!PPe»fe.of.iAliN 
ilii Students of Medicine 
IHHhS 
; y ■■ ■: , ELEMENTS OF LATIN ELEMENTS OF LATIN 
FOR STUDENTS OF MEDICINE 
AND PHARMACY 
BY 
GEO. D. CROTHERS, A.M., M.D. 
t V V 7 7 
Teacher of Latin and Greek, St. Joseph (Mo.) High 
School; formerly Professor of Latin and 
Greek, University of Omaha 
AND 
HIRAM H. BICE, A.M. 
Instructor in Latin and Greek, Boys’ High School, 
New York City 
Philadelphia, New York, Chicago 
THE F. A. DAVIS COMPANY 
1898 Copyright, 1897 
By The F. A. Davis Company 
Registered at Stationers’ Hall, London, Eng. 
All rights reserved 
COMPOSITION BY 
J. HORACE MCFARLAND CO. HARRISBURG, PA. 
EDITION BY 
The F. A. Davis Co. Philadelphia Pa. PREFACE. 
This book is designed to present within the briefest 
possible compass those principles of Latin etymology 
and construction which are essential to an intelligent 
use of the terminology of pharmacy and medicine. 
While it is not intended as an introduction to the 
Latin language and literature, it is hoped that this 
little work may aid students of medicine and phar- 
macy in the acquisition of a better and more service- 
able knowledge of that language. Some one has 
said; "Half the difficulty of anatomy is inherent, 
the other half is in wordiness. The trouble with the 
student is more in the names of things than in the 
things themselves. He mistakes the one for the 
other, his head swims, and then he founders in a 
Latin storm at sea.” 
Some special features of the work are these 
1. The use of the simple sentence, exclusively, in 
the Exercises. 
2. The abridged treatment of the verb (see Note, 
page 4). 
3. The use of but one form of the Subjunctive, 
the present, in the Hortative or Jussive sense, Y1 
PREFACE. 
4, Two independent • sets of Exercises in each 
chapter. 
5. Exercises on special subjects—as, the Eye (101), 
the Ear (107), Obstetrics (128), Surgery (156), etc. 
6. A chapter on Prescription writing (XXIV). 
7. Descriptive Notes on the Exercises. 
8. Suggestive tables on the Greek element in medi- 
cine (pp. 178-182). 
9. A list of "Anatomical Proper Names, and their 
Origin.” 
The following books have been helpful in its prepa- 
ration : 
U. S. Pharmacopoeia, 
U, S. Dispensatory. 
Remington’s Practice of Pharmacy. 
Gray’s Anatomy. 
Robinson’s Latin Grammar of Pharmacy and Medi- 
cine. 
Campbell’s Language of Medicine. 
Allen and Greenongh’s Latin Grammar. 
Tnell and Fowler’s First Book in Latin. 
Collar and Daniell’s First Latin Book. 
Geo. D. Crothers. 
Hiram H. Bice. 
September 1, 1897. TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
CHAPTER 
PAGE 
I. Introductory 14 
II. First Declension.— Subject, Direct Object, Genitive 
with Nouns, Predicate Noun, Agreement of Verbs . 5-8 
III. Second Declension. —Apposition, Agreement of 
Adjectives, Indirect Object 8-11 
IV. Adjectives in -us, -a, -um 12-15 
V. The Verb sum and First Conjugation: Present, 
Imperfect and Future Indicative Active.—Abla- 
tive of Place Where 15-18 
VI. The Verb sum and First Conjugation, Active 
Voice (continued): Perfect, Pluperfect, Future 
Perfect Indicative; Present Subjunctive, Imper- 
ative, Infinitive and Participle 19-22 
VII. First Conjugation, Passive Voice.— Ablative of 
Agent.—Ablative of Means or Instrument .... 22-26 
VIII. Third Declension: Mute Stems.—Adjectives of 
Three Terminations.—Adjectives of Two Termi- 
nations.—Dative of Possession 26-31 
IX. Second Conjugation, Active Voice.—Third De- 
clension: Liquid Stems.—Ablative of Manner, 
Ablative of Accompaniment 31-35 
X. Second Conjugation, Passive Voice.—Irregular 
Adjectives 35-39 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
CHAPTER 
PAGE 
XI. Third Declension: I-Stems.—Adjectives of 
One Termination 39-42 
XII. Special Paradigms.—Indeclinable Nouns.— Ab- 
lative of Separation.—Ablative of the Place from 
Which.—Accusative of the Place to Which . . . 43-46 
XIII. Third Conjugation, Active Voice.—Ablative of 
Time.—Ablative Absolute 47-50 
XIV. Third Conjugation, Passive Voice.—Copulative 
Verbs.—Two Accusatives 51-54 
XV. Comparison op Adjectives : Declension of 
Comparatives.—Ablative of Comparison .... 54-58 
XVI. Fourth Declension.—Adverbs: Comparison of 
Adverbs 58-61 
XVII, Fourth Conjugation, Active Voice 62-65 
XVIII. Fourth Conjugation, Passive Voice 65-68 
XIX. Fifth Declension 68-70 
XX. Demonstrative Pronouns. — Numeral Adjec- 
tives.—Partitive Genitive 71-75 
XXL Third Conjugation: Verbs in -10, Active 
Voice 75-78 
XXII. Third Conjugation: Verbs in -10, Passive 
Voice 78-81 
XXIII. The Irregular Verb Fio 82-84 
XXIV. Prescription Writing.—The Metric System in 
Prescribing.—List of Phrases used in the Sub- 
scription 85-95 
XXV. Supplementary Energises in Anatomy. Chap- 
ters Il-XVI 95-100 
Notes 103-147 
Tables of Declension and Conjugation 149-176 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
PAGE 
Eoman Pronunciation 176-177 
Anatomical Equivalents in English, Latin and 
Greek 178-179 
Table of Prefixes and Suffixes (Greek) 180-181 
Word Synthesis (Greek) 181-182 
Anatomical Proper Names and their Origin 183-201 
General Vocabulary . 203-229 
Index 231-242 ABBREVIATIONS. 
ab. or abi ablative. 
ac. or ace. accusative. 
adj adjective. 
adv adverb. 
Br. or Br. P British Pharmacopoeia. 
c. or com common. 
cf compare (confer). 
d. or dat dative. 
dim diminutive. 
e. g for example (exempli gratia). 
ex example. 
f. or fern feminine. 
fut future. 
g. or gen genitive. 
Gr Greek. 
i. e that is (id est). 
imp. or imperf imperfect. 
ind indicative. 
indecl indeclinable. 
inf infinitive. 
lit literally. 
m. or masc masculine. 
myth mythology. 
n. or neut neuter, 
P. G German Pharmacopoeia. 
part, or partic participle. 
pass passive. 
perf perfect. ABBREVIATIONS. 
pi plural. 
plup pluperfect. 
prep preposition. 
pres present, 
q. v which see (quid vide). 
sing singular. 
subst substantive. 
U. S. or U. S. P United States Pharmacopoeia. 
v. or voc vocative. CHAPTER I. 
INTRODUCTORY. 
1. The Latin alphabet is the same as the English 
with the omission of w. 
The vowels are a, e, i, o, u, and y, 
Of the consonants, 
The mutes are p, b, t, d, G, k, g, q. 
The liquids are 1, m, n, r. 
The spirants are f, S, h. 
The semi-vowels are .... j and V. 
The double consonants are . X(=cs), Z {=ds). 
The mutes (momentary sounds), excepting b, d, 
g, and the spirants are voiceless; i. e., sounded without 
vibration of the vocal chords. 
M and n are sometimes called nasals. 
2. Latin is now pronounced differently in different 
countries. English-speaking people use either the 
Roman or the English method, the Roman being the 
one preferred by scholars generally. In this book the 
English method will be used, as that method prevails 
in pharmacy and medicine. An outline of the Roman 
method will be found on pages 176, 177. 
3. English Pronunciation. — Words are pro- 
nounced by this method substantially as in English. 
The diphthongs ae and oe are pronounced like e/ 2 
INTRODUCTORY. 
final es is pronounced as ease, and final os (ace. 
plur.) as in dose; eh is always hard, as in chasm. 
4. Syllables. — A Latin word has as many sylla- 
bles as there are vowels and diphthongs. A single 
consonant is joined to the vowel following : hu'-me- 
pus. Two or more consonants between two vowels 
belong with the vowel following if they can be 
pronounced with it: sae'-eha-rum, cam'-pho-pa. 
Compound words are divided into their component 
parts; sub'-it, under he goes. The last syllable of 
a word is called the ultima; the next to the last, the 
penult; the one before the penult, the ante-penult. 
5. Accent.— Words of two syllables have the ac- 
cent on the first. Words of more than two syllables 
have the accent on the penult when that is dong; 
otherwise, on the ante-penult. A syllable is long 
when it contains a long vowel ( marked ~ ), or a 
diphthong, or when its vowel is followed by j, x, or 
z, or b}r two consonants, unless these are a mute and 
a liquid. 
6. Parts of Speech are the same as in English. 
There are, however, no words corresponding to a, an, 
or the; hence these are inserted in the translation, if 
necessary. 
7. Gender, in some nouns, is determined by the 
meaning, but more often by the ending. Indeclinable 
nouns are neuter. 
Natural gender is confined entirely to names of 
persons : nauta, sailor; puella, girl. INTRODUCTORY. 
3 
Names of rivers, winds and mouths are mascu- 
line : Sequana, Seine; Notus, South wind; Aprilis, 
April. 
Names of countries, towns, islands and trees 
are feminine : Italia, Italy; Ephesus, Ephesus; 
Rhodus, Rhodes; prunus, plum tree. 
8. As in English, there are two numbers — the sin 
gular and the plural. 
9. Inflection is the variation in the form of a 
word to show its grammatical relations. In English, 
these relations are denoted usually by auxiliaries and 
prepositions, or by the order of the words; the 
more highly inflected a language, the fewer the 
prepositions. In Latin, as in Greek, the forms of 
the words themselves are usually changed according 
to the relations to be expressed. Inflectional changes, 
for the most part, take place in the termination, 
and more rarely in the body of the word. Inflec- 
tion of nouns, pronouns and adjectives is called De- 
clension; that of verbs, Conjugation. 
10. Declined words have six cases, which corre- 
spond to the following English equivalents : 
Nominative, to the nominative. 
Genitive, to the possessive, or the objective 
with of. 
Dative, to the objective with to or for 
Accusative, to the objective. 
Vocative, to the nominative independent 
Ablative, to the objective with from, hy, in, with. 4 
INTRODUCTORY. 
11. Latin verbs have : 
Two voices — Active and Passive 
Four moods — Indicative, Subjunctive, Impera- 
tive and Infinitive. 
Six tenses — Present, Imperfect and Future for 
continued action,— Perfect, Pluperfect and Future 
Perfect for completed action. 
Participles—Present, Perfect and Future, which 
are verbal adjectives. 
Gerund and Supine, which are verbal nouns. 
Person and number.— There are separate ter- 
minations for each of the three persons, both in the 
singular and the plural. 
12. There are five declensions of nouns and four 
conjugations of verbs. There are, however, irregular 
and mixed verbs, which cannot be classed under 
either of the four regular conjugations. Adjectives 
are declined like nouns of the first and second de- 
clensions, or of the third. 
Note.—There will be a free omission in this work of forms and usages 
not essential to the study of pharmacy and medicine. 
Case-forms in all the relations of the simple sentence will be fully exem- 
plified. 
The synopses of the conjugations will contain ; 
Third person, singular and plural, of all tenses of the Indicative, Active 
and Passive. 
Third person, singular and plural, of the Present Subjunctive, Active and 
Passive. 
Second person, singular and plural, of the Present Imperative, Active. 
Present Infinitive, Active and Passive. 
Present Active, and Perfect Passive Participles, and the Gerundive. 
The Conjugations are given in full in the Tables of Declension and Con- 
jugation. FIRST OR A DECLENSION. 
5 
CHAPTER II. 
FIRST OR A-DECLENSION. 
13. 
Paradigm. 
SINGULAR. 
N., V, tinctura, a tincture. 
G. tincturae, of a tincture. 
D. tincturae, to or for a tincture. 
Ac. tincturam, a tincture. 
Ab. tinctura, with, from, or by a 
tincture. 
PLURAL. 
tincturae, tinctures. 
tincturarum, of tinctures. 
tincturis, to or for tinctures. 
tincturas, tinctures. 
tincturis, with, from, or by 
tinctures. 
1. The eases are formed by adding endings to a common part, 
called the stem. 
2. In the first declension the stem ends in a (anciently a). 
This final a of the stem is called the stem-vowel, or charac- 
teristic. 
3. The stem-vowel, joined with the ease-ending, forms the 
termination. The stem-vowel does not usually appear, and 
sometimes the case-ending is lost. 
4. The stem of a noun may be found, if a vowel stem, by 
substituting for the case-ending of the Genitive Singular the 
characteristic vowel ; if a consonant stem, by omitting the case- 
ending. What is the stem of the foregoing paradigm ? 
5. Make a table of terminations from the paradigm, and com- 
mit them to memory. 
6. Gender.—Nouns of this declension are feminine, except 
those which denote males. 
7. Greek Nouns.—These end in -e (fem.). In the singular, 
the terminations are as follows: N., -e ; G., -6S; D., -ae; 6 
FIRST OR A-DECLENSION. 
Ac., -en; Y., -e; Ab., -e. In the plural they are declined 
regularly. Ex., aloe, mastiche, epitome. 
14. 
Vocabulary 
aegrota, sick. 
agricola, -ae, m., farmer. 
alba, white. 
aloe, -es, f., aloe. 
amara, hitter. 
amygdala, -ae, f., almond. 
aqua, -ae, f., water. 
asafoetida, -ae, f., asafetida. 
belladonna, -ae, f., hella- 
bona, good. [donna. 
charta, ae, f,, paper. 
ereta, -ae, f., chalk. 
femina, -ae, f., woman. 
filia, -ae, f., daughter. 
fluida, fluid. 
habet, has. 
mastiche, -es, f., mastic. 
medicata, medicated. 
medicina, -ae, f., medicine. 
mistura, -ae, f., mixture. 
multa, much, (pi.) many. 
non, adv., not. 
parva, small. 
pilula, -ae, f., pill. 
puella, -ae, f., girl. 
quinina, -ae, f., quinine. 
rosa, ae, f., rose. 
tinctura, -ae, f., tincture. 
1. Decline the nouns in the vocabulary like tinctura. 
2. The adjective forms given above are to be used only with 
feminine nouns, and are to be declined like tinctura. Mascu- 
line and neuter forms will be given in Chapter III. 
3. Decline together tinctura amara, medicina bona, and 
puella parva. 
15. Rule.— The subject of a finite verb is in the 
Nominative. Aqua est pura, the water is pure. 
16. Rule.—The direct object of a transitive verb is 
in the Accusative. Puella medicinam habet, the girl 
has the medicine. 
17. Rule.— A noun limiting another noun, and not 
meaning the same person or thing, is in the Genitive. 
Mistura cretae, mixture of chalk. FIRST OB A DECLENSION. 
7 
18. Rule.— A predicate noun agrees with the sub- 
ject in case. Quinina est medicina, quinine is medicine. 
19. Rule.— A finite verb agrees with its subject in 
number and person. Puella rosam habet, the girl has a 
rose; Puellae rosas habent, the girls have roses. 
20. 
Exercise. 
1. Medicina bona. 2. Tincturae amarae. 3. Puel- 
lis bonis. 4. Misturas amaras. 5. Mistura cretae. 
6. Aqua amygdalae amarae. 7. Filiae agricolae. 
8. Pilularum parvarum. 9. Cbartis medicatis. 
10. Tinctura belladonnae est amara. 11. Creta est 
alba. 12. Pilulae aloes et mastiches. 13. Filia agri- 
colae quininam amaram habet. 14. Quinina est 
medicina bona. 15. Puella parva aquam rosae habet. 
16. Mistura multarum medicinarum non est bona. 
17. Tincturae sunt fluidae. 18, Femina aegrota 
misturam asafoetidae habet. 
21. 
alba, white. 
arteria, -ae, £., artery. 
aspera, rough. [bursa. 
bursa, -ae, f., pouch, small sac, 
cava, hollow. 
costa, ae, f., rib. 
est (he, she, it), is. 
fascia, -ae, f., band, fascia. 
fossa, -ae, f., ditch, depres- 
sion, groove. 
in, prep, with ahl., in. 
innominata, unnamed, innom- 
inate. 
lata, broad. 
Vocabulary. —Anatomy. 
linea, -ae, f., line. 
lingua, -ae, f., tongue. 
lutea, yellow. 
macula, -ae, f., spot. 
membrana, -ae, f., membrane. 
mucosa, mucous. 
papilla, -ae, f., a nipple, a 
small eminence, a papilla. 
patella, -ae, f., dim. (patera, 
a bowl), the knee-cap. 
profunda, deep. 
retina, -ae, f. (rete, a net), 
the retina. 
vena, -ae, f., vein. 8 
SECOND OR 0- DECLENSION. 
22. 
Exercise. 
1. Linea alba. 2. Linea aspera. 3. Fascia lata. 
4. Fascia profunda. 5. Arteria profunda. 6. Arte- 
ria innominata. 7. Venae cavae. 8. Fossae costa- 
rum. 9. Papillae mucosae linguae. 10. Bursae mu- 
cosae. 11. Bursa patellae. 12. Fascia lata est alba. 
13. Macula lutea retinae. 14. Macula lutea est in 
retina. 15, Retina est membrana. 
CHAPTER III. 
SECOND OR O-DECLENSION. 
23. 
Paradigms. 
sypupus, m., syrup. puep, m., boy. infusum, n., infusion. 
SINGULAR. 
N. syrupUS puer infusum 
G. syrupi pueri infusi 
D. syrupO puerO infuso 
Ac. syrupum puerum infusum 
V. syrupe puer infusum 
Ab. syrupO puerO infusO 
PLURAL. 
N. syrupi pueri infusa 
G. syrupOPUm puerOPUm infusOPUm 
D. syrupis pueris infusis 
Ac. syrupOS puerOS infusE 
V. syrupi pueri infusa 
Ab. syrupis pueris infusis SECOND OB O-DECLENSION. 
9 
1. In the above paradigms, what cases are alike? What end- 
ings are similar to those of the first declension? 
2. The stem ends in -O. How may it be found? See 13, 4. 
8. Make a table of the terminations, and commit them to 
memory. 
4. Gender.—Nouns of the second declension in -US, -6P and 
-ir are masculine; those in -um are neuter. 
24. 
Vocabulary. 
acetum, -i, n., vinegar. 
acidum, -I, n., acid. 
aegep, -pa, -rum, sick. 
antidotum, -I, n., antidote. 
apomatieus,-a,-um,aro?waim. 
aupantium, -I, n., orange. 
eamphopatus, -a, -um, cam- 
phorated. 
eapbolieus, -a, -um, carbolic. 
cinchona, -ae, f., cinchona. 
ClaPUS, -a, -um, clear, distin- 
guished (with reference to 
persons). [pound. 
compositus, -a, -um, com- 
dat (he, she, it), gives. 
dilutus, -a, -um, dilute. 
doetus, -a, -um, learned. 
est (he, she, it), is. 
fePPUm, -I, n., iron. 
filius, -I, m., son. 
flavus, -a, -um, yellow. 
infusum, -I, n., infusion. 
iodidum, -I, n., iodide. 
malaria, -ae, f., malaria. 
malus, -a, -um, bad. 
medieus, -I, m., doctor. 
miscet (he, she, it), mixes. 
miscent (they), mix. 
nauta, -ae, m., sailor. 
opium, -I, n., opium. 
poculum, -I, n., cup. 
PUPUS, -a, -um, pure. 
rheum, -I, n., rhubarb. 
scilla, -ae, f., squill. 
venenum, -I, n., poison. 
vir, -I, m., man. 
1. Each adjective thus far introduced has a masculine, a femi- 
nine and a neuter form, declined respectively like syrupus, 
tinetupa and infusum. 
2. Decline together puep bonus, medieus doetus, and ex- 
tractum fluidum. 
3. The adjective may precede or follow the noun. In tenns of 
medicine and pharmacy, the adjective usually follows. 10 
SECOND OR O-DECLENSION. 
25. Rule.—An appositive agrees in case with the 
noun which it limits or describes. Anna filia medici. 
Anna, the daughter of the physician. 
26. Rule.—Adjectives and participles agree with 
their nouns in gender, number and case. Puer bonus, 
the good boy; medicina bona, a good medicine; infusum 
bonum, the good infusion. 
27. Rule.— The indirect object of a verb is in the 
Dative. Medicus puero medicinam dat, the doctor gives 
the boy medicine. 
28. 
Exercise 
1. Mistura ferri composita. 2. Sj-rupus rhei aro- 
maticus. 3. Infusum cinchonae flavae. 4. Tinctura 
opii camphorata. 5. Aqua pura est clara. 6. Ace- 
tum est acidum aceticum dilutum. 7. Nauta aegrdtus 
syrupum ferri iodidi habet. 8. Puer bonus, medici 
filius est aeger. 9. Medici boni multas medicinas non 
miscent. 10. Viri aegri malariam habent. 11. Medi- 
cus aegris quinlnam dat. 12. Medici docti multa 
venenorum antidota habent. 13. Puer parvus, filius 
medici docti, syrupum scillae et syrupum aurantii in 
poeuld miscet. 14. Acidum carbolicum est venenum. 
15. Puer malus puellae aegrae poculum aceti dat. 
29. 
Vocabulary. —Anatomy 
bifidus, -a, -um, cleft. 
brachium, -I, n., arm. 
colum, -I, n., colon. 
et, conj., and. 
fibula, -ae, f. (lit., clasp), 
outer hone of leg, fibula. 
habent (they), have. 
humerus, -I, m., Upper hone of 
the arm, humerus. 
inter, prep, with ace., between. 
lamina, -ae, f., layer. 
ligamentum, -i, n., ligament. SECOND OR 0 - DECLENSION. 
11 
ligamentosus, -a, -um, liga- 
mentous. 
lumbus, -I, m., loin. 
medulla, -ae, f., marrow. 
multifidus, -a, -um, many- 
cleft. 
musculus, -i, m., muscle. 
nervus, m., nerve. 
quadratus, -a, -um, squared, 
square. 
rotundus, -a, -um, round. 
spina, -ae, f. (lit., a thorn), a 
thorn-like process of bone, the 
backbone, spine. 
subflavus, -a, -um, yellowish. 
sunt (they), are. 
uterus, -i, m., womb, uterus. 
vertebra, -ae, f., one of the 
bones of the spinal column, 
vertebra. 
30. 
Exercise 
1. Fascia lumborum. 2. Ligamentum patellae. 
3. Fasciae ligamentosae coli. 4. Musculus quadratus 
lumborum. 5. Linea quadrati (musculi lumborum). 
6. Profundae arteriae brachii. 7. Ligamenta lata 
uteri. 8. Ligamenta rotunda uteri. 9. Laminae 
fibulae. 10. Medulla fibulae. 11. Ligamenta subflava 
inter laminas vertebrarum sunt. 12. Musculus 
rafiltifidus spinae. 13. Medulla spinae. 14. Spina 
bifida. 15, Musculi nervos, arterias et venas habent. 12 
ADJECTIVES, TWO DECLENSIONS. 
CHAPTER IV. 
ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND 
DECLENSIONS. 
31. 
Paradigms. 
bonus, good. 
SINGULAR. 
Masculine Feminine Neuter 
N. bonus bona bonum 
G. boni bonae boni 
D. bonO bonae bonO 
Ac. bonum bonam bonum 
V. bone bona bonum 
Ab. bonO bon£i bonO 
PLURAL. 
N. bon! bonae bona 
G. bonorum bonarum bonopum 
D. bonis bonis bonis 
Ac. bonOS bonas bona 
Y, boni bonae bona 
Ab. bonis bonis bonis 
miser, ter etched. 
SINGULAR, 
N. miser misera miserum 
G. miseri miserae miser! 
D. miserO miserae miserO 
Ac. miserum miseram miserum 
V. miser misera miserum 
Ab. miserO misera miserO ADJECTIVES, TWO DECLENSIONS. 
13 
N. miseri 
G. miserOPUm 
D. miseris 
Ac. miserOS 
V. miseri 
Ab. miseris 
miserae 
miserarum 
miseris 
miseras 
miserae 
miseris 
PLURAL 
misera 
rniserOPUm 
miseris 
misera 
misera 
miseris 
32. 
abstractum, -i, n., abstract. 
acacia, -ae, f., acacia, gum 
arabic. 
aconitum, -I, n., aconite. 
alcoholicus, -a, -um, alco- 
holic. 
amicus, -i, m., friend. 
capit (he, she, it), takes. 
capsicum, -i, n., capsicum, 
Cayenne pepper. 
ceterus, -a, -um, the other, 
the rest. 
cinnamomum,-i,n., cinnamon. 
eodeina, -ae, f., codeine. 
conium, -i, n.,conium, hemlock. 
emplastrum, -i, n., plaster. 
et, conj., and. 
gentiana, -ae, f., gentian. 
gratus, -a, -um, pleasing, 
agreeable. 
gutta, -ae, f., drop. 
Vocabulary 
hydroehlorieus, -a, -um, 
hydrochloric. 
in, prep, with abi., in. 
ipecacuanha, -ae, f., ipecac. 
liquidus, -a, -um, liquid. 
mopphua, -ae, f., a species of 
cod (Gadus Morrhua). 
nitrieus, -a, -um, nitric. 
officina, -ae, f., office. 
oleum, -i, n., oil. 
quot, indecl., how many. 
ricinus, -I, m. (lit., a tick, 
which the seeds resemble; 
Bicinus communis), the castor - 
oil plant. 
sed, conj., but. [nium. 
stramonium, -I, n., stramo- 
sulphurieus, -a, -um, sul- 
sunt (they), are. [phuric. 
Tolutanus, -a, -um, of Tolu. 
vinum, -I, n., wine. 
33. 
Exercise. 
1. Infusum capsici. 2. Tinctura rhei et gentianae. 
3. Extractum stramonii fluidum. 4. Extractum bella- 
donnae foliorum alcoholicum. 5. Abstractum conii 
exsiccatum. 6, Syrupus codeinae clarus est. 7. Puer 
aegrotus tincturam asafoetidae et tincturam cinna- 14 
ADJECTIVES, TWO DECLENSIONS. 
m5mi capit. 8. Medicus clarus puellae aegrae vinum 
ipecacuanliae dat. 9. Amicus medici emplastrum 
capsici et emplastrum belladonnae habet. 10. Puer 
malus tincturam aconiti et syrupum acaciae habet, 
sed vir5 bono non dat. 11. Medicus puero guttam 
tincturae aconiti dat. 12. Quot acida liquida in offi- 
cina amici sunt? 13. Sunt multa acida liquida — 
acidum hydrochloricum, acidum nitricum, acidum 
sulphuricum,—et cetera. 14. Syrupus Tolutanus est 
medicina grata. 15. Oleum morrhuae et oleum ricini 
non grata sunt. 
1. Most adjectives in er drop the e before P except in the 
Nominative and Vocative singular masculine. E. g., aeger, 
aegra, aegrum. The exceptions, in this book, are miser, 
wretched; tener, tender; asper, rough; lacer, torn; com- 
pounds in -fer, as lactifer, milk-bearing. 
2. Decline amicus, officina, emplastrum, medicus 
clarus. 
34. 
Vocab alary. —Anatomy. 
ala, -ae, f., wing. 
arcuatus, -a, -um, curved 
(like a bow), 
carneus, -a, -um, fleshy. 
columna, -ae, f., column. 
dorsum, -I, n., back. 
externus, -a, -um, external, 
outer. 
globus, -I, m., globe. 
lacuna, -ae, f., dim. {lacus, 
a lake), a small cavity. 
lucidus, -a, -um, clear, trans- 
parent. 
nasus, -I, m., nose. 
nueha, -ae, f., nape of the 
neck. 
oeulus, -i, m., eye. 
orbita, -ae, f. {orbis, a cir- 
cle), the cavity which lodges 
the eye, orbit. 
parvus, -a, -uni, small. 
rarus, -a, -um, rare. [turn. 
septum, -!, n., partition, sep- 
trapezius, -a, -um (lit., "hav- 
ing no two sides parallel). 
Subst., m., the trapezius, a 
large muscle of the back and 
neck. 
valvula, -ae, f., valve. THE VERB SUM; FIRST CONJUGATION. 
15 
35. 
1. Alae nasi. 2, Lacunae et medulla fibulae. 
3. Septum nasi. 4. Nervi nervorum. 5. Liga- 
mentum arcuatum externum. G. Uterus bifidus est 
rarus. 7. Columna dorsi. 8. Venae valvulas habent. 
9. Columnae carneae sunt musculi parvi. 10. Sep- 
tum lucidum est membrana. 11. Oculus est globus. 
12. Oculi musculos, nervos, arterias et venas habent. 
13. Oculi sunt in orbitis. 14. Ligamentum nuchae 
est inter trapezios. 
Exercise. 
CHAPTER V. 
IRREGULAR VERB SUM, I am; FIRST CONJUGA- 
TION, A-VERBS, AMO, I love. (See note, 
Chapter I.) 
36. 
sum, I am 
Principal Parts 
Pres. Ind. 
sum 
Pres. Inf. 
esse 
Perf. Ind. 
fui 
Fut. Partic. 
futUFUS 
Indicative Mood. 
SINGULAR 
PRESENT. 
PLURAL 
est, he is. 
sunt, they are. 16 
THE VERB SUM; FIRST CONJUGATION. 
SINGULAR. 
IMPERFECT. 
PLURAL. 
erat, he was. erant, they were. 
erit, he icill be. erunt, they ivill be. 
FUTURE. 
37. 
First Conjugation. 
amo, I love. 
Pres. Ind. 
amo 
Pres. Inf. 
amare 
Principal Parts. 
Perf. Ind. 
amavi 
Perf. Partic. 
amatus 
Indicative Mood. 
amat, he loves. amant, they love. 
PRESENT. 
IMPERFECT. 
amabat, he teas loving. amabant, they were loving. 
amaoit, he will love. amclbunt, they will love. 
future. 
1. The Present Indicative, Present Infinitive, Perfect Indica- 
tive, and the Perfect Participle are called the Principal Parts, 
because they contain the different stems, from which the full 
conjugation may be readily derived. 
2. The four conjugations are distinguished by the vowel be- 
fore the ending -FG in the Present Infinitive, Active. 
3. To find the present stem of a verb, drop the final -re of 
the Present Infinitive, Active. What is the present stem of 
amo ? 
4. Verbs are said to be of the first conjugation when the 
present stem ends in a. 
5. Do, dare, dedi, datus has a short stem vowel, a, THE VERB SUM; FIRST CONJUGATION. 
17 
38. 
claudus, -a, -um, lame. 
cubeba, -ae, f., cubeb. 
discipulus, -I, m., pupil. 
glyeyrrhiza, -ae, f., glycyr- 
rhiza, liquorice-root. 
heri, adv., yesterday. 
hydrargyrum, -I, n., mercury, 
quicksilver. 
lavandula, -ae, f., lavender. 
linimentum, -I, n., liniment. 
magister, -trl, m., master, 
teacher. [druggist. 
medicamentarius, -I, m., 
medicamentum, -I, n., drug. 
mentha, -ae, f., mint. 
Vocabulary. 
miser, -a, -um, poor, wretched. 
paro, -are, -avi, -atus, 
prepare. 
peritus, -a, -um, skilled. 
pharmacopoeia, -ae, f., 
pharmacopoeia. [ pepper. 
piperitus, -a, -um, peppery, 
quid (interrog.), which, what. 
quis (interrog.), who. 
ruber, -ra, -rum, red. 
sano, -are, -avi, -atus, cure. 
terebinthina, -ae, f., turpen- 
tine. 
trochiscus, -I, m., troche. 
unguentum, -I, n., ointment. 
1. Decline linimentum, peritus and ruber. 
2. Give synopses of sano and paro in the above tenses. 
39. Rule.— The place where is expressed by the 
ablative with the preposition in; e. g., Tinctura est in 
phiala, the tincture is in the vial. 
40. 
Exercise 
1. Aqua menthae piperitae. 2. Unguentum hy- 
drargyri iodidl rubrl, 3. Trochisci glycyrrhizae et 
opil. 4. Extractum ipecacuanhae fluidum. 5. Medi- 
camentarius erat heri aeger, 6. Quid virum miserum 
sanabit? 7, Quinina et syrupus scillae virum mis- 
erum sanabunt. 8. Quis viro misero medicamenta 
parabat ? 9. Medicamentarii periti medicamenta multa 
parabant. 10. Pueri et puellae trochiscos menthae 
piperitae amant. 11. Multa olea in pharmacopoeia 
sunt. 12, Medicus oleum menthae piperitae habet. 
13, Magistri discipulis bonis trochiscos cubebae dant. 18 
THE VERB SUM; FIRST CONJUGATION. 
14. Nauta claudus linimentum terebinthinae habet. 
15. Medicamentarius oleum lavandulae et oleum rosae 
in poculd parvo miscet. 
41. 
Vocabulary. —Anatomy. 
cerebellum, -I, n., dim. (cere- 
brum), posterior, inferior por- 
tion of the brain, cerebellum. 
cerebrum, -I, n., the brain, 
especially the ripper portion, 
cerebrum. 
digitUS, -I, m., a finger (digitus 
pedis, a toe). 
duo, duae, duo, two. 
fluidus, -a, -um, fluid. 
Galenus, -I, m., Galen. (See 
"Anatomical Proper Names.”) 
infraspinatus, -a, -um, be- 
neath the spine (of the scapula). 
interpositus, -a, -um, placed 
between. 
laehryma, -ae, f., tear. 
lobus, -I, m., lobe. 
lympha, -ae, f., lymph, chyle, 
the fluid which circulates in the 
lymphatic vessels. [many. 
multus, -a, -urn, much; pi. 
scapula, -ae, f., shoulder- 
blade, scapula. 
SUlCUS, -1, m., furrow. 
super, prep, with ace., above. 
supraspinatus, -a, -um, 
above the spine (of the scapula). 
tentorium, -I, n.,'a tent, cov- 
ering, tentorium. 
velum, -i, n., veil, a veil-like 
structure. 
ventriculus, -I, m., dim. (ven- 
ter, the belly), a ventricle. 
42. 
Exercise 
1. Papillae digitorum, 2. Fossae scapulae, 
3. Venae Galen! sunt in velo interposito. 4. Digit! 
multas papillas habent. 5. Multi nervi sunt in 
papillis digitorum. 6. Dorsum scapulae duas fossas 
habet—fossam supraspinatam et fossam infraspinatam. 
7. Musculus infraspinatus est in fossa infraspinata. 
8. Musculus supraspinatus est super spinam scapulae. 
9. Multi sulci iu lobis cerebri sunt. 10. Lympha et 
lachrymae sunt fluidae. 11. Tentorium cerebelli est 
inter cerebrum et cerebellum. 12. Inter laminas septi 
lucidi ventriculus parvus est. SYNOPSES OF SUM AND AMO, CONTINUED. 
19 
CHAPTER VI. 
SYNOPSES OF SUM AND AMO, continued. 
43. 
sum, I am 
fuit, he has been; was. 
PERFECT. 
fuerunt, they have been; icere. 
PLUPERFECT. 
fuerat, he had been. 
fuerant, they had been. 
fuerit, he will have been. 
FUTURE PERFECT 
fuerint, they will have been. 
sit, let him be, may he be. 
SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT. 
sint, let them be. 
IMPERATIVE PRESENT. 
es, be thou. 
este, be ye. 
INFINITIVE PRESENT. 
esse, to he. 
PARTICIPLE FUTURE 
futurus, -a, -um, about to he. 
44. 
amo, I love. 
amavit, he has loved; loved. amaverunt, they have loved; loved. 
PERFECT. 
amaverat, he had loved. amaverant, they had loved. 
PLUPERFECT. 
FUTURE PERFECT, 
amaverit, he will have loved. amaverint, they will have loved 
amet, let him love; may he love, ament, let them love. 
SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT. 20 
SYNOPSES OF SUM AND AMO, CONTINUED. 
amS., love thou. 
IMPERATIVE PRESENT. 
amate, love ye. 
INFINITIVE PRESENT 
amare, to love. 
PARTICIPLE PRESENT. 
amSns, -antis, loving. 
1, The present participle of sum, which should be sens, ap- 
pears in that form in ab-SCUS and prae-SCns ; and as CHS in 
potens (adj.). 
2. The perfect stem of amo is the present stem -V. All 
regular verbs of the First Conjugation follow this model. A few 
others have the perfect in -ui or -i. 
3. The idiomatic uses of the Subjunctive are many and varied. 
The translations presented in the paradigms are those of the 
most common usage in medicine, the Jussive, Subjunctive, a 
variety of the Yolitive expressing a command. Capiat, let him 
take. (Sentences 7 and 12, below.) 
4. The Present Imperative Active (second person singular) is 
the same as the present stem in all regular verbs of the four 
conjugations. 
45. 
VocAthulary. 
antimonium, -I, n , antimony. 
astutus, -a, -urn, shreicd, art- 
ful. 
eamphora, -ae, f., camphor. 
capdamomum, -!, n., carda- 
mom. [dressing. 
ceratum, -I, n., cerate, waxed 
decoctum, -!, u., decoction. 
drachma, -ae, f., drachm. 
ergota, -ae, f., ergot. 
euonymus, -I, m., wahoo, eu- 
onymus. 
Jalapa, -ae, f., Jalap. 
lassus, -a, -um, tired. 
piger, -a, -um, lazy. 
porto, -are, -avi, -atus, 
carry. Inscription. 
praescriptum, -I, n., pre- 
quatuor, indeel., four. 
recreo, -are, -avi, -atus, 
refresh. 
resina, -ae, f., resin. 
servus, -I, m., servant, clerk. 
uneia, -ae, f., ounce. 
vigilo, -are, -avi, -atus, 
watch. SYNOPSES OF SUM AND AMO, CONTINUED. 
21 
Exercise. 
1. Tinctura cardamom! composita. 2. Decocta 
cinchonae flavae et cinchonae rubrae, 3. Vina anti- 
raonil, 4. Vina ipecacuanhae et rhel. 5. Medica- 
menta agricolam lassum non recreabunt. 6. Pocula 
aquae purae virum lassum recreaverunt. 7. Medica- 
mentarius peritus praescriptum paret. 8. Cerata 
camphorae et resinae paravit. 9. Quot uncias cam- 
phorae in officina medicus habet? Habet quatuor. 
10. Servus medici abstractum Jalapae et extracta 
euonymi et ergotae portaverat. 11. Quid medicus 
pueris pigris dabit? 12. Det medicus astutus pue- 
ris pigris medicinam amaram. 13. Syrupus scillae 
puerum pigrum non recreaverit. 14. Medicus medi- 
camenta multa parabat et servus vigilabat. 15. Medi- 
cus glycyrrhizae unciam et Jalapae drachmam habet. 
Vocabulary. —Anatomy. 
anellus, -!, m., ring. 
bronchi, m., pi., the two tubes, 
with their branches, tvhich arise 
from the bifurcation of the 
trachea; bronchi. 
cartilaginosus, -a, -um, 
cartilaginous. 
cinereus, -a, -um, ash-col- 
ored, gray. 
cochlea, -ae, f. (lit., snail- 
shell), spiral cavity of the in- 
ternal ear, cochlea. 
et- et, eonj., both, and. 
fibrosus, -a, -um, fibrous. 
fuscus, -a, -um, brown. 
mamma, -ae, f., breast, mam- 
mary gland. 
nullus, -a, -um, no, none. 
peritoneum, -I, n., the serous 
membrane lining the abdominal 
cavity and covering most of the 
organs contained therein; peri- 
toneum. 
pliea, -ae, f., fold. 
ramus, -I, m., branch, ramus. 
ruga, -ae, f., a wrinkle, fold. 
scala, -ae, f., ladder, scala. 
substantia, -ae, f., substance. 
suspensorius, -a, -um, sup- 
porting, suspensory. 22 
SYNOPSIS OF AMO IN THE PASSIVE VOICE. 
teetopius, -a, -um, covering. 
trachea, -ae, f., the wind-pipe, 
trachea. [trigone. 
tPigonum, -I, n., triangle, 
tympanum, -i, n., drum (of the 
ear), middle ear, tympanum. 
vagina, -ae, f., sheath, vagina. 
vesica, -ae, f., bladder. 
vestibulum, -i, n. (lit., en- 
trance-court ), part of inter- 
nal ear, vestibule. 
48. 
Exercise. 
1. Lamina cinerea cerebri. 2. Lamina fusca oculi. 
3. Membrana tectoria est in cochlea. 4. Anelli tra- 
cheae sunt cartilaginosi. 5. Substantia cartilaginosa 
est inter vertebras, 6. Ligamenta lata uteri sunt 
plicae peritonei. 7. Scala tympani et scala vestibuli 
sunt in cochlea. 8. Cerebrum substantiam et albam 
et cineream habet. 9. Nullae rugae in trigono vesicae 
sunt. 10. Multae rugae sunt in vagina. 11. Liga- 
menta suspensoria mammae sunt fibrosa. 12. Bronchi 
multos ramos habent. 
CHAPTER VII. 
SYNOPSIS OF AMO IN THE PASSIVE VOICE. 
49. 
Passive Voice. 
amop, I am loved. 
Pres. Ind. 
amor 
Principal Parts. 
Pres. Inf. 
amap! 
Perf. Ind. 
amatus sum SYNOPSIS OF AMO IN THE PASSIVE VOICE. 
23 
Indicative. 
PRESENT. 
amatur, he is loved. 
amantur, they are loved. 
amabatur, he was loved 
IMPERFECT, 
amabantur, they were loved 
FUTURE. 
amabitur, he will be loved. amabuntur, they will be loved. 
amatus est, he has been (was) amati sunt, they have been (were) 
PERFECT. 
loved. 
loved. 
PLUPERFECT. 
amatus erat, he had been loved, amati erant, they had been loved. 
amlltUS erit, he will have been amati erunt, they will have been 
FUTURE PERFECT. 
loved. 
loved. 
ametur, may he be (let him be) amentur, let them be loved. 
SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT. 
loved. 
amlltUS, loved, having been loved. 
PARTICIPLE PERFECT. 
GERUNDIVE 
amandus, to he loved. 
1. Observe that the tenses of completed action in the Passive 
are formed by adding to the perfect participle the corre- 
sponding tenses of continued action of the verb sum: amatus 
Sum, etc. They are called compound tenses. 
2. The perfect participle, amatus, -a, -um, is declined like 
bonus, -a, -um, and, when used in the compound tenses, 
agrees with the subject of the verb in gender, number and 
case.' 24 
SYNOPSIS OF AMO IN THE PASSIVE VOICE. 
3. The Gerundive (-ndus, -a, -um) often implies obligation 
or necessity: vocandus est, he must be called. 
50. Interrogative Words. — Interrogative sen- 
tences generally contain some interrogative word — 
either an interrogative pronoun, adjective or adverb, 
or one of the interrogative particles, -ne, nonne, or 
num. 
Ne, appended to the first word, which should he 
the emphatic one, does not indicate what answer is 
expected. 
Nonne expects the answer yes. 
Num expects the answer no. 
51. 
Vocabulary. 
a, ab, prep, with abl., from. 
Americanus, -a, -um, Amer- 
ican. 
Carolus, -I, n., Charles. 
eathartieus, -a, -um, ca- 
thartic. 
eerevisia, -ae, f., beer. 
defessus, -a, -um (part.), 
wearied. 
Germanus, -a, -um, German. 
gummi, indeel., gum. 
laudo, -are, -Avi, -Atus, 
praise. 
magnus, -a, -um, great, large. 
morphina, -ae, f., morphine. 
mastico, -are, -Avi, -Atus, 
chew, masticate. 
OXidum, -I, n., oxide. 
sapo, -onis, f., soap. 
somnus, -I, m., sleep. 
sueeus, -i, m., juice. 
suppositorium, -I, n., sup- 
pository. 
tabacum, -I, n., tobacco. 
taraxacum, -I, n., taraxacum, 
dandelion {root). 
52. Rule.—The personal agent after a passive verb 
is put in the ablative with a or ab. Quinlna ab medico 
laudatur, quinine is praised by the physician. 
53. Rule.— The means or instrument of an action 
is expressed by the ablative. Agricola quinlna sanatus 
CSt, the farmer was cured by quinine. SYNOPSIS OF AMO IN THE PASSIVE VOICE. 
25 
54. 
Exercise. 
1. Pilulae catharticae compositae. 2. Suppositoria 
morphinae cum sapone. 3. Unguentum hydrargyri 
oxidi flavl. 4. Succus conii et succus taraxici in 
pharmacopoeia Brittanica snnt, 5. Nonne agricola 
sanatus medicum peritum laudavit? 6. Laudabat-ne 
agricola medicum? 7. Medicus peritus ab agricola 
sanatd laudatus est. 8, Multa extracta et abstracta 
a servd medici portabuntur. 9. Carolus, malus mag- 
istri puer, vinum et tabacum amaverat. 10. Mistu- 
ram vinorum potavit et aeger fuit. 11. Quid medi- 
cus puero mal5 parabit? 12. Tinctiiram capsicl et 
extractum taraxici paret. 13. Num agricola Germa- 
nus defessus poculis magnis cerevisiae recreabatur ? 
14. Pueri defessi somn5 recreati erint. 15. Tabacum 
ab multis Americanis masticatur; gummi ab multis 
puellis. 
55. 
Vocabulary.—Anatomy. 
aeustieus, -a, -um, auditory. 
anconeus, -a, -um, (ancon, 
-Onis, m., elbow), pertaining 
to the elbow; applied to a 
muscle aiding extension of the 
forearm. 
anticus, -a, -um, foremost. 
auricula, -ae, f., dim. (auris, 
ear), auricle. 
axilla, -ae, f., dim. (ala, 
wing), armpit; axilla. 
earotidus, -a, -um, carotid. 
COllum, -I, n., neck. 
crassus, -a, -um, gross, large. 
cribrosus, -a, -um, having 
holes like a sieve, perforated. 
cubitum, -I, n., elbow. 
dexter, -tra, -trum, right. 
glandula, -ae, f., gland. 
gluteus, -a, -um (Gr. y\ovros, 
the buttock), of the buttock; 
gluteal. [iug. 
lactifer, -a, -um, milk-carry - 
longus, -a, -um, long. 
magnus, -a, -um, large. 
medius, -a, -um, middle. 
orificium, -I, n., opening. 
porus, -I, m., canal. 26 
THIRD DECLENSION, NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. 
post, prep, with acc., behind. 
posticus, -a, -UDI. hindmost. 
sartorius, -a, -um (sartor, 
-is, m., a tailor), belonging to 
a tailor; applied to a muscle 
of the thigh. 
scalenus, -a, -um, of unequal 
sides; applied to three mus- 
cles of the neck. [shaped. 
serratus, -a, -um, saiv- 
splenius,—a, -um, resembling 
the spleen; applied to a mus- 
cle of the back and neck. 
subclavius, -a, -um, under 
the clavicle. 
Thebesius, -I, m., Thebesius. 
(See Anatomical Proper 
Names.) 
tubulus, -I, m., tubule. 
56. 
Exercise 
1. Tubuli lactiferi mammarum. 2. Macula cribrdsa 
porl acustici. 3. Musculi scaleni sunt anticus, medius 
et posticus. 4. Splenius colli. 5. Serratus magnus 
(musculus) est quadratus. G. Sartorius est longus. 
7. Glutei sunt musculi crassi. 8. Anconeus est post 
cubitum musculus parvus. 9. Rami arteriae innomi- 
natae sunt subclavia et carotida. 10. Multa trigona 
in collo sunt. 11. In axilla sunt multae venae, arte- 
riae et glandulae. 12. Orificia venarum Thebesii sunt 
in auricula dextra. 
CHAPTER VIII. 
THIRD DECLENSION, NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. 
57. Nouns of this declension are best classified 
according to their stems, as ending (1) in a mute, 
(2) in a liquid, or (3) in a vowel. THIRD DECLENSION, NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. 
27 
58. 
Mute Stems. 
adeps, m. and f., radix, f., nitras, m., cataplasma, n., 
fat root nitrate poultice 
stem, adip- radie- nitrat- eataplasmat- 
SINGULAR. 
N., V. adepS radix nitraS cataplasma 
G. adipis radicis nitratis cataplasmatis 
D. adipi radici nitrati cataplasmati 
Ac. adipem radicem nitratem cataplasma . 
Ab. adipe radice nitrate cataplasmate 
PLURAL. 
N., Ac., V. adipes radices nitrates cataplasmata 
Gen. adipum radicum nitratum cataplasmatum 
D., Ab. adipibus radicibus nitratibus cataplasmatibus 
1. To find the stem, drop the ending -um of the Genitive 
Plural. 
2. Make a table of case endings from adeps 
3. Notice that the last vowel of the stem is sometimes 
changed in the Nominative: adeps, stem adip-. What hap- 
pens when C precedes the ending S ? When t precedes the 
ending S ? 
59. Adjectives of this declension are divided into 
three classes, according to the number of terminations 
in the Nominative Singular : 
1. Adjectives of three terminations,— one for each gender. 
2. Adjectives of two terminations,— having one form for both 
Masculine and Feminine, and one for Neuter. 
3. Adjectives of one termination,— the same for all genders. 28 
THIRD DECLENSION, NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. 
60. 
Adjectives of Three Terminations. 
aeep, sharp; stem, aepi- 
Masculine. 
Feminine. 
Neuter. 
SINGULAR 
N.,V. aeer 
G. aeris 
D. acri 
Ac. acrem 
Ab. acri 
acris 
acris 
acri 
acrem 
acri 
aere 
aeris 
aeri 
acre 
aeri 
N., Ac., Y. acres 
Gen. aerium 
D., Ab. aeribus 
PLURAL. 
acres 
aerium 
acribus 
aeria 
aerium 
aeribus 
61. Adjectives of Two Terminations. 
levis, light; stem, levi- 
Masc. and Fem. Neu. 
N.,V. levis leve 
G. levis levis 
D. levi levi 
Ac. levem leve 
Ab. levi levi 
SINQULAR. 
Masc. and Fern. Ncu. 
leves levia 
levium levium 
levibus levibus 
leves levia 
levibus levibus 
PLURAL. 
1. Both of these varieties being true i-stems, have only -i in 
the ablative singular. 
2. Like aeeP are declined only a few stems in -Pi: alaeep, 
lively; eelebeP, famous; palustep, marshy; puteP, rotten; 
salubep, wholesome; and some others. THIRD DECLENSION, NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. 
29 
62. 
Vocabulary 
angina, -ae, f,, sore throat 
(lit., quinsy). 
argentum, -I, n., silver. 
Calx, -eis, m. and f., lime. 
cantharis, -dis, f., Spanish fly. 
capsula, -ae, f., capsule. 
Carbonas, -atis,m., carbonate. 
cataplasma, -tis, n., poultice. 
ehloras, -atis, m., chlorate. 
comes, -tis, m., companion. 
cum, prep, with abl., with. 
euro, -are, -avi, -atus, cure. 
do, dare, dedi, datus, give. 
eczema, -tis, n., eczema. 
excito, -are, -avi, -atus, 
excite. 
fiat, let be made. 
gusto, -are, -avi, -atus, taste. 
lavo, -are, lavi, lautus, wash. 
linum, -I, n,, flax. 
liquor, -is, m., solution. 
mater, -tris, m., mother. 
miles, -itis, m., soldier. 
nitras, -atis, m., nitrate. 
pix, -eis, f., pitch. 
plumbum, -I, n., lead. 
potassium, -I, n., potassium. 
pulvero, -are, -avi, -atus, 
powder. 
quoque, conj., also. 
radix, -ieis, 1, root. 
sinapis, -is, f., mustard. 
subaeetas, -atis, m., subace- 
tate. 
sulphas, -atis, m., sulphate. 
tonsilla, -ae, f., tonsil. 
vesieatorium, -i, n., blister. 
vetus, -eris, old. 
63. Rule.— The Dative of Possession occurs with 
the verb esse and similar words; e. g., Puellas est med- 
icina, the girl has the medicine (to the girl is the medicine). 
64. 
Exercise. 
1. Linimenta saponis et calcis. 2. Tinctura 
aconiti radicis. 3. Unguentum plumbi carbonatis. 
4. Charta potassii nitratis. 5. Medicamentarius cata- 
plasmata et emplastra paravit. 6. Cataplasma lini 
militi aegroto fiat, 7. Vesicatoria ceratis cantharidis 
et chartis sinapis excitantur. 8. Filius medici medi- 
camenta pulveravit et misturam amaram gustavit. 
9. Puer parvus anginam habet. 10. Medicus peritus 30 
THIRD DECLENSION, NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. 
tonsillas pueri cum liquore argenti nitratis lavabat. 
11. Mater pueri quoque trochiscos potassii chloratis 
dedit. 12. Emplastrum picis cum cantharide nautae 
aegro fiat. 13. Eczema rubrum puero misero est. 
14. Medicus vetus liquore plumbi subacetatis diluto 
curat. 15. Comes aeger militis quininae sulphatis 
capsulis sanatus est. 
65. 
Vocabulary.—Anatomy. 
aliquando, adv., sometimes. 
apex, -ieis, m., tip, summit. 
appello, -are, -avi, -atus, 
call. 
atlas, atlantis, m., first cervi- 
cal vertebra; atlas. (See An- 
atomical Proper Names.) 
axis, axis, m. (lit., an axle), 
second cervical vertebra; axis. 
canalis, -is, m., canal. 
capsula, -ae, f., capsule. 
cervix, -Ieis”, f., neck. 
cortex, -ieis, m. and f., bark, 
outer layer; cortex. 
dexter, -tra, -trum, right. 
divisus, -a, -um (part.), di- 
vided. 
glomerulus, -I,m., a small ball 
or tuft of vessels; glomerule. 
iris, iridis, f., {the rainbow), 
a membrane of the eye; iris. 
mobilis, -e, movable. 
OStium, -I, n., a door; an 
opening. 
pectinatus, -a, -urn, resem- 
bling teeth of a comb. 
pulmo, -onis, m., lung. 
pyramis, -idis, f., pyramid. 
ren, -renis (usually pi.), m., 
kidney. 
sinister, -tra, -trum, left. 
stomachus, -I, m., stomach. 
tres, tria, three. 
ureter, -teris, m., ureter. 
vesica, -ae, f., bladder. 
vesicularis, -e, full of vesicles 
or cells; vesicular. 
66. 
Exercise 
1. Apices pulmonum. 2, Ligamentum latum pul- 
mdnis. 3. Ligamentum pectinatum iridis. 4. Pyra- 
mides renum. 5. Atlas et axis sunt vertebrae cer- 
vicis. 6. Pulmo dexter est in lobos tres divisa, SECOND CONJUGATION, E- VERBS. 
