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F^T^IAPLATES . 
PLETOCE^i 
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/.issi I MOCENE FOSSILS OF SOUTH-CAROLINA: 
CONTAINING DESCRIPTIONS AND FIGURES OF THE 
POLYPARIA, ECHIIODERMATA AID MOLLUSCA. 
BY 
M. TUOMEY, 
PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA, 
GEOLOGIST TO THE STATE OF ALABAMA, AND LATE 
GEOLOGIST TO THE STATE OF SO. CA. 
F. S. HOLMES, 
PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY; AND CURATOR OF 
THE CABINET OF NATURAL HISTORY, COLLEGE 
OF CHARLESTON, SOUTH-CAROLINA. 
- AND 
CHARLESTON, S. C. 
RUSSELL & JONES, 251 KING-STREET. 
1 8 5 7. charleston: 
JAMES & WILLIAMS, PRINTERS, 
16 State Street. 
C. G. PLATEN, DRAUGHTSMAN. TRIBUTE. 
The sad intelligence of the death of our esteemed friend and associate, Professor M. 
Tuomey, reached Charleston while the present volume was yet unfinished. 
Only a few months had elapsed since he had parted from us in the full enjoyment of 
his usual vigorous health, and animated by the highest anticipations of the future; and he 
had just reached the field of his labors, when he was suddenly removed, by death, from 
that sphere of usefulness and distinction. He died at Tuscaloosa, Alabama, on the 30th 
of March, 1857. 
At the time of his death he was Professor of Geology and Agricultural Chemistry in 
the University of Alabama, and Geological Surveyor of the State. 
Our intimacy commenced in the year 1844. Soon after he entered upon his duties as 
Geologist of the State of South-Carolina, an office to which he had been recently appointed 
by Governor Hammond. The congeniality of our pursuits induced a friendship that 
continued not only without interruption, but with increasing warmth, until the day of 
his death. 
Professor Tuomey was of Irish parentage, and was born in the city of Cork, in Sep- 
tember, 1805. Little is known to us of his early life and studies, except that he early 
imbibed from his parents an ardent admiration for the beautiful, in the productions both 
of nature and of art, and a strong predilection for the pleasing investigations of botanical 
science. 
In his character was found a rare combination of admirable qualities. To the gentle- 
ness and simplicity of childhood, were united the courage and independence of manhood, 
and the principles and sentiments of the gentleman. His attainments in science and 
scholarship were not less conspicuous than his piety, always endeavoring, in his instruc- 
tions, to lead the youthful mind "from nature up to nature's God." 
A friend who enjoyed ample opportunity of observing his character, bears the following 
honorable testimony to his worth: 
" His great amount of knowledge in various branches of scholastic learning, his remark- IV 
TRIBUTE. 
able attainments in the natural sciences, obtained by observation in extensive fields, which 
even the best books and schools could not substitute,-his excellent virtues and principles, 
were all, in a manner, kept concealed in silence, and only learned by long and intimate 
acquaintance, or by the occurrence of circumstances which necessarily brought these 
characteristics into action." 
Honest, sincere, and disinterested, he took great delight in imparting his knowledge to 
others, and greatly rejoiced in the prosperity of his friends. He cherished a strong attach- 
ment for the State of South-Carolina, and often dwelt with great earnestness of manner, 
on the characteristics of her people; the great happiness he had enjoyed during his inter- 
course with them, and the determination he entertained to return at a future day with his 
family, and make this State his home. 
Alas! this gratification has been denied him; death has prematurely snatched him from 
his family and friends, and he now sleeps in the bosom of that earth, whose mysterious 
history he delighted to study, and her treasures to develop for the benefit of his fellow-men. 
F. S. H. P R E FACE. 
The final report of Professor Tuomey on the geological survey of South-Carolina was 
published in the year 1848; the Legislature had authorized its publication in 1846, so 
that it was nearly two years passing through the press. This delay was, at the time, sup- 
posed by some to arise from the neglect of the Surveyor in furnishing the fossils, which 
were to have been copied and engraved, as illustrations of the text; but this was not the 
cause; the fossils required for twenty plates had actually been prepared and arranged for 
the draughtsman, and several of the plates had been drawn and printed; but the artist 
engaged by the publisher to do the press work, ruined the first two plates, after obtaining 
from them about two hundred impressions only. 
The committee in charge of the work then allowed the printing to proceed without the 
plates; and in exculpation of himself, the author appended the following postscript to the 
preface of the report: 
" While the report was passing through the press, A. S. Johnson, Esq., the publisher, 
informed me that the committee on publication had decided that the plates containing 
figures of the fossils of the State, which were to have accompanied it were not essential, 
and they are, therefore, omitted." 
At the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, held in 
Charleston, in May, 1850, the disappointment of geologists, occasioned by this omission, 
was the common topic of conversation ; and at the urgent solicitation of a number of the 
members, among whom were Professors Agassiz and Bache, Dr. Gould and others, who 
had examined our collections, we concluded to attempt their publication, at our own risk 
and cost. 
We have published the work, and it is now before you. Its artistic merits, we believe, 
will challenge the severest criticism; but as a scientific work, descriptive of the forms of 
the Pleiocene formation of South-Carolina, we only claim for it entire truthfulness in what 
we have described. The congratulatory letters received from such savans as Agassiz, d'Or- 
bigney, Leidy, Dana and others, and the unsolicited expressions of approval by the public 
press, both at home and abroad, amply compensates us for our part of the labor. VI 
P Pt E F ACE. 
The drawings were all done on stone, at the College of Charleston, by Mr. C. G. Platen, 
an artist in this department, who has no superior in our country. The letter press is in 
part by Messrs. Harper & Calvo and Messrs. James & Williams, all native printers of the 
city of Charleston. As there was no press for printing the plates, in our city, we were 
compelled to have them done elsewhere. 
The expense of preparing and publishing such a work was much beyond the calcula- 
tion we had made at the commencement, and the liberality of the Legislature in sub- 
scribing for two hundred copies, alone saved us from heavy loss, and enabled us to com- 
plete it in the best style of art. It is a good specimen of what can be done by our artists 
at home. 
Should the State, in her generous love of science, determine to continue her patronage, 
it is proposed to complete the publication of the Tertiary fossils, by describing and illus- 
trating the interesting forms that have been discovered in the Post Pleiocene and Eocene 
formations. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 
In acknowledging the obligations we are under to those who have so kindly assisted us, 
we perform a most pleasant duty. 
To Professor McGrady, our colleague, we are indebted for valuable assistance in de- 
scribing the Echinodermata of the Pleiocene; his initials, J. McC., will be found attached 
to his descriptions. 
Our sincere thanks are due to Dr. Edmund Ravenel, one of the pioneers of Natural 
History in South Carolina, for a number of fine specimens discovered in the marl-beds at 
his residence, the Grove; and for the use of valuable books from his library. 
It would be impossible to specify the numerous obligations we are under to our distin- 
guished colleague, Professor L. R. Gibbes; his unabated attention to the best interest of 
the work, and his liberality in devoting his time and talents to our aid, places us under 
profound obligations to him. 
To the Rev. Professor James W. Miles, we are especially indebted for contributions to 
our classical descriptions, revisions, and equally valuable aid in the correction of proofs. 
From Dr. R. Leaumont we acknowledge numerous favors, and much valuable infor- 
mation. 
Our readers will observe that we have dedicated to the Hon. C. G. Memminger a new 
species of fossil pholas, P. Memmingeri. In doing so we have endeavored to show our 
appreciation of his love of science and learning, and grateful sense of the lively interest 
manifested by him for the success of this work. 
We have also dedicated another fossil, a volute, to George A. Trenholm, Esq., by whose 
liberal aid alone we were enabled to undertake and complete this expensive publication. 
Our thanks are also due; and we most heartily tender them, to the Hon. Mitchell King 
and the Hon. J. J. Middleton, who from the first, have evinced the deepest interest in our 
undertaking. 
From the Hon. Alex. Hasell, Hon. Thomas M. Wagner, Dr. R. W. Gibbes, Edmund 
Ruffin and Edward McGrady, Esqrs., we received very important assistance, for which we 
feel extremely grateful. 
In the prosecution of our investigations we were every where received and entertained 
with that true hospitality and kindness which Carolinians know so well how to dispense, 
and all seemed anxious to foster and sustain the effort to develop the natural history of 
this department in our State. 
F. S. H. INTRODUCTION. 
In Maryland and Virginia numerous isolated beds of sands and clays are found overly- 
ing the Eocene marl. Mr. Conrad, the distinguished American palaeontologist, determined 
after a careful examination of three hundred and forty-four species, that fourteen per cent, 
of the fossil shells therein were of living species, and therefore, according to Sir Charles 
Lyell's classification, these beds were referred to the Meiocene period of the Tertiary. 
Upon investigating similar beds in South-Carolina, we ascertained the number of recent 
species to be far greater than this; that the fossils common in the former were rare or even 
missing in the latter, and that the characteristic species of the two formations were distinct. 
In the final report on the Geology of South-Carolina, made in 1846, these beds were 
referred to the Pleiocene period, a newer division of the Tertiary; since then eleven years 
have elapsed, during which time we have collected a number of fossils, and investigated 
to a great extent, the lithological as well as palaeontological characters of this interesting 
formation, and now feel quite assured of the propriety of thus distinguishing them. 
T wo hundred and three species are figured and described in the present work, eighty- 
five, or about forty-two per cent, are known to be recent, and now living in the waters of 
the present period, and when the existing fauna of our sea-coast shall be carefully studied, 
the percentage will be greatly increased. 
Of the forty-six species restricted to the Pleiocene of this State, many also are without 
doubt, still living upon the coast. 
From careful investigations the following tabular synopsis is presented of the extinct 
and recent species found in the beds of New Jersey, Virginia, North and South Carolina: 
New Jersey, of 170 species, 22 are recent, - 13 per cent. 
Virginia, " 160 " 29 " = 18 " 
North-Carolina, " 80 " 27 " =34 " 
South-Carolina, " 203 " 85 =42 " X 
INTRODUCTION. 
The species found in South-Carolina are distributed among the following classes: 
Polyparia, - - - - 2 Brachiopoda, - - - - 2 
Echinodermata, - - 9 Lamellibranchiata, - - 106 
Bryozoa, ----- 9 Gasteropoda, - - - - 75 
Total, - - - - 203 
Table showing the geographical distribution of the same: 
Found in the Meio- 
cene of Virginia, 
and also in South 
Carolina. 
Found in the Plei- 
ocene of N and S. 
Carolina. 
Found only in the 
Pleiocene of South- 
Carolina. 
Known to be in 
existence. 
Polyparia, .... 
2 
Echinodermata, . . 
9 
Bryozoa, .... 
3 
5 
1 
Brachiopoda, . 
2 
Lamellibranchiata, . 
34 
3 
16 
53 
Gasteropoda, . . . 
23 
5 
16 
31 
64 
8 
46 
85 
The sixty-four species found in the Meiocene of Virginia are rare in the Pleiocene of 
South-Carolina; of some, only a single individual specimen or valve has yet been discov- 
ered; for instance, Chama, corticosa, and Pecten septemnarius. 
Groups of fossils from Maryland, New Jersey, Virginia, North and South Carolina, 
could be readily distinguished from each other even by persons not familiar with their 
specific characteristics; for example, Fusus parilis, F. rusticus, Corbula idonea, Panopea 
Americana, and Mactra ponderosa, would represent the Meiocene of Maryland; Cardium 
Virginianum, Pecten decemnarius, P. Virginianus, Colus exilis, Venus capax, Pec- 
tunculus tumulus, and Anomia Ruffinii, the Meiocene of Virginia, whilst the Pleiocene 
of North and South Carolina would be distinguished by such forms as Cyprjea Caroli- 
niana, Conus adversarius, Mitra Caroliniana, Pecten Mortoni, Arca lienosa, A. 
HIANS, GaLEODIA HoDGII, JaNIRA HEMICYCLICA, FaSCIOLARIA DISTANS, BuSYCON CoNRADII. 
There is also considerable difference in the tithological and minerological character of 
these formations, the one indurated more or less, and the other comparatively soft and 
friable. According to Mr. Ruffin, the Meiocene of Virginia does not average forty per 
cent, of carbonate of lime, whilst in the Pleiocene beds we find about seventy per cent. 
The deposits of the Pleiocene period in South-Carolina are confined to mere patches, 
occupying the depressions in the Eocene and Cretaceous rocks which have been protected 
from denudation by the more elevated portions of the beds on which they repose. Rising 
gently from the Atlantic coast, they reach their greatest elevation in Darlington District, 
and exposures occur in Sumter, Marion, Horry, Colleton and Charleston Districts. I N T R 0 D U C T I 0 N. 
XI 
The following is a list of the most important localities in the State: 
Horry District.-Mouth of Little River, near the North Carolina boundary line; Tim- 
ber landing, on Little River; Mr. Bessant's; Mr. Vaught's; Grissett's landing, Wacca- 
maw River, above Conwayborough; Porter's landing; Harper's landing; Waller's; Nixon's, 
on Tilly's lake; Royal's ferry; Harris' landing; Harrelson's, near Galovant's ferry, Little 
Pee Dee; Henry Davis, Gile's Bluff; Godfrey's ferry, Pee Dee. 
Marion District.-Witherspoon's bluff; Mr. Fountain's; Mr. Zimmerman's. 
Darlington District.-Village of Darlington, numerous localities around; Dargan; 
Col. Ervin's; Rev. Mr. Campbell; Swift Creek; Dubose's ferry; J. M. Timmons; El- 
more's; Dr. Muldrow. 
St. John's Berkeley.-T. Porcher, Esq., near Eutaw. 
Cooper River.-Dean Hall, the residence of E. N. Ball, Esq.; The Grove, residence of 
Dr. Edmund Ravenel. 
Goose Creek.-The plantation of the late Geo. Henry Smith, Esq.; the plantation of S. 
N. Steavens, Esq. 
Edisto River.-The Bluff, near Givham's ferry. This is the most southern exposure of 
the Pleiocene marl known on the Atlantic slope of the United States. INDEX. 
A. 
PAGE 
Acephala . . . 18 
Acus Carolinensis . . . . 137 
" dislocatum . . . 1-5 
" unilineata . . .137 
Agassizia porifera ... 5 
Amphidesma aeqnata . . .95 
" carinata . . 93 
" equalis . . .93 
" orbiculata. . . 94 
Amphidetus amphliforus . . 6 
" gothicus . . 7 
Anomia ephippium . . .18 
Anomidae . . . 18 
Apollon caudata . . .142 
Arcacidae . . . 31 
Area caelata . . . .36 
" centenaria ... 37 
" equicostata . . .44 
" hians ... 34 
PAGE 
Area improcera . . .41 
" incile . . . 35 
" incongrua . . . 45 
" lienosa ... 40 
" pexata . . . 46 
" rustica ... 39 
" scalaris . . . .43 
" transversa . . . 42 
Architectonica perspectiva . .1^0 
Artemis concentrica . . 82 
Astartidae . . . .70 
Astarte abbreviata . . 69 
" concentrica . . .71 
" lunulata ... 72 
" radians . . .68 
" undulata . . . 70 
Astrea bella . . . [ 
" hirtolamellata . . 1 
" Marylandica . . .2 
B. 
Brachiopoda ... 17 
Brissopsis porifera . . .5 
Brissus spatiosus ... 8 
Bryozoa . . . .11 
Buccinidae . . . 125-133 
Buccinis ampullaceis . . .148 
Buccinum ampullacies, etc . . 145 
" ampullaceum . .146 
" lunatum . . 136 
" multirugatum . .133 
" nov. eboracensis . . 135 
Buccinum oliviforme . . .135 
" obsoletum . . 135 
" porcinum . . .133 
" trivitatum . . 135 
" vibex . . . 134 
Bulla pyrum . . . 14S 
Busycon canaliculatum . .14 6 
" carica . . . 145 
" Conradii . . .147 
" perversum . . 145 
Byssoarca . . .83 
C. 
Calyptraeidae . . . 107 
Calyptraea costata . . .107 
" pileolus . . 107 
Cancellaria depressa . . . ] 43 
" reticulata . . 142 
" venusta . . .144 
Cardiadae ... 63 
Carditidae . . . .65 
Cardita abbreviata . . 69 
" arata . . . . . 65 
" carinata ... 67 
" granulata . . .66 XIV 
INDEX. 
C.-continued. 
PAGE 
Cardita perplana ... 68 
" tridentata . . .67 
Carditamera arata ... 65 
" carinata . . .67 
Cardium muricatum . . 64 
" sublineatum . . .64 
" magnum . . . 63 
" maculatum . . .63 
" ventricosum . . 63 
Cassidulus Carolinensis . .147 
" pyrum . . . 148 
Cassis Hodgii . . . . 138 
Cellepora formosa ... 12 
" depressa . . .14 
" informata . . 15 
" radiata . . .13 
" tessellata . . J 3 
Cerostoma umbrifer . . .141 
Chamacidse ... 22 
Chama arcinella . . .22 
" congregata . . . 23 
" corticosa . . .22 
Coluinbella avara . . . 139 
Coins cinereus . . . 150 
" exilis . . . 150 
" quadricostatus . . .149 
Conchifera ... 18 
Conidse . . . .131 
Conus adversarius . . . 131 
" diluvianus . . .132 
Corbulidse ... 75 
PAGE 
Corbula cuneata . . .75 
" inequale . . 76 
Grassatella undulata . . .73 
" Gibbsii . . 74 
Crepidula fornicata . . l<0 
" costata . . . Ill 
" spinosa . . .112 
" plana . . . Ill 
Crucibulum costata . . .107 
" dumosa . . 109 
" multilineata . . 107 
" ramosa . . 108 
Crypta costata . . .112 
" fornicata . . . 110 
" plana . . .Ill 
" spinosa . . . Ill 
Cucullsea . . . .38 
Cumingia tellinoides . . 92 
Cyclasidse . . . .77 
Cyprina tridacnoides . . 8 > 
Cypricardia arata . . .65 
Cyprsea Carolinensis . . 126 
pediculus . . .127 
Cyprseidse . . . 126 
Cyrena densata . . .77 
Cytherea convexa ... 83 
" metastriata . . .79 
" reposta ... 80 
" Sayana . . .83 
" subnasuta . . 80 
D. 
Dentaliadse . . . 105 
Dentalium attenuatum . . . 105 
" pleiocenum . . 105 
" thallus . . . 106 
Dimyaria ... 32 
Dispotsea costata . . .107 
Dispotsea dumosa . . . 109 
" multilineata . . . 107 
" ramosa . . . 108 
Dolium galea . . .139 
Donax variabilis ... 95 
E. 
Echinodermata ... 2 
Encope macrophora . . .2 
F. 
Fasciolaria distans . . . 151 
" gigantea . . .152 
" mutabilis . . 128 
" Tuomeyi . . .152 
Fissurellidse . . . ' 113 
Fissure] la redimicula . . .113 
Fulgur canaliculatum . . 146 
Fulgur carica . . .145 
" pyruloides . . . 148 
" pyrum . . .148 
Fusus cinereus . . 150 
" exilis .... 150 
" quadricostatus . . 149 
G. 
Galeodia Hodgii . . . 138 
Gasteropoda . . . 105 
Gnathodon Grayii . . .99 
" minor ... 99 
H. 
Heteropora tortilis . . .16 
Hipponix Bullii . . . 112 INDEX. 
XV 
I. 
PAGE 
Infundibulum centralis . . - 109 
PAGE 
Integropalialse ... 32 
J. 
Janira affinis . . . .26 
Janira hemicyclica . . 25 
L. 
Lamellibranchiata . . . 18 
Lavignon tellinoides . . .92 
Littorinidse . . . 119 
Littorina irrorata . . .119 
Lucinidse ... 54 
Lucina anadonta . . .55 
" contracta . . . 54 
" costata . . .60 
" crenulata ... 60 
Lucina cribraria . . .58 
" divaricata ... 59 
" multilineata . . .61 
" Pennsylvania . . 56 
" radians . . .57 
" squamosa ... 57 
" speciosa . .■ . 57 
" trisulcata ... 62 
Lunulites denticulata . . .11 
M. 
Mactra congesta ... 98 
" lateralis . . .97 
" oblongata ... 96 
" similis . . .97 
" tellinoides ... 92 
Marginella limatula . . . 130 
Mellita Carolinian a . . 3 
Membranipora lacinia . . .14 
Mitra Carolinensis . . . 129 
Mollusca . . . .11 
Monodonta Kiawahensis . . 116 
Mur ex umbrifer . . .141 
" canaliculatus . . 146 
" carica . . . .145 
Muricidse . . . 141 
Mya reflexa .... 100 
Mytilidse ... 32 
Mytilus incrassatus . . .32 
" inflatus ... 33 
N. 
Nassa lunata . . . .136 
" obsoleta . . . 135 
" trivittata . . .135 
" vibex . . . 134 
Natica canrena . . .115 
" Caroliniana . . 116 
" duplicata . . .114 
" heros . . . 114 
Naticida? . . . .114 
Nerita canrena . . . 115 
Nucula acuta . . . .53 
" limatula ... 52 
" obliqua . . .53 
" proxima ... 53 
Nuculid® . . . .53 
O. 
Obeliscus arenosa . . . 126 
Oliva literata . . . 140, 
Orbicula lugubris . . . 17 
" multilineata . . .18 
Ortboconchse ... 32 
Ostracidse . . . .20 
Ostrea Raveneliana . . 21 
" Virginiana . . .20 
" Virginica ... 20 
P. 
Pandora trilineata. . . .76 
Panopea reflexa . . . 100 
Pecten comparilis . . .29 
" eboreus ... 28 
" hemicyclicus . . .25 
. " Holbrookii . . 28 
" Mortoni . . .27 
" Peedeensis . . 30 
" Septenarius . . .31 
Pectenidae ... 24 
Pectunculus aratus ... 50 
" lentiformis . . 48 
" Isevis ... 50 
" passus . . .48 
" pulvinatus . . 48 
" quinquerugatus . . 49 
" subovatus . . 47 
" trans versus . .51 
Pericosmus spatiosus . . 8 
Petaloconchus sculpturatus . .123 XVI 
INDEX. 
P.-continued. 
PARE 
Petricola fornicata ... 87 
" pholadiformis . . .87 
Pholadomya abrupta . . 101 
Pholas costata . . .102 
" Memmingen . . 104 
" oblongata . . .103 
Pisidium . . - 78 
Placunanomia plicata . . .19 
Plagionotus Holinesii . . . 9 
" Ravenelianus . .10 
Pleurotoma lunatum . . 132 
Plicatula marginata . . .24 
Porcellana limatula . . 130 
PAGE 
Porcellana oliviformis . . .131 
Polyparia ... 1 
Psammechinus exoletus . . 4 
Psammocola pliocena . . 91 
Psammobia lusoria . . .89 
Purpura tridentata. . . 137 
Pyramidellidse . . .126 
Pyramidella arenosa . . 126 
Pyrula carica . . .145 
" canaliculata . . 146 
" perversa . . .145 
" reticulata . . . 149 
" spirata . . .148 
R. 
Radiaria ... 2 
Ranella caudata . . .142 
Reptocelleporaria informata . 15 
'• similis . .16 
S. 
Scalaria clathrus . . .124 
" multristriata . . 124 
Scutella Caroliniana . . .3 
" macrophora . . 2 
Serpula anguina . . . .123 
Sinodesmia carinata . . 93 
Sinupallialia . . . .75 
Solarium perspectivum . . 120 
Solecurtus caiiboeus . . .99 
Solen curvus . . . 101 
" ensis . . . .101 
Spondylus . . . 24 
Strephona literata . . .140 
Sy cotyphus reticulata . . 149 
T. 
Tellina alternata . . .89 
" biplicata ... 88 
" divaricata . . .59 
" flexuosa ... 90 
" lusoria . . . .89 
" polita . . . 91 
Terebullum striatum . . ■ . 120 
" Burdenii . . 122 
" Etiwanensis . .122 
" exaltata . . 121 
Terebra Carolinensis , . 125-137 
Terebra dislocation . . 125 
" uniliniata . . .137 
Trochita centralis . . . 109 
Troclius armillatus . . .118 
" gemma . . . 118 
" perspectivus . . .120 
" philantropus . . 117 
Turbinidse . . . .116 
Turbo irrorata . . . 119 
Tunis lunatum . . .132 
Turritella exaltata. . . 121 
V. 
Veneridse ... 78 
Venericardia granulata . .66 
Venus cancellata . . 81 
" concentrica . . .82 
" cribraria ... 83 
" diformis. . . .85 
" latilirata ... 85 
" mercenaria . . .81 
" metastriata ... 79 
" papbia . . .85 
" Pennsylvanica . . 56 
" perinagna . . .86 
Venus reposta ... 80 
" Rileyi . . .78 
" Sayana ... 83 
" subnasuta . . .80 
" tridacnoides . . 85 
Vermetus anguina . . . 123 
Voluta Carolinensis . . 129 
" mutabilis . . .128 
" Trenholmii . . 128 
" reticulata . . .142 
Volutidse . . . 128 PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
POLYPARIA. 
ASTRJE A. -Lam. 
ASTRtEA BELLA.-Con. 
Plate I. Fig. 1. 
Astraea bella, Con., Journal Ac. Kat. Sci., Vol. VIII., p. 189. 1842. 
Astraea hirtolamellata, Michelin,-Icon. Zooph., p. 162, pl. 44, fig. 5. 1845. 
Astraea hirtolamellata, Lonsdale, Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc., London, Vol. I., p. 499. 
A. stellis polygonalibus, in&qualibus, prof undis, lamellosis ' lamellis numerosis, majoribus 
minoribusque alternis, denticulatis, hirtis, marginibus irregulariter plicatis. 
Description. Stars polygonal, inequilateral, deep, lamellar; lamellae numerous, alter- 
nately larger and smaller, denticulated and rough on the edges, on the sides prominently 
papillated; partitions between the stars thin and plaited by the alternate position of the 
lamellae of the adjacent stars. 
This coral, which is generally found incrusting other bodies, often assumes a globular 
shape. It is readily distinguished by the denticulated lamellae, the great depth and well 
defined angles of the cells, and the thinness of the partitions. 
Mr. Lonsdale refers this fossil without doubt to A hirtolamellata, Michelin. It is 
scarcely possible, however, that in the upper Tertiary beds of the United States there 
should be found a fossil common to them and the Eocene of Grignon. 
Plate I., Fig. 1. Coral nat. size, on a fragment of Pecten. 
" la. Star Magnified. 
Locality. Darlington District. 
Museum, College of Charleston, S. C. 2 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
ASTR2EA MARYLANDICA.-Con. 
Plate L, Fig. 2. 
Astraea Marylandica, Con., Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci., Vol. VIII., p. 189. 
A. incrustans, stellis polygonalibus, inequalibus ; lamellis 12, minimis, rugosis. 
Description. Incrusting; stars polygonal, irregular; lamellae about 12; small, rough. 
This species is chiefly distinguished from the preceding by the smaller number of the 
lamellae, which are also less denticulated. The axes of the stars are in general more solid. 
The genus Astraea is first found in the cretaceous system, continues upwards, and has its 
maximum developement in seas of hot climates of the actual period. 
Plate I., Fig. 2. Coral nat. size. 
" 2a. Star enlarged. 
Locality. Darlington District, S. C. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
RADIARIA.-Lam. 
ECHINODERMATA.-Cuv. 
ENCOPE.-Agass. 
ENCOPE MACROPHORA.-Ravenel. 
Plate I., Fig. 3. 
Scutella Macrophora, Ravenel, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci., Vol. VIII., p. 334. 
Encope Macrophora, Ravenel, Catalogue of Echinidae Recent and fossil of So. Ca., 1848, p. 2. 
E. disco subovato, postice truncato, margine incrassata ; sinubus ambulacralibus latis, 
apertis • lunula postica elliptica. margine superne incrassata^ magna ' petalis posticis ovatis. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
3 
Description. Disk subovate, truncated posteriorly, margin thickened, ambulacral sinuses 
wide, open; posterior lunule large, margin thickened on the upper side; posterior petals 
narrow, elongated, incurved ; anterior petals ovate. 
Dimensions. Lon. 3 in., lat. in., alti. f in. 
This fossil resembles very closely a recent specimen in our possession from California, 
which is very near if not identical with E. grandis, Agass.; a species supposed to be from 
the Antilles. In our fossil, however, the posterior edge is not emarginated, nor are the 
open lunules so deep; besides, the posterior lunule is wider anteriorly, and perforates the 
disk obliquely. This, it is believed, is the first instance in which the genus Encope is 
undoubtedly known to occur as a fossil. 
Plate I., Fig. 3. Upper surface nat. size. 
" 3b. Lower surface. 
" 3a. Profile. 
Locality. Grove, Cooper River, S. C. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
MELLITA.-Klein. 
MELLITA CAROLINIANA.-Ravenel. 
Plate I. Fig. 4. 
Scutella Caroliniana, Ravenel, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci., Vol. VIII. p. 333. 
Mellita Caroliniana, Ravenel, Catalogue of Ecliinidae Recent and Fossil of South Carolina, 
1848, p. 4. 
M. disco suborbiculari, lunulis sex; lunulis ambulacralibus minimis, ovatis • lunula postica, 
elong ata', petalis ovatis subclausis. 
Description. Disk suborbicular, lunules six; ambulacral lunules small, ovate; posterior 
lunule long, narrow, petals ovate, nearly closed. Resembles M. Hexaphora, Lin., in general 
appearance, but is easily distinguished from it by its having the disk more nearly orbicular, 
and more regularly convex on the upper surface. The ambulacral lunules are also smaller 
in M. Caroliniana, besides having a slight depression extending to the circumference from 
each of the ambulacral lunules. The posterior lunule is nearly twice the length of the 4 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
others. The ambulacral furrows on the lower surface are less branched than in M. hexa- 
phora. These characters likewise separate this fossil from M. similis, Agass. This is the 
lowest formation in which the genus Mellita has as yet been found. 
The dimensions of an imperfect specimen, kindly lent us by Dr. Edmund Ravenel, of the 
Grove Plantation, Cooper River, are, Lon. in., Lat. 5|, Alt. The original of our 
drawing measures, Lon. 2|, Lat. 2, Alt. |. 
Plate I., Fig. 4. Tipper surface. 
" 4b. Lower surface. 
" 4a. Profile. 
Locality.-Cooper River, Goose Creek and Wadmalaw River. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
PSAMMECHINUS.-Agassiz. 
PSAMMECHINUS EXOLETUS.- McGrady.-{New Species.') 
Plate II., Fig. 6. 
Psammechinus tuberculis ambulacralibus parvis, numerosis, frequentibusque. 
Description. This small relic is hardly more than an indication of the existence of a 
new species. Fig. 6 is an enlarged view of the fragment, which is the upper end of one of 
the ambulacra and a somewhat injured piece of the inter-ambulacrum of its left side. The 
arrangement of the pores in broken rows of three pairs each betrays one of those generic 
types allied to the true Echinus, and the two regular rows of large tubercles in the ambu- 
lacrum and the single row of still larger knops on the inter-ambulacrum, with the clear 
space between this row and its left edge, seem to assign it to the sub-genus Psammechinus 
of Agassiz, which is quite removed from the ordinary Echinus by the prominent scales on 
its buccal membrane. A species of this genus is now living on our coast, still undescribed, 
from which this fossil appears to differ in having the tubercles of its ambulacral series 
relatively smaller, more numerous and crowded. 
Plate II., Fig. 6, is a view of the f ragment enlarged to about twice the natural size, to show the 
arrangement of the pores. 
Locality. Smith's, Goose Creek, S. C. 
(J. McC.) PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
5 
AGASSIZIA.-Val. 
AGASSIZIA PORIFERA.-McGrady. 
Plate I., Fig. 5, and Plate II., Fig. 4. 
Brissopsis porifera, Ravend, Catalogue of Echinidae Rec. and Foss, of So. Ca., p. 4, et fig. 
Charleston. (1848.) 
Species magna^ lata, alta, paene globosa, tamen postice truncata; inter-ambulacris summis 
gibbosis ' apice sexuali mediano; ambulacris paribus posterioribus longis, et extremitates 
animalis peripheriem versus leviter curvantibus • ambulacris anterioribus prope rectis, et 
omnibus non prof unde impressis j poris ambulacribus plusve minusve rotundatis et semi- 
ambulacro obliterate totam ejus longitudinem non facili visu ; impressione seu faciola laterali 
impressionis peripetalis angulum infimum incurrente j tuberculis maximis anteriorem testam 
densis. Infra, sterno lato ' ambulacris posterioribus angustis, et testae peripheriem versus 
arcuatis et posterioris regionis tuberculis maximis longum spatium densis. 
Description. This large species exceeds the A. excavata ( VhZ.) in height, but it is not 
conical like Brissopsis rimulata (Rav.) of the Eocene, which is also an Agassizia. It is 
more nearly spherical than either of those two species, having, however, a truncated 
appearance posteriorly from the great relative size of the Anal Facet. The upper ends of 
the inter-ambulacra are quite bulging. The sexual centre nearly median. The hinder 
paired ambulacra long and slightly bent outwards at their peripheral ends. The anterior 
paired ambulacra are nearly straight and have their obliterated half rows of pores scarcely 
perceptible for their whole length. The ambulacra! pores are more or less circular in 
outline. The side-belt joins the outer star-belt at its lowest angle or elbow, and the fore- 
shell is thickly strewn with the greater sized knops. On the nether surface, the breastplate 
is broad, and flanked by very narrow ambulacra, which are also somewhat bowed outwardly 
towards the outline of the shell, and are covered to an unusual extent posteriorly with 
large tubercles. 
