portion of frontal and extending to occiput where it meets the lateral expansions and causes the occipital outline to terminate in a point; zygomatic arch broad and heavy; palate broad and rounded. This is a massive low-browed, wide, but short-faced skull with a high crest and broad lateral expansion around braincase, with occipital outline pointed. The short, rather narrow rostrum is characteristic of this form. 220 GORILLA Measurements. Total length, 393; occipito-nasal length, 328; Hensel, 230; zygomatic width, 193.5; intertemporal width, 78; extreme width of orbits, 118; height of orbit, 38; width of orbit, 41; median length of nasals, 51; width of rostrum at canines, 73; length of brain- case, from orbital ridge to occiput, 226; greatest breadth of brain- case, 110; palatal length, 124; width of palate at pm1, 46; length of upper molar series, 62; length of m1. 13; width of m1. 15. Ex type Berlin Museum. Gorilla gorilla castaneiceps (Slack). Gorilla castaneiceps Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1862, p. 159; Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, 1903, p. 259; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 56. Type locality. Kamma. French Congo. Fernand Vaz. No type known. Female. Top of head chestnut, neck and between shoulders grayish brown; rest of back and legs, mars brown; arms and belly blackish brown; hands, ankles and feet black; sides of head, hairs black banded with whitish; face and breast naked, black. No skin of male. Ex specimen Berlin Museum. Measurements. Male. Skull: total length, 287; occipito-nasal length, 228.8; intertemporal width, 71.5; length of braincase, 101.6; Hensel, 187.2; zygomatic width, 170; median length of nasals, 46; length of rostrum, 96.2; width of rostrum at canines, 69.5; palatal length, 105.7; length of upper molar series, 65.8; length of mandible, 184.5; length of lower molar series, 74.5. Molar teeth very large. Ex specimen in Berlin Museum. This is the only specimen of this form I have seen. Slack only exhibited a cast of the head when he conferred the above name, but nothing whatever is known of his type or what has become of it. It is not in the Collection of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, and I could find no record that it had ever been there. The two following specimens are in the Berlin Museum, but not yet characterized by Herr Matschie. The large gray Gorilla may represent an old individual in the pale pelage of G. g. matschie, or G. gorilla; but the wholly black example is possibly a distinct form, as it is the only specimen of that color known. Gorilla gorilla ? Locality. Between the rivers Dume and Bumba near Mokbe, southern Cameroon near Congo boundry. Specimen in Berlin Museum. GORILLA 221 Genl. Char. Size very large; color nearly all white. Skull very large, similar to that of G. g. matschie and about equal in size. An enormous crest, larger than that of G. g. matschie commences on for- ward part of the frontal a little behind the orbital ridge, rises directly upwards, not with a gradual slope as in G. g. matschie, and increasing in height as it proceeds, joins the broad flat expansion that encircles the occipital region. The braincase itself is comparatively small, being longer than G. g. matschie but narrower and less rounded. Orbital ridges very prominent and heavy, with a deep depression behind, at the farther side of which the crest takes its rise. The facial region is shorter than in G. g. matschie and more prominent, and the rostrum anteriorly is broader. The ascending ramus of the mandible is much wider, but the mandible itself is no longer. The broad bony expansion at rear of the skull overhangs the occipital region, and is not on the same plane which is a characteristic feature of the skull of G. g. matschie. Unfortunately the palatal region and pterygoid fossa are gone. Color. Top of head and back of neck reddish, the hairs being blackish with red tips; sides of neck behind, the hairs tipped with yellowish; entire rest of back and legs to ankles, light gray; sides of face, chin and beneath lower jaw, arms from shoulders to wrist, belly, ankles, hands and feet, jet black; face and chest bare, black. Ex specimen Berlin Museum. This is a very large Gorilla, remarkable for the light color upon the back and legs, and the enormous crest, and bony expansion at the occipital region of the skull. The specimen is that of a very old animal, as is proved by the condition of the teeth, which are greatly worn down; and the great development of the crest, and bony expan- sion at occiput, is another evidence of age. The light color of most of the pelage may also be attributed, at all events in some degree, to the age of the animal, as the pale gray hairs cover a greater expanse than in any other specimen of a Gorilla known. In color it differs from G. g. matschie, its probable nearest relative, in the pale gray legs, these being black in the other, and the differences in the skull have been already mentioned. It is however to be expected that many of the variations witnessed in all Gorilla skulls are purely individual, and have little or no real specific value, for like in human skulls, no two crania of these great Apes can be found exactly alike, and it is not unlikely when ample material has been obtained that we shall be obliged to modify considerably our present views as to the number of distinct forms of Gorilla that may exist. 222 GORILLA Gorilla beringeri Matschie. Gorilla beringeri Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Freund., Ber- lin, 1903, p. 257; 1904, p. 51; Rothsch., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, p. 418; 1906, p. 465. Type locality. Kirunga, German East Africa. Type skull in Berlin Museum. Geogr. Distr. Kirunga, Ya Sabinyo Vovcano, German East Africa. Genl. Char. The face is not so broad as either that of G. g. diehli or G. g. jacobi, and is between these two in size and general characters. The orbital ridges are raised nearly to a level with the top of the brain- case and the orbits are nearly round; two low frontal ridges run from outer side of orbits and meet probably near the fronto-parietal suture. I say probably, because the animal at some period of its life has been injured and the ridge on the left side is distorted and turned away from the true line; there is a low occipital crest, and the occipital outline forms an oblong shape not round as in G. g. diehli. The zygo- matic width is moderate as in all Gorillas, the arch being nearly parallel with the braincase, not flaring outward. The angle of the occipital region is the same as in G. g. diehli, but the most striking character of the inferior surface of the skull is the extremely long bony palate which exceeds by 14 mm. either that of G. g. diehli, or even G. gorilla, and is only 6 mm. shorter than the much larger G. g. jacobi. The molar series are much larger than either of the forms compared. The skull indicates an animal of about the size of G g. diehli, but with a much narrower head though of about the same length. Color. Male. Nose and top of head to occiput black, hairs tipped with red, hairs being red at base then black and red tips; hairs on sides of head black banded with gray making this part much paler than top of head; shoulders, arms, hands, feet and under side of body black; hairs on hind neck are gray at base, then banded with red and tipped with black; a broad yellowish white band across back beneath the shoulders; rest of back, rump and legs, mixed gray black and reddish, the hairs of which are very long being gray for basal half then black with red tips; whiskers and beard black. Ex type Berlin Museum. Female and Young. Entire pelage thick and long, jet black. Measurements. Skull: total length, 320; occipito-nasal length, 256; Hensel, 196; zygomatic width, 164; intertemporal width. 74; extreme width of orbits, 108; height of orbit, 52; width of orbit, 40; GORILLA 223 median length of nasals, 56; width of rostrum at canines, 77; length of braincase from orbital ridge to occiput, 172; greatest breadth of braincase, 100; palatal length, 116; length from palatal arch to occiput, (postpalatal length), 173; width of palate at pm1, 41; length of upper molar series, 68; length of m1. 17; width of m1. 14.5; length of man- dible, 181; length of lower molar series, 81. Ex type Berlin Museum. This seems to be a mountain species dwelling at a high elevation, and possesses a coat capable of affording protection against cold. The hair is very long and thick, quite an unnecessary covering for an animal dwelling in a hot country. The white band on the back is much narrower and includes much less space than the similar coloring does in other species. Both the females and young are also clothed with long hairs, but in their case the coloring is a uniform black. Gorilla gorilla ? Locality. Mbiawe, in White Mountains, Lokundje River, South Cameroon. Type in Berlin Museum. Color. Entirely black with hairs between shoulders with gray tips but rather indistinct; outer side of thighs brownish, whiskers short. Ex specimen Berlin Museum. Measurements. Skull: total length, 295; occipito-nasal length, 110; intertemporal width, 68.5; length of braincase, 104.2; Hensel, 185 ; zygomatic width, 178; orbital width, 112; height of orbit, 53.2; length of rostrum, 112.3; width of rostrum at canines, 77.5; median length of nasals, 65.4; palatal length, about 114; broken length of upper molar series, 70; length of mandible, 166; length of lower molar series, 79.5. Ex specimen Berlin Museum. This is not a very large Gorilla, but is remarkable for its nearly uniform black color, differing in this respect from the other races. The white tips to the hairs between the shoulders are not very dis- tinct, and merely give a slight gray tint to the black hairs, and the brown thighs are also not very strong in color in contrast to the black. The specimen is an old male with the teeth much worn. The skull has a long facial region and a long braincase, with a low crest on the occiput; the braincase is wide and rounded; and the lateral occipital bony expansion is not very wide and but slightly over- hangs the occipital region. Zygomatic arches are not widely expanded and lie parallel to the skull. The teeth are very large, all the molars nearly uniform in size. 224 PSEUDOGORILLA GENUS III. PSEUDOGORILLA. ▼ 2-2 1-1 tj 2-2 • * 3-3 L 2-2» 1-1' P' 2-2> 3_3 32* Size small but somewhat larger than the adult Chimpanzee. Braincase similar to the species of Pan, being large, full and rounded, sagittal and occipital crests wanting; forehead, prominent rising above orbital ridge; a rather broad flat expansion extending from occipital region to root of zygoma; facial region in profile having a slant of 45° from orbital ridge, rostral portion protuberant, narrow, lengthened; anterior portion of zygomatic arch at its root only reaches the anterior edge of posterior molar; lower horizontal line of mandible rounded, not straight. The remarkable species of this genus exhibits affinities to both the Gorilla and Chimpanzees, possessing characters belonging to each. In size it is nearest the Chimpanzee but with a distribution of the hairy covering more like the Gorilla. The braincase with the prominent forehead and absence of crests is very like that of the Chimpanzee, but the rest of the cranium is Gorilla. The wide lateral and occipital flat expansion, shown in a most limited degree if at all in the Chim- panzee, the abrupt contraction of the lower facial region, very wide in the Chimpanzee, the lengthened narrow rostrum, like the Gorilla and contrasting strongly with the broad short rostrum of the species of Pan; the root of the zygomatic arch reaching only to the first molar as in the Chimpanzee; the narrow palatal floor, and the rounded lower horizontal line of the mandible like Gorilla and not straight as in Chimpanzee, all exhibit an animal which, while possessing characters found in one or other of its near relatives in Pongiidae, has combined them in so extraordinary a manner as to entitle it to be separated from both and regarded as representing a distinct generic form con- necting the other two genera. In its habits it has some of the attributes of the Chimpanzee, for the Collector who obtained the specimens now in the Senckenbergian Museum stated that it builds a nest in trees, and brought one back with him, in which the baby was when he obtained it. The skulls from which the descriptions and comparisons were made are those of the Senckenbergian Museum examples. PLATE XXXII. VOLUME III. Pseudogorilla mayema, cT SIDE VIEW REVERSED. No. ? Senckenbergian Mus. Coll. Frankfort-am-Main. % Nat. Size. PLATE XXXIII. VOLUME III. Pseudogorilla mayema, O SIDE VIEW REVERSED. No. ? Senckenbergian Mus. Coll. Frankfort-am-Main. % Nat. Size. PSEUDOGORILLA 225 Pseudogorilla mayema? Alix et Bouvier. Gorilla mayema Alix et Bouv., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 488; Id. Compt. Rend., LXXXV, p. 56; Rothsch., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 415. Type locality. Upper Congo. Locality of type unknown. Color. Male. Line on back of orbital ridge buffy; line on sides of head in front of ears, cream buff; top of head, nape, hind neck to middle of back, dark reddish, darker than burnt umber; rest of back, flanks, and hinder parts of thighs iron gray; lower part of chest and abdomen, black; sides of head and limbs covered with black hairs tipped with whitish or cream buff; hands and feet black; face and upper part of chest naked, black. Female. Line on back of orbital ridge and one in front of ears, buffy; top of head black tinged with reddish; back and thighs brown- ish; sides of head, arms, legs below knees black, hairs tipped with cream buff; lower part of chest and abdomen, black; hands and feet black; face and upper part of chest naked, black. Measurements. Male. Height, 1,350; shoulders to wrist, 300; wrist to tip of middle finger, 230. Skull: total length, 220; occipito- nasal length, 194; intertemporal width, 73; width of braincase, 107; Hensel, 163; zygomatic width, 155; length of nasals, straight, not along the curve, 67.3; length of upper canine, 39.6; length of mandible, 153.5; length of lower tooth row, 79.5; extreme width of orbits, out- side bony ridge, 124.7. There are three specimens of this remarkable species in the Senckenbergian Museum at Frankfort-on-Main, an adult male, an old adult female and a baby, and they differ in size and color from all known species. They are the only examples I have seen and are not represented in any other Museum. The skeleton of the male and skull of the female are also in the collection. The teeth of the male have the cusps perfect, but those of the female are much worn; the braincase is broad and rather long, and no crest, but low ridges from outer side of orbits extend to the back of the skull; the lateral occipital expansion is very slight. Orbits large with a considerable depression behind the ridge; facial region short, and horizontal portion of man- dible rather light; bony palate long and narrow. As the group was in a glass case it was not easy to determine the shades of color, although the front was opened, reflections from the sides interfering somewhat. 226 PSEUDOGORILLA In their description of G. mayema Messrs. Alix and Bouvier state that one of the most remarkable peculiarities of the species consists in the back being covered with very long and thick hair, quite contrary to that seen in other Gorillas which have this part bare or sparsely covered with short, worn hairs. I cannot say that these Frankfort specimens have any such character, for the hair appeared to be no longer on the back than on other parts of the body. But I should hesitate to separate these examples on that account. I made inquiries in Paris for the type of Alix and Bouvier's species, but nothing was known of it or what had become of it. It is certainly not in the Paris Museum where one would most naturally look for it. The examples in the Frankfort Museum were members of one family, and were procured at the same time and place. The nest, placed in the branches of the tree was also secured and the baby lies in it, probably in the same position in which it was discovered. As there was no opportunity afforded for examining the unique type of G. mayema, and as there are certain discrepancies in the type and the Frankfort examples, I cannot be absolutely certain that they are the same, and so have placed a ? mark after the specific name; for the genus has been founded upon the examples seen in Frankfort and not upon the description of Messrs. Alix and Bouvier. If eventually it is found that there is but one species, then the name at the head of this article will stand, but if it is proved that true mayema is a different species, the present form will have to take a new specific name. PLATE XXXIV. VOLUME III. Pan calvus. No. 61.7.29.12. Brit. Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. VOLUME III. Pan Calvus. No. 61.7.21.12. Brit. Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size PLATE XXXV. Pan Calvus. No. 61.7.29.12. Brit. Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. PAN 227 GENUS IV. PAN. T 2-2 1-1 „ 2-2 . , 3-3 I- a-25 C. 1-1; P. 2-2? M. 3_3 32- PAN Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., 3te Theil, Zool., 2te Abth., 1816, pp. XI, 1230. Type Pan africanus Oken = Simia satyrus Linnaeus. Troglodytes E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 87, (nec Vieill., 1806, Ornith.). Mimetes Leach, Thomp. Ann. Philos., XVI, 1820, p. 104, (nec Hubn., 1816, nec Eschsch., 1818, Entom.). Theranthropus Brookes, Cat. Anat. Zool. Mus., J. Brookes, Lond., 1828, p. 28. Anthropopithecus Blainv., Ann. France et Ltrang. d'Anat, et Physiol., Paris, II, 1839, p. 380. Hylanthropus Glog., Hand. u. Hilfsb. Naturg., I, 1841, pp. XXVII, 34. Pseudanthropus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, pp. 191-194; Taf. XXXIV, XXXVII, figs. 493, 494; XXXVIII, fig. 501. Engeco Haeckel, Gen. Morph. Organism., II, 1866, pp. CI, foot- note, CLX. Pongo Haeckel, Gen. Morph. Organism., II, 1866, p. CL, (nec Lacepede, 1799). Body rather stout, heavy; legs long, foot shorter than the hand, the great toe thick, opposable; the other toes united by a web; arms long, reaching just below the knee; hands, broad, short; thumb short, four fingers united by a web; middle finger the longest; nose depressed in middle, flat at end; nostrils opening downward; lips mobile, protrusive; ear large. Skull elongate; no central crest; supraorbital ridges large; jaws protrude forward; canines long, conical, small diastema between them and premolar; anterior lower premolar pointed; molar teeth with four cusps except middle lower molar which has five. Humerus nearly equal in length to the radius. It cannot be said that at the present time, a list of the species and races of Chimpanzees can be satisfactorily given. We really know so little about them; the color of the young, the changes that take place from youth to age, the hues of the face, hands, and feet, whether these 228 PAN are permanent from youth to the adult state, what, if any, are the distinctions in color between the sexes, (in some species we know there is no difference, but in others we are not so sure) ; what are the limits of the dispersion of those we gaily describe as distinct-do two or more species or races, call them what you will, dwell together in amity retaining their distinctive characteristics within limited areas; all these problems and more arise to greet us, and for the most of them we have no answer. The material gathered in most Museums is so small and unsatis- factory, that it is of no avail in deciding the facts we all seek. The best, and so far as I have found, the only considerable collection of these animals extant to-day, is in the Berlin Museum, where about eighty skins and perhaps as many skulls have been brought together from different parts of Africa. But when we study these, we con- stantly meet with difficulties that not only perplex us, but prevent any satisfactory decision from being reached. It is easy enough to solve a difficulty by describing some troublesome specimens as new, and leaving the proof for some one else to discover, but that does not solve legitimate doubts, nor help overmuch to teach us the truth we desire to know. In seeking for characters upon which specific differences may be founded we naturally first examine the crania, and at once we are confronted with a fact that prevails among all the great Apes, that individual variations exist to such an extent, that no one character can be depended upon, for no two skulls are alike, and they differ from each other in a manner equally great as is observed among human skulls. I have already commented upon this fact when discussing the specific values of specimens of the Gorilla and Ourang-utan, where in the latter I was compelled to decline to recognize more than one species after most careful investigation of a very large series of crania; and to recognize only with great doubt certain forms of Gorilla as possible species, not on any cranial character, but simply on the color of the fur which eventually may prove, as our knowledge of these animals increases, to be merely phases of pelage attributable solely to age. Cer- tainly neither among Gorillas nor Ourang-utans can any specific differ- ence be safely based upon cranial characters, and in this respect the Chimpanzees are no exception. At present, therefore, we rely mainly for our specific characters of these animals upon the texture, length and color of the hair; the presence or absence of beard; color of the face; sometimes of the hands and feet; seldom on the teeth, (for characters among these are rarely found), the extent in which the face PAN 229 is prognathous, and the presence or absence of a part in the hair on the head, or the existence of baldness, and its extent behind the ears. No doubt some of these are valid specific characters, and it is equally certain that there are several species of Chimpanzees, but it may also be regarded as a fact, that some of the characters above cited as specific are not valid, and that, with the material at present available no one can decide how many of the specimens described have an undoubted specific standing. That problem will be solved by our successors; at present we are groping in the dark so far as the number of existing species of the great Anthropoids are concerned. Chimpanzees are purely African, that continent alone containing the known species. They are the most intelligent of all Apes, and can be taught without very great difficulty many things that men alone might be supposed able to learn. When young they are gentle and often exhibit much affection for those who have charge of them, but as they grow older, the males especially, often become savage and dangerous to approach. Their strength is extraordinary and a full grown Chimpanzee is more than a match for any man. The brain of the Chimpanzee corresponds in all its physical de- tails very closely to that of man. The fissures and convolutions are identical, even Broca's convolution, which is the seat of articulate speech, is also present. Why then if these Apes are provided with a brain so like that possessed by Man, do they not talk and accomplish many of those things which Man, the greatest of all Primates is able to achieve? The only explanation that seems reasonable is, that that indescribable, mysterious and powerful Influence which is called the Ego or Will, is lacking in the Ape, and the possession of which raises Man alone above all created beings and makes him the responsible creature that he is. LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES. 1758. Linnaeus, Sy st etna Natures. In this work Linnaeus names a black tailless Ape, founded upon Tulp's figure and description, Sitnia satyrus, the Chimpanzee with a black face and pelage, and bald forehead, the animal generally known as Troglodytes tschego Auct. 1788 Gmelin, Sy sterna Naturae. Simia satyrus Linn., renamed Simia troglodytes. 1796. Schreber, Die Sdugthiere. In this work .on plate I B Tyson's Pigmy is figured as Simia 230 PAN pygmceus, a Chimpanzee, but in the synonymy and text of Pan (Simia) satyrus, the Ourang and Chimpanzee are confounded together. The species is Undeterminable. 1841. Lesson, Prodromus Systema Mammmalia. Pan leucoprymnus first described as Simla leucoprymna. 1856. Meyer, in Wiegmann's Archiv fur Naturgeschichte. The Chimpanzee with region around eyes darker than the face, first described as Simia chimpanse = Pan chimpanse. 1860. Du Chaillu, in Proceedings of the Boston Natural History Society. Pan calvus, and Pan kooloo-kamba first described under the genus Troglodytes. 1862. J. E. Gray, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Pan vellerosus first described as Troglodytes vellerosus. 1862. Reichenbach, Vollst'dndigste Naturgeschichte der Affen. In this work the Author accepts all the forms named and described by various writers and places them under the genus Pseudanthropus. The species accepted are (P.) leucoprym- nus, (P.) tschego = Pan satyrus (Linn.), (P.) calvus and (P.) KOOLOO-KAMBA. 1866. Alix et Gratiolet, Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelie, Paris. Pan aubryi first described as Troglodytes aubryi. 1870. J. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, in the Collection of the British Museum. In this list the Chimpanzees are placed in the genus Mimetes, with the following species: (M.) troglodytes = Pan satyrus Linn., var. a. P. calvus (Du Chaillu) ; var. b. P. kooloo- kamba (Du Chaillu) ; and var. c. P. vellerosus (Gray). 1872. Giglioli, in Annali Museo Civico di Storla Naturale di Genova. Pan schweinfurthi first described as Troglodytes schwein- furthi. 1875. Schaufuss, in Nunquam Otiosus, Zoologische Mittheilungen. Pan fuliginosus first described as Pseudanthropus fuliginosus. 1876. Schlegel, Museum des Pays-Bas, Simice. But one species of Chimpanzee is recognized in this work, Pan chimpanse as Simla troglodytes. 1887. Noack, in Zoologische Jahrbiicher. Pan s. marungensis first described as Simia marungensis. PAN 231 1894. Meyer, in Abhandlungen und Berichte des Koniglichen Zoolo- gischen und Anthropologisch-Ethnographischen Museums zu Dresden. Pan fuscus first described as Anthropopithecus fuscus. 1904. Matschie, in Sitzungsberichte Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, Berlin. In this paper the Author discusses very briefly the proper generic name for the Chimpanzees, and then gives a list of the species he considers recognizable. He demonstrates that Lin- naeus first described in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae a Chimpanzee under the name of Simla satyra, although the Pan (Simia) satyra of the 12th edition is an Ourang-utan. The species given are as follows: P. satyrus from Southern Came- roon, Gaboon, and Ogowe, with Gaboon as the type locality; P. calvus also with the same type locality, to Yaundi in south Cameroon; P. vellerosus with Cameroon Mountain as type locality, (though Gray gives none), and its distribution in north Cameroon. P. schweinfurthi, with Troglodytes marungensis Noack, as possibly synonymous, from Niam-niam and ranging south to Massouga on the Albert Nyanza. P. fuscus probably from the Gold Coast; P. leucoprymnus, from coast of Guinea, probably Sierra Leone or western Liberia, and may be the same as P. pygmceus Tyson; and lastly P. chim- panse from the Gambia region. The list is a tentative one, for the Author appreciates fully the great difficulty that exists in definitely discriminating the number of species that are known to represent this genus, and this uncertainty constrains him to write, when discussing (S'.) calvus, "Die Farbung andert wie bei S', satyrus sehr ab; es ist mir unmbglich, die einzelnen Arten des Schimpanse nach der Farbung des Haark- leides zu unterscheiden." If the color of the hair is not of a specific value, and, as is certainly the case, that the skulls present few if any reliable characters for separating examples of Chimpanzees, little remains upon which species can be designated. 1904. W. Rothschild, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. A critical review of Herr Matschie's paper on the Chimpanzees and Ourangs. Five species and seven races are recognized as follows under the genus Simia: S. vellerosus (Gray) ; S'. r. fuliginosus (Schaufuss) ; S', satyrus Linn.; S'. j. schwein- 232 PAN furthi (Giglioli); S. J. marungensis (Noack) ; S'. kooloo- kamba (Du Chaillu) ; S'. aubryi (Alix et Gratiolet) ; S', pyg- mjeus (Schreber) ; S', p. fuscus (Meyer) ; S', p. leucoprym- nus (Lesson) ; S', p. chimpanse (Matschie) ; and S', p. raripi- losus Rothsch., = S'. fuliginosus (Schaufuss). The arrangement of the species and subspecies is difficult to understand as it does not anywhere appear that intermediates of any of the recognized forms have been obtained, and the geographical distribution of some of these would seem to pre- clude one from being a race of the other, e. g. Pan schwein- furthi from the Soudan and Uganda, and Pan satyrus from Cameroon and Gaboon. They may exist, but I have never seen any connecting links between those forms. Then it does not seem advisable to consider P. fuliginosus an entirely black Chimpanzee from the French Congo, as a race of P. vellero- sus, a brown Chimpanzee from Cameroon, especially as it is not known if their ranges approach each other at any point. A number of figures are given in the text of different Chim- panzees taken from life, which show the distribution of dark and light colors on the face, and enable the different species to be recognized, and keys are also supplied for distinguishing the various forms. It has yet to be proved, however, that two or more species of these Apes inhabit the same districts as this Author believes, for at present there is no material extant that enables this to be demonstrated. Thus far the material in the Berlin Museum, which is, without exception, the most exten- sive to be found anywhere, instead of assisting us to solve the problem of how many species exist, only makes it more difficult than ever, for the skulls present such endless variations, and the skins, by the diverse coloring of the fur, and the different hues and disposal of tints on the face, hands and feet, exhibited at times in examples from the same locality, that it is practically impossible to decide how many species really do exist, or if too many have not already been recognized. Herr Matschie has given much thought and study to this material, but was not by any means satisfied, at the time I examined these specimens with him, that the correct number of species had been demon- strated. Also which examples represent races, and which species, has by no means been ascertained. The Author of this paper considers that P. calvus (Matschie), (nec Du Chaillu); is the same as P. vellerosus (Gray) ; and PAN 233 P. vellerosus (Matschie), (nec Gray), is a mixture of that species and P. aubryi, which is a natural sequence, for at that time Herr Matschie regarded P. vellerosus and P. aubryi as the same. The Author has omitted P. calvus (Du Chaillu), both from his Key and Synopsis but makes it a synonym of P. satyrus (Linn.), see p. 430. He also regards Gorilla mayema Alix et Bouvier, as a large Ape of the P. vellerosus type. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES. It cannot be said that, at the present time, we know the limits of the range of any of the recognized species of Chimpanzee. Several of them are known to inhabit the same districts of the West African coasts, but exactly how they may be distributed in the localities they frequent has not been ascertained. Gaboon is supposed to contain five species, or species and races as different writers may regard them, and Cameroon has four, with possibly three more not yet described. Of these so far as known there are only two of the recognized species which do not inhabit both Cameroon and Gaboon, viz.: P. satyrus not found in Cameroon and P. vellerosus not met with in Gaboon, leaving three found in both districts, and three as yet unrecognized specimens in the Berlin Museum, restricted, as supposed, to certain districts in Cameroon. If our determinations are correct, we have the singular fact that nearly all the recognized forms of Chimpanzees, like the Gorillas, are crowded together on a small portion of West Africa, leaving us to wonder how so many distinct forms, if they are such, could exist in so restricted a territory and preserve their specific characters intact. Commencing on the West African coast at the most northern point where these Apes are known to dwell, we have P. chimpanse from Gambia, and P. leucoprymnus, said to have come originally from Guinea, but supposed to range from Sierra Leone to Liberia, but this distribution cannot be said to be satisfactorily authenticated. P. fuscus is stated to have come from the Gold Coast, but as there is no specimen of this form in any collection, its habitat is at best but obscure. In Cameroon is P. vellerosus not as yet found elsewhere, and ranging from Cameroon into Gaboon are P. calvus, P. aubryi and P. kooloo-kamba. P. satyrus is apparently restricted to Gaboon, while P. fuliginosus ranges from Gaboon into French Congo, but its limits are not known. From Basho, Dunne and Lomie, interior of Cameroon, are specimens in the Berlin Museum which appear to differ 234 PAN from the recognized forms. In East Africa, in the Niam-niam coun- try, and from Albert Nyanza to Tanganyika on the west, going into the Congo forest but limits unknown are P. schweinfurthi and P. s. MARUNGENSIS. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES. A. Pelage all black. a. Hair moderately long. a.' Forehead entirely bald to level of ears P. calvus. b.' Forehead partly bald P. fuliginosus. c.' Forehead bald but not to level of ears P. satyrus. d.' Forehead mostly covered with hair. a." Face black, ears large P. kooloo-kamba. b." Face all flesh color P. leucoprymnus. c" Region around eyes darker than face P. chimpanse. b. Hair very long P. schweinfurthi. B. Pelage not all black. a. Lower back grayish brown P. s. marungensis. b. Lower back Prout's brown P. aubryi. C. Pelage mostly brown in alults. a. Forehead and top of head bald P. vellerosus. b. Forehead not bald, hair on head springing from a central whorl P. fuscus. Pan calvus (Du Chaillu). Troglodytes calvus Du Chaillu, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VII, 1860, p. 296; Id. Equat. Afr., 1861, p. 407, pl.; Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 273; Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 673, pl. XLI; Beddard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 118; Id. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lbnd., XIII, 1893, p. 177, pls. XX-XXVIII. Pseudanthropus calvus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 194. Mimetes troglodytes wr. a. calvus Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 6. Anthropithecus calvus Romanes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, p. 316; Flower and Lydekk., Mamm. Liv. and Ext., 1891, p. 735; Forbes, Handb. Primates, II, 1894, p. 199, pl. XXIX. VOLUME III. PLATE 7. Pan schweinfurthi. Pan calvus. PAN 235 Simia calvus Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, 1904, p. 60; Rothsch., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, p. 424. BALD-HEADED CHIMPANZEE. Type locality. Gamma country, south of Cape Lopez, Gaboon. Geogr. Distr. Yaundi Station, and Bifindi on the Lokundje, Cameroon, (G. Zenker) ; Kuilu, (Falkenstein) ; Ebol'woa, (Bulow) ; Gaboon and Southern Cameroon, West Africa. Genl. Char. Head bald to the level of the middle of the ears behind; ears very large; beard thin, long, only on side of face; chin covered with white hairs; face brownish black. Color. Female. Head and body except lower back, arms, hands and feet, black, lower back and legs pale brownish gray. Measurements. Female. Head and body, 3 ft. 7 in.; arm, 29 in. Male. Height, 4 ft. 4 in. Skull: total length, 173; occipito-nasal length, 134; intertemporal width, 71; breadth of braincase, 98; Hensel, 120; zygomatic width, 122; breadth of rostrum at canines, 60; extreme breadth of bony orbits (outside), 101; palatal length, 66; length of upper molar series, 45.3; length of mandible, 124.5; length of lower molar series, 49.9. Ex type British Museum. The skull of the type resembles that of P. kooloo-kamba in its long and broad braincase, but the anterior end of the rostrum is not so broad and stands out at a sharper angle to the face. The orbits seem higher on account of the orbital ridge being straighter, and without the depression in the center over the septum, and this last is not so wide. The zygomatic arches are not spread, but extend in a direct line, and are narrower posteriorly. The bony palate is narrow- est posteriorly, widening as it goes, and is broadest between the canines. The braincase is rounded, very broad at the occipital region, and like P. kooloo-kamba is without a crest. Du Chaillu says, "the natives of the Camma Country call the T. niger (satyrus Linn.), 'Nschiego,' and the T. calvus 'Nshiego Mbouve,' the latter meaning something like another tribe of the Nschiego. The Mpongwe called the T. niger 'Nschiego,' or the N'chego of Dr. Fran- quet. The T. calvus builds a shelter made with the branches of trees, elevated generally from twenty to thirty feet, they tie together with wild vines the branches they have collected, and there is below the shelter (which has the shape of an umbrella) a horizontal branch on which they rest; this horizontal branch is always the first from the ground. The male lives under one shelter, and the female under another on a neighboring tree." He further states in his "Equatorial Africa" that "the nshiego 236 PAN mbouve {Troglodytes calvus) has a much narrower range than the Chimpanzee, and even than the Gorilla. I found it only in the table- lands of the interior and in the densest forests. I have reason to believe that it is found indifferently in the haunts of the Gorilla, in the farther interior, and do not know that the two species quarrel. It differs from the Gorilla in being smaller, milder, far more docile, less strong, and in the singular habit of building for itself a nest or shelter of leaves amid the higher branches of trees. I have watched, at different times, this Ape retiring to its rest at night, and have seen it climb up to its house and seat itself comfortably on the projecting branch, with its head in the dome of the roof, and its arm about the tree. * * * The distinctive marks of the T. calvus, those which prove it to be a distinct species, may be stated as follows: its head is bald and shining black; its temper is not fierce like gorilla's; its young is white, while the young gorilla is black, and the young Chimpanzee yellow. Its head is nearly round, and bullet formed, the nose is very flat; the ears larger than in the Gorilla, but smaller than in the Kooloo-Kamba and Chimpanzee; the eyes sunken, the teeth and canines small when compared with the Gorilla. The arms reach a little below the knee. The hands are long and slender; the foot shorter than the hand. The toes are free. The callosities on the back of the fingers show that this animal goes commonly on all fours, and rests its weight on the doubled up hands. The hair is of one uniform rusty black color. The male is larger than the female." Although for some time and by various authors this species was regarded as not entitled to be considered different from the common Chimpanzee, S. satyrus, it is now recognized as a very distinct species. Besides the almost entirely bald head, the other features stated above under "General Characters," maintain its claim to a distinct rank. Besides the exterior characters, others have been found by the Anatomist which strengthen its claim as a distinct species, and while some may be due to individual variation, others have a more important significance. Thus the Simian fissure (parieto-occipital fissure) of the brain is connected with the median furrow by an irregular front fissure on one side only; and the posterior limb of the Sylvian fissure is much more upright than in the common Chimpanzee. The frontal lobes are not keeled below in the middle ventral line and the lateral masses of the cerebellum come together behind, overlapping and largely concealing the median tract. *Other differences exist not only in the brain but also in the *Beddard l.c. PAN 237 muscular system, quite sufficient to prove the distinctness of the present species from P. satyrus with which a comparison was made, even if the external characters had been lacking. The skulls of the two forms are different externally and internally; the face of that of P. calvus being more prognathous, and the outline in profile more concave, the interorbital region directed slightly backward; the cribriform plate has a crista galli; the petrous bone has a sharp edge making deeper the pits for the occipital lobes of the brain. The hinder part of the vomer is covered by the pterygoids; and the nasal bone in "Sally" skull was ridged in the middle line, but this may be an individual peculiarity, as two other skulls of this species did not possess it. Other differences exist, but sufficient have been mentioned to show that there exist quite enough to separate P. calvus from P. satyrus. A female of this species lived for over eight years in the Menagerie of the London Zoological Society in Regent's Park. The then Superin- tendent, the late Mr. A. D. Bartlett has given an interesting account of it in the Proceedings, (1. c.). She was quite young when received and Mr. Bartlett states that 'Sally' as she was called "had always shown a disposition to live upon animal food," being in this respect quite different from other species of Simla. "Soon after her arrival, I found she would kill and eat small birds seizing them by the neck, she would bite off the head and eat the bird-skin, feathers and all; for some months she killed and ate a small pigeon every night. After a time we supplied her with cooked