TROPICAL HAZARDS OR Life Insurance Risks IN Cuba, Porto Rico and the Philippines. A Study of the Present and Prospective Situation in the New American Colonies in the Light of the Expert Observations and Tabula- tions of the U. S. Army and Navy Surgeons There on Duty. All the Leading Life Companies* Latest Conditions Regarding Military or Naval Service, and Travel or Residence in the Tropics. PRICE, $2.00 Compiled by / EDWARD BUNNELL PHELPS, Author of " War Risk*/* and Editor,' THRIFT. THE THRIFT PUBLISHING COMPANY, 141 Broadway, New York. 1901. Copyright, 1901, By EDWARD BUNNELL PHELPS. PREFACE. Many expert observers have confidently predicted that the day is not far distant when life insurance will be within easy reach of men of every clime and country, as well as men in every condition in point of health. In that event, a vacuum in the way of policy- holders-at least in any corner of the civil- ized world-may eventually be as abhorrent to the up-to-date life insurance company as is an ethereal vacuum to Nature herself. It would therefore seem inevitable that that pioneer of progress, the life insurance agent, will soon be working his way into every hamlet in the former possessions of Spain over which the Stars and Stripes now wave. The financially, physically, and morally insurable residents of Cuba, Porto Rico and the Philippines are already numbered by thousands. Once stable governments and settled conditions in those islands have in- vited the migration thither of adventurous and ambitious Americans, an almost bound- less field of expansion will gradually open III up before American life insurance com- panies. Of that fact there can be no ques- tion ; the only question of moment, so far as the companies are concerned, is : on what terms can residents of those tropical countries with their several local hazards safely be insured ? With the limited experience at their com- mand, the companies are not yet prepared to answer that question for themselves. None of the scores of books for whose publication the Spanish-American War is responsible has shed any real light on the life insurance problem. To shed some light on the subject is the purpose of this compilation. In the case of data for life insurance calculations, only those gathered by expert observers are worthy of the name. And, as the only expert observations of present, and prospective, con- ditions in the islands in question are those compiled and tabulated by the surgeons of the U. S. Army and Navy there on duty, this work is practically a condensation of such of these medical observers' facts and figures as would seem to be of particular relevancy to the life insurance problem, sup- plemented with some data secured from the reports of the recent censuses of Cuba and Porto Rico. To those desiring more detailed information, the complete reports of the Sur- geon-Generals of the U. S. Army and Navy IV for the last three years, with their 2,000 or more closely-printed pages from which the data and tables herein summarized have been compiled, are sympathetically recommended. For copies of the reports in question, and for courteous co-operation in many ways, the com- piler is indebted to General George M. Stern- berg, surgeon-general of the U. S. Army; Rear-Admiral W. K. Van Reypen, surgeon- general of the U. S. Navy ; and Lieut.-Col. J. P. Sanger, inspector-general, and director of the censuses of Cuba and Porto Rico. In the main, the information presented in this book necessarily deals with the experi- ence of American soldiers and sailors in the Tropics. It throws no little side-light, how- ever, on the climatic dangers and diseases which confront, and will confront, the civil- ian as well as the man of arms, and that "Tropical Hazards" will prove of some real value to the life insurance business in the work of rating the new "colonial risks" which will soon be knocking at its doors, the compiler of this book sincerely trusts. E. B. P. June 4, 1901. V CONTENTS. PART I. Page. The New ** Colonial Risk" . 1 PART II. The U. S. Army's Recent Experience in the Tropics 12 Page. (a.) The Division of Cuba 17 (£.) The Department of Porto Rico 23 (r.) The Division of the Philippines 29 PART III. The U. S. Navy's Fortunate Experience in Tropical Waters 38 PART IV. Life Insurance Companies' Plans in re Army and Navy Risks.... 46 Page. 2Etna 46 Atlantic 47 Baltimore 47 Bankers (N. Y.) 48 Berkshire 49 Brooklyn 49 Central.... 50 Colonial 50 Connecticut General.... 51 Connecticut Mutual 51 Equitable (N. Y.) 53 Equitable (Iowa) 54 Fidelity 55 Germania 56 Hartford 57 Home 57 Illinois 58 John Hancock, 58 Kansas 59 Manhattan 60 Maryland 61 Massachusetts 61 Meridian 62 Metropolitan 63 Michigan 64 Mutual Benefit 64 Page. Mutual, of Kentucky.. . 65 National (Vt.) 65 National (U. S.) 66 New England 66 New York 66 Northwestern 67 Pacific 68 Penn 68 Phoenix 69 Presbyterian Ministers'. 69 Provident L. & T 69 Provident Savings 70 Prudential 71 Royal Union ., 74 Security Mutual 75 Security T. & L 75 State (Indianapolis) 75 State Mutual 76 Sun (Louisville) 77 Travelers 77 Union Central 78 Union Mutual 78 United States 78 Washington 79 Western & Southern.... 80 VI PART V. Page. The Various American 'Life Insurance Companies' Latest Policy Conditions and Warranty Provisos Regarding Military or Naval Service in Time of War, and Travel or Residence in the Tropics, Etc 81 Page. jEtna 81 American Central 81 Atlantic 82 Baltimore 82 Bankers (Neb.) 83 Bankers (N. Y.) 83 Berkshire 83 Brooklyn 84 Canada 84 Colonial 84 Confederation 85 Connecticut General.... 85 Connecticut Mutual 85 Des Moines, 86 Equitable (N. Y.) 86 Equitable (Iowa) 87 Fidelity 87 Franklin 88 Germania 88 Great West 88 Hartford 89 Home 89 Illinois 89 Inter-State 90 John Hancock 90 Kansas 91 Life Ins. Co. of Va 91 Manhattan 91 Maryland 92 Massachusetts 92 Meridian 93 Metropolitan 93 Page. Michigan 93 Mutual Benefit 94 Mutual, of Kentucky... 94 Mutual (N. Y.) 94 National (U. S.) 95 National (Vt.) 95 New England 95 New York 96 North American 96 Northwestern 96 Ontario 96 Pacific 97 Penn 97 Phoenix 97 Provident L. & T 98 Provident Savings 98 Prudential 98 Royal Union 99 Security Mutual 99 Security T. & L 99 South Atlantic 100 Standard 100 State (Indianapolis).... 100 State Mutual 101 Sun (Louisville) 101 Sun (Montreal) 101 Travelers 101 Union Central 102 Union Mutual 102 United States 103 Washington 103 Western & Southern.... 103 STATISTICAL TABLES. {Accompanying text.} Total Sickness and Mortality in U. S. Army (Regulars and Vol- unteers) 1898-1899 13 VII Page. Deaths Respectively Due to Disease and Injuries 14 Experience of the Whole Army, Geographically Distributed.... 15 The Population of Cuba (by Provinces) 22 Cuban Mortality-1890-1899 23 Population of Porto Rico (by Departments) 28 Porto Rican Mortality-1888-1898 28 Seasonal Prevalence of Diseases in 1899 (Philippines) 33 Total Sickness and Mortality in U. S. Navy and Marine Corps, 1898-1899 39 Deaths Respectively Due to Disease and Injuries (U. S. Navy and Marine Corps) 40 A Comparison of the Ratios per 1,000 of Mean Strength in the Army and Navy 40 The Health of the Navy at the Various Stations, 1897-1899, inclusive 41 {Following text.} Table I.-Ratios per 1,000 of Mean Strength of Admissions, Discharges and Deaths in U. S. Army, Arranged by Arms of the Service 104 Table II.-Ratios of Admissions, Discharges and Deaths from Various Classes of Causes in the Regular and Volunteer Armies m 1898 and 1899, Compared with Corresponding Ratios in the Regular Army, 1888-1897, inclusive 105 Table III.-Ratios of Admissions, Discharges and Deaths from Infectious Diseases in Regular and Volunteer Armies in 1898 and 1899, Compared with Corresponding Ratios in Regular Army, 1888-1897, inclusive . 106-107 Table IV.-Ratios of Admissions, Discharges and Deaths per 1,000 of Mean Strength Arranged by Causes and by Countries in which Service was Rendered 108-111 Table V.-A Detailed Summary of Accidents and Casualties in the U. S. Army-Ratios per 1,000 of Mean Strength of Ad- missions, Discharges and Deaths in Total Army (Regulars and Volunteers), in 1898 and 1899, Compared with Correspond- ing Ratios of the Regular Army for the Decade, 1888-1897, inclusive ... .... 112 Table VI.-A Tabulated Statement of the Status of Sixty-four American Life Insurance Companies on May 1, 1901, in the Matter of Army and Navy Risks, and Residence or Travel in the Tropics 113-114 VIII TROPICAL HAZARDS L-THE NEW "COLONIAL RISK." Whatever forms of government may finally be decided on for the present colonial posses- sions of the United States, the eventual migration of large numbers of Americans to the islands now regarded as '' American colonies" is in- evitable. The army of approximately eighty thousand American soldiers, which, on October i, 1900, was stationed at the various insular posts, is blazing a road over which a much larger army of American civilians will sooner or later press forward. When this migration actually sets in, various branches of Ameri- can trade and commerce will materially develop on new lines, and conspicuous among the industries and vocations which will thus expand will be the insur- ance business, with an hitherto undreamed-of field of work before it. The characterization of the new possessions of the United States as an undreamed-of field of work for the insurance companies-and for divers other great business enterprises of this country-will scarcely be disputed. But the expansion of the United States beyond the Pacific coast-line was prophetically for- seen by at least one student of history, as long as. 1 half a century ago. In his memorable work on " Decisive Battles of the World," published in 1851, Edward Shepherd Creasy not only predicted the absorption of the islands now known as the Philip- pines, but even went so far as to declare that both China and Japan would ultimately pass into Ameri- can possession. This prediction, even now in part seemingly incredible, will bear recital in these history-making days, and was thus phrased: The importance of the power of the United States being then firmly planted along the Pacific, applies not only to the New World, but to the Old. Opposite to San Francisco, on the coast of that ocean, lie the wealthy but decrepit empires of China and Japan. Numerous groups of islets stud the larger part of the intervening sea, and form convenient stepping-stones for the progress of commerce or ambition. The intercourse of traffic between these ancient Asiatic monarchies and the young Anglo-American republic must be rapid and extensive. Any attempt of the Chinese or Japanese rulers to check it will only accelerate an armed collision. The American will either buy or force his way. Between such populations as that of China and Japan on the one side, and that of the United States on the other-the former haughty, formal and insolent; the latter bold, intrusive and unscrupulous-causes of quarrel must sooner or later arise. The results of such a quarrel cannot be doubted. America will scarcely imitate the forbearance shown by England at the end of our late war with the Celestial Empire; and the conquests of China and Japan by the fleets and armies of the United States are events which many now living are likely to witness. Compared with the magnitude of such changes in the dominion of the Old World, the certain ascendency of the Anglo-Americans over Central and Southern America seems a matter of secondary importance. Well may we repeat De Tocqueville's words, that the growing power of this commonwealth is "un fait entierement nouveau dans le monde, et dont l'imagination elle-meme ne saurait saisir la portee." 2 Mr. Creasy's pro-English view of the "bold, in- trusive and unscrupulous " American population, and his prediction that ' ' America will scarcely imitate the forbearance " of England in dealing with the Celestial Empire have hardly been justified by the position taken by the United States in the recent difficulties with China. Furthermore, the progressive movement of the Japanese made manifest in the last decade, the laying of the Trans-Siberian railway by Russia, and the active interest manifested by that government in preventing any other nation's en- croachment on Chinese territory, now seem to nega- tive his positive prediction of the absorption of Japan and China by the United States. His forecast as to the future of the " numerous groups of islets (which) stud the larger part of the intervening sea," however, probably seemed quite as unjustifiable to commen- tators, fifty years ago. The balance of his prophecy is within the range of the possibilities, if not of the probabilities. Whether or no the final limit of territorial expan- sion by the United States has been reached-and few thoughtful observers will so believe, so long as Mexico and the several Central American States re- main outside our jurisdiction-the expansion already consummated has unquestionably added, or will shortly add, a new risk to the category of American life insurance risks. In due time, the fire and acci- dent insurance companies will also have new hazards to deal with, and in both cases the prospective risks may be descriptively grouped as "colonial risks." The new life insurance risk developed by the nation's recent growth is by no means an unique one 3 simply on account of the far-away location of pros- pective insurants-although in such cases it could scarcely be said that the extreme "distance lends enchantment" to the life insurance problem. The addition to the life insurance area of the United States of foreign islands in various sections of the world, aggregating approximately 175,000 square miles, might alone necessitate the framing of special conditions for the special classes of applicants for insurance hailing from these islands, but the problem with which the life companies actually are, or soon will be, confronted is particularly complicated by the fact that every foot of the newly-acquired territory of the United States is located within the Tropics. In other words, it is within the zone of territory at first absolutely exempted by all American life insur- ance companies, and still viewed askance by most of them. A few companies have eliminated from their policies all restrictions as to residence or travel, but the majority of policies now issued in this country provide that the insurants shall not travel or reside in the Tropical Zone, for at least one or two years after taking out their policies, without the company's writ- ten consent. But five American companies of any consequence now write policies on persons residing in the Tropics, and these companies collect extra premiums on this class of risks. The placing of an extra rate on residents, or prospective residents, in the Tropics not immune to the diseases of that section-the very class of people who will make up the " colonial risks " of the near future-would therefore seem to be inevitable for some time to come, espe- cially as the life companies have practically no Trop- 4 ical mortality statistics of value to fall back upon, with the possible exception of the West Indies. At this writing, very few Americans other than those engaged in the foreign service of the U. S. Army or Navy have taken up residence in any of our foreign possessions since the Spanish-Ameri- can War. The turbulent state of affairs in the Philippines has naturally prevented any trade or business development in those islands, and the inev- itable advance in the direction of Cuba and Porto Rico has not yet fairly begun. Consequently, about the only colonial risk which the life companies have as yet been called upon to face is that of the U. S. soldier or sailor, who has already been assigned, or may at any moment be assigned, to duty at one of the insular posts. It is not the practice of insur- ance companies, as a rule, to cross a bridge until they come to it, and they do not fix rates on prospective classes of risks until sufficient applications of a dis- tinctive character are received to really constitute a new class of applicants. In isolated cases, policies have already been written on correspondents and other civilians now resident on the foreign islands, or contemplating residence there, but, in the main, the colonial risk at present is distinctively a war-risk. By the new-map-making events which have followed the destruction of the U. S. battle-ship "Maine" in the harbor of Havana, on the evening of February 15, 1898, the attitude of the life companies toward " Army and Navy risks '' has therefore been transformed from a comparatively unimportant detail of the life insur- ance business to a matter of no little moment to the companies themselves, and of grave importance to 5 the thousands of Americans who are now serving in the U. S. Army and Navy, to the thousands who will follow them, and to the families of these thousands. There can be no difference of opinion as to the con- dition which actually confronts the companies in this matter. This condition is the possession by the United States of foreign islands in the policing of which large detachments of our military and naval force will be required-perhaps, for many years. The proximity of our newly acquired posses- sions to the territory of other nations, and their political and commercial relations with that territory, are merely incidents of the international develop- ment of the United States of America, but they un- questionably increase the possibility of warlike complications at any moment. Consequently, the actuaries and other scientific prognosticators of this country, who had almost come to eliminate from their computations the possibility of the United States again having a war on its hands, must henceforth consider the war-risk as a factor of no mean impor- tance in their arguments. Even should the actual hostilities now being waged in the Philippines terminate in the near future, for many years to come thousands of men in the U. S. Army and Navy will probably be assigned to the foreign service, or to duty in the West Indies, sections hitherto remote from the U.S. Army's field of operations and only occasionally visited by the officers and men of the U. S. Navy. Men thus em- ployed, with possibilities of active service at any time, would naturally constitute a distinctive class of life insurance risks, even were they assigned to duty in 6 territory where the most favorable climatic conditions prevailed. The risk in the case of men assigned to military or naval duty in our foreign possessions is therefore doubly increased: first, by the ever-present possibility of actual war service; secondly, by the con- stant exposure to diseases peculiar to the Tropics, and the deterioration of constitution in the case of those who survive. The experience-or comparative lack of it-of American insurance companies with war risks was reviewed in detail in the brochure on ''War Risks " which was published by the author of this work in May, 1898, and then was-and still remains, we believe-the only compilation on the subject ever pub- lished in this country. As was therein stated, life in- surance was in its infancy in the United States at the outbreak of the Mexican war, the total amount of life insurance in force in the entire country probably not ex- ceeding $6,000,000, and, so far as could be ascertained, no war permits-with a single exception-were issued by any of the life companies then doing business. At the opening of the Civil War, the life insurance companies therefore had no American data on which to map out their plans for the assumption of war risks. The leading actuaries of those days, Messrs. Elizur Wright and Sheppard Homans, were called in, and, presumably on the strength of their recommen- dations, at a meeting of delegates representing the sixteen American life companies operating in New York State, held in New York City, April 19, 1861, the following resolution was adopted: Resolved, that in the opinion of this committee, an extra premium of five per cent, per annum upon all existing policies 7 will be a reasonable rate to cover the risk arising from enlist- ing into the military and naval service of the United States, the said risk to be confined to a locality north of 34 degrees of latitude, and an additional extra of five per cent, per annum. upon all risks incurred for locations south of that point. The majority of the companies which then assumed war risks collected the extra premiums provided for in the above resolution and, while the combined war experiences of all the companies during the Civil War have never been tabulated, it is reasonably certain that the aggregate of war risks assumed dur- ing the Rebellion was considerably below $10,000,000, and it is equally certain that the companies which adopted the recommendation of the Convention of 1861 suffered no loss on their war business. When war with Spain was declared, in 1898, the life insurance situation was materially different from that in i860, preceding the Civil War. The total population of the United States in i860 was but 31,443,321 and approximately but 60,000 persons, or less than one in every five hundred of population, car- ried insurance. In 1898, the total population of the country was not far from 75,000,000 and one-sixth of that number were insured, the per capita amount of life insurance being $ 190, as contrasted with a per capita average of less than $6 in i860. Many of the com- panies, however, suspended all restrictions as to Army and Navy service by present policy-holders, in case of service either within or without the limits of the United States, and practically all companies removed the prohibition in case of service within the United States. As the actual hostilities with Spain were of but brief duration, the losses directly traceable to the 8 war risk were comparatively slight, and none of the companies suffered, although the subsequent mor- tality due to impaired constitutions in consequence of service in Cuba, Porto Rico and the Philippines can- not yet be even approximately calculated. The problem which the life insurance companies now have to consider is, therefore, practically a new proposition, and one without a parallel. The cli- matic conditions of Army and Navy service in the Tropical Zone, in which our new possessions are all located, are much more serious than were those of war-service in the South during the Civil War. On the other hand, the introduction of anti-septic treat- ment in surgery, the great advances in sanitary methods, and the increased efficiency of the Surgeon- General's Department in both the Army and Navy, to some extent offset the increased climatic risk. Striking a balance and computing a reliable Army and Navy mortality rate at this date, however, is simply an impossibility. The deduction of a reason- ably safe rate of war mortality, by means of the fairly-comprehensive mortality statistics of previous wars is a comparatively easy matter, but as to the effects of a Tropical climate upon large bodies of unacclimated Americans, either in the way of imme- diate death or constitutional deterioration, no data of sufficient breadth to warrant other than general deductions are now available. The impression that the Tropical location of our new possessions consti- tutes a much greater hazard in the case of officers and men in the army than does the actual war-risk, however, now seems well-nigh universal in life insur- ance circles. 