The specimen from which this description and figure are taken, is the only one yet 
brought to light, and was found by Dr. Ed. Ravenel, at his plantation, the Grove, Cooper 
River, in a bed of Pleiocine Marl. In his catalogue it is registered as a Brissopsis-the 
want of specimens and diagnoses of the two genera, at that time, precluding the possibility 
of his accurately determining its generic position. He generously placed it in my hands 
for description. It is, beyond doubt, an Agassizia, as is shown by the arrangement of its 6 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
belts and the obliteration of the anterior half-ambulacrum in each member of the forward 
pair. 
Plate I., Fig. 5. Upper surface. 
" 5a. Profile. 
11 5b. Lower surface. 
Plate II., Fig. 4. Enlarged view of part of an ambulacrum of the forward pair, showing the minute 
pores of the obsolete half-row. 
Ui. Magnified view of a large tubercle from beside the odd-ambulacrum. 
Locality. The Grove, Cooper River, S. C. 
(J. McC.) 
AMPHIDETUS.-Agassiz. 
AMPHIDETUS AMPLIFLOR US.-McGrady.-(Ae«> species.} 
Plate IL, Fig. 2. 
Amphidetus maximus cordiformis modici longus^ A. gothico longior ; anteriorem testam la- 
tissimus j A. orthonoto aliquantulum similis sed antice angustior, et posteriora latera non 
compressus ' gibbo anteriore vix prominente, et posteriore quoque humilissimo fasciolae in- 
ternae area latissima antice angustiore, et magnis tuberculis clavata j fasciolae subanalis non 
conservata, stella ambulacrali ampla, ports rotundatis, et intra fasciolam internum apertis 
poris paucis et ad apicem sexualem non pertingentibus ' apice sexuali mediano ; foraminibus 
genitalibus appropinquatis ; interambulacrorum parium poster iorum jugis descendentibus re- 
motis ; facie anali non conservator verum probabile est, quam A. orthonoti angustiore, plus 
rotundata et plus verticali. 
Description. A large species, heart-shaped and at first sight similar to A. orthonotus, 
(Plate IL, Fig. 1, la,16, lc,) but differing in being not quite so broad anteriorly and narrow- 
ing less suddenly towards the Anal Facet; not very long, but longer than A. gothicus, next 
to be described. The anterior hump is rounded off, and much less prominent than in A. 
orthonotus ; the posterior inter-ambulacral hump being almost nothing. The field of the 
inner star-belt is very broad, but narrowing towards the front, while the knops which stud 
it are of large size. The ambulacral star is ampler, covering more of the upper surface than 
in the Virginian species; its pores are more or less rounded and the rows of open pores 
within the belt do not reach the sexual centre, which is median ; the genital openings are PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
7 
closely clustered; plate-ridges of the hinder pair of ambulacra widely separated; anal 
facet not preserved, but probably it was narrower, more rounded and more perpendicular 
in its descent than that of A. orthonotus. All that remains of the nether surface, that is a 
small portion of the second inter-ambulacrum of the right side, seems to indicate by its 
relative position a more depressed form than is characteristic of either of the other species 
described in this book. 
This species has some general resemblance to the wood-cut of A. Virginianus, given by 
Prof. Forbes, in the London Journal of Geology, Vol. I., p. 425. But on closer comparison 
it will be seen that the two forms differ especially in the shapes of the inner star-belt-field, 
the convexity of the fore-shell, and the greater comparative breadth of the Carolinian fossil. 
Plate II., Fig. 2. Upper view. In this figure, by an oversight of the artist, the field, of the inner 
star-belt is broader anteriorly by about the width of the belt on each side, 
than it is in nature. 
il 2a. Profile. 
Locality. The Grove, Cooper River, S. C. 
(J. McC.) 
AMPHIDETUS GOTHICUS.-Ravenel. 
Plate II., Fig. 3. 
Amphidetus gothicus.--Ravenel, Cat. of Echinoderms Rec. and Foss, of S. C., p. 4. et fig. 
(1848.) Charleston. 
Amphidetus maximus, altus, circumferentian circularis ' medio longitudine latissimus ' jugis 
descendentibus inter ambulacr or um par ium posteriorum valde appropinquatisporis ambulac- 
ralibus amplis, plusve minusve elongatis, paucibus et valde remotis in paribus collocatis ; area 
fasciolae internae male conservata, sed probabiliter angustiore, tuberculis parvis clavata • fa- 
sciolae subanalis lata ' poris apertis intra fasciolam, numerosis, appropinquatis et ad apicem 
sexualem per ting entibus. 
Description. This large species may at once be distinguished from the other fossil 
Amphideti of America, by its circular form and great height. Its greatest breadth, also, is 
about midway its length, the animal being proportionately narrow in front. The descending 
plate-ridges of the second pair of inter-ambulacra are nearer together than in the other 
species. The ambulacral pores few, large, and somewhat slit-shaped in the forward half-row 8 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
of the anterior pair, and the hinder or inner half-row of the posterior pair of ambulacra, 
and less so in the remaining half-rows; the groove-yoked pairs of pores, also, are wider 
apart than in the other species, and the open pores within the star-belt-field more numerous 
and crowded, extending to the sexual centre. 
This species was discovered by Dr. Edmund Ravenel, in the Pleiocine bed on his planta- 
tion, called the Grove, Cooper River, and distinguished by the foregoing name, it was 
registered in his Catalogue without description. It is here described from the original 
specimen, and is a large, beautiful and well-marked species, entirely distinct from any other 
heretofore described. 
Plate II., Fig. 3. Upper surface, natural size. 
" 3a. Lower surface, natural size. 
" 35. Altitude from behind, natural size. 
" 3c. Profile, natural size. 
" 3d. Magnified view of the minute granulations of the upper surface. All of the tu- 
bercles have been broken, only leaving the outline of their bases. 
11 3e. View of some tubercles of the lower surface, with a portion of half the next-lying 
ambulacrum, less highly magnified thorn 3d. 
" 3f. A tubercle of the lower surface, with the shield in which it is set, highly magni- 
fied. Though imperfect, it discovers the peculiarities of the knops in the genus 
Amphidetus. 
Locality. The Grove, Cooper River, S. C. 
(J. McC.) 
BRISSUS.-Klein. 
BRISSUS SPATIOSUS.-McGrady. 
Plate III., Fig. 1, la, lb, 1c. 
Pericosmus spatiosus, Ravenel, Cat. Echin. Rec. and Foss, of So. Ca., p. 2. (1848.) 
Brissus maximus, Brisso ventricoso Cubense valde similis, sed probabiliter humilior • et 
basem magis circularis • Ambulacro impari in fosso profundo et lato depresso ; Ambulacris 
alteris in fossis, quam speciei Cubensis minus profundis, sitis j Infra-sterno lato-Undique 
Tuberculis numerosis frequentibus, et parvis, clavatus. 
A very large Briscus very similar to the B. ventricosus of Cuba, but probably of less 
height, and more circular in the outline of its base. The odd ambulacrum is set in a broad PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
PLATE I 
POLYP A Pi IA. 
Fig. 1. ASTR2EA BELLA. Coral, natural size, on a fragment of Pecten, page 1. 
" la. A single star magnified. 
" 2. ASTRtEA MARYLANDICA. Coral, natural size, page 2. 
" 2a. A single star magnified. 
" 3. ENCOPE MACROPHORA. Upper surface, natural size, page 2. 
" 35. Lower surface. 
" 3a. Profile. 
" 4. MELLITA CAROLINIANA. Upper surface, page 3. 
" 45. Lower surface, 
" ha. Profile view. 
" 5. AGASSIZIA PORIFERA. Upper surface, natural size, page 5. 
K 55. Lower surface. 
" 5a. Profile view. RI. 
('.GA'ltten ad ; <1 h'h- Charies'^' S.C, PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
PLATE II, 
ECHINODERMATA. 
Fig. 1. Upper surface of AMPHIDETUS ORTHONOTUS, a fossil from the Miocene Marl of James 
River, Virginia ; introduced here for comparison. Unfortunately by a mistake in the 
position in which this view was taken, the sexual centre appears to be behind the actual 
centre of the shell, instead of being before it, as in nature. Fig. 1c is more correct in 
this respect. ♦ 
" la. Lower surface. 
" lb. Altitude from behind. 
" 1c. Profile. 
" 2. AMPHIDETUS AMPLIFORUS, upper surface, page 6. 
" 2a. Profile. 
" 3. AMPHIDETUS GOTHICUS, upper surface, page 1. 
" 3a. Lower surface. 
" 36. Altitude from behind. 
" 3c. Profile. 
" 3d. Magnified view of the minute granulations of the upper surface. 
" 3e. View of some tubercles from the lower surface, with a portion of half the next lying ambu- 
lacrum, less highly magnified than Fig. 3d. 
" 3f. A tubercle from the lower surface, with its shield highly magnified. 
" 4. Enlarged view of part of an ambulacrum of the forward pair, from Agassizia porifera, {Plate 
1, Fig. 5) showing the minute pores of the obsolete half row. 
" 4a. Magnified view of a large tubercle from beside the odd ambulacrum. 
" 5. ECIIINO-CIDARIS, upper surface, as restored from several fragments; species doubtful. 
" 5a. Profile view of the same. 
" 6. PSAMMECHINUS EXOLETUS ; a fragment magnified about twice the natural size, page 4. 'Pl. 2 
C'.C'P/a/en at/nat. ii/A. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
9 
and deep groove, the others in shallower ones. Below, we find the breast-plate very broad 
and every where the shell appears to have been studded with numerous, crowded knops, 
relatively smaller in size than those of the Cuban species. 
This description is taken from an imperfect cast, (an upper view of which is given, Plate 
III., fig. 1,) and several fragments, one of which, a breast-plate, is figured on the same Plate, 
fig. la. The cast was found by Dr. Edmund Ravenel, and noticed by him in his Catalogue 
as Pericosmus spatiosus, with the remark that when more data should be obtained, it would 
probably be necessary to remove it from that genus. Having enjoyed, through the kind- 
ness of Dr. Ravenel and Prof. Agassiz, an opportunity of more accurately determining its 
generic characters, I remove it to the genus Brissus. It is intended also to give a mono- 
graphic account of the remains of this and the two following species, in an appendix to 
appear at a later day. 
Plate III., Fig. 1. Upper view of cast. There remain only partial impressions of two Ambulacra, 
the odd one, and the left limb of the first pair. 
" la. A breast-plate, with part of the hinder ambulacrum of the left side. 
" lb. Enlarged hnops, with their characteristic pentagonal shield, from a fragment of 
the lower surface. 
" 1c. Profile view of another hnop of the same hind. 
Locality. The Grove, Cooper River, S. C. 
(J. McC.) 
PLAGIONOTUS.-Agassiz. 
PLAGIONOTUS HOLMESIL-McGrady. 
Plate III., Fig. 2, 2a. 
Fragmenta quae Plagionotum P. pectorali valde similem indicant, et jugis descendentibus 
inter ambulacr or um paris posterioris, modice appropinquatis ' fasciola peripetali non antice 
duplicata. Probabile est-quod, animalis forma valde ovadis, et lata fuit. 
This species is indicated by numerous fragments in our Pleiocene. It approached most 
nearly to the species figured by Seba and copied by Lamark, who gave the name, Spatangus 
pectoralis.-(Brissus (Plagionotus) pectoralis.-A^.) The plate-ridges of the second 
pair of interambulacra are somewhat closely approached and the outer star-belt is not 10 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
doubled round the fore-shell. In form it was probably a broad oval, still shorter and more 
circular than the living species which it most resembles. 
I take pleasure in inscribing this species to Prof. Holmes, to whose efforts we owe the 
discovery, not only of a large portion of these fragments, but of many other important 
remains from the Tertiary of South-Carolina. 
Plate III., Fig. 2. Lower part of the hinder half-row from the right an^dacrum of the forward 
pair, with forward half-row of the interambulacrum immediately behind. 
" 2a. Breast-plate, nearly entire. 
Locality. Smith's, Goose Creek. 
(J. McC.) 
Museum, College of Charleston, S. C. 
PLAGIONOTUS R A VENELI ANUS.-McGrady. 
Plate III., Fig. 3, 3a. 
Fragmenta quae Plagionotum stellae ambulacralis membris paribus anterioribus longis 
arcuatisque, et posterioribus probabile est curtis ' duorum fragmentorum assulis fascioliferis 
tubercuiorum maximorum ordine deprivatis • jugis descendentibus inter ambulacr or um parium 
posteriorum valde remotis • fasciola peripetali anteriorem testam duplicata; sterno lato et 
aliquantum triangulari indicant. Probabile est-quod anteriora latissima, posteriora curta, 
angusta fait, animalis forma. 
I have given the above name to a portion of the fragments found in the Pleiocene, which 
differ from those attributed to P. Holmesii, in having the intervals between the plate ridges 
of the second pair of inter-ambulacra greater, the forward pair of ambulacra relatively 
longer and more bent backwards, and the hinder pair probably shorter; the sternal plate, 
fig. 3a, somewhat broader, shorter, more massive, and inclined to the triangular form. It 
is probable, also, that this species was broader across the fore-shell and narrower behind 
than P. Holmesii, with perhaps a less relative distance between the anal facet and the 
sexual centre. Perhaps, also, the belt-bearing-plates were entirely deprived of the ordinary 
rows of large knops, for the whole circuit of the star-belt. 
I have gladly availed myself of this opportunity to connect with one of the forms of this PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
11 
ancient fauna, the name of my valued friend, Dr. Edmund Ravenel, who has himself been 
the pioneer in the study of the lower animals at the South. 
Plate III., Fig. 3. The part of this species corresponding to fig. 2 of P. Ilolmesii, hut more perfect. 
It will he observed that the helt-hearing-plate is without any row of great knops. 
Another fragment of the same part of the left side, not here figured, discovers the 
sanne peculiarity. 
" 3a. Imperfect hreastplate. 
Locality. The Grove, Cooper River, S. C. 
(J. McC.) 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
Of the Echinodermata thus described, not one is found in the Meiocene of Virginia; 
Ampiiidetus orthonotus (Plate IL, fig. 1,) is from the Meiocene of James River, Virginia, 
and introduced for comparison. Encope Macropora has its living analogue in Encope 
grandis, (Agass.) and Mellita Caroliniana, in Mellita hexapora, (Linn.) A few genera 
of Echinodermata are found as far back as the Palaeozoic period; from the Triassic upwards 
they increase in number, and have their maximum development in the present seas. 
MOLLBSCA.-Linn. 
BRYOZOA.-Ehren. 
LUNULITES.-Lam. 
LUNULITES DENTICULATA.-Con. 
Plate IV., Fig. 1 to 5. 
Lunulites denticulata, Con., Am. Jour. Sci., Vol. XLL, p. 348. (1841.) 
Lunulites denticulata, Lons., Quar. Jour. Geol. Soc., London, Vol. I., p. 503. 
L. subconica, depressa ' superficie interna, radiato-striata granulata vel punctata' cellulis 
oblongis, denticulatis, guincuncialibus oribus orbiculatis, vel semi-orbiculatis ' margine 
crenulata. 
Description.-Subconical, depressed; interior surface radiate-striated, granulated or 
punctate; cells oblong, denticulate quincunx; mouths circular or semicircular, margin 
crenulated. 12 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
This little coral, which is abundant in the sandy marls of the State, is identical with one 
found in the Post Pleiocene. It presents considerable variation in the form of the cells, 
which are, however, always more or less denticulated. From the Eocene species it is dis- 
tinguished by the quincunx arrangement of the cells. 
The genus Lunulites is first found in the Cretaceous rocks, and occurs abundantly in the 
seas of the actual period. 
Plate IV., Fig. 1. Coral, natural size. 
" 2. Magnified. 
" 3. Interior, natural size. 
" 4. Interior, magnified. 
" 5. Cells magnified. 
Locality. Marls of Darlington District, S. C. 
Museum, College of Charleston, 8. C. 
CELLEPORA.-Fabricius. 
CELLEPORA FORMOSA.-{New Species.} 
Plate IV., Fig. 6. 
C. incrustans j eellulis ovatis, immersis, cegualibus, subguineuncialibus, vel sine ordine 
depositis, poris minimis cinctis ' ore magno, rotundo. 
Description. Incrusting; cells ovate, immersed, equal, somewhat quincunx or disposed 
irregularly, surrounded by a row of minute pores. 
The distinguishing character of this beautiful species is the row of pores bounding the 
cells; on the sides of the cells, the pores are in double rows and seen obliquely, giving the 
cells the appearance of serial arrangement. Vertically the cells are separated by a single 
row of cells. This regularity is only observed when there has been no interference, for on 
other portions of the same specimen both cells and pores are irregular. The mouth is large 
and but slightly raised. 
Plate IV., Fig. 6. Coral magnified. 
Locality. Darlington District, S. C. 
Museum, College of Charleston, 8. C. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
13 
CELLEPORA TESSELLATA.-(New Species.) 
Plate IV., Fig. 7. 
C. incrustans ; cellulis minimis, subglobosis, depressis, guincuncialibus, interstitiis impressis ; 
ore minimo, constricto. 
Description. Incrusting; cells small, somewhat globular, flattened, quincunx, with the 
boundaries between the cells defined by an impressed line; mouth small, contracted, 
slightly lipped; a small closed tubercle on the sides of the cells, which is sometimes 
conspicuously open. 
The depressed globular form and great regularity of arrangement distinguishes this species. 
Plate IV., Fig. 7. Cells magnified. 
Locality. Giles's Bluff, Pee Dee River. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
CELLEPORA RADIATA.-(A7w Species.) 
Plate IV., Fig. 8. 
C. incrustans ' cellulis, ovato-oblongis ventricosis, subimbricatis, radiantibus, guincunciali- 
bus' ore rotundo. 
Description. Incrusting; cells oval-oblong ventricose, radiating, quincunx. 
This fossil is found in irregular patches, consisting of a single layer of cells, on the surface 
of other fossils. Near the proximal edge of the mouth, which is not at all thickened, there 
is a small tubercle which is generally perforated, showing under the microscope a minute 
foramen. 
Plate IV., Fig. 8. Cells magnified. 
Locality. Smith's, Goose Creek. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 14 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
CELLEPORA PEPRESSA.-(New Species.) 
Plate IV., Fig. 9. 
C. incrustans ' cellulis, depressis, ellipticis quincuncialibus ' ore rotundo, prominulo, labiato, 
tuberculoso. 
Description. Incrusting; cells depressed, elliptic, quincunx; mouth circular, slightly 
prominent, margined, tuberculose. 
The cells are much flattened, somewhat indistinct, and separated by a depressed line. 
The mouth is small and depressed, with the lip slightly raised and thickened. On each 
side of the mouth there is a minute tubercle. 
Plate IV., Fig. 9. Cells magnified. 
Locality. Smith's, Goose Creek. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
In the revision of Bryozoa, D'Orbigny has restricted the genus Cellepora, Fab., to those 
species composed of a single layer of cells. He has also referred the species of Escharina 
and Escharoides, of M. Edwards, and Discopora, Lm., to this genus. Celleporaria, 
Lamouroux, contains the branching species placed in Cellepora, by Lamarck and others, 
and Reptocellepora has been instituted for those species composed of several cell-layers, 
heretofore included in Cellepora. 
MEMBRANIPORA.-Blainville. 
MEMBRANIPORA LACINIA.-(New Species.) 
Plate IV., Fig. 10. 
incrustans, tenuis ' cellulis contiguis, ovalibus vet sub-hexagonalibus, divergentibus 
quincuncialibus. 
Description. Incrusting, thin, cells contiguous, oval or somewhat hexagonal, diverging 
quincunx. PLEIOCE1NE FOSSILS. 
15 
This beautiful fossil is found on the surface of submarine bodies, like circular spots of 
delicate, radiating lace-work. The walls of the cells are slightly raised at the distal ex- 
tremity, so as to form small hoods, the only covering of the cells. 
The genus Membranipora is found in the lower cretaceous beds, has its maximum in the 
upper portion of the same formation, and is living in every sea. 
Plate IV., Fig. 10. Cells magnified. 
Locality. Smith's, Goose Creek. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
REPTOCELLEPORARIA.-D'Orb. 
REPTOCELLEPORARIA INFORMATA. 
Plate IV., Fig. 11 and 12. 
Cellepora informata, Lons., Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc., London, Vol. I., p. 505. 
B. incrustans, subglobosa vel mamillosa, porosa; cellulis, inegualibus ' ore rotundo vel 
ovato ; margine elato, incrassato. 
I 
Description. Incrusting, irregular, subglobose, or with the surface mamillary, porous; 
cells unequal; mouth circular, raised, thickened. 
This fossil occurs in irregular verrucose masses, composed of numerous layers of cells, 
and incrusting shells and other marine substances. The masses are often six inches in 
diameter. The densely porous surface and greater regularity of the cells, distinguishes 
this from the following species. 
Plate IV„ Fig. 11. Coral, natural size. 
" 12. Cells magnified. 
Locality. Darlington District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
The fossil species of this genus are found as low as the upper cretaceous formation, and 
extend through the Tertiary. The living forms exist in the seas of warm, temperate, and 
cold climates. 16 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
REPTOCELLEPORARIA SIMILIS. 
Plate IV., Fig. 13 and 14. 
Cellepora similis, Lons., Quar. Jour. Geol. Soc., Lon., Vol. I., p. 509. 
R. incrustans irregulariter • cellulis globosis, confusis ; ore magno, rotundo, terminal! 
Description. Incrusting irregular, not porous; cells globular, confused; mouth large, 
circular, terminal. 
This species is easily distinguished from the preceding by the more even and less verru- 
cose surface of the masses. The whole is covered by little elevations, which rarely become 
mammillary. The absence of pores, when viewed through a lens, separates it readily from 
B. INFORMATA. 
Plate IV., Fig. 13. Fragment, natural size. 
" 14. Cells magnified. 
Locality. Darlington District, S. C. Found also at Petersburg, Virginia. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
HETEBOPOBA.-Blain. 
HETEROPORA TORTILIS.-Lons. 
Plate IV., Fig. 15 and 16. 
Heteropora tortilis, Lons., Quar. Jour., Geol. Soc., London, Vol. I., p. 500. 
H. ramosa-dichotoma; ramis rotundo, truncatis, hrevibus • poris tubulosis inequalibus. 
Description. Branching, dichotomous, branches short round, truncated; pores tubular 
round or somewhat angular, unequal. 
The fragment figured is the only specimen yet found in South Carolina. Fig. 17 is a 
specimen from the Meiocene of Virginia, introduced to show the branching form of the PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
plate m. 
ECHIN 0DERMATA. 
Fig. 1. BBISSUS SPATIOSUS. Upper view of cast. 
" la. A Breastplate, with part of the hinder ambulacrum of the left side. 
" 15. Enlarged knops, with their characteristic pentagonal shields from the lower surface. 
" 1c. Profile view of another knop of the same kind. 
" 2. PLAGIONOTUS HOLMESII. Lower part of the hinder half-row from the right ambula- 
crum of the forward pair, with forward half-row of the interambulacrum immediately 
behind. 
li 2a. Breastplate nearly entire. 
" 3. PLAGIONOTUS RAVENELIANUS. The part of this species corresponding to fig. 2a of P. 
Holmesii, but more perfect. It will be observed that the Belt-bearing plate is without 
any row of great knops. 
" 3a. Imperfect Breastplate. T1.3. 
Cd.T^a/en at/naK PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
PLATE IV. 
BETOZOA. 
■ Fig. 1. LUNULITES DENTICULATA. Coral, natural size. 
" 2. Coral magnified. 
" 3. Interior, natural size. 
" 4. Interior magnified. 
" 5. Cells magnified. 
" 6. CELLEPORA FORMOSA. Coral, magnified. 
" 7. CELLEPORA TESSELLATA. Coral, magnified. 
" 8. CELLEPORA RADI ATA. Coral, magnified. 
" 9. CELLEPORA DEPRESSA. Coral, magnified. 
" 10. MEMBRANIPORA LACINIA. Coral, magnified. 
" 11. REPTOCELLEPORARIA INFORMATA. Coral, natural size. 
" 12. Cells magnified. 
" 13. REPTOCELLEPORARIA SIMILIS. Coral, natural size. 
" 14. Cells, magnified. 
" 15. HETEROPORA TORTILIS. Fragment of Coral, natural size. 
" 16. Same magnified, to show the pores; the lower part cut to show internal structure. 
" 17. Fragment from Virginia, natural size, to show the branching. 
" 18. Magnified view of irregular pores. PL 4. 
C.G~PtcL&n actnat. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
17 
fossil. The ends of the short branches are thickened and rounded. The arborescent form 
and surface covered with unequal, irregularly arranged and somewhat angular pores, as 
seen in Fig. 18, are sufficiently characteristic. 
Plate IV., Fig. 15. Fragment of Coral. 
" 16. The same magnified to show the pores, with a section of the lower part exposing 
the tubes. 
" 17. Fragment from the FLeiocene of Virginia, natural size, to show the branching. 
Locality. Smith's, Goose Creek. 
Museum, College of Charleston, S. C. 
BRACHIOPODA.-Dumeril. 
ORBICULA.-Cuv. 
ORBICULA LUGUBRIS.-Con. 
Plate V., Fig. 1. 
Orbicula lugubris, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 75, Plate XLIIL, Fig. 2. 
0. testa, ovato-orbiculata, depressa ' valva superiors, lamellosa, vertice sub-marginali. 
Description. Shell oblong-ovate, depressed; superior valve with the vertex towards the 
posterior margin. 
This fossil is easily distinguished by the dark brown colour and corneous structure of the 
upper valve, the only part found. Behind the apex, the surface is marked by some obsolete 
radiating lines. The rest of the shell is smooth, or lamellar. 
Plate V., Fig. 1. Fossil, natural size. 
Locality. Dr. Davis's, Pee Dee River. 
Museum, College of Charleston, S. C. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
18 
ORBICULA MULTILINEATA.-Con. 
Orbicula multilineata, Con., Foss. Ter. For., Plate LXXV., Fig. 3. 
0. testa, orbiculata • valva superiors, radiatim tenuistriata, lamellosa, vertice sub-centrali. 
Description. Shell, orbicular ; superior valve, with fine radiating lines, apex sub-central. 
This species is separated from the preceding by the radiating lines, and by having the 
apex nearly central. Even in young specimens of 0. lugubris the apex is marginal, as 
represented in Plate V., Fig. 3. The Eocene is the lowest formation in which the genus 
ORBICULA OCCUrS. 
Plate V., Fig. 2. Fossil, natural size. 
Locality. Dr. Davis's, Pee Dee River. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
LAM EL LI BRAN CHI AT A.- Blainville. 
ACEPHALA.-Cuv. 
CONCHIFERA.-Lam. 
PLEUROCONCHtE.- D'Orbignt, 
Fam.-AN OMID2E. 
ANOMIA.-Linn. 
ANOMIA EPHIPPIUM.-Linn. 
Plate V., Figs. 4 and 5, 
Anomia ephippium, Linn., Syst. Nat. 1150. 
A. testa sub orbicular i, irregulari, tenuissima' concentrice striata, subdawig ata: for amine 
ovato. 
Description. Shell somewhat orbicular, irregular, undulating; concentrically striated, 
or smooth; opening for the byssus large, oval. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
19 
This very irregular shell is abundant in the marls of the State, and particularly on the 
Waccamaw river. The upper valves often occur in great numbers, one within the other, as 
shells are frequently seen along the coast, thrown up by the waves. The lower valve, which 
is more fragile, is rarely found fossil. 
It is the only species in the upper tertiary of South Carolina. The genus Anomia, at 
present an inhabitant of every sea, occurs in the fossil state as far back as the cretaceous 
period. 
Plate V., Fig. 4. Upper valve, natural size. 
" 5. Side view, natural size. 
Locality. Waccamaw. 
Museum, College of Charleston, 8. C. 
PLACUNANOMIA.- Brod. 
PLACUNANOMIA PLICATA.-(Ve?« Species.} 
U. testa subovali, subeguivalvi, subequilaterali, subfoliacea, tenui ; margine ter plicata, im- 
pressions musculari magna, semiorbiczdari, centrali ' valva superiore versus cardinem plana • 
costis cardinalibus aliquantulum divergentibus. 
Description. Shell sub-oval, but variable, sub-equivalve, sub-equilateral, slightly foliated, 
thin, margin with three or four deep plications; muscular impression large, semi-orbicular 
central; upper valve flat near the hinge or beaks; the two ribs in the hinge slightly 
divergent. 
We believe this to be the first of the genus that has been found fossil in the United 
States. In the cabinet of Dr. Edmund Ravenel, of this State, there is a species taken from 
the harbour of Charleston, belonging to this genus. It is, therefore, living upon the coast 
of South Carolina. 
Pt,ate VI., Fig. 4. Upper valve, natural size. 
" 5. Inside of lower Valve, showing the costal ribs of the hinge, the muscular im- 
pression, and the perforation for the passage of the organ of attachment. 
" 6. Side view of the fossil, natural size, showing the plicated margin. 
Locality. Smith's, Goose Creek. 
Museum^ College of Charleston. 20 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
Fam. OSTRACHDE. 
OSTREA.-Linn. 
OSTREA VIRGINIANA.-Gmel. 
Plate V., Figs. 6, 7, 8 and 9. 
Ostrea Virginica, Gmel., Sys. 3336, No. 113. Foss. Shells, Tertiary For. Vol. 1, p. 28, Tab. 14, Fig. 2. 
0. testa irregulari, oblonga, ovata, crassa' valva inferiore, radiatim plicata, rugosa vel 
radiatim undulata ; valva superiore, subcomplanata lamellosa, vel radiatim plicata. 
Description. Shell irregular, ovate oblong, thick ; lower valve radiately plicate rugose, 
or radiately undulating; superior valve somewhat flat; lamellar or plicate. 
It is difficult to find a characteristic for this exceedingly variable fossil, and in this 
respect it resembles its living representatives. Sometimes the valves are barely marked by 
radiating, almost smooth and narrow ridges, and again both valves are strongly plicated, 
and roughened by coarse raised plates. The beaks are generally pointed, and the ligamental 
fossa long. For the most part the fossils are thicker and more strongly plaited than the 
recent forms of this species. 
The specimen figured in Plate V., Fig. 7, is related by the markings on the upper valve, 
to 0. sculpturata, Con. Fig. 5 is a very marked variety, known along the coast of South 
Carolina as the Raccoon Oyster. It is very long, narrow and coarsely lamellar. Full grown 
individuals are often seven inches in length, and not more than an inch wide. 
This variety has only been found fossil in the Waccamaw, above Conwayboro'. Notwith- 
standing the great abundance of oysters in all the estuaries along the coast, beds of oyster 
shells are of rare occurrence in our middle or upper tertiary strata, nor have we seen a 
single such bed in South Carolina; on the contrary, 0. Virginiana is rather a rare fossil. 
Plate V., Fig. 6, resembles that of the recent species hnown along the coast of South Carolina as the 
Raccoon oyster. 
" 7. Upper view of variety related to 0. Sculpturata, Con. 
" 8. Lower view of same. 
11 9. Side view. 
Locality. Smith's, Goose Creek; Waccamaw. 
Museum, College of Charleston. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
21 
OSTREA RAVENELIANA.-(Vew Species.) 
Plate VI., Figs. 1, 2, 3. 
0. testa orbiculata, vel ovata • valva inferiors, convexa, subcostata, lamellosa j valva 
superiore, lamellosa, maxime depressa, vel concava. 
Description. Shell orbicular or ovate, thin; lower valve convex, somewhat ribbed, 
lamellar; superior valve smooth, lamellar, much depressed, concave; beaks incurved. 
This shell is almost orbicular when young, but becomes elongated by age. 
In the Report on the Geology of South Carolina this fossil is cited as 0. disparilis, Con., 
which it resembles. It differs from it, however, in being in all stages of growth less 
robust; by having the upper valve almost smooth or covered with thin, scarcely raised 
lamellar plates, and by its greater concavity. 
Inscribed to Dr. E. Ravenel, of Charleston, one of the earliest cultivators of conchologi- 
cal science in the State, the liberal use of whose cabinet and library no student of science 
can forget, who has had the good fortune to visit his hospitable residence. 
The genus Ostrea had its beginning in the Triassic, was very numerous in the Jurassic, 
Cretaceous and Tertiary periods, and has its numerical maximum in the present seas, where 
it exists at all depths, generally within the limits of tide water, but frequently in deeper 
soundings. 
Plate VI., Fig. 1. Upper view of fossil, natural size. 
" 2. Lower valve, from the under side. 
" 3. Side view. 
Locality. St. Jolin's, Berkeley; Smith's, Goose Creek; Grove, Cooper River. 
Museum, College of Charleston, 8. C. 22 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
Fam. CHAMACHME. 
CHAMA. -Linn. 
CHAMA CORTICOSA.-Con. 
Plate VII., Figs. 1, 2, 3. 
Chama corticosa, Con., Am. Jour. Sci., Vol. XXIII., p. 341, Foss. Ter. For., p. 32, pl. XVII. fig. 3. 
C. testa sinistrorsa, inbricata-lamellosa ' valva superiors operculiformi, convexiuscula, 
radiatim striata, valva inferiors convexa, contorta. 
Description. Shell sinistral, lamellar, imbricate; upper valve flat or*somewhat convex, 
marked with radiating lines; lower valve convex, contorted. Readily distinguished by its 
sinistral beaks, and whole surface covered by coarse scales, in concentric layers. 
This fossil, so abundant in the Meiocene of Virginia, is quite rare in South Carolina, only 
a single valve having been found. 
Plate VII., Fig. 1. Lower valve, natural size. 
" 2. View of fossil from above. 
" 3. Side view of the same. 
" 2 and 3 are from the Meiocene of Virginia. 
Locality. Darlington District. 
Museum. College of Charleston, 8. C. 
CHAMA ARCINELLA.-Linn. 
Plate VII., Figs. 4. 5, 6. 
Chama arcinella, Linn., Sys. Nat. p. 1139. 