mutton and beef tea; upon this food she has done well. I have never found any ordinary Chimpanzee that would eat any kind of flesh. "Another singular habit was the producing pellets or 'quids,' resembling the castings thrown up by Raptorial birds. They are composed of feathers and other indigestible substances, that had been taken with her food. Moreover she is an expert rat-catcher, and has caught and killed many rats that had entered her cage during the night. Her intelligence is far above that of the ordinary Chimpanzee. With but little trouble she can be taught to do many things that require the exercise of considerable thought and under- standing; she recognizes those who have made her acquaintance, and pays marked attention to men of color, by uttering a cry of bon, bun, bun. She is never tired of romping and playing, and is generally in a good temper." Professor Romanes in the same publication, (1. c.) narrates some interesting experiments he made with this animal, exhibiting her high intelligence. "This," he says, "is conspicuously displayed by the 238 PAN remarkable degree in which she is able to understand the meaning of spoken language-a degree which is fully equal to that presented by an infant a few months before emerging from infancy and therefore higher than that which is presented by any brute, as far at least as I have met with any evidence to show. Nevertheless, the only attempts she makes by way of vocal response are three peculiar grunting noises-one indicative of assent or affirmation, another, (very closely resembling the first) of dissent or negation, and the third (quite differ- en^Trom the other two) of thanks or recognition of favors. In dispo- sition she is somewhat capricious, though on the whole good humored, fond of her keepers, and apparently never tired of a kind of bantering play which off and on they keep up with her continually. By vocalizing in a peculiar monotone (imitative of the beginning of her own 'song') they are usually able to excite her into the performance of a remark- able series of actions. First she shoots out her lips in the well known tubular for As (depicted in Darwin's 'Expression of the Emotions' 141), while at the same time she sings a strange howling note, inter- rupted at regular intervals; these, however, rapidly become shorter and shorter, winding up to a climax of shrieks and yells, sometimes accom- panied with a drumming of the hind feet, and a vigorous shaking of the network which constitutes her cage. The whole performance ends with a few grunts. "A year or two ago it occurred to me that I might try some psychological experiments on the intelligence of this animal. * * * Having enlisted the intelligent co-operation of the keepers, I requested them to ask the Ape repeatedly for one straw, two straws, or three straws. These she was to pick up and hand out from among the litter in her cage. No constant order was to be observed in making these requests, but whenever she handed a number not asked for her offer was to be refused, while, if she gave the proper number, her offer was to be accepted, and she was to receive a piece of fruit as payment. In this way the Ape was taught to associate these three numbers with their names. Lastly, if two straws or three straws were demanded, she was taught to hold one straw or two straws in her mouth until she had picked up the remaining straw, and then to hand the two straws or three straws together. This prevented any possible error arising from her interpretation of vocal tones-an error which might well have arisen if each straw had been asked for separately. "As soon as the animal understood what was required, and had learned to associate these three numbers with their names, she never failed to give the number of straws asked for. Her education was PAN 239 then extended in a similar manner from three to four and from four to five straws. Here, for reasons presently stated, I allowed her education to terminate. But more recently one of the keepers has endeavored to advance her instruction as far as ten. The result, however, is what might have been anticipated. Although she very rarely makes any mistake in handing out one, two, three, four, or five straws, according to the number asked for, and although she is usually accurate in handing out as many as six or seven, when the numbers eight, nine or ten are named, the result becomes more and more uncertain, so as to be suggestive of guess work. It is evident, how- ever, that she understands the words seven, eight, nine and ten to betoken numbers higher than those below them; and if she is asked for any of these numbers (i. e. above six), she always gives some number that is above six and not more than ten; but there is no such con- stant accuracy displayed in handing out the exact number named as is the case below six. On the whole, then, while there is no dqubt that this animal can accurately compute any number of straws up to five, the accuracy of her computation becomes progressively diminished. "It is to be noticed that the Ape exhibits some idea of multiplica- tion; for she very frequently (especially when dealing with numbers above five) doubles over a long straw so as to make it present two ends, and thus to appear as two straws. Any of the comparatively rare errors which she now makes in dealing with numbers below six are almost invariably due to her thus endeavoring to duplicate her straws. In this connection it is to be remembered that, owing to the method above described (whereby the Ape is required to place each straw separately in her mouth until the sum asked for is completed), when any high number is demanded a considerable tax is imposed upon her patience; and as her movements are deliberate while her store of patience is small, it is evident to all observers that the doubling of the straws is intended to save trouble by getting the sum completed with greater rapidity than is possible when every straw is picked up sepa- rately. Of course we do not recognize these doubled straws as equiva- lent to two straws, and therefore the persistency with which slje endeavors to palm them off as such is the more noteworthy as evidence of her idea of multiplication. Moreover, I am disposed to think that the uncertainty which attends her dealing with the numbers six and seven is more< largely due to her losing patience than to her losing count; although after seven I believe that her computation of the num- bers themselves becomes vague, or merged in a general idea of many. It may also be stated that while picking up straws and placing them 240 PAN in her mouth, she looks only at the straws themselves, and not at the person who asks for them; therefore she is certainly not actuated in her responses by interpreting facial expressions, unconscious gestures, etc., as is no doubt the case with many dogs, which, on this account, are sometimes accredited by their owners with powers of 'thought reading.' It is needless to add that, after asking for the number of straws required, we remain silent until the Ape has handed them out." Pan fuliginosus (Schaufuss). Pseudanthropus fuliginosus Schauf., Nunquam Otiosus, Zoolog. Mittheilung., 1875, pp. 345-348. Simia vellerosus fuliginosus Rothsch., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, pp. 429-431; 1906, p. 467. Simia pygmaus raripilosus Rothsch., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., II, 1904, p. 428, fig. 3. Type locality. Coanga? French Congo. Type in Dresden Museum. Geogr. Distr. French Congo region to Sette Camma, Gaboon, West Africa. Kiuliu River, specimen in Berlin Museum. Genl. Char. Hair long and soft, black. Arms long, hands reach- ing to knee; ears large, high in head; forehead partly bald, no part in hair. Color. Entirely black; face about nose black, pale around eyes, lips, and on cheeks. Ex type Dresden Museum. Measurements. Height, 1,060; arm to end of fingers, 745. Skull: total length, 199.9; (type 169); occipito-nasal length, 144.7; (type 132.7) ; intertemporal width, 71; (type 73.4) ; breadth of braincase, 104.2; (type 110.4) ; length of braincase, 119.8; (type 114) ; Hensel, 131.3; (type 117.4); zygomatic width, 134.1; (type 114.3); median length of nasals, 31.7; (type 25.3); length of rostrum, 71.8; (type 58.7) ; width of rostrum at canines, 60.6; (type 51.2) ; palatal length, 60.6; (type 61.7) ; length of upper molar series, 44; (type 35.9) ; length of mandible, 142; (type 121.7); length of lower molar series, 48; (type 45). Numbers in parentheses refer to the type in Dresden Museum, other numbers refer to the type of raripilosus in Tring Museum. This is an entirely black Chimpanzee with very long arms, the hands reaching fully to the knee. The type is a female, the face is now clay color, end of nose black, but a colored cast made after death has cheeks, brow and lips around mouth fl^sh color. This is an im- mature animal, with the last molars in both jaws not having yet PAN 241 penetrated through the gum, but are still within the bone. The angle of the face is more than 45°, the rostrum projecting but slightly forward. The braincase is very broad posteriorly for its length. (S'.) raripilosus Rothschild, from French Congo, the type of which was examined in the Tring Museum, is evidently the same as this species. Pan satyrus (Linnaeus). Simia satyrus Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1758, p. 25, (nec 1766, p. 24); Hoppius, Amcenit. Acad., 1763, p. 69, fig.; Matschie, Sit- zungsb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, 1904, p. 58; Rothsch., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., II, 1904, pp. 422, 425. Simia troglodytes Gmel., Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 34, p. 26. Troglodytes niger E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 87, (Part.) ; Id. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 21, 7me Lecon; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 37; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 54; Pousarg., Ann. Scien. Nat. Paris, 8th Ser., HI, 1896, p. 137. Troglodytes tschego Duvern., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, VIII, 1855, p. 8; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, p. 57; Du Chaillu, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VII, 1861, p. 296. Pseudanthropus tschego Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 194, no fig. Mimetes troglodytes Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit- eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 6. Anthropopithecus satyrus Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 125. Type locality. Gaboon, West Africa. Geogr. Distr. Lower Guinea from Sanaga to the Ogowe; Semi- karo in Esum-Land near the Sanaga in Cameroon, (Lieut. Scherme- mann) ; Yaundi and Bifundi in Cameroon, (Buchholz) ; Mayumba, (Hesselbarth) ; Tschintschosche on the Kuilu, (Falkenstein). (Mat- schie 1. c.). Genl. Char. Hair on head not parted in center; forehead in adults bald, but this does not extend to the level of the ears; ears medium in size, 65 x 50 mm., narrow beard on face except chin, which is only sparsely covered with short dark gray hairs. Arms very long exceed- ing 700 mm. Face in young yellowish, in adults blackish brown. Skull with very narrow facial portion, constricted behind the canines; brain- 242 PAN case egg-shaped; 134x 142; $, 122x 130 mm.; last lower molar with four ill-defined tubercles; canines small. In the Paris Museum is a specimen of a Chimpanzee marked Troglodytes tschego type. All the hair has gone from the head and left shoulder, and these parts have been covered by the taxidermist with a skin of Colobus vellerosus, but the right shoulder and arm as well as the body possess their own natural hair. Of course the hair on the head is now long and there is a rather thick whisker, but this arrangement must cause a very different appearance from that which the animal presented in life. Tschego has always been regarded as an entirely black Ape, but this example while it is black on shoulder and arm and to the middle of the body, has the remaining portion, together with the legs a wood brown; the hands, feet, and face are black. Length of head and body 36 inches. Measurements. Skull: total length, 190; occipito-nasal length, 149; intertemporal width, 72; width of braincase, 99; Hensel, 136.9; zygomatic width, 129; width of rostrum at canines, 58.8; palatal length, 67.9; length of upper canines, 27.4; length of upper molar series, 53.5; length of mandible, 150.3; length of lower molar series, 49.1. Ex type Paris Museum, of T. tschego. Pan kooloo-kamba (Du Chaillu). Troglodytes kooloo-kamba Du Chaillu, Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bost., VII, 1860, p. 358; Id. Equat. Africa, 1861, p. 408; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 273. Troglodytes kooloo-kamba var. b. Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 7; Keith, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1899, p. 296. Pseudanthropus kooloo-kamba Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 194. Anthropopithecus troglodytes kooloo-kamba Keith, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1899, pl. XX. Simla kooloo-kamba Rothsch., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.. 1904, pp. 429, 430, fig. 115; Johnst., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 71. Simla satyrus (nec Linn.), Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Freund., Berl., 1904, p. 58. (Part.). Type locality. Mountains at head waters of the Ovenga River, known to natives as Ashankolo. Type in British Museum. Geogr. Distr. Interior of Ogowe. PLATE XXXVI. VOLUME III. Pan kooloo-kamba No. 61.7.29.10. Brit. Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. VOLUME III. Pan kooloo-kamba. No. 61.7.29,10. Brit. Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. PLATE XXXVII. Pan kooloo-kamba. No. 61.7.29.10. Brit. Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. Volume III Plate 8 Pan kooloo-kamba (Johanna) PAN 243 Genl. Char. Hair, black, short and harsh; head round; ears very large; forehead bald; whiskers around face. Color. All black. Measurements. Total length, (dry skin), 4 ft. 2 in., hand, 11% in., foot, 10% in. (Du Chaillu). Skull: total length, 182; occipito- nasal length, 142; intertemporal width, 72; Hensel, 130.9; zygomatic width, 140; breadth of braincase, 106; width of rostrum at canines, 61.8; extreme breadth of orbits, (outside), 118.6; palatal length, 72.4; length of upper molar series, 40; length of mandible, 120; length of lower molar series, 47. Ex type British Museum. The skull of the type is remarkable for the large size of the brain- case and the short facial region, the latter being only a little over one half the length of the former. The rostrum is short and broad; the orbits are large and nearly round; the orbital ridge prominent, protruding forward in the center, and the nasals are very broad for their length. The zygomatic arches are flat and not widely spread, and the long palate is broad and of nearly equal width throughout the length. Canines rather short. Mandible is short; the ascending ramus very broad. "The cry of the kooloo-kamba," says Du Chaillu, "is very differ- ent from that of the T. calvus and Chimpanzee, resembling the syllables 'Kooloo,' which I have heard, and from which it derived its name among the natives,-'Kamba' meaning 'to speak' among one tribe; other tribes give to the animal only the name of 'Kooloo.' "This Ape was killed by me in the Ashankolo mountains. As I was returning to our camp, I heard the cry of 'Kooloo Kooloo,' and asked my guide what it was; he said it was a kind of 'man of the woods,' which I had not seen before called 'Kooloo-Kamba.' It was then too dark to go in search of the animal, but a little before day- light next morning we got up and went toward the place where the Ape had retired for the night. Daylight had nearly appeared, and I began to fear that the animal had left, when I was suddenly startled by the cry of 'Kooloo, Kooloo!' I looked above and saw the animal on the tree on which it had spent the night, and there killed it. "It is very seldom this animal comes so near the coast, and as we brought it to the camp it was a great object of wonder to the men. It is said to live in the country much farther toward the moun- tains of the interior. The stomach contained nothing but vegetable food." 244 PAN Pan leucoprymnus (Lesson). Anatomy of Pigmy Tyson, Phil. Trans., 1699, p. 338. Founded on Tyson's Anat. Pigmy, Lond., 1699, p. 338, undeterminable. Simia leucoprymnus Less., Prodr. Sy st. Mamm., 1841, pl. XII; Id. Ulus. Zool., 1831, pl. XXXII, juv. Simia troglodytes Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., I, 1835, p. 343, pls. XLVIII-LVII, (nec Gmel.). Ex Sierra Leone. Pseudanthropus leucoprymnus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 191. Simia pygmceus leucoprymnus Rothsch., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., II, 1904, pp. 430, 431. Simia leucoprymnus Matschie, Sitzungsb. Naturf. Freunde, 1904, p. 65. Type locality. "Coast of Guinea." West Africa. Geogr. Distr. Sierra Leone? Western Liberia? West Africa. Genl. Char. Hairs on head sparse, parted in center; chin hairs brownish; ears large; region around eyes pale like face; beard around chin, short, thick. Color. Entire pelage black excepting a white patch on buttocks. Measurements. "Height, 26 in.; width of ear, 2 in.; length of body, 14 in.; of arm, 14.6 in.; of legs, 12 in.; of hands, 3.8 in.; feet, 4 in." Less., (1. c.). Ex type. The above measurements show that the type of this species was quite a young animal, probably not half grown. Its entirely pale face causes it to differ from P. chimpanse, but it is impossible to determine what species it really represents, as the young of many species of Chimpanzees have white about the anal region, and the youth of the specimen figured by Lesson presents no characters to separate it from the young of other species. It may possibly be the young of P. chim- panse. The skeleton described by Owen (1. c.) having been obtained in Sierra Leone was probably an adult of this species. It does not appear that the skin was preserved. The skull is peculiar in that the brain- case is posterior to the face and not above it. The form of the brain- case is a rounded ovate, and the skull is narrow and elongate; quite a different shape from the usual skull of Chimpanzees. The Simia pygmaa Schreber, founded upon Tyson's Pigmy is quite undeterminable. The figure has face, ears, hands and feet flesh color, no beard, and hair covering all the head and very short. Body VOLUME III. PLATE 8. Pan chimpanse. P A N 245 and limbs grayish. There is no Chimpanzee known to me like this. Tyson states his specimen which he calls an Ourang Outang, was brought from Angola, but "taken up higher in the country." That may mean from the Congo State or French Congo, and the example might belong to one of several different species or races. Schreber gives no description, in fact 5'. pygmcea is not mentioned in the text, and it would seem quite useless to attempt to establish a species upon his faulty and unsatisfactory figure. Tyson says his Pigmy was black and his figure shows a black animal with white face, hands, feet and ears, and hair covering all the top of the head nearly to the eyebrows and parted in the middle. Pan chimpanse (Meyer). Satyrus chimpanse Meyer, Archiv. Naturg., XXII, 1856, p. 282. Simia chimpanse Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Freund., Ber- lin, 1900, pp. 77-85; 1904, p. 67. Simia pygmceus chimpanse Rothsch., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, pp. 429, 430, 433, fig. 114; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., F. C. M. Pub, VIII, 1906, p. 579, fig. XCII. Anthropopithecus troglodytes Flower and Lydekk., Anim. Liv. and Ext, 1891, p. 736, fig. 357. Type locality. Gambia. Geogr. Distr. Gambia, West Africa. Genl. Char. Region around eyes darker than face; hair on head with a part in center; ears large; beard on sides of face only, long; chin covered with white hairs. Arms short; canines moderate; third upper molar the smallest. Color. Uniform black, except white hairs on chin. Measurements. I have not been able to find a skull of an adult of this species. Pan schweinfurthi (Giglioli). Troglodytes schweinfurthi Gigi, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov, III, 1872, p. 135. ?Anthropopithecus troglodytes Thos, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1890, p. 444. Simia schweinfurthi Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Freund, Berlin, 1904, p. 63. Simia pygmceus Rothsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1904, pp. 429, 430, 432, fig. 113, (nec Schreb.). 246 PAN Simia satyrus schweinfurthi Rothsch., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, pp. 426, 429, 430. Type locality. Niam-niam country, Central Africa. Geogr. Distr. Soudan, into German East Africa, and on the west shore of Lake Tanganyika in Congo Free State, (Matschie). Genl. Char. Hair and beard very long; limbs long; head narrow and very high; face olive brown. Skulls from the type locality of schweinfurthi compared with skulls of marungensis exhibit no characters whatever to separate them. Simia pygmceus Rothschild with beard thick and long is not S', pygmceus Schreber which has a very short thin beard and is more like P. schweinfurthi. It would seem that (5.) pygmceus Rothsch., combines two forms pygmceus Schreber, figure, and schweinfurthi Giglioli. Measurements. Skull: total length, 194; occipito-nasal length, 148.7; intertemporal width, 71.2; width of braincase, 115.6; length of braincase, 117.7; Hensel, 137.3; zygomatic width, 127.4; median length of nasals, 32.8; length of rostrum, 69; width of rostrum at canines, 56.8; palatal length, 74.1; length of upper molar series, 41. This skull in the Berlin Museum came from Buom, Niam-niam, brought by Schweinfurth from the typical locality. This apparently very distinct species was discovered by Herr Schweinfurth in the country of the Niam-niam in Central Africa and described by Professor Giglioli (1. c.) who gives, from Schweinfurth, the following account of this Ape: "It was getting well onwards towards night, and by the red glare of the pitch-torch which is the invariable resource of lighting the Niam-niam huts, I was getting my supper, in the simplicity of the primitive times of creation, off sweet- ened plantains and tapioca, when I was interrupted by a visit from some of the natives who lived close at hand. They had come to dis- pose of a collection of the skulls of the Chimpanzee, and I effected the purchase by means of some large copper rings. The people told me of the abundance of these creatures in the adjacent woods, and related a number of the adventures that had befallen them in their arduous attempts to capture them; they promised, moreover, to bring me some further contributions for my collection, but unfortunately I could not wait to receive them; we could not prolong our stay because of the scarcity of provisions, and we had to. start betimes on the following morning. Altogether I made an addition of about a dozen PAN 247 skulls to what I had previously secured, but many interesting fragments I much regretted being obliged to leave behind, having no alternative on account of my limited means of transport. "It was not my good fortune to witness a Chimpanzee hunt. This is always an arduous undertaking, involving many difficulties. Accord- ing to the statements of the Nyam-nyam themselves the chase requires a party of twenty or thirty resolute hunters, who have to ascend the trees, which are some eighty feet high, and to clamber after the agile and crafty brutes until they can drive them into the snares prepared beforehand. Once entangled in a net, the beasts are without much further difficulty killed by means of spears. However, in some cases they will defend themselves savagely and with all the fury of despair. Driven by the hunters into a corner, they were said to wrest the lances from the men's hands and to make good use of them against the adversary. Nothing was to be more dreaded than to be bitten by their tremendous fangs, or getting into the grasp of their powerful arms. Just as in the woods of the west, all manner of stories were rife as to how they had carried off young girls, and how they defended their plunder, and how they constructed wonderful nests upon the topmost boughs of the trees-all these tales, of course, being but the purest fabrications. "Among the Nyam-nyams the Chimpanzee is called 'Rana' or 'Manjarooma,' in the Arabic of the Soudan where long ago its existence seems to have been known it was included in the general- name of 'Ba- ahm.' The life that the Rana leads is very much like what is led by the Ourang-utan in Borneo and is spent almost entirely in the trees, the woods on the river banks being the chief resort of the animals. But in the populous Manbuttoo country, where the woodlands have been thinned to permit the extensive cultivation of plantains, the Chim- panzees exhibit great fear of man, and pass their existence in com- parative solitariness. Like the Gorillas, they are not found in herds, but either in pairs or even quite alone, and it is only the young which occasionally may be seen in groups." That they carry away young girls is most likely a fictitious tale, but that they build nests in the trees like some of their relatives in West Africa is by no means improbable. Matschie (1. c.) gives the following localities for this species: Uelle Makua, Nyam-nyam, (Schweinfurth) ; Manda, on the west shore of Lake Tanganyika, (Reichard and Bohm) ; Manyema, west of Lake Tanganyika., (Major Dr. von Wissmann) ; Ruanda, (Hauptmann Langheld) ; Akangaru- Quelle east of the Russissi, between the boundaries of Urimdi and 248 PAN Ruanda, (Lieutenant Pfeiffer) ; Kirassa-Berg northerly from Ujiji on Tanganyika, (Lieutenant Gudovius); and Misougua on the south shore of Lake Albert-Nyanza, (Emin Pascha in British Museum). Pan schweinfurthi marungensis (Noack). Troglodytes niger var. marungensis Noack, Zool. Jahrb., 1887, p. 291, pl. X. Type locality. Manda Marungu, west of Lake Tanganyika. Skull of type in Berlin Museum. Geogr. Distr. Belgian Congo, Africa. Genl. Char. Hair long, harsh, black; zygomatic arch strongly developed. Face black. Color. Pelage jet black, everywhere except on the back in adults where it is grayish brown; hairs on back of neck and between shoulders tipped with white. Measurements. Height, 1,290; arms, 830. Skull: total length, 195; occipito-nasal length, 149.5; intertemporal width, 70.5; length of braincase, 117.8; width of braincase, 102.9; Hensel, 137; zygomatic width, 133.7; median length of nasals, 32.2; length of rostrum, 71.4; width of rostrum at canines, 60.3; palatal length, 79; length of upper molar series, 44; length of mandible, 124.6; length of lower molar series, 50.9. Ex specimen Berlin Museum from Bugozewald. The type skull of this species, there was no skin, is in the Berlin Museum. It belonged to a very young animal and only the braincase remains, the entire facial region is wanting. It is practically of no value whatever for the identification of the species, and the above description, therefore, is taken from an old male from Bugozeri forest north east of Lake Kivu, German East Africa. There are several specimens of adult and young in the Berlin Museum. In some respects, such as the long, loose hair of the head and body and the long ample whiskers on the sides of the face, this form resembles somewhat Pan schweinfurthi, but the face is black or brownish black and in this respect differs considerably from the pale face of its relative. Their ranges may possibly approach near to each other on the border of the Congo Free State, but the present form has a more western dispersion, and we do not altogether know the extent of its range in the Congo State. But Matschie says that P. schwein- furthi has been found by Reichard and Bohm at Manda on the west shore of Lake Tanganyika and also by Major Dr. von Wissmann at Manyema west of the same lake, so it goes into the Congo Free State, but how far it may penetrate is not yet known. PAN 249 Pan aubryi (Gratiolet et Alix). Troglodytes aubryi Grat, et Alix, Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, II, 1866, p. 1, pls. I, IX; Keith, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1899, p. 296. Simia vellerosus Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Freund., Ber- lin, 1904, p. 64, (Part, nec Gray). Simia aubryi Rothsch., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, pp. 429, 430. Type locality. Gaboon. Geogr. Distr. Cameroon and Gaboon, West Africa. Genl. Char. "Hair black and short; ears very small; last lower molar with five large tubercles as in Gorilla; eyes very wide apart." Face adult, black. , Color. Top of head bistre; back of head black, hairs with bistre tips; whiskers bistre; shoulders, arms, hands, chest, belly, and upper part of back, black; lower back and rump, legs and feet Prout's brown, becoming grayish brown on thighs. Ex specimen Berlin Museum. Young. Black. Measurements. Height, 1,090; arms, 690, (skin). Skull: total length, 210; (185) ; occipito-nasal length, 147.6; (142) ; intertemporal width, 71.2; (72) ; length of braincase, 103; (114) ; width of braincase, 94.4; (106); Hensel, 136.5; (120.9); zygomatic width, 127.2; (broken) ; median length of nasals, 21.5; length of rostrum, 77; width of rostrum at canines, 64.3; (58.8); palatal length, 86.9; length of upper molar series, 46.6; (46); length of mandible, 141.6; (126.7); length of lower molar series, 53.1; (51.3). Ex specimen Berlin Mu- seum. (Ex plaster cast in parentheses). I have not been able to find the type of this species. A plaster cast of the skull is in the Paris Museum, and some dimensions of the latter are given above. The original skull is said to be in the Academy of Sciences. The description of the color of the fur is taken from an example in the Berlin Museum. The plaster bust is life size, and is that of an adult animal. It is colored evidently from nature, and has on the back cut into the plaster "Troglodytes aubreyi, Janvier 1864, Stahl." The eyes of the figure are closed, and I was informed it was a cast taken after death. The coloring appears to have been done with much care. The ears are placed high on the head, and with the face are flesh color; the end of the nose, however, about the nostrils is black. The head, and the body below the nipples, and arms below the shoulders, are black. The entire face is heavily wrinkled. 250 PAN Aubry's Chimpanzee appears to be nearest P. kooloo-kamba, but can be distinguished by its smaller ears. Few examples of either of these Apes have been obtained, and their exact relationship cannot be said to be, as yet, satisfactorily determined. Pan vellerosus (Gray). Troglodytes vellerosus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1862, p. 181. Simia vellerosus Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, 1904, p. 62; 1906, p. 467; Rothsch., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., II, 1904, pp. 429, 430, pl. XXIV, fig., skull, figs. 108, 109, 2. Mimetes troglodytes var. C. Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 7. Type locality. Cameroon Mountains? West Africa. No locality given for type in British Museum. Geogr. Distr. Cameroon. Kameroon-Berg, between Soppo and Buenga, (Prof. Dr. P. Preuss) ; Johann Albrechtshohe on the Elephant Sea in the region of the Upper Mungo, (Gov. von Pullkammer) ; Ndekoa on the Wakome, on the right side of the adjacent river Mun- aya at the junction of the Cross River, near the north boundary of Cameroon, (Diehl) ; Victoria, (Schulz); (Matschie, 1. c.) West Africa. Genl. Char. Hair long and soft, generally yellowish gray in old adults; face brown; last lower molar very small; facial portion of skull very short, canines very large. No hair on frontal ridge or face; whiskers on sides of head and beneath chin. Color. Top of head, space between shoulders and back, broccoli brown; whiskers tipped with broccoli brown; rest of pelage everywhere black; face and hands black. No skull. Ex type British Museum. Measurements Skull: total length, 255; occipito-nasal length, 163; width of braincase, 98.1; Hensel, 134.2; zygomatic width, 137; median length of nasals, 30.9; palatal length, 68.3; length of upper canines, 29.5; length of upper molar series, *36.6; length of mandible, 148.4; length of lower molar series, 50.5. Ex specimen Tring Museum. The type of this species is a Chimpanzee with a coat that is in process of change, the hairs on top of head and back turning apparently from black to brown. This fact would seem to remove it from the group of Chimpanzees which are black throughout their lives, never changing the color of their coats. The hair of the type is long ♦Only four teeth. PLATE XXXVIII. VOLUME III. Pan vellerosus. No- ? Tring. Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. VOLUME III. Pan vellerosus. No. ? Tring. Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. PLATE XXXIX. Pan vellerosus. No. ? Tring. Mus. Coll. % Nat. Size. PAN 251 and soft, and the whiskers are rather long and pass under the chin. Forehead is without hairs, but whether there never were any, or they have fallen off, cannot now be told, as the type is in poor condition. It has very protruding lips, but as no skull came with the specimen, this is probably the result of taxidermic effort. The adult of this species, a fine specimen of which is in the Tring Museum, has forehead and top of head bald, surrounded by black hairs speckled with yellowish white, this color extending above hind neck; back and outer sides of legs and arms at elbows yellowish brown with a red tinge on legs below knee; shoulders and outer side of arms dark brown; forearms and hands blackish brown; feet dark brown; inner side of arms blackish, legs reddish brown; under parts of body blackish brown; short, dark brown beard on chin; ears flesh color. Pan fuscus (Meyer). Anthropopithecus fuscus Meyer, Abhandl. und Ber. Zoologisch. und Anthrop. Mus. Dresd., 1894-95, No. 14, p. 7; Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Freund., Berlin, 1904, p. 64. Simia pygmceus fuscus Rothsch., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, p. 430. Simia troglodytes Jent., Notes Leyd. Mus., 1888, p. 2. (Ex Li- beria). Type locality. Unknown. Geogr. Distr. Gold Coast? West Africa. Genl. Char. Hair in young and adults mostly reddish; hair on chin whitish; hair on head springing from a central whorl; whiskers moderately long; face and ears flesh color. Similar to calvus in color. Meyer (1. c.) gives a description and figure of a young brown female Chimpanzee living at the time in the Zoological Gardens, Dresden, and says in a footnote if an adult brown Chimpanzee exists, he would propose the name of fuscus for it. The specimen figured by Meyer, and which must be regarded as the type, is not in the Dresden Museum and nothing is known of it. Even the country from which the individual came was not given, if it was ascertained. The following specimens are those referred to on page 233. As they were all procured in Cameroon, one is somewhat doubtful about so many Chimpanzees existing within so comparatively a restricted range and yet maintaining a specific distinctness. The material in 252 PAN the Berlin Museum was not sufficient to determine this fact, and it will require more specimens of different ages before a satisfactory decision can be reached. Pan ? Specimen from Basho, Northwestern Cameroon. Genl. Char. Differs from P. chimpanse in having the face of female all flesh color, and of male all dark brown, no difference between the color of the nose and rest of the face, and no white above eyes; whiskers very short, not going under chin; chin white. Pelage entirely black. Measurements. Height, 720; arm, 650, (flat skin). Skull: Male. Total length, 211.3; occipito-nasal length, 153; intertemporal width. 69.7; length of braincase, 124.1; width of braincase, 101; Hensel, 137.4; zygomatic width, 134.3; median length of nasals, 25.3; length of rostrum, 75.8; width of rostrum at canines, 61.2; palatal length, 72.4; length of upper molar series, 41.7. No mandible. Skull: Female. Total length, 190.3; occipito-nasal length, 139.4; intertemporal width, 69.3; length of braincase, 116.4; width of brain- case, 94.2; Hensel, 123.2; zygomatic width, 112.4; median length of nasals, 24.7; length of rostrum, 66.9; width of rostrum at canines, 56; palatal length, 63.5; length of upper molar series, 41.9; length of mandible, 127.1; length of molar series, 47.5. There are two specimens, flat skins, in the Berlin Museum from Basho, male and female. The male has all the face dark brown, or blackish brown, and the female has the face flesh color. The male has black hands and feet while those of the female are flesh color. It seems more reasonable to consider these as sexes of the same species, than to believe that two distinct species of Chimpanzees would be found dwelling in the same place. The hair is long and rather thick, of a jet black color, rather long on sides of head. They resemble P. chimpanse differing in certain ways as mentioned above. Pan ? Specimen from Dunne, interior of Southern Cameroon. Genl. Char. Size large; color mostly various shades of brown; forehead bald. Color. Forehead bald, extending backward farthest in the center; whiskers rather long, extending apparently beneath the chin, but the PAN 253 hair on this part has slipped. Top of head, whiskers, arms, neck and upper part of back blackish brown, becoming more black than brown on hands; lower back and rump wood brown; under parts and inner side of thighs black; outer side of thighs very dark reddish brown; feet nearly black. Ex specimen Berlin Museum. Measurements. Specimen a flat skin, dimensions not reliable. Skull: total length, 212.1; occipito-nasal length, 142.8; intertemporal width, 67.1; breadth of braincase, 95; length of braincase, 111.5; Hen- sel, 148.1; zygomatic width, 136; median length of nasals, 24.5; length of rostrum, 80; width of rostrum at canines, 64.5; palatal length, 82.8; length of upper molar series, 47.9; length of mandible, 152.8; length of lower molar series, 51.3. Ex specimen Berlin Museum. This is a large Chimpanzee belonging to the bald-headed group, with a back much lighter than the rest of the body and limbs, and comes from the same district in which the large gray Gorilla ex Mokbe, Cameroon, is found. The skull is short and rather heavy, with the facial region about equal in length from the anterior edge of the orbital ridge to the occiput. The braincase is broad and rounded, and the rostrum is very broad for its length, the greatest width being at the canines. The orbital ridge is straight, but with a slight depres- sion behind and overhangs the orbits only slightly. The orbits are round, and the narial opening is large, heart shaped and very broad anteriorly. The palate is broad, equal in width throughout its length and the teeth are moderately large, with the tooth rows straight. Pterygoid fossa short and broad and basioccipital quite broad. Its place seems to be near P. calvus. Pan ? Specimen from Lomie, interior of Cameroon. Genl. Char. Similar to P. aubryi, but much paler on lower back and legs. Color. Top of head broccoli brown; sides of head blackish brown; cheeks reddish brown grading into grayish brown; back of head and neck, dark brown, becoming blackish between the shoulders; middle of back to rump, and legs, pinkish buff; arms, hands and under parts brownish black, the hairs being mostly black with reddish brown ones intermingled; feet broccoli brown paler than the legs. Ex specimen Berlin Museum. 254 PA N Measurements. Height, 840; arms, 750, (flat skin). Skull: total length, 200; occipito-nasal length, 153; intertemporal width, 68.4; length of braincase, 119.4; width of braincase, 103; Hensel, 137.8; zygomatic width, 130.5; median length of nasals, 28; length of rostrum, 72.4; width of rostrum at canines, 60.7; palatal length, 70.8; length of upper molar series, 46; length of mandible, 137.6; length of lower molar series, 51.8. Ex specimen Berlin Museum. APPENDIX 255 APPENDIX. SUBORDER ANTHROPOIDEA. FAMILY CALLITRICHID/E. GENUS (EDIPOMIDAS. CEdipomidas salaquiensis Elliot. CEdipomidas salaquiensis Elliot, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1912, p. 137. Type locality. Forest of the River Salaqui, northwestern Co- lombia. Type in American Museum of Natural History, N. Y. Color. Adult male. Face and sides of head covered with very short white hairs, skin black; throat naked, black; middle of forehead to crown white, the hairs starting at a point just above and widening as they go to crown; crown and nape dark chestnut, hairs ringed with black; forearms white, rest of arms, shoulders, entire upper parts and outer side of legs to ankles, black mottled with cream buff; inner side of arms, lower part of throat and chest cream color, rest of under parts of body and inner side of legs deep buff yellow; tail above jet black, a few chestnut hairs at the root, beneath chestnut at root, re- mainder jet black; hands and feet gray; ears black, naked. Measurements. Total length, 690 mm.; tail, 395; foot, 75. Skull: total length, 59.7; occipito-nasal length, 50; Hensel, 37.4; zygomatic width, 36.1; intertemporal width, 24.5; median length of nasals, 7.3; breadth of braincase, 27.6; palatal length, 18; length of upper molar series, 10; length of mandible, 31.9; length of lower molar series, 12.4. Ex type American Museum of Natural History, N. Y. This species, while having a general resemblance to (E. geoffroyi, is larger, and differs in the coloring of its coat in the following respects: the crown and nape are dark chestnut instead of burnt umber, the mottling is cream color on inner side of arms and chest, and buff yellow on rest of under parts and inner side of legs instead of all these parts being pure white. The cranial characters are very different. The skull is much larger in its dimensions; the palate is wider and longer; the bullae longer and higher, the zygomatic arch longer and wider; the braincase broader, and occipital region broader and more 256 APPENDIX rounded; nasals broader and longer; mandible much heavier, the ascending ramus much broader at line of tooth row, being 13.1 mm. to 11.5 of (E. geoffroyi, with the angle more prominent. The orbits are much wider the outer dimension across both being 27.5 for the present species to 25.4 for CE. geoffroyi. The present species was procured by Mrs. E. L. Kerr, (who also discovered the striking Seniocebus meticulosus lately described) in the forest of the River Salaqui, among the coast mountains of north- western Colombia. It would appear to be a larger animal than its relative from Costa Rica and Panama. It is not probable that the ranges of the species approach each other, as the Salaqui River is a considerable distance to the south of the northern border of Colombia. GENUS CERCOPITHECUS. Cercopithecus midas egens (Thomas). Leontocebus midas egens Thos. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 8th Ser., X, 1912, p. 44. Type locality. Obidos, Lower Amazon. Type in British Museum. Genl. Char. Similar to C. midas. Color. "Back more strongly suffused with dark buffy, generally throughout, and in all cases across the shoulders. Black of the head less deep and less continued down on to the back, the grizzled buffy of the back going further forward on the nape. Hands instead of being wholly 'ochraceous' or 'ochraceus buff,' only of this color on the outer half of the wrist, the metacarpus and digits being decidedly lighter colored, 'buff' or 'cream buff.' Feet also rather lighter than in midas, though the difference is less conspicuous." Measurements. "Head and body, 229; tail, 384; foot, 65; ear, 40." (Collector). "Skull: greatest length, 49.5." I have not seen this specimen. Memorandum Galago cocos. The description printed of this species was taken from that pub- lished by the author (1. c.), as I had not been able to see the type. Lately, through the kindness of the Director of the National Museum, Dr. Rathbone, the type was forwarded to me, and I found that an error had been committed and the chin and throat wrongly described. In Mr. Heller's paper these parts are given as blackish, when it should have been stated "chin and throat white," the base of the fur being plumbeous. APPENDIX 257 A work that is extremely rare in Europe and America has very lately been acquired for the Library of the American Museum of Natural History in New York, viz., "Memoires concernant 1'Histoire naturelie de l'Empire Chinois par des Peres de la compagnie de Jesus," and published in "Chang-Hai." In the fourth volume of the series is a description of a Tarsius from Mindanao, Philippine Archipelago, by P. M. Heude, S.J., as follows: SUBORDER LEMUROIDEA. FAMILY TARSIID/E. GENUS TARSIUS. Tarsius carbonarius Heude, 4, 1899, p. 164, pl. XXXIII, figs. 4, 5, 6, 7. Type locality. "Golfe de Davao, et vallee du rio Pulangui," Island of Mindanao, Philippine Archipelago. Descr. "Cette espece se distingue de 1'espece type, par la forme de ses premolaires superieures, le developpement des molaires, 1'etroi- tesse de la longueur plus grande du crane. On m'a dit qu'il mangeait du charbon." The author compares this Mindanao example with one from Java, from which it is of course quite distinct, but he is obviously ignorant of T. philippinensis Meyer, also from Mindanao, described in 1894, five years previously, from which his proposed new species cannot evidently be separated. It will be noticed that in the lines I have italicized the author repeats the fable of these animals eating charcoal! T. carbonarius Heude will therefore become a synonym of T. philippinensis Meyer. Galago cocos Heller. Galago moholi cocos Heller, Smith. Mise. Coll., 60, 1912, p. 1. Type locality. Mazeras, British East Africa. Type in United States National Museum. Genl. Char. Color above on dorsal surface, cinnamon; base of hair on under parts plumbeous; last upper molar large. Color. Nose broccoli brown with a white line on center to middle of forehead; cheeks grayish buff; lips whitish; occiput umber brown; dorsal surface cinnamon; chin, throat and sides of neck 258 APPENDIX blackish; under parts buffy-yellow, hairs plumbeous at base; chest ochraceous; limbs buffy-yellow; tail cinnamon, darkest at tip; ears naked, blackish. Measurements. Total length, 353; tail, 203; foot, 55; ear, 38. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 41; zygomatic width, 28; intertemporal width, 16.5; length of nasals, 10.8; length of upper molar series, 12.3; length of mandible, 25; length of M3, 3.2; width, 3.2. This form was described as a subspecies of G. moholi, but as this is a synonym of G. senegalensis a West African species, it was necessary to remove it from that category, and as it is evidently not a subspecies of any East African Galago, I have given it specific rank. SUBORDER ANTHROPOIDEA. FAMILY CEBID/E. GENUS LAGOTHRIX. Lagothrix lugens Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XX, 7th Ser., 1907, p. 193. In a collection of mammals lately received at the American Mu- seum of Natural History, from Colombia, were a number of examples of this species of different ages obtained at La Palma, Huila, at an elevation of 5,500 feet. These specimens would seem to prove that the type in the British Museum was in immature pelage, and that the adult is a gray animal with the head bistre. Some specimens are like the type, and one is intermediate between the type and the adult, with the gray appearing on the lower back, rump and tail. The adult may be described as follows: Lagothrix lugens, adult male. Top and sides of head sepia; fore- head pale wood brown; occiput and hind neck dark mars brown; upper part of back mouse gray tinged with brown, rest of back, rump, outer side of legs and feet dark smoke gray; outer side of arms similar to upper back; hands like arms with a pale brownish patch below fingers; chin pale cinnamon; lower part of throat and upper part of chest chestnut; flanks gray like back; rest of under part of body, under side of arms and legs jet black; tail above gray like rump, beneath black. The skull has the same peculiar nasals with the anterior half projecting at a right angle to the posterior portions.* ♦As the last two species became known to the author only lately, it has not been possible to arrange them in the Appendix in their proper order. APPENDIX 259 Cebus curtus Bangs. Cebus curtus Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambr. Mass., XLVI, 1905, p. 91. Type locality. Gorgona Island, off southern coast of Colombia, S. A. Type in Museum of Comparative Zoology. Genl. Char. Similar in color to C. capucina (Linn.) but hands and feet smaller, tail shorter, and last molar smaller. Measurements. Total length, 753; tail, 420; foot, 115. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 80.4; intertemporal width, 38.4; zygomatic width, 58.4; palatal length, 33.6; length of upper tooth row, 25; length of mandible, 58; length of lower tooth row, 28. Ex type in Museum of Comparative Zoology. Very lately, through the kindness of my friend Mr. O. Bangs, I have been able to examine the type and a young example of this monkey. It differs from C. capucina as stated above, and agrees with C. c. nigripectus in its shorter tooth row, and small last molar. The short tail in each example appears to be natural, but it will require more specimens from the island before it can be satisfactorily deter- mined whether or not this member has been abbreviated by the animal itself or by some other agent. The tails of both examples are equally short. APPENDIX 261 APPENDIX 2 In Volume I, on page 324, is a description of Callithrix goeldi founded on a specimen in the collection of the British Museum. This example was in poor condition and without a skull, and was reluctantly admitted as a distinct species, although it could not be assigned to any known form. Lately Mr. Thomas received some examples of mam- mals from the Para Museum, among which was a C. goeldi with its skull. This proves to have a remarkable interest and establishes the fact that this monkey is not only distinct from all others, but also represents a distinct genus to be assigned as follows: FAMILY CEBID/E Subfamily. Callimiconinae GENUS CALLIMICO. y 2 2 1 1 yy 3 3 w r 3 3 X L 2-2 > L. fzi; P. 3-3; M- 3-3 3^- Skull has a high and rounded braincase, brow ridges not promi- nent; with superior outline from nasals to occiput convex; malar verti- cally expanded; mandible with chin and incisor as in the Cebid^e. Orbits more slanting than in Callithrix, but pterygoids like those of that genus. Molars like Callithrix, but broader and without hypocone; lower incisors and canines normal. Externally the animal resembles the Marmosets, with long, curved compressed claws. The species will stand as follows: Callimico goeldi (Thomas). Callithrix goeldi Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XIV, 1904, 7th Ser., p. 100. Callimico snethlageri Ribeiro, Bras. Runds., 1911, p. 21. Callimico goeldi Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XI, 1913, 8th Ser., p. 131. 262 APPENDIX Subfamily. Alouattinae GENUS ALOUATTA. Alouatta palliata inconsonans Goldman Alouatta palliata inconsonans Gold., Smith. Mise. Coll., 60, 1913, p.17. Type locality. Cerro Azul, near the headwaters of the Charges River, Panama, Elevation 2,500 feet. Type in United States National Museum. Genl. Char. Like A. palliata but black color less suffused with brownish or rufous. Color. Upper parts varying from pure black to black finely and usually rather inconspicuously mixed with buff over most of dorsum leaving head and rump pure black, under parts in general thinly haired, black or dark brownish, becoming lighter through varying shades from burnt umber of Ridgway to brownish ochraceous on the long hairs overhanging lower part of sides; chin, arms, legs and tail pure black. Skull with braincase broader posteriorly; zygomata usually more squarely spreading posteriorly; supra-occipital protuberance shorter and more projecting; interpterygoid fossa broader, bullae flatter; pre- molars narrower. Measurements. "Total length, 1,272; tail vertebrae, 71.5; foot, 143. Skull (Type) : Greatest length, 123.5; zygomatic breadth, 87.2; length of nasal, 21.8; anterior width of nasals at median constriction, 8; inter- orbital breadth, 12.2; palatal length, 46.8; maxillary tooth row, 29.4; width of crown of third upper premolar, 7.7; antero-posterior extent of supra-occipital protuberance (from lamboid suture), 14.1." I have not seen this example, but it seems to possess only slight differences from A. palliata. INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. VOLUME III. Numbers in heavy type indicate the page on which is the description of the Species. Page abelli (Pongo p.) 192,195,203 abelli (Simia) 187,189,194 abyssinicus (Colobus) 116, 117,118,119,120,122,143,145, 146 adrotes (Satyrus) 213 agilis (Hylobates) 150,151,152,153,154,162,168,170 agilis (Pithecus) 169 sethiops (Cercocebus) 135 agrias (Pongo p.) 192,194 agrias (Simia) 188 alba (Macacus) 70 albibarbis (Hylobates m.) 153,171,174 albigena (Semnopithecus) 24 albigenis (Erythrocebus) ...5,6,11,14 albimana (Simia) 151,162 albimanus (Hylobates) 152,162 albinus (Presbytis) 23, 70, 71 albipes (Pygathrix) 91 albipes (Semnopithecus).. 23, 24, 25,91 albocinereus (Semnopithecus) 24. 25, 53, 54, 56, 59 albofasciatus Simia (Cercopithecus) ruber 5,7 anchises (Semnopithecus) ...23,24,87 angolensis (Colobus) 117,118,119,121,122,141,142.143 angolensis (Guereza) 142 ansorgei (Cercopithecus) 3 ansorgei (Miopithecus) 3 anthracinus (Semnopithecus) .. 117,138 Anthropopithecus 227 Anthropopithecus calvus 234 Anthropopithecus fuscus 231,251 Anthropopithecus gorilla 213 Anthropopithecus niger 241 Anthropopithecus troglodytes ....245 Page Anthropopithecus troglodytes kooloo-kamba 242 argentatus (Semnopithecus).. 23, 49. 59 atys (Semnopithecus) 24 aubryi (Pan) ... .230, 233,234, 249, 253 aubryi (Simia) 232,249 aubryi (Troglodytes) 230,249 aurata (Pygathrix) 21, 22, 24, 25, 29, 31, 75, 78,100 aurata (Simia) 21,75 auratus (Cercopithecus) . .21,75, 76, 77 auratus (Semnopithecus) ... .22, 24, 76 avunculus (Rhinopithecus)iO2,106,107 aygula (Presbytis) 61 aygula (Pygathrix) 20, 21,22,24, 25, 29, 31, 56, 60 aygula (Simia) 20,60 barbei (Presbytis) 22,23,26,48 barbei (Pygathrix) 22, 23, 24, 26, 28, 30, 48,49 barbei (Semnopithecus) 25,48 batangtuensis (Pithecus s.) ... 186,193 batangtuensis (Pongo 1.) 205 batangtuensis (Simia s.) 193 batuana (Presbytis) 26,44 batuana (Pygathrix) 26,30,44 baumstarki (Cercopithecus) 17 baumstarki (Erythrocebus) 5, 6, 14,17 beringeri (Gorilla) 210, 211, 212, 219, 222 bicolor (Colobus) 118,139 bicolor (Pongo p.) 192,195 bicolor (Semnopithecus) 22,139 bicolor (Simia) 187, 190,195, 204 bieti (Rhinopithecus) 102,103,104, 106, 107,108 I II INDEX OF LATIN NAMES Page bouvieri (Colobus) 118, 120,121,128,129 bouvieri (Piliocolobus) 128 Brachiopithecus 149 brelichi (Rhinopithecus) 102,105 brooki (Pithecus) 190,193 calvus (Anthropopithecus) 234 calvus (Pan) 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 237, 253 calvus (Pseudanthropus) 230,231 calvus (Simia) 231,235 calvus (Troglodytes) 230,234,235,236 cana (Presbytis) 25,58 cana (Pygathrix) 29,31,57,58 capistratus (Cercopithecus) in carbo (Presbytis o.) 27 carbo (Pygathrix) 29,31,54 carbo (Pygathrix o.) 54 carbonarius (Tarsius).. .Appendix 257 carimatae (Presbytis) 26,38 carimatae (Pygathrix). .26, 29, 30, 37, 38 castaneiceps (Gorilla) 211,220 castaneiceps (Gorilla g.) 210, 211, 212, 220 castaneiceps (Troglodytes) 211 catemana (Presbytis) 27,60 catemana (Pygathrix) 27,29,30,31,60 caudatus (Colobus) 118, 119, 120, 122,146, 147, 148 caudatus (Colobus g.) 118,146 caudatus (Guereza) 146 Cebus curtus Appendix 259 cephaloloptera (Cercopithecus) ....21 cephaloloptera (Pygathrix) 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 31, 68, 72, 73, 74 cephaloloptera (Simia) 20,21 cephalolopterus (Semnopithecus) 24, 25 cephaloptera! (Presbytis) 70 cephalopterus! (Semnopithecus) 70, 72. 73 Cercocebus aethiops 135 Cercocebus kerstingi 13 Cercopithecus 5,17, 21 Cercopithecus ansorgei 3 Cercopithecus auratus ... .21, 75, 76, 77 Cercopithecus baumstarki 117 Page Cercopithecus capistratus m Cercopithecus cephaloptera (!) ....69 Cercopithecus circumcinctus ....16.17 Cercopithecus entellus 21,86 Cercopithecus fuliginosus 135 Cercopithecus kephalopterus (!) ...69 Cercopithecus lallandi 14 Cercopithecus larvatus m Cercopithecus latibarbatus 21,69 Cercopithecus leucoprymnus ...21,69 Cercopithecus maurus 21, 75, 78 Cercopithecus m. egens..Appendix 256 Cercopithecus nasicus m Cercopithecus polycomus 116 Cercopithecus pyrrhonotus 5,9 Cercopithecus ruber 5,7,9 Cercopithecus sannio 5, 15 Cercopithecus senex 71,72 Cercopithecus talapoin 12 Cercopithecus zechi 13 Ceylonica (Simia) 21,76 Cheiron 149 chimpanse (Pan) 230, 231, 233, 234, 244, 245 chimpanse (Satyrus) 245 chimpanse (Simia) 230 chimpanse (Simia p.) 232,245 Chlorocebus ruber 7 choromandus (Hylobates) 151, 152, 156, 158 chrysogaster (Presbytis) 67 chrysogaster (Semnopithecus) 26, 67, 68 chrysomelas (Pygathix) 22, 29, 30, 42,44, 46 chrysomelas (Semnopithecus) 22, 24, 25, 42 cinereus (Semnopithecus) 59 circumcinctus (Cercopithecus) ..16,17 circumcinctus (Erythrocebus) .. 5, 6, 16 cocos (Galago) Appendix 257 Colobolus 115,120 Colobus 115,117,118 Colobus abyssinicus 116,117,118,119, 120,122,143,145, 146 Colobus a. kikuyuensis ...119,146,147 Colobus a. occidentals 144 Colobus a. poliurus 119,145 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES III Page Colobus angolensis 117,118,119,121,122, 141,142, 143 Colobus bicolor 118,139 Colobus bouvieri 118, 120, 121,128, 129 Colobus caudatus 118, 119, 120,122,146,147, 148 Colobus cottoni 119,142 Colobus cristatus 117,118.123 Colobus ellioti 119,120,121,126 Colobus ferrugineus 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122 128, 129, 130, 131,133, 134, 136 Colobus ferruginosus 133 Colobus foai 119,120,121,131,132 Colobus fuliginosus 117, 119, 120,121, 129, 134 Colobus gallarum .. .. 119, 120, 122, 148 Colobus godonorum ..119,120,121,137 Colobus graueri 119, 120, 121,132 Colobus guereza 117,119,143,144 Colobus guereza caudatus ....118,146 Colobus kirki 118, 119, 120,121,128,137 Colobus leucomeros 139 Colobus matschie 119,145 Colobus nigrimanus 119, 120,121,125, 127 Colobus occidentalis 118,119, 120, 122, 144 Colobus oustaleti ....119,120,121,132 Colobus palliatus 118,119, 120, 122, 139,141,142, 143 Colobus pennanti 117, 119,120,121,129,136 Colobus poliurus 119, 120, 122,145 Colobus polycomus 117,118,120,122,140 Colobus preussi 119,120,121,127 Colobus rufo-fuliginosus 117, 119, 133, 134 Colobus rufomitratus 118, 120, 121,123,124, 125 Colobus rufoniger 117, 119, 120, 121,136, 137 Colobus riippellii 118 Colobus ruwenzori ...119,120,122,138 Colobus satanas 117,118, 119, 120,122,138 Page Colobus sharpei 119,120,122.142 Colobus temmincki 116, 117, 121,130, 135, 136 Colobus tephrosceles 119,120,121,124,126 Colobus tholloni 118, 119, 120,121,129,130 Colobus ursinus 117,118,139, 140 Colobus vellerosus 117, 118,120, 122,139,140, 242 Colobus verus117, 118,119,120,121,122 comata (Simia) 21 comatus (Semnopithecus) 22,24,60,61 comosa (Simia) 140 concolor (Hylobates) 151, 152, 153, 154, 168,171, 173, 174, 175 concolor (Simia) 171 concolor (Simias) 109 continentis (Symphalangus s.) 176, 178,179 cottoni (Colobus) 119,142 crepuscula (Presbytis) 84 crepuscula (Pygathrix) 27, 28, 31, 32, 84, 85, 86 cristata (Presbytis) 24,48,59,81 cristata (Pygathrix) 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 29, 31, 79, 80. 81 cristata (Simia) 21 cristatus (Colobus) 117,118,123 cristatus (Semnopithecus) 24,79 cruciger (Presbytis f.) 41 cruciger (Pygathrix) 26,29,30,41 cruciger (Semnopithecus) ...26,41,72 cucullatus (Semnopithecus) 22, 24, 71, 73 curtus (Cebus) Appendix 259 curtus (Pithecus) 190,193 dadappensis (Pithecus s.) 186,190, 193 dadappensis (Pongo 1.) 205 dadappensis (Pongop.) ..192,194,198 dadappensis (Simia s.) 194 deliensis (Pithecus s.) 187, 191,195, 203, 204 diehli (Gorilla) 211 diehli (Gorilla g.) 210, 211, 212, 218, 222 dilecta (Presbytis) 27,56 IV INDEX OF LATIN NAMES Page dilecta (Pygathrix) 27,29,31,56 dussumieri (Semnopithecus) 23, 24, 25, 95, 96 edwardsi (Semnopithecus) 76 edwardsi (Simia) 121 egens (Cercopithecus m.) Appendix 256 ellioti (Colobus) 119,120,121,126 Engeco 227 entelloides (Hylobates) ..152,153,162 entellus (Cercopithecus) 21,86 entellus (Presbytis) 86,92 entellus (Pygathrix) 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 32 86, 92, 95, 96, 97,100 entellus (Semnopithecus) 22, 24, 25, 86, 92 entellus (Simia) 20,21,86 Erythrocebus 4, 5, 8, 10,17 Erythrocebus albigenis 5,6,11,14 Erythrocebus baumstarki ...5,6,14,17 Erythrocebus circumcinctus ...5,6,16 Erythrocebus formosus 5, 6,10 Erythrocebus kerstingi 5,6,12,13 Erythrocebus langeldi . .5, 6,14,17,18 Erythrocebus patas 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 13, 16,18 Erythrocebus poliophaeus . .5, 6,11,15 Erythrocebus pyrrhonotus 5, 6, 9,10,11 Erythrocebus sannio 5.6,15 Erythrocebus whitei 5,6,11,12 Erythrocebus zechi 5,6,13 everetti (Pygathrix) . .26, 29, 31,63,64 everetti (Semnopithecus) 26,63 fascicularis (Pithecus) 22 fascicularis (Semnopithecus) 61 Faunus 181 femoralis (Presbytis) 45 femoralis (Pygathrix) 21, 25, 27, 30, 43, 45,46, 47, 58 femoralis (Semnopithecus) 21, 24, 25, 42, 45 femoralis (Simia) 45 ferruginea (Simia) 116,133 ferrugineus (Colobus) 116,117,118, 119,120,121,122 128, 129, 130,131,133,134, 136 Page ferruginous (Piliocolobus) 134 ferrugineus (Semnopithecus) 25,33,34 ferruginosus (Colobus) 133 flavicauda (Presbytis) 27 flavicauda (Pygathrix) 20,30,50 flavimanus (Semnopithecus) 22, 24, 33, 34 foai (Colobus) ...119,120,121,131,132 formosus (Erythrocebus) 5,6,10 fran<;oisae (Semnopithecus) 26,68 fran^oisi (Pygathrix) ....26,29,31,68 frontata (Pygathrix) 29. 30, 38, 39? 40, 4b 42 frontatus (Semnopithecus) 24. 25, 38, 39 fuliginosus (Cercopithecus) 135 fuliginosus (Colobus) 117,119,120,121, 129,134 fuliginosus (Pan) 230, 232, 233, 234, 240 fuliginosus (Pseudanthropus) 230,240 fuliginosus (Simia) 232 fuliginosus (Simia v.) 231,240 fulvogriseus (Semnopithecus) 21, 61, 69 fulvogriseus (Simia) 21 funereus (Hylobates) 152, 153, 154,174 fusco-murina (Presbytis) 26,62 fusco-murina (Pygathrix) 26,29,31,62 fuscus (Anthropopithecus) ...231,251 fuscus (Hylobates) ... 151,153,154,175 fuscus (Pan) 231,233,234,251 fuscus (Simia p.) 232,251 gabrielli (Hylobates) ....153,154,166 Galago cocos Appendix 257 gallarum (Colobus) ..119,120,122,148 genepaiensis (Pithecus s.) 186, 190, 193 genepaiensis (Pongo 1.) 205 genepaiensis (Pongo p.) ..192,193,194 genepaiensis (Simia s.) 194 geoffroyi (CEdipomidas) 255,256 germaini (Pygathrix) 24,28,82 germaini (Semnopithecus) ...24,52,82 gesilla (Pithecus) 213 gina (Gorilla) 213 godonorum (Colobus) 119, 120,121,137 Gorilla 206 Gorilla ? ex Mbiawe 223 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES V Page gorilla (Anthropopithecus) 213 Gorilla beringeri..2io, 211, 212, 219, 222 Gorilla castaneiceps 211,220 Gorilla gina 213 Gorilla gorilla 210, 211,212, 213, 217, 218, 220, 222 Gorilla g. castaneiceps 210, 211,212, 220 Gorilla g. diehli ..210,211,212,218,222 Gorilla g. jacobi 210, 211, 212, 217, 219, 222 Gorilla g. matschie 210, 211, 212, 218, 220, 221 Gorilla jacobi 211,219 Gorilla mayema 225,226,233 gorilla (Troglodytes) 190, 206, 207, 210, 213 graueri (Colobus) ....119,120,121,132 Guereza 5 Guereza angolensis 143 Guereza caudatus 146 guereza (Colobus) ...117,119,143,144 Guereza guereza 144 Guereza riippelli 118,144 Guereza ursina 140 Guereza vellerosa 137 hainanus (Hylobates) 153, *55 harlani (Hylobates) 151,171 henrici (Hylobates) ..153,154,165,166 holotophrea (Pygathrix)..26, 29, 30, 49 holotophreus (Semnopithecus) .. 26, 49 Homo lar 149,150,161 hoolock (Hylobates) 151,152,153,154,156,157,158, 163, 165 hoolock (Simia) 156 hosei (Pygathrix) .. 26, 29, 31, 62, 63, 64 hosei (Semnopithecus) 26,64 houlock (Hylobates) 157 hulok (Hylobates) 157 Hylanthropus 228 Hylobates 149,151, 153, 189 Hylobates agilis 150,151,152,153,154, 162,168,170 Hylobates albimanus 152, 162 Hylobates choromandus 151,152,156,158 Page Hylobates concolor 151,152,153,154, 168,171,173,174,175 Hylobates entelloides .... 152,153,162 Hylobates funereus .. 152,153,154,174 Hylobates fuscus .... 151,153,154,175 Hylobates gabrielli 153,154,166 Hylobates hainanus 153,155 Hylobates harlani 151,171 Hylobates henrici .... 153, 154,165,166 Hylobates hoolock 151,152,153, 154,156,157, 158,163,165 Hylobates houlock 157 Hylobates hulock 157 Hylobates javanicus 161,168 Hylobates lar 150,151,152, 153,154,161 163,164, 165, 169, 170 Hylobates leuciscus 150,151,152, 153,154, 162 166,167, 168,172,173 Hylobates leucogenys 151,153,154,165 Hylobates mulleri 151,152,153,171, 172,173 Hylobates mulleri albibarbis 153,171,174 Hylobates nasutus ... 152,153,154,155 Hylobates pileatus IS2, 153,154, 155,170 Hylobates rafflesi ....151,152,153,169 Hylobates scyritus 157 Hylobates syndactylus 67,151,152,153,173,177,179 Hylobates unko 151,162,169 Hylobates variegatus 151,162,169 hypoleuca (Pygathrix) 23, 24, 25, 28, 32, 95, 96 hypoleucus (Semnopithecus) ...24,95 ignita (Presbytis) 27,36,37 jacobi (Gorilla) 211,219 jacobi (Gorilla g.) 210, 211, 212, 217, 219, 222 javanicus (Hylobates) 167,168 johni (Presbytis) . 73,96 johni (Pygathrix) 22, 23, 24, 28, 31, 72, 74 johni (Semnopithecus) ...24,25,73,95 VI INDEX OF LATIN NAMES Page johni (Simia) 21,72,95 jubata (Presbytis) 73 jubatus (Semnopithecus) 22, 73 Kasi 19, 24 keatii (Presbytis n.) 27, 46, 47 kelaarti (Semnopithecus) 25, 70 kephaloptera! (Cercopithecus) 69 kerstingi (Cercocebus) 13 kerstingi (Erythrocebus) ...5,6,12,13 kikuyuensis (Colobus a.).. 119, 146, 147 kirki (Colobus) 118, 119, 120, 121,128, 137 kirki (Piliocolobus) 128 klossi (Symphalangus) 176,180 kooloo-kamba (Anthropopithecust.)242 kooloo-kamba (Pan) 230, 233, 234, 235, 242 kooloo-kamba (Pseudanthropus) 230, 242 kooloo-kamba (Simia) 232,242 kooloo-kamba (Troglodytes) . .230, 242 kra (Semnopithecus) 22 ladakensis (Pithecus s.) 193 ladakensis (Simia satyrus) 193 Lagothrix lugens Appendix 258 lallandi (Cercopithecus) 14 landakensis (Pithecus s.) 186, 187, 190, 193 landakensis (Pongo) 205 langeldi (Erythrocebus)..5, 6, 14, 17, 18 lania (Presbytis) 27,93 lania (Pygathrix) 27,32,93,94 lar (Homo) 149,150,161 lar (Hylobates) 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 161 163,164, 165,169, 170 lar (Pithecus) 150,161,168 lar (Simia) 161,169 larvatus (Cercopithecus) in larvatus (Nasalis) 25, 109, in larvatus (Semnopithecus) 112 Lasiopyga 4,21,24 Lasiopyga nemaeus 24,98 latibarbatus (Cercopithecus) ....21,69 Page latibarbatus (Semnopithecus) 70 latibarbatus (Simia) 69 leuciscus (Hylobates) 150,151,152,153,154,162 166,167, 168, 172,173 leuciscus (Pithecus) 150,166 leucogenys (Hylobates) I5b 153,154,165 leucomeros (Colobus) 139 leucomystax (Semnopithecus) 24 leucoprymna (Simia) 21,230,244 leucoprymnus (Cercopithecus).. .21, 69 leucoprymnus (Pan) 230, 231, 233, 234, 244 leucoprymnus (Pseudanthropus) 230, 244 leucoprymnus (Semnopithecus) 22, 24, 69 leucoprymnus (Simia) 232,244 longimana (Simia) 150,161 Lophocolobus 115 Lophopithecus 19 Lophotus 181 lugens (Lagothrix) Appendix 258 margarita (Presbytis) 27,81 margarita (Pygathrix) ... 27, 29, 32, 81 marungensis (Troglodytes) 248 marungensis (Pan s.) 230, 234, 246, 248 marungensis (Simia) 230 marungensis (Simia s.) 232 matschie (Colobus) 119,145 matschie (Gorilla g.) 210, 211, 212, 218, 220, 221 maura (Presbytis) 76 maura (Simia) 20, 45, 77, 78 Maurus 24 maurus (Cercopithecus) 21,75, 78 maurus (Presbytis) 76 maurus (Semnopithecus)..24, 25, 75, 79 mayema (Gorilla) 225,226,233 mayema (Pseudogorilla) 225 melalophus! (Semnopithecus) 24, 32, 33, 80 melalophus! (Simia) 21 melamera (Presbytis) 27,47 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES VII Page melamera (Pygathrix) .. .27, 28, 30, 47 melanolopha (Pygathrix) 21, 22, 24, 25, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35 melanolopha (Semnopithecus) 22, 24, 25, 29, 35 melanolopha (Simia) 21 melarhinus (Simia) 2 meticulosus (Seniocebus) 256 Mimetes 227 Mimetes calvus 230 Mimetes kooloo-kamba 230 Mimetes satyrus 230 Mimetes troglodytes 230,241,250 Mimetes vellerosus 230 Miopithecus 1 Miopithecus ansorgei 3 Miopithecus capillatus 2 Miopithecus talapoin 1,2,3 mitrata (Presbytis) 21,60 mitratus (Semnopithecus) ...24,25,61 mitrula (Presbytis) 61 monticola (Presbytis cephalolop- terus) 23,71,72 monticola (Pygathrix) 28,72 monticola (Pygathrix c.) 23,71 morio (Pithecus) .... 187, 189, 190, 193 morio (Simia) 193 miilleri (Hylobates) 151, 152, 153, 171, 172, 173 Nasalis 25, in Nasalis larvatus 25, 109, in Nasalis recurvus 112 nasalis (Semnopithecus) 112 nasica (Simia) in nasicus (Semnopithecus) ..25,111,112 nasicus (Simia c.) in nasutus (Hylobates) . .152,153, 154,155 natunae (Pygathrix) 26, 29,31,57, 58, 101 natunae (Semnopithecus) 26, 57 neglecta (Presbytis) 46 neglecta (Pygathrix) 46 neglectus (Semnopithecus) ..25,45,46 nemaeus (Cercopithecus) 98 nemaeus (Lasiopyga) 24,98 nemaeus (Pygathrix) 20, 24, 25, 29, 32, 98, 99, 100, 101,112, 113 Page nemaeus (Semnopithecus) ...22,25,99 nemaeus (Simia) 20,21,98,99,100 nepalensis (Semnopithecus) 92 nestor (Semnopithecus) 22,70 nestor (Vetulus) 70 nictitans (Simia) 24 niger (Troglodytes) 190, 206, 207, 235, 241 nigrimanus (Colobus) 119, 120, 121,125, 127 nigrimanus (Semnopithecus) 23, 24, 59 nigripes (Pygathrix) 24, 29, 32, 100,113 nigripes (Semnopithecus) ..24,25,100 nigrofaciatus (Cercopithecus) ruber. .7 nobilis (Pygathrix) .. .23, 29, 30, 34, 35 nobilis (Semnopithecus) 24,34 nubigena (Presbytis) 27, 55 nubigena (Pygathrix) ....27,29,31,55 nudifrons (Presbytis) 27,40 nudifrons (Pygathrix) ....27,29,30,40 obongensis (Pithecus s.) .. 191,195, 204 obscura (Presbytis) 52 obscura (Pygathrix) 22, 24, 28, 30, 47, 52, 54, 55, 56, 58 obscurus (Semnopithecus) 22, 24, 25, 49, 52, 53, 56 occidentalis (Colobus) 118,119,120, 122,144 occidentalis (Colobus a.) 144 CEdipomidas geoffroyi 255,256 CEdipomidas salaquiensis Appendix 255 olivaceus (Semnopithecus) ....117, 123 oustaleti (Colobus) ..119,120,121,132 oweni (Pithecus) 190,193 palliatus (Colobus) 118, 119,120, 122,139,141,142,143 pallipes (Semnopithecus) 23,96 palpebrosus (Pithecus) 52 Pan 206,227,230 Pan aubryi 230,233,234,249,253 Pan calvus 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 237, 253 Pan chimpanse 230, 231, 233, 234, 244, 245 Pan fuliginosus . .230, 232, 233, 234, 240 Pan fuscus 231,233,234,251 VIII INDEX OF LATIN NAMES Page Pan kooloo-kamba 230, 233, 234, 235, 242 Pan leucoprymnus 230, 231, 233, 234, 244 Pan satyrus 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 237, 241 Pan schweinfurthi 230, 231, 232, 234, 245, 246, 248 Pan s. marungensis ..230,234,246,248 Pan tschego 230 Pan vellerosus230,23i,232,233, 234, 250 Pan ? ex Basho, N. W. Cameroon 252 Pan ? ex Dunne, South Cameroon 252 Pan ? ex Lomie, Cameroon 252 patas (Cercopithecus) 4,6 patas (Erythrocebus) 4, 5, 6,8, 9,13,16, 18 patas (Simia) 4, 6 pennanti (Colobus) 117,119,120,121,129,136 percura (Presbytis) 27,44 percura (Pygathrix) 27,29,30,44 phayrei (Pygathrix) 23,28,30,49 phayrei (Semnopithecus) ....23,25,49 philippinensis (Pithecus) 52 pileata (Presbytis) 94 pileata (Pygathrix) 22, 23, 28, 32, 67, 94 pileatus (Hylobates) 152,153,154,155,170 pileatus (Semnopithecus) 22, 23, 24, 25, 67, 94 Piliocolobus H5,i53 Piliocolobus bouvieri 128 Piliocolobus kirki 128 Piliocolobus tholloni 129 Pithecus brookei 190, 193 Pithecus curtus 190,193 Pithecus gesilla 213 Pithecus lar 150,161,168 Pithecus leuciscus 150,166 Pithecus morio 187,189,190,193 Pithecus nemestrinus 109 Pithecus obongensis 191,195,204 Pithecus oweni 190,193 Pithecus palpebrosus 52 Pithecus philippinensis 52 Page Pithecus satyrus 182, 190, 193 Pithecus s. batangtuensis 186, 193 Pithecus s. dadappensis ..186,190,193 Pithecus s. deliensis 187, 191, 195, 203, 204 Pithecus s. genepaiensis ..186,190,193 Pithecus s. landakensis 186, 187,190, 193 Pithecus s. obongensis ...191,195,204 Pithecus s. rantaiensis ... 186,193,199 Pithecus s. skalauensis 186,190,193, 198 Pithecus s. tuakensis 186,190,193 Pithecus s. wallacei 187 Pithecus sumatranus 191 Pithecus sumatranus deliensis 187,191,195, 203, 204 Pithecus syndactylus 176, 177 Pithecus talapoin 2 Pithecus variegatus 150,161 Pithecus varius 150,161 Pithecus wallacei 193 poliophaeus (Cercopithecus) 11 poliophaeus (Erythrocebus) 5,6,11,15 poliurus (Colobus) ...119,120,122,145 poliurus (Colobus a.) 119,145 polycomus (Colobus) 117,118,120,122,140 polycomus (Semnopithecus c.) ...140 polycomus (Simia) 115,116,140 Pongo 181,182, 189, 206, 227 Pongo abellii 208 Pongo landakensis 205 Pongo 1. batangtuensis 205 Pongo 1. dadappensis 205 Pongo 1. genepaiensis 205 Pongo 1. skalauensis 205 Pongo pygmaeus 186, 188,189, 190, 191,192,194, 205, 231 Pongo pygmaeus abelii ...192,195,203 Pongo pygmaeus agrias 192, 194 Pongo pygmaeus bicolor 192,195 Pongo pygmaeus dadappensis 192, 194, 198 Pongo pygmaeus genepaiensis 192,193- 194 Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus 192, 194. 205, 231 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES IX Page Pongo pygmaeus skalauensis 192, 193,194 Pongo pygmaeus wurmbi 192,194 Pongo wurmbi 188,189 potenziani (Pygathrix) 23, 26, 29, 31, 67, 68 potenziani (Semnopithecus)..23, 67, 68 Presbypithecus 68, 107 Presbytis 19, 22, 27 Presbytis albinus 23, 70, 71 Presbytis aygula 61 Presbytis barbei 22,23,26,48 Presbytis batuana 26,44 Presbytis cana 25,58 Presbytis carimatae 26,38 Presbytis catemana 27,60 Presbytis cephaloloptera 70 Presbytis c. monticola 23,71,72 Presbytis crespuscula 27,84 Presbytis c. wroughtoni.. .27, 28, 32, 85 Presbytis chrysogaster 67 Presbytis cristata 24,48,59,81 Presbytis cristata pullata 27,29,80 Presbytis dilecta 27,56 Presbytis entellus 86,92 Presbytis femoralis 145 Presbytis f. cruciger 41 Presbytis flavicauda 27 Presbytis flavimana 33 Presbytis fuscomurina 26,62 Presbytis hypoleuca 96 Presbytis ignita 27, 36, 37 Presbytis johni 73, 96 Presbytis jubata 73 Presbytis lania 27,93 Presbytis margarita 27,81 Presbytis maura 76 Presbytis maurus 76 Presbytis melalophus (!) 33 Presbytis melamera 27,47 Presbytis mitrata 21,60 Presbytis mitrula 60 Presbytis monticola 72 Presbytis n. keatii 27, 46, 47 Presbytis nemseus 99 Presbytis nobilis 23 Presbytis nubigena 27,55 Presbytis nudifrons 27,40 Page Presbytis obscura 52 Presbytis obscura carbo 27 Presbytis percura 27,44 Presbytis pileata 94 Presbytis priamus 96 Presbytis pyrrha 70 Presbytis pyrrhus 76 Presbytis rhionis 58 Presbytis robinsoni 27,51 Presbytis sanctorem 27,55 Presbytis schistaceus 92,93 Presbytis thersites 23,97 Presbytis ultima 27,81 Presbytis ursina 23, 72, 74 preussi (Colobus) ....119,120,121,127 priam (Pygathrix) 23 priam (Semnopithecus) 23,96 priamus (Pygathrix) 23, 24, 28, 32, 96, 98 priamus (Semnopithecus) 24, 25, 96, 97 priamus (Vetulus) 97 Procolobus 115 Procolobus verus 123 pruinosus (Semnopithecus) 21, 22, 24, 25, 79 Pseudanthropus 227 Pseudanthropus calvus 230,234 Pseudanthropus fuliginosus ...230,240 Pseudanthropus kooloo-kamba 230, 242 Pseudanthropus leucoprymnus 230, 244 Pseudanthropus satyrus 230 Pseudanthropus tschego 230,241 Pseudogorilla 224 Pseudogorilla mayema 225 Pterycolobus 115 Pterycolobus vellerosus 139 pullata (Presbytis c.) 27,29,80 pullata (Pygathrix c.) ....27,29,31,80 Pygathrix . 19, 21, 22, 24, 27, 98,100,107 Pygathrix aurata 21, 22, 24, 25, 29, 31, 75, 78,100 Pygathrix albipes 91 Pygathrix aygula 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 29, 31, 56, 60 Pygathrix barbei 22, 23, 24, 26, 28, 30, 48, 49 Pygathrix batuana 26,30,44 X INDEX OF LATIN NAMES Page Pygathrix cana 29,31,57,58 Pygathrix carbo 29,31,54 Pygathrix carimatae .. .26, 29, 30, 37, 38 Pygathrix catemana .. .27, 29, 30, 31, 60 Pygathrix cephaloloptera 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 31, 68, 72, 73, 74 Pygathrix cephaloptera! 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 31, 68, 72, 73, 74 Pygathrix c. monticola 23,31 Pygathrix chrysomelas 22, 29, 30, 42, 44, 45 Pygathrix crepuscula 27, 28,31,32, 84, 85,86 Pygathrix crepuscula wroughtoni 27, 28, 32, 85 Pygathrix cristata 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 29, 31, 79, 80. 81 Pygathrix c. pullata 27,29,31,80 Pygathrix cruciger 26,29,30,41 Pygathrix dilecta 27,29,31,56 Pygathrix entellus 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 32 86,92, 95, 96, 97, 100 Pygathrix everetti ....26,29,31,63,64 Pygathrix fascicularis 22 Pygathrix femoralis 21, 25, 27, 30, 43, 45,46, 47, 50 Pygathrix flavicauda 29,30.50 Pygathrix fran^oisi 26,29,31,68 Pygathrix frontata 27. 30, 38, 39> 40, 41. 42 Pygathrix fuscomurina ....26,29,31,62 Pygathrix germaini 24,28,32,82 Pygathrix holotophrea .. .26, 29, 30. 49 Pygathrix hosei ... .25, 29, 31, 62, 63. 64 Pygathrix hypoleuca 23, 24, 25, 28, 32, 95, 96 Pygathrix ignita 37 Pygathrix johni 22, 23, 24, 28, 31, 72, 74 Pygathrix lania 27,32,93,94 Pygathrix margarita 27,29,31,81 Pygathrix melamera 27, 28, 30, 47 Pygathrix melanolopha 21, 22, 24, 25, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35 Pygathrix natunse 26, 29, 31, 57, 58, 101 Pygathrix nemaeus 20, 24, 25, 29, 32. 98, 99, 100, 101,112, 113 Pygathrix nigripes ..24, 29, 32, 100,113 Page Pygathrix nobilis 23,29,30,34,35 Pygathrix nubigena 27,29,31,55 Pygathrix nudifrons 27,29,30,40 Pygathrix obscura 22, 24, 28, 30, 47, 52, 54, 55, 56, 58 Pygathrix o. carbo 27,54 Pygathrix percura 27,29,30,44 Pygathrix phayrei 23,28,30,49 Pygathrix pileata ..22,23,28,32,67,94 Pygathrix potenziani 23, 26, 29, 31, 67, 68 Pygathrix priam 23 Pygathrix priamus.. 23, 24, 28, 32, 96, 98 Pygathrix rhionis 29,31,57,58 Pygathrix robinsoni 27,29,30,51 Pygathrix rubicunda 22, 25, 27, 29, 30, 35, 37, 38 Pygathrix r. rubicunda 36 Pygathrix r. rubida 27, 36, 37 Pygathrix sabana 26,29,31,63 Pygathrix sanctorum 29,31,55 Pygathrix schistaceus 22, 27, 32, 92, 94 Pygathrix senex 71 Pygathrix siamensis .. .23, 24, 28, 31, 59 Pygathrix sumatrana ..22,29,30,43,44 Pygathrix thersites 98 Pygathrix thomasi ....26,29,31,62,65 Pygathrix ultima 29,32,81 Pygathrix ursina 23,28,31,72,74 Pygathrix wroughtoni 32 pygmasus (Pongo) 186, 188, 189, 190, 191,192, 194, 205, 231 pygmaeus (Pongo p.) . 192, 194, 205, 231 pygmaeus (Simia) 181, 187, 188, 189, 192, 244, 245, 246 pyrrha (Presbytis) 76 pyrrhonotus (Cercopithecus) 5,9 pyrrhono'tus (Erythrocebus) 5, 6, 9, 10, 11 pyrrhus (Presbytis) 76 pyrrhus (Semnopithecus) 21, 22, 24, 25, 75 rafflesi (Hylobates) ..151,152,153,169 rantaiensis (Pithecus s.) ..186,193,199 rantaiensis (Simia s.) 194,199 raripilosa (Simia) 241 raripilosus (Simia p.) 232,240 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES XI Page recurvus (Nasalis) 112 regalis Simia (Cercopithecus) 140 Rhinalazon m Rhinopithecus 25, 102, 106, 109 Rhinopithecus avunculus. .102,106,107 Rhinopithecus bieti 102,103,104, 106, 107, 108 Rhinopithecus brelichi 102,105 Rhinopithecus roxellanae 102,104, 106, 107, 109 rhionis (Presbytis) 58 rhionis (Pygathrix) 29,31,57,58 Rhynchopithecus in Rhynchopithecus nasalis 112 robinsoni (Presbytis) 27,51 robinsoni (Pygathrix) ....27,29,30,51 routledgi (Semnopithecus) ..26,79,90 roxellanae (Rhinopithecus) 102,104,106, 107, 109 roxellanae (Semnopithecus) ....25,102 ruber (Cercopithecus) 5,7,9 ruber (Chlorocebus) 7 ruber (Simia) 4,7 rubicunda (Pygathrix) 22, 25, 27, 29, 30, 35, 37, 38 rubicunda (Pygathrix r.) 36 rubicundus (Semnopithecus) 22, 24, 25, 35, 36, 50 rubida (Pygathrix r.) 27,36,37 rufa (Simia) 4,8 rufo-fuliginosus (Colobus) 117,119,133,134 rufomitratus (Colobus) 118, 120, 121,123,124,125 rufomitratus (Tropicolobus) 123 rufoniger (Colobus) 117, 119,120,121,136,137 ruppelli (Colobus) 118 riippelli (Guereza) 118,144 ruwenzori (Colobus).. 119,120,122,138 sabana (Pygathrix) 26,29,31,63 sabanus (Semnopithecus) 26,63 salaquiensis (CEdipomidas) Appendix 255 sanctorem (Presbytis) 27,55 sanctorem (Pygathrix) 29, 31, 55 sannio (Cercopithecus) 5,15 Page sannio (Erythrocebus) 5,6,15 satanas (Colobus 117,118, 119, 120, 122,138 satanas (Guereza) 138 Satyrus 149,181,182 Satyrus adrotes 13 satyrus (Anthropopithecus) 241 Satyrus chimpanse 245 satyrus (Pan) 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 237, 241 satyrus (Pithecus) 82, 190, 193 satyrus (Simia) 188, 189, 190,192,195, 229 230, 231, 236, 241, 242 savagei (Troglodytes) 210,213 schistaceus (Presbytis) 92,93 schistaceus (Pygathrix) 22,27, 32, 92, 94 schistaceus (Semnopithecus) 22, 24, 25, 92 schweinfurthi (Pan) 230, 231, 232, 234, 245, 246, 248 schweinfurthi (Simia) ....231,232,245 schweinfurthi (Simia s.) ....r 231 schweinfurthi (Troglodytes) ..230,245 scyritus (Hylobates) 157 Semnopithecus 19, 22, 24 Semnopithecus albigena 24 Semnopithecus albipes ...23,24,25,91 Semnopithecus albocinereus 24, 25, 53, 54, 56, 59 Semnopithecus albogularis 22,87 Semnopithecus anchises 23,24,87 Semnopithecus anthracinus . ..117,138 Semnopithecus argentatus ...23,49.59 Semnopithecus atys 24 Semnopithecus auratus 22,24,76 Semnopithecus barbei 25,48 Semnopithecus bicolor 22,139 Semnopithecus cephalolopterus. .24, 25 Semnopithecus cephalopterus! '70, 72, 73 Semnopithecus chrysogaster 26, 67, 68 Semnopithecus chrysomelas 22, 24, 25, 42 Semnopithecus cinereus 59 Semnopithecus comatus ..22,24,60,61 Semnopithecus cristatus 24,79 Semnopithecus cruciger 26,41,72 XII INDEX OF LATIN NAMES Page Semnopithecus cucullatus 22, 24, 71,73 Semnopithecus dussumieri 23, 24, 25, 95, 96 Semnopithecus edwardsi 76 Semnopithecus entellus 22, 24, 25, 86, 92 Semnopithecus everetti 26,63 Semnopithecus fascicularis 61 Semnopithecus femoralis 21, 24, 25, 42, 45 Semnopithecus ferrugineus . .25, 33, 34 Semnopithecus flavimanus 22, 24, 33, 34 Semnopithecus fran^oisae 25 Semnopithecus frontatus. .24, 25, 38, 39 Semnopithecus fulvogriseus ..21,61,69 Semnopithecus germaini ....24,25,82 Semnopithecus halonifer 52 Semnopithecus holotophreus ....26,49 Semnopithecus hosei 26,64 Semnopithecus hypoleucus 24,95 Semnopithecus johni 24,25,73,95 Semnopithecus jubatus 22,73 Semnopithecus kelaarti 25,70 Semnopithecus kra 22 Semnopithecus larvatus 42 Semnopithecus latibarbatus 70 Semnopithecus leucomystax 24 Semnopithecus leucoprymnus 22, 24, 69 Semnopithecus maurus .. .24, 25, 75, 79 Semnopithecus melalophus! 23, 32, 33? 80 Semnopithecus melanolophus 22, 24, 25, 32, 35 Semnopithecus mitratus 24,25,61 Semnopithecus nasicus ....25,111,112 Semnopithecus natunae 26,57 Semnopithecus neglectus ....25,45,46 Semnopithecus nemaeus 22,25,99 Semnopithecus nepalensis 92 Semnopithecus nestor 22,70 Semnopithecus nigrimanus ..23,24,59 Semnopithecus nigripes ....24,25,100 Semnopithecus nobilis 24,34 Semnopithecus obscurus 22, 24, 25, 49, 52, 53, 56 Semnopithecus olivaceus 117,123 Semnopithecus pallipes 23,96 Semnopithecus phayrei 23,25.49 Page Semnopithecus pileatus 22,23, 24, 25,67, 94 Semnopithecus (Colobus) polyco- mus 140 Semnopithecus potenziani ...23,67,68 Semnopithecus priam 23,96 Semnopithecus priamus 24,25,97 Semnopithecus pruinosus 21, 22, 24, 25, 79 Semnopithecus pyrrhus 21, 22, 24, 25, 75 Semnopithecus routledgi ....26,79,80 Semnopithecus roxellanae 25, 102 Semnopithecus rubicundus 22, 24, 25, 35, 36, 50 Semnopithecus sabanus 26,63 Semnopithecus senex 25,71 Semnopithecus schistaceus 22,24, 25, 92 Semnopithecus siamensis ....23,24,59 Semnopithecus sumatranus 22, 24, 33, 43 Semnopithecus thersites 24,70 Semnopithecus thomasi 26,65 Semnopithecus ursinus 74 Semnopithecus vellerosus 117,139 senex (Cercopithecus) 71, 72 senex (Semnopithecus) 25,71 senex (Simia) 20 sharpei (Colobus) ....119,120,122,142 Siamanga 176 Siamanga syndactyla 177 siamensis (Pygathrix)..23, 24, 28, 31, 59 siamensis (Semnopithecus) .. .23, 24, 59 Simia 190 Simia abelii 187,189, 194 Simia agrias 188 Simia albimana 151.162 Simia aubryi 232,249 Simia aurata 21,75 Simia aygula 20,60 Simia bicolor 187,190,195,204 Simia calvus 231,235 Simia cephaloloptera 21 Simia ceylonica 21,76 Simia chimpanse 230 Simia comata 21 Simia comosa 116, 140 Simia cristata 21 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES XIII Page Simia edwardsi 21 Simia entellus ..20,21,86 Simia femoralis 45 Simia ferruginea 116,133 Simia fuliginosus 232 Simia fulvogriseus 21 Simia hoolock 156 Simia johni 21,72,95 Simia kooloo-kamba 232,242 Simia lar 161,169 Simia latibarbata 69 Simia leucoprymna 21,230,244 Simia p. leucoprymna 244 Simia longimana 150,161 Simia s. marungensis 230 Simia maura 20, 45, 77, 78 Simia melalophus! 