9 From the very outset, American life insurance companies have, as a rule, manifested a strong reluc- tance to insure persons either residing or traveling in the Tropics. The first policies issued by The Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York, and the Nautilus Insurance Company (which soon changed its name to that of the New York Life Insurance Company), in the early '40's, practically prohibited the insured to travel south of the 36th parallel. The companies which came after them, prior to the Civil War, set up the same defenses against the Tropical hazard, and for years the southern border-line of Virginia and Kentucky was practically the Ultima Thule of American life insurance. This extract from Policy No. 5, issued on the life of one John Rice by the Nautilus Insurance Company (the New York Life), May 17, 1845, tells the story: Provided Always, and it is hereby declared to be the true intent and meaning of this Policy, and the same is accepted by the assured upon these express conditions, that in case the said John Rice shall die upon the seas, or shall, without the consent of this Company previously obtained, and endorsed upon this Policy, pass beyond the settled limits of the United States (excepting into the settled limits of the British Provinces of the two Canadas, Nova Scotia or New Brunswick), or shall, without such previous consent thus endorsed, visit those parts of the United States which lie south of the southern boundaries of the States of Virginia and Kentucky, between the first of July and the first of November, or shall, without such previous consent thus endorsed, enter into any military or naval service whatsoever (the militia not in actual service excepted), * * * this Policy shall be void, null and of no effect. With the natural development and increasing com- petition of the life insurance business, and the grow- ing tendency of Americans to travel North, South, 10 East and West, the companies have from time to time eliminated their restrictions and liberalized their policies, until some of them now impose no con- ditions whatever as to residence or travel. The actuarial caution as to Tropical exposure is neverthe- less demonstrated by the facts set forth in the com- prehensive tabulated statement of the companies' conditions as to war-service and travel or residence in the Tropics, elsewhere published in this work. Of sixty-three companies, no less than thirty-seven- or, more than one-half of the total number-still place more or less restrictions on Tropical exposure; five permanently forbidding it without a special permit; twenty-four, for two years after the issuance of the policy; and eight exempting it for one year. The remaining twenty-six companies place no restric- tion whatever on their policy-holders as to residence or travel. The majority of the companies whose policies and warranties are devoid of any such condi- tions, in reply to our queries have announced their willingness to still write Army and Navy applicants, but in every case, we believe, either an extra pre- mium will be levied, or the policy issued will be placed in a special " Army and Navy Class." Even the companies which issue policies absolutely incon- testable from the date of issue, will not accept Army and Navy applicants, or civilians with avowed inten- tions of enlisting, without some provisos covering the possibility of their assignment to service outside the United States. 11 IL-THE U. S. ARMY'S RECENT EXPERIENCE IN THE TROPICS, A much broader experience than that now available would be necessary to enable the actuaries to reliably determine the probable mortality among U. S. Army risks in our new Tropical posses- sions, but many valuable data are within their reach, in the two annual reports which have been issued since the Spanish-American War by General George M. Sternberg, Surgeon-General of the U. S. Army. Not only are the admissions to sick report, discharges and deaths in both the regular and volunteer armies during 1898 and 1899 carefully tabulated, classified according to causes and to geographical distribution, and compared with similar data for the regular army during 1897, and the decade 1887-1896, but many valuable reports of special medical investigations into Tropical conditions, and diseases peculiar to those sec- tions, are presented. While deductions from these tables and medical reports would of course be only tentative, it would nevertheless seem safe to assume that, as a result of the increased knowledge as to the hazards peculiar to our new possessions and the proper means for coping with them, the mortality among the troops has reached the maximum figures, and, in time of peace, will steadily decrease, rather than increase. If that conclusion is a safe one, the actuaries' work in fixing premium rates at least sufficient is manifestly an easy one. We believe the conclusion to be a safe one, and one substantiated by all the data now available. 12 Various tables representing an analysis of the causes of death, discharge, or admission to sick report, in the U. S. Army during 1898 and 1899 are append- ed, but the following table presents in condensed form a statement of the total sickness and mortality in both the regular army and volunteer army from January 1, 1898, to December 31, 1899, as compared with the sickness and mortality in the U. S. Army for the preceding decade, from 1888 to 1897 inclusive: The ratios are those per 1,000 of mean strength. TOTAL SICKNESS AND MORTALITY IN U. S. ARMY, (REGULARS AND VOLUNTEERS), 1898-1899. Admissions to Sick Report. Deaths. 1898 Volunteers (Mean strength, 101,160) Regulars (Mean strength, 46,635) Number. Ratio. Number. Ratio. 217,072 100,123 2,145.83 2,146.94 2,851 1,285 28.18 27.55 Totals for 1898 317,195 2,146.18 4 136 27.99 1899 Volunteers (Mean strength, 41,100) Regulars (Mean strength, 64,446) 78,936 150,949 1,920.49 2,342.26 743 1,202 18.08 18.65 Totals for 1899 229,885 2,178.06 1,945 18.43 Grand Totals for 1898 and 1899 547,080 2,159.46 6,081 24. Totals and ratios for 1888-1897 inclusive.... (Mean strength, 27,117) 306,494 1,130.27 1,813 6.69 13 The previous mortality figures are below sub-divided so as to show the numbers and ratios per 1,000 of mean strength of deaths respectively due to disease and injuries, and a comparison is again made with the corresponding figures for the preceding decade: DEATHS RESPECTIVELY DUE TO DISEASE AND INJURIES. Deaths Due to Disease. Deaths Due to Injuries. 1898 Volunteers Regulars Number. Ratio. Number. Ratio. 2,664 1,026 26.33 22. 187 259 1.85 5.55 Totals for 1898 3,690 24.97 446 3.02 1899 Volunteers Regulars 419 822 10.20 12.75 324 380 7.88 5.90 Total for 1899 1,241 11.76 704 6.67 Grand Totals for 1898 and 1899 4,931 19.46 1,150 4.53 Totals and ratios for 1888-1897 1,219 4.50 594 2.19 So far as the general effects of the Spanish-Ameri- can War and resultant hostilities in the way of sick- ness, disability, and death are concerned, one more condensed table completes the story, showing the ratios in the case of the several stations at which the men of the United States Army are now serving. This table includes the experience of the whole army, both regulars and volunteers, and the ratio given in 14 each case is that of the number of cases to each 1,000 of the mean number of men exposed in that particu- lar locality. EXPERIENCE OF THE WHOLE ARMY, GEOGRAPHICALLY DISTRIBUTED. Cuba. Porto Rico. Pacific Islands. United States. Total. Total admissions to sick report, 1898. 3,413.54 2 574.21 1,901,99 2,062.82 2,146.18 Total admissions to sick report, 1899. 2,749.74 2,522.40 2,395.52 1,677,51 2,178,06 Admissions for dis- ease, 1898 3,148.11 2,447.39 1,776.72 1,928.91 2,005.80 Admissions for dis- ease, 1899 Admissions for in- juries, 1898 2,537.98 2,255.97 2,206 36 1,496 84 1,985.58 265.43 126 82 125.26 133 91 140.38 Admissions for in- juries, 1899 211.76 266.43 189.16 180.67 192.48 Discharges for dis- ability, ail causes, 1898 5.51 5.62 17.16 14.51 14.13 Discharges for dis- ability, all causes, 1899 20.25 19.85 17.82 26.95 21.98 Discharges for dis- ease, 1898 Discharges for dis- ease, 1899 Discharges for in- juries, 1898 4.43 4.39 15.04 11.37 11.25 16.26 16 63 13.16 22.28 17.51 1.08 1.23 2.12 3.14 2.88 Discharges for in- juries, 1899 3.99 3.22 4.66 4.67 4.47 Deaths from all causes, 1898 Deaths from all causes, 1899.... Deaths from dis- ease, 1898 Deaths from dis- ease, 1899 Deaths from in- juries, 1898 91.55 48.48 24.12 23 09 27.99 18.30 11.27 30.58 7.89 18.43 67.94 46.02 20.49 21.49 24.97 16.36 9.12 15.30 6.56 11.76 23.61 2.46 3.63 1.60 3.02 Deaths from in- juries, 1899 1.94 2.15 15.28 1.33 6.67 15 The preceding tables, being compiled from the most authentic data anywhere obtainable, present as fair a general idea of the sickness and mortality in the U. S. Army from the beginning of the Spanish- American War up to January i, 1900, as could in any way be outlined at this time. That these data are incomplete, in their lack of information as to the after-effects of service in the Tropics in the way of lingering diseases and constitutional deterioration, is, of course, apparent, but reliable figures on this subject can be obtained only after years of careful observa- tion. The tabulation by the Surgeon-General's office of all cases of sickness and death, in the Army in 1898 and 1899, by localities, causes and periods of the year deals with a sufficiently large number of ex- posed lives, and covers a broad enough stretch of time, to enable the life insurance companies to draw many general deductions of practical value as to what are apparently the principal features of the new Tropical hazard in the case of U. S. Army risks. And, eliminating the hazard of actual service in bat- tle, and the dangers incidental to camp life, forced marches, etc., the life insurance risk in the case of the unacclimated civilian in the Tropics probably will not differ materially from that of the army trooper. Hence, the statistics, reports and comments of the Surgeon-General's office on the climatic conditions, local diseases, and the seasonal prevalence of certain diseases in Cuba, Porto Rico and the Philippines will prove of real utility in determining the actual civilian hazard in the Tropics, as well as in plotting out the actual war-risk in those sections. At the close of this book various tables are given 16 which are compiled on the lines above suggested and are condensations of similar tables in the Surgeon- General's report for 1899. For more detailed figures on these subjects, the reader is referred to the report in question, but brief summaries of Surgeon-General Sternberg's latest report on " the health of the army " in Cuba, Porto Rico and the Philippines follow. (a.)-THE DIVISION OF CUBA. As the report points out, there was of course a material difference in the army mortality in Cuba in 1898 and 1899, consequent on the transition from war to peace, and the improvement in the accommodations for the troops. In both years, however, malarial in- fections caused a large proportion of the cases of sickness reported, the admissions to sick report for malarial illness in 1898 amounting to 1,924.74 per 1,000 of mean strength, and to 1,098.46 in 1899. The resultant death rate in 1898 was 14.02 per 1,000, and in 1899 only 2.50. Typhoid fever, yellow fever and diarrheal diseases were the other principal causes of sickness and death in both years, the rate per 1,000 men being as follows: Year. Typhoid Fever Yellow Fever Diarrheal Diseases Admissions. Deaths. Admissions. Deaths. Admissions Deaths. 1898 78 36 18.45 135.16 16 66 335 05 9.23 1899 39.40 4.39 12 32 2.39 435.35 1.45 The mean monthly rate of admission to sick report in 1899 was 211.41 per thousand of strength, the min- imum of 116.24 being reached in May. In July, August, September and October it was above the mean, the maximum of 266.31 being reached in August. 17 Under date of March 5, 1900, the chief surgeon of the Department of Santiago and Puerto Principe issued an order that in all garrison and seaport towns a census be made of all persons non-immune to yellow fever, in order to locate the extent of susceptibility to infection. The order also directed that homeless and destitute non-immunes in seaboard towns, being the most dangerous element of population in the way of spreading infection, should, so far as practi- cable, be removed to the country, isolated, or confined under medical supervision. A similar order for a census of non-immunes in the cities of the Department of Matanzas and Santa Clara was issued by the chief surgeon of that Department, July 3, 1900. This order exempted officers and soldiers of the U. S. Army, but included their families and all civilian employes, and defined a non-immune as a person who was not a native of Cuba, could not establish a ten-years' residence on the island, or had not pro- duced a physician's certificate to prove that he, or she, had had yellow fever. Provision was made in the order for imposing a fine of $1 for each day's delay on the part of adult non-immunes, or on the parent or guardian of each non-immune child, in registering as such within ten days after the date of the proclamation to be issued in both English and Spanish and posted by the mayor of each of the eleven cities to whom the order was addressed. In Havana, the work of sanitation was vigorously carried on, but Chief-Surgeon Havard reports that the best results cannot be expected until a new system of sewerage has been provided. In his report, bearing date of July 10, 1900, Major Havard passes 18 these interesting general comments on yellow fever and general hygienic conditions in Cuba: Our increased experience with yellow fever has shown us that there is much about the nature, development and com- municability of the contagium of which we are ignorant. The laws governing this disease have not yet been discovered. It continues to strike when and where it listeth, regardless of the- most reasonable expectations and best hygienic measures. Why the germ shall remain quiescent and inactive one or two' seasons in the presence of susceptible material and then sud- denly become active and violent, is a question still unanswered. The outbreak at Santiago last year was attributed, on what appeared to be good grounds, to the intensely hot and dry spring, while the outbreaks of this year at Santa Clara and Quemados are attributed, on equally good grounds, to the unusually heavy rains which fell in April and May. One thing appears to have been pretty well demonstrated and forms a valuable rule for our guidance; namely, that troops in unin- fected buildings a few miles from yellow fever foci can be saved from infection by simple but very strict precautions. The Eastern, Middle and Western sections of Cuba offer no peculiarities of climate producing marked effects upon the health of troops. Thus the total admissions per 1,000 of mean strength are 3.311 for the middle department, 3.299 for the Eastern, and 3.066 for the Western. The percentage of deaths is greatest in the Eastern department and least in the Western ; this is accounted for by the sharp outbreak of yellow fever in Santiago in the summer of 1899. Malarial fever is everywhere, but most prevalent in the Eastern region, dimin- ishing westward, the proportions being 1.423 admissions per 1,000 of mean strength in Santiago and Puerto Principe, 1,126 in Matanzas and Santa Clara, and 576 in Havana and Pinar del Rio. Yellow fever has occurred in the three departments and is just as liable to break out in one as the other, no part of the island enjoying immunity against it. * * * From a very interesting (as yet unpublished) " Note on mor- tuary record of yellow fever in Havana, 1884-1900''gener- ously placed at my disposal by the author, the well-known 19 yellow fever expert, surgeon R. H. Carter, of the Marine- Hospital Service, I quote the following extracts: "The belief that seems prevalent among Americans that it is safe to come to Havana in November and perfectly safe in December, but that they must leave with the early summer, is absolutely without basis. May will average safer than Jan- uary. In not a few years June is safer than December, and it is fair to class from June to December, inclusive, as a period of danger, and from January to May, inclusive, as comparatively safe, January being the most dangerous month of this division of the year. * * * "What, however, most impressed the writer when he com- piled these figures was the small number of deaths among the civilian population, 210.4 per annum being the average for the ten normal years preceding 1895, and 195 per annum for the last seventeen years. We must note, too, that these figures for civilian deaths are somewhat too high, including, as they do, a few soldiers. "During this time, then, seventeen years, there has never been any death rate among the civilian population even ap- proaching to the epidemics of our own country-compared with 7.800 deaths in New Orleans in 1853. Yellow fever for seventeen years has not been a marked factor in the civil mortality per annum in Havana. * * * "The books in my office show that civilian immigration nearly ceased after 1895 and that it was not resumed until in August, 1899. This is doubtless the reason why 1896, 1897 and 1898 were years of small civilian mortality, while 1896 and 1897 pile up the highest military mortality ever known here; 1896, civil, 141, military, 1.579 ; 1897, civil, 61, military, 1.083. "In 1898 the bulk of susceptibility among the soldiers must have been exhausted, as a garrison of 29,000 to 30,000 gave only 333 deaths. The same is true of civilians for whom we record only 31, the lowest number in the history of Havana which we have recorded. Among the deaths in November and Decem- ber are those of a small number (5, I believe) of Americans who had come to Havana, believing these months to be free from danger." General Conclusion.-To maintain the health and efficiency 20 of United States troops on this island requires great care and particular precautions. They must be kept away from the hot sun and only exercised or drilled in the morning and evening. Their barracks must be on high, well-drained grounds, swept by breezes, away from towns, with good and abundant water supply and excellent sewerage. In this manner all infectious diseases, including yellow fever, can be avoided. It will be impossible, however, to prevent malarial fevers, diarrheal troubles, the result of improper diet, or indiscretions in food and drink, and venereal diseases. These troops will doubtless exert a strong moral effect merely by their presence, and this may be enough for their raison d'etre ; but should they be required to take the field and enter upon active campaign the result from a sanitary point of view would, I fear, be dis- appointing. After two or three weeks' exposure to the elements it is probable enough that the experience of Santiago would be repeated; that at least one-half of the command would become disabled from malarial fevers, and that the deadly effects of yellow fever and other infectious diseases would be superadded. The above extracts and condensations of Surgeon- General Sternberg's report regarding the health of the U. S. Army in Cuba, during 1898 and 1899, summar- ize the leading points as to the diseases and infections peculiar to Cuba. Considerable space is also given in the report to physicians' papers as to methods of treatment for the various disorders: and in the volu- minous work of nearly 800 pages recently issued by the War Department, under the title of Report of the Census of Cuba, under the supervision of Lieut.-Col. J. P. Sanger, inspector-general, and director of the census, a great mass of supplemental data regarding the history, geography, population and sanitary and economic conditions of Cuba is obtainable. The general summary of population by provinces therein presented is as follows: 21 THE POPULATION OF CUBA (BY PROVINCES), Province. 1861*. 1887. 1899. Habana. 393,789 451,928 421,811 Matanzas 234,524 259,578 202,462 Pinar del Rio 146,685 225,891 173,082 Puerto Principe 85,702 67,789 88,237 Santa Clara 271,310 354,122 356,537 Santiago de Cuba 264,520 272,379 327,716 Totals 1,396,530 1,631,687 1,572,845 *Population of provinces estimated, In the compilation of the Report of the Census of Cuba every effort was made to secure the most reli- able vital statistics obtainable, but, as the report frankly states, " owing to the disturbed conditions of the island of recent years these efforts were not completely successful." There are unquestionably many errors, both of omission and duplication, in the tabular summaries of birth, marriages and deaths. Furthermore, the conditions of life in Cuba have so materially changed since the outbreak of the latest insurrection, in 1895-rapidly for the worse, during the war, and gradually for the better, since the war- that the appended mortality statistics for the last decade would be of but slight value in attempting to calculate the probable death rate in the island under the stead- ily-improving conditions. In the early years of the decade, prior to the insurrection, the death-rate was surprisingly even, and the figures for the whole decade afford a fair idea of the mortality of Cuba under normal past conditions, and grimly trace the progress of the war which forever terminated Spanish 22 rule in Cuba. The following table is undoubtedly entitled to more credence than any previously pub- lished : CUBAN MORTALITY-1890-1899. Year. Habana (City only). Matanzas. Pinar del Bio. Puerto Principe. Santa Clara. Santiago. Cuba (Total). 1890 7.432 6.818 1.874 1.265 7.975 3.309 28.673 1891 7.105 6.202 1.737 1.168 7.934 3.760 27.906 1892 7.185 7.181 1.814 1.181 8.117 8.324 28.802 1893 6 831 7.017 1.771 1.133 8.422 3.169 28.343 1894 6.730 1.857 1.135 8.427 3.324 21.473 1895 7.410 7.008 2.878 2.363 9.709 6.523 35.891 1896 11.728 10.494 8.638 2.531 14.749 9.894 58.034 1897 18.123 25.347 15.454 3.365 46.477 9.971 118.737 1898 21.235 18.088 14.186 2.875 40.835 12.053 109.272 1899 8.153 4.143 1.907 3.604 17.807 Totals. 101.932 94.422 54.352 21.186 159.709 69.299 500 900 (£>.)-THE DEPARTMENT OF PORTO RICO* The invasion of Porto Rico-if the landing of the United States troops may be so termed-dates from July 25, 1898. By August 31st a force of about 17,000 men was stationed on the island, three months later the number had decreased to 8,000, and the mean strength of the garrisons for the year 1899 was only 3.727. In the absence of hostilities, admissions for injuries or gunshot wounds were comparatively few, both in 1898 and 1899, but, as was the case in Cuba in 1898, malarial infections, diarrheal diseases and typhoid fever were the principal causes for ad- mission to sick report. In 1898, the admissions to sick report from all causes were equal to 2,574.21 per thousand of mean strength, and the death rate to 48.48 per thousand. The rate of admissions to sick report in 1899 was practically the same, being 2,522.40 23 per thousand, but the cases of sickness were so much lighter than those in 1898 that the death rate had fallen to 11.27 Per thousand. The records of malarial, diarrheal and typhoid cases are as follows, the figures given showing the rates per thousand of mean strength: Year. Malarial Diseases. Diarrheal Diseases. Typhoid Fever. Admissions. Deaths. Admissions. Deaths. Admissions. Deaths. 