C. testa orbiculo-eordata ; costis radiatim spinosissimis, interstitiis excavato-punctatis. 
Description. Shell orbicular-cordate; radiating ribs very spinous; spines strong, re- 
curved, tubular; interstices deep, punctate in young specimens; lunule broadly cordate; 
buccal side granulated. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
23 
This shell, in the fossil state, is larger than any specimens that we have seen of the recent 
form of the species; in every other respect it agrees perfectly with C. arcinella, of our 
coast. 
Plate VII., Fig. 4. Side view of fossil, natural size. 
" 5. View of interior of lower valve. 
" 6. Upper view of lower valve. 
Locality. Royal Landing, Waccamaw. 
Museum, College of Charleston, S. C. 
CHAMA CONGREGATA.-Con. 
Plate VII., Figs. 7, 8, 9, 10. 
Chama congregata, Con., Am. Jour. Sci., Vol. XXIII., p. 341, Foss. Ter. Form. p. 32, pl. XVII., fig. 2. 
C. testa orbiculari, crassa, lamellosa; lamellis numerosis, brevissimis j valva superiors 
operculiformi ' valva inferiors convexa. 
Description. Shell orbicular, thick, lamellar; plates numerous, very short; upper valve 
operculiform, covered with numerous short corrugated scales; lower valve convex, scales 
more distant, and often with radiating undulations. In some varieties of this fossil, the 
beaks are produced, distant and much curved, resembling the genus Diceras. Both in 
this and the preceding species, the lamellee often fall off, which greatly alters the aspect of 
the specimen. 
C. congregata is often found in groups cemented together. 
The genus Chama makes its appearance in the middle Cretaceous, and is continued into 
I 
the actual period, where it abounds. 
Plate VIL, Fig. 7. Upper view of fossil, natural size. 
" 8. Side view of the same. 
" 9. Interior of lower valve. 
" 10. Interior of upper valve. 
Locality. W accamaw. 
Museum, College of Charleston, S. C. 24 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
Fam. PECTINIDyE. 
SPONDYLUS.-Gesner. 
Casts from the shells of this genus are found in the beds on Goose Creek, but are too 
imperfect for description. 
Locality. Goose Creek. 
Prof. L. K. Gibbes. 
PLICATULA.-Linn. 
PLICATULA MARGINATA.-Say. 
Plate VII., Figs. 11, 12, 13 and 14. 
Plicatula marginata, Say., Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci., Vol. IV., p. 136, pl. 9, fig. 4. 
Plicatula marginata, Con., Fos. Ter. Form. p. 15, pl. 43, fig. 5. 
P. testa ovato-cuneata, irregulari, crassa, sutjc/equivalvi, radiatim 3-5-costata j costis elevatis, 
lamellosis. 
Description. Shell ovate, wedge-shaped, irregular, thick, nearly equi-valve; radiately 
three to five costate; ribs elevated, lamellar. 
The ribs vary in number, and like its living congener P. ramosa, it has sometimes, to- 
wards the palleal margin, one or two short ribs between the longer ones. 
In full grown specimens a raised and slightly crenulated line, borders the margin of the 
shell on the inside. 
From P. ramosa, Lam., of our Southern coast, it is distinguished by its coarse, lamellar 
ribs, and greater thickness. The genus Plicatula is found in the lower Jurassic rocks, and 
occurs through all the intermediate periods, up to the present, in which it inhabits the 
shallow waters of the ocean in warm climates. 
Plate VIL, Fig-. 11. Upper view of fossil, natural size. 
" 12. Side view of same. 
li 13. Front view of same. 
" 14. Interior of hoik valves. 
Locality. Darlington District, S. C. 
Museum, College of Charleston, S. C. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
25 
J ANIR A. -Schumacher, 
The genus Janira was instituted by Schumacher in 1817, to receive such forms of the 
genus Pecten as have the lower valve, compared with the upper, larger and more convex, 
the upper valve flat or concave, and both equilateral. The other characters are the same as 
those of the genus Pecten. Janira seems to connect Pecten with Spondylus. 
JANIRA HEMICYCLICA. 
Plate VIII., Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. 
Pecten hemicyclicus, Lav. 
J. testa sub-semicircular i, depressa, concentrice striata, inoequivalvi, aeguilaterali j valva 
inferiore convexa; costis marginem versus sulcatis ; valva superiore depressa, costis con- 
vexis, sub-incequalibus. 
Description. Shell somewhat semi-circular, depressed, striated concentrically and closely; 
inequivalve, equilateral, lower valve convex, ribs, towards the pallial margin, turned up and 
sulcate; upper valve depressed, or flat, concave towards the pallial margin, ribs convex; 
buccal ears depressed, lower one with a stout ridge. 
This fine fossil has its living representative in Janira (Pecten) Jacob^ea, which it greatly 
resembles, and from which it is distinguished by its less convex lower valve, and by the 
absence of the radiating and numerous impressed lines of the ribs. 
Plate VIII., Fig-. 1. Upper valve, natural size. 
" 2. Lower valve. 
" 3. Side view of fossil. 
" 4. Outline of the ribs. 
Locality. Grove, Cooper River. 
Museum, College of Charleston, 8. C. 26 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
JANIRA AFFINIS.-{New Species.} 
Plate VIII., Figs. 5 and 6. 
P. testa subrotunda, tenui • valva inferiors, convexa ceguilaterali, extus loevigata, intus 
binis radiatim costata ; auriculis sub-cequalibus. 
Description. Shell almost circular, thin; lower valve convex, equilateral; smooth on 
the outside, with radiating undulations or obsolete ribs, striated concentrically; on the 
inside rayed with narrow ribs in pairs ; ears nearly equal. The ribs on the inside corres- 
pond with the intermediate spaces of the obsolete ribs on the outside. The buccal ear is 
slightly expanded and crossed by undulating striae, and with an obtuse ridge terminating 
in the sinus. Although but a single lower valve has been found, the wide channel and 
corresponding ridge, on the outside of the buccal ear, are sufficient to refer it to the genus 
Janira. The thinness of the shell and interior costae give it some resemblance to P. Mor- 
toni, but it is separated from it by the sinus for the byssus, and greater convexity of the 
shell. 
It also resembles J. Ziczac, of the coast of Florida; the latter, however, has the lower 
valve more convex, the umbones more prominent, and the flattened external ribs better 
defined, and marked by an impressed line towards the pallial margin. 
The genus Janira commenced its existence in the ocean of the cretaceous period, is 
found in the tertiary, and is still an inhabitant of the seas of warm and temperate climates. 
Both the tertiary and recent species are of greater size than those of the cretaceous. 
Plate VIII., Fig. 5. Under side of lower valve, natural size. 
" 6. Interior of same. 
Locality. Smith's, Goose Creek, 
Museum, College of Charleston, 8. C. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
PLATE V. 
BRACHIOPODA.-AK0MID2E.-0STRACID2E. 
BKACHIOPODA. 
Fig. 1. ORBICULA LUGUBRIS. Natural size. Page 17. 
" 2. ORBICULA MULTILINEATA. Natural size. Page 18. 
" 3. ORBICULA LUGUBRIS. Young shell. 
ANOMIDR 
Fig. 4. ANOMIA EPHIPPIUM. Upper valve. Page 18. 
" 5. " " Side view. 
For PLACUNANOMIA of this family, see Plate VI., Figs. 4 to 6. 
08TRACIDL 
Fig. 6. OSTREA VIRGINIANA. Fossil variety, resembling the recent Raccoon 
Oyster of the coast of South Carolina. Page 20. 
" 7. Upper valve of fossil shell, same species, natural size. 
" 8. Lower valve of same. 
" 9. Side view of the same. Tl. 5 
C.GP/a^en adnad. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
PLATE VI. 
OSTRACIDjE. -AN0MID2E. 
OSTKACIDT 
Fig. 1. OSTREA RAVENELIANA. Upper view of fossil shell, natural size, showing the 
inequivalves. Page 21. 
" 2. Lower valve, natural size. 
" 3. Side view of the fossil. 
ANOMIDJE 
Fig. 4. PLACUNANOMIA PLICATA. Upper valve, natural size. Page 19. 
" 5. Interior of lower valve, showing the costal ribs of the hinge, the muscular impression, 
and the perforation for the passage of the organ of attachment. 
" 6. Side view of the fossil, natural size, showing the plicated margin. Pl. 6. 
C. (ia o' PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
PLATE VII. 
CHAMACIDtE.-PECTENID2E. 
CHAMACID2E. 
Fig. 1. CHAMA CORTICOSA. Lower valve, natural size. Page 22. 
" 2. View of fossil from above. 
" 3. Side view of the same. 
" 4. CHAMA ARCINELLA. Side view. Page 22. 
" 5. View of interior of lower valve. 
" 6. View of lower valve. 
" 7. CHAMA CONGREGATA. Upper view, natural size. Page 23. 
" 8. Side view of the same. 
" 9. Interior of lower valve. 
" 10. Interior of upper valve. 
PECTENID JE . 
Fig. 11. PLICATULA MARGIN ATA. Upper view of fossil, natural size. Page 24. 
" 12. Side view of the same. 
" 13. Front view of the same, pallial margin. 
" 14. Interior of both valves. n 7 
C G riateu a-dnaturann. Llth PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
plate vni. 
PECTENIDJE. 
Fig. 1. JANIRA HEMICYCLICA. Upper valve, natural size. Page^. 
" 2. Lower valve. 
" 3. Side view of fossil. 
" 4. Outline of the ribs. 
" 5. JANIRA AFFINIS. Under side of lower valve, natural size. Page^. 
" 6. Interior of same, to show the ribs on the margin. Pl. 8. 
C.GPkt2P naP. AM. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
27 
PECTEN.-Gaultier. 
PECTEN MORTONI-Rav. 
Plates IX. and X., Figs. 1 to 4. 
Pecten Mortoni, Raw., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. II., p. 96. 
P. testa rotunda, compressa, tenui, cequivalvi, cequilaterali, utrinque hiante ; valvis, extus 
loevibus, aut tenuissime concentrice striatis, intus costis radiatim angustis, binis. 
Description. Shell circular, compressed, thin, excepting at the base of the ears, equi- 
valve, equilateral, gaping at both sides, concentrically marked with fine lines on the outer 
surface; interior suface with about thirty-seven narrow ribs, arranged in pairs, prominent 
along the pallial edge, becoming obsolete with age, towards the hinge, and entirely wanting 
in the buccal and anal margins. 
This fine fossil is not uncommon in South Carolina. It bears a striking resemblance to 
P. pleuronectes and P. japonicus. From the former it is separated by greater size and 
regularity of the ribs, and from the latter by their lesser number. P. japonicus having 
from forty-four to forty-six, whilst P. mortoni rarely exceeds forty ; this, however, is a very 
variable character, and the fossil stands very nearly related to P. japonicus. 
Plate IX., Fig. 1. Side view of shell, natural size. 
" 2. Lower valve. 
Plate X., Fig. 1. End view, to show the hinge. 
" 2. Interior of valve, to show ribs. 
Locality. Grove, Cooper River ; Smith's, Goose Creek. 
Museum, College of Charleston, 8. C. 28 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
PECTEN EBOREUS.-Con. 
Plate XL, Figs. 1 to 5. 
Pecten eboreus, Con., Am. Jour. Sci., Vol. XXIIL, p. 341. 1833. Foss. Ter. Form., p. 48, pl. 23 
and 24, fig. 3. 
Pecten Holbrookii, Uav., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Vol. IL, p. 96. 1844. 
P. testa tenui, orbiculari, depressa, sub-ceguivalvi, inwguilaterali ; 24-26 costis parviuscu- 
lis, planis, concentrice striatis ' auriculis incegualibus. 
Description. Shell orbicular, depressed, valves nearly equal, sub-inequilateral, ribs 24 to 
26, rather flat, with concentric, undulating lines; ears unequal, buccal ear with a deep 
sinus ; lower valve less convex. 
This Pecten, although variable, is well marked by the flat, somewhat rough and rather 
distant ribs, and oblique outline. 
Plate XL, Fig. 1. Upper valve, natural size. 
(C 2. Lower valve. 
" 3. Side view of fossil. 
" 4. Outline of the ribs. 
" 5. Magnified view of a section of the ribs and interstices, showing the concentric 
undulating lines. 
Locality. Waccamaw. 
Museum, College of Charleston, 8. C. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
29 
PECTEN COMPARILIS.-{New Species.) 
Plate XL, Figs. 6 to 10. 
P. testa orbiculata, cequivalvi, oequilaterali vel incequilaterali • 23 costis convexis, concentrice 
striatis ' auriculis suboequalibus. 
Description. Shell orbicular, convex, somewhat thick, equivalve, with concentric lines 
of growth, ears nearly equal; lower valve, buccal ear notched, radiately and coarsely 
ribbed, with five to six ribs; anal ear ribs smaller and more numerous; upper valve, ears 
with the radiating lines equal; ribs and interstices nearly equal. 
This fossil is distinguished from P. eboreus by having the ribs more raised and convex, 
both valves more convex, and by the coarse ribs of the buccal ear of the lower valve. Like 
P. eboreus, it is also a variable shell, some specimens nearly equilateral, and others very 
inequilateral. It also bears a strong resemblance to a recent shell from the coast of Florida. 
Plate XI., Fig. 6. Upper valve, natural size. 
" 7. Lower valve. 
" 8. Side view of shell. 
" 9. Outline of ribs. 
" 10. Magnified view of a section of the ribs and interstices, showing the concentric 
undulating lines. 
Locality. Darlington; Smith's, Goose Creek. 
Museum College of Charleston, S. C. 30 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
PECTEN PEEDEENSIS.-{New Species.) 
Plate XII., Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 
P. testa trig ono-ov ata, crassa, cequilaterali costis 8, ampliter nodosis, concentrice striatis, 
sub-squamosis. 
Description. Shell triangularly ovate, somewhat flatly convex, equivalve, equilateral; 
with eight large knobbed ribs, the whole concentrically covered with squamose striae. 
Lower valve with the ribs generally dislocated vertically, and rather abruptly on the 
umbones. The interstices between the ribs become very wide towards the pallial margin. 
The upper valve with ribs strongly knobbed. 
Of all the fossil Pectens this is the thickest and most robust. It was first observed by Mr. 
Ruffin, on the Pee Dee, and the name is that by which he designated it. 
It is very closely related to, if not identical with P. nodosus, of the Gulf of Mexico. In 
the recent shell, the whole surface is marked by strongly impressed radiating lines, whilst 
in the fossil the surface is covered by radiating and transverse striae. 
Plate XII., Fig. 1. Upper valve, natural size. 
" 2. Lower valve. 
" 3. Side view of fossil. 
" 4. Outline of the form of the ribs at margin. 
" 5. Magnified view of a portion of a rib, showing the radiating a/nd transverse strice. 
Locality. Darlington District. 
Museum, College of Charleston, 8. C. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
PLATE IX. 
PECTENID^. 
Fig. 1. PECTEN MORTONI. Side view of shell, natural size. Page 
" 2. Lower valve, natural size. 
For a view of hinge and interior of lower valve, see Plate X., Figs. 1 and 2. Tl.9 
C G PI ate n a a. n. a. cut am. lifh. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
PLATE X. 
PECTENID 
Fig. 1. PECTEK MORTONI. End view of fossil, to show the hinge. Page, 
" 2. Interior of lower valve, to show the ribs. 
For side view of this fossil, and exterior of valve, see Plate IX. Pl. 10. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
PLATE XI. 
PECTENID2E. 
Fig. 1. PECTEN EBOREUS. Upper valve, natural size. Page 28. 
" 2. Lower valve. 
" 3. Side view of fossil. 
" 4. Outline of the ribs. 
" 5. Magnified view of a section of the ribs and interstices, showing the concentric undula- 
ting lines. 
" 6. PECTEN COMPARILIS. Upper valve. Page 29. 
" 7. Lower valve. 
" 8. Side view of fossil, natural size. 
" 9. Outline of ribs. 
" 10. Magnified view of a section of the ribs and interstices, showing the concentric undula- 
ting lines. PE 11 
at/ naf. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
PLATE SIL 
PECTENIDJL 
Fig. 1. PECTEN PEEDEENSIS. Upper valve, natural size. Page 30. 
" 2. Lower valve. 
" 3. Side view of fossil. 
" 4. Outline of the form of the ribs. 
" 5. Magnified view of a portion of a rib, showing the radiating and transverse striae. 71.12 
C.G.^Phten adnat.iitA. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
31 
PECTEN SEPTENARIUS.-Say. 
Plate XIII., Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4. 
Pecten Septenarius, Sap, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci., Vol. IV., p. 36, pl. 9, fig. 3. 
P. testa orbicularis convexa, crassa, subcequivalvi, cequilaterali ' costis 6-7, ampliter, radi- 
atim striatis, tranversimque decussatis ; intersticiis excavatis, striatis. 
Description. Shell orbicular, convex, thick, nearly equivalve, equilateral; ribs 6 to 7, 
large, radiately striate, and decussated by transverse lines, somewhat squamose; interstices 
excavated, striate. 
In young shells the ribs are flat, and angular on the edges, which become rounded as 
they increase in length with age. The ribs on the umbones are worn smooth ; but towards 
the pallial margin, both ribs and interstices, are crossed by closely arranged and sharp 
squamose lines, 
Only a single perfect valve has come into our hands, and this we owe to the politeness of 
Dr. Harllee, of Darlington District. 
Plate XIII., Fig. 1. Lower val/oe natural size. 
" 2. Side view of fossil. 
" 3. Magnified view of a portion of a rib. 
" 4. Outline of the form of the ribs at ma/rgin. 
Locality. Near Giles's Bluff, Pee Dee. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 32 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
ORTHOCONCELE-D'Orb. 
INTEGROPALALfiE.-D'Orb. 
DIM Y ARI A.-Lam. 
Fam. MYTILIDJE. 
MYTILUS.-Lin. 
MYTILUS INCRASSATUS.-Con. 
Plate XIV., Figs. 1 and 2. 
Mytilus incrassatus, Con., Am. Jour. Sci., Vol. LXL, p. 247, Foss. Ter. For., p. 74, pl. 42, fig. 4. 
M. testa crassa, inflata, arcuata, loevigata, concentrice lamellosa j lateri buccali sub-arcuato, 
acuminato; lateri anali dilato, rotundato ; umbonibus acutis. 
Description. Shell thick, inflated, smooth, with concentric lamellar lines of growth ; 
buccal margin somewhat arched near the umbones, accuminate; anal margin round, some- 
what dilated; umbones acute. 
This species is remarkable for the thickness of the shell, particularly towards the hinge, 
and, in this respect, approaches the genus Myoconcha. It is found in North Carolina as 
well as in South Carolina, but is rare in the latter State. 
Plate XIV., Fig. 1. Exterior of fossil, natural size. 
li 2. Interior of the same. 
Locality. Darlington District and Waccamaw. 
Museum, College of Charleston. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
33 
MYTILUS INFLATUS.-{New Species.) 
Plate XIV., Fig. 3. 
M. testa inf ata, gibbosa, loevigata, concentrice striata; lateri buccali, inflato, angulato; 
lateri anali truncato, lateri palliali arcuato. 
Description. Shell inflated, gibbous, smooth, concentrically striated; buccal side infla- 
ted, angulated ; anal side truncate; pallial margin arched. 
This fossil bears a strong resemblance to Modiola Ducatelli, Con.; but, after a careful 
comparison with Conrad's description and figure, we are forced to regard our fossil as a 
different species. It is more gibbous, the pallial margin is wider and more arcuated; and, 
above all, it differs from the Maryland fossil in the ratio of the breadth to the length, which 
is in M. Ducatelli 44-100, and in M. inflatus 27-100. 
The genus Modiola has been re-united, we think very properly, to Mytilus. The mere 
character of the beaks being terminal, or placed on one side, is too variable to render it 
possible, with any degree of certainty, to separate the two genera. 
This genus has inhabited every sea, since the beginning of life, on our globe, and is still 
found living in vast numbers. 
Plate XIV., Fig. 3. Interior of fossil natural size, imbedded in marl. 
Locality. Giles's Bluff, Pee Dee. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 34 
PLEIOCEO FOSSILS. 
Fam. ARCACIDtE. 
ARC A.-Linn. 
ARCA HIANS.-(Aew Species.) 
Plate XIV., Figs. 4 and 5. 
A. testa oblong a, compressa, radiatim costata • latere buccali, brevi, rotundato ' latere anali, 
elongato, sub-compresso, expanso, sub-angulato oblique truncato ' latere palliali hiante • den- 
tibus cardinalibus minimis j arealigamenti, excavata, sulcata j umbonibus approximatis. 
Description. Shell oblong, compressed, radiately costate, buccal side short, rounded; 
anal side elongated, dilated, somewhat angulated, truncate; pallial margin gaping; cardinal 
teeth small; ligament area deep, channeled; umbones approaching. 
The ribs are marked by impressed lines, which become obsolete towards the buccal and 
anal margins. The whole shell is crossed by incremental lines, which are raised and some- 
what squamose towards the pallial margin, and along the hinge line on the anal side. The 
cardinal teeth are small and irregular, and become, with age, at the extremity of the hinge, 
mere points. The buccal muscular impression is deep. In old individuals the pallial mar- 
gin is undulating and toothed, and at all ages gaping towards the buccal side. 
Resembles A. propatula, Con., from which it is distinguished by its greater relative 
length, and by being more angular at the extremities. In A. propatula the ratio of 
breadth to length is 6-10. This belongs to the genus Byssoarca, of Swainson. The open- 
ing for the byssus is quite large. 
Plate XIV., Fig. 4. Exterior of upper valwe and hinge and teeth of lower naive. 
" 5. Pallial margin to show gaping. 
Locality. Sumter District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
35 
ARCA INCILE.-Say. 
Plate XIV., Figs. 6 and 7. 
Area incile, Say, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sei., Vol. IV., p. 139, pl. 10, fig. 8. 
Area incile, Con., Foss. Shells, Ter. For. p. 16, tab. 2, fig. 1. 
Area incile, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 56, pl. 29, fig. 5. 
A. testa oblique ovata, radiatim costata; costis inequalibus ' latere buccali brevissimo j 
latere anali compresso, angulato, truncato, vix emarginato, carinato ; area ligamenti lata ' 
umbonibus incurvis, approximatis. 
Description. Shell obliquely ovate, radiately ribbed; ribs unequal, larger on the anal 
side; buccal side very short; anal side compressed, angular, truncate, nearly emarginate, 
carinate; umbones incurved, approximating. 
The ligament area is crossed at the buccal extremity by close transverse lines, the rest of 
the area is impressed by the lines of growth parallel with the hinge; teeth regular and 
oblique towards the anal margin. This fossil is readily distinguished by the much con- 
tracted buccal side, which is most striking when the interior of the shell is towards the 
observer, and by the abruptly compressed and carinated anal side. 
Plate XIV., Fig. 6. Exterior of upper, and interior of lower valve. 
il 7. End view, to show the hinge. 
Locality. Darlington District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 36 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
ARCA CALATA.-Con. 
Plate XIV., Figs. 8, 9 and 10. 
Area Caslata, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 61, pl. 32, fig. 2. 
A testa elongata, subdrapeziformi, compressa, decussatim striata ' latere buccali rotundato ' 
latere anali sub-carinato, anqulato, oblique truncato: umbonibus incurvis. 
Description. Shell elongated, somewhat trapeziform, compressed, decussately striate; 
buccal side rounded; anal side, somewhat carinated, angular, obliquely truncate; umbones 
incurved. 
The radiating striae are beautifully nodulous, {see mag. sec., fig. 10,) and on the anal side 
are somewhat squamose. The concentric lines are more strongly marked on the middle 
of the disks, and together with the radiating striae become obsolete on the umbones. 
This little species is found in the Post Pleiocene of the State, and is probably living on 
the coast. 
Plate XIV., Fin. 8. Exterior of shell. 
" 9. Interior of shell. 
"10. Magnified view of the strice, showing nodulous ribs. 
Locality. Darlington District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
37 
ARCA CENTENARIA.-Say. 
Plate XIV., Figs. 11 and 12. 
Area Centenaria, Say, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sei., Vol. 4, p. 138, pl. 10, fig. 2. 
Area Centenaria, Con., Foss. Shells, Ter. For., p. 16, tab. 1, fig. 4. 
Area Centenaria, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 55, pl. 29, fig. 4. 
A. testa ovato-quadrata, radiatim striata; striis numerosis, confertis ; rnarginepalliali 
excavato ; area ligamenti ampliori, striata. 
Description. Shell ovately square, radiately striate; striae numerous, close; pallial 
margin contracted ; ligament area somewhat wide, striate. 
This shell is sufficiently well characterized by the numerous and somewhat irregular 
radiating lines, which are alternately larger and smaller. The surface is rendered uneven 
by concentric, undulating lines of growth, and the pallial margin is strongly contracted. 
It is a common species in the Meiocene of Virginia, but is very rare in South Carolina. 
Plate XIV., Fig. 11. Exterior of upper and interior of lower valve. 
" 12. Side view of fossil. 
Locality. Sumter District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 38 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
NOTE ON THE GENUS ARCA. 
D'Orbigny has, we think properly, re-united to Arca the genera Byssoarca and Cucul- 
lasa, as only modifications of that genus. As for the character dependant on the teeth, it 
varies so widely in Arca as to render it often difficult, if not impossible to fix the limits 
between this genus and Cucullaja. 
The gaping species were referred to Byssoarca, under the impression that such alone had 
a byssus, but this is not the case; we have ourselves dredged up in Tampa Bay groups of 
Arca transversa, a closed species, attached to dead shells by a byssus. The gaping 
species, according to D'Orbigny, lose the byssus with age. 
The genus Arca is first found in the Silurian rocks, and has its greatest developement in 
the existing seas. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
PLATE XIII. 
PECTENIDJE. 
Fig. 1. PECTEN SEPTENARIUS. Lower valve natural size. Page'll, 
il 2. Side view of Fossil. 
" 3. Magnified view of a portion of a rib. 
" 4. Outline of tlie form of the ribs at margin. PL13 
CG.jPlaten aelnat. liA. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
PLATE XIV. 
MYTILID2E-AKC ACIDjE. 
Fig. 1. MYTILUS INCRASSATUS. Exterior of shell natural size. Page 32. 
" 2. Interior of the same. 
" 3. MYTILUS INFLATUS. Interior of shell, natural size, imbedded in marl. Page 33. 
ARCACID2E. 
" 4. ARCA HIANS. Exterior of upper valve and hinge, and teeth of lower valve, natural 
size. Page 34. 
" 5. Pallial margin to show gaping. 
" 6. ARCA INCILE. Exterior of upper and interior of lower valve natural size. Page 35. 
" 7. End view of same to show hinge. 
" 8. ARCA C2ELATA. Exterior of shell, natural size. Page 36. 
" 9. Interior of shell. 
" 10. Magnified view of the stride, showing nodulous ribs. 
" 11. ARCA CENTENARIA. Exterior of upper and interior of lower valve, natural size. 
Page 37. 
" 12. /Side view of fossil. PL 14. 
C.G.Platen ail naT-Kth. Charleston.S.C. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
39 
ARCA RUSTICA.-(New Species.) 
Plate XV., Fig. 1. 
A. testa crassa, sub-quadrata, radiatim costata j costis sub-squamosis ; latere buccali brevi- 
oribus, costis crenatis ' latere anali carinato, angulato, truncato, costis majoribus ' umbonibus 
inter se fere contingentibus. g 
Description. Shell thick, somewhat square, radiately, and unequally ribbed; ribs almost 
squamose; buccal side very short, ribs crenate; anal side carinate, angular, truncate, ribs 
very large; ligament area narrow, umbones nearly touching. 
This fossil is readily distinguished by the coarse ribs and deeply excavated interstices on 
the anal side. The margin is strongly crenulated. Only a single perfect valve has been 
found, with a fragment of a larger individual, which is presented in Fig. 1. 
Plate XV., Fig. 1. Fragment of the only specimen in our possession. The outline is correct. A 
perfect shell, though much smaller, was lost after the outline of Fig. 1 had 
been taken. 
Locality. Waccamaw. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 40 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
ARCA LIENOSA.-Say. 
Plate XV., Figs. 2 and 3. 
Area Lienosa, Say., Say's American Conchology, plate 36. 
A. testa oblonga, obliqua, inflata, costata, transversim rugosa ' latere buccali producto, 
angulato • latere anali elongato, oblique truncato ; costis inoequalibus sulcatis ; area ligamenti 
lata sulcata, umbonibus distantibus. 
Description. Shell oblong, oblique, inflated, ribbed, transversely rugose, buccal side 
produced, angular; anal side elongated, obliquely truncate; ribs unequal, channelled; liga- 
ment area wide sulcate ; umbones distant. 
The ligament area is bounded on the outer side by a short carina, crossed by close lines, 
which are well defined towards each extremity. The sulci of the area are not regularly 
diverging, but somewhat parallel to the hinge. The ribs in young shells are impressed by 
a line to which others are added, after the shells have attained a certain size ; the ribs are 
larger on each extremity of the shells, and on the buccal side are about equal to the inter- 
stices. The concentric lines of growth are raised and prominent towards the margin, and 
in old specimens become even rugose. This species occurs recent on the coast of Florida. 
Plate XV., Fig. 2. Exterior of left valve, and hinge and teeth of right valve. 
" 3. End view, showing outline of hinge and umbones. 
Locality. Tilley's Landing, Waccamaw. 
Museum, College of Charleston. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
41 
ARCA IMPROCERA.-Con. 
Plate XV., Figs. 4 and 5. 
Area improcera, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 60, pl. 31, fig. 5. 
A. testa oblonga radiatim costata, latere buccali brevi, rotundate, superne angulato ; latere 
anali, angulato, obligue truncate; costis valvce dextralis crenulatis ' valvce sinistralis, costis 
ad laterem buccalem crenulatis ad laterem analem loevibus ; area ligamenti angusta, sulcata; 
umbonibus approximatis. 
Description. Shell oblong, radiately costate; buccal margin short, rounded, angular 
above; anal side angulated, obliquely truncate ; ribs on the right valve crenulate; on the 
left valve crenulate on the buccal side, smooth on the anal side; ligament area short, nar- 
row, furrowed; umbones approximating. 
This pretty species is distinguished by the short hinge line which forms angles with the 
sides; the anal side is somewhat produced and angulated, with the ribs flattened and smooth. 
Plate XV., Fig. 4. Exterior of left valve, and hinge and teeth of right valve. 
" 5. End view, showing outline, hi/nge and umbones. 
Locality. Darlington District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 42 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
ARCA TRANSVERSA.-Say. 
Plate XV., Figs. 6 and 7. 
Area Transversa, Say., Jour. Ac. Nat. Sei. Vol. II., p. 259. 
Area Transversa, Say., Foss. Shells. Ter. For., No. 2, p. 15, tab. I, fig. 2. 
A. testa elongato-ovata ; latere buccali breviore, subangulato ' latere anali elong ato, angulato j 
area ligamenti angusta sulcata, umbonibus depressis, approximates. 
Description. Shell elongately ovate; buccal side shorter, somewhat angulated above; 
anal side elongated, angular; area of the ligament narrow, furrowed. 
The young shell, as described by Say, has the right valve with the ribs all nodulous; in 
the left only those on the buccal side are thus ornamented. With age these characters are 
rendered less striking, and the shell becomes less regular. 
The elongated form of this shell distinguishes it pretty well from its congeners. It is, 
however, very variable, yet through all its variations the undulating depressions upon the 
umbones, which to their very points, can always be perceived. Fig, 6 represents a variety 
which is well marked both in the recent and fossil state. The umbones are less compressed, 
and the whole shell more rounded and irregular. 
Plate XV., Fig. 6. Exterior of left valve and hinge and teeth of right valve. 
" 7. End view, showing outline of hinge and umbones. 
Locality. Darlington District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
43 
ARCA SCALARIS.-Con. 
Plate XVI., Figs. 1 and 2. 
Area Scalaris, Con., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei., Vol. I., p. 324. 
Area Scalaris, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 59, pl. 31, fiig. 1. 
A. testa ovata, obliqua, radiatim costata j costis quatuor et vigintij latere buccali brevi j 
latere anali oblique producto ; costis, valvce dextralis, nodoso-crenatis, valvce sinistralis oblique 
crenatis j area ligamenti brevi, sublata. 
Description. Shell ovate oblique, radiately ribbed, ribs twenty-four ; buccal side short; 
anal side obliquely produced; ribs of the right valve nodulously crenulated, of the left 
valve obliquely crenulated; ligament area short, somewhat wide 
This fossil seems closely allied to the preceding species. The points of difference are, 
however, very considerable. Besides attaining a greater size, A. scalaris is more oblique, 
has the ribs on the right valve larger and more strongly crenulated; whilst on the left valve, 
the ribs are coarsely crenulated on the buccal margin, flattened in the middle of the valve, 
and covered with oblique crenulations. Both valves are carinated towards the anal margin. 
Plate XVI., Fig. 1. Exterior of left valve, hinge and teeth of right valve. 
" 2. End view of fossil, showing outline, hinge and umbones. 
Locality. Darlington District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 44 
TLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
ARCA 2EQUICOSTATA.-Con. 
Plate XVI., Figs. 3 and 4. 
A. testa ovata, inflata: latere buccali brevi, rotundato ; latere anali sub-elongato ' costis 
valvce sinistralis rotundatis, latere anali crenulatis ; valvoe dextralis, costis sub-planis; denti- 
bus cardinalibus numerosis: area liqamenti sulcata, sublata ; umbonibus elevatis distantibus. 
Description. Shell ovate, inflated; buccal side short, rounded; anal side somewhat 
elongated; ribs of the left valve rounded, crenulated on the anal side; ribs of the right 
valve somewhat flat; cardinal teeth numerous ; ligament area channelled, rather wide; um- 
bones elevated, distant. 