21 Simia melanolopha 21 Simia melarhinus 2 Simia morio '.193 Simia (Cercopithecus) nasicus ....in Simia nemaeus 20,21,98,99,100 Simia nictitans 24 Simia patas 4,6 Simia polycomus 115,116,140 Simia pygmaeus 181, 187, 188,189,192, 244, 245, 246 Simia p. chimpanse 232,245 Simia p. fuscus 232,251 Simia p. leucoprymnus 232 Simia p. raripilosus 232,240 Simia raripilosus 241 Simia (Cercopithecus) regalis ....140 Simia ruber 4, 7 Simia (Cercopithecus) ruber albo- fasciatus 5,7 Simia (Cercopithecus) ruber nigro- fasciatus 7 Simia rufa 4,8 Simia satyrus 188,189,190,192,195,229 230,231,236, 241,242 Simia s. bantangtuensis 193 Simia s. dadappensis 194 Simia s. genepaiensis 194 Simia s. ladakensis 193 Simia s. rantaiensis 194,199 Simia s. skalauensis 194 Simia s. tuakensis 194,199 Page Simia s. wallacei 193 Simia schweinfurthi 231.232,245 Simia syndactyla 177 Simia troglodytes 229, 230, 241, 244, 251 Simia vellerosus 231 Simia v. fuliginosus 231,240 Simia veter 69 Simias 109 Simias concolor 109 skalauensis (Pithecus s.) 186,190, 193,198 skalauensis (Pongo 1.) 205 skalauensis (Pongo p.) ...192,193,194 skalauensis (Simias.) 194 Stachycolobus 115,138 Stachycolobus satanas 138 sumatrana (Pygathrix) 22, 29, 30, 43, 44 sumatrana (Pithecus) 191 sumatranus (Semnopithecus) 22, 24, 33, 43 Symphalangus 176 Symphalangus s. continentis 176,178,179 Symphalangus klossi 176,180 Symphalangus syndactylus 150,152, 153,174, 176,177,180 syndactyla (Siamanga) 177 syndactyla (Simia) 177 Syndactylus 176 syndactylus (Hylobates) 67, 151,152,153,173,177,179 syndactylus (Pithecus) 176, 177 syndactylus (Symphalangus) 150,152,153,174,176,177,180 talapoin (Cercopithecus) 1,2 talapoin (Miopithecus) 1,2,3 talapoin (Pithecus) 2 Tarsius carbonarius... .Appendix 257 temmincki (Colobus) 116,117,121,130,135,136 tephrosceles (Colobus) 119,120,121,124,126 Theranthropus 227 thersites (Presbytis) 23,97 thersites (Pygathrix) 98 thersites (Semnopithecus) 24,70 thersites (Vetulus) 97 XIV INDEX OF LATIN NAMES Page tholloni (Colobus) 118, 119, 120, 121,129,130 tholloni (Piliocolobus) 129 thomasi (Pygathrix) ..26,29,31,62,65 thomasi (Semnopithecus) 26,65 Troglodytes 227 troglodytes (Anthropopithecus) ..245 Troglodytes aubryi 230,249 Troglodytes calvus .. .230, 234, 235, 236 Troglodytes castaneiceps 211 Troglodytes gorilla 190, 206, 207, 210, 213 Troglodytes kooloo-kamba ...230,242 troglodytes (Mimetes) ...230,241,250 Troglodytes niger 190, 206, 207, 235, 241 Troglodytes n. var. marungensis ..248 Troglodytes savagei 210,213 Troglodytes schweinfurthi ...230,245 troglodytes (Simia) 229, 230, 241, 244, 251 Troglodytes tschego 230,241,242 Troglodytes vellerosus 230,250 Tropicolobus 115 Tropicolobus rufomitratus 123 tschego (Pan) 230 tschego (Pseudanthropus) ....230,241 tschego (Troglodytes) .. .229, 241, 242 tuakensis (Pithecus s.) ...186,190,193 tuakensis (Simia s.) 194, 199 ultima (Presbytis) 27,81 ultima (Pygathrix) 29,32,81 unko (Hylobates) 151,162,169 ursina (Presbytis) 23, 72, 74 ursina (Pygathrix) ... .23, 28, 31, 72, 74 Page ursinus (Colobus) ...117,118,139,140 ursinus (Guereza) 146 ursinus (Semnopithecus) 74 ursinus (Vetulus) 74 variegatus (Hylobates) ...151,162,169 variegatus (Pithecus) 150,161 variegatus (Simia) 162 varius (Pithecus) 150,161 vellerosus (Colobus) 117, 118, 120, 122, 139,140, 242 vellerosus (Pan) 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 250 vellerosus (Pterycolobus) 139 vellerosus (Semnopithecus) ..117,139 vellerosus (Troglodytes) 230,250 verus (Colobus) 117,118, 119,120,121,122 verus (Procolobus) 123 Vetulus nestor 70 Vetulus priamus 97 Vetulus thersites 97 Vetulus ursinus 74 wallacei (Pithecus) 193 wallacei (Pithecus s.) 187 wallacei (Simia s.) 193 whitei (Erythrocebus) 5,6,11,12 wroughtoni (Presbytis c.)27, 28, 32, 85 wroughtoni (Pygathrix c.) 32,85 wurmbi (Pongo) 188,189,193 wurmbi Pongo p.) 192, 194 zechi (Cercopithecus) 13 zechi (Erythrocebus) 5,6,13 *INDEX OF LATIN NAMES VOLS. I, II, III. Numbers in heavy type indicate the page on which is the description of the Species. Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. abelii (Pongo p.) abelii (Simia) abyssinicus (Colobus) acaciarum (Galago) adipicaudatus (Cheirogaleus)... adipicaudatus CChirogale) adrotes (Satyrus) adusta (Macaca) adustus (Pithecus) aegyptica (Hamadryas) aequatorialis (Alouatta) Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii. 192, 195, 203 187, 189, 194 116, 117, 118 119, 120, 122 143, 145, 146 Ixv, Ixxii, ciii.. 47, 72 89, 92 89, 90, 100 .... 213 185, 206 .... Ivii, Ixix, xciii. 185, 186, 188 206, 207 ..... 124, 144, 146 lii, Ixxiv Ixxxvii, 262 .. 264, 265, 274.. aethiopicus (Cercopithecus) .... JEthiops aethiops (Cercocebus) 256, 258, 260 281 27^ Iviii, xcv 255, 256, 257 258, 259, 260 261, 262, 263 279, 281, 284 257, 260, 279 281, 284, 290 292, 336 .... 260 135 aethiops (Cercopithecus) aethiops Cercopithecus (Cercoce- bus) aethiops (Lasiopyga) aethiops Pithecus (Cercocebus). aethiops (Simia) 281, 282 .... 260 255, 256, 261 263, 278, 279 281, 337 .... 202 affinis (Macacus r.) affinis (Macacus s.) africanus (Pan) agilis (Cercocebus) 202 xxxiv lix, xcv 257, 258, 259 264 ♦This Index should always be consulted, as it alone contains all the names of the species included in the Appendix. XV XVI INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. agilis (Hylobates) Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii. 150. 1ST ICS 153, 154, 162 l68, 170 .... agilis (Pithecus) 169 Agipan xxxiii agisymbanus (Galago) 55 agisymbanus (Otolemur) xxx, 48, 54.... agnatus (Pithecus) Iviii, Ixx, xciv. 185, 186, 190 248 agrias (Pongo p.) Tn2 TCM agrias (Simia) 188 alacer (Pithecus) Ivii, Ixx, xciv.. 185, 187, 189 226 alba (Chiropotes) 300 alba (Macacus) alba (Pithecia) 1, 287, 300, 303 /u albibarbatus (Papio) 178 albibarbatus (Pithecus) xiv, xxxiv .... 119, 177, 178 xxxvii, Ivii, ... 179, 180, 181 Ixix, xciii .... 182, 183, 184 186, 188, 209 218, 220 .... albibarbatus (Simia) 184, 220 .... albibarbatus Simia (Cercopithe- cus) 218 albibarbatus Simia (Cercopithe- cus) silenus 177, 218 .... albibarbatus Simia (Cercopithe- cus) veter 177, 218 .... albibarbis (Hylobates m.) 15?. I7T. 174 albicans (Pithecia-) lii, Ixxiv Ixxxvii, 286 .. 287, 288, 292.. albicans (Pithecus-) albicans (Yarkea) 292 albicollis (Callithrix) li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv 218, 220, 221.. 231, 232 albicollis (Hapale) 232 albicollis (Hapale var. C.) .... 232 albicollis (Jacchus) 218, 231 albifrons (Ateles!) 24, 25, 35, 44 albifrons (Ateleus) 24, 25, 45 .. albifrons (Cebus) Iv, xc, 281.... 68, 69, 70, 71 72, 73, 74, 75 77, 78, 82, 85 88, 89, 98, in albifrons Cebus (Calyptrocebus) 88 'W..... INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III XVII Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. albifrons (Jacchus) 209 albifrons (Lemur) xlviii, Ixxxi ... 132, 133, 134.. 135, 136, 139.. 141, 154, 155.. albifrons (Lemur mongos var.). 154 albifrons (Midas) 183 albifrons (Marikina) 209 albifrons (Prosimia) 134, 154 albifrons (Simia) 88 albigena (Cercocebus) lix, xcv 256, 257, 258 259, 266, 267 268, 269, 270 albigena Cercocebus (Semnoce- bus) 266 albigena (Presbytis) 256, 266 .... albigena (Pygathrix) xxxviii albigena (Semnopithecus) 24 . albigenis (Erythrocebus) Ixii, Ixxi, xcix. 3. 6. II. 14... albigularis (Cercopithecus) .... xl ' 273, 284, 285 286, 310, 363 365 albigularis (Lasiopyga) Ixi, Ixx, xcvii.. 281, 282, 283 284, 286, 287 288, 291, 293 293, 311, 339 363. 363, 367 albigularis (Semnopithecus) ... 281, 363, 364 albimana (Prosimia) 134, 142 albimana (Simia) 151, 162 .... albimanus (Hylobates) 152, 162 .. . albimanus (Lemur) 133, 133, 1.36.. 141 albinasa (Chiropotes) 287, 296 albinasa (Pithecia) lii, Ixxiv lxxxvii, 286 .. 287, 288, 203.. albinasa (Yarkea) 295 albinus (Presbytis) 23. 70. 71 .. . albipes (Galago b.) xlvi, Ixviii, ... Ixxviii, 69, 70. albipes (Pygathrix) Ixiv, Ixxi, c... 91 albipes (Semnopithecus) 23, 24, 25, 91 albitorquata (Lasiopyga) Ixi, Ixxi, xcvi. 288, 291, 292 296, 339, 360 361, 362 .... albitorquatus (Cercopithecus)... 288, 360 .... albitorquatus (Lasiopyga) 362, 366 .... INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III XVIII Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. albocinereus (Semnopithecus)... albofasciatus Simia (Cercopithe- cus) ruber albulus Simia (Sapagus c.) .... albus (Cebus) albus Cebus (Calyptrocebus)... albus (Indrus) albus (Lemur m.) albus (Prosimia) pedibus alexandri (Cercopithecus t.) ... alexandri (Lasiopyga t.) alleni (Galago) alleni Galago (Otolicnus) alleni (Otogale) alleni (Otolicnus) alleni (Sciurocheirus) Allochrocebus Alouatta Alouatta aequatorialis Alouatta barbatus Alouatta beelzebul ... Alouatta caraya Alouatta discolor Alouatta insulanus Alouatta juara 169 136 132 lx, xcvii xxxi, xlvi .... Ixviii, Ixxviii . 46, 47, 48, 63.. 67, 77 64 48 47 64 xliii, lix xiv, xv, xvi .. xvii, xviii .... xxiv, xliii, lii.. Ixxiii, Ixxiv .. Ixxv, Ixxxvi .. 258, 261, 262.. 263 lii, Ixxiv Ixxxviii, 262 .. 264, 265, 274.. 261 lii, Ixxiv Ixxxvii, 260 .. 261, 262, 264.. 265, 268, 270.. 271, 299 lii, Ixxiv Ixxxvi, 260 ... 261, 262, 264.. 265, 266, 271.. 267, 268 lii, Ixxiii Ixxxvii, 263 .. 264, 265, 282.. lii, Ixxiv Ixxxvii, 263 .. 264, 265, 283.. 67, 82 68, 70, 72, 93 93 332 295, 325, 332 296, 297 .... 24, 25, 53, 54 56, 59 5, 7 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III XIX Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Alouatta macconnelli Alouatta nigra Alouatta palliata Alouatta p. coibensis Alouatta p. metagalpa Alouatta p. mexicana Alouatta sara Alouatta seniculus Alouatta s. caucensis Alouatta s. rubicundus Alouatta sericulus Alouatta (Simia) flavicauda.... Alouatta ululata Alouatta ursina Alouatta villosus Alouattinae Altililemur Altililemur medius Altililemur thomasi amicta (Simia) lii, lxxiii Ixxxvii, 263 .. 264, 265, 281.. 262, 266 lii, lxxiii lxxvii, 261, 262 263, 265, 271.. 272, 273 lii, lxxiii Ixxxvii, 262 .. 264, 265, 273.. 263, 272 lii, lxxiii Ixxxvii, 262 .. 263, 265, 272.. lii, Ixxv Ixxxvii, 263 .. 264, 265, 283.. lii, Ixxiv Ixxxvii, 260 .. 261, 262, 264.. 265, 277, 279.. 280, 281, 282.. 262, 278, 279.. 262, 263, 278.. 279 259 274, 276 lii, Ixxv Ixxxvii, 263 .. 264, 267 lii, Ixxv Ixxxvii, 260 .. 261, 262, 264.. 265, 274, 275.. lii, lxxiii Ixxxvii, 263 .. 265, 268 xxiii, Ixiii, lii.. xxxi, xli, xlvii Ixviii, Ixxx, 88 101, III xlvii, Ixxx, 91. 101, UI, 112.. 113 xlvii, Ixxx, in 112, 113 234, 241 XX INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. amictus (Callicebus) li, Ixxiv Ixxxvi, 234 ... 238, 240 amictus (Callithrix) 23=;, 236, 237 .. 241 • amictus var. fl (Cebus) 235 amictus (Saguinus) 236 anchises (Semnopithecus) 23,24, 87 ... andamanensis (Macacus) 182, 183, 186 188, 208 .... andamanensis (Pithecus) Ivii, Ixix, xciii. 183, 184, 186 188, 208, 209 Andropithecus xxxi angolensis (Colobus) Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. 117, 118, 119 121, 122, 141 142, 143 .... angolensis (Guereza) 142 anjuanensis (Lemur) 133, 135, 136.. 142 anjuanensis (Prosimia) M5 annelatus (Cebus) 73, 74, 89 ... anomurus Galago (Hemigalago) 84 anomurus (Hemigalago) xlvi, Ixviii .. . Ixxviii, 84, 86. ansorgei (Cercopithecus t.) 3 ansorgei (Lasiopyga) 292 ansorgei (Miopithecus) Ixii, Ixxi, xcviii 292 3 anthracinus (Semnopithecus)... 117, 138 .... Anthropoidea xiii, xiv, xvii.. xx, xxii, xxxi. xlii, xlix, cv.. 79 Anthropopithecus xv, xvi, xxxv.. 227 Anthropopithecus calvus 234 Anthropopithecus fuscus 231, 251 .... Anthropopithecus gorilla 213 Anthropopithecus niger 241 Anthropopithecus troglodytes .. 245 Anthropopithecus troglodytes kooloo-kamba 242 antiguensis (Cebus) 69 anubis (Cynocephalus^ IIQ, 121 anubis (Papio) TT7 tt8 ttq 121, 122, 123 132 122, 123 .... anubis (Simia) II9 Aotes • I IN DEX OF LATIN NAMES -VOL S. I, II, III XXI Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Aotinae xxvi, xlii, liii.. 1 Aotus * xviii, xix, xxvi 1, 2, 3, 14... xlii, liii, Ixxiv Ixxxviii, 236 .. Aotus azarae II .... Aotus boliviensis liii, Ixxv 3, 4, 5, 9, 11 lxxxix Aotus felinus 2, 7 Aotus griseimembra liii, Ixxiv .... 3, 4, 5, 15 • • lxxxix Aotus gularis liv, Ixxiv 3, 4, 5, 18.. lxxxix Aotus infulatus xxxii, liii .... 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Ixxiv, Ixxxviii. 15, 17, 18 ... 235 Aotus lanius liii, Ixxiv 3, 4, 5, 12, 19 lxxxix Aotus microdon liv, Ixxiv 3, 4, 5, 18 .. lxxxix Aotus miriquouina liii, Ixxiv .... 2, 3, 4, 5, 9-. lxxxix, 286 .. . 10, 11, 12 ... Aotus nigriceps liii, Ixxiv 3, 4, 8, 18 ... Ixxxviii Aotus oseryi liv, Ixxiv 2, 3, 4, 5, 17- lxxxix Aotus roberti liii, Ixxiv 3, 4, 5, 10 ... lxxxix Aotus rufipes liii. Ixxiii .... 3, 4, 5, g, 20. lxxxix Aotus senex liii, Ixxiv 3, 4, 8 Ixxxviii Aotus spixi liv, lxxxix .. . 3, 4, 5, 19 ... Aotus trivirgatus liv, Ixxiii .... 2, 4, 5, 7, 16. Ixxiv, lxxxix . 20 Aotus vociferans liii, Ixxiv 2, 3, 4, 5, 13. lxxxix 16, 20 apeda (Papio) 118, 177 .... apeda (Simia) 83 177 apella (Cebus) XXXV, 83 66, 67, 68, 69 70, 71, 72, 73 74, 75, 76, 77 78, 79. 80, 81 82, 83, 84, 94 95, 103, 112. apella Cebus (Calyptrocebus)... 80 apella (Simia) 66, 67, 74, 78 79, 83 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III XXII Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. apicalis (Galago e.) xlvi, Ixviii ... Ixxviii, 48, 80. 80 apicalis (Otolicnus) apiculatus (Cebus) Iv, Ixxiv, xci .. 76, 77, 78, 85 100 apiculatus (Leontocebus) 1, lxxxiv, 184. 186, 195, 204.. 184, 204 apiculatus (Midas) apoensis (Cynomolgos m.) apoensis (Pithecus p.) 250, 252 .... 185, 187, 190 250 147 Iviii, xcv arabicus (Papio) arabicus (Papio h.) Ivi, Ixix, xcii .. 122, 124, 125 147 Arachnocebus Arachnocebus Iori arachnoides (Ateles!) XXX 18 xxxiv 22, 24, 26, 49 50 22, 24, 26 ... 50, 51 22, 49, 50 .. 28, 51 arachnoides (Ateleus) arachnoides (Brachyteles I) ... arachnoides (Brachyteleus) .... arachnoides (Cebus) arachnoides (Eriodes) Arctocebus 24, 50, 51 ... xii, xxii, xxxi. xli, xlv Ixxxvii, 16, 35. xlv, Ixxvii, 35. □6 ... Arctocebus aureus Arctocebus calabarensis xlv, Ixxvii, 35. 36 arctoides (Inuus) arctoides (Macacus) l8o, l8l, 191 179, l80, l8l 183, 184, 191 192, I93 .... 191 arctoides (Pithecus) arctoides Pithecus (Macacus)... Arctopithecus argentata (Callithrix) 191 1, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 217, 218, 220.. 22T argentata (Hapale) argentata (Mico) argentata (Simia) 182, 221, 223.. 219 xxxv, xxxvi .. 221 argentatus (Jacchus) xxxv, 181, 217. 221 argentatus (Mico) argentatus (Midas) 221 221 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES - VOLS. I, II, III XXIII Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. argentatus (Semnopithecus) ... 23. 40. 30 . ascanius (Cercopithecus) 284, 286, 303 306, 318 .... ascanius (Lasiopyga) lix, xcvi 278, 281, 282 284, 285, 286 287, 288, 289 292, 296, 298 303, 304, 305 ascanius (Simia) 279, 303 .... assamensis (Inuus) 210 assamensis (Macacus) 179. 182. 183 184, 209, 211 214 assamensis (Papio r.) 209 assamensis (Pithecus) Ivii, Ixix, xciv. 180, l8l, 182 186, l88, 209 211, 213 .... Ateles! xvi, xxxii .... 24, 23. 30. 32 xxxiii, 282 ... 37, 46, 49 ... Ateles! albifrons 23. 33. /M . - . Ateles! ater Ixxiv 23, 24, 23, 26 27, 30 Ateles! arachnoides xxxiv 22, 24, 26. 40 30 Ateles! bartletti 25, 31 Ateles! belzebuth 23, 24, 25, 26 27, 39 Ateles! chamek 24 Ateles! chuva 25, 31 Ateles! cinerascens 38 ? Ateles I cucullatus liv 25, 27, 38 ... Ateles! frontatis 35 Ateles * frontatus 24 Ateles! fuliginosus 23, 26, 40 ... Ateles! fusciceps liv 25, 27, 43 ... 1 Ateles! geoffroyi liv 23, 24, 25, 26 27, 31, 32, 44 .. 23. 27. 37 ... Ateles! hybridus liv, Ixxiv 23, 24, 25, 26 27, 47 Ateles! hypoxanthus 23, 24, 26, 49 50 Ateles! marginatus 23, 24, 25, 27 31, 32, 34, 35 Ateles! melanochir 23, 24, 25, 44 46 Ateles! melanochir var. frontatus 44 Ateles! ornatus 25, 44 XXIV INDEX OF LATIN NAMES -FOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Ateles! pan liv 26, 27, 41, 42 Ateles I paniscus 290 22, 23, 24, 25 26, 27, 28 ... Ateles! pentadactylis 22, 23, 24, 25 28, 29 Ateles! rufiventris Ixxiv 25, 26, 27, 36 Ateles! subpentadactylus 23, 28 Ateles! variegatus 23. 24. 23. 26 • 27, 31, 32 .. . Ateles! vellerosus 23. 26. 36. 40 41, 42 Ateleus xiii, xiv, xvi .. 21, 22, 23, 24 xvii, xviii, xxiv 25, 26, 41, 49 xxxiii, xxxix.. 64 xlii, liv, Ixxiii. Ixxiv, Ixxv ... Ixxxix Ateleus albifrons 24, 25, 45 ... Ateleus arachnoides 22, 24, 26 ... Ateleus ater liv, Ixxiii 23, 24, 25, 26 Ixxiv, Ixxxix . 27, 30 Ateleus bartletti 25 Ateleus belzebuth liv, Ixxiv 23, 24, 25, 26 Ixxxix 27, 39, 41, 42 Ateleus chuva 25 Ateleus cucullatus liv, Ixxxix ... 25, 27, 38 ... Ateleus fuliginosus 23. 26. 41 .. . Ateleus fusciceps liv, Ixxxix ... 25, 27, 43 ... Ateleus geoffroyi liv, Ixxiii .... 23, 24, 25, 26 Ixxxix 27, 44, 45 ... Ateleus grisescens liv, Ixxxix ... 25, 27, 37, 38 39 Ateleus hybridus liv, Ixxiv 23, 24, 25, 26 Ixxxix 27, 47 Ateleus hypoxanthus 23, 24, 26 ... Ateleus marginatus liv, Ixxiv 23, 24, 25, 27 Ixxxix 34 Ateleus melanochir 23, 24, 23, 43 46 Ateleus ornatus 25, 45 Ateleus pan liv, Ixxiii 26, 27, 41 .. . Ixxxix Ateleus paniscus liv, Ixxiii 22, 23, 24, 25 Ixxiv, Ixxxix . 26, 27, 28, 30 Ateleus pentadactylus 22. 23. 24. 23 29 Ateleus rufiventris liv, Ixxiv 25, 26, 27, 36 Ixxxix INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Ateleus subpentadactylus 23 Ateleus variegatus liv, Ixxiv, Ixxv 23, 24, 25, 26 Ixxxix 27, 30 Ateleus vellerosus 2C 40. 41 .. . Atelocheirus xxii 21 ater (Ateles!) Ixxiv 23, 24, 25, 26 27, 30 ater (Ateleus) Ixxiv 23, 24, 25, 26 27, 30 ater (Cebus) 25, 30 ater (Chiropotes) 287, 297 ater (Leontocebus) 182, 199 ater (Leontopithecus var. B)... 211 ater (Sapajou) 30 aterrimus (Cercocebus) lix, xcv 257, 258, 259 267, 268, 270 272 atys (Cercocebus) 178, 256 262 atys (Simia) 170 aubryi (Pan) Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv 2?0. 2^. 2?4 249, 253 .... aubrvi (Simia) 2^2 240 aubryi (Troglodytes) 2?O 240 audeberti (Cynomolgos) 181 audeberti (Zati) Cynomolgos... l8l, 222 .... audeberti (Cvnomolgos) sinicus. 222 aurata (Pygathrix) Ixiii, Ixxi, c ... 21, 22, 24, 25 29, 31, 75, 78 100 aurata (Simia) 21. auratus (Cercopithecus) 21, 75, 76, 77 auratus (Mycetes) 261, 262, 268.. auratus (Semnopithecus) 22, 24, 76 ... aureus (Arctocebus) xiv, Ixxvii, 35. 36 aureus (Inuus) 179, 230 aureus (Macacus) 179, l80, l8l 182, 230, 231 aurita (Callithrix) li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv 217, 218, 220.. 225 aurita (Hapale) 182, 225 aurita (Simia) 217 auritus (Jacchus) 217 aurora (Cercopithecus 1.) 312 aurora (Lasiopyga) lx, xcvi 294, 307, 312 aurora (Leontopithecus) 182 XXV XXVI INDEX OF LATIN NAMES -FOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. australis (Otolicnus) australis (Otolicnus g. var.).... Avahi avahi (Lichanotus) avahi (Semnocebus) Avahis langier avunculus (Rhinopithecus) Aye-aye aygula (Cynomolgos) aygula (Presbytis) aygula (Pygathrix) aygula (Simia) azarae (Aotus) azarae (Cebus) 47 73 164 164 xxix, 164 1xiv, Ixxii, ci . 102, 106, 107 xxviii, I, 2, 3.. 181 61 Ixiii, Ixxi, c .. xxxiv 20, 21, 22, 24 25, 29, 31, 56 60 20, 60 11 Iv, lxxiv, xci.. 69, 70, 71, 72 73, 77, 78 ... 106, 107, 109 107 azarae Cebus (Otocebus) azarae (Nyctipithecus) azarae (Simia) azarae Simia (Pithecus) 3, 11 286 2, 11 xxxi, 98, 104.. 104 babouin (Cynocephalus) babuin (Cynocephalus) babuin (Papio) badius (Galago) 119, 120, 121 122, 126, 137 139, 140 .... 119, 120, 121 122, 126, 137 139, 140 .... 120, 121, 123 xlvi, Ixvii .... Ixxvii, 58 .... 138 bancanus (Hypsicebus) bancanus (Nycticebus) xxx, 8, 14 .... xlv, Ixviii .... Ixxxvi, 22, 23. 24 bancanus (Tarsius) xxix, xxx, xliv Ixxxvi, 8, 9, 14 261 barbatus (Alouatta) barbatus (Cebus) 67, 68, 69, 71 72, 75, 93, 94 93 barbatus Cebus (Calyptrocebus). barbatus (Mycetes) 260, 261, 262.. 26^ barbei (Presbytis) 22, 23, 26, 48 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES- VOLS. I, II, III XXVII Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. barbei (Pygathrix) Ixiii, lxxi, xcix 22, 23, 24, 26 1 28, 30, 48, 49 barbei (Semnopithecus) 25, 48 bartletti (Ateles!) 25, 31 bartletti (Ateleus) 25 batangtuensis (Pithecus s.) .... l86 T(T2 batangtuensis (Pongo 1.) 205 batangtuensis (Simia s.) TO2 batesi (Galago a.) xlvi, Ixviii ... Ixxviii, 66 batesi (Perodicticus) 38, 42, 43 batuana (Presbytis) 26 44 batuana (Pvgathrix) Ixiii, lxxi, xcix 26 in a a baumstarki (Cercopithecus) .... 17 . baumstarki (Eryth roc ebus) .... lxii, lxxi, xcix ? 6 14 17 baweanus (Pithecus) Iviii, Ixx, xciv. 185, 187, 190 241 beelzebul (Alouatta) lii, Ixxiv Ixxxvii, 259 .. 260, 261, 262.. 264, 265, 268.. 270, 271, 2Q9.. beelzebul (Cebus) 260, 270 beelzebul (Mycetes) 259, 261, 262.. 270, 271 beelzebul (Simia) xxxii, lii, 259. 260, 270 beelzebul (Simia s.) 270 beirensis (Cercopithecus a.) ... 366 beirensis (Lasiopyga) 291 beirensis (Lasiopyga a.) Ixi, lxxi, xcviii 293, 339, 366 belzebuth (Ateles!) 23, 24, 25, 26 27, 39 belzebuth (Ateleus) liv, Ixxiv 23 24, 25, 26 27. 39. 41, 42 belzebuth (Simia) 40 bensralensis (Nycticebus) beringeri (Gorilla) 210, 211, 212 ciii 219, 222 .... bicolor (Cercopithecus) t8? 184 bicolor (Colobus) Il8, 139 .... bicolor (Hapale) 184 t86 bicolor (Lemur) 101, 132, 134.. 155 bicolor (Leontocebus) 189 bicolor (Marikina) 187 XXVIII INDEX OF LATIN NAMES- VOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. bicolor (Midas) xxxviii, xlix .. 179, 181, 183.. 186 ... bicolor (Mycetes) 261, 262, 275.. bicolor (Propithecus) 170 bicolor (Pongo p.) 192, 195 .... bicolor (Semnopithecus) 22, 139 bicolor (Seniocebus) xliv, Ixxiv .... Ixxxiii, 181 ... 182, 185, 186.. 187, 188 bicolor (Simia) l87. 100. IQt 204 bieti (Rhinopithecus) Ixiv, Ixxii, ci.. 102, 103, 104 I06, 107, I08 bintangensis (Pithecus) Iviii, Ixx, xciv. x8t, 187, 100 246, 247, 248 boliviensis (Aotus) liii, Ixxv 3, 4, 5, 9, 11. Ixxxix boliviensis (Callithrix) 308, 315 boliviensis (Saimiri) liii, Ixxv Ixxxviii, 308 .. 309, 310, 315.. borneanus (Nvcticebus) xlv, Ixviii .... Ixxxvi, 22, 23. 24 borneanus (Tarsius) xliv, Ixxvi, 8.. 9, 13, 14 borneo (Pongo) Ixvi bosmani (Perodicticus) t8. to bosmani (Potto) xxx, 38, 39. • • • boutourlini (Cercopithecus) .... 286, 310 .... boutourlini (Lasiopyga) lix, xcvi 286, 287, 289 291, 294, 307 ^10 bouvieri (Colobus) Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. Il8, 120, 121 128, 129 .... bouvieri (Piliocolobus) 128 braccatus (Galago) xlvi, Ixviii ... Ixxviii, 68, 69. Brachiopithecus xxxvii 149 Brachyteles! xxxvi 24, 25, 29 ... Brachyteles! arachnoides liv 22, 50, 51 ... Brachyteles! hypoxanthus 50 Brachyteles! macrotarsus xxxiv, liv .... 49, 50, 52 ... Brachyteleus xii, liv, Ixxiv.. 23, 24, 25, 26 49, 50 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III XXIX Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Brachyteleus arachnoides xxiv, xxxiv .. 24, 49, 50 ... liv, xc Brachyteleus hypoxanthus 24 Brachyurus xxxiv, xxxix . 299, 300 Brachyurus calvus xxxix, 300, 301 Brachyurus chiropotes 298 Brachyurus israelita. xxxiv, 287, 298 300 Brachyurus melanocephalus .... 306 Brachyurus ouakaria xxxvii, 306 ... Brachyurus ouakary xxxix, 300, 306 brachyurus (Macacus) 181 brachyurus Macacus (Maimon). 205 brachyurus (Pithecus) 185, 216, 217 Brachyurus rubicundus 300. 304. 303.. Brachyurus satanas 296 Bradipodidae 16, 17 Bradycebus xxviii, 21 Bradylemur xxx, 21 Bradylemur tardigradus 26 hrayyae (Cercapithecns) 378 brazzae (Lasiopyga) Ixi, Ixx, xcviii. 287, 289, 291 293, 323, 376 377, 378, 379 380 brazyiformes fCercopithecus) .. 291, 378 .... hrayyiformes fl<asiopyga n.') ... 379 brelichi (Rhinopithecus) lxiv, Ixxii, ci.. 102, 105 .... hrevicandatns (Tndris) Vo 176 brevicaudatus (Lichanotus) .... 176 hrevicandns (Pithecus) Ivii, Ixix, xciv. 185, 187, 188 216, 217 .... hrissoni feebus') 23, 40, 70, 93 brissonii (Prosimia) 134, 142 hrnra. (IVTacac?) 185, 205 .... brockmani (Papio) Ivi, Ixix, xcii.. 123, 125, 147 185, 206 .... 190, 193 .... hrunescens (Cynopitheciis) .... 168 hriinescens Papio flnuus') 167 brunnea (Callithrix) 236, 237, 257.. brunneus (Callicebus) 1, Ixxxvi, 238. 239, 257 brunneus (Lemur) ia6. 147.. 163 brunneus (Macacus) 191, 192 .... INDEX OF LATIN NAMES -FOLS. I, II, III XXX Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. budgetti (Cercopithecus e.) .... 329 budgetti (Lasiopyga) lx, xcvii 292, 294 .... budgetti (Lasiopyga t.) 323. 320. 331 332 buffoni (Cebus) 70, 102 buffoni (Macrotarsus) xxix bugi (Prosimia) 134, 142 burnetti (Cercopithecus) 282. 284. 333 burnetti (Lasiopyga) Ixi, Ixx, xcviii. 282, 292, 293 349, 353 .... buttikoferi (Cercopithecus) .... 286, 302 .... buttikoferi (Cercopithecus p.) .. 202 buttikoferi (Lasiopyga) lix, xcvi 286, 287, 288 292, 295, 298 302 Cacajao xvii, xxiii .... xxxvi, xliii, liii Ixxiv, Ixxv ... Ixxxviii, 286 .. 287, 299, 300.. Cacajao calvus xxiii, liii Ixxxviii, 299 . 300, 301 Cacajao melanocephalus liii, Ixxxviii .. 300, 301, 305.. 306 Cacajao ouakary 300 Cacajao rubicundus liii, Ixxxviii .. 301, 304 cagayanus (Cynomolgos) 250 cagayanus (Pithecus) Iviii, xcv 185, 187, 190 251 calabarensis (Arctocebus) xlv, Ixxvii, 35. 36 calabarensis (Nycticebus) 36 calabarensis (Perodicticus) .... xxxi, xlv, 35.. 36 caligata (Callithrix) li, Ixxxvi, 236. 237, 238, 239.. 243, 248 caligatus (Callicebus) 239, 243, 248.. caliginosus (Cebus) Iv, Ixxiv, xci.. 76, 77, 78,112 Callicebus xvi, xvii, xxiii xxxix, xliii, li Ixxiv, Ixxxv... 218, 234, 235.. 236, 237, 253.. INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III XXXI Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Callicebus amictus li, lxxiv • lxxxvi, 234 ... 238, 240 Callicebus brunneus li, lxxxvi, 238 239, 257 Callicebus caligatus li, lxxxvi, 236. 237, 238, 239.. 24a. 248 Callicebus cinerascens li, lxxxvi, 238 239, 252, 253.. li, lxxiv, lxxxvi 236, 237, 238.. 239, 242, 244.. 245, 247, 248.. lxxiv, Ixxvi .. Callicebus cupreus Callicebus donacophilus 235, 238, 239.. 248, 249, 250.. 251 Callicebus egeria li, lxxxvi, 238. 239, 246 Callicebus emiliae li, lxxiv lxxxvi, 237 ... 238, 239, 250.. li, lxxxvi, 238, 239, 254, 255.. li, lxxxvi, 237. 238, 239, 248.. 249 Callicebus gigot Callicebus hoffmannsi Callicebus leucometopa li, lxxiv, lxxxvi 237, 238, 239.. 246. 247 Callicebus melanochir li, lxxxvi, 238. 239, 244 Callicebus moloch li, lxxxvi, 234. 238, 239, 250.. li, lxxxvi, 238. 239, 254, 255.. li, lxxxvi, 237. 238, 239, 247.. 248 Callicebus nigrifrons Callicebus ornatus Callicebus pallescens li, lxxxvi, 237. 238, 239, 251.. li, lxxiv Callicebus paenulatus lxxxvi, 238, 239 24c Callicebus personatus xxxix, li, lxxiv lxxxvi, 238 ... 239, 254, 255.. XXXII INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Callicebus remulus' Callicebus subrufus Callicebus torquatus Callicebus usto-fuscus callida (Lasiopyga) callida (Lasiopyga p.) calligata (Callithrix) Callithrix Callithrix albicollis Callithrix amicta Callithrix amictus callithrix amictus var. £ (Cebus) Callithrix argentata Callithrix aurita Callithrix boliviensis Callithrix brunnea Callithrix calligata Callithrix castaneo-ventris Callithrix chlorocnemsis Callithrix chrysoleuca Callithrix cinerascens Callithrix cuprea leucometopa... li, Ixxxvi, 238. 239, 249 li, Ixxiv Ixxxvi, 237 ... 238, 239, 247.. li, Ixxiii, Ixxiv Ixxxv, 234, 235 236, 238, 239.. 241 li, Ixxxvi, 237 238, 241 lx, xcvii 236, 237, 243.. xv, xvi, xvii .. xxii, xxxii.... xxxiii, xliii, 1.. Ixxiv, Ixxxv... 179, 180, 181.. 182, 183, 216.. 217, 218, 225.. 234, 235, 236.. 237, 285 li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv 218, 220, 221.. 231, 232 241 235, 236, 237.. 241 235 1, Ixxiv, Ixxxv 217, 218, 220.. 221 li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv 217, 218, 220.. 225 308, 315 236, 237, 257.. 236, 237, 243.. 237, 244 236 xxxviii, li .... Ixxiv, Ixxxv .. 218, 220, 223.. 224, 225 235, 252 246 294, 326, 343 294, 343 .... INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III XXXIII Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Callithrix cupreus Callithrix discolor Callithrix donacophilus Callithrix entomophaga Callithrix flaviceps Callithrix gigot Callithrix goeldi Callithrix humeralifer Callithrix infulatus Callithrix jacchus Callithrix leucocephala Callithrix leucogenys Callithrix leucopus Callithrix lugens Callithrix melanochir Callithrix melanura Callithrix midas Callithrix moloch Callithrix nigrifrons Callithrix oedipus Callithrix ornatus Callithrix penicillata Callithrix p. jordani Callithrix personata Callithrix pygmaea Callithrix rosalia 235, 236, 237.. 242 236, 242, 243.. 235, 236, 237.. 240 308, 315 li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv 220, 221, 229.. 235, 236, 237.. 254, 255 li, Ixxxv, 220.. 221, 224 li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv 218, 220, 221.. 230 235 li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv 217, 218, 220.. 221, 225, 228.. 229, 231 li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv 218, 220, 221.. 229, 232 220, 221 1, Ixxiv, Ixxxv 220, 222 235, 236, 240.. 235, 236, 237.. 222 180, 191 235, 236, 237.. 251 235, 236, 237.. 254 180, 213 236, 237, 248.. li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv 218, 220, 226.. 227 li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv 220, 221, 227.. xxxix, Ixxiv .. 234, 235, 236.. 237, 254, 255.. li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv 220, 221, 232.. 180, 209 2, 5, 6 XXXIV INDEX OF LATIN N AM ES-V O LS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Callithrix santaremensis li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv 220, 224 Callithrix sciureus 234, 233, ?08.. 310, 315 Callithrix torquatus li, 233, 236.. . . 237, 230, 241 . . Callitrichidae xii, xvii, xxi... xxii, xlii, xlix. Ixxxiii, 179 .. callitrichus (Cercopithecus) ... 283, 285, 286 333 callitrichus (Lasiopyga) lx, xcvii 283, 287, 2Q2 293, 325, 333 334, 335 .... Callotus xxxi, 45 Callotus monteiri 48, 59 calva (Ouakaria) 301 calva (Pithecia) 287, 301 calvus (Anthropopithecus) 2?4 calvus (Brachyurus) xxxix, 300, 301 calvus (Cacajao) xiii, liii Ixxxviii, 299 .. 300, 301 calvus (Pan) Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv 230, 231. 232 233, 234, 237 253 calvus (Pseudanthropus) 2?0. 2^4 .. calvus (Simia) 2^1. 2^ .... calvus (Troglodytes) 2?0. 2^4. 2K 236 Calyptrocebus xxxix 64 cameronensis (Galago a.) xlvi, Ixviii . .. Ixxviii, 65 .... cameronensis Galago a. (Otolic- nus) 65 campbelli (Cercopithecus) 284, 285, 286 287, 352 .... campbelli (Lasiopyga) Ixi, Ixx, xcvii.. 281, 287, 292 295, 349, 352 353 cana (Lagothrix) xxxvi, liv .... S3, 34. S3. 36 Ixxiv, xc 60, 6l cana (Presbytis) 23, 38 cana (Pygathrix) Ixiii, Ixxi, c... 29, 31, 57, 58 cana (Simia) 55, 60 candidus (Propithecus) 172 caniceps (Mixocebus) xxxi, xlvii .. . Ixxix, no .... INDEX OF LATIN NAMES- VOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. caparo (Lagothrix) capillatus (Cebus) capillatus (Miopithecus) capillimentosa (Pithecia) 54, 57, 61 ... 73, 74, 97 ... 2 lii, Ixxiii Ixxxvii, 287 .. 288, 291 capistratus (Cercopithecus) .... capitalis (Pithecus) in Iviii, liv, xciv. 185, 186, 189 235 capucina (Simia) xxxiv, Iv .... 64, 66, 67, 74 82, 83 67, 82 capucinus albulus (Simia s.).... capucinus (Cebus) Iv, Ixxxiii, xc. 46, 66, 67, 68 69, 70, 71, 72 73, 74, 75, 76 78, 79, 80, 81 82, 83, 84, 85 86, 95, 98 ... caraya (Alouatta) lii, Ixxiv Ixxxvi, 260 ... 261, 262, 264.. 265, 266, 271.. 260, 265 caraya (Cebus) caraya (Mycetes) 259, 261, 262.. 266 caraya (Simia) 260, 265 carbo (Presbytis) carbo (Pygathrix) carbo (Pygathrix o.) carbonaria (Simia) carbonarius (Macacus) 27 29, 3i, 54 ••• 54 Ixiii, Ixxi, c... 179 179, 180, 181 182, 230, 231 232 carbonarius (Tarsius) carimatae (Pithecus) 257 Appendix Iviii, Ixx, xciv 185, 187, 190 235, 240 .... carimatae (Presbytis) carimatae (Pygathrix) 26, 38 26, 29, 30, 37 38 Ixii, Ixxi, xcix carpolegus (Simia) 178, 205 .... 31c carruthersi (Cercopithecus s.).. carruthersi (Lasiopyga) lx, xcvi 291, 294, 307 3i5 cassiquiarensis (Chrysothrix s.) cassiquiarensis (Pithesciureus).. cassiquiarensis (Saimiri) 308, 311 308 liii, Ixxiv .... Ixxxviii, 308 . 310, 311, 312.. XXXV XXXVI INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. cassiquiarensis (Simia s.) 3ii castaneiceps (Gorilla) 211, 220 .... castaneiceps (Gorilla g.) Ixvi, Ixxii, civ. 210, 211, 212 220 castaneiceps (Troglodytes) .... 211 castaneo-ventris (Callithrix) ... 237. 244 castaneus (Cebus) Iv, Ixxiii, xci.. 71, 72, 75, 76 78, 94 castelnaui (Lagothrix) 54, 55, 62 ... catemana (Presbytis) 27, 60 catemana (Pygathrix) Ixiii, Ixxi, c... 27, 29, 30, 31 60 xxiii catta (Lemur) xxviii, Ixxxi .. 131, 112, 133.. 134, 133. 136.. 130. 141. 138.. Catta mococo xxxiii catta (Prosimia) 134, 159 caucensis (Alouatta s.) 262, 278, 279.. caudatus (Colobus) Ixv, Ixxii, ciii. 119, 120, 122 146, 147, I48 caudatus (Colobus g.) 118, 146 .... cayennensis (Cebus) 23 cayennensis (Cebus p.) 28 Cebidae xiii, xv, xvi .. 1 xvii, xxii xxiii, liii Ixxxvi, 179, 258 Cebinae xlii, liv 21 Cebuella vi, 216 Cebuella pygmaea 233 Cebugale XXX, 87 Cebugale commerqonii 92 Cebugale commersonii xxx, 88, 92 ... Cebus xiv, xvi, xviii. 23, 34, 64, 63 xxiv, xxxii ... 66, 67, 6q, 70 xxxvii, xlii, Iv. 72, 74. 83, 84 Ixxiv, Ixxv. xc 90,91,92 112 78, 235, 282 .. 274 308 Cebus albifrons Iv, xc, 281 .... 68, 69, 70, 71 72, 73, 74, 73 77, 78, 82, 83 88, 89, 99 ... in Cebus (Calyptrocebus) albifrons 88 Cebus albus 68, 70, 72, 93 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES -FOLS. I, II, III XXXVII Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. 93 73, 74, 80 ... 69 Cebus apella Iv, Ixxiii, xc .. 66, 67, 68, 69 70, 71, 72, 73 74, 75, 76, 77 78, 79, 80, 81 82, 83, 84, 94 gq, 105, 112. Cebus (Calyptrocebus) apella... 80 Cebus apiculatus Iv, Ixxiv, xci.. 76, 77, 78, 85 100 Cehiis aracbnnides 23, 51 Cebus ater 23, 30 Cebus azarae Iv, Ixxiv, xci.. 60, 70. 71. 72 73, 77, 78, 106 107, 109 .... Cebus (Otocebus) azarae 107 Cebus azarae pallidus Iv, Ixxi, xci .. 77, 78, 106.. 107, 108, 109 Cebus barbatus 67, 68, 69, 71 72, 93, 94 ••• Cebus (Calyptrocebus) barbatus 93 Cebus beelzebul 260, 270 Cebus brissnni 23, 40. 70, 03 Cebus bnffoni 70, 102 Cebus ca1iginosiis Iv, Ixxiv, xci . 76. 77. 78. 112 73, 74, 97 ... Cebus capucinus Iv, Ixxiii, xc .. 46, 66, 67, 68 69, 70, 71, 72 73, 74, 75, 76 78, 79, 80, 81 82, 83, 84, 85 86, 95, 98 ... Cebus c. nigripectus 76, 77, 78, 86 Cebus castaneus 71, 72, 75, 76 78, 94 Cebus cayennensis 23 Cebus chamek 28 Cebus chrysopus Iv, Ixxiv, xci.. 68, 69, 70, 71 72, 73, 74, 77 78, 99 Cebus (Calyptrocebus)chrysopus 98 7 Cebus cirrifer Iv, Ixxiv, xci.. 67, 68, 69, 70 71, 72, 73, 74 75, 77, 78, 87 102, 103, 109 IIO XXXVIII INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Cebus (Octbcebus) cirrifer Cebus crassiceps Cebus (Eucebus) crassiceps.... Cebus cristatus Cebus (Otocebus) cristatus Cebus cucullatus Cebus cupreus Cebus curtus Cebus elegans Cebus (Otocebus) elegans Cebus fallax Cebus fatuellus Cebus (Otocebus) fatuellus Cebus f. peruanus Cebus felinus Cebus fistulator Cebus (Eucebus) fistulator Cebus flavescens Cebus f. cuscinus Cebus flavicaudata Cebus flavus Cebus (Pseudocebus) flavus.... Cebus frontatus Cebus (Otocebus) frontatus.... Cebus fuliginosus Cebus fulvus Cebus geoffroyi Cebus gracilis Cebus (Calyptrocebus) gracilis. Cebus griseus Cebus (Eucebus) griseus Ixxiv, xci .... 235 Iv, Ixxiv, xci.. Iv, Ixxv, xci .. 260, 275 Iv, Ixxiv, xci.. Iv, Ixxiv, xc... in 72, 77, 78, 86 97, in, 112. IIO 69, 70, 72, IIO IIO 68, 70, 71, 72 96, 98 7b 72,73,107 108 107 75, 80, 82 ... 67, 68, 69, 70 7i, 72, 73, 75 77, 78, 79, 81 84, 100, 102. 103, 104, 105 no, 113 .... 103 75, 77, 78, 104 5 72 103 73, 74, 9i, 92 76, 92 67, 68, 69, 70 7i, 72, 75, 77 78, 84, 93, 94 100 93 68, 69, 70, 71 72, 74, 75, 77 78, 86, 87 ... 86, 87 23, 40 68, 70, 72, 93 23 68, 69, 70, 71 72, 76, 88, 89 9i 88 68, 69, 72, 79 79 259 Appendix INDEX OF LATIN NAMES- VOLS. I, II, HI XXXIX Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Cebus hypoleucus 46, 68, 69, 70 7i, 72, 73, 74 75, 80, 82, 83 84 82 Cebus (Calyptrocebus) hypoleu- cus Cebus hypomelas 72, 79, 81, 82 2'L etl Cebus hypoxanthus Cebus imitator 83, 84 Cebus infulatus 235 Cebus lacepedii 72 Cebus lagothrix 57 Cebus leucocephalus 73, 74, 88, 89 73, 74, no.. 68, 69, 70, 71 72, 74, 75, 77 78, 101 101 Cebus leucogenys Cebus libidinosus Iv, Ixxiv, xci.. Cebus (Calyptrocebus) libidino- sus Cebus lugens var. ? 235 Cebus lunatus 68, 69, 70, 72 87 86 Cebus (Otocebus) lunatus Cebus macrocephalus Cebus (Eucebus) macrocephalus Iv, Ixxiv, xci.. 68, 69, 70, 72 77, 78, 104.. 104 Cebus malitiosus Iv, Ixxiv, xci.. 76, 77, 78, 98 23 ' Cebus marginatus Cebus melanochir 235 234, 235, 251.. Cebus moloch Cebus monachus 68, 69, 70, 71 72, 96 96 Cebus (Eucebus) monachus.... Cebus niger 68, 69, 72, 75 IIO, III .... Cebus (Otocebus) niger Cebus nigrifrons Cebus nigrivittatus Cebus olivaceus IIO 235 70, 71, 72, 79 70, 71, 72, 79 80 Cebus (Calyptrocebus) olivaceus Cebus pallidus Cebus paniscus Cebus p. cayennensis Cebus p. surinamensis Cebus paraguayensis Cebus (Calyptrocebus) para- guayensis Cebus pentadactylus 73, 74, 108.. 28 28 28 69, 72 79 23 XL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Cebus personatus 235, 256 Cebus pucherani 79 Cebus robustus 68, 69, 70, 71 72, 73, 74, 93 104, 113 .... Cebus (Eucebus) robustus 96 Cebus satanas 286 Cebus sciureus 310 Cebus seniculus 260, 277 Cebus stramineus 260 Cebus subscri status 73, 74, 96, 97 Cebus surinamensis 23 Cebus torquatus 234, 235, 239.. Cebus torquatus var. P amictus. 235 Cebus torquatus var. 7 lugens.. 235 Cebus trepidus 67, 69, 72 ... Cebus trivirgatus 16 Cebus unicolor Iv, Ixxiv, xci.. 68, 69, 70, 72 73, 74, 75, 76 77, 78, 91, 92 Cebus (Pseudocebus) unicolor.. 91 Cebus u. cuscinus liv, Ixxv, xci.. 77, 78, 92 ... Cebus ursinus 260, 275 Cebus variegatus Iv, Ixxiv, xc... 68, 69, 70, 71 72, 73, 74, 75 77, 78, 87, 91 95, 97, 98,104 113 Cebus (Eucebus) variegatus ... 93 Cebus vellerosus Iv, Ixxiv, xci.. 71, 72, 73, 74 77, 78, 113.. Cebus (Otocebus) vellerosus... 113 Cebus versicolor 70, 71, 72, 88 89 Cebus versuta Iv, Ixxiv, xci.. 76, 77, 78,105 109 Cebus vociferans 13 Cebus xanthocephalus 68, 69, 70, 71 73, 74, 96, 98 Cebus xanthosternos 68, 69, 70, 71 95 centralis (Cercopithecus) 289, 344, 346 centralis (Cercopithecus se.) .... 344 centralis (Cercopithecus c.) 344 centralis (Lasiopyga) lx, xcvii 289, 292, 294 326, 343, 344 345, 346, 347 cephaloloptera (Pygathrix) .... Ixiii, Ixxi, c .. 181 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III XLI Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Cephalopachus xxix, 7 cephaloptera! (Presbytis) 220 70 cephaloptera! (Simia) xli 20, 21 cephalopterus! (Setnnopithecus) 70 72 7? cephodes (Cercopithecus) 321 cephodes (Lasiopyga) lx, xcvi 292, 296, 319 321 cephus (Cercopithecus) 277, 282, 284 285, 286, 320 cephus (Lasiopyga) lx, xcvi 280, 292, 294 326, 343, 344 345, 346, 347 cephus (Simia) 278, 279, 319 Cercocebus xvi, xix, xxv.. 178, 180, 183 xxxiii, xliii .. 254, 255, 256 Iviii, xcv 257 Cercocebus aethiopicus 255, 256, 257 258, 259, 260 261, 262, 263 279, 281, 284 Cercocebus aethiops Iviii, xcv 259, 263, 269 135 274, 284, 337 Cercocebus agilis lix, xcv 257, 258, 259 264 Cercocebus albigena lix, xcv 256, 257, 258 259, 266, 267 268, 269, 270 Cercocebus a. johnstoni lix, xcv 258, 259, 267 268, 272 .... Cercocebus a. rothschildi 258, 270 .... Cercocebus a. zenkeri lix, xcv 258, 259, 269 Cercocebus (Semnocebus) albi- gena 266 Cercocebus aterrimus lix, xcv 257, 258, 259 267, 268, 270 272 Cercocebus atys 178, 255, 256 262 Cercocebus chrysogaster Iviii, xcv 258, 259, 264 Cercocebus collaris 256, 257, 260 Cercocebus congicus 257, 258, 270 271 Cercocebus cynomolgos 178, 183, 229 Cercocebus fuliginosus xxxiii, Iviii .. 254, 255, 256 257, 258, 261 264, 281 .... Cercocebus galeritus lix, xcv 257, 258, 259 265 XLII INDEX OF LATIN NAMES -FOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Cercocebus hagenbecki lix, xcv 258, 259, 265 258, 270, 271 295 258, 267, 268 Cercocebus hamlyni Cercocebus jamrachi Cercocebus kerstingi Cercocebus lunulatus 13 Iviii, xcv 256, 257, 258 259. 263 .... 255, 256, 257 258, 259, 260 263, 279 .... Cercocebus torquatus Iviii, xcv .... Cercopithecidae xix Cercopithecus xxiii, xxxi, . .. xxxii, xlii, xlix 21, 118, 146. 177, 1/8, 255 256, 257, 261 276, 277, 280 281, 282, 283 284, 285, 286 287, 288, 289 290, 291, 293 313, 377 .... 256, 258, 260 281 5, 17, 21 ... Ixxxii, 179, 181 183, 190 Cercopithecus aethiopicus Cercopithecus aethiops 257, 260, 279 281, 284, 290 292, 336 .... Cercopithecus ae. centralis Cercopithecus (Cercocebus) aethiops 260 Cercopithecus albigularis xl 273, 284, 285 286, 310, 363 365, 367 •••• 366 Cercopithecus a. beirensis Cercopithecus a. kibonotensis... 366 Cercopithecus a. rufilatus 368 Cercopithecus albitorquatus .... 288, 360 .... 368 Cercopithecus a. rufilatus Cercopithecus ascanius 284, 286, 303 306, 318 .... Cercopithecus a. schmidti 306 Cercopithecus a. whitesidei .... 293, 298, 305 257 Cercopithecus aterrimus Cercopithecus auratus 21, 75, 76, 77 117 Cercopithecus baumstarki Cercopithecus bicolor 182, 184 Cercopithecus boutourlini 286, 310 .... 378 Cercopithecus brazzae Cercopithecus brazzaeformes .... 201, 378 .... 282, 284, 353 Cercopithecus burnetti INDEX OF LATIN NAMES -VOLS. I, II, III XLIII Vol. I. Vol. IL Vol. III. Cercopithecus buttikoferi 286, 302 .... Cercopithecus callitrichus 283, 285, 286 333 Cercopithecus campbelli 284, 285, 286 287, 352 .... Cercopithecus capistratus Ill ... Cercopithecus centralis 280. 344. 346 Cercopithecus c. johnstoni 346 Cercopithecus c. luteus 346 Cercopithecus c. whytei 345 Cercopithecus cephaloptera! .... 6q Cercopithecus cephodes 321 Cercopithecus cephus 277, 282, 284 285, 286, 320 Cercopithecus circumcinctus ... 285 t6 17 Cercopithecus chrysurus 282, 286 .... Cercopithecus collaris ■256, 257, 260 284 Cercopithecus (Cercocebus) collaris 260 Cercopithecus crossi 290 Cercopithecus cynocephalus .... 137 Cercopithecus cynomolgos 177, 178, 230 Cercopithecus cynosurus xxxviii, xcvii.. 282, 284, 285 286, 337 .... Cercopithecus c. centralis 344 Cercopithecus denti 290, 351 .... Cercopithecus diadematus 281, 282, 308 381 Cercopithecus diana 282, 284, 285 286, 308, 380 381 Cercopithecus d. var. ignita 285, 380 .... Cercopithecus d. ignitus 380 Cercopithecus djamdjamensis .. 