1898 772.35 3.86 767.61 1.41 294.74 34 60 1899 458.84 542.80 2.68 15.03 2.68 In 1899, the mean monthly rate of admission to sick report for disease was 188 per thousand of strength, the minimum of 145.62 being in February, and the maximum of 270.69 in April. The maximum monthly death rate was 1.41, in August, but, as the Surgeon- General's report states, ' ' the small number of men constituting the army of occupation deprives these rates of value as indices of climatic influences." On the subject of climatic conditions, the report of Major John Van R. Hoff, chief surgeon of the Depart- ment of Porto Rico, under date of July 24, 1899, presents this concise summary: But two seasons are recognized here, the dry and the rainy, though this is largely a figure of speech, since there is an almost daily shower. The minimum temperature (Fahrenheit) in January was, a. m., 720; m., 82°; p. m., 78°. The maximum temperature in August was, a. m., 86°; m., 920; p. m., 900. •'The rainy season culminates in September, when the rain comes down like an immense quantity of water passed through a sieve, excludes from view every surrounding object, and in half an hour the whole surface of the earth becomes an immense sheet of water." 24 The predisposition to sickness excited by. the heat of the summer months is precipitated by the rains of September, and the unacclimated fall victims to the tropical fevers, whose name is legion, and whose etiology is a terra incognita. In October the rains begin to abate, and with the approach of Thanks- giving Day the lovely "winter" season dawns upon us. I regret that accurate vital and morbidity statistics are not available. The civil administration of the Spanish in this respect seems to have consisted chiefly in making rules which they did not enforce, and until the superior Board of Health, now organizing, can collect and publish such statistics, we must fall back upon the records of the Medical Department for any conclusions we may desire to draw from our morbidity experiences in this part of the tropics. Major Hoff's report, from which the above extract was quoted, makes it clear that malarial diseases, diseases of the digestive organs, and other ailments generally known as exceptionally common in the tropics, are by no means the only dangers which seriously threaten the United States trooper, and American civilians, in Porto Rico. The Chief Surgeon's observations, reinforced by the Army sta- tistics, demonstrate that venereal diseases are an alarming menace, and undoubtedly will be for many years to come, in that particular section of the new colonies of the United States. The figures for the first six months of 1899, for instance, reduced to ratios per thousand mean strength per annum, show that the rate of admissions for venereal diseases in Porto Rico was 467.80, as against a rate of 84.59 for the same class of admissions in the United States Army in 1897, almost as large as the rate of ad- missions for malarial diseases in Porto Rico (509.48) and more than half as large as the rate for digestive 25 diseases (916.24). Major Hoff thus comments on these startling figures and their significance: The largest number of cases of venereal diseases-20 per cent, of the total sickness and 7 per cent, of the total strength -was reported in April. This may well furnish occasion for thought. With a constant non-effectiveness from venereal diseases of 12 per thousand (double the home average), it is not difficult to conclude that it will be but a short time before a very large percentage of all the troops in Porto Rico will be syphilized, at indeed is the population here. But this is not all. Our soldiers returning home will spread wide there the infection acquired here, and thus we will have to face the question now so burning in Great Britain. What shall we do to prevent our soldiers abroad and our people at home from being syphilized. In his second annual report, under date of July 24, 1900, Major Hoff again brings forward this serious question in this supplemental warning: Venereal diseases still maintain their unenviable prominence, the annual rate being 478 per thousand, against 467 last year. It is interesting to observe that these diseases are quite as prevalent among the Porto Rico volunteers as among the regular troops, which supports the position taken in my last annual report, that the people here are syphilized. * * * * * Perhaps sufficient was said on this subject in my last annual report, but this danger to home communities from returning soldiers is a constant threat which not only concerns us, but will reach even unto the third and fourth generation. The efforts to control prostitution have been non-effective because of the inefficiency of the means and the indifference of public opinion. If syphilization is so general here, why should the Porto Ricans interest themselves to prevent the United States soldier from becoming syphilized ? That this unfortunate condition of affairs prevails, to a lesser degree, in both Cuba and the Philippines is proven by the figures for venereal diseases presented in the statistical tables at the end of this work. The 26 statistics in question, however, attest that the venereal rate is more than twice as high in Porto Rico as in Cuba, and almost thrice as great as in the Philip- pines. Another danger which confronted the American soldiers on their entrance into Porto Rico was small- pox, which was prevalent in all sections of the island. This menace was effectively checked by a general vaccination, systematically undertaken and finished June 30, 1899. No less than 742,062 vaccinations, and 116,955 re-vaccinations, were performed, and the last report of the Surgeon-General states that not a single death from smallpox had been reported in the island in the previous eight months. The report also states that Lieut. B. K. Ashford, assistant surgeon, U. S. Army, has proven that " a great deal of the prostrating diarrhea and progressive emaciation, which has usually a fatal ending," incidental to the pernicious anaemia, ' ' is due to the irritating presence in the intestines of a number of minute worms which can be easily got rid of by appropriate medication. This disease has been extremely fatal, but its ravages will now be controlled under the supervision of local boards of health." A superior board of health was constituted for Porto Rico, by an order issued June 29, 1899; Major Hoff was appointed president of the board, and, as Surgeon-General Sternberg puts it, '' under his able and energetic management a modern sanitary code was given to the island." Since the last annual report of the Surgeon-General of the Army was issued, the Report of the Census of Cuba has been supplemented by the publication of a 27 similar volume under the title of Report of the Cen- sus of Porto Rico. The compilation of this hand- somely illustrated volume of nearly 400 pages was also made under the supervision of Lieut.-Col. J. P. Sanger, inspector-general, and the work presents the most comprehensive and authentic information re- garding Porto Rico as yet prepared. The tables showing the population of the island in 1899, as com- pared with 1887, and the annual mortality from 1888 to 1898, inclusive, are as follows: POPULATION OF PORTO RICO (BY DEPARTMENTS). Department. Population. Increase, 1887-1899. 1887. 1899. Absolute. Per Cent. Humacao (with Rio Grande). 93,214 100,866 7,652 8.2 Mayaguez 115,926 127.566 11 640 10.0 Guayama 96*991 111,986 14,995 15.5 Aguadilla 86,096 99,645 13 549 15.7 Bayamon (less Rio Grande).. 122^862 147^681 24,819 20.2 Ponce 159,311 203,191 43,880 27.5 Arecibo 124,165 162,308 88443 30.7 Porto Rico 798,565 953,243 154,678 19.4 PORTO RICAN MORTALITY. 1888-1898. . Year. Aguadilla. Arecibo. Bayamon. Guayama. Humacao. Mayaguez. Ponce. 1888 2,731 4,025 2,912 2,652 2,760 4,596 5,892 1889 3,058 4,181 3,092 3.301 3,308 3,982 5,333 1890 2,566 4,103 3,420 3,395 3,147 4,831 5,493 1891 2,505 3,607 3,319 2,768 2,904 3,996 4,990 1892 2,476 4,151 3,352 2,388 3,082 4,018 5,007 1893 2,158 3,571 3,176 2,195 2,506 3,227 4,783 1894 2.606 4,069 3,482 2.861 2,671 3,812 5,395 1895 2,660 4,578 4,186 2,722 2 669 4,402 5,067 1896 2,699 4,586 3,447 2,927 3,067 3 954 4,755 1897 2,770 5,113 4,580 4,304 4,545 4,390 6,278 1898 3,579 6,206 3,819 4,344 3,584 5,347 6,735 Total . . . 29,808 48,190 38,785 33,857 34,243 46,555 59,728 Total mortality in Porto Rico, 1888-1898, inclusive, 291,166. 28 (c.)-THE DIVISION OF THE PHILIPPINES. The persistent circulation by the propagandists of the so-called " anti-Imperalist " party of the statistics of sickness and death among the U. S. troops in the Philippines, and the practically universal lack of knowledge in this country as to the conditions which actually prevail in those islands have probably com- bined to create an erroneous impression as to the real hazards of tropical life in the archipelago of the far East. The trained observers of the Medical Department of the U. S. Army have now had nearly two years in which to study this matter right on the ground. Their expert, unbiased, conclusions are manifestly entitled to far more credence than are the assumptions and deductions of laymen who have absolutely no personal knowledge of the situation in a land to them almost unknown, and among a race speaking a veritable Babel of tongues with not one of which they are acquainted. Hence, the following summary of conditions in the Philippines by Surgeon- General Sternberg, in his latest report, based as it is upon the official reports from the surgeons of the U. S. Army in the field of inquiry, must be accepted as the most authoritative statement of the subject as yet obtainable: The exposures, fatigues, and excitements of a prolonged campaign are responsible for the large sick report and the relatively large death rate among the troops in the Philippines. The difference is said to have been startling between the sick rate of regiments at the front doing constant outpost duty, subject to night attacks, and having to make periodical advances through difficult country, and that of regiments doing garrison duty at towns in the rear. This difference has been manifested even where the permanent stations have been in 29 insanitary localities. A battalion at Candaba, a badly-drained town with insanitary surroundings, had a sick rate of only 8- per cent., while at the same time troops at Angeles, a well - drained town with a sandy soil, gave a rate of 25 per cent. The troops at Candaba had been on ordinary garrison duty for some time, while those at Angeles had fought their way from San Fernando by successive attacks. Indeed, the opinion is prevalent among our medical officers that in time of peace and doing only garrison duty the sick rate of the Army in the Philippine Islands would be no higher than it ordinarily is in the Southern United States. The above conclusions of Surgeon-General Stern- berg were based on data reviewing the U. S. Army's experience in the Philippines as late as August 16, 1900, but did not differ materially from his report to- the Secretary of War under date of February 4, 1899, in response to the U. S. Senate's resolution of Janu- ary 30, 1899, calling for a statement as to the sickness and mortality among the soldiers in the Philippines " by reason of the sickness caused by the climate in said islands.'' The reply of the Surgeon-General to this inquiry was, in part, as follows: First, as to the percentage of soldiers now (February 4,1899) in the Philippine Islands who are sick or who have been sick: The percentage in some regiments has been as high as 17, but it is believed that the average has seldom exceeded 10 per cent. General Otis, in his cablegram of February 2, 1899, states that " 9 per cent, of the command is now reported sick, the great majority of the cases being slight ailments." Second, as to the number of deaths in our army by reason of the sickness caused by the climate in said islands: I have to submit that climatic diseases do not appear so far to have been attended with unusual mortality. Malarial diseases have caused no deaths. The total death rate, taken from the re- ports submitted by medical officers for the months July to October, inclusive, equals an annual death rate of 9.36 per 30 thousand men. This is only slightly in excess of that which' prevails in the garrisons of the United States in time of peace. The average annual rate of our army for the decade 1886-1895 was 7.12. Typhoid fever in the Philippines caused deaths equal to an annual rate of 5.16 per thousand men, or more than half the total death rate. If the deaths from this fever (which is not a climatic disease) be excluded from consideration, the remaining mortality from all causes in the Philippines would be less than the corresponding mortality in the United States. Here I would invite attention to the following tabulation, showing annual rates per thousand of strength, deducted from the reported experience of four months in the Philippines, as compared with the average annual rates at military stations in the United States during the ten years, 1886-1895, inclusive: Philippines. Garrisons in United States, 1886-1895. Admission Rate. Death Rate. Admission Rate. Death Rate. Total Diseases and Injuries .... 3,016 9.36 1,254 7.12 Injuries 108 1.80 248 2 28 Typhoid Fever 47 5.16 6 .64 Malarial Fever 370 96 14 Venereal Diseases 82 .48 76 .02 Diarrheal Diseases 440 .48 116 13 Bronchitis and Influenza 66 .36 101 02 From these figures it will be seen that the admission rate in Manila has been comparatively large, due mainly to malarial diseases which are climatic and to diarrheal diseases which are no doubt in large part due to errors and irregularities of diet on the part of the affected individuals. The malarial diseases exceed their prevalence in the United States in the proportion of 370 to 96, and the diarrheal diseases in the proportion of 445 to 116, or about four to one in both instances. * * * Diseases of the respiratory organs, which are to a large extent climatic, are, so far as reported, less prevalent in Manila than in the United States. * * * Lastly, as to when the sickly season begins, in the Philip- pines, the experience of our troops gives no information on 31 this subject. The generally accepted view is that in March, April and May fevers are of more frequent occurrence than at other periods of the year. The figures presented in the table in the Surgeon- General's reply to the Senatorial inquiry, as was therein explained, covered only four months of 1898, and the statistics now obtainable, covering a much broader stretch of time, naturally differ somewhat from them in some respects. Here is an abstract of the complete figures for 1898 and 1899, which include the experience of both regulars and volunteers, the ratios being worked out on the basis of per thousand of mean strength: Tear. Diarrheal Diseases. Malarial Diseases. Smallpox. Typhoid leTer. Admissions. Deaths. Admissions. Deaths. Admissions. Deaths. Admissions. Deaths. 1898 399.60 2.52 424.55 1.51 7.57 2.12 83.77 8.78 1899 642.80 4.58 624.37 .89 6.80 1.99 21.95 3. In 1899 the mean monthly rate of admission to sick report for disease was 183.86 in the Philippine Islands. The minimum rate of 93.08 was reached in February, and the maximum of 223.56 in July. The ratios of admissions and deaths are below classified by months, in the case of the more prevalent dis- orders, but the Surgeon-General's report states that ' * it cannot be inferred from these records that the first four months of the year constitute the healthy season, while the second four are characterized by a maximum prevalence of diarrheal diseases, and the last four by a maximum prevalence of malarial fevers, because among the unsanitary influences affecting the troops during this year were those of active and 32 exhausting field service, which certainly exercised a considerable modifying effect on those of climate and season." The tabular comparison by months, how- ever, is none the less interesting, and at least con- veys some idea of the seasonal prevalence of disease in the Philippines,misleading though it maybe for the reasons stated. These ratios are per thousand of mean strength: SEASONAL PREVALENCE OF DISEASES IN 1899. Month. Diarrheal Diseases. Malarial Diseases. Respiratory Diseases. Undetermined Fevers. Admissions. Deaths. Admissions. Deaths. Admissions. Deaths. Admissions. Deaths. January 20 50 25.05 5 47 3 07 February .... 16.63 21 20.60 7.43 .03 1.67 March 30.02 .17 32. 7.67 .10 1.84 April 40.05 .13 28 85 03 5 16 03 1 85 May 85.58 .17 34 12 .06 4 63 2 09 T 3 June 97.32 .16 31.90 5.45 .05 1.90 July 107.44 .40 40.20 .10 6 35 03 2 18 August 79.39 .39 52.59 .03 4 45 .33 3 04 September. .. 54 51 .66 54.92 .08 5.19 .20 4.93 October 44.43 .64 69.44 .10 4.67 .06 3.65 November.... 34.09 .62 84.69 .11 4.16 .02 5.86 December... 28.89 .49 83.44 .21 5.60 .03 2.86 In September, 1898, a Board of Health was formally organized at Manila, under direction of the War Department, and two native doctors of Manila have acted as honorary members of the Board since its organization. Under its supervision, the city was divided into ten districts, with eight municipal mid- wives, and a native physician in each district to attend to the indigent sick, report unsanitary conditions and infectious diseases, and investigate and give certfi- cates of death in all cases of death without medical 33 attendance. By the extension of the city limits to Pandacan and Santa Ana a new district was formed, and so equipped. The Board of Health was also placed in general supervision of the charitable institutions, prisons, and venereal hospital, and in direct control of the vaccine farm, and organized municipal laboratories, a free dispensary and hospitals for leprosy, smallpox and the bubonic plague. The work of vaccination begun by Major Bourne was vigorously continued with such success that from October, 1899, to July, 1900, there were but seven deaths from smallpox at Manila, whereas in the single month of March, 1899, there were 75 deaths from this cause. It is officially announced that the work of vaccinating the natives will be continued as persistently as circumstances will permit, until every inhabitant of the archipelago has been vaccinated. When the American troops first took possession of the Philippines, the sanitary condition of the various garrisoned towns and villages was described as exe- crable. Filth was everywhere, and " the hogs were the only scavengers. '' There has been a decided improvement in the condition of the garrisoned towns, and under the direction of the Board of Health the city of Manila has known for the first time in its history the meaning of comparatively clean streets, the systematic removal of filth, and a serious attempt to enforce purity in its food supply. There can be no doubt that these sanitary measures will in time bring about a surprising change in the hygienic conditions of the cities and towns of the Philippine Islands, and their systematic execution, 34 the gradual education of the natives to a realization of their self-interest in compliance with the health regulations, and the seggregation of the lepers, the sufferers from the bubonic plague, and the smallpox patients are certain to materially reduce the death rate in the archipelago. On the recommendation of Surgeon-General Sternberg, a board of medical offi- cers was some time since appointed to make a thorough investigation and study of the Tropical diseases in the Philippines-a medical board having been created, by the way, to make similar studies as to the infectious diseases prevailing in Cuba. The Philippine board consists of First Lieutenant Jere B. Clayton, assistant surgeon, U. S. Army; First Lieu- tenant Richard P. Strong, assistant surgeon, U. S. Army; and Acting Assistant Surgeon Joseph J. Curry. The reports made by this board in reference to dysentery, and other subjects of their investigation, are published in the last report of the Surgeon-Gen- eral of the Army, and make interesting reading for those desiring information on the matters in question. A feature of the last report of the Surgeon- General which is of vital importance to the life insurance companies is the report of Col. Charles R. Greenleaf, assistant surgeon-general of the U. S. Army, and Chief Surgeon of the Division of the Philippines, in which is contained a review of the after-effects of Tropical diseases. In this report, under date of July 13, 1900, Col. Greenleaf says: Nearly all of the diseases of the Tropics produce an effect on the general economy that does not follow similar diseases in the temperate regions, and that is a lowering of the vital 35 force to such a degree that full recovery of health becomes impossible so long as the patient is in the Tropical climate, and doubtful even after his return to and residence in a temperate climate. The marked increase in the number of regular soldiers over volunteers who have been invalided to the United States and discharged for disability is, I think, due to the baneful influence of the Cuban and Porto Rican climate on the regular soldiers who had not a sufficiently long residence in the United States before coming to the Philippines to fully recuperate from its effects, and therefore speedily succumbed to the new influences of this climate, from which recovery for them was impossible. Apparently the only disease from which complete recovery may be expected by residence at any one of the sanitary points in the islands is malaria, but after such recovery reinfection frequently follows exposure. Tuberculosis is rapidly fatal, rheumatism becomes chronic, and I think that even the hot springs of the country, which have a great repute among natives for its cure, will not be effective with Ameri- cans. Diarrheas and dysenteries when chronic are incurable here; hence it is evident that there will be a constant stream of invalid patients from these islands to the United States, for the care and disposition of which an organized, well-digested system is desirable. As no report has been made to me regarding the results of transfers to the United States, I am unable to give any other information on the subject than that what comes before me. Regarding the insane, but little can be said, as there is no expert alienist on the islands to examine into their cases and determine their character (one was en route to Manila, when this report was written), nor is there any proper place here where they can be kept for observation. No other course is open, therefore, than to transfer to the United States all cases that, after such a study as can be given, are believed to be genuine. Homesickness is a potent factor in producing the condition of melancholia into which many of the cases have passed. The isolation of the troops, their lack of knowledge of the native language, their enforced confinement to the towns they garrison, and the constant strain incidental to continued preparation against attack by the enemy combine to produce the mental condition which, for 36 want of a better name, is called "insanity," and which is often completely and effectively cured by the journey to the United States. That this condition is a serious one is evidenced by the fact that the majority of suicides occur in this class of cases. 37 in.