31 
pulmo sinister in duos. 7. Bursae muscosae capsulae 
vesiculares aliquando appellantur. 8. Ureteres sunt 
canales inter renes et vesicam. 9. Stomachus ostia 
duo, ostium sinistrum et ostium dextrum habet. 
10. Renes post peritoneum sunt. 11. Glomeruli 
sunt in cortice renum. 12. Ren mobilis est rarus. 
CHAPTER IX. 
SECOND CONJUGATION, E-VERBS; SYNOPSIS OF 
MONEO, 1 advise, ACTIVE VOICE. THIRD DE- 
CLENSION (continued), LIQUID STEMS. 
67. 
Active Voice. 
moneo, I advise. 
Principal Parts. 
Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Perf. Pass. Partie. 
moneo monere monui monitus 
Indicative. 
monet monent 
IMPERFECT. 
monebat monebant 
FUTURE. 
monebit monebunt 
PRESENT. 
monuit monuerunt 
PLUPERFECT. 
monuerat monuerant 
FUTURE PERFECT. 
monuerit monuerint 
PERFECT. 
SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT. 
moneat moneant 32 
SECOND CONJUGATION, E-VERBS. 
monC 
IMPERATIVE PRESENT. 
monete 
INFINITIVE PRESENT. 
PARTICIPLE PRESENT. 
monCFe 
monens 
1. What is the present stem of moneo? See 37, 3. 
2. How may verbs of the second conjugation be recognized? 
See 37, 2. 
3. What is the perfect stem of moneo ? 
4. Compare the endings with those of the corresponding tenses 
of amo. In what respect do they differ ? 
5. Most of the verbs of this conjugation form their Perfect 
Indicative and Perfect Participle like moneo. Some lack the 
participial stem. A few have the perfect in -vi, others in -si; 
still others form these parts irregularly. 
68. 
Third Declension, Liquid Stems. 
dolop, -opis, m., pain. stem, dolop- 
patep,-tpis, m., father. patp- 
eonfeetio, -onis, f., confection. eonfeetion- 
nomen, -inis, n., name. nomin- 
1. In the inflection of these nouns, the endings are the same 
as in the paradigms of mute stems. See 58. Decline them. 
2. Many neuter stems in CP- and OP- have -US in the Nomi- 
native: as opus, opepis, work; COPpus, COPpOPis, body. 
69. 
Vocabulary. 
abacus, -I, m., shelf. 
aliquando, adv., sometimes. 
balneum, -i, n., lath. 
berbepis, -idis, f., barberry. 
eitpas, -atis, m., citrate. 
colocynthis, -idis, f., colo 
cynth. 
contusio, -onis, f., bruise. 
COPtex, -ieis, f., rind, bark. 
CUPa, -ae, f., cure. [glove. 
digitalis, -is, f., digitalis, fox- 
dolop, -OPiS, m., pain. 
dosis, -is, f., dose. 
flos, flOPis, f., flower. SECOND CONJUGATION, E-VERBS. 
33 
frigidus, -a, -um, cold. 
Graecus, -a, -um, Greek. 
hydratus, -a, -um, hydrated. 
iris, iridis, f., iris, blue-flag. 
juglans, juglandis, f., juglans, 
butternut. 
letifer, -a, -um, deadly. 
limon, -onis, f., lemon. 
macero, -are, -avi, -atus, 
soak, macerate. 
magnesia, -ae, f., magnesia. 
memoria, -ae, f., memory. 
morbus, -I, m., disease. 
mucilago, -inis, f., mucilage. 
muleeo, -ere, mulsi, mul- 
sum, soothe. 
nomino, -are, -avi, -atus, 
name. 
phiala, -ae, f., vial. [pher. 
philosophus, -i, m., philoso- 
poto, -are, -avi, -atus, drink. 
saeeharum, -i, n., sugar. 
simplex, -ieis, simple. 
teneo, -ere, -ui, tentum, hold. 
tener, -a, - urn, tender, delicate. 
tepidus, -a, -urn, warm, tepid. 
tracto, -are, -avi, -atus, 
handle. 
utilis, -6, useful. [healthy, 
validus, -a, -um, strong, 
vehiculum, -i, n., excipient, 
medium of administration. 
70. Rule.— The manner of an action is denoted by 
the Ablative; usually with cum, unless a limiting ad- 
jective is used with the noun. Medicus eum celeritate 
venit, the physician came with speed; but summa celeri- 
tate, with the greatest speed. . 
71. Rule. — Accompaniment is expressed by the 
Ablative, regularly with eum. Medicinam cum syrupo 
miscet, he mixes the medicine with syrup. Or, without 
eum: voluptas mixta dolore, pleasure mingled with pain. 
72. 
1. Liquor potassii citratis. 2. Aqua aurantii 
florum. 3. Syrup! Iim5nis et aurantii (corticis). 
4. Mucilago acaciae et syrupus simplex sunt vehicula 
utilia. 5. Extractum colocynthidis compositum et 
extractum herberidis alcoholicum in abac5 sunt. 
6. Colocynthis heri macerata est et extractum para- 
Exercise. SECOND CONJUGATION, E- VERBS. 
tura est. 7. Medicus vetus pilulas, digitalis, juglandis 
et iridis in phialis portat. 8. Clarus philosophus 
Graecus extractum conii potavit. 9. Medici docti 
letifera venena magna cum cura tractant. 10. Pueri, 
nomina et doses medicamentfirum memoria tenete. 
11. Cataplasmata lini dolorem contusidnis mnlcebant. 
12. Medicamentarius ferri oxidum hydra tum cum mag- 
nesia habet. 13. Agricola validus balneum frigidum, 
puella tenera tepidum amat. 14. Balnea calida 
aliquando utilia sunt. 15. Multi morbi balneis 
calidis curantur. 
73. 
Vocabulary. —Anatomy 
albugineus, -a, -um, white. 
albulus, -a, -um, whitish. 
appendix,-ieis, f., appendage. 
basis, -is, f., base. 
centralis, -e, central. 
circumdo, -dare, -dedi, 
-datus, surround. 
corpus, -oris, n , body. 
cutis, -is, f., skin. 
dilator, -oris, m., that which 
dilates; dilator. 
dorsalis, -e, of the back, dor- 
sal. 
hallex, -ieis, f., the thumb ; or, 
usually, the great toe. 
lunula, -ae, f., small crescent; 
lunula. [ thalmic. 
ophthalmicus, -a, -um, onh- 
palatum, -I, n., palate. 
papillaris, -e, resembling or 
covered with papillae, papillary. 
pes, pedis, m., foot. 
pupilla, -ae, f., pupil. 
reticularis, -e, net-like, retic- 
ular. 
stratum, -I,n., layer. 
testis, -is, in., a testicle. 
tunica, -ae, f., coat. 
unguis, -is, m., nail. 
uvula, -ae, f. (dim. uva, 
bunch of grapes), a small 
appendage or tubercle; uvula. 
vaginalis, -e, sheath-like, 
vaginal. 
vasculosus, -a, -um, vascular. 
verus, -a, -um, true. 
74. 
Exercise 
1. Musculus dilator pupillae. 2. Orificium centrale 
iridis est pupilla. 3. Arteria dorsalis hallicis est SECOND CONJUGATION, E- VERBS. 
35 
ramus arteriae dorsalis pedis. 4. Cutis vera strata 
duo, reticulare et papillare, habent. 5. Arteria 
centralis retinae est ramus arteriae ophthalmicae. 
6. Lunulae unguium sunt albulae. 7. Ungues digi- 
torum sunt appendices cutis. 8. Uvulae tres in cor- 
pore sunt — palati, cerebelli et vesicae. 9. Basis 
trigoni vesicae est inter orificia ureterum. 10. Tunica 
vaginalis, tunica albuginea et tuuica vasculosa testem 
circumdant. 
CHAPTER X. 
SECOND CONJUGATION, E-VERBS, continued. 
75. 
moneop, I am advised 
Passive Voice. 
Principal Parts. 
Pres. Ind. 
moneop 
Pres. Inf. 
monepi 
Perf. Ind. 
monitus sum 
PRESENT 
Indicative Mood. 
PERFECT. 
mouetUF 
monentur 
mouitUS est moniti SUllt 
monebatup monebantup 
IMPERFECT. 
monitus 6Pat moniti 6Pant 
PLUPERFECT. 
FUTURE. 
FUTURE PERFECT. 
monebitur monebuntup 
SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT. 
monitus epit moniti epunt 
moneatUP 
moneantup 36 
SECOND CONJUGATION, E- VERBS. 
INFINITIVE PRESENT. 
monerl 
PARTICIPLE PRESENT. 
monitUS 
GERUNDIVE. 
monendus 
1. Translate each of the above forms. 
2. Give a similar synopsis of habeo, I have, and teneo, I 
hold. 
3. For explanation in regard to the Perfect, Pluperfect and 
Future Perfect Passive, see 49, 1. 
Irregular Adjectives 
76. The following' adjectives have the Genitive Sin- 
gular in -ius and the Dative in -i in all genders: 
alius, another; alter, the other; 
ullus, any; nullus, none; 
uteP, which (of two); neuteP, neither; 
solus, alone; totus, whole; 
unus, one, alone. 
77. They are declined thus: 
SINGULAR. 
Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut. 
N. unUS una unUlTl alius alia aliud 
G. unlUS unTUS uniUS aliUS allUS alTUS 
D. uni uni uni alii alii alii 
Ac. unum unam unum alium aliam aliud 
Ab, unO una unO alio aliS, alio 
1. The plural is regular, like that of bonus. The Vocative 
in all these words is wanting. 
2. Decline totus, nullus, and alter (-tepa, -tepum). SECOND CONJUGATION, E- VERBS. 
37 
78. 
Vocabulary. 
adeps, adipis, m. and f., fat, 
lard. 
adjuvo, -are, -vi, -tus, aid. 
altus, -a, -um, high. 
bacillus, -1, m. (rod), bacillus. 
boras, -atis, m., borate. 
eaffeina, -ae, f., caffeine. 
calor, -oris, m., heat. 
cannabis, -is, f., hemp. 
conjectura, -ae, f., guess. 
contineo, -ere, -ui, -tentum, 
contain. 
delirium, -I, n., delirium. 
dimidius, -a, -um, half. 
empiricus, -I, m., quack. 
flumen, -inis, n., river. 
fons, -ntis, f., fountain, spring. 
glyeerlnum, -I, n., glycerine. 
glyceritum, -I, n., glycerite, a 
drug dissolved in glycerine. 
granum, -I, n., grain. 
Indicus, -a, -um, Indian. 
lana, -ae, f., wool. 
lithium, -!, n., lithium. 
lotio, -onis, f., wash, lotion. 
materia, -ae, i.,materials. 
morphlna, -ae, f., morphine. 
natura, -ae, f., nature. 
nil, indeel., nothing. 
paucus, -a, -um, few. 
penso, -are, -avi, -atus, 
weigh. [gerous. 
periculosus, -a, -um, dan- 
pes, pedis, m., foot. 
petrolatum, -1, n., petrolatum. 
quaestio, -onis, f., question. 
remedium, -I, n., remedy. 
rogo, -are, -avi, -atus, ask. 
ubi, adv., where. 
zincum, -I, n., zinc. 
79. 
Exercise. 
1. Pulvis ipeeacuanhae et opii. 2. Unguentum 
picis liquidae. 3. Glyceritum sodil boratis. 4. Adeps, 
adeps lanae, et petrolatum sunt materia unguentorum. 
5. Doses magnae cannabis Indicae delirium causant. 
6. Aqua fluminis bacillos multos continet; aqua 
fontis, paucos. 7. In abac5 alto sunt citrates ferri, 
lithii, et caffeinae. 8. Ubi sunt cerata plumbi sub- 
acetatis et zinci earbonatis ? 9. Dimidium granum 
morphinae sulphatis est dosis periculosa. 10. Calor, 
aer et aqua sunt remedia naturae. 11. Empirici nil 38 
SECOND CONJUGATION, E- VERBS. 
cum cura pensant; medicamenta conjectura parant. 
12. Vir claudus glycerlnl lotidne pedem lavet. 
13. Servus magistrum vigilat et multas quaestiones 
rogat. 14. Medicus non sanat; natura sanat et med- 
icamenta naturam adjuvant. 
80. 
Vocahulary. —Anatomy. 
abdomen, -inis, n., abdomen. 
chorda, -ae, f., cord. 
Comes, -itis, m., companion 
(used as an adjective in the 
term venae comites), 
contineo, -ere, -ui, -tentum, 
contain. 
cor, cordis, n., heart. 
crus, cruris, n., leg. 
extensor, -is, m., that which 
extends; extender, extensor. 
femina, -ae, f., woman. 
femur, -oris, n., thigh (thigh- 
bone) ; femur. 
fissura, -ae, f., cleft, fissure. 
flexor, -is, m., that which 
flexes ; a bender, flexor. 
glottis, -idis, f., the aperture 
of the larynx. 
index, -ieis, c., the fore-finger. 
internus, -a, -um, inner. 
malleolus, -I, m. (dim., mal- 
leus, a hammer), projec- 
tions of tibia or fibula at ankle 
joint; malleolus. 
mater, matris, f., mother. 
metacarpus, -I, m., the group 
of hones between fingers and 
wrist; metacarpus. 
mollis, -e, soft. 
OS, OSSis, n. (see 88), bone. 
pars, partis, f., part. 
pelvis, “is, f., basin, pelvis. 
peroneus, -a, -urn, relating to 
the fibula ; peroneal, fibular. 
pius, -a, -um, tender, delicate. 
pollex, -icis, f., the thumb. 
quadriceps, -ipitis, four- 
headed. 
rima, -ae, f., cleft. 
tendineus, -a, -um, tendinous. 
tendo, -inis, in., tendon. 
tensor, -is, m., stretcher, 
urlna, -ae, f., urine. [tensor. 
vastus, -a, -um, vast, large. 
vocalis, -e, vocal. 
81. 
Exercise 
1. Linea alba abdominis. 2. Flexor ossis meta- 
carpi pollicis. 3. Arteria dorsalis indicis. 4. Mus- THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS. 
39 
cuius vastus interims est pars quadricipitis extensoris 
cruris. 5. Tendines peroneorum museulbrum sunt 
post malleolum externum. 6. Multae arteriae venas 
comites habent. 7. Rima glottidis est fissura inter 
chordas vocales. 8. Musculi pectinati, musculi papil- 
lares, et chordae tendineae in corde sunt. 9. Tensor 
vaginae femoris est musculus fasciae latae. 10. Pia 
mater est membrana cerebri mollis. 11. Pelvis fem- 
inae est lata. 12. Yesica urinam continet. 
CHAPTER XL 
THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS, I-STEMS; ADJEC- 
TIVES OF ONE TERMINATION. 
82. 
Paradigms. 
SINGULAR. 
tussis, f., fames, f., aupis, f., animal, n., 
cough. hunger. ear. animal. 
stem, tussi- fami- aupi- animali- 
N., Y. tussiS fames auris animal 
G. tussiS famis auris animalis 
D. tussi fami auri animali 
Ac. tussim famem aurem animal 
Ab. tussi fami auri animali 40 
THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS. 
PLURAL. 
N., V. tusses 
G. tussium 
D. tussibus 
Ac. tussis or -6S 
Ab. tussibus 
aurCS animalia 
aurium animalium 
auribus animalibus 
aurCS animalia 
auribus animalibus 
1. Like tussis are declined: febris, fever; sitis, thirst; 
and others. 
2. Like fames are declined: lues, pestilence; proles, off- 
spring; SOrdes, filth; tabes, a wasting away, and others. 
3. Like auris are declined: axis, axle; Clavis, key; pelvis, 
basin, and many others. 
83. 
Adjectives of One Termination. 
simplex, simple potens, powerful 
stem, simplie- stem, potent- 
SINGULAR. 
M. and F. N. M. and F. N. 
N., V. simplex potens 
G. simplicis potentis 
D. simplici potenti 
Ao. simplicem simplex potentem potenS 
Ab. simplici (-6) potenti (-e) 
PLURAL. 
N., Y. simplices simplicia potentes potentia 
G. simplicium potentium 
D.,Ab. simplicibus potentibus 
Ac. simplices (-Is) simplicia potentes (-1S) potentia 
1. Why are these called adjectives of one termination? 
2. Decline together syrupus simplex, remedium potens, 
medicus prudens. THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS. 
41 
84. 
Vocabulary. 
acer, aeris, aere, sharp, se- 
vere. 
alumen, -inis, n., alum. 
aluminium, -i, n., aluminium. 
calcium, -I, n., calcium. 
eaput, -itis, n., head. 
chloridum, -I, n., chloride. 
communis, -e, common. 
corrosivus, -a, -um, corro- 
sive. 
febris, -is, t., fever. 
flexilis, -e, flexible. 
fortis, -e, strong, brave. 
gelsemium, -i, n., gelsemium, 
yellow jasmine. 
gravis, -e, heavy. 
hydras, -atis, m., hydrate. 
levis, -e, light. 
magnesia, -ae, f., magnesia. 
membrum, -I, n., member. 
mitis, -e, mild. 
omnis, -e, every, all. 
sal, -is, m. and f., salt. 
seborrhoea, -ae, f., seborrhea. 
sitis, -is, f., thirst. 
soda, -ae, f., soda. 
uxor, -is, f., wife. 
veratrum, -I, n., veratrum 
(viride), American hellebore. 
viridis, -e, green. 
85. 
Exercise. 
1. Collodium flexile. 2. Extractum gelsemii flui- 
dum. 3. Oleum menthae viridis. 4, Veratrum viride 
est medicamentum periculosum. 5. Magnesia est 
levis; plumbum et hydrargyrum sunt gravia. 6. Uxor 
agricolae febrem levem habuit. 7. Magnam sitim et 
acrem capitis dolorem habuit. 8. Filia caput et 
omnia membra aqua tepida lavavit. 9. Hydrargyrl 
chloridum mite, et hydrargyrl chloridum corrosivum 
sunt remedia utilia. 10. Aqua fortis est acidum 
nitricum. 11. Creta est calcii carbonas. 12. Sal 
communis est sodii chloridum. 13. Alumen est 
aluminii et potassii sulphas. 14. Soda est sodii hy- 
dras. 15, Eczema et seborrhea sunt morbi cutis. 42 
THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS 
86. 
Vocabulary. —Anatomy. 
anus, -i, m., anus. 
aorta, -ae, f., the great trunk 
of the arterial system; aorta. 
areola, -ae, f., small area, 
areola. 
brachialis, -e, of the arm; 
brachial. 
carpus, -i, m., tcrist. 
coeliacus, -a, -um, relating to 
the stomach ; codiac. 
conjunctiva, -ae, f., a mucous 
membrane, so called because it 
unites the globe of the eye with 
the eyelid; conjunctiva. 
cribriformis, -e, sieve-like; 
cribriform. 
cruralis, -6, of the leg; crural. 
durus, -a, -um, hard. 
femoralis, -e, of the thigh; 
femoral. 
hernia, -ae, f., rupture, hernia. 
laehpymalis, -e, pertaining to 
tears; lachrymal. 
levator, -oris, m., lifter, ele- 
vator. 
perforo, -are, -avi, -atus, 
to bore through, to perforate. 
pigmentum, -I, n., pigment. 
proprius, -a, -um, one's own; 
proper. 
punetum, -I, n., point. 
sacciformis, -e, sac-like ; sac- 
ciform. 
sphincter, -eris, m., that 
which constricts; a sphincter. 
sublimis, -e, high. 
superficialis, -e (opposed to 
profundus, deep), superficial. 
synovialis, -e, synovial. 
tectorium, -I, n., a covering. 
87. 
Exercise 
1. Musculi cervicis sunt multi. 2. Flexor sublimis 
digitorum perforatus est inter cubitum et digitos. 
3. Musculus brachialis anticus est flexor cubiti. 
4. Areola mammae pigmentum continet. 5. Anus 
levatorem et sphincteres habet. 6. Puncta lachry- 
malis orificia in conjunctiva sunt. 7. Axis coeliacus 
arteriarum est ramus aortae. 8. Membrana saccifor- 
mis est membrana synovialis carpi. 9, Pia mater et 
dura mater sunt tectoria cerebri. 10. Tectoria her- 
niae femoralis sunt cutis, fascia superficialis, fascia 
cribriformis, fascia propria, septum crurale et perito- 
neum. SPECIAL PARADIGMS. 
43 
CHAPTER XII. 
SPECIAL PARADIGMS. 
88. 
Paradigms. 
vis, i., force. OS, n., hone, senex, m., old man. vas, n., vessel. 
STEM, Vi- 
N., V. vis os senex vas 
G. vis (rare) ossiS senis vasiS 
D. vi (rare) oss! sen! vasi 
Ac. vim os senem vas 
Ab. v! osse sene vase 
SINGULAR. 
N., V. vires ossa 
G. virium ossium 
I). viribus ossibus 
Ac. vires ossa 
Ab. viribus ossibus 
strength. 
PLURAL. 
senCS vasa 
senum vasOPUm 
senibus vaslS 
senCS vasa 
senibus vaslS 
1. IteP, itineris, n., way, is inflected regularly from the 
stem, itiner-. 
2. Jeeup, jeeinoris or jeeopis, n., liver, has two stems in 
the oblique cases, jeeinop- and jeeop-. Hepap, hepatis (Gr.) 
n., liver, is sometimes used. 
3. FemUP, femoris, n., thigh, sometimes has the stem 
femin- in the oblique cases. 
4. Vas has the entire singular in the third declension and the 
plural in the second. Such nouns are called heteroelites. 44 
SPECIAL PARADIGMS. 
Indeclinable Nouns. 
alcohol, eusso, kamala, pyrogallol, 
amyl, elixir, kino, salol, 
antipyrin, euealyptol, matieo, sassafras, 
buehu, iehthyol, menthol, sumbul, 
eajuputi, iodol, methyl, sulphonal, 
catechu, jaborandi, naphthol, thymol, 
chloral, tolu. 
89. 
Vocabulary. 
aperiens, -ntis (part.), open- 
ing, laxative, aperient. 
areeo, -ere, -ui, -tus, keep 
off, ward off. 
biearbonas, -atis, m., bicar- 
bonate. 
bismuthum, -I, n., bismuth. 
eareo, -ere, -ui, -itus, lack. 
cephalalgia, -ae, f., headache. 
Circulatio, -onis, f., circula- 
tion. 
confectio, -onis, f., confection. 
dens, dentis, m., tooth. 
diureticus, -a, -um, diuretic. 
effervescens, -ntis, boiling 
up. 
fluor, -oris, m.,flow. 
moriturus, -a, -um (part.), 
about to die. 
moveo, -ere, -I, motum, move. 
nullus, -a, -um, no, none. 
odontalgia, -ae, f., toothache. 
officinalis, -e, official. 
piper, -is, n., pepper. 
potens, -ntis, powerful. 
prudens, -ntis, prudent. 
pulvis, pulveris, m., powder. 
rigor, -oris, m., rigor, chill. 
sanguis, -inis, m., Mood. 
senex, senis, m., old man. 
sulphur, -is, n., sulphur. 
tartarieus, -a, -um, tartaric. 
tartras, -atis, m., tartrate. 
tergum, -I, n., hack. 
tonieus, -a, -um, tonic. 
urlna, -ae, f., urine. 
vis, vis, pi. vires, f., strength, 
force. 
90. Rule.— Words denoting separation or privation 
are followed by the Ablative with or without a prepo- 
sition : E. g., voluptatibus carere, to lack enjoyments; 
medicina non eget, he does not lack medicine. 
91. Rule,— The place from which is denoted by 
the Ablative with ab, de, or ex; the place to which SPECIAL PARADIGMS. 
45 
(the limit of motion) by the Accusative with ad or 
in. Iter e cerebello ad pontem, the passage (or wary) 
from the cerebellum to the pons; servus medie! herbas ab 
agris ad officinam portavit, the servant of the physician 
brought herbs from the fields to the office. 
92. 
Exercise. 
1. Pulvis effervescens compositus, sodi! et potassil 
tartratem, sodil bicarbonatem et acidum tartaricum 
continet. 2. Confectiones officinales sunt (confectio y 
piperis, scammonii, opii, rosae, sennae, sulphuris et 
terebinthinae. 3. Ipecacuanhae et digitalis fluOrem 
urinae causant. 4. Medicamenta fluorem urinae 
causantia sunt diuretica. 5. Malaria a vir5 aegro 
qninlna arcta est. 6.' Milites aegri tonicis medica- 
mentis carent. 7. Nitrates ferri, hydrargyri, potassii, 
plumbi, sodii, et bismuth! ab abaco moti erint. 
8. Rigores et febris in malaria sunt crebri. 9. Dolor 
dentium est odontalgia, dolor capitis, cephalalgia. 
10. Senex moriturus vim nullam habet. 11. Vis a 
tergo circulatidnem sanguinis adjuvat, 12. Medicus 
prudens medicamenta potentia cum cura dat. 
93. 
Vocabulary. —Anatomy. 
Adamus, -i, m., Adam. 
adjuvo, -are, -vi, -tus, aid. 
alveolus, -I, in., a small hollow. 
arbor, -oris, f., tree. 
cartilago, -inis, f , cartilage. 
circulatio, -onis, f., circula- 
tion. 
eonniveo, -ere, -nivi, blink, 
half close. 
demonstro, -are, -avi, -atus, 
show, prove. 
dens,-ntis, m., tooth. 
duodenum, -I, n. (duo -deni, 
twelve each ), the first portion of 
the small intestine; duodenum, 
so called because its length is 
about twelve fingers’ breadth. 46 
SPECIAL PARADIGMS. 
ensiformis, -e, sword-shaped; 
ensiform. 
gladiolus, -I {a small sword); 
middle portion of sternum. 
Harvey, indecl., Harvey, En- 
glish anatomist (1578-1657). 
ileum,-!,n. (Gr. et’Xew, to twist), 
third portion of small intestine; 
ileum. 
intestinum, -I, n., intestine. 
jejunum, -I, n. (jejunus, fast- 
ing, hungry), the second por- 
tion of small intestine; jeju- 
num, so called because usually 
found empty after death. 
mandibulum, -I, n., the loiver 
jaw. 
manubrium,-!, n. (lit., a han- 
dle, hilt), uppermost portion of 
sternum ; manubrium. 
moveo, -ere (movi, motus), 
move. 
pomum, -i, n., apple. 
pleura, -ae, f., a serous mem- 
brane lining the chest and cov- 
ering the lungs. 
quatuor, indecl., four. 
radix, -ieis, f., root. 
respiratio, -onis, f., respira- 
tion. 
sanguis, -inis, m., blood. 
sternum, -!, n., breast-bone; 
sternum. 
tenuis, -e, slender, small. 
thyroideus, -a, -um, (lit., 
having the shape of a fold- 
ing-door), thyroid. 
uterinus, -a, -um, of the 
uterus, uterine. 
vita, -ae, f., life. 
1, Levatores costarum respirationem adjuvant. 
2. Digiti flexdres et extensores habent. 3. Flexdres 
et extensores digitos movent. 4. Cartilago thyroideus, 
pomum AdamI, duas alas habet. 5. Valvulae con- 
niventes in intestino tenui sunt. 6. Pulmones pleuris 
circumdantur. 7. Arbor vitae est in cerebello; arbor 
vitae uterina est in cervice uteri. 8. Harvey circula- 
tionem sanguinis demonstravit. 9. Alveolus mandi- 
buli radices dentium continet. 10. Manubrium, gladi- 
olus et appendix ensiformis sunt partes sterni. 
11. Intestinum tenue partes tres habet duodenum, 
jejunum, et ileum. 12, Flexor longus digitorum 
pedis profundus perforans quatuor tendines habet. 
94. 
Exercise THIRD CONJUGATION, E- VERBS. 
47 
CHAPTER XIII. 
THIRD CONJUGATION, E-VERBS. 
95. 
Active Voice. 
PCgO, I rule. 
Principal Parts 
Pres. Ind. Pres. Tnf. Perf. Ind. Perf. Pass. Partic. 
rego regere rexi pectus 
Indicative Mood. 
PRESENT. PERFECT. 
regit regunt rexit rexerunt, or -§Pe 
IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT. 
regebat regebant rexerat rexerant 
FUTURE. FUTURE PERFECT. 
reget regent rexCPit rexerint 
SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT. 
regat regant 
IMPERATIVE PRESENT. 
rege regite 
INFINITIVE PRESENT. 
regCPe 
PARTICIPLE PRESENT. 
regens 
1. Compare the forms of PegO with those of amo and 
moneo. Notice wherein they are alike, and wherein they 
differ. 
2. Verbs of the third conjugation may be recognized by the 
ending -6P6 of the Present Infinitive Active. 
3. What is the present stem? See 37, 3. 48 
THIRD CONJUGATION, E-VERBS. 
4. While there are no less than six distinct ways of forming 
the perfect stem of e-verbs, those forming it in S (x) are the 
most common. 
96. 
Vocabulary. 
aloinum, -I, n., aloin. 
alvus, -i, f., belly, bowels. 
aspidium, -I, n., aspidium, 
male fern. 
astrictus, -a, -um, constipated. 
eapbo, -onis, m., carbon, char- 
coal. [derj. 
chartula, -ae, f., paper (pow- 
eibum, -I, n., food. 
cochleare, -Is, n., spoon. 
deeem, indecl., ten. 
dies, -ei, m. (see 139), day. 
dyspepsia, -ae, f., dyspepsia. 
dyspeptieus, -i, m., dyspeptic. 
emo, -ere, emi, emptus, buy. 
fiant, let (them) be made. 
genus, generis, n., kind. 
lignum, -i, n., wood. 
lupulinum, -i, n., yellow pow- 
der from the fruit of the hop ; 
lupulin. 
mane, n., indecl., morning. 
nox, noctis, f., night. 
oleoresina,-ae, f., oleo-resin. 
pepslnum, -1, n., pepsin. 
post, prep, with acc., after, 
behind. 
praesens, -ntis, present. 
peeipio, -epe, -eepi, -eeptus, 
take. 
saeehapatus, -a, -um, sac- 
charated. 
semis, semissis, m., a half. 
StePtOF, -OPis, m., snoring. 
stpyehnina, -ae, f., strychnine. 
Stupop, -OPis, m., dullness, 
stupor. 
subnitras, -atis, m., sub-ni- 
trate. 
SUdOP, -OPis, m,, sweat. 
sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sump- 
tus, take. 
tep, adv., three times. 
tpemop, -OPis, m., trembling, 
tremor. 
unus, -a, -um, one. 
vendo, -ere, vendidi, vendi- 
tum, sell. 
vigintl, indecl., twenty. 
zingiber, -is, n., ginger. 
97. Rule.— The time of an action is denoted by the 
Ablative : Octogesimo anno est mortuus, he died in his 
eightieth year; tep in die (t. i. d.), three times a day. 
98. Rule.—ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. A noun and a 
'participle way he put in the Ablative to express an THIRD CONJUGATION, E-VERBS. 
49 
attendant circumstance: Febre absente, fever being 
absent; medicamento sumpto, convaluit, when he had 
taken the medicine (the medicine having been taken), he recovered. 
99. 
1. Oleoresinae lupulinl, capsid, cubebae, aspidil, 
piperis et zingiberis sunt officinales. 2. Agricola 
grana quininae decem sumpsit. 3. Medicamentarii 
abstracta, extracta, emplastra, linimenta, liquores, olea 
et tincturas vendunt. 4, In morbis sunt aliquando 
stertor, sudor, stupor et tremor. 5. Febre praesente, 
membra aqua tepida lava. 6. Alvo astricta pilulae 
aloini, stryehninae et belladonnae dentur. 7. Medicus 
prudens dua praescripta pro dyspepsia dat. 8. R 
(recipe) carbbnis ligni pulveris medium cochleare 
mane et nocte post cibum. 9. R bismuthi subnitratis 
unciam unam, pepsini saccharati drachmas duas, pul- 
veris aromatici unciae semissem. Misce. Fiant char- 
tulae viginti (xx). Signa. Unam post cibum ter 
die. 10. Dyspepticus omnia genera medicamentbrum 
emit. 
Exercise. 
100. 
Vocabulary. —Anatomy. 
acer, aeris, aere, sharp, se- 
vere. 
amissio, -onis, f., loss. 
angulus, -I, m., angle. 
apparatus, “US, m., apparatus. 
aquosus, -a, -urn, watery.. 
avis, -is, f., bird. 
calculus, -I, m., pebble; cal- 
culus. 
canthus, -i, m., corner or angle 
of the eye; canthus. 
eauso, -are, -avi, -atus, 
cause. 
decern, indecl., ten. 
dolor, -oris, m., pain. 
formo, -are, -avi, -atus, 
form. 
fovea, -ae, f., a pit, a depres- 
sion. 
humor, -oris, m., fluid, humor. 
incido, -ere, -Idi, -Isus, cut 
into, cut through. 50 
THIRD CONJUGATION, E-VERBS. 
morbus, -I, m., disease. 
nictitans, -ntis, winking. 
opticus, -a, -um, optic. 
palpebra, -ae, f., eyelid. 
pterygium, -I, n., an eye dis 
ease; pterygium. 
saepe, adv., often. 
sanabilis, -e, curable. 
spectrum, -I, n., image. 
supercilium, -I, n., eyebrow. 
tertius, -a, -um, third. 
tutamen, -inis, n., means of 
defense, protection. 
visio, -onis, f., vision. 
vitreus, -a, -um, resembling 
glass. 
101. 
Exercise.—The Eye 
1. Puncta lachrymalia orificia canalium lachryma- 
lium sunt. 2. Retina laminas decem habet. 3. In 
retinis oculorum spectrum formatur. 4. Fovea cen- 
tralis est in macula lutea retinae. 5. Pterygium, 
morbus conjunctivae est sanabilis. 6. Calculi in 
orbita dolorem acrem causant. 7. In oculo sunt 
humores duo — humor aqudsus, et humor vitreus. 
8. Tendines musculorum rectorum internorum ali- 
quando inciduntur. 9. Morbus nervi optici saepe 
amissionem visionis eausat. 10. Tutamina oculi sunt 
palpebrae, supercilia, conjunctiva et apparatus lachry- 
malis. 11. Anguli fissurae palpebrarum canthi appel- 
lantur. 12. Membrana nictitans avium est palpebra 
tertia. THIRD CONJUGATION, E-VERBS. 
51 
CHAPTER XIV. 
THIRD CONJUGATION, E-VERBS. 
102. 
Passive Voice. 
PegOP, I am ruled. 
Principal Parts. 
Pres. Ind. 
pegop 
Pres. Inf. 
Perf. Ind. 
Indicative Mood. 
peg! 
pectus sum 
regitUP 
PRESENT 
reguntup 
reetUS est recti sunt 
PERFECT. 
IMPERFECT. 
PLUPERFECT. 
regebatur 
regebantur 
rectus epat 
recti erant 
regetUP 
FUTURE. 
regentUF 
rectus epit 
FUTURE PERFECT. 
recti erunt 
regatUP 
SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT 
regantup 
INFINITIVE PRESENT. 
ree! 
PARTICIPLE PERFECT. 
rectus 
GERUNDIVE. 
regendus 
1. Compare the above forms with those of amo and moneoj 
in the Passive Voice. 
2. Observe that the last three tenses of the Indicative do not 
differ in form from the same tenses of the first and second con* 
jugations. 52 
THIRD CONJUGATION, E- VERBS. 
103. 
Vocabulary. 
appello, -are, -avi, -atus, 
call. 
arteria, -ae, f., artery. 
compono, -ere, -posui, -pos- 
itus, compound. 
creosotum, -I, n., creosote. 
dico, -ere, -xi, dictus, say. 
inflammatio, -onis, f., in- 
flammation. 
juvenis, -e, young. 
lactas, -atis, m., lactate. 
phthisis, -is, f., progressive 
emaciation ; phthisis, consump- 
tion. 
praescribo, -ere, -scripsi, 
-scriptus, prescribe. 
pressio, -onis, f., pressure. 
pro, prep, with abl., for, in be- 
half of. 
pulmonalis, -e, of the lungs; 
pulmonary. 
reprimo, -ere, -pressi, 
-pressus, check. 
rubor, -oris, m., redness. 
salol, indecl., salol. 
S6U, conj., or. 
stomaehalis, -e, stomachic. 
SUb, prep, with abl., under. 
trachealis, -e, tracheal. 
tussis, -is, f., cough. 
Valerianas, -atis, m., valeri- 
anate. 
vulnero, -are, -avi, -atus, 
wound. 
104. Rule.— Verbs of making, choosing, calling, 
showing, and the like, admit two Accusatives of the 
same person or thing. 
Ex., Empiricum “medicum” appellat, he calls the quack 
"doctor.” 1. Observe that medicum is not in apposition with 
empiricum. 2. In the passive these verbs take two nomina- 
tives— a subject and a predicate corresponding to the two Accu- 
satives of the Active. 
Ex., Empiricus “ medicus” appellatur, the quack is called 
" doctor.” 
1. Memoria tenete praeparationes ferri: ferri chlori- 
dum, ferri citratem, ferri lactatem, ferri sulphatem 
et ferri valerianatem. 2. Emplastrum sinapis rubo- 
rem cutis causat. 3. Emplastra inflammationem 
105. 
Exercise. THIRD CONJUGATION, E-VERBS, 
53 
reprimunt. 4. Multa genera remediorum, bona et 
mala, in officinis componuntur. 5. Estne tussis senis 
pulmonalis, trachealis, stomachalis-ve ? 6. Medicus 
vetus oleum morrhuae et creosotum pro phthisi pul- 
monali dat. 7. Medici juvenes dicunt: “Medici 
veteres omnem morbum malariam appellant.” 
8. Quininae sulphas, tinctura gelsemii, acidum arse- 
nosum et remedia cetera pro malaria prescripta sunt. 
9. Arteria vulnerata, fluorem sanguinis pressione 
reprime. 10. Antidotum opii est belladonna seu 
atro pina sub cute. 
106. 
Vocabulary. —Anatomy 
anti-helix, -ieis, f., the inner 
circular ridge of the external 
ear opposite the helix (q. v.). 
anti-tragUS, -I, m., the thicker 
part of the anti-helix, opposite 
the tragus (q. v.). 
auditorius, -a, -um, auditory. 
auris, -is, f., ear. 
concha, -ae, f., shell; the hol- 
low of the external ear; concha. 
cranium, -I, n., the skull. 
difficilis, -e, difficult. [divide. 
divido, -ere, -visi, -visus, 
foramen, -inis, n., opening. 
helix, -ieis, f. (V\t£, a coil), 
outer ring of the cartilage of 
the external ear; helix. 
incus, -i, m. (lit., anvil), the 
largest of the ossicles of the 
internal ear; incus. 
inflammatio, -onis, f., in- 
flammation. 
infundibulum, -I, n., funnel; 
the infundibulum. 
jugularis, -e, jugular. 
lobulus, -i, m., lobule. 
malleus, -I, m. (Iit., mallet), 
one of the ossicles of the inter- 
nal ear; malleus. 
meatus, -i, m., canal. 
modiolus, -I, m., hollow cone in 
the cochlea ; the modiolus. 
nomen, -inis, n., name. 
numerus, -I, m., number. 
OSSieulum, -I, n., small bone, 
ossicle. 
pinna, -ae, f. (lit., a feather), 
the external ear ; pinna. 
semi-eireularis, -e, semi-cir- 
cular. 
stapedius, -a, -um, applied to 
a muscle attached to the stapes 
(the stapedius). 54 
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 
stapes, -pedis, m. (lit., stir- 
rup ), one of the ossicles of the 
internal ear ; stapes. 
terminus, -i, m., end. 
tragus, -I, m. (Gr., rpdyos, a 
goat, because it is in many 
persons covered with hair), 
small fleshy eminence in front 
of external auditory meatus; 
tragus. 
107. 
Exercise.— The Ear. 
1. Auris est divisa in partes tres — auris externa, 
auris media, et auris interna. 2. Inflammatio auris 
mediae est otitis mediae. 3. Auris externa, "pinna” 
appellatur. 4. Partibus auris sunt nomina multa et 
difficilia. 5. Meatus auditorius externus in pinna 
est, 6. Helix, anti-helix, concha, tragus, anti-tragus, 
et lobulus sunt partes pinnae. 7. Auris media, tym- 
panum, est super fossam jugularem cranii. 8. Mus- 
culi tympani sunt duo,— tensor tympani et stapedius. 
9. Ossicula tympani sunt malleus, incus et stapes. 
10. Canales semi-circulares auris internae sunt nu- 
mero tres. 11. Modiolus est axis centralis cochleae. 
12. Terminus modioli est infundibulum. 
CHAPTER XV. 
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 
108. Adjectives change their terminations to ex- 
press the three degrees of comparison,— positive, 
comparative and superlative. COMI ARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 
55 
109. They are compared regularly by adding to the 
stem of the positive, deprived of its final vowel, the 
endings: 
COMPARATIVE. 
SUPERLATIVE. 
M. and F. N. 
-ior -ius 
E. g., altus stem, alto-(a), 
M. F. N. 
-issimus -issima -issimum 
altior, altissimus. 
110. Adjectives in -er form the superlative by 
appending -rimus to the nominative of the positive. 
The comparative is regular. 
E. g., acer, aerior, acerrimus. 
111. Six adjectives in -ills form the superlative by 
adding -limus to the stem of the positive, deprived 
of its final vowel. The comparative is regular. They 
are, faeilis, easy; diffieilis, difficult; similis, like; dissim- 
ilus, unlike; gracilis, slender; humilis, low. 
E. g., facilis, facilior, facillimus. 
112. A few adjectives vary the stem in comparison: 
bonus melior, -ius optimus, good, etc. 
malus pejor, -ius pessimus, bad, etc. 
magnus major, -us maximus, great, etc. 
multus -, plus plurimus, much, etc. 
parvus minor, -us minimus, small, etc. 
vetus vetustior, -ius veterrimus, old, etc. 
113. Comparatives are regularly declined as fol 
lows: 
M. and F. N. M. and F. N. 
N., V. fortior fortius fortiores fortiora 
G. fortioris fortiorum 
D. fortiori fortioribus 
Ac. fortiorem fortius fortiores fortiora 
Ab. fortiori (-6) fortioribus 
SINGULAR. 
PLURAL. 56 
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 
114. 
Vocabulary. 
ammonia, -ae, f., ammonia. 
benignus, -a, -um, benign, 
kind. 
bromidum, -I, n., bromide. 
Chloral, indecl., chloral. 
epilepsia, -ae, f., epilepsy. 
exanthema, -atis, n., exan- 
them, a rash. 
horribilis, -e, horrible. 
intermitto, -ere, -mlsi, 
-missus, intermit. 
medicamen, -inis, n., drug. 
purgativus, -a, -um, purga- 
tive. 
quam, adv., than. 
remitto, -ere, -mlsi, -mis- 
sus, remit. 
rubeola, -ae, f., measles. 
scarlatina, -ae, f., scarlet 
fever. 
somnificus, -a, -um, sleep- 
producing. 
sulphonal, indecl., sulfonal. 
tiglium, -i, n., the specific 
name of the Croton tiglium, a 
Ceylonese plant. 
varicella, -ae, f., chicken-pox. 
variola, -ae, f., small-pox. 
115. Rule.—The comparative degree is followed by 
the Ablative when quam (than) is omitted; when quam 
is used, the two things compared are put in the same 
case. 
E. g., Acidum fortius est aqua, acid is stronger than water. 
Medicus eruditior est quam servus, the physician is more 
learned than the servant. 
116. 
1. Uxor senis phialam aquae ammoniae fortioris 
emit. 2. HydrargyrI chloridum corrosivum est fortius 
quam chloridum mite. 3. Estne acidum arsenosum 
malariae remedium melius quiulnae sulphate ? Non 
est. 4. Dosis ciiichonae est major quam quiulnae. 
5. Num febris remittens est morbus pejor febri inter- 
mittente ? 6. Filius agricolae veteris epilepsiam majo- 
rem habet. 7. Nonne est morbus horribilissimus? 8. 
Medicus benignus puero misero potassii bromidum 
Exercise. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 
57 
praescripsit. 9. Varicella est mitior quam varidla. 
10. Variola, rubeola et scarlatina sunt exanthemata 
majora. 11. Chloral et sulphonal sunt medicamenta 
somnifica. 12. Oleum ricini est medicamen purgativum 
mite; sed oleum tiglii est potentissimum. 
117. 
Vocabulary.—Anatomy. 
abdominalis, -e, abdominal. 
aeromium, -I, n., outer extrem- 
ity of the spine of the scapula; 
acromion process. 
brevis, -e, short. 
caecus, -a, -um, m., blind. 
Caput, “itis, n., head. [pressor. 
depressor, -oris, m., de- 
expressio, -onis, expression. 
Fallopius, -i, m., Fallopius. 
(See Anatomical Proper 
Names.) 
labium, -i, n., Up. 
Omentum,-I, n. (the fat-skin), 
the omentum. 
OS, oris, n., mouth. 
plica, -ae, i., fold. 
portio, -onis, f., porlion. 
radialis, -e, radial. 
risorius, -a, -um, smiling, 
laughing; applied to a muscle 
of the face. 
sub, prep, with abl., under. 
superior, -ius, upper. 
teeto, -are, -avi, -atus, to 
protect. 
tuba, -ae, f., tube. 
viscus, visceris, n., one of the 
organs contained in the great 
cavities of the animal body. 
118. 
Exercise 
1. Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi. 2. Flexor 
brevis minimi digiti. 3. Musculus risorius angulos 
oris retrahit. 4. Levator anguli oris et depressor 
anguli oris, musculi expressionis sunt. 5. Musculus 
latissimus dorsi est depressor acromii. 6. Omentum 
majus et omentum minus partes peritonei sunt. 
7. Peritoneum viscera abdominis tectat. 8. Liga- 
menta lata uteri sunt plicae peritonei. 9. In femi- 
narum peritoneo est ostium abdominale tubae Fal- 58 
FOURTH OR U-DECLENSION; ADVERBS. 
lopil. 10. Musculus longissimus dorsi major est 
longo colli musculo. 11. Extensor carpi radialis 
brevior est sub extensore carpi radiale longiore. 
12. Caput caecum coli est portio latissima et bre- 
vissima intestini tenuis. 
CHAPTER XVI. 
FOURTH OR U-DECLENSION; ADVERBS. 
119. 
Paradigms. 
spiPitUS, m., spirit. 
eopnu, n , horn. 
stem, eopnu- 
SINGULAR. 
STEM, spiritu- 
PLURAL. 
SINGULAR. 
PLURAL. 
N.,Y. spiritUS 
G. spiritUS 
D. spiritui 
Ac. spiritum 
Ab, spiritu 
spiritUS 
spirituum 
spiritibus 
spiritUS 
spiritibus 
eornU 
cornUS 
cornu 
eornU 
cornu 
cornua 
cornuum 
cornibus 
cornua 
eornibUS 
1. The stem of nouns in the fourth declension ends in -U. 
2. Most nouns in -US are masculine; those in -U are neuter. 
3. The following and a few others are feminine: aeus, nee- 
dle; domus, house; and manus, hand. 
4. The only neuters in common use are COPnu, horn; genu, 
knee; and VGFU, spit. 
5. The ending -ubus occurs in the Dative and Ablative plural 
of aPtus, limhs, joints; aPCUS, how, arch; laCUS, lake; but 
these words also admit the forms in -ibus. 59 
FOURTH OR U-DECLENSION; ADVERBS. 
Adverbs. 
120. Most adverbs are derived from adjectives, and 
depend upon them for their comparison. 
121. Adverbs from adjectives of the first and 
second declensions are formed by changing the final 
vowel of the stem to -e. 
E. g., laetus, glad (stem, laeto- or laeta-); laete, gladly. 
122. Adverbs from adjectives of the third declen- 
sion are formed by adding to the stem -tep or -itep. 
E. g., aeep, sharp; aCPltGP, sharply. 
levis, light; levlteP, lightly. 
potens, powerful ; potentGP, powerfully. 
123. Sometimes the neuter accusative singular and 
sometimes the ablative singular of the adjective is 
used as an adverb. 
E. g., multum, much; facile, easilyprime, first. 
124. Comparison.— The comparative of an adverb 
is the accusative singular neuter of the comparative 
of the adjective. The superlative is formed from the 
superlative of the adjective regularly. 
E. g., (laetus) laete, gladly; laetius, laetissime. 
(acer) acritep, sharply; acrius, acerPime. 
(levis) leviter, lightly; levius, levissime. 
(potens) potenteP, poiverfully; potentius, potentissime. 60 
FOURTH OR U-DECLENSION; ADVERBS. 
125. 
Vocabulary 
aether, -is, m., ether. 
alopecia, -ae, f., baldness. 
amissus, -us, m., loss. 
anisum, -I, m., anise. 
bibo, -ere, bibi, drink. 
bini, -ae, -a, two each. 
bubula, -ae, f., beef. 
diabeticus, -a, -um, diabetic. 
fructus, -us, m., fruit, [grain. 
frumentum, -I, m., corn, 
hilaris, -e, cheerful. 
juniperus, -i, m., juniper. 
Latine, adv., in Latin. 
metus, -US, m., fear. 
myristiea, -ae, f., nutmeg. 
nervus, -i, n., nerve. 
nimium, adv., too often. 
nitrosus, -a, -um, nitrous. 
opus, operis, n., work, book. 
pilus, -i, m., hair. 
quercus, -us, f., oak. 
quinque, indecl., five. 
quondam, adv., formerly. 
scribo, -ere, scripsi, scrip- 
tus, write. 
spiritus, -US, m., spirit. 
submurias, -atis, m., sub- 
muriate. [twitching. 
SUbSUltuS, -US, f., jumping, 
symptoma, -atis, n., symp- 
tom. 
vultus, -fls, m., countenance. 
126. 
Exercise 
1. Decoctum quercus albae corticis. 2. Extractum 
conii fructus fluidum. 3. Puer, nomina quinque 
spiritus officinales. 4. "Spiritus aetheris compositus, 
spiritus aetheris nitrosi, spiritus ammoniae aromaticus, 
spiritus cinnamomi et spiritus limonis.” 5. Nautae 
veteres spiritum frumenti nimium bibunt. 6. Medi- 
cus peritus aegerrimo agricolae magnam hydrargyri 
submuriatis dosem dedit. 7. Servus medicamentarii 
binas uncias spirituum chloroform!, juniperi, anisi et 
myristicae vendidit. 8. Medicus prudens semper vul- 
tum hilarem habet. 9. Medicus diabeticum bubulam 
edere monuit. 10. Subsultus tendinum est symptoma 
morbi nervorum. 11. Alopecia est amissus pili. 
12. Quondam opera medicinae Latine scripta sunt. 
Miseri discipuli ! FOURTH OR U-DECLENSION; ADVERBS. 
61 
127. 
Vocabulary. —Anatomy. 
accido, -ere, -eidi, happen. 
aer, aeris, m., air. 
amnion, -i, n. (Gr.), innermost 
membrane surrounding the 
foetus; amnion. 
Chorion, -I, n., the outer mem- 
brane surrounding the foetus; 
chorion. 
cicatrix, -ieis, f., scar. 
eludo, -ere, elusi, elusus, 
close. [contract. 
contraho, -ere, -xi, -etus, 
do, dare, dedi, datus, give. 
ergota, -ae, f., ergot. 
extractum, -I, n., extract. 
foetalis, -e, relating to the 
foetus ; foetal. 
foetus, -US, in., embryo ; foetus. 
folliculus, -I, m., follicle. 
germinativus, -a, -um, ger- 
minative ; germinal. 
Graafianus, -a, -um, 
Graafian. (Ivan Graaf ; see 
Anatomical Proper Names.) 
inertia, -ae, f., inertness. 
inversio, -onis, f., a turning 
inward. 
liquor, -oris, m., fluid. 
misceo, -ere, miscui, mix- 
tus, mix. [swim or float. 
nato, -are, -avi, -atus, to 
ovalis, -e, oval. 
ovum, -I, n., egg ; ovum. 
partus, -US, m., birth. 
pro, prep, with abl., for, in 
raro, adv., rarely, [behalf of. 
vesicula, -ae, f., vesicle. 
vitellus, -I, m., yolk. 
128. 
Exercise. — Obstetrics. 
1. In vitello ovi est vesicula germinativa. 2, Am- 
nion et chorion sunt membranae foetales. 3. Sanguis 
matris et sanguis foetus non miscent. 4. Foetus in 
liquore amnii natat. 5. Folliculus Graafianus tunica 
propria et tunica fibrosa circumdatur. 6. Pulmdnes 
foetus in utero aerem nullum continent. 7. Foramen 
ovale foetiis in septo auricularum cordis est. 8. Fora- 
men ovale foetus post partum eludit. 9. Cicatrix 
foraminis ovalis est fossa ovalis. 10. Extractum 
ergotae fluidum pro inertia uteri detur. 11. Inversio 
uteri post partum raro accidit. 12. Uterus, contractus 
post partum, globus uterinus aliquando appellatur. 62 
FOURTH CONJUGATION, I-VERBS. 
CHAPTER XVII. 
FOURTH CONJUGATION, I-VERBS. 
129. 
Active Voice 
audio, I hear. 
Principal Parts, 
Pres. Ind. 
audio 
Pi’es. Inf. 
audire 
Perf. Ind. 
audivi 
Perf. Partic. 
auditus 
Indicative 
audit 
PRESENT. 
audiunt 
audivit 
PERFECT. 
audiverunt 
IMPERFECT. 
audiebant 
PLUPERFECT. 
audiebat 
audiverat 
audiverant 
audiet 
FUTURE. 
audient 
audiverit 
FUTURE PERFECT. 
audiverint 
SUBJUNCTIVE 
PRESENT, 
audiat 
audiant 
audi 
IMPERATIVE 
PRESENT, 
audite 
INFINITIVE PRESENT. 
audire 
PARTICIPLE PRESENT. 
audiens 
1. What is the present stem? See 37, 3. The perfect stem 
is formed as in the first conjugation. See 44, 2. 
2. Compare the above forms with those of re go, and observe 
similarities and differences. FOURTH CONJUGATION, I-VERBS. 
63 
3. There are about sixty verbs of this conjugation, many of 
them being descriptive; as ebullio, bubble; tussio, cough. 
130. 
Vocabulary 
adflro, -ere, -ussi, -ustus, 
burn. 