This is a pretty well marked species, that can only be confounded with A. improcera, 
from which it is separated by its more rounded outline, greater size, and more produced 
anal side. 
Plate XVI., Fig. 3. Exterior of left valve, hinge and teeth of right valve. 
" 4. End view of fossil, showing outline, hinge and umbones. 
Locality. Sumter Dist. 
Museum, College of Charleston. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
45 
ARCA INCONGRUA-Say. 
Plate XVI., Figs. 5 and 6. 
A. testa sub-guadrato-orbiculari, incequivalva, radiatim costata; latere buccali breviore ; 
valvoe sinistralis costis sub-crenatis, valvce dextralis costis omnibus crenatis. Area ligamenti 
latiuscula; umbonibus approximates. 
Description. Shell somewhat squarely orbicular, inequi valve, radiately ribbed, ribs 
about twenty-eight; buccal side shorter, left valve with the ribs somewhat crenulated on 
the buccal and anal margins; ribs on the right valve all crenulated; ligament area rather 
wide; umbones somewhat approximating. 
This, although one of the most common of our coast shells, is very rare in the fossil 
state. 
Plate XVI., Fig. 5. Exterior of left valve, and hinge and teeth of right valve 
t( 6. End view of fossil, showing outline of hinge and umbones. 
Locality. Darlington District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 46 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
ARCA PEXATA.-Sat. 
Plate XVI., Figs 7 and 8. 
A. testa suborbiculari ; lateribus rotundatis ' latere buccali breviore ; radiatim costata; costis 
medio sulco exile divisis ; area ligamenti angustissima , umbonibus fere inter se contingentibus. 
Description. Shell somewhat orbicular, sides rounded; buccal side the shorter; ribs 
divided in the middle by a groove ; ligament area very narrow ; umbones nearly touching. 
With the exception of A. Americana, Gray, and A. Holmeseii, Kurtz and Stimson, this 
is the only species having the hinge line terminating at the umbones. Only a single valve 
of this shell, so common an inhabitant of our coast, has been found fossil, and even this is 
not a very characteristic specimen, as it is somewhat distorted, having undergone repairs 
by the animal. We, therefore, give the figure of a recdbt specimen. 
Plate XVI., Fig. 7. Exterior of left valve, hinge and teeth of right valve. 
11 8. End view, showing hinge and umbones. 
Locality. Darlington District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
PLATE XV. 
ARCACIDJE. 
Fig. 1. ARCA RUSTICA. Fragment of the only specimen in our possession. The outline is 
correct. Page 39. 
" 2. ARCA LIENOSA. Exterior of left valve, and hinge and teeth of right valve. Page 40. 
" 3. End view, showing outline of hinge and umbones. 
" 4. ARCA IMPRO CERA. Exterior of left valve, and hinge and teeth of right valve. Page 41. 
" 5. End view, shewing outline, hinge and umbones. 
" 6. ARCA TRANSVERSA. Exterior of left valve, and hinge and teeth of right valve. 
Page 42. 
" 7. End view, showing outline of hinge and umbones. K15 PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
PLATE XVI. 
ARCACID^. 
Fig. 1. ARCA SCALARIS. Exterior of left valve, and hinge and teeth of right valve. Page 43. 
" 2. End view, showing outline of hinge and umbones. 
" 3. ARCA EQUICOSTATA. Exterior of left valve, and hinge and teeth of right valve. 
Page 44. 
" 4. End view, showing outline hinge and umbones. 
" 5. ARCA INCONGRUA. Exterior of left valve, and hinge and teeth of right valve. Page 45. 
" 6. End view, showing outline, hinge and umbones. 
" 7. ARCA PEXATA. Exterior of left valve, and hinge and teeth of right valve. Page 46. 
" 8. End view, showing hinge and umbones. Pl. 16 PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
47 
PECTUNCULUS.-Lam. 
PECTUNCULUS SUBOVATUS.-Con. 
Plate XVII. Fig. 1. 
Pectunculus subovatus, Con., Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci., Vol. 4, p. 140. 
Pectunculus subovatus, Con., Foss. Shells, Ter. For., p. 17, tab. 2, fig. 3. 
Pectunculus subovatus, Con., Foss. Ter. For. p. 62, pl. 34, fig. 1. 
P. testa subovata, compressa, subequilaterali; costis depressis, distantibus; interstitiis 
convexis; latere palliali concentrice sublamelloso; area ligamenti ampliori, striata; umbonibus 
incur vis. 
Description. Shell subovate, compressed nearly equilateral; ribs flattened, distant; 
interstices convex; pallial margin concentrically somewhat lamellose; ligament area 
rather wide, striate. 
On the buccal side the ribs are more prominent, and impressed by a radiating line, and 
towards the anal and pallial margin they become almost obsolete in full-grown specimens. 
The teeth are regularly V shaped, and increase in size towards the beaks. Beaks small 
and but slightly prominent. Ligament area moderately wide and marked by divaricating 
lines; in the young stage the margin is crenated, but this almost disappears with age. 
A very common specimen in the Meiocene of Virginia. 
Plate XVII. Fig. 1, Exterior left valve; interior, hinge and teeth of right valve. 
Locality. Darlington. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 48 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
PECTUNCULUS LENTIFORMIS.-Con. 
Plate XVII. Fig. 2. 
Pectunculus pulvinatus, Lam., Con., Foss. Shells, Ter. For., p. 17, tab. 2, fig. 2. 
Pectunculus lentiformis, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p, 64, pl. 36, fig. 2. 
P. testa sub-orbicular i, crassa, sub-cequilaterali, costata, radiatim tenuiter striata; concen- 
trice plicata; dentibus cardinalibus, crassis; area ligamenti striata. 
Description. Shell nearly orbicular, thick, almost equilateral; ribbed, radiately and 
finely striate; concentrically plaited; cardinal teeth robust, oblique; ligament area wide, 
striate. 
The orbicular outline of this shell is greatly modified by age; the sides became thick- 
ened and contracted, so that the buccal and anal margin appear to be slightly truncate. 
The concentric increment lines become more numerous towards the pallial margin. The 
teeth occupy about two-thirds of the hinge plate. The greater thickness of the shell and 
the robust teeth, will serve to separate this fossil from its congeners. 
Plate XVII. Fig. 2, Exterior of left valve, and interior, hinge and teeth right valve. 
Locality. Darlington. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
PECTUNCULUS PASSUS.-Con. 
Plate XVII. Fig. 3. 
Pectunculus passus, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 64, pl. 35, fig. 3. 
P. testa sub-orbiculata, sub-cequilaterali; latere buccali, costis evanescentibus, umbonibus 
inter se fere contingentibus. 
Description. Shell sub-orbicular, radiately striate; ribs disappearing in the buccal 
margin; umbones nearly touching. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
49 
Cardinal teeth coarse, oblique. The greatest length of the shell is towards the umbones, 
which gives the shell a somewhat auriculated contour; a character which distinguishes 
the species from both P. tricenarius and P. parilis. From the former it is also distin- 
guished by its more robust teeth. Occurs in the Meiocene of Petersburg, Va., and in 
North-Carolina. 
Plate XVII. Fig. 3, Exterior left valve; interior, hinge and teeth of right valve 
Locality. Sumter District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
PECTUNCULUS QUINQUERUGATUS.-Con. 
Plate XVII. Fig. 4. 
Pectunculus quinquerugatus, Con., Am. Jour. Sci., Vol. 4, p. 346. 
Pectunculus quinquerugatus, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 63, pl. 34, fig. 3. 
P. testa tenui, sub-orbiculata, sub-cequilaterali, radiatim tenussime striata; costis depressis; 
umbonibus, latere buccali rugato. 
Description. Shell thin, nearly orbicular, almost equilateral, concentrically wrinkled, 
radiately and very finely striate; ribs depressed; buccal side of the umbones wrinkled. 
This fine species is the largest of the genus found in our tertiary rocks. It is thin for 
its size. The teeth are rather small, curved upon a narrow hinge-plate. But the singular 
characteristic which separates it from the other species, is the wrinkles on the side of the 
umbones. It occurs also in North-Carolina. 
Plate XVII. Fig. 4, Exterior of left valve; interior, hinge and teeth of right valve 
Locality. Waccamaw. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 50 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
PECTUNCULUS L^EVIS.-{New Species.) 
Plate XVII. Fig 5. 
P. sub-ovali, crassa, incequilaterali concentrice striata vel sulcata; latere buccali rotundato; 
latere anali sub-producto, oblique truncato; dentibus numerosis; labro crenato. 
Description. Somewhat oval, thick, inequilateral, concentrically striate, or grooved; 
buccal margin rounded; anal side somewhat produced, obliquely truncate; lip crenato. 
The teeth extend without interruption around the hinge. The pallial and muscular 
impressions are well defined, and in young individuals the shell is slightly angular near 
the umbones. Umbones pointed and closely approximating. 
This is the only species of this genus, without radiating ribs, found in our newer 
Tertiary rocks. 
Plate XVII. Fig. 5, Exterior of left, and interior, hinge and teeth of right valve. 
Locality. Waccamaw. 
PECTUNCULUS ARATUS.-Con, 
Plate XVII. Figs. 6, 6a and ^b. 
Pectunculus aratus, Con., Am. Jour. Sci., Vol. 41, p. 346. 
Pectunculus aratus, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 62, pl. 3, fig. 2. 
P. testa sub-ovali, sub-cequilaterali; costis elevatis; latere buccali truncato; dentibus cardi- 
nalibus numerosis; labro crenato; area ligamenti striata. 
Description. Shell somewhat oval, nearly equilateral; ribs elevated; buccal side 
truncate; cardinal teeth numerous, lips crenate. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
51 
This little shell, which is closely related to if not identical with a recent species of the 
coast of Florida, is readily distinguished by its prominent rather rough ribs, short hinge, 
and truncate buccal margin. The teeth are numerous, and uninterrupted. Ligament 
area small. 
Plate XVII. Fig. 6, A large, variety of this species. 
" 6 a, Interior of right valve. 
" 6b, Exterior of left valve. 
Locality. Darlington District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
PECTUNCULUS TRANSVERSUS.-{New Species.} 
Plate XVII. Fig. 6c. 
P. testa ovato-transversa, cequilateralis; latere anali interne rugato, margine palliali 
tenuiter crenulata. 
Description. Shell ovate transverse, equilateral; anal side on the interior wrinkled; 
pallial margin finely crenulated. 
This specimen, although a cast, is so very characteristic that it cannot be confounded 
with any other species. The length is nearly twice the breadth, and the teeth are closer 
on the anal than on the buccal ridge of the hinge. 
Plate XVII. Fig. 6c. 
Locality. Goose Creek. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
The genus Pectunculus which had its maximum development in the seas of the actual 
period, had its origin in the seas of the lower cretaceous period. 52 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
NUCULU)^. 
NUCULA. - Lam. 
N U 0 U L A L 1 M A T U L A . - S a y. 
Plate XVII. Figs. 13 to 15. 
Nucula limatula, Say, Amer. Conch, pl. 12. 
Nucula limatula, Say, Foss. Ter. For., p. 57, pl. 30, fig. 4. 
Nucula limatula, Say, Conrad's Am. Marine Conch., p. 30, pl. 6, fig. 1. 
N. testa elongata, compressa, Icevigata, polita, incequilateralis; latere buccali rotundato; 
latere anali angusto, sub-recurvo; lunula lineata. 
Description. Shell elongated, compressed, smooth, polished, inequilateral; buccal side 
rounded; anal side narrow, somewhat recurved; lunule linear. 
In the Tertiary of South-Carolina there are no forms of this genus with which this 
species can be confounded. Its smooth surface, elongated form, and regularly carinated 
pallial margin, are sufficiently characteristic. Occasionally a few obsolete concentric lines 
may be seen on the disks, and one or two on the anal margin, towards its extremity. 
It occurs fossil both in Virginia and North-Carolina. Although found living in con- 
siderable numbers on the coast of South-Carolina, it is quite rare in the Tertiary of the 
State. 
Plate XVII. Fig. 13, Exterior of right valve. 
" 14, Interior of left valve. 
" 15, Magnified hinge and teeth. 
Locality. Sumter District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
53 
NUCULA P R 0 X I M A . - S a y . 
Plate XVI1. Figs. 7 to 9. 
Nucula proxima, Say, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci., Vol. 2, p. 270. 
Nucula obliqua, Say, (non. Lam.) Am. Jour., Vol. 2, p. 40. 
Nucula proxima, Say, Conrad's Am. Marine Conch., p. 31, tab. 6, fig. 2. 
N. testa ovata, laevigata, concentrice rugosa; latere buccali brevissimo; latere anali sub- 
elongato obtuso; lunula cordata, sub-obsoleta; labro crenato. 
Description. Shell ovate, smooth, concentrically wrinkled; buccal margin very short; 
anal side somewhat elongated, obtuse; lunule cordate almost obsolete; lip crenate. 
The very short buccal side, and pearly interior are conspicuous characters of this 
beautiful little shell. It belongs to the actual fauna of our coast, and is also found fossil 
in the Meiocene of Virginia. 
We have placed N. obliqua, Say, as a synonyme of this species, having but little doubt 
of their identity. 
Plate XVII. Fig. 7, Interior of right valve. 
" 8, Exterior of left valve. 
" 9, Magni fed hinge and teeth. 
Locality. Darlington District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
NUCULA ACUTA. - Say. 
Plate XVII. Figs. 10 to 12. 
Nucula acuta, Con., Conrad's Am. Marine Conch., pl. 6, fig. 3. 
Nucula acuta, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 57, pl. 30, fig. 2. 
N. testa sub-lanceolata, incequilateralis, concentrice striata; latere buccali brevi, rotundato; 
latere anali producto, rostrato, sub-recurvo; lunula lanceolata. 54 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
Description. Shell somewhat lanceolate, inequilateral, concentrically striate; buccal 
side short, rounded, inflated; anal side produced, beaked, somewhat recurved; lunule 
lanceolate. 
This little species, which is also an inhabitant of our coast, occurs in the Meiocene of 
Virginia. It is easily distinguished by its rostrated anal side and regularly striated 
surface. 
Plate XVII. Fig. 10, Exterior of right valve. 
11 11, Interior of left valve. 
" 12, Magnified view of hinge and teeth. 
Locality. Darlington District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
The genus Nucula occurs in the Silurian rocks, and has continued an inhabitant of 
every sea up to the present time. 
LUCINIDJE. 
LUCINA.-Bruguiere. 
LUCINA C 0 N T R A C T A. -Say. 
Plate XVIII. Fig. 1. 
Lucina contracta, Say, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci., Vol. 4, p. 145, pl. 10, fig. 8. 
Lucina contracta, Say, Foss. Ter. For., p. 40, pl. 20, fig. 5. 
L. testa orbiculata, inflata, concentrice incequaliter costata; interstitiis striatis; latere 
anali subflexuoso-excavato; latere buccali subangulato; lunula lanceolata. 
Description. Shell orbicular, inflated concentrically and unequally ribbed; interstices 
striated; anal margin somewhat flexuosely channeled; buccal margin somewhat angular 
above; lunule lanceolate. P L E I 0 C E N E FOSSILS. 
55 
In this well-defined species, the whole shell, which is rather thin, is covered with 
elevated lines of growth, the spaces between which are covered with fine concentric striae. 
The beaks approximate, and the inner surface of both valves is covered with radiating 
lines. 
It occurs sparingly in the Meiocene of Virginia, and is found living along the eastern 
coast, as far north as Rhode Island. 
Plate XVIII. Fig. 1, Interior of right and exterior of left valve. 
Locality. Darlington District. 
LUCINA ANODONTA.-Say. 
Plate XVII I. Fig. 2. 
Lucina anodonta, Say, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci., Vol, 4, p. 146, pl. 10, fig. 9. 
Lucina anodonta, Say, Foss. Ter. For., p. 39, pl. 20, fig. 4. 
L. testa crassa, compressa, sub-rotundata, concentrice rugosa; latere anali rotundo; latere 
buccali fluxuoso, sub-angulato; lunula excavata. 
Description. Shell thick, compressed, nearly orbicular, with concentric wrinkled 
stria?; anal side round; buccal margin somewhat angular; lunule excavated. 
This shell, though readily distinguished from the other species of the genus, is some- 
what variable. In the young state it is thinner and more compressed. 
Towards the buccal side, an irregular radiating ridge extends from the umbones to the 
pallial margin, and a similar, but shorter one, is often found on each side of the lunule. 
Two obsolete folds occur on the anal side of the valves. On the inside there is a callus, 
resembling a rough muscular impression, which extends from the elevated interior edge of 
the hinge-plate to the buccal muscular impression, giving the cavity, at the beaks, an 
angular appearance. 56 
P L E I 0 C E N E FOSSILS. 
Mr. Conrad supposes this species identical with his L. Floridana, a recent species from 
the Florida coast, which we have not seen. 
Occurs abundantly in the Meiocene of Virginia, but is rather rare in South-Carolina. 
Plate XVIII. Fig. 2, Interior of right and exterior of left valve. 
Locality. Waccamaw. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
LUCINA PENNSYLVANICA.-Linn. 
Plate XVIII. Fig. 3. 
Venus Pennsylvanica, Linn, Sys. Nat., (Ed. Tur.) Vol. 4, p. 232. 
Lucina Pennsylvanica, Lam., (Ed. 3rd) p. 574. 
Lucina Pennsylvanica, Sow., Sow. Gen., No. 27, fig. 4. 
Lucina Pennsylvanica, Reeve, Pceeve's Con. Icon., pl. 4, fig. 29. 
L. testa sub-globosa, crassa, solida, concentrice multilivata; latere anali sulcato-excavata; 
lunula ampla ohlongo-cordata impressa. 
Description. Shell sub-globose, thick, solid, concentrically ribbed; anal side with a 
conspicuous channel; lunule impressed, oblong, cordate. 
This is a well-characterised species. The deep channel on the anal side, which pro- 
duces a notch in the pallial margin, the flat concentric ribs on the disks, the well-defined 
ovate lunule, and the angle on the buccal side, are characters that distinguish this species 
from all its congeners. 
'With age, the shell becomes very thick, and the muscular impressions deep. Towards 
the pallial margin the lines of growth become somewhat lamellose. 
Reeve gives a figure of a specimen from Jamaica, and seems to doubt its existence on 
our coast, but occasionally a valve is picked up on the coast of South-Carolina; and on 
the southern coast of Florida it is one of the most common shells. 
Plate XVIII. Fig. 3, Interior of right and exterior of left valve. 
Locality, Darlington District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
57 
LUCINA RADIANS. - Con. 
Plate XVIII. Figs. 4 and 5. 
Lucina radians, Con., Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, Vol. 41, p. 347. 
Lucina radians, Con., Foss. Shells, Ter. For., p. 70, pl. 40, fig. 3. 
L. testa orbiculata, convexa, concentrice striata; radiatim obsolete irregulariter striata; 
lunula excavata. 
Description. Shell orbicular, concentrically and regularly striate; radiately and 
obsoletely striate; lunule excavated. 
The beaks are prominent and acute, the concentric lines are close and well-defined, and 
the radiating lines are somewhat irregular, and on the anal side are more distant and 
prominent. L. multilineata resembles the young of this species, but the radiating lines 
are more regular and the shell more convex than in the species under consideration. 
This pretty species is living on the coast of North and South Carolina, and is abundant 
in the Post Pleiocene. It is readily distinguished by its prominent umbones, close and 
regular concentric strife and obsolete rather irregular radiating lines. 
Plate XVIII. Fig. 4, Interior of right valve. 
" 5, Exterior of left valve. 
Locality. Darlington District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
LUCINA SQUAMOSA. - Lam. 
Plate XVIII. Figs. 6 and 7. 
Lucina squamosa, Lam., An. Sans, ver., Vol. 5, p. 542. 
Lucina squamosa, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 38, pl. 20, fig. 1. 
Lucina speciosa, Rogers, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., new series, Vol. 5, p. 333, fig. 1. 
Lucina squamosa, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 38, pl. 20, fig. 1. 
L. testa convexa, inequilateralis, radiatim costata; latere anali brevi; latere buccali sub- 
producto. 58 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
Description. Shell convex, inequilateral, radiately ribbed; anal margin short; buccal 
margin somewhat produced. 
The radiating ribs are sometimes bifurcated; lines of growth prominent on the disks; 
beaks contracted and prominent. 
The compressed and oblique form of this shell, together with the small but well-defined 
radiating ribs, distinguish it from its congeners. 
This species is found living along the coast of North and South Carolina; nor is it very 
uncommon in the Meiocene of Virginia. 
Plate XVIII. Fig. 6, Interior of right valve. 
" 7, Exterior of left valve. 
Locality. Darlington District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
L U C INA C K I B R A R I A . - S a y. 
Plate XVIII. Figs. 8 and 9. 
Lucina cribraria, Say, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci., Vol. 4, p. 147, pl. 13, fig. I. 
Lucina cribraria, Con., Foss. Ter. For. pl. 3, fig. 1. 
L. testa orbiculata, convexa, radiatim tenuiter costata, concentrice elevato-lamellosa; latere 
anali flexuoso; lunula sub-impressa. 
Description. Shell orbicular, convex, radiately and finely ribbed; with concentric 
elevated lamellae; anal side flexuose; lunule somewhat impressed. 
This common species is distinguished by the rather distant, prominent lamellae on the 
umbones, which become more numerous and closer towards the pallia! margin, giving that 
part of the shell a decussated appearance. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
59 
Found in the Meiocene of Virginia, where it is quite abundant. 
Plate XVIII. Fig. 8, Interior of right valve. 
" 9, Exterior of left valve. 
Locality. Darlington District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
LUCINA DIVARICATA. - Lam. 
Plate XVIII. Figs. 10 and 11 
Tellina divaricata, Linn. 
Lucina divaricata, Lam., An. sans. Ver., Vol. 4, p. 541. 
Lucina divaricata, Con., Fos. Ter. For., p. 39, pl. 20, tig. 3. 
L. testa orbiculari, sub-globosa, tenui; bifariam sulcato-striata; striis dwancahs. 
Description. Shell orbicular, somewhat globose, thin, groove-striated in two directions, 
striae divaricate. 
This pretty species is easily distinguished from its congeners, by its regular outline and 
sharply cut divaricating striae. 
It is difficult to believe a species to have so wide a distribution, both horizontally and 
vertically, as this is said to have. It occurs in the Eocene of Europe, in the Meiocene of 
Virginia, in South-Carolina in both Pleiocene and Post Pleiocene, and belongs to the 
living fauna of our entire coast. 
It is very possible that several species are included under this specific name. 
Plate XVIII. Fig. 10, Interior' of right valve. 
" 11, Exterior of left valve. 
Locality. Waccamaw 
Museum, College of Charleston. 60 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
LUCINA COSTATA. - (New Species.) 
Plate XVIII. Figs. 12 and 13. 
L. testa orbiculata, crassa, compressa, radiatim costata, concentrice striata, sub-sulcata; 
latere anali squamoso. 
Description. Shell orbicular, thick, compressed, radiately ribbed, concentrically 
striate, and towards the pallial margin somewhat sulcate. 
This fossil is readily distinguished from the small lucinida which it resembles, by the 
prominent rounded ribs. 
It occurs in great abundance in the Post Pleiocene beds near Charleston, although it 
has not as yet been found amongst the living fauna of the State. 
Plate XVIII. Fig. 12, Natural size. 
11 13, Magnified. 
Locality. Black River 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
LUCINA CRENU LATA. - Con. 
Plate XVIII. Figs. 14 and 15. 
Lucina crenulata, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 39, pl. 20, fig. 2. 
L. testa rotundata, inflata, concentrice lamellata; latere anali sub-flexuoso; lunula sub- 
excavata. 
Description. Shell orbicular, inflated, concentrically lamellated, lunule slightly 
excavated. 
This little species is readily distinguished by its orbicular outline and the closely 
arranged concentric lamellae; the lunule is short and deep. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
61 
It is distinguished from L. multilineata, which it resembles, by the absence of 
radiating lines. 
It is quite common in the Meiocene of Virginia, and is living along the coast from the 
Chesapeake to Florida. 
Plate XVIII. Fig. 14, Natural size 
" 15, Magnified. 
Locality. Darlington. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
LUCINA MULTILINE ATA. -Con. 
Plate XVIII. Figs. 16 and 17. 
Lucina multilineata, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 71, pl. 40. fig. 6 
L. testa rotundata, concentrice tenuiterque Urata, radiatim striata 
Description. Shell orbicular, concentrically and closely ribbed, radiately striate. 
This little fossil has the outline and general characters of L. crenulata, from which 
it can only be distinguished by the radiating lines which give the shell a cancellated 
appearance. 
It occurs in the Post Pleiocene, and is often confounded with L. crenulata 
Plate XVIII. Fig. 16, Natural size. 
" 17, Magnified. 
Locality. Waccamaw 62 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
LUCINA TRISULCATA. - Con. 
Plate XVIII. Figs. 18 and 19. 
Lucina trisulcata, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 71, pl. 40, fig. 5. 
L. testa ovata, convexa, incequilaterali; concentrice striata, sulcata; lunula cor data, prof unde 
excaoata. 
Description. Shell ovate, convex, inequilateral; concentrically striate and channelled; 
lunule cordate, deeply excavated. 
This fossil resembles L. crenulata; but it is readily distinguished from that species by 
its less orbicular outline, its prominent and more oblique beaks, and above all, by the short 
but very deep lunule, which extends under the beaks. 
The concentric sulci which suggested the specific name to Mr. Conrad, are accidental, 
quite variable in number and position, and in the larger number of individuals they are 
absent altogether. 
The short and deep lunule will serve to characterise all the varieties of the species. 
Plate XVIII. Fig. 18, Natural size. 
" 19, Magnified. 
Locality. Darlington District. 
The genus Lucina is found as low in the geological series as the devonian system, and 
has its greatest development in the seas of the present period. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
63 
CARDIAM. 
CARDIUM.-Bruguiere. 
C A R D IUM M A G N U M . -B 0 R N. 
Plate XIX. Fig. 1. 
Cardium Magnum, Born., Test. Mus. Coes. Vind, pl. 3, fig. 5. 
Cardium Maculatum, Gmelin, Conch. Icon., pl. 4, fig. 20. 
Cardium Ventricosum, Bruguiere, Lam., Vol. 6, p. 400. 
C. testa maxima, ventricosa, oblique cordata, latere anali sub-angulato-depresso, radiatim 
eostato; costis planulatis, buccalis crenulatis. 
Description. Shell very large, inflated, obliquely cordate; anal side somewhat angu 
larly depressed; radiately ribbed, ribs flattened, buccal ribs crenulated. 
This shell presents some variation in form; some individuals are more ventricose, whilst 
others present a greater disproportion between the length and height. 
In young specimens, the crenulations on the ribs on the buccal side are not always 
prominent, but after they attain to a height of an inch or two they appear and are very 
persistent. The buccal ribs are somewhat angular, with the angles turned towards the 
anal side. 
The specimen figured might easily be confounded with C. laqueatum, Con., of the 
Meiocene of Virginia; but the very regular flat crenulations on the buccal ribs in 
C. magnum will serve to distinguish the two. 
Although this is one of the most common recent shells of the coast, and is very abund- 
ant in the Post Pleiocene, it is quite rare in our Tertiary beds. The single valve figured, 
and the fragment of a full-grown individual, are all that have hitherto been found. 
Plate XIX. Fig. 1. 
Locality. Darlington District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 64 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
CARDIUM MURICATUM. - Linn, 
Plate XIX. Fig. 2. 
Cardium muricatum, Linn., Sys. Nat., p. 1123. 
C. testa cordata-ovata, sub-obliqua, radiatim costata; costis convexis, tuberculis minutis 
compressis. 
Description. Shell cordately ovate, somewhat oblique, radiately ribbed, ribs convex, 
muricated with minute compressed obliquely arranged tubercles. 
The muricated ribs serve to distinguish this from the other Tertiary species which 
it may resemble. On the buccal side of the shell, the ribs have the tubercles on the 
anterior side; these are followed by a few ribs muricated on both sides; and on the 
anal side the tubercles are turned backward. 
C. muricatum occurs sparingly on the coast of South-Carolina, and living specimens 
are rarely found; nor is it more abundant amongst the fossil forms of the State. 
Plate XIX. Fig. 2, Interior of right and exterior of left valve, natural size. 
Locality. Darlington District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
CARDIUM S U B L I N E AT U M.- Con. 
Plate XIX. Fig. 3. 
Cardium sublineatum, Con., Am. Jour. Sci., Vol. 41, p. 347, pl. 2, fig. 13. 
Cardium sublineatum, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 66, pl. 37, fig. 4. 
C. testa obliqua ovata, tenui, sub-ventricosa, radiatim tenuissime striata; marginibus intus 
crenulatis. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
65 
Description. Shell obliquely ovate, thin, somewhat ventricose, radiately, very finely 
striated; margins finely crenulated within. 
This fossil resembles some forms of C. serratum, living on the coast of Florida; but it 
is less ventricose, especially towards the pallial margin. The anal side is also much less 
curved. 
Both valves of this shell are often found in juxtaposition, and the polish of the surface 
scarcely destroyed. 
Plate XIX. Fig. 3, Interior of right and exterior of left valve, natural size. 
Locality. Waccamaw and Darlington District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
The genus Cardium is found in the upper Silurian rocks, and represented in greatest 
number of species in the actual or present period. 
CARDITIM. 
CARDITA.-Britguiere. 
0 A R D I T A ARATA. 
Plate XIX. Figs. 4 and 5. 
Cypricardia arata, Con., Foss. Shells, Ter. For., p. 20, pl. 5, tig. 1. 
Carditamera arata, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 12, pl. 6, fig 2. 
C. testa ovato-oblonga; costis transversim-radiantibus, rotundatis nodulosis; latere buccali 
brevissimo; latere anali truncate. 
Description. Shell ovately oblong; ribs transversely radiated, rounded, noduloes; 
buccal side very short; anal truncated. 66 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
The rounded and prominent ribs are distinctly crenulated. Pallial margin nearly 
straight. 
This is doubtless the fossil described by Conrad, which he says "clearly resembles one 
of the Florida coast," and it is really difficult to distinguish some forms of this species 
from C. Floridana, Con. 
We have followed D'Orbigny in uniting Carditamera with Cardita. 
Plate XIX. Fig. 4, Exterior of left valve, natural size. 
" 5, Interior of right valve. 
Locality. Darlington District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
CARDITA G R A N U L A T A. - S a y. 
Plate XIX. Figs. 6 and 7. 
Venericardia granulata, Say, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci., Vol. 4, p. 142, pl. 12, fig. 1. 
Cardita granulata, Say, Foss. Shells, Ter. For., p. 12, pl. 7, fig 1. 
C. testa sub-orbiculata, oblique cordata, crassa, inequilaterali, radiatim costata, concentrice 
striata. 
Description. Shell nearly orbicular, obliquely cordate, thick, inequilateral, radiately 
costate, concentrically striated. 
This is one of the most common fossils of the Tertiary beds of Virginia and South-Carolina. 
It is readily distinguished by its neatly rounded outline. The anal side is rounded, with 
a larger curve than that of the buccal side. The beaks are acute and curved forward. 
The ribs are granulated above, and rather wrinkled towards the pallial margin. Inner 
margin coarsely crenulated. 
Plate XIX. Fig. 6, Interior of right valve, natural size. 
" 7, Exterior of left valve, natural size. 
Locality. Sumter. 
Museum, College of Charleston. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
67 
CARDITA TRIDENTATA. -Say. 
Plate XIX. Figs. 8 and 9. 
Cardita tridentata, Say, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci., Vol. 5, p. 216. 
Cardita tridentata, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 76, pl. 43, fig. 11. 
C. testa rotundata trigona, crassa; radiatim costata; costis elevatis, crenulatis. 
Description. Shell round, triangular, thick, radiately ribbed; ribs elevated, strongly 
crenulated. 
This little species is distinguished by its sub-triangular outline, thick, robust and 
coarsely crenulated ribs. The beaks are slightly turned forward. There are two teeth 
in the left, and one in the right valve. 
The species is an inhabitant of the southern coast, and we have never found larger 
specimens. 
Plate XIX. Fig. 8, Interior of right valve. 
" 9, Exterior of left valve, natural size. 
Locality. Sumter District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
0 A R D I T A CARINATA. 
Plate XIX. Fig. 10. 
Carditamera carinata, Con., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Vol. 1, p. 305. 
Carditamera carinata, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 65, pl. 37, fig. 1. 
C. testa elongato-ovata; latere buccali brevissimo; costis transversis radiantibus, angulatis, 
muricato-squamosis. 
Description. Shell ovately oblong, buccal side very short; ribs radiating transversely, 
angular muricated and squamose. 68 
P L E I 0 C E N E FOSSILS. 
This is a well-marked species. On the anal side, the ribs are rounded, and two or three 
on the angle are robust, squamose, and imbricated. The middle ribs are flat, with an 
impressed line; and the angles crenulated. On the buccal side, the ribs are rounded and 
closely crenulated by the lines of growth. 
Plate XIX. Fig. 10, Interior of right and exterior of left valve. 
Locality. Waccamaw. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
CARDITA PER P L ANA. 
Plate XIX. Fig. 11. 
Cardita perplana, Con., Am. Jour. Sei., Vol. 41, pl. 2, fig. 16. 
zA.starte radians, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 77, pl. 43, fig. 13. 
C. testa trigona, inequilaterali, plana, radiatim costata, concentrice striata; umbonibus 
acutis; latere anali elongato; latere buccali brevi. 
Description. Shell triangular, inequilateral, radiately ribbed, concentrically striated; 
umbones, anal side produced, buccal side short. 