-THE U. S. NAVY'S FORTUNATE EXPERIENCE IN TROPICAL WATERS. AS is of course a matter of common knowledge, the general conditions of life in the navy are so unlike those of life in the army that, even in time of war service in Tropical climates, the officers and men of the U. S. Navy were exposed to materially less danger of disease than were their comrades in the army. Furthermore, as events proved, the loss of life as a result of casualties in battle, and gunshot wounds, during the Spanish-American War was com- paratively slight. In consequence of the vast superi- ority over the army camps of the floating quarters of the men in the navy, and the naval advantages in the way of purity of food and drinking water, and sanitary provisions, the rate of admissions to the sick list in the navy was naturally much below that in the case of the army, both in 1898 and 1899. These brief extracts from the reports of Rear-Admiral W. K. Van Reypen, surgeon-general of the U. S. Navy, for those years, succinctly summarize the experiences of the navy: Notwithstanding the fact that the calendar year 1898 em- braces the period covered by the operations of war, with the unfavorable influences upon health incident to prolonged cruising in Tropical waters, the ratio of admissions to the sick list per i,ooo of strength shows but a slight increase over years in which peace prevailed, the ratio being 871.69 for 1898, as against 838.53 in 1895, 777.75 per 1,000 of strength in 1896, and 748.24 in 1897.-Report for 1898. The health record of the Navy and Marine Corps for the calendar year shows a marked decrease in the ratio of admis- sions to the sick list per 1,000 of strength when compared with 38 the previous year, and indicates a satisfactory condition of health, notwithstanding the continued presence and prolonged cruising of ships in Tropical waters and the occupation of shore stations in Tropical possessions. This ratio during the past year was 783.03 as against 871.69 in 1898.-Report for 1899. The experience of the navy and marine corps in 1898 and 1899, ashore and afloat, is summarized in the following condensed table of total admissions to the sick list, and deaths. The ratios are calculated per 1,000 of average strength: TOTAL SICKNESS AND MORTALITY IN UNITED STATES NAVY AND MARINE CORPS-1898-1899. Year. ♦Admissions to Sick List. Deaths. Number. Ratio. Number. Ratio. 1898 (Aver. Strength, *23,986) 1899 (Aver. Strength, *20,819) 20,082 15,749 871.69 783.03 173 153 7.21 7.35 Totals for 1898 and 1899 35,831 830.36 326 7.27 Averages for three pre- ceding years 785.44 5.94 *In computing ratio of admissions to sick list, the figures for the average strength as shown by the reports of the Medical Department are used, these figures respectively being 23,038 for 1898 and 20,113 for 1899. Despite the sharp naval engagements at Manila and Santiago, and the hazards incidental to the block- ade of Cuba, the number of deaths in 1898 due to injury was surprisingly small, even smaller than in the year following the Spanish-American War, and but little larger than in the previous year of peace. 39 Here is a tabular analysis of the deaths in the United States Navy and Marine Corps, the ratios being worked out per 1,000 of mean strength: DEATHS RESPECTIVELY DUE TO DISEASE AND INJURIES. Year. Deaths Due to Disease. Deaths Due to Injuries. Number. Ratio. Number. Ratio. 1898 1899 118 95 4.92 4.56 55 58 2 29 2.79 Totals for 1898 and 1899 213 4.75 113 2.52 Averages for three pre- ceding years 4.41 1.54 The advantages of the navy over the army in the way of decreased exposure are demonstrated by these comparative figures compiled from the Surgeon- Generals' reports for the different branches of the service: A COMPARISON OF THE RATIOS PER 1,000 OF MEAN STRENGTH IN THE ARMY AND NAVY. Year. Admissions to Sick Report. Total Deaths. Deaths Due to Disease. Deaths Due to Injuries. Army. Navy. Army. Navy. Army. Navy. Army. Navy. 1898 2,146.18 871.69 27.99 7.91 24.97 4.92 3.02 2.29 1899 2,178.06 783 03 18.43 7.35 11.76 4.56 6.67 2.79 Average for 1898 and 1899. 2,159.46 830.36 24. 7.27 19.46 4.75 4.53 2.52 Ratios for 1897. 1.186.61 748.24 5.11 5.59 3 14 3.56 1.97 2.03 In the case of the navy, it is of course impossible to secure the exact geographical division of the sickness 40 and mortality tabulated in the reports of the Surgeon- General of the Army. The reports of the surgeons of the army are emphatically localized, dealing with conditions at the points at which they are respectively stationed, whereas the officers and men of the navy who are afloat are here to-day, and there to-morrow. In a general way, however, some idea of the experi- ence of the navy in the various sections of the world may be obtained from this table compiled on the basis of the figures for the several stations, hospitals, navy yards, barracks and receiving ships, the average complements being corrected for time. THE HEALTH OF THE NAVY AT THE VARIOUS STATIONS, 1897-1899, INCLUSIVE. Stations. Admissions to Sick List. Deaths. Number. Ratio. Number. Ratio. North Atlantic Station. (Mean Force, 5,516) 1897.... ( " " 13,555) 1898.... 4,150 806.74 12 2 17 12,717 938.17 *47 *3.46 ( " " 6,588) 1899.... South Atlantic Station. 4,541 689.28 16 2.43 (Mean Force, 440) 1897.... ( " " ...) 1898.... 350 795.45 2 4.54 - _ ( " " 423) 1899.... Pacific Station. 453 1,070.22 1 2.36 (Mean Force, 2,261) 1897.... ( " " 1,372) 1898.... 1,510 667.85 6 2.65 1,208 880.46 3 2.18 ( " " 2,463) 1899.... Asiatic Station. 1,744 708.08 7 2.84 (Mean Force, 1,296) 1897.... 988 762.34 4 3.08 ( " " 2,188)1898.... 1,714 783.36 13 5.94 ( " " 4,652) 1899.... Navy Yards, Barracks and Other Coast Stations. 4,197 902.19 26 5.59 (Mean Force, 2 738) 1897.... 2,412 880.94 17 6.21 ( " " 3,173) 1898.... 2.714 855.34 18 5.67 ( " " 3,684) 1899.... 3,653 991.59 27 7 33 ♦Exclusive of the 260 deaths resulting from the destruction of the battleship " Maine," February 16,1898. 41 A study of the North Atlantic and Asiatic figures in the above table discovers traces of the effects of the Spanish-American War in Cuban waters in 1898, and of the prolonged naval service in the Philippines in 1898 and 1899. The increase in the ratio of admissions to the sick list in 1898 in the case of the North Atlantic Squadron, above the ratio for the previous year, was but 131.43 per 1,000 of mean force, and the increase in the death rate, only 1.29 per 1,000. The figures for the Asiatic Squadron show but slightly greater increases, as compared with the normal, time-of-piece, ratios of 1897, the admission rate for 1899-after more than twenty months' naval service in the Philippines- being only 902.19 as against 762.34 in 1897, and the death rate in 1899 showing an advance of only 2.51 per 1,000 over that in 1897. The advantages of the naval force afloat over the men ashore is emphasized by the fact that in neither 1898 nor 1899 did the admission rate of the men in the Asiatic Squadron reach that of the naval force ashore, and while the death rate of the Squadron in 1898 was in excess of that at the shore stations, the excess was almost im- perceptible. Further demonstration of the naval force's im- munity to many of the diseases peculiar to the Tropics is afforded by the comparatively small number of cases of malarial fever, diarrheal troubles, typhoid fever, etc., which have so materially ad- vanced the ratios of death, and admissions to sick report in the U. S. Army during its service in the Tropics. In the entire force of 23,986 men in the U. S. Navy and Marine Corps in 1898, there were 12 42 deaths from typhoid fever, and only 4 from either malarial affections or dysentery. In 1899, in the case of a force of 20,819 men, typhoid fever caused 11 deaths; yellow fever, 5 ; diarrheal affections, 3 ; and malarial affections, but 2. Furthermore, of the 943 cases of malarial diseases reported in 1899 nearly one- third were from the navy yard and marine head- quarters at Washington, and of the 134 cases of typhoid fever, 49 were under treatment at the naval hospital at Newport, R. I. Four of the five deaths due to yellow fever were reported from Havana. In the ratio of men invalided from the service in 1889 and 1899 there was a slight increase in both years over the rate in 1897, as might have been expected, the figures for the years in question being as follows: 1897. 1898. 1899. Number of Men Invalided from the Service 328 20.85 884 36.85 542 26.03 Ratio per 1,000 of Strength These figures show a comparatively low increase in 1898 and 1899 over 1897, but scarcely cover a suffi- ciently long period to forecast the effects of a Tropical climate upon the health of the naval force. In his report on the U. S. S. Baltimore, published in the Surgeon-General's latest report, George E. H. Harmon, medical inspector of the U. S. Navy, takes a very serious view of the subject, and especially of the venereal dangers of service in the far East, his report in part reading as follows: Joining this squadron at Hong Kong in April, 1898, she (the Baltimore) took part in the battle of Manila, May 1st, and with 43 the exception of a short trip to Hong Kong, has been stationed since that time in the Philippines, for the last eight months almost continuously in Manila Bay. * * * The long stay in this Tropical climate is beginning to tell upon the health of the ship's company. While the officers and men still maintain good health and have been, to a surprising and unexpected degree, free from local prevailing diseases, there is an unmistakable falling off in the physical stamina, a perceptible narrowing of the margin of reserve vitality. This is exhibited in the graver character of ordinary trifling injuries and ailments. Slight abrasions are slow to heal, and, without the most careful attention, degen- erate into sluggish ulcers; mild bronchial catarrhs are persistent and show a tendency to loss of tone, weak heart action, and general debility; skin eruptions become chronic; and, finally, within the last month or two a number of cases of the local " febris tropica," the "calentura" of the Philippines, have made their appearance. The health of the ship is naturally better than that of the army or of the marines stationed on shore, thanks to the less degree of exposure to paludal and climatic causes of disease, but there is no doubt that the long stay in these waters is beginning to exercise a deleterious effect upon the crew. Thus the percentage of sick for 1898 was 1.434; that for the year just completed is 2.049, while that for the fourth quarter is 2.375. This is not a high sick rate, but it does not include the large numbers who apply for minor treatment and who are not excused from duty, amounting probably to another two per cent. Should the exigencies of the service permit, it would be a great sanitary benefit to send the ship to the northern part of the station at the beginning of the rainy season, for a stay of two or three months. Venereal diseases are the peculiar curse of the Asiatic Station. Every seaport is a focus of infection; Hong Kong and Manila are among the worst ports on the station in this respect; liberty parties on shore are sure to bring back "recuerdos" of their visits. * * * The virus of syphilis appears to be much more active in these Oriental countries than in Europe and America. A greater proportion of primary 44 ulcers are true syphilis and are followed by constitutional in- fection. The Navy Department now has naval hospitals at Yokohama, Japan; and Cavite, in the Philippines, and at the naval stations at Havana and San Juan small buildings have been procured for hospital purposes and have been properly fitted up for the reception of naval patients whose illness may be of a temporary character and who can be comfortably cared for in these establishments until in a suitable condition to be transferred north to a naval hospital. In 1899, but 67 cases were under treatment at the hospital at Yokohama, and at the hospital at Cavite, opened March 27, 1899, 330 cases were treated during the balance of the year. Of these 330 cases, 32 were those of malarial diseases, 24 of simple continued fever, 19 of dysentery and 11 of typhoid fever. In both cases, the experience has been too limited to admit of any satisfactory general deduc- tions, and the reports from both hospitals are simply confirmatory of the more extended reports of the army surgeons stationed in those localities. Detailed statements of the causes of sickness and death in the U. S. Army in 1898 and 1899 will be found in the tables at the end of this work. 45 IV.-LIFE INSURANCE COMPANIES' PLANS IN RE ARMY AND NAVY RISKS. IN order to secure authoritative statements of the various American life insurance companies' posi- tions in the matter of army and navy risks, a letter of inquiry was recently addressed to every life insurance company operating in the United States. With one or two exceptions, all of the companies promptly responded with the desired information which is appended hereto. Various changes in the plans and policies of the life insurance companies are of course taking place all the while, but proofs of the statements herewith presented have been submitted to each of the companies, and it is believed that the appended statements are in every case the latest obtainable at this writing. The questions submitted in the letter of inquiry addressed to each company were as follows: (1) Do you now insure officers, or privates in the U. S. Army? If so, on what conditions? (2) Do you now insure officers, or sailors in the U. S. Navy? If so, on what conditions? (3) Are present policy-holders restricted from enlisting in the U. S. Army, or Navy? The several companies' answers to these questions were as follows: THE 2ETNA LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Hartford, Conn. Our Company does not now insure officers or privates of the U. S. Army under new policies. If a person 46 already insured desires a permit, either for the Army or Navy, it is granted on payment of an extra premium of $25 per $1,000 annually in advance. Present policy- holders of the Company are restricted from engaging in either army or naval service, in time of war, without such a permit. J. L. English, Secretary. THE ATLANTIC MUTUAL LIFE INS. CO., Greenfield, Mass. It is not our practice to insure privates or commissioned officers of the U. S. Army, or sailors or officers of the U. S. Navy. During the Spanish War we issued permits to our policy-holders, charging them an extra premium com- mensurate with the extra hazard. H. O. Edgerton, Secretary. THE BALTIMORE LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Baltimore, Md. This Company does not care to insure privates or com- missioned officers in the U. S. Army, but the following clause in its ordinary contract governs those whom we may insure: The insured may serve in the Militia or in the Army or Navy of the United States in time of peace, or for the purpose of preserving order in case of riot, but in time of war, before engaging in hostilities, a written permission must be obtained from the Company, for which an extra premium will be charged annually, until the insured, after such service has terminated, has passed a medical examination satis- factory to the Company. In case of the death of the insured during or after such service in war without such permit, the liability of the Company shall be limited to the net reserve on this policy at the time of the death of the insured, as computed upon the Actuary's table of mortality, at four per cent, interest. 47 This same answer applies to sailors and officers of the U. S. Navy, and the quotation given above from our policy contract answers your question regarding the restrictions upon present policy-holders. John W. Pulis, Manager, Ordinary Department. THE BANKERS LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, New York City. This Company accepts applications upon the lives of commissioned officers of the U. S. Army, U. S. Navy and Marine Corps. When a policy is issued upon any such application, a permit, copy of which is enclosed, accom- panies the policy. Sailors or enlisted men in any branch of the United States service are not insurable in this Company. J. G. Atkinson, M. D., Medical Director. WAR PERMIT ISSUED BY THE COMPANY. Permission is hereby given to insured by Policy No. to serve as officer in the U. S. Army and U. S. Navy, and while in such service to proceed wherever and whenever ordered by the United States Government, and under such orders to perform duty at any military station or in the field. He is also permitted to engage in Indian warfare, and to handle gun- powder or other explosives to such an extent as may be required in the discharge of his official duties. Provided, That in case of civil war, or of war levied by or against a foreign power of government, he shall pay such equitable extra premium or premiums as may be fixed by the Company, which, if not paid at the beginning of said war, shall be a lien upon the policy, and shall, with interest, be deducted from any dividends credited to said policy, or from the insurance money in case of death before a dividend is credited. This Agreement will not keep the above policy in force unless the regular premiums are duly paid and the other covenants are observed. 48 THE BERKSHIRE LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Pittsfield, Mass. The policies of this Company contain a clause that the insured shall not at any time without the consent of the Company in writing, engage in Military or Naval service in time of war. The Company does not place any re- strictions other than contained in its policy contract, upon persons insuring in the Company. Theo. L. Allen, Acting Secretary. THE BROOKLYN LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, New York City. In general reply to your inquiry, we enclose an excerpt from our "Instructions to Agents," which comprises the information asked as to Army and Navy rates. Present policy-holders are restricted from service in the Army and Navy, except under condition of paying an extra premium, such as we may deem warranted for the risk. (See "Provisions, Guarantees and Benefits" in enclosed sample policy.) Our experience during the Spanish War was very limited; we lost one life-died in one of the home camps, of disease-out of a very small number of insured who went into service. We made no thorough investigation of the number of the latter, but assume from the number of permits asked that there were less than ten to twenty. Of course there may have been a greater number, but we are inclined to think that the above represents the limit. W. M. Cole, President. 49 Extract from Provisions of Company's Policies. In case the insured, shall engage in an occupation, service or under- taking more hazardous than that stated in his application, notification thereof shall be sent to the home office of the Company as promptly as practicable, and the insured shall pay for a permit such annual extra premium as the Company shall charge, until he shall thereafter pass a medical examination satisfactory to the Company. In case of the death of the insured during or after engaging in such occupation, service or undertaking without such permit, the liability of the Com- pany shall be limited to the then net reserve for this policy, computed according to the standard of the State of New York. The insured may serve in the Militia or in the Army or Navy of the United States, in time of peace, or for the purpose of preserving order in case of riot. Extract from "Instructions to Agents." All extra premiums are percentages on the amount of the insur- ance. Persons in active service during war, in the Army 5 per cent. Persons in active service during war, in the Navy. 5 to 10 " Persons in active service during war, in the (monitors) Navy 5 to 10 " case of riot. THE CENTRAL LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY, Des Moines, Ia. We do not insure privates or commissioned officers of the U. S. Army; and, secondly, we do not insure sailors and officers of the U. S. Navy. Our policies do not cover war risks at all without a special permit. In case of death during service in war without a permit we would pay the reserve on the policy only. H. G. Everett, Secretary. THE COLONIAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Jersey City, N. J. This Company makes no restrictions as to military and naval service, except in the case of war, when written con- sent of the Company is required. As to the last half of 50 question No. 3, I would state that our policies contain no restrictions as to residence. E. J. Heppenheimer, Secretary. THE CONNECTICUT GENERAL LIFE INS. CO., Hartford, Conn. When war with Spain was declared, our agents were advised that we preferred not to accept any war risks, but to any assured who might go to war we would grant per- mits upon their giving note for five per cent., conditioned that if the experience of the Company showed that the risk had been less than that, a reduction would be made, so that only the actual cost of the Company should be charged to such risks. We do not have applications for permits for such service at present. If we should have, I think we would adhere to the above requirements. We have not for some time insured any officers or sailors of the Navy. Our present policies do require per- mits to engage in the service of the Army or Navy. It seems to us that this is but fairly due all policy-holders, and that premiums should be graded to the risk assumed as nearly as it is possible to do so. T. W. Russell, President. THE CONNECTICUT MUTUAL LIFE INS. CO., Hartford, Conn. Our policies contain the following condition: "3d. That the following risks are not assumed by this Company under this contract: Death * * * * while in any military or naval service in time of war, * * * * or in service on any water * * * * without the consent of this Company previously given in writing." All insur- ances are made subject to this condition. Answering now your questions: 51 i. We do insure privates and officers in the U. S. Army subject to the condition above named. 2. We do not insure common sailors upon the lakes or ocean. We do insure officers in the Navy subject to the above condition. I do not recall that we have ever had an application from an enlisted man in the Navy. 3. Substantially the same restrictions as regards military and naval service are found in all our policies. Our present policy-holders are not restricted from enlist- ment save by such condition. We are accustomed to giving free permits of the forms enclosed to officers in the Army and Navy when desired. The form for officers in the Army is probably not needed by such officers insured under our present contracts. When permits are required for active service in war, or for service on the part of the Army officers outside the temperate zones, the Company fixes such rate as may seem to them proper. D. H. Wells, Actuary. Army Permit Issued by the Company. Permission is hereby given to insured under Policy No. , to serve as an officer in the U. S. Army, and while in such service to proceed wherever and when- ever ordered by the U. S. Government, and under such orders to perform duty at any military station or in the field. He is also permitted to engage in Indian warfare, and to handle gunpowder or other explosives to such an extent as may be required in the dis- charge of his official duties. Provided, that before he shall engage in actual hostilities during civil war, or war levied by or against a foreign power or government or serve at any station or in the field outside the temperate zones, he shall pay an extra premium to be fixed by the Company. Navy Permit Issued by the Company. Policy No. on the life of In consideration of the sum of Dollars, receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, the said insured is hereby permitted, without prejudice to the Insurance under said Policy, to be employed as an officer of the U. S. Navy on service as may be 52 required of him in time of peace, until the day of but the Insurance under said Policy shall not extend to death in or by war, or by any of the risks, casualties, or consequences of war. THE EQUITABLE LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY, New York City. i. The Society does not assure the lives of ordinary professional soldiers, but commissioned officers of the U. S. Army are accepted with special conditions as to service abroad-since May 2, 1901, in a special dividend class, without extra premium, if not under orders for Tropical Service. 