Asiatieus, -a, -um, Asiatic. 
eertUS, -a, -um, certain, sure. 
ehloroformum, -i, n , ehloro- 
eholera, -ae, f., cholera, [form. 
edo, -ere, edidi, -itus, eat. 
elegans, -ntis, elegant. 
emetieus, -a, -um, emetic. 
familia, -ae (or -as), f., 
family. 
formula, -ae, f., formula, 
recipe. \hinder. 
impedio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, 
lenio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, soothe. 
mors, -tis, f., death. 
mox, adv., presently. 
mutatio, -onis, f., change. 
nemo, -inis, m. and f. (for 
gen. and abl., forms of nullus 
are used), no one. 
nisi, eonj., unless. 
pater, -tris, m., father. 
postea, adv., afterward. 
relevo, -are, -avi, -atus, 
relieve. 
sanitas, -atis, f., healing. 
seio, -Ire, -ivi, -itus, know. 
sentio, -ire, sensi, sensus, 
feel. 
sermo, -onis, m.., conversation. 
stomachus, -i, m., stomach. 
subitus, -a, -urn, sudden. 
tento, -are, -avi, -atus, try, 
test. 
tussio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, cough. 
urbanus, -a, -um, of the city; 
urbane. 
vapor, -oris, m., vapor. 
voeo, -are, -avi, -atus, call. 
vulnus, -eris, n., wound. 
131. 
Exercise 
1. Mutatio crebra remediorum sanitatem impedit, 
2. Teutate non multa medicamenta. 3. Formulae 
elegantes a medicamentariis urbanis compositae sunt. 
4. Medicus hilaris metum puellae aegrae sermone 
lenit. 5. Femina aegra diem* tussiverat. 6. Medicus 
vocatus aegrae pulverem ipecaeuanhae et opii prae- 
scripsit. 7. Puer parvus fructus virides edit et 
*Duration of time is expressed by the Accusative. 64 
FOURTH CONJUGATION, I-VERBS. 
postea doldrem acrem in stomacho sensit. 8. Pater 
familias emeticum dedit, et puer miser convaluit. 
9. Puer Germanus choleram Asiaticam habet. 
10. Nemo remedium certum cholerae Asiaticae scit. 
11. Chirurgus dolorem acrem vulneris cum chloro- 
formo vel aethere relevat. 12. Vapor aetheris puri 
facillime aduritur. 
132. 
Vocabulary.—Anatomy. 
a, ab, prep, with abl., from, by. 
ad, prep, with aec., to, toward. 
aqueductus, -US, m., canal, 
aqueduct. 
arcus, -US, m., bow, arch. 
artus, -US, m., joint. 
calcaneum, -I, m., the heel- 
bone; os calcis. 
Chylus, -I, m., chyle. 
ductus, -US, m., duct. 
intra, prep, with acc., within. 
iter, itineris, n., way. 
manus, -us, f., hand. 
mediastinum, -I, n., space be- 
tween the two pleurae ; medias- 
tinum. [enteric. 
mesentericus, -a, -um, mcs- 
oblongatus, -a, -um, ohlong. 
oesophagus, -I, m., gullet; 
oesophagus. 
orior, -Iri, ortus, arise. 
plexus, -us, m., plexus. 
primus, -a, -um, first. 
processus, -US, m., process. 
quot, indeel., how many. 
receptaculum, -I, n., recep- 
tacle. 
spinalis, -e, spinal, [support. 
sustentaculum, -I, n., prop, 
Sylvius, -I, m., Sylvius. (See 
Anatomical Proper Names.) 
talus, -I, m., the heel. 
thoracicus, -a, -urn, thoracic. 
vas, vasis, n., vessel 
133. 
Exercise. —Anatomy 
1. Nervus medianus ex plexu brachiali oritur. 
2. Liquor synovialis intra artus est. 3. Sustentacu- 
lum tali est processus minor calcanei. 4. Receptac- 
ulum chyli est pars prima ductus thoracici. 5. In 
cerebro est plexus venarum ; in abdomine plexus ner- 
vorum. 6. Aqueductus Sylvii est iter a tertio ad FOURTH CONJUGATION, I-VERBS, CONTINUED 
65 
quartum ventriculum. 7. Quot tendines flexor brevis 
pollicis manus habet! 8. Vasa intestini tenuis sunt 
rami arteriae mesentericae superioris. 9. Mediastinum 
est inter pleuras ; pericardium, cordem, arcum aortae, 
arterias, venas, nervos, musculos, tracheam et oesoph- 
agum continet. 10. Tunica albuginea testis est "pia 
mater” testis. 11. Dura mater et pia mater cere- 
brum, cerebellum, medullam oblongatam et chordam 
spinalem tectant. 1 
CHAPTER XVIII. 
FOURTH CONJUGATION, I-VERBS, continued. 
134. 
Passive Voice. 
audiop, I am heard 
Pres. Ind 
audiop 
Principal Parts. 
Pres. Inf. 
Perf. Ind. 
audlpi 
auditus sum 
PRESENT, 
Indicative Mood. 
PERFECT. 
auditUP 
audiuntup 
auditus est audit! Sunt 
audiebatur audiebantup 
IMPERFECT. 
auditus epat audit! epant 
PLUPERFECT. 
FUTURE. 
FUTURE PERFECT. 
audietup 
audientup 
auditus epit audit! epunt 66 
FOURTH CONJUGATION, I-VERBS, CONTINUED. 
SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT. 
audiatur 
audiantur 
INFINITIVE PRESENT. 
audiri 
PARTICIPLE PRESENT, 
auditus 
GERUNDIVE. 
audiendus 
135. 
Vocabulary 
acutus, -a, -um, acute. 
anaesthetieus, -a, -um 
(subst., anaesthetieum, -i, 
n.), anaesthetic. 
antiquus, -a, -um, ancient. 
eito, adv., quickly. 
credo, -ere, credidi, cred- 
itus, believe. 
diphtheria, -ae, f., diphtheria. 
did, adv., for a long time. 
e, ex, prep, with abl., from. 
Elysium, -I, n., abode of the 
blest; Elysium. 
excessus, -US, m., departure. 
experimentum, -I, n., experi- 
ment. \entering. 
ingressus, -US, m., entrance, 
jucunde, adv., happily. 
manus, -us, f., hand. 
mortarium, -I, n., mortar. 
nescio, -Ire, -Ivi, -Itus, not 
to know; to be ignorant of. 
nondum, adv., not yet. 
nosco, -ere, novi, notus, 
know; be acquainted with. 
novus, -a, -um, new. 
pistillum, -I, n., pestle. 
populus, -I, m., people. 
potus,-US, m., drink, draught. 
punio, -Ire, -ivi, -itus,punish. 
recenter, adv., recently. 
requiesco, -ere, -evi, -etus, 
rest. 
rheumatismus, -I, m., rheu- 
matism. 
Romanus, -a, -um, Roman. 
salieylas, -atis, m., salicylate. 
tempus, -oris, n., time. 
Theobroma, -tis, n. (lit.,/ood 
of the gods), cacao ( Theobroma- 
cacao. See note), 
tuto, adv., safely. 
vegetabilis, -e, vegetable. 
veneficus, -I, m., poisoner. 
136. 
Exercise 
1. Medicamina bona cit5, tuto, et jucunde, curant. 
2. Suppositoria oleum Theobromatis basem habent. FOURTH CONJUGATION, I-VERBS, CONTINUED. 
67 
3. Certum diphtheriae remedium nondum repertum 
est. 4. Populus Romanus multa venena vegetabilia 
reperierat et tentaverat. 5. Multa letiferarum mistu- 
rarum genera antiquissimis temporibus nota erant. 
6. Pauci venefici a Romanis puniebantur. 7. Exces- 
sus e vita ingressus ad Elysium ab Romanis creditus 
est. 8. Antiqui anaesthetica nesciebant. 9. Potus 
aquae cum spiritu camphorae puellae a medicd daba- 
tur, 10. Medicamentarius, pistillo in mortarid manu 
diu mot5, requiescit. 11. Nova medicamenta e multis 
experimentis recenter reperta sunt. 12. Medicus senis 
rheumatismd acuto sodii salicylatem praescripsit. 
137. 
Vocabulary. —Anatomy. 
apud, prep, with ace , near. 
caudatus, -a, -urn, tailed. 
centrum, -I, n., center. 
color, -oris, m., color. 
ganglion, -il, n., ganglion. 
impar, -is, unmatched; with- 
out a fellow. 
imus, -a, -um, lowest. 
jeeur, jeeinoris, n., liver. 
lien, -is, in., spleen. 
pancreas, -atis, pancreas. 
purificatus, -a, -um, purified. 
recipio, -ere, -cepi, -eeptus, 
receive, take. 
rostrum, -i, n., leak. 
thorax, -aeis, m., chest cavity. 
triangularis, -e, triangular. 
valetudo, -inis, f., health. 
vermiformis, -e, worm- 
shaped; vermiform. 
VIS, Vis, f. (see 88),' strength, 
force. 
vomer, -is, m. (lit., plow- 
share), vomer. 
138. 
Exercise. —Anatomy. 
1. Compressor narium minor est musculus parvus. 
2. Vomer et cartilago triangularis septem nasi for- 
mant. 3. Pulmones in valetudine colorem cinereum 
habent. 4. Apices pnlmdnum sunt altiores primis 
costis. 5. Appendix vermiformis apud caput caecum FIFTH DECLENSION. 
coll est. 6. Sinister cordis ventriculus sanguinem 
purificatum recipit. 7. Viscera abdominis sunt jecur, 
renes, lien, stomachus, pancreas et intestini. 8. Vis- 
cera thoracis sunt pulmones et cor. 9. Lobulus 
caudatus et lobulus quadratus sunt partes jecinoris. 
10. Centrum ovale majus et centrum ovale minus in 
cerebrfi sunt. 11. Ganglia sunt centra vis nervorum. 
12. Ganglion impar est imum corporis ganglion. 
CHAPTER XIX. 
FIFTH DECLENSION. 
139. 
Paradigms. 
dies, m., day. 
stem, die- 
res, f., ihing. 
stem, re- 
SINGULAR. 
PLURAL. 
SINGULAR. 
PLURAL. 
N., Y. dies 
G. die! 
D. die! 
Ac. diem 
Ab. die 
dies 
dierum 
diebus 
dies 
diebus 
res 
re! 
re! 
rem 
re 
res 
rerum 
rebus 
res 
rebus 
1. The stem of nouns of this declension ends in e-. To find 
it, drop final -S of the nominative singular. 
2. Dies is commonly masculine in the singular and always in 
the plural. Other nouns of this declension are feminine. 
8. Most nouns of this declension are declined only in the sin- 
gular. Dies and res alone are complete in the plural. FIFTH DECLENSION. 
69 
4. Decline together res publica, state; bona fides, good 
faith; dies quartus, fourth day. 
140. 
Vocabulary 
aeternus, -a, -um, eternal. 
amator, -oris, m., lover. 
anima, -ae, f., breath, life. 
caninus, -a, -um, canine. 
Canities, -el, f., grayness, 
hoariness. 
Chirurgus, -I, m., surgeon. 
eieatrosus, -a, -um, full of 
scars. 
eluvies, -51, f., discharge. 
expectatio, -onis, f., expecta- 
tion. 
facies, -el, f., face. [flow. 
fluo, -ere, fluxi, fluxus, 
foetidus, -a, -um, foetid, of- 
fensive. 
glacies, -el, f., ice. 
Hippoeratieus, -a, -um, Hip- 
pocratic, (Hippocrates, Greek 
physician, w Father of Medi- 
cine,” B. C. 460-357 [?].) 
homo, hominis, m., man. 
neglectus, -a, -um, neglected. 
parasiticus, -a, -um, para- 
sitic. 
patria, -ae, f., fatherland, 
country. 
pectus, -oris, n., breast. 
pulcher, -ra, -rum, beautiful. 
rabies, -51, f., madness. 
res, re!, f., thing. 
res publica, public things; 
republic. 
scabies, -el, f., itch. 
senilitas, -atis, f., weakness 
of old age. 
series, -51, f., row, series. 
spes, spei, f., hope. 
141. 
Exercise 
1. Spes est boni, metus mall expectatio. 2. Ae- 
grotd, dum vita est, spes est. 3. Facies militis 
cicatrosa est pulchra amatori patriae. 4. In re pub- 
lica Romana servi fuerunt medici. 5. Canities est 
symptoma senilitatis. 6. Scabies est morbus cutis 
parasiticus. 7. O puellae, facies neglecta non est 
pulchra. 8. In pectore hominum spes est aeterna. 
9. Rabies canina est morbus horribilis. 10. Glacies 
est grata vir5 febre confecto. 11. Eluvies foetida 
ex vulnere fluxit. 12. Chirurgus liquore hydrargyri 70 
FIFTH DECLENSION. 
chloridi corrosivi lavat. 13. Vir moriturus faciem 
Hippocraticam habet, 14. Series remediorum ex opio 
facta est. 
142. 
Vocabulary. —Anatomy 
chirurgus, -i, m., surgeon, 
chronicus, -a, -um, chronic. 
cranium, -I, n. (Gr.), skull. 
creber, -bra, -brum, frequent. 
crusta, -ae, f., crust. 
deformo, -are, -avi, -atus, 
deform. \ness. 
fragilitas, -atis, f., hrittle- 
glabrus, -a, -um, smooth. 
mollities, -ei, f., softness. 
osteitis, -idis, f., inflammation 
of Lone. [petrous. 
petrosus, -a, -um, like rock; 
removeo, -ere, -movi, -mo- 
tus, remove. 
sella, -ae, f., saddle. 
senectus, -tutis, f., old age. 
sequestrum, -I, n., a portion 
of dead hone; sequestrum. 
simulo, -are, -avi, -atus, 
to resemble. 
sphenoideus, -a, -um, wedge- 
shaped. 
superficies, -el, f., surface. 
temporalis, -e, temporal. 
Tureieus, -a, -um, Turkish. 
143. 
143. 
Exercise.—Bones. 
1. Superficies ossium crauil glabra est. 2. Fragil- 
itas ossium creber senectutis morbus est, 3. Mollities 
ossium est morbus rarus. 4. Chirurgus sequestrum 
ex osse remdvit. 5. Crusta petrosa dentium os 
simulat. 6. In osse temporale sunt tres aqueductus — 
FallopiI, vestibuli, et cochleae. 7. Osteitis deformans 
morbus chronicus est. 8. Quatuor alae ossi spheno- 
ideo [noti] sunt; duae majdres, et duae minores. 9. 
Superficies interna basis cranii fossas tres habet — 
anticam, mediam et posticam. 10. Sella Turcica est 
in fossa media basis cranii. 12. Apex portionis 
petrosae ossis temporalis est aspera. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 
71 
CHAPTER XX. 
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS, NUMERAL 
ADJECTIVES. 
144. 
Demonstrative Pronouns 
Mas. 
hie 
ille 
iste 
is 
Idem 
ipse 
Fem. 
haee 
ilia 
ista 
ea 
eadem 
ipsa 
Neut. 
hoe, 
illud, 
istud, 
id, 
idem, 
ipsum, 
this. 
that, he, she, it. 
that (yonder), 
this, that, he, etc. 
the same. 
himself, herself, etc. 
For full inflection of these pronouns, see 209. 
145. For a list of numerals, see 207. 
146. The cardinals (answering the question how 
many?) from quatuor, four, to centum, one hundred, 
inclusive, are indeclinable. 
147. The hundreds, except centum, are declined 
like the plural of bonus. 
E. g., dueenti, dueentae, dueenta, two hundred 
148. Mille, thousand, is an indeclinable adjective 
in the singular. In the plural it is a - neuter noun, 
and is followed by the partitive genitive (see 153): 
mille homines, a thousand men; tria milia hominum, three 
thousand(s of) men. 
149. The ordinals are declined like bonus. 72 
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 
150. The distributives (answering the question, 
hoiv many at a time, or how many of each f) are de- 
clined like the plural of bonus. 
E. g,, bini, binae, bina, two-and-two, or two each. 
151. 
Paradigms. 
duo, duae, duo, tivo. 
Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. 
N. V. duo duae duo 
G. duorum duarum duorum 
D. duobus duabus duobus 
Ac. duOS (duo) duas duo 
Ab. duobus duabus duobus 
tres, tria, three. mille, thousand. 
M. ana F, Neut. Sing, (adj.) PI, (noun) 
N.,V. tres tria mille milia 
G. trium trium mille milium 
D. _ tribus tribus mille milibus 
Ac. tres tria mille milia 
Ab. tribus tribus mille milibus 
152. 
Vocabulary. 
adjutor, -oris, m., helper, as- 
sistant. 
ager, agris, m., field. 
animal, -alis, n., animal. 
Aristoteles, -is, m., Aristotle. 
eanis, -is, m. and f., dog. 
causa, -ae, f., cause. 
ergota, -ae, f., ergot. 
eruditus, -a, -um, learned, 
erudite. 
faeio, -ere, feel, faetus, 
make. 
fere, adv., almost. 
habito, -are, -avi, -atus, 
live; inhabit. 
herba, -ae, f., herb. 
hie, haee, hoe, this. 
ignarus, -a, -um, ignorant. 
Idem, eadem, idem, same. 
ille, illa, illud, he, she, it. 
inter, prep, with ace., between. 
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, himself, 
herself, itself. 
is, ea, id, he, she, it. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 
73 
lego, -ere, legi, lectus, col- 
lect. 
mollio, -ire, -Ivi, -Itus, 
assuage, soothe. 
palus, -udis, f., swamp. 
persona, -ae, f., person. 
peto, -ere, -Ivi, -Itus, seek. 
praeparatio, -onis, f., prep- 
aration. 
vinculum, -I, n., link, chain. 
153. Rule.— The genitive of the whole to which the 
part belongs is called the Partitive Genitive. 
E. g., pars medicinae, a part of the medicine; una pilu- 
larum, one of the pills. 
154. 
Exercise. 
1. Adjutor medicamentarii ex agris multas herbas 
legit. 2. Ex iis medicamentarius peritus infusa, 
extracta, decocta, tincturasque facit. 3. Aristoteles 
dixit: "Homo species est, canis species; commune 
his vinculum animal.” 4. Causam morbi petite et 
illam removete. 5. Praeparationes opii dolorem mol- 
lient. 6. Omnis fere persona inter paludes habitans 
malariam habet. 7. Remedia optima malariae sunt 
cinchona et ejus praeparationes. 8. Dyspepticus 
miser ait: "Medicus astutus aegris omnia remedia 
amara dat; ipse nulla sumit,” 9. Medicus eruditus 
medicamentario hoc praescriptum misit: 
1* 
Extract! ergotae fluid! unciae semissem. 
Yin! ejusdem, unciam unam. 
Misce. Signa.— 
10. Medicamentarius ignarus diu "Vinum ejusdem” 
in abaco et in pharmacopoeia petivit, sed id non 
reperit. 74 
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 
155. 
Vocabulary 
amissus, -us, m., loss. 
antiseptieus, -a, -um, anti- 
septic. 
apte, adv., aptly. 
asepticus, -a, -um, aseptic. 
atheroma, -tis, n., a form of 
degeneration of the inner coats 
of arteries; atheroma. 
benignus, -a, -um, benign. 
ealor, -oris, m., heat. 
cancer, -eris, m. (lit., crab), 
cancer. 
Celsus, -i, m., Celsus. (Bee 
Notes.) 
crepitus, -flS, m., a crackling 
sound; crepitus. 
chirurgia, -ae, f., surgery. 
deformitas, -atis, f., de- 
formity. 
dico, -ere, dixi, dictus, say. 
epithelioma, -tis, n., skin- 
cancer; epithelioma. 
functio, -onis, f., function. 
genus, generis, n., kind. 
ille, illa, illud, he, she, it. 
immobilitas, -atis, f., immo- 
bility. [lipoma. 
lipoma, -tis, n., a fatty tumor ; 
Lister, indecl., Lister. (See 
Notes.) 
luxatio, -onis, f., dislocation; 
luxation. 
malignus, -a, -um, malignant. 
medicamentum, -I, n., drug. 
mobilitas, -atis, f., mobility. 
myoma, -tis, n., a muscular 
tumor; myoma. 
non, ady., not. 
novus, -a, -um, new, recent. 
pater, -trls, m., father. 
propero, -are, -avi, -atus, 
hasten. 
rubor, -oris, m., redness. 
sanitas, -atis, f., healing. 
sano, -are, -avi, -atus, heal, 
cure. 
sarcoma, -tis, n., a fleshy ma- 
lignant tumor; sarcoma. 
scientia, -ae, f., science. 
senex, senis, in., an old man. 
symptoma, -tis, u., symptom. 
trauma, -tis, n., a wound. 
tumor, -oris, m., a swelling ; 
tumor. 
vulnus, vulneris, n., a wound. 
156. 
Exercise.—Surgery 
1. Chirurgia aseptica est scientia nova. 2. Lister 
"pater chirurgiae anticepticae” apte appellatus est. 
3. Celsus dixit: Symptomata inflammationis sunt 
dolor, calor, rubor et tumor. 4. Nulla medicamenta THIRD CONJUGATION, VERBS IN -10. 
75 
sanitatem vulneris properant. 5, Senex atheroma 
arteriarum habeat. 6, Symptomata luxatidnis sunt 
immobilitas, deformitas et dolor. 7. Symptomata 
fracturae sunt amissus functionis, deformitas, mobili- 
tas major, crepitus et dolor. 8. Sunt multa genera 
tumorum, benigna et maligna, 9. Liporaata et 
myomata sunt tumores benigni; epitheliomata et 
sarcomata, maligni. 10. Chirurgi cancros excidunt; 
sed non sanant. 11. Hernia cerebri encephalocele 
appellatur. 12. Mollities cerebri traumatis causatur. 
CHAPTER XXL 
157. In the present system, verbs of the third 
conjugation in -io retain i of the stem before a, o, 
u, and e, like verbs of the fourth conjugation. 
THIRD CONJUGATION, VERBS IN -10. 
158. 
eapio, I take. 
Principal Parts. 
Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Perf. Partic. 
capio capere eep! eaptus 
Indicative Mood. 
PRESENT. PERFECT. 
capit capiunt cepit ceperunt 
IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT. 
capiebat capiebant ceperat ceperant 
Active Voice. 76 
THIRD CONJUGATION, VERBS IN -10. 
FUTURE. 
FUTURE PERFECT. 
capiet capient ceperit ceperint 
capiat capiant 
SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT. 
IMPERATIVE PRESENT. 
cape capite 
INFINITIVE PRESENT. 
capere 
PARTICIPLE PRESENT. 
capiens 
159. 
Vocabulary 
argentum, -i, n., silver. 
celo, -are, -avi, -atus, inde, 
conceal. 
collyrium, -I, n., eye-wash. 
Congius, -i, m., gallon. 
exemplum, -I, n., example, 
instance. 
faeio, -ere, feei, faetus, 
make. 
gratia, -ae, f., favor (gratia, 
abl., for the sake of). 
ignorantia, -ae, f., ignorance. 
inebrio, -are, -avi, -atus, 
make drunk. 
neo-natus, -a, -urn (or as 
subst.), new-horn. 
pediluvium, -i, n., foot-hath. 
sufficio, -ere, -feei, -fee- 
tus, is sufficient; suffices. 
1. Nauta vetus potione spiritus frumenti inebriatus 
erat. 2. Quassia est praestautissima amarorum sim- 
plicium, 3. Pediluvium saepe est melius medicina. 
4. Balnea medicata sunt aliquando bona remedia. 
5. Exempli gratia : 
160. 
Exercise 
B 
Acid! Nitrici, uncias undecim. 
Acid! Hydrochloric!, uncias viginti. 
Misce cum congiis triginta aquae calidae. THIRD CONJUGATION, VERBS IN -IO. 
77 
6. Miles vetus morbum conjunctivae habet. 7. Medi- 
cus peritus ei hoc praescriptum dedit. 
8. R 
Zinci Sulphatis, grana tria, 
Aluminis, grana sex. 
Aquae Rosae, uncias duas. 
Misce. Fac collyrium. 
Signa.— 
9. Chirurgus ophthalmiam neo-nat5rum cum liqudre 
argenti nitratis saepe curat. 10. "Quantum sufficiat” 
ignorantiam aliquando celat. 
161. 
Vocabulary. —Anatomy. 
astragalus, -i, m., the ankle- 
hone; astragalus. 
cuboideus, -a, -um, resem- 
bling a cube; cuboid. 
cum, prep, with abl., with. 
cuneiformis, -e, wedge- 
shaped ; cuneiform. 
facies, -el, f., face. [hone. 
femur, femoris, n., thigh- 
inferior, -ius, lower. 
mastoideus, -a, -um, resem- 
bling a nipple ; mastoid. 
pisiformis, -e, pea-shaped; 
OCtO, indeel., eight, [pisiform. 
OrdO, -inis, m., row. [teen. 
quatuor-deeim, indeel., four- 
radius, -I, m. (lit., a staff, 
spoke), the smaller of the two 
hones of the forearm ; radius. 
scaphoideus, -a, -um, boat- 
shaped; scaphoid. 
semilunaris, -e, semi-lunar. 
septem, indeel., seven. 
sesamoideus, -a, -um (lit., 
resembling seeds of sesame), 
sesamoid; applied to small 
hones developed in certain ten- 
dons near the joints. 
squamosus, -a, -um, scaly; 
squamous. [arrange. 
struo, -ere, -xl, -etus, to 
tarsus, -1, m., ankle; tarsus. 
tibia, -ae, f. (lit., a flute), the 
shin-hone; tihia. 
trapezium, -I, n. (lit., aplane 
figure having four sides, of 
which no two are parallel), a 
hone of the wrist; trapezium. 
trapezoideus, -a, -um, re- 
sembling a trapezium (q.v.). 
ulna, -ae, f., the larger of the 
two hones of the forearm ; ulna. 
uneiformis, -e, hook-shaped; 
unciform. 78 
THIRD CONJUGATION, VERBS IN -10. 
162. 
Exercise.—Bones. 
1. Ossa longa corporis sunt humerus, radius, ulna, 
femur, tibia, fibula, et ossa manus et pedis. 2. In 
cranio sunt ossa octo, in facie, quatuordecim. 
3. Partes tres ossi temporali sunt — squamosa, 
petrdsa, et mastoidea. 4. Ossa carpi in dubbus 
ordinibus struuntur; in ordine superiore sunt sca- 
phoideum, semilunare, cuneiforme et pisiforme ; in 
inferiore, trapezium, trapezoideum, magnum, et 
unciforme. 5. Ossa tarsi numero septem sunt— 
calcaneum, astragalus, cuboideus, scaphoideum et 
cuneiformia tria. 6. Ulna est major et longior 
radid. 7. Radius humerum ulnam os scaphoide et os 
semilunare tangit. 8. Patella est os sesamoideum. 
CHAPTER XXII. 
THIRD CONJUGATION, VERBS IN -10, continued. 
163. 
Passive Voice. 
Capior, I am taken. 
Pres. Ind. 
capior 
Principal Parts. 
Pres. Inf. 
cap! 
Perf. Ind. 
captus sum THIRD CONJUGATION, VERBS IN -10. 
79 
Indicative Mood. 
capitur capiuntur 
PRESENT. 
PERFECT. 
captus est capti sunt 
capiebatur capiebantur 
IMPERFECT. 
captus erat capti erant 
PLUPERFECT. 
FUTURE. 
FUTURE PERFECT. 
capietur capientur 
captus erit capti erunt 
capiatur 
SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT. 
capiantur 
INFINITIVE PRESENT 
capi 
PARTICIPLE PERFECT 
captus 
GERUNDIVE. 
capiendus 
164. 
Vocabulary. 
bacillus,-!, m. (lit., small staff), 
a rod-shaped bacterium (q.v.); 
bacillus. 
bacterium (or -on), -I, n. 
(usually pi.), (lit., a rod), a 
generic name for fission-fungi. 
(See Notes.) 
destillatus, -a, -um (part.), 
distilled. 
diu, adv., fora long time. 
erysipelas, -atis, n., erysip- 
elas. 
gargarisma, -atis, n., gargle. 
micro-coccus, -I, m., a berry- 
shaped bacterium (q. v.); mi- 
crococcus. 
quartus, -a, -urn, fourth. 
scammonium, -I, n., scam- 
mony. 
spirillum, -I, n., a spiral- 
shaped bacterium (q. v.); 
spirillum. 
Streptococcus, -i, m., micro- 
cocci adhering in chains. 
talis, -C, such; of such kind. 
tannieus, -a, -um, tannic. 
vivo, -ere, vixi, vietus, live; 
have life. 80 
THIRD CONJUGATION, VERBS IN -10. 
165. 
Exercise. 
1. Adjutor medicamentarii tria praescriptae com- 
posuit. 
2. R 
Extractum Nucis Vomicae, grani semissem. 
Pulveris Scammonii, granum unum. 
Pulveris Aloes. 
Pulveris Rhei ana grani tres quartas partes (gr. %). 
Alcohol, quantum sufficiat. 
Misce. Fac pilulas tales duodecim. 
Signa.— 
3. R 
Pilulae Ferri Carbonatis, drachmam. 
Divide in pilulas quindecim. 
Signa.— 
4. R 
Acid! Tannic!, drachmas duas. 
Potassh chloratis, drachmam. 
Glycerin!, unciam. 
Aquae destillatae uncias septem 
Misce. 
5. Praescriptum tertium est gargarisma. 6. Multi 
morbi bacteriis causantur. 7. Bacteriorum genera tria 
sunt — bacilli, micrococci, et spirilla. 8. Strepto- 
coccus erysipelatis in aere aliquando inventus est. 
9. Bacteria non animalia sunt. 10. Bacilli in 
liquore hydrargyri chloridi corrosivi diu n5u vivant. 
166. 
Vocabulary. —Anatomy. 
acetabulum, -i, n. (lit.,avin- nal hone of spinal column; 
egar cup), the socket of the hip- coccyx, 
joint; acetabulum. cornu, -us, n., horn. 
coccyx, coccygis, m., ter mi- falsus, -a, -um, false. THIRD CONJUGATION, VERBS IN -10. 
81 
hyoideus, -a, -um, upsilon (w) - 
shaped; hyoid. 
ilium, -i, na part of the in- 
nominate hone ; ilium. 
immobilis, -e, immovable. 
ischium, -I, n., lowest portion 
of innominate hone ; ischium. 
maxilla, -ae, f., a name given 
to the two jaw-hones ; maxil- 
lary hone. 
par, paris, n., a pair. 
sacrum, -i, n., posterior hone 
of the pelvis and a continuation 
of the spinal column ; sacrum. 
sutura, -ae, f., seam ; suture. 
validus, -a, -um, strong. 
verus, -a, -um, true. 
Wormianus, -a, -um, Wor- 
mian. (See Worm, Anatom- 
ical Proper Names.) 
167. 
Exercise. 
1. Ossa Wormiana in suturis cranii sunt. 2. Os 
hyoideum corpus, duo cornua majora, et duo minora 
habet. 3, Ossa pelvis sunt duo ossa innominata, 
sacrum, et coccyx. 4. Portiones tres ossis innomi- 
nati sunt ilium, pubes et ischium. 5. Maxilla inferior 
est os maximum et validissimum faciei. 6. Femur 
est os corporis longissimum, maximum et validissi- 
mum. 7. Columna spinalis tres et triginta vertebras 
habet. 8. Vertebrae cervicales sunt septem; dor- 
sales, duodecim; lumbales, quinque. 9. Caput fem- 
oris cura acetabulb articulat. 10. Quot pares costa- 
rum sunt? Septem verarum, et quinque falsarum. 
11. Suturae cranii artuum immobiles sunt. 12. Seg- 
menta quinque sacrd infantis sunt; coccygi, quattuor. 82 
THE IRREGULAR VERB FIO. 
CHAPTER XXIII. 
THE IRREGULAR VERB FIO. 
168. fio (used as Pass, of faeio), be made, become. 
Principal Parts. 
Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Partic. 
fio fieri factus sum 
PRESENT. 
Indicative Mood. 
PERFECT. 
fit fiunt 
factus est facti sunt 
fiebat fiebant 
IMPERFECT. 
factus erat facti erant 
PLUPERFECT. 
FUTURE. 
FUTURE PERFECT. 
fiet fient 
factus erit facti erunt 
fiat 
SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT. 
fiant 
INFINITIVE PRESENT. 
fieri 
PARTICIPLE PERFECT. 
factus 
GERUNDIVE. 
faciendus 
169. 
Vocabulary. 
addo, -ere, -didi, -ditus, add. 
anthrax, -aeis, m., malignant 
pustule; anthrax. 
bitartras, -atis, m., bitartrate. 
bullio, -ire, -Ivi, -Itus, boil. 
caedo, -ere, eeeidi, caesus, 
kill. 
diligens, -ntis, diligent. 
haustus, -US, m., draught. 
imperialis, -e, imperial. TEE IRREGULAR VERB FIO. 
83 
mepeatop, -OPiS,m., merchant. 
phthisis, -is, f., consumption; 
phthisis. 
pigmentum, -I,pigment. 
simul, adv., at the same time. 
spleneticus, -a, -urn, splenic. 
tepo, -ere, tPlvi, tpltus, 
grind, rub. 
tuberculosis, -is, f., tuber- 
culosis. 
170. 
'Exercise, 
1. Pigmentum rubrum a • bacillo prodigioso fit. 
2. Chirurgus bacteria aqua bulliente caedit. 3. Ba- 
cillus anthracis febrem spleneticum causat; bacillus 
tuberculosis, phthisirn pulmonalem. 4, Discipulus 
diligens, medicus doctus vel medicamentarius peritus 
fiet. 5. Heri medicamentarius ab agricola multas 
herbas emit. 6. Ex iis infusa facta sunt. 7. For- 
mula "Potus Imperialis” est: 
8. R 
Potassii Bi-tartratis, drachmas duas. 
Olei Limonis, minima quinque. 
Aquae Bullientis quantum sufficiat ad uncias viginti. 
Misce. Fiat Potus. 
9. Oleum ricini in hac mistura facilius capitur: 
10. R 
Ole! ricini, unciam fluidam. 
Vitellum ovi unius. 
Tere simul et adde: 
Syrupi simplicis unciae semissem. 
Aquae menthae piperitae uncias duas. 
Misce. Fiat haustus. 
11. Mercator vetus has pilulas capiebat: 
12. R 
Pulveris aloes. 
Pulveris Rhei, ana,* drachmae semissem. 
Saponis, grana triginta. 
Misce., et eum aqua fiat massa, in pilulas viginti divi- 
denda. 
*See 173, 3. 84 
THE IRREGULAR VERB FIO. 
171. 
Vocabulary. —Anatom y. 
albicans, -ntis, (becoming) 
white. [hard. 
callosus, -a, -um, callous, 
cavitas, -atis, f., cavity. 
corona, -ae, f., crown. 
dentatus, -a, -um, toothed. 
falx, -eis, f., sickle. 
fornicatus, -a, -um, arched. 
fornix, -icis, m., an arch; the 
fornix. 
gyrus, -I, m., a circle; a con- 
volution of the brain; gyrus. 
hippocampus, -I, m. (lit., the 
sea-horse), a projection in the 
posterior cornu of the lateral 
ventricles of the brain; hippo- 
campus. 
longitudinalis, -e, longitu- 
dinal. 
mentum, -I, n., chin. 
quadrigeminus, -a, -urn, 
four-fold. 
radiatus, -a, -urn, radiated. 
sinus, -US, m. (lit., a bay), 
any cavity whose interior is 
more expanded than the en- 
trance; sinus. 
symphysis, -is, f., a union of 
bones. 
taenia, -ae, f., a band. 
tendo, tendere, tetendi, 
-sum, to stretch. 
ubi, adv., where. 
172. 
Exercise 
1. Fascia dentata est sub taenia hippocampi. 
2. Linea alba abdominis a cartilagine ensiforme 
sterni ad symphysim pubis tendit. 3. Quadratus 
menti est depressor labii inferioris. 4. "Cavitas 
innominata” est inter helicem et anti-helicem. 
5. Gyrus fornicatus est super corpus callosum. 
6. Coccyx est vertebra ima. 7. Aorta est arteria 
maxima. 8. Vena falcis cerebri est sinus longitu- 
dinalis inferior. 9. Ubi sunt puncta vasculosa? 
10. Ubi sunt corpora quadrigemina et corpus cal- 
losum ? 11. Corona radiata est in cerebro. 12. Cor- 
pora albicantia partes fornicis sunt. PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 
85 
CHAPTER XXIV. 
PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 
173. 
1. Parts of a Prescription. 
A prescription may be divided into six parts: 
1. The superscription; R (for recipe, tale). 
2. The inscription; names of ingredients and quantities. 
3. The subscription; directions to pharmacist. 
4. The signa (write; that is, on the label); directions to 
patient. 
5. Name of physician and date. 
6. Name and address of patient. 
The typical inscription contains : 
(1) Base, active constituents. 
(2) Adjuvant, that •which increases the action of the base, 
(3) Corrigent, that which modifies the action of the base. 
(4) Vehicle (diluent or excipient), the forming substance. 
In accordance with the present tendency towards 
simplicity in prescribing, one or more of these parts 
may be omitted, except the base, which is the essen- 
tial part. 
In compounding the prescriptions, convenience may 
dictate a deviation from the written order; as when 
the perfection of the mixture requires the addition of 
the vehicle at once to the base. 
2. Abbreviations. 
The names of the ingredients are usually abbre- 
viated, but this should never involve doubt as to the 8(3 
PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 
substances really wanted. The following abbrevia- 
tions should be avoided : 
Acid Hydroe. 
Acidum Hydrochloricum 
Acidum Hydrocyanieum 
Aconitina 
Aconitum (Aconiti Radix) 
Aconiti Folia 
Aeonit. 
Ammonia (alkali) 
Ammoniacum (gum-resin) 
Ammon. 
Aq. Chlor. 
Aqua Chlori 
Aqua Chloroform! 
Chloral 
Chloroformum 
Chiorum (chlorine) 
Chlor. 
Ext. Col. 
Extractum Colchici 
Extractum Colocynthidis 
Hydrargyrum 
Hydrastis 
Hydras 
Hydriodas 
Hydrohromas 
Hydrochloras 
Hydr. 
Hydr. Bic. 
Hydrargyri Bi-chloridum 
Hydrargyri Bi-cyanidum 
Sod. Hypo, 
Sodii Hyposulphis 
Sodi! Hypophosphis 
Sulphas 
Sulphidum 
Sulphis 
Sulphocarbolas 
Sulphonal 
Sulphuretum 
Sulphur 
Sulph. PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 
87 
Aqua Fortis may be mistaken for Aqua Fontis. 
Hydr. Chlor. may mean hydrate of chloral or 
hydrargyri chloridum, as both calomel and corrosive 
sublimate are sometimes, though improperly, thus 
written. 
3. The Subscription. 
The subscription is written in Latin. Formerly 
these directions were given in minute detail; at 
present, the large majority of prescriptions contain 
in this subdivision merely M. (misce); and if the 
mode of division is to be noted, Ft. (fiat or jiantJ, 
etc. In general, the pharmacist is left to compound 
secundem artem (8. A.). 
The following list comprises most of the terms used 
in the subscription: 
Word or phrase. 
Adde, 
Ad libitum, 
Absente febre, 
Adstante febre, 
Adhibendus, 
Admove, 
Ana (Or. dra), 
Ante eibum, 
Aqua bulliens, 
Aqua destillata, 
Aqua fontis, 
Aqua pura, 
Bis in die, 
Bulliat, 
Capiat, 
Cochleare magnum, 
Cochleare medium, 
Abbreviation. 
Add. 
Ad. lib. 
Abs. feb. 
Ad. feb. 
Adhib. 
Admov. 
aa. 
Ante. cib. or A. C. 
Aq. bull. 
Aq. dest. 
Aq. font. 
Aq. pur. 
Bis in d. 
Bull. 
Cap. 
Coch. mag. 
Coch. med. 
English equivalent. 
Add. 
At pleasure. 
Fever being absent. 
Fever being present. 
To be administered. 
Apply. 
Of each. 
Before food. 
Boiling water. 
Distilled water. 
Spring water. 
Pure water. 
Twice daily. 
Let (it) boil. 
Let (him) take. 
A tablespoonful. 
A dessertspoonful. 88 
PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 
Word or phrase. 
Cochleare parvum, 
Collyrium, 
Compositus, 
Congius, 
Continuantur reme- 
dia, 
Cras mane sumendus, 
Cujus libet, 
Da, Detur, 
Dentur tales doses, 
De die in diem, 
Diebus alternis, 
Diebus tertiis, 
Dilue, Dilutus, 
Dimidius, 
Divide, [aequales, 
Dividatur in partes 
Donec alvus soluta 
fuerit, 
Durante dolore, 
Emplastrum, 
Fac, Fiat, 
Gargarisma, 
Gradatim, 
Granum, 
Gutta, Guttae, 
Guttatim, 
Haustus, 
Hora decubitus, 
Hora somni, 
Horae unius spatio, 
Indies, 
Infusa, 
Intime, 
Linimentum, 
Lotio, 
Abbreviation. 
Coch. parv. 
Collyr. 
Co. or comp. 
Cong. 
Cont. rem. 
Cras mane sum. 
Cuj. lib. 
D., Det. 
Dent, tab dos. 
De d. in di. 
Dieb. alt. 
Dieb. tert. 
Dil. 
Dim. 
Div. 
Div. in par. aeq. 
Donee alv. sol. ft. 
Dur. dolor. 
Emp. 
Ft. 
Garg. 
Grad. 
Gr. 
Gtt. 
Guttat. 
Haust. 
Hor. deeub. 
Hor. som. or H. S. 
Hor. 1 spat. 
Ind. 
Inf. 
Tnt. 
Lin. 
Lot. 
English equivalent. 
A teaspoonful. 
An eye-wash. 
Compound. 
A gallon. 
Continue the medi- 
cine. [ing. 
Take to-morrow morn- 
Of any you please. 
Give, Let be given. 
Give of such doses. 
From day to day. 
Every other day. 
Every third day. 
Dilute, diluted. 
One-half. 
Divide, [equal parts. 
Let it be divided into 
Until bowels are open. 
While pain lasts. 
Plaster. 
Make, Let be made. 
A gargle. 
By degrees. 
A grain. 
A drop, drops. 
By drops. 
A draught. 
Bed-hour. 
Bed-time. 
One hour’s time. 
Daily. 
Let it infuse. 
Thoroughly. 
A liniment. 
A lotion. PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 
89 
Word or phrase. 
Abbreviation. 
English equivalent. 
Macera, 
Mane primo, 
Medicamentum, 
Misce, 
Mitte, 
Mitte decem tales, 
Modicus, 
Modo praescripto, 
Mollis, 
More dicto, 
More solito, 
N e tradas sine nummo 
Nocte maneque, 
Non repetatur, 
Octarius, 
Omni hora, 
Omnibihoris, [horae, 
Omni quadrantae- 
Omni mane vel nocte, 
Phiala prius agitata, 
Pro ratione aetatis, 
Pro re nata, 
Quantum libet, 
Quantum sufficiat, 
Quaque hora, 
Quotidie, 
Redactus in pulverem 
Repetatur, 
Secundem artem, 
Semi or Semisse, 
Semihora, 
Signa, 
Singularum, 
Mac. 
Man. prim. 
Med. 
M. 
Mitt. 
Mitt, x tab 
Mod. 
Mod. praese. 
Moll. 
Mor. diet. 
Mor. sol. 
Netr. s. num. 
Noct. maneq. 
Non. repetat. 
O. Oct. 
Omn. hor. 
Omn. bih. 
Om. % h. 
Om. mane vel. noc. 
P. p. a. 
Pro. rat. aet. 
P. r. n. 
Q. libet. 
Q. s. 
Qq. hor. 
Quotid. 
Red. in. pulv. 
Repetat. 
See. a., or S. A. 
ss. 
Semih. 
Sig. 
Sing. 
Macerate. [morning. 
First thing in the 
A medicine. 
Mix. 
Send. 
Send ten like this. 
Moderate-sized. 
In the manner written. 
Soft. 
In the manner directed. 
As accustomed. 
Deliver not without 
the money. 
Night and morning. 
Let it not he repeated. 
A pint. 
Every hour. 
Every second hour. 
Every fifteen minutes. 
Every morning or 
night. [shaken. 
The bottle being first 
According to patient’s 
age. 
As occasion arises. 
As much as pleases. 
As much as suffices. 
Every hour. 
Daily. 
Reduced to powder. 
To be repeated. 
According to art. 
A half. 
Half an hour. 
Write. 
Of each. 90 
PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 
Word or phrase. 
Abbreviation. 
English equivalent. 
Si opus sit, 
Solve, 
Statim, 
Stet or Stent, 
Subinde, 
Sumat talem, 
Sume, 
Tere, 
Ter in die, 
Tritura, 
Ultimus praescriptus, 
Ut dictum, 
Vitellus, 
Si op. sit. 
Solv. 
Stat. 
St. 
Subind. 
Sum. tal. 
Sum. 
Ter. 
T. i. d. 
Trit. 
Ult. praes. 
Ut. diet. 
Vitel. 
If need exists. 
Dissolve. 
Immediately. 
Let it (or them) stand. 
Frequently. 
Take one such. 
Take. 
Rub. 
Thrice daily. 
Triturate or grind. 
The last ordered. 
As directed. 
Yelk of an egg. 
The terms and special characters used in prescrip- 
tions to designate weights and measures, with their 
values, are as follows: 
4. Weights and Measures. 
rq Minimum, -I, n., minim, of a fluidraehm. 
Gtt. Gutta, -ae, f., a drop, 
gr. Granum, -I, n., a grain. 
J) Scrupulus, m., a scruple, 20 grains. 
5 Drachma, -ae, f., a drachm, 60 grains, 
fg Fluidrachma, -ae, f., a fluidraehm, 60 minims. 
§ Uncia, -ae, f., a troy ounce, 480 grains, 
Fluiduneia, -ae, f., a fluidounce, 8 fluidrachms. 
lb Libra, -ae, f., a pound (troy), 5,760 grains. 
O. Octarius, -I, m., a pint, 16 fluidounces. 
G. Congius, -I, m., a gallon, 8 pints, 
ss. Semis, indecl., a half. 
Quantities are designated by Roman numerals fol- 
lowing the symbol for denomination. 
To avoid errors, the 1 should always be dotted (i). PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 
91 
Fractional quantities less than one-half are denoted 
by Arabic numerals. 
With this exception, Arabic numerals are not em- 
ployed except in metric formulae. 
An unusually large or poisonous dose of a remedy 
should be indicated by underscoring the quantity, 
thus: Morph. Sulph. gr. i. 
174. 
Prescriptions. 
1. A typical prescription would appear thus: 
R 
Base, Quininae Sulphatis, gr. xii. 
Adjuvant, Acidi Sulphuriei Aromatici, n\ xviii. 
Corrigent, Tincturae Cardamomi compositae, f % ii. 
Vehicle, Elixir, q. s. ad. f f, ii. 
M. Signa. One teaspoonful, with water, after meals. 
, M.D. 
For Mrs. S , Aug. 1st, 1896. 
625 Walnut St. 
2. The following are from the U. S. Dispensatory 
for 1870: 
B 
Camphorae, 3 i- 
Myrrhae, 3 ss. 
Pulveris Aeaciae. 
Sacchari, aa g u. 
Aquae destillatae, vi. 
Camphoram cum alcohol paululo in pulverem tere; 
dein eum myrrha, acacia et saccharo contere ; denique 
eum aqua paulatim instillata misce. 
Sig. A tahlespoonful to he taken for a dose, the 
mixture being well shaken. 
(A convenient form for administering camphor.) 92 
PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 
3. R 
Pulveris Kino, g ii. 
Aquae bullientis, vi. 
Fiat infusum et cola ; dein secundum artem admisce. 
Cretae preparatae, g iii. 
Tincturae Opii, f g ss. 
Spiritus Lavandulae Compositi, f g ss. 
Pulveris Aeaciae. 
Sacchari, aa g ii. 
Sig. A tablespoonful to be taken for a dose, the 
mixture being well shaken. 
(Astringent and antacid, useful in diarrhoea.) 
4. R 
Ole! Ricini, i. 
Pulveris Aeaciae. 
Sacchari, aa g ii. 
Aquae Menthae Piperitae, f§ iii. 
Aeaciam et saccharum cum fluiduncia dimidia aquae 
menthae tere; dein oleum adjice et contere; denique 
aquam reliquam paulatim infunde, et omnia misce. 
Sig. To be taken at a draught, the mixture being 
well shaken. 
5. R 
01 ei Ricini, i ss. 
Tincturae Opii, m xxx. 
Pulveris Acaciae. 
Sacchari, aa, g ii. 
Aquae Menthae Viridis, fg iv. 
Acaciam et saccharum cum paululo aquae menthae 
tere; dein oleum adjice et iterum tere; denique aquam 
reliquam paulatim infunde, et omnia misce. 
Sig. A tablespoonful to be taken every hour or two 
hours, the mixture each time being well shaken. 
(Used as a gentle laxative in dysentery and diarrhoea. 
It is usually known by the name of oleaginous mixture.) PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 
93 
175. 1. The Metric System in Prescribing. 
The growing popularity of the Metric system of 
weights and measures points to its ultimate universal 
adoption. Introduced into the U. S. Pharmacopoeia, 
and into the Dispensatories, it foreshadows the uproot- 
ing of the old system. In using this system in pre- 
scribing, only the gram and milligram for weights, and 
the cubic centimeter or fluigram for measures, should 
be used. The gram is abbreviated to Gm., always 
using a capital initial, lest it be mistaken for a grain 
( gr.); the milligram to "mGm”; the fluigram to "fGm” 
(or its equivalent); the cubic centimeter to C. c. 
Gram or gramme may be Latinized as gramma, gen. 
grammatis, n., or grammarium, -I. n.; fluigram 
(cubic centimeter, C. c.) as fluigramma, -atis, n., or 
fluigrammarium, -I, n. 
In prescriptions, two distinct methods are employed 
— the gravimetric and the volumetric. The gravimetric 
method, requiring the weighing of fluids as well as 
solids, is generally used in the continental countries 
of Europe. In English-speaking countries liquid medi- 
cines are prescribed (as they are necessarily admin- 
istered) by measure. Hence, the volumetric plan finds 
greater favor in American practice. 
The following forms may be used: 
Volumetric. 
Gm. 
Ii 
C. 
c. 
Quininae Sulphatis 
. . 1 
Strychninae Sulphatis 
016 
Ext. GUycyrrhizae Fid 
. . 4 
Syrup! 
. . 60 
M. Sig. A teaspoonful three times a 
day. 94 
PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 
The decimal line should always be used in prefer- 
ence to the decimal point or dot. 
]£ Gravimetric. q1)K 
Hydrarg. Chlor. Mit 5 
Pulv. Aloes 2 
Pulv. Ehei 15 
M. et in pilulas No. xx divide. 
The following approximate equivalents may be use- 
ful if the units of one system are to be transposed 
into those of the other: 
2. Apothecaries’ and Metric Equivalents. 
1-64 grain is equal to 1 mGm. 
1 grain is equal to 64 mGm. 
1 drachm is equal to 4— Gm. 
1 ounce is equal to 32— Gm. 
1 Gm. is equal to 15+ grains. 
1 minim is equal to -+ fGm. 
1 fluidrachm is equal to 4— fGm. 
1 fluidounee is equal to 32— fGm. 
1 fGm. is equal to 15+ minims. 
176. 
aberrans, -ntis, wandering. 
aeervulus, -I, m. (lit., little 
heap), aeervulus. 
alter-alter, the one, the other. 
biliaris, -Q,biliary. [pinealgland. 
conarium,-I, n., name for the 
cranialis, -e, cranial. 
eo, Ire, ivi, itus,* to go. 
genio-hyo-glossus, -I, m., a 
muscle attached to chin, hyoid 
and tongue; genio-hyo-glossus. 
hepar, hepatis, n., liver. 
hyoglossus, -I, m., a muscle 
attached to hyoid bone and 
tongue; hyo-glossus. 
Vocabulary. —Anatomy. 
larynx, -ngis, m., larynx. 
lingualis, -e, lingual. 
novem, indecl., nine. 
palato glossus, -I, m., a mus- 
cle attached to palate and 
tongue; palnto-glossus. 
pinealis, -e, resembling a pine 
cone; pineal. 
sabulum, -I, n., sand. 
sedes, -is, f., seat. 
spiritus, -US, m., spirit. 
stylo-glossus, -I, m., a muscle 
attached to styloid process and 
tongue; stylo-glossus. 
*The perfect participle is used only in impersonal forms, as itum est. SUPPLEMENTARY ANATOMICAL EXERCISES. 
95 
177. 
Exercise. 
1. Nervi craniales numero duodecim sunt. 
2. Nervus facialis, portio dura nervi septimi cranialis 
appellatus est. 3. Musculi linguae sunt genio-hyo- 
glossus, hyo-glossus, stylo-glossus, palato-glossus et 
lingualis. 4. Sunt duo renes, alter in dextra parte 
abdominis, alter in sinistra. 5. In hepate sunt 
quinque lobi et quinque fissurae. 6. Columna spi- 
nalis est linea corporis mediana postica. 7. Vasa 
aberrantia rami pororum biliarium sunt. 8. Estne 
glandula pinealis sedes spiritus ? 9. . Acervulus cere- 
bri, "sabulum conarii, ” est in glandula pineali. 
10. Nomina novem cartilagines laryngis. 
CHAPTER XXV. 
SUPPLEMENTARY ANATOMICAL EXERCISES. 
178. 
1. Membrana granuldsa. 2. Arteria anastomotica 
magna. 3. Linea ileo-pectinea. 4. Placenta praevia. 
5. Z5na pellucida. 6, Fovea hemispherica. 7. Venae 
vorticdsae, 8. Incisura intertragica, 9. Zona ten- 
dinbsa. 10. Decidua vera et decidua reflexa sunt 
membranae. 11. Sutura dentata. 12, Glandulae su- 
doriferae. 
Chapter II. 96 
SUPPLEMENTARY ANATOMICAL EXERCISES. 
179. 
Chapter III. 
1. Arteria receptaculi. 2. Calamus scriptorius. 
3. Nervus trigeminus. 4. Fraenum praeputii. 
5. Fraenum linguae. 6. Tubuli uriniferi. 7. Tubuli 
seminiferi. 8. Fovea semi-elliptica cristae vestibuli. 
9. Labium tympanicum. 10. Sulcus tympanicus. 
11. Nervus patheticus. 12. Transversus perinei. 
180. 
Chapter IV. 
1. Acini glandularum, 2. Antrum Highmorianum. 
3. Nervus phrenicus, 4. Annuli cartilaginbsi tra- 
cheae. 5, Bulbi olfactorii. 6. Clavi digitorum. 
7. Z5nula Zinnii. 8. Fascia lumborum. 9. Fasci- 
culus uncinatus cerebri. 10. Fibrillae musculorum. 
11. Calvaria cerebrum tectat. 12. Fimbriae tubae 
Fallopii. 
181. 
Chapter V. 
1. Trochlea humeri, 2. Linea obliqua radii. 
3. Tubercula areolae mammae. 4. Fasciculi tendinosi 
splenii colli. 5, Emboli in arterias aliquando natant. 