327 Cercopithecus ellenbecki 292, 327 .... Cercopithecus e. hilgerti ....... 327 Cercopithecus engythithia 285 Cercopithecus entellus 2T 86 Cercopithecus erxlebeni 277, 284, 283 287, 289, 355 Cercopithecus e. var. nigripes.. . 285, 355 .... Cercopithecus erythrachus 283, 284, 286 287, 364 .... Cercopithecus erythrogaster . .. 280, 301 .... Cercopithecus erythropyga 339 Cercopithecus erythrotis 284, 285, 286 324 XLIV INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Cercopithecus ezra Cercopithecus fantiensis Cercopithecus faunus Cercopithecus flavidus Cercopithecus francescae Cercopithecus fuliginosus Cercopithecus (Cercocebus) fuliginosus Cercopithecus grayi Cercopithecus g. nigripes Cercopithecus g. pallidus Cercopithecus griseo-viridis .... Cercopithecus griseus Cercopithecus hamlyni Cercopithecus hilgerti Cercopithecus histrio Cercopithecus inobservatus .... Cercopithecus insignis Cercopithecus insolitus Cercopithecus kandti Cercopithecus kephalopterus! ... Cercopithecus kolbi Cercopithecus k. hindei Cercopithecus k. nubilus Cercopithecus labiatus Cercopithecus lallandi Cercopithecus larvatus Cercopithecus latibarbatus Cercopithecus leucampyx Cercopithecus 1. aurora Cercopithecus leucoprymnus ... Cercopithecus 1'hoesti Cercopithecus 1'hoesti thomasi.. Cercopithecus ludio Cercopithecus lunulatus Cercopithecus luteus Cercopithecus martini Cercopithecus matschie Cercopithecus maurus xxxix xl, lix xxxiii, Ixiv ... xl 378 280, 286, 300 302 177 283, 284, 285 287, 288, 341 289, 369 .... 256, 257, 262 281, 284 .... 262 283, 284, 355 355 356 278, 284, 285 336 280, 282, 336 273 327 284, 303 .... 322 298, 372 .... 297, 372 .... 290, 371 .... 361 362 362 282, 284, 375 282, 283, 284 285, 339 .... 284, 285, 286 287, 308, 310 376 312 289, 297 .... 37i 283, 284, 285 287, 318 .... 256, 263, 293 293 284, 285, 305 318 326 135 69 M in 21, 21, 21, 69 69 75, 78 ... INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III XLV Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Cercopithecus melanogenys .... 282, 284, 285 286, 287, 303 318 Cercopithecus midas xlix, lxxiii . .. Ixxxiii, 180, 182 184, 183, 100.. 191, 192, 193.. Cercopithecus midas egens xlix 256 Appendix Cercopithecus moloneyi 368 Cercopithecus mona 282, 284, 285 286, 350 .... Cercopithecus monoides 282, 283, 284 287, 288, 364 365 Cercopithecus nasicus in Cercopithecus neglectus 286, 376, 378 Cercopithecus n. brazziformes.. 378 Cercopithecus nemaeus 285 Cercopithecus neumanni 313 Cercopithecus nictitans 277, 282, 284 285, 286, 305 316, 318 .... Cercopithecus n. laglaizi 317 Cercopithecus nigripes 284, 354 .... Cercopithecus nigriviridis 348 Cercopithecus ochraceus 121, 138, 283 284, 285, 288 Cercopithecus omensis 289, 310 .... Cercopithecus opisthostictus .... 287, 310 .... Cercopithecus otoleucus 289, 312 .... Cercopithecus palatinus 284, 287, 288 381 Cercopithecus patas 285, 286, 287 Cercopithecus petaurista xxxix 282, 283, 284 285, 286, 300 Cercopithecus p buttikoferi .... Cercopithecus p. fantiensis 300 Cercopithecus petronellae 294, 358 .... Cercopithecus picturatus 286, 287, 288 303 Cercopithecus pileatus 178, 223 .... Cercopithecus pluto 282, 284, 285 308, 313 .... Cercopithecus pogonias 281, 284, 285 286, 354, 355 356 Cercopithecus p. pallidus 356 Cercopithecus poliophaeus 285 XLVI INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. IL Vol. III. Cercopithecus polycomus 116 Cercopithecus preussi ?8o 270 .... Cercopithecus p. insularis 270 Cercopithecus princeps 315 Cercopithecus pusillus 280. 330, 341 Cercopithecus pygerythrus 282, 284, 285 286, 338 Cercopithecus p. rufoviridis .... "142 Cercopithecus pyrrhonotus 284, 285, 286 5, 9 287. 200 Cercopithecus radiatus 178, 221 Cercopithecus roloway 282, 284, 381 Cercopithecus rubellus 242 Cercopithecus ruber 284, 285 .... 5, 7, 9 Cercopithecus rubra 281 .... Cercopithecus rufimanus xlix, Ixxiii ... Ixxxiii, 180 ... i8i, 185, 190.. 191 Cercopithecus rufitinctus 374 Cercopithecus rufoniger 280 Cercopithecus rufoviridis 282, 284, 286 341 Cercopithecus sabaeus 282, 283, 284 285, 286, 292 333, 336 Cercopithecus samango 282, 283, 284 285, 286, 287 288. 27 C Cercopithecus sannio 5, IC Cercopithecus senex 71 □ . 72 Cercopithecus schmidti 286. 206 .... 9 / Cercopithecus sclateri 289, 290, 323 Cercopithecus signatus 286, 305 Cercopithecus silaceus 347 Cercopithecus silenus I77 Cercopithecus sinicus 177, 178, 221 Cercopithecus stairsi 286, 287. 319 372. 373. 374 Cercopithecus s. mossambicus... 373 Cercopithecus stampflii 286, 287, 319 372, 373, 374 Cercopithecus sticticeps 317 Cercopithecus stuhlmanni 287, 201, 312 313, 315 Cercopithecus s. carruthersi .... 315 Cercopithecus s. doggetti 314, 327 Cercopithecus s. nigrigenis 310 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III XLVII Vol. I. Vol. IL Vol. HI. Cercopithecus talapoin xxxvi 279, 286 .... 12 Cercopithecus t. ansorgei Cercopithecus (Lasiopyga) tantalus 320 Cercopithecus tantalus 282, 286, 328 329 . . . Cercopithecus t. alexandri 332 Cercopithecus t. budgetti 329 Cercopithecus t. griseistictus ... 3*21 Cercopithecus temmincki 282, 318, 382 Cercopithecus tephrops 281, 282, 285 338 Cercopithecus thomasi 370 Cercopithecus ursulus xlix, Ixxiii ... Ixxxiii, 180, 181 185, 190 Cercopithecus veter 191 177 Cercopithecus vetulus 177 Cercopithecus wemeri 283, 284, 286 334 Cercopithecus wolfi 286, 351 .... Cercopithecus zechi J2 Cercoptochus 299 ceylonica (Simia) 21, 76 ceylonicus (Lemur) 17 ceylonicus (Lemur g.) 17, 19 ceylonicus (Nycticebus) 22 Chaeropithecus xxxviii, xl ... 115, 122, 125 Chaeropithecus hamadryas T 44 Chaeropithecus leucocephalus ... 122 chamek (Ateles!) 24, 28 chamek (Cebus) 28 chamek (Simia) 28 Cheirogaleus xxix, 87, 88, 90 100, 101, III.. 135, 136 Cheirogaleus 1 adipicaudatus ... 89, 93 5, 7 Cheirogaleus! cinereus 88 ... Cheirogaleus! commerqonii .... 92 5, 7 Cheirogaleus! commersoni XXX, 92 Cheirogaleus! coquereli 100, 107, 173.. Cheirogaleus! crossleyi 96, III Cheirogaleus! furcifer 108 Cheirogaleus! gliroides 100, 103 Cheirogaleus! major xxviii, xxix .. xxx, xxi, xlvii 87, 89, 92, 93.. in XLVIII INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Cheirogaleus! medius xxxi, 88, 112 .. 113 Cheirogaleus ! melanotus! 95 Cheirogaleus! milii xxxi, 88, 89, 90 92, in Cheirogaleus! minor 88, 89, 103 ... Cheirogaleus! murinus 88 ........... Cheirogaleus! myoxinus 104 Cheirogaleus! olivaceus 89 Cheirogaleus! pusillus 90, 104 Cheirogaleus! samati 90, in, 112 .. 113 Cheirogaleus! smithi xxxi, 88, 89. 00 100, 103 Cheirogaleus! thomasi in Cheirogaleus! trichotis 90, 96 Cheirogaleus! typicus 88, 89, 92, 94.. Cheiromys XXX, 1 Cheiromys madagascariensis ... 2 Cheiron xxxvii 149 Cheiropithecus 121 Cheiropithecus porcarius 134 chimpanse (Pan) Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv 230, 231, 233 234, 244, 245 chimpanse (Satyrus) 243 chimpanse (Simia) 220 chimpanse (Simia p.) 222. 24^ .... Chirogale xxiv, xli, xlvii 8 Ixviii, Ixxix, 87 89, 90, 91, 100. 101, 136 Chirogale adipicaudatus 89, 90. 100 . . . Chirogale coquereli 89, 100 Chirogale crossleyi xlvii, Ixxix, 89 91, 92, 96, in. Chirogale furcifer 88, 89 Chirogale gliroides 90, 100 Chirogale griseus 89 Chirogale major xlvii, Ixxix, 89 90, 91, 92, 93.. 95, III Chirogale medius 90, 100 Chirogale (Altililemur) medius. 90 Chirogale melanotis! xlvii, Ixxix, 90 91, 92. 95, 96.. Chirogale milii 89. 90, 91. 93.. 100 Chirogale minor 90, 100 INDEX OF LATIN N AM ES - V O LS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Chirogale murinus 88 Chirogale myoxinus 90, 100 Chirogale pusillus 90, 100 Chirogale rufus 90, 100 Chirogale samati 90, 100 Chirogale sibreei xlvii, Ixxix, 91 94, 96 Chirogale smithii 88, 89, 90, 100. 103 Chirogale trichotis xlvii, Ixxix, 90 91, 92, 96 .... Chirogale typicus 89, 90, 100 ... Chiromys xxviii Chiromys madagascariensis .... 2 Chiropotes xxxviii, 285 .. 286, 287 Chiropotes alba 300 Chiropotes albinasa 287, 296 Chiropotes ater 287, 297 Chiropotes brachyurus 298 chiropotes (Chiropotes) 286 Chiropotes cuxio xxxvi, 286, 296 Chiropotes israelita 298 Chiropotes niger 297 chiropotes (Pithecia) xvi, lii, Ixxiii. Ixxiv, Ixxxvii. 286, 287, 288.. 297, 300 Chiropotes sagulata 287, 298 Chiropotes satanus 287, 297 chiropotes (Simia) 286 chiropotes Simia (Pithecia).... 297 Chirosciurus 45 Chlorocebus xl, lx 275, 285, 296 325 Chlorocebus chrysurus 286 Chlorocebus cynosurus 285, 338 .... Chlorocebus engythithea 285, 336 .... Chlorocebus pygerythrus 285, 339 .... Chlorocebus ruber 7 . Chlorocebus rufoniger 286 Chlorocebus rufoviridis 285, 342 .... Chlorocebus sabaeus 285 Chlorocebus tantalus 328 Chlorocebus werneri 286 chlorocnemis (Callithrix) 236 choeropithecus (Hamadryas) ... 120, 144, 1C3 Choiropithecus 115 XLIX L INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. choras (Cynocephalus) 120, 130, 131 choromandus (Hylobates) 151, 152, 156 158' chrysampyx (Lemur) 134, 133, 136.. 144 chrysocephala (Pithecia) lii, Ixxiv Ixxxvii, 286 .. 287, 288, 2Q4 .. chrysogaster (Cercocebus) .... Iviii, xcv 258, 259, 264 chrysogaster (Presbytis) 67 chrysogaster (Semnopithecus).. 26, 67, 68 ... chrysoleuca (Callithrix) xxxviii, li .... Ixxiv, Ixxxv .. 218, 220, 223.. 224, 225 chrysoleuca (Hapale) 223 chrysoleuca (Mico) 219 chrysoleucus (Mico) 223 chrysomelas (Hapale) 223 chrysomelas (Jacchus) 181, 211 chrysomelas (Leontocebus) .... 1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv 181, 182, 185.. 195, 211 chrysomelas (Leontopithecus). . 183, 211 chrysomelas (Marikina) 201 shrysomelas (Midas) 181, 182, 183.. chrysomelas (Pygathrix) Ixiii, Ixxi, xcix 22, 29, 30, 42 44 chrysomelas (Semnopithecus) .. 22, 24, 25, 42 chrysopus (Cebus) Iv, Ixxiv, xci.. 68, 69, 70, 71 72, 73, 74, 77 78, 99 chrysopus Cebus (Calyptroce- bus) 99 chrvsopyga (Hapale) 184, 200 chrysopygus (Jacchus) 181, 200 chrysopygus (Leontocebus) .... 1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv 182, 185, 194.. 200 chrysopygus (Marikina) 201 . chrysopygus (Midas) 201 chrysopymis (Seniocebus^ 183 .. Chrysothrix 308 . Chrysothrix entomophaga ao8. ai3. ^16 Chrysothrix nigrivittata 708 ■?!! ^12 Chrysothrix oerstedi 309, 316 LI INDEX OF LATIN NAMES- VOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Chrysothrix sciurea 308, 310, 311.. 3i5, 316 308, 311 314 3i4 Chrysothrix s. cassiquiarensis... Chrysothrix usta Chrysothrix ustus chrysurus (Cercopithecus) chrysurus (Chlorocebus) chrysurus (Mycetes) 282, 286 .... 286 260, 261, 262.. 278 261, 278 chrysurus (Stentor) chuva (Ateles!) chuva (Ateleus) cincta cauda annulis (Prosimia) cinerascens (Callicebus) 25, 3i, 38 ... 25 132 li, Ixxxvi, 238. 239, 252, 253.. 235, 252 236 cinerascens (Callithrix) cinerascens (Saguinus) cinera Simia (Papio) cinereiceps (Lemur) 152, 154 .... 138, 139, 141.. 1^6 .. cinereiceps (Lemur m.) cinereus (Lemur) cinereus (Nycticebus) 156 124, 125, 133.. xiv, Ixviii .... Ixxxvi, 21, 22. 23, 26, 27, 28.. 30 cinereus (Semnopithecus) circumcinctus (Cercopithecus).. circumcinctus (Erythrocebus).. cirrifer (Cebus) 59 16, 17 5, 6, 16 .... 285 Ixii, Ixxi, xcix lv, Ixxiv, xci.. 67, 68, 69, 70 7b 72, 73, 74 75, 77, 78, 89 102, 103, 109 in cirrifer Cebus (Otocebus) cirrifer (Simia) citrinellus (Saimiri ce.) Claetes cocos (Galago) cocos (Galago) moholi coibensis (Alouatta p.) no 67 309, 316, 317.. xxxvii 257 Appendix 257 Appendix lii, Ixxiii Ixxxvii, 262 .. 264, 265, 273.. rollaris (Cercocebus) 256, 257, 260 260 collaris Cercopithecus (Cercoce- bus) LII INDEX OF LATIN NAMES -FOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. collaris Pithecus (Cercocebus). 256, 257, 260 284 collaris (Cercopithecus) 256, 257, 260 264, 284 .... collaris (Lemur) 133, 134, 133.. 136, 138, 147.. collaris (Prosimia) 142, 147, 149.. Colobinae xxv, xliii, Ixii. xvi, xxvi, xliii. Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. CoIobolus 115 Colobus Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. 115, 117, 118 Colobus abyssinicus Ixv, Ixxii, ciii. 116, 117, 118 119, 120, 122 143, 145, 146 Colobus a. kikuyuensis I IQ. 146. 147 Colobus a. occidentalis 144 Colobus a. poliurus IIO. 143 . Colobus angolensis Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. 117, Il8 II9 121, 122, 141 142, 143 .... Il8, I39 Colobus bouvieri Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. 118, 120, 121 128, 129 .... Colobus caudatus Ixv, Ixxii, ciii.. Il8, I19, 120 122, 146, I47 I48 117, Il8 123 110, 142 Colobus ellioti Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. 119, 120, 121 126 Colobus ferrugineus xxxix, Ixv ... Il6, 117, Il8 Ixxii, cii IIO, 120 T2T 122, 128, 129 130, 131, 133 134, 136 .... Colobus ferruginosus Colobus foai Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. 119, 120 I2T 131, J32 .... Colobus fuliginosus Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. 117, I IQ 120 121, 129, 134 Colobus gallarum Ixv, Ixxii, ciii. 119, 120, 122 148 Colobus godonorum Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. I19, 120, 121 137 Colobus graueri Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. 119, 120 121 132 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III LIII Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Colobus guereza xxxviii 117, 119, M3 Colobus guereza caudatus 144 tt8 146 Colobus kirki Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. 118, 11 g T2O 121, 128, 137 Colobus leucomeros I 30 Colobus matschie 119, 145 .... Colobus nigrimanus Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. 119, 120, 121 125, 127 .... Colobus occidentalis Ixv, Ixxii, ciii. 118, 119, 120 122, I44 .... Colobus oustaleti Ixv, cii Iig 120 121 Colobus palliatus Ixv, Ixxii, ciii. 132 IT 8, 119 120 122, I39, 141 142, I43 .... Colobus pennanti Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. 117, 119 120 121, 129, 136 Colobus poliurus Ixv, Ixxii, ciii. 119, 120, 122 Colobus polycomus Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. 23 145 117, 118, 120 122, I40 .... Colobus preussi Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. 119, 120, 121 127 Colobus rufo-fuliginosus 117 IIO 133 134 Colobus rufomitratus xxxix, Ixv ... Tl8, 120 T2T Ixxii, cii 123, 124, 125 Colobus rufoniger Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. 117, II9 120 121, 136, 137 Colobus riippeli 118 Colobus ruwenzori Colobus satanas xli, Ixv, Ixxii.. 138 117, 118, 119 cii 120, 122, 138 Colobus sharpei Ixv, Ixxii, ciii. 119, 120, 122 Colobus temmincki Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. 142 IT 6, TT7 T2T I3°» 135, 136 Colobus tephrosceles Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. 119, 120 121 124, 126 .... Colobus tholloni Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. Il8, TTQ T2O 121, 129, 130 Colobus ursinus 117 Il8 IIO 140 Colobus vellerosus xxxix, Ixv ... TT7 Il8 T2O Ixxii, cii 122, 139, 140 142 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES- VOLS. I, II, III LIV Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Colobus verus xli, Ixv, Ixxii. 117, 118, 119 cii 120, 121, 122 comata (Simia) 21 comatus (Cynocephalus) 134 comatus (Papio) 119, 134 .... comatus (Semnopithecus) 22, 24, 60, 61 cemmer^oni (Cebugale) 92 commenjonii (Chirogaleus!) ... 92 5, 7 commersoni (Chirogaleus!) ... xxx, 88, 92 ... commersoni (Nyctipithecus) ... 3, 6 commersoni (Lemur) XXX comosa (Simia) 140 concolor (Hylobates) Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii. 131, 132, 153 154, 168, 171 173, 174, 175 concolor (Simia) 171 concolor (Simias) xvi, xl, Ixiv, ci IOQ congicus (Cercocebus) 257, 258, 270 271 conspicillatus (Galago) 47, 48, 73 continentis (Symphalangus s.).. xxvi, Ixvi .... 176, 178, 179 Ixxii, ciii coquereli (Cheirogaleus!) 100, 107, 173.. coquereli (Chirogale) 89, 101 coquereli (Microcebus) xxxi, xlvii . .. • Ixxix, 89, too.. 101, 102, 107.. coquereli (Mirza) 107 coquereli (Propithecus) xlix, Ixxxii ... 107, 173 coquereli (Propithecus v.) xlix, Ixxxii ... 167, 168, 173.. coronatus (Lemur) xlviii, Ixxxi .. 134, 133. 136.. 138, 139, 140.. 144 coronatus (Propithecus v.) .... xlix, Ixxxii ... 167, 168, 171.. 174 coronatus (Prosimia) 144 Corypithecus xxxix, Ixii .. . Cothurus xxxix, 299 ... cottoni (Colobus) I19, 142 .... coucang (Nycticebus) xxx, xlv, Ixviii Ixxxvi, 22, 23. 26, 28 coucang (Tardigradus) xxviii, xlv, 21. crassicaudata (Otogale) 48 Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. crassicaudatus (Galago) xxx, xlv, Ixvii Ixxvii, 46, 47.. 48, 54 crassicaudatus (Otolicnus) 47 crassiceps (Cebus) lv, Ixxiv, xci.. 72, 77, 78, 89 97, in, 112. crassiceps Cebus (Eucebus).... in crepuscula (Presbytis) 27, 84 crepuscula (Pygathrix) Ixiv, Ixxi, c... 27, 28, 31, 32 84, 85, 86 ... cristata (Presbytis) 24. 48. 30. 81 cristata (Pygathrix) Ixiii, Ixxi, c... 21, 22, 24, 25 26, 29, 31, 79 80, 81 cristata (Simia) 21 cristatus (Cebus) IIO cristatus Cebus (Octocebus).... IIO cristatus (Colobus) 70, 71, IIO.. 117, 118, 123 cristatus (Macacus) 182, 249 .... cristatus (Semnopithecus) 24, 79 crossi (Cercopithecus) 290 crossleyi (Cheirogaleus!) 96, in crossleyi (Chirogale) xlvii, Ixxix, 89 91, 92, 96, in. cruciger (Presbytis f.) 41 cruciger (Pygathrix) Ixii, Ixxi, xcix. 26. 29, 30. 41 cruciger (Semnopithecus) 26. 41. 72 .. cucullatus (Ateles!) liv 25, 27, 38 ... cucullatus (Ateleus) liv, Ixxxix ... 25, 27, 38 ... cucullatus (Cebus) 68, 70, 71, 72 92, 96, 98 ... cucullatus Cebus (Eucebus).... 96 cucullatus (Semnopithecus) .... 22 24 71 73 cupidus (Pithecus) Iviii, Ixx, xciv. 185, 187, 190 241, 242 .... cupreus (Callicebus) li, Ixxiv, lxxxvi 236, 237, 238.. 239, 241, 242.. 244, 245, 247.. 248 cupreus (Callithrix) 235, 236, 237.. 242 cupreus (Cebus) 235 cupreus (Saguinus) 236 curtus (Cebus) 25g Appendix curtus (Pithecus) 100. 103 cuscinus (Cebus f.) 76, 92 cuscinus (Cebus u.) lv, Ixxv, xci .. 77, 78, 92 ... INDEX OF LATIN N AM ES - V O LS. I, II, III LV LVI INDEX OF LATIN NAMES -FOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. cuvieri (Lemur) 136, 142 cuvieri (Otolicnus) 73 cuvieri (Simia) 169 cuxio (Chiropotes) xxxvi, 286, 296 cyclopsis (Macacus) 182, 183, 202 cyclopsis (Pithecus) lvii, Ixix, xciii 187, 188, 202 Cynamolgos xxxix 176 Cynamolgos audeberti 222 Cynamolgos pileatus 223 Cynamolgos sinicus 222 Cynocebus xl 275 Cynocephala doguera 123, 126 .... Cynocephala simia 118, 119, 122 137, 139 .... Cynocephalana 122, 160 .... Cynocephalus 115, 119, 120 121, 122, 146 178, 180 .... Cynocephalus anubis 119, 121, 122 Cynocephalus babuin 119, 120, 121 122, 126, 137 139, 140 .... cynocephalus (Cercopithecus) .. 137 Cynocephalus choras 120, 130, 131 Cynocephalus comatus 134 Cynocephalus cynocephalus .... 119 cynocephalus (Cynomolgos) ... 138, 181 .... Cynocephalus gelada 120 Cynocephalus hamadryas 119, 120, 121 144, 146, 157 Cynocephalus inuus 173, 178 .... Cynocephalus langeldi 122, 138 .... Cynocephalus leucophaeus 119, 120, 121 122, 152 .... Cynocephalus mormon 119, 120, 121 150 Cynocephalus nemestrinus 178, 205 .... Cynocephalus niger XXXV 159 Cynocephalus olivaceus 121 121, 130, 131 cynocephalus (Papio) xxxi. Ivi, Ixix. 117, 118, 119 xci 120, 121, 122 123, 124, 129 130, 137, 139 140 Cynocephalus papio 119, 130 .... cvnocephalus (Pithecus) xiii Cynocephalus porcarius 119, 120, 121 122, 126, 134 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III LVII Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Cynocephalus rhesus 178 Cynocephalus silenus xxxvi 118, 219 .... cynocephalus (Simia) xxxiv Cynocephalus sinensis 177 Cynocephalus speciosus Cynocephalus sphinx 119, 120, 121 130 Cynocephalus thoth 120, 121, 122 137 Cynocephalus ursinus 120, 121, I34 Cynocephalus wagleri 119, I44 .... Cynomolgos xxxix 176, l8l .... Cvnomolgos albus l8l Cynomolgos (Zati) audeberti... l8l, 222 .... Cynomolgos aygula l8o Cynomolgos carbonarius l8l cynomolgos (Cercocebus) 178, 183, 229 Cynomolgos cercopithecus 177, 178, 2?0 Cynomolgos cynocephalus I38, l8l .... Cynomolgos inuus 179, l8l, 230 cynomolgos (Macacus) 178, 179, 180 182, 183, 184 230, 231, 233 Cynomolgos (Macacus) var. cummingii 182 Cynomolgos mindanensis 249 Cynomolgos mindanensis apoen- sis 250, 252 .... Cynomolgos mulatta l8l Cynomolgos palpebrosus l8l, 249 .... Cynomolgos papio 144 Cynomolgos philippinensis l8l, 249 .... Cynomolgos (Zati) pileatus .... l8l, 183, 223 Cynomolgos pithecus 178 cynomolgos (Simia) 143, I46, 176 177, 179, 184 229, 230 .... Cynomolgos sinicus l8l, 183, 222 Cynomolgos (Zati) sinicus .... 222 Cynomolgos suluensis 252 Cynopithecus xviii, xxi, xxvi 120, 121, 159 xxvii, xxxvii.. l60, l6l, 163 xliii, Ivi, Ixix.. 164, 170, l80 xcii 183, 184, 192 Cynopithecus brunescens l68 Cynopithecus hecki Cynopithecus hypomelas Cynopithecus maurus l6l, l66 .... LVIII INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Cynopithecus niger Ivi, xcii 120, 159, 160 161, 162, 163 164, 166, 184 192 Cynopithecus nigrescens 160, 161, 162 164, 166, 184 Cynopithecus ochreatus 161, 167, 168 Cynopithecus speciosus 120. 105 .... Cynopithecus tonkeanus 161 cynosura (Lasiopyga) xxxviii, xcvii.. 279, 280, 281 282, 283, 285 287, 289, 292 296, 325, 337 cynosura (Simia) 270. 280 Tt7 cynosurus (Cercopithecus) .... xxxviii 282, 284, 285 286, 337 ... . cynosurus (Cercopithecus c.) ... cynosurus (Chlorocebus) 285, 338 .... dadappensis (Pithecus s.) 186, 190, 193 dadappensis (Pongo 1.) 205 dadappensis (Pongo p.) 192, IQ4, 198 dadappensis (Simia s.) 194 damonis (Propithecus) 167, 173 Daubentonia xxi, xxvii, xli. xliv, Ixvii .... Ixxxv, cv, 1, 2. 136 Daubentonia madagascariensis.. xliv, Ixxxv, 1. 2, 47 daubentoni (Tarsius) 2 Daubentoniidae xii, xli, xliv .. Ixxxv, 1 Daunus xxxvi deckeni (Propithecus v.) xlix, Ixxxii ... 166, 167, 168.. 172 deliensis (Pithecus s.) 10/, lyi, 203, 204 .... demidoffi (Galago) xxix, xxx, 48.. 83 ........... demidoffi Galago (Hemigalago) 83 demidoffi (Hemigalago) xlvi, Ixviii .... Ixxviii, 46, 48.. 82, 83, 84, 85.. 86, 125 demidoffi (Otolicnus) 47, 82 denti (Cercopithecus) 290, 351 .... INDEX OF LATIN NAMES- VOLS. I, II, III LIX Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. denti (Lasiopyga) Ixi, Ixx, xcvii.. 290, 292, 295 349, 35i •••• devilli (Hapale) de villi (Leontocebus) 182, 184, 203.. 1, Ixxxiv, 182.. 184, 186, 195.. 200, 202, 203 . . 204 182, 183, 184.. 203, 204, 205.. 207 183 xxxvii 169 169 169 xxix, xlix .... lxxxii, 167, 168 devilli (Midas) devilli (Seniocebus) Diadema diadema (Habrocebus) diadema (Indrus) diadema (Lichanotus) diadema (Propithecus) diadematus (Cercopithecus) ... 281, 282, 300 381 275, 291 .... 275 282, 284, 285 286, 308, 380 381 278, 279, 280 281, 283, 285 287, 295, 376 380 278, 279, 280 380, 381 .... Diana diana (Cercopithecus) xxxix diana (Lasiopyga) Ixi, Ixx, xcviii. diana (Simia) xli .. diehli (Gorilla) diehli (Gorilla g.) dilecta (Presbytis) dilecta (Pygathrix) discolor (Alouatta) discolor (Callithrix) discolor (Mycetes) 211 Ixvii, Ixxii, civ 210, 211, 212 218, 222 .... 27, 56 27, 29, 31, 56 lxiii, Ixxi, c... 267, 268 ..".... 236, 242, 243.. 260, 261, 263.. 267, 268, 270.. 271 djamdjamensis (Cercopithecus). djamdjamensis (Lasiopyga) ... 327 lx, xcvii ..... 289, 292, 294 325, 327 .... 314, 327 .... 291, 294, 307 314 doggetti (Cercopithecus) doggetti (Lasiopyga) lx, xcvi LX INDEX OF LATIN N AM ES-V 0 LS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. doguera (Papio) dollmani (Pithecus) donacophilus (Callicebus) Iv, Ixix, xci... Iviii, Ixx, xcv.. Ixxv, Ixxxvi .. 235, 238, 239.. 248, 249, 250.. 251 235, 236, 237.. 249 236 119 119 xliii 117, 118, 121 122, 123, 124 125, 126, 128 129, 138 .... 185, 187, 190 248 donacophilus (Callithrix) donacophilus (Saguinus) dorsalis (Hapalemur! 1.) dorsalis (Lepilemur!) Douroucouli douroucouli (Nyctipithecus) ... Drill 16 115 drill (Mormon) 120, 153 .... dubius (Lemur) 134, M2 xlvi, Ixviii .... dunni (Galago) Ixxviii, 70 .... dussumieri (Semnopithecus) .. ecaudatus (Inuus) 23, 24, 25, 95 96 173, 178, 181 182 edwardsi (Lepidolemur) xlviii, Ixxx ... 116, 117, 123.. xlv, Ixxvii, 38. 39, 42, 43, 167. 170 edwardsi (Perodicticus) edwardsi (Propithecus d.) Ixix, Ixxxii, 42 167, 168, 170.. edwardsi (Semnopithecus) .... 76 edwardsi (Simia) 121 egens (Cercopithecus m.) egeria (Callicebus) Ixix li, Ixxxvi, 238. 239, 246 256 Appendix elegans (Cebus) 7i, 72, 73, 107 108 elegans Cebus (Otocebus) 107 elegantulus (Galago) xlvi, Ixviii ... Ixxviii, 48, 68. 77, 78, 79, 80.. 81 elegantulus Galago (Otolicnus). elegantulus (Midas) 77 183, 196, 197. • INDEX OF LATIN N AM ES-V O LS. I, II, III LXI Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. ellenbecki (Cercopithecus) 292, 327 •• •• ellenbecki (Lasiopyga) ellioti (Colobus) Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. 290, 292, 327 119, 120, 121 emiliae (Callicebus) li, Ixxiv, Ixxxvi 126 237, 238, 239.. 250 Engeco xi 285 227 engythithia (Cercopithecus) ... engythithia (Chlorocebus) 285, 336 .... engythithia (Lasiopyga) 289 entelloides (Hylobates) xl 152, 153, 162 Entellus entellus (Cercopithecus) 21, 86 entellus (Presbytis) 86, 92 entellus (Pygathrix) Ixiv, Ixxi, c... 20, 22, 23, 24 25, 27, 32, 86 92, 95, 96, 97 100 entellus (Semnopithecus) 22, 24, 25, 86 entellus (Simia) 92 20, 21, 86 ... entomophaga (Callithrix) 308, 315 entomophaga (Chrysothrix) ... 308, 315, 316.. entomophaga (Saimiri) 308, 309, 315.. entomophaga (Saimiris) 315, 316 entomophagus (Pithesciureus).. 308 Eriodes . xxxvii 24, 49, 50 ... Eriodes arachnoides XXXV 24, 50, 51 ... Eriodes frontatis 24 Eriodes frontatus 24, 44 Eriodes hemidactylus 50 Eriodes hybridus 47 Eriodes hypoxanthus 24, 50 Eriodes tuberifer 50, 51 erxlebeni (Cercopithecus) 277, 284, 285 287, 289, 355 erythraea (Simia) 213, 215 .... erythraeus (Inuus) 180, 181, 213 erythraeus (Macacus) 178, 179, 180 181, 183, 214 216 erythraeus Pithecus (Macacus).. 214 erythrarchus (Cercopithecus) .. 283, 284, 286 287, 364 .... erythrarchus (Lasiopyga) 365 LXII INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Erythrocebus xvi, xix, xxv.. 252, 281, 283 4, 5, 8, 10, 17 xxxix, xliii ... 284, 286, 287 Ixi, Ixxi, xcviii 291 Erythrocebus albigenis lxii, Ixxi, xcix. 5, 6, 11, 14 Erythrocebus baumstarki Ixii, Ixxi, xcix. S. 6. 14. 17 Erythrocebus circumcinctus .... lxii, Ixxi, xcix. 5, 6, 16 Erythrocebus formosus lxii, Ixxi, xcix. 5, 6, 10 Erythrocebus kerstingi lxii, Ixxi, xcix. s. 6. 12 is Erythrocebus langeldi lxii, Ixxi, xcix. 5, 6, 14, 17.. 18 Erythrocebus patas lxii, Ixxi, xcviii 281, 284, 287 4, 5, 6, 8, 9.. 13, 16, 18 ... Erythrocebus poliophaeus lxii, Ixxi, xcix. e 6 11 1 c Erythrocebus pyrrhonotus lxii, Ixxi, xcix. 287 5, 6, 9, 10, 11 Erythrocebus sannio lxii, Ixxi, xcix. c 6 TC Erythrocebus whitei lxii, Ixxi, xcix. Erythrocebus zechi lxii, Ixxi, xcix. erythrogaster (Cercopithecus).. 286, 301 .... erythrogaster (Lasiopyga) lix, xcvi 281, 287, 289 292, 296, 319 erythrogaster (Midas) 196 erythrogaster (Seniocebus) .... 183 erythromela (Prosimia) 134, 162 ervthropyga (Simia) 280, 281 .... erythrotis (Cercopithecus) 284, 285, 286 324 erythrotis (Lasiopyga) lx, xcvi 323, 324 Eucebus xxxvii 64 Euoticus xxxi, 45 Euoticus pallidus 79 everetti (Pygathrix) Ixiii, Ixxi, c... 26, 29, 31, 63 64 everetti (Semnopithecus) 26, 63 ezra (Cercopithecus) 378 fallax (Cebus) 75, 80, 82 ... fantiensis (Cercopithecus) 280, 286, 300 302 fantiensis (Lasiopyga) lix, xcvi 280, 282, 283 285, 288, 292 295, 298, 299 300, 306 .... fantiensis (Lasiopyga p.) xcvi 288, 295, 300 fascicularis (Macacus) 233 fascicularis (Pithecus) Iviii, Ixix, xciv 178, 186, 189 22 227, 228, 232 233, 234, 235 236, 237 .... INDEX OF LATIN NAMES -VOLS. I, II, III LXIII Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. fascicularis (Semnopithecus) ... fascicularis (Simia) fatuellus (Cebus) 61 . 178 Iv, Ixxiv, xci.. 67, 68, 69, 70 7i, 72, 73, 75 77, 78, 79, 81 84, 100, 102. 103, 104, 105 no, 113 .... 103 fatuellus Cebus (Otocebus) fatuellus (Simia) 67, 102, 113. 233 Faunus XXXV 181 Faunus indicus XXXV faunus (Simia) faustus (Perodicticus) 176, 177 .... xiv, Ixxvii, 38. 39, 42 felinus (Aotus) felinus (Cebus) felinus (Nyctipithecus) 2, 7 5 xxxiv 2, 3, 5, 6, 7.. 15 femoralis (Presbytis) femoralis (Pygathrix) femoralis (Semnopithecus) .... femoralis (Simia) ferox (Simia) ferruginea (Simia) ferrugineus (Colobus) 45 Ixiii, Ixxi, xcix 21, 25, 27, 30 43, 45, 46, 47 58 21, 24, 25, 42 45 45 177, 218 .... 116, 133 .... 116, 117, 118 119, 120, 121 122, 128, 129 130, 131, 133 134, 136 .... 134 25, 33, 34 ••• 133 xxxix, Ixv ... Ixxii, cii ferrugineus (Piliocolobus) .... ferrugineus (Semnopithecus) .. ferruginosus (Colobus) fischeri (Tarsius) 8, 15 fistulator (Cebus) fistulator Cebus (Eucebus) flavescens (Cebus) flavescens (Simia) flavia (Simia) flavicauda (Presbytis) flavicauda Alouatta (Simia).... flavicauda (Pygathrix) flavicauda (Mycetes) flavicauda (Simia) 72 103 73, 74, 9i, 92 139 93 27 274, 276 20, 30, 50 ... 262, 275 274, 276 • LXIV INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. flavicaudata (Simia) flavicaudatus (Cebus) flavicaudatus (Mycetes) 260, 261 260, 275 261, 262, 264.. 275 260, 274 li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv 220, 221, 229.. 229 flavicaudatus (Stentor) flaviceps (Callithrix) flaviceps (Hapale) flavidus (Cercopithecus) 283, 284, 285 287, 288, 341 flavifrons (Lemur) flavifrons (Midas) 143, 148 182, 183, 184.. 207 148 183 flavifrons (Prosimia) flavifrons (Seniocebus) flavimanus (Mycetes) flavimanus (Semnopithecus) ... flaviventer (Lemur) 271 22, 24, 33, 34 134, 135, 136.. 152 flavus (Cebus) flavus Cebus (Pseudocebus) .... flavus (Lemur) foai (Colobus) formosus (Erythrocebus) francescae (Cercopithecus) francescae (Lasiopyga) Iv, Ixxiv, xci.. 67, 68, 69, 70 7i, 72, 75, 77 78, 84, 93, 94 100 93 132 Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. Ixii, Ixxi, xcix. 119, 120, 121 131, 132 .... 5, 6, 10 280, 369 .... 289, 291, 295 359, 369 .... Ixi, Ixx, xcviii. fran^oisae (Semnopithecus) .... fran^oisi (Pygathrix) fraterculus (Tarsius) 26, 68 26, 29, 31, 68 Ixiii, Ixxi, c... Ixiv, Ixxxv, 8. 9, 12 134, 154 Ixii, Ixxi, xcix frederici (Prosimia) frontata (Pygathrix) frontatis (Ateles!) frontatus (Ateles!) frontatus (Ateles! m.) frontatus (Ateleus) frontatus (Cebus) 29, 30, 38, 39 40, 41, 42 ... 35 24 44 24 Iv, Ixxiv, xc.. 68, 69, 70, 71 72, 74, 75, 77 78, 86, 87 ... 86, 87 frontatus Cebus (Otocebus).... frontatus (Eriodes) frontatus (Semnopithecus) .... 24. 44 xxxix 24, 25, 38, 39 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES -FOLS. I, II, III LXV Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. fuliginosus (Ateles!) fuliginosus (Ateleus) fuliginosus (Cebus) fuliginosus (Cercocebus) 23, 26, 40 ... 23, 26, 41 ... 23. 40 xxiii, Iviii .... 254, 255, 256 257, 258, 261 264, 281 .... 256, 257, 262 281, 284 .... 262 fuliginosus (Cercopithecus) ... 135 fuliginosus Cercopithecus (Cer- cocebus) fuliginosus (Colobus) fuliginosus (Pan) fuliginosus Pithecus (Cercoce- bus) fuliginosus (Pseudanthropus)... fuliginosus (Simia) fuliginosus (Simia v.) fulvis pedibus (Prosimia) fulvogriseus ( Semnopithecus)... fulvogriseus (Simia) fulvus (Cebus) fulvus (Lemur) Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. 117, 119, 120 121, 129, 134 230, 232, 233 234, 240 .... Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv 262 230, 240 .... 232 231, 240 .... 256, 262 .... 132 21, 61, 69 ... 21 68, 70, 72, 93 xlviii, Ixxxi .. 132, 133, 134-• 135, 136, 138.. 139, 140, 146.. 147, 149, 150.. 158 .......... Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii. funereus (Hylobates) fur (Macacus) furax (Papio) furcifer (Cheirogaleus!) furcifer (Chirogale) furcifer (Lemur) furcifer (Lepilemur!) furcifer (Microcebus) 152, 153, 154 174 182 Ivi, Ixix, xci... to8 123, 124, 128 88, 89 108 xlvii, Ixxix, 89 90, IOO, 101... 102, 107, 108.. 121 furcifer (Phaner) fusca (Prosimia) fuscatus (Inuus) fuscatus (Macacus) fuscatus (Pithecus) 108 132 195 182, 183, 195 T2O l8l 182 Ivii, Ixix, xciii. l88, 195 .... 25, 27, 43 • • • fusciceps (Ateles!) liv LXVI INDEX OF LATIN NAMES -VOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. fusciceps (Ateleus) liv, Ixxxix .. . 24. 27, 43 .. . fuscicollis (Chirogale) 88 fuscicollis (Hapale) 184, 207 fuscicollis (Leontocebus) 1, Ixxxiv, 182.. 183, 184, 185.. 105. 200. 207.. fuscicollis (Midas) 181, 183, 184.. 207 fusco-ater (Inuus) l8l fusco-ater (Macacus) 165, 167, l8l fuscomanus (Tarsius) 15 fusco-murina (Presbytis) 26, 62 ... . fusco-murina (Pygathrix) Ixii, Ixxi, c.... 26 29 31 62 fuscus (Anthropopithecus) .... 2?I. 251 fuscus (Hylobates) Ixvi, Ixxii, cii.. 151 15? 154. 175 fuscus (Leontocebus) 182 fuscus (Macacus) 228 fuscus (Mycetes) 260, 261, 262.. 275 fuscus (Pan) Ixvii, Ixxxiii .. 231, 233, 234 cv 251 fuscus (Pithecus) Iviii, xciv .... 186, 189, 228 229 fuscus (Simia) 2?2. 251 fuscus (Stentor) 260, 274 fuscus (Tarsius) xliv, Ixxxvi, 8. 9, 12, 15 gabonensis (Galago a.) xlvi, Ixviii .... Ixxviii, 48, 65.. 66, 67 . gabonensis Galago a. (Oto- licnus) 66 gabonensis (Otolicnus) 66 gabrielli (Hylobates) Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii. 15?. I5A 166 Galaginse xli, 45 Galago xxviii, xli .... Ixviii, Ixxvii, 45 Galago acaciarum 4, 7, 72 Galago acaciarum var. A. alleni 47 Galago acaciarum var. B. sene- galensis 47, 73 Galago acaciarum var. C. sennaa- riensis 47, 74 Galago agisymbanus 55 Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Galago alleni Galago a. batesi Galago a. cameronensis Galago a. (Otolicnus) camero- nensis Galago a. (Otolicnus) gabonen- sis Galago (Hemigalago) anomurus Galago badius Galago batesi Galago braccatus Galago braccatus albipes Galago cocos Galago conspicillatus Galago crassicaudatus Galago demidoffi Galago (Hemigalago) demidoffi. Galago demidoffi poensis Galago dunni Galago elegantulus Galago e. apicalis Galago e. pallidus Galago e. tonsor Galago (Otogale) elegantulus.. Galago (Otolicnus) elegantulus. Galago galago Galago galago var. australis.... xxxi, xlvi .... Ixviii, Ixxviii.. 46, 47, 48, 63.. 67, 77 xlvi, Ixviii .... Ixxviii, 66 .... xlvi, Ixviii .... Ixxviii, 65, 67. 66 xlvi, Ixviii Ixxviii, 48, 65. 66, 67 84 xlvi, Ixviii .... Ixxvii, 58 xlvi, Ixviii .... Ixxviii xlvi, Ixviii ... Ixxviii, 68, 69.. xlvi, Ixviii .... Ixxviii, 6g, 70. 47, 48, 73 ■■■• xxx, xlv, Ixvii. Ixxvii, 46, 47.. 48, 54 xxix, xxx, 46.. 48, 83 83 84 xlvi, Ixviii ... Ixxviii, 70 .... xlvii, Ixviii.... Ixxviii, 48, 68. 77, 78, 80, 81.. xlvi, Ixviii ... Ixxviii, 48, 80. xlvi, Ixviii .... Ixxviii, 48, 7g. xlvi, Ixviii .... Ixxviii, 78 .... 77 77 47, 68 73 257 Appendix INDEX OF LATIN NAMES- VOLS. I, II, III LXVII LXVIII INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. IL Vol. III. Galago galago var.B. senegalensis Galago gallarum Galago garnetti Galago geoffroyi Galago granti Galago hindsi Galago kikuyuensis Galago kirki Galago (Otogale) kirki Galago lasiotis galago (Lemur) Galago madagascariensis Galago moholi Galago moholi cocos Galago (Otolicnus) moholi Galago minor Galago monteiri Galago (Otolemur) monteiri ... Galago mossambicus Galago murinus Galago nyassae Galago pallida Galago pallidus Galago (Otogale) pallidus Galago panganiensis Galago potto Galago pupulus Galago pusillus Galago senegalensis Galago s. mossambicus 73 xlvi, Ixviii .... Ixxviii, 68, 69.. 71 xlvi, Ixviii .... Ixxviii, 46, 57.. 46, 72 xlvi, Ixviii ... Ixxviii, 71 xlvi, Ixviii .... Ixxviii, 62 .... xlvi, Ixviii ... Ixxviii, 63 .... xlvi, Ixviii ... Ixxviii, 60 48, 60 xlvi, Ixviii ... Ixxvii, 61 .... xxviii, 72 46, 99, 103 ... 46, 48, 70, 72.. 74 46, 47, 72 99, 103 xxxi, xlvi, Ixvii Ixxviii, 48, 59. 59 xlvi, Ixviii .... Ixxviii, 76, 77. 73 xlvi, Ixviii ... Ixxviii, 70 .... 79 48, 79 79 xlvi, Ixvii .... Ixxvii, 57 46 xlvi, Ixviii ... Ixxviii, 76 .... Ixviii, Ixxviii.. 83 xxviii, xlv ... Ixviii, Ixxviii.. 45, 46, 47, 48.. 70, 72, 76 48 ¥ i... 257 Appendix INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III LXIX Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Galago (Otolicnus) senegalensis 73 Galago sennaariensis xlvi, Ixviii .... Ixxviii, 47, 48. 7b 74, 75 Galago (Otolicnus) sennaarien- sis 74 Galago talboti xlvi, Ixviii ... Ixxviii, 67 .... Galago (Otolicnus) teng 47 Galago thomasi 85 Galago zanzibaricus xlvi, Ixviii .. . Ixxviii, 67 .... Galago zuluensis Galagoides xxix, 45 Galagoides senegalensis 72 Galagonina 48 Galeocebus I IQ Galeopithecus 32 Galeopithecus volans 132, 133 galeritus (Cercocebus) lix, xcv 257, 258, 259 265 gallarum (Colobus) lxv, Ixxii, ciii.. 119, 120, 122 148 gallarum (Galago) xlvi, Ixvii .... 7i garnetti (Galago) xlvi, Ixvii .... Ixxviii, 46, 57.. garnetti (Otogale) 48 garnetti (Otolicnus) xxxi, 46, 47 .. Gastrimargus xxxvi 58 Gastrimargus infumatus xxxiv 54, 61, 62 ... Gastrimargus olivaceus 54, 57, 61 ... Gelada 155 celada (Cynocephalus') 120 gelada (Macaca) xxxvi gelada (Macacus) xxxvi 155 ■ * celada (Papio^ ICC Gelada riippelli 120. 121. 156 gelada (Theropithecus) Ivi, Ixix, xcii.. 120, 121, 155 156 genepaiensis (Pithecus s.) 186, 190, 193 genepaiensis (Pongo 1.) 205 genepaiensis (Pongo p.) 192, 193, 194 genepaiensis (Simia s.) 194 LXX INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. geoffroyi (Ateles!) liv 23. 24. 2 3. 26 27. 31, 32. 44 geoffroyi (Ateleus) liv, Ixxii, Ixxiv 23, 24, 25, 26 2*7. 44. ... geoffroyi (Cebus) 23 geoffroyi (Galago) 46. 72 geoffroyi (Hapale) xxxviii, 182 .. 184, 214 geoffroyi (Lagothrix) 54, 55, 61, 62 geoffroyi (Midas) II?. 214 geoffroyi (CEdipomidas) 1, Ixxiii, Ixxxiv 255, 256 .... 182, 183, 184.. 185, 214, 215.. geoffroyi (CEdipus) 214 geoffroyi (Perodicticus) xxix, 38, 39 .. geoffroyi (Sapajou) 44 geoffroyi (Simia) 217 Geopithecus 217 germaini (Pygathrix) Ixiv, Ixxi, c .. 24, 28, 82 ... germaini (Semnopithecus) 24, 52, 82 ... geron (Macacus) 181 geron Macacus (Pithecus) 214 gesilla (Pithecus) 213 gigot (Callicebus) li, Ixxxvi, 238. 239, 254, 233.. gigot (Callithrix) 233, 236, 237.. 254, 255 gina (Gorilla) 213 gliroides (Cheirogaleus!) 100, 103 gliroides (Chirogale) 90, 100 gliroides (Microcebus) 105 Gliscebus XXX, 98 Gliscebus murinus 99, 103 Gliscebus rufus 99, 103 giobiceps (Lepidolemur) xlvii, Ixxx, 116 117 godonorum (Colobus) lxv, Ixxii, cii.. 119, 120, 121 - 137 goeldi (Callithrix) li, Ixxxv, 220.. 221, 224 Gorilla xiii, xv, xvi, xx 206 xxvii, xxxvii.. xliii, Ixvi, Ixxii civ gorilla (Anthropopithecus) .... 213 Gorilla beringeri Ixvii, Ixxvii .. 210, 211, 212 ciii 219, 222 .... Gorilla castaneiceps 21I, 220 .... INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III LXXI Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Gorilla gina 21 ? Gorilla gorilla Ixvi, Ixxii, civ. 210, 211, 212 213, 217, 2l8 220, 222 .... Gorilla g. castaneiceps Ixvii, Ixxii, civ 210 211 212 220 Gorilla g. diehli Ixvii, Ixxii, civ 210 2TT 2T2 218, 222 .... Gorilla g. jacobi Ixvii, Ixxii, civ 210 2TT 2T2 217, 2ig, 222 Gorilla g. matschie Ixvi, Ixxii, civ. 2TO 2TT 2T2 2l8, 220, 221 Gorilla mayema xl, Ixvii 22C qvG gorilla (Troglodytes) xxxvii, Ixvi .. 1911 207 210, 213 .... gracilis (Cebus) 68, 69, 70, 71 72, 76, 88, 89 91 gracilis Cebus (Calyptrocebus).. 88 gracilis (Lemur) 17, 18 gracilis (Loris) xxviii, xliv, 18 gracilis (Nycticebus) 18 gracilis (Stenops) 18 graellsi (Leontocebus) 1, Ixxxiv, 184.. 186, 195, 208.. graellsi (Midas) 184, 208 grandidieri (Lepidolemur) xlvii, Ixxx, 116 117, 118 granti (Galago) xlvi, Ixviii ... Ixxviii, 71 .... graueri (Colobus) Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. I IQ T2O T2T 132 grayi (Cercopithecus) xxxix 283, 284, 333 grayi (Lasiopyga) Ixi, Ixx, xcvii. 283, 284, 285 287, 289, 292 295, 355, 356 griscescens (Ateles!) 25, 27, 37 ... griscescens (Ateleus) liv, Ixxiv 25, 27, 37, 38 39 • griseimembra (Aotus) liii, Ixxiv .... 3, 4, 5, 15 • • Ixxxix griseisticta (Lasiopyga) lx, xcvii griseistictus (Cercopithecus t.).. 331 griseo-maculatus (Lemur m.)... 136, 160 griseorufus (Microcebus m.)... 101, 104 griseoventris (Midas) 196, 197 griseoviridis (Cercopithecus) .. 278, 284, 283 336 LXXII INDEX OF LATIN NAMES -FOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. griseoviridis (Lasiopyga) lx, xcvii 280, 281, 282 283, 285, 287 289, 290, 292 294, 325, 334 336, 337 •••• griseus (Cebus) 68. 60. 72. 70 griseus Cebus (Eucebus) 70 griseus (Cercopithecus) 280, 282, 336 griseus (Chirogale) 89 griseus (Hapalemur!) 124, 125 griseus (Hapalolemur) 126 griseus (Lemur) xxx, xlviii, 124 125 griseus (Microcebus) 126 griseus (Mioxicebus!) xxx, 126 griseus (Myoxicebus) xlviii, Ixxx, 88 no, 121, 124.. 125, 126, 127.. 129, 133, 134.. 135 guariba (Simia) 260 Guereza Guereza angolensis 14^ Guereza caudatus 146 guereza (Colobus) xxxviii 117, 119, 143 144 Guereza guereza 144 Guereza riippelli tt8 T44 Guereza ursina 140 Guereza vellerosa I gularis (Aotus) liv, Ixxiv .... 3, 4, 5, 18 .. Ixxxix Gymnopyga xxxviii 165 Habrocebus xxix, 163, 166. 167 Habrocebus diadema . 169 hagenbecki (Cercocebus) lix, xcv 258, 259, 265 hainanus (Hylobates) je? iqr .... halonifer (Semnopithecus) .... 52 Hamadryas xxxvi, Ivi .... 115, 122, 143 Hamadryas aegyptiaca 122, 144, 146 hamadrvas (Cercopithecus) .... 143 hamadryas (Choeropithecus) ... 120, 141, 153 hamadryas (Cynocephalus) .... 119, 120, 121 144, 146. 157 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES -VOLS. I, II, III LXXIII Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. hamadryas (Papio) xxiv, Ivi, Ixix. 117, 118, 119 xcii 120, 121, 122 123, 124, 125 129, 138, 139 143, 144, 147 157, 177, 178 Hamadryas porcarius 134 hamadryas (Simia) Il8. IIO 1A2 176, 184, 231 hamlyni (Cercocebus) lix, xcv, 272... hamlyni (Cercopithecus) xl, lix 258, 270, 271 273 hamlyni (Rhinostigma) lix, xcv 273 Hapale xv, xxxiv, 179. 181, 182, 183.. 184, 216, 218.. Hapale albicollis 232 Hapale albicollis var. C 232 Hapale argentata 182, 221, 223.. Hapale aurita 182, 225 Hapale bicolor 184, 186 Hapale chrysoleuca 223 Hapale chrysomelas XXXV, 1, 184 . . 207 Hapale chrysopyga .184, 200 Hapale devilli l82, 184, 203.. Hapale flaviceps 229 Hapale fuscicollis 184, 207 Hapale geoffroyi xxxviii, 182 .. 184, 214 Hapale humeralifer 230, 231 Hapale humeralifer var. D 230 Hapale illigeri 184, 205 Hapale jacchus 181, 182, 228... 229 Hapale labiata 184, 196 Hapale leonina 184, 211 Hapale leucocephala 230 Hapale leucocephalus 181, 182, 230.. Hapale leucopus 222 Hapale leucotis 218 Hapale melanotis 218 Hapale melanura 182, 221 Hapale midas 184, 191 Hapale mystax xxxviii, 181 .. 182, 184, 198.. 201 LXXIV INDEX OF LATIN N AM ES - V O LS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Hapale nigricollis 183, 184, 198.. 