2. The Society does not issue policies upon the lives of ordinary seamen in the Navy, but does accept Navy officers in a special dividend class without extra premium. 3. Present policy-holders are not restricted in any way against enlisting in either the Army or Navy, but in the latter case, the sea risk is not covered for the first year after the policy is issued, which is the probationary period in which the likelihood of change of occupation is tested ; and in the former case, whilst a policy-holder may become a professional soldier at any time, the general conditions of the policy will not permit him to perform military serv- ice in war without a special permit, although inasmuch as travel and residence in the Tropics after the probation- ary period of one year are not forbidden, it is not intended to forbid military service there in time of peace after the same period in the case of a policy-holder in non-military employment, at the time of assuring and apparently likely to so remain. The Society's general policy provision in respect to military or naval service in time of war is appended. Samuel Frost, Recorder. XI. Service in War.-Military or naval service in war are not 53 risks assumed by the Society under this contract, unless the assured shall cause to be sent to the Head Office of the Society in the City of New York in advance by registered mail, a written notice of his desire to be classed for one year as a member of the Society's Yearly War Class, in which class no extra premium will be required in ad- vance, but the actual losses to the Society by war will be annually apportioned among the members of the said Class on the basis of the amounts assured under their contracts. This apportionment (which it is guaranteed will not exceed 10 per cent, of the amount assured in any one year) may then either be paid in cash, or charged by the Society as a lien, with interest, against any moneys payable under each contract respectively. Pending such apportionment, a sum equal to 10 per cent, of its face will be withheld by the Society in the settlement of each maturing contract. Such mailing of notice shall be the sole and essential requisite for entrance into this War Class and in acceptation of its conditions of membership, and shall act as a waiver of all restrictions against military or naval service in war. In the event of the death of the Assured through service in war without membership in the Yearly War Class as thus defined, and without first obtaining a special permit for such service, the reserve under the policy only will be due. THE EQUITABLE LIFE INS. CO. OF IOWA, Des Moines, Ia. Your letter relating to Army and Navy risks has been received, and in reply to questions Nos. i and 2, our answer is " No " in each case. As to No. 3, will say that during the late Spanish and Philippine wars, it has been our practice to issue permits to policy-holders where they have been insured some time, charging an extra premium varied somewhat according to the branch of service, and also the particular portion of the country in which they were engaged, the extra premium running from one to three per cent, of the amount insured. As requested, I enclose form of permit used. In con- nection with the matter will say, that we had very few policy-holders in the Military service and none at all, so far as we know, in the Naval service. And at the present 54 time, I don't think we have a policy-holder serving in either branch. Cyrus Kirk, Vice-President. THE FIDELITY MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO., Philadelphia, Pa. This Company insures both commissioned officers and privates of the U. S. Army upon any of its deferred divi- dend plans with the following restriction: Military or naval service in time of war or traveling or residing south of the Tropic of Cancer or North of the sixtieth degree, North Latitude, Western Hemisphere, requires the written consent of the President and the payment of an extra premium, in order to avoid scaling of policy as provided by the rules of the Company. The extra premium in order to secure permit amounts to from $25 to $50 dollars per $1,000 yearly, depending on the character of the military service and the kind of policy. The rule of the Company with reference to scaling of policy is embodied in the following war permit: The Company's "War Permit." Permit is hereby granted to the insured under this policy to engage in the military or naval service of the United States in time of war, in the Tropics or elsewhere, without limitation or restriction, pro- vided that the liability of the Company on account of this policy shall be reduced such an amount, as determined by the Actuary, as will cover the excess of mortality incident to such service over the ordinary mortality experienced by the Company; but in no event shall such reduction, in lieu of the payment of an extra premium, be more than fifty per centum. In the event of cessation of active military service, and upon return from the Tropics to any of the States of the United States, and the insured shall present a medical certificate of good health satisfactory to the Company, then this clause shall be removed by endorsement on the policy, and the Com- pany shall be liable for the full amount payable under the same. The Company insures sailors and officers of the U. S. Navy under the same provisions and conditions as applied 55 to the commissioned officers and privates in the U. S. Army. The present policy-holders of the Company are merely restricted in the sense that a permit and payment of an extra premium is necessary to avoid scaling of policy in case of military or naval service in time of war or traveling or residing south of the Tropic of Cancer. In time of peace, there are no restrictions, except the geographical already referred to. L. G. Fouse, President. THE GERMANIA LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, New York City. Our policy form contains two permanent conditions (continuing after the first year), the first being that the premiums shall be paid, and the second prohibiting " any service in war. " In case of death in such service, in the absence of per- mit, we return the whole reserve in case the Policy has been three years in force. When any war occurs, in which any of our insured may participate, we consider the subject and determine what our course shall be. In the case of the recent war with Spain, we gave free permits to all persons who applied for them and who were insured with us before the outbreak of the war, to engage in the military service of the United States in this country or outside of it. After the treaty of peace was concluded and our government engaged in war with the Filipinos, we declined and still decline to grant permits to serve there. We treat officers and men of the U. S. Navy in the same manner as we do officers and soldiers of the U. S. Army. C. Doremus, President. 56 THE HARTFORD LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Hartford, Conn. We insure privates and commissioned officers in the U. S. Army, with the condition that the policy shall not attach in time of actual warfare without a written permit from the President or Secretary, and insure sailors or offi- cers of the U. S. Navy on the same conditions. The present policy-holders are restricted from enlist- ment in the U. S. Army or Navy in time of war. During the Spanish war we made special provisions for their protection, charging an extra premium during their actual service beyond the territorial limits of the United States. Chas. H. Bacall, Secretary. THE HOME LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, New York City. The Company will consider applications for insurance on the lives of men in the U. S. Military or Naval Service. In event of war service or of the policy-holder being assigned to service in any of the foreign possessions of the United States, written permission of the President, Vice- President or Secretary of the Company must be previously obtained ; an extra premium, commensurate to the risk in each particular case, being chargeable. The present policy-holders are restricted from engaging in military or naval service in time of war, unless the written permission of an authorized officer of the Com- pany has been previously obtained. In case of death from service in war without such permission, the liability of the Company shall not exceed the net reserve of the policy computed according to the Combined Experience Table of Mortality with interest at four per centum per annum. William M. St. John, Vice-President. 57 THE ILLINOIS LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Chicago, III. The policies issued by us previous to October, 1899, provided that the insured thereunder should not engage in military or naval service in time of war without a per- mit, but we had no experience under them with war risks. The policies issued since that time provide that after one year a single extra premium of $50 shall be charged the insured if he engages in military or naval service in time of war, no restriction being made as to the territory in which he renders service. If not paid by the insured, the single extra premium stands as a lien against the policy. So far we have had no experience under these policies. Edward D. Stevens, Secretary. THE JOHN HANCOCK MUTUAL LIFE INS. CO., Boston, Mass. Privates or commissioned officers of the U. S. Army we insure on the same terms as any healthy life, subject only to the restrictions in the policy itself. "The risk incurred by military or naval services in the time of war is one not assumed by this contract, and should the insured engage in such service, this policy, except for the amount of the legal net reserve, shall become void. " The same answer applies in case of sailors and officers of the U. S. Navy. The clause regarding service in time of war was in- corporated in our policies just before the beginning of the Spanish war, and those to whom policies were issued prior to that time are not restricted from enlistment in the Army or Navy. Those policies issued since that time are prohibited by the clause in the policy. In a few cases, where the policy-holders were going to the Philippines, or would be in active service, whose policies prohibited such service in time of war, we issued permits, under which 58 they are allowed to serve in this country without voiding the policy, but should they land on any foreign soil, the policy becomes a paid-up for the amount which the reserve under the policy, at the date of such landing, would pur- chase. We do not limit the payment of premiums to two years or more, but would apply the reserve at the end of the first year if the policy had been in force but that length of time. Roland O. Lamb, Secretary. THE KANSAS MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO., Topeka, Kans. This Company writes risks for commissioned officers in the U. S. Army in time of peace without any extra charge. Our policy contracts provide that in case of the death of the insured as a result of military service in time of war, without having previously secured the Company's permission to engage in such service, the Com- pany will be liable for only the reserve under the policy. It has been our custom where officers or privates desired to engage in active service in time of war, to give consent by collecting an additional premium amounting to three per cent, of the face of the policy. J. P. Davis, President. PERMIT FOR MILITARY OR NAVAL SERVICE. In consideration of the sum of Thirty ($30) Dollars, receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, permission is hereby given to John Doe, whose life is insured under policy No. , for $ , issued by The Kansas Mutual Life Insurance Company, of Topeka, Kansas, to engage in the military or naval service of the United States, in time of war, for one year from the date hereof, without prejudice to the insurance under said policy. It is further provided that this permit may be renewed and ex- tended by the further payment of a like sum on or before the day of in each year hereafter, and that the non-payment of 59 this extra premium, when due, or default in the payment of pre- miums stipulated in said policy, when due, shall render this permit null and void. And it is further provided that all the conditions, limitations and requirements of said policy, except as herein expressly modified shall remain in full force. THE MANHATTAN LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, New York City. The Company insures officers of the U. S. Army on the Survivorship Dividend Plan, without any extra charge. All Survivorship Dividend Policies, however, contain a clause that within two years from date of issue, the insured shall not, without the written permit of the Company, go to or remain in the Philippine Islands, at any time of the year, or Cuba or Porto Rico between May ist and November 30th. The Company insures officers of the U. S. Navy on the Survivorship Dividend Plan, without any extra charge. All Survivorship Dividend Policies, however, contain a clause that within two years from date of issue, the insured shall not, without the written permit of the Company, go to or remain in the Philippine Islands at any time of the year, or Cuba or Porto Rico between May ist and November 30th. In the case of a naval officer who went to Cuba or the Philippines within two years from date of being insured, we would not charge him any extra unless he was on shore duty in the Islands. Our present Survivorship Dividend policy-holders in time of peace can enlist in the U. S. Army or Navy. If, however, they are assigned to the foreign service, the above-mentioned clause will be applicable. M. W. Torrey, Actuary. 60 WAR PERMIT ISSUED BY THE COMPANY. Permission is hereby given to insured under Policy No. to serve as an officer in the Navy (or Army) of the United States of America, in time of peace, in all parts of the world, and while in such service to proceed or remain wherever ordered by the lawful authorities of the United States, provided that in case of war levied by or against a foreign power or government, or of insurrection, or of civil war, he shall pay in cash such extra premium or premiums upon said policy as may be fixed by the Company, which extra premium in no event shall exceed five percent. (5#) of the amount insured. This agreement will not keep the said policy in force unless the regular premiums are duly paid and its other covenants are observed, and notice of the entry of the insured upon active service where hostilities exist under either of provisos mentioned above shall be given to the Company in writing by the insured as soon as it may reasonably be done. THE MARYLAND LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Baltimore, Md. The policies of this Company except from their pro- visions the risks of military service in time of war. The Company would grant insurance to officers or enlisted men in the U. S. Army or in the Navy, but in the case of military service in time of war an extra premium would be charged, in proportion to the estimated risk, including those of battle and of disease, whether incident to climate or hardship. The Company has refused to issue policies to applicants who sought insurance for the reason that they were about to be sent upon military service in the Tropics. Clayton C. Hall, Actuary. THE MASSACHUSETTS MUTUAL LIFE INS. CO., Springfield, Mass. Since the ist of January, 1901, we have declined to consider applications from officers in the army except 61 those connected with the Ordnance Department and Signal Corps, not below the rank of captain. These appli- cants are required to sign an extra premium agreement which requires the payment of $50 per thousand per annum for the first two years in case they are assigned to duty south of the 24th parallel of north latitude. The Company considers applications for life insurance from commissioned officers, warrant officers and chief petty officers of the U. S. Navy. If applications are approved, our regular forms of policies are issued, which forbid the holders without the written consent of the Company to engage in military or naval service in time of war ; but a permit is issued with each such policy authorizing the holder to engage in such service upon the payment of an extra premium not exceeding three per cent, of the amount insured, such extra premium to be due im- mediately when a state of war is recognized as existing, and thereafter the same extra premium annually, so long as the war continues and the policy remains in force. All our policies forbid military or naval service in time of war without written permission of the Company, but in case a policy-holder should receive an appointment to the army or navy in either of the above positions above enumerated, the Company would undoubtedly issue its permits in accordance with the above conditions. The Company does not issue policies to enlisted men in the U. S. Army. H. M. Phillips, Secretary. THE MERIDIAN LIFE AND TRUST COMPANY, Indianapolis, Ind. We do not insure privates or commissioned officers of the U. S. Army, or sailors or officers of the U. S. Navy. Our application provides, "that active service in the 62 army or navy in time of war shall invalidate this insur- ance, unless a permit for such services shall have been applied for and granted by said Company. " Inasmuch as we are only operating in Indiana and are as yet a very small company, we have never had a policy- holder enlisted in the Army, and our Board of Directors has as yet taken no action with reference to granting permits to enter the service. I can only say what I think our Board of Directors would do in the cases suggested by your questions and that is to decide each case on its merits and according to strict business principles. Wm. M. Aydelotte, Vice-President. THE METROPOLITAN LIFE INSURANCE CO., New York City. This Company does not now insure privates of the U. S. Army, but accepts applications on commissioned officers. Officers of the U. S. Navy are insured, but no sailors. No restrictions as to enlistment in the Army or Navy are placed on present policy-holders, nor are special pro- visions made in the cases of policy-holders already enlisted, in the event of their being assigned to foreign service. We enclose herewith specimen of the Army and Navy clause now used by the Company. Geo. B. Woodward, Secretary. Military and Naval Clause in Company's Applications. Having applied to the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company for insurance on my life, and, as an inducement to said Company to grant said application, I hereby agree that if a policy be issued, it shall be with the distinct understanding and agreement that said policy shall be void in the event of my leaving the United States, and that I accept as binding upon myself and the beneficiary desig- nated in said policy, the condition inserted therein, reading as follows: 63 " Permission is hereby given to the life insured to engage in mil- itary or naval service in the United States; the policy shall be void and all payments made thereon forfeited to the Company, except as provided in the concessions relating to paid-up policies, when the insured under this policy leaves the United States. THE MICHIGAN MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO., Detroit, Mich. Replying to the inquiries, we refer to the clause in this Company's policies, regarding occupation, which reads in part as follows: " nor shall he enter any military or naval service whatsoever (the militia not in active service ex- cepted), without first obtaining the written consent of the Company." This consent has been given commissioned officers with the proviso that, if assigned to service outside the United States, $30 per $1,000 extra premium must be paid in cash. The incontestable clause makes all poli- cies incontestable after three years. Policies three years old are not restricted. Applicants now engaged in foreign service are not accepted. If accepted while in service in this country, an extra pre- mium must be paid if assigned to foreign service. G. W. Sanders, Actuary. THE MUTUAL BENEFIT LIFE INSURANCE CO., Newark, N. J. In reply to your inquiries, allow us to say that this Company does not issue on the lives of persons in the Army or Navy-either officers or privates. Present policy-holders are restricted for two years from date of their policies, not after that time. Jas. B. Pearson, Vice-President. 64 THE MUTUAL LIFE INS. CO. OF KENTUCKY, Louisville, Ky. In reply to your first question, I will answer, no. In reply to the second question will answer, no. For answer to the third question, will state that our present policy- holders are not restricted in any way as to the occupation they choose to follow. In further explanation of the answers to questions one and two, will say that our solici- tors are instructed not to solicit risks of this kind, and in our instructions to agents, in the prohibited list, soldiers, sailors and military and naval officers, sheriffs and their deputies are included. In regard to accepting soldiers, will say that our experi- ence in the late war was very satisfactory; our actual loss being two, the amount of insurance $6,000. One of these parties died at Havana, of small-pox; the other was killed in the Philippines. David Meriwether, Secretary. THE NATIONAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Montpelier, Vt. The National Life of Montpelier, Vt., does not now insure privates or commissioned officers of the U. S. Army, or sailors and officers of the U. S. Navy. The present policy-holders of this Company are not restricted from enlistment in the U. S. Army or Navy. Recent experience of the Company with war risks was wholly favorable. There was no loss at all in the Navy, and in the Army only a few cases from natural causes. The war risk was assumed by the Company at the outset of the Spanish-American War without charge to the insured and without prejudice to the insurance and this rule was applied uniformly to all policy-holders. Joseph A. De Boer, 2d Vice-President. 