A few prominent lines of growth often mark the disks, and the ribs on the anal side are 
curved. The ribs are few and not closely arranged. The straight buccal margin, and 
very flat form, separate this fossil from every other species of the genus. 
Plate XIX. Fig. 11, Natural size. 
Locality. Waccamaw. 
Museum, College of Charleston. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
69 
CARDITA ABBREVIATA. 
Plate XIX. Fig. 12. 
Cardita abbreviata, Con., Am. Jour. Sci., Vol. 41, pl. 2, fig. 17. 
Astarte abbreviata, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 77, pl. 43, fig. 12. 
C. testa parva, ovato-trigona, obliqua, convexa, radiatim costata; costis crenatis, umbonibus 
acutis. 
Description. Shell small, ovately triangular, oblique, radiately ribbed; ribs crenate, 
umbones acute. 
Resembles the young of C. granulata, but is much more elevated, has the ribs more 
closely arranged, and in outline is more oblique than in C. granulata, Say. 
We have restored this and the preceding species to the genus Cardita, under which 
they were first described by Conrad. We are not aware that any radiately ribbed species 
belong to the genus Astarte, and moreover, the additional buccal muscular impression is 
wanting in these species. 
Plate XIX. Fig. 12, Natural size. 
Locality. Waccamaw. 
Museum. College of Charleston. 70 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
ASTARTIDA 
ASTARTE.-Sowerby. 
ASTARTE U N D U L A T A . - S a y. 
Plate XX. Figs. 1 and 2. 
Astarte undulata, Say, Jour. Ac. Nat Sci., Vol. 4, p. 150, pl. 9, fig. 5. 
Astarte undulata, Con., Foss. Ter. For. p. 41, pl. 20, fig. 4. 
A. testa suh-trigona, incequilateralis ; umbonibus depressis, recurvis, sulcatis; sulcis irregu- 
laribus, latissimis. 
Description. Shell somewhat triangular, inequilateral; umbones flat, recurved, fur- 
rowed; furrows irregular, very wide. 
The broad furrows on the umbones of this shell distinguish it from the other species. 
The furrows vary in number, and sometimes almost cover the valves; but this is rare. 
The sudden curvature of the umbones gives the buccal slope a gibbous outline, and this 
character is preserved in all the varieties. 
Plate XX. Fig. 1, represents a common variety. 
" 2, Another variety, natural size. 
Locality. Sumter District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. P L E I 0 C E N E FOSSILS. 
71 
ASTARTE CONCENTRICA. 
Plate XX. Fig. 3. 
Astarte concentrica, Con., Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci., Vol. 7, p. 133. 
Astarte concentrica, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 44, pl. 21, fig. 6. 
A. testa trigona, depressa, sub-equilateralis, concentrice sulcata; sulcis regularibus; umboni- 
bus acutis, recurvis; margine tenui crenato. 
Description. Shell triangular, depressed, nearly equilateral, concentrically furrowed, 
furrows regular; umbones acute, recurved; margin crenate. 
This species is the most constant in form of this variable genus; but it is readily 
distinguished by the regular and closely arranged furrows which cover the entire shell. 
Plate XX. Fig. 3, Interior of right and exterior of left valve., natural size. 
Locality. Waccamaw. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 72 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
ASTARTE LUNULATA. - Con. 
Plate XX. Fig. 4. 
Astarte lunulata, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 44, pl. 21, fig. 8. 
A. testa parva, depressa, sub-trigona, concentrice sulcata; latere buccali truncato; latere 
anali sub-angulato. 
Description. Shell small, flat, somewhat angular, concentrically furrowed; buccal 
margin truncated; anal margin somewhat angular. 
This little species is at once known by the regular and angular furrows; straight sides, 
and prominently arched pallial margin, which is within smooth. 
It occurs living on the coast of South-Carolina and in the Gulf of Mexico. 
Plate XX. Fig. 4, Natural size. 
Locality. Darlington District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
The genus Astarte is found living in the seas of cold regions, and existed in great 
numbers in the Liassic seas. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
73 
CRASSATELLA.-Lam. 
CRASSATELLA UNDU LATA. -Say. 
Plate XX. Figs. 5 to 8. 
Crassatella undulata, Say, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci., Vol. 4, p. 142, pl. 11, fig. 2. 
Crassatella undulata, Con., Foss. Shells, Ter. For., p. 23, pl. 9, fig. 1. 
Crassatella undulata, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 21, pl. 9, fig. 2. 
C. testa sub-trigona, crassa, incequilateralis; umhonibus sulcatis, depressis; latere buccali 
brevi; latere anali elongato, producto, oblique truncato; lunula la.nceolata, excavata. 
Description. Shell somewhat triangular, thick, inequilateral; umbones sulcate, flat- 
tened; buccal side short; anal side elongately produced, obliquely truncated; lunule 
lanceolate, excavated. 
This fine species is subject to great variation in the form of the shell. In one variety, 
which is the most common, the anal side is greatly produced, making the shell very 
inequilateral; this prolongation takes place only after the shell has attained to a certain 
size. In another variety, the shell is nearly equilateral, and between these extremes, 
intermediate forms are found. In the young of all, however, the flat, sulcate, umbonal 
parts are always preserved. 
Compare the young of both species as figured in plate XX, figs. 7 and 10. 
Plate XX. Fig. 5, Interior of right valve. 
" 6, Exterior of right valve. 
11 7, Young shell. 
" 8, Variety. 
Locality. Sumter District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 74 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
CRASSATELLA G I BB E S I I. - (New Species.) 
Plate XX. Figs. 9 and 10. 
C. testa sub-trigona, crassa, concentrice sulcata; latere buccali rotundato; latere anali sub- 
rostrato, angulato, longituclinaliter unicostato; umbonibus incurvis; lunula sub-excavata. 
Description. Shell somewhat triangular, thick, concentrically furrowed; buccal side 
rounded; anal side somewhat beaked, angular, with a longitudinal ridge; umbones 
incurved; lunule somewhat excavated. 
This well-defined species is easily distinguished from any of the varieties of the preced- 
ing species. The umbones are much incurved and more inflated than in any form of C. 
undulata. It differs from the Virginia and Maryland species in its more symetrical form 
and greater regularity of the sulci, which mark the entire surface of the shell. The ridge 
on the anal side is prominent, and produces an undulation which extends to the centre of 
the shell. 
The species is very constant in its characters in every stage of growth. Fig. 10 repre- 
sents a young shell. 
We have great pleasure in inscribing this species to our friend and co-laborer, Professor 
L. R. Gibbes, of the College of Charleston. 
Plate XX. Fig. 9, Exterior of left valve. 
11 10, Young shell. 
Locality. Waccamaw. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
The living species of Crassatella are inhabitants of warm climates. The genus is 
first found in the Cretaceous system, and has its greatest development in the Tertiary. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
75 
S1NUPAILIALIA. 
CORBULIDT. 
CORBULA.-Brugitiere. 
CORBULA C U N E A T A . - S a y. 
Plate XX. Fig. 11. 
Corbula cuneata, Say, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci., Vol. 4, p. 152, pl. 13, fig. 3. 
Corbula cuneata, Con., Foss. Shells, Ter. For., p. 5, pl. 3, fig. 2. 
C. testa elong ato-ov ata, concentrice striata; latere buccali rotundato; latere anali acuto, 
sub-rostrato. 
Description. Shell elongately ovate, concentrically striate; buccal side rounded; anal 
side acute, somevrhat rostrate. 
This neat species is easily distinguished from its congeners of this formation, by the 
greater regularity of the striae, and by its more elongated anal side. 
It is a rare species in the Pleiocene of South-Carolina, although abundant in the living 
fauna of the coast. 
Plate XX. Fig. 11, Natural size. 
Locality. Waccamaw. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
The genus Corbula is found as low as the Jurassic rocks, and is very numerously 
represented in the seas of the present time. 76 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS 
CORBULA I N E Q U ALE. -Say. 
Plate XX. Fig. 12. 
Corbula inequale, Say, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci., Vol. 4, p. 153, pl. 13, fig. 3. 
Corbula inequale, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 6, pl. 3, fig. 3. 
C. testa ovato-trigona, incequivalvi, concentrice sulcata; latere buccali rotundato; latere 
anali angulato sub-carinato. 
Description. Shell ovately trigonal, inequivalve, concentrically furrowed; buccal side 
rounded; anal side angulated, somewhat carinated. 
The concentric ridges are irregular in size, and undulating in direction. The anal side, 
though short, is very acute, and the whole aspect of the shell is different from C. cuneata. 
This shell is abundant in the Meiocene of Virginia. 
Plate XX. Fig. 12, Natural size. 
Locality. Waccamaw. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
PANDORA.-Bruguiere 
PANDORA TRILINEATA. - Say. 
Plate XX. Fig. 13. 
Pandora trilineata, Say, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. 
P. testa ovato-oblonga, in&quilateralis ; latere buccali rotundato, latere anali arcuato, 
rostrato; rostro bicarinato. 
Description. Shell ovately oblong, inequilateral; buccal side rounded, anal side 
beaked; beak bicarinate. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
77 
K single rather imperfect valve is all that we have as yet found in the State. It is 
sufficiently well preserved, however, to leave no doubt of its specific identity with the 
recent species of the coast. Conrad has described two species of this genus, P. crassi- 
dens and P. arenosa, from the Meiocene of Virginia, but the present species cannot be 
confounded with either of these. 
Plate XX. Fig. 13, Natural size. 
Locality. Darlington District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
The genus Pandora appears for the first time in the Eocene, is found in the overlying 
formations, and exists in greatest number in the seas of the present period. 
CYCLAS1DJE. 
CYRENA.-Lam. 
CYRENA D E N S A T A . - C o n . 
Plate XX. Fig. 14. 
Cyrena densata, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 68, pl. 39, fig. 2. 
C. testa crassa, sub-trigona, convexa, cequilaterali, concentrice obsolete-striata; latere buccali 
rotundato; latere anali sub-truncato; margine palliali arcuata; umbonibus elevatis. 
Description. Shell somewhat triangular, thick, convex, concentrically and obsoletely 
striated; buccal side rounded; anal side somewhat truncated: pallial margin regularly 
arcuated. 
The species bears some resemblance to Cyrena Carolinensis of the coast, but differs 
from it in being less inflated, in outline less orbicular, and by the prominent beaks, which 
are narrower and less erected than in the recent species. 78 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
Cyrena densata occurs in the Meiocene of Virginia. In South-Carolina, more perfect 
specimens are found, but the valves are always separated. 
The occurrence of this fossil is an interesting evidence of the existence of estuaries 
during the Pleiocene period. 
D'Orbigny has united under Cyclas, the genera Cyrena and Pisidium. 
Plate XX. Fig. 14, Interior of right and exterior of left valve, natural size. 
Locality. Darlington District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
The genus is represented in the Oolite, and is found in great numbers in the fauna of 
the present period. 
VENERIM. 
VENUS RILEYI.-Con. 
Plate XXI. Fig. 8. 
Venus Rileyi, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 9, pl. 6, fig. 1. 
V. testa ovata, sub-ventricosa, crassa, inceguilaterali, concentrice rugosa; latere anali 
elongato; latere buccali brevi; lunula ovata. 
Description. Shell ovate, somewhat ventricose, thick; anal side elongated; buccal 
side short; lunule ovate. 
This is one of the largest species, and often attains to double the dimensions of the 
individual figured. It is distinguished from other species by being much more equilateral. 
When the recurved lines of growth are preserved, it is rough on the exterior, but where 
these are removed the surface is rather smooth and concentrically striated. The beaks are 
compressed, and there is a broad obsolete fold on the anal margin. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
PLATE XVII. 
ARCACID^.-NUCULIDJE. 
A R C A C I DJS. 
Fig. 1. PECTUNCULUS SUBOVATUS. Interior of right and exterior of left valve, natural size. Page 47. 
" 2. PECTUNCULUS LENTIFORMIS. Same views. Page 48. 
" 3. PECTUNCULUS PASSUS. Same views. Page 48. 
" 4. PECTUNCULUS QUINQUERUGATUS. Same views. Page 49. 
" 5. PECTUNCULUS L2EVIS. Same views. Page 50. 
" 6a. PECTUNCULUS ARATUS. Interior, natural size. Page 50. 
" 6A Exterior, natural size. 
11 6. A large variety of the same. 
" 6c. PECTUNCULUS TRANSVERSUS. (A natural cast.) Page 51. 
NUCULIDT 
Fig. 7. NUCULA PROXIMA. Interior of right valve, natural size. Page 53. 
" 8. Exterior of left valve. 
" 9. Magnified view of hinge and teeth. 
" 10. NUCULA ACUTA. Exterior, natural size. Page 53. 
" 11. Interior, natural size. 
" 12. Magnified view of hinge and teeth. 
" 13. NUCULA LIMATULA. Exterior, natural size. Page 52. 
" 14. Interior, natural size. 
" 15. Magnified view of hinge and teeth. T1.17. 
G.G.Tlaten ad nat. del. ellith.CkaTUston.S .C. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
PLATE XVIII. 
LUCIN1D2E, 
Fig. 1. LUCINA CONTRACTA. Interior of right and exterior of left valve, natural size. Page, 54. 
" 2. LUCINA ANADONTA. Same views. Page, 55. 
" 3. LUCINA PENNSYLVANIA. Same views. Page 56. 
" 4. LUCINA RADIANS. Interior of right valve. Page 57. 
" 5. Exterior of left valve. In figure 5 the artist has not succeeded in exhibiting the delicate radiating 
lines, which are generally well-defined in good specimens. 
" 6. LUCINA SQUAMOSA. Interior of right valve. Page 57. 
" 7. Exterior of left valve. 
" 8. LUCINA CRIBRARIA. Interior of right valve. Page 58. 
" 9. Exterior of left valve. 
" 10. LUCINA DIVARICATA. Interior of right valve. Page 59. 
" 11. Exterior of left valve. 
" 12. LUCINA COST ATA. Natural size. Page 60. 
" 13. The same magnified. 
" 14. LUCINA CRENULATA. Natural size. Page 60. 
" 15. The same magnified. 
" 16. LUCINA MULTILINE ATA. Natural size. Page 6L 
" 17. The same magnified. 
" 18. LUCINA TRISULCATA. Page 62. 
" 19. The same magnified. Tl.18. 
C.G.'Plat«n a a nat- lel.atlifk,Ch«il«*ton.SX PLEIOCENE FO.SSILS. 
PLATE XIX. 
CARDIDjE.-CARDITIO. 
C A R D I D 2E . 
Fig. 1. CARDIUM MAGNUM. Natural size. Page 63. 
" 2 CARDIUM MURICATUM. Interior of right and exterior of left valve, natural size. Page 64. 
" 3. CARDIUM SUBLINEATUM. Same views. Page 64. 
C A R D I T I D ^E. 
Fig. 4. CARDITA ARATEA. Exterior of left valve. Page 65. 
" 5. Interior of right' valve, natural size. 
" 6. CARDITA GRANULATA. Interior of right valve. Page 66. 
" 7. Exterior of left valve, natural size. 
" 8. CARDITA TRIDENTATA. Interior of right valve. Page 67. 
" 9. Exterior of left valve, natural size. 
" 10. CARDITA CARINATA. Interior of right and exterior of left valve, natural size. Page 67. 
" 11. CARDITA PERPL AN A. Natural size. Page 68. 
" 12. CARDITA ABBREVIATA. Natural size. Page 69. Pl. 19. 
C. G. .Platen, arLnal. del.ei.Mi, Charleston. S.C. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
PLATE XX. 
ASTARTID^.-CORBULID^.-CYCLASID^. 
A 8 T A R T I D J. 
Fig. 1. ASTARTE UNDULATA, Common variety, natural size. Page 70. 
" 2. Another variety, natural size. 
" 3. ASTARTE OONCENTRICA. Interior of right and exterior of left valve, natural size. Page 71. 
" 4. ASTARTE LUNULATA. Natural size. Page 72. 
" 5. CRASSATELLA UNDULATA. Interior of right valve, natural size. Page 73. 
" 6. Exterior of right valve, natural size. 
" 7. Young shell, natural size. 
" 8. Variety of Crassatella undulata, natural size. 
" 9. CRASSATELLA GIBBESII. Exterior of left valve, natural size. Page 74. 
" 10. Young shell. 
CORBULIDJE. 
Fig. 11. CORBULA CUNEATA. Natural size. Page 75. 
" 12. CORBULA INEQUALE. Natural size. Page 76. 
" 13. PANDORA TRILINEATA. Natural size. Page 76. 
C Y C L A 8 I D . 
Fig. 14. CYRENA DENSATA. Interior of right and exterior of left valve, natural size. Page. 77. Pl. 20. 
C. Platen, ad nat. del etliih, Charls ston, S. C. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
79 
Conrad says of this species that probably it has been confounded with V. tridacnoides. 
However this may be, it certainly often shows a tendency towards the characteristic folds 
of V. TRIDACNOIDES. 
Plate XXL Fig. 8, Natural size. 
Locality. Waccamaw. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
VENUS M E T A S T R I AT A.-d'Orb. 
Plate XXI. Figs. 1 and 2. 
Venus metastriata, dOrb., Prod, de Paleontologie, Vol 3, p. 108, No. 2020. 
Cytherea metastriata, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 14, pl. 8, fig. 5. 
V. testa sub-ceguilaterali, triangulari, concentrice striata; striis concentricis irregularibus; 
latere anali et buccali radiatim striatis, medio Icevigato. 
Description. Shell nearly equilateral, triangular, concentrically striate; striae irregu- 
lar; anal and buccal sides radiately striate; middle of the shell smooth. 
This little fossil is easily identified by its equilateral form and the radiating lines on the 
buccal and anal sides only. The concentric lines are almost obsolete on the umbones, but 
towards the pallial margin they are more deeply impressed. It is abundant in the fossil 
•state and occurs recent on the Atlantic shores of South-Carolina and Florida. 
Plate XXL Fig. 1, Natural size. 
" 2, Magnified view, with outline natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 80 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
VENUS SUBNASUTA.-d'Orb. 
Plate XXI. Fig. 3. 
Venus subnasuta, d'Orb., Prod, de Paleontologie, Vol. 3. p. 108, No. 2024 
Cytherea subnasuta, Con., Pro. Ac. Nat. Sci., Vol. 1, p. 28. 
Cytherea subnasuta, Con., Foss. Ter. Form., p. 72, pl. 41. 
C. testa triangulari, ventricosa; latere buccali angustato^ extremitate sub-producta, sub- 
angulata; superficie rugosa, rugis concentricis; margine anali oblique arcuato; natibus 
distantibus a margine anali. 
Description. Shell triangular, ventricose; buccal side narrowed, slightly produced 
and sub-angulated at the extremity; anal margin obliquely arched; beaks distant from 
anal margin. 
Venus subnasuta is allied to V. sayana of Conrad, but is proportionally longer, less 
ventricose, narrower, and more produced on the buccal side. 
Plate XXL Fig. 3, Magnified figure, with outline natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
VENUS R E P 0 S T A. - d'Orb. 
Plate XXI. Fig. 4. 
Venus reposta, d1 Orb., Prod, de Paleontologie, Vol. 3, p. 108, No. 2022. 
Cytherea reposta, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 15, pl. 9, fig. 2. 
Cytherea reposta, Con., Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci., Vol. 7, p. 132. 
V. testa magna, ovata, sub-crassa, sub-convexa; natibus prominentibus ; margine dorsali 
depressa, sub-arcuata; margine anali sub-rotundata; lunula magna lanceolata. P L E I 0 C E N E FOSSILS. 
81 
Description. Shell large, ovate, moderately thick and convex; beaks prominent; 
dorsal margin depressed, slightly arcuated; anal margin obtusely rounded; lunule large 
lanceolate. 
Plate XXL Fig. 4, Natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
VENUS MERCENARIA. - Linn. 
Plate XXL Fig. 6. 
Venus mercenaria, Linn., Sy st. Nat., 1131. 
Venus mercenaria, Gmelin, Syst., 3231. 
Venus mercenaria, Lam., An. sans. Vert., Vol. 6, p. 346, pl. 263. 
V. testa solida, obliqua cordata, concentrice sulcata, radiatim striata; latere anali sub- 
elongato; latere buccali brevi; umbonibus incurvis; lunula cordata. 
Description. Shell solid, obliquely cordate, concentrically furrowed, radiately striate; 
anal side somewhat produced, angled; buccal side short; umbones recurved; lunule 
cordate. 
The anal slope is comparatively straight, and where it joins the pallial margin it is 
slightly produced into a flattened lip. 
This species attains a considerable size, and then resembles V. permagna, but the buccal 
side in the latter is a portion of a curve of shorter radius, and the whole shell is covered 
with raised lines of growth. 
This common shell of our entire coast is very rare in the Tertiary beds of the State, 
where a few separate valves only have been found. 
Plate XXL Fig. 6. 
Locality. Darlington District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 82 
P L E I 0 C E N E FOSSILS, 
VENUS CONCENTRICA. -Gmel. 
Plate XXL Fig. 7. 
Venus concentrica, Gmel., p. 3286, No. 82. 
Artemis concentrica, Born., Sow. Gen., fig. 4. 
V. testa orbiculari, convexo-depressa, sub-cequilaterali; concentrice striata; striis confertis; 
lunula minima, cor data. 
Description. Shell orbicular, convex, depressed, nearly equilateral; concentrically 
striate; strise closely arranged; lunule small, cordate. 
This species is remarkable for its orbicular outline, depressed form, and although the 
concentric striee are very regular, there are portions of the disks raised concentrically. 
The buccal margin is regularly rounded, the anal side somewhat straight, and occa- 
sionally sub-truncate. In some varieties of the species, an obsolete, narrow, corrugated 
fold extends from the umbones to the pallial margin. The hinge plate is broad, and the 
disposition of the teeth resembles that in the genus Lucina quite as much as in the genus 
to which it is referred. 
We have carefully compared this with the recent form of the species so common along 
the Southern coast, and can find no essential difference between them. The fossil varies 
considerably, but a similar range of variation may be traced in the recent forms of the 
shell. 
Plate XXL Fig. 7, Natural size. 
Locality. Sumter District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
83 
VENUS S AY A N A. -d'Orb. 
Plate XXL Fig. 9. 
Cytherea convexa, Say, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci., Vol. 4, p. 149, pl. 12, fig. 3. 
Cytherea Sayana, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 13, pl. 7, fig. 3. 
Cytherea convexa, Gould, Inv. Mass., p. 84, fig. 49. 
Venus Sayana, $ Orb., Prod, de Paleontologie, Vol. 3, p. 108, No. 2011. 
V. testa sub-cordata, ventricosa, concentrice striata, incequilaterali; -latere buccali sub- 
angulato; umbonibus prominentibus, incurvis, labro Icevigato; lunula cordata. 
Description. Shell sub-cordate, inflated, concentrically striate, inequilateral; buccal 
side somewhat angular; umbones prominent, incurved, margin smooth, lunule cordate. 
This species is very distinct from its congeners; its smooth surface distinguishes it from 
the other fossil veneridse in every stage of growth. It was described by Say under the 
name of Cytherea convexa, a specific name pre-occupied; it was, therefore, changed to 
Sayana, by Conrad. 
V. Sayana is not uncommon in the Meiocene of Virginia, and occurs recent along our 
entire coast. 
Plate XXI. Fig. 9, Interior of right and exterior of left valve. 
Locality. Darlington District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
VENUS CRIBRARIA. - Con. 
Plate XXL .Fig. 10. 
Venus cribraria, Con., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 1, p. 310. 
Venus cribraria, Con., Foss. Ter. Form., p. 67, pl. 38, fig. 2. 
V. testa sub-trig onali, sub-ventricosa; costis 25, concentricis, lamellosis, elevatis, recurvis, 
subtus striis transversis instructis; lunula cordata laminata; margine intus crenulata. 84 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
Description. Shell sub-trigonal, slightly ventricose; ribs about 25, concentric, lamelli- 
form, elevated, recurved, with elevated transverse strise on the inferior side of each; lunule 
cordate laminated; inner margin crenulated. 
This species occurs recent on the coast of South-Carolina, and is often found in the 
Post Pleiocene beds of this State. 
Plate XXL Fig. 10, Interior of right, and exterior of left valve, natural size. 
Locality. Waccamaw. Darlington. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
VENUS CANCELLATA.-Linn. 
Plate XXI. Fig. 11. 
Venus cancellata, Linn., Sys. Nat., Ed. 12, p. 11-30. 
V. testa crassa, sub-depressa, decussata, radiatim striata, concentrice sulcata; sulcis remotis, 
incequalibus, elevatis; latere anali lameTloso; dentibus cardinalibus crassis, lunula cordata, 
margine crenulata. 
Description. Shell thick, somewhat compressed, decussated, radiately striate, concen- 
trically sulcate; furrows remote, unequal, elevated; anal side lamellar; cardinal teeth 
thick; lunula cordate; margin crenulated. 
This common shell of our coast is readily distinguished by the raised, concentric and 
remote lines of growth. The radiating strise are alternately larger and smaller. On the 
anal margin, the elevated lines of growth become somewhat squamose. The pallial sinus 
is very short; lunule broadly cordate. This shell cannot be confounded with V. elevata, 
which is more inflated and has the lines of growth more regularly disposed and more 
approximating. 
Plate XXL Fig. 11. 
Locality. Sumter District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
85 
VENUS LATILIRATA. - Con. 
Plate XXI. Fig. 12. 
Venus latilirata, Con., Proceed. Ac. Nat. Sci., Vol. 1, p. 28 
Venus latilirata, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 68, pl. 38, fig. 3. 
Venus paphia, Lam., (fossil.) 
V. testa trigona, sub-cordata, sub-compressa, obliqua, concentrice costata, costis crassissi- 
mis, crenulatis; lunula ovato-cordata, striata; margine crenulata. 
Description. Shell trigonal, sub-cordate, somewhat compressed, oblique, concentri- 
cally ribbed, ribs very thick, flat, crenulated below; lunule ovately cordate, striate; 
margin crenulated. 
The large, flat, irregular ribs characterise this fossil. The ribs are recurved, and 
terminate suddenly at the anal side. The ligament area is lanceolate and deep. 
Plate XXL Fig. 12, Natural size. 
Locality. Waccamaw. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
VENUS T R I D A C N 0 I D E S. - C o n. 
Plate XXII. Fig. 1. 
. Cyprinia tridacnoides, Lam., An. sans. Ver., Vol. 5, p. 565. 
Venus diformis, Say, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci., Vol. 4, p. 148, pl. 12, fig. 2. 
Venus tridacnoides. Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 10, pl. 7, fig. 2. 
V. testa ovato-cordata, crassissima, concentrice corrugata, radiatim plicata. 
Description^ Shell ovately cordate, very thick, concentrically wrinkled, radiately 
plaited. 86 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
This fine species is easily distinguished from its congeners, so well represented in our 
newer Tertiary formations. The prominent folds, radiating from the beaks to the pallial 
margin, separate it from every other species of the genus. In other respects it is subject 
to variation. In some specimens the folds extend quite to the beaks, and in others, they 
do not commence till after the shell has attained an inch or two in height. The shell is 
often inflated and ponderous, whilst in other forms it is more or less compressed, with the 
anal side prolonged, resembling in outline V. Rileyi. The radiating folds are also subject 
to variation in form and position. In some varieties, the folds are few and prominent, 
terminating at the margin in deep notches, which suggested the specific name tridac- 
noides, whilst in others the folds are reduced to mere undulations, which extend over the 
entire shell. 
We have a specimen of V. permagna, Con., before us, in which a similar fold extends 
across the shell. 
V. tridacnoides, though rare in South-Carolina, is quite abundant in the Meiocene 
beds of Virginia. 
Plate XXII. Fig. 1, Natural size. 
Locality. Darlington District. 
Museum^ College of Charleston. 
VENUS PERMAG N A. (?)-Con. 
Plate XXII. Fig. 2. 
Venus permagna, Con., (obs. on V. Mortoni,) Foss. Ter. For., p. 8. 
K testa ovata, cor data, sub-inflata, concentrice rugoso-striata, latere anali sub-plicato, 
arcuato; margine palliali crassi, loevi; lunula impressa, oblongo-cordato. 
Description. Shell thick, ovate, cordate, somewhat inflated, concentrically and roughly 
striate; anal side, with obsolete folds, arcuated; pallial margin thick, smooth^ lunule 
impressed, oblong-cordate. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
87 
This fossil we refer, with hesitation, to V. permagna, Con., a species which he has 
named but not described; at least we have not been so fortunate as to find any such 
description. It was originally referred by him to V. Mortoni, a species which is fossil in 
the Post Pleiocene and recent on the coast. From this it is at once separated by its less 
prominent and less recurved beaks, by its somewhat lanceolate lunule, by being less 
inflated and differing altogether in outline. V. permagna has the anal side regularly 
arcuated, and two obscure folds extend to the thick and somewhat lamellar lip. The out- 
line of the shell is remarkable for its regularly ovate form. The shell is covered with 
closely arranged lines of growth. The margin is smooth, and if this be a constant and 
not an accidental character, it may serve to distinguish this species from all the large 
Veneridje. 
V. permagna resembles V. Rileyi more nearly than any other species. Like the latter, 
it is very inequivalve, but differs from it chiefly in the less prolonged anal side and in its 
neatly oval outline. 
Plate XXII. Fig. 2, Natural size. 
Locality. Waccamaw. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
PETRICOLA.-Lam. 
PETRICOLA P II 0 L A D I F 0 R M I S. - L' a m. 
Plate XXI. Fig. 5. 
Petricola pholadiformis, Lam., An. sans Ver., 3rd Ed., Brux., Vol. 2, p. 554 
Petricola plioladiformis, Gould, Inver. Mass., p. 63. 
Petricola fornicata, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 2, p. 319. 
P. testa elongata, cylindrica; latere buccali brevissimo, radiato, costato et stnato; costas 
lamellosis; latere anali elongato, striato, lunula ovata. 
Description. Shell elongated, cylindrical, buccal side very short, radiately and striate; 
ribs lamellar; anal side much elongated, radiately striate; lunule ovate. 
This species bears some resemblance to Pholas costata, both in the form of the shell, 88 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
and the lamellar character of the ribs, but the form of the hinge as well as the widely 
gaping posterior extremity of Pholas separate the two genera. 
The shell is ovate-cylindrical, equivalve, but very unequilateral; the buccal side is 
rounded, and covered with irregular lamellar and somewhat toothed ribs; anal side covered 
with radiating irregular raised lines. The lunule is defined by the termination of the 
lines of growth. 
Petricola pholadiformis is common on the sea coast of this State. 
Plate XXI. Fig. 5. 
Locality. Pee Dee; and Smith's Goose Creek. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
TELLINA.-Linn. 
TELLINA BIPLICATA. - Con. 
Plate XXII. Figs. 3 and 3a. 
Tellina biplicata, Con., Foss. Ter. For, p. 36, pl. 19, fig. 4. 
Tellina biplicata, Con., Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci., Vol. 7, p. 152. 
Tellina biplicata, d' Orb., Prod, de Paleontologie, Vol. 3, p. 103, No. 1914. 
T. testa subovali, ineguivalvi, sub-ventricosa, lineis radiantihus inconspicuis, striis tenuissi- 
mis, prominentibus precipue in lateris posterioris plicis; plicis duabus angularibus, una valvis 
singulis distributa; margine cardinali prof unde sulcata. 
Description. Shell suboval, inequivalve, slightly ventricose with obscure radiating 
lines, and prominent filiform strise, much elevated over the folds of the posterior side ; folds 
two, one on each valve, angular; hinge margin profoundly sulcated posteriorly. 
Plate XXII. Fig. 3, Exterior of right valve, natural size. 
11 3a, End view of fossil, to show hinge. 
Locality. Pee Dee. 
Museum, College of Charleston. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
89 
TELLINA ALTERNATA. - Say. 
Plate XXII. Fig. 4. 
Tellina alternata, Say, Jour. Ac., Nat. Sci., Vol. 2, p. 275. 
T. testa compressa, oblonga, antice angustiore et angulata; lineis numerosis parallelis, 
egualibus, equidistantibus, impressis, concentricis, ad marginem anteriorem alternatim obsole- 
tis; areis interstitialibus planis. 
Description. Shell compressed, oblong, narrowed and angulated before; numerous 
parallel, equal, equidistant, impressed concentric lines, which on the anterior margin are 
alternately obsolete; interstitial spaces flat. 
A callous line which is sometimes obsolete, passes from behind the hinge to the inner 
margin of the posterior cicatrix, and another from before the hinge to the inner margin of 
the anterior cicatrix. Anterior hinge-slope declining in a somewhat concave line to an 
obliquely truncated tip. 
This is a common species, living on the coast of South Carolina and Georgia, and not 
unfrequent on the beach of Florida. 
Plate XXII. Fig. 4, Natural size. 
Locality. Waccamaw; Smith's, Goose Creek. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
TEL LINA L U S 0 R I A . - Con. 
Plate XXII. Fig. 5. 
Tellina lusoria, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 35, pl. 19, fig. 3. 
Psammobia lusoria, Say, Jour. Ac., Nat. Sci., Vol. 5, p. 316. 
T. testa elliptica, parte posteriore plicata et reflexa; margine dorsali posteriore recta, obli- 
qua; umbonibus extremitati posteriori truncates, approximates; margine basali arcuata. 90 
PLEIOGENE FOSSILS. 
Description. Shell elliptical with a distinct fold near the posterior extremity; posterior 
end reflected; posterior dorsal margin straight, oblique, extremity truncated and much 
above the line of the base ; beaks nearest the posterior end ; basal margin very regularly 
arched. 
Mr. Say described this species from a recent specimen found on the coast of South Ca- 
rolina ; Mr. Conrad says it is also found on the coast of New Jersey. 
Plate XXII. Fig. 5, Interior and exterior of fossil, natural size. 