6. Urachus est ligamentum suspensorium vesicae. 7. 
Multae glandulae in axilla sunt. 8. Arteria sacri 
mediana est ramus aortae. 9. Caecum est saccus 
intestini crassi. 10. Punctum caecum oculi. 11. 
Periosteum est membrana alba et fibrosa. 12. Nervus 
sympatheticus medius est pneumo-gastricus. 
182. 
Chapter VI. 
1. Monticulus cerebelli. 2. Saccus lacteus est recep- 
taculum chyli. 3. Eminentiae medianae internae, me- 
dullae oblongatae. 4. Cubiti vel anguli costarum. SUPPLEMENTARY ANATOMICAL EXERCISES. 
97 
5. Multi nervi conjunctivae palpebrarum sunt. 
6. Condyli humeri. 7. Collum radii est apud cubitum. 
8. Pili palpebrarum. 9, Estne chorda tympani ramus 
nervi noni? 10. Calculi vesicae sunt crebri. 11. Rami 
primi aortae sunt arteriae coronariae. 12, Tonsillae 
inter columnas veli palati sunt. 
183. 
Chapter VII. 
1. Eminentiae magnae cerebri sunt thalami nervorum 
opticorum. 2. Hernia vesicae est cystocele. 3. Ter- 
minus posticus costae est capitulum. 4. Hernia corneae 
est ceratocele. 5. Arteria iliaca interna multos ramos 
habet. 6. Peritoneum est membrana serdsa. 7. Mam- 
mae sunt glandulae lactiferae. 8. Capsula nervdrum 
est neurilemma. 9. Clavicula est inter sternum et acro- 
rnium. 10. Laminae spongiosae sunt in fossa nasi. 
184. 
Chapter VIII. 
1. Pronator quadratus. 2. Supinator longus. 
3. Flexor sublimis digitorum. 4. Foramen spinosum. 
5. Ossa Wormiana saepe triquetra sunt. 6. Cornicula 
laryngis, 7. Mons Veneris. 8. Glans clitoridis. 
9. Corona glandis penis. 10. Ligamentum pectinatum 
iridis. 11. Calices renales. 12. Appendices epiploicae 
sunt fimbriae carnosae coli. 
185. 
Chapter IX. 
1. Corpus striatum. 2. Corpora Aranti! valvularum 
cordis. 3. Sulcus spiralis. 4. Limbus laminae spi- 
ralis. 5. Arteria transversalis colli. 6. Rete testis. 
7. Arteriae et venae propriae renales. 8. Fovea cen- 98 
SUPPLEMENTARY ANATOMICAL EXERCISES. 
trails. 9. Gubernaculum testis. 10. Tuber cinereum 
est post commissuram nervorum opticorum. 11. Tri- 
ceps brachialis est extensor cubiti. 12. Commissura 
mollis est inter thalamos opticos. 
186. 
Chapter X. 
1. Dorsum et venter ilii. 2. Corrugator supercilii. 
3. Carunculae myrtiformes. 4. Nervus motor oculi. 
5. Pons Varolii. 6. Corpora cavernosa penis. 7. Cor- 
pus striatum cerebri. 8. (Musculus) levator glandulae 
thyroideus. 9. Lamellae cribriformes ossis ethmoidalis. 
10. Ligamentum teres est in acetabuld. 11. Gastroc- 
nemii et soleus tendinem communem habent. 12. Pyra- 
midalis abdominis est tensor lineae albae. 
187. 
Chapter XI. 
1. Corpus fimbriatum.. 2. Pes accessbrius. 3, Mem- 
brana basilaris. 4. Os orbiculare, 5. Vesiculae semi- 
nales. 6. Septum pectiniforme. 7. Fossa navicularis. 
8. Membrana pupillaris. 9. Ora serrata. 10. Pars 
ciliaris retinae. 11. Popliteus est triangularis. 12. Py- 
riformis est rotator femoris. 
188. 
Chapter XII. 
1. Labium vestibulare. 2. Fenestra ovalis, 3. Ner- 
vus abducens. 4. Vas deferens. 5. Vasa efferentia. 
6. Membrana limitans interna. 7. Descendens noni. 
8. Vena cava ascendens. 9. Attrahens, retrahens et 
attolens aurem. 10. Communicans noni. 11. Intu- 
mescentia ganglioniformis Scarpae. 12. Opponens 
pollicis est flexor primi internodii pollicis. SUPPLEMENTARY ANATOMICAL EXERCISES. 
99 
189. 
Chapter XIII. 
1. Orbicularis oris. 2. Opercula folliculorum den- 
tium. 3. Laxator tympani. 4. Nucleus lenticularis 
corporis striati. 5. Matrix unguium. 6. Ossa Wormi- 
ana triquetra aliquando sunt. 7. Neurilemma est 
membrana lucida, 8. Cutis membra tegit. 9. Musculi 
lumbricales pedis sunt fasciculi fusiformes. 10. Dens 
sapientiae est molaris quartus. 11. Tendo obturatdris 
interni inter gemellos est, 12. Septum nasi est inter 
nares. 
190. 
Chapter XIV. 
1. Hilus lienalis. 2. Ligamenta alaria. 3. Vasa 
brevia sunt rami arteriae lienalis. 4. Flexor carpi ul- 
naris, 5. Par vagum est nervus pneumo-gastricus, 
6. Zygoma est os malae. 7, Conus arteriosus est 
infundibulum cordis. 8. Membrana mucosa faucium 
nullos villos habet. 9. Parietes abdominis, cranii et 
thoracis. 10. Axis est vertebra cervicalis secunda. 
11. Canales semicirculares auris. 12. Semi-tendindsus 
et semi-membranosus sunt musculi cruris longi. 
191. 
Chapter XV. 
1. Circulus iridis major. 2. Foramen lacerum an- 
terius. 3. Pectorales, major or min5r. 4. Obliquus 
superior ocull. 5. Nymphae sunt labia minora vulvae. 
6. Arteriae thyroidea ima. 7. Crura cerebelli supe- 
riora. 8. Arteriae pancreaticae parvae. 9. Colica me- 
dia et colica dextra sunt rami arteriae mesentericae 
superioris. 10. Venae Thebesii sunt venae minimae 
cordis. 11, Glandulae solitariae sunt in membrana 100 
SUPPLEMENTARY ANATOMICAL EXERCISES. 
mucdsa iutestiui tenuis. 12. Jecur est glans maximus 
corporis. 
192'. 
Chapter XVI. 
1. Ductus communis choledochus. 2. Lacus lachry- 
marum. 3. Hiatus canalis Fallopii. 4. Processus 
gracilis mallei. 5. Musculi interossei manus numero 
septem sunt. 6. Veru montanum. 7. Morsus diaboli. 
8. Ductus venosus post partum est chorda fibrosa. 
9. Crura cerebelli superiora sunt processus e cerebello 
ad testes. 10. Processus e cerebello ad pontem sunt 
crura media cerebelli. 11. Tentorium cerebelli est 
processus transversus durae matris. 12. Antrum 
Highmorianum est sinus genae pituitarius. 
193. 
Chapter XVII. 
1. Genua arcuata. 2. Articuli digitorum manus et 
pedis. 3. Tapetum alveoli maxillarum est membrana 
externa dentium. 4. Sudor est materia perspiratoria. 
5. Tuba Eustachil est iter a palatd ad aurem, 6. Ner- 
vus septimus pes anserinus appellatus est. 8. Carci- 
noma stomachi apud ostium sinistrum saepissime reperi- 
tur. 9. Scalae tympani et vestibuli sunt cavitates 
cochleae. 10. Cicero dixit: "Cerebrum, cor, pulmones, 
et jecur,—haec sunt domicilia vitae.” NOTES NOTES. 
103 
NOTES. 
20. 
Exercise. 
2. "Bitter tinctures.” A tincture is an alcoholic solution of a 
medicinal substance, prepared by maceration, digestion or perco- 
lation. Ammoniated tinctures and ethereal tinctures are solutions 
in spirit of ammonia and ethereal spirit, respectively. The ad- 
vantages of alcohol as a menstruum are that it dissolves prin- 
ciples which are sparingly or not at all soluble in water, and 
contributes to their preservation when dissolved, while it leaves 
behind some inert substances which are dissolved by water. In 
no ease is absolute alcohol employed. The diluted alcohol (Al- 
cohol Dilutus, U. S. P.) which is most frequently used contains 
about equal parts by volume of official alcohol and water. 
4. "Bitter mixtures” (Aec. case). The term mistura, in the 
language of pharmacy, should be restricted to those preparations 
in which insoluble substances, whether solid or liquid, are sus- 
pended in watery fluids by the intervention of gum arabie, sugar, 
yolk of egg, or other viscid matter. When the suspended sub- 
stance is of an oleaginous nature, the mixture is properly called 
an emulsion. 
5. "Mixture of chalk,” or Chalk mixture. This official mixture 
is a convenient form for administering chalk, and is much em- 
ployed in looseness of the bowels accompanied with acidity. The 
dose is a tablespoonful (15 C.e.), frequently repeated. 
6. " Water of bitter almond,” or hitter almond water, is used in 
this country principally as a vehicle, on account of its agreeable 
taste and its powers of masking the taste of saline substances. 
In its preparation, an artificial oil of bitter almond (or benzalde- 
hyde), which is free from hydrocyanic acid, is generally em- 
ployed. 104 
NOTES. 
8. "Of little pills” (Gen. ease, pi.). Pills are globular masses 
of a size convenient for swallowing. They are well adapted for 
the administration of medicines which are unpleasant to the taste 
or smell, or insoluble in water, and which do not require to be 
given in large doses. The softer extracts and certain gum-resins 
have a consistence that enables them to be made immediately into 
pills. Substances which are very soft, or liquid, are incorporated 
with dry and inert powders, such as wheat flour, starch and pow- 
dered gum arable, or with a crumb of bread. Powders must be 
mixed with soft, solid bodies, as extracts, confections, soap, etc., 
or with tenacious liquids, as syrup, molasses, mucilage, honey or 
glycerine. 
9. "With medicated papers” (Abl. ease), or "For medicated 
papers” (Dat. ease). Chartae, or papers, were introduced into 
the U. S. P. in 1870, having been long official in the French 
Codex. 
10. " Tincture of belladonna is bitter.” The full official name 
of this tincture in the U. S. P. is "Tinctura Belladonnae Folio- 
rum,” though in the U. S. P., 1880, and the Br. P., it is as 
above. The dose is from 15 to 30 minims (0.9 to 1.9 C.c.). That 
of the British tincture is twice as much. 
The plant from which this tincture is made, Atropa Belladonna, 
or deadly night-shade, is an herbaceous perennial. The leaves and 
roots are used. Belladonna and its principal alkaloid, atropine, 
are identical in their action, being anti-spasmodic, stimulant to 
the respiratory centers, and to the heart and vaso-motor centers. 
The dose of atropine is from 1-50 to 1-100 of a grain (0.0012- 
0.0006 Gm.) ; although in opium poisoning 1-20 of a grain (0.003 
Gm.) may be given at once. 
11. Chalk is native friable Carbonate of Calcium. It occurs 
massive in beds in the south of England, in the north of France, 
and along the Missouri river in the Dakotas. It is insipid, in- 
odorous, insoluble, opaque, soft solid, generally white, but grayish 
when impure. 
12. Aloe is the inspissated juice of a genus of plants (Aloe 
Socotrina, or Socotrine Aloe) native to Eastern Africa. As a medi- NOTES. 
105 
cine, it is cathartic in its action, having a peculiar affinity for 
the large intestine. 
Mastic is a concrete resinous exudation from the bark of a small 
tree native to the countries bordering upon the Mediterranean. 
It is chiefly obtained from the island of Scio, or Chios, in the 
Grecian Archipelago. 
These pills, in imitation of Lady Webster’s Dinner Pills, are 
laxative. The mastic impairs the solubility of the aloes, and 
thus gives it a still greater tendency to act on the lower bowels. 
13. Quinine is an alkaloid obtained from the bark of various 
species of Cinchona, a tree widely distributed in South America. 
The bark was introduced into Europe in 1640 by the Countess of 
Cinchon. Quinine is a white, flaky, amorphous or crystalline 
powder, odorless, and having a very bitter taste. There are many 
salts of quinine, of which the sulphate is in most general use. 
It is the most efficient remedy known in malarial diseases. It is 
also used as a tonic, antipyretic and uterine stimulant. Twelve 
grains of quinine sulphate are equivalent to about an ounce of 
good bark. The dose varies according to the object to be accom- 
plished—from a grain (0.065 Gm.) as a tonic simply, to as much 
as 30 grains (1.95 Gm.) or even 90 (6 Gm.) between the parox- 
ysms in malignant intermittents or remittents. 
15. Rose water may be prepared by distilling the fresh petals 
of the hundred-leaved rose ; or it may be prepared by distilling 
together water and the oil of rose. This volatile oil, commonly 
called attar, otto or essence of roses, is prepared on a large scale 
in Turkey in Europe, especially in the Balkan Mountains, in 
Egypt, Persia, Cashmere, India, and other countries of the east. 
18. This mixture is official in the U. S. P. 1890, under the 
name Emulsum Asafoetida}, or emulsion of asafoetida. It contains 
4 per cent of asafoetida, a gum resin obtained by incision from 
the living root of a genus of shrubs native to Persia, Afghanistan, 
and neighboring regions. It is a stimulant antispasmodic, efficient 
expectorant, and feeble laxative. The medium dose is 10 grains 
(0.65 Gm.), given in pill or emulsion. 106 
NOTES. 
22. 
Exercise. —Anatomy. 
1. The linea alba, or "white line,” is a tendinous cord, the 
fascial junction of all the lateral abdominal muscles in the middle 
line, from the ensiform cartilage (lower extremity of the sternum, 
or breast-bone) to the pubes. 
2. The linea aspera, or "rough line,” is a prominent longitudi- 
nal ridge or crest lying along the middle third of the femur, or 
thigh-bone, bifurcating above and below, and giving attachment 
to eight of the muscles of the thigh. 
3. The fascia lata, or "broad fascia,” so named from its great 
extent, is a strong tube of membrane enclosing the thigh. 
4. "Deep fascia.” The fascice, superficial and deep, are two 
fibrous layers of variable thickness and strength which invest the 
softer and more delicate organs in all regions of the body. 
5. Aside from the deep cervical branch (profunda cervicis), this 
term is applied to the superior and inferior profunda branches of 
the brachial artery (in the arm), and to the deep femoral artery 
(profunda femoris), the largest branch of the femoral. 
6. The "innominate artery” is the largest branch given off 
from the arch of the aorta. It divides into the right common 
carotid and the right subclavian. It varies in length from an 
inch and a half to two inches. 
7. The venae cavae (or "hollow veins”) are two in number, the 
superior receiving the blood from the whole upper half of the 
body, the inferior from the lower half, both terminating in the 
right auricle of the heart. 
8. This "gt’oove” lodges the intercostal vessels and nerves, 
running along the inferior border of the ribs. 
9. "The papillae of the mucous membrane of the tongue” are 
elevations made up of fibrous connective tissue supporting a com- 
plex loop of capillary blood-vessels. 
10. There are two kinds of bursae, mucous and synovial; the 
former are large, simple, or irregular cavities in the subcutaneous 
tissue, enclosing a clear, viscid fluid. NOTES. 
107 
12, 13, 14. The retina is the innermost layer of the eyeball, its 
inner surface being in contact with the vitreous body, its outer 
surface with the choroid coat. It is the expansion of the optic 
nerve, upon the surface of which images of external bodies are 
received. The ”yellow spot” is a round elevation exactly in the 
center of the posterior part ; in it, the sense of vision is the most 
perfect. 
28. 
Exercise. 
1. A ” mixture” composed of ferrous sulphate, myrrh, sugar, 
potassium carbonate, spirit of lavender and rose water. Almost 
the same as Griffith’s celebrated tonic and anti-hectic myrrh mix- 
ture. Used in chlorosis, phthisis, and kindred diseases. The dose 
is from 1 to 2 fiuidounees (30-60 C.c.), two or three times a day. 
2. Rheum, or rhubarb, is the root, sliced and dried, of a genus 
of herbaceous perennial plants found in Bootan and Thibet, on 
the north of the Himalaya Mountains, and throughout Chinese 
Tartary. By reason of the remoteness of this region, and the 
jealous care with which the monopoly of the trade is guarded, it 
has been impossible to determine from what precise plant the 
Asiatic drug is derived. The fleshy and acid stalks of a common 
domestic species are much used in cookery. The official syrup is 
useful in summer diarrhoea of infants, the dose being a fluidraehm 
(3.7 C.c.), repeated every two hours till a decided effect is pro- 
duced. 
3. Infusions are liquid preparations of vegetable products, made 
by treating them with hot or cold water, without boiling. The 
medium dose of this infusion is 2 fiuidounees (60 C.c.). For 
Cinchona, see note on 20, 13. 
4. This preparation, popularly known as paregoric, is an agree- 
able anodyne. It is used also to check diarrhoea and allay cough. 
Dose for infant, from 5 to 20 drops (0.3-1.25 C.c.) ; for an adult, 
from 1 to 4 fluidrachms (3.75-15 C.c.). For opium, see note on 40, 3. 
6. As indicated in this sentence, the essential ingredients of 
vinegar are acetic acid and water, hut it may contain other 
substances, as gum, starch, sugar, gluten, a little alcohol, and 
frequently tartaric and malic acids. Adulterated varieties may 108 
NOTES. 
contain sulphuric and siilphurous acids. It is prepared from 
cider, wine, or infusion of malt (with beech shavings). 
7. The U. S. syrup of ferrous iodide is a ’’transparent, pale 
green liquid, having a sweet, strongly ferruginous taste, and a 
neutral reaction.” A tonic and alterative, it is employed in 
scrofulous complaints, chlorosis, secondary syphilis, etc. The dose 
is from 15 to 30 minims (0.9-1.9 C.e.), in water. The mouth 
should be washed after each dose, to avoid injury to the teeth. 
11. For quinine, see note on 20, 13. 
13. Squill is the bulb of a perennial plant which grows in the 
countries bordering on the Mediterranean. Its medicinal virtues 
have been known since ancient times-. It is expectorant, diuretic, 
and in large doses emetic and purgative. The dose of the syrup 
is about a fluidraehm (3.7 C.e.). The syrup of orange is em- 
ployed for its pleasant flavor alone. 
14. Carbolic acid, or phenol, is a coal-tar product. In its pure 
state it is a solid at ordinary temperatures, crystalline, colorless, 
white or pinkish, of an odor resembling that of creosote, and an 
acrid, burning taste. It may be liquefied (Acidum Carbolieum 
Liquefactum, Br.) by the addition of 10 per cent of water. In 
carbolic acid poisoning, sodium sulphate (Glauber’s Balt) should 
be administered, which forms with the acid harmless sulpho-ear- 
bolates, and the stomach should be washed out, as the benumbing 
of the stomach by the poison makes the action of emetics uncer- 
tain. Carbolic acid is a powerful germicide, a 1 per cent 
solution being effective. 
30. 
Exercise.—Anatomy. 
1. The lumbar fascia is the posterior aponeurosis of the trans- 
versalis muscle of the abdomen. (Aponeuroses are pearly white, 
glistening, iridescent, flattened or ribbon-shaped, fibrous mem- 
branes, having few vessels and no nerves, serving like tendons to 
connect muscles with the structures on which they act.) It di- 
vides into three layers. Also, see 4 and 12, below. 
2. The ligament of the patella may be regarded as the tendon 
of insertion to the tibia of the large, muscular mass (Quadriceps NOTES. 
109 
extensor) on the front of the thigh. The patella, then, is simply a 
bone developed in the tendon of this muscle (i. e., a sesamoid 
bone). 
3. Three flat longitudinal bands of muscular fibers in the 
caecum and colon. Being shorter than the other parts of the 
large intestine, they serve to produce the sacculi, characteristic of 
these parts. 
4. This muscle is contained in a sheath between the anterior 
and middle layers of the lumbar fascia. 
5. This is a slight ridge, extending vertically for about two 
inches along the upper back part of the shaft of the femur, or 
thigh bone. It serves for the attachment of the Quadratus femoris 
(not Quadratus lumborum). 
6. The superior and inferior profunda arteries are branches of 
the brachial, which is a continuation of the sub-clavian in the 
arm. There is also a deep femoral artery (profunda femoris). 
7. These are the two broad or lateral ligaments of the uterus, 
passing from the sides of that organ to the walls of the pelvis. 
The liver also has a broad or longitudinal ligament, which, like 
the broad ligaments of the uterus, is a fold of peritoneum. 
8. These "round ligaments” are two rounded cords, about four 
or five inches in length, situated between the layers of the broad 
ligaments. 
9. There are two varieties of bone—spongy and compact. The 
compact variety is characterized by the arrangement of the osseous 
elements in layers (laminae or lamellae). 
10. The marrow of all bones in very young animals is red in 
color ; after a time, that of the long bones assumes a lighter or 
even a straw color, owing to the accumulation of fat within the 
marrow cells. 
11. These ligaments are composed of yellow elastic tissue, 
which, by virtue of its elasticity, serves to preserve the upright 
posture and to assist in resuming it after the spine has beep 
flexed. 110 
NOTES. 
12. This is a muscular mass which fills up the groove on either 
side of the spinous processes of the vertebrae from the sacrum to 
the axis (second vertebra). In the lumbar region, this muscle, 
with the erector spinae, is included between the middle and pos- 
terior layers of the lumbar fascia. 
13. The spinal cord (medulla spinae or medulla spinalis), envel- 
oped by its three membranes, is contained within the vertebral 
canal, extending from the atlas (first vertebra) above to the first 
lumbar vertebrae below. A cross section shows it to be com- 
posed of an outer part, white substance, and of an inner part, 
gray matter. 
14. Spina bifida is a malformation resulting from a lack of 
closure of the laminae of the vertebrae. It appears as a tumor 
in the middle line in the lumbar or lumbo-sacral region. Filled 
with cerebro-spinal fluid, and becoming tense when the infant 
cries, it is not usually difficult of diagnosis. 
33. 
Exercise. 
1. Capsicum, or Cayenne pepper, is the pod-like fruit of a 
species of plants native to the warmer regions of Asia and 
America. Powdered capsicum, largely used as a condiment, is 
highly stimulant. It has been found an efficacious remedy in 
delirium tremens. This infusion is not official. 
2. This preparation appears in the National Formulary. For 
Rheum, see note on 28, 2. Gentian is the root of 'a plant which 
grows among the Appenines, the Alps, the Pyrenees, and other 
mountainous regions of Europe. Its name is said to have been 
derived from Gentius, an ancient king of Illyria. It yields its 
taste and virtues to alcohol and water. Belonging to the class of 
simple bitters, it excites the appetite and invigorates the diges- 
tion. Each fluidrachm of this tincture represents 4 grains (0.26 
Gm.) of rhubarb and one grain (0.065 Gm.) of gentian. 
3. Extracts are products derived by evaporating solutions con- 
taining vegetable principles. They vary in consistence from a 
hardness sufficient for pulverization to a softness convenient for 
moulding into pills. Fluid extracts are alcoholic solutions of a NOTES, 
Ill 
drug, representing one gramme of the drug to each cubic centi- 
meter. Glycerine is sometimes added as a preservative. 
Stramonium (otherwise known as thorn-apple, Jamestown or 
Jimpson weed) is an annual plant, found everywhere in the 
United States in the vicinity of cultivation, especially where 
refuse has been deposited. Its large leaves, its trumpet-shaped 
flowers, and its rank odor are well known. Its medical proper- 
ties are almost identical with those of belladonna (see note on 
20, 10). In the U. S. P. 1890, seminis is inserted after stramonii. 
The dose of the extract is from 1 to 2 minims (0.06-0.12 C.e.). 
4. Owing to the excessive length of this name, the pharmacist 
will usually find it written in prescriptions simply Extractum 
belladonnae, in which case this preparation should be dispensed, 
as the only extract of belladonna recognized in the U. S. P. The 
dose is | to j of a grain (0.010-0.021 Gm.). 
5. An abstract is a powdered preparation which has twice the 
strength of the drug itself or of its fluid extract. Official in the 
U. S. P. 1880, they were not retained in that of 1890, as, unfor- 
tunately, they did not come into general use, though still used in 
some parts of the country. Conium, or hemlock, is the full- 
grown fruit (gathered and dried while yet green) of an umbel- 
liferous plant native to Europe and naturalized in the United 
States. The fruit (i. e., seeds) has a yellowish gray color, a 
feeble odor and a bitterish taste. It has anodyne, soporific, anti- 
spasmodic, and diuretic properties. The dose of the abstract is 
from 1 to 2 grains (0.06-0.12 Gm.). 
6. Codeine is an alkaloid obtained from opium; white, crystal- 
line, odorless, and having a faintly bitter taste. The dose, one 
grain (0.06 Gm.) if pure, may be increased until symptoms are 
produced. 
There are several species of cinnamon, growing in Ceylon, 
China, India, the East Indies and West Indies. The bark of the 
shoots constitutes the cinnamon of commerce. The tincture is 
aromatic and astringent, furnishing an agreeable flavoring to 
other tinctures, 
7. For Asafoetida, see note on 20, 18. 112 
NOTES. 
8. Ipecac is the root of a small, shrubby plant, native to 
Brazil. Powdered, it has a peculiar, nauseous odor and an acrid, 
bitter, very nauseous taste. In small doses it is diaphoretic and 
expectorant; in large doses, emetic. The dose of the wine for an 
adult, as a diaphoretic and expectorant, is from 10 to 30 minims 
(0.6-1.9 C.c.); as an emetic, a fluidounce (30 C.c.). 
9. Plasters are solid compounds for external application, of 
such consistence as to require heat in spreading, but adhesive at 
body temperature. They are spread for use on muslin, paper, 
leather, etc. There are thirteen official plasters. For Capsicum, 
see above, note on 33, 1; for Belladonna, see note on 20, 10. 
Capsicum plaster is rubifacient. 
Belladonna plaster is a useful anodyne application in neuralgia 
and rheumatic pains. 
10. Aconite (monkshood) is a perennial herbaceous plant, 
abundant in the mountain forests of France, Switzerland and 
Germany. It is also cultivated for ornament in the gardens of 
the new and old worlds. The root is the most actively poisonous 
part of the plant. Valuable as a remedy in the sthenic fevers 
(those fevers due to inflammatory causes, and characterized by a® 
exaggerated heart action), it should not be used in asthenic 
(weakening) fevers, as it is a powerful depressant of the heart. 
The beginning dose of the tincture is from 1 to 3 minims (0.06- 
0.18 C.c.). 
Under the name Acacia is included a genus of gum-bearing 
trees, abounding in various parts of Africa. The gum exudes 
spontaneously from the bark, or through artificial incisions. Gum 
arable is hard, brittle, and more or less transparent. Its powder 
is white, inodorous, and slightly sweetish. The syrup is a good 
demulcent, and is also useful in the preparation of pills, troches 
and mixtures. 
13. These three acids are corrosive, though hydrochloric is less 
so than the others. In case of poisoning, the best antidotes for 
all of them are dilute alkaline solutions, magnesia, chalk, soap 
(in solution), followed by mucilaginous and bland drinks. 
14. The balsam of Tolu, used in the preparation of this syrup, NOTES. 
113 
is a resin obtained from a South American tree. The syrup is 
used in mixtures chiefly for its pleasing flavor. 
15. Oils are divided into two great classes—fixed and volatile, 
the latter vaporizing readily on application of heat. The volatile 
(distilled or essential) oils are all derived from odoriferous plants, 
are caustic, and scarcely at all viscid. The fixed or fatty oils are 
either animal or vegetable in origin, are insipid or mawkish to 
the taste, and are usually quite viscid. The two oils here men- 
tioned are fixed or fatty. 
Cod-liver oil is obtained from the fresh livers of a species of 
cod-fish ((Gadus morrhua). While eminently a nutritive agent, 
it seems also to exert a stimulant and alterative influence on the 
processes of assimilation and nutrition. 
Castor oil is expressed from the seed of the castor-oil plant. 
Its properties are too well known to require comment here. (See 
174, 4.) 
35. 
Exercise. —Anatomy. 
1. These are the lateral movable, cartilaginous parts of the 
nose. 
2. The lacunae are small cavities, communicating by minute 
tubes (canaliculi) with larger spaces in the bone substance, called 
Haversian canals, all of which serve for the transit of nutrient 
fluid through bony tissue. 
For medulla, see note on 30, 10. 
3. A partition between the nostrils, composed of bone (the 
vomer) and cartilage. 
4. These are nervous filaments which supply the loose connec- 
tive tissue which supports the blood-vessels and lymphatics in the 
larger trunks of the nervous system. 
5. This ligament (being a part of the aponeurosis of the- 
Transversalis muscle) arches across the upper part of the Quad- 
ratus lumborum muscle. (See note on 30, 4.) 
6. A uterus separated into two cavities ; a double uterus. 114 
NOTES 
7. The vertebral column ; the spine, including thirty-three ver- 
tebrae—seven cervical, twelve dorsal, five lumbar, five sacral, 
four coccygeal. The sacral and coccygeal are immovable. 
8. These valves prevent the reflux of the blood. They are 
formed by a fold of the inner coat of the vein. 
9. These small, rounded, muscular columns project from the 
inner surface of the right and left ventricle of the heart. 
40. 
Exercise. 
1. Twenty thousand tons of the peppermint plant are said to 
be produced annually in the United States. The water is used to 
cover the taste or qualify the nauseating or griping effects of 
other medicines. 
2. The red mercuric iodide, or biniodide of mercury, is a 
scarlet-red, amorphous powder, odorless and tasteless. It is a 
powerful irritant poison. The ointment is used as a dressing to 
indolent scrofulous and syphilitic ulcers. 
3. The liquorice plant is a native of Southern Europe, Sicily, 
Barbary, Syria and Persia. The root is internally yellowish, 
odorless, sweet, and slightly bitterish to the taste. 
Opium is the inspissated juice obtained by incising the unripe 
capsules of a species of poppy (Papaver Somniferum) cultivated 
extensively in India, Persia, Egypt, China and Asiatic Turkey. 
Upon the edges of the incisions the white juice exudes in the 
form of tears. Collected and placed in small vessels, the jelly- 
like mass is beaten, and at the same time moistened with saliva. 
Good opium has a reddish brown or deep fawn color, a sharp 
narcotic odor, and a peculiar, bitter taste. Of the nineteen or 
more alkaloids obtained from it, morphine and codeine are the 
most important. Opium is a narcotic stimulant, its operation 
being directed with peculiar force to the brain. The dose varies 
greatly, according to the nature of the complaint, the object to 
be effected, or the habits of the patient. It may be from % to 2 
grains (0.016-0.13 Gm.). As much as 75 grains (5 Gm.) has 
been given in acute peritonitis during twenty-four hours. If an 
overdose has been taken, the stomach should be emptied ; atro- NOTES 
115 
pine, strychnine and cocaine should be administered hypodermi- 
cally, and mechanical means should be used to keep the patient 
awake ; or it may be necessary to use artificial respiration. The 
troches mentioned in this sentence are useful in allaying cough, 
or as an anodyne. 
4. For ipecac, see note on 33, 8. 
This fluid extract is described as "a thin, dark reddish brown, 
transparent liquid, of a bitterish, slightly acrid taste, but without 
the nauseous flavor of the root.” The emetic dose is from 15 to 
30 minims iO.9-1.9 C.c.). 
7. For quinine, see note on 20, 13. For squill, see note on 28, 13. 
10. For peppermint, see 1, above 
11. For the oils, see note on 33, 15. 
12. Oil of peppermint is much used in nausea, flatulence, and 
spasmodic pains of the stomach and bowels. The dose is from 2 
to 6 minims (0.12-0.36 C.c.), rubbed with sugar and then dis- 
solved in water. It is a useful anodyne counter-irritant in neu- 
ralgia and rheumatism. 
Menthol, or peppermint camphor, is obtained from this oil. 
13. Cubebs are the dried, unripe fruit of a climbing perennial 
plant native to the East Indies. The fruit is a round berry, about 
the size of a pea. Their odor is strong and spicy, and their taste 
aromatic and pungent. 
This preparation is of some value in cases of chronic cough, or 
chronic inflammation of the fauces. 
14. This is a useful remedy in burns and scalds. 
Turpentine is a substance of the consistence of honey, which 
exudes from many trees of the pine family. It is composed of 
resin and a volatile oil, oil (spirits) of turpentine. This oil is 
used in the preparation of the turpentine liniment. 
15. The common lavender is a shrub, usually one or two feet 
high ; a native of Southern Europe, covering vast areas of dry 
and barren land in Spain, Italy and Southern France. It bears 
small blue flowers, from which the official oil is distilled. 
Though used principally as a perfume, it has stimulant proper- 116 
NOTES 
ties, and may be given in cases of nervous languor and headache, 
in doses of 1 to 5 minims (0.06-0.3 C.c.). 
42. 
Exercise.—Anatomy. 
1. The papillae, the essential element of the organ of touch, 
are conical-shaped elevations with a round or blunted extremity, 
averaging about xljff of an inch in length and Av °f an inch in 
diameter at their base. Composed of bundles of fibro-elastic 
tissue, they support vascular loops and a rich nerve supply. 
2. The anterior surface of the scapula presents a broad con- 
cavity, the subscapular fossa. The posterior surface is divided 
into two parts by the spine of the scapula, as indicated in sen- 
tence 6, below. 
3. For Galen, see ”Anatomical Proper Names and their 
Origin.” 
The velum interpositum is a vascular membrane, reflected from 
the pia mater into the interior of the brain. It forms the roof of 
the third ventricle. 
4 and 5. See note on 1, above. 
6, 7, and 8. See note on 2, above 
9. These wfurrows” or depressions separate the convolutions of 
the brain. In man they are deeper and more complex than in the 
other mammalia, in these respects appearing to bear a close 
relation to the intellectual power of the individual. 
10. Lymph is the fluid contained in the vessels of the lym- 
phatic system during the intervals of digestion. After nutritive 
materials have been taken up by these vessels in the process of 
absorption, their contents are known as chyle. 
11. The tentorium cerebelli is a portion of the dura mater (the 
dense fibrous covering of the brain and spinal cord). 
12. This small ventricle is called the fifth ventricle. See note 
on 35, 10. 
46. 
Exercise 
1. Cardamon is the fruit (seeds) of a plant native to the 
mountains of Malabar. It is fragrant, and has a warm, pungent, NOTES. 
117 
aromatic taste. It is used as a condiment throughout the East 
Indies. The tincture is used chiefly to render other mixtures 
pleasant to the taste and agreeable to the stomach. 
2. wDecoctions are solutions of vegetable principles, obtained 
by boiling the substances containing these principles in water.” 
Tinctures and fluid extracts have largely taken the place of the 
nauseous, bulky, non-permanent decoction. These two decoc- 
tions of cinchona were official in the U. S. P. of 1870, but were 
dropped at the 1880 revision. 
3. By means of this wine, minute doses of tartar emetic 
(Antimony and Potassium Tartrate) may be administered. As a 
diaphoretic or an expectorant, the dose is from 10 to 30 minims 
(0.6-1.9 C.c.), frequently repeated. 
4. For wine of ipecac, see note on 33, 8. 
Wine of rhubarb is no longer official in the U. S. P., though 
retained in the British. 
For rhubarb, see note on 28, 2. 
8. Cerates are unctuous preparations n consisting of oil or lard, 
mixed with wax, spermaceti or resin, to which various medica- 
ments are frequently added.” They are of a consistence between 
that of ointments and plasters. They have been dismissed from 
the Br. P. 
Camphor is a stearopten (i. e., the solid portion of the volatile 
oil) obtained from an evergreen tree, sometimes of great size, 
native to China, Japan and other countries of eastern Asia. 
Refined camphor is in white, translucent masses; brittle, yet 
difficult to pulverize except upon the addition of a small quantity 
of some liquid for which it has an affinity, such as chloroform, 
alcohol, ether, glycerine, etc. It has a peculiar, penetrating odor 
and a pungent, aromatic taste. Besides its varied medicinal uses, 
ih is employed largely in the manufacture of celluloid and smoke- 
less powder. 
Camphor cerate is a slightly stimulating dressing. 
Resin cerate (or Basilicon Ointment) is useful as a mild stimu- 
lant application to burns, scalds, chilblains and ulcers. 
10. For abstracts, see note on 33, 5. 118 
NOTES, 
Jalap is the root of a twining plant native to Mexico. It de- 
rives its name from the city of Jalapa, Vera Cruz. It is kept in 
the shops in the state of a powder. It is actively cathartic. As 
a precaution against griping, a drop or two of any essential oil 
may be given. 
The abstract of Jalap is described as the most useful of all the 
abstracts. Dose 10 to 15 grains (0.66-1 Om.). 
Euonymus is the bark of the root of a shrub growing through- 
out the northern and western states. The plant also bears the 
names tvahoo, spindle-tree and burning bush (the latter from the 
rich red color of its fruit). The bark has been used as a remedy 
for dropsy. 
Ergot is a morbid growth, a fungus, found frequently in rye. 
It is a vaso-motor stimulant, hence its use in hemorrhages, either 
pulmonary, uterine or internal. 
This extract of ergot (Ergotinum, Br.) is the best preparation 
of ergot, and the only one which should be used hypodermically. 
13. For squill, see note on 28, 13. 
15. For glycyrrhiza, see note on 40, 3. 
For Jalap, see note on 10, above. 
48. 
Exercise. —Anatomy. 
1. The lamina cinerea is a thin layer of gray substance on the 
under surface of the cerebrum. 
2. The lamina fusca is a very fine, cellular tissue which connects 
the outer surface of the choroid coat of the eye with the sclerotic, 
the dense, hard, fibrous membrane which, with the cornea, forms 
the outer covering of the eyeball. 
3. The cochlea, so called from its shape, forms the anterior 
part of the internal ear. The membrana tectoria covers the organ 
of Corti, a remarkably complex arrangement, which probably 
plays an important part in the phenomenon of hearing. 
4. These so-called rings are C-shaped masses of cartilage, from 
sixteen to twenty in number, embracing about three-fourths of 
the tracheal tube. 
5. Between the adjacent surfaces of the bodies of the vertebrae NOTES. 
119 
(37, 7), from the axis to the sacrum, are these cartilaginous disks, 
forming the chief bond of connection between these bones. 
6. See note on 30, 7. 
7. The scalae of the cochlea (see note on 3, above) are cavities 
separated from each other by a thin, bony spiral plate. 
9. The trigone of the urinary bladder is a triangular smooth 
surface upon the inner surface of the base of the bladder, the 
posterior angles being marked by the orifices of the ureters, the 
anterior by the orifice of the urethra. 
11. The term ligamenta suspensoria was first applied by Sir 
Astley Cooper (see "Anatomical Proper Names,” etc.) to fibrous 
processes derived from the superficial fascia, affording support 
to the mammary gland. 
12. The trachea, or wind-pipe, divides into two bronchi; the 
right, wider and more horizontal than the left, being about one 
inch in length, the left being about two inches in length. En- 
tering the lungs, these divide and subdivide until, attaining a 
diameter of -fa of an inch (1 mm.), they are called terminal 
bronchi. 
54. 
Exercise. 
1. This cathartic compound has been official in the U. S. P. 
for half a century. Besides calomel, which acts upon the liver, 
it contains several powerful purgatives. One pill generally ope- 
rates as a mild laxative; two or three as a vigorous cathartic. 
2. Suppositories are solid medicines, usually conical or cylin- 
drical, intended to be introduced into the rectum, urethra or 
vagina. Cacao butter (oil of Theobroma) is probably the best 
base, though soap, tallow, and other substances may be used. 
There is but one suppository official in the U. S. P., Suppositoria 
Glycerini. Those of morphine with soap, here mentioned, con- 
form to a British formula. 
The hydroehlorate of morphine in this preparation is much 
used in Great Britain, but less than the sulphate or acetate in 
this country. 120 
NOTES. 
3. This ointment is rapidly supplanting that of the red mercuric 
oxide, which is also official. It is especially useful as a stimu- 
lating application in chronic conjunctival ophthalmia. 
4. Succi, or the juices of fresh plants, were recognized but 
once by the U. S. P. (1870). They are still official in the British 
Pharmacopoeia. Owing to their inequality in strength, their use 
is not satisfactory 
For Conium, see note on 33, 5. 
The dandelion is one of the commonest perennial herbs in the 
United States, its bright yellow flowers adorning lawns, as well 
as pasture-grounds. The root alone is official. It is slightly 
tonic, diuretic and aperient ; useful in torpidity or chronic con- 
gestion of the liver. 
9. The U. S. P. recognizes two general classes of wine, white 
and red. The red wine derives its color from the skins of the 
colored grapes used in its manufacture. 
Tobacco is a powerful narcotic, sedative poison. The Spaniards 
having adopted its use from the American Indians, it was intro- 
duced in 1560 into France by the ambassador of that country at 
the court of Lisbon, whose name—Nicot—is embalmed in the 
active principle of the weed. Its use in medicine has been 
almost wholly superseded by safer and surer remedies. 
12. For Capsicum, see note on 33, 1. 
For Taraxacum, see note on 4, above. 
13. American beers vary in alcoholic strength from 3 to 10 per 
cent. It is said by high authority that beer, "as it is at present 
manufactured in the United States, is hardly to be recom- 
mended.” 
56. 
Exercise. —Anatomy. 
1. These are fifteen or twenty excretory canals, corresponding 
to the number of tubular lobes in each mammary gland, which, 
converging toward the nipple, open upon its surface, undergoing 
just before their termination a spindle-shaped dilation, which 
serves as a reservoir for the milk. 
2. In the vestibule of the internal ear is a perforated depression, NOTES 
121 
which transmits through minute openings the filaments of the 
auditory nerve. 
3. These muscles are placed in the lateral vertebral region of 
the neck. Their action is to bend the spinal column to one or 
the other side ; or, elevating the first and second ribs, to assist 
inspiration. 
4. The splenius muscle, situated at the back of the neck, divides 
into two portions— S. capitis and S. colli. Their action is to draw 
the head directly backward. 
5. This broad thin muscle, placed at the upper part and side of 
the chest, is called serratus, from its nine fleshy attachments to the 
eight upper ribs (the second having two). 
6. The sartorius, the longest muscle of the body, crosses the 
front of the thigh, obliquely, from above, from the outer to the 
inner side. Its inner border is the guide to the femoral artery. 
It does not, as once supposed, assist in crossing the legs in the 
squatting (tailor’s) position. 
7. The principal office of the gluteal muscles is to assist in 
maintaining the erect position of the body, hence their large size 
in man. They are exceedingly coarse in structure. 
9. For innominate artery, see note on 22, 6. 
10. The triangles of the neck, bounded for the most part by the 
borders of prominent muscles, must be studied minutely because 
of the important structures they contain. 
11. For Thebesius, see "Anatomical Proper Names,” etc. 
These orifices, called foramina Thebesii, return the blood directly 
from the vessels which supply the muscular substance of the heart. 
64. 
Exercise. 
1. Lime linament (Carron Oil) is composed of equal parts of 
solution of lime and linseed oil. It is an excellent application 
in burns and scalds. Its use at the Carron Iron Works, in Scot- 
land, has given it the name Carron oil. 
Soap liniment was called, in the U. S. P. 1850, "Tinctura Sapo- 
nis Camphorata.” It is used as an anodyne in sprains, bruises 122 
NOTES. 
and rheumatic pains. Seven parts of this linament with three parts 
of chloroform constitute the well-known Linimentum Chloroformi. 
3. Lead carbonate, or white lead, is a heavy, white, odorless, 
tasteless powder. Astringent and sedative, it is a good external 
dressing for burns and excoriated surfaces, either in the form of this 
ointment, or mixed with linseed oil to the consistence of cream. 
2. For aconite, see note on 33, 10. 
This preparation, sometimes called asthma paper, is used by 
burning it and allowing the patient to inhale its fumes. 
4. For Chartae, see note on 20, 9. 
5. Cataplasms or poultices are usually prepared domestically in 
this country. A number of them are official in the British Phar- 
macopoeia. 
6. The directions for making linseed poultice are, to mix four 
ounces of linseed (flax-seed) meal with ten fluid ounces of boiling 
water, with constant stirring. This and similar poultices are used 
to relieve inflammation and to promote suppuration. 
7. For cerates, see note on 46, 8. 
The Cantharis vesicatoria, or Spanish fly, is a beetle "from six to 
ten lines in length by two or three in breadth, and of a beautiful, 
shining golden-green color.” It has a strong, disagreeable odor, 
compared to that of mice. The cerate (commonly known as blis- 
tering plaster) furnishes a most excellent means of securing the 
characteristic effect, always raising a blister in ordinary conditions 
of the system. 
Black mustai’d seed, powdered, is used in the manufacture of the 
mustard paper. 
10. Silver nitrate, or lunar caustic, used externally is escharotic, 
and used internally in sufficient dose is a true poison. In acute 
poisoning, common salt or white of egg should be given ; and 
vomiting should be induced, if the case is not far advanced. The 
dose is % of a grain (O.OlGGm.), gradually increased to half a 
grain (0.032 Gm,), three times a day, in pill. 
11. These lozenges are allowed to dissolve slowly in the mouth 
in cases of sore throat, the potassium chlorate acting directly on 
the mucus membrane as an alterative, stimulant local application. NOTES. 
123 
12. This plaster, called in the U. S. P. of 1890 Emplastrum 
Picis Cantharidatum, is the warming plaster (Emplastrum Calafa- 
ciens) of the British Pharmacopoeia. The name here given is that 
in the U. S. P. 1880. While actively rubefacient, it does not usu- 
ally blister. Burgundy pitch (Pix Burgundiea) is used in its 
preparation. 
14. "Lead Water” is astringent and sedative. As a wash in 
acute eczema it may be used alone or in combination with lauda- 
num (Tinctura Opii). 
15. For quinine, see note on 20, 13 
66. 
2. The ligamentum latum pulmonis is a triangular fold of pleura 
extending vertically from the posterior part of the root of the lung 
to the diaphragm. (The root of each lung is composed of the pul- 
monary veins, the pulmonary artery and the bronchus, with the 
bronchial vessels.) It serves to keep the lower part of the lung 
in position. 
Exercise. —Anatomy. 
3. The ligamentum pectinatum iridis is a reticular structure con- 
necting the circumference of the iris with the cornea. 
4, There are two sets of pyramids in the kidney—the pyramids 
of Malpighi and the pyramids of Ferrein. The Malpighian pyramids, 
eight to eighteen in number, consist of blood vessels and urinifer- 
ous tubules. These tubules open upon the surface of the apices of 
the pyramids, which are received into short tubular divisions of 
the cavity of the kidney. The pyramids of Ferrein, or medullary 
rays, are bundles of tubules extending from the bases of the Mal- 
pighian pyramids into the cortical portion. 
7. Bursae are of two kinds, synovial bursae and bursae mucosae. 
They are filled with a glairy, viscid fluid, their office being to lessen 
the friction between opposing movable surfaces. The bursae mus- 
cosae are found in the subcutaneous areolar tissue in various sit- 
uations ; e. g., between the skin and the patella. 
8. The ureter is a ''cylindrical membraneous tube, from sixteen 
to eighteen inches in length and of the diameter of a goose quill, 
extending from the pelvis of the kidney to the bladder.”—(Gray.) 124 
NOTES. 
9. The right or cardiac orifice communicates with the oesophagus; 
the left or pyloric orifice communicates with the duodenum. 
11. The glomeruli are tufts of convoluted capillary blood vessels, 
situated in the cortical portion of the kidney. 
12. Normally, the kidney is held in place by a mass of fat 
and loose areolar tissue. Rarely, it is loose, attached only to 
ureter and blood-vessels,—a condition known as "floating” kidney. 
72. 
Exercise. 
1. Same as Mistura Potassii Citratis, U. S. 1880. Also known 
under the names neutral mixture, saline mixture, or effervescing 
draught; a refrigerant diaphoretic, useful in cases of fever with a 
hot, dry skin. Dose, half a fluid ounce (15 C. c.), diluted. Sugar 
may be added to suit the taste. 
4. Acacia, see note on 33, 10. 
Simple syrup in the British and U. S. P. has the title Syrupus. 
It is a solution of pure cane sugar. 
5. Compound Extract of Colocynth is an ingredient of the Com- 
pound Cathartic Pills (see note on 54, 1). Besides the extract 
of Colocynth, it contains Purified Aloes (see note on 46, 1) and 
Resin of Scammony. 
Colocynth is the fruit of an annual trailing plant, the hitter 
cucumber, which abounds in Turkey, the islands of the Grecian 
Archipelago, and various parts of Asia and Africa. The globular 
fruit is about the size of an orange. The dried pulp, used in 
medicine, is light, spongy, whitish, odorless, and intensely bitter. 
It is a drastic eathai’tic. 
Scammony is the resinous exudation obtained by incision from 
the root of a trailing plant native to Syria. It is exported chiefly 
from Smyrna. It is an active cathartic. 
The barberry preparation is not official. It is tonic in small 
doses, cathartic in larger ones. 
7. Digitalis is the dried leaf of a plant (foxglove) growing wild 
in the temperate regions of Europe, and cultivated in America. 
It is one of the most valuable remedies in simple dilatation of the NOTES 
125 
heart, and also in valvular lesions. Dose of the powder, 1 grain 
(0.065 Gm.), two or three times a day. 
The butternut is a native American forest tree. The bark of the 
root is a mild cathartic, useful in habitual costiveness and in dysen- 
tery. It is said to have been used largely during the American 
Revolution by the eminent Dr. Rush and other army physicians. 
Iris (Blue Flag) is found in low, swampy places in all parts of 
the United States. The root is emetic, diuretic and cathartic. 
The dose is from 10 to 20 grains (0.65-1.3 Gm.) of the dried root. 
8. For Conium, see note on 33, 5. 
11. For Linum, see note on 64, 6. 
12. This preparation is almost identical with the Antidotum 
Arsenici of the German Pharmacopoeia. 
The magnesia of the U. S. P. corresponds with the magnesia levis 
of the Br. P. It is obtained by exposing to a red heat light car- 
bonate of magnesium, thus expelling the water and carbon dioxide, 
and retaining the earth pure. 
74. 
1. The circular muscular fibers of the iris are sometimes called 
the sphincter of the pupil ; the radiating fibers, the dilator of the 
pupil. 
Exercise. —Anatomy. 
3. The dorsalis pedis artery is the continuation of the anterior 
tibial artery. 
5. The ophthalmic artery is a branch of the internal carotid. 
6. The whitish, eresent-shaped portion of the nail, near the 
root, is called the lunula. 
8. The uvula palati is a small, conical process, hanging from the 
middle of the lower border of the soft palate. The uvula cerebelli 
is an eminence in the median line on the under surface of the 
cerebellum. 
The uvula vesicae is a slight elevation of mucous membrane pro- 
jecting from the lower, anterior part of the bladder into the ori- 
fice of the urethra, formed by a thickening of the prostate gland. 
9. The orifice of the urethra forms the apex of the trigonum 
vesicae. 126 
NOTES. 
10. The tunica vaginalis is the serous covering of the testicle, 
derived, from the peritoneum. 
The tunica albuginea is a dense, fibrous, bluish-white membrane 
covered externally by the tunica vaginalis and lined by the tunica 
vasculosa. The latter consists of a plexus of blood vessels sup- 
ported by delicate areolar tissue. 
79. 
Exercise. 
and anodyne. The dose is from 5 to 15 grains (0.33-1 Gm.). 
For Ipecac, see note on 33, 8. 
1. This is the well-known Dover’s Powder, a useful diaphoretic 
For Opium, see note on 40, 3. 
2. Tar (pix liquida) is obtained by burning with a slow, smoth- 
ering heat the wood of various species of pine and fir-trees. Im- 
mense quantities are prepared in North Carolina (Cf." Tar-Heelers”). 
3. This preparation, official in the U. S. P. 1870, is still in the 
Br. P. under the name Glycerinum Boracis. 
The term Glycerita (U. S. P.), glycerites, is preferable to Glycerina 
(British), glycerines. 
4. Under the title petrolatum (Petrolatum Spissum, U. S. 1890), 
are included various substances derived from the residuum in the 
stills after the distillation of petroleum. Cosmoline and vaseline 
belong to this class. 
5. Indian hemp, an annual plant from four to eight feet in 
height, differs but little from the common hemp cultivated in 
America. The flowering tops are used in medicine. An exhila- 
rating narcotic, it has long been used in the east for its intoxi- 
cating qualities (Cf. "hashish”). 
6. Aqua fontis (or aqua fontana) must not be mistaken for aqua 
fortis (see 85, 10). 
7. Lithium, discovered by Bunsen and Matthiessen in 1885, is a 
silver-white, soft, ductile metal,—the lightest known solid. Its 
citrate is used (like its carbonate) to eliminate uric acid from the 
system. 
Caffeine (or theine) is an alkaloid obtainable from either coffee 
seeds or tea leaves. NOTES. 
127 
The citrate (Caffeina Citrata, U. S. P.) is a convenient means of 
administering it. Caffeine is both a cardiac and cerebral stimulant. 
8. The cerate of zinc carbonate (U. S. P. 1870) is no longer 
official. 
9. For morphine, see note on 40, 3. 
81. 
Exercise.—Anatomy. 
1. See note on 22, 1. 
2. This small muscle also bears the name opponens pollicis. 
3. The dorsalis indicis is a small branch of the radial artery. 
4. The quadriceps extensor cruris includes four muscles — the 
rectus femoris, the vastus externus, the vastus internus and cfureus. 
5. This statement is true only of the peroneus longus and 
brevis; the tendon of the peroneus tertius, which forms a part of 
the extensor longus digitorum, passes under the annular ligament on 
the dorsum of the foot. 
6. The larger arteries have one accompanying vein, while the 
smaller have two. 
8. The muscidi pectinati are in the auricles, the musculi papillares 
and chordae tendineae in the ventricles. The chordae tendineae 
stretch from the musculi papillares to the free margins of the mi- 
tral and tricuspid valves. 
10. The pia mater is a vascular membrane which invests the 
entire surface of the brain. Unlike the dura mater and arachnoid, 
it dips down between the convolutions. 
85. 
Exercise. 
1. Collodion is a solution of gun cotton (pyroxylin) in ether and 
alcohol. The flexible collodion (Collodium Elasticum P. G.) con- 
tains a small quantity of castor-oil and Canada balsam. 
2. Gelsemium is the dried rhizome and rootlets of the yellow or 
Carolina jasmine, a beautiful climbing plant native to the southern 
states. Though both an arterial and nervous sedative, its action 
is most marked upon the nervous system. Dose of the fluid ex- 
tract is from 2 to 3 minims (0.12-0.18 C. c.). 128 
NOTES. 