199 Hapale nigrifrons 183, 184, 198.. Hapale oedipus 184, 213 Hapale penicillatus 181, 226 Hapale pileata 184, 197 Hapale pygmaea xxxviii, 233.. . Hapale rosalia 184, 210 Hapale santaremensis 224 Hapale Ursula 184. IQ2 Hapale weddeli 184, 202 .... Hapalemur! xxx, T24, 125.. Hapalemur! (Lepilemur!) dor- salis 119 Hapalemur! griseus 124, 125 Hapalemur! olivaceus 125, 127 Hapalemur! simus xxxi, 125, 128. Hapalidae xix Hapalolemur 115, 135 Hapalolemur griseus 126 Hapanella xxxviii harlani (Hylobates) jci. 171 . harmandi (Macacus) 184, 193 .... harmandi (Pithecus) Ivii, Ixix, xciii. 184, 187, 188 193 hecki (Cynopithecus) 163, 164 .... hecki (Papio) 161 hecki Papio (Inuus) 162 hemidactylus (Eriodes) 50 Hemigalago xxx, xli, Ivi .. Ixviii, Ixxviii 45, 46, 82, 86 Hemigalago anomurus xlvi, Ixviii .. Ixxviii 84 86 Hemigalago demidoffi xlvi Ixviii Ixxviii, 46, 48. 82, 83, 84, 85.. 86, 125 Hemigalago demidoffi poensis... xlvi, Ixviii .... Hemigalago thomasi henrici (Hylobates) Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii. 153, 154, 165 166 heuglini (Papio) Ivi, Ixix, xci .. 122. 12^ 124 125, 129 .... hilgerti (Cercopithecus) 327 hilgerti (Cercopithecus e.) 327 INDEX OF LATIN N AM ES-V 0 LS. I, II, III LXXV Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. hilgerti (Lasiopyga) lx, xcvi hilleri (Nycticebus) xlv, Ixviii .... Ixxxvi, 22, 24.. 31 hindei (Cercopithecus k.) 362 hindei (Lasiopyga) 292. 203. 330 , . .j. 362 hindei (Lasiopyga k.) lxi, Ixx, xcvii. hindsi (Galago) xlvi, Ixviii .... Ixxviii, 62 .... hirsuta (Pithecia) 286, 287, 289 .. hirsuta (Yarkea) 289 histrio (Cercopithecus) 284, 303 .... histrio (Lasiopyga) 289 hoffmannsi (Callicebus) li, Ixxxvi, 237.. 238, 239, 248.. 249 holomelas (Propithecus) 167, 170 holomelas (Propithecus d.) .... 167, 170 holotophrea (Pygathrix) Ixiii, Ixxi, xcix 26, 29, 30, 40 holotophreus (Semnopithecus).. 26, 30, 49 .. Homo xxxi 49 Homo lar xxxiv, xxxv .. I4Q. ICO. mo Ixvi Homonidse xvii hoolock (Hylobates) xiii, Ixvi, Ixxii mi. m2, mi ciii 154, 156, 157 158, 163, 165 hoolock (Simia) 156 hosei (Pygathrix) Ixiii, Ixxi, c... 26, 29, 31, 62 63, 64 hosei (Semnopithecus) 26, 64 houlock (Hylobates) 157 hulok (Hylobates) 137 humboldti (Lagothrix) 55 humeralifer (Callithrix) li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv 218, 220, 221.. 230 humeralifer (Hapale) 230, 231 humeralifer (Hapale var. D.).. 230 humeralifer (Jacchus) 217, 230 .... humeralifer (Simia) 217 hybridus (Ateles!) liv, Ixxiv 23, 24, 25, 26 27, 47 hybridus (Ateleus) liv, Ixxiv 23, 24, 25, 26 Ixxxix 27, 47 hybridus (Eriodes) 47 Hylanthropus xxxviii 228 LXXVI INDEX OF LATIN NAMES - VOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Hylobates Hylobates agilis Hylobates albimanus Hylobates choromandus Hylobates concolor Hylobates entelloides Hylobates funereus Hylobates fuscus Hylobates gabrielli Hylobates hainanus Hylobates harlani Hylobates henrici Hylobates hoolock Hylobates houlock Hylobates hulok Hylobates javanicus Hylobates lar Hylobates leucisctis Hylobates leucogenys Hylobates miilleri Hylobates m. albibarbis Hylobates nasutus Hylobates pileatus Hyobates rafflesi xiii, xiv, xv .. xvi, xx, xxvi.. xliii, Ixvi, Ixxii ciii Ixvi, Ixxi, ciii.. 22 149, I5b 153 189 150, 151, 152 153, 154, 162 168, 170 .... 152, 162 .... iSb 152, 156 158 i5b 152, 153 154, 168, 171 173, 174, 175 152, 153, 162 152, 153, 154 i74 152, 153, 154 i75 153, 154, 166 153, 155 .... I5b 171 .... 153, 154, 165 166 151, 152, 153 154, 156, 157 158, 163, 165 157 157 161, 168 .... 150, 151, 152 153, 154, 161 162, 164, 165 169, 170 .... 150, 151, 152 153, 154, 162 166, 167, 168 172, 173 .... I5b 153, 154 165 I5b 152, 153 171, 172, 173 153, 17b 174 152, 153, 154 155 152, 153, 154 155, 170 .... I5b 152, 153 169 Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii. Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii. Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii. Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii. Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii. Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii. xiii, Ixvi, Ixxii ciii Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii. Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii. Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii. Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii. Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii. INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III LXXVII Vol. I. Vol. IL Vol. III. Hylobates scyritus 157 Hylobates syndactylus 67. m2. 153, 173, ^77 179 Hylobates unko 151, 162, 169 Hylobates variegatus 151 162 169 Hylobatidae xiii, xvii, xviii xxii, xxvi, xliii Ixvi, ciii hypoleuca (Pygathrix) Ixiv, Ixxi, c... 2^ 24 21?. 28 32, 95, 96 ... hypoleucus (Cebus) 46, 68, 69, 70 71, 72, 73, 74 75, 80, 82, 83 84 ~ hypoleucus Cebus (Calytroce- bus) 82 hypoleucus (Semnopithecus) .. . 24. QC hypoleucus (Simia) 67, 75, 82 ... hypomelas (Cebus) 72, 79, 81, 82 hypomelas (Cynopithecus) 163, 164, 166 hypomelas (Inuus) 162 hypomelas (Papio) 161 hypoxanthus (Ateles!) 23, 24, 26, 40 50 hypoxanthus (Ateleus) 23, 24, 26 ... hypoxanthus (Cebus) 23, 51 hypoxanthus (Eriodes) 24, 50 Hypsicebus xxx, 7, 8 ..... Hypsicebus bancanus xxx, 8, 14 t . ibeanus (Papio) Ivi, Ixix, xci.. 122, 124, iaa ibeanus (Papio t.) 122, 123, 133 ibeanus (Perodicticus) xlv, Ixviii .... Ixxvii, 38, 39.. 4i ignita (Cercopithecus d.) 285, 380 .... ignita (Presbytis) 27, 36, 37 ••• ignitus (Cercopithecus d.) 380 illigeri (Hapale) 184, 205 illigeri (Midas) 182, 183, 184.. 205 illigeri (Leontocebus) 1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv 184, . 205 illigeri (CEdipomidas) 205 illigeri (Seniocebus) 183 imitator (Cebus'i 83, 84 LXXVIII INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. imperator (Leontocebus) 1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv. 185, 195, 209.. imperator (Midas) 184, 209 impudens (Pithecus) indicus (Faunus) xxxiii 246 indicus (Midas) 184, 209 Indri 175 Indri brevicaudata 175 indri (Indris) 176 indri (Lemur) xxviii, xxix ... xxx, xlix, 132.. 175 indri (Lichanotus) 175, 176 Indris xxii, xli, Ixviii. Ixxxii, 115, 175 Indris brevicaudatus 176 Indris indri 176 Indris indris xlix, lxxix, 175 Indris laniger 164 Indris longicaudatus 163 indris (Pithelemur) 176 Indrisinae xiv, xxii, xli .. xlviii Indrium xxix, 175 Indrus albus 169 Indrus diadema 169 infulatus (Aotus) xxxii, liii 2. A C. 6 7 Ixxiv, Ixxxviii. 15, 17, 18 ... 235 infulatus (Callithrix) 235 2, 5, 6 infulatus (Cebus) 235 infulatus (Nyctipithecus) 3 infulatus (Saguinus) 236 infumat^ (Lagothrix) xxxiv, liv .... 54, 55, 56, 59 Ixxiv, xc 62 infumatus (Gastrimargus) xxxiv 54, 61, 62 ... inobservata (Lasiopyga) lx, xcvi 293, 296, 319 322 inobservatus (Cercopithecus) .. 293, 322 .... inornatus (Macacus) xxxviii 166, 169, 170 inornatus (Papio) 161 In signicebus xliii 296, 359 .... insignis (Cercopithecus) 298, 372 .... insignis (Lasiopyga) Ixi, Ixxi, xcviii 293, 296. 298 360, 372 .... insolita (Lasiopyga) lix, xcvi 293, 295, 298 323 Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. insolitus (Cercopithecus) insulana (Macaca) insulanus (Alouatta) insulanus (Pithecus) insularis (Cercopithecus p.) ... insularis (Lasiopyga p.) inusta (Pithecia) inusta (Yarkea) Inuus Inuus arctoides Inuus assamensis lii, Ixxiii Ixxxvii, 263 .. 264, 265, 282.. Ivii, Ixix, xciii. 297, 372 .... 185, 207 .... 185, 186, 188 207 370 Ixi, Ixx, xcviii. 286, 289, 290.. 287, 289 206, 360, 370 119, 172, 178 179, 180, 182 180, 181, 191 210 179, 230 .... 230 Inuus carbonarius Inuus (Cercocebus) sinicus inuus (Cynocephalus) inuus (Cynomolgos) Inuus ecaudatus Inuus erythrseus Inuus fuscatus Inuus fusco-ater Inuus inuus Inuus leoninus inuus (Macacus) Inuus nemestrinus Inuus niger Inuus palpebrosus Inuus pelops Inuus pileatus Inuus pithecus 221, 223 .... 173, 178 .... 170, l8l, 230 173, 178, l8l 182 l80, l8l, 213 *195 l8l 178 208 173, 178, 179 178, l80, l8l 205 162, l80 .... l8l, 248 .... t8i, 210, 211 22? 174, 180, 181 179 Inuus rhesus Inuus (Rhesus) pelops inuus (Simia) Inuus silenus Inuus sinicus Inuus (Cercocebus) sinicus .... Inuus (Macacus) sinicus Inuus speciosus impudens (Pithecus) 178, 180, 213 210 173, 174. 175 177, 179 .... 179, 218, 219 179, l8l, 222 221 222 Iviii, Ixx, xciv. 180, 181, 191 195 185, 187, 190 246 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES- VOLS. I, II, III LXXIX LXXX Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Iropocus xxx, 163 Iropocus laniger xxx irrorata (Pithecia) 286, 287 289 . 294 irrorata (Yarkea) 287, 289 irus (Macacus) 178, 230, 231 irus (Pithecus) Iviii, Ixix, xciv 178, 179, 180 181, 182, 183 184, 186, 189 229, 232, 233 234, 244 .... israelita (Brachyurus) xxxiv, 287 298 300 israelita (Chiropotes) 298 Jacchus 181, 183, 216.. 217, 218 Jacchus albicollis 218, 231 Jacchus albifrons 209 Jacchus argentatus xxxv, 181, 217 221 Jacchus auritus 217 jacchus (Callithrix) li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv 217, 218, 220.. 221, 225, 228 220. 2^1 Jacchus chrysomelas l8l, 211 Jacchus chrysopygus l8l, 200 jacchus (Hapale) l8l, 187, 228.. 229 Jacchus humeralifer 217, 230 Jacchus labiatus l8l, 195 Jacchus leoninus l8l ..." Jacchus leucocephalus 217, 229 Jacchus leucomerus 221 Jacchus maximiliani 230 Jacchus melanurus XXXV, 217, 221. Jacchus midas l8l Jacchus oedipus l8l, 213 Jacchus penicillatus 217, 2l8, 226.. Jacchus pygmseus 2l8, 232 Jacchus rosalia l8l jacchus (Simia) xxxii, xxxiii .. xxxv, 1, 216 .. 238 Jacchus trigonifer 226 • Jacchus ursulus 181 INDEX OF LATIN N AM ES-V O LS. I, II, III INDEX OF LATIN NAMES -FOLS. I, II, III LXXXI Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Jacchus vulgaris 217, 218, 228.. 229 jacobi (Gorilla) jacobi (Gorilla g.) jamrachi (Cercocebus) javanicus (Hylobates) javanicus (Nycticebus) 211, 219 .... 210, 211, 212 lxvii, Ixxii, civ 258, 267, 268 217, 219, 222 167, 168 .... xlv, Ixviii Ixxxvi, 21, 22.. 23, 28, 31 28 javanicus (Stenops) johni (Presbytis) johni (Pygathrix) johni (Semnopithecus) johni (Simia) johnstoni (Cercocebus a.) 73, 96 22, 23, 24, 28 31, 72, 74 ... 24, 25, 73, 95 22, 72, 95 ... Ixiii, Ixxi, c... xxxviii 181 lix, xcv 258, 259, 267 268, 272 .... 346 johnstoni (Cercopithecus c.) ... johnstoni (Lasiopyga c.) lx, xcvii 295, 326, 343 345, 346, 347 292, 295 .... johnstoni (Lasiopyga) jordani (Callithrix p.) li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv 220, 221, 227.. lii, Ixxiv, Ixxvii 263, 264, 265.. 283 juara (Alouatta) jubata (Presbytis) jubatus (Semnopithecus) ju-ju (Perodicticus) 73 23, 73 xlv, Ixxvii, 38. 39, 41 kandti (Cercopithecus) kandti (Lasiopyga) 290, 371 .... 290, 291, 295 360, 371 .... 185, 187, 189 227, 236 .... • Ixi, Ixx, xcviii. • karimoni (Pithecus) Iviii, Ixx, xciv. Kasi xxxix 19, 24 27, 46, 47 ... 25, 70 69 keatii (Presbytis n.) kelaarti (Semnopithecus) kephalopterus! (Cercopithecus). kerstingi (Cercocebus) kerstingi (Erythrocebus) kikuyuensis (Galago) 13 5, 6, 12, 13.. Ixii, Ixxi, xcix. xlvi, Ixviii .... Ixxviii kibonotensis (Cercopithecus) .. kibonotensis (Cercopithecus) albigularis 293, 366 .... 293, 366 .... LXXXII INDEX OF LATIN NAMES - VOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. kibonotensis (Lasiopyga a.) .... kirki (Colobus) kirki (Galago) Ixi, Ixx, xcviii. Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. xlvi, Ixvii .... 295, 359, 366 118, 119, 120 121, 128, 137 Ixxvii, 60 48 48, 60 kirki (Galago m.) kirki (Otogale crassicaudata var.) kirki (Piliocolobus) klossi (Symphalangus) kolbi (Cercopithecus) kolbi (Lasiopyga) 128 Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii. 176, 180 .... 361 Ixi, Ixx, xcviii. 289, 291, 295 359, 361, 362 kooloo-kamba (Anthropopithe- cus t.) kooloo-kamba (Pan) kooloo-kamba (Pseudanthro- pus) kooloo-kamba (Simia) kooloo-kamba (Troglodytes) .. kra (Semnopithecus) labiata (Hapale) labiata (Lasiopyga) 242 230, 233, 234 235, 242 .... 230, 242 .... 232, 242 .... 230, 242 .... 22 Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv 184, 196 Ixi, Ixxi, xcviii 282, 283, 284 285, 286, 287 288, 291, 295 360, 375 .... 282, 284, 375 labiatus (Cercopithecus) labiatus (Jacchus) labiatus (Leontocebus) 181, 195 1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiii 180, 182, 183.. 184, 185, 194.. 195, 196, 197.. 205, 208 195 180, 181, 182.. 183, 184, 195.. 195 labiatus (Marikina) labiatus (Midas) labiatus Midas (Simia) lacepedii (Cebus) lacepedii (Simia) laetus (Pithecus) 72 180, 191 Iviii, Ixx, xciv. 185, 187, 189 235, 236 .... •317 laglaizi (Cercopithecus n.) laglaizi (Lasiopyga n.) lx, xcvi 291, 295, 307 317 lagonotus (Leontocebus) 1, Ixxxiv, 184.. 185, 195, 206.. INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III LXXXIII Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. lagonotus (Midas) 184, 206 Lagothrix xvi, xix, xxii.. 25, 53. 54, 35 xxxiii, xli, Ivi. 56, 57 lxxiv, lxxv, xc Lagothrix cana xxxiii, liv .... 53, 54, 55. 56 lxxiv, xc 60, 61 Lagothrix caparro 54, 57, 61... Lagothrix castelnaui 54, 55. 62. .. lagothrix (Cebus) Lagothrix geoffroyi 34. ^5. 61. 62 Lagothrix humboldti 53. 54 55 56 57 Lagothrix infumata xxxiv, liv .... 54, 55, 56, 50 lxxiv, xc 62 Lagothrix lagothrix 57 Lagothrix lagotricha liv, lxxiv, lxxv co C4 rr eg XC 58. 50. 60. 63 Lagothrix lugens liv, lxxiv, xc.. 55, 56, 58 . •. 258 Appendix Lagothrix olivacea 54. 57. 61 .. Lagothrix poppigii 55, 62 Lagothrix thomasi liv, lxxiv, xc.. cc eg rn . . Lagothrix tschudi 54. 55. 57 ... Lagothrix ubericola liv, lxxiv, xc.. kJ kJ ) kJ / • • • er rg rn g0 lagotricha (Lagothrix) liv, lxxiv, lxxv 53. 54. 55. 56 xc kJkJ) kJ^9 kJ kJ) kJ 38 30 60 63 lagotricha (Simia) 33, 36 lallandi (Cercopithecus) kJ kJ) kJ 282, 283 284 TA . 285, 339 ... lallandi (Lasiopyga) ^AO. 2AI .... lanatus (Habrocebus) 164 .... lanatus (Lemur) xxix, 164 langeldi (Cynocephalus) T22 T38 langeldi (Erythrocebus) Ixii, Ixxi, xcix. 5, 6, 14, 17.. 18 ......... langeldi (Papio) IW IJ.0 .... landakensis (Pithecus s.) A .... 186, 187, 190 193 landakensis (Pongo) 205 landakensis (Simia s.) 193 lania (Presbytis) 26, 27 ...... lania (Pygathrix) Ixiv, Ixxi, ci, 26 27. 32. 03. 04.. laniger (Avahis) xxix, 164 laniger (Indris) 164 laniger (Iropocus) XXX laniger (Lemur) 164 LXXXIV Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. laniger (Lichanotus) 133. 163, 164.. laniger (Microrhynchus) 164 laniger (Mycetes) 261, 262 278 . lanius (Aotus) liii, Ixxiv 3, 4, 5, 12, 19 Ixxxiv lapsus (Pithecus) Iviii, Ixx, xciv. 185, 187, 190 244 lar (Homo) xxxvi, xxxvii . 140. 1^0 161 Ixvi lar (Hylobates) Ixvi, lxxii, ciii. 150, 151, 152 153, 154, 161 163, 164, 165 169, 170 .... lar (Pithecus) 150 t6i 168 lar (Simia) 161, 169 .... Laratus xxxiv larvatus (Cercopithecus) Ill . larvatus (Nasalis) 25 109 III larvatus (Semnopithecus) 112 . Lasiopyga xiii, xiv, xvi .. 118, 178, 254 4, 21, 24. . . . xxv, xxvi .... 255, 261, 263 xxxii, xxxviii . 274, 275, 276 xl, xliii, lix ... 278, 279, 280 xcvi 281, 282, 283 284, 285, 286 287, 288, 291 293, 294, 377 379 Lasiopyga aethiops 281, 282 .... Lasiopyga albigularis lxi, Ixxi, xcvii. 281, 282, 283 284, 286, 287 288, 291, 293 295, 311, 359 363, 365, 367 Lasiopyga a. beirehsis Ixi, Ixxi, xcvii. 359, 366 .... Lasiopyga a. kibonotensis lxi, Ixx, xcviii. 295, 359, 366 Lasiopyga a. rufilata 291, 295, 3S9 368 Lasiopyga albitorquata lxi, Ixxi, xcvii. 288, 291, 296 359, 360, 361 362 Lasiopyga ansorgei 292 Lasiopyga ascanius lix, xcvi 278, 281, 282 284, 285, 286 287. 288. 289 292. 296, 298 • 303, 304. 305 INDEX OF LATIN N AM ES-V 0 LS. I, II, III INDEX OF LATIN NAMES -FOLS. I, II, III LXXXV Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Lasiopyga a. whitesidei lix, xcvi 293, 296, 298 305 Lasiopyga aurora lix, xcvi 294, 307, 312 Lasiopyga beirensis Lasiopyga boutourlini 291, 295 .... 286, 287, 289 291, 294, 307 310 lix, xcvi Lasiopyga brazzae Ixi, Ixx, xcviii. 287, 289, 291 295, 323, 376 377, 378, 379 380 Lasiopyga budgetti Lasiopyga burnetti 292, 294 .... 282, 292, 295 349, 353 •••• Ixi, Ixx, xcviii. Lasiopyga buttikoferi lix, xcvi 286, 287, 288 292, 295, 298 302 - Lasiopyga callida lx, xcvii 294, 326, 343 Lasiopyga callitrichus lix, xcvii 285, 287, 292 295, 325, 333 334, 335 .... Lasiopyga campbelli Ixi, Ixx, xcvii.. 281, 287, 292 295, 349, 352 353 Lasiopyga carruthersi lx, xcvi 291, 294, 307 3i5 Lasiopyga centralis lx, xcvii 289, 292, 294 326, 343, 344 345, 346, 347 Lasiopyga c. johnstoni lx, xcvii 295, 326, 343 345, 346, 347 Lasiopyga c. lutea lx, xcvii 295, 326, 346 Lasiopyga c. whytei lx, xcvii 292, 295, 326 345, 346, 349 Lasiopyga cephodes lx, xcvi 292, 296, 319 321 Lasiopyga cephus lx, xcvi 278, 279, 280 281, 283, 287 289, 292, 295 319, 321, 322 323 Lasiopyga cynosura lx, xcvii 270, 280, 281 282, 283, 285 287, 289, 292 296, 325, 337 Lasiopyga denti Ixi, Ixx, xcvii.. 290, 292, 295 349, 35i •••• LXXXVI INDEX OF LATIN N AM ES-V 0 LS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Lasiopyga diana Lasiopyga djamdjamensis Lasiopyga doggetti Lasiopyga ellenbecki Lasiopyga engythithia Lasiopyga erythrarchus Lasiopyga erythrogaster Lasiopyga erythrotis Lasiopyga erxlebeni Lasiopyga fantiensis Lasiopyga francescse Lasiopyga grayi Lasiopyga g. nigripes Lasiopyga g. pallida Lasiopyga griseisticta Lasiopyga griseoviridis Lasiopyga hamlyni Lasiopyga hilgerti Lasiopyga inobservata Lasiopyga insignis Lasiopyga insolita Lasiopyga kandti Ixi, Ixx, xcviii. lx, xcvii lx, xcvi lix, xcvi lx, xcvi lix, xcvi Ixi, Ixx, xcviii. Ixi, Ixx, xcvii. Ixi, Ixx, xcvii . lx, xcvii lx, xcvii lx, xcvi lx, xcvi Ixi, Ixxi, xcviii. lix, xcvi lix, Ixx, xcviii. 278, 279, 280 281, 283, 285 287, 295, 376 380 289, 292, 294 325, 327 .... 291, 294, 307 3i4 290, 292, 327 289 365 286, 287, 288 289, 291, 295 298, 301 .... 281, 287, 289 292, 296, 319 323, 324 • ••• 289 280, 282, 283 285, 288, 292 295, 300, 306 289, 291, 295 359, 369 .... 283, 284, 285 287, 289, 292 295, 349, 355 356 355 293, 296, 349 356, 358 .... 294 280, 281, 282 283, 285, 287 289, 290, 292 294, 325, 334 336, 337 .... 295 290, 292, 294 325, 327 ... 203, 206, 319 322 203, 296, 298 360, 372 .... 293, 295, 298 323 290, 291, 295 360, 371 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III LXXXVII Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Lasiopyga kolbi Lasiopyga k. hindei Lasiopyga k. nubila Lasiopyga labiata Lasiopyga laglaizi Lasiopyga lallandi Lasiopyga leucampyx Lasiopyga 1'hoesti Lasiopyga ludio Lasiopyga lutea Lasiopyga martini Lasiopyga matschie Lasiopyga melanogenys Lasiopyga moloneyi Lasiopyga mona Lasiopyga monoides Lasiopyga mossambicus Lasiopyga neglecta Lasiopyga nemaeus Lasiopyga neumanni Lasiopyga nictitans Lasiopyga n. laglaizi .. Ixi, Ixx, xcvii. Ixi, Ixx, xcvii.. lx, Ixx, xcvii.. Ixi, Ixxi, xcviii. liv, xcvi lix, xcvi lx, xcvi lx, xcvi Ixi, Ixx, xcviii. Ixi, Ixx, xcvii.. Ixi, Ixxi, xcviii. Ixi, Ixx, xcviii. Ixii lx, xcvi lx, xcvi lx, xcvi 280, 291, 295 359, 361, 362 363 292, 295, 359 362 295, 359, 362 282, 283, 284 285, 286, 287 288, 291, 295 360, 375 .... 340, 341 .... 281, 282, 283 291, 295, 307 308, 309 .... 289, 292, 296 297, 298 .... 293 293, 295 .... 281, 282, 283 284, 285, 286 287, 288, 289 291, 296, 307 318, 328 .... 289, 292, 294 325, 326, 327 328 288, 289 .... 287, 291, 295 350, 368 .... 279, 280, 281 283, 287, 292 295, 349, 35° 351 365 292, 373 .... 287, 291, 294 323, 376, 377 379 295, 307, 3i3 279, 280, 281 283, 287, 288 289, 291, 295 307, 316, 317 318 291, 295, 307 317 24, 98 LXXXVIII Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Lasiopyga nigrigenis lix, xcvi 291, 296, 307 310 284, 285, 287 289, 292, 293 296, 349 .... 292, 296, 326 348 287, 291, 295 307, 311 •••. 292 Lasiopyga nigripes Lasiopyga nigroviridis 1v xcvii Lasiopyga opisthosticta lix. xcvi Lasiopyga patas Lasiopyga petaurista lix. xcvi 279, 280, 281 286, 287, 288 289, 292, 295 299, 30i, 306 288 Lasiopyga p. fantiensis lix, xcvi Lasiopyga petronellae Ixi, Ixx, xcvii. 294, 296, 349 358 289 Lasiopyga picturata Lasiopyga pluto lix, xcvi 282, 287, 291 296, 307, 308 309 281, 287, 289 292, 296, 349 354, 355 .... 295, 354 •••• 289, 290, 291 295, 298, 359 369, 370, 371 296, 360, 370 291, 294, 307 315, 3i6 .... 280, 281, 282 283, 284, 285 287, 292, 295 325, 338, 34i 343, 344, 348 294, 343 .... 292 Lasiopyga pogonias Ixi, Ixx, xcvii. Lasiopyga p. nigripes Ixi, Ixx, xcvii. Lasiopyga preussi Ixi, Ixx, xcviii. Lasiopyga p. insularis Ixi, Ixx, xcviii. Lasiopyga princeps lx, xcvi Lasiopyga pygerythra lx, xcvii • Lasiopyga p. callida Lasiopyga pyrrhonotus Lasiopyga roloway Ixi, Ixx, xcviii. 279, 280, 282 284, 287, 288 295, 376, 381 293, 295, 326 342, 343, 344 291, 295, 359 368 291, 295, 360 374, 375 .... Lasiopyga rubella lix. xcvii Lasiopyga rufilata Ixi, Ixx, xcviii. Lasiopyga rufitincta Ixi, Ixx, xcviii. INDEX OF LATIN N AM ES-V O LS. I, II, III INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VO LS. I, II, III LXXXIX Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Lasiopyga rufoviridis lx, xcvii 282, 283, 284 285, 287, 288 292, 295, 325 34L 343, 344 345 Lasiopyga sabaea 279, 280, 281 283, 289, 292 335 Lasiopyga samango 284 Lasiopyga sannio 292 Lasiopyga schmidti lix, xcvi 286, 287, 288 289, 292, 295 • 298, 306 .... Lasiopyga sclateri lx, xcvi 200. 202. 2Q3 319, 323 .... Lasiopyga signata lix, xcvi 286, 287, 288 289, 292, 296 298, 305 Lasiopyga silacea lx, xcvii 203. 2Q3. 326 347 Lasiopyga stairsi Ixi, Ixx, xcviii. 286, 287, 291 295, 360, 372 373, 374, 375 Lasiopyga s. mossambicus Ixi, Ixx, xcviii. 2Q3, 360, 373 374, 375 •••• Lasiopyga stampflii 289 Lasiopyga sticticeps lx, xcvi 293, 203, 307 • 317 Lasiopyga stuhlmanni lx, xcvi 287, 289, 294 307, 309, 310 312, 313, 314 , . . . . 315, 3l6 .... Lasiopyga s. carruthersi lx, xcvi 313 . Lasiopyga s. nigrigenis lix, xcvi 310 Lasiopyga talapoin 292 Lasiopyga tantalus lx, xcvii 282, 286, 288 292, 295, 325 328, 330, 332 Lasiopyga t. alexandri lx, xcvii 295, 325, 332 Lasiopyga t. budgetti lx, xcvii 325, 329, 330 332 Lasiopyga t. griseisticta lx, xcvii 293, 325, 331 Lasiopyga temmincki Ixi, Ixx, xcviii. 288 Lasiopyga thomasi Ixi, Ixx, xcviii. 292, 295, 298 360, 370 .... Lasiopyga torquatus 284 XC INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Lasiopyga werneri lx, xcvii 283, 287, 288 296, 325, 334 335, 336 .... 292 Lasiopyga whytei Lasiopyga wolfi Ixi, Ixxi, xcvii. 286, 287, 288 292, 296, 349 35i ns Lasiopygidae xviii, xix, xliii, Iv Lasiopyginae lasiotis (Galago) lie xlvi, Ixvi lasiotis (Macacus) lasiotis (Pithecus) 183, 198 .... 182, 187, 188 198, 202 .... lvii, Ixix, xciii. latibarbatis (Cercopithecus) ... latibarbatis (Semnopithecus) ... 21, 69 70 69 lautensis (Pithecus) Iviii, Ixx, xciv. 185, 187, 189 237 xxii, xxviii ... xxxi, xli, xlviii Ixviii, Ixxxi .. 115, 125, 130.. 131, 132, 133. • 134, 135, 136.. 137, 138, 140.. xlviii, Ixxxi .. 132, 133, 134- • 135, 136, 138.. 139, I4L 154•• I ee Lemur albifrons Lemur albimanus x DO 133, 135, 136.. 141 . Lemur anjuanensis 133, 135, 136.. 142 Lemur bicolor 101, 132, 134.. ICC Lemur brunneus 1 135, 136, 147.. i6a Lemur catta Ixxxi, 131, 132. 133, 134, 135 •• 136, 139, 141.. ic8 . Lemur ceylonicus 17, 18 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III XCI Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Lemur chrysampyx Lemur cinereiceps Lemur cinereus Lemur collaris Lemur collaris rufus Lemur commersoni Lemur coronatus Lemur cuvieri Lemur dubius Lemur flavifrons Lemur flaviventer Lemur flavus Lemur fulvus Lemur furcifer Lemur galago Lemur gracilis Lemur g. ceylonicus Lemur griseus Lemur indri Lemur lanatus Lemur laniger Lemur leucomystax Lemur macaco 134, 135, 136.. 144 xlviii, Ixxxi .. 138, 139, Ml-- 156 124, 125, 133.. 133, 134, 135.. 136, 138, 147.. Ixviii, Ixxxi .. 132, 135, 138.. 147 XXX xlviii, Ixxxi .. 134, 135, 136.. 138, 139, 140.. 144 136, 142 133, 142 143, 148 134, 135, 136.. 152 132 xlviii, Ixxxi .. 132, 133, 134.. 135, 136, 138.. 139, 140, 146.. 147, 149, 150.. 158 xxxi, 108 xxviii, 72 .... 17, 18 17, 19 xxx, xlviii, 124 125 xxviii, xxix ... xxx, lix, 132 .. 175 xxix, 164 xxviii, xxix .. xxx, xlviii, 133 163 135, 137, I57-. xxix, xlviii ... Ixxxi, 132, 133. 134, I3S, 136.. 137, 138, 139-• 141, 156, 157-• 158, 160 XCII INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Lemur m. albus Lemur m. griseo-maculatus .... Lemur m. niger Lemur mayottensis Lemur melanocephalus Lemur milii Lemur (Chirogaleus!) milii.... Lemur mongos Lemur mongos var. albifrons... Lemur mongos var. cinereiceps. Lemur mongos var. rufifrons .. Lemur mongos var. rufus Lemur murinus Lemur niger Lemur nigerrimus Lemur nigrifrons Lemur potto Lemur prehensilis Lemur psilodactylus Lemur pusillus Lemur ruber Lemur rubriventer Lemur rufifrons Lemur rufipes 136 136, 160 156 136, 138, I45-. 146 135, 150 92 92 xlviii, Ixxxi .. 132, 133, 134. • 135, 136, 138.. 139, 140, 141.. 143, 147, 149 •• 150 154 153 151 153 xxix, xxx, xxxi 98, 101, 102... 132, 134 133, 134, 135.. 136, 137, 157 •• xlviii, Ixxxi .. 138, 139, I4I.. 157 xlviii, Ixxxi .. 133, 134, 135•• 136, 138, 139- • 140, 145, 146.. 132 102 2 xlvii, 98, 99 .. 103 xlviii, Ixxxi .. 133, 134, 135.. 136, 137, I39-. 141, 162 xlviii, Ixxxi .. 134, 135, 136.. 139, 140, 151 • • xlviii, Ixxxi .. 132, 134, 135.. 136, 139, I4I-. 15°, 151 152 Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Lemur rufus xlviii, Ixxxi .. 133. 134, 138.. 130, 140, 133.. Lemur samati 90, 91 Lemur simia-sciurus 132 Lemur spectrum xxix Lemur tardigradus xxviii, xxx, 17 18, 19, 31, 132. Lemur tarsier 7, 8 .... Lemur tarsius xliv, 7, 8, 9... Lemur variegatus xxx, xlviii ... Ixxxi, 132, 133 134, 133, 136.. 137, 139, 141.. 160, 162 Lemur varius xxx, 160 Lemur volans 132, 133 Lemur xanthomystax 135, 150 Lemuridae 89, 90, 100, 115 116, 135, 136.. 138 .......... Lemurinae xiv, xxiv xli. . xlvii. 87. 133.. lemurinus (Nyctipithecus) 2, 3, 13, 14.. Lemuroidea xi, xii, xxi ... xxii, xli, xliv. Ixix, Ixxv, cv. 100, 138 leonina (Hapale) 184, 211 leonina (Simia) 186, 210 177, 218 .... leoninus (Jacchus) 181 leoninus (Leontocebus) 1, Ixxxiv, 180.. 182. 183. 103.. 210 leoninus (Leontopithecus) 211 leoninus (Macacus) 183, 184, 208 leoninus (Midas) t8o t8i 185 210 leoninus (Pithecus) 181, 182 .... Leontocebus xiv, xxiii xxxv xliii, 1 Ixxiv.. Ixxxiii 779 181, 182, 183.. 184, 194, 217.. 218 Leontocebus apiculatus 1, Ixxxiv, 184 . 186, 195, 204.. Leontocebus ater 182, 109 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III XCIII XCIV INDEX OF LATIN NAMES - VOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Leontocebus ater var. B 211 Leontocebus aurora l82 Leontocebus bicolor 189 Leontocebus chrysomelas 1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv 181, 182, 185.. 195, 211 Leontocebus chrysopygus 1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv 182, 185, 194.. 200 Leontocebus devilli 1, Ixxxiv, 182. 184, 186, 195.. 201, 202, 203.. 204 Leontocebus fuscicollis 1, Ixxxiv, 182 . 183, 184, 185.. 195, 200, 207.. 182 Leontocebus fuscus Leontocebus graellsi . 1, Ixxxiv, 184. 186, 195, 208.. 1, Ixxxiv, 182.. 183, 186, 195.. 204, 205 1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv 184, 185, 195.. 200 Leontocebus illigeri Leontocebus imperator Leontocebus labiatus 1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiii 180, 182, 183.. 184, 185, 194.. 195, 196, I97-. 205, 208 Leontocebus lagonotus 1, Ixxxiv, 184.. 185, 195, 206.. 1, Ixxxiv, 180.. 182, 183, 195.. 210, 211 Leontocebus leoninus Leontocebus martinsi xlix, 184, 185.. 186, 188, 189.. 1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv 184, 185, 198.. 201 Leontocebus mystax Leontocebus nigricollis 1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv 182, 183, 184.. 185, 194, I99-. 200, 201 Leontocebus nigrifrons 1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv 185, 194, 198.. 1, Ixxxiii, 182. t86, 194, 197.. Leontocebus pileatus INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Leontocebus pithecus marikina... Leontocebus rosalia Leontocebus rufiventer Leontocebus thomasi Leontocebus tripartitus Leontocebus weddelii Leontopithecus Leontopithecus ater Leontopithecus aurora Leontopithecus chrysomelas .... Leontopithecus leoninus Leontopithecus midas Leontopithecus oedipus Leontopithecus rosalia Lepidolemur Lepidolemur dorsalis Lepidolemur edwardsi Lepidolemur giobiceps Lepidolemur grandidieri Lepidolemur leucopus Lepidolemur microdon Lepidolemur mustelinus Lepidolemur ruficaudatus Lepilemur! Lepilemur! dorsalis Lepilemur! furcifer Lepilemur! murinus 209 1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv 180, 181, 182.. 183, 185, 195.. 209, 210, 211.. 183 1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiii 184, 185, 194.. 198 1, Ixxxiv, 184. 186, 195, 206.. 1, Ixxxiv, 182.. 183, 186, 195.. 202 182, 183, 184.. 194 182 183, 211 211 191 214 210 xli, xlvii, Ixviii Ixxx, 99, 115 .. 136 - 120 xlviii, Ixxx, 116 117, 123 xlvii, Ixxx, 116 ii7 • xlvii, Ixxx, 116 117, 118 xlviii, Ixxx, 116 117, 118 xlviii, Ixxx, 116 117, 121 xlviii, Ixxx, 99. 100, 115, 116.. 117, 119, 120.. 121, 122 xlviii, Ixxx, 116 117, 122 xxx, xlvii, 99.. 100, 115, 135.. H9 108 T03 25, 30 XCV XCVI INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Lepilemur! mustelinus xxx, xlvii, 115 118, 119 Lepilemur! myoxinus 106 Lepilemur! pallidicauda 122 T.epilemur ! ruficaudatus 122 leucampyx (Cercopithecus) .... 284, 285, 286 287, 308, 310 376 leucampyx (Lasiopyga) » lix, xcvi 281, 282, 283 291, 293, 307 308, 309 .... leucampyx (Simia) 280, 308 .... leuciscus (Hylobates) Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii. 150, 151, 152 153, 154, 162 166, 167, 168 172, 173 .... leuciscus (Pithecus) 150 t66 leucocephala (Callithrix) li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv 218, 220, 221.. 22g, 232 leucocephala (Pithecia) 286, 287, 293.. 294, 295 leucocephala (Simia) xxxvi, 203 .. . leucocephalus (Cebus) 73, 74, 88, 89 leucocephalus (Hapale) 230 leucocephalus (Jacchus) 217, 220 leucogenys (Callithrix) 220, 221 leucogenys (Cebus) 73, 74, no.. leucogenys (Hylobates) Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii. 151, 153, 154 165 leucogenys (Midas) 184, 202, 203.. 204 leucomeros (Colobus) leucomerus (Jacchus) 221 leucometopa (Callicebus) li, Ixxiv, Ixxxvi 237, 238, 239.. 246, 247 leucometopa (Callicebus c.) .... 237 leucometopa (Callithrix c.) .... 246 leucomystax (Lemur) 135, 137, I57-. leucomystax (Semnopithecus).. 24 leucophaea (Simia) xxxviii 152 leucophaeus (Choeropithecus) .. 153 leucophaeus (Cynocephalus) .... 119, 120, 121 122, 152 .... leucophaeus Mormon (Drill).... 153 • Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. leucophaeus (Papio) leucoprymna (Simia) leucoprymnus ( Cercopithecus).. leucoprymnus (Pan) leucoprymnus (Pseudanthropus) leucoprymnus (Semnopithecus). leucoprymnus (Simia) leucoprymnus (Simia) pygmaeus leucopus (Callithrix) lvi, Ixix, xcii.. 119, 120, 121 122, 124, 125 152, 153, 154 152 21, 230, 244. 21, 69 Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv 230, 231, 233 234, 244 .... 230, 244 .... 22, 24, 69 ... 232, 234 .... 244 1, Ixxiv, Ixxxv. 220, 222 leucopus (Hapale) leucopus (Lepidolemur) 222 xlvii, Ixxx, n6 117, 118 218 xl 371 lix, xcvi Iv, Ixxiv, xci.. leucotis (Hapale) 1'hoesti (Cercopithecus) 1'hoesti (Cercopithecus) thomasi 1'hoesti (Lasiopyga) libidinosus (Cebus) 289, 297 .... 289, 292, 296 297, 298 .... 68, 69, 70, 71 72, 74, 75, 77 78, 101, 297. 101 libidinosus Cebus (Calyptroce- bus) libidinosus (Macacus) Lichanotus 179, 180, 181 xxii, xxviii, xli xlviii, Ixviii .. Ixxxi, 163 .... Lichanotus avahi Lichanotus brevicaudatus Lichanotus diadema Lichanotus indri Lichanotus laniger 1/U 175, 176 xlviii, Ixxxi .. 133, 163, 164.. Lichanotus niger lingae (Pithecus) lingungensis (Pithecus) Iviii, Ixx, xciv. Iviii, Ixx, xciv. 185, 187, 190 245 185, 187, 189 237, 238, 239 Liocephalus littoralis (Pithecus) xxxv, 183, 216. Ivii, Ixix, xciii. 185, 187, 188 longicaudatus (Indris) longimana (Simia) Lophocebus 1 150, 161 .... xl, lix 254, 266 .... INDEX OF LATIN NAMES- VOLS. I, II, III XCVII XCVIII Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Lophocolobus Lophopithecus Lophotus Lori xxxix xxxix, Ixii ... 115 19 XXXV 181 16 Lori arachnocebus 18 Iori (Nycticebus) Loridium XXX, 18 xxix, 16 Loris xii, xxi, xxviii. xxix, xli, xliv. cv, 16, 17, 20.. xxviii, xliv, 18. 17, 19 19 IQ Loris gracilis Loris g. ceylonicus Loris g. typicus Loris g. zeylonicus Loris lydekkerianus xliv, Ixviii ... Ixxxvi, 17, 18. ig( 20 Loris tardigradus xliv, Ixviii ... Ixxvi, 18, 19, 20 132 Lorisinae xliv, 16 ludio (Cercopithecus) 283, 284, 285 287, 318 .... 288, 289 .... ludio (Lasiopyga) lugens (Callithrix) lugens (Cebus var. 7) torquatus lugens (Lagothrix) lugens Simia (Callithrix) lunatus (Cebus) 235, 236, 240.. 235 liv, Ixxiv, xc.. 234, 239 55, 56, 58 ... 258 Appendix 68, 69, 70, 72 87 87 lunulatus (Cercocebus) Iviii, xcv 256, 257, 258 259, 263 .... 256, 263, 293 lunulatus (Cercopithecus) lunulatus (Saimiri) 164 308, 309, 311.. 312 3ii lunulatus (Saimiris) 293, 295 .... 294, 326, 346 295, 346 .... 122, 138 .... lutea (Lasiopyga c.) luteus (Cercopithecus c.) lydekkeri (Papio) lydekkerianus (Loris) xlix, Ixviii ... Ixxxvi, 17, 18. 19, 20 Lyssodes xxxvii 176 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III INDEX OF LATIN NAMES- VOLS. I, II, III XCIX Vol. I. Vol. IL Vol. III. Macaca xxvii, xxxvi .. 17^. 176. 18^ Macaca adusta 185, 206 .... Macaca broca 185, 205 .... Macaca gelada xxxvi Macaca insulana 185, 207 .... Macaca mordax l83. 232 . . . Macaca nemestrina 185, 206 .... Macaca phaeura 243, 245 .... Macaca resima 185, 224 .... Macaca syrichta 249 macaco (Lemur) xxix, xlviii ... Ixxxi, 132, 133 134, 133, 136.. 137, 138, 139.. 141, 156, 157.. 158, 160 macaco (Lemur) niger 156 macaco (Prosimia) 134, 157 Macaco prego IIO Macacus 160, 178, 180 181, 182, 183 184 Macacus affinis 202 Macacus andamanensis 182, 183, 186 188, 208 .... Macacus arctoides 170, 180, 181 183, 184, 191 192, 193 .... Macacus assamensis 179, 182, 183 184, 209, 211 214 Macacus auratus 230 Macacus aureus 179, 180, 181 182, 230, 231 Macacus brachyurus 181 Macacus (Maimon) brachyurus. 205 Macacus brunneus .. 191, 192 .... Macacus carbonarius 179, 180, 181 230, 231, 232 Macacus cristatus 182, 249 .... Macacus cyclopsis * 182, 183, 202 Macacus cynomolgos 178, 179, 180 182, 183, 184 230, 231, 233 Macacus cynomolgos var. cum- mingii 182 INDEX OF LATIN N AM ES - V O LS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Macacus erythraeus 178, 179, 180 181, 183, 214 216 Macacus (Pithecus) erythraeus.. 214 Macacus fascicularis 213 Macacus fur 182, 230 .... Macacus fuscatus 182, 183, 195 Macacus fusco-ater 165, 167, 181 Macacus fuscus xxxvi 228 Macacus gelada 155 Macacus (Pithecus) geron 181, 214 .... Macacus harmandi 184, 193 .... Macacus inornatus xxxviii 166, 169, 170 Macacus inuus 173, 178, I7Q Macacus irus 178, 230, 231 Macacus lasiotis 183, 198 .... Macacus leoninus 182, 184, 208 Macacus libidinosus 179, 180, 181 Macacus maurus xxxviii 165, 166, 167 168, 169, 170 171, 180, l8l 182, 183 .... Macacus maurus ochreatus .... 167 Macacus melanotus! 182, 191, 192 Macacus nemestrinus 178, 179, 180 l8l, 182, 183 184, 205 .... Macacus niger 183 Macacus oinops xxxvi 170, l8l, 214 215 Macacus (Pithex) oinops 179, l8l, 214 Macacus pagensis 206 Macacus palpebrosus 180, 182, 249 250 Macacus pelops 181, 182, 209 Macacus (Pithex) pel ops 180, 209 .... Macacus philippinensis 180, 181, 182 185, 187, 189 190, 248, 249 250 Macacus pileatus 180, 182, 183 184, 223 .... Macacus problematicus 212, 213 .... Macacus pumilus 252 Macacus radiatus 178. 179, l8o 202, 221 .... Macacus rheso-similis 182, 183, 210 CI Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Macacus rhesus Macacus rhesus-villosus Macacus rufescens Macacus sancti-johannis Macacus silenus Macacus sinicus Macacus s. affinis Macacus speciosus Macacus sylvanus Macacus tcheliensis Macacus thibetanum Macacus thibetanus Macacus tonkeanus Macacus umbrosus Macacus vestitus Macacus villosus Macacus (Rhesus) villosus macconnelli (Alouatta) Macrobates macrocephalus (Cebus) macrocephalus Cebus (Eucebus) macrodon (Saimiri) Macromerus Macromerus typicus macromongoz (Prosimia) Macropus Macrotarsus macrotarsus (Brachyteles I) .... Macrotarsus buffoni madagascariensis (Cheiromys).. madagascariensis (Daubentonia) madagascariensis (Galago) .... madagascariensis (Otolicnus) .. xxxvi xxxvii lii, Ixxiii Ixxxvii, 263 .. 264, 265, 281.. xxxv Iv, Ixxiv, xci.. liii, Ixxiv .... Ixxxviii, 309 .. 310, 312 146 169 134 xxviii, 45 .... xxix, 7 xxxiv, liv .... xxix 2 xliv, Ixxxv, 1. 2, 47 46, 99, 103.... 2, 47, 103 178, 180, 181 182, 183, 184 198, 213 .... 184, 210, 213 182, 183, 193 183, 198 .... 178, 179, 180 183, 184, 218 178, 179, 180 182, 183, 184 221, 223, 224 202 179, l80, l8l 182, 183, 184 190, 192, 195 174 182, 183, 199 200 183, 190 .... 182, 183 .... 166, 170 .... 229 184, 197 • • • • 200 200 68, 69, 70, 72 77, 78, 104.. 104 49, 50, 52... t INDEX OF LATIN NAMES - VOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. madagascariensis (Sciurus) .... xxviii, xxix .. xliv, i, 2 madeirae (Samiri) liii, Ixxiv .... Ixxxviii, 309.. 310. 313. 313.. Magotus xxxiv Magus xvi, xix, xxv.. 161, 165, 168, xxxiv 170, 180, 181 182, 183 .... Magus maurus xxxiv, Ivi, xcii 165, 166, 167 i6q. 170, 171 Magus ochreatus Ivi, xcii 165, 166, 167 168, 170, 171 181 ........ Magus tonkeanus Ivi, xcii 166, 167, 170 171 Maimon xxxvii 176, 180 .... maimon (Mormon) 120, 121, 122 150 maimon (Papio) 118, 119, 120 122, 150 .... maimon (Simia) 118, 119, 150 151 major (Cheirogaleus!) xxviii, xxix .. xxx, xxxi .... xlvii, 88, 89, 92 in major (Chirogale) xlvii, Ixxiv, 90. 91, 92, 93, 95.. in major (Microcebus) 89, 101 majori (Propithecus) 172 Maki xxix, 130 malaianus (Nycticebus) xlv, Ixviii .... Ixxxvi, 22, 24. 28, 29, 31 malaianus (Nycticebus c.) 29 malaianus (Nycticebus t.) 22, 29 malitiosus (Cebus) Iv, Ixxiv, xci.. 76, 77, 78, 98 Mamateleus xxxix mandibularis (Pithecus) Iviii, Ixx, xciv. 185, 187, 189 234, 240 .... Mandrill XXXV lie Mandrillus xxxvi US margarita (Presbytis) 27, 81 margarita (Pygathrix) Ixiv, Ixxi, c... 27, 29, 32, 81 marginatus (Ateles!) 23, 24, 23, 27 3i, 32, 34, 35 CII INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. marginatus (Ateleus) liv, Ixxiv .... 23, 24, 25, 27 Ixxxix 04 marginatus (Cebus) 2^ marginatus (Sapajou) 47 Marikina 1, 179, 182, 183 194 Marikina albifrons 209 Markina bicolor 187 Marikina chrysomelas 211 Marikina chrysopygus 201 Marikina labiatus 10^ marikina (Leontocebus) pithe- cus 209 Marikina rosalia 210 martini (Cercopithecus) 284, 283, 305 318 martini (Lasiopyga) lx, xcvi 281, 282, 283 284, 285, 286 287, 288, 289 201. 206. 307 318, 328 .... martinsi (Leontocebus) xlix, 184, 185.. 186, 188, 189.. martinsi (Seniocebus) 184, 185, 186.. 189 marungensis (Pan s. ) 230, 234, 246 248 marungensis (Simia) 230 marungensis (Simia s.) 232 marungensis (Troglodytes var. n.) 248 matschie (Cercopithecus) 326 matschie (Colobus) I19, 145 .... matschie (Gorilla g.) Ixxi, Ixxii, civ. 210, 211, 212 2l8, 220, 221 matschie (Lasiopyga) lx, xcvi 280. 202. 204 325, 326 .... maura (Presbytis) 76 maura (Simia) 20, 43, 77, 78 maurus (Cercopithecus) l6l, l66 .... 21, 75, 78 ... maurus (Macacus) xxxviii 165, l66, 167 169, 170, 171 l8o, l8l, 182 183 ........ maurus (Magus) xxxiv, Ivi, xcii 165, 166, 167 169, 170, 171 maurus (Presbytis) 76 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES- VOLS. I, II, III CIII CIV INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. maurus (Semnopithecus) 24, 25, 75, 79 maximilianus (Jacchus) 2^0 mayema (Gorilla) xl, Ixvii 225, 226, 233 mayema (Pseudogorilla) Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv 225 mayottensis (Lemur) 136, 138, 145. • 146 medius (Altililemur) 91, IOI, III... 112, 113 medius (Cheirogaleus!) xxxi, 88, 112.. 113 medius (Chirogale) 90, 100 medius Chirogale (Altililemur). 90 medius (Myoxicebus) 90 24, 32, 33, 80 melalophus! (Simia) xxxiv 21 27, 47 melamera (Pygathrix) Ixiii, Ixxi, xcix 27, 28, 30, 47 Melanocebus 296, 306 .... melanocephala (Ouakaria) .... 306 melanocephala (Pithecia) 287, 300, 305.. melanocephala (Prosimia) M7 melanocephala (Simia) xxxvi, 299 ... melanocephalus (Brachyurus) .. 306 melanocephalus (Cacajao) liii, Ixxxviii ... 300, 301, 305.. 306 melanocephalus (Lemur) 135, 150 melanochir (Ateles!) 22, 24, 25, 44 46 . . . .. .. .. melanochir (Ateleus) 23, 24, 25, 45 46 melanochir (Callicebus) li, Ixxxvi, 238. 239, 244 melanochir (Callithrix) 235, 236, 237.. melanochir (Cebus) 235 melanochir (Saguinus^ 236 melanogenys (Cercopithecus) .. 282, 284, 285 286, 287, 303 318 melanogenys (Lasiopyga) 288, 289 .... melanolopha (Pygathrix) Ixii, Ixxi, xcix melanolopha (Semnopithecus).. 22, 24, 35 . . . melanolopha (Simia) xxxix 21 melanops (Pithecia) 256 melanotis! (Cheirogaleus!) ... 95 melanotis! (Chirogale) xlvii, Ixxix, 90 91, 92, 95, 96.. melanotis! (Hapale) 218 • INDEX OF LATIN NAMES -FOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. melanotus! (Macacus) melanotus! (Papio) melanura (Callithrix) melanura (Hapale) melanurus (Jacchus) melanurus (Mico) melanurus (Midas) melanurus (Simia) melarhinus (Simia) menagensis (Nycticebus) metagalpa (Alouatta p.) meticulosus (Seniocebus) mexicana (Alouatta p.) Mico Mico argentata Mico argentatus Mico chrysoleuca Mico chrysoleucus Mico melanurus Mico sericeus Micoella Micoella sericeus Microcebus Microcebus coquereli Microcebus furcifer Microcebus gliroides Microcebus griseus Microcebus major Microcebus milii Microcebus minor Microcebus minor griseorufus.. Microcebus m. minor Microcebus m. rufus .... 222 182, 221 XXXV, 217, 221. 221 221 217 xlv, Ixviii .... Ixxxvi, 23, 24.. 32 263, 272 lxxiv, Ixxxiii . 184, 186, 188.. lii, Ixxiii Ixxxvii, 262 .. 263, 265, 272.. xxxvi, 216, 218 219 221 219 223 221 xxxviii, 223 .. xxxviii, 216 .. 223 xxiv, xxix, xli. xlvii, Ixviii.... Ixxix, 46, 47.. 88, 89, 90, 98.. 99, 100, 101... 102 xxxi, xlvii ... Ixxix, 89, too.. 101, 102, 107.. xlvii, Ixxix, 89 99, 100, 101... 102, 107, 108.. 121 105 126 89, 101 92 101, 103, 105.. 101, 104 101, 104 104 182, 191, 192 191 2 256 CV CVI INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Microcebus murinus xix, xxxi, xlvii lxxix, 46, 47 .. 88, 89, 90, 98.. 99, 100, 101.. . 102, 103, 105.. 106, 107, 132.. 134 Microcebus myoxinus xlvii, lxxix, 99 100, 101, 106.. 107 Microcebus pusillus 99, 101, 103, 105 Microcebus p. myoxinus IOI, 106 Microcebus p. m. smithi 101, 104 Microcebus rufus 82, 102, 103... Microcebus samati IOI Microcebus smithi 99, 100, 101... 