Locality. Waccamaw; Pee Dee. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
TELLINA FLEXUOSA. - Say. 
Plate XXII. Figs. 7, 7a, U. 
Tellina flexuosa, Say, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci., Vol. 2, p. 303. 
T. testa sub-orbiculari; lineis obliquis, parallelis impressis sculpturata; rugis transversis 
minutis; margine buccali anali longiore, eaque minus obtuse rotundata; umbonibus pone 
medium positis. 
Description. Shell sub-orbicular, surface obliquely sculptured, with very regular, 
parallel impressed lines; longitudinal striae none; transverse wrinkles minute; buccal 
margin longer than anal and less obtusely rounded; beak placed behind the middle, not 
prominent. 
This very pretty little Tellina is abundant on the southern coast. 
Plate XXII. Fig. 7, Magnified view, to show the oblique parallel lines. 
" la and lb, Interior and exterior of shell, natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee. 
Museum, College of Charleston. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
91 
TELLINA POLITA. - Say. 
Plate XXII. Fig. 6. 
Tellina polita, Say, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci., Vol. 2, p. 276. 
T. testa transverse sub-triangulari, minute et concentrice rugosa; margine buccali ventrali 
breviore; margine basali subrecta. 
Description. Shell transversely sub-triangular, minutely and concentrically wrinkled; 
buccal margin rather shorter than ventral; basal margin nearly rectilinear from behind the 
middle to the anterior termination. 
Plate XXII. Fig. 6, Interior and exterior of fossil shell, natural size. 
Locality. Waccamaw. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
The genus Tellina commenced its existence in the ocean of the Cretaceous period, is 
found in the Tertiary, and is still an inhabitant of the seas of temperate and warm 
climates. 
PSAMMOCOLA.-Blain. 
The genus Psammocola commenced its existence in the seas of the Cretaceous period. 
PSAMMOCOLA P'L E I 0 C E N A . - {New Species.) 
Plate XXII. Fig. 8. 
P. testa oblongata, inequilaterali, convexa, striata, radiatim costata, costis multis, juxta 
umbones simplicibus, ad margines sulcatis vel complanatis; striis numerosis et incrementi 
lineis irregularibus concentricis lamellosisque, interruptis; margine buccali obtuse rotundata; 
margine anali sub-angulata, sub-compressa; umbonibus incurvis, approximatis. 
Description. Shell oblong, inequilateral, convex, striate, radiately ribbed; ribs numer- 
ous, near the umbones simple and distinct, but towards the margins channelled or 
flattened; strise numerous, interrupted with irregular concentric laminated lines of 92 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
growth; buccal margin obtusely rounded; anal margin more angular and somewhat com- 
pressed ; umbones incurved, approximating. 
This shell resembles somewhat the Psammocola regia of Lea, found in the Meiocene 
of Virginia; but is readily distinguished by its inequilateral form and less prominent 
umbones. 
As it is common in the Pleiocene of South-Carolina, we have named it after that 
formation. 
Plate XXII. Fig. 8, Natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee; Waccamaw; Black River. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
LAVIGNON.-Cuvier. 
The genus Lavignon commenced its existence in the Cretaceous period. 
LAVIGNON TELLINOIDES. -d'Orb. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 1. 
Mactra tellinoides, Con., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 6, p. 258, pl. 11, figs. 2, 3 
Cumingia tellinoides, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 28, pl. 15, fig. 4. 
Lavignon tellinoides, d Orb., Prod, de Paleontologie, Vol. 3, p^ 101, No. 1891. 
L. testa ovata, tenui, fragili, striata; striis elevatis, concentricis, extremitate altera 
rotundata, altera leviter compressa, sub-acuta, dente laterali in una volva obsolete. 
♦ 
Description. Shell ovate, thin, fragile, with numerous raised concentric strise; one 
end regularly rounded, the other slightly compressed and somewhat pointed at the 
extremity; lateral teeth distinct in one valve, in the other obsolete. 
Conrad says this shell inhabits the Northern Atlantic coast of the United States 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 1, Interior and exterior of shell, natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee. 
Museum, College of Charleston. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS 
93 
SINODESMIA.-Reclus. 
The genus Sinodesmia commenced its existence in the Meiocene seas. 
SINODESMIA CARINATA - n'O r b. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 2. 
Amphidesma carinata, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 37, pl. 19, fig. 7. 
Amphidesma carinata, Con., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 6, p. 229, pl. 9, fig. 23. 
Sinodesmia carinata, d Orb., Prod, de Paleontologie, Vol. 3, p. 101, No. 1890. 
S. testa ovali compressa, striis tenuissimis confertis, et sulcis profundioribus remotisque 
impressa; umbonibus post medium positis; margine obtuse undulata. 
Description. Shell ovate-oval, compressed, with regular concentric strise fine and 
crowded and others more profound and remote; beaks rather posterior to the middle, 
slightly prominent; submargin with an obtuse undulation. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 2, Natural size. 
Locality. Waccamaw. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
AMPHIDESMA-Lam. 
The genus Amphidesma commenced its existence in the seas of the Meiocene period. 
A M P II I I) E S M A E Q U A L I S . - C o n. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 3. 
Amphidesma equalis, Con., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 2, p. 308. 
Amphidesma equalis, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 76, pl. 43, fig. 9. 
Arnphidesma equalis, Say, Amu. Conch., p. 28. 
Amphidesma equalis, d Orb., Prod, de Paleontologie, Vol. 3, p. 101, No. 1886. 
A. testa sub-orbiculari, ventricosa, Icevi; umbonibus extremitatem analem propwribus; 
declivitate umbonali, submarginali, subcarinata; latere anali leviter inflexo. 94 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
Description. Shell sub-orbicular, ventricose, smooth; beaks sub-medial nearest to anal 
end; umbonial slope sub-marginal, slightly carinated; anal side somewhat warped or bent. 
This is a common recent species on the shores of South-Carolina, Florida, and Alabama, 
and fossil in the Post Pleiocene of this State. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 3, Exterior of valve, natural size. 
Locality. Smith's, Goose Creek; Waccamaw. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
AMPHIDESMA ORBICULATA. -Say. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 4. 
Amphidesma orbiculata, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 2, p. 307. 
A. testa orbicular! sub-compressa, lineis concentricis tenuiter striata; his a laminis elevatis 
concentricis irregulariter interruptis; margine buccali obtuse undulata; fovea ligamentali 
profunda, fusiformi, usque ad umbonis apicem excavata. 
Description. Shell orbicular, sub-compressed; surface finely marked with concentric 
lines of growth, which are interrupted irregularly with raised sub-laminated concentric 
lines; buccal margin obtusely undulated; interior ligamental cavity profound, fusiform, 
parrallel with marginal slope, and extending from tip of beak. 
In young shells, longitudinal, radiating, and obsolete lines are distinctly seen intersect- 
ing the lines of growth, but in older specimens a few lines only are visible upon the buccal 
folds or undulations. 
This species is abundantly fossil in the Post Pleiocene, and is recent on the coast of the 
State. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 4, Interior and exterior of shell 
Locality. Waccamaw. 
Museum, College of Charleston. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
95 
AMPHIDESMA ^QUATA.-Con. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 5. 
Amphidesma aequata, Con., Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 1, p. 307. 
Amphidesma aequata, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 65, pl. 36, fig. 5. 
Amphidesma aequata, d Orb., Prod, de Paleontologie, Vol. 3, p. 101, No. 1887. 
A. testa in longitudinem ovali, convexa, striis 17 lamellosis concentricisque instructa; 
umbonibus sub-prominentibus. 
Description. Shell longitudinally oval, convex, with about 17 laminated concentric 
striae; buccal and anal margins nearly equally rounded; pallial margin regularly rounded; 
beaks slightly prominent. 
This species is rare in the Pleiocene of South-Carolina; the numerous laminated con- 
centric striae are very characteristic. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 5, Imperfect shell, natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
DONAX.-Linn. 
The genus Donax commenced its existence in the seas of the Eocene period. 
DONAX VARIABILIS. - Say. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 6 
Donax variabilis, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 2, p. 305. 
D. testa tnangulari, striis inconspicuis, longitudinalibus, parallelis, equalibus, impressis; 
margine buccali oblique truncata, cor data, sutura sub-convexa; margine anali sublineari, 
sutura dentata; margine palliali media paulo prominente, intus crenulata- 96 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
Description. Shell triangular; longitudinally striated, with equal, parallel, regular 
impressed, but indistinct lines; buccal margin obliquely truncated, cordate, suture sub- 
convex ; anal margin nearly rectilinear, suture indented; pallial margin a little prominent, 
beyond a regular curve, near the middle; interior edge crenate. 
This is an abundant recent species upon the sea shores of the South, and is found also 
fossil in great quantities in the Post Pleiocene beds. We have only an insignificant 
specimen to figure, but many casts are to be seen in the marl of Goose Creek. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 6, Fossil, natural size. 
Locality. Sumter District; Smith's, Goose Creek. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
MACTRA.-Lam. 
The genus Mactra commenced its existence in the seas of the Jurassic period. 
M A U T B A 0 B L 0 N G A T A . - S a y. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 7. 
• Mactra oblongata, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 2, p. 310. 
M. testa transver sa oblongo-ovali, leviter rugata;' plicis duabis ad marginem buccalem 
ab apice radiantibus. 
Description. Shell transverse oblong-oval, very slightly wrinkled; buccal margin 
with two distinct lines or folds extending from apex. 
The specimen from which our figure is taken was found in the marl beds of the Pee 
Dee, and compared with recent shells of the same species so abundant on the sea shore of 
Waccamaw, is remarkably large. At first we were disposed to consider it a distinct 
species, but upon careful examination and comparison can discover no difference whatever, 
except size. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 7, Natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee. 
Museum, College of Charleston. P L E 10 C E N E FOSSILS. 
97 
MACTRA S I M I L I S . - S a y. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 8. 
Mactra similis, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 2, p. 309. 
M. testa oblongo-ovali cequilaterali, tenuissime et concentrice striata; lineis elevatis sub- 
laminatis concentricis duabus vel tribus; umbonibus centralibus. 
Description. Shell oblong-oval equilateral, surface finely marked with concentric 
lines of ^growth, which are almost obsolete, and always interrupted irregularly with two or 
three raised sub-laminated concentric lines; buccal and anal margins nearly equally 
rounded, the anal a little more pointed in some specimens; beaks central. 
This is a very abundant living species on the Southern coast, and somewhat resembles 
in outline M. oblongata, but is easily distinguished, as the folds on the buccal end are 
wanting; it is also a thicker shell than M. oblongata. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 8, Natural size. 
Locality. Black River; Smith's, Goose Creek. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
MACTRA LATERALIS. - Say. 
Plate XXI11. Fig. 9. 
Mactra lateralis, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 2, p. 309. 
Mactra lateralis, Con., Amn. Mar. Conch., p. 62, pl. 14, fig. 2. 
M. testa parva, sub-triangulari lam vel interdum tenuiter striata, sub-cequilaterali; 
margine buccali rotundata; margine anali elongata, acuta; regione buccadi plana, cordata. 
Description. Shell small, sub-triangular, smooth, or finely marked by the lines of 
growth, sub-equilateral; buccal margin rounded; anal margin prolonged, pointed; buccal 
region fiat, heart shaped. 98 
PLEIO'CENE FOSSILS. 
Like M. similis, this species is found recent on the Southern coast. Numerous 
specimens can at almost all times be collected from the sea beaches. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 9, Interior and exterior of fossil, natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee; Waccamaw; Smith's, Goose Creek. 
Museum, College of Charleston 
MACTRA CONGESTA. -Con. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 10. 
Mactra congesta, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 27, pl. 15, fig. 2. 
Mactra congesta, Con., Silliman's Amer. Jour., Vol. 23, p. 340. 
M. testa triangulari, ventricosa, inequilaterali; rostris prominentibus, umbonibus magnis; 
margine buccali rotundata; margine anali coarctata, acuta. 
Description. Shell triangular, ventricose, inequilateral; beaks prominent; umbones 
large; buccal margin rounded; anal margin narrowed, pointed. 
This species greatly resembles M. lateralis, Say; but is thicker, more inflated, and 
attains a greater size, commonly twice as large. It is a common species in the Meiocene 
of Virginia. 
Plate Z^XIII. Fig. 10, Both valves, natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee: Smith's, Goose Greek. 
Museum, College of Charleston. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
99 
GNATHODON.-Gray. 
The genus Gnathodon commenced its existence in the seas of the Meiocene period. 
G N A T II 0 D 0 N GRAYII. - Con. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 11. 
Gnathodon Grayii, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 23, pl. 13, fig. 1. 
Gnathodon minor, Con., Silliman's Jour., Vol. 42, pl. 2, fig. 14. 
Gnathodon minor, Con., Foss. Ter. For., p. 69, pl. 39, fig 6. 
G. testa subtriangulari, ventricosa, inceguilaterali; margine buccali obtuse rotundata; 
margine anali angulari, cuneiformi; umbonibus valde prominentibus. 
Description. Shell sub-triangular ventricose, inequilateral; buccal margin obtusely 
rounded; anal margin angular, cuneiform; umbones produced, prominent. 
Gnatiiodon minor we consider the young of G. Grayii, and have therefore placed it as 
a synonym. This is an abundant species in the Post Pleiocene beds of South-Carolina, 
and is found fossil near Wilmington, N. C. Though not living on the Atlantic shores of 
the Southern coast, it abounds in the bays of the Northern coast of the gulf of Mexico. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 11, Natural size. 
Locality. Waccamaw. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
SOLECURTUS.-Blain. 
SOLECURTUS CARIBCEUS.-Blain. 
Plate XXIII. Figs. 12 and 13 
Solecurtus cariboeus, Blain, Diet, des Sciences Naturelie., Vol. 29, p. 240. 
Solecurtus cariboeus, Con., Marine Conch., p. 22, pl. 4, fig. 3. 
Solecurtus cariboeus, Gould., Invert. Mass., p, 30. 
X testa oblongo-ovali, recta, utrinque hiante; margine buccali et anali obtuse rotundatis; 
margine paUiali recta, leviter in medio compressa; umbonibus sub-centralibus, prominulis. 100 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
Description. Shell oblong-oval, straight, gaping at ends; buccal and anal margins 
obtusely rounded; pallial margin straight, slightly compressed near the middle; beaks 
nearly central, slightly elevated. 
In the Post Pleiocene beds of South-Carolina, this species is found in great numbers, 
and is recent along the Southern coast. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 12, Exterior of shell. 
" 13, Interior of shell, natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee; Waccamaw; Smith's, Goose Creek. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
The genus Solecurtus commenced its existence in the seas of the Neocomien or early 
Cretaceous period. 
PANOPCE A.-Say. 
The genus Panopcea commenced its existence in the seas of the Triassic period. 
P A N 0 P (E A REFLEXA. -Say. 
Plate XXIV. Fig. 1. 
Panopoea reflexa, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 4, p. 153, pl. 13, fig. 4. 
Panopoea reflexa, Con., Foss. Med. Ter. For., p. 5, pl. 3, fig. 4. 
Mya reflexa, Lea, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 4, p. 153, pl. 13, fig. 4. 
P. testa oblongo-subovali, corrugata; margine buccali late et obtuse rotundata; margine 
anali reflexa, angustiori, et longiori. 
Description. Shell oblong-subovate, wrinkled; anal margin reflected, narrower and 
longer than the buccal, which is widely and obtusely rounded. 
Plate XXIV. Fig. 1, Natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee 
Museum, College of Charleston. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
101 
PHOLADOMYA.-Sowerby. 
The genus Pholadomya commenced its existence in the seas of the Liassic period. 
PHOLADOMYA ABRUPTA. - Con. 
Plate XXII. Fig. 2. 
Pholadomya abrupta, Con., Foss. Med. Ter. For., p. 3, pl. 1, fig. 4. 
P. testa oblong o-ovali, compressa, concentrice rugosa, costis irregularibus quatuor vel 
quinque apice divergentibus; margine buccali rotundata crassa; margine anali truncata 
reflexa, tenui. 
Description. Shell oblong-oval, compressed, concentrically rugose, with four or five 
irregular ridges or ribs diverging from the apex; buccal, margin rounded, thick; anal 
margin truncated, reflected^ thin. 
Plate XXIV- Fig. 2, Natural size. 
Locality. Snmter District; Smith's, Goose Creek 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
SOLEN.-Linn. 
SOLEN E N S I S . - L i n n. 
Plate XXIV. Fig. 3 
Solen ensis, Linn., Syst. Nat., 1114. 
Solen ensis, Lam., An. sans. Vert., Vol. 6, p. 55. 
Solen ensis, Con., Marine Conch., pl. 5, fig. 1. 
Solen curvus, Lister, Conch, t. 411, fo. 257. 
Solen ensis, Gould, Invert. Mass., p. 28. 
S. testa ensiformi; margine dorsali et palliali parallelis; margine buccali et anali sub- 
truncatis. 102 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
Description. Shell sword-shaped; dorsal and pallial margins parallel; buccal and 
anal margins sub-truncate. 
This is a well-known shell, living all along the coast of the United States. 
Plate XXIV. Fig. 3, Natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee; Smith's, Goose Creek. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
The genus Solen commenced its existence during the Cretaceous period. 
PHOLAS.-Linn. 
The genus Pholas commenced its existence in the seas of the Cretaceous period. 
PHOLAS C 0 S T A T A -L i n n. 
Plate XXIV. Fig. 4. 
Pholas costata, Linn, Sy.st. Nat., till. 
Pholas costata, Lister, Concli., pl. 434. 
Pholas costata, Gualt, Test. t. 105, f. G. 
Pholas costata, Chemn., Conch. VIII. t. 101, f. 863. 
Pholas costata, Brug., Ency. Meth., pl. 169, figs. 1 and 2. 
Pholas costata, Sow., Genera No. 23, pl. 1. 
Pholas costata, Lam., An. sans. Vert., VI., 45. 
Pholas costata, Wood, Gen. Conch., pl. 15, figs. 1 and 2. 
Pholas costata, Gould, Invert, of Mass., p. 26. 
P. testa magna, tenui, oblongo-ovata; margine buccali rotundata; margine anali acutiori; 
margine dorsali supra umbones reflexa; costis radiantibus regulariter dentatis. 
* Description. Shell large, thin, oblong-ovate; buccal margin rounded, anal margin 
more pointed; dorsal margin reflected over the umbones; ribs radiating, with coarse lines 
of growth, producing tooth-like elevations at regular intervals on each rib. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS 
103 
This is the most common of the three species of Piioladid^: on the Southern coast, and 
is abundant in the harbors of this State. It often attains the width of six inches. Our 
figure is taken from a small specimen. 
Plate XXIV. Fig. 4, Fossil, natural size. 
Locality. Waccamaw. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
P II OLAS OBLONGATA. - Say. 
Plate XXIV. Fig. 5. 
Pholas oblongata, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 2, p. 320. 
P. oblongo-ovata, inf at a, transverse et longitudinaliter striata; striis muricatis antice 
elevatioribus; margine buccali acute rotundata; margine anali compressa; margine dorsali 
antice reflexa, cavum conficiente; cardine callosa; minute bifariam striata, cellulis circiter 
duodecim. 
Description. Shell oblong-ovate, inflated, transversely and longitudinally striated; 
striae muricated, and elevated on the buccal side into ribs; buccal margin acutely rounded; 
anal margin compressed; dorsal margin anteriorly reflexed, forming a cavity; hinge 
callous, minutely striated transversely and longitudinally, and with about twelve cells. 
This shell is easily distinguished from P. costata by the hinge-cells. It is living on 
the coast of South-Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, and is quite common. 
Plate XXIV. Fig. 5, Natural size. 
Locality. Waccamaw; Pee Dee; Sumter. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 104 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
PH OLAS ME MMIN GE RI. - {New Species.} 
Plate XXIV. Fig. 6. 
P. testa oblongo-ovata, cylindrica, inflata, lineis elevatis, distantibus, laminatis, subdentatis 
instructa; costis 6-8 ab apice ad marginem pallialem divergentibus; costis anticis posticisque 
obsoletis; margine anali tenui subtruncata, hiante; margine buccali crassa, laminata, acuta. 
Description. Shell oblong-ovate, cylindric, inflated; surface lines of growth irregu- 
larly concentric, widely separated, coarsely laminated anteriorly; laminse with raised and 
free edges, having a few elevated knobs or teeth, reflexed or folded on the anterior dorsal 
margin, giving the shell an acute point on the buccal margin, and forming a laminated 
umbonial shield, which extends from near the point to beyond the beak posteriorly and is 
reflected upon the umbones, the inferior surface of the upper plate divided by a few 
indistinct almost obsolete transverse septa, which in some individuals are profoundly 
obsolete; six or eight radiating ribs extend from the beak to the pallial margin, but they 
become also profoundly obsolete towards the buccal and anal margins; anal margin thin, 
sub-truncated gaping, its surface lines wrinkled' and indistinct; buccal margin thick, 
laminated, acutely pointed. 
This species may be easily distinguished from its congeners by its greater length from 
beak to pallial margin, its laminated umbonial plates with small indistinct transverse 
septa, and its raised laminated lines of growth having a few angulated knobs or teeth 
which are destitute of arches; moreover, the buccal margin is thick and acutely pointed. 
By inscribing this fossil to the Hon. C. G. Memminger, the distinguished jurist, states- 
man, and liberal patron of education, science and art, we take pleasure in connecting his 
name with the rocks of his native State. 
Plate XXIV. Fig. 6, Left valve, natural size. The small transverse septa between the 
superior umbonial plates are too indistinct to be given in the figure. 
Locality. Sumter District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
PLATE XXL 
VEN ERI DA 
Fig. 1. VENUS METASTRI ATA. Natural size. Page 79. 
" 2. Outline of another variety, natural size, with a magnified figure. 
" 3. VENUS SUBNASUTA. Outline natural size, with magnified figure. Page 80. 
" 4. VENUS REPOSTA. Natural size. Page 80. 
" 5. PETRICOLA PHOLADIFORMIS. Natural size. Page 87. 
" 6. VENUS MERCENARIA. Natural size. Page 81. 
" 7. VENUS CONCENTRICA. Natural size. Page 82. 
" 8. VENUS RYLEYII. Natural size. Page 78. 
" 9. VENUS SAYANA. Natural size. Page 83. 
" 10. VENUS CRIBRARIA. Natural size. Page 83. 
" 11. VENUS CANCELLATA. Natural size. Page 84. 
" 12. VENUS LATILIRATA. Natural size. Page 85. Pl. 21 
C. G. Platen, del et Ptk, Charleston. S. C. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
PLATE XXII. 
VENERIO.-TELLINIO, 
VENERID2E. 
Fig. 1. VENUS TRIDACNOIDES. Natural size. Page 85. 
" 2. VENUS PERMAGNA.' Natural size. Page 86. 
TELLINIDJE. 
Fig. 3. TELLINA BIPLIOATA. Natural size. Page 88. 
" 3a. End view of the same. 
" 4 TELLINA ALTERNATA. Natural size. Page 89. 
" 5. TELLINA LUSORTA. Page 89. 
" 6. TELLINA POLITA. Page 91. * 
" 7. TELLINA FLEXUOSA. Magnified to show the oblique lines. Page 90. 
" 7a. Interior of the same, natural size. 
" 7Z». Exterior of the same, natural size. 
" 8. PSAMMACOLA PLEIOCENA. Natural size* Page 91. ^1.22. 
C.GZPlaten del.et lith. Charleston S.C. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
PLATE XXIII. 
TELLINID^. -MACTRID2E. -SOLENID J]. 
TELLINID 2E. 
Fig. 1. LAVIGNON TELLINOIDES. Interior and exterior, natural size. Page, 92. 
" 2. SINODESMIA CARINATA. Interior and exterior, natural size. Page 93. 
" 3. AMPHIDESMA EQUALIS. Exterior, natural size. Page 93. 
" 4. AMPHIDESMA ORBICULATA. Interior and exterior, natural size. Page 94. 
" 5. AMPHIDESMA jEQUATA. Imperfect specimen, natural size. Page 95. 
" 6. DONAX VARIABILIS. Natural size. Page 95. 
MACTRIDJL 
Fig. 7. MACTRA OBLONGATA. Natural size. Page 96. 
" 8. MACTRA SIMILIS. Natural size. Page 97. 
" 9. MACTRA LATERALIS. Interior and exterior, natural size. Page 97. 
" 10. MACTRA CONGESTA. Natural size. Page 98. 
" 11. GNATHOD ON GRAYII. Natural size. Page 99. 
SOLENIDuE. 
Fig. 12. SOLECURTUS CARIB(EUS. Exterior of shell. Page 99. 
" 13. Interior of the same, natural size. Tl. 22. 
C. G. 'Platen del. et lith Charleston S.C. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
PLATE XXIV. 
anatinio.-solenidj:.--pholadid^. 
ANATINID^. 
Fig. 1. PANOPCEA REFLEXA. Natural size. Page. 100. 
" 2. PHOLADOMYA ABRUPTA. Natural size. Page 101. 
SOLENIDJ). 
Fig. 3. SOLEN ENSIS. Natural size. Page 101. 
PHOL ADID2E. 
Fig. 4. PHOLAS COSTATA. Young shell, natural size. Page 102. 
" 5. PHOLAS OBLONGATA. Natural size. Page 103. 
" 6. PHOLAS MEMMINGERI. Left valve^ natural size. Page 104. TL24. 
C.G."Platen ad nat del et litk Charleston S.C. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
105 
G A S T E R 0 P 0 1) A. 
DENTALIADJk 
DENTALIUM-Lin. 
I) E N T A L I U M A T TENUATUM. - Say. 
Plate XXV. Fig. I. 
Dentalium attenuatum, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 4, p. 154. 
D. testa leviter curvata, conica, costata; costis quindccim, prominulis teretibusque, ad 
basim attenuatis; incrementi lineis multis, indistinctis; apertura rotunda. 
Description. Shell slightly curved, tapering, costate; costae 15, distinct and rounded, 
less prominent towards the base, intervening grooves simple; lines of growth numerous 
but indistinct; aperture orbicular. 
Say described this species from a Meiocene fossil of Maryland. D. dentale, Conrad, 
we infer is a Virginia fossil, though he does not give the locality. The South-Carolina 
specimen agrees with Say's description. Dr. Gould makes D. attenuatum a synonym of 
D. dentale, Linn, which is a recent shell from the coast of Massachusetts. 
Plate XXV. Fig. 1, Fossil, natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
DENTALIUM P L E I 0 C E N U M . - (New Species.) 
Plate XXV. Fig. 2. 
D. testa modice incurvata, costis duodequadraginta, indistinctis obtecta; incrementi lineis 
multi s par um distinctis; apertura rotunda. 106 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
Description. Shell slightly curved, marked with about thirty-eight very indistinct 
ribs which become profoundly obsolete towards the base; lines of growth numerous, 
indistinct; aperture orbicular. 
This species may be readily distinguished by its numerous ribs or striae, which are 
barely visible to the naked eye, but with a lens are very distinct. 
Plate XXV. Fig. 2, Fossil, natural size; apex broken. 
Locality. Pee Dee. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
D E N T A L I U M THALLUS - Con 
Plate XXV. Fig. 3. 
Dentalium thallus, Con., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 7, p. 142. 
Dentalium, thallus, Con., Foss. Med. Ter., p. 78, pl. 44, fig. 5; 
D. testa modice curvata, Icevi, perpolita, inframedium tumida, versus basim paullatim 
coarctata; apertura ovali. 
Description. Shell slightly curved, smooth, highly polished, tumid below the middle 
and gradually contracting towards the base; aperture oval. 
Common in the Meiocene of Virgina and the Pleiocene of North and South Carolina. 
Plate XXV. Fig. 3, Fossil, natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
The genus dentalium commenced its existence in the seas of the Devonian period; P L E I 0 0 E N E F 0 S SI L S. 
107 
CALYPT1LE1DE. 
CRUCIBULUM.-Schum. (1817.) 
DISPOTAEA.-Say. 1824. 
CRUCIBULUM MU L TI LIN E A T A . - C o n . 
Plate XXV. Fig. 7. 
Dispotaea multilineata, Con., Sill. Arnn. Jour. Sci.. Vol. 41, p. 346, pl. 2, fig. 8. 
Dispotaea multilineata, Con., Foss. Med. Ter. Form., p. 80. 
Crucibulum multilineata, Con., Pro. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 7, p. 30. 
C. testa depressa, tenui, apice sub-centrali, elevata; orbi hinc lineis squamosis illinc lineis 
tenuibus ramosis obtecta; septo angustato, margine soluto. 
Description. Shell depressed, very thin; apex sub-central elevated; one side of disk 
with squamose lines, the opposite with fine ramose lines, without scales; diaphragm con- 
tracted, margin discontinuous, and acutely angled on the inner side. 
Plate XXV. Figs. 7, Exterior and interior of shell, natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee. 
Museum, College of Charleston 
CRUCIBULUM C 0 S T A T A . - C o n . 
Plate XXV. Fig. 4. 
Calyptraea costata, Say, Silliman's Amn. Jour., Vol. 2, p. 40. 
Dispotaea costata, Con., Foss. Med. Ter., p. 79, pl. 4b, fig. 2. 
Dispotaea costata, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 4, p. 132. 
Calyptraea pileolus, H. C. Lea, Proceed. Philos. Soc., Vol. 9, pl. 35, fig. 38. 
Crucibulum costata, Con., Proceed. Ac. Nat. Sci., Vol. 7, p. 30. 
C. testa sub-orbiculari, conica, costis irregularibus concentrice crasseque rugosis instructa; 108 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
margine orbiculato, dentato, apice subcentrali, prominenti; septo subovali, profundo, mar- 
ginibus solutis. 
Description. Shell sub-orbicular conical, with irregular ribs, having course, concen- 
tric wrinkles, which give the margins a profound scollop; margins circular, apex sub- 
central, prominent; diaphragm sub-oval, profound, with free margins. 
This species varies much in character, especially the young shells, which sometimes 
have obsolete ribs. It is common in the Meiocene of Virginia and Maryland, and found 
abundantly in the Pleiocene of this State. 
Plate XXV. Figs. 4, Interior and exterior of shell, natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee; Goose Creek. 
Museum, College of Charleston 
CRUCIBULUM R AM 0 S A. - Con. 
Plate XXV. Fig. 5. 
Dispotsea ramosa, Con., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 8, p. 187. 
Dispotaea ramosa, Con., Foss. Med. Ter., p. 79, pl. 45, fig. 3. 
Crucibulum ramosa, Con., Pro. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 7, p. 30. 
C. testa subovali, elevata; costis prominentibus planulatis lineis ramosis ornatis; apice 
ad latus inclinata; septo ovato, integro. 
Description. Shell sub-oval, elevated; ribs prominent, somewhat flattened, and beau- 
tifully ornamented with ramose lines; apex inclined laterally; diaphragm ovate, entire. 
C. ramosa, like its congener, C. costata, is common to the Meiocene of Virginia, and the 
Pleiocene of South-Carolina. 
Plate XXV. Figs. 5, Exterior and interior of shell, natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee ; Goose Creek. 
Museum, College of Charleston. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS 
109 
CRUCIBULUM DUMOSA.-Con. 
Plate XXV. Fig. 6. 
Dispotgea dumosa, Con., Sill. Amn. Jour. Sci., Vol. 41, p. 346, pl. 2, fig. 9. 
Dispotgea dumosa, Con., Foss. Med. Ter., p. 80. 
Crucibulum dumosa, Con., Pro. Ac. Nat. Sci., Vol. 7, p. 30. 
C. testa elevata; costis obsoletis, spinis tubulosis armatis; apice in spira minuta contorta^ 
ad latus inclinata; septo ad margines soluto, deflecto. 
Description. Shell elevated; ribs obsolete, with erect tubular spines; apex minutely 
spiral and inclined to one side; diaphragm widely discontinuous on the margin, which is 
bent on the inner side. 
The spinous, obsolete ribs are quite characteristic of this small, but pretty species. 
Plate XXV. Figs. 6, Exterior and interior of shell, natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee.. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
TROCHITA.-Schum. (1817.) 
INFUNDIBULUM. - d'O rb. (184 6.) 
T R 0 C H I T A CENTRALIS. 
Plate XXV. Fig. 8. 
Infundibulum centralis, Con., Sill. Am. Jour. Sci., Vol. 41, p. 348. 
Infundibulum centralis, Con., Foss. Med. Ter. Form., p. 80, pl. 45, fig. 5. 
T. testa ovata, tumida, lari vel transverse rugosa; apice mediali, in spira. minuta contor- 
ts prominenti, acuta. 110 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
Description. Shell ovate, tumid, smooth, or with transverse wrinkles; apex medial, 
minutely spiral, prominent, acute. 
Found also in the Meiocene of Maryland, and is now living upon the coast of this 
State. 
Plate XXV. Figs. 8, Exterior and interior of shell, natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
CRYPTA.-Humph. (1797.) 
CREPIDULA. -Lam. (1801.) 
CRYPTA FORNICATA. 
Plate XXV. Fig. 9. 
Crepidula fomicata, Lam.,. An. sans Vert. Vol. 7, p. 641. 
Crepidula fornicata, Martini, 1, pl. 13, figs. 129, 130. 
Crepidula fornicata, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 2, p. 225. 
Crepidula fornicata, Con., Foss; Med. Ter. Form., pl. 45, fig. 10. 
C. testa obliquo-ovali, convexi, Icevi, interdum corrugata obliteratis undatim longitudi- 
nalibus lineis; apice prominenti versus latus contorto, margine annexo; septo subconcavo, 
margine soluto undanto. 
Description. Shell oblique-oval, convex, smooth, sometimes wrinkled with obsolete 
undulating longitudinal lines; apex prominent, turned to one side and united with the 
margin; diaphragm sub-concave, occupying half the interior of shell, the free edge waving. 