3. Mentha viridis, or spearmint, is a native of Europe, though 
long cultivated in this country. Its uses are identical with those 
of peppermint (see note on 40, 1). 
4. Veratrum viride, or American Hellebore, grows abundantly in 
swampy places throughout the northern states and as far south as 
the Carolinas. It has a thick, fleshy root or rhizome (the medical 
part) and a stem from three to six feet in height. It is a powerful 
arterial and spinal sedative. Dose of the fluid extract, 1 to 3 min- 
ims (0.05-0.15 C. c.); of the tincture, 3 to G minims (0.15-0.30 C. c.). 
5. For magnesia, see note on 72, 12. 
Mercury or quicksilver is a brilliant, silver-white fluid metal, 
odorless and tasteless. Uncombined, it is inert. Exhibited in a 
state of minute division, it readily enters into chemical combina- 
tion in the stomach, and produces a peculiar alterative effect upon 
the vital functions. Its modus operandi is not understood. 
Lead in its metallic state is not official. Its most important 
combinations from a pharmaceutical standpoint are, the acetate, 
carbonate, iodide, nitrate and oxide. 
9. The mild chloride (proto-chloride or subchloride) of mercury, 
or calomel, is the most useful of the mercurial preparations. It is 
an alterative, purgative and anthelmintic. The dose varies greatly 
according to the object to be accomplished. 
The corrosive chloride (bi-chloride or per-chloride) of mercury, 
or corrosive sublimate, is a very powerful preparation. Used ex- 
ternally it is stimulant, escharotic and germicidal. For purposes 
of antisepsis in surgery, it is used in solutions varying from 1 in 
10,000 to 1 in 1,000. The dose is to % of a grain (0.0006- 
0.007 6m.). Also, see 166, 10. 
11. For creta, see note on 20, 11. 
. 15. Seborrhea is an abnormal increase of secretion from the se- 
baceous glands of the skin. 
87. 
Exercise. —Anatomy. 
1. The muscles of the neck are forty in number, including the 
eight muscles of the larynx. 
2. The designation "perforatus” is applied to this muscle be- NOTES. 
129 
cause its four tendons are perforated opposite the bases of the first 
phlanges to allow the passage of the tendons of the flexor profun- 
dus digitorum perforans. 
4. In the virgin the areola mammae is of a delicate rosy hue. 
During pregnancy and throughout life thereafter, it acquires a 
darker tinge, sometimes becoming dark brown or even black. 
6. The puncta lachrymalia are the minute orifices of the lachry- 
mal canals, seen on the margin of the lids at the inner angle of 
the eye. 
7. The coeliac axis is a short thick trunk, about half an inch in 
length, arising from the anterior part of the abdominal aorta, 
where it passes between the pillars of the diaphragm. It divides 
into three branches—the gastric, hepatic and splenic arteries. 
9. For pia mater, see note on 81, 10. 
The dura mater is a dense, fibrous, inelastic membrane of a 
pearly white color, lining the cavity of the cranium and protecting 
the brain. 
10. A femoral hernia, sometimes called a merocele, is a protru- 
sion of the viscera from the abdomen through the femoral canal. 
92. 
Exercise. 
1. This powder was called in the U. S. P. 1870, Pulveres 
Effervescentes Aperientes; in the Br. P., it bears the name "Pulvis 
Sodae Tartaratae Effervescens ; ” popularly it is known as Seidlitz 
Powder, from a resemblance in composition to the waters of the 
famous saline springs of Seidlitz, in Bohemia. The taste may be 
in a measure disguised by adding lemon, orange peel or syrup of 
ginger. 
2. Pepper, or black pepper (Piper Nigrum, Br.), is the dried 
unripe fruit of a vine which grows wild in Cochin China and parts 
of India. It is cultivated throughout the East Indies. 
For scammony, see note on 72, 5. 
For opium, see note on 40, 3. 
Senna consists of the dried leaflets of a genus of cassia, a shrub 
growing to the height of two or three feet, produced in Upper 130 
NOTES. 
Egypt, Fezzan and Arabia. The odor of senna is faint and sickly; 
the taste is slightly bitter, sweetish and nauseous. It is a prompt, 
efficient and safe purgative. It is the active principle in the so- 
called ”California Fig Syrup.” 
Sulphur, or brimstone, abounds in the mineral kingdom, and is 
usually present in small quantity, in vegetable and animal matter. 
It occurs either native, or in combination with certain metals, 
forming sulphides. It is especially abundant in volcanic countries. 
Medicinally it is laxative, diaphoretic and resolvent. 
For terebinthina, see note on 40, 14. 
3. For ipecac, see note on 33, 8. 
For digitalis, see note on 72, 7. 
7. Nitrates are formed by the action of nitric acid on the metals, 
or on their oxids or carbonates. Those of potassium and sodium 
occur in nature. Most of them are soluble in water. 
94. 
Exercise. —Anatomy. 
1. The levatores costarum, twelve in number on each side, to- 
gether with the diaphragm, the external intercostals, and some 
other muscles, by their action enlarge the chest cavity in the act 
of inspiration. 
2. Each”wing” of the thyroid cartilage is quadrilateral in form. 
They unite at an acute angle in front, to form the prominent pro- 
jection known as pomum Adami. 
5. The valvulae conniventes are folds of mucus membrane ar- 
ranged transversely to the axis of the small intestine. Their 
function seems to be : (1) to increase surface for secretion and 
absorption ; (2) to retard the passage of die liquid products of 
gastric digestion ; (3) to assist in the mingling of the intestinal 
contents with the secretions. 
6. The pleurae are two delicate serous membranes covering the 
lungs and reflected upon the inner surface of the chest cavity. 
There is no communication between the right and left pleura. 
7. The term arhor vitee is applied to the appearance of the cut 
surface of the cerebellum, due to the peculiar arrangement of the 
gray and white matter. The name arhor vitee uterina is applied to NOTES 
131 
the arrangement of folds in the mucus lining of the cervix uteri. 
9. "Mandible” is a name for the lower jaw [maxilla inferior) in 
man. 
10. The significance of these terms is apparent from an inspec- 
tion of the sternum. 
12. The average lengths of these divisions are: duodenum, eight 
or ten inches ; jejunum, about eight feet ; ileum, about twelve 
feet. 
99. 
Exercise. 
1. Oleoresins are liquid or semi-liquid preparations, consisting 
of oil, fixed or volatile, holding resin and sometimes other active 
matter in solution. 
Lupulin is described as ” bright brownish-yellow, becoming 
yellowish-brown, resinous, consisting of minute granules which, 
as seen under the microscope, are sub-globular, or rather hood- 
shaped, and reticulate ; aromatic and bitter.” Being tonic and 
slightly narcotic, it is used in dyspepsia and the nervous tremors 
and delirium of drunkards. 
For Capsicum, see note on 33, 1. 
Aspidium {Felix Mas, Br. and U. S. 1870) is the dried rhizome 
of the male fern, a plant found in Europe, Asia and north of 
Africa; and also in the western mountain ranges of North and 
South America. Its oleoresin is a very efficient vermifuge, having 
been used for that purpose from ancient times. The dose of the 
oleoresin is from half a fluidrachm to 1 fluidrachm (1.85-3.70 C. e.). 
For Cubebae, see note on 40, 13. 
Ginger is the rhizome of a plant native to Hindostan, and culti- 
vated also in the West Indies and Sierra Leone, in Africa. Its 
odor is aromatic and penetrating, its taste hot, pungent and spicy. 
It is an agreeable stimulant and carminative, useful especially in 
dyspepsia and flatulent colic. 
For pepper, see note on 92, 2. 
3. For abstracts, see note on 33, 5. 
For extracts, see note on 33, 3. 
For plasters, see note on 33, 9. 132 
NOTES 
Liniments are liquid ointments, usually containing oil, and in- 
tended for application to the skin by friction. 
Liquores, or solutions, are " aqueous solutions without sugar, in 
which the substance acted on is wholly soluble in water, excluding 
those in which the dissolved matter is gaseous or very volatile, as 
in the Aquae or waters.” 
For oils, see note on 33, 15. 
For tinctures, see note on 20, 2 
6. Aloin is a neutral crystalline compound obtained from several 
varieties of Aloes (see note on 20, 12'. 
Strychnine is an alkaloid obtained from Nux Vomica, the seed of 
Strychnos nux vomica, a moderate-sized tree growing in the East 
Indies, Malabar, Bengal, Ceylon, Cochin China, and neighboring 
countries. Strychnine is described (in part) officially as in "col- 
orless, transparent, octohedral or prismatic crystals, or a white 
crystalline powder, odorless, and having an intensely bitter taste, 
perceptible even in highly diluted (1 in 700,000) solution.” It is a 
powerful stimulant of the motor and vaso-motor centers of the 
spinal cord. The ordinary dose is 2V °f a grain (0.003 Gm.). 
For Belladonna, see note on 20, 10. 
Powdered charcoal, as a disinfectant and absorbent, is advanta- 
geous in diarrhoea, dyspepsia, gastralgia and constipation, and as a 
dressing to wounds and ulcers. 
9. Bismuth subnitrate is a heavy, white powder, odorless, al- 
most tasteless, almost insoluble in water. It is employed for its 
"soothing, sedative, feebly astringent influence upon mucus mem- 
branes.” 
Pepsin is a " preparation of the mucous lining of the fresh and 
healthy stomach of the pig, sheep or calf” (Br.). The saecha- 
rated preparation is made by diluting strong pepsin with powdered 
sugar of milk. 
Aromatic powder (Pulvis Cinnamomi Compositus, Br.) is a mix- 
ture of cinnamon (see note on 33, 7), Ginger (see note on 99, 1), 
Cardamom (see note on 46, 1), and Nutmeg (see below). It is a 
stimulant and carminative, and is chiefly used as a corrigent and 
adjuvant of other medicines. Dose 10 to 30 grains (0.65-1.95 Gm,), 
Nutmeg (Myristica) is the seed, deprived of its shell, of the NOTES. 
133 
nutmeg-tree, cultivated throughout the East Indies. It has a fra- 
grant odor and a warm, aromatic, pleasing taste. Like the other 
aromatics, mentioned above, it is employed chiefly as a corrigent 
or adjuvant. 
101. 
1. See note on 87, 6. 
Exercise. —Anatomy 
3. See note on 22, 12, 13, 14. 
4. The fovea centralis is a depression in the summit of the 
macula lutea (see 22, 12, 13, 14). 
5. Ptyerygium is a more or less vascular abnormal growth on 
the conjunctiva, triangular in shape, and showing a tendency to 
encroach upon the cornea. Its apex is always toward the center 
of the cornea and the base usually toward the inner angle of the 
eye. Proper operative interference usually effects a cure. 
6. Chalky concretions, called dacryoliths, are found rarely in the 
lachrymal gland. 
8. This operation is frequently performed to correct the condi- 
tion known as strabismus or squint (w cross-eye ”). 
105. 
Exercise. 
1. These and numerous other preparations of iron, official and 
unofficial, are tonic in their nature, being indicated especially in 
impoverished conditions of the blood. 
2. For sinapis, see note on 64, 7. 
6. For Oleum morrhuae, see note on 33, 15 
Creosote, a product of the distillation of wood-tar, is, when 
pure, an almost colorless oily liquid of a penetrating, smoky odor 
and acrid, burning taste. It is strongly antiseptic. It has gained 
great favor in the treatment of phthisis. The dose is 1 to 3 min- 
ims (0.06-0.18 C. c.). 
8. Quinine is par excellence the remedy in acute forms of mala- 
ria. With it, gelsemium (see note on 85, 2) is sometimes used as 
an adjuvant in the treatment of remittent fever. In chronic mala- 
rial infection, arsenous acid may be used. 134 
NOTES, 
Arsenous acid is obtained on a large scale by roasting arsenical 
ores. It occurs in two distinct forms : chrystallized or powdered, 
and vitreous or porcelanous. It is odorless, and has a faintly 
sweetish taste. It is exceedingly poisonous as w?ell as eseharotie. 
Its external use is chiefly in the treatment of cancers and malig- 
nant ulcers. The internal dose is V? to of a grain (0. 002- 
0.003 Gm.), usually combined in a pill with opium. For antidote, 
see note on 72, 12. 
11. Chloral, or more accurately, Chloral hydrate (Choral Hy- 
dras, Br.), was discovered by Liebig in 1832, but it was not until 
1869 that it was introduced as a remedial agent by Dr. Otto Lieb- 
reich, of Berlin. It is a crystalline solid, wproduced by the action 
of chlorine gas on anhydrous alcohol, purified by treatment first 
with sulphuric acid and afterward with a small quantity of lime, 
and finally converted into chloral by the addition of water.” 
Its use is indicated in sleeplessness and spasm. In doses from 
15 to 30 grains (1 to 2 Gm.), it rarely fails to produce a sleep 
closely resembling the natural ; and usually no unpleasant symp- 
toms follow. 
Sulphonal (Br.) was omitted from the IT. S. P. 1890, because 
it is a strictly proprietary preparation. It consists of colorless, 
odorless, almost tasteless crystals. It is a simple hypnotic, 
exerting no influence over pain. Dose, from 10 to 40 grains 
(0.65-2.59 Gm.). 
Croton oil is expressed from the seeds of a small tree or shrub 
native to Ceylon, India, and the Moluccas. The oil varies from 
pale yellow to dark, reddish brown. It is viscid in consistence, 
has a faint, peculiar odor, and an acrid, burning taste. It is a 
powerful drastic purgative. The dose is 1 or 2 minims (0.06- 
0.12 C.e), given in a bread-pill. It is sometimes used externally 
as a counter-irritant, producing a pustular eruption. 
12. For Oleum ricini, see note on 33, 15 
For fuller explanation of the terms used in this exercise, the 
student is referred to anatomical text books. Comments within 
the space here available would prove unsatisfactory. 
107. 
Exercise. — The Ear. NOTES. 
135 
116. 
Exercise. 
1. Aqua ammonia fortior is an "aqueous solution of Ammonia 
(NH3), containing 28 per cent by weight of the gas.” Undi- 
luted, it is 'too strong for medical use. Diluted with one and 
a-half times its volume of spirits of camphor and rosemary, it 
is a valuable counter-irritant in neuralgic, rheumatic and inflam- 
matory affections. 
2. For these preparations of mercury, see note on 85, 9; also, 
165, 10. 
3. For arsenous acid, see note on 105, 8 
5. Both of these diseases are of malarial origin. Between the 
paroxysms of intermittent fever the temperature becomes normal, 
whereas in remittent fever the temperature range is constantly 
above normal, though there are marked remissions. Remittent 
fever is a "more acute affection than intermittent fever, more 
severe in its symptoms, more rapid in its course, and the direct 
mortality is ten times greater than in any other form of malarial 
fever.”—W. C. Maclean. 
6. The form of epilepsy sometimes known as epilepsia major, or 
grand mal, is a nervous affection, characterized by a loss of con- 
sciousness, with convulsions. The variety known as petit mal is 
characterized by a transient loss of consciousness without con- 
vulsions. 
8. Potassium bromide is in "colorless or white, cubical crystals, 
or granules, odorless, and having a pungent, saline taste.” As 
suggested in this sentence, it is valuable in epilepsy, and also in 
other forms of convulsions. The dose, dissolved in water, is 
from 20 grains to 1 drachm (1.8-3.9 G.i .), three times a day. 
10. By some authorities, under the term exanthemata majora 
are grouped these three and some other diseases " which attack a 
person but once in his life, and which are communicated by 
specific contagion,” while the exanthemata minora (such as 
chicken-pox, herpes, etc.) are not marked by these character- 
istics. The distinction, however, is of questionable accuracy. 136 
NOTES. 
118. 
Exercise.—Anatomy. 
1. "The action of this muscle produces a marked influence over 
the countenance, and is the principal agent in the expression of 
indignation and disgust.”—Gray. 
2. This muscle is sometimes absent, in which ease the abductor 
minimi digiti is usually of large size. 
4. It is said that the depressor anguli oris is, perhaps, the 
most expressive single muscle of the face, the angle of the mouth 
being " the most mobile and important center of expression in 
the face.” 
6. The peritoneum is a serous membrane investing the walls 
and, in part, all the viscera of the abdominal cavity. Its reflec- 
tions are very complex. 
9. This ostium abdominale is notable as the only place in a 
mammalian body where a serous cavity communicates directly 
with a mucous membrane. 
10. For case of musculo, see 115. 
12. The length of the caput caecum colt is 2% inches, the 
breadth three inches. The appendix vermiformis, the rudiment of 
a lengthened caecum in other mammalia, is attached to its lower 
posterior part. 
126. 
Exercise. 
1. The white oak grows abundantly in the Middle states. The 
astringent properties of its bark, to which it owes its value, both 
in medicine and in the preparation of leather, is chiefly due to 
the tannin which it contains. It is not used internally. The 
decoction is not official. 
2. For conium, see note on 33, 5. 
The word "fructus ” is dropped from the title of this preparation 
in the U, S. P. 1890. 
8. Spirits, in the pharmaceutical sense, are ''alcoholic solutions 
of volatile principles, formerly, in general, procured by distilla- 
tion, but now frequently prepared by simply dissolving the vola- 
tile principle in alcohol or diluted alcohol.” NOTES. 
4. Spiritus Aetheris Comp, is almost identical in composition 
with ''Hoffmann’s Anodyne.” It is a colorless, volatile fluid, 
having an ethereal odor, and a burning, sweetish taste. It is a 
quieting anodyne; useful also in nervous irritation, and sometimes 
in preventing nausea. The dose, from 30 minims to 2 fluidrachms 
(1.85-7.5 C.c.), is best administered in sweetened water. 
Spiritus Aetheris Nitrosi, otherwise called Sweet Spirit of Nitre 
(Br.), is a mixture of nitrous ether and alcohol. It is "a clear, 
mobile, volatile, and inflammable liquid of a pale yellowish or 
faintly greenish-yellow tint, having a fragrant, ethereal and pun- 
gent odor, free from acridity, and a sharp, burning taste.” It is 
a valuable diaphoretic, diuretic and antispasmodie. The usual 
dose is from 30 minims to a fluidraehm (1.9-3.75 C.c.), with 
water, every two or three hours. 
Spiritus Ammoniae Aromaticus is a grateful stimulant and anti- 
spasmodie, useful in hysteria, flatulent colic, sick headache, and 
nervous debility. The dose is from 30 minims to a fluidraehm 
(1.9-3.75 C.c.), with water. 
Spirit of Cinnamon is an agreeable, aromatic cordial and 
stomachic stimulant. 
Spirit of Lemon (Essence of Lemon) is used principally to 
flavor less agreeable mixtures. 
5. Spiritus frumenti, or whisky, is an alcoholic liquid distilled 
from grain. The term whisky probably arises from the usque- 
baugh, an Irish derivative (i. e., the water of life). Almost 
colorless when newly made, it becomes amber colored, or even 
dark brown with time. It is a valuable though much abused 
stimulant. 
6. Hydrargyrl submurias is identical with hydrargyrl chloridum 
mite (see note on 85, 9). 
7. Spiritus chloroforml is to be preferred for internal adminis- 
tration to chloroform itself. The dose is from 10 to 60 minims 
(0.6-3.75 C.c.), agreeably administered in elixir of orange (Elixir 
Aurantil, U. S. 1880). 
The common juniper, an evergreen shrub, growing sometimes 
to a height of twelve feet, is a native of Europe. The berries, 138 
NOTES, 
which are about the size of a pea, furnish a volatile oil (Oleum 
Juniperi), to which they owe their medicinal value. 
The spiritus juniperi is made from Oil of Juniper, 50 C.c., and 
950 C.c. of alcohol. It is used chiefly as an adjuvant to diuretic 
infusions for dropsical ailments. 
Anise is the fruit (seeds) of a small annual plant cultivated 
extensively in the south of Europe. It has a fragrant odor and a 
warm, sweet, aromatic taste. As an aromatic carminative, it has 
been known from ancient times. The Spiritus Anisi is made from 
Oil of Anise 100 C.c., and Deodorized Alcohol, 900 C.c. The 
dose is from 1 to 2 fluidrachms (3.75-7.5 C.c.). 
Myristica (see note on 99, 9). The oil is used chiefly to flavor 
other medicines. 
9. Thomas? Sydenham (1624-1689), the famous English physi- 
cian, gave this advice with reference to the treatment of diabetes 
mellitus: "Let the patient eat food easy of digestion, such as 
veal, mutton, and the like, and abstain from all sorts of fruit and 
garden stuff.” This treatment has the sanction of the best au- 
thorities of the present day. 
128. 
Exercise.—Obstetrics. 
1. The yolk of the ovum "consists of granular protoplasm 
imbedded in a more or less viscid fluid.” 
The germinal vesicle, imbedded in the yolk, "consists of a fine, 
transparent, structureless membrane, containing a watery fluid, 
in which are occasionally found a few granules.” It is about 
of an inch in diameter. 
3. The foetus receives the fluids necessary for its growth by 
absorption from the uterine blood, through the villi of the 
chorion (a part of the placenta). There is no direct continuity 
between the vessels of the mother and the foetus. 
4. The purposes of the amniotic fluid are (1) to facilitate the 
movements of the foetus; (2) to protect the foetus from violence; 
(3) to protect the umbilical cord from pressure; (4) to dilate 
parts during labor; (5) possibly to aid in nourishing the foetus. NOTES. 
139 
5. The Graafian follicles, or ovisacs, are small spherical bodies 
found in the ovary, and containing the ova. 
7, 8, 9. A large part of the blood of the foetus thus passes 
directly from the right to the left auricle. The fossa ovalis, which 
marks the position of the occluded foramen ovale, is above the 
orifice of the ascending vena cava, at the lower part of the septum 
auricularum. 
10. For ergot, see note on 46, 10. 
11. Inversion, or turning wrong side outward, of the uterus is 
a rare but serious accident, the result being usually fatal, either 
from the shock and hemorrhage, or from sepsis. 
131. 
Exercise. 
11. Asiatic cholera is a "specific, infectious disease, caused by 
the comma bacillus (spirillum) of Koch, and characterized clin- 
ically by violent purging and rapid collapse.”—Osier. 
The mortality in different epidemics ranges from 30 to 80 
per cent. 
12. Chloroform is a "heavy, clear, colorless, mobile and dif- 
fusible liquid, of a characteristic ethereal odor, and a burning, 
sweet taste.” It is a powerful antiseptic, is not inflammable, and 
has extensive solvent powers. 
It was discovered in 1831 by Mr. Samuel Guthrie, of Saekett’s 
Harbor, N. Y., and almost simultaneously by Liebig, in Germany, 
and Soubeiran in France. In November, 1847, Sir James Young 
Simpson (1811-1870), the Scottish physician, at the suggestion of 
Mr. Waldie, a chemist of Liverpool, introduced it as an anaes- 
thetic in surgery and midwifery. 
The elaborate statistics published in the Medical Neivs, October 
29, 1892, give the number of deaths due to • the inhalation of 
chloroform as 1 to 3,749; those due to inhalation of ether, 1 to 
16,677. 
Ether is a "transparent, colorless, mobile liquid, having a char- 
acteristic odor and a burning and sweetish taste.” It is extremely 
volatile and inflammable. To Dr. W. Gl. T. Morton, a dentist, of 
Boston, belongs the honor of having brought it forward as an 140 
NOTES. 
anaesthetizing agent. On October 17, 1846, it was first adminis- 
tered by him for a surgical operation performed by Dr. John 
Collins Warren (1778-1856). 
133. 
Exercise. 
1. The brachial, or axillary, plexis, deeply situated in the axil- 
lary space, is formed by the interlacing of the anterior branches 
of the four lower cervical and first dorsal nerves. Except the 
musculo-spiral, the median is the largest branch of the brachial 
plexus. 
2. The synovial fluid, secreted by certain glands within the 
joints, serves to lubricate the articulating surfaces. 
3. This projection at the upper surface of the os calcis articu- 
lates with the astragalus. 
4. The receptaculum chyli (or cistern of Pecquet) is the triangu- 
lar dilatation of the ductus thoracicus, situated in front of the 
second lumbar vertebra. 
6. The opening leading into this canal is in the posterior part 
of the floor of the third ventricle of the brain. For Sylvius, see 
”Anatomical Proper Names.” 
7. The vasa intestini tenuis, from twelve to fifteen in number, 
supply the jejunum and ileum. 
9. As may be inferred from this sentence, the mediastinum 
contains all the viscera in the chest cavity except the lungs. 
10. For tunica albuginea, see note on 74, 10. 
11. The medulla oblongata is the upper enlarged part of the 
spinal cord, measuring an inch and a quarter in length, three- 
fourths of an inch in breadth at its widest part, and half an inch 
in thickness. 
136. 
Exercise. 
2. Suppositories are solid bodies, cylindrical, conical or spheri- 
cal in shape, intended for introduction into the rectum, urethra 
or vagina. The official directions in the U. S. P. 1890 make the 
Oil of Theobroma (cacao-butter) the base. There is but one NOTES 
141 
exception to this; viz., Suppositoria Glycerini, for which a de- 
tailed formula is given. Cacao-butter is the fixed oil of the cacao, 
or chocolate nut. This is the fruit of a tree, Theoiroma Cacao, 
which grows in Mexico, the West Indies and South America. 
3. Diphtheria is now generally conceded to be caused by the 
Klebs-Lceffler bacillus, so called from the bacteriologists who first 
described and investigated it thoroughly. A local disease at 
first, the toxic materials produced by the bacillus, disseminated 
throughout the system, give rise to constitutional symptoms of 
varying intensity. At the present time, the treatment by injec- 
tion under the skin of anti-toxin serum (the serum of an animal 
which has been rendered immune to the disease) is attracting 
favorable attention. 
8. For Camphor, see note on 46, 8. 
12. Acute rheumatism, or rheumatic fever, is defined as "an 
acute, non-contagious febrile affection, depending probably upon 
an unknown infective agent, and characterized by multiple 
arthritis and a special tendency to involve the heart.”—Osier. 
The sodium salicylate may be given in 15-grain (1 Gm.) doses, 
for eight or ten doses. 
Sodium salicylate, made official in 1880, is a "white amorphous 
powder, odorless and having a sweetish saline taste.” 
138. 
Exercise. 
1. This small muscle is attached to the alar cartilage and to the 
integument at the end of the nose. 
2. The vomer has no muscles attached to it. 
3. At birth the lung substance is of a pinkish-white color, in 
adult life a mottled slate or ashen, becoming darker as age 
advances, from the deposit of carbonaceous matter in the super- 
ficial areolar tissue. 
5. For appendix vermiformis, see note on 118, 12 
9. The liver has been called the "organ of five,” because it has 
five ligaments, five fissures, five lobes, and five sets of vessels. 142 
NOTES 
The small lobes here mentioned are on the under surface of the 
large right lobe. 
10. The oval-shaped center of white substance exposed when 
the upper part of the cerebrum is removed with a scalpel, is 
called the centrum ovale minus. The large area of white substance 
exposed upon removing all that part of the hemisphere above the 
bottom of the longitudinal fissure is called centrum ovale majus. 
11. A ganglion is an enlargement in the course of a nerve, con- 
sisting of nerve cells and fibers, and varying in size from micro- 
scopic to large conspicuous masses. 
12. Ganglion impar is the lowest ganglion of the great sympa- 
thetic system, or gangliated cord. 
141. 
Exercise. 
5. Physiologically the statement in this sentence is correct. 
Blanching of the hair may accompany or follow disease. A few 
cases are on record of the sudden blanching of the hair through 
grief or terror. The cases of Marie Antoinette and Sir Thomas 
More have often been detailed as showing this phenomenon on the 
eve of their respective executions. 
6. Scabies, or the itch, is a contagious disease of the skin, 
caused by an animal parasite, the acarus scabiei, or itch-mite. 
The female acarus burrows under the skin, laying eggs as she pro- 
gresses. In a week or two these hatch into young acari, ready to 
begin operation on their own account. Sulphur ointment (Ungu- 
entum Sulphuris) is considered a specific for the disease. 
12. For Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum, see note on 85, 9. 
13. The "Facies Hippocraticawas so called because described 
by Hippocrates (B. C. 460-357?). In this "the nose is pinched; 
the eyes are sunk ; the temples hollow ; the ears cold and re- 
tracted ; the skin of the forehead tense and dry ; the complexion 
livid ; the lips pendent, relaxed and cold.” NOTES. 
143 
143. 
Exercise.—Bones. 
2. The condition known as fragilitas ossium may result from 
other causes than senility, as, fatty degeneration, or a kind of 
idiosyncracy, not fully understood. 
3. Mollities ossium, or osteomalacia, is characterized by deeal- 
cification and central absorption of the bones. It may attack fe- 
males during pregnancy or lactation. Recovery rarely occurs. 
5 The Crusta petrosa, or cement, covers the root of the tooth 
from the termination of the enamel to the apex of the fang. 
4. A sequestrum is a dead portion of bone cast off by necrosis. 
7. Osteitis deformans is a rare disease, characterized by a local- 
ized enlargement and softening of bones. Though in itself not 
malignant, sufferers from it frequently becomes subjects of car- 
cinoma. 
10. The sella Turcica, a deep depression in the upper surface of 
the sphenoid bone, lodges the pituitaiy body ; hence the name 
pituitary fossa. 
154. 
Exercise. 
2. For infusa, see note on 28, 3 
For extracta, see note on 33, 1. 
For decocta, see note on 46, 2. 
For tincturae, see note on 20, 2. 
6. A connection has been established between malarial diseases 
and certain protozoa (Plasmodium Malariae), destructive especially 
to red blood corpuscles. The names associated with this discovery 
are those of Laveran, Marchiafava, Celli, Golgi, Guarineri, and, in 
this country, Councilman, Osier, Walter James, and Dock. 
9. Ergot is a morbid, fungous growth sometimes found replacing 
the seeds in the heads of plants of the grass tribe (Gramineae). 
It is most common in rye. Its employment in medicine is due to 
its stimulating effect on the vaso-motor system; but particularly 
to its tendency towards the uterus, producing a constant, unre- 
mitting contraction and rigidity of that organ. The dose of the 144 
NOTES. 
fluid extract of ergot is from half a fluidraehm to four fluidrachms 
(1.9-15 C. c.). The dose of the wine of ergot is from one to four 
fluidrachms (3.75-15 C. c.). 
1, 2. Antisepsis has reference to the employment of means to 
destroy infective micro-organisms which may be present upon the 
wound or field of operation, the instruments, dressings and hands 
of the surgeon. The antiseptic method was first systematically 
employed by Sir Joseph Lister, in 1865, in the treatment of com- 
pound fracture of the leg, carbolic acid being the germicidal agent 
employed. 
156. 
Exercise.—Surgery. 
Asepsis has reference to the absence of infective micro-organisms 
from the wound or field of operation, the instruments, dressings 
and hands of the surgeon. 
Asepsis aims at absolute cleanliness, no germicidal substances 
being brought into contact with the wound after this end 1ms 
been attained. The hurtful influence of antiseptic substances, as 
applied to the wound in irrigating solutions and dressings, has 
caused the rapid adoption into favor at the present time of the 
aseptic method. 
3. Aurelius Cornelius Celsus, a Roman medical writer, flour- 
ished from 53 B.C. to 7 A.D. 
5. Atheroma of the arteries is a fibroid and fatty degeneration, 
with calcification, which very frequently takes place in the coats 
of the larger arteries after middle life. 
8. Green defines a tumor as an "atypical new formation, not 
the result of an inflammation.” 
A simple or benign (?) tumor is usually encapsulated, and 
shows no tendency to infiltrate surrounding tissues. Malignant 
growths have, as a rule, no capsule, invade surrounding tissues 
by infiltration, and recur after apparently complete removal, while 
secondary growths appear in near or distant tissues. According 
to Cohnheim, the essential factor in malignancy is the absence of 
what he calls "physiological resistance”; that is, the power of 
adjacent tissues to resist invasion. Hence the frequency of such NOTES. 
145 
growths in those who have passed middle life, and in those organs 
whose physiological function is spent or is declining. 
Mere mention can be made in this place of the two theories 
which have attracted most attention as to the etiology of tumors: 
(1) The theory of emhryonie remains—latent embryonic cells re- 
maining among adult tissues; (2) the parasitic theory—the inocu- 
lation of tissues with some micro-organism which excites rapid 
multiplication of cells. 
160. 
Exercise 
1. For spiritus frumenti, see note on 126, 5. 
2. Quassia is the wood of a tree growing in Jamaica and the Car- 
ribean Islands. The wood is "dense, tough, of medium hardiness, 
porous, with a minute pith, and narrow, medullary rays, inodorous, 
and intensely bitter.” It is an invigorating tonic to the digestive 
organs. The name was derived from Quassi, a negro of Surinam, 
by whom it was used about the middle of the last century in the 
treatment of malignant fevers. The infusion, tincture, and ex- 
tracts are official. 
5. See note on 33, 13. 
8. Impure, commercial zinc sulphate is called "white vitriol.” 
It is in "colorless, transparent, rhombic crystals, without odor, and 
having an astringent, metallic taste.” It is efflorescent in dry air. 
As a medicinal agent, it is tonic, astringent, and in large doses, 
emetic. Its solution makes a useful eye-wash. 
Alum, see note on 85, 13. 
Aqua Bosae, see note on 20, 15. 
9. There are two forms of ophthalmia neo-natdrum—catarrhal 
ophthalmia and purulent ophthalmia. The catarrhal form runs a 
mild course, and unusally lasts but a few days. 
The purulent form rapidily develops an intense inflammation, 
with a profuse discharge of greenish pus. Ulceration of the cornea 
may supervene. The eye should be irrigated every half hour with 
a saturated solution of boric acid. In the later stage of the dis- 
ease a 2 per cent solution of silver nitrate may be used once a day. 
Silver nitrate, or lunar caust e, is in " colorless, transparent, tab- 146 
NOTES. 
ular, rhombic crystals, becoming gray or grayish black on exposure 
to light in presence of organic matter, odorless, having a bitter, 
caustic and strongly metallic taste, and a neutral reaction.” It is 
usually incompatible with spring or river water, on account of 
a little common -salt usually contained in them. It is one of the 
most efficient eschai’otics. 
165. 
Exercise 
1. The medical and toxic properties of nux vomica are those of 
strychnine. See note on 99, 6. 
For Scammony, see note on 72, 5. 
For Aloes, see note on 20, 12. 
For Rhubarb, see note on 28, 2. 
B. The pills of carbonate of iron should be kept in mass, to be 
made up as required. They closely resemble Bland’s Pills, and are 
sometimes known as Griffith’s Pills. They are useful in the treat- 
ment of chlorosis. 
Glycerine is a " sweet principle, obtained by reaction of fats and 
fixed oils with aqueous fluids, and containing a small percentage of 
water” (Br.). It is a”clear, colorless liquid, of a syrupy con- 
sistence, oily to the touch, odorless, very sweet, and slightly warm 
to the taste.” It is extensively used as a vehicle for other medi- 
cinal substances; also for external application in skin diseases. 
4. For potassium chlorate, see note on 64, 11. 
6. Bacteria are minute, unicellular, colorless vegetable organ- 
isms, which multiply by transverse division,—hence the term fis- 
sion-fungi. They possess an enveloping membrane but no nu- 
cleus. Obtaining their nutrition wholly from organic matters, they 
are either saprophytes or parasites. The life processes of the sap- 
rophytic form result in decomposition, putrefaction and fermenta- 
tion ; while the parasitic forms, deriving their nutrition from a 
living body, are, in the main, pathogenic. 
10. As con’osive sublimate, though a powerful germicide, com- 
bines readily with protoplasmic bodies, forming an inert precipi- 
tate, albuminate of mercury, it will be seen that the germicidal NOTES. 
147 
powers of a given quantity may be entirely exhausted by the albu- 
minous substances, if these be present in sufficient quantity. This 
fact naturally detracts from the implicit confidence usually placed 
in it as a disinfectant. 
167. 
Exercise.—Bones, 
1. The ossa Wormidna, or ossa triquetra (triangular) are small 
bones sometimes found in the cranial sutures. 
2. The hyoid hone, also called the lingual hone, shaped like a 
horseshoe, is suspended horizontally in the neck above the thyroid 
cartilage. It gives attachment to ten muscles, three ligaments 
and one membrane. 
170. 
Exercise. 
8. Potassium bitartrate (Potassii Tartras Adda, Br.) or cream 
of tartar, is w an acid salt obtained from the crude tartar which is 
deposited during the fermentation of grape juice and from the 
lees of wine.” Though it occurs in crystalline masses, it is 
usually found in the shops as a white, odorless powder, gritty to 
the touch, and pleasantly acid to the taste. In small doses, from 
a drachm to two drachms (3.9-7.8 Gm,), it acts as a mild laxative. 
As a diuretic, it may be given in this quantity several times a 
day. As a hydragogue cathartic, from half an ounce to an ounce 
(15.5-31.1 Gm.) maybe given. TABLES OF DECLENSION AND CONJUGATION. 
149 
TABLES OF DECLENSION AND 
CONJUGATION. 
NOUNS. 
194. 
First or A-Declension. 
N., V. tinctura, a tincture. 
G. tincturae, of a tincture. 
D. tincturae, to or for a 
tincture. 
Ac. tincturam, a tincture. 
Ab. tinctura, with, from, or 
by a tincture. 
SINGULAR. 
tincturae, tinctures. 
tinetui-apum, of tinctures. 
tincturis, to or for tinctures. 
tincturas, tinctures. 
tincturis, with, from or by tinc- 
tures. 
PLURAL 
195. 
Second or 0-Declension. 
SINGULAR. 
N. syrupUS 
G. syrupi 
D. syrupO 
Ac. syrupum 
Y. syrupe 
Ab. syrupO 
puer 
pueri 
puerO 
puerum 
puer 
puerO 
infusum 
infusi 
infusO 
infusum 
infusum 
infusO 
PLURAL. 
N. syrupi 
G. syrupOPUm 
D. syrupi S 
Ac. syrupOS 
V. syrupi 
Ab. syrupis 
puerl 
puerOPUm 
pueris 
puerOS 
pueri 
pueris 
infusa 
infusOPUm 
infusis 
infusa 
infusa 
infusis 150 
TABLES OF DECLENSION AND CONJUGATION. 
196. 
Third Declension.—Mute Stems. 
SINGULAR. 
N.,V. adepS radix nitras cataplasma 
G. adipis radicis nitratis cataplasmatis 
D. adipi radici nitrati cataplasmati 
Ac. adipem radicem nitratem cataplasma 
Ab. adipe radice nitrate cataplasmate 
PLURAL. 
N., Ac., V. adipes radices nitrates cataplasmata 
Gen. adipum radicum nitratum cataplasmatum 
D., Ab. adipibus radicubus nitratibus cataplasmatibus 
197. 
Liquid Stems. 
SINGULAR. 
N.,V. dolor pater confectio nomen 
G. doloris patris confectionis nominis 
D. dolori patri confectioni nomini 
Ac. dolorem patrem confectionem nomen 
Ab. dolore patre confectione nomine 
N.,Y. dolores patres confectiones nomina 
G. dolorum patrum confectionum nominum 
D. doloribus patribus confectionibus nominibus 
Ac. dolores patres confectiones nomina 
Ab. doloribus patribus confectionibus nominibus 
PLURAL. 
198. 
I- Stems. 
SINGULAR. 
N.,V. tussis fames auris animal 
G. tussis famis auris animalis 
D. tussi fami auri animali 
Ac. tussim famem aurem animal 
Ab. tussi fami auri animali NOUNS. 
151 
PLURAL. 
N.,V. tusses aures animalia 
G. tussium aurium animalium 
D. tussibus auribus animalibus 
Ac. tussis or -es aures animalia 
Ab. tussibus auribus animalibus 
199. 
Special Paradigms. 
N., Y. vis os senex vas 
G. vis ossis senis vasis 
D. vi ossi seni vasi 
Ac. vim os senem vas 
Ab. vi osse sene vase 
SINGULAR. 
PLURAL. 
N., Y. vires ossa senes vasa 
G. virium ossium senibus vasopum 
D. viribus ossibus senibus vasis 
Ac. vires ossa senes vasa 
Ab. viribus ossibus senibus vasis 
200. 
Fourth or U- Declension. 
SINGULAR. PLURAL. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 
N.,V. spiritUS spiritUS cornU cornua 
G. spiritUS spirituum cornUS eornUUm 
D. spiritu! spiritibus cornU cornibus 
Ac. spiritum spiritUS cornU cornua 
Ab. spiritu spiritibus cornU cornibus 
201. 
Fifth or E-Declension. 
SINGULAE. PLURAL. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 
N., V. dies dies res res 
G. diei dierum re! repum 
D. die! diebus re! rebus 
Ac. > diem dies rem res 
Ab. die diebus re rebus 152 
TABLES OF DECLENSION AND CONJUGATION. 
ADJECTIVES. 
202. 
First and Second Declensions. 
SINGULAR. 
Masculine. 
N. bonus 
G. boni 
D. bonO 
Ac. bonum 
Y. bone 
Ab. bonO 
Feminine. 
bona 
bonae 
bonae 
bonam 
bona 
bona 
Neuter. 
bonum 
boni 
bonO 
bonum 
bonum 
bonO 
N. boni 
G. bonorum 
D. bonis 
Ac. bonOS 
V. boni 
Ab. bonis 
bonae 
bonarum 
bonis 
bonas 
bonae 
bonis 
PLURAL. 
bona 
bonOPUUl 
bonis 
bona 
bona 
bonis 
SINGULAR. 
misera 
miserae 
miserae 
miseram 
misera 
misera 
N. miser 
G. miseri 
D. miserO 
Ac. miserum 
V. miser 
Ab. miserO 
miserum 
miseri 
miserO 
miserum 
miserum 
miserO 
N. miseri 
G. miserOPUm 
D. miseris 
Ac. miserOS 
V. miseri 
Ab. miseris 
PLURAL. 
miserae 
miserarum 
miseris 
miseras 
miserae 
miseris 
misera 
miserOPUm 
miseris 
misera 
misera 
miseris ADJECTIVES. 
153 
203. 
Third Declension. 
Adjective of Three Terminations. 
SINGULAR. 
Masculine. 
Feminine. 
acris 
aeris 
acri 
acrem 
acri 
Neuter. 
N., V. acer 
G. acris 
D. acri 
Ac. acrem 
Ab. aeri 
acre 
aeris 
acri 
acre 
acri 
PLURAL. 
N., Ac., V. acres acres aeria 
Gen. aerium acrium acrium 
D., Ab. acribus acribus acribus 
Adjectives of Two Terminations. 
Masc. and Fem. Neut. Masc. and Fem. Neut. 
N.,V. levis leve leves levia 
G. levis levis levium levium 
D. levi levi levibus levibus 
Ac. levem leve leves levia 
Ab. levi levi levibus levibus 
Adjectives of One Termination. 
SINGULAR. 
Masc. and Fem. Neut. 
N.,V. simplex 
G. simplicis 
D. simplici 
Ac. simplicem simplex 
Ab. simplici (-6) 
Masc. and Fern. Neut. 
potens 
potentis 
potenti 
potentem potens 
potenti (-e) 154 
TABLES OF DECLENSION AND CONJUGATION. 
PLURAL, 
N.,Y. simplices simplicia potentes potentia 
G. simplicium potentium 
D.,Ab. simplicibus potentibus 
Ac. simplices(-is) simplicia potentes (-is) potentia 
204. 
Irregular Adjectives 
Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut. 
N. unUS una unum aliUS alia aliud 
G. unius unius unius aliUS aliUS aliUS 
D. uni uni uni alii alii alii 
Ac.unum unarn Unum alium aliam alium 
Ab. unO una unO alio alia alio 
SINGULAR. 
The plural is regular. 
Masc Fem. Neut. M. ana F. Neut. 
N. V. duO duae duO trCS tria 
G. duorum duarum duopum trium trium 
D. duobus duabus dubbus tribus tribus 
Ac. duOS (duO) duas duO trSS tria 
Ab. duobus duabus duobus tribus tribus 
205. 
Declension of Comparatives. 
SINGULAR. 
PLURAL, 
Masc. and Fem. Neut. Masc. and Fem. Neut. 
N.,Y. fortior fortius fortiores fortiora 
G. fortioris fortiorum 
D. fortiori fortioribus 
Ac. fortiorem fortius fortiores fortiora 
Ab. fortiori (-6) fortioribus NUMERALS. 
155 
206. 
Irregular Comparison. 
facilis, -e facilior, -ius facillimus, easy, etc. 
difficilis, -e difficilior, -ius difficillimus, difficult. 
similis, -6 similior, -ius simillimus, like, etc. 
dissimilis, -e dissimilior, -ius dissimillimus,unlike, etc. 
gracilis, -0 gracilior, -ius graeillimus, slender,etc. 
humilis, -e humilior, -ius humillimus, low, etc. 
bonus, -a, -um melior, melius optimus, good, etc. 
malUS, -a, -um pejor, pejus pessimus, bad, etc. 
magnUS, -a, um major, majus maximus, great, etc. 
multUS, -a, -um , plus plurimus, much, etc. 
parvUS, -a, -um minor, minus minimus, small, etc. 
vetus, veteris vetustior, -ius veterrimus, old, etc. 
exterUS, outward. exterior, more extremus \ outermost, 
outward; outer, extimus ( or last. 
inferUS, low. inferior, lower. infimus ) , 
> lowest. 
imus ) 
posterUS, following, posterior, later. postremus ) 
posthumus ) s' 
superUS, upper. superior, higher, supremus ) top of; 
summus f highest. 
(Cf. prae, in front of.) prior, former. primus, first. 
(Cf. ultra, beyond.) ulterior, farther, ultimus, farthest. 
(Cf. intra, within.) interior, inner. intimus, inmost. 
(Cf. prope, near.) propior, nearer, proximus, nearest. 
207. 
Numerals. 
1. unus, una, unum 
2. duo, duae, duo 
3. tres, tria 
4. quattuor 
5. quinque 
6. sex 
7. septem 
Cardinals. 
1st. primus, -a, -um 
2nd. secundus (or alter) 
3rd. tertius 
4th. quartus 
5th. quintus 
6th. sextus 
7th. septimus 
Ordinals. 156 
TABLES OF DECLENSION AND CONJUGATION. 
Cardinals. 
Ordinals. 
8. octo 
9. novem 
10. decem 
11. undecim 
12. duodecim 
13. tredeeim 
14. quattuordecim 
15. quindecim 
16. sedecim 
17. septendecim 
18. duodeviginti 
19. undeviginti 
20. viginti 
21 / udus, or unus 
’ \ et viginti 
/ viginti duo, or duo 
’ l et viginti 
28. duodetriginta 
29. undetriginta 
30. triginta 
40. quadraginta 
50. quinquaginta 
60. sexaginta 
70. septuaginta 
80. octoginta 
90. nonaginta 
100. centum 
f centum unus, or 
' l centum et unus 
r centum duo, or 
' l centum et duo 
200. ducenti, -ae, -a 
300. trecenti, -ae, -a 
400. quadringenti, -ae, -a 
500. quingenti, -ae, -a 
600. seseenti, or sexcenti 
8th. octavus 
9 th. nonus 
10th. decimus 
11th. undecimus 
12th. duodecimus 
13th. tertius decimus 
14th. quartus decimus 
15th. quintus decimus 
16th. septus decimus 
17th. septimus decimus 
18th. duodevicesimus 
19th. undevicesimus 
20th. vicesimus 
, f vicesimus primus, or 
21st. < . , _ _ . 
t primus et vicesimus 
, f vicesimus secundus, 
22nd. < . . _ . 
t or duo et vicesimus 
28th. duodetricesimus 
29th. undetricesimus 
30th. tricesimus 
40th. quadragesimus 
50th. quinquagesimus 
60th. sexagesimus 
70th. septuagesimus 
80th. octogesimus 
90th. nonagesimus 
lOOth. centesimus 
. f centesimus primus, 
101st. < . . 
t centesimus et primus 
, , f centesimus secundus, 
102nd. •< , _ . 
I centesimus et secun- 
200th. ducentesimus [dus 
300th. trecentesimus 
400th. quadringentesimus 
500th. quingentesimus 
600th. seseentesimus PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 
157 
Cardinals. 
Ordinals. 
700. septingenti 
800. octingenti 
900. nongenti 
1.000. mille 
2.000. duo millia 
10,000. decem millia 
100,000. centum millia 
700th. septimgentesimus 
800th. octingentesimus 
900th. nongentesimus 
1,000th. millesimus 
2,000th. bis millesimus 
10,000th. decies millesimus 
100,000th. centies millesimus 
208. 
PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 
SINGULAR. 
First Person . 
PLURAL. 
N. ego, I. 
G. me!, of me. 
D. mihi (mi), to, for me. 
Ac. me, me. 
Ab. me, from, by, with, etc., me 
nos, we. 
nostrum or nostri, of us. 
nobis, to, for us. 
nos, us. 
nobis, from, by, with, etc., us. 
Second Person. 
N., V. tu (thou), you. 
G. tul, of (thee) you. 
D. tibi, to, for (thee) you. 
Ac. te (thee), you. 
Ab. te, from, by, with, etc., 
(thee) you. 
VOS, you. 
vestrum or vestpl, of you. 
VObis, to, for you. 
VOS, you. 
vobis, from, with, by, etc., you. 
Third Person 
N. 
G. SUl, of him(self), her (self,), 
it(self). 
D. sibi, to, for him(self), etc. 
Ac. se, sese, him(self), etc. 
Ab. S6, sese, from, by, with, 
etc., him(self). 
Reflexive. 
SUl, of them(selves). 
sibi, to, for them(selves). 
S6, sese, them(selves). 
S6, sese, from, by, with, etc., 
them( selves). 158 
TABLES OF DECLENSION AND CONJUGATION. 
209. 
Demonstrative Pronouns. 
hie, this. ille, that. 
N. hie haee hoe ille illa illud 
G. huius huius huius illius illius illius 
D. huie huie huie illi illi illi 
Ac. hune hane h5e illum illam illud 
Ab. hoe hae hoe illo ilia illo 
SINGULAR. 
PLURAL. 
N. hi hae haee illi illae illa 
G. horum harum horum illorum illarum illorum 
D. his his his illis illis illis 
Ac. hos has haee illos illas illa 
Ab. his his his illis illis illis 
N. is ea id ei (ii) eae ea 
G. eius eius eius eorum earum eorum 
D. ei ei ei eis (iis) eis (iis) eis (iis) 
Ac. eum eam id eos eas ea 
Ab. eo ea eo eis (iis) eis (iis) eis (iis) 
N. idem e'adem idem \ e^em eaedem e'adem 
i udem 
G. eius'dem eiusdem eiusdem eorun'- earun- eorun- 
dem dem dem 
, ., < eis'dem eisdem eisdem 
D. eidem eidem eidem < .. ,, ... .." 
( ns'dem iisdem iisdem 
Ac. eun'dem eandem idem eos'dem easdem e'adem 
. -, _ S eisdem eisdem eisdem 
Ab. eodem eadem eodem ... ... .. , 
iisdem iisdem iisdem 
SINGULAR. 
PLURAL. 
SINGULAR. 
PLURAL. 
N. ipse ipsa ipsum ipsi ipsae ipsa 
G. ipsius ipsius ipsius ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum 
D. ipsi ipsi ipsi ipsis ipsis ipsis 
Ac. ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsos ipsas ipsa 
Ab. ipso ipsa ipso ipsis ipsis ipsis INDEFINITE PRONOUN. 
159 
210. 
Relative Pronoun. 
SINGULAR 
PLURAL. 
N. qui quae quod 
G. cuius cuius cuius 
D. cui cui cui 
Ac. quem quam quid 
Ab. quo qua quo 
qui quae quae 
quorum quarum quorum 
quibus quibus quibus 
quos quas quae 
quibus quibus quibis 
211. 
Interrogative Pronoun. 
N. quis quae quid 
G. cuius cuius cuius 
D. cui eu! cui 
Ac. quem quam quid 
Ab, quo qua quo 
SINGULAR 
PLURAL. 
qui quae quae 
quorum quarum quorum 
quibus quibus quibus 
quos quas quae 
quibus quibus quibus 
212. 
Indefinite Pronoun. 
) aliquis 1 aliquae a, 
l aliqui I aliqua 
G. alicuius 
D. alicui 
Ac. aliquem aliquam aliquid 
Ab. aliquo aliqua aliquo 
SINGULAR. 
aliquid 
PLURAL. 
N. aliqui aliquae aliqua 
G. aliquorum aliquarum aliquorum 
D. aliquibus 
Ac. aliquos aliquas aliqua 
Ab. aliquibus -—— 160 
TABLES OF DECLENSION AND CONJUGATION. 
REGULAR VERBS. 
213. First Conjugation. —A - Verbs 
amo, love. 
Principal Parts : amo, amare, amavi, amatus. 
Active Voice 
Indicative Mood. 
Passive Voice. 
PRESENT 
I love, am loving, do love, etc. 
I am loved, etc. 
am 6 amamus 
amas amatis 
amat amant 
amor amamur 
amaris, or -re amamini 
amatur amantur 
IMPERFECT. 
I loved, was loving, did love, etc. 
I icas loved, etc. 
amabam amabamus amabar amabamur 
amabas amabatis amabaris, or -re amabamini 
amabat amabant amabatur amabantur 
FUTURE. 
I shall love, etc. 
I shall be loved, etc. 
amabo amabimus amabor amabimur 
amabis amabitis amaberis, or -re amabimini 
amabit amabunt amabitur amabuntur 
PERFECT. 
I have loved, I loved, etc. 
I have been (was) loved, etc. 
amavi amavimus sum sumus 
amavisti amavistis amatus 6S amati . estis 
amavit amaverunt, or -re ‘ est ( sunt REGULAR VERBS. 
161 
PLUPERFECT. 
amaveram amaveramus 
amaveras amaveratis 
amaverat amaverant 
I had loved, etc. 
I had been loved, etc 
eram 
eras amati 
erat 
eramus 
eratis 
erant 
amatus 
FUTURE PERFECT. 
I shall have loved, etc. 
I shall have been loved, etc 
amavero amaverimus 
amaveris amaveritis amatus 
amaverit amaverint 
ero 
eris amati 
erit 
erimus 
eritis 
erunt 
Subjunctive. 
amem amemus amer amemur 
ames ametis ameris, or -re amemini 
amet ament ametur amentur 
PRESENT. 
IMPERFECT. 
amarem amaremus amarer amaremur 
amares amaretis amareris, or -re amaremini 
amaret amarent amaretur amarentur 
PERFECT. 
amaverim amaverimus 
amaveris amaveritis amatus 
amaverit amaverint 
sim 
sis 
sit 
amati 
simus 
sitis 
sint 
amiivissem amavissemus 
amavisses amavissetis amatus 
amavisset amavissent 
PLUPERFECT. 
essemus 
essetis 
essent 
essem 
esses amati 
esset 
Imperative. 