102, 104, 105.. Microcebus typicus 92, 99 microdon (Aotus) liv, Ixxiv .... 3, 4, 5, 18... Ixxxix microdon (Lepidolemur) xlviii, Ixxx ... 116, 117, 121.. Microrhynchus xxix, 163 Microrhynchus laniger 164 Microtarsus xxix, 7 Midas xxxiii, 183, 184 218 Midas albifrons 183 Midas apiculatus 184, 204 Midas argentatus 221 Midas bicolor xxxviii, xlx... 179, 181, 183.. 186 midas (Callithrix) 180, 191 midas (Cercopithecus) xlix, Ixxiii,.. . . Ixxxiii, 180.... 182, 184, 185.. 190, 191, 192.. 193 Midas chrysomelas 181, 182, 183.. Midas chrysopygus 201 Midas devilli 182, 183, 184.. 203, 204, 205.. 207 Midas elegantulus 183, 196, 197.. Midas erythrogaster 196 Midas flavifrons 182, 183, 184.. 207 • INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III CVII Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Midas fuscicollis Midas geoffroyi Midas graellsi Midas griseoventris midas (Hapale) Midas illigeri Midas imperator Midas jacchus Midas labiatus Midas (Simia) labiatus Midas lagonotus : Midas leoninus midas (Leontopithecus) Midas leucogenys Midas melanurus Midas midas Midas mystax Midas nigricollis Midas nigrifrons Midas oedipus Midas pileatus Midas rosalia Midas rubriventer Midas rufimanus Midas rufiventer Midas rufoniger midas (Simia) Midas spixi Midas tamarin Midas thomasi Midas tripartitus Midas ursulus 181, 183, 184.. 207 183, 214 184, 208 196, 197 184, 191 182, 183, 184.. 205 184, 209 181 180, 181, 182.. 183, 184, 195.. 195 184, 206 180, 181 185.. 210 191 184, 202, 203.. 204 221 184, 191 xxxviii, 181... 182, 184, 198.. 201 181, 199 182, 184, 198.. 180, 181, 183.. 213, 214 182, 183, 197.. 180, 181, 182.. 183 184 180, 181, 183.. 191 182, 183, 184.. 195, 196, 197. • 182, 183, 184.. 199, 200 xxxi, xxxiii... xlix, 180, 190.. 214, 215 182, 191, 192.. 184, 198 184, 206 xxxviii, 180... 181, 183, 184.. 191, 192, 193.. 210 • CVIII INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Midas weddelii 182, 183, 186.. 195, 202 xxxi, 88, 89, 90 92, in 89, 90, 91, 93 • • 100 milii (Cheirogaleus!) milii (Chirogale) milii (Lemur) 92 92 92, 101 milii (Lemur c.) milii (Microcebus) milii (Opolemur) Mimetes 93 227 230 230 220 Mimetes calvus Mimetes kooloo-kamba Mimetes satyrus Mimetes troglodytes Mimetes vellerosus 230, 241, 250 230 mindanensis (Cynomolgos) .... mindanensis (Pithecus) minima (Prosimia) minor (Cheirogaleus!) minor (Chirogale) minor (Galago) minor (Microcebus) minor (Microcebus m.) minor (Otolicnus) Miopithecus 249 185, 252 .... 98, 102 88, 99, 103.... 90, 100 99, 103 101, 103, 105.. 101, 104 47, 103 xix, xxv, xxxvi xliii, Ixii, lxxi. xcviii 284, 286, 292 1 Miopithecus ansorgei 3 Miopithecus capillatus Miopithecus talapoin 2 Ixii, lxxi xcviii 279 1, 2, 3 miriquouina (Aotus) 2, 3, 4, 5, 9 10, 11, 12 .... miriquouina (Nyctipithecus) ... miriquouina (Pithecia) Mirza 3 2, 10 xxxi, 90, 98,... 100, 101 mitrata (Presbytis) mitratus (Semnopithecus) mitrula (Presbytis) Mixocebus 21, 60 24, 25, 61 ... 61 48 xxxi, xli, xlvii Ixviii, Ixxix,... no Mixocebus caniceps Ixxix, no .... moco (Papio) 121 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III CIX Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Mococo xxxi mococo (Catta) moholi (Galago) xxviii 46, 48, 70, 72.. 74 moholi (Otolicnus) moholi Galago (Otolicnus) moloch (Callicebus) 46, 47 47, 73 li, Ixxxvi, 234. 238, 239, 251.. 234, 235, 251.. 236, 252 234, 251 moloch (Cebus) moloch (Saguinus) moloch (Simia) moloneyi (Cercopithecus) moloneyi (Lasiopyga) 368 Ixi, Ixx, xcviii. 287, 291, 295 359, 368 .... Mona xxxix 275, 296, 349 282, 284, 285 286, 350 .... mona (Cercopithecus) mona (Lasiopyga) Ixi, Ixx, xcvii.. 279, 280, 281 283, 287, 292 295, 349, 350 351 mona (Simia) xxxiv 279, 280, 350 monacha (Pithecia) lii, Ixxiv, Ixxv, Ixxxvi, 286, 287 288, 289, 290.. 291, 292, 294.. 289 monacha Simia (Pithecia) monacha (Yarkea) monachus (Cebus) 289 68, 69, 70, 71 72, 96 monachus Cebus (Eucebus) .... mongoz (Lemur) 96 xlviii, Ixxxi... 132, 133, I34-. 135, 136, 138.. 139, 140, 141.. 143, 149, 150.. 134, 141, 148.. mongoz (Prosimia) monoides (Cercopithecus) 282, 283, 284 287, 288, 364 365 monteiri (Callotus) monteiri (Galago) 48, xxxi, xlvi, Ixvii Ixxviii, 48 59 monteiri Galago (Otolemur).... monticolor (Presbytis c.) monticolor (Pygathrix c.) mordax (Macaca) 23, 7i, 72 ... 23, 7i Ixiii, Ixxi, c... 185, 232 .... INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III CX Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. mordax (Pithecus) Iviii, Ixx, xciv. 185, 187, 189 225, 232, 240 242 V morio (Pithecus) morio (Simia) Mormon 187, 189, 190 195 193 xxxvii, Ivi ... 115, 120, 121 122 mormon (Cynocephalus) Mormon drill 119, 120, 121 150 120, 153 .... IC? Mormon (Drill) leucophaeus ... Mormon maimon 120, 121, 122 mormon (Papio) mormon (Simia) moschatus (Simia j.) mossambicus (Cercopithecus s.). mossambicus (Galago) 150 118, 119, 120 150 I50 217, 228 373 xlvi, Ixviii,... Ixxviii, 76, 77- 48 mossambicus (Galago s.) mossambicus (Lasiopyga) mossambicus (Lasiopyga s.) .... 292, 273 .... 295, 360, 373 374, 375 • • • • 181 mulatta (Cynomolgos) mulleri (Hylobates) mundamensis (Papio) Murilemur I5L 158, 153 171, 172, 173 153 xxxi, 90, 98... 100, 104 104 88 Murilemur murinus murinus (Cheirogaleus!) murinus (Chirogale) murinus (Galago) murinus (Gliscebus) murinus (Lemur) xlvii, 88 73 99, 103 xxxi, 98, 101,.. 102, 132, 134.. 103 murinus (Lepilemur!) murinus (Microcebus) xlvii, Ixxix, 46 47, 88, 89, 90.. 98, 99, 100, IOI 102, 103, 105.. 106, 107, 132.. 134 104 murinus (Murilemur) INDEX OF LATIN NAMES - VOLS. I, II, III CXI Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. murinus (Scartes) niustelinus (Galeocebus) mustelinus (Lepidolemur) mustelinus (Lepilemur!) Mycetes Mycetes auratus Mycetes barbatus Mycetes beelzebul Mycetes bicolor Mycetes caraya Mycetes chrysurus Mycetes discolor Mycetes flavicauda Mycetes flavicaudatus Mycetes fuscus Mycetes laniger Mycetes palliatus Mycetes rufimanus Mycetes seniculus Mycetes stramineus Mycetes ursinus Mycetes villosus Myoxicebus Myoxicebus griseus Myoxicebus medius 103 HQ xlviii, Ixxx, 99 100, 115, 116.. 117, 119, 120,.. 121, 122 xxx, xlvii, 115. 118, 119 xx, 258, 259... 261, 262, 281.. 261, 262, 278.. 260, 261, 262.. 265 259, 261, 262.. 270, 271 261, 262, 275.. 259, 261, 262.. 266 260, 261, 262.. 278 260, 261, 263.. 267, 268, 270.. 271 262, 275 261, 262, 264.. 275 260, 261, 262.. 275 261, 262, 278.. 261, 262, 271.. 191, 260, 261.. 270, 271 261, 262, 277.. 281 260, 261, 262.. 277, 280, 281.. 259, 261, 262.. 274, 281 261, 262, 268.. xxxi, xli, xlviii lxviii, Ixxx, 115 124, 125 xlviii, Ixxx, 88 HO, 121, 124.. 125, 126, 127.. 129, 133. 134. • 135 90 CXII INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Myoxicebus olivaceus Myoxicebus simus myoxinus (Cheirogale) myoxinus (Chirogaleus!) myoxinus (Lepilemur!) myoxinus (Microcebus) myoxinus (Microcebus p.) Myscebus Myscebus palmarum Myslemur Myspithecus Myspithecus typicus Myspithecus typus Mystax mystax (Hapale) mystax (Leontocebus) mystax (Midas) mystax (Seniocebus) xlviii, Ixxx, 88 89, 125, 127... xlviii, Ixxx ... 125, 128, 129.. 90, 100 104 106 xlvii, Ixxix, 99 100, IOI, 102.. 106, 107 101, 106 xxx, 87, 103... xxx, 99 xxx, 1, 87 xxix, xxx, 1, 87 92 xix, 92 xl xxxviii, 181... 182, 184, 198.. 201 1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv 185, 195, 198.. 201 xxxviii, 181 .. 182, 184, 198.. 201 xiii, xx, xxvi.. xxxiii, xxxvii. xliii, Ixiv, Ixxii ci Nasalis Nasalis larvatus Nasalis recurvus nasalis (Semnopithecus) nasica (Simia) nasicus (Semnopithecus) nasutus (Hylobates) uatunae (Nycticebus) natunae (Nycticebus c.) natunae (Pygathrix) natunae (Semnopithecus) xxxiv, xxxvi.. Ixiv, ci xxxiv Ixvi, Ixxii, cui. xlv, Ixviii Ixxxi, 23, 29... xlviii, Ixxxvi.. 22, 29 Ixiii, Ixxi, c... 25, in 25, 109, in. 112 112 in 25, in, 112. 152, 153, 154 i55 26, 29, 31, 57 58, 101 26, 57 ... . INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III CXIII Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. nedjo (Theropithecus) neglecta (Lasiopyga) Ixi, Ixx, xcviii. Ixi, Ixx, xcviii. 157 287, 291, 294 323, 376, 377 379 neglecta (Presbytis) neglecta (Pygathrix) neglectus (Cercopithecus) neglectus (Semnopithecus) .... nemaeus (Cercopithecus) nemaeus (Lasiopyga) nemaeus (Pygathrix) 46 46 286, 376, 378 25, 45, 46 ... 98 285 Ixii 24, 98 20, 24, 25, 29 32, 98, 99... 100, 101, 112 xl, Ixiv, Ixxi, ci 113 22, 25, 99 .. 20, 21, 98, 99 100 nemaeus (Semnopithecus) nemaeus (Simia) 275 Nemestrina xxxviii nemestrina (Macaca) nemestrina (Papio) Nemestrinus nemestrinus (Cercopithecus) ... nemestrinus (Cynocephalus) ... nemestrinus (Inuus) nemestrinus (Macacus) 185, 206 .... 118, 177, 205 181 178 Ivii 178, 205 .... 178, 180, 181 205 178, 179, 180.. 181, 182, 183.. 184, 205 xvi, Ivii, Ixix.. xciii nemestrinus (Pithecus) 178, 185, 186 200, 205, 206 207, 217 .... 201; nemestrinus Pithecus (Macacus) nemestrinus (Simia) Neocebus Neocothurus xxxviii xl xxxix, 299 .... lx 296, 319 .... Neopithecus nepalensis (Semnopithecus) .... nestor (Pygathrix) nestor (Semnopithecus) nestor (Vetulus) neumanni (Lasiopyga) neumanni (Papio) neumanni (Papio a.) nictitans (Cercopithecus) 92 181 22, 70 70 lx, xcvi Ivi, Ixix, xcii.. 205, 307, 313 123, 124, 140 122, 123 .... 277, 282, 284 285, 286, 305 313, 316, 318 CXIV INDEX OF LATIN N AM ES-V O LS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. nictitans (Lasiopyga) lx, xcvi 279, 280, 281 283, 287, 288 289, 291, 293 307, 316, 317 318 nictitans (Simia) xxxii, lix 275, 278, 279 24 280, 316 .... niger (Cebus) 68, 60, 72. 73 IIO, III .... niger Cebus (Otocebus) IIO niger (Chiropotes) 297 niger (Cynocephalus) xxxv 159 niger (Cynopithecus) Ivi, xcii 120, 150, 160 161, 162, 163 164, 184, 192 niger (Inuus) 133, 134, 135.. 162, 180 .... 136, 137, 137.. niger (Lemur m.) 156 niger (Lichanotus) 176 niger (Macacus) 183 niger (Mycetes) 261, 262, 265.. 274 niger (Papio) 162 niger Papio (Inuus) 162 niger (Stentor) 260, 265, 266.. niger (Theropithecus) 155 niger (Troglodytes) xxxv 190, 206, 207 235, 241 .... nigeriae (Papio) Iv, Ixix, xci ... 123, 124, 125 nigerrimus (Lemur) xlviii, Ixxxi... 138. I30. 141.. 157 nigra (Alouatta) 262, 263 nigra (Varecia) 157 nigrescens (Cynopithecus) 160, 161, 162 164, 166, 184 nigrescens (Papio) 161, 162, 163 nigriceps (Aotus) liii, Ixxiv 3, 4, 8, 18... Ixxxviii nigriceps (Saimiri b.) liii, Ixxiv Ixxviii, 309.... 310, 316 nigricollis (Hapale) .. 183, 184, 198.. 199 nigricollis (Leontocebus) 1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv 182, 183, 184.. 183. 104. IQQ . . 200, 201 % INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. IL Vol. III. nigricollis (Midas) nigricollis (Seniocebus) nigrifrons (Callicebus) 181, 189 183 li, Ixxxvi, 238. 239, 254, 255.. nigrifrons (Callithrix) 235, 236, 237.. 254 nigrifrons (Cebus) 235 nigrifrons (Hapale) 180, 184, 198.. nigrifrons (Lemur) xlviii, Ixxxi.... 133, 134, I35-. 136, 138, 139.. 140, 145, 146.. nigrifrons (Leontocebus) 1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv 194, 198 nigrifrons (Leontopithecus) ... 1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv 185, 194, 198.. nigrifrons (Midas) 182, 184, 198.. nigrifrons (Prosimia) 145 nigrifrons (Saguinus) 236 183 nigrifrons (Seniocebus) 310 nigrigenis (Cercopithecus s.).... lix, xcvi 291, 296, 307 nigrigenis (Lasiopyga s.) 310 nigrimanus (Colobus) Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. 119, 120, 121 125, 127 .... 23, 24, 59... nigrimanus (Semnopithecus) ... Iv, Ixxiv, xc... 76, 77, 78, 86 nigripectus (Cebus c.) nigripes (Cercopithecus) 284, 354 .... nigripes (Cercopithecus e.) 285, 355 .... nigripes (Cercopithecus g.) 3CC kJkJkJ 284, 285, 287 nigripes (Lasiopyga) 289, 292, 293 296, 349 .... nigripes (Lasiopyga p.) Ixi, Ixx, xcvii.. 354 24, 29, 32... nigripes (Pygathrix) Ixiv, Ixxi, ci... nigripes (Semnopithecus) 100, 113 .... 24, 25, 100 .. nigriviridis (Cercopithecus) ... 348 lx, xcvii 292, 296, 326 nigriviridis (Lasiopyga) 348 nigrivittatus (Cebus) 70, 71, 72, 79 nigrivittatus Cebus (Calyptroce- bus) 80 308, 311, 312.. nigrivittatus (Chrysothrix) .... nigrofaciatus (Cercopithecus) .. ♦ 7 nigrofaciatus Simia (Cercopithe- cus) ruber nobilis (Presbytis) 7 23 CXV CXVI INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. nobilis (Pygathrix) lxii, Ixxi, xcix. 2?. 20. QA 35 nobilis (Semnopithecus) 2A 3A Nocthora xxxiv nocturna (Pithecia) 287, 293, 295.. nubigena (Presbytis) 27. Sc; . nubigena (Pygathrix) Ixiii, Ixxi, c... 00 27. 20 71 CC nubila (Lasiopyga k.) Ixi, Ixx, xcvii. 295, 359, 362 nubilus (Cercopithecus k.) .... 362 nudifrons (Presbytis) 27 AO nudifrons (Pygathrix) lxii, Ixxi, xcix. 1 27. 20 ^O AO nyassae (Galago) xlvi, Ixviii,.... Ixxviii, 70 Nycticebus xiv, xviii, xix. xxiii, xxix, xli. xlv, Ixviii, 16. 19, 21, 22, 26.. 33, 136 Nycticebus bancanus xlv, Ixviii Ixxxvii, 22, 23. 24 Nycticebus bengalensis xxix, 21, 26. .. Nycticebus borneanus xlv, Ixviii,.... Ixxxvi, 21, 22. 23. 24 Nycticebus calabarenSis 36 Nycticebus ceylonicus 22 Nycticebus cinereus xlv, Ixviii,.... Ixxxvi, 21, 22. 23, 26, 27, 28,. 30 Nycticebus coucang xxx, xlv, Ixviii Ixxxvi, 22, 23. 26, 28 Nycticebus c. cinereus 21, 22, 23, 26.. 27, 28, 30 Nycticebus c. hilleri 22, 30 Nycticebus c. malaianus 29 Nycticebus c. natunae Ixviii, Ixxxvi.. 22, 29 Nycticebus gracilis 18 / Nycticebus hilleri xlv, xlviii, .... Ixxxvi, 22, 24. 31 Nycticebus javanicus xlv, xlviii, .... Ixxxvi, 21, 22. 23, 28, 30 Nycticebus Iori xxx, 18 Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Nycticebus malaianus xlv, Ixviii .... Ixxxvi, 22, 28. 29, 30 Nycticebus menagensis xlv, Ixviii, .... Ixxxvi, 23, 24. 32 Nycticebus natunae xlv, Ixviii, .... Ixxxvi, 23, 29. Nycticebus potto xxix, xlv, 38, 39 Nycticebus pygmaeus xlv, Ixviii .... Ixxxvi, 23, 24.. 33 Nycticebus sondaicus 29 Nycticebus tardigradus 22, 25, 26, 27.. 29, 30 Nycticebus tardigradus var. cinerea 27 Nycticebus t. malaianus 22, 29 Nycticebus tenasserimensis .... xlv, Ixviii .. Ixxxvi, 22, 23. 25 Nycticibidae 16 .... Nyctipithecus xxxiv 2, 3, 7, 90 .. Nyctipithecus azarae 3, 11 Nyctipithecus commersoni 3, 5 Nyctipithecus felinus xxxiv 2, 3, 5,6, 7,15 Nyctipithecus lemurinus 2, 3, 13, 14.. Nyctipithecus oseryi 2, 3, 17 Nyctipithecus rufipes 3, 9, 14 Nyctipithecus spixi 3, 19 Nyctipithecus trivirgatus 2, 3, 7, 11, 13 15, 16, 90 .. Nyctipithecus vociferans 2, 3, 13 obongensis (Pithecus s.) IOI. 105 2OA obscura (Presbytis) 52 . obscura (Pygathrix) Ixiii, Ixxi, xcv. 22, 24 28 30 47, 52, 54, 55 56, 58 obscurus (Macacus) 157 obscurus (Papio) 121 obscurus (Semnopithecus) 22, 24, 25, 49 52, 53, 56 ... obscurus (Theropithecus) Ivi, Ixix, xcii.. 155, 157 •••• occidentalis (Colobus) Ixv, Ixxii, ciii. 118, 119 120 122, 144 .... occidentalis (Colobus a.) 144 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III CXVII CXVIII Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. ochraceus (Cercopithecus) 121, 138, 283 284, 285, 288 ochreatus (Cynopithecus) 161, 167, 168 ochreatus (Macacus) 165, 167, 168 181, 182, 183 184 ochreatus (Macacus) maurus... 167 ochreatus (Magus) Ivi, xcii 165, 166, 167 168, 170, 171 181 ........ ochrocephala (Pithecia) 294, 295 ochrocephala (Yarkea) 287, 295 ochroleucus (Saimiri) 308 ocularis (Prosimia) 134, 145 CEdipomidas xxvi, xxxvii... xliii, 1, Ixxiv.. Ixxv, Ixxxiv... 179, 181, 183.. 184, 213, 217.. CEdipomidas geoffroyi 1, Ixxiii, Ixxxiv 255, 256 .... 182, 183, 184.. 185, 214, 215.. CEdipomidas illigeri 203 CEdipomidas oedipus 1, Ixxxiv, 180.. 181, 182, 184.. 186, 213, 214.. CEdipomidas salaquiensis 1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv 255 Appendix CEdipus xxxvi, 182, 184 213, 218 CEdipus geoffroyi 214 cedipus (Hapale) 184, 213 cedipus (Jacchus) 181, 213 oedipus (Leontopithecus) 214 oedipus (Midas) 180, 181, 183.. 213, 214 cedipus (CEdipomidas) 1, Ixxxiv, 180.. 181, 182, 184.. 186, 213, 214.. oedipus (Simia) xxxvi, xxxvii. 1, 180, 213 oedipus Simia (Midas) 213 CEdipus titi 182, 184, 213.. oerstedi (Chrysothrix) 309, 316 cerstedi (Saimiri) liii, Ixxiii Ixxxviii, 309,.. 310. 316. 317.. oinops (Macacus) xxxvi 179. 181, 214 215 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. oinops Macacus (Pithex) 214 olivacea (Lagothrix) 54, 57, 61 .. olivaceus (Cebus) 70, 71, 72, 79 olivaceus Cebus (Eucebus) 80 olivaceus (Cheirogaleus!) 89 olivaceus (Cynocephalus) 121 121, 130, 131 olivaceus (Gastrimargus) 54, 57, 61 ... olivaceus (Hapalemur!) 125, 127 olivaceus (Myoxicebus) xlviii, Ixxx, 88. 8o. 12'5. 127... 128 olivaceus (Papio) 121 olivaceus (Semnopithecus) 117. 12"? omensis (Cercopithecus) 287, 310 .... opisthosticta (Lasiopyga) lix, xcvi 287, 291, 295 307, 311 .... opisthostictus (Cercopithecus).. 287, 311 .... Opolemur xxxi, 87, 90, 91 101, III Opolemur milii 93 Opolemur samati 112 Opolemur thomasi 112, 113 ornatus (Ateles!) 25, 44 ornatus (Ateleus) 25, 45 ornatus (Callicebus) li, Ixxxvi, 237. 2^8. 239, 247.. 248 ornatus (Callithrix) i 2^6. 2^7. 248.. oseryi (Aotus) liv, Ixxiv 2, 3, 4, 5, 17- Ixxxix oseryi (Nyctipithecus) 2, 3, Otocebus xxxvii 64 \ Otogale Otogale alle.ni 48 . Otogale crassicaudata 48 Otogale garnetti 48 Otogale monteiri 48 .... Otogale pallida Otogale peli 48 Otogale sennaariensis , 48 .... Otolemur Otolemnr agisymbanus otoleucus (Cercopithecus) 289, 312 .... Otolicnns xxviii, xlvi, 45 Otolimus alleni 47 Otolicnns apicalis ... ?]8 80 Otolicnus crassicaudatus 47 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III CXIX CXX Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Otolicnus cuvieri Otolicnus gabonensis Otolicnus galago Otolicnus galago a. sennaariensis Otolicnus galago B. senegalensis Otolicnus galago v. australis.... Otolicnus garnetti Otolicnus madagascariensis .... Otolicnus minor Otolicnus moholi Otolicnus pallidus Otolicnus peli Otolicnus pusillus Otolicnus senegalensis Otolicnus sennaariensis Otolicnus teng Otopithecus Ouakaria Ouakaria calva Ouakaria melanocephala Ouakaria rubicunda Ouakaria spixi ouakary (Brachyurus) ouakary (Cacajao) Ouanderou Ouistiti Ouistitis oustaleti (Colobus) 73 66 46, 47, 72 .... 74 73 73 46, 47 2, 47 47 46, 47 79 82 83 47, 73 47, 74 47, 74 xxxix xxxvii, 287, 290 300 301 306 304 306 xxxvii, 306 ... 300 217 xxxv, 216 .... lxv, cii 275 180, 218, 220 • 119, 120, 121 oweni (Pithecus) 132 190, 193 .... paenulatus (Callicebus) pagensis (Pithecus) palatinus (Cercopithecus) pallescens (Callicebus) pallescens (Callithrix) palliata (Alouatta) palliata (Otogale) li, Ixxiv, Ixxxvi 238, 239, 245.. Ivii, Ixx, xciii.. li, Ixxxvi, 237. 238, 239, 251.. 237 lii, Ixxiii Ixxxvii, 261... 262, 263, 265.. 272, 273, 271.. xxxiii, 48 .... 184, 187, 188 200 284, 287, 288 381 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III INDEX OF LATIN NAMES -VOLS. I, II, III CXXI Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. palliatus (Colobus) Ivi, Ixxii, ciii.. 118, 119 120 122, 130, 141 142, 143 .... palliatus (Mycetes) 261, 262, 271.. pallida (Galago) 79 pallida (Lasiopyga g.) Ixi, Ixx, xcvii. 293, 296, 34Q 356, 358 .... pallidicauda (Lepilemur!) 122 pallidus (Cebus) 73, 74, 108... pallidus (Cebus a.) lv, Ixxv, xci. .. 77, 78, 106... 107, 108 109 pallidus (Cercopithecus g.) .... 356 pallidus (Eusticus) 79 pallidus (Galago) 48, 79 pallidus (Galago e.) xlvi, xlviii .... Ixxviii, 48, 79. pallidus (Otolicnus) 79 pallipes (Semnopithecus) 23, 96 palmarum (Myscebus) xxx, 99 palpebrosus (Cynomolgos) 181, 249 .... palpebrosus (Inuus) 181, 248 .... palpebrosus (Macacus) 180, 182, 249 250 palpebrosus (Pithecus) 181, 248, 249 C2 Pan xiii, xvi, xx... 206, 227, 230 xxvii, xxxiii.. xliii pan (Ateles!) liv 26, 27, 41, 42 pan (Ateleus) liv, Ixxiii 26, 41 Ixxxix Pan aubryi Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv 230. 233. 234 249, 253 .... Pan calvus Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv 270. 271. 272 233, 234, 237 253 Pan chimpanse Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv 270 271. 277 234, 244, 245 Pan fuliginosus Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv 230, 232, 233 234, 240 .... Pan fuscus Ixvi, Ixxiii, cv. 271. 277. 274 251 Pan kooloo-kamba Ixvi, Ixxiii, cv. 270. 277. 274. 235, 242 .... Pan leucoprymnus Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv 230, 231, 233 234, 244 .... Pan satyrus Ixvii, Ixxii, cv. 230, 231, 232 233, 234, 237 241 CXXII INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Pan schweinfurthi Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv 230, 231, 232 234, 245, 246 248 Pan s. marungensis Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv 230 234 2a6 248 Pan tschego 230 . . . Pan vellerosus Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv 230, 231, 232 233, 234, 250 Pan ? ex Basho, N. W. Cameroon 2C2 Pan ? ex Dunne, S. Cameroon 2<?2 Pan ? ex Lomie, Came- roon 2^3 panganiensis (Galago) xlvi, Ixxvii ... Paniscus XXXV paniscus (Ateles!) 290 22, 23, 24, 25 26, 27, 28 ... paniscus (Ateleus) liv, Ixxiii, Ixxiv 22. 23. 24. 23 Ixxxix 26, 27, 28, 30 paniscus (Cebus) 28 ......... paniscus (Sapajou) 28 paniscus (Simia) xxxii, xxxiii,.. 21, 28 liv Papio xvi, xix, xxiv.. 115, 117, Il8 xxxii, xliii, Iv.. 120, 121, 123 ♦ Ixix, xci 137, 139, l60 176, 177, 178 283, 284, 285 288 . Papio albibarbatus II9 Papio anubis 117, Il8, 119 121, 122, 123 132 Papio a. neumanni 122, 123 .... Papio apeda Il8. 177 .... Papio arabicus 147 Papio babuin 120, 122, I38 Papio brockmani Ivi, Ixix, xcii.. 122. 123. 147 Papio brunescens i6t, 167 .... Papio comatus 119, 134 .... Papio cynocephalus xxxii, Ivi, Ixix. 117, 118, 119 xci 120, 121, 122 123. 124. 120 130, 137, 139 140 papio (Cynocephalus) 119, 130 .... Papio c. cynomolgos 144 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III CXXIII Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Papio doguera Iv, Ixix, xci.... 117, 118, 121 122, 123, 124 125, 126, 128 129, 138 .... 123, 124, 128 120, 121, 155 117, 118, 119 120, 121, 122 123, 124, 125 129, 138, 139 143, 144, 147 157, 177, 178 122, 124, 125 147 Papio furax Papio gelada Papio hamadryas Ivi, Ixix, xci... xxiv, Ivi, Ixix. xcii Papio h. arabicus Ivi, Ixix, xcii.. Papio hecki Papio (Inuus) hecki . Papio heuglini 161, 163 .... 162 Ivi, Ixix, xci... 122, 123, 124 125, 129 .... l6l, 163 .... 162 Papio hypomelas Papio (Inuus) hypomelas Papio ibeanus 1 Ivi, Ixix, xci... 122, 124, 133 l6l Papio langheldi Papio leucophaea Papio leucophaeus 139, 140 .... IC-2 Ivi, Ixix, xcii.. 119, 120, 121 122, 124, 125 152, 153, 154 122, I38 .... 118, 119, 120 122, 150 .... 101 Papio lydekkeri Papio maimon Papio melanotus! 121 118, 119, 120 150 IC-2 Papio mundamensis Papio nemestrinus Papio neumanni Papio niger Papio (Inuus) niger Papio nigeriae Papio nigrescens Papio obscurus Papio olivaceus Papio papio 118, 177, 205 123, 124, 140 l62 Ivi, Ixix, xcii.. l62 Iv, Ixix, xci... 123, 125 .... l6l, 162, 163 121 121 Iv, Ivi, Ixix, xci 118, 119, 120 121, 122, 124 130, 131, 132 139 CXXIV INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. papio (Papio) 118, 119, 120 121, 122, 124 130. 131. 132 139 Papio pileatus I77 Papio planirostris Ivi, Ixix, xcii.. I24, 125, 151 Papio porcarius Ivi, Ixix, xci... 117, Il8, 119 120, 121, 122 124, 126, 133 134, 138 .... Papio pruinosus Ivi, Ixix, xcii.. 117, 122, 123 124, 142 .... Papio rhesus 213 Papio rubescens 121, 122, 131 Papio senex 121 Papio silenus 119, 178, 218 Papio sphinx Iv, Ivi, Ixix,... 117, 118, 119 xcii 121, 122, 124 125, I30, 139 149, 150, 152 215 Papio strepitus Ivi, Ixix, xcii.. 117, 123, 124 141 Papio tessellatum Iv, Ixix, xci... 123, 124, 127 Papio thoth 121, 123, I40 143 Papio t. ibeanus 122. 123. 133 Papio (Inuus) tonkeanus I70 Papio tonsus l6l Papio (Inuus) tonsus l6l, 170, 171 Papio yokoensis Ivi, Ixix, xci... 122, 124, 128 paraguayensis (Cebus) 69, 72 paraguayensis Cebus (Calyptro- cebus) 79 patas (Cercopithecus) 285, 286, 287 A 6 patas (Erythrocebus) Ixii, Ixxi, xcviii 28l, 284, 287 4, u 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 13 16, 18 patas (Lasiopvga) 292 patas (Simia) xxxix, Ixii.... j 6 Pavianus xxviii, xxxii... 115 peli (Otogale) 48 peli (Otolicnus) 82 pelops (Inuus) l8l, 210, 211 pelops (Inuus r.) 210 pelops (Macacus) l8l, 182, 209 pelops (Macacus p.) 180, 209 .... pentadactylus (Cebus) 23 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. penicillata (Callithrix) penicillata (Simia) penicillatus (Hapale) penicillatus (Jacchus) pennanti (Colobus) pentadactylus (Ateles!) pentadactylus (Ateleus) pentadactylus (Cebus) pentadactylus (Sapajou) percura (Presbytis) percura (Pygathrix) Perodicticus Perodicticus batesi Perodicticus bosmani Perodicticus calabarensis Perodicticus edwardsi Perodicticus faustus Perodicticus geoffroyi Perodicticus ibeanus Perodicticus ju-ju Perodicticus potto Perodicticus p. edwardsi personata (Callithrix) personatus (Callicebus) personatus (Cebus) personatus (Saguinus) personatus (Simia) peruanus (Cebus f.) Petaurista li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv. 218, 226, 227.. 217 181, 226 217, 218 226.. Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. Ixiii, Ixxi, xcix xvi, xvii, xxii. xxix xli, xlv.. Ixviii, Ixxvii, 6 35, 38, 43 .... 3, 8, 42, 43 .... 38, 39 xxi, xlv, 35, 36 xlv, Ixxvii, 38. 39, 42, 43, 167.. 170 xlv, Ixxvii, 38. 39, 42 xxix, 38, 39... xlv, xlviii Ixxvii, 36, 39.. 41 xlv, Ixxvii, 38. 39, 41 xlv, Ixxvii, 38,. 39, 46, 132, 138. 42 xxxix, Ixxiv... 234, 235, 236.. 237, 254, 255.. Ixxiv, Ixxxvi.. 238, 239, 254.. 255 235, 256 236, 256 234, 256 lv, Ixxv, xci... xl 22, 23, 24, 25 28, 29 22, 23, 24, 25 29 23 28 76, 77, 78,104 117, 119, 120 121, 129, 136 27, 44 27, 29, 30, 44 CXXV CXXVI INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. petaurista (Cercopithecus) xxxix 282, 283, 284 285, 286, 300 petaurista (Lasiopyga) lix, xcvi 279, 280, 281 286, 287, 288 280. 202, 203 208. 2QQ. 301 petaurista (Simia) 280, 299, 300 petronellae (Cercopithecus) .... 294, 358 .... petronellae Lasiopyga) Ixi, Ixx, xcvii.. 294, 296, 349 358 phaeura (Macaca) 245 phaeura (Pithecus) lviii, Ixx, xciv. 184, 190, 243 phaeurus (Pithecus) 184, 186, 243 244 Phaner xxxi, 90, 98.. . 100, IOI Phaner furcifer 108 phayrei (Pygathrix) Ixiii, Ixxi, xcix. 21 28. IO 40 phayrei (Semnopithecus) 2?. 2^. 4Q .. . philippinensis (Cynomolgos) ... 181, 249 .... philippinensis (Macacus) 180, 181, 182 185, 187, 190 248, 249, 230 philippinensis (Pithecus) lviii, Ixx, xcv.. 180, 181, 182 52 185, 187, 190 248. 240. 230 251 philippinensis (Tarsius) xliv, Ixxxv, 8. 9, 10, 12, 13, 33 picturata (Lasiopyga) 289 picturatus (Cercopithecus) 286, 287, 288 303 pileata (Hapale) 184, 197 pileata (Presbvtis) 04 pileata (Pygathrix) Ixiv, Ixxi, ci... 22. 23. 28. 32 67, 94 pileata (Simia) I79, 223 .... pileatus (Cercocebus) 223 pileatus (Cercopithecus) 178, 223 .... pileatus Cynomolgos (Zati) l8l, 183, 223 pileatus (Hylobates) Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii. 1^2. 1^4 155, 170 .... pileatus (Inuus) l8l, 223 .... pileatus (Leontocebus) 1, Ixxxiii, 182.. 186. 104. IQ7... pileatus (Macacus) 180, l8l, 183 184, 223 .... pileatus (Midas) 182, 183, 197.. Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. pileatus (Pithecus) Ivii, Ixix, xciv. 177, 178. 179 186, 189, 222 223, 224 .... . pileatus Pithecus (Macacus).... 223 pileatus (Semnopithecus) 22, 23, 24, 25 67, 94 pileatus (Seniocebus) 183 pileatus Simia (Cercopithecus) sinicus 177, 223 .... Piliocolobus xli, Ixv lie Piliocolobus bouvieri 128 Piliocolobus kirki 128 Piliocolobus tholloni 129 Pithecia xvi, xviii, xxiii xxxii, xlii, lii,. Ixxiv, Ixxxvii,. 285, 287 Pithecia alba 1, 287, 300, 303. Pithecia albicans lii, Ixxiv, Ixxxvii, 286,.. 287, 288, 292.. Pithecia albinasa lii, Ixxiv Ixxxvii, 286.. . 287, 288, 295.. Pithecia calva 287, 301 Pithecia capillimentosa lii, Ixxiii Ixxxvii, 287.. .. 288, 291 Pithecia chirnpotes xvi, lii, Ixxiii.. Ixxiv Ixxxvii.. 286 287 288 . 207. ^00 Pithecia chrysocephala lii, Ixxiv Ixxxvii 286 287, 288, 294.. 286 287 280 286 280 290 Pithecia irrorata 286 287 289 2Od. Pithecia leucocephala 286, 287, 293.. 294, 295 Pithecia melanocephala 287, 300, 305.. . 256 2, 10 288, 289, 290.. 291, 292, 294.. INDEX OF LATIN NAMES - VOLS. I, II, III CXXVII CXXVIII Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Pithecia monachus 286 Pithecia nocturna 287. 20-3. 20^ . . Pithecia ochrocephala 2Q4. 20 S Pithecia pithecia liii, Ixxxvii ... 285, 286, 287.. 288, 291, 293.. 204 Pithecia pogonias 286, 287, 293.. 204 Pithecia rubicunda 287, 304 Pithecia rufibarbata 204. 20 Pithecia rufiventer 286. 287. 201.. Pithecia sagulata 286, 298 Pithecia satanas lii, Ixxiii, Ixxiv Ixxv, Ixxxviii . 286, 287, 288. . 296, 298 Pithecia satanas var. niger 200 pithecia (Simia) xxvii, lii, 285.. 287, 293, 294.. pithecia (Simia) chiropotes 207 Pithecina xxiii xliii lii. 28>; Pithecus xiii xiv xvi.. IIO. 164. 171 xxv, xxxii xliii 176. 177. 178 1vii 1xix xciii. 180, l8l, 183 cv 185, 186, 187 Pithecus adustus Ivii, Ixix, xciii. 185, 186, 188 206, 207 .... Pithecus (Cercocebus) aethiops.. 260 Pithecus agnatus Iviii, Ixx, xciv. 185, 186, 190 243 Pithecus alacer Ivii, Ixx, xciv. 185, 187, 189 226 Pthecus albibarbatus xiv xxxiv IIO. 177. 178 xxxvii 1vii 179, 180, 181 Ixix, xciv 182, 183, 184 186, 188, 209 218, 220 .... Pithecus andamanensis Ivii, Ixix, xciii. 183, 184, 186 188 208 209 Pithecus arctoides 191 Pithecus (Macacus) arctoides... 191 Pithecus assamensis Ivii, Ixix, xciv. 180, 181, 182 186, 188. 209 211, 213 .... Pithecus baweanus 185 187 190 241 INDEX OF LATIN N A M ES-V 0 LS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Pithecus bintangensis Iviii, Ixx, xciv. 185, 187, 190 246, 247 248 Pithecus brachyurus 185 216 Pithecus brevicaudus lvii, lxix, xciv. 185, 187 188 216, 217 .... Pithecus brocus 185, 206 .... Pithecus brookei IQO. IQa .. Pithecus cagayanus Iviii, xcv 185, 187, 190 251 Pithecus capitalis Iviii, lxix, xciv 185, 186, 189 235 Pithecus carimatae Iviii Ixx, xciv. 185, 187, 190 235, 240 .... Pithecus cephalolopterus 181 Pithecus (Cercocebus) collaris. 260 Pithecus cupidus Iviii, Ixx, xciv. 185, 187, 190 241, 242 .... Pithecus curtus 190, 193 .. Pithecus cyclopsis lvii, lxix, xciii. 188, 202, 218 Pithecus cynocephalus xiii Pithecus cynomolgos 178 .... Pithecus dollmani Iviii, Ivv, xcv.. 185, 187, 190 248 Pithecus (Macacus) erythraeus. 214 . . . Pithecus fascicularis Iviii, lxix, xciv 178, l86 189 227, 228, 232 233, 234, 235 236, 237 .... Pithecus (Cercocebus) fuligino- sus 262 Pithecus fuscatus lvii, lxix, xciv. 120, l8l, l82 183, l88, 195 Pithecus fuscus Iviii, Ixx, xciv. 186 180 228 229 Pithecus gesilla 213 Pithecus harmandi lvii, lxix, xciii. 184 187 188 193 Pithecus impudens Iviii, Ixx, xciv. 185, 187, 190 246 Pithecus insulanus lvii, lxix, xciii. 185 t86 t88 207 174, 180, 181 Pithecus irus 178, 179, 180 181, 182, 183 184, 186, 189 229, 232, 233 234, 244 .... Pithecus johni 181 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES- VOLS. I, II, III CXXIX INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III CXXX Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Pithecus karimoni Iviii, Ixx, xciv. 185, 187, 189 227, 236 .... Pithecus laetus Iviii, Ixx, xciv. 185, 187, 189 235, 236 .... Pithecus lapsus Iviii, Ixx, xciv. 185, 187, 190 244 Pithecus lar ICO t6t t68 Pithecus lasiotis Ivii, Ixix, xciii. 182, 187, 188 198, 202 .... Pithecus lautensis Iviii, Ixx, xciv. 185, 187, 189 238 Pithecus leoninus 181, 182 ... Pithecus leuciscus 150 166 Pithecus lingae Iviii, Ixx, xciv. 185, 187, 245 Pithecus lingungensis Iviii, Ixx, xciv. 185, 187, 189 237, 238, 239 Pithecus littoralis Ivii, Ixix, xciii. 185, 187, 188 201 Pithecus mandibularis Iviii, Ixx, xciv. 185, 187, 189 234, 240 .... Pithecus mindanensis Iviii, Ixx, xciv. 185, 252 .... Pithecus mordax Iviii, Ixx, xciv. 185, 187, 189 223, 232, 240 242 Pithecus morio 187, 189, 190 193 Pithecus nemestrinus xvi, Ivii, Ixix.. 175, 185, l86 109 xciii l88, 200, 205 206, 207, 217 Pithecus (Macacus) nemestrinus 205 Pithecus obongensis 191, 195, 204 Pithecus oweni IQO. 101 .... Pithecus pagensis Ivii, Ixx, xciii. 184, 187, l88 200 Pithecus palpebrosus 52 Pithecus phaeura 184, 190, 243 Pithecus phaeurus Iviii, Ixx, xciv. 184, 190, 243 244 Pithecus philippinensis Iviii, Ixx, xcv.. l80, l8l, 182 52 185, 187, 190 248, 249, 250 251 Pithecus p. apoensis Iviii, xcv 185, 187, 190 250 Pithecus pileatus Ivii, Ixix, xciii. 177, 178, 179 l86, 189, 222 223, 224 .... Pithecus priamus l8l INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Pithecus pumillus Iviii, xcv 187, 190, 252 Pithecus radiatus 221 Pithecus resimus Ivii, Ixix, xciv. 185, 187, 189 224, 240 .... Pithecus rhesus xxxvi, Ivii, Ixx. 178, 179, 180 xciv 181, 183, 186 188, 201, 203 213, 215, 216 217, 221 .... Pithecus rufescens Ivii, Ixix, xciii. 182, 186, 188 193, 211 .... Pithecus sancti-johannis Ivii, Ixix, xciii. 181, 187, 188 198 Pithecus satyrus 182, 190, 193 Pithecus s. batangtuensis Pithecus s. dadappensis Pithecus s. deliensis 187, 191, 195 203, 204 .... Pithecus s. genepaiensis 186, 190, 193 Pithecus s. landakensis 186, 187, 190 193 Pithecus s. obongensis • • •. 191, 195, 204 Pithecus s. rantaiensis . . 186, 193, 199 Pithecus s. skalauensis 186, 190, 193 198 Pithecus s. tuakensis 186, 190, 193 Pithecus s. wallacei 187 Pithecus silenus 180 . 1O/ Pithecus (Macacus) silenus 219 Pithecus simensis xcv pithecus (Simia) 293 Pithecus sinicus Ivii, Ixix, xciv. 177, 178, 179 181, 186, 189 221, 223 .... Pithecus sirhassenensis Iviii, Ixx, xciv. 185, 187, 189 238, 239 .... Pithecus speciosus Ivii, Ixix, xciii. 170, l8o, l8l 182, 183, 184 186, 188, I90 194, 195 .... Pithecus (Macacus,) speciosus. . 195 Pithecus sphinx xiii Pithecus suluensis xcv 185, 187, 190 252 Pithecus sumatranus IQT Pithecus sumatranus deliensis... l87 IQI IOC 203, 204 .... Pithecus syndactylus xxxv, Ixvi .... 176, 177 .... CXXXI CXXXII INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Pithecus talapoin 2 Pithecus tcheliensis 201 Pithecus thibetanum Ivii, Ixix, xciii. 187, 188, 196 197 • Pithecus thibetanus 182 Pithecus umbrosus Iviii, Ixx, xciv. 186, 189, 229 Pithecus validus Ivii, Ixix, xciv. 185, 186, 189 225 Pithecus variegatus 150, 161 . Pithecus varius 150, 161 .... Pithecus vestitus Iviii, Ixix, xciii. 184, 187, 188 196, 197 .... Pithecus villosus Ivii, Ixix, xciii. 184 187 188 200 Pithecus vitiis Iviii, Ixix, xciv. 185, 189, 239 Pithecus wallacei 193 Pithelemur xxx, 175 Pithelemur indris 176 Pithes XXXV 172 Pithesciurus xxxvi, 307, 308 Pithesciurus cassiquiarensis .... 308 Pithesciurus entomophagus 308 Pithesciurus saimiri xxxvi, 308, 310 Pithesciurus sciureus 308 Pithex 176 planirostris (Papio) Ivi, Ixix, xcii.. 124, 125, 151 pluto (Cercopithecus) 282, 284, 285 308, 313 •••• pluto (Lasiopyga) lix, xcvi 282, 287, 291 296, 307, 308 poensis( Galago d.) 84 309 poensis (Hemigalago) xlvi, Ixviii Ixxviii, 84 pogonias (Cercopithecus^ 281, 284, 285 286, 354, 355 356 pogonias (Lasiopyga) Ixi, Ixx, xcvii.. 281, 287, 289 292, 296, 349 354 pogonias (Pithecia) 286, 287, 293.. 294 pogonias (Yarkea) 293 Pngnnncpbiis 275, 291, 296 376 pnlinphfpijs (CVrcopithecus) ... . 285 II poliophaeus (Erythrocebus) .... Ixii, Ixxi, xcix. 5, 6, 11, 15.. poliurus (Colobus) Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. 119, 120, 122 145 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III CXXXIII Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. poliurus (Colobus a.) polycomus (Colobus) polycomus (Semnopithecus c.).. polycomus (Simia) Pongidae Pongiidae 119, 145 .... 117, 118, 120 122, 140 .... 140 115, 116, 140 Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. 23 Ixx xiii, xiv, xvii.. xviii, xx, xxiv. Pongo xiii, xiv, xv, xvi 181, 182, 189 206, 227 .... 208 xx, xxvii, xxxii Pongo abellii Pongo borneo Pongo landakensis Pongo 1. batangtuensis Pongo 1. dadappensis Pongo 1. genepaiensis Pongo 1. skalauensis Pongo pygmaeus Ixvi, Ixxii, xiv. Ixvi 205 205 205 205 205 186, 188, 189 190, 191, 192 194, 205, 231 192, 195 .... 192, 194 .... 192, 195 .... 192, 194, 198 192, 193, 194 192, 194, 205 231 192, 194 .... 188, 189 .... Ixxii, civ Pongo p. abelii Pongo p. agrias Pongo p. bicolor Pongo p. dadappensis Pongo p. genepaiensis Pongo p. pygmaeus Pongo p. wurmbi Pongo wurmbi Pongonidae poppigii (Lagothrix) porcaria (Hamadryas) porcaria (Cheiropithecus) porcarius (Cynocephalus) xxxiii 55, 62 134 134 xxxvi 119, 120, 121 122, 126, 134 117, 118, 119 120, 121, 122 porcarius (Papio) Ivi, lxix„ xci.. 124, 126, 133 134, 138 .... 118, 119, 133 porcarius (Simia) potenziani (Pygathrix) potenziani (Semnopithecus) ... Potto bosmani potto (Nycticebus) Ixiii, Ixix, xci.. 23, 26, 29, 31 67, 68 23, 67, 68 ... xxx, 38, 39.... xxix, xiv, 38.. 39 xiv, Ixxvii, 38. 39, 46, 132, 138 potto (Perodicticus) CXXXIV INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. potto (Stenops) 39 prego (Macaco) no prehensilis (Lemur) 102 Presbypithecus xxxix 68, 107 Presbytis xxxiv 19, 22, 27.... Presbytis albigena 256, 266 .... Presbytis albinus 23. 70. 71.... Presbytis aygula 6l Presbytis barbei 22, 23 26 48 Presbytis batuana 26. 44 Presbytis cana 4*4* •••••• 2? c8 Presbytis carimatae 26, 38 Presbytis catimana 27, 60 Presbytis cephalolopterus 220 70 Presbytis c. monticola 21. 71. 72. .. Presbytis chrysogaster 67 Presbytis crepuscula 27, 84 Presbytis c. wroughtoni 27. 28. 12. 85 Presbytis cristata 24, 48, 59. 8l Presbytis cristata pullata 27, 29, 80 .. . Presbytis dilecta 27, 56 Presbytis entellus 86, 92 Presbytis femoralis I4C Presbytis f. cruciger 41 Presbytis flavicauda 27 Presbytis flavimana Presbytis fuscomurina 00 ••••••••• 26, 62 Presbytis hypoleuca 96 Presbytis ignita 27, 36, 37 ... Presbytis johni 71. 06 Presbytis jubata 71 Presbytis lania 27. 01 Presbytis margarita 27, 8l . . . . Presbvtis maura 76 Presbytis maurus 76 Presbytis melalopha! -11 Presbytis melamera 27. 47 Presbytis mitrata xxxvi . ^z , *rZ 21, 60 Presbytis mitrula 60 Presbytis monticola 72 Presbytis neglecta keatii 27. 46. 47 .. Presbytis nemaeus QQ . Presbytis nobilis yy 22 Presbytis nubigena 27, 55 Presbytis nudifrons 27, 40 Presbytis obscura 52 Presbytis o. carbo 27 Presbytis percura 27, 44 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES - VOLS. I, II, III CXXXV Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Presbytis pileata Presbytis priamus 06 Presbytis pyrrha 76 Presbytis pyrrhus 76 Presbytis rhionis Zv rR Presbytis robinsoni 97 CT Presbytis sanctorem ^Z> 51 27 CC Presbytis schistaceus 05 Presbytis thersites yo 2? 07 Presbytis ultima ^0, yz 27 8t Presbytis ursinus 23, 73, 74 • • • preussi (Cercopithecus) 289, 370 .... preussi (Colobus) Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. T T () T 20 12 T 127 preussi (Lasiopyga) Ixi, Ixx, xcviii. 289, 290, 291 295, 298, 359 369, 370, 371 priam (Pygathrix) 181 23 priam (Semnopithecus) ^0 22 06 priamus (Pygathrix) Ixiv, Ixxi, ci... ^09 22 2A 28 22 96, 98 priamus (Semnopithecus) 24 2C 07 priamus (Vetulus) ^^9 >Z • • • q6 princeps (Cercopithecus) 315 princeps (Lasiopyga) 201. 294. 207 315, 316 .... problematicus (Macacus) 212, 213 .... Procebus xxviii, 130 Procolobus xxxix, Ixv ttc Procolobus verus A 123 Prolemur xxxi, 90, 128.. ........ Prolemur simus 128 Propithecus xxii, xxix, xli. xlix, Ixviii.... Ixxxii, 160, 166 Propithecus bicolor . 170 Propithecus candidus 172 Propithecus coquereli lxix, Ixxxii.... 167, 173 Propithecus coronatus 174 Propithecus damonis 167, 173 Propithecus diadema xxix, xlix Ixxxii, 167, 168 Propithecus d. edwardsi xlix, Ixxxii, 48. 167, 168, 170.. Propithecus d. holomelas 167, 176 Propithecus d. sericeus xlix, Ixxxii... . 167, 168, 171.. CXXXVI INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Propithecus holomelas Propithecus majori Propithecus sericeus Propithecus verrauxi Propithecus v. coquereli Propithecus v. coronatus Propithecus v. deckeni Prositnia Prosimia albimana Prositnia albifrons prosimia anjuanensis Prosimia brissonii Prosimia bugi Prosimia catta Prosimia cauda-annulis cincta... Prosimia collaris Prosimia coronata Prosimia erythromela Prosimia frederici Prosimia fusca 167, 170 167, 172 171 xlix, Ixxxii.... 167, 168, 171.. 172, 174 xlix, Ixxxii.... 167, 168, 173.. xliv, Ixxxii.... 167, 168, 171.. 174 xlix, Ixxxii.... 166, 167, 168.. 172 xxviii, 98, 130. 132, 134, 135.. 137 134, 142 134, 154 145 134, 142 134, 142 134, 152 132 132, 147 149.. 140 134, 162 134, 154 132 1^4. 1^7 . Prosimia macromongoz Prosimia melanocephala Prosimia minima 134 147 98, 102 134, 141, 148.. 145 134, 145 134 153 134, 151 152 M7 Ivi, Ixix, xcii.. Prosimia nigrifrons Prosimia ocularis Prosimia rufa Prosimia ruffo Prosimia rufifrons Prosimia rufipes Prosimia xanthomystax pruinosus (Papio) pruinosus (Semnopithecus) .... Pseudanthropus Pseudanthropus calvus Pseudanthropus fuliginosus .... 117, 122, 123 124, 142 .... 21, 22, 24, 25 79 227 230, 234 .... 230, 240 .... xxxvii Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Pseudanthropus kooloo-kamba.. 230, 242 . . Pseudanthropus leucoprymnus... 230, 244 .... Pseudanthropus satyrus 210 Pseudanthropus tschego 210. 241 .... Pseudocebus xxxvii 64 Pseudogorilla xxxii, xl, xliii. 224 Ixviii, Ixxii, cv. Pseudogorilla mayema Ixvi, Ixxiii, cv. 22«; Psilodactylus xxix, 1 psilodactylus (Lemur) 2 Pterycolobus xxxix 115 Pterycolobus vellerosus 139 pucherani (Cebus) 79 pullata (Presbytis c.) 27, 29, 80 ... pullata (Pygathrix c.) Ixiv, Ixxi, c. .. 27, 29, 31, 80 pumilus (Macacus) 252 pumilus (Pithecus) Iviii, xcv 187, 190, 252 pupulus (Galago) 76 pusillus (Cercopithecus) 280, 339, 341 pusillus (Cheirogaleus 1) 90, 104 pusillus CChirogale') 90, 100 pusillus (Galago) Ixviii, Ixxviii.. 83 pusillus (Lasiopyga) ... . 341 pusillus (Lemur) xlvii, 98, 99.... 103 pusillus (Microcebus) 99, 101, 103... 105 pusillus (Otolicnus) 83 Pygathrix xiii, xvi, xix... 181, 285 .... 19, 21, 22, 24 xxv, xxxiii.. .. 25, 27, 98 . . xxxvii, xxxviii. xoo, 107 .... xl xliii, 1xii.. . Pygathrix albigena xxxviii Pygathrix albipes Ixiv, Ixxi, c.. . 01 Pygathrix aurata Ixiii, Ixxi, c... 21, 22, 24, 25 29, 31, 75, 78 100 Pygathrix aygula Ixiii, Ixxi, c... 20, 21, 22, 24 25, 29, 31, 56 60 Pygathrix barbei Ixiii, Ixxi, xcix 22, 23 24 26 28, 30, 48, 49 Pygathrix batuana Ixiii, Ixxi xcix 26. 20. 44 .. . Pygathrix cana Ixiii, Ixxi, c... 20. 11. 17. 18 Pygathrix carbo Ixiii, Ixxi, c... 29, 3L 54 ••• INDEX OF LATIN NAMES- VOLS. I, II, III CXXXVII CXXXVIII Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Pygathrix carimatae Ixii, Ixxi, xcix. 26, 29, 30, 37 Pygathrix catemana Ixii, Ixxi, c.. .. 