This is a common species in the Pleiocene beds of South-Carolina, and abundant on 
the sea-shores in a living state. In the marl of Goose Creek a series of united casts occu- 
pying their natural position, are common fossils. 
Plate XXV. Fig. 9, Exterior of fossil, natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee. 
Museum, College of Charleston. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS 
111 
C R Y P T A SPINOSA. 
Plate XXV. Fig. 10. 
Crepidula spinosa, Con., Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 1, p. 307. 
C. testa ovali, convexa, costata; costis cum irregularibus arcuatis spinis; septo subconcavo; 
margine soluto sinuoso. 
Description. Shell oval, convex, costate; costae with irregular arched spines, formed 
by the rugose lines of growth; diaphragm sub-concave, occupying one half of interior of 
shell, free edge sinuous. 
Ne refer this shell, with some doubt, to C. spinosa, Conrad, though it resembles C. 
aculeata, a recent species of the coast, but much larger than any specimen we have 
met with. 
Plate XXV. Fig. 10, Natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
C R Y P T A PLANA. 
Plate XXV. Fig. 12. 
Crepidula plana, Say, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci., Vol. 2, p. 226. 
Crepidula plana, Say, Amn. Conch., pl. 44. 
Crepidula plana, Gould, Invert. Mass., p. 159, fig. 16. 
Crepidula plana, d'Grbigny, Prodrome de Paleontologie, Vol. 3, p. 177, No. 248. 
C. testa oblong o-ovali, super fide, plana aut convexa; longitudinalibus rugis; apice non- 
prominente angulari; septo convexo. 
Description. Shell oblong-oval, surface flat or convex, wrinkled longitudinally ; apex 
not prominent, but angular, sometimes obsolete; diaphragm convex. 112 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
By some this is considered only a variety of C. fornicata; like this species it is common 
in the Pleiocene, and also in the recent state upon the sea-shores of South Carolina. 
Plate XXV. Fig. 12, Exterior of shell, natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
CRYPTA COSTATA. 
Plate XXV. Fig. 11. 
Crepidula* costata, Morton, Jour. Acad. Nat Sci., Vol. 6, p. 115, pl. 7, figs. 2 and 3. 
C. testa crassa, ovali, perconvexa; dorso costis numerosis, elevatis, longitudinalibus obtecto; 
latere sinistro planulato; margine piano. 
Description. Shell oval, thick, very convex, with numerous longitudinal elevated 
costee; beaked side flattened; margin plain.-S. G. Morton. 
Dr. Morton described this shell as above, from a specimen found in the "upper Marine 
formation of Maryland," and it corresponds with our Carolina shell. 
Plate XXV. Fig. 11. 
Locality. Darlington 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
HIPPONIX.-Defrance. 
H I P P 0 N I X B U L L I I. - (New Species.} 
Plate XXV. Fig. 13. 
H. testa tenui, obliquo-conica, carinata; apice sub-acuto; lineis irregularibus; apertura 
sub-ovali a tergo angulata; margine tenui. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
113 
Description. Shell thin, obliquely-conical, carinated; apex sub-acute; lines of growth 
irregular, waved; aperture sub-oval, angulated behind, margin thin. 
This is the first of the genus yet found in the Tertiary of the United States; the carina 
or reflexed keel, which extends from the apex to the basal margin, is sufficiently charac- 
teristic of this rare species. 
Presented to us by the Hon. W. I. Bull, of St. Andrews, whose name we attach to it 
Plate XXV. Fig. 13, Side view of fossil, to show the carina. 
11 12a, Outline of the aperture. 
Locality. Pee Dee. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
fissurellida 
FISSURELLA. -Lam. 
FISSURELLA R E D I M I C U L A. - S ay. 
Plate XXV. Fig. 14. 
Fissurella redimicula, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 4, p. 132, pl. 8. fig. 1. 
T. testa ovato-ovali, oblonga, aliquanto elevata, crassa, costata; costis longitudinalibus 
alternantibus, appr oximantibus; apertura inclinata, subtruncata. 
Description. Shell ovate-oval, oblong, somewhat elevated, thick, costate; costee longi- 
tudinal, alternate, approximate; aperture inclined, subtruncated. 
This is the only species of Fissurella we have found in the Pleiocene of this State; it 
is common to the Meiocene of Maryland and Virginia, and became extinct at the close of 
the Pleiocene period. 
Plate XXV. Fig. 14, Shell natural size, viewed from above. 
Locality. Pee Dee; Smith's, Goose Creek. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 114 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
NATICICID^. 
NATICA. -Lam. 
NATICA HEROS. -Say. 
Plate XXV. Fig. 15. 
Natica heros, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 2, p. 248. 
Natica heros, Gould, Invert Mass., p. 231, fig. 160. 
N. testa sub-globosa; anfractibus convexis interdum cequatis; sutura bene signata; aper- 
tura ovata; umbilico magno, simplici. 
Description. Shell sub-globose; whorls convex sometimes flattened, and with distinct 
lines of growth; suture well marked; aperture ovate; umbilicus large, simple. 
This shell is often found in a recent state on the coast of New Jersey, but more abun- 
dantly north of Cape Cod; it is a rare species in the Pleiocene of South Carolina, and but 
seldom found on the coast south of Hatteras, in a living state. 
Plate XXV. Fig. 15, Front and back view of shell, natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee; Smith's, Goose Creek. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
NATICA DUPLICATA. -Say. 
Plate XXV. Fig 16. 
Natica duplicata, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 2, p. 247. 
Natica duplicata, Gould, Invert. Mass , p. 236, fig. 163. 
N. testa solida conico-ovata; umbilico irregulari, profunde sulcato, partim vel omnino callo 
obtecto; apertura ovata, obliqua. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
115 
Description. Shell solid, conical-ovate; umbilicus irregular, deeply grooved, and par- 
tially or entirely covered with a callus; aperture ovate, oblique. 
This is an abundant species, but variable in shape; in some specimens the spire is more 
elevated than in others. In a recent state it is common along the Atlantic shores of the 
United States, south of Nantucket. . 
Plate XXV. Fig. 16. Natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee; Goose Creek. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
NATICA CAR ENA. -Lam. 
Plate XXV. Figs. 17 and 17g, 
Nerita canrena, Linn, Sy st. Nat., p. 1251. 
Natica canrena, Lamh, Anim. sans Vert., Vol. 8, p. 633. 
N. testa crassa; spira striis valde impressa; umbilico gibboso; columna parvo callo. 
Description. Shell thick, lines of growth on the spire deeply impressed, umbilicus 
gibbous, pillar with a small callus. 
The deeply impressed lines of growth on the spire are quite characteristic of this species. 
N. canrena is a rare shell in the recent state on the Carolina shores, but common on the 
coast of Florida and the West India Islands. 
Plate XXV. Figs. 17 and 17«. 
Locality. Pee Dee and Smith's, Goose Creek. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 116 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
NATICA C A R 0 L I N I A N A. -Con. 
Plate XXV. Fig. 18. 
Natica Caroliniana, Con, Sill. Jour., Vol. .41, p. 347, pl. 2, fig. 18. 
N. testa obliqua sub-ovali; Icevi; umbilico rotundata, centrali, eminenti, crassa carina 
instructo; apice eminenti; apertura sub-ovali. 
Description. Shell obliquely sub-oval, smooth; umbilicus with a central, rounded, 
prominent, thick carina; apex prominent, aperture sub-oval. 
N. Caroliniana is found in the Pleiocene of North and South Carolina. We are not 
aware of its existence in a recent state. 
Plate XXV. Fig. 18, Natural size. 
Locality. Darlington. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
TURBINIDJi. 
MONODONTA.-Lam. 
MONODONTA K I A W A H E N S I S . - (New Species.} 
Plate XXVI. Fig. 1. 
M. testa conico-ovata, ventricosa; spira obtusa; anfractibus rotundatis, octo vel duodecim 
modice elevatis insuper planis striis spiratim instructis; umbilico profundo spirce modo 
intorto; apertura Integra rotunda; labro exteriori interne crenulato; labio uno dente 
instructo. 
Description. Shell conical-ovate, ventricose; spire obtuse; whorls rounded, spirally 
striated, with eight to twelve slightly raised but flattened striee, superior margin of whorls 
raised into a flattened ridge or carina which leans against the upper whorl partially cover- PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
117 
ing the suture; umbilicus deep, spiral; aperture entire circular; outer lip crenulated 
within; inner lip with one tooth. 
But one specimen yet discovered in the Pleiocene, and from this our figure is taken; we 
found another on the sea-shore of Kiawah Island, that appears to be recent, though possi- 
bly it is a Post Pleiocene shell, from the sub-marine beds of the coast. We name it after 
Kiawah Island. 
Plate XXVI. Fig. 1, Natural size~ 
Locality. Sumter. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
TROCHUS.-Linn. 
TROCHUS PHILANTROPUS. - Con. 
Plate XXVI. Fig. 2. 
Trochus philantropus, Con.) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 7. p. 157. 
T. testa sub-conica', anfractibus prope basim sub-angulatis, lineis bene designatis granulatis 
spirce modoque intortis, alterna vice magnis et parvis, instructis; basi striis prope Icevibus, 
non-crenulatis; sub-umbilicata; apertura oblique quadrangulari. 
Description. Shell sub-conical, whorls slightly angular near their base, with promi- 
nent spiral beaded lines, alternating in size; striae on the base nearly smooth, not crenu- 
lated; sub-umbilicated; aperture obliquely quadrangular.- Con. 
Our specimen only differs from the above description in having two beaded lines on the 
base near the umbilicus. We have as yet discovered only a single individual, but it is 
common in the Virginia Meiocene. 
Plate XXVI. Fig. 2, Natural size. 
Locality. Darlington District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 118 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
T R 0 C H U S ARMILLATUS.- {New Species.) 
Plate XXVI. Fro. 3. 
T. testa depressa; anfractuum superficie una tinea granulata, simpliciuumque spirce modo 
intortuum linearum quatuor paribus instructa; sutura canaliculata; peripheria sub-angulata 
tenuiter longitudinaliter striata; umbilico profundo, basalibus spires modo intortis elevatis 
lineis circumdato, quarum duos granulates unaque simplex, reliquee numeroses tenuesque; aper- 
tura sub-quadrangulari. 
Description. Shell depressed; surface of whorls with four pairs of simple revolving 
lines and one beaded line elevated below the suture extending from the apex to aperture; 
suture channeled; periphery sub-angulated, finely striated longitudinally; umbilicus pro- 
found, surrounded at the base with revolving raised lines, two of them beaded and one 
simple, the others numerous and fine; aperture sub-quadrangular. 
This pretty species may be easily distinguished by its beaded spiral line which revolves 
below the suture from the apex to the aperture. 
Plate XXVI. Fig. 3, Natural size. 
Locality. Waccamaw. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
T R 0 C H U S GEMMA. - {New Species) 
Plate XXVI. Fig. 4 
T. testa parva, turrita; spira depressa; anfractibus angulatis, superiori superficie plana 
duabus elevatis crenulatis striis; striis superioribus pulchre crenulatis; striis mediis granu- 
latis; bast convexa, striata; umbilico prof undo, crenulato; apertures superiori basalique mar- 
ginibus angulatis. 
Description. Shell small, turrited; spire depressed; whorls angular, superior surface 
flat, with two raised crenulated striae on each whorl, one at the angle and the other in the 
middle; superior striae beautifully crenulated, middle striae finely beaded; crenulations PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
119 
and beads formed by transverse grooves on the whorl, which extend from the suture 
to the periphery; periphery formed by a spiral raised line; base convex, striated; 
umbilicus profound, crenulated; superior and basal margin of aperture angular. 
One of the most beautiful species of the genus; only a single specimen yet found. 
Plate XXVI. Fig. 4, Natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
LIT0RINID2E. 
LITTORINA.-Ferruss. 
LITTORINA IRRORATA.- L. R. Gibbes. 
Plate XXVI. Fig. 5. 
Turbo irrorata, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 2, p. 239. 
Littorina irrorata, L. R. Gibbes, Cat. Fauna So. Ca., appendix Tuomey's Geology, p. 20. 
L. testa crassa, turbmata; anfractibus lineis numerosis elevatis obtusis cequalibus spirce 
mode intortis; basali aufractu maxima; sutura bene designata; spira acuta; apertura 
magna Integra rotundo-ovata; labri margine tenuato; labia crassa. 
I 
Description. Shell thick, top-shaped; whorls, with numerous revolving, elevated, 
obtuse, equal lines; body-whorl very large; suture well defined; spire acute; aperture 
large, entire, rounded-ovate; outer edge of lip thin; labium thick. 
This is a very common estuary shell from New-Jersey to Florida. A thousand living 
specimens may at any time be collected, in a half-hour, from the mud-flats of Ashley 
river. 
Plate XXVI. Fig. 5, Natural size. 120 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
ARCHITECTONICA.-Bolten. (1798.) 
SOLARIUM.-Lam. (1801.) 
A R C H I T E C T 0 N I C A PERSPECTIVA. 
Plate XXVI. Fig. 6. 
Trochus perspectivus, Linn, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, p. 1227. 
Solarium perspectivum, Lam., Anim. sans Vert., Vol. 9, p. 97. 
A. testa convexa; ad basim obtuse marginata; umbilico magno, pervio, pulchre crenulato. 
Description. Shell convex, obtusely marginated at the base; umbilicus large, pervious 
and beautifully crenulated. 
This is the description of Trochus perspectives, Linn, an inhabitant of the Indian 
Ocean and China Seas. We can detect no specific difference in our fossil species. 
Plate XXVI. Fig. 6, Natural size. 
Locality. Marlborough. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
TEREBELLUM.-Browne. (1756.) 
TURRITELLA.-Lam. (1801.) 
TEREBELLUM S T R'l AT U M. - {New Species,) 
Plate XXVI. Fig. t 
T. testa oblongata; apice acuto; connexis anfractibus multis spirce modo intortis Striis 
instructis, quarum media prominentissima; anfractibus magnis complanatis. PLEIOCE N E FOSSILS. 
121 
Description. Shell elongated; apex acute; whorls convex with numerous revolving 
striee, the middle one prominent, the large whorls flattened, those near the apex more 
convex; transverse wrinkles distinct only on the lower whorls. 
It is easily distinguished from T. plebia, of Conrad, by the flattened whorls; it is also 
a larger shell, and not so profoundly turrited. 
Plate XXVI. Fig. 7. 
Locality. Darlington. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
TEREBELLUM EXALTATA 
Plate XXVL Fig. 8. 
Turritella exaltata, Con., Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 8, p. 188 
T. testa suhulata, valde elongata, gradatim versus spiram attenuata; anfractihus convexis, 
spiratim striatis, sulcatis; sutura profunda. 
Description. Shell subulate, profoundly elongated, very gradually tapering towards 
the spire; whorls convex, spirally striated, grooved near the base of each and with a 
raised rib on each side of the groove, the rib which margins the suture, is also delicately 
grooved; suture profound. 
We have but two specimens of this shell, both of which are without the apex or spire; 
it must from its gradual tapering, attain a great length. 
Plate XXVL Fig, 8, Natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee 
Museum, College of Charleston. 122 
PL E IO GENE FOSSILS. 
TEREBEL LUM ETIWANENSIS.- {New Species.) 
Plate XXVI. Figs. 9 and 10. 
T. testa subulata, elongata; anfractibus striis duabus prominentibus spirce modo intortis ah 
suturibus equidistantibus, aliis mediis tenuis striis in anfractuum utroque impressis. 
Description. Shell subulate, elongated; with two prominent spiral strise equidistant 
from the sutures, and fine intermediate ones on each whorl. 
This shell somewhat resembles T. alticostata, of Conrad, a Meiocene species from 
Maryland, and hitherto considered identical; but upon comparing a number of individuals 
from both localities, we satisfied ourselves they are specifically distinct. T. alticostata 
is profoundly carinated near the base by a prominent spiral striae or rib, the other striae 
are comparatively quite small; the whorls are also compressed above. 
Plate XXVI. Fig. 9, Natural size. 
11 10, A young shell. 
Locality. Pee Dee ; Goose Creek. Casts very abundant at latter locality.. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
TEREBELL UM BURDEN II. - {New Species.) 
Plate XXVI. Fig. 11. 
T. testa subulata, turrita; anfractibus complanatis, spiratim costatis, transverse undanti- 
bus striis; costis aut crenulatis aut granulatis. 
Description. Shell subulate, turrited; whorls flattened, spirally ribbed, and trans- 
versely striated with waved striae, which give the ribs a crenulated or beaded character. 
Nie dedicate this species to our deceased friend and co-laborer, Dr. Thos. L. Burden. 
Plate XXVI. Fig. 11, Natural size. The crenulations on the ribs are imperfectly 
figured in our drayving. 
Locality. Pee Dee. 
Museum, College of Charleston. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS 
123 
VERMETUS. -Adans. 1757. 
V E R M E T (J S ANGUINA. 
Plate XXVI. Fig. 12. 
Serpula anguina, H. C. Lea, Ter. fossil shells, p. 7, pl. 34, fig. 2. 
S. testa contorta, adnexa, superficie sine lineis longitudinalibus; transversis striis; aper- 
tura rugosa, rotunda. 
Description. Shell contorted, attached, without longitudinal lines on the surface, 
transversely striated; striee rugose; aperture round. 
Plate XXVI. Fig. 12. A cluster of individuals. 
Locality. Pee Dee. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
PETALOCONCHUS.-Lea. 
PETALOCONCHUS S C U L P T U R A T U S . - L e a. 
Plate XXVI. Fig. 13. 
Petaloconchus sculpturatus, H. C. Lea, Ter. fossils of Virginia, p. 7, pl. 34, fig. 3 
P■ testa tubulata, costis longitudinalibus, nodulosis, incequaliter convolutis, vermiformibus, 
duabus internis longitudinalibus laminis; laminis Icevibus; apertura rotunda sine laminis. 
Description. Shell tubular, with longitudinal, nodulous costse, irregularly twisted, 
vermiform, with two internal longitudinal plates; plate smooth, mouth round and without 
plates. 
This is the only species of the genus known. The internal longitudinal plates readily 
distinguish it from Vermetus. It is a variable shell in form. 
Plate XXVI. Fig. 13. Natural size. 
Locality. Sumterville. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 124 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
SCALARIA.-Lam. 
SCALARIA M U L T I S T R I AT A. -Say. 
Plate XXVI. Fig. 14. 
Scalaria multistriata, Say, Amn. Conch., pl. 27. 
Scalaria multistriata, Gould, Invert. Mass., p. 251. 
S. testa valde elongata; anfractibus convexis, complanatis; costis crebris modice elevatis; 
umbilico nullo. 
Description. Shell greatly elongated, whorls convex, flattened; longitudinal ribs 
numerous, slightly elevated, spaces between them without lines, umbilicus none. 
Our specimen is imperfect, but there can be no doubt as to its identity. It is a common 
species in the Post Pleiocene and recent upon the coast. 
Plate XXVI. Fig. 14, Natural size. 
Locality. Smith's, Goose Creek. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
SCALARIA.-Lam. 
SCALARIA CLATHRUS. 
Plate XXVI. Fig. 15. 
Scalaria clathrus, Say, Amn. Conch., pl. 27. 
Our figure represents but a fragment, the lower whorls and ribs of Scalaria clathrus; 
it is a common shell on the coast, and fossil in the Post Pleiocene marl. 
Plate XXVI. Fig. 15, A Fragment. 
Locality. Smith's, Goose Creek. 
Museum, College of Charleston. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
125 
BUCCINIDJE, 
ACUS.-Humph. (1797.) 
TEREBRA. - Lam. (1801.) 
AGUS DISLOCATUM. 
Plate XXVI. Fig. 16. 
Terebra dislocatum, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 2, p. 235. 
Terebra Carolinensis, Con., Sill. Jour., Vol. 4, p. 345. 
A. testa subulata attenuata; anfractibus er earls, parvis, spiralibus impressis hneis promi- 
nentibusque transversis costis instructis; costis transversis prope utriusgue anfractuum 
apicem tinea convoluta valde impressa dislocatis. 
Description. Shell subulate, attenuated; whorls with numerous minute revolving 
impressed lines, and prominent transverse ribs; near the summit of each whorl the 
transverse ribs are dislocated by a revolving line deeply impressed, which divides them 
into two series, the superior being shorter and thicker than the inferior. 
A. dislocatum is common on the shores of South Carolina. The fossil variety T. 
Carolinensis, Con., is figured in plate xxviii, fig. 8, with another A. unilineata, which 
was discovered after plate xxvi was finished. 
Plate XXV. Fig. 18, Shell natural size. 
Locality. Waccamaw; Goose Creek. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 126 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
PYRAMIDELLIDJE. 
OBELISCUS-Humph. (1797.) 
PYRAMIDELLA.-Lam, (1801.) 
0 B E L I S C U S ARENOSA. 
Plate XXVI. Fig. 17. 
Pyramidella'arenosa, Con., Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 1, p. 309. 
0. testa subulata, Icevi, ad suturam angulato-canaliculata; suturce utrisque anfractibus 
crenulatis; duabus columellaribus plicis, quarum superior magna, acuta, inferior parva; 
labro tenui intus tribus parvis dentibus instruct. 
Description. Shell subulate, smooth, angularly channeled at the suture, which is 
also crenulated on both whorls; columellar with two folds, the superior one large and 
acute the other small; outer lip thin with three small teeth internally. 
This species is now living on the coast of South-Carolina. 
Plate XXVI. Fig. 17. Natural size. 
Locality. Waccamaw; Goose Creek. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
CYPILEH)^. 
CYPR^A.-Linn. 
C Y P R JI A CAROLINENSIS. - Con. 
Plate XXVII. Figs. 1 and 2. 
Cypraea Carolinensis, Con., Sill. Jour,, Vol. 41, p. 346, pl. 11, fig. 6. 
C. testa ovata, ventricosa; labri margine ad apicem prominenti; basi plano-convexa. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
127 
Description. Shell ovate, ventricose, margin of the labrum prominent at the apex; 
base plano-convex. 
The specimen from which our figure is drawn, still retains some of the coloured mark- 
ings of the surface, wThich is maculated with small brownish yellow spots. 
Plate XXVII. Figs. I and 2, Natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee; Goose Creek. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
CYPR^A PEDICULUS. -Linn. 
Plate XXVII. Figs. 3 and 4 
Cyprsea pediculus, Linn., Syst. Nat., p. 1180. 
C. testa parva ovata, transverse costata\ arcto dorsali sulco; utrisque lateribus maculatis; 
apertura lineali. 
Description. Shell small ovate transversely ribbed, with a narrow dorsal groove, and 
spots on each side; aperture linear. 
This species is now living upon the coast. 
Plate XXVII. Fig. 3, Side view. 
" 4, View of aperture and base. 
Locality. Pee Dee ; Smith's, Goose Creek 
Museum, College of Charleston. 128 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
VOLUTIDA 
VOLUTA.-Linn. 
VOLUTA MUTABILIS. 
Plate XXVII. Figs. 5 and 6. 
Faspiolaria mutabilis, Con., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 7, p. 135. 
Fasciolaria mutabilis, Con., Silliman's Amn. Jour. Sci. Vol. xli. p. 346, pl. 11, fig. 7, 
F. testa fusiformi; spira conica; apice sub-papillata; anfractibus convexis, versus suturas 
contractis, longitudinaliter undantibus; duabus columellaribus plicis modice elevatis; rostris 
sub-recurvis. 
Description. Shell fusiform, spire conical, apex slightly papillated; whorls convex, 
contracted near the sutures, longitudinally undulated by the lines of growth; columella 
with two folds slightly elevated, beak recurved a little. 
Plate XXVII. Fig. 5, Natural size. 
11 6, A variety of same. 
Locality. Pee Dee, and Goose Creek. Casts in the marl of Goose Creek are abun- 
dant. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
VOLUTA T R E N II 0 L M I I.- {New Species.) 
Plate XXVII. Fig. 7 and 9. 
V. testa fusiformi, ventricosa; anfractibus superne compressis, spiratim transverse striatis; 
striis ad basim crassioribus, rugosis; spira brevi, sub-cancellata, pupellata; apertura semi- 
lunari; labro acuto interne Icevi; columellari lobio tenuissimmo, decumbenti, pcene obsoleto, 
semi-calloso, ab basali anfractu modo linea externa coloreque distincto; columella aut vari- 
cosa aut tumida, tortua, oblique tribus plicis plicata. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
129 
Description. Shell fusiform, ventricose, whorls compressed above, spirally and trans- 
versely striated; striae at the base coarser and wrinkled; spire short sub-cancellated, 
papillated; aperture semi-lunar; outer lip acute, smooth within; columellar lip very thin 
decumbent, almost obsolete, semi-callous not distinguishable from body-whorl but by 
outline and color; columellar varicose or tumid, tortuous, obliquely plaited with three folds. 
The tumid ridge which begins at the middle plication on the columellar, is formed by 
the successive termination of the siphonic notch or beak, and produced by the transverse 
lines of growth. The semi-callous decumbent lip, described above is obsolete in the adult 
shell as represented in plate xxvii, fig 8. 
We have inscribed this beautiful Volute to our valued friend George A. Trenholm, Esq., 
uho so liberally sustained the publication of this expensive work, and enabled us to 
accomplish it in the fifst style of the art, and at home, in Charleston. 
Plate XXVII. Fig. 7, A young shell from Waccamam. 
" 8, An adult specimen, from Sumter. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
MITRA.-Lam. 
MITRA CAROLINENSIS - Con 
Plate XXVII. Fig. 9. 
Voluta Carolinensis, Con., Sill. Am. Jour., 39, p. 387. 
Mitra Carolinensis, Con., Sill. Am. Jour., 41, p. 345. 
M. testa fusiformi; anfractibus infra suturam profunde sulcatis; sulci margine superiori 
carinato; spira elev ata, prominens; lineis anfractuum super iorum elevatis, acutis, sub-cari- 
natis; lineis anfractus basalis obscuris, ad basim tamen conspicuis; basi sulcata, valde striata; 
columellari labro septem obhquis plicis instructo, quarum superior profunda, duae inferi- 
or es pcene obsoletce eadem magnitudine. 
Description. Shell fusiform; whorls deeply channelled below the suture, superior 130 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
margin of the channel carinated; spire elevated, prominent; lines on the superior whorls 
raised, acute, sub-carinated; on the body-whorl obscure, except on the base which is sul- 
cated and strongly striated; the colurnellar lip has seven oblique plaits, the upper one 
profound, the two lowest are almost obsolete, and of the same size. 
Plate XXVII. Fig. 9, Natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
PORCELLANA. -Adans. (175 7.) 
MARGINELLA.-Lam. (1801.) 
PORCELLANA LIMATULA.-Con. 
Plate XXVII. Figs. 10 and 11. 
Marginella limatula, Con., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 7, p. 140. 
Porcellana limatula, Con., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 7, p. 31. 
P. testa ovata, polita; spira brevissima; labro interne denticulato; margine medio tumido; 
apertura superne contractu; columella quatuor obliquis elevatis plicis. 
Description. Shell ovate, polished; spire very short; labrum denticulated on the 
inner margin; margin swelling in the centre, aperture contracted above; colurnellar with 
four oblique elevated plaits. 
There is a common shell in the Post Pleiocene beds of South-Carolina, which we are 
disposed to consider a variety of this species; it differs in having a more elevated spire, 
and the colurnellar has but three plaits. 
Plate XXVII. Figs. 10 and 11. Natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee. 
Museum, College of Charleston. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS 
131 
PORCELLANA OLIVIFORMIS .-{New Species.) 
Plate XXVII. Fig. 12 and 13. 
P. testa elongato-ovall; spira profunde obtusa; apertura lineali, labro tumido, reflexo, 
intus prof unde crenulato; columella tribus elevatis plicis. 
Description. Shell elongated oval, spire profoundly obtuse; aperture linear, labrum 
tumid, reflexed, profoundly crenulated within, columellar with three equal raised plaits. 
This species is unlike any of its fossil congeners. It may be readily distinguished by 
its profoundly crenulated outer lip, three robust plaits on the columellar, and the aperture 
which extends from the apex of the spire to the beak. 
Plate XXVII. Figs. 12 and 13, Natural size. 
Locality. Sumter District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
CONIDA 
CONUS. -Linn. 
CONUS ADVERSARIES. - Con 
Plate XXVII. Fig. 14. 
Conus adversarius, Con., Sill. Jour. Amn. Sci., Vol. 39, p. 388 
C. testa sinistrali; lineis spiralihus obsoletis, ad basim tamen prominentibus; angulo 
basalis anfractus basique spiralium anfractuum carinatis; carina versus apicem sub-tuber- 
culata; spira prominens. 
Description. Shell sinistral, with obsolete spiral lines, except at base, where they are 
prominent; angle ot body-whorl and base of the spiral whorls carinated; the carina 
slightly tuberculated towards the apex; spire prominent. 
Plate XXVII. Fig. 14, Natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee. 
Museum, College of Charleston. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
132 
CONUS DILU VI ANUS. -Green. 
Plate XXVII. Fig. 15. 
Conus diluvianus, Green, Nat. Inst., No. 2. 
C. testa dextrali; spira prominenti; apice acuto; basali anfractu lineis spiralibus sulcatis 
mstructo; anfractibus superne carinatis; sutura distincta; apertura ceque cum basalis 
anfractus longitudine prolatata, superne arctata. 
Description. Shell dextral; spire prominent; apex acute; body whorl with spirally 
grooved lines, extending from the middle to base, obsolete on the upper part; whorls cari- 
nated above, suture distinct; aperture extending the whole length of body-whorl, and 
narrow above. 
Plate XXVII. Fig. 15, Natural size. 
Locality. Smith's, Goose Creek. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
TURRIS.-Humph. (1797.) 
PLEUROTOMA.-Lam. (1801.) 
TURRIS. LUNATUM. 
Plate XXVII. Fig. 16. 
Pleurotoma lunatum, Lea, Trans. Amn. Phil. Society, N. S. IX., pl. 37, fig. 93. 
Pleurotoma lunatum, Foss. Ter. Shells of Virginia, p. 43, pl. 37, fig. 93. 
P. testa sub-fusiformi, costata; apice acuto; anfractibus super medium concavis, infra 
convexis costatis; costis longitudinalibus obliquis, prominentibus, rotundatis; columella recta, 
crassa, polita, superne incrassata. 
Description. Shell sub-fusiform, costate; apex acute; whorls angular above the PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
133 
middle, concave; below convex, ribbed; costae longitudinal, oblique, prominent, rounded; 
columellar straight, thick, polished, incrassated above. 
Plate XXVII. Fig. 15, Natural size. 
Locality. Darlington. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
buccinidal 
BUCCINUM.-Linn. 
BUCCINUM PORCINUM. -Say. 
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 1. 
Buccinum porcinum, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 4, p. 126. 
Buccinum porcinum, Con., Foss. Ter. Form., Vol. 1, p. 19, tab. 4, fig. 4. 
B. testa brevi, fusiformi; magnis longitudinalibus, rotundatis costis; spiralibus, elevatis, 
alterna vice minoribus lineis; rostris brevibus sub-refexis. 
Description. Shell short, fusiform, with large longitudinal rounded ribs and spiral 
elevated lines somewhat alternately smaller; beak short, slightly reflected. 
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 1, Natural size. 
Locality. Darlington. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
BUCCINUM MULTI RUG ATUM.- Conrad. 
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 2. 
Buccinum multirugatum, Con., Sill. Jour., Vol. 41, p. 345. 
B. testa ovata, conica, spiratim rugosa; columella crassa basali plica instructa; basi 
bicarinata. 134 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS, 
Description. Shell ovate, conical, spirally wrinkled, columellar with a thick fold at 
base; base bicarinated. 
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 2, Natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
BUCCINUM VIBEX. - Adams. 
Plate XXVIII. Fig 3. 
Buccinum vibexT Adams, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., Vol. 2, p. 264. 
Nassa vibex, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 2, p. 231. 
Nassa vibex, Say, Amn. Conch., pl. 57, fig. 2. 
Buccinum vibex, Gould, Invert. Mass., p. 310, fig. 212. 
B. testa brevi, crassa, ovato-conica; superficie undantibus plicis spiralibusque lineis 
impressa; labro incrassato intus dentibus instructo; columna lato crasso callo instructa. 
Description. Shell short, thick, ovate-conic; surface checked with waving folds and 
spiral lines; lip thickened and toothed within; pillar with a broad and thick callus. 
The elevated lines which cross the undulating folds or ribs are most distinct on the ribs. 
Dr. Gould, in his work on the invertebrata of Massachusetts, says " specimens of this 
shell are rare, only found to the south of Cape Cod, and usually have a chalky aspect." 
It is not abundant on the Carolina coast, though often found recent upon our beaches. 
In the Post Pleiocene beds it is a common fossil. We are inclined to believe those from 
Massachusetts are also fossils from that formation. 
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 3, Natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee. 
Museum, College of Charleston. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
135 
BUCCINUM TRIVITTATUM. - Adams. 
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 4. 
Nassa trivittata, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 2, p. 231. 
Buccinum trivittatum, Adams, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., Vol. 2, p. 265. 
Buccinum trivittatum, Gould, Invert, of Mass., p. 309. 
B. testa, ovato-conica, cancellata; superfde lineis decussatis reticulata; labro aut duabus aut 
tribus dentibus vel lineis elevatis intus instructo; a pice acuto. 
Description. Shell ovate-conic, cancellate; the surface presenting a net-work of decus- 
sating lines; lip with two or three teeth or raised lines within; apex acute. 