PRESENT. 
am a, love thou. 
amate, love ye. 
amare, he thou loved. 
amamini, he ye loved. 162 
TABLES OF DECLENSION AND CONJUGATION. 
amato, thou shalt love. 
amatO, he shall love. 
amatote, you shall love. 
amanto, they shall love. 
FUTURE. 
amatOP, thou shalt he loved. 
amator, he shall he loved. 
amantor, they shall be loved. 
Infinitive. 
pres, amare, to love. 
perf. amavisse, to have loved. 
put. amiiturus esse, to he 
about to love. 
amari, to he loved. 
amatUS 6SS6, to have been loved. 
amatum iri, to he about to he 
loved. 
Participles 
PRES, amans, -antis, loving. 
put. amaturus, -a, -um, 
PRES. - 
about to love. 
ger. amandus, -a, -um, to 
he loved. 
PERF, 
perf. amatUS, -a, -um, loved, 
having been loved 
Gerund. 
Supine. 
N. 
G. amandi, of loving. 
D. amando, for loving. 
Ac. amandum, loving. 
Ab. amando, hy loving. 
Ac. amatum, to love. 
Ab. amatu, to love, to he loved. 
214. Second Conjugation.—E- Verbs. 
moneo, advise. 
Principal Parts : moneo, monere, monui, monitus. 
Active. 
Indicative. 
Passive 
PRESENT. 
monGO monemus moneOP moneiHUP 
mones monetis moneris, or -re monemini 
monet monent monetur monentur 
I advise, etc. 
I am advised, etc. REGULAR VERBS. 
163 
I was advising, etc. 
IMPERFECT. 
I ivas advised, etc, 
monebam monebamus monebar monebamur 
monebas monebatis monebaris, or -re monebamini 
monebat monebant monebatur monebantur 
FUTURE. 
I shall advise, etc. 
I shall he advised, etc. 
monebo monebimus monebor monebimur 
monebis monebitis moneberis, or -re monebimini 
monebit monebunt monebitur monebuntur 
PERFECT. 
I have advised, I advised, etc. I have been (was) advised, etc. 
monui monuimus 
monuisti monuistis monitUS 
monuit monuerunt, or -re 
sum 
es moniti 
est 
sumus 
estis 
sunt 
I had advised, etc. 
PLUPERFECT. 
I had been advised, etc. 
monueram monueramus i 
monueras monueratis monitus 
monuerat monuerant 1 
eram 
eras moniti 
erat 
eramus 
eratis 
erant 
FUTURE PERFECT. 
monuero monuerimus 
monueris monueritis monitUS 
monuerit monuerint 
I shall have advised, etc. I shall have been advised, etc. 
erimus 
eritis 
erunt 
ero 
eris moniti 
erit 
Subjunctive. 
moneam moneamus monear moneamur 
moneas moneatis monearis, or -re moneamini 
moneat moneant moneatur moneantur 
PRESENT. 164 
TABLES OF DECLENSION AND CONJUGATION. 
IMPERFECT. 
monerem moneremus monerer moneremur 
moneres moneretis monereris, or -re moneremini 
moneret monerent moneretur monerentur 
monuerim monuerimus 
monueris monueritis monitus 
monuerit monuerint 
PERFECT. 
sim 
sis moniti 
sit 
simus 
sltis 
sint 
monuissem monuissemus 
monuisses monuissetis monitus 
monuisset monuissent 
PLUPERFECT. 
essemus 
essetis 
essent 
essem 
esses moniti 
esset 
Imperative. 
PRESENT. 
mone, advise thou. 
monete, advise ye. 
monere, be thou advised. 
monemini, be ye advised. 
FUTURE. 
moneto, thou shalt advise. 
moneto, he shall advise, 
monet5te, you shall advise. 
monento, they shall advise. 
monetor, thou shalt be advised. 
monetor, he shall be advised. 
monentor, they shall be advised. 
Infinitive. 
pres. monere, to advise. moneri, to be advised. 
perf. monuisse, to haveadvised. monitus esse, to have been ad- 
vised. 
fut. moniturus 6SS6, to be monitum iri, to be about to be 
about to advise. advised, REGULAR VERBS. 
165 
pres, monens, -entis, advising. 
fut. moniturus, -a, -um, 
about to advise. 
PERF. 
Participles. 
pres. 
fut. monendus, -a, -um, to 
be advised. 
perf. monitus, -a, -um, ad- 
vised, having been advised. 
Gerund. 
Supine. 
N. 
G. monendi, of advising. 
D. monendo, for advising 
Ac. monendum, advising. 
Ab. monendo, by advising. 
Ac. monitum, to advise. 
Ab. monitu, to advise, to he 
advised. 
215. 
Third Conjugation.—E- Verbs. 
rego, rule. 
Principal Parts: rego, regere, rexi, rectus. 
Indicative. 
Active. 
Passive. 
I rule, etc. 
PRESENT. 
I am ruled, etc. 
rego regimus regOP regimur 
regis regitis regeris, or -re regimini 
regit regunt regitur reguntur 
I was riding, etc. 
IMPERFECT. 
I was ruled, etc. 
regebam regebamus 
regebas regebatis 
regebat regebant 
regebar regebamur 
regebaris, or -pe regebamini 
regebatur regebantur 166 
TABLES OF DECLENSION AND CONJUGATION. 
FUTURE 
I shall rule, etc. 
I shall be ruled, etc. 
regam regemus 
reges regetis 
reget regent 
regar regemur 
regeris, or -re regemini 
regetur regentur 
PERFECT 
rexi reximus 
rexisti rexistis 
rexit rexerunt, or -re 
I have ruled, etc. 
( sum 'i sumus 
rectus | es recti > estis 
i est ; sunt 
I have been ruled, etc. 
I had ruled, etc. 
PLUPERFECT. 
I had been ruled, etc. 
rexeram rexeramus 
rexCPas rexerattS 
rexerat rexerant 
i epam i eramus 
rectus ] eras recti • eratis 
( erat ( erant 
FUTURE PERFECT. 
I shall have ruled, etc. 
I shall have been ruled, etc. 
rexePO rexCPimus 
rexeris rexeritis 
rexerit rexerint 
Sere i erimus 
eris recti s epitis 
epit t erunt 
Subjunctive 
regam regamus 
regas regatis 
regat regant 
PRESENT. 
regar regamur 
regaris, or -Pe regamini 
regatur regantup 
regepem regeremus 
regeres regeretis 
regeret regerent 
IMPERFECT. 
regerer regeremur 
regereris, or -re regeremini 
regeretur regerentur REGULAR VERBS. 
167 
perfect. 
rexerim rexerimus 
rexeris rexeritis rectus 
rexerit rexerint 
sim 
sis recti 
. sit 
simus 
sitis 
sint 
PLUPERFECT. 
rexissem rexissemus c 
rexisses rexissetis rectus < 
rexisset rexissent i 
essem 
esses recti 
esset 
essemus 
essetis 
essent 
Imperative 
PRESENT. 
reg6, rule thou. 
regite, rule ye. 
regere, be thou ruled. 
regimini, be ye ruled. 
FUTURE. 
regito, thou shall rule. 
regito, he shall rule. 
regitote, ye shall rule. 
regunto, they shall rule. 
regitor, thou shall be ruled. 
regitor, he shall be ruled. 
reguntor, they shall be ruled. 
INFINITIVE. 
pres, regere, to rule. 
perf. rexisse, to have ruled. 
fut. recturus esse, to be 
about to rule. 
regl, to be ruled. 
rectus esse, to have been ruled. 
rectum Irl, to be about to be 
ruled. 
Participles. 
pres, regens, -entis, ruling. 
fut. recturus, -a, -um, about 
to rule. 
PRES. 
ger. regendus, -a, -um, to 
he ruled. 
perf. rectus, -a, -um, ruled, 
having been ruled. 
PERF, 168 
TABLES OF DECLENSION AND CONJUGATION. 
Gerund. 
Supine. 
N. 
G. regendi, of ruling. 
D. regendo, for ruling. 
Ac. regendum, ruling. 
Ab. regendo, hy ruling. 
Ac. rectum, to rule. 
Ab. reetu, to rule, to he ruled. 
216. 
Third Conjugation.— Verbs in -10 
eapio, take. 
Principal Parts: eapio, eapere, eepi, eaptus. 
Active. 
Indicative 
Passive. 
I take, ete. 
PRESENT. 
I am taken, etc. 
capio capimus 
capis capitis 
capit capiunt 
capior capimur 
caperis, or -re capimini 
capitur capiuntur 
IMPERFECT. 
I was taking, ete 
I was taken, etc. 
capiebam capiebamus 
capiebas capiebatis 
capiebat capiebant 
capiebar capiebamur 
capiebaris, or -re capiebamini 
capiebatur capiebantur 
/ shall take, etc. 
FUTURE. 
capiam capiemus 
capies capietis 
capiet capient 
capiar capiemur 
capieris, or -re capiemini 
capietur capientur 
I shall he taken, etc. 
PERFECT. 
cepi, cepisti, cepit, etc. 
captus sum, es, est, etc. 
PLUPERFECT 
ceperam, ceperas, ceperat, ete. captus eram, eras, erat, etc REGULAR VERBS. 
169 
FUTURE PERFECT. 
cepero, ceperis, cepepit, etc. captus epo, eris, epit, etc. 
Subjunctive. 
PRESENT. 
capiam, capias, capiat, etc. capiap, -iaris or -re, -iatur 
capepem, capepes, caperet, etc. caperep, -epepis or -pe, epetur 
IMPERFECT. 
ceperim, ceperis, ceperit, etc. captus sim, sis, sit, etc. 
PERFECT. 
PLUPERFECT. 
cepissem, cepisses, cepisset captus essem, esses, esset, etc. 
Imperative. 
pres, cape, take thou. 
capite, take ye. 
put. capito, thou shalt take, etc. 
capepe, be thou taken. 
capimini, be ye taken. 
capitOP, thou shalt be taken, etc. 
Infinitive. 
pres, capepe, to take. 
perf. cepisse, to have taken. 
put. capturus esse, to be 
about to take. 
eapi, to be taken. 
captus esse, to have been taken. 
captum IpI, to be about to be 
taken. 
pres, capiens, -ientis, taking. 
fut. capturus, about to take. 
PERF. 
Participles. 
pres. 
ger. capiendus, to be taken. 
perf. eaptUS, having been taken. 
G. capiendi, of taking, etc. 
Gerund. 
Ac. captum, to take. 
Ab. captu, to take, to he taken. 
Supine. 170 
TABLES OF DECLENSION AND CONJUGATION. 
217. 
Fourth Conjugation.—I- Veris 
audio, hear. 
Principal Parts : audio, audire, audivi, auditus. 
Indicative. 
Active. 
PRESENT. 
Passive: 
audio audimus 
audis auditis 
audit audiunt 
I hear, etc. 
audior audimur 
I am heard, etc. 
audiris, or -re audimini 
auditur audiuntu 
audiuntur 
I was hearing, etc. 
IMPERFECT. 
I was heard, etc. 
audiebam audiebamus 
audiebas audiebatis 
audiebat audiebant 
audiebar audiebamur 
audiebaris, or -re audiebamini 
audiebatur audiebantur 
FUTURE. 
I shall hear, etc. 
audiam audiemus 
audies audietis 
audiet audient 
I shall be heard, etc. 
audiar audiemur 
audieris, or -re audiemini 
audietur audientur 
I have heard, etc. 
PERFECT. 
I have been heard, etc. 
audiy! audivimus 
audivisti audivistis auditus 
audivit audiverunt, or -re 
sum 
es audit! 
est 
sumus 
estis 
sunt 
PLUPERFECT. 
audiveram audiveramus 
audiveras audiveratis auditus 
audiverat audiverant 
I had heard, etc. 
I had been heard, etc. 
eram 
eras auditi 
erat 
eramus 
eratis 
erant REGULAR VERBS. 
171 
FUTURE PERFECT 
audivero audiverimus 
audiveris audiveritis auditus 
audiverit audiverint 
I shall have heard, etc. I shall have been heard, etc. 
ero 
eris auditi 
erit 
erimus 
eritis 
erunt 
Subjunctive. 
PRESENT. 
audiam audiamus 
audias audiatis 
audiat audiant 
audiar audiamur 
audiaris, or -re audiamini 
audiatur audiantur 
audirem audiremus 
audires audiretis 
audiret audirent 
IMPERFECT. 
audirer audiremur 
audireris, or-re audiremini 
audiretur audirentur 
audiverim audiverimus 
audiveris audiveritis 
audiverit audiverint 
PERFECT. 
sim 
Sis auditi 
sit 
simus 
sitis 
sint 
auditus 
audivissem audivissemus 
audivisses audivissetis 
audivisset audivissent 
PLUPERFECT. 
auditus 
essem 
esses auditi 
esset 
essemus 
essetis 
essent 
Imperative. 
PRESENT. 
audi, hear thou. 
audite, hear ye. 
audire, be thou heard. 
audimini, be ye heard. 
FUTURE. 
audito, thou snail hear. 
audito, he shall hear. 
auditote, ye shall hear. 
audiunto, they shall hear. 
auditOP, thou shall be heard. 
auditor, he shall be heard. 
audiuntor, they shall be heard. 172 
TABLES OF DECLENSION AND CONJUGATION. 
Infinitive. 
pres, audire, to hear. 
perf. audivisse, to have heard. 
fut. auditurus esse, to be 
about to hear. 
audiri, to be heard. 
auditUS esse, to have been heard. 
auditum IpI, to be about to be 
heard. 
pres, audiens, -entis, hearing. 
fut. auditurus, -a, -um, 
Participles, 
pres. 
ger. audiendus, -a, -um, to 
perf 
about to hear. 
perf. auditUS, -a, -um, heard, 
be heard. 
having been heard. 
N, 
Gerund. 
Supine. 
G. audiendi, of hearing. 
D. audiendo, for hearing. 
Ac. audiendum, hearing. 
Ab. audiendo, by hearing. 
Ac. auditum, to hear. 
Ab. auditU, to hear, to be heard. 
IRREGULAR VERBS. 
218. 
sum (stems es, fu), be. 
Principal Parts: sum, esse, fui, futurus. 
Indicative. 
SINGULAR. 
PRESENT. 
PLURAL. 
sum, I am. 
es, thou art. 
est, he (she, it) is. 
sumus, we are. 
estis, you are. 
sunt, they are. 
IMPERFECT. 
eram, I was. 
eras, thou wast. 
erat, he was. 
eramus, we were. 
eratis, you were. 
erant, they were. IEEE GULAE VEEBS. 
173 
FUTURE. 
erO, I shall be. 
eris, thou wilt be. 
erit, he will be. 
erimus, we shall be. 
eritis, you will be. 
erunt, they will be. 
PERFECT. 
fu!, I have been, was. 
fuisti, thou hast been, wast. 
fuit, he has been, was. 
fuimus, ice have been, icere. 
fuistis, you have been, were. 
( fuerunt, or 
\ fuere, they have been, were. 
PLUPERFECT. 
fueram, I had been. 
fueras, thou hadst been. 
fuerat, he had been. 
fueramus, we had been. 
fueratis, you had been. 
fuerant, they had been. 
fuero, I shall have been. 
fueris, thou wilt have been. 
fuerit, he will have been. 
FUTURE PERFECT. 
fuerimus, ice shall have been. 
fueritis, you will have been. 
fuerint, they will have been. 
Subjunctive. 
PRESENT. 
IMPERFECT. 
SINGULAR. 
sim 
sis 
sit 
PLURAL 
simus 
sitis 
sint 
SINGULAR. 
essem 
esses 
esset 
essemus 
essetis 
PLURAL. 
essent 
PERFECT. 
PLUPERFECT. 
fuerim 
fueris 
fuerit 
fuerimus 
fueritis 
fuerint 
fuissem fuissemus 
fuisses fuissetis 
fuissit fuissent 174 
TABLES OF DECLENSION AND CONJUGATION. 
Imperative. 
PRESENT. 
es, be thou. 
este, be ye. 
future. 
esto, thou shalt be. 
esto, he shall be. 
estote, ye shall be. 
sunto, they shall be. 
pres. esS6, to be. 
perf. fuisse, to have been. 
fut. futUPUS esse, to be about 
to be. 
Infinitive. 
Participle. 
futurus, -a, -um, about to be. 
219. 
eo, Ire, Iv! (ii), iturus, go. 
fio, fieri, faetus sum (supplies passive to faeio, 
make), be made, become. 
Indicative. 
pres, eo Imus fio fimus 
Is itis fis fitis 
it eunt fit fiunt 
imp. Ibam fiebam 
fut. ibo flam 
perf. ii or Ivi faetus sum 
plup. ieram or iveram faetus eram 
fut. perf. iero, ivero faetus ero 
Indicative. 
pres. earn flam 
imperf. Irem fierem 
perf. lerim or iverim faetus sim 
plup. iissem, ivissem faetus essem 
Subjunctive IRREGULAR VERBS. 
175 
Imperative. 
i ite fi fite 
fut. ito itote 
ito eunto 
Infinitive. 
pres. ire fieri 
perf iisse or ivisse faetus esse 
fut. iturus esse faetum iri 
Participles. 
pres. lens, Gen. euntis pres. 
fut. iturus, -a, -um ger. faeiendus 
PERF. PERF. faetus 
Gerund. 
N. 
G. eundi 
D. eundo 
Ac. eundum 
Ab. eundo 
Supine. 
Ac. itum 
Ab, itu 
220. fepo, feppe, tuli, latus, bear, carry, endure. 
Indicative. 
Active. 
Passive. 
pres, fero fepimus 
fers fertis 
fert ferunt 
imp. ferebam 
fut. feram 
PERF. tull 
plup. tulepam 
put. perf. tulero 
fepor fepimup 
feppis, or -re ferimini 
feptup fepuntup 
ferebar 
fepap 
latus sum 
latus eram 
latus ero 176 
ROMAN PRONUNCIATION. 
pres. feram ferar 
imp. ferrem ferrer 
perf, tulerim latus sim 
plup. tulissem latus essem 
Subjunctive. 
Active. 
Imperative. 
Passive. 
pres, fer ferte [ferre] ferimini 
fut. ferto fertote fertor 
ferto ferunto fertor feruntor 
pres. ferre ferr! 
perf. tulisse latus esse 
fut. laturus esse latum ir! 
Infinitive, 
pres. ferens pres. 
fut. laturus ger. ferendus 
perf. perf. latus 
Participles. 
Gerund. 
Supine. 
N. 
G. ferendi 
D. ferendo 
Ac. ferendum 
Ab. ferendo 
Ac. latum 
Ab. latu 
ROMAN PRONUNCIATION. 
1. 
Vowels. 
a as in father. 
e as in they. 
i as in machine. 
O as in note. 
u as in rude. 
y like French u, German ii. 
* Bennett’s Latin Grammar. 
a as in the first syllable of aha. 
e as in met. 
1 as in pin. 
O as in obey, melody. 
U as in put. ROMAN PRONUNCIATION. 
177 
2. 
Diphthongs. 
ae like ai in aisle. 
06 like oi in oil. 
el as in rein. 
au like ow in Jmc. 
eu with its two elements, e and 
U, pronounced in rapid suc- 
cession. 
ui occurs almost exclusively in 
cui and hide. These words 
are pronounced as though 
written kwee and ivheek. 
3. 
Consonants. 
b, d, f, h, k, 1, m, n, P, qu, are pronounced as in English, 
except that bs, bt are pronounced ps, pt. 
C is always pronounced as k. 
t is always a plain t, never with the sound of sh as in English 
oration. 
g is always as in get; when ngu precede a vowel, gu has the 
sound of gw, as in anguis, languidus. 
j has the sound of y, as in yet. 
P was probably slightly trilled with the tip of the tongue. 
S always voiceless, as in sin; suadeo, suavis, SUGSCO, and in 
compounds and derivatives of these words, SU has the 
sound of SW. 
V like w. 
X always ks; never like English gz or z. 
Z uncertain in sound ; possibly like English zd, possibly z. The 
latter sound is recommended. 
The aspirates ph, eh, th were pronounced very nearly like our 
stressed English p, t, c — so nearly so that, for practical 
purposes, the latter sounds suffice. 
Doubled letters, like 11, mm, tt, etc., should be so pronounced 
that both members of the combination are distinctly 
articulated. 178 
ANATOMICAL EQUIVALENTS. 
ANATOMICAL EQUIVALENTS. 
English. 
arm 
bile 
blood 
body 
bone 
brain 
breast 
buttocks 
cartilage 
chest 
chin 
cornea 
ear 
elbow 
eye 
fat 
finger 
flesh 
foot 
hair 
hand 
head 
heart 
intestine 
joint 
kidney 
knee 
ligament 
liver 
loin 
Latin. 
brachium 
bilis 
sanguis 
corpus 
os 
cerebrum 
mamma 
nates 
cartilago 
thorax 
mentum 
cornu 
auris 
cubitus 
oculus 
adeps 
digitus 
caro (carnis) 
pes 
capillus 
manus 
caput 
cor 
intestinum 
artus 
ren 
genu 
ligamentum 
jecur or hepar (Gr.) 
lumbus 
Greek. 
brachion 
chole 
haema 
soma 
osteon 
encephalon 
mastos 
gloutoi 
chondros 
thorax 
geneion 
keras 
ous 
angkon 
ophthalmos 
lipos 
dactylos 
sarx 
pons 
thrix 
cheir 
cephale 
cardia 
enteron 
arthron 
nephros 
gonu 
syndesmos 
hepar 
lapara 
Stern ( Greek). 
(brachi-) 
(chol-) 
(haemat-) 
(somat-) 
(oste-) 
(encephal-) 
(mast-) 
(glout-). 
(chondr-) 
(thorac-) 
(genei-) 
(kerat-) 
(6t-) 
(ancon-) 
(ophthalm-) 
(lip-) 
(dactyl-) 
(sare-) 
(pod-) 
(trich-) 
(cheir-J 
(eephal-) 
(cardi-) 
(enter-) 
(arthr-) 
(nephr-) 
(gonat-) 
(syndesm-) 
(hepat-) 
(lapar-) ANATOMICAL EQUIVALENTS. 
179 
English. 
lung 
mouth 
muscle 
navel 
neck 
nerve 
nose 
omentum 
pubic bone 
shoulder 
skin 
skull 
stomach 
sweat 
tendon 
testicle 
throat 
tongue 
tooth 
vagina 
vein 
vertebra 
womb 
wrist 
Latin. 
pulmo 
os 
musculus 
umbilicus 
collum 
nervus 
nasus 
omentum 
os pubis 
humerus 
cutis 
cranium 
stomachus 
sudor 
tendo 
testis 
fauces 
lingua 
dens 
vagina 
vena 
vertebra 
uterus 
carpus 
Greek. 
pneumon 
stoma 
mys 
omphalos 
trachelos 
neuron 
rhis 
epiploon 
pecten 
omos 
derma 
cranion 
gaster 
idros 
tenon 
orchis 
pharynx 
glossa 
odous 
colpos 
phleps 
spondylos 
hystera 
carpos 
Stem ( Greek). 
(pneumon-' 
(stomat-) 
(my-) 
(omphal-) 
(traehel-) 
(neur-) 
(rhin-) 
(epiplo-) 
(pecten-) 
(6m-) 
(dermat-) 
(crani-) 
(gastr-) 
(idro(t) -) 
(tenon-) 
(orch-) 
(pharyng-) 
(gloss-) 
(odont-) 
(colp-) 
(phleb-) 
(spondyl-) 
(hyster-) 
(carp-) 180 
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES 
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. (GREEK.) 
Prefixes. 
a-, an- (alpha privative, un-, in-), absence of: anaemia, anodyne, 
aphonia. 
ana-, up, again, throughout: anatomy, anarrhoca, anasarca. 
anti-, against: antiperiodic, antiseptic, antitoxin. 
apo-, from, oft, away: apobiosis, apoplexy, apothecary. 
dia-, through: diagnosis, diarrhoea, diastole. 
dys-, difficult, painful: dysentery, dyspepsia, dyspnoea, dysuria. 
GO-, 6Z-, eeto-, out, aside, away from: eclectic, ectropion, exan 
thema, ectoblast. 
On-, (em-), in, within: entropion, encephalic, embolus. 
endo-, within, internal: endometrium, endothelium. 
epi-, upon, over, above: epidemic, epidermis, epiglottis. 
hemi-, half: hemicrania, hemiplegia. 
hetOP (a)-, different, other: heteroplasm, heterophthalmia. 
hypeP-, beyond (excessive): hyperoemia, hyperaesthesia, hyper 
emesis. 
hypo-, under: hypochondrium, hypodermic. 
leue(o)-, white: leucaemia, leucorrhea. 
maCPO-, large (lit., long): macrocephalus, macroscopic. 
melan(o)-, black: melancholia, melanosis. 
mes(0)-, middle: meso-colon, mesentery. 
meta-, with, amidst: metacarpus, metastatic. 
miePO-, small: microcephalus, microscopic. 
mon(o)-, one: monomania, monogastric. 
oligo-, few, little: oligaemia, oliguria. 
peri-, around: pericardium, periosteum. 
papa-, beside, near, through: paracentesis, paraplegia, parotid. 
poly-, many, much: polydactylism, polysarcia, polyuria. 
PFO-, before: prodrome, prognosis. 
pyo-, relating to pus; pyaemia, pyogenic. 
Syn-(sym-, sys-), with, together: syncope, symphysis, systole. WORD SYNTHESIS. 
181 
Suffixes. 
Note.—The more common suffixes appear under the heading 
" Word Synthesis,” below. 
-aemia, contained in, or describing the condition of the blood: 
hydraemia, uraemia, leucaemia. 
-atresia, closed, imperforate: proctatresia. 
-graph, -graphy, that which writes or describes, a description: 
sphygmograph, neurography. 
-ie, of, or relating to: enteric, gastric. 
-mania, madness, insane desire: dipsomania, nymphomania. 
-oid, -like, resembling: dermoid, scaphoid. 
-opia, relating to the eye, or sight: emmetropia, presbyopia. 
-orexia, denotes appetite or desire: anorexia. 
-phobia, fear or dread of: hydrophobia, photophobia. 
-osis, denotes a morbid condition: chlorosis, necrosis. 
-liria, relating to urine or urination and their abnormalities: 
dysuria, haematuria. 
WORD SYNTHESIS. 
Combining the suffix with the root of the leading word, a tenta- 
tive definition may readily be formed, thus: Enter- (1) with 
-itis (5) gives enteritis, inflammation of the intestines. Hyster- 
(20,) with -ectomy (4) gives hysterectomy, a cutting out {re- 
moval) of the womb. Gastr(o)- (13) with enter- (1) and -algia 
(2) gives gastroenteralgia, pain in the stomach and intestines. 
1. Enter(O)- (enteron) intestine. 
2. -algia (algos) pain. 
3. -cele (kele) rupture. 
4. -ectomy (ektome) a cutting out. 
5. -itis (itis) inflammation. 
6. -lith (lithos) stone. 
7. -pathy (pathos) suffering disease; some- 
times, system of treatment. 
8. -plasty (plasso) a forming, molding. 
9. -rhapy (rhaphe) seam, suture. 182 
WORD SYNTHESIS. 
10. -stomy (stoma) mouth, opening. 
11. -tomy (tome) a cutting. 
12. -rhagia a bursting forth. 
13. GastP(o)- (gaster) stomach (belly). 
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, (1, 2), (1, 5), (1, 181, (20, 
11), (22, 11). 
14. -logy (logus) treatise. 
15. -odynia (odyne) pain. 
16. -asthenia (astheneia) debility. 
17. -rhea (rheo) flow. 
18. -malacia (malakia) softening. 
19. -scopy (seopeo) view, examine. 
20. HysteP- (hystera) womb. 
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18. 
21. Hepat- (hepar) liver. 
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18. 
22. MetP(O)- (metra) womb. 
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 12, 15, 17. 
23. Myel(O)- (myelos) marrow (spinal). 
2, 3, 5, 12, 18. 
24. My(O)- (mys) muscle. 
2, 4, 5, 7, 11, 14, 15, 16, 18. 
25. -oma (-oma) tumor. 
26. NephP(o)- (nephros) kidney. 
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 14, 18. 
27. Neup(O)- (neuron) nerve. 
2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 15, 16, 18. 
28. Odont(o)- (odous) tooth. 
2, 5, 6, 14, 15, 25. 
29. therapy (therapeia) treatment. 
30. Ophthalm(o)- (ophthalmos) eye. 
2, 3, 5, 6, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19 (24, 5). 
31. Oste(O)- (osteon) bone. 
2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 18, 25 (23, 5). 
32. Pneumon(o)- (pneumon) lung. 
2, 3, 5, 6, 12, 14, 17. 
33. Haem(ato)- (haema) blood. 
3, 5, 12, 13, 14, 17, 19, 22, 23, 25, 30, 31. 
34. HydPO- (hydor) water. 
3, 7, 14, 17, 29, 30, 32, 33. 
This table may be greatly enlarged by reference to the list of 
Anatomical Equivalents. ANATOMICAL PROPER NAMES. 
183 
ANATOMICAL PROPER NAMES AND 
THEIR ORIGIN. 
Abernethy, John, English surgeon and anatomist, 1764-1831.— 
Abernethy’s fascia (over external iliac artery). 
Achilles (Myth.), Grecian hero in the Trojan war, whose heel 
alone was vulnerable.—Tendo Achillis. 
Adamus, Adam—first man.—Pomum Adami. 
Alcock, Thomas, English surgeon, 1784-1833.—Canal of (for 
internal pudie artery and nerve). 
Ammon (Myth.), Jupiter, worshiped in Africa in the form of a 
ram.—Cornu Ammonis. 
Andersch, Charles Samuel, German anatomist, died 1777.— 
Ganglion of (petrous of glosso-pharyngeal). 
Arantius (Aranzi), Julius Caesar, Italian anatomist, 1530- 
1589.—Corpora Arantii; Duet of and Canal of (ductus venosus); 
Ventricle of (lower end of fourth ventricle). 
Arnold, F., German anatomist, born 1803.—Ganglion of (otic); 
Nerve of (auricular branch of pneumo-gastric); Suspensory Liga- 
ment of (incus); Membrane of (pigmented layer of iris); Con- 
volution of (posterior inferior, oeeipito-temporal lobe). 
Atlas (Myth.), Demi-god, fabled to support the world on his 
shoulders.—Atlas (first vertebra). 
Auerbach, Leopold, German anatomist, born 1824.—Ganglion 
of; Plexus of (in small intestine). 
Baillarger, Jules Gabriel Francois, French physician and 
writer on mental maladies, horn 1806.—Baillarger’s stripes (in 
brain). 
Barkow, Hans Karl Leopold, German anatomist (Breslau), 
1798-1873.—Ligament of (in olecranon fossa). 
Bartholin, Thomas, Danish physician, 1616-1680.—Glands of ; 
Duet of (suh-lingual). 184 
ANATOMICAL PROPER NAMES. 
Baudelocque, Jean Louis, French accoucheur, 1745-1810.— 
Line of (external conjugate diameter of pelvis). 
Bauhin, Gaspard, French anatomist, 1560-1624.—Valve of 
(ileo-c8ecal); Glands of (tongue). 
Bechterew, W. von, Russian neurologist (living).—Nucleus of 
(near Deiter’s in medulla). 
Bell, Sir Charles, British surgeon and anatomist, 1774-1842. 
—External respiratory nerve of ; Muscle of (trigone of bladder). 
Bellini, Laurentio, Italian anatomist (Florence), 1643-1704. 
—Tubes of (kidney); Ligament of (hip-joint). 
Bernard, Claude, French physiologist, 1813-1878.— Canal of 
(supplementary duct of pancreas). 
Bertin, Exupere Joseph, French anatomist, 1712-1781.—Liga- 
ment of (ileo-femoral); Bones of (in sphenoid); Columns of (in 
kidney). 
Bichat, Marie Francois Xavier, Professor of anatomy and 
physiology in Paris, 1771-1802.—Fissure of (between cerebrum 
and cerebellum); Foramen of (third ventricle). 
Bidder, Heinrich F., German anatomist, 1810-. Ganglion of 
(in auriculo-ventricular septum). 
Bigelow, Henry J., American surgeon, 1846-. Ligament of 
(ileo-femoral or Y-shaped). 
Blandin, Philippe Frederic, French surgeon, 1798-1849.— 
Glands of (tongue). 
Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich, German anatomist, 1752- 
1840.—Clivus or plane of (in sphenoid). 
Bochdalek, Victor Alexander, Professor of anatomy in 
Prague up till 1869. Bochdalek, Victor (son), anatomist in 
Prague (papers published from 1866).—Ganglion of (above upper 
canine tooth). 
Bock, Karl August, German anatomist and physician, 1782- 
1833.—Nerve of (pharyngeal); Ganglion of (cavernous). 
Boerhaaye, Hermann, Dutch physician, 1668-1738.—Glands of 
(sudoriparous). 
Botalli, Leonardo, Italian anatomist, bom in Sardinian States, 
1530 ; lived in France from 1561 till 1585.—Foramen of (foramen 
ovale); Ligament of (obliterated ductus arteriosus). ANATOMICAL PROPER NAMES. 
185 
Bowman, Sir William, English anatomist and physiologist and 
ophthalmic surgeon, 1816-1892.—Glands of (in olfactory mucous 
membrane); Capsule of (in kidney); Muscle of (fibers in ciliary 
muscle); Bowman’s discs (muscles); Bowman’s lamellae (of 
cornea). 
Breschet, Gilbert, French anatomist, 1784-1845.—Canals of 
(in diploe, for) Bresehet’s veins; Sinus of (spheno-parietal). 
Broca, Paul, French surgeon and anthropologist, 1824-1880 
Broca’s convolution. 
Brodie, Sir Benjamin, English surgeon, 1783-1862.—Bursa of 
(knee). 
Bruch, Max. Julius Friedrich (thesis published in Berlin in 
1835).—Glands of (in conjunctiva, same as trachoma glands of 
Henle) ; Muscle of (ciliary) ; Membrane of (vitreous layer of 
choroid). 
Bruoke, Ernst Wilhelm Ritter van, German physiologist, 
1819.—Muscles of (ciliary muscle). 
Bryant, Thomas, English surgeon and author, licensed 1849, 
(living).—Triangle of (ileo-femoral at hips). 
Brunner, Johann Conrad, Swiss anatomist, 1653-1727.—Brun- 
ner’s glands. 
Burdach, Karl Friedrick, German anatomist and physician, 
1776-1847.—Column of (cuneate fasciculus of cord). 
Burrow, August, German surgeon, 1809-1874. Burrow (son), 
Ernst, German surgeon, 1838-1885.—Veins of (connecting portal 
and general circulation). 
Burns, Allan, Glasgow anatomist, 1781-1813.—Ligament of 
(femoral); Space of (in neck). 
Camper, Pieter, Dutch anatomist, 1722-1789.—Facial angle of; 
Ligament of (in urethra); Fascia of. 
Carcassonne, Bernard Gauderic, French surgeon, born 
1728.—Ligament of (deep perineal fascia). 
Casserio, Giulio, Italian anatomist, 1545-1616.—Perforated 
muscle of (coraeo-brachialis); Artery of (internal carotid and 
middle meningeal); Nervus perforans Casserii (musculo-cuta- 
neous). 186 
ANATOMICAL PROPER NAMES. 
Chassaignac, Charles Marie Edward, French surgeon and 
anatomist, 1805-1879.—Chassaignac’s tubercle (anterior tubercle 
of transverse process of sixth cervical vertebra). 
Charcot, Jean Martin, French physician and anatomist, 1825- 
1893.—Prostatic crystals of. 
Chaussier, Francois, French surgeon and anatomist, 1746- 
1828.—Line of (rhaphe of corpus callosum). 
Chopart, Francois, French surgeon, 1741-1795.—Line of (in 
foot). 
Clark, Joseph Lockhart, English microscopist, 1812-1880.— 
Column of (posterior vesicular, of cord). 
Claudius, Frederick Matthias, German anatomist (Marburg), 
1822-1869.—Cells of (cochlea). 
Clevenger, Shobal, American neurologist, born 1843.—Fissure 
of (inferior occipital, in brain). 
Cloquet, Hippolyte, French surgeon and professor of anatomy, 
Paris 1787-1840.—Ganglion of (naso-palatine); Angle of (facial); 
Canal of (in vitreous); Septum of (septum crurale internum). 
Cohnheim, .—Cohuheim’s fields (in muscle fibers). 
Colles, Abraham, Irish surgeon, 1773-1843.—Ligament of (liga- 
mentum triangulare femoris); Fascia of (deep layer of superficial 
perineal); Colles’ Fracture (of lower end of radius). 
Cooper, Sir Astley Paston, English surgeon, 1768-1841.— 
Oblique band of (elbow joint); Ligament of (in mamma); Re- 
flected tendon of (internal abdominal ring). 
Corti, Marquis Alfonso, Italian anatomist (paper published in 
1851).—Arches of ; Cells of ; Fibers or Rods of ; Ganglion of ; 
Membrane of ; Organ of ; Tunnel of (cochlea). 
Cotunnius (Cotugno), Domenico, Italian anatomist, 1736- 
1822.—Aqueduct of (aqueductus vestibuli); Liquor of (perilymph;; 
Nerve of (naso-palatine); Recessus Cotunnii (in petrous bone). 
Cowper, William, English anatomist and surgeon, 1666-1709.— 
Cowper’s glands ; Ligament of (pubic). 
Cruveilhier, Jean, French surgeon and pathologist, 1791- 
1874.—Plexus of (in cervical region); Fascia of (superficial peri- 
neal) , 
Cuvier, Georges L. C. F. D., French naturalist, 1769-1832.— 
Canal of (ductus venosus). ANATOMICAL PROPER NAMES. 
187 
Cyon, Elie von, Russian physiologist, born at Telsh, 1843.— 
Nerve of. 
Dalton, John Call, Jr., American physiologist, 1825.—Parie- 
tal fissure of (in brain). 
Debove, George Manrico, 1849.—Endothelium of (in intestine). 
Deiters, Otto Friedrich Karl, German anatomist and his- 
tologist, 1834-1863.—Deiter’s nucleus. 
Demours, Antoine Pierre, French surgeon and ophthalmolo- 
gist, 1762-1836.—Membrane of (Descemet’s). 
Descemet, Jean, French physician and anatomist, 1732-1814.— 
Membrane of (in cornea). 
Donne, Alfred, French savant and physiologist, 1801-1878.— 
Globules of (haematoblasts). 
Douglas, James, obstetrician and anatomist in London (Scottish 
birth), 1675-1742.—Pouch of (recto-vaginal); Semilunar fold of. 
Duvernby, Joseph Guischard, French physician, 1648-1730.— 
Duverney’s glands (glands of Bartholin); Foramen of (foramen of 
Winslow). 
Ebner, Victor von, German anatomist (paper published in 
1873).—Gland of (in tongue). 
Ecker, Alexandria, German anatomist (Freibourg), 1816- 
1887.—Occipital and transverse fissures of (in brain). 
Ehrenritter, .—Ganglion of (jugular of glosso-pharyngeal). 
Ellis, George Viner, Professor of anatomy, University College, 
London; elected F. R. C. S. in 1843 (living).—Ligament of (in 
rectum). * 
Eustachius, Bartolomeo, Italian anatomist, 1510-1574.—Eus- 
tachian tube; Eustachian valve (in right auricle). 
Fallopius, Gabriello, Italian anatomist, 1523-1562.—Fallopian 
tube, Artery and Isthmus; Aqueduct, Arch and Canal of ; Hiatus 
of ; Muscle of (pyramidalis nasi). 
Ferrein, Antoine, French physician and anatomist, 1693- 
1769.—Canal of ; Tubes of ; Pyramids of (medullary rays of kid- 
ney); Foramen anonymum Ferreini (hiatus Fallopii). 
Flechsig, Robert Ferdinand, German anatomist, born 1812.— 
Columns of (spinal cord). 
Flood, Valentine, Irish surgeon, died 1847.—Ligament of 
(gleno - humeral). 188 
ANATOMICAL PROPER NAMES. 
Folius, Caecilius, Italian anatomist, 1615-1660.—Muscle of 
(laxator tympani); Processus Folianus (processus gracilis of 
malleus). 
Foltz, J. C. E., French ophthalmic surgeon, 1822-1876.—Valve 
of (at canaliculus lacrymalis). 
Fontana, Felice, Italian anatomist and naturalist, 1730-1805.— 
Spaces of and Canal of (at iris); Markings of (in nerve fibers). 
Foville, Achille Louis, French physiologist and author, 1799- 
1878.—Oblique fasciculus of (peduncle of cerebellum); Decussa- 
tion of (in cerebellum). 
Frankenhauser, F., German anatomist (memoir published in 
1867).—Ganglion of (cervico-uterine). 
Galeati (or Galeazi), Dom. Max. Gusman, Italian anatomist, 
1686-1775.—Glands of (Lieberkuhn’s). 
Galen, Claudius, Roman author and physician to Emperor 
Marcus Aurelius, 130-200 A. D.—Venae Galeni (in brain) ; Vein 
of (right marginal of heart); Foramen of (foramen ovale); 
Galen’s anastomosis (between superior and inferior laryngeal 
nerves). 
Gartner, Karl F., German anatomist, 1786-1833.—Duet of or 
Canal of (relic of Wolffian duct). 
Gasserius, Johann Laurentius, German physician, 1505- 
1577.—Gasserian ganglion; Muscle of (ligamentum mallei exter- 
num or laxator tympani minor). 
Gavard, Hyacinthe, French anatomist, 1753-1802.—Muscle of 
(oblique fibers in stomach). 
Gennari, Francisco, Italian anatomist (work published in 
1782.—Lines of (Baillarger’s stripes). 
Gerdy, Pierre Nicolas, French anatomist and physiologist, 
1797-1856.—Ligament of (in axilla); Fibers of (at web of fingers). 
Gerlach, Joseph von, German anatomist, 1820-.—Nerve net- 
work of. 
Gianuzzi, .—Crescents of (demi-lunes of Heidenhain). 
Gimbernat, Don Antonio de, Spanish surgeon; professor at 
Barcelona from 1762-1774.—Gimbernat’s ligament. 
Giraldes, Joachim Alb in, anatomist and surgeon in Paris 
(born in Portugal (1808-1875).—Organ of (paradidymis). ANATOMICAL PROPER NAMES. 
189 
Glaser, Johann Heinrich, Swiss anatomist, 1629-1675.—Gla- 
serian fissure (petrous bone); Glaserian artery (tympanum). 
Glisson, Francois, English physician; professor of medicine, 
University of Cambridge; 1596-1677.—Capsule of (around hepatic 
vessels). 
Godman, John D., American anatomist, 1794-1830.—Fascia of 
(root of neck and joining pericardium). 
Goll, Fredrick, Swiss anatomist, born at Zurich, 1829.—Col- 
umn or tract of (in spinal cord). 
Gowers, William Richard, English neurologist, graduated in 
medicine, 1869 (living).—Gower’s column or tract (antero-lateral, 
ascending). 
Graap, Begnier de, Dutch physician and physiologist, 1641- 
1673.—Graafian follicles, or vesicles. 
Gratiolet, Louis Pierre, French anatomist, 1815-1850.—Gra- 
tiolet’s bundle (occipital lobe and optic radiation). 
Grandry, .—Corpuscles of (touch). 
Gudden, Bernhardus, German neurologist, 1824-.—Thesis, 
1848.—Commissure of (optic tract). 
Guthrie, George James, English military surgeon, 1785-1856.— 
Muscle of (compressor urethrae). 
Haller, Albrecht von, Swiss anatomist and physiologist, 1708- 
1777.—Ligamentum colicum Halleri (fold along extending colon); 
Linea splendens of (in spinal nia); Circulus venosus of (around 
nipple) ; Vas aberrans of. 
Hannover, Adolf, German ophthalmologist, 1814-.—Canal of 
(Petit’s). 
Harder, Johann Jacob, Swiss anatomist, 1656-1711.—Gland of 
(obsolete in man). 
Harrison, .—Groove of (outward from xiphoid cartilage). 
Hasner, Joseph Robert von, German ophthalmic surgeon, 
bora 1819.—Valve of (nasal duct). 
Hassall, Arthur Hill, English physician and chemist, 1817- 
1894.—Concentric corpuscles of (thymus). 
Havers, Clopton, English anatomist, end of seventeenth and 
beginning of eighteenth century.—Haversian canals and lamellae 190 
ANATOMICAL PROPER NAMES. 
(in bone); Haversian fringes (in synovial membranes); Haversian 
glands. 
Heidenhain, Rudolf Peter Heinrich, German anatomist, 
1834-.—Demi-lunes of (in acini of mucous glands). 
Heisteb, Lorenz, German anatomist, 1683-1758.—Valve of 
(gall-bladder). 
Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von, professor of 
physics in Berlin, 1821-1894.—Ligament of (malleus). 
Helvetius, Jean Claude Adrien, French anatomist, 1685- 
1765.—Ligament of (lateral bands in stomach). 
Henle, Friedrich Gustav Jakob, German anatomist and 
pathologist, 1809-1885.—Looped tubes of (in kidney); Fenes- 
trated membrane of (beneath endothelium of arteries); Glands of 
(in eyelid); Layer of (in hair-follicle). 
Hensbn, Victor, German embryologist, 1835-.—Canal of (ear); 
Cells of (in cochlea). 
Herophilus, Alexandrian surgeon and anatomist, about B. C. 
300.—Torcular Herophili. 
Hesselbach, F. K., German surgeon, 1759-1816.—Triangle of 
(lower part of abdomen). 
Hey, William, surgeon in Leeds, 1736-1819.—Ligament of 
(fascia lata). 
Highmore, Nathaniel, English physician, 1613-1684.—Antrum 
of (in jaw); Corpus Highmorianum (in testicle). 
Hilton, John, English surgeon, 1804-1878.—Line of (at anus); 
Hilton’s muscle (arytaeno-epiglottideus inferior). 
Hirschfield, Ludwig Moritz, German neurologist, 1816-.— 
Ganglion of (gyrus hippocampi). 
His, Wilhelm, German anatomist, .—Space of (for lym- 
phatics) . 
Holden, Luther, English surgeon, licensed 1838 (living).— 
Line of (Poupart’s ligament). 
Home, Sib Evebhabd, English surgeon, 1763-1832.—Lobe of 
(prostate). 
Horner, William Edmonds, American surgeon and anatomist, 
1790-1853.—Muscle of (tensor tarsi). 
Houston, John, Irish surgeon, 1802-1845.—Folds of (in rec- ANATOMICAL PROPER NAMES. 
191 
tum); Muscles of (compressing veins of penis); Valves of (in 
rectum). 
Hovius, Jacobus, Dutch anatomist, early part of eighteenth 
century.—Plexus of (in ciliary region); Canal of (same as Fon- 
tana’s) ; Sinus venosus Hovii (venae vorticosae). 
Huguier, Pierre Charles, French surgeon, 1804-1873.— 
Glands of (two small glands opening into vagina) ; Canal of (for 
chorda tympani), 
Hunter, John, surgeon, physiologist and pathologist in Lon- 
don (Scottish birth), 1728-1793.—Hunter’s canal. 
Hunter, William, physician, obstetrician and anatomist in 
London (Scottish birth), 1718-1783.—Ligament of (round ligament 
of uterus). 
Huschke, Emil, German anatomist, 1797-1858.— Huschke’s 
valve; Huschke’s canal (tympanum); Huschke’s foramen (tym- 
panic plate). 
Huxley, .—Layer of (in hair follicle). 
Ingrassias, Giovanni Filippo, Italian anatomist (Naples), 
1510-1580.—Processes of (lesser wings of sphenoid). 
Jacob, Arthur, Irish ophthalmic surgeon, 1790-1874.—Jacob’s 
membrane or coat (in retina). 
Jacobson, Ludwig Levin, Danish anatomist, 1783-1843.—Jacob- 
son’s anastomosis; Canal of; Cartilage of; Jacobson’s nerve; 
Jacobson’s organ. 
Jarjavay, Jean Francois, French surgeon, 1815-1868.—Jarja- 
vey’s muscle (depressor urethrae). 
Kerkring(ius), Theodorus, Dutch anatomist, 1640-1693.— 
Valves of (valvulae eonniventes). 
Key, Ernst Axel Henrik, 1832-.—Foramina of Key and Retzius 
(in meninges). 
Kilxan, Hermann Friedrich, German professor of midwifery, 
1800-1863.—Linea prominens of (sacrum). 
Kobelt, Georg Ludwig, German surgeon, 1804-1857.—Muscle 
of (compressor of venae dorsales penis). 
Kolliker, Rudolph Albert, Swiss anatomist and professor in 
Wurzburg, 1817-.—Nucleus of (central canal of cord); Reticular 
laminae of (in cochlea); Osteoclasts of (myeloplaxes of Robin). 192 
ANATOMICAL PROPER NAMES. 
Krause, Wilhelm, German anatomist, 1833-—Glands of (con- 
junctiva) ; Membrane of (microscopic muscular structure); Articu- 
lar end-bulbs of. 
Labbe, Charles (thesis published in Paris, 1882).—Posterior 
anastomosing vein of (cortex of cerebrum). 
Kuhne, .—End plates of (motorial). 
Lancisi, Giovanni Maria, Italian anatomist, 1654-1720.— 
Nerves of (striae longitudinales in corpus callosum). 
Laumonieb, Jean Baptiste, French surgeon, 1749-1818.—• 
Ganglion of (carotid superior). 
Langebhans, Paul, 1848-1888.—Nerve endings of 
Laura, Secondo, Italian physician, 1833-.—Nucleus of (external 
auditory). 
Lauth, Thomas, German anatomist, 1758-1826. — Transverse 
ligament of (atlas). 
Leber, Theodore, German opthalmologist, 1840-. — Venous 
plexus of (in eyeball). 
Lesser, Adolph, physician in Berlin, 1851-.—Triangle of (in 
neck). 
Lieberkuhn, Johann Nath., German physician and naturalist, 
1711-1756.—Ampulla of; Crypts or glands of. 
Lieutaud, Joseph, French anatomist, 1703-1780.—Uvula of (in 
trigone of bladder). 
Lispranc, Jacques, French surgeon, 1847-.—Lisfrane’s tubercle 
(on first rib). 
Littbe, Alexis, French surgeon, 1658-1736.—Glands of (in 
urethra). 
Lissauer, .—Boundary zone of (in spinal cord). 
Lizabs, John, Edinburgh surgeon, 1783-1860.—Lines of (gluteal 
region). 
Lockwood, C. B., English surgeon, M. R. C. S. in 1878 (liv- 
ing).—Ligament of (tendo orbitalis superior). 
Loewenbekg, Benjamin, German aural surgeon in Paris, 1836-.— 
Canal of (in cochlea). 
Loewit, M., physiologist and pathologist in Prague (papers pub- 
lished, 1880-’81).—Ganglion of (bulbus arteriosus). ANATOMICAL PROPER NAMES. 
193 
Louis, P. C. A., French physician, 1787-1872.—Angulus Ludo- 
vici, or Ludwig’s or Louis’s angle (sternum). 
Lowe, Peter, Scottish medical writer in Paris, died 1612.— 
Lowe’s ring (around macula lutea of retina). 
Lower, Richard, English physician, 1631-1691.—Tubercle of 
(in right auricle). 
Ludwig, Karl Friedrich Wilhelm, professor of physiology in 
Leipsie, 1826-1895.—Ganglion of (right auricle). 
Luschka, Hubert von, German anatomist (Tubingen), 1820- 
1875.—Gland of (coccygeal) ; Cartilage of (larynx) ; Tonsil of ; 
Muscle of (in utero-sacral ligament). 
Luys, Jules, French physician, 1826-.—Body of (between crusta 
and tegumentum). 
Macdowel, Benjamin George, Irish surgeon, 1820-1885.—Fre- 
num suspensorium of (shoulder pectoralis). 
Magbndie, Francois, French surgeon and physiologist, 1783- 
1855.—Foramen of (in fourth ventricle). 
Malpighi, Marcello, Italian anatomist, 1628-1694.—Acini, 
Bodies, Canals, Capsule, Corpuscles, Follicles of ; Glomeruli, 
Pyramids, Tubules, Tufts of ; Malpighian layer (in skin). 
Marshall, John, English surgeon, 1818-1891.—Oblique vein of 
(dorsal portion of left auricle); Vestigial fold of (in pericardium). 
Mauchart, Burchabd David, professor of anatomy in Tubingen, 
1696-1751.—Ligament of (odontoid). 
Mayer, August Franz, German anatomist, 1787-1865.—Liga- 
ment of (carpus). 
Meckel, Johann Friedrich, German anatomist (Halle), 1781- 
1833.—Meckel’s ganglion ; Meckel’s diverticulum ; Meckel’s 
space; Cartilage of (mandible, embryonic). 
Meibom(ius), Heinrich, German physician, 1638-1700.—Meibo- 
mian follicles and glands (in eyelids); Foramen of (caecum, of 
tongue). 
Meissner, Georg, German physician, 1829-—Plexus of (in 
intestinal submucosa); Corpuscles of (touch). 
Mendel, Emanuel, German neurologist, 1839-.—Convolution of 
(opercular). 
Mercibb, L. A., French surgeon, 1811-1882.—Mercier’s bar (in 
front of post-trigonal pouch). 194 
ANATOMICAL PROPER NAMES. 
Merkel, Karl L., German anatomist, 1812-1876.—Ganglia and 
corpuscles of (touch); Muscle of (kerato-cricoid). 
Mery, Jean, French surgeon, 1645-1722.—Glands of (Cowper’s). 
Meynert, T., professor of anatomy in Vienna, 1833-.—Ganglion 
of (optic basal); Commissure of. 
Mierzejewsky, M., French physician (present time).—Foramen 
of (under ligula). 
Mohrenhbimer, .—Space of (between pectoralis major and 
deltoid). 
Moll, Jacob Antonius, Dutch histologist (thesis in 1857).— 
Glands of (at margin of eyelid). 
Monro, Alexander, professor of anatomy in Edinburgh Univer- 
sity, 1733-1817.—Foramen of ; Sulcus of (in third ventricle). 
Montgomery, William Fetherston, 1797-1859.—Tubercles of (in 
areolae of mammae); Glands of. 
Morgagni, Giovanni, Battista, Italian anatomist and patholo- 
gist, 1682-1771.—Caruncula Morgagni (middle lobe of prostate); 
Frenum Morgagni (projection formed by the ileo-eolic and ileo- 
eaecaJ valve); Glands of (urethral); Fossa of (navicular); Hydatids 
of (testicle); Fimbriae of (Fallopian tube); Foramen caecum 
Morgagni (in tongue); Columns of (in rectum); Liquor Morgagni. 