65 THE NATIONAL LIFE INS. CO. OF THE U. S. OF A., Chicago, III. Replying to your inquiry as to this Company's attitude with reference to war risks, we quote the following clause from our application, which is made a part of the policy: Military and Naval service in time of war are prohibited, unless a special permit be issued by the Company. In case of death from service in war, or in consequence thereof, without such permit, the Reserve, by the Actuaries' Experience Table of Mortality, and four per cent, interest will be paid. C. E. Mabie, President. THE NEW ENGLAND MUTUAL LIFE INS. CO. Boston, Mass. We are not writing any risks for residence in Cuba, Porto Rico or Manila or generally for the Tropics, unless applicants have become acclimated by length of residence or by having had yellow fever. Naval risks will be considered because there is a certain immunity from disease due to the vigilance of the officers in leaving a bad for a good or better position. Army risks in the above localities will not be considered at present. Benj. F. Stevens, President. THE NEW YORK LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, New York City. The New York Life insures Warrant Officers and Commissioned Officers in the U. S. Navy at participat- ing rates. The policies are placed in an "Army and Navy Class" as to surplus, and the mortality in this class is taken into consideration in the apportionment of sur- plus. There are no restrictions in the policy regarding residence or travel. 66 The New York Life insures non-commissioned and com- missioned officers in the U. S. Army at participating rates. The policies are placed in the Army and Navy Class, as explained above. The policy is issued subject to a condition that if the insured is ordered to the Tropics, the Company's Tropical rate must be paid, together with extra premiums, as follows: If ordered to the Philippines the Company's Tropical rate and a single extra of $50 is charged. If ordered to Cuba the Tropical premium and an extra of $15 is charged for the first year; $10 for the second year and $5 for the third year. If ordered to Puerto Rico the Tropical premium is charged but no extra. Policies issued on the lives of civilians contain no re- strictions as to residence, travel, or military service. If it should appear, however, in the application that the party contemplates engaging in hazardous occupation, visiting an unhealthy clime, or enlisting in the Army or Navy, policy is issued on conditions that would safeguard the Company's interests. John B. Lunger, Managing Actuary. THE NORTHWESTERN MUTUAL LIFE INS. CO., Milwaukee, Wis. This Company does not insure privates or commissioned officers in the U. S. Army under any circumstances. Second, the Company does not insure officers nor sailors in the U. S. Navy. After two years, under the policy contracts of this Com- pany, there are no restrictions as to service in the Army or Navy. H. F. Norris, Asst. Supt. of Agencies. CIRCULAR TO AGENTS, No. 37. WAR RISKS NOT DESIRED. By Circular to Agents No. 36 you were advised that the Executive 67 Committee of the Board of Trustees had authorized the issuance of war permits upon terms specified in said circular and under policies less than two years old and then in force or that might thereafter be issued. The action of the Executive Committee was taken for the purpose of protecting the interests of all policy-holders in this Com- pany to the fullest extent consistent with mutuality and sound, con- servative business principles, but the Company does not desire to increase its membership by writing new insurance upon persons who contemplate entering either the military or naval service, nor will it knowingly issue policies to such persons, even upon payment of the extra premium. We shall therefore expect every agent of the Com- pany to carefully and scrupulously guard its interests by not soliciting or writing the application of any one who expects to enter active military or naval service. Willard Merrill, Milwaukee, Wis., April 23, 1898. Vice-President. THE PACIFIC MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO., San Francisco, Cal. Our Company does not write life insurance on officers or privates in the Army, or upon officers or sailors in the Navy. When a man already insured with us desires to go to war, it can be arranged by the securing of a permit, in return for a reasonable charge, which is fixed at the time the privilege is desired. E. F. Holmes, Secretary, Eastern Department. THE PENN MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO., Philadelphia, Pa. (i) We do not insure privates in the Army or ordinary seamen in the Navy. (2) Nor have we adopted any general rule regarding officers, owing to the complications in the far East, in which both Army and Navy have been employed. Where officers have applied to us, our action has been as 68 liberal as the circumstances of the individual cases have justified. (3) Policy-holders accepted while engaged in other occupations are not restricted from enlisting in the Army or Navy. John J. McCloy, Supervisor of Applications. THE PHCENIX MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO., Hartford, Conn. This Company does not now issue policies on the lives of privates or commissioned officers of the U. S. Army for any amount on any plan, and would not insure sailors, though it would insure officers in the U. S. Navy under the present form of policy issued by this Company, that is, the one in vogue since 1889. A person, after two years have elapsed from the date of the issuance of the policy, can engage in any occupation he chooses. Chas. H. Lawrence, Secretary. THE PRESBYTERIAN MINISTERS' FUND, Philadelphia, Pa. We insure only clergymen Presbyterially governed. We do not discriminate against army service. Our pol- icy-holders serve as chaplains in the army without im- pairing their policy contract. P. S. Allen, Secretary. THE PROVIDENT LIFE AND TRUST COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa. Before the Spanish War, we granted permits to Army and Navy officers to be engaged in such service and to 69 travel anywhere, with the reservation that if death occurred in consequence of wounds received in a hostile engagement, we would be liable for the Reserve only. Under the circumstances as they existed, we did not think that the climatic hazard was considerably increased. But with the greatly changed conditions following the ter- ritorial enlargement of the United States, we have discon- tinued the use of the permit referred to, and have not yet come to a definite conclusion on the subject. The question is a very difficult one. J. Ashbrook, Manager of Insurance Department. THE PROV. SAVINGS LIFE ASSURANCE SOC'Y., New York City. The Provident Savings contracts contain the following provisions, as set forth in the application and policy: policy conditions: This policy shall be indisputable after two years from its date of issue, for the amount due, provided the premiums are duly paid as set forth above; except that military or naval service in time of war without a permit are risks not assumed by the Society at any time, further than that the reserve on this policy only will be due and pay- able in case of death from such service. WARRANTY PROVISOS: It is hereby agreed that I will not within two years from the date of said assurance travel or reside in any part of the Torrid Zone or north of the parallel of 60 degrees north latitude, and that I will not, during said two years, personally engage in or other hazardous occupations, except upon the written permission of the Society in every such case. In reply to your inquiry we would say that, under the above described conditions we are insuring and will receive applications from officers and privates in the United States Army. Ordinary sailors in the Navy are 70 not taken, but Naval officers are acceptable. Policy- holders are not prevented from enlisting except as above restricted, and the Society is liberal in granting permits for such service, free, if active hazardous service is not contemplated or likely, and at an extra premium in time of war or in case of hazardous service, at a rate that may seem proper, based on the merits of each case as regards residential or climatic conditions and the actual hazard involved, such rate being from one per cent, to five per cent, of the amount of assurance carried. Ralph K. Hubbard, Comptroller. THE PRUDENTIAL INSURANCE COMPANY, Newark, N. J. With reference to your favor of the 29th ult., regarding our practice in connection with war risks, we would make the following statement in answer to your numbered questions: 1. Yes. When such policies are issued the Army permit is attached. We enclose herewith a copy of the permit now in use for this purpose. This permit pro- vides, in the case of a non-commissioned officer or private, for an extra of $5 per $1,000, payable annually in advance, if the insured shall engage in military service within the limits of the United States proper. In the case of com- missioned officers no extra is charged for service within the United States. The permit further provides that in case the insured, whether a commissioned officer, a non- commissioned officer or a private, shall engage in military service outside the limits of the United States proper he shall be required to pay annually in advance the extra premium prescribed by the Company, which extra shall not exceed $30. We append a table showing the amount of extra per $1,000 which it is our practice to charge 71 members of the Army when engaged in military service in the countries specified. Extra Premium per $1,000. Commissioned Non-Com. Officers Officers. and Privates. Philippines and Guam. $20 $30 Cuba 15 20 Puerto Rico 10 15 As the United States is not engaged at the present time in war with any foreign power the above charge is to be considered in the light of a climatic extra. In case of actual warfare with a foreign power the Military and Naval Service Clause in the policy will apply. 2. Sailors in the U. S. Navy not accepted. Marines ac- cepted on the same terms as privates in the U. S. Army. Officers of marines accepted on the same terms as commis- sioned officers in the U. S. Army. Other naval officers accepted without extra premium, except in special cases. In all such cases where a policy is issued, the Army permit above referred to is attached, with suitable modification in the wording. 3. If a policy is taken out at the present time and the applicant is either already enlisted or expresses his inten- tion of enlisting in the Army or Navy of the United States the policy is issued with a permit such as described in the answer to question No. 1. In the case of present policy- holders, however, all policies now in force which were issued without a permit are unrestricted as to occupation, except as specified in the Military and Naval Clause, a copy of which is attached hereto. It will be seen from the above that in time of peace in case any of our present policy-holders are assigned to foreign service in connection with the army or navy the Company will require no permit and will charge no extra for such service (except, of course, in the few cases de- 72 scribed in the answer to question No. i, where the policy has already been issued with an Army permit). This Company has collected no experience recently with regard to war risks. John K. Gore, Actuary. company's war permit. Permit No. Newark, N. J., 189 Attached to Policy No. In Consideration of the payment of an extra annual premium of ($ ) Dollars (the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged) the Insured is hereby given permission to engage in Military service on behalf of the United States. This permission is granted subject to the following rules and conditions: RULES. An extra premium of Five ($5.00) Dollars per thousand shall be payable annually in advance if the Insured, being a non-commis- sioned officer or private, shall engage in Military service within the limits of the United States proper. An extra premium, as fixed by the Company, not to exceed Thirty ($30.00) Dollars per thousand, shall be payable annually in advance if the insured, whether a commissioned officer, a non-commissioned officer or a private, shall engage in Military service outside the limits of the United States proper. The term "United States proper" herein referred to shall be understood to mean the United States as constituted before the Span- ish War of 1898. CONDITIONS. If the Insured shall engage in Military service for which a higher premium than that already paid would, according to the above rules, be payable this permit shall be null and void. If the Insured shall be mustered out, or having served outside of the United States proper, shall be transferred to service within the United States proper, future extra premiums shall be continued, modified or removed, according to the then state of health of the Insured, as shown by a health certificate, to be furnished either by an accredited examiner of the Company or by a regular army surgeon, provided, however, that in the case of a non-commissioned officer or private 73 continuing service within the United States proper, such extra pre- mium shall not be less than Five ($5.00) Dollars per $1,000. The Company will pay the usual fee for this certificate. If at the time of removal or reduction of the extra premium there be any portion unused, the surplus, after deducting expenses for health certificate, will be placed to the credit of the policy to be used in payment of the next premium or premiums falling due. All the provisions of the policy not modified hereby, shall be con- tinued in force, but if said extra premium be not paid when due, the policy shall be void except as therein provided. MILITARY AND NAVAL CLAUSE IN COMPANY'S POLICIES. Military and Naval Service.-The Insured may serve in the Militia or in the Army or Navy of the United States, in time of peace or for the purpose of preserving order in case of riot; but in time of war, before engaging in hostilities, a written permit must be obtained from the Company, for which an extra premium will be charged annually until the Insured, after such service is terminated, has passed a medical examination satisfactory to the Company. In case of the death of the Insured during or after service in war without such permit, the liability of the Company shall be limited to the net reserve on this Policy at the time of death of the Insured, computed according to the legal standard of the State of New Jersey. THE ROYAL UNION MUTUAL LIFE INS. CO., Des Moines, Ia. We do not insure either officers or privates in the U. S. Army. Neither do we insure sailors or officers in the Navy. And we do not allow our policy-holders to engage in military or naval service in time of war without a written permit from this Company. In case they do engage in such service, and death ensues as a result of this service, they are entitled to only the legal reserve on their policies. Joseph G. Gardner, Comptroller. 74 THE SECURITY MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO., Binghamton, N. Y. Policy-holders in our Company are not restricted from entering the Army or Navy, but in case of death resulting from gun-shot wounds, they will receive on their policies only the amount of money which they have paid in premiums; otherwise, entering the Army or Navy would have no effect. Chas. M. Turner, Secretary and General Manager. THE SECURITY TRUST AND LIFE INS. CO. Philadelphia, Pa. First:-We do insure commissioned officers and privates in the United States Army, without imposing an extra premium when not engaged in war or when they are not in any kind of service in the Torrid Zone. Second:-' ' Does your Company insure officers or sailors in the United States Navy, and if so, on what terms?" Answer:-The same as to number one. Third:-" Are present policy-holders in your Company restricted from enlisting or serving in the Army or Navy? If so, what are the restrictions?" Answer:-The pro- vision in our policy is in the following language:- risks not assumed:-" Military or Naval service in time of war unless the written permission of the Company has been previously obtained." Geo. B. Luper, General Manager. THE STATE LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Indianapolis, Ind. This Company does not care to insure either privates or commissioned officers in the Army, but we do so occasionally. In case of military or naval service in time of war, an extra premium is charged. 75 After two years our policies are incontestable as to residence anywhere, but would not be valid during the first two years after the insurance is issued in case of residence in the tropics. We do not insure sailors or officers of the U. S. Navy, but in case of application from such parties, the same rules apply as regarding U. S. Army apolicants. W.'S. Wynn, Secretary. THE STATE MUTUAL LIFE ASSURANCE CO., Worcester, Mass. Our policy does not allow service in the Army except upon application to the Company for a permit, and for this permit, it is agreed that an extra premium may be charged. Our policy also prohibits residence in the tropics during certain seasons of the year, at least during the first two years of the policy. It would not, therefore, be attractive to persons in active service in the Army or Navy, who might be ordered to the tropics. These statements refer to the policies which we are issuing now. There are a good many of our policies out- standing which have no limitation as to the active service in the Army or Navy. At the breaking out of the late war, we issued a form of permit which covered service in the Military or Naval forces of the United States in time of war, within its terri- torial limits, for a period ending December 31, 1899, without extra charge. We are expecting in the near future to give consider- ation to the matter of insuring applicants who enlist for foreign service, but are not prepared at present to give any statement of what the final plan will be. A. G. Bullock, President. 76 THE SUN LIFE INSURANCE CO., OF AMERICA, Louisville, Ky. We are doing scarcely anything but industrial insur- ance, and place no restriction on any of our policy-holders joining the Army or Navy, and if such choose to go to the Philippines or any of the islands where we have difficulty, we make no difference or extra charges. M. W. Adams, President. THE TRAVELERS INSURANCE COMPANY, Hartford, Conn. With the exception of a few special cases, we have de- clined taking out insurance on privates or commissioned officers of the U. S. Army for the past two or three years. Our policies, of course, do not cover the hazard of war. We have not had enough cases to result in our establishing a very definite set of rules. At present we are willing to run the risk as far as be- longing to the U. S. Army is concerned, unless the in- sured is ordered to the Philippines, to Alaska or to Cuba during the summer months. We try to ascertain, when the risk is taken out, whether or not there is any chance of the insured being ordered to the Philippines, but if the policy has been in force for two years we do not feel that we can draw the lines as strict as we should often like to do. The war hazard has varied so within the last few years that we have not established any cast iron rules and do not feel at present like establishing any such regulations. H. J. Messenger, Actuary. 77 THE UNION CENTRAL LIFE INSURANCE CO., Cincinnati, O. This Company does not seek at the present time insur- ance upon the lives of either commissioned officers or privates in the U. S. Army. The present policy-holders of the Company are required in case they should enlist in the Army or Navy to obtain from the Company a written permit, for which no extra charge would be made except in case of war, or being assigned to service in the West Indies or Philippines. In that event an extra charge of three per cent, per annum of the amount of the policy is made for the time the in- sured is absent from the mainland of the United States. E. P. Marshall, Secretary. THE UNION MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO., Portland, Me. Replying to your letter, ' ' No " is the correct answer to questions Nos. i and 2 in your favor, but what action we should take in relation to question No. 3 would depend upon the conditions in the policy. After the first of January next some changes will be made in our policy forms. From that date we shall have an " Incontestable after one year" clause, and a warranty clause in the application. J. Frank Lang, Secretary. THE UNITED STATES LIFE INSURANCE CO., New York City. For many years past our policies have become practi- cally indisputable after a very short period after issue, and therefore upon all such policies after having passed 78 the period of contestability, we assume the hazard of war in case of enlistment. Also on policies of dates preceding these issues, we concluded in the late war to take our chance of enlistment and exposure to active service, etc. Our present policies are indisputable after one year from date of issue, provided the premiums are paid, but we do not care to write upon army or navy officers who are liable to be called upon for active service, or subject to the exposure of undue climatic hazard; and in the case of persons who are not now engaged in military or naval service, but who may hereafter enlist in either branch, we explicitly avoid this risk during the period of one year of disputability of the contract, feeling that it is particu- larly incumbent upon a comparatively small company not to subject itself to an adverse selection by the assumption of special hazards of this kind, and it is not our custom to offer any encouragment in the way of insurance either to those who may now be engaged in military or naval ser- vice, or to those who may by enlistment become engaged therein within one year from date of issue of the policy. We, however, feel that if a policy is issued in good faith to a person now engaged in some bona fide occupation, the hazards of which we are willing to accept, we can also accept the chances involved in some change of occupation a year or more after the policy is issued to him. George H. Burford, President. THE WASHINGTON LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, New York City. In reply to your inquiries, I beg to advise you that this Company at present does not write policies on officers or men of either the U. S. Army or U. S. Navy. Present policy-holders of the Company are restricted from enlisting, or serving in the Army or Navy, unless the 79 written consent of the Company is secured, and an extra premium of five per cent, of the amount of the policy annually paid during the period of service. Graham H. Brewer, Secretary. THE WESTERN AND SOUTHERN LIFE INS. CO., Cincinnati, O. We place no restrictions in the policies for policy-holders who engage in the service of the Navy and Army of the United States. W. J. Williams, Secretary. 80 V.