38 27, 29, 30, 31 Pygathrix cephaloloptera Ixiii, Ixxi, c... 181 60 20, 21, 22, 23 24, 25, 28, 31 Pygathrix c. monticolor Pygathrix chrysomelas Ixiii, Ixxi, c... Ixiii, Ixxi, xcix 68, 72, 73, 74 23, 3i 22, 29, 30, 42 Pygathrix crepuscula Ixiv, Ixxi, c... 44 27, 28, 31, 84 Pygathrix c. wroughtoni Ixiv, Ixxi, c... 85, 86 27, 28, 32, 85 Pygathrix cristata Ixiii, Ixxi, c. .. 21, 22, 24, 25 26, 29, 31, 79 Pygathrix c. pullata Ixiv, Ixxi, c... 80, 81 27, 31, 29, 80 Pygathrix cruciger Ixii, Ixxi, xcix. 26, 29, 30, 41 Pygathrix dilecta Ixiii, Ixxi, c... 27, 29, 31, 56 Pygathrix entellus Ixiv, Ixxi, c... 20, 22, 23, 24 25, 27, 32, 86 95, 9<5, 97 ... Pygathrix everetti Ixiii, Ixxi, c... 100 26, 29, 31, 63 Pygathrix fascicularis Pygathrix femoralis Ixiii, Ixxi, xcix 64 22 21, 25, 27, 30 43, 45, 46, 47 Pygathrix flavicauda Pygathrix fran^oisi Pygathrix frontata Ixii, Ixxi, xcix. Ixiii, Ixxi, c... Ixii, Ixxi, xcix. 50 29, 30, 50 •.. 26, 29, 31, 68 27, 30, 38, 39 40, 41, 42 ... Pygathrix fuscomurina Ixii, Ixxi, c.... 26, 29, 31, 62 Pygathrix germaini Pygathrix holotophrea Ixiv, Ixxi, c... Ixiii, Ixxi, xcix 24, 28, 32, 82 26, 29, 30, 49 Pygathrix hosei Ixiii, Ixxi, c... 25, 29, 31, 62 Pygathrix hypoleuca Ixiv, Ixxi, c... 63, 64 23, 24, 25, 28 Pygathrix ignita pygathrix johni 32, 95, 96 ... Ixiv, Ixxi, c... 37 22, 23, 24, 28 31, 72, 74 ••• Pygathrix lania Ixiv, Ixxi, ci... 27, 32, 93, 94 Pygathrix margarita Ixiv, Ixxi, c... 27, 29, 31, 81 Pygathrix melamera Ixiii, Ixxi, xcix. 27, 28, 30, 47 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOL S. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Pygathrix melanolopha Ixii, Ixxi, xcix. 21, 22, 23, 24 25, 29, 30, 32 34, 35 Pygathrix natunae Ixiii, Ixxi, c... 26, 29, 31, 57 Pygathrix 58, 101 nemaeus xl, Ixiv, Ixxi, ci 20, 24, 25, 29 32, 98, 99... 100, 101 .... Pygathrix nestor 181 112, 113 .... Pygathrix nignpes Ixiv, Ixxi, ci... 24, 29, 32... 100, 113 .... Pygathrix nobilis Ixii, Ixxi, xcix. 23, 29, 30, 34 Pygathrix nubigena 35 Ixiii, Ixxi, c... 27, 29, 31, 55 Pygathrix nudifrons Ixii, Ixxi, xcix. 27, 29, 30, 40 Pygathrix obscura Ixiii, Ixxi, xcix. 22, 24, 28, 30 47, 52, 54, 55 Pygathrix o. carbo 56, 58 27, 54 Pygathrix percura Ixiii, Ixxi, xcix. 27, 29, 30, 44 Pygathrix phayrei Ixiii, Ixxi, xcix. 23, 28, 30, 49 Pygathrix pileata Ixiv, Ixxi, ci. .. 22, 23, 28, 32 67, 94 Pygathrix potenziani Ixiii, Ixxi, c. .. 23, 26, 29, 31 181 67, 68 Pygathrix pnam Pygathrix priamus Ixiv, Ixxi, ci... 23, 24, 28, 32 96, 98 Pygathrix rhionis Ixiii, Ixxi, c... 29, 3i, 57, 58 Pygathrix robinsoni Ixiii, Ixxi, xcix 27, 29, 30, 51 Pygathrix rubicunda Ixii, Ixxi, xciv. 22, 25, 27, 29 30, 35, 37, 38 Pygathrix r. rubicunda 36 Pygathrix r. rubida 27, 36, 37 ••• Pygathrix sabana Ixiii, Ixxi, c... 23, 29, 31, 63 Pygathrix sanctorum Ixiii, Ixxi, c... 29, 3i, 55 •• Pygathrix schistace us Ixiv, Ixxi, ci... 22, 27, 32, 92 94 Pygathrix sen ex Ixiii, Ixxi, c.... 71 Pygathrix siamensis Ixiii, Ixxi, c.... 23, 24, 28, 31 59 Pygathrix sumatrana Ixiii, Ixxi, xcix. 22, 29, 30, 43 44 Pygathrix thersites 181 98 Pygathrix thomasi Ixiii, Ixxi, c... 26, 29, 31, 62 65 Pygathrix ultima Ixiv, Ixxi, c.... 29, 32, 81 ... INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III CXXXIX CXL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. IL Vol. III. Pygathrix ursina pygerythra (Lasiopyga) Ixiii, Ixxi, c.... lx, xcvii 181 280, 281, 282 283, 284, 285 287, 292, 295 325, 338, 34i 343, 344, 348 280 23, 28, 31, 72 74 pygerythra (Simia) pygerythrus (Cercopithecus) ... xxxviii 282, 284, 285 286, 338 .... 285, 339 .... pygerythrus (Chlorocebus) pygmaea (Callithrix) 1, Ixxiv, Ixxxv. 220, 221, 232.. 233 xxxviii, 233.... pygmaea (Cebuella) pygmaea (Hapale) pygmaea (Simia) pygmaeus (Jacchus) pygmaeus (Nycticebus) 218, 232 xlv, Ixviii Ixxxvi, 22, 24. 33 ........... xxxiii, Ixvi.... pygmaeus (Pongo) 186, 188, 189 190, 191, 192 194, 205, 231 192, 194, 205 231 181, 187, 188 189, 192, 244 245, 246 .... 76 pygmaeus (Pongo p.) pygmaeus (Simia) pyrrha (Presbytis) pyrrhonotus (Cercopithecus) ... 284, 285, 286 287, 290 .... 292 5, 9 pyrrhonotus (Erythrocebus) ... pyrrhus (Presbytis) pyrrhus (Semnopithecus) Rabienus radiatus (Cercocebus) radiatus (Cercopithecus) radiatus (Macacus) Ixii, Ixxi, xcviii 5, 6, 9, 10, 11 76 21, 22, 24, 25 75 xxix, 7 179 178, 221 .... 178, 221 .... 178, 179, 180 202, 221 radiatus (Pithecus) rafflesi (Hylobates) rantaiensis (Pithecus s.) rantaiensis (Simia s.) raripilosa (Simia) 221 151, 152, 153 169 186, 193, 199 194, 199 .... 241 INDEX OF LATIN N AM ES-V 0 LS. I, II, III CXLI Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. raripilosus (Simia p.) recurvus (Natalis) regalis Simia (Cercopithecus) .. remulus (Callicebus) 232, 240 .... 112 140 li, Ixxxvi, 238. 239, 249 resima (Macaca) resimus (Pithecus) 185, 224 .... 185, 187, 189 224, 240 .... 182, 183, 210 176 Ivii, xciv rheso-similis (Macacus) rhesus (Cynocephalus) rhesus (Inuus) rhesus (Macacus) 178 178, 180, 213 178, 180, 181 182, 183, 184 198, 213 .... 213 xxxvi rhesus (Papio) rhesus (Pithecus) xxxvi, Ivii, Ixx. xciv 178, 179, 180 181, 183, 186 188, 201, 203 213, 215, 216 217, 221 .... 179, 213 .... 184, 210, 213 rhesus (Simia) rhesus-villosus (Macacus) xxxvi Rhinopithecus xiii, xiv, xx... 25, 102, 106. 109 xliii, Ixv, lxxi. ci Rhinopithecus avunculus Rhinopithecus bieti Rhinopithecus brelichi Rhinopithecus roxellanae Ixiv, Ixxii, ci.. Ixiv, Ixxii, ci.. Ixiv, Ixxii, ci.. xxvi, Ixiv, Ixxii ci xxxix, lix 102, 106, 107 102, 103, 104 106, 107, 109 102, 105 .... 102, 104, 106 107, 109 ... Rhinostictus 292, 295 .... 296 Rhinostigma xix, xxv, xl... xliii, lix, xcv.. rhionis (Presbytis) rhionis (Pygathrix) Rhynchopithecus Rhynchopithecus nasalis roberti (Aotus) 58 Ixiii, c xxxvii 29, 3i, 57, 58 in 112 liii, Ixxiv Ixxxix 3, 4, 5, 10... robinsoni (Presbytis) robinsoni (Pygathrix) robustus (Cebus) 27,51 27, 29, 30, 51 Ixiii, lxxi, xcix. 68, 69, 70, 71 72, 73, 74, 95 104 CXLII Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. robustus Cebus (Eucebus) Rodentia 112 06 roloway (Cercopithecus) roloway (Lasiopyga) 282, 284, 381 279, 280, 282 284, 287, 288 295, 376, 381 230, 381 .... Ixi, Ixx, xcviii. roloway (Simia) rosalia (Callithrix) rosalia (Hapale) rosalia (Jacchus) rosalia (Leontocebus) 180, 209 184, 210 181 1, Ixiv, Ixxxiv.. 180, 181, 182.. 183, 185, 195. • 209, 210, 211.. 184, 210 180, 181, 182.. 183 rosalia (Leontopithecus) rosalia (Midas) rosalia (Simia) rothschildi (Cercocebus a.) .... routledgi (Semnopithecus) xxxvii, 180, 209 258, 270 .... 26, 79, 90 ... 102, 104, 106 107, 109 .... 25, 102 roxellanae (Rhinopithecus) xxvi, Ixiv, Ixxii ci roxellanae (Semnopithecus) .... xxxix rubella (Lasiopyga) lx, xcvii 293, 295, 326 342, 343, 344 284, 285 .... rubellus (Cercopithecus) ruber (Cercopithecus) 5, 7, 9 7 ruber (Chlorocebus) ruber (Lemur) 133, 134, I35-. 136, 137, 162.. xlviii, Ixxxi... ruber (Lemur v.) 133, 134, 135.. 136, 137, 139.. 141, 162 ruber (Simia) ruber (Varecia) rubescens (Papio) rubicunda (Alouatta s.) 4, 7 162 121, 122, 131 262, 264, 278.. 279 304 287, 304 Ixii, Ixxi, xcix. rubicunda (Ouakaria) rubicunda (Pithecia) rubicunda (Pygathrix) 22, 25, 27, 29 30, 35, 37, 38 rubicundus (Brachyurus) rubicundus (Cacajao) 300, 304, 305.. liii, Ixxxviii.... 301, 304 rubicundus (Semnopithecus) ... 22, 24, 25, 35 36, 50 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III CXLIII Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. rubida (Pygathrix r.) rubra (Lasiopyga) rubriventer (Lemur) rubriventer (Midas) rufa (Prosimia) rufa (Simia) rufescens (Macacus) rufescens (Pithecus) rufibarbata (Pithecia) ruficaudatus (Lepidolemur) .... rufifrons (Lemur m.) rufifrons (Prosimia) rufilata (Lasiopyga a.) rufilatus (Cercopithecus a.) rufimanus (Cercopithecus) rufimanus (Midas) rufimanus (Mycetes) rufipes (Aotus) rufipes (Lemur) rufipes (Nyctipithecus) rufipes (Prosimia) rufitincta (Lasiopyga) rufitinctus (Cercopithecus) rufiventer (Leontocebus) rufiventer (Midas) rufiventer (Pithecia) rufiventer (Simia) rufiventer (Yarkea) rufiventris (Ateles!) rufiventris (Ateleus) rufo-fuliginosus (Colobus) rufomitratus (Colobus) xlviii, Ixxxi... 134, 135, 136.. 139, 140, 151-. 184 134 Ivii, Ixix, xciii. 294, 295 xlviii, Ixxxi... 132, 134, I35-. 136, 139, I4I-- 150, 151 I5i 134, 151 ...... Ixi, Ixx, xcviii. xlix, Ixxiii.... Ixxxiii, 180,181 185, 190, 191.. 180, 181, 183.. 191 260, 261, 270.. 271 152 152 152 183 182, 183, 184.. 195, 196, 197 •• 286, 287, 293.. 286, 293 293 Ixxix liv, Ixxiv Ixxxiv xxxix, Ixv.... Ixxii, cii 281 182, 183, 193 182, 186, 188 193, 211 .... 291, 293, 295 359, 368 .... 368 3, 4, 5, 9, 20. 3, 9, M 291, 295, 360 374, 375 .... 374 25, 26, 27, 36 25, 26, 27, 36 27, 36, 37 • • • 4, 8 * • • • 117, 119, 133 134 118, 120, 121 123, 124, 125 CXLIV INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. rufomitratus (Tropicolobus) ... rufoniger (Cercopithecus) rufoniger (Chlorocebus) rufoniger (Colobus) rufoniger (Midas) rufoniger (Seniocebus) rufoviridis (Cercopithecus) .... rufoviridis (Cercopithecus p.) .. rufoviridis (Chlorocebus) rufoviridis (Lasiopyga) rufus (Chirogale) rufus (Gliscebus) rufus (Lemur) rufus (Lemur c.) rufus (Lemur m. var.) rufus (Microcebus) rufus (Microcebus m.) rufus (Mioxicebus) rufus (Satyrus) riippelli (Colobus) riippelli (Gelada) riippelli (Guereza) ruwenzori (Colobus) sabaea (Cercopithecus) sabaea (Lasiopyga) sabaea (Simia) sabaeus (Cercopithecus) sabaeus (Chlorocebus) sabana (Pygathrix) sabanus (Semnopithecus) 286 123 286 Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. 182, 183, 184.. 199, 200 183 lx, xcvii 90, 100 99, 103 133, 134, 135- • 138, 139, 140.. 153 xlviii, Ixxxi... 138, 139, 141-- 153 153 82, 102, 103... 104 82, 102, 103... xxxiii 282, 284, 286 341 285, 342 .... 285, 342 .... 282, 283, 284 285, 287, 288 292, 295, 325 341, 343, 344 345 117, 119, 120 121, 136, 137 156 118 Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. 282, 283, 285 333 279, 280, 281 283, 289, 292 335 279, 280, 333 282, 283, 284 285, 286, 292 333, 336 .... 285 118 1x9, 120, 122 138 Ixiii, Ixxi, c... 26, 29, 31, 63 26, 68 Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Sagoinus Sagoinus infulatus Sagoinus melanochir Sagouin Saguinus Saguinus amictus Saguinus cinerascens Saguinus cupreus Saguinus donacophilus Saguinus infulatus Saguinus melanochir Saguinus moloch Saguinus nigrifrons Saguinus personatus Saguinus personatus var. A Saguinus sciureus Saguinus torquatus Saguinus vidua sagulata (Chiropotes) sagulata (Pithecia) sagulata (Simia) Saimiri Saimiri boliviensis Saimiri b. nigriceps Saimiri cassiquiarensis Saimiri entomophaga Saimiri lunulatus Saimiri macrodon Saimiri madeirae Saimiri ochroleucus xxxii, 216 .... 236 236 xxxii, 216 .... 234, 235 236 236 236 236 236 236 236, 252 236 236, 256 236 310 236 236, 240 287, 298 286, 298 298 xiii, xv, xvi... xvii, xxii, xxiv xxxv, xliii, liii. Ixxxviii, 234... 300, 307, 308.. liii, Ixxv Ixxxviii, 308... 309, 3io, 315•• liii, Ixxiv Ixxxvii, 309.... 310, 316 liii, Ixxiv Ixxxviii, 308... 309, 3io, 311.. 312 308, 309, 315.. 308, 309, 311.. 312 liii, Ixxiv Ixxxviii, 309... 310, 312 liii, Ixxiv Ixxxviii, 309... 3io, 313, 315.. 308 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III CXLV CXLVI Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Saimiri oerstedi liii, Ixxiii Ixxxviii, 309... 310, 316, 317.. Saimiri ce. citrinellus 309, 316, 317.. saimiri (Pithesciureus) xxxvi, 308, 310 Saimiri sciurea 314 Saimiri sciureus liii, Ixxiii Ixxiv, Ixxxviii. 234, 235, 308.. 309, 310, 312.. 313, 314, 315-• Saimiri ustus liii, Ixxv Ixxxviii, 243.. 308, 309, 310.. 314 Saimiris 307 Saimiris entomophaga 315, 316 Saimiris sciureus 310 Saimiris lunulatus 311 Sajus XXXV Sakinus xxxiii Salamacis 176 salaquiensis (CEdipomidas) .... 1, Ixxii, Ixxxiv 255 Appendix saltator (Tarsius) xliv, Ixxxvi, 8 9, 13 samango (Cercopithecus) 282, 284, 285 286, 287, 288 375 samati (Cheirogaleus!) 90, in, 112... 113 samati (Chirogale) 90, 100 samati (Lemur) 90, 91 samati (Microcebus) 101, 113 samati (Opolemur) 112 sancti-johannis (Macacus) 183, 198 .... sancti-johannis (Pithecus) Ivii, Ixix, xciii. 181, 187, 188 198 sanctorem (Presbytis) 27, 55 sanctorem (Pygathrix) Ixiii, Ixxi, c... 20 I C C sanghirensis (Tarsius) xliv, Ixxxviii.. 8, 9, 12, 13.... sannio (Cercopithecus) e IS sannio (Lasiopyga) 292 .... sannio (Erythrocebus) Ixii, Ixxi, xcix. 5, 6, 15 santaremensis (Callithrix) .... li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv 220, 224 santaremensis (Hapale) 224 Sapajou xxxiv 21 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Sapajou ater 30 Sapajou geoffroyi 44 Sapajou marginatus 47 Sapajou paniscus 28 Sapajou pentadactylus 28 Sapaju 21 Sapajus xxxii, 21, 64 sara (Alouatta) lii, Ixxv Ixxxvii, 263... 264, 265, 283.. satanas (Brachyurus) 296 satanas (Cebus) 286 satanas (Chiropotes) 287, 297 satanas (Colobus) xli, Ixv, Ixxii.. 117 tt8 119 cii 120, 122, 138 satanas (Guereza) 138 satanas (Pithecia) lii, Ixxiii, Ixxiv Ixxv, Ixxxvii.. 286, 287, 288.. 296, 298 satanas (Pithecia) var. nigra... 296 satanas (Simia) xxxvi, 286, 296 satanas Simia (Pithecia) 296 Satyrus XXX 149, 181, 182 Satyrus adrotes I 3 satyrus (Anthropopithecus) .... 24 T Satyrus chimpanse satyrus (Pan) Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv 230, 231, 232 233, 234, 237 241 satyrus (Pithecus) 82, 190, 193.. Satyrus rufus xxxiii satyrus (Simia) xxxiv, xxxv... 172 188, 189, 190 xxxvi, xxxviii. 192, 195, 229 Ixvii 230, 231, 236 241, 242 .... savagei (Troglodytes) 210 213 .... Scartes Scartes murinus 103 schistaceus (Presbytis) 02 03 . schistaceus (Pygathrix) Ixiv, Ixxi, ci... 22, 27, 32, 92 94 schistaceus (Semnopithecus) ... 22. 2zi. 25. 02 schmidti (Cercopithecus) 286, 306 .... schmidti (Cercopithecus a.) ... 306 schmidti (Lasiopyga) lix, xcvi 286, 287, 288 289, 292, 295 298, 306 .... INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III CXLVII CXLVIII INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. schweinfurthi (Pan) Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv 230 231 232 234, 245, 246 248 schweinfurthi (Simia) 231 schweinfurthi (Troglodytes) ... • 230 2 A S sciurea (Chrysothrix) 308, 310, 311.. ^0^9 • • • • 315, 316 sciurea (Saimiri) 314 sciurea (Simia) xxxv, xxxvi... liii, 234, 308... 310 sciureus (Callithrix) 234, 235, 308.. 310, 315 sciureus (Cebus) 310 sciureus (Pithesciureus) 308 sciureus (Saguinus) 310 sciureus (Saimiri) liii, Ixxiii Ixiv, Ixxxviii.. 234, 233, 308.. 300. 310. 312.. 313. 314. 31s sciureus (Saimiris) 310 Sciurocheirus xxxi, 45 Sciurocheirus alleni 64 .... Sciurus madagascariensis xxviii, xxix xl xliv, 1, 2 sclateri (Cercopithecus) 289, 290, 323 sclateri (Lasiopyga) lx, xcvi 290, 292, 295 3i9, 323 •••• Scolecophagus xxviii, 1 scyritus (Hylobates) I S7 Semnocebus xxx, xxxviii .. kD/ xl, 163 Semnocebus avahi 164 . Semnopithecinae xxv, xxxiv, Ixiv Semnopithecus IQ 22 24 Semnopithecus albigena 2A Semnopithecus albipes ^*9 23 2A 2S OI Semnopithecus albocinereus .... ^09 ^^9 2A 2S S3 ^A 56, 59 Semnopithecus albogularis 281, 363, 364 22, 87 Semnopithecus anchises 23 24 87 Semnopithecus anthracinus ^J9 "^^9 U/ * * * I 17. 138 . Semnopithecus argentatus x x / 9 x • • • • 23 AQ SO Semnopithecus atys ^09 ^^9 OV * * * 2A Semnopithecus auratus ••••••••• 22, 24, 76 . . . Semnopithecus barbei 25, 48 Semnopithecus bicolor 22, I39 Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Semnopithecus cephalolopterus.. Semnopithecus cephalopterus! .. Semnopithecus chrysogaster .... Semnopithecus chrysomelas .... Semnopithecus cinereus Semnopithecus comatus Semnopithecus cristatus Semnopithecus cruciger Semnopithecus cucullatus Semnopithecus dussumieri Semnopithecus edwardsi Semnopithecus entellus Semnopithecus everetti Semnopithecus fascicularis Semnopithecus femoralis Semnopithecus ferrugineus Semnopithecus flavimanus Semnopithecus frantjoisae Semnopithecus frontatus Semnopithecus fulvo-griseus ... Semnopithecus germaini Semnopithecus halonifer Semnopithecus holotophreus ... Semnopithecus hosei Semnopithecus hypoleucus Semnopithecus johni Semnopithecus jubatus Semnopithecus kelaarti Semnopithecus kra Semnopithecus larvatus Semnopithecus latibarbatus .... Semnopithecus leucoprymnus ... Semnopithecus leucomystax .... Semnopithecus maurus Semnopithecus melalophus! .... Semnopithecus melanolophus ... Semnopithecus neglectus Semnopithecus nemaeus Semnopithecus nepalensis Semnopithecus nestor Semnopithecus nigrimanus Semnopithecus nigripes Semnopithecus nobilis Semnopithecus obscurus xxxix xxxviii 230 24, 25 70, 72, 73 ... 26, 67, 68 ... 22, 24, 25, 42 59 22, 24, 60, 61 24, 79 26, 41, 72 ... 22, 24, 71, 73 23, 24, 25, 95 96 76 22, 24, 25, 86 92 26, 63 61 21, 24, 25, 42 45 25, 33, 34 ••• 23, 24, 33, 34 25 24, 25, 38, 39 21, 6l, 69 .. . 24, 25, 82 .. . 52 26, 49 26, 64 24, 95 24, 25, 73, 95 22, 73 25, 70 22 42 70 69 24 24, 25, 75, 79 24, 32, 33, 80 22, 24 25, 45, 46 ... 22, 25, 99 . • • 92 22, 70 23, 24, 59 • • • 24, 25, 100... 24, 34 22, 24, 25, 49 52, 53, 56 ... INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III CXLIX CL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES -VOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Semnopithecus olivaceus H7 121 Semnopithecus pallipes x .• • • 21 06 Semnopithecus phayrei ^09 21 2C 40 Semnopithecus pileatus *09 *09 W • • • 22 21 24 2C 67, 94 Semnopithecus (Colobus) poly- comus 140 Semnopithecus potenziani 2^ 67 68 Semnopithecus priam 2^ 06 Semnopithecus priamus ^09 2 A 2K 07 Semnopithecus pruinosus 2T 22 24 25 79 Semnopithecus pyrrhus 21 22 24 25 70 Semnopithecus routledgi 06 7n Rn Semnopithecus roxellanae xxxix . 2C TO2 Semnopithecus rubicundus 22 2A 2 1C * **9 X4> *09 OU 36, 50 Semnopithecus sabanus 06 62 Semnopithecus senex 2C 7T Semnopithecus schistaceus *09 /1 Semnopithecus siamensis 22 24 25 92 21 24 co Semnopithecus sumatranus .... *09 ^4> 09 • • 22 24 11 41 Semnopithecus thersites **9 *^9 009 4o 24 70 Semnopithecus thomasi ~4> /u 26 65 Semnopithecus ursinus 74 Semnopithecus vellerosus ✓ 4 T T 7 T1O senegalensis (Galago) xxviii, xlvi.... 1 X/> XOU •• • • Ixviii, Ixxviii.. 45, 46, 47, 48.. 70, 72, 76 .... senegalensis (Otogale) 48 ..... senegalensis (Otolicnus) 73 senegalensis (Otolicnus p.) .... 47, 73 senegalensis (Galagoides) 72, 73 senex (Aotus) liii, Ixxiv 3, 4, 8 Ixxxviii senex (Cercopithecus) 20 senex (Papio) 121 2C 7T senex (Pygathrix) Ixiii, Ixxi, c... *09 /L senex (Semnopithecus) 7T 72 senex (Theropithecps) 155, 156.... /h /* seniculus (Alouatta) liii, Ixxiv Ixxxvii, 260... 261, 262, 264.. 265, 277, 279.. 281, 282 seniculus (Cebus) 260, 277 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. TIL seniculus (Mycetes) seniculus (Simia) seniculus (Stentor) Seniocebus Seniocebus bicolor Senicocebus chrysopygus Seniocebus devillii Seniocebus erythrogaster Seniocebus flavifrons Seniocebus illigeri Seniocebus martinsi Seniocebus meticulosus Seniocebus mystax Seniocebus nigricollis Seniocebus nigrifrons Seniocebus pileatus Seniocebus rufoniger Seniocebus weddelli sennaariensis (Galago) sennaariensis (Galago acaciarum var. C.) sennaariensis (Galago a. var. G.) sennaariensis (Otogale) sennaariensis Galago (Otolicnus) sennaariensis (Otolicnus) sericeus (Mico) sericeus (Micoella) sericeus (Propithecus) sericeus (Propithecus d.) sericulus (Alouatta) sharpei (Colobus) Siamanga Siamanga syndactyla 261, 262, 277.. 281 xxxV, 277 .... 260, 277 xxxiii, xxxviii,. xlii, xlix, Ixxix. Ixxxiii, 179, 183 184, 217, 218.. xlix, Ixxiv Ixxxiii, 181, 182 185, 186, 187.. 188 183 183 183 183 183 xliv, Ixxiv Ixxxiii, 184,185 186, 189 xlix,l xxiv Ixxxiii, 184, 186 188 183 183 183 183 183 183 xlvi, Ixviii Ixxviii, 47, 48.. 70, 71, 74, 75 •• 75 74 48 74 47, 74 xxxviii, 223 ... 223 171 xliv, Ixxxiii.... 167, 168, 171.. 259 Ixv, Ixxii, ciii.. xxxviii iio, 120, 122 142 176 177 CLI CLII Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. siamensis (Pygathrix) Ixiii, Ixxi, c.... 23. 24 28 31 59 siamensis (Semnopithecus) .... 22. 2/L sibreei (Chirogale) xlvii, Ixxix, 91. 94, 96 signata (Lasiopyga) lix, xcvi 286, 287, 288 289, 292, 296 298, 305 .... signatus (Cercopithecus) 286, 305 .... silacea (Lasiopyga) lx, xcvii 293, 29 s, 326 347 silaceus (Cercopithecus) 347 Silenus xxxiv 182 silenus (Cercopithecus) 177 silenus (Cynocephalus) xxxvi 181, 219 .... silenus (Inuus) 179, 218, 219 silenus Inuus (Maimon) 218 silenus (Macacus) 178, 179, 180 183, 184, 218 silenus (Papio) 119, 178, 218 silenus (Pithecus) 181 ........ silenus Pithecus (Macacus).... 219 silenus (Simia) xxxvii .. . 176. 177. 170 184, 218, 219 220 Silenus veter 2l8, 219 .... silenus (Vetulus) 219 simensis (Cynocephalus) I77 Simia xvi, xvii, xxxii. 67, 172, I73. 190 xliii, Ivii Ixix. 176. 177. 170 xciii, 286, 307.. 280 Simia abelii 187, 189, 194 Simia aegyptiaca 146 Simia aethiops XXXV . 233. 236. 261 263, 281, 337 Simia agrias 188 Simia albibarbatus 184, 220 .... Simia (Cercopithecus) ruber albifasciatus 5, 7 Simia (Cercopithecus) silenus albibarbatus 177, 218 Simia (Cercopithecus) veter albibarbatus 177, 218 Simia albimana 151, 162 .... Simia (Sapajus c.) albulus 67, 82 Simia amicta 234, 241 82 Simia anubis II9 Simia apedia 83 177 INDEX OF LATIN N AM ES-V 0 LS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Simia apella xxxv, 83 66, 67, 74, 78 79, 83 Simia argentata xxxv, xxxvi. .. 221 Simia ascanius 279, 303 .... Simia aubryi 232. 24Q . Simia aurata 21. 7^ Simia aurita 217 Simia aygula 20 60 Simia aytis 179 Simia (Pithecia) azarse 286 3, 11 Simia beelzebul xxxi, liii, 259.. 260, 270 Simia Sapajus beelzebul 270 Simia belzebuth 40 Simia bicolor 187. 100. IQ^ 204 Simia calvus 231. 2^ .... Simia cana 55, 60 Simia callithrix 67, 82 Simia capaya 260 265 Simia capucina xxxiv, Iv 64, 66, 67, 74 82, 83 Simia carbonaria 179, 230 .... Simia carpolegus 178, 205 .... Simia cephaloptera! xli 21 . Simia cephus 278, 279, 280 319 simia (Cercopithecus) 218 Simia ceylonica 21, 76 Simia chamek 28 Simia chimpanse 230 Simia chiropotes 286 Simia (Pithecia) chiropotes.... 297 Simia (Papio) cinerea 152, 154 .... Simia cirrifer 67, IIO Simia comata 21 Simia comosa 116, 140 .... Simia cristata 21 Simia cuvieri 169 Simia cynocephalus Simia cynomolgos 143, 146, 176 177, 179, 184 229, 230 .... Simia cynosura 279, 280, 337 Simia diana xli 278, 279, 280 381 ........ Simia edwardsi 21 INDEX OF LATIN N AM ES-V 0 LS. I, II, III CLIII CLIV INDEX OF LATIN N AM ES-V 0 LS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Simia entellus 20, 21, 86 .. Simia erythraea 213, 215 .... Simia erythropyga 280, 281 .... Simia fascicularis 178 Simia fatuellus 67, 102, 113. 233 Simia faunus 176. 177 .... Simia femoralis 4C Simia ferox T77 2l8 Simia ferruginea 116, 133 .... Simia flavia Simia flavicauda 274, 276 Simia flavicaudata 260, 261 Simia fuliginosus 256, 262 .... 232 Simia v. fuliginosus 231, 240 .... Simia fulvo-griseus 21 Simia guariba 260 Simia geoffroyi 217 Simia hamadryas xxxvi 118, 119 143 176, 184, 231 Simia hoolock 156 Simia humeralifer 217 Simia hypoleucus 67, 75 Simia inuus 171. 174. 173 177, 179 .... Simia jacchus xxxii, xxxiii... xxxvi, 216, 228 Simia j. moschatus (Sagoinus). 217, 228 Simia johni 21, 72, 95 . . Simia kooloo-kamba 232, 242 .... Simia (Midas) labiatus IQC Simia lacepedii l80, 191 Simia lagotricha 53, 56 Simia lar l6l, 169 .... Simia latibarbata 69 Simia leonina l86, 210 177, 2l8 .... Simia leucampyx 280, 308 .... Simia leucophaea xxxviii 119, 152 .... 21, 230, 244. Simia leucoprymna 152 21, 230, 24I . Simia longimana 150, l6l Simia (Callithrix) lugens *234, 239 Simia maimon Il8, 119, 150 151 Simia s. marungensis 230 Simia maurus 20, 45, 77, 78 Simia melalopha! xxxix 21 Simia melanocephala xxxvi, 299 .... Vol. I. Vol. JI. Vol. III. Simia melanolopha Simia melanurus Simia melarhinus Simia midas Simia mona xli, liii 217 21 .... xxxi, xxxiii.... xlix, 180, 190.. xxxiv 279, 280, 350 Simia (Pithecia) monacha Simia morio Simia mormon 289 193 XXXV 150 Simia nasica Simia (Cercopithecus) nasicus.. Simia nemaeus Simia nemestrinus Simia nictitans Simia (Cercopithecus) ruber nigrofaciatus Simia oedipus Simia paniscus Simia patas Simia penicillata Simia personatus Simia petaurista Simia pileata Simia (Cercopithecus) sinicus pileatus Simia pithecia Simia (Pithecia) leucocephala.. Simia polycomus Simia porcarius Simia pygerythra Simia pygmaea Simia pygmaea chimpanse ...... Simia pygmaea fuscus Simia pygmaea leucoprymnus.... Simia pygmaea raripilosus Simia radiata Simia (Cercopithecus) regalis.. Simia rhesus Simia roloway xxxiv 20, 21, 98, 99 100 xxxiii, xxxiv.. Ixii xxxviii xxxii, lix 177, 179, 205 275, 278, 279 280, 316 .... 24 7 xxxvi, xxxviii. 1, 180, 213 xxxii, xxxiii... liv xxxix, Ixii 217 234, 256 21, 28 4, 6 279, 280, 299 300 179, 223 .... 177, 223 .... xxxii, Hi, 285.. 287, 293, 294.. 293 Ixvi 115, 116, 140 113, 119, 133 280 xxxviii 181, 187, 188 189, 192, 244 245, 246 .... 232, 245 .... 232, 251 .... 232 232, 240 .... 179 140 170, 213 .... 280, 381 .... INDEX OF LATIN NAMES- VOLS. I, II, III CLV CLVI IN DEX OF LATIN N AM ES-V 0 LS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Simia rosalia xxxvii, 180, 209 Simia ruber 4, 7 4, 8 Simia rufa Simia rufiventer 286 Simia (Pithecia) rufiventer Simia sabaea Simia sagulata Simia satanas var. 1 293 279, 280, 333 298 xxxvi, 286, 296. 296 Simia (Pithecia) satanas Simia satyra wallacei Simia satyrus ' Simia s. bantangtuensis Simia s. dadappensis Simia s. genepaiensis Simia s. landakensis Simia s. rantaiensis 193 188, 189, 190 192, 195, 229 230, 231, 236 241, 242 .... 193 194 194 193 194, 199 .... 194 194, 199 .... 193 231, 232, 245 xxxiv, xxxv... xxxvi, xxxviii. Ixvii 172 Simia s. skalauensis Simia s. tuakensis Simia s. wallacei Simia schweinfurthi Simia sciurea xxxv, xxxvi, liii 234, 308, 310.. • 234, 308 3ll 132 xxxv, 277 .... Simia sciureus Simia sciureus cassiquiarensis... simia-sciurus (Lemur) Simia seniculus Simia silenus 176, 177, 179 184, 218, 219 220 Simia sinica Simia speciosa Simia sphingiola Simia sphinx Simia (Stentor) flavicauda Simia (Stentor) seniculus Simia (Stentor) straminea .... Simia straminea Simia subviridis Simia suilla Simia sylvanus xxxii, xxxviii.. Ivii 176, 177, 179 221, 223 .... 179 118, 119, 134 118, 119, 130 139, 149, iSi xxxv 274, 276 277 277 260 280 118, 150 .... 172, 173, 174 175, 176, 177 178, 179, 180 181, 182, 183 xxv, xxxi xxxiii, xxxiv.. xxxv, Ivii, Ixiv xciii INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III CLVII Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Simia syndactyla Simia syrichta Simia talapoin Simia (Callithrix) torquatus... Simia trepidus Simia trivirgata Simia (Aotus) trivirgata Simia troglodytes Simia ursina 177 177, 250 .... Ixxi 234, 239 67, 70, 99- •• 16 xxxiv, liii .... 16 > xxxii, xxxv.... 229, 230, 241 244, 251 .... xxxvi, xxxviii. 260, 274 192 Simia (Midas) ursulus Simia variegatus Simia (Cebtis) variegatus Simia vellerosus 95 / Simia vellerosus fuliginosus.... Simia veter 231, 240 .... 69 176, 177, 179 Simias xx, xxvi, xl... 109 xliii, Ixiv, Ixxii ci Simias concolor xiv, xl, Ixiv... Ixxii, ci 109 Simiidae xvii simus (Hapalemur!) simus (Myoxicebus) xxxi, 125, 128. xliii, Ixxx, 125. 128, 129 128 simus (Prolemur) sinensis (Cynocephalus) sinica (Simia) 177 176, 177, 179 221, 223 .... 178, 183, 222 223 177, 178, 221 177 Ivii sinicus (Cercocebus) sinicus (Cercopithecus) sinicus (Cynocephalus) sinicus (Cynomolgos) sinicus (Inuus) sinicus Inuus (Cercocebus) sinicus (Macacus) 181, 183, 222 179, 181, 222 221 178, 179, 180 182, 183, 184 221, 223, 224 177, 178. 179 181, 186, 189 221, 223 .... 185, 187, 189 238, 239 .... sinicus (Pithecus) Ivii, Ixix, xciv. sirhassenensis (Pithecus) Iviii, Ixx, xciv. skalauensis (Pithecus s.) skalauensis (Pongo 1.) skalauensis (Pongo p.) 186, 190, 193 198 205 192, 193, 194 CLVIII INDEX OF LATIN NAMES- VOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. skalauensis (Simia s.) IQ4 smithi (Azema) 104 smithi (Cheirogaleus!) xxxi, 89, 99... 100, 103 smithi (Chirogale) 88, 89, 90, 100. smithi (Microcebus) 99, IOO, 101... 102, 104, 105.. smithi (Microcebus p. m.) 101, 104 sondaicus (Nycticebus) 29 120, 195 .... speciosus (Cynopithecus) 120, 195 .... speciosus (Inuus) l80, l8l, 191 I95 speciosus (Macacus) xxxvii 179, l8o, l8l 182, 183, 184 190, 192, IQ3 speciosus (Pithecus) Ivii, Ixix, xciii. 179, l8o, l8l 182, 183, 184 l86, l88, 190 194, I95 .... speciosus (Simia) I79 spectrum (Lemur) xxix spectrum (Tarsius) 8, 9, 33 sphingiola (Simia) 118, 119, 134 Sphinx xxxvii 115 sphinx (Cynocephalus) 119, 120, 121 I30 sphinx (Papio) . lv, Ivi, Ixix.... 117, Il8, 119 xcii 120, 121, 122 124, 123, 130 139, 149, 150 152, 215 .... sphinx (Pithecus) xiii sphinx (Simia) XXXV 118, 119, 130 139, 149, 151 spixi (Aotus) liv, Ixxxix.... 3. 4. 3. IQ. . . spixi (Midas) 214, 215 spixi (Nyctipithecus) 3. IQ spixi (Ouakaria) 306 Stachycolobus xxxix, Ixv .... 115, 138 .... Stachycolobus satanas 138 stairsi (Cercopithecus) 286, 373 .... stairsi (Lasiopyga) Ixi, Ixx, xcviii. 286, 287, 29I 295, 360, 372 373, 374, 375 • stampflii (Cercopithecus) 286, 287, 319 • 372, 373, 374 stampflii (Lasiopyga) • • • • 289 Stenops xxviii, 16, 21.. • • • • INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III CLIX Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Stenops gracilis 18 Stenops javanicus 28 Stenops potto 39 Stenops tardigradus 18, 26 Stentor xxxiii, 258.... Stentor chrysurus 261, 278 Stentor flavicaudatus 260, 274 Stentor fuscus 260, 274 Stentor niger 260 265 266.. Stentor seniculus 260 270 Stentor stramineus 260 261 265 266, 277 Stentor ursinus 260 274 sticticeps (Cercopithecus) 317 sticticeps (Lasiopyga) lx, xcvi 293, 293, 307 317 straminea (Simia) 260 straminea Simia (Stentor) .... 277 stramineus (Cebus1) stramineus (Mycetes) 260 261 262 277, 280, 281.. , stramineus Simia (Stentor).... 277 stramineus (Stentor) 260, 261, 265.. 266, 277 strepitus (Papio) Ivi, Ixix, xcii.. 117, 123, 124 . . - 141 stuhlmanni (Cercopithecus) .... 287, 291, 312 313, 315 .... stuhlmanni (Lasiopyga) 287. 280. 294 307, 309, 310 312, 313, 314 315, 316 .... subcristatus (Cebus) 73, 74, 96, 97 subpentadactylus (Ateles!) .... 23, 28 subrufus (Callicebus) 237, 238, 239.. 247 subviridis (Simia) 280 suilla (Simia) 118, 150 .... suluensis (Cynomolgos) 232 suluensis (Pithecus) Iviii, xcv 185, 187, 190 22, 24, 33, 43 252 sumatrana (Pygathrix) 22, 24, 29, 30 43, 44 sumatranus (Semnopithecus) .. 22, 24, 43 .. surinamensis (Cebus) 23 surinamensis (Cebus p.) 23 CLX INDEX OF LATIN N AM ES-V 0 LS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Sylvanus xxxiii, xxxiv.. 172 175, 216 sylvanus (Simia) xxv, xxxi 172, 17a. 174 xxxiii, xxxiv.. 171;, 176, 177 xxxv, Ivii, Ixix 178, 179, 180 xciii 181, 182, 183 Symphalangus xiii, xv, xx... 176 xxvi, xxxvi... xliii, Ixvi, Ixxii cvi Symphalangus s. continents .... xxvi, Ixvi, Ixxii 176. 178. I7Q ciii Symphalangus klossi Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii. 176, 180 .... Symphalangus syndactylus Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii. mo. 132. 133 174, 176, 177 180 svndactyla (Siamanga) 177 .... syndactyla (Simia) 177 Syndactylus xxxvi 176 syndactylus (Hylobates) xv 67. 131. 132. 153, 173, 177 179 syndactylus (Pithecus) xxxvi, Ixvi.... 176 T77 syndactylus (Symphalangus) .. Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii. Ten 1^2 KI 174, 176, 177 180 syrichta (Simia) 177, 250 .... talapoin (Cercopithecus) xxxvi 279, 286 .... 1, 2 talapoin (Lasiopyga) 292 talapoin (Miopithecus) Ixii, Ixxi, ciii.. 279 1, 2, 3 talapoin (Pithecus) 2 .... talapoin (Simia) Ixii talboti (Galago) xlvi, Ixviii.... Ixxviii, 67 .... Tamarin xxxviii, 179.. . 181, 194, 217.. tamarin (Midas) 182, 191, 192.. Tamarinus 1 TO/1 TO3 tantalus (Cercopithecus) 282, 286, 328 329 tantalus Cercopithecus (Lasio- pvga) lx, xcvii 329 tantalus (Chlorocebus) 328 tantalus (Lasiopyga) 282, 286, 288 292, 293, 323 320. 330, 331 332 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES- VOLS. I, II, III CLXI Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Tardigradus xxviii, 16, 17.. tardigradus (Bradylemur) 26 Tardigradus coucang xxi, xxviii, xlv 21 tardigradus (Lemur) xxviii, xxx, 17 18, 19, 31, 132. tardigradus (Nycticebus) 22, 25, 26, 27.. 29, 30 tardigradus (Loris) xliv, Ixviii.... Ixxvi, 18, 19,.. 20, 132 tardigradus (Stenops) 18, 26 tarsier (Lemur) 7, 8 Tarsiidae xxiii, xli, xliv. Ixxxv, 7 Tarsius xiii, xxviii, xli. Ixiv, Ixxxv, cv 7, 8, 136 Tarsius bancanus xxix, xxx, xliv Ixxxvi, 8, 9, 14 Tarsius borneanus xliv, Ixxxv, 8. 9, 13, 14 Tarsius carbonarius 257 Appendix Tarsius daubentoni 2 Tarsius fischeri 8, 15 Tarsius fraterculus xliv, Ixxxv, 8. 9, 12 Tarsius fuscomanus 15 Tarsius fuscus xliv, Ixxxvi 8. 9, 12, 15 tarsius (Lemur) xliv, 7, 8, 9.... Tarsius philippinensis xliv, Ixxxv, 8. 9, 10, 13, 33 .. Tarsius saltator xliv, Ixxxvi, 8. 9, 13 Tarsius sanghirensis xliv, Ixxxv, 8. 9, 12 Tarsius spectrum 8, 9, 33 tcheliensis (Macacus) 182, 183, 199 200, 202 .... temmincki (Cercopithecus) .... 282, 318, 382 temmincki (Colobus) Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. 116, 117, 121 130, 135, 136 temmincki (Lasiopyga) Ixi, Ixx, xcviii. 288 tenasserimensis (Nycticebus) .. xlv, Ixviii 2C teng Galago (Otolicnus) 47 CLXII INDEX OF LATIN NAMES- VOLS. I, II, III Vol I. Vol. II. Vol. III. teng Otolicnus tephrops (Cercopithecus) 47, 74 281, 282, 285 338 tephrosceles (Colobus) tessellatum (Papio) Theranthropus Theropithecus Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. Iv, Ixix, xci... xxxv, Ivi 119, 120, 121 124, 126 .... 123, 124, 127 227 xxvi, xxxvi... . 121, 155 .... xliii, Ixix, xcii. Ivi, Ixix, xcii.. Theropithecus gelada 120, 121, 155 156 157 Theropithecus nedjo Theropithecus niger Theropithecus obscurus Theropithecus senex thersites (Presbytis) thersites (Pygathrix) thersites (Semnopithecus) thersites (Vetulus) thibetanum (Macacus) thibetanum (Pithecus) thibetanus (Macacus) thibetanus (Pithecus) tholloni (Colobus) tholloni (Piliocolobus) thomasi (Altililemur) ICC Ivi, Ixix, xcii.. 155, 157 •••• I55» 156 .... 23, 97 08 24, 70 97 183, 196 .... 187, 188, 196 182, 183 .... 182 Ivii, Ixix, xciii. Ixv, Ixxii, cii.. 118, 119, 120 121, 129, 130 129 xlvii, Ixxx, in 112, 113 thomasi (Cercopithecus) thomasi (Cheirogaleus!) thomasi (Galago) thomasi (Hemigalago) 370 Ill Ivi, Ixviii Ixxviii, 85 thomasi (Lagothrix) thomasi (Lasiopyga) liv, Ixxiv, xc.. Ixi, Ixx, xcviii. 55, 56, 59 •• 292, 295, 298 360, 370 .... thomasi (Leontocebus) 1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiii 184, 185, 194.. 198 184, 198 Ixiii, Ixxi, c... thomasi (Midas) thomasi (Pygathrix) thomasi (Semnopithecus) thoth (Cynocephalus) 26, 29, 31, 62 65 26, 65 120, 121, 122 137 thoth (Papio) 121, 123, 140 M3 titi (CEdipus) 182, 184, 213.. INDEX OF LATIN NAMES - VOLS. I, II, III CLXIII Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. tonkeanus (Cynopithecus) tonkeanus (Macacus) tonkeanus (Magus) tonkeanus (Papio i.) tonsor (Galago s.) 161 166, 170 .... 170, 171 .... 170 Ivi, xcii xlvi, Ixviii.... Ixxviii, 78 .... tonsus (Papio) torquatus (Callicebus) 161, 170, 171 li, Ixxiii, Ixxiv. Ixxxv, 234, 235 236, 238, 239.. 241 li, 235, 236, 237 239, 241 234, 235, 239.. 235 Iviii, xcv torquatus (Callithrix) torquatus (Cebus) torquatus (Cebus var. C. amictus) torquatus (Cercocebus) 255, 256, 257 258, 259, 260 263, 279 .... 284 torquatus (Lasiopyga) torquatus (Saguinus) torquatus Simia (Callithrix) ... Trachypithecus trepida (Simia) trepidus (Cebus) trichotis (Cheirogaleus!) trichotis (Chirogale) 236 234, 239 xl 1, 2 67, 69, 72 .. 90, 96 xlvi, Ixxix, 90. 91, 92, 93 226 trigonifer (Jacchus) tripartitus (Leontocebus) 1, Ixxxiv, 184.. 186, 195, 206.. 184, 206 xxxiv, liii .... tripartitus (Midas) trivirgata (Simia) trivirgata (Simia a.) trivirgatus (Aotus) 1, 2 16 liv, Ixxiii, Ixxiv Ixxxix 2, 4, 5, 7, 16 20 trivirgatus (Cebus) trivirgatus (Nyctipithecus) .... 16 2, 3, 11, 13, 16 90 Troglodytes Troglodytes aubryi Troglodytes calvus Troglodytes castaneiceps Troglodytes gorilla Troglodytes kooloo-kamba troglodytes (Mimetes) xxxii, xxxvii.. 227 230, 249 .... 230, 234, 235 236 211 xxxvii, Ixvi... 190, 206, 207 210, 213 .... 230, 242 .... 230, 241, 250 Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Troglodytes niger XXXV 190 206 207 235, 241 .... Troglodytes n. var. marungensis 248 .... Troglodytes savagei 210, 213 Troglodytes schweinfurthi 230. 24 C .... troglodytes (Simia) xxxii, xxxv... 229 23O 24 T xxxvi, xxxviii. 244, 251 .... Troglodytes tschego 23O 2z| T 242 Troglodytes vellerosus 2^0. 2^0 Tropicolobus xxxix, Ixv.... UC Tropicolobus rufomitratus A • • 12? . tschego (Pan) 230 tschego (Pseudanthropus) 23O 24I . tschego (Troglodytes) 229 241 242 tschudi (Lagothrix) «4, CC, C7 tuakensis (Pithecus s.) JI, JJ) • • t86 190 193 tuakensis (Simia s.) TQA IOQ tuberifer (Eriodes) co, m • • • • typicus (Cheirogaleus!) 88, 89, 92, 94.. typicus (Chirogale) 89, 90, 100.... typicus (Loris g.) 19 typicus (Microcebus) 92, 99 typicus (Macromerus) 169 typicus (Myspithecus) 92 typus (Myspithecus) xxix, 92 Uacaria xxxix, 299 ... ubericola (Lagothrix) liv, Ixxiv, xc.. 55, 56, 59, 60 ultima (Presbytis) 27, 81 ultima (Pygathrix) Ixiv, Ixxi, c... 29, 32, 81 .. ululata (Alouatta) liii, Ixxvii, 263 264, 267 umbrosus (Macacus) 229 umbrosus (Pithecus) Iviii, Ixx, xciv. 186, 189, 229 unicolor (Cebus) Iv, Ixxiv, xc... 68, 69, 70, 72 73, 74, 75, 76 77, 78, 91, 92 unicolor Cebus (Pseudocebus) .. 91 unko (Hylobates) 151 162 169 ursina (Alouatta) lii, Ixxv lxxxvii, 260... 261, 262, 264.. 265, 274, 275.. ursina (Presbytis) 23. 72. 7 A ursina (Pygathrix) Ixiii, Ixxi, c... 23. 28. 31. 72 74 ursina (Simia) 260, 274 ursina (Stentor) 260, 274 CLXIV INDEX OF LATIN NAMES - VOLS. I, II, III INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-FOLS. I, II, III CLXV Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. ursinus (Cebus) 260, 275 ursinus (Cercopithecus h.) .... 118, 143 .... ursinus (Colobus) 117 Il8 I^Q 140 ursinus (Cynocephalus) 120, 121, 134 ursinus (Guereza) 146 ursinus (Mycetes) 259, 261, 262.. 274, 281 ursinus (Semnopithecus) 74 ursinus (Vetulus) 74 Ursula (Cercopithecus) xlix, Ixxiii.... 200 Ixxiv, Ixxxiii.. 180, 181, 182.. 185, 192, 200.. Ursula (Hapale) 184, 192 ursulus (Jacchus) 181 ursulus (Midas) xxxviii, 180,181 183, 184, 191•. 192, 193, 210.. ursulus Simia (Midas) 192 usta (Chrysothrix) 314 usto-fuscus (Callicebus) li, Ixxxvi, 237. 238, 241 ustus (Chrvsothrix) 314 ustus (Saimiri) liii, Ixxv Ixxxviii, 243... 308, 309, 310.. 314 validus (Pithecus) Ivii, Ixix, xciv. 185, 186, 189 225 Varecia xxx, 130, 135 •• 137 Varecia nigra 157 Varecia ruber 162 Varecia varia 13?, 137. 161.. Varecia varia var. 6 157 varia (Varecia) 13?. 137. 161.. varia var. 6. (Varecia) 157 variegatus (Ateles!) 23, 24, 25, 26 27, 31, 32 .. variegatus (Ateleus) liv, Ixxiv, Ixxv 23, 24, 2S, 26 Ixxxix 27, 31 variegatus (Cebus) lv, Ixxiv, xci.. 68, 69, 70, 71 72, 73, 74, 75 77. 78, 87, 01 95, 97, 98 .. 104, 113 .... CLXVI INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. variegatus (Hylobates) 151, 162, 169 variegatus (Lemur) xxxii, 160 .... variegatus (Lemur m.) 133, 160 variegatus (Pithecus) 150, 161 .... variegatus Simia (Cebus) QC varius (Lemur) xxxii, 160 .... varius (Pithecus) 150, 161 .... vellerosa (Guereza) 137 vellerosus (Ateles!) 25, 26, 36, 40 4L 42 vellerosus (Ateleus) 25, 40, 41 .. vellerosus (Cebus) Iv, Ixxiv, xci. • vellerosus Cebus (Otocebus).... 96 vellerosus (Colobus) xxxix, Ixv.... 117, 118, 120 Ixxii, cii 122, I39, I40 242 vellerosus (Pan) Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv 23O, 23I, 232 233, 234, 250 vellerosus (Pterycolobus) 139 vellerosus (Semnopithecus) .... 117, 139 .... vellerosus (Troglodytes) 230, 250 .... verrauxi (Propithecus) 167, 168, 171.. 172, 174 versicolor (Cebus) 70, 71, 72, 88 89 ......... versuta (Cebus) Iv, Ixxiv, xci.. 76, 77, 78 .. 105, 109 .... verus (Colobus) 117, Il8, 119 cii 120, 121, 122 verus (Procolobus) 123 vestitus (Macacus) 184, 197 .... vestitus (Pithecus) Ivii, Ixix, xciii. 184, 187, 188 196, 197 .... veter (Cercopithecus) 177 veter (Silenus) 218, 219 .... veter (Simia) 176, 177, 179 Vetulus xxxix Ivii.... 176, 181 .... vetulus (Cercopithecus) 177 Vetulus nestor 70 Vetulus silenus 219 Vetulus priamus 97 Vetulus thersites 97 Vetulus ursinus 74 vidua (Saguinus) 236, 240 villosus (Alouatta) liii, Ixxiii Ixxxviii, 263.. 264, 268 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES-VOLS. I, II, III CLXVII Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. villosus (Macacus r.) 184, 210, 213 villosus (Mycetes) 261, 262, 268.. villosus (Pithecus) Ivii, Ixix, xciii. 184, 187, 188 200 vitiis (Pithecus) Iviii, Ixix, xciv 185, 186, 189 239 vociferans (Aotus) lii, Ixxiv 2, 3, 4, 5, 13 Ixxxix 16, 20 vociferans (Nyctipithecus) .... 2, 3, 13 volans (Galeopithecus) 132, 133 volans (Lemur) 132, 133 vulgaris (Jacchus) 217, 218, 228.. 229 wagleri (Cynocephalus) 119, I44 .... Wanderou 220 wallacei (Pithecus s.) 187 wallacei (Simia s.) 193 weddelii (Hapale) 184, 202 weddelii (Leontocebus) 1, Ixxxiv, 182.. 183, 186, 198.. 202 weddelii (Midas) 182, 183, 186.. 195, 202 weddelii (Seniocebus) 183 werneri (Cercopithecus) 283, 284, 286 334 werneri (Chlorocebus) 286 werneri (Lasiopyga) lx, xcvi 283, 287, 288 296, 325, 334 335, 336 .... whitei (Erythrocebus) Ixii, Ixxi, xcvii. 5, 6, 11, 12.. whitesidei (Cercopithecus a.) .. 293, 298, 305 whitesidei (Lasiopyga a.) lix, xcvi 293, 296, 298 305 whytei (Cercopithecus c.) 345 whytei (Lasiopyga c.) lx, xcvii 292, 293, 326 345, 346, 349 wolfi (Cercopithecus) 286, 351 .... wolfi (Lasiopyga) Ixi, Ixxi, xcvii. 286, 287, 288 292, 296, 340 351 wroughtoni (Presbytis c.) 27, 28, 32, 85 wroughtoni (Pygathrix) 32, 85 wurmbi (Pongo) xxxiii 188, 189, 193 wurmbi (Pongo p.) 192, 194 .... CLXVIII INDEX OF LATIN N AM ES-V OLS. I, II, III Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. xanthocephalus (Cebus) xanthomystax (Lemur) xanthomystax (Prosimia) xanthosternus (Cebus) 135, 150 147 68, 69, 70, 71 73, 74, 96, 98 68, 69, 70, 71 95 Yarkea Yarkea albicans Yarkea albinasa Yarkea hirsuta Yarkea inusta Yarkea irrorata Yarkea leucocephala Yarkea monacha Yarkea ochrocephala Y arkea pogonias Yarkea rufiventer yokoensis (Papio) xxxviii, 285... 287, 289 292 295 289 287, 289 287, 289 286, 287, 293.. 289 286, 295 293 293 Ivi, Ixix, xci... 122, 124, 128 Zati zanzibaricus (Galago) zechi (Cercopithecus) zechi (Erythrocebus) zenkeri (Cercocebus a.) zeylonicus (Loris g.) zuluensis (Galago) Ivii xliv, Ixviii.... Ixxviii, 67 Ixii, Ixxi, xcix. lix, xcv 19 xlv, Ixvii, Ixxvii 176, 181, 221 258, 259, 269 13 5, 6, 13