Muller, Heinrich, German anatomist, 1820-1864.—Lid-muscle 
of ; Ring-muscle of ; Muscles of (in spheno-maxillary fossa). 
Muller, Johannes, German anatomist and physiologist, 1801- 
1858.—Ganglion of (jugular and prostatic); Duct of (foetal); 
Radial fibers of (in retina). 
Naboth, Martin, Saxon physician, 1675 1721.—Glands of 
(cervix uteri); Ovules of ; Vesicles of (same as glands). 
Nasmyth, Alexander, London dentist (paper published 1839), 
died 1849.—Nasmyth’s membrane (cuticle of enamel). 
Nelaton, Auguste, French surgeon, 1807-1873.—Test line of 
(anterior superior spine of ilium to tuberosity of ischium); Fibers 
of (circular fibers of rectum). 
Neubauer, Johann Ernst, German anatomist, 1742-1777.— 
Artery of (occasional branch of inferior thyroid). 
Neumann, Karl Georg, German medieal writer, 1774-1850.— 
Corpuscles of (nucleated colored corpuscles in the blood). ANATOMICAL PROPER NAMES. 
195 
Nuck, Antoine, professor of anatomy and surgery at Leyden, 
1650-1692.—Canal of ; Glands of. 
Nuel, .—Spaces of (in cochlea). 
Nuhn, Anton, professor of anatomy in Heidelberg, born 1814.— 
Glands of (beneath tip of tongue). 
Pacini, Filippo, Italian physician and physiologist, 1812-1883.— 
Pacinian corpuscles (of touch). 
Pacchionius, Antoninus, Italian physician and anatomist 
(Rome), 1665-1726.—Pacchionian bodies ; Pacchionian fossae. 
Pander, Heinrich Christian von, German physiologist, 1794- 
1865.—Blood islands of. 
Pansch, Adolf, German anatomist (Kiel), 1841-1887.—Parietal 
fissure of (in brain). 
Pechlin, Jan Niklaas, Dutch physician, 1646-1706.—Glands of 
(Peyer’s). 
Pecquet, Jean, French anatomist, 1622-1674.—Cistern of (recep- 
taculum chyli j. 
Petit, Francois Pourfour du, French surgeon and anatomist, 
1718-1794.—Canal of (in ligament of lens). 
Petit, J. L., French surgeon, 1674-1750.—Triangle of (abdo- 
men); Sinus of (Valsalva). 
Peybr, Johann K., Swiss anatomist, 1653-1712.—Peyer’s 
glands and patches. 
Pott, Percival, English surgeon and writer, 1713-1788.—Pott’s 
fracture (of fibula). 
Poupart, Francois, French anatomist, 1616-1708.—Poupart’s 
ligament (also called ligament of Yesalius). 
Purkinje, Jan Evangelista, Bohemian physiologist, 1787- 
1869.—Cells of (in cerebellar cortex); Fibers of (in hearts of 
ruminants); Axis cylinder of. 
Ranvxer, Louis R., French anatomist and pathologist, 1835-. 
Nodes of. 
Rathke, Martin, German anatomist, 1793-1860.—Gland of 
(nasal); Pouch of (pharyngeal diverticulum). 
Rauber, August, German anatomist, 1845-.—Convolution of 
(nuclear, in olivary body). 196 
ANATOMICAL PROPER NAMES. 
Reichert, Karl B., German anatomist, 1811-1883.—Membrane 
of (Bowman’s). 
Reil, Johann Christian, German physician, 1759-1813.— 
Island of; Fissure of; Band of (heart). 
Reissner, Ernst, Russian anatomist, 1824-1878.—Reissner’s 
canal (cochlea); Reissner’s membrane. 
Remak, Robert, German physician, 1815 1865.—Fibers of (non- 
medullated) ; Ganglion of (in heart). 
Retzius, Andreas Adolf, Swedish anatomist, 1796-1860.—Liga- 
ment of (annular of leg); Foramina of Key and Retzius (in 
meninges). 
Rises, Francois, French surgeon, 1770-1845.—Ganglion of 
(cephalic end of sympathetic). 
Richet, Louis Alfred, French physiologist, 1816-.—Fascia and 
canal of (for umbilical vein). 
Ridley, H., English anatomist, 1653-1708.—Sinus circulaire de 
Ridley (brain). 
Riolanus, Jean, French anatomist, 1580-1657.—Muscle of (in 
eyelid); Bones of (in petro-occipital suture). 
Rivifu, Augustus Quirinus, German professor of physiology, 
1652 1723.—Duct of (one of sub-lingual ducts); Notch of (in 
tympanic ring); Foramen of (in tympanum), disputed; Gland of 
(sub-lingual). 
Robin, Charles Philippe, French anatomist and microseopist, 
1821-1885.—Myeloplaxes of (giant cells); Polar globules of (in 
ovum); Space of (in adventitia' of arteries). 
Rolando, Luigi, professor of anatomy in Turin, 1773 1831.— 
Arciform fibers of (in medulla oblongata); Columns of (medulla); 
Fissure of; Tubercles of (medulla). 
Rosenmuller, Johann Georg, German surgeon and anatomist 
(Leipsic), 1771-1820.—Fossa of ; Organ or body of (parovarium); 
Rosenmuller’s gland. 
Ruyschius, Fred, Dutch anatomist (Amsterdam), 1638-1731.— 
Membrana or tunica Ruyschiana (choroid). 
Salter, . — Incremental lines of (in dentine). 
Santorini, Giovanni Domenico, Italian anatomist, 1680-1736.— 
Canal of ; Cartilages, ligament and tubercle of ; Duet of ; Fissure ANATOMICAL PROPER NAMES. 
197 
of ; Muscle of (risorius) ; Plexus of (venous); Incisura Santorini 
(external auditory meatus). 
Sappey, Marie Philibert Constant, French surgeon and anato- 
mist, 1810.—Muscle of (orbito-palpebral). 
Scarpa, Antonio, Italian surgeon and anatomist, 1747-1832.— 
Scarpa’s triangle; Scarpa’s fascia; Liquor Searpae (endolymph); 
Canals of (superior maxilla); Foramina of (incisor canal); Gan- 
glion of (near internal auditory meatus); Nerve of (naso-pala- 
tine); Sinus ellipticus Searpae (ampulla); Intumescentia gan- 
glioniformis Searpae. 
Schacher, Polycarp Gottlieb, German physician, 1674-1737 
Ganglion of (ophthalmic). 
Schachowa, Seraphina (thesis on kidneys published in Berne, 
1876).—Spiral tubes of (kidney). 
Schlemm, Friedrich, German anatomist, 1795-1858.—Canal of 
(sclera); Ligament of (shoulder). 
Schmeidel, Kasimir Christoph, 1716-1792.—Ganglion of (ca- 
rotid inferior). 
Schneider, Conrad Victor, professor of medicine, Wittenberg, 
1610-1680.—Schneiderian membrane (nasal fossae). 
Schreger, Bernard Nathanael von, 1766-1825.—Lines of (in 
dentine). 
Schultze, Max, professor of anatomy at B.onn, 1825-1874.— 
Granules of (in blood). 
Schwalbe, Gdstavus A., German anatomist, 1844-.—Convolu- 
tion of (parieto - occipital), 
Schwann, Theodor, German physiologist, 1810-1882.—Sheath 
of (neurilemma) ; White substance of. 
Serres, Etienne Reynadd Augustin, French anatomist, 1786- 
1868.—Dental glands of (emerging teeth). 
Sertoli, .—Columns of (in testicle). 
Sharpey, William, professor of anatomy and physiology in 
Edinburgh ; died 1880.—Fibers of (in bone). 
Shrapnell, H. J., English anatomist (paper published 1832).— 
Membrane of (membrana flaccida). 
Simon, Sir John, English surgeon (licensed 1838, living).— 
Femoral and brachial triangle of. 198 
ANATOMICAL PROPER NAMES. 
Skene, Alexander J. C., American gynecologist, 1837-. 
Skene’s tubules (analogous in female to vesiculae seminales). 
Soemmering, Samuel Thomas, German anatomist and physiolo- 
gist, 1755-1830.—Soemmering’s bone (part of malar); Yellow 
spot of (so-called foramen in retina); Ganglion of (thalamus); 
Nerve of (long pudic); Soemmering’s numbering of cranial 
nerves. 
Spiegel, Adrian van den, Dutch anatomist, professor of 
anatomy and surgery at University of Padua, 1558-1625.—Line of 
Spiegelius (linea semilunaris) Lobus Spiegelii (liver). 
Stensen, Nicolas (Bishop), Danish anatomist, 1638-1686.— 
Stensen’s (or Steno’s) canal, duct and foramen. 
Stilling, Benedict, German anatomist and surgeon, 1810- 
1879.—Nucleus of (nerves tegmenth); Canal of (center of vitreous). 
Swan, Joseph, English anatomist, 1791-1874.—Foramina of (for 
superior dental nerves). 
Sylvius, Jacobus (Jacques Dubois), professor of anatomy in 
Paris, 1478-1555.—Artery, fissure and fossa of ; Aqueduct of. 
Syme, James, Scotch surgeon and writer, 1800-1870.—Lines of 
(for foot amputation). 
Tarin, Pierre, French anatomist and writer, 1700-1761.— 
Foramen of (hiatus Fallopii); Pons Tarini (posterior perforated 
space) ; Horny band of Tarinus (margin of taenia semicircularis). 
Teichmann, .—Haemin crystals of. 
Tenon, Jacques Rene, French surgeon, 1724-1816.—Capsule of; 
Space of. 
Thebesius, Adam Christian, German physician, 1686-1732.— 
Foramina of (in heart); Veins of (in heart); Valve of (coronary). 
Tomes, Sir John, .—Fibers of (in dentine). 
Trolard, Paulin, thesis in Paris, 1868-.—Vein of (emptying 
into superior petrosal sinus). 
Tulpius, Nicolas, Dutch anatomist, 1593-1674.—Valve of (ileo- 
caeeal). 
Tubck, Ludwig, German physician, 1810-1868.—Fasciculus or 
column of (in spinal cord). 
Turner, Sir William, professor of anatomy in Edinburgh 
(English birth), 1832-.—Annectant convolution of. ANATOMICAL PROPER NAMES. 
199 
Tyrrell, Frederick, English surgeon, 1797-1843,—Fascia of 
(rectovesical layer). 
Tyson, Edward, English physician and anatomist, 1649-1708.— 
Glands of (prepuce and labia). 
Valentin, Gabriel Gustav, German physiologist, 1810-1883.— 
Ganglion of (above second bi-euspid). 
Valsalva, Antonio Maria, professor of anatomy at Bologna, 
1666-1723.—Sinuses of. 
Varolius, Constanzo, Italian anatomist, 1543-1575.—Pons 
Varolii. 
Vater, Abraham, German anatomist, 1684-1751.—Corpuscles 
of (Pacinian). 
Venus (Myth.), Goddess of Love.—Mons Veneris. 
Verga, Andrea, Italian physician and anatomist.—Ventricle of 
(in fornix). 
Verheyen, Philippi, Flemish anatomist, 1648-1710.—w Stars” 
of (superficial veins of kidney). 
Vesalius, Andreas, professor of anatomy in Padua (Belgian 
by birth), 1514-1564.—Foramen, glands, ligament and veins of. 
Vicq d’Azyr, Felix, professor of anatomy in Paris, 1748- 
1794.—Bundle of; Foramen (caecum) of ; White line of. 
Vidius (Vidus), Guidi (Guido), Florentine physician; professor 
of medicine in Paris, 1500-1569.—Vidian artery (internal maxil- 
lary) ; Vidian canal, foramen and nerve. 
Yieussens, Raymond, French anatomist, 1641-1720.—Valve of 
(in brain); Ganglion of (solar plexus); Corpus album sub- 
rotundum Vieussenii (anterior tubercle of optic thalamus); Ansa 
of (sympathetic in neck). 
Wachendorf, Eberhard Jacob von, professor of chemistry in 
Utrecht (Membrane described in 1740).—Membrane of (foetal 
eye). 
Wagner, Rudolph, German physiologist, 1805-1864.—Tactile 
corpuscles of. 
Waldeyer, Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried, German anatomist, 
1836-.—Glands of (in eyelid). 
Walter, Johann G., German anatomist, 1734-1818.—Ganglion 
of (coccygeal). 200 
ANATOMICAL PROPER NAMES. 
Walther, Johann Adam, German physician (Diss. De humanae 
linguae natura, 1806), Ducts of (sub-lingual). 
Weber, Ernst Heinrich, German physiologist, 1795-1878.— 
Glands of (tongue). 
Wernicke, Karl, German neurologist, 1848-.—Fissure of (ver- 
tical fissure at end of fissure of Sylvius). 
Westphal, Karl Friedrich, German physician, 1833-.—Nu 
cleus of. 
Weitbrecht, Josias (born at Wurtemberg), anatomist in St. 
Petersburg, 1702-1747.—Cord of or Ligament of (orbicular liga- 
ment of elbow). 
Wekneeink, Friedrich Christian Gregor, .—Commissure 
of (decussation of praepeduncle in cerebellum). 
Wharton, Thomas, English anatomist, 1610-1673.—Wharton’s 
canal and duet ; Wharton’s jelly (in umbilical cord). 
Wilder, Burt Green, American anatomist and naturalist, 
1841-.—Fissure of (amygdaline in brain). 
Willis, Thomas, English physician, 1622-1675.—Circle of ; 
Chords of (in superior longitudinal sinus); Nerve of (spinal 
accessory); Gland of; Numbering of cranial nerves. 
Wilson, James Arthur, English physician and anatomist, 1795- 
1883.—Muscle of (constrictor urethrae). 
Winslow, Jacques Benigne (a Dane), professor of anatomy in 
Paris, 1669-1760.—Foramen of; Ligament of (knee-joint). 
Wirsung, Johann Georg, German physician, died 1643.—Canal 
of (pancreatic duet). 
Wolff, Kaspar Friedrich, German anatomist, 1733-1794.— 
Wolffian body, duet and tubules. 
Woolner, Thomas, English sculptor and poet, 1826-1892.— 
Woolner’s tip (helical apex of ear). 
Worm, Olaus, Danish anatomist and physiologist, 1588-1654.— 
Wormian bones. 
Wrisberg, Heinrich August, German anatomist (Gottingen), 
1739-1808.—Nerve of; Cartilages of ; Ganglion of (heart) ; Liga- 
ment of (knee). ANATOMICAL PROPER NAMES. 
201 
Wutzler, Karl Wilhelm, German surgeon, 1789-1863.— 
Ganglion of. 
Zeiss, Edward, 1807-1868.—Glands of (in eyelid). 
Zimmerman, Johann Karl, German surgeon and writer.—Ele- 
mentary particles of (in blood). 
Zinn, Johann Gottfried, German ophthalmologist and anato- 
mist, 1727-1759.—Ligament of; Corona of (arterial); Central 
artery of (retina); Zonule of; Membrane of (lamina iridis 
anterior). 
Zukerhandl, Emil, professor of anatomy in Vienna (present 
time).—Convolution of (sub -callosal). 203 
GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
a, ab, prep, with ahl., from. 
abacus, -!, m., shelf. 
abdomen, -inis, n., the belly; 
abdomen. 
abdominalis, -e, abdominal. 
abducens, -ntis, leading or 
drawing from (the median 
line); applied, also, to sixth 
pair of cranial nerves. 
abePPans, -ntis, wandering. 
abies, abietis, f., fir-tree. 
abstractum, -i, n., abstract. 
acacia, -ae, f., gum-Arabic; 
acacia. 
accessorius, -a, -um, acces- 
sory. 
accido, -ere, -cidi, intr., occur, 
happen. 
aeep, aeris, acre, sharp, severe. 
aeepvulus, -I, m. (lit., little 
heap), acervulus. 
acetabulum, -I, n. (lit., vine- 
gar cup), the bony cup-like 
cavity of the hip-joint; ace- 
tabulum. 
aeetas, -atis, m., acetate. 
acetum, -I, n., vinegar. 
acidum, -i, n., acid. 
acinus, -!, m., a terminal com- 
partment or secreting portion 
of a gland ; acinus. 
aconitum, -i, n., aconite. 
aeonitlna, -ae, f., aconitine. 
aeromium, -i, n., process at 
the summit of the scapula; 
shoulder; acromion, 
acusticus, -a, -um, auditory. 
acutus, -a, -um, acute. 
ad, prep, with ace., to, toward. 
Adamus, -I, m., Adam. 
adeps, adipis, m. and f., fat, 
lard. 
adjiitOP, -oris, m., helper, as- 
sistant. 
adjuvo, -are, -juvi, -jutus, 
aid, assist. 
adsum, -esse, -fui, be present. 
aegep, -gra, -grum, sick. 
aegrotus, -a, -um, sick. 
aep, aeris, m., air. 
aetepnus, -a, -um, eternal. 
aether, -is, m., ether. 
agep, agri, m., field. 
agricola, -ae, m., farmer. 
ala, -ae, f., wing. 
alaris, -e, wing -like ; alar. 
albicans, -ntis, whitening, 
white. 
albugineus, -a, -um, white. 
albulus, -a, -um, whitish. 
albus, -a, -um, white. 
alcohol, indeel., n., alcohol. 204 
GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
aleoholiCUS, -a, -um, alcoholic. 
aliquando, adv., sometimes. 
alius, -a, -ud, other. 
aloe, es, f., aloe. 
aloina, -ae, f., aloin. 
alopecia, -ae, f., baldness (the 
effect of disease). 
alter, -tera, -terum, other. 
altus, -a, <um, high. 
alumen, -inis, n., alum. 
aluminium, -i, n., aluminium. 
alveolus, -i, m., a small hollow 
or socket, a cell; alveolus. 
alvus, -i, f., belly, or its con- 
tents. 
amarus, -a, -um, bitter. 
amatop, -oris, m., lover. 
Americanus, -a, -um, Ameri- 
can. 
amicus, -i, m , friend. 
amissio, -onis, f., loss. 
amissus, -us, m., loss. 
ammonia, -ae, f., ammonia. 
ammonium, -!, n., ammonium, 
NHS. 
amnion, -I, or amnium, -i, n., 
innermost membrane enveloping 
the foetus; amnion. 
amygdala, -ae, f., almond. 
anaesthetieus, -a, -um, pro- 
ducing insensibility; anaesthetic. 
anastomoticus, -a, -um, anas- 
tomosing. 
anedneUS, -!, m. (Gr. ayicuv, 
elbow), an extensor muscle of 
the forearm ; anconeus. 
anellus, -I, m., ring. 
angina, -ae, f., sore throat. 
angina-peetoris, a spasmodic 
pain and oppression about the 
heart; angina -pectoris. 
angulus, -I, m., angle. 
anima, -ae, f., breath, life. 
animal, -alis, n., animal. 
anisum, -i, n., anise. 
annularis, -e, ring-like; an- 
nular. 
annulus, m., ring. 
anserinus, -a, -um, of a goose. 
antepius, -a, -um, anterior. 
antieus, -a, -um, foremost. 
antidotum, -i, n., antidote. 
antihelix, -icis, f., semi-circu- 
lar ridge of external ear, in 
front of the helix (q. v.); 
anti-helix. 
antimonium, -!, n., antimony. 
antimonialis, -e, of antimony; 
antimonial. 
antipypetieus, -a, -um, redu- 
cing the temperature; antipy- 
retic. 
antiseptieus, -a, -um, de- 
stroying germ-life; antiseptic. 
anti-tragus, -T, m., a conical 
eminence opposite the tragus 
(q. v.); antitragus. 
antiquus, -a, -um, ancient. 
antPUm, -i, n., cave; cavity, 
especially in bone. 
anus, -I, m., extremity of the 
rectum; anus. 
aopta, -ae, f., the great trunk 
of the arterial system ; aorta. GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
205 
aperiens, -ntis, laying open; 
laxative, aperient. 
apex, -icis, m., tip, summit; 
apex. 
apparatus, -us, m., apparatus. 
appello, -are, -avi, -atus, call. 
appendix, -icis, f., appendage. 
apte, adv., aptly. 
apud, prep, with ace., near. 
aqua, -ae, f., water. 
aqueductus, -us, m., a canal; 
aqueduct. 
aqubSUS, -a, -um, watery. 
Arantius, -i, m., Arantius. 
(See Anatomical Proper 
Names.) 
arbor, -oris, f., tree. 
areeo, -ere, -ui, -tus, ward off. 
arcuatus, -a, -um (arcus, a 
bow), curved like a bow. 
arCUS, -us, m., a bow ; arch. 
areola, -ae, f., small area (es- 
pecially around the nipplh). 
argentum, -i, n., silver. 
Aristoteles, -is, m., Aristotle. 
aromaticus, -a, -um, aromatic. 
arsenicum, -I, n., arsenic. 
arsenis, -itis, m., arsenite. 
arteria, -ae, f., artery. 
articularis, -e, articular. 
articulo, -are, -avi, -atus, 
articulate. 
artus, -us, m., joint. 
asafoetida, -ae, f., asafcetida. 
ascendens, -ntis, ascending. 
asepticus, -a, -um, free from 
putrefactive matter ; aseptic. 
Asiaticus, -a, -um, Asiatic. 
asper, -a, -um, rough. 
astragalus, -i, m., the ankle 
bone, articulating with the 
tibia; astragalus. 
astrictus, -a, -um, bound up. 
astutus, -a, -um, shrewd, art- 
ful. 
atheroma, -atis, n., a fatty 
degeneration of the inner coats 
of arteries ; atheroma. 
atlas, -antis, m., the first cer- 
vical vertebra; atlas. 
atroplna, -ae, f., active princi- 
ple of belladonna; atropine. 
attollens, -ntis, raising up, 
elevating. 
attrahens, -ntis, drawing to 
or towards. 
aurantium, -!, n., orange. 
auricula, -ae, f. (dim., auris), 
auricle. 
auditorius, -a, -um, auditory. 
auris, -is, f., ear. 
avis, -is, f., bird. 
axilla, -ae, f., dim (ala), 
arm-pit; axilla. 
axis, -is, f. (lit. that about 
which a body turns), second 
cervical vertebra ; axis. 
azygos, -i, adj. (Gr.), without 
a fellow. 
bacillus, -!, m. (lit rod), ba- 
cillus. 
balneum, -t, n., bath. 
basilaris, -e, basilar. 206 
GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
basis, -is, f., base. 
belladonna, -ae, f., deadly 
nightshade ; belladonna. 
bene, adv., well. 
benignus, -a, -um., mild, be- 
nign, not malignant. 
berberis, -idis, f., barberry. 
bibo, -ere, bibi, drink. 
biearbonHs, -atis, m., bicar- 
bonate. 
biceps, -cipitis, two-headed. 
bifidus, -a, -um, cleft. 
biliaris, -e, pertaining to or 
conveying bile, biliary. 
bin!, -ae, -a, two each. 
bismuthum, -!, n., bismuth. 
bitartras, -atis, m., bitartrate. 
bonus, -a, -um, good. 
boras, -atis, m., borate. 
brachialis, -e, of the arm; 
brachial. 
brachium, !., n., arm. 
brevis, -e, short. 
bromidum, -I, n., bromide. 
bronchi, -orum, m , the two 
tubes with their branches which 
arise from the division of the 
trachea; bronchi. 
bubula, -ae, f., beef. 
buccinator, -oris, m., the 
trumpeter muscle; buccinator. 
bulbus, -i, m., bulb. 
bursa, -ae, f., pouch, sac.; 
bursa. 
caecus, -a, -um, blind. 
Calamus, -I, m., reed. 
calcaneum, -I, n., the heel- 
bone (os calcis). 
calcium, -I, n., calcium. 
calculus, -I, m., pebble; cal- 
culus. 
calidus, -a, -um, hot. 
callosus, -a, -um, hard, tough. 
calOP, -oris, m., heat. 
ealumba, -ae, f., calumba. 
calvarium, -I, n., the skull- 
cap. 
calx, -cis, f., lime. 
calyx, -icis, f., cup; calyx. 
camphora, -ae, f., camphor 
camphoratus, -a, -um, cam- 
phorated. 
Canadensis, -e, Canadian. 
canaliculus, -I, m., small duct 
or canal. 
canalis, -is, m., canal. 
cancer, -eris.,m. (lit., a craft), 
cancer. 
caninus, -a, -um, of a dog; 
canine. 
eanis, -is, m., and f., dog,. 
canities, -ei, f., a gray color, 
hoariness. 
cannabis, -is, £., hemp. 
Cantharis, -idis, f., Spanish 
fly. 
canthus, -!, m., the corner or 
angle of the eye. 
capio, -ere, cepi, captus, take. 
capitulum, i, n., dim. (caput), 
a knob or protuberance of bone 
received into a concavity of 
another bone, GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
207 
capsicum, i., n., Cayenne pep- 
per ; capsicum. 
Capsula, -ae, f., a small box; 
capsule. 
caput, -itis, n., head. 
earbo, onis, m., carbon, coal, 
charcoal. 
earbolieus, -a,-um, carbolic. 
earbonas, -atis, m., carbonate. 
carcinoma, -atis, n. (usu. 
same as cancer), carcinoma. 
eardamomum, -!, n., carda- 
mom. 
eareo, -ere, -ui, -itus, need, 
want. 
carneus, -a, -um, fleshy. 
Carolus, -i, m., Charles. 
Carpus, -!, m., wrist. 
cartilaginosus, -a, -um, car- 
tilaginous. 
cartilago, -inis, f., cartilage. 
caruncula, -ae, f. (dim., 
Caro, flesh), a little piece of 
flesh; caruncle. 
cataplasma, -atis, n., poul- 
tice; cataplasm. 
CathartiCUS, -a, -um, cathar- 
tic. 
Cauda, -ae, f., tail. 
caudatus, -a, -um, having a 
tail; caudate. 
Causa, -ae, f., cause. 
eauso, -are, -avi, -atus, cause. 
eavernQsus, -a, -um, hollow; 
cavernous. 
Cavitas, -atis, f., cavity. 
Cavus, -a, -um, hollow. 
Celeriter, adv., quickly. 
CelSUS, -i, m., Celsus. (See 
Notes.) 
centralis, -e, central. 
centrum, -i, n., center. 
cephalalgia, -ae, f., headache 
Ceratum, -I, n., waxed dress- 
ing; cerate. 
ceratus, -a, -um, waxed. 
cerebellum, -i, n. (dim., cer- 
ebrum), posterior inferior 
portion of the brain; cere 
bellum. 
cerebrum, -!, n., the brain, 
especially the upper portion; 
cerebrum. 
eerevisia, -ae, f., beer. 
certus, -a, -um, sure, certain. 
cervix, -icis, f., neck. 
ceterus, -a, -um, other. 
charta, -ae, f., medicated paper. 
Chartula, -ae, f., small paper 
(powder). 
ehirata, -ae, f., chirata. 
chirurgia, -ae, f., surgery. 
Chirurgus, -I, m., surgeon. 
Chloral, iudeel., n., chloral. 
Chloras, -atis, m., chlorate. 
ehloridum, -i, u., chloride. 
ehlorbformum, -I, n., ehloro- 
form. 
choledochus, -I, holding 01- 
receiving bile. 
cholera, -ae, f., cholera. 
Chorda, -ae, £., cord. 
chorion, -i, or chorium, -i, 
n., outer envelope of foetus; 
chorion. 208 
GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
chronicus, -a, -um, chronic. 
chylum, -i, n., chyle. 
cibus, -i, m,,food. 
cicatrix, -icis, f., scar. 
cieatrosus, -a, -um, full of 
scars, scarred. 
Cicero, -onis, m., Cicero. 
ciliaris, -e, ciliary. 
cinchona, -ae, f., cinchona. 
einehonlna, -ae, f., cinchonine. 
Cinereus, a-, -um, ash-colored. 
cinnamomum, -I, n., cinna- 
mon. 
circularis, -e, circular. 
circulatio, -onis, f., circulation. 
Circulus, -i, m., circle. 
Cireum, prep, withacc., around. 
circumdo, -dare, dedi, datus, 
surround. 
Cito, adv., promptly, quickly. 
Citras, -atis, m., citrate. 
Clarus, -a, -um, clear, distin- 
guished. 
Claudus, -a, -um, lame. 
Clavus, -I, m., a corn, usually 
on the toes. 
Clitoris, -idis, f., clitoris. 
Cludo, -ere, -si, -sus, shut, 
close. 
coccyx, -cygis, m., coccyx; a 
group of small bones (usually 
four) attached to the lower 
part of the sacrum. 
cochlea, -ae, f. (lit., snail 
shell), spiral cavity of the 
internal ear; cochlea. 
cochleare, -is, n., spoon. 
COdeina, -ae, f., an alkaloid of 
opium; codeine. 
coeliacus, -a, -um, relating to 
the stomach ; celiac. 
COlieus, -a, -um, of or pertain- 
ing to the colon. 
eollatepialis, -e, collateral. 
collum, -i, n., neck. 
colocynthis, -idis, f., coio- 
cxjnth. 
color, -oris, m., color. 
COlum, n., large intestine; 
colon. 
COlumna, -ae, f., column. 
comes, -itis, m., companion. 
eommissupa, -ae, f., a joining; 
commissure. 
communicans, -ntis, commu- 
nicating. 
communis, -e, common. 
compono, -ere, -posui, -posi- 
tus, compound. 
conarium, -i, n. (from Gr. 
kCivos, a cone), a synonym for 
the pineal gland; conarium. 
concha, -ae, f. (lit., a shell), 
hollow part of the external 
ear; concha. 
COnfeetiO, onis, f., confection. 
COnium, -i, n., poison hemlock; 
conium. 
conjectura, -ae, f., guess. 
conjunctiva, -ae, f., a mucous 
membrane, so called because it 
unites the eye with the eyelid; 
conjunctiva. 
COni"; 60, -ere, -nivi, blink, 
half-close. GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
209 
contineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentus, 
contain. 
contraho, -ere, -xi, -ctus, 
draw together, contract. 
contusio, -onis, f., bruise. 
Conus, us, m., cone. 
convalesco, -ere, -valui, re- 
cover health. 
cor, cordis, n., heart. 
cornicula, -ae, f., dim (cor™ 
nus), little horn. 
COrnu, -us, n., horn; horn- 
shaped process. 
Corona, -ae, f., crown. 
coronarius, -a, -um, encir- 
cling like a crown; coronary. 
corpus, -oris, n., body. 
Corrosivus, -a, -um, corrosive. 
corrugator, -oris, m., a mus- 
cle which wrinkles; corrugator. 
Cortex, -icis, m. and f., bark, 
rind, external layer; cortex. 
COSta, -ae, f., rib. 
cranialis, -e, cranial. 
cranium, -i, n., skull. 
eras, adv., to-morrow. 
crassus, -a, -um, gross, large. 
ereasotum, -i, n., creasote. 
Creber, -bra, -brum, frequent. 
Credo, -ere, -credidi, creditus, 
trust, believe. 
ereta, -ae, £., chalk. 
eribriformis, -e, sieve-like ; 
cribriform. 
cribrosus, -a, -um, having 
holes like a sieve. 
Crista, -ae, f., crest; comb of 
a cock (gallus). 
cruralis, -e, of the leg; crural. 
ertireus, -a, -um, of the leg. 
crus, cruris, m, the leg. 
crusta, -ae, f., crust. 
eubeba, -ae, f., cuheh. 
cubitum, i, n., elbow. 
cuboideus, -a, -um, cube- 
like; cuboid. 
CUm, prep, with abh, with. 
cuneiformis, -e, wedge- 
shaped ; cuneiform. 
Cura, -ae, f., care. 
euro, -are, -avi, -atus, treat, 
cure. 
cutis, -is. f., skin. 
decem, indecl., ten. 
deciduus, -a, -um, that falls 
off; hence, decidua, -ae, f., 
the membranous envelope of the 
foetus thrown off from the 
uterus after parturition. 
decoctum, -I, n., decoction. 
deferens, -ntis, hearing away. 
defessus, -a, -um, tired, 
wearied. 
deformans, -ntis, deforming. 
deformitas, -atis, deformity. 
delirium, -i, n., madness; de- 
lirium. 
demonstro, -are, -avi, -atus, 
show, prove. 
dens, dentis, m., tooth. 
dentatus, -a, -um, toothed; 
dentate. 
depressor, - oris, m., that which 
depresses ; depressor. 
descendens, -ntis, descending. 210 
GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
dexter, -tra, -trum, right. 
diabeticus, -a, -um, diabetis 
(subst. one having diabetes). 
diabolus, -i, m., devil. 
dico, -ere, -dixi, dictus, say. 
dies, -ei, m., day. 
difficilis, -e, difficult. 
digitalis, -is, f., digitalis. 
digitus, -i, m., finger (digitus 
pedis, a toe). 
dilator, -oris, m., that which 
dilates; dilator. 
dilutus, - a, -um, dilute. 
dimidius, - a, -um, half. 
diphtheria, - ae, 1, diphtheria. 
discipulus, -i, m., a learner, 
pupil, student. 
diu, ady., for a long time. 
diureticus, -a, -um, diuretic. 
divido, -ere, -visi, -visus, 
divide. 
do, dare, dedi, datus, give. 
doctus, -a, -um, learned. 
dolor, -oris, m., pain. 
dolorosus, -a, -um, painful. 
domicilium, -I, n., abode. 
dorsalis, -e, of the back ; dorsal. 
dorsum, -I, n., back. 
dosis, -is, f., dose. 
drachma, -ae, f., drachm. 
ductus, -us, m., duct. 
dulcis, -e, sweet. 
duo, duae, duo, two. 
duodenum, -!, n., first portion 
of small intestine ; duodenum. 
durus, -a, -um, hard. 
dyspepsia, -ae, f., dyspepsia. 
dyspeptieus, -a, -um, dyspep- 
tic (subst., a dyspeptic). 
e, ex, prep, with ahl., out of, 
from. 
eczema, -atis, n., eczema. 
edo, - ere, edi, esus, eat. 
efferens, -ntis, bearing out or 
away; efferent. 
effervescens, - ntis, boiling up. 
elegans, - ntis, elegant. 
eluvies, -el, f., discharge. 
Elysium, -I, m., abode of the 
blest; Elysium. 
emeticus, -a, -um, causing 
vomiting; emetic. 
eminentia, -ae, f., eminence. 
emO, - ere, - emi, emptus, buy. 
empiricus, -I, n., quack; 
empiric. 
emplastrum, -i, n., plaster. 
ensiformis, -e, sword-shaped; 
ensiform. 
eo, ire, Ivx, itus, go. 
epilepsia, -ae, f., epilepsy. 
epiploicus, -a, -um, relating 
to the epiploon (omentum). 
epithelioma, -atis, n., skin- 
cancer. 
equinus, -a, - um, of a horse; 
equine. 
ergota, - ae, f., ergot. 
erro, - are, -avi, -atus, wander, 
err. 
eruditus, -a, -um, learned, 
educated ; erudite. 
erysipelas, - atis, n., erysipelas. 
et, conj., and. GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
211 
et-et, eonj., both and. 
ethmoidalis, - e (i?0/x6s, a sieve), 
ethmoid. 
etiam, conj., even. 
eucalyptus, -i, m., eucalyptus. 
euonymus, -i, m., wahoo ; eu- 
onymous. 
eupatOPium, -i, n., boneset; 
eupatorium. 
Eustaehius, -i, m., Eustachius. 
(See Anatomical Proper 
Names.) 
exanthema, -atis, n., a rash; 
exanthem. 
excessus, -us, m., departure. 
exeldo, -ere, -idl, -isus, cut 
out; excise. 
excito, - are, - avi, - atus, excite. 
expeetatio, -onis, f., expecta- 
tion. 
experimentum, -i, n., experi- 
ment. 
expressio, - onis, f., expression. 
exsiccatus, - a, - um, dried out. 
exsudo, -are, -avi, -atus, 
sweat out; exude. 
externus, - a, -um, external. 
extensor, - oris, m., extender; 
extensor. 
extractum, -i, n., extract. 
familia, -ae (or - as), i., family. 
fascia, - ae, f., hand; fascia. 
fasieulus, -I, m., a small bun- 
dle of fibers. 
fauces, -him, f., upper part of 
throat; pharynx. 
febrifuga, -ae, f., agent that 
reduces fever; febrifuge. 
febpis, - is, £., fever. 
femina, - ae, f., woman. 
femoralis, -e, of the thigh; 
femoral. 
femuP, -oris, n., thigh; thigh- 
bone. 
fenestra, - ae, f., window; an 
opening in the wall of the tym - 
panum. 
fere, adv., almost. 
feppum, -i, n., iron. 
fibpilla, - ae, f., filament; fibril. 
fibPOSUS, - a, - um, fibrous. 
fibula, - ae, f., clasp ; outer bone 
of leg. 
fides, -ei, f., faith, trustworthi- 
ness. 
fidus, - a, -um, faithful, trust- 
worthy. 
filia, -ae, f., daughter. 
filius, -i, m., son. 
filix, -icis, f., fern. 
fimbria, - ae, infringe. 
fimbriatus, -a, -um, fringed; 
fimbriated. 
finio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, end, fin- 
ish. 
fio, fieri, factus, be made. 
fissura, -ae, f., cleft, fissure. 
flavus, - a, -um, yellow. 
facies, -ei, f., face, countenance. 
facio, - ere, feci, factus, make. 
Fallopius, -i, m., Fallopius. 
(See Anatomical Proper 
Names.) 
falx, -cis, f., sickle (a sickle- 
shaped process). 212 
GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
flexilis, - e, flexible. 
flexor, -oris, m., muscle that 
bends; flexor. 
flos, floris, m., flower. 
fluidus, -a, -um, fluid. 
flumen, -inis, n., river. 
fluo, - ere, fluxi, fluxus, flow. 
fluor, -oris, m., flux, flow. 
foetus, - us, m., embryo; foetus. 
foetidus, -a, -um, offensive; 
fetid. 
folium, -i, n., leaf. 
folliculus, -I, m., a small se- 
cretory sac ; follicle. 
fons, -ntis, m., fountain, spring. 
foramen, -inis, n., Opening or 
passage. 
formo, - are, - avi, -atus, form. 
formuia, -ae, f., recipe, for- 
mula. 
fornicatus, -a, -um, arched. 
fornix, -icis, m., arch, vault; 
fornix. 
fortis, -e, strong, brave. 
fossa, - ae, f., ditch, depression; 
fossa. 
fovea, -ae, f., small pit, de- 
pression. 
fractus, -a, -um, broken. 
fragilitas, -atis, f., brittleness. 
frenum, -i, n., a bridle; a 
membranous fold ; frenum. 
frigidus, -a, -um, cold. 
fructus, -us, m , fruit. 
frumentum, -i, n., corn, grain. 
frustum, -i, n., piece, bit. 
functio, -onis, f., execution; 
normal action; function. 
fuSCUS, - a, - um, brown. 
fusiformis, -e, spindle-shaped; 
fusiform. 
Galenus, -i, m., Galen. (See 
Anatomical Proper Names.) 
gallus, -i, m., cock. 
ganglion, - ii, n., ganglion. 
ganglioniformis, - e, ganglion- 
like. 
gastrocnemius, -i, m., muscle 
of calf of the leg; gastroc- 
nemius. 
gelsemium, -T, n., gelsemium; 
yellow jasmine (root). 
gemellus, -a, -um, paired, 
twin. 
gena, -ae, f., the cheek. 
genio-hyo-glossus, -i, m., 
muscle attached to chin, hyoid 
bone and tongue. 
gentiana, -ae, f., gentian. 
genu, -us, n., knee. 
genus, generis, n., kind. 
Germanus, -a, -urn, German. 
germinativus, -a, -um, ger- 
minative ; germinal. 
glabrus, - a, -um, smooth. 
glaeies, ei, f., ice. 
gladiolus, m. (lit., a small 
sword), middle piece of ster- 
num; gladiolus.- 
glandula, - ae, f., small gland. 
glans, glandis, f. (lit., an 
acorn), bulbous end of penis or 
clitoris; glans. 
globus, -!, m., globe. GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
213 
glomerulus, -!, m., small ball, 
or tuft of vessels; glomerule. 
glottis, -idis, f. (Gr.), the 
aperture of the larynx ; glottis. 
gluteus, -a,- um (yXovros, the 
buttock), of the buttock; 
gluteal. 
glyeerinum, -!, n., glycerine. 
glyeeritum, -i, m., glycerite. 
glyeyrrhiza, -ae, f., liquorice. 
Graafianus, -a, -um, Graafian. 
(See Graaf, Eegnier de, 
Anatomical Proper Names.) 
gracilis, -e, slender, graceful. 
Graecus, -a, -um, Greek. 
granulosus, -a, -um, granular. 
granum, -I, n., grain. 
gratus, -a, -um, agreeable, 
pleasing. 
gubernaculum, -i, n. (lit., a 
helm), applied to fetal cord di- 
recting descent of testes ; gu- 
bernaculum. 
gummi, indeel., gum. 
gusto, -are, -avi, -atus, taste. 
gutta, -ae, f., drop. 
gyrus, -i, m., circle, ring, con- 
volution (of the brain). 
helix, -icis, f. (£'Xt£, a tendril), 
outer ring of the external ear ; 
helix. [hemispherical. 
hemispherieus, -a, -um, 
hepar, hepatis, n. (Gr.), liver. 
herba, -ae, f., herb. 
heri, ady., yesterday. 
hernia, -ae, f., rupture. 
hiatus, -us, m., opening, aper- 
ture. 
hie, haee, hoe, this. 
Highmorianus, -a, um, of 
Highmore. (See Anatomical 
Proper Names.) 
hilaris, -e, cheerful. 
hilus, -!, m., small fissure or 
depression. 
hippocampus, -I, m. (lit., sea- 
horse), applied to two convolu- 
tions of brain (major and 
minor); hippocampus. 
Hippoeraticus, -a, -um, of 
Hippocrates; Hippocratic. 
(See Notes.) 
homo, -inis, m., man. 
horribilis, -e, horrible. 
humanus, -a, -um, human. 
humerus, -I, m., bone of upper 
arm; humerus. 
humor, -oris, m., fluid; humor. 
hydrargyrum, -I, n., mercury. 
hydrastis, -is, f., golden seal 
(root); hydrastis. 
hyoideus, -a, -urn, hyoid. 
hyoglossus, -T, m., muscle at- 
tached to hyoid and tongue; 
hyoglossus. 
habeo, -ere, -ui, -itus, have. 
habito, -are, -avi, -atus, in- 
habit. 
hallex, -ieis, or hallux, -ucis, 
£., the great toe. 
harmonia, -ae, f, harmony, 
wsuture of harmony.” 
Harvey, indeel., m., Harvey. 214 
GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
hyoscyamus, -I, m., henbane; 
hyoscyamus. 
inflammatio, -onis, f., in- 
flammation. 
infraspinatus, -a, -um, be- 
neath the spine (of the scapula); 
infraspinate. 
infundibulum, !, n., funnel; 
infundibulum. 
infusum, -i, m., infusion. 
ingressus, -us, m., entrance. 
innominatus, -a, -um, un- 
named ; innominate. 
inter, prep, with aee., between. 
intermitto, -ere, -mis!, -mis- 
sus, intermit. 
internodium, -!, n., space 
between two joints; internode. 
internus, - a, - um, inner. 
interosseus, -a, -um, between 
bones; interosseous. 
interpositus, -a, -um, placed 
between. 
idem, eadem, idem, same. 
inter-tragieus, -a, -um, be- 
tween the tragus and anti- 
tragus. 
intestinum, -i, n., intestine. 
intumescentia, -ae, f., an 
enlargement; intumescence. 
invenio, -ire, -veni, -ventus, 
find, discover. 
inversio, -onis, f., inversion. 
iodidum, -I, n., iodide. 
ipeeaeuanhae, -ae, f., ipecac. 
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, himself, her- 
self, itself. 
iris, iridis, f. (lit., the rain- 
bow), a membrane of the eye; 
iris. 
ignarus, -a, -um, ignorant. 
ileum, -i, n. (ft\€lv, to twist), 
third portion of small intestine ; 
ileum. 
ileo-peetineus, -a, -um, per- 
taining to the pectineus muscle 
and the ilium ; ileo-pectineal. 
iliacus, -a, -um, of or pertain- 
ing to the flanks or ilium; 
iliac. 
ilium, -!, n., upper part of in- 
nominate bone; ilium. 
ille, illa, illud, he, she, it. 
immobilis, -e, immovable. 
immobilitas, -atis, f., immo- 
bility. [fellow. 
impar, -is, without a mate or 
impedio, -Ire, -ivi, -Itus, hin- 
der, check, prevent. 
imperitus, -a, -um, unskilled. 
imptirus, -a, -um, impure. 
imus, -a, -um, lowest. 
in, prep, with abl., in. 
incisura, -ae, f., groove or 
notch. 
incus, -udis, f. (lit., anvil), 
ossicle of middle ear; incus. 
index, -icis, c. (lit., an in- 
former), forefinger. 
Indicus, -a, -um, Indian. 
inertia, -ae, f., inactivity, in- 
ertness. 
infans, -ntis, c., infant. 
Inferior, -ius, lower; inferior. GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
215 
iris, iridis, f., iris; blue flag. 
is, ea, id, he, she, it. 
ischium, -i, n., lowermost por- 
tion of the innominate bone; 
ischium. 
isthmus, -!, m., a narrow pass 
or band; isthmus. 
iter, itineris, n., way; passage- 
way. 
laeus, -us, m., lake, basin, 
reservoir. 
lamella, -ae, f., dim. (lam- 
ina), layer. 
lamina, -ae, f., thin plate, 
layer. 
lana, -ae, f., wool. 
lapynx, -yngis, m., larynx. 
lassus, -a, -um, weary. 
lateralis, -e, lateral. 
Latine, adv., in Latin. 
latus, -a, -um, broad. 
laudo, -are, -avl, -atus, praise. 
lavandula, -ae, f., lavender. 
lavo, -are, -avl, -atus, or lavi, 
lautus, wash. 
laxator, -oris, m., a muscle 
that loosens; relaxer. 
lego, -ere, -legi, lectus, bring 
together; collect. 
lenio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, calm, 
soothe, assuage. 
lenticularis, -e, lentil-shaped 
(double-convex), lenticular. 
lentus, -a, -um, sticky. 
letifer, -a, -um, deadly. 
levator, -oris, m., a muscle 
that lifts or elevates; lifter. 
levis, -e, light. 
lien, -enis, m., spleen. 
lienalis, -e, of the spleen. 
ligamentosus, -a, -um, liga- 
mentous. 
ligamentum, -T, n., ligament. 
lignum, -!, n., wood. 
limbus, -i, m., border, band, 
fringe. 
Jalapa, -ae, f., Jalap. 
jeeur, jecinoris, n., liver. 
jejunum, -i, n. (jejunus, -a, 
-um, hungry), second portion 
of small intestine; jejunum. 
jueunde, adv., happily, pleas- 
antly. 
juglans, juglandis, f., walnut. 
jugularis, -e, jugular. 
juniperus, -i, f., juniper-tree. 
juvenis, -is, m. and f., adj. 
and subst., young ; a youth. 
Krameria, -ae, f., rhatany 
(root); krameria. 
labium, -i, n., Up. 
laeer, -a, -um, lacerated, muti- 
lated. 
laehryma, -ae, £.; tear. 
laehrymalis, -e, pertaining to 
tears; lachrymal. 
laetas, -atis, m., a salt of lac- 
tic acid; lactate. 
laetiferus, -a, -um, milk- 
bearing ; lactiferous. 
lacuna, -ae, f., dim. (laeus), 
a small cavity; lacuna. 216 
GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
limitans, -ntis, limiting. 
limon, -onis, f., lemon. 
linea, -ae, f., line. 
lingua, -ae, f., tongue. 
lingualis, -e, of the tongue; 
lingual. 
linimentum, -i, n., liniment. 
linum, -I, n.,fiax. 
lipoma, -atis, n., a fatty tu- 
mor; lipoma. 
liquidus, -a, -um, liquid. 
liquor, -oris, m., solution, fluid. 
Lister, indeel., Lister, Sir Jo- 
seph, an English surgeon. (See 
Notes.) 
lobulus, -i, m., lobule. 
lobus, -I, m., lobe. 
longitudinalis, -e, longitu- 
dinal. 
longUS, -a, -um, long. 
lotio, -onis, f., wash, lotion. 
lucidus, -a, -um, clear, trans- 
parent. 
lumbalis, -e, of the loins; 
lumbar. 
lumbricalis, -e (lumbricus, 
an earthworm), a name given 
to certain small muscles of 
hand and foot. 
lumbus, -I, m., loin. 
lunula, -ae, f., small crescent; 
lunula. 
lupullna, -ae, f., yellow pow- 
der from the scales of the hop; 
lupulin. 
luxatio, -onis, f., dislocation. 
luteus, -a, -um, yellow. 
lympha, -ae, f., chyle; lymph. 
macero, -are, -avi, -atus, 
soaTc, macerate. 
macula, -ae, f., spot; macule. 
magister, -trl, m., teacher, 
master. 
magnesia, -ae, f., magnesia. 
magnus, -a, -um, large, great. 
mala, -ae, f., the cheek-hone. 
malaria, -ae, f., malaria. 
malignus, -a, -um, malignant. 
malleolus, -i, m., projection of 
tibia, or fibula at the ankle- 
joint; malleolus. 
malleus, -I, m. (lit., hammer), 
small bone of middle ear; 
malleus. 
malus, -a, -urn, bad. 
mamma, -ae, f., breast (espe- 
cially of females). 
mandibulum, -!, n., a jaw. 
mane, indeel., n., morning. 
manubrium, -i, n. (lit., a 
handle, hilt), upper part of 
sternum; manubrium. 
manus, -us, f., hand. 
massa, -ae, £., mass. 
mastico, -are, -avi, -atus, 
chew. 
mastoideus, -a, -um, nipple- 
like; mastoid. 
mater, -tris, f., mother. 
materia, -ae, f., materials. 
maternus, -a, -um, maternal. 
matrix, -ieis, f., source, origin. 
maxilla, -ae, f , jaw-bone, jaw. 
meatus, -us, m., opening; 
passage. GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
217 
medianus, -a, -um, middle, 
median. 
mediastinum, -i, n., space be- 
tween the two pleurae. 
medicamen, -inis, n., drug. 
medicamentarius, -a, -um, 
druggist. 
medicamentum, -i, n., drug. 
medicatus, -a, -um, medicated. 
medieina, -ae, f., medicine. 
mediCUS, -i, m., physician, 
doctor. 
medius, -a, -um, middle. 
medulla, -ae, f., marrow. 
membrana, -ae, f., membrane. 
membrum, -i, n., member. 
memoria, -ae, f., memory. 
mentha, -ae, f., mint. 
mentum, -i, n., chin. 
mesentericus, -a, -um, of the 
mesentery; mesenteric. 
metacarpus, -i, m., part of 
the hand between fingers and 
wrist; metacarpus. 
metus, -us, m.,fear. 
miles, -itis, m., soldier. 
mineralis, -e, mineral. 
misceo, -ere, miscui, mixtus, 
mix. 
miser, -a, -um, poor, wretched. 
mistura, -ae, f., mixture. 
mitis, -e, mild. 
mitto, -ere, misi, missus, send. 
mobilis, -e, movable. 
mobilitas, -atis, f., mobility. 
modiolus, -T, m. (lit., a small 
measure), hollow cone in the 
cochlea of the ear ; modiolus. 
molaris, -e (mola, mill), a 
term applied to the g rinder - 
teeth; molar. 
mollio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, soften, 
mitigate. 
mollis, -e, soft. 
molities, -el, f., softness. 
mons, -ntis, m., mountain. 
montanus, -a, -nm, of a moun- 
tain; mountain (adj.). 
montieulus, -i, m., dim. 
(mons), small eminence. 
morbus, -i, m., disease. 
mordeo, -ere, momordi, mor- 
sus, bite. 
moriturus, -a, -um, part,, 
about to die. 
morphina, -ae, f., morphine. 
morrhua, -ae, f., a genus of 
fishes, including the cod; cod. 
mors, mortis, f., death. 
morsus, -us, m., bite. 
mortarium, -i, m, mortar. 
motor, -oris, m., that which 
moves; mover. 
moveo, -ere, movi, motus, 
move. 
mox, adv., presently, soon, 
directly. 
mueilago, -inis, f., mucilage. 
mucosus, -a, -um, mucous. 
muleeo, -ere, mulsi, mulsus, 
soothe, allay. 
multifidus, -a, -um, many- 
cleft. 
multus, -a, -um, much, many. 
muriaticus, -a, -um, muriatic. 
musculus, -i, m., muscle. 218 
GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
mutatio, -onis, f., change. 
myoma, -atis, n., a muscular 
tumor; myoma. 
myristiea, -ae, f., nutmeg. 
myrtiformis, -e, shaped like 
the myrtle-leaf or berry; myr- 
tiform. 
novem, indecl., nine. 
novus, - a, -um, new. 
nox, noctis, f., night. 
nueha, -ae, f., nape of neck. 
nucleus, -!, m., vesicular body 
within a cell; nucleus. 
nullus, -a, -um, no, none. 
numepus, -I, m., number. 
nunc, adv., now. 
nux-vomiea, nueis-vomicae, 
f., nux-vomica. 
nymphae, -arum, f., the labia 
minora, two folds of the m ucous 
membrane of the vulva. 
obliquus, -a, -um, oblique. 
oblongatus, - a, -um, oblong. 
obturator, -oris, m., that 
which stops tip; obstructor. 
oeto, indecl., eight. 
oeulus, -I, m., eye. 
odontalgia, -ae, f., toothache. 
oesophagus, -T, m., gullet; 
oesophagus. 
offieina, - ae, f., office. 
officinalis, -e, officinal. 
oleoreslna, -ae, f., oleoresin. 
oleum, -i, n., oil. 
olfactorius, - a, - um, olfactory. 
omentum, n., epiploon; 
omentum. 
omnis, -e, every, all. 
operculum, -I, n. (lit., acover 
or lid), applied to a group of 
convolutions in the cerebrum, 
between the two divisions of the 
fissure of Sylvius. 
naris, -is, f., nostril. 
nasus, -I, m., nose. 
nat5, -are, -avi, -atus, swim, 
float. 
natura, -ae, f., nature. 
nauta, -ae, m., sailor. 
navicularis, -e, boat-shaped; 
navicular. 
neglectus, - a, -um, neglected. 
nemo, -inis, m. and f., no one. 
nervus, -!, m., nerve. 
nescio, -ire, -ivi, -Ttus, not 
know; be ignorant of. 
neurilemma, -atis, n., nerve- 
sheath. 
nictitans, -ntis, winking. 
nil, indecl., nothing. 
nimium, adv., too often. 
nisi, conj., unless. 
nitras, -atis, m., nitrate. 
nitrieus, -a, -um, nitric. 
nitPOSUS, -a, -um, nitrous. 
nomen, - inis, n., name. 
nomino, -are, -avi, -atus, 
name. 
non, adv., not. 
nondum, adv., not yet. 
nonus, -a, -um, ninth, \knoiv. 
nosco, -ere, novi, notus, learn, GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
219 
ophthalmicus, - a, -um, of the 
eye; ophthalmic. 
opium, -I, n., opium. 
opponens, -ntis, opposing. 
optiCUS, -a, -um, optic. 
opus, operis, n., work. 
orbicularis, -e, spherical, cir- 
cular; orbicular. 
orbita, -ae, f. (orbis, a cir- 
cle), the cavity which lodges 
the eye; orbit. 
ordo, -inis, m., row. [orifice. 
orificium, n., opening; 
orior, -Iri, ortus, arise. 