-THE VARIOUS AMERICAN LIFE INSURANCE COMPANIES* LATEST POLICY CONDITIONS AND WARRANTY PROVISOS REGARDING MILITARY OR NAVAL SERVICE IN TIME OF WAR, AND TRAVEL OR RESIDENCE IN THE TROPICS, ETC. THE /ETNA LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Hartford, Conn. POLICY CONDITIONS. If the insured shall, within one year from the date hereof, * * * or during the months of July, August, September or October, within said one year shall travel or reside south of the 32d degree of north latitude, or shall at any time within said one year travel or reside north of the 6oth degree of north latitude, then in each and every of the foregoing cases this policy shall be null and void. If the insured shall at any time be engaged in army or naval service without a per- mit therefor signed by an executive officer of said Company, then this policy shall ,be null and void, but after one year from the date hereof and before such service is entered upon, a permit therefor will be granted, if requested, in consideration of an extra premium of not exceeding two and one-half per cent, of the sum insured, payable annually in advance. WARRANTY PROVISOS. None. THE AMERICAN CENTRAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Indianapolis, Ind. POLICY CONDITIONS. This policy shall be incontestable from date of issue, * * * pro- vided the agreements as to military and naval service in time of war, * * * as provided in the application, shall be observed. 81 WARRANTY PROVISOS. I hereby expressly agree that * * * active service in the army of navy, in time of war, shall invalidate said insurance, unless a per- mit for such service shall have been applied for in writing, and an extra premium paid therefor on notification; that I will not. within one year from the date of the policy, travel or reside north of the both degree of north latitude on the American Continent. THE ATLANTIC MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Greenfield, Mass. POLICY CONDITIONS. None. WARRANTY PROVISOS. I also warrant and agree * * * that if within two years from the date of the contract, issued upon this application, I shall reside or travel in the Torrid Zone * * * the contract hereby applied for shall thereupon become null and void. I further agree that I will not, during the continuance of this policy, without the written con- sent of the Company, for which an extra premium may be charged, engage in any military or naval service in time of war. THE BALTIMORE LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Baltimore, Md. POLICY CONDITIONS. The insured may serve in the militia or in the army or navy of the United States in time of peace, or for the purpose of preserving order in case of riot; but in time of war, before engaging in hostilities, a written permission must be obtained from the Company, for which an extra premium will be charged annually until the insured, after such service is terminated, has passed a medical examination satis- factory to the Company. In case of the death of the insured during or after service in war without such permit, the liability of the Com- pany shall be limited to the net reserve on this policy at the time of the death of the insured as computed upon the Actuaries' Table of Mortality with four per cent, interest. WARRANTY PROVISOS. None. 82 THE BANKERS LIFE INSURANCE CO., OF NEBRASKA, Lincoln, Neb. POLICY CONDITIONS. After two years from date of issue, the only conditions which shall be binding upon the holder of this bond are, that the premiums shall be paid when due and that the requirements of the Company as to military and naval service in time of war shall be observed. WARRANTY PROVISOS. It is also understood and agreed, that if I shall engage in * * * any military or naval service in time of war, without first obtaining the consent of said Company in writing, then the policy shall be null and void, and of no effect. THE BANKERS LIFE INS. CO. OF THE CITY OF N. Y., New York City. POLICY CONDITIONS. Residence or travel outside of the Temperate Zone, engaging in * * * military or naval service in time of war, * * * are risks not assumed within two years after the issuance of this policy, and will render this insurance wholly void, if death occurs within said period. WARRANTY PROVISOS. Applications contain no Warranties. THE BERKSHIRE LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Pittsfield. Mass. POLICY CONDITIONS. That the insured shall not, within two years after the date of this policy, without the written assent of the Company, reside, travel, or visit outside the limits of the United States of America, north of the Tropic of Cancer, the Dominion of Canada, Europe and the Bermuda Islands; but may make voyages upon the high seas, by the usual routes and means of conveyance, to and from ports within these limits. * * * That the insured shall not * * * at any time, * * * without such consent in writing, engage in military or naval service of any kind in time of war. WARRANTY PROVISOS. None. 83 THE BROOKLYN LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, New York City. POLICY CONDITIONS. In case the insured shall engage in an occupation, service or undertaking more hazardous than that stated in his application, notification thereof shall be sent to the home office of the Company as promptly as practicable and the assured shall pay for a permit such annual extra premium as the Company shall charge, until he shall thereafter pass a medical examination satisfactory to the Com- pany. In case of the death of the insured during or after engaging in such occupation, service or undertaking without such permit, the liability of the Company shall be limited to the then net reserve for this policy, computed according to the standard of the State of New York. The insured may serve in the militia or in the army or navy of the United States, in time of peace, or for the purpose of pre- serving order in case of riot. WARRANTY PROVISOS. I hereby warrant and agree not to reside or travel in any part of the Torrid Zone during the next two years following the date of issue of the insurance for which application is hereby made; I also warrant and agree not to engage in the retail sale of liquors, or in any specially hazardous occupation or employment, during the con- tinuance of the policy, without written permission from the Company. (The specially hazardous occupations or employments herein referred to are * * * or any military or naval service in time of war.) THE CANADA LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY, Toronto, Canada. POLICY CONDITIONS. During the first two years from the date of issue of this policy it is hereby made a condition that the assured shall not, without first obtaining permission from the Company, reside or travel elsewhere than in the Dominion of Canada, the United States of America, New- foundland and Europe; * * * nor shall the assured, without previous license, engage in any military or naval service in time of war during the said two years. WARRANTY PROVISOS. None. THE COLONIAL LIFE INSURANCE CO. OF AMERICA, Jersey City, N. J. POLICY CONDITIONS. The insured shall not engage in military or naval service in time of war without the previous written consent of the Company, and as 84 consideration for such consent, it shall be compulsory on the insured to elect between such temporary increase in the amount of premium or such temporary reduction in the amount insured, as the Company shall determine to be proper. In case of the death of the insured from service in time of war, without such permit, the liability of the Company shall be limited to the net reserve on this policy computed according to the Combined Experience Table of Mortality, with com- pound interest at the rate of four per cent, per annum. * * * This policy may be adjusted for misstatement of age but, otherwise, two or more years from its date, the Company shall be debarred from raising any question as to its validity, providing the conditions as to military and naval service in time of war and payment of premiums shall have been complied with. WARRANTY PROVISOS. None. THE CONFEDERATION LIFE ASSOCIATION. Toronto, Canada. POLICY CONDITIONS. None. WARRANTY PROVISOS. None. THE CONNECTICUT GENERAL LIFE INSURANCE CO., Hartford, Conn. POLICY CONDITIONS. None. WARRANTY PROVISOS. That if, within two years from the date of the policy, I shall, with- out the consent of the Company (signed by its president or secretary) travel or reside without the limits of the Temperate Zone, * * * or if, without such consent, during the continuance of the policy, I shall engage in military or naval service in time of war, then in every such case the policy hereby applied for shall become null and void. THE CONNECTICUT MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO., Hartford, Conn. POLICY CONDITIONS. That the following risks are not assumed by this Company under this contract: Death while residing or being, or from any disease contracted while residing or being outside the Temperate Zones (ex- 85 cept when traveling for recreation in civilized countries), or while in any military or naval service in time of war. * * * In each and every of the foregoing cases this policy shall become and be null and void, but the Company will, upon surrender and satisfactory release hereof within one year thereafter and not otherwise, return to the assured the then net reserve upon this policy, computed upon the American Table of Mortality and three per centum compound interest, less any balance of the year's premium when not all paid at the beginning of the year, and any other indebtedness to this Company on account of this policy. WARRANTY PROVISOS. None. THE DES MOINES LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Des Moines, Ia. POLICY CONDITIONS. This policy grants freedom of residence and travel from its date, but in the event of the death of the assured at any time hereafter while engaged, or in consequence of having been engaged in mili- tary or naval service in time of war, riot or insurrection, the sum payable shall be limited to one-half of the sum specified as the amount of insurance on the first page of this policy. WARRANTY PROVISOS. I hereby agree that if within two years I change my occupation to one more hazardous than given in this application, to notify the Company, and procure its consent in writing, and to pay the increased rate of premium charged; failing to do so, the policy to be issued on this application shall be null and void. THE EQUITABLE LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY, New York City. POLICY CONDITIONS. After one year from the date of issue of this policy, there are no restrictions upon travel, residence or occupation, except military or naval service in time of war, as provided in section XI. on third page hereof. For one year after the date of issue of this policy, military or naval service in time of war will be permitted only in accordance with the provisions of section XI. on the third page hereof, and travel or residence in Mexico and the Torrid Zone * * * will render the policy void. XI. Service in War.-Military or naval service in war are not risks assumed by the Society under this contract, unless the assured shall cause to be sent to the head office of the Society in the city of New York in advance by registered mail, a written notice of his desire to be classed for one year as a member of the Society's yearly war class, in which class no extra premium will be required in ad- vance, but the actual losses to the Society by war will be annually 86 apportioned among the members of the said class on the basis of the amounts assured under their contracts. This apportionment (which it is guaranteed will not exceed ten per cent of the amount assured in any one year) may then either be paid in cash, or charged by the Society as a lien, with interest, against any moneys payable under each contract respectively. Pending such apportionment, a sum equal to ten per cent, of its face will be withheld by the Society in the settlement of each maturing contract. Such mailing of notice shall be the sole and essential requisite for entrance into this war class and in acceptation of its conditions of membership, and shall act as a waiver of all restrictions against military or naval service in war. In the event of the death of the assured through service in war without membership in the yearly war class as thus defined, and without first obtaining a special permit for such service, the reserve under the policy only will be due. WARRANTY PROVISOS. None. THE EQUITABLE LIFE INSURANCE CO. OF IOWA, Des Moines, Ia. POLICY CONDITIONS. After two years from date, the only conditions binding upon the holder of this policy are that the premiums shall be paid as required, that the insured shall observe and keep the agreements as to habits, military and naval service, and * * * . WARRANTY PROVISOS. I hereby agree that if within two years from the date hereof I shall travel or reside in any part of the Torrid Zone or north of the parallel of 60 degrees north latitude, or shall engage * * * in military or naval service in time of war * * * any policy issued hereon shall become void and all payments made thereon be for- feited to said Company. I further agree that if I shall engage in said military or naval service, after two years from the date hereof, without the written consent of the Company, and in case of death while so engaged, the Company shall be liable only for the then net reserve on said policy. THE FIDELITY MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa. POLICY CONDITIONS. Military or naval service in time of war, or traveling or residing south of the Tropic of Cancer, or north of the 6oth degree north latitude, western hemisphere, requires the written consent of the president, and the payment of an extra premium, in order to avoid scaling of policy as provided by the rules of the Company. WARRANTY PROVISOS. None. 87 THE FRANKLIN LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY Springfield, III. POLICY CONDITIONS. This policy contains no restrictions whatever upon the insured, in respect either of travel, residence or occupation, except as to service in war. WARRANTY PROVISOS. I agree, * * * that in the event of my death from military or naval service in time of war, without having previously obtained permission from the Company to engage in such service, the liability of the Company on any policy issued hereon, shall be the reserve of said policy only. THE GERMANIA LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, New York City. POLICY CONDITIONS. This policy shall cease and be null, void, and of no effect; and the Company shall not be liable for the payment of the sum assured, or any part thereof, but all premiums previously paid shall be the absolute property of the Company, without any account whatever to be rendered therefor, except as otherwise provided in this policy. * * * (Permanent Conditions.) If the person upon whose life insur- ance is taken shall enter into any service in war; but in case of death in, or in consequence of, such service after three or more full years' premiums shall have been paid, the net reserve of this policy (com- puted according to the Actuaries' Table of Mortality, with interest at four per centum per annum) will be paid. (Temporary Conditions.) If within one year from the date hereof, the person upon whose life insurance is taken shall pass beyond the limits of the United States, excepting into the territory lying in America north of the United States; or enter upon a voyage upon the high seas, except coastwise, without having previously obtained the written consent of the Com- pany ; but permission is hereby given to the said person to travel at any time between the ports of the United States and the ports of Europe, and to travel and reside in Europe. WARRANTY PROVISOS. None. THE GREAT WEST LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY Winnipeg, Manitoba. POLICY CONDITIONS. The insured may reside, or travel, in any part of the world, and engage in any occupation, but not in military or naval service in time of war unless the Company's written permission be previously obtained therefor. If the insured shall die * * * in consequence of * * * 88 engaging in military or naval service in time of war without the Company's written permission, such not being risks insured against, the liability of the Company to pay the amount named on the face of the policy shall cease, but the Company will pay under this policy the full amount of the legal reserve value and no more. WARRANTY PROVISOS. None. THE HARTFORD LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Hartford, Conn. POLICY CONDITIONS. After two years from date hereof, this policy shall be incontestable, except for default in the payment of premiums, military or naval serv- ice in time of war without a written permit signed by the president or secretary, or for * * * . WARRANTY PROVISOS. I hereby agree that I will not travel or reside outside of the Tem- perate Zone, engage in * * * during the next two years follow- ing the date of the issuance of the policy, for which application is now made, or in any military or naval service in time of war, at any time, without first obtaining permission from said Company. THE HOME LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, New York City. POLICY CONDITIONS. After two years from the date hereof the only conditions which shall be binding upon the holder of this policy are, that premiums shall be duly paid and that the requirements of the Company as to age and military or naval service in time of war shall be observed. WARRANTY PROVISOS. I hereby agree * * * that during the continuance of the policy I will not engage in military or naval service in time of war, unless the written permission of the president, vice-president or secretary of the Company has been previously obtained. In case of death from service in war without such permission, the liability of the Company shall not exceed the net reserve of the policy computed according to the Combined Experience Table of Mortality with interest at four per centum per annum. THE ILLINOIS LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Chicago, III. POLICY CONDITIONS. This policy is free from restrictions as to residence, travel and 89 occupation, after one year from date. Travel or residence, by the insured, in the Torrid or Frigid Zones * * * within one year from the date hereof, without first obtaining the Company's permis- sion and the payment of the extra premium required therefor, will render this policy absolutely void. * * * Military or naval service in time of war, within one year from the date hereof, is a risk not assumed by the Company. Military or naval service in time or war, after one year from the date hereof, shall not invalidate this insurance, but the insured shall be bound to pay to the Company a single extra premium of fifty dollars for each one thousand dollars insured to cover the risk of such service, which extra premium, if not paid in cash, shall be a lien upon this policy with interest in advance at five per cent, per annum. WARRANTY PROVISOS. Applications contain no Warranties. THE INTER-STATE LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY, Indianapolis, Ind. POLICY CONDITIONS. This policy shall be indisputable after one year from its date of issue, for the amount due, provided the premiums are duly paid as set forth above, except that military or naval service in time of war without a permit are risks not assumed by the Company at any time, but the reserve on this policy will be due and payable on this policy in case of death from such service. WARRANTY PROVISOS. It is hereby agreed * * * that I will not, within one year from the date of said assurance, reside in any part of the Torrid Zone, or north of the parallel of 60 degrees north latitude, and that I will not during said one year personally engage in * * * or other hazardous occupations, except upon the written permission of the Company in every such case. THE JOHN HANCOCK MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO., Boston, Mass. POLICY CONDITIONS. The risk, occasioned by military or naval service in time of war, is one not assumed by this contract, and should the insured engage in such service, this policy (except for the amount of the legal net reserve) shall become void, unless permission for such service shall have been obtained from the Company over the signature of the president or secretary. * * * This policy shall be incontestable after two years from its date, except for non-payment of premium, or military or naval service in time of war. WARRANTY PROVISOS. None. 90 THE KANSAS MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Topeka, Kan. POLICY CONDITIONS. After two years from date hereof this policy shall be incontestable, except for non-payment of premium when due; provided that in case of the death of the insured as a result of military or naval service in time of war without having previously secured the Company's per- mission in writing to engage in such service, the Company will be liable for only the reserve on this policy, computed according to the Actuaries' Table of Mortality and four per cent, interest. WARRANTY PROVISOS. I hereby agree and warrant, that within the next two years after date of the policy for which I hereby apply, I will not, without the written consent of the Company, reside in the Torrid Zone * * * and that during the continuance of this policy I will not engage in military or naval service in time of war without first obtaining writ- ten permission from the Company. THE LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY OF VIRGINIA, Richmond, Va. POLICY CONDITIONS. In case the insured shall engage in any occupation, or service, or undertaking, more hazardous than that stated in his application, notification thereof shall be sent to the home office of the Company as promptly as practicable, and the insured shall pay the usual extra premium charged in such cases. Should any extra premium be not paid, * * * the amount payable hereunder shall be such propor- tion of the sum insured as the premium paid bears to the premium that should have been paid. WARRANTY PROVISOS. None. THE MANHATTAN LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, New York City. POLICY CONDITIONS. It is agreed that this policy shall be void, and all payments made upon it forfeited, if the insured shall, without the written permit of the Company, at any time within two years from the date of policy go to the Philippine Islands; or shall during said period go to or remain in Cuba, or Porto Rico, between May ist and Nov. 30th. 91 WARRANTY PROVISOS. It is expressly agreed * * * that in case the nsured shall at any time engage in any military or naval service in time of war without the written permit of the Company, any policy which may be issued upon this application shall be null and void, and all payments thereon shall be forfeited to the Company, except that in case of such forfeiture the Company will pay, upon request made within six months, for the legal surrender of such policy, its entire reserve value at the time of such forfeiture, according to the Actuaries' Table of Mortal- ity, at four per cent, interest. THE MARYLAND LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Baltimore, Md. POLICY CONDITIONS. The person whose life is insured by this bond shall not within two years from the date of this contract, without the consent of the Com- pany previously obtained in writing, travel or reside within the Torrid Zone or north of the 6oth degree of north latitude * * * or enter any region in which yellow fever or cholera may be at the time prevailing as an epidemic. * * * The person whose life is insured by this bond shall