This species, like its predecessor, when found on the north-eastern shores of the United 
States has usually a chalky aspect, and we have no doubt is from the fossil beds of the 
Post Pleiocene; in advancing southwards it is more abundant, and living specimens can 
be had in quantity on the southern coast. 
It is by no means uncommon in the Pleiocene beds of South Carolina. 
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 4, Natural size. 
Locality. Waccamaw. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
BUCCINUM OBSOLETUM. -Adams. 
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 5. 
Nassa obsoleta, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 2, p. 232. 
Buccinum Nov.-Eboracensis, Wood, Index Suppt., pl. 4, fig. 26. 
Buccinum oliviforme, Kiener, Iconog. pl. 25, fig. 99. 
Buccinum obsoletum, Adams, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., Vol 2, p. 267. 
Buccinum obsoletum, Gould, Invert. Mass., p. 308, fig. 210. 
B. testa ovata; super fide lineis reticulata quasi granulata; spira corpore breviori; labro 
pauds lineis elevatis interruptis usque ad labri marginem non productis instructo; labri 
margme simplici, acuto; columna lato callo tecta. 136 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
Description. Shell ovate, surface covered with a net-work of lines which give it a 
granulated appearance; spire shorter than the body; right lip with a few elevated lines 
which are interrupted, and do not extend to the margin of the lip, which is simple and 
sharp; pillar covered with a broad callus. 
This is a most abundant shell along the whole coast of the Atlantic shore, and is found 
fossil in the Post Pleiocene in great numbers. 
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 5, Natural size. 
Locality. Waccamaw ; Smith's, Goose Creek. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
B U C C I N U M L U N A T U M . - A d a m s . 
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 6. 
Nassa lunata, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Spi., Vol. 5. p. 213. 
Buccinum lunatum, Adams, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., Vol. 2, p. 266. 
Buccinum lunatum, Gould, Invert. Mass. p. 312, fig. 196. 
B. testa parva, ovato-conica; superficie leevi; apertura ovali; labro intus dentato. 
Description. Shell small, ovate-conic, surface smooth, aperture oval; outer lip toothed 
within. 
This small, but very abundant shell of the southern coast is well represented in the 
fossil state in the Pleiocene of South Carolina, and found in numbers in the Post Pleiocene. 
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 6, Natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee ; Smith's, Goose Creek. 
Museum, College of Charleston. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
137 
AGUS. - Humph. (179 7.) 
TEREBRA.-Lam. 
AC US UNILINEATA. 
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 7. 
Terebra unilineata, Con., Sill. Jour. Sci., Vol. 41, p. 345, pl. 11, fig. 4. 
A. testa sub-turrita; anfractuumutrisque spirali impressa linea instructis; plicis obliquis 
Inter suturam lineam que supradictam interjectis. 
Description. Shell slightly turrited, whorls each with a spiral impressed line, between 
which and suture obliquely plicated. 
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 7. 
Locality. Sumter. 
Museum, College of Charleston 
AC US CAROLINENSIS. 
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 8. 
Terebra Carolinensis, Con., Sill. Jour., Vol. 41, p. 345. 
This we conclude to be a large variety of A. dislocatum; for description of which see 
page 125, plate xxvi, fig. 16. 
PURPURA.-Aldrovandus. 
PURPURA T R I D E N T AT A {New Species.) 
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 9. 
P. testa ovali, crassa; spira brevi; anfractibus tenuiter sulcatis, spiratim striatis, trans- 
verse costatis, superne compressis, infra suturam canaliculatis; costis late separates, super ne 138 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
nodulosis, ad basim obsoletis; labro crasso, intus crenulato tribus ad canalem posteriorem 
dentibus instructo; labio Icevi, una conspicua plica superne instructo; columella complanata; 
apertura bi-canaliculata. 
Description. Shell oval, thick; spire short; whorls finely sulcated and striated spirally, 
transversely costated, compressed above, and channeled below the suture; costae widely 
separated, nodulous above and obsolete at the base; labrum thick, crenulated with three 
prominent teeth at the posterior canal; columellar lip smooth, with one prominent plait 
above; columellar flattened; aperture bi-canaliculated. 
This shell resembles the recent species of the coast, P. cataratca, Lam., but can be 
readily distinguished by the three prominent teeth on the labrum at the entrance of the 
posterior canal. The artist has failed to exhibit distinctly the characteristic teeth on 
the labrum. 
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 9, Natural size, with the apex of the spire broken off. 
Locality. Black River. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
GALEODIA.-Link. 
G A L E 0 D I A HODGII. - Con. 
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 10. 
Cassis Hodgii, Con., Sill. Amn. Jour. Sci., Vol. 41, p. 346, pl. 2, fig. 10. 
Galeodia Hodgii, Con., Pro. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 8, p. 30. 
G. testa elliptica, crebis spiralibus lineis prop e basim prominentioribus; suturadepressa. 
Description. Shell elliptical, with numerous spiral lines most prominent near the 
base; suture depressed. 
The spiral lines are quite characteristic of this fine species. 
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 10, Natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee. 
Museum, College of Charleston. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
D OLIUM. - Browne. 
DOLIUM GALEA. 
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 11. 
Dolum galea, Einn, Kienery, pl. 2, fig. 2. 
D. testa globosa, ventricosa, tenui; spira depressa; apertura magna; anfractibus spiratim 
costatis; costis convexis alterna vice magnis et parvis; sutura prof unde excavata. 
Description. Shell globular, ventricose, thin; spire depressed; aperture large; whorls 
spirally ribbed; cost® convex, alternately large and small, suture deeply excavated. 
Our figure is taken from a cast found in the marl of Goose Creek, where numerou s 
specimens may be easily obtained, and some of a large size. It is common on our sea coast- 
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 11, External view of natural cast. 
Locality. Smith's, Goose Creek. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
COLUMBELLA.-Lam. 
COLUMBELLA AVARA -Con. 
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 12. 
Columbella avara, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 2, p. 230. 
Columbella avara, Gould, Invert. Mass., p. 313, fig. 197. 
C. testa parva elongato-ovata; spira acuta, elevata; anfractibus spiralibus impressis lineis 
costisque transverse elevatis instructis; basalis anfractus costis circiter medium terminantibus; 
lineis in basim spiralibus distinctis; labro intus denticulato; labio lamina distincta, sub- 
mar gine crenato; sutura distincta; apertura testce longitudinis circiter triente cequa. 
Description. Shell small, elongated-ovate; spire pointed, elevated; whorls with spiral 
impressed lines, and transverse elevated ribs; ribs on body-whorl terminate about the 
middle; spiral lines on the base distinct; labrum denticulated within; columellar lip with 140 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
a distinct plate crenated on sub-margin; suture distinct; aperture about one-third the 
length of the shell. 
This is an abundant species in the Post Pleiocene beds, and common in a recent state 
on the southern sea-shores. 
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 12, Natural size. 
Locality. Waccamaw. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
STREPHONA.-Browne. (1756.) 
OLIVA.-Lam. (1801.) 
STREPHONA LITERATA. 
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 13. 
Oliva literata, Lam., Anim. sans Vert., Vol. 10, p. 614. 
Oliva literata, Say, Amn. Conch., pl. 3. 
S. testa cylindrica, crassa, land; spira exserta, acuta; anfractibus angularibus, marginibus 
superioribus carinatis; sutura prof unde sulcata; labro acuto, simplici, Icevi; labio multipli- 
cato; apertura lineali, superne incisa, inferne emarginata. 
Description. Shell cylindrical, thick, smooth; spire exserted, acute; whorls angular, 
carinated at the superior margins; suture deeply grooved; labrum acute, simple, smooth; 
labium with many folds; aperture linear, insised above, emarginate below. 
This is a common shell in the Post Pleiocene, and recent upon the coast. 
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 13, Natural size. 
Locality. Smith's, Goose Creek; Pee Dee. 
Museum, College of Charleston. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
141 
MURICIDjE. 
MUREX-Lin. 
CEROSTOMA.-Con. 
0 E R 0 S T 0 M A U M B R I F E R . - C o n . 
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 14. 
Murex umbrifer, Con., Foss. Shells Ter. Form., Vol. 1, p. 17, tab. 3, fig. 1. 
Cerostoma umbrifer, Con., M. S. 
C. testa fusiformi, sex foliatis, rejlexis laminis; anfractihus angularibus, carinatis; aper- 
tura ovata; rostris recurvis. 
Description. Shell fusiform with six foliated reflected laminse; whorls angular and 
carinated, aperture ovate, beak recurved. 
Mr. Conrad informs us it is but lately that specimens of this shell have been discovered 
with the erect tooth on the labrum, which places it in his sub-genus Cerostoma. It is a 
common shell of the Meiocene of Virginia; but a single specimen yet found in the Pleio- 
cene of South Carolina that we know of, and that is imperfect, the spire is broken off, as 
represented in the figure. 
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 14, Natural size. 
Locality. Smith's, Goose Creek. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 142 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
APOLLON.-Montf. (1810.) 
RANELLA. - Lam. (1812.) 
APOLLON CAUDATA. 
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 15. 
Ranella caudata, Say, Amn. Conch., pl. 48. 
Ranella caudata, Gould, Invt. Mass., p. 297, fig. 204. 
A. testa rhomiboidea,' crassa, lineis convolutis costisque longitudinalibus tessellata; canali 
longi, recto; apertura ovata; labro crasso, margine elevatis granulis lineisque in- 
structo. 
Description. Shell rhomboidal, thick, checkered with revolving lines and longitudinal 
ribs; canal long and straight, aperture ovate, outer lip thick, margin with raised granules 
and lines. 
This shell is found all along the Atlantic coast from Buzzard's Bay to Florida, but more 
abundant at the south than the north. 
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 15, Natural size. 
Locality. Darlington. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
CANCELLARIA.-Lam. 
CANCELLARIA R E T I 0 U L AT A . - L am. 
Plate XXVIII. Fig 16. 
Voluta reticulata, Lin., Syst. Nat., p. 1190. 
Cancellaria reticulata, Lam., Anim. sans Vert., Vol. 9, p. 401. 
C. testa ovata, ventricosa, crassa; spira brevi, acuta; anfractibus longitudinaliter trans- P L E 10 C E N E -FOSSILS. 
143 
verse que sulcatis, oblique reticulatis; apertura sub-ovata, antice emarginata, postice acuta ; 
labro intus transverse striato; columella recta, crassa, obtusa, longis obliquis plicis; columna 
sub-umbilicata; sutura distincta sed compressa. 
Description. Shell ovate, ventricose, thick; spire short, acute; whorls longitudinally 
and transversely grooved, obliquely reticulated; aperture sub-ovate, emarginated anteriorly, 
pointed at posterior extremity, labrum marked within with transverse ridges, columellar 
straight, thick, obtuse, with strong oblique folds; pillar sub-umbilicated, suture distinct 
but compressed. 
This species is found recent on the southern coast. 
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 16, Natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
CANCELLARIA 1) E P R E S S A.-(.Vw Species.') 
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 17. 
C. testa ovata, ventncosa, crassa, sub-umbilicata; spira brevi, turrita, obtusa; anfractibus 
angularibus, longitudinaliter transverseque sulcatis, oblique crasse reticulatis; basalis anfrac- 
tus striis elevatis alterna vice minoribus; sutura excavata, profunda; labro late separatis 
transver sis striis intus instructo; labio in basalim anfr actum reflexo, tenui; columella duabus 
obsoletis plicis inter duas magnas plicas interpositis instructa; apertura sub-ovata, antice 
emarginata, postice acuta. 
Description. Shell ovate, ventricose, thick, sub-umbilicated; spire short, turrited 
obtuse; whorls angular, longitudinally and transversely grooved, obliquely and coarsely 
reticulated; raised striae of body w horl alternately smaller; suture excavated, deep; 
labrum with widely separated transverse ridges within; labium reflexed upon the body 
whorl, thin; columellar with two strong folds and two obsolete ones between; aperture 
sub-ovate, anteriorly emarginate, posteriorly pointed. 144 
P L EI0 C EN E FOSSILS. 
The alternately prominent and depressed spiral lines, excavated sutures, and turrited 
spire readily distinguish this species. 
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 17, Natural size. 
Locality. Waccamaw; Horry. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
CANCELLARIA VENUSTA. -{New Species.) 
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 18. 
C. testa subfusiformi, turrita, regulariter canceUata; anfractibus transverse sulcatis, 
longitudinalibus obliquis costis; labio in basalim anfractum reflexo, loevi. margine 
distincto, elevato; columella duabus prominentibus sub-obliquis plicis; labri margine 
dinticulato, intus decern transver sis, equidistantibus, rectis, longis striis, instructo; apertura 
valde auriculata, emarginata; sutura profunda. 
Description. Shell sub-fusiform, turrited, regularly cancellated; whorls with longi- 
tudinal, oblique ribs, sulcated transversely; inner lip reflexed on body whorl; smooth and 
with a distinct raised edge, extending from the base of the pillar and uniting above with 
the labrum in an arch; columellar with two prominent folds slightly oblique; margin of 
outer lip scolloped, transversely ridged within with ten ridges; ridges equi-distant, straight, 
long; aperture profoundly ear-shaped, emarginate ; suture profound. 
This is the most graceful of all its congeners, and cannot be confounded with any other. 
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 18, Natural size. 
Locality. Waccamaw; Horry. 
Museum, College of Charleston. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
PLATE XXV. 
DENTALIAD^.-CALYPTMIDE-FISSURELLID^.-NATICID^. 
DENTALIA D^E. 
Fig. 1. DENTALIUM ATTENUATUM. Natural size. Page 105. 
" 2. DENTALIUM PLEIOCENUM. Natural size. Page 105. 
" 3. DENTALIUM THALLUS. Natural size. Page 106. 
CALYPTRjEIM. 
Fig. 4. CRUCIBULUM COST ATA. Interior and exterior, natural size. Page 107. 
" 5. CRUCIBULUM RAMOSA. Interior and exterior, natural size. Page 108. 
" 6. CRUCIBULUM DUMOSA. Interior and exterior, natural size. Page 109. 
" 7. CRUCIBULUM MULTILINE ATA. Interior and exterior, natural size. Page 107. 
" 8. TROCHITA CENTRALIS. Interior and exterior, natural size. Page 109. 
" 9. CRYPTA FORNICATA. Exterior of shell, natural size. Page 110. 
" 10. CRYPTA SPINOSA. Exterior of shell, natural size. Page 111. 
" 11. CRYPTA COSTATA. Exterior of shell, natural size. Page 112. 
" 12. CRYPTA PLANA. Exterior of shell, natural size. Page 111. 
" 13. HTPPONIX BULLII. Side view to show carina. Page 112. 
" 13a. Outline of the aperture of H. Bullii. 
FISSURELLID^. 
Fig. 14. FISSURELLA REDIMICULA. Natural size. Page 113. 
NATICID^. 
Fig. 15. NATICA HEROS. Front and back view, natural size. Page 114. 
" 16. NATICA DUPLICATA. Front and back view, natural size. Page 114. 
" 17. NATICA CANRENA. Front view, natural size. Page 115. 
" 17a. Back view of same, natural size. 
" 18. NATICA CAROLINIANA. Front and back view, natural size. Page 116. ^PL 25 
C. G^laten al nat. let. st litk. Charleston S.C. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
PLA'IE XXVI. 
TURB1NID<-LITTORINID.fi.-TURRITELLIDJJ.-BUCCINIDX-PIRAMIDELLID./E. 
T U R B I N I D JE. 
Fig. 1. MONODONTA KIAWAHENSIS. Natural size. Page 116. 
" 2. 'JROCHUS PHILANTROPUS. Natural size. Page 117. 
" 3. TROCHUS ARMILLATUS. Natural size. Page 118. 
" 4. TROCHUS GEMMA. Natural size. Page 118. 
LITORINID^. 
Fig. 5. LITTORINA IRRORATA. Natural size. Page 119. 
" 6. ARCHITECTONIC A PERSPECTIVA. Natural size. Page 120. 
T URR I T E L L I I CE. 
Fig. 7. TEREBELLUM STRIATUM. Natural size. Page 120. 
" 8. TEREBELLUM EXALTATUM. Natural size. Page 121. 
" 9. TEREBELLUM ETIWANENSTS. Natural size. Page 122. 
" 10. Young shell. 
" 11. TEREBELLUM BURDENII. Natural size. Page 122. 
" 12. VERMETUS ANGUINA. Natural size. Page 123. 
" 13. PETALOCONCHUS SCULPTURATUS. Natural size. Page 123. 
" 14. SCALARIA MULTISTRI ATA. Natural size. Page 124. 
" 15. SCALARIA CLATHRUS. Natural size. Page 124. 
B U C C I N I ML 
Fig. 16. ACUS DISLOCATUM. Natural size. Page 125. 
r Y R A M I D E L L I DtE. 
Fig. 17. OBELISCUS ARENOSA, Natural size. Page 126. K 26 
C. G.Tlaten ad. nat. iel. ei lith. Charleston.S . C. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
PLATE XXVII. 
C Y PR45 IDjE.-VOLUTID2E. -C0NID2E. 
C Y P R .E I D J . 
Fig. 1. CYPR2EA CAROLINENSIS. Side view, natural size. Page 126. 
" 2. The same, showing aperture and base. 
" 3. CYPR/EA PEDICULUS. Side view, natural size. Page 127. 
" 4. The same, to show aperture and base. 
V 0 L U T I M. 
Fig. 5. VOLUTA MUTABILIS. Natural size. Page 128. 
" 6. A variety of the same. 
" 7. VOLUTA TRENHOLMII. Young shell, natural size. Page 128. 
" 8. The same, adult; natural size. 
" 9. MITRA CAROLINENSIS. Natural size. Page 129. 
" 10. PORCELLANA LIMATULA. Back view, natural size. Page 130. 
" 11. The same, front view, to show aperture. 
" 12. PORCELLANA OLIVIFORMIS. Natural size. Page 131. 
" 13. The same, to show aperture. 
CONIDiE. 
Fig. 14. CONUS ADVERSARIUS. Natural size. Page 131. 
" 15. CONUS DILUVIANUS. Natural size. Page 132. 
" 16. TURRIS LUNATUM. Natural size. Page 132. Tl.27 
C.G.Tlaten ai nat, clel etlitk. Charleston S , C. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
PLATE XXVIII. 
BUCCINIM.-MURICIM. 
B U C C I N I D . 
Fig. 1. BUCCINUM PORCINUM. Natural size. Page 133. 
" 2. BUCCINUM MULTIRUGATUM. Natural size. Page 133. 
" 3. BUCCINUM VIBEX. Natural size. Page 134. 
" 4. BUCCINUM TRIVITTATUM. Natural size. Page 135. 
" 5. BUCCINUM OBSOLETUM. Natural size. Page 135. 
" 6. BUCCINUM LUNATUM. Natural size. Page 136. 
" 7. AOUS UNILINEATA. Natural size. Page 137. 
" 8. AGUS DISLOCATUM. Var. A. Carolinensis. See plate xxvi, fig. 16. Natural size. Page 125. 
" 9. PURPURA TRIDENTATA. Natural size, but broken. Page 137. 
" 10. GALEODIA HODGIL Natural size. Page 138. 
" 11. DOLIUM GALEA. A natural cast. Page 139. 
"12. COLUMBELLA AVARA. Natural size. Page 139. 
" 13. STREPHONA LITERATA. Natural size. Page 140. 
M U R I C I DAE . 
Fig. 14. CEROSTOMA UMBRIFER. Broken specimen. Page, 141. 
" 15. APOLLON CAUDATA. Natural size. Page 142. 
" 16. CANCELLARIA RETICULATA. Natural size. Page 142. 
" 17. CANCELLARIA DEPRESSA. Natural size. Page 143. 
" 18. CANCELLARIA VENUSTA. Natural size. Page 144. 
For other species of this family, see plates xxix and xxx. 71.28 
C. G. Platen ad.nat.clel.etlith.Charleston- S C, PLEIOCENE FOSSI LS. 
145 
B U SYC O N.-B olton. (17 9 8.) 
FULGUR.-Montf. (1810.) 
BUSYCON C ARIC A . - C o n . 
Plate XX1X. Fig. 1. 
Murex carica, Gmel., Lister's Conch., t. 880. 
Pyrula carica, AdamS, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., Vol. 2, p. 269. 
Pyrula carica, Gould, Invert. Mass. p. 296. 
Fulgur carica, Con., Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 7, p. 319. 
Busycon carica, Con., Pro. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 8, p. 30. 
B. testa pyriformi, ventricosa, crassa, ponderosa, transverse tenuiter striata; spira non- 
turrita; sutura non-canaliculata; labro simplici, acuto; labio flexuoso, superne concavo. 
DescriptiOx\. Shell pyriform, ventricose, thick, ponderous, transversely and finely 
striated ; spire not turrited; suture not channelled, but having a series of triangular, com- 
pressed, tubercles above; large ones around the prominent part of body whorl; outer lip 
simple, sharp; pillar lip flexuous, concave above. 
Common in a recent state on this Atlantic coast and often attains a great size. 
Plate XXIX. Fig. 1, Natural size. 
Locality. Waccamaw. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
BUSYCON PERVERSUM.-Con. 
Plate XXIX. Fig. 3. 
Buccinum ampullaceis ad sinistram convolutis, Lister, Conch., t. 907, 908. 
Pvrula perversa; Lam., An. sans Vert., Vol. 9, p. 506. 
Pyrula perversa, Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. 3, fig. 13. 
Busycon perversum, Con., Pro. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 7, p. 31. 
B. testa pyriformi, sinistrali, ventricosa; anfractuum apicibus inclinatis; basalis anfractus 
parte pr omment'i coronata, tuberculata; spiia non~turritaf sutura non~canahculata, di^stt/ncta. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
146 
Description. Shell pear shaped, sinistral, ventricose; summit of each whorl inclined- 
prominent part of whorl coronated, tuberculated ; spire not turrited ; suture not canalicu- 
lated, but distinct. 
The recent specimens have often all the whorls coronated at their summits; it is a 
common shell on the southern coast. 
Plate XXIX. Fig. 3, Natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee ; Smith's, Goose Creek. 
BUSY CON CANALICULATUM. - Con. 
Plate XXIX. Fig. 2. 
Buccinum ampullaceum, Lister Conch., t. 878, fig. 2. 
Murex canaliculatus, Linn, Martini, Vol. 3, p. 29, t. 67, figs. 742, 743. 
Pyrula canaliculata, Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. 8, fig. 26. 
Pyrula canaliculata, Gould, Invert. Mass., p. 294, fig. 206. 
Fulgur canaliculatum, Con., Pro. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 6, p. 319. 
Busycon canaliculatum, Con., Pro. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 7, p. 30. 
B. testa pyriformi; anfractihus in apicem planatis, lineis convolutis tectis; basali anfractu 
tumido, canale longo terminate; angulo utriusque anfractus noduloso; sutura profunde 
sulcata. 
Description. Shell pear shaped; whorls flattened on the summit, covered with 
revolving lines; body whorl tumid, terminating in a long canal; angle of each whorl 
nodular, suture deeply channelled. 
The nodular keel which crowns the summit of each whorl, and the deeply channelled 
suture will distinguish this species readily. 
Common in a recent state on this coast. 
Plate XXIX. Fig. 2, Natural size. 
Locality. Waccamaw. 
Museum, College of Charleston PLE1OCENE FOSSILS. 
147 
BUSYCON CON 11 ADI I{New Species.} 
Plate XXIX. Fig. 4. 
B. testa sub-pyriformi, ventricosa; anfractibus medio convexis, superne angulatis, densis 
rugosis lineis spiratim striatis; spira brevi, turrita; sutura profunde lateque excavata, lateri- 
bus rectis, obtusa, carina marginata; apertura, postice aut emarginata aut contractu, antice 
canaliculata; rostris recurvis; labio concavo; labro acuto, obsolete dentato> 
Description. Shell sub-pyriform, ventricose; whorls convex in the middle, angulated 
above; spirally striated, with closely arranged wrinkled lines; spire short, turrited; 
suture deeply and widely excavated, with straight walls or sides, margined by an obtuse 
carina; aperture posteriorly emarginated or contracted, anteriorly canaliculated; beak 
recurved, pillar lip concave, outer lip acute, dentations obsolete. 
This shell resembles somewhat B. canaliculatum, but is distinguished by being more 
ventricose, without tubercles or spines on the whorls; the whorls of the spire convex on 
the sides, flattened or inclined between the obtuse ridge which margins the suture and the 
angle of the whorl; angles of the two superior whorls of the spire slightly nodulous ; the 
beak is slightly recurved in adult shells. 
We name this species in compliment of T. A. Conrad, Esq., the distinguished palaeon- 
tologist. 
Plate XXIX. Fig. 4. 
Locality. Sumter. 
Museum, College of Charleston 
CASSIDULUS.-Humph. (1797.) 
PYRULA - Lam. (1822.) 
C A SSID GLUS CARO LINENSIS. -(iVetc Nyem-s.) 
Plate XXX. Fig. 1. 
C. testa pyriformi; spira brevi, depressa; sutura prof unde canaliculata, obtusa ad anfrac- 148 
P L E I 0 C E X E F 0 S S I L S . 
tus angulum carina marginata; basali anfractu superne truncato, angulato; spirce anfractibus 
medio angulatis, in apicem sub-inclinatis; anfractibus tenuis, convolutis, indistinctis lineis 
instructis; in basalis anfractus basim prominentibus, undantibus lineis; canalelongo, attenuato. 
Description. Shell pear shaped; spire short, depressed; suture profoundly canalicu- 
lated, margined by the obtuse carina at the angle of the whorl; body whorl truncated 
above, angular; whorls of the spire angulated in the middle, and inclined slightly to 
summit, having fine revolving lines, indistinct, but prominent and waved on the base 
of body whorl; canal long, tapering. 
The widely canaliculated spire and subtruncated whorls distinguish this from its con- 
geners, and are very characteristic. 
Plate XXX. Fig. 1, Natural size. 
Locality. Sumter. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
CASSIDULUS PYRUM. 
Plate XXX. Fig. 2. 
Bulla pyrum, DiU., Cat., p. 485. 
Buccinis ampullaceis tenuibus, Lister Conch., t. 877. 
Pyrula spirata, Lam., An. sans Vert., 9, p. 512. 
Fulgur pyruloides, Say, Amn. Conch., pl. 19. 
Pyrula spirata, Reeve, Conch., Icon., pl. 8, fig. 27. 
Fulgur pyrum, Con., Pro. Aca. Nat. Sci., Vol. 6, p. 319. 
Fulgur pyruloides, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 2, p. 237. 
C. testa pyriformi, spiratim striata, superne complanata, inermi; sutura canaliculata; spira 
brevi, exserta. 
Description. Shell pear shaped, spirally striated, flattened above, unarmed; suture 
canaliculate. Spire, short, exserted. 
Large specimens of this shell common on the southern coast. 
Plate XXX. Fig. 2. 
Locality. Pee Dee. 
Museum, College of Charleston. P L E I 0 0 E N E FOSSILS. 
149 
SYCOTYPUS- Browne. (1756.) 
FICUS.-Bolten. (1793.) 
S Y 0 0 T Y P U S R E T I C U L A T A . 
Plate XXX. Fig. 3. 
Pyrula recticulata, Lam., Anim. sans Vert., p. 510. 
X testa pyriformi, tenuissima, cancellata; spira brevi, convexa, exserta; super fide striis 
convolutis, prominentibus, alterna vice minoribus, distantibus, tenuisque lineis reticulata; 
labro acuto, superne arcuato; lobio concavo; canali brevi, recto, truncato. 
Description. Shell pear shaped, very thin; cancellated; spire short, convex, exsert- 
ed; revolving striae prominent, alternately smaller, distant, crossed by fine lines, which 
give the surface a reticulated appearance; outer lip acute, arched above; inner lip con- 
cave; canal short, straight, truncate. 
This species is recent on the coast of Florida, Georgia, and the Carolinas. 
Plate XXX. Fig. 3, Natural size. The reticulations are not very distinct in the figure. 
Locality. Sumter. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
COLUS.-Humph. (1797.) 
FUSUS.-Lam. (18 0 1.) 
C 0 L U S Q U A I) R I 0 0 S T A T U S. 
Plate XXX. Fig. 4. 
Fusus quadricostatus, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sei., 4, p. 127. 
C. testa ovato-ventricosa; anfractu basali quatuoi' elevatis, equidistantibus annulis instruc- 
to; spira brevi, duobus annulis in convolutiones, reliquis annulis ab anfractibus occultis; labra 150 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS, 
sulco utrceque exteriorum costarum correlate; umbilico magno, dilate; margine exteriori 
prominenti, dentato. 
Description. Shell ovate ventricose, body whorl, with four elevated belts equi-distant; 
spire short, with but two belts upon the volutions, the others concealed by the succeeding 
whorls; labrum with a groove corresponding with each of the exterior ribs; umbilicus 
large, dilated; exterior margin prominent and dentated. 
Plate XXX. Fig. 4. Natural size. 
Locality. Pee Dee. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
COLUS EXILIS. 
Plate XXX. Fig. 5. 
Fusus exilis, Con., Fos. Shells, Ter. Form., p. 17, Tab. 3, fig. 2. 
C. testa fusiformi, elongata; longitudinalibus undulantibus costis; striis convolutis, acutis, 
elevatis, alterna vice minoribus; rostris productis; apertura testce longitudinis dimidiam 
cequante. 
Description. Shell fusiform, elongated, with longitudinal undulated ribs and revolving 
striae, acute, elevated, alternately smaller; beak produced; aperture half the length of 
shell. 
The elongated spire, and produced beak distinguishes this species from C. cinereous, 
which it resembles. 
Plate XXX. Fig. 5. 
Locality. Pee Dee. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
COLUS CINEREUS. 
Plate XXX. Fig. 6 
Fusus cinereus, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 2, p. 236. 
C. testa fusiformi, cancellata, transverse costata; costis magnis; lineis convolutis fliformis, P L E I 0 0 E N E FOSSILS. 
151 
irregularibus, alterna vice minoribus; labro acuto, intus crenato, elevatis lineis alternantibus; 
rostris brevibus, obtusis. 
Description. Shell fusiform, cancellate, transversely costate; costse robust; revolving 
lines filiform, irregular, alternately smaller; labrum acute, crenated within, and alter- 
nating with the raised lines; beak short, obtuse. 
Common on the shores of South Carolina. 
Plate XXX. Fig. 6. 
Locality. Waccamaw. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
FASCIOLARIA-Lam. 
FASCIOLARIA D I S T A N S . -L a m. 
Plate XXX. Figs. 7 and 8. 
Fasciolaria distans, Lam., An. sans Vert., Vol. 9, p. 433. 
Fasciolaria distans, Kiener, pl. 3. 
F. testa fusiformi, ventricosa, longitudinaliter tenuiter striata; anfractibus fuscis late 
separatis annulis transverse impressis; suturis simplicibus; spira prominenti, acuta; columna 
una plica. 
Description. Shell fusiform, ventricose, longitudinally finely striated; whorls marked 
transversely by dark colored and widely separated bands; sutures simple; spire prominent, 
acute; pillar with one plait. 
The dark bands are characteristic of this species; fossil specimens have but faint traces 
of these markings upon the surface. 
It is common in a recent state upon the southern coast. 
Plate XXX. Figs. 7 and 8. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 152 
PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
FASCIOLARIA GIGANTEA. - Kiener. 
Plate XXX. Fig. 9. 
Fasciolaria gigantea, Kiener, pl. 3. p. 10 and 11. 
Our figure is of a small natural cast from the Pleiocene of Goose Creek; no perfect 
shell yet found. 
Plate XXX. Fig. 9. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
FA SCIO LARI A T U 0 M E Y I. - H o l m f. s. (New Species.) 
Plate XXX. Fig. 10. 
F. testa fusiformi; anfractibus lineis convolutis elevatis; anfractibus superioribus transverse, 
obtuse striatis; apertura elliptica; labro hon-incrassato; columella prope basim plicata; rostris 
sub-reflexis. 
Description. Shell fusiform; whorls with raised revolving lines, the upper ones with 
transverse, obtuse ridges ; aperture elliptic; outer lip not thickened; columellar with a fold 
near the base; beak a little reflected. 
The absence of ribs upon the body whorl and the more fusiform character of this shell, 
distinguishes it from F. riiomboides. 
Dedicated to our deceased friend and co-laborer, Prof. M. Tuomey, who discovered it. 
Plate XXX. Fig. 10. 
Locality. Black River, Sumter District. 
Museum, College of Charleston. 
END OF PLEIOCENE VOLUME. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
PLATE XXIX. 
MURICID^. 
Fig. 1. BUSYCON CARICA. Natural size. Page 145. 
" 2. BUSYCON CANALICULATUM. Natural size. Page 146. 
" 3. BUSYCON PERVERSUM. Natural size. Page 145. 
" 4. BUSYCON CONRADII. Natural size. Page 147. 
For others of this family, see plates xxviii and xxx. ~PLg9. 
C . GTlaten del.etHth Charleston..S.C. PLEIOCENE FOSSILS. 
PLATE XXX. 
MURICID^. 
Fig. 1. CASSIDULUS CAROLINENSIS. Natural size. Page 147. 
" 2. CASSIDULUS PYRUM. Natural size. Page 148. 
" 3 SYCOTYPUS RETICULATA. Natural size. Page 149. 
" 4. COLUS QUADRICOSTATUS. Natural size. Page 149. 
0 5. COLUS EXILIS. Natural size. Page 150. 
" 6. COLUS CINEREUS. Natural size. Page 150. 
" 7. FASCIOLARIA DISTANS. Natural size. Page 151. 
" 8. Variety of the same, natural size. 
" 9. FASCIOLARIA GIGANTEA. Natural size. Page 152. 
" 10. FASCIOLARIA TUOMEYT. Natural size. Page 152. Tl 30. 
C. G.Tlaten HeKet UIK .Charleston.S. C.