OS, oris, n., mouth. 
OS, ossis, n., bone. 
ossiculum, -1, n., small bone. 
osteitis, -idis, f., inflammation 
of bone. 
Ostium, -!, n., an opening. 
ovalis, -e, egg-shaped, oval. 
OVUm, -i, n., egg. 
oxalas, -atis, m., a salt of 
oxalic acid; oxalate. 
OXidum, -I, n., oxide. 
papillaris, - e, resembling or 
covered with papillae; papil- 
lary. 
par, paris, n., a pair. 
parasiticus, -a, -um, para- 
sitic. 
paries, -ietis, m., wall. 
pare, -are, -avi, -atus, pre- 
pare. 
pars, partis, f., part. 
partus, -us, m., parturition, 
childbirth. 
parvus, - a, -um, small. 
patella, — ae, t., dim. (patera, 
a bold), kneepan; patella. 
pater, -tris, m., father. 
patheticus, -a, -um, that which 
moves the passions; a name 
given to the fourth pair of 
nerves. 
patria, -ae, f., fatherland, 
country. 
paucus, - a, -um, few. 
pectinatus, -a, -um, resem- 
bling the teeth of a comb; 
pectinate. 
pectineus, - a, -um, comb-like. 
peetiniformis, -e, comb-like. 
pectoralis, -e, of the breast; 
pectoral. 
pectus, pectoris, n., breast, 
bosom. 
pellucidus, -a, -um, trans- 
parent. 
pelvis, - is, f., basin; pelvis. 
penis, - is, m., penis. 
penso, - are, - avi, -atus, weigh. 
palato-glossus, -i, m., a 
muscle attached to palate and 
tongue; palato-glossus. 
palatum, -I, n., palate. 
palpebra, -ae, f., eyelid. 
palus, -udis, f., marsh, swamp. 
pancreas, -atis, n., pancreas. 
pancreaticus, -a, -um, pan- 
creatic. 
papilla, -ae, f., a nipple, a 
small eminence ; papilla. 220 
GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
pepslnum, -i, n., pepsin. 
per, prep, with ace., through. 
pePCOlo, -are, -avi, -atus, 
filter, strain. 
pepfOPO, - are, - avi, - atus, 
bore through, perforate. 
pericardium, -i, n., membra- 
nous sac enclosing the heart; 
pericardium. [ous. 
pepieulosus, - a, -um, danger- 
perineum, -i, n , space be- 
tween ischiadic tuberosities, 
anus and gential organs; peri- 
neum. 
peritoneum, -i, n., the serous 
lembrane lining the abdominal 
cavity and covering most of the 
organs contained therein; peri- 
toneum. 
pepitus, - a, -um, skilled. 
peroneus, -a, -um (irepovn, 
fibula), relating to the fibula ; 
peroneal. 
pePSOna, - ae, I., person. 
pepspipatorius, -a, -um, re- 
lating to perspiration; per- 
spiratory. 
pes, pedis, m., foot. 
peto, - ere, -ivi, -itus, seek. 
petrolatum, -!, n., petrolatum; 
vaseline. 
petPOSUS, -a, -um, rock-like; 
petrous. 
pharmacopoeia, -a, f., 
pharmacopoeia. 
phiala, ae, f., vial. \_pher. 
philosophus, -i, m., philoso- 
phosphas, -atis, m., a salt of 
phosphoric acid ; phosphate. 
phpenieus, -a, -um, of the 
diaphragm; phrenic. 
phthisis, -is, f., progressive 
emaciation, consump tion ; 
phthisis. 
physostigma, - atis, n., Cala- 
bar bean ; physostigma. 
piger, -gra, -grum, lazy. 
pigmentum, -i, n., pigment. 
pilula, -ae, f., pill. 
pilus, -i, m., hair. 
pinealis, - e, resembling a pine 
cone; pineal. 
pinna, -ae, f. (lit., feather), 
pavilion of the ear ; pinna. 
piper, piperis, n., pepper. 
pipePltUS, -a, -um, pepper, 
peppery. [pisiform. 
pisifopmis, -e, pea-formed; 
pistillum, -i, n., pestle. 
pituitarius, - a, -um (pituita, 
phlegm or mucus), pituitary 
{applied to a; reddish-gray body 
occupying the sella TuPCiea 
of the sphenoid bone, from a 
former erroneous belief that it 
discharged mucus into the 
nostrils). 
plus, - a, -um, tender. 
pix, pieis, f., pitch. 
placenta, - ae, f. (lit., a cake), 
organ of nutrition for fetus; 
placenta. 
plantapis, -e, relating to the 
sole of the foot ; plantar. 0 EXE It A L I OCA B ULAK Y. 
221 
planus, -a, -um, fiat, level, 
smooth. 
platysma, -atis, n. (lit., an 
expansion), applied to abroad, 
thin, subcutaneous muscle of the 
neck. 
pleura, -ae, £., a serous mem- 
brane lining the chest and cov - 
ering the lungs; pleura. 
plexus, -us, m., network; 
plexus. 
plica, - ae, t., fold. 
plumbum, -i, n., lead. 
poculum, -i, n., cup. 
pollex, - icis, f., the thumb. 
pomum,'-i, n., apple. 
pons, pontis, m., bridge. 
poples, poplitis, m., ham of the 
knee; popliteal space. 
popliteus, -a, -um, relating to 
the ham; popliteal. 
populus, -i, m., people. 
porto, -are, -avi, -atus, carry. 
portio, -onis, f., portion. 
porus, -i, m., channel, canal. 
post, prep, with ace., behind. 
postea, adv., afterward. 
posticus, -a, -um, hindmost. 
potassium, -i, n., potassium. 
potens, - ntis, powerful. 
potid, -onis, a drink, draught. 
poto, -are, -avi, - atus, drink. 
potus, -us, m., drink. [prepare. 
praeparo, -are, -avi, -atus, 
praeparatio, -onis, f., prepa- 
ration. [prepuce. 
praeputium, -I, n., foreskin; 
praescribo, -ere, -scripsi. 
- scriptus, prescribe. 
praescriptum, -i, n., pre- 
scription. 
praesens, -utis, present. 
praestans, -ntis, excellent. 
pressio, -onis, f., pressure. 
primus, - a, -um, first. 
princeps, -ipis, the first; 
chief, principal. 
privo, -are, -avi, -atus, de- 
prive. 
pro, prep, with abl., for, in 
behalf of. 
processus, -us, m., a promi- 
nence; process. 
profundus, - a, -um, deep. 
pronator, -oris, m , a muscle 
which turns the palm of the 
hand downward ; pronator. 
propero, -are, -avi, -atus, 
hasten. 
proprius, - a, -um, one's own; 
special, proper. 
prudens, -ntis, prudent. 
pterygium, -i, n., an eye dis- 
ease; p terxjg i u m. 
publiCUS, - a, -um, public. 
puella, -ae, f., girl. 
pugno, - are, - avi, - atus, fight. 
pulcher, -chra, -chrum, beau- 
tiful. 
pulmo, - onis, m., lung. 
pulmonalis, -e, of the lungs; 
pulmonary. 
pulvero, -are, -avi, -atus, 
powder; pulverize. 222 
GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
pulvis, pulveris, m., powder. 
punctum, -i, n., point. 
punid, -Ire, -ivi, -itus, punish. 
pupilla, -ae, f., pupil (of eye). 
pupillaris, -e, pupillary; ap- 
plied to a delicate membrane 
which covers the pupil of the 
eye in the foetus. 
purgativus, -a, -um, purga- 
tive. 
purificatus, -a, -um, purified. 
purus, -a, -um, pure. 
pyramidalis, -e, pyramidal. 
pyramis, -idis, f., pyramid. 
pyriformis, -e, pear-shaped ; 
pyriform. 
rabies, -ei, f., madness; rabies. 
radialis, -e, of the radius ; 
radial. 
radiatus, -a, -am, radiated. 
radius, -i, m. (lit., rod), 
smaller bone of the forearm; 
radius. 
radix, -ids, f., root. 
ramus, -I, m., branch. 
rare, adv., rarely. 
rarus, -a, -am, rare. 
reeens, adv., recently. 
receptaculum, -i, n., recep- 
tacle. 
recipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus, 
take. 
peered, -are, -avl, -atus, re- 
fresh. 
reetus, -a, -um, straight. 
reflexus, -a, -um, turned back; 
reflected. [Here. 
relevo, -are, -avl, -atus, re- 
remedium, -i, n., remedy. 
removed, -ere, -movi, -motus, 
remove. 
remittd, -ere, -mlsl, -missus, 
send back; remit. 
ren, renis, m. (usually pi.), 
kidney. 
renalis, -e, of the kidney; 
renal. 
reperid, -Ire, -peri, -pertus, 
find. 
reprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pres- 
sus, check; repress. 
requiesco, -ere, -evi, -etus, 
rest. 
quadratus, -a, -um, four- 
sided, square. 
quadriceps, -eipitis, four- 
headed. 
quadrigeminus, -a, -um, 
fourfold, four. 
quaestid, -onis, f., question. 
quam, adv., than. 
quartus, -a, -um, fourth. 
quassia, -ae, f., quassia. 
quatuor, indecl., four. 
quatuordeeim, indecl., four- 
teen. 
que, eonj., and. 
quinlna, -ae, f., quinine. 
quis, quae, quid, who, which, 
what. 
quondam, adv., formerly. 
quoque, conj., also. 
quot, indecl., how many. GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
223 
res, rei, f., thing. 
resina, -ae, f., resin. 
respiratio, -onis, f., respira- 
tion. 
res publica, -ae, f., republic. 
rete, - is, n., net. 
reticularis, -e, like a net; 
reticular. 
retina, - ae, f., retina. 
retrahens, - ntis, drawing back, 
retracting. 
rheumatismus, -i, m., rheu- 
matism. 
ricinus, -t, m. (lit., a tick, 
which the seeds resemble), the 
castor-oil plant (Ricinus 
communis), 
rigor, -oris, m., stiffness, chill; 
rigor. 
Pima, - ae, f., slit, cleft. 
risorius, -i, m., the smiling 
muscle; portion of platysma 
my aides. 
rogo, -are, -avi, -atus, ask. 
Romanus, -a, -um, Roman. 
POSa, -ae, f., rose. 
rostrum, -i, n., beak. 
rotator, -oris, m., that which 
rotates; rotator. 
POtundus, - a, -um, round. 
rubeola, - ae, f., measles. 
ruber, -bra, -brum, red. 
PUbOP, -oris, m., redness. 
PUga, - ae, f., a wrinkle, fold. 
rumex, -icis, m. andf., yellow 
dock. 
saeehapatus, -a, -um, sac- 
charated. 
saeeharum, -i, n., sugar. 
sacciformis, -e, sac-like. 
saccus, -!, m., a sack or bag. 
sacrum, -i, n. (os sacrum), 
sacred-bone, the bone above 
the coccyx; sacrum. 
saepe, adv., often. 
sal, - is, m. and f., salt. 
salieinum,. n., salicin. 
salieylas, -atis, m., salicylate. 
Salix, -icis, f., willow. 
salol, indecl., salol. 
sanabilis, -e, curable. 
sanguis, -guinis, m., blood. 
sanitas, - atis, f., healing. 
sano, -are, -avi, -atus, heal, 
cure. 
sapientia, -ae, f., wisdom. 
sapo, -onis, m., soap. 
sarcoma, -atis, n., a tumor of 
fleshy consistence and of em - 
bryonic cells; sarcoma. 
sartorius, -I, m., the tailor 
muscle ; sartorius. 
scabies, -el, f., itch; scabies. 
seala, -ae, f., ladder. 
scalenus, -a, -um, of unequal 
sides. 
scaphoideus, -a, -um, boat- 
shaped; scaphoid. 
scapula, - ae, f., shoulder blade. 
scarlatina, -ae, f., scarlet 
fever. 
Scarpa, - ae, m., Scarpa. (See 
Anatomical Proper Names.) 
sabulum, -i, n., sand. 224 
GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
sehola, -ae, f. (lit., leisure 
given to learning), school. 
scientia, -ae, £., knowledge, 
science. 
SCilla, - ae, f., squill. 
SCiO, -ire, -ivi, -itus, know. 
scribo, -ere, scripsi, scriptus, 
write. 
scriptorius, -a, -um, of a 
writer, writer’s. 
seborrhea, - ae, f., seborrhea. 
secundus, -a, -um, second. 
sed, conj., but. 
sedes, -is, f., seat. 
segmentum, -i. n., segment. 
sella, - ae, f., saddle. 
semi-cireularis, -e, semi-cir- 
cular. 
semi-elliptieus, -a, -um, 
semi-elliptical. 
semi-lunaris, -e, semi-lunar. 
semi-membranosus, -a, -um, 
semi-membranous. 
seminalis, -e, seminal. 
seminiferus, -a, -um, semen- 
bearing. 
semis, semissis (or indecl.), 
. m., half. 
semitendinosus, -a, -um, 
semi-tendinous. 
senectus, -tutis, f., old age. 
senex, senis, m., old man. 
senilitas, -atis, the feebleness 
of old age; senility. 
Senna, - ae, f., senna. 
SentiO, -ire, -si, -sus, feel. 
Septem, indecl., seven. 
septum, -1, n., partition, sep- 
tum. 
sequestrum, -I, n., a portion 
of dead hone; sequestrum. 
series, -ei, f., row, series. 
sermo, -onis, m., conversation. 
serratus, -a, -um, notched like 
a saw; serrated. 
servus, -i, m., servant, assist- 
ant. 
sesamoideus, -a, -um, like a 
sesame seed; sesamoid (ap- 
plied to a bone developed in a 
tendon.) 
S6U, eonj., whether. 
Signo, -are, -avi, -atus, write, 
direct. 
simplex, -icis, simple. 
Similo, -are, -avi, -atus, re- 
semble. 
sinapis, -is, f., mustard. 
sinister, -tra, -trum, left. 
sinus, -us, m. (lit., a bay), 
any cavity whose interior is 
more expanded than the en- 
trance; sinus. 
sitis, -is, f., thirst. 
soda, -ae, f., soda. 
sodium, -!, n., sodium. 
soleus, m. (solum, sole), 
a muscle in the leg resembling 
the sole of a shoe. 
solitarius, -a, -um, solitary. 
somnificus, -a, -um, sleep- 
producing. 
somnus, -I, m., sleep. 
sopor, -oris, m., deep sleep. GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
225 
spectrum, -I, n., image. 
spes, spei, f., hope. 
sphenoideus, -a, -um, icedge- 
shaped; sphenoid. 
sphincter, -teris, n., that which 
constricts; a sphincter. 
Spina, -ae, f. (a thorn), a pro- 
cess on the surface of a bone ; 
the backbone. 
spinalis, -e, spinal. 
spinosus, -a, -um, spiny. 
spiralis, -e, spiral. 
spiritus, -us, m., spirit. 
splenius, -a, -um, resembling 
the spleen ; applied to a muscle 
of the back and neck. 
spongiosus, -a, -um, spongy. 
squamosus, -a, -um, scaly; 
squamous. 
stapedius, -i, m., a muscle act- 
ing upon the stapes; stapedius. 
Stapes, -pedis, m. (lit., stirrup), 
innermost bone of the middle 
ear. 
Sternum, -I, n., breast-bone; 
sternum. 
Stertor, -oris, m., snoring. 
stomaehalis, -e, stomachic. 
stomachus, -i, m., stomach. 
stramonium, -I, n., James- 
town weed; stramonium. 
Stria, -ae, f., stripe; stria. 
Striatus, -a, -um, striped; 
striated. 
Struo, -ere, -xi, -etus, arrange. 
Stryehnina, -ae, f., strychnine. 
stupor, -5ris,‘ m., dullness; 
stupor. 
stylo-glossus, -I, m., a mus- 
cle attached to the styloid pro- 
cess and tongue ; stylo-glossus. 
SUb, prep, with abl., under. 
subanconeus, -a, -um, under 
the elbow. 
subacetas, -atis, m., sub-ace- 
tate. 
sub-elavius, -a, -um, under 
the clavicle ; sub-clavian. 
sub-erureus, -a, -um, under 
the crureus muscle. 
sub-flavus, -a, -um, yellowish. 
subito, adv., suddenly. 
subitus, -a, -um, sudden. 
sublimis, -e, deep. 
submurias, -atis, m., sub- 
muriate. 
subnitras, -atis, m., sub-ni- 
trate. 
subscapularis, -e, under the 
scapula; subscapular. 
substantia, -ae, f., substance, 
subsultus, -us, m., a jumping, 
a twitching. 
SUCCUS, -i, m,, juice. 
sudor, -oris, m., sweat. 
sudoriferus, -a, -um, sweat- 
bearing ; sudoriferous. 
SUlcUS, -i, m., furrow. 
sulphonal, indeel., sulphonal. 
sulphas, -atis, m., sulphate. 
sulphurieus, -a, -um, sul- 
phuric, GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
sum, esse, fui, be. 
sumo, -ere, -psi, -ptus, take. 
super, prep, with ace. andahl., 
above. 
Supercilium, -i, n., eyebrow. 
superficialis, -e, superficial. 
superficies, -ei, f., surface. 
superior, -ius, upper ; superior. 
Supinator, -oris, m., a muscle 
which turns the palm of the 
hand upward; supinator. 
supraspinatus, -a, -um, above 
the spine (of scapula); supra- 
spina te. 
suppositorium, -I, n., sup- 
pository. 
suspensorium, -i, n., that 
which suspends. [pensory. 
suspensorius, -a, -um, sus- 
sustentaculum, -i, n., a prop, 
support. 
SUtura, -ae, f., seam, suture. 
Sylvius, -I, m., Sylvius. (See 
Anatomical Proper Names.) 
sympatheticus, -a, -um, sym- 
pathetic. 
symphysis, -is, f., junction of 
bones; symphysis. 
symptoma, -atis, n., symptom. 
synovialis, -e, synovial. 
talus, -i, m., the heel. 
tam, adv., so. 
tapetum, -i, n. (tapete, 
carpet, tapestry), a lining 
membrane (193, 3); also, the 
radiating fibers of the corpus 
callosum, 
taraxacum, -!, n., dandelion 
(root); taraxacum. 
tarsus, -i, m., ankle. 
tartarieus, -a, -um, tartaric. 
tartras, -atis, m., tartrate. 
tegO, -ere, -xl, -ctum, cover, 
protect. 
tectorium, -I, n., a covering. 
tectorius, -a, -um, protecting ; 
covering. 
temporalis, -e, temporal. 
tempus, -oris, n., time. 
tenax, -acis, holding fast; 
tenacious. 
tendineus, -a, -um, tendinous. 
tendo, -ere, tetendi, tentus, 
stretch, reach. 
tendo, -dinis, m., tendon. 
teneo, -ere, -ui, -tus, keep; 
hold. 
tener, -a, -um, delicate, tender. 
tensor, -oris, m., stretcher; 
tensor. [try. 
tento, -are, -avi, -atus, test, 
tentorium, -i, n., a tent; 
covering. 
tenuis, -e, thin, small. 
tepidus, -a, -um, lukewarm. 
terebinthina, -ae, f., turpen- 
tine. 
tabacum, -i, n., tobacco. 
taenia, -ae, f., a band; t. 
semi-eireularis, a layer in 
the cerebrum ; also, a genus of 
intestinal worms; the tape- 
worm. GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
227 
teres, -etis, rounded, smooth. 
tergum, -I, n., back. 
terminus, -I, m., end. 
tertius, -a, -um, third. 
testis, -is, m., testicle. 
thalamus, -I, m. (lit., bed- 
chamber), place in which a 
nerve originates ; thalamus. 
Thebesius, -I, m., Thebesius. 
(See Anatomical Proper 
Names.) 
theobroma, -atis, n., cacao 
(food of the gods). 
thoracicus, -a, -um, thoracic. 
thorax, -acis, m., chest; 
thorax. 
thyroideus, -a, -um, having 
the shape of a folding door; 
thyroid. 
tibia, -ae, f. (lit., a flute), 
inner bone of leg ; tibia. 
tiglium, -I, n., the specific 
name of the croton-oil plant. 
tinctura, -ae, f., tincture. 
Tolu, indecl., n., Tolu. 
Tolutanus, -a, -um, of Tolu. 
tonieus, -a, -um, tonic. 
tonsilla, -ae, f., tonsil. 
torcular, -aris, n., a wine- 
press. [trachea. 
trachea, -ae, f., windpipe; 
trachealis, -e, tracheal. 
tracto, -are, -avi, -atus, 
handle. 
tragus, -I, m. (17)0705, a goat), 
small nipple in front of exter- 
nal auditory meatus ; so called 
because sometimes covered with 
hair; tragus. 
transversalis, -e, transverse. 
transversus, -a, -um, trans- 
verse. 
trapezius, -a, -um, like a 
trapezium; that is, having no 
two sides parallel; applied to 
a muscle in the hack. 
trapezoideus, -a, -um, like a 
trapezium; trapezoid. 
trauma, -atis, n., injury, 
wound. 
tremor, -oris, m., trembling; 
tremor. 
tres, tria, three. 
triangularis, -e, triangular. 
triceps, -ipitis, three-headed. 
trigeminus, -a, -um, three- 
fold. 
triginta, indecl., thirty. 
trigonum, -I, n., triangle. 
triquetrus, -a, -um, three- 
cornered ; triangular. 
trochiscus, -i, m., troche. 
trochlea, -ae, f., a pulley; a 
structure grooved like a pulley; 
trochlea. 
tuba, -ae, f. (trumpet), tube. 
tuber, -eris, n., swelling ; mo- 
tuber ance. 
tuberculum, -I, n., a protu- 
berance ; tubercle. 
tubulus, -I, m., small tube. 
tubus, -!, m., tube. 
tumor, -oris, m., swelling; 
tumor. 
tunica, -ae, £., coat, covering. 
TureiCUS, -a, -um, Turkish. 
tussio, -Ire, -ivi, -itus, cough. 228 
GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
tussis, -is, f., cough. 
tutamen, -minis, n., means of 
defense; a protection. 
tutO, adv., safely. 
tympanicus, -a, -um, of the 
tympanum; tympanic. 
tympanum, -I, m., drum (of 
the ear), middle ear; tym- 
panum. 
ubi, adv., where. 
ulna, -ae, f., larger bone of 
forearm ; ulna. 
ulnaris, -e, of the ulna ; ulnar. 
uneia, -ae, f., ounce 
uneiformis, -e, hooked. 
uncinatus, -a, -um, hooked; 
uncinate. 
unguentum, -I, n., ointment. 
unguis, -is, m., nail. 
unus, -a, -um, one. 
urachus, -I, m., a fibrous cord 
connecting the summit of the 
bladder with the umbilicus. 
urbanus, -a, -um, of the city ; 
urbane. 
ureter, -teris, m., ureter. 
urlna, -ae, f., urine. 
uriniferus, -a, -um, urine- 
bearing ; uriniferous. 
usque, adv., continuously; con- 
stantly. 
uterinus, -a, -um, of the 
uterus; uterine. 
Uterus, -I, m., womb; uterus. 
Utilis, -e, useful. 
UVUla, -ae, f., dim. (uva, 
bunch of grapes), a small ap- 
pendix or tubercle ; uvula. 
UXOP, -oris, f., wife. 
vagina, -ae, f., sheath; vagina. 
vaginalis, -e, sheath-like ; 
vaginal. 
vagus, -a, -urn, wandering. 
Valerianas, -atis, m., valeri- 
anate. 
valetudo, -inis, f., health. 
validus, -a, -um, strong, stur- 
dy, healthy. 
valvula, -ae, f., valve. 
varicella, -ae, f., chicken-pox. 
variola, -ae, f., small-pox. 
VaPOlius, -i, m., Varolius. 
(See Anatomical Proper 
Names.) 
vas, vasis, n., vessel. 
vasculosus, -a, -um, vascular. 
vasculum, -i, n., small vessel. 
vastus, -a, -um, extensive; 
large. 
vegetabilis, -e, vegetable. 
vehiculum, -I, n., vehicle. 
vel, conj., either. 
velum, -I, n., veil. 
vena, -ae, f., vein. 
vendo, -ere, vendidi, sell. 
veneficus, -I, m., poisoner. 
venenum, -I, n., poison. 
venosus, -a, -um, venous. 
venter, -tris, m., belly. 
ventriculus, -i, m., dim. 
(venter), ventricle. GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
229 
Venus, Veneris, f., Venus, 
goddess of love. 
veratrum, -i, n., hellebore; 
veratrum. 
vermiformis, -e, wormlike. 
vertebra, -ae, f., one of the 
bones of the spinal column; a 
vertebra. 
V6PU, -us, n., a spit (for roast- 
ing upon); used only in the 
term veru-montanum, a 
longitudinal ridge in the floor 
of the male urethra. 
V6PUS, -a, -um, true. 
Vesica, -ae, f., urinary bladder. 
vesieatorium, -i, n., blister. 
Vesicula, -ae, f., vesicle. 
Vesicularis, -e, full of vesicles 
or cells ; vesicular. 
vestibularis, -e, relating to the 
vestibule of the ear ; vestibular. 
vestibulum, -i, n. (lit., en- 
trance court), part of internal 
ear; vestibule. 
Vetus, veteris, old. 
Vigilo, -are, -avl, -atus, watch. 
Vigintl, indecl., twenty. 
Villus, -I, m., tuft of hair; 
villus. 
Vinculum, -I, n., link, chain. 
Vinum, -I, n., wine. 
Vir, virl, m., man. 
Viridis, -e, green. 
Vis, vis, pi., vires, -um, f., 
force, power. 
viscus, -eris, n., any internal 
organ of the body. 
visio, -onis, f., vision. 
VISUS, -us, m., vision. 
vita, -ae, f., life. 
vitellus, -i, m., yelk. 
vitreus, -a, -um, resembling 
glass; vitreous. 
VOCalis, -e, vocal. 
VOCO, -are, -avi, -atus, call. 
vola, -ae, f., palm of the hand 
(sole of the foot). 
vomer, -eris, m. (lit., plow- 
share), vomer. 
vorticosus, -a, -um, resem- 
bling an eddy or whirlpool. 
vulnero, -are, -avi, -atus, 
wound. 
vulnus, vulneris, n., a tvound. 
vultus, -us, m., countenance. 
vulva, -ae, f., external genitals 
in the female ; vulva. 
Wormianus, -a, -um, Worm- 
ian. (See Olaus Worm, Ana- 
tomical Proper Names.) 
zincum, -I, n., zinc. 
zingiber, -eris, n., ginger. 
Zinnius, -a, -um, of Zinn. (See 
Anatomical Proper Names.) 
zona, -ae, f., zone, belt. 
zonula, -ae, f., little zone, or 
belt; zonule. 
zygoma, -atis, n., the cheek or 
malar bone; zygoma. INDEX. 
231 
INDEX. 
The references are to sections and paragraphs. 
A. 
Adverbs, formation of, 120-123 ; 
comparison of, 124. 
Agent, ablative of, 52, 
Agreement, of verb, 19 ; apposi- 
tion, 25; adjectives and par- 
ticiples, 26. 
Alae nasi, 35, 1. 
Aliquis, declension, 212. 
Alius, declension, 77. 
Aloe, 20, 12; declension, 13, 7. 
Aloin, 99, 6. 
Alphabet, 1. 
Alum, 85, 13. 
American Hellebore, 85. 
Ammonia, 116. 
Amnion, 128, 2. 
Amo, conjugation, 37, 44, 49. 
Anastomotica magna, 178, 2. 
Anatomical Proper Names, p. 
183. 
Animal, declension, 82. 
Antidotum arsenici, 72, 12. 
Antrum Highmoridnum, 180, 2. 
Appendix ensiformis, 94, 10. 
vermiformis, 118, 12. 
Appositive, 25. 
Aqua ammoniac fortior, 116, 1. 
amygdalae amdrae, 20, 6. 
Ablative, of place where, 39; 
of agent, 52; of instrument, 
53; of manner, 70; of accom- 
paniment, 71; of separation, 
90; of place from which, 91; 
of time, 97; absolute, 98; 
with comparatives, 115. 
Abstracts, 33, 5. 
Acacia, 33, 10. 
Accent, 5. 
Accompaniment, ablative of, 71. 
Accusative, direct object, 16; 
limit of motion, 91; two ac- 
cusatives, 104. 
Acervulus cerebri, 177, 9. 
Acetabulum, 167, 9. 
Acetum, 28, 6. 
Acidum, arsendsum, 105, 8. 
carbolicum, 28, 14. 
hydrochloricum, 33, 13. 
nitricum, 33, 13. 
sulphuricum, 33, 13. 
Aconite, 33, 10. 
Adeps, declension, 58. 
Adjectives, 12; agreement of, 
26 ; declension, I and II, 
31-33; declension III, 60, 61, 
83; irregular, 76, 77. 232 
INDEX. 
The references are to sections and paragraphs. 
Aqua menthae piperltae, 40, 1. 
rosae, 20, 15. 
Aqueductus cochleae, 143, 6. 
Fallopil, 143, 6. 
Sylvit, 133, 6. 
vestibuli, 143, 6. 
Arachnoid membrane, 81, 10. 
Arbor vitae (cerebelli), 94, 7. 
uterina, 94, 7. 
Aromatic powder, 99, 8. 
Arsenous acid, 105, 8. 
Arteria anastomotica magna, 
178, 2. 
propriae renales, 185,7. 
receptaculi, 179, 1. 
thyroidea Ima, 191, 6. 
Arteries, deep, 22, 5; 30, 6. 
Artery, innominate, 22, 6. 
Asafoetida, 20, 16. 
Asiatic cholera, 131, 11. 
Aspidium, 99, 1. 
Atheroma, 156, 5. 
Attolens aurem, 188, 9. 
Attrahens aurem, 188, 9. 
Audio, conjugation, 129, 134. 
Auris, declension, 82. 
Axis coeliacus, 87, 7. 
Bones, exercises on, 143, 162 
167. 
Brachial plexus, 133, 1. 
Bronchi, 48, 12. 
Bursae, 22, 10. 
Bursae mucosae, 22, 10. 
Butternut, 72, 7. 
c. 
Caffeine citrate, 79, 7. 
Calamus scriptorius, 179, 2. 
Calices renum, 184, 11. 
Calomel, 85, 9. 
Camphor, 46, 8. 
Candles semi-circulares, 107, 10 
Cannabis Indica, 79, 5. 
Cantharides, 64, 7. 
Capsicum, 33, 1. 
Caput caecum coll, 118, 12. . 
Carbolic acid, 28, 14. 
Carbo ligni, 99, 8. 
Cardamom, 46, 1. 
Carpus, bones of, 162, 4. 
Carron oil, 64, 1. 
Carunculae myrtiformes, 186, 3 
Cases, 10. 
Castor oil, 33, 15. 
Cataplasma, declension, 58. 
Cataplasmata, 64, 6. 
Cataplasma lini, 64, 6. 
Cavitas innominata, 172, 4. 
Cayenne pepper, 33, 1. 
Centrum ovale majus, 138, 10. 
minus, 138, 10. 
Cerata, 46, 8. 
B. 
Bacteria, 165, 6. 
Balsam of Tolu, 33, 14. 
Beer, 54, 13. 
Belladonna, 20, 10. 
Bismuth subnitrate, 99, 9. 
Blue flag, 72, 7. INDEX. 
233 
The references are to sections and paragraphs. 
Charcoal, 99, 8. 
Chartae, 20, 9. 
Charta potassil nitrate, 64, 4. 
Chloral, 116, 11. 
Chloroform, 131, 1. 
Chordae tendineae, 81, 8. 
Chorda tympani, 182, 9. 
Chorion, 128, 2. 
Chyle, 42, 10. 
Cinchona, 20, 13. 
Cinnamon, 33, 7. 
Circulus iridis major, 191, 1. 
Cochlea, 48, 3. 
Codeine, 33, 9. 
Cod liver oil, 33, 15. 
Coeliac axis, 87, 7. 
Colica dextra, 191, 9. 
media, 191, 9. 
Collodion, 85. 
Coloeynth, 72, 5. 
Columnae carneae, 35, 9. 
Columna dorsi, 35, 7 ; 167, 7. 
Communicans noni, 188, 10. 
Comparatives, ablative with, 
115 ; declension of 113. 
Comparison, of adjectives, 108- 
113 ; of adverbs 124. 
Compound tenses, 49, 1. 
Conium, 33, 5. 
Conjugation, 9, 12 ; how dis- 
tinguished, 37, 2 ; First con- 
jugation, 37, 44, 49 ; Second, 
67, 75 ; Third, 95, 102 ; 
Fourth, 129, 134 ; of verbs in 
IO, 157, 158, 163. 
Consonants, 1. 
Conus arteriosus, 190, 7. 
Cornicula laryngis, 84, 6. 
Cornu, declension, 1, 19. 
Corpora albicantia, 172, 12. 
Arantil, 185, 2. 
cavernosa, 186, 6. 
quadrigemina, 172, 10. 
Corpus callosum, 172, 10. 
fimbriatum, 172, 1. 
striatum, 185, 1. 
Corrosive sublimate, 85, 9 ; 
165, 10. 
Corrugator supercilii, 186, 2. 
Cream of tartar, 170, 8. 
Creosote, 105, 6. 
Creta, 20, 11. 
Crista vestibuli, 179, 8. 
Croton oil, 116, 12. 
Crusta petrosa, 143, 5. 
Cubebs, 40, 13. 
D. 
Daeryoliths, 101, 6. 
Dandelion, 54, 4. 
Dative, indirect object, 27 °, of 
possessor, 63. 
Decidua reflexa, 178, 10. 
vera, 178, 10. 
Declension, 9, 12 ; of nouns, 
First, 13-22 ; Second, 23-30 ; 
Third, 57-68-82 ; Fourth, 
119 ; Fifth, 139 ; of adjec- 
tives ; declension First and 
Second, 31-35 ; Third, 60- 
61-83 ; of comparatives, 113 ; 
of participles, 49, 2; 83. 234 
INDEX 
The references are to sections and paragraphs. 
Decocta, 46, 2. 
Demonstrative pronouns, 144; 
dec!., 209. 
Depressor anguli oris, 118, 4. 
Descendens nonl, 188, 7. 
Diabetes mellitus, 126, 9. 
Dies, declension, 139. 
Digitalis, 72, 7. 
Diphtheria, 136, 3. 
Dislocation, symptoms of, 156, 6. 
Do, 37, 5. 
Dorsalis indicis, 81, 3. 
pedis, 74, 3. 
Dover’s Powder, 79, 1. 
Ductus communis choledochus, 
192, 1. 
thoracicus, 133, 4. 
venosus, 192, 8. 
Duo, declension, 151. 
Dura mater, 87, 9; 81, 10; 
133, 11. 
Ergot, 46, 10; 128, 10. 
Ether, 131, 12. 
Euonymus, 46, 10. 
Exanthemata, 116, 10. 
Extensor carpi radialis brevior, 
118, 11. 
Extensore carpi radiale longiore, 
118, 11. 
Extracts, 33, 1. 
Extractum belladonnae, 33, 4. 
berberidis alcoholi- 
cum, 72, 5. 
colocynthidis composi- 
tum, 72, 5. 
ergotae fluidum, 128, 
10. 
ipecacuanhae fluidum, 
40, 4. 
Eye, exercises on, 101. 
F. 
E. 
Falx cerebri, 172, 8. 
Fames, declension, 82. 
Fasciae, 22, 4. 
Fascia cribri for mis, 87, 10. 
dentata, 172, 1. 
lata, 22, 3. 
lumborum, 30, 1. 
propria, 87, 10. 
superficialis, 22, 4 ; 87, 
10. 
Fasciculi tendindsi, 181, 4. 
Fasciculus unciixatus, 180, 9. 
Femoral hernia, 87, 10. 
Fenestra ovalis, 188, 2. 
Ear, exercise on, 107. 
Eminentiae medianae internae, 
182, 3. 
magna, 183, 1. 
Emplastra, 33, 9. 
Emplastrum belladonnae, 33, 9. 
capsicl, 33, 9. 
Encephalocele, 156, 11. 
English pronunciation, 3. 
Epilepsy, 11,6, 68. 
Epithelioma, 156, 9. 
-er, comparison of adjectives 
in, 110. INDEX. 
235 
The references are to sections and paragraphs. 
Ferrl oxidum hydrdtum cum 
magnesia, 72, 12. 
Fid, conjugation, 168. 
Flexor brevis minimi digiti, 118, 2. 
brevis pollicis, 133, 7. 
carpi ulnaris, 190, 4. 
longus digitorum, 
ossis metacarpi pollicis, 
81, 2. 
primi internodii pollicis, 
188, 12. 
profundus digitorum per- 
forans, 
sublimis digitorum per- 
foratus, 87, 2. 
"Floating” kidney, 66, 12. 
Folliculus Graafianus, 128, 5. 
Foramen lacerum anterius, 191, 2. 
ovale, 128, 7, 8, 9. 
Foramina ThebesiT, 56, 12. 
Formation of adverbs, 120-123. 
Fornix, 172, 12. 
Fossae costarum, 22, 8. 
scapulae, 42, 2. 
Fossa jugularis, 
navicularis, 187, 7. 
ovalis, 128, 9. 
Fovea centralis, 101, 4. 
hemispherica, 178, 6. 
Fragilitas ossium, 143, 2. 
Fraenum linguae, 179, 5. 
praeputiae, 179, 4. 
Fracture, symptoms of, 156, 7. 
Gelsemium, 85, 2. 
Gender, 7; of first declension, 
13, 6; of second, 23, 4; of 
fourth, 119, 2, 3, 4; of fifth, 
139, 1. 
Genitive, with nouns, 17; par- 
titive, 153. 
Gentian, 33, 2, 
Genua arcuata, 193, 1. 
Gerund, 11, 
Gerundive, 49, 3. 
Ginger, 99, 1. 
Glans clitoridis, 184, 8. 
penis, 184, 9. 
Globus uterinus, 128, 12. 
Glomeruli, 66, 11. 
Glutei, 56, 7. 
Glycennum, 165, 4. 
Glyceritum sodil boratis, 79, 3. 
Glycyrrhisa, 40, 3, 
Greek nouns, 13, 7. 
Gubernaculum testis, 185, 9. 
Gum-arabic, 33, 10. 
Gyrus fornicatus, 172, 5. 
Haversian canals, 35, 2. 
Hemlock, 33, 5. 
Hiatus Fallopit, 192, 3. 
Hie, declension, 209. 
Hoffman’s anodyne, 126, 4. 
Hydrargyrum, 85, 5. 
H. 
I. 
Ganglion, 138. 
impar, 138, 12. 
G. 
Idem, declension, 209. 
-ilis, comparison of adjectives 
in, 111. 236 
INDEX. 
The references are to sections and paragraphs. 
Ille, declension, 209. 
Imperative, 44, 4. 
Incisura intertragica, 178, 8. 
Indian hemp, 79, 5. 
Indeclinable nouns, 88. 
Inflection, 9. 
Infusions, 28, 3. 
Infusum, declension, 23. 
Instrument, ablative of, 53. 
Intermittent, 116, 5. 
Interrogative words, 50. 
Intumescentia ganglioniformis 
Scarpae, 188, 11. 
Inversio uteri, 128, 11. 
-id, verbs in, 157, 158, 163. 
Ipecacuanha, 33, 8. 
Ipse, declension, 209. 
Iris, 72, 7; (of the eye) 74, 1. 
Iron preparations, 105, 1. 
Irregular adjectives, 76, 77. 
comparison, 111, 112, 
206. 
Is, declension, 209. 
Iter e tertio ad quartum ventric- 
ulum, 133, 6. 
Lacus lachrymarum, 192, 2. 
Lamina cinerea, 48, 1. 
fusca, 48, 2. 
Laminae spongiosae, 183, 10. 
Latissimus dorsi, 118, 5. 
Lavender, 40, 15. 
Laxator tympani, 189, 3. 
Lead carbonate, 64, 3. 
Lead water, 64, 14. 
Levatores costarum, 94, 1. 
Levator glandulae thyroideae, 
186, 8. 
labii superioris alaeque 
nasi, 118, 1. 
Ligamenta alaria, 190, 2. 
lata, 30, 8. 
subfluva, 30, 11. 
suspensoria, 48, 11. 
Ligamentum arcuatum externum, 
latum plumonis, 66, 
5. 
nuchae, 35, 14. 
patellae, 30, 2. 
pectinatum iridis, 
66, 3. 
teres, 186, 10. 
Limbus laminae spiralis, 185, 4. 
Linea alba, 22, 1. 
aspera, 22, 2. 
ilio-pectinea, 178, 3. 
obliqua, 181, 2. 
quadrati, 30, 5. 
Liniments, 99, 3. 
Linimentum calcis, 64, 1. 
terebinthinae, 40,14. 
Linum, 64, 6. 
J. 
Jalap, 46, 10. 
Juglans, 72, 7. 
L. 
Labia minora, 191, 5. 
Labium tympanicum, 179, 9. 
vestibulrde, 188, 1. 
Lacunae, 35, 2. INDEX. 
237 
The references are to sections and paragraphs. 
Lipoma, 156, 9. 
Liquids, 1. 
Liquid stems, 68. 
Liquor amnii, 128, 4. 
potassil citratis, 72, 1. 
synovialis, 133, 2. 
Liquorice, 40, 3, 
Lithium citrate, 79, 7. 
Lobulus caudatus, 138, 9. 
quadratus, 138, 9. 
Longissimus dorsi, 118, 10. 
Lumbricales, 189, 9. 
Lunula, 74, 6. 
Lupulin, 99, 1. 
Lymph, 42, 10. 
Mentha piperita, 40, 1. 
viridis, 85, 3. 
Menthol, 40, 12. 
Mercury, 85, 5. 
Metric system in prescriptions, 
p. 93. 
Mille, declension, 151. 
Mistura asafoetidae, 20, 16. 
cretae, 20, 5. 
ferri composita, 28, 1. 
potassii citratis, 72, 1. 
Mixtures, 20, 4. 
Mollities cerebri, 156, 12. 
ossium, 143, 3. 
Monkshood, 33, 10. 
Mons Veneris 184, 7. 
Monticulus cerebelli, 182, 1. 
Moods, 11. 
Morphine, 40, 3. 
Multifidus spinae, 30, 12. 
Musculi papillares, 
pectinati, 81, 8. 
Mustard, 64, 7. 
Mutes, 1. 
Mute stems, 58, 
Myoma, 156, 9, 
Myristica, 99, 9. 
M. 
Macula lutea, 22, 13. 
Magnesia, 72, 12. 
Malaria, 105, 8. 
Male fern, 99, 1. 
Manner, ablative of, 53. 
Meatus auditorius externus, 
107, 5. 
Mediastinum, 133, 9. 
Medulla fibulae, 30, 10. 
oblongata, 133, 11. 
spinae, 30, 13. 
Membrana basilaris, 187, 3. 
granulosa, 178, 1. 
limitans interna, 188, 
6. 
nictitans, 
pupillaris, 187, 8. 
sacciformis, 
tectoria, 
-ne, 50. 
Nervi nervorum, 35, 4, 
Nitrds, declension, 58. 
Nitrates, 92, 7. 
Nominative, 15, 18. 
Nonne, 50. 
Number, 8. 
N. INDEX. 
The references are to sections and paragraphs. 
Nucleus lenticaldris, 189, 4. 
Num, 50. 
Numerals, 145, 151. 
Nutmeg, 99, 9. 
Nymphae, 191, 5. 
p. 
Pancreaticae parvae, 191, 8. 
Papillae, 22, 9; 42, 1. 
Paregoric, 28, 4. 
Participles, 11; agreement of, 
26; of sum, 44, 1; perfect, 
49, 2; declension, 49, 2; 83. 
Partitive genitive, 153. 
Parts of speech, 6. 
Par vagum, 190, 5. 
Patella, 30, 2. 
Pectoralis major, 191, 3. 
minor, 191, 3. 
Pelvis, hones of, 167, 3. 
Peritoneum, 118, 6. 
Peronei, 81, 5. 
Pes accessorius, 187, 2. 
anserinus, 193, 7. 
Pepper, 92, 2. 
Peppermint, 40, 1. 
Pepsin, 99, 9. 
Petrolatum, 79, 4. 
Pia mater, 81, 10; 133, 11. 
mater testis, 133, 10. 
Pills, 20, 8. 
Pilulae catharticae compositae, 
54, 1. 
Pilulae ferri carbonatis, 165, 3. 
Pineal gland, 177, 8. 
Pix liquida, 79, 2. 
Place where, ablative, 39; from 
which, ablative, 91; to which, 
accusative, 91. 
Plasters, 33, 9. 
Plaster, belladonna, 33, 9. 
capsicum, 33, 9. 
Object, direct, 16; indirect, 27. 
Obliquus superior, 191, 4. 
Obstetrics, exei’cise on, 128. 
Obturator internus, 189, 11. 
Oils, 33, 15. 
Olea, 33, 15. 
Oleor esinae, 99, 1. 
Oleum menthae piperitae, 40, 12. 
morrhuae, 33, 15. 
ricini, 33, 15. 
tiglil, 116, 12. 
Ophthalmic artery, 74, 5. 
Opium, 40, 3. 
Opponens pollicis, 81, 2. 
Optative subjunctive, 44, 3. 
Ora serrata, 187, 9. 
Orbicularis oris, 189, 1. 
Order of noun and adjective, 
24, 3. 
Os hyoideum, 167, 2. 
innominatum, 167, 4. 
orbiculare, 187, 4. 
sphenoideum, 143, 8. 
temporale, 143, 6, 12 ; 162, 3. 
Ossa Wormiana, 167, 1. 
Osteitis deformans, 143, 7. 
Ostium abdominale, 118, 9. 
Otitis mediae, 107, 2. 
0. INDEX. 
239 
The references are to sections and paragraphs. 
Pleura, 94, 6. 
Pomum Adaml, 94, 2. 
Pons Vardlil, 186, 5. 
Porus biliarii, 177, 7. 
Portio dura, 
Potassil bitartrds, 170, 8. 
bromidum, 116, 8. 
chloras, 64, 11. 
Potens, declension, 83. 
Poultices, 64, 6. 
Predicate nouns, 18. 
Prefixes (Greek), page 180. 
Prescription writing, Chapter 
XXIV., page 85. 
Principal parts, 37, 1. 
Processus e cerebello ad pontem, 
192, 10. 
Processus e cerebello ad testes, 
192, 9. [4. 
gracilis (mallei), 192, 
Profunda cervicis, 22, 5. 
Pronator quadratus, 184, 1. 
Pronouns, demonstrative, 144. 
Pronunciation, 2; English meth- 
od, 3; Roman method, p. 176. 
Pterygium, 101, 5. 
Puer, declension, 23. 
Pulvis ipecacuanhae et opii, 79,1. 
Puncta lachrymdlia, 87, 6. 
vasculosa, 172, 9. 
Pyramides renum, 66, 4. 
Pyramids of Malpighi, 66, 4. 
of Ferrein, 66, 4. 
Pyroxylin, 85, 1. 
Quadriceps extensor cruris, 81, 4. 
Quercus alba, 126, 1. 
Questions, 
Qui, declension, 210. 
Quinine, 20, 13. 
Quis, declension, 211. 
R. 
Radix, declension, 58. 
Receptaculum chyli, 133, 4. 
Rectus internus, 101, 8. 
Rego, conjugation, 95, 102. 
Remittent fever, 116, 5. 
Res, declension, 139. 
Rete testis, 185, 6. 
Retina, 22, 12, 13, 14. 
Retrahens aurem, 188, 9. 
Rheum, 28, 2. 
Rheumatism, 136, 12. 
Rhubarb, 38, 2. 
Roman pronunciation, p. 176. 
s. 
Sabulum conarii, 177, 9. 
Saccus lacteus, 182, 2. 
Sarcoma, 156, 9. 
Sartorius, 56, 6. 
Scabies, 141, 6. 
Scala tympani, 48, 7. 
vestibuli, 48, 7. 
Scaleni, 56, 3. 
Scammony, 72, 5. 
Scapula, 42, 2. 
Scilla, 28, 13. 
Q. 
Quadratus lumborum, 30, 14. 
menti, 172, 3. 240 
INDEX. 
The references are to sections and paragraphs. 
Seborrhea, 85, 15. 
Seidlitz powder, 92, 1. 
Sella Turica, 143, 10. 
Senna, 92, 2. 
Separation, ablative of, 90. 
Septum lucidum, 35, 10. 
nasi, 35, 3; 138, 2. 
pectiniforrne, 187, 6. 
Sequestrum, 143, 4. 
Serratus magnus, 56, 5. 
Silver nitrate, 64, 10; 160, 9. 
Simplex, declension, 83. 
Sinapis, 64, V. 
Sinus longitudinalis inferior, 
172, 8. 
Sodium salicylate, 136, 12. 
Spearmint, 85, 3. 
Spina bifida, 30, 14 
Spirants, 1. 
Spirits, 126, 3. 
Spiritus, declension, 119. 
aetheris compositus, 
126, 4. 
anisi, 126, 7. 
aetheris nitrosi, 126, 4. 
ammoniac aromaticus, 
126, 4. 
chloroformi, 126, 7. 
cinnamomi, 126, 4. 
frumenti, 126, 5. 
Juniperi, 126, 7. 
Unionis, 126, 4. 
myristicae, 126, 7. 
Splenius collr, 56, 4. 
Squill, 28, 13. 
Stem, how found in nouns, 134; 
of first declension, 13, 1, 2, 
3; of second declension, 23, 
2; of third declension, 58, 1, 
3; 68, 82; of fourth declen- 
sion, 119, 1; of fifth declen- 
sion, 139, 1; of verb, 37, 3 ; 
present of first conjugation, 
37, 4; perfect, first conjuga- 
tion, 44, 2; of present imper- 
ative, 44, 4; of second conju- 
gation, 67, 1, 3; of third 
conjugation, 95, 3, 4; of 
fourth conjugation, 129, 1. 
Strabismus, 101, 8. 
Stramonium, 33, 3. 
Strychnine, 99, 6. 
Subject, cases of, 15. 
Subjunctive, uses of, 44, 2. 
Succi, 54, 4. 
Suffixes (Greek), page 181. 
Sulci (cerebri), 42, 9. 
Sulcus spiralis, 185, 3. 
tympanicus, 179, 10. 
Sulphonal, 92, 2. 
Sum, conjugation, 36, 43. 
Supine, 11. 
Supplementary exercises (Anat- 
omy), page 95. 
Suppositories, 54, 2. 
Suppositoria morphinae cum sa- 
pone, 54, 2. 
Surgery, exercises on, 156. 
Sustentaculum tall, 133, 3. 
Sutura dentata, 178, 11. INDEX. 
241 
The references are to sections and paragraphs. 
Sweet spirits of nitre, 126, 4. 
Syllables, 4. 
Symphysis pubis, 172, 2. 
Synopsis of verbs, Note, Chap 
ter I, page 4. 
Syrups, 28, 7; 72, 4. 
Syrupus, declension, 23. 
ferri iodidi, 28, 4. 
Tiiber cinereum, 185, 10. 
Tubuli lactiferi, 56, 1. 
Tumors, 156, 8, 9. 
Tunica albuginea,! 4,10; 133,10. 
fibrosa, 128, 5. 
propria, 128, 5. 
vaginalis, 74, 10. 
vasculosa, 74, 10. 
Turpentine, 40, 14. 
Tussis, declension, 82. 
Tutamina oculi, 101, 10. 
T. 
Tabacum, 54, 9. 
Taenia hippocampi, 172, 1. 
Tar, 79, 2. 
Taraxacum, 54, 4. 
Tarsus, bones of, 162, 5. 
Tenses, 11; compound, 49, 1. 
Tentorium cerebelli, 42, 11. 
Termination, 13, 3; of adjec- 
tives of third declension, 59. 
Thalamus opticus, 185, 12. 
Thyroid cartilage, 94, 12. 
Time when, ablative, 97. 
Tinctura, declension, 13. 
opii camphor a ta, 28, 4. 
Tinctures, 20, 2. 
Tobacco, 54, 9. 
Tongue, muscles of, 177, 3. 
Trachea, 48, 4; 48, 12. 
Transversalis colli, 185, 5. 
Transversus perinei, 179, 12. 
Tres, declension, 151. 
Triangular cartilage, 138, 2. 
Trigonum vesicae, 48, 9; 74, 9. 
Troches, 40, 3. 
Tubae Fallopii, 178, 4. 
Unguentum hydrargyri iodidi 
rubri, 40, 2. 
Unguentum hydrargyri iodidi 
oxidi flam, 54, 3. 
Unus, declension, 77. 
Ureters, 66, 8. 
Uterus bifidus, 35, 6. 
Uvula cerebelli, 74, 8. 
palati, 74, 8. 
vesicae, 74, 8. 
u. 
Valvulae conniventes, 94, 5. 
Vds, declension, 88. 
Vasa brevia, 190, 3. 
efferentia, 177, 7. 
intestini tenuis, 133, 8. 
Vas deferens, 188, 4. 
Vastus internus, 81, 4. 
Velum interpositum, 42, 3. 
palati, 182, 12. 
Vena cava ascendens, 188, 8. 
V. 242 
INDEX. 
The references are to sections and paragraphs. 
Venae cavae, 22, 7. 
comites, 81, 6. 
propriae renales, 185, 7. 
Thebesii, 191, 10. 
vorticosae, 178, 7. 
Verbs, 11, 12; agreement of, 
19; also, see Conjugation, In- 
flection, Moods, Stem, Tenses, 
Voice. • . 
Vesicula germinativa, 128, 1. 
Vina, 54, 9. 
Vinum antimonii, 46, 3. 
ipecac, 46, 4. 
rhei, 46, 4. 
Voice, 11. 
Vomer, 138, 1. 
Vowels, 1. 
w. 
Whisky, 126, 5. 
White lead, 64, 3. 
White oak, 126, 1. 
Word systhesis (Greek), p. 11. 
z. 
Zinc carbonate, 79, 8. 
Zingiber, 99, 1. 
Zona pellucida, 178, 5. 
tendinfisa, 178, 9. 
Zonula Zinnh, 180, 7.