not, without the consent of this Company previously obtained in writing, engage in any military or naval service in time of war. * * * After two years from the date hereof, the only conditions which shall affect the validity of this bond shall be those in relation to the payment of premiums thereon as stipulated, and those in respect to age and war service. WARRANTY PROVISOS. None. THE MASSACHUSETTS MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO., Springfield, Mass. POLICY CONDITIONS. This policy will be incontestable after two years from the date of its issue, provided there is no violation of its provisions relating to payments of premium and to military or naval service in time of war, subject, however, to * * * . After two years from the date of its issue this policy will be free from all restrictions as to residence, travel and occupation, except that military or naval service in time of war is forbidden, unless a written permit therefor be granted by the Company, which permit, if granted, will specify the extra pre- mium charge for such service. (See copy of application.) WARRANTY PROVISOS. I also agree that if during the two years next following the date of issue of the policy of insurance for which application is hereby made, I shall, without written permission granted by said Company, travel 92 or reside elsewhere than in those parts of the United States of America lying north of the Torrid Zone and south of the sixtieth parallel of north latitude, in the Dominion of Canada south of said parallel, and in Europe, or if * * * said policy shall be void, and no claim shall exist thereunder. I also agree that military or naval service in time of war are risks not assumed by said Company, and are not intended to be covered by said policy, unless a written permit therefor, at the Company's regular rate of extra premium, shall be granted, and that if I shall engage in any such service during the continuance of said policy, without such a permit, no claim shall exist under said policy except for the net reserve held against it, reckoned according to the legal standard of Massachusetts. THE MERIDIAN LIFE AND TRUST COMPANY, Indianapolis, Ind. POLICY CONDITIONS. Military and naval service, in time of war, are risks not assumed without first securing consent of the Company to engage in such service. WARRANTY PROVISOS. That active service in the army and navy in time of war shall invalidate the insurance, unless a permit for such service shall have been applied for and granted by said Company; * * *. That at any time within two years after date of issue of the policy, travel and residence in the Torrid Zone * * * will render the policy void. THE METROPOLITAN LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, New York City. POLICY CONDITIONS. None. WARRANTY PROVISOS. None. THE MICHIGAN MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Detroit, Mich. POLICY CONDITIONS. The person whose life is hereby insured shall not * * * nor shall he enter any military or naval service whatsoever (the militia not in active service excepted) without first obtaining the written consent of the Company. * * * After this policy shall have been three full years in force it will be incontestable except for * * * military or naval service, * * * or for * * * . WARRANTY PROVISOS. None. 93 THE MUTUAL BENEFIT LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Newark,3N. J. POLICY CONDITIONS. None. WARRANTY PROVISOS. I further agree that the policy hereby applied for shall become and be null and void if, within two years from the date thereof, I shall * * * or within such period and without the written con- sent of the Company shall reside in or travel to the Philippine Archipelago or the Klondike region, or reside or travel elsewhere than in the remaining portions of the United States and Canada or in or to Europe; or be personally engaged in * * * or in naval or army service in times of war. THE MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO. OF KENTUCKY. Louisville, Ky. POLICY CONDITIONS. None. WARRANTY PROVISOS. None. THE MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO. OF NEW YORK, New York City. POLICY CONDITIONS. This policy is free from restrictions as to residence, travel and occupation, after two years from date, except military or naval serv- ice in time of war, for which permission must be obtained at the Company's regular rates. WARRANTY PROVISOS. I hereby warrant and agree that during the next two years follow- ing the date of issue of the Contract of Insurance for which applica- tion is hereby made, I will not travel or reside in any part of the Torrid Zone, or north of the parallel of 60 degrees north latitude. * * * I further warrant and agree that I will not engage in any military or naval service in time of war, during the continuance of the said contract, without first obtaining written permission from the Company. 94 THE NATIONAL LIFE INSURANCE CO. OF THE U. S. OF A., Chicago, III. POLICY CONDITIONS. None. WARRANTY PROVISOS. Military and naval service in time of war are prohibited, unless a special permit be issued by the Company. In case of death from service in war, or in consequence thereof, without such permit, the net reserve, by the Actuaries' Experience Table of Mortality and four per cent, interest, will be paid. THE NATIONAL LIFE INSURANCE CO. OF VERMONT, Montpelier, Vt. POLICY CONDITIONS. None. WARRANTY PROVISOS. I warrant and agree * * * that if within one year from the date of the medical examination for this policy, I shall be personally engaged (without the Company's written consent) in * * * or in military or naval service in time of war * * * the policy hereby applied for shall thereupon become null and void. THE NEW ENGLAND MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO., Boston, Mass. POLICY CONDITIONS. After two years from the date hereof, the only conditions which shall be binding upon the holder of this policy are that the premiums shall be duly paid, and that the requirements of the Company as to military or naval service in time of war shall be observed. WARRANTY PROVISOS. I hereby agree that if within two years from the date of the policy, I shall, without the written consent of the Company, reside in or travel to any part of the Torrid Zone, or north of the parallel of 60 degrees north latitude * * * or if during the continuance of the policy, without the written consent of the Company, I shall engage in any naval or military service in time of war, the policy hereby applied for shall thereupon become null and void. 95 THE NEW YORK LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, New York City. POLICY CONDITIONS. This policy is absolutely free of conditions as to residence, occupa- tion, travel, habits of life, and manner, time or place of death. No permit or extra premium will be required for military or naval serv- ice in time of war or in time of peace. WARRANTY PROVISOS. None. THE NORTH AMERICAN LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY, Toronto, Canada. POLICY CONDITIONS. After one year from the date of this policy there are no restrictions upon travel, residence or occupation, save that military or naval service, without a permit, in the time of war, is forbidden, except in the defence of the Union. For one year after the date of this policy travel and residence in Mexico, or in the Arctic and Torrid Zones, * * * without a permit, will render the policy void, and it shall thereupon cease to be in force. WARRANTY PROVISOS. None. THE NORTHWESTERN MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO., Milwaukee, Wis. POLICY CONDITIONS. None. WARRANTY PROVISOS. It is also agreed, that if within two years from the date hereof, I shall pass south to the Tropic of Cancer, * * * or shall enter or be engaged in any military or naval service (except in time of peace), without a written permit therefor signed by the president or secretary of the Company, * * * any policy issued on this application shall be null and void. THE ONTARIO MUTUAL LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY Waterloo, Canada. POLICY CONDITIONS. None. WARRANTY PROVISOS. None. 96 THE PACIFIC MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, San Francisco, Cal. POLICY CONDITIONS. In case of death from or in consequence of service in war, unless permission from the Company in writing, to engage voluntarily or by draft in any military or naval service has been previously obtained, only the net reserve (computed according to the Combined Experience Table of Mortality with interest at four per cent, per annum), shall be the amount due. warranty provisos. None. THE PENN MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Philadklphia, Pa. POLICY CONDITIONS. None. WARRANTY PROVISOS. None. THE PHOENIX MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Hartford, Conn. POLICY CONDITIONS. None. WARRANTY PROVISOS. Is it agreed that within two years from the date of any policy issued upon this application, the applicant shall not, without first obtaining the written permission of this Company, and paying any extra premium which may be charged therefor, reside or travel out- side of the Temperate Zone, or engage in active service in the army or navy in time of war * * * and that if the applicant dies while violating this agreement, or from disease then contracted, or from injuries then received, the Company's liability under the policy, provided it becomes a claim, shall be the net reserve, based on the American Table of Mortality and three per cent, interest? (Answer, Yes" or " No.") 97 THE PROVIDENT LIFE AND TRUST COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa. POLICY CONDITIONS. If within two years after the issue of this policy the said person whose life is hereby assured shall * * * without the consent in writing of this Company previously obtained, travel or reside south of the parallel of 36°, 30' north latitude between the first day of seventh month (July) and the first day of eleventh month (Novem- ber) * * * or shall at any time during the continuance of this policy be employed in any military or naval service whatsoever (the militia not in actual service excepted), this policy shall be null and void. WARRANTY PROVISOS. None. THE PROVIDENT SAVINGS LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY, New York City. POLICY CONDITIONS. The renewal contract of assurance defined upon the third page hereof shall be indisputable after one year from the date of entry upon the same, for the amount due, provided the premiums are duly paid as set forth in the renewal agreement; except that military or naval service in time of war without a permit are risks not assumed by the Society at any time, further than that the reserve on this assur- ance only will be due and payable in case of death from such service. WARRANTY PROVISOS. It is hereby agreed that * * * I will not within two years from the date of said assurance travel or reside in any part of the Torrid Zone or north of the parallel of 60 degrees north latitude, and that I will not during said two years, personally engage in * * * or other hazardous occupations, except upon the written permission of the Society in every such case. THE PRUDENTIAL INSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA, Newark, N. J. POLICY CONDITIONS. None. WARRANTY PROVISOS. None. 98 THE ROYAL UNION MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO., Des Moines, Ia. POLICY CONDITIONS. This policy is incontestable after two years from date, if the rules regulating army and naval service are complied with. * * * Residence or travel is unrestricted in any part of the North Temper- ate Zone, south of the 55th parallel of north latitude. If residence or travel extends beyond the limits named, within two years from the date of this policy, written consent must first be obtained from the Company, or this policy is void. * * * Military or naval service in time of war, without the written permit of the Company, is forbid- den ; and in case of the death of the insured in consequence of such service, and without the Company's permit, the liability of the Com- pany hereunder shall be for an amount not greater than the then legal reserve on this policy. WARRANTY PROVISOS. None. THE SECURITY MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Binghamton, N. Y. POLICY CONDITIONS. This policy, from date of issue, is absolutely free of conditions as to residence, occupation and travel, and after it shall have been in force one full year, provided any and all payments required from the insured shall be made on or before the date on which they become due, this policy shall be incontestable. * * * In event of death of the insured at any time hereafter, while engaged in or in consequence of having been engaged in military or naval service in time of war without the written consent of the Company, signed by the president or secretary, the sum payable under this policy shall be limited to the amount of premiums paid hereon. WARRANTY PROVISOS. None. THE SECURITY TRUST AND LIFE INSURANCE CO., Philadelphia, Pa. POLICY CONDITIONS. Military or naval service in time of war, unless the written per- mission of the Company has been previously obtained, * * * will 99 render this policy void; but in such cases the Company shall be liable for the full reserve on the Actuaries' Table of Mortality with three per cent, interest. Residence in Mexico or the Torrid Zone * * * are risks not assumed by this Company. WARRANTY PROVISOS. None. THE SOUTH ATLANTIC LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Richmond, Va, POLICY CONDITIONS. Military or naval service in time of war within one year from the date hereof is a risk not assumed by the Company. Military or naval service in time of war after one year from the date hereof shall not invalidate this insurance, but the Company shall fix such reasonable extra premium as it shall deem necessary to cover the additional risk of such service, which extra premium shall be paid by the in- sured, or if not paid in cash shall be a lien upon this policy with interest in advance at six per cent, per annum. * * * This policy is free from restrictions as to residence, travel and occupation after one year from date. Travel or residence, by the insured, in the Tor- rid Zone, or north of 60 degrees north latitude, within one year from the date hereof, without first obtaining the Company's permission, and the payment of the extra premium required therefor will render this policy absolutely void. warranty provisos. ■ None. THE STANDARD LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY, Montreal, Canada. POLICY CONDITIONS. None. WARRANTY PROVISOS. None. THE STATE LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Indianapolis, Ind. POLICY CONDITIONS. In case^of death after one year from the date hereof this policy shall be incontestable, except for non-payment of premiums; pro- vided the agreements as to age and to military and naval service in time of war, as provided in the application, shall be observed. 100 WARRANTY PROVISOS. I hereby agree that active service in the army or navy in time of war shall invalidate the insurance, unless a permit for such service shall have been applied for and granted by the Company, and the extra premium paid on notification; and it is agreed, except as other- wise provided in the policy, that at any time within two years after the date of issue of the policy, travel and residence in the Torrid Zone, and * * * will render the policy, and any and all renewals thereof, void. THE STATE MUTUAL LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY, Worcester, Mass. POLICY CONDITIONS. This policy shall be incontestable after two years from the date of its issue, provided the premiums shall be paid as agreed, and the agreement as to military or naval service is not violated. WARRANTY PROVISOS. I also warrant and agree * * * that if within two years from the date of the contract, issued upon this application, I shall reside or travel in the Torrid Zone * * * the contract hereby applied for shall thereupon become null and void. I further agree that I will not during the continuance of this policy, without the written consent of the Company, for which an extra premium may be charged, engage in any naval or military service in time of war. THE SUN LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA, Louisville, Ky. POLICY CONDITIONS. None. WARRANTY PROVISOS. None. THE SUN LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY OF CANADA, Montreal, Canada. POLICY CONDITIONS. None. WARRANTY PROVISOS. None. THE TRAVELERS INSURANCE COMPANY, Hartford, Conn. POLICY CONDITIONS. None. 101 WARRANTY PROVISOS. I hereby agree * * * that the policy shall be void if within two years after its date 1 shall, without a written permit from the Company, reside or travel in the Torrid Zone, or engage in * * * or military or naval service in time of war, riot or insurrection. I hereby agree that the policy shall be void if within two years after its date, without a written permit from the Company, I shall travel or reside in any part of Alaska, or the British possessions in Amer- ica, north of the 6oth degree of north latitude. THE UNION CENTRAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Cincinnati, O. POLICY CONDITIONS. If the insured should, without the written consent of the Com- pany, at any time enter the military or naval service, the militia excepted; * * * this policy shall be null and void, and in case of such avoidance the reserve value only, according to the American Table of Mortality, with four per cent, interest, shall be paid on the surrender of this policy. * * * This policy shall be free from restrictions with respect to travel and residence from the date hereof. WARRANTY PROVISOS. I also agree that if at any time I shall * * * or engage in any other hazardous occupation, I will pay an extra premium, equal to that charged by the Company in similar cases; and if this extra pre- mium is not paid from the time of the assumption of the extra risk above stated, it shall become a lien upon the policy without invali- dating the policy. THE UNION MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Portland, Me. POLICY CONDITIONS None. WARRANTY PROVISOS. None. 102 THE UNITED STATES LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, New York City. policy conditions. This policy contains no restrictions upon the insured in respect either of travel, residence or occupation, excepting always that if within one year from the date hereof the insured shall go within the Tropics or north of the 6oth degree north latitude, or engage in military or naval service in time of war without written permission, signed by the president and secretary of the Company, being first obtained, the liability of the Company in case of death of the insured shall be limited to the return of the premiums actually paid hereon. WARRANTY PROVISOS. None. THE WASHINGTON LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, New York City. POLICY CONDITIONS. None. warranty provisos. I agree that * * * for one year after the date of issue of the policy, residence or travel in the Torrid Zone * * * will render the policy void; that during the continuance of the policy I will not engage in military or naval service in time of war without first obtaining permission of the Company. THE WESTERN AND SOUTHERN LIFE INSURANCE CO., Cincinnati, O. POLICY CONDITIONS. If the insured shall engage in any military or naval service what- soever (the militia when not in actual service excepted), * * * without written permission of the president or secretary of the Com- pany, this policy shall become null and void. warranty provisos. None. 103 TABLE L-RATIOS PER THOUSAND OF MEAN STRENGTH OF ADMISSIONS, DISCHARGES AND DEATHS IN U. S. ARMY, ARRANGED BY ARMS OF THE SERVICE. The Various Arms of the Service. Admissions. Discharges. Deaths. Diseases. Injuries. Diseases. Injuries. Diseases. Injuries. Cavalry: Regulars 1 iaae 1,840.27 293.27 5.64 3.44 18.57 6.47 Volunteers f 2,697.82 290.55 27.28 9.45 27.28 12.36 Regulars and Volun- teers, 1899 2,439.18 358.89 21.90 5.56 9.77 4.55 Artillery : Regulars liens Volunteers j 8 2,021.12 248.40 7.21 2.61 10.25 3.55 1,731.88 230.08 16.71 3.11 9.72 1.17 Regulars and Volun- 1,822.92 269.45 21.98 4.09 7.12 4.36 INFANTRY: Regulars 1 isos 2,311.10 201.96 9.57 6.19 32.02 7.29 Volunteers f 2,023.70 99.20 12.05 2.04 26.98 1.56 Regulars and Volun- teers, 1899 2,070.82 167.92 15.97 4.71 13.13 8.06 Engineers: Regulars liens Volunteers f1898 1,510.92 181.51 1.68 1.68 16.81 8.40 2,403.59 156.25 13.30 2.66 17.29 1.33 Regulars and Volun- teers, 1899 1,887.02 170.95 13.94 8.07 .73 Ordnance : Regulars I 18q8 916.67 144.35 5.95 1.49 10.42 5.95 Volunteers f 1898 Regulars and Volun- teers, 1899 893.24 133.78 2.70 1.35 10.81 1.35 Signal Corps : Regulars l18q8 Volunteers f1898 1,468.25 47.62 7.94 31.75 1,499,15 106.96 11.88 3.40 15.28 3.40 Regulars and Volun- teers, 1899 1,173.85 55.63 5.56 1.39 8.34 4.17 Medical : Regulars 1 1Rq8 Volunteers f1898 Regulars and Volun- teers, 1899 1,195.82 50.02 6.15 2.14 21.67 1.07 1,070.70 71.40 23.72 1.86 9.07 3.49 All Others : Regulars ),8q8 Volunteers f1898 Regulars and Volun- teers, 1899 272.39 45.02 .92 .92 1.38 804.54 84.13 19.07 3.37 10.94 .84 104 TABLE IL -RATIOS OF ADMISSIONS, DISCHARGES AND DEATHS FROM VARIOUS CLASSES OF CAUSES IN THE REGULAR AND VOLUNTEER ARMIES IN 1 898 AND 1899, COMPARED WITH CORRESPONDING RATIOS IN THE REGULAR ARMY, 1888-1897, INCLUSIVE. Admissions. Discharges. Deaths. Total infectious diseases 1899 952.70 1,026.94 6 01 6.27 19.94 1898 3.19 1888-1897 285.62 3.41 1.68 Total diseases of nutrition 1899 5.81 .34 .05 1898 7.05 .20 .05 1888-1897 1.98 .47 .04 Total diseases of nervous system. ,1899... 49.12 2.74 .77 1898 43.12 1.86 .79 1888-1897 73.96 2.49 .58 Total diseases of digestive system. 1899 584.20 1.69 2.99 1898 607.12 1.19 2.38 1888-1897 244.29 .64 .69 Total diseases of the circulatory system 1899 7.67 1.69 .34 1898.... 5.77 .96 .24 1888-1897 5.74 1.49 .45 Total diseases of the respiratory organs 1899 125.33 .53 1.05 1898 137.35 .56 1.02 1888-1897 96.59 .49 .74 Total diseases of the genito-urinary system 1899 19.77 .60 .27 1898 13,51 .51 .18 1888-1897 9.43 .63 .25 Total diseases of the lymphatic system 1899 7.45 .06 1898 4.08 .05 1888-1897 4.31 .05 .01 Total diseases of the muscles, joints and bones 1899 75.68 2.13 1898.... 71.35 1.55 .01 1888-1897 68.29 2 17 .02 Total for diseases 1899.... 1,985.58 17.51 11.76 1898 2,005.80 11.25 24.97 1888-1897 891.70 13.47 4.50 Total for injuries 1899.. 192.48 4 47 6.67 1898 140.38 2.88 3.02 1888-1897 238.57 3.09 2.19 Total for diseases and injuries .. .1899 2,178.06 21.98 18.43 1898 2,146.18 14.13 27.99 1888-1897 1,130.27 16.57 6.69 Mean Strength, Regular and Volunteer Armies, 1899, 105,546; 1898, 147,795; Mean Strength, Regular Army, 1888-1897, inclusive, 27,117. 105 TABLE in.-RATIOS OF ADMISSIONS, DISCHARGES AND DEATHS FROM INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN REGULAR AND VOLUNTEER ARMIES IN 1898 AND 1899, COM- PARED WITH CORRESPONDING RATIOS IN REGULAR ARMY, 1888-1897, INCLUSIVE. Admissions. Discharges. Deaths. Scarlet fever 1899.... .21 1898 .32 .05 1888-1897 .18 .... Measles 1899 26.10 .03 .35 1898 49.98 .05 .47 1888-1897 5.62 . . . . .004 Smallpox 1899 3.29 .80 1898 .62 .... .16 1888-1897 .09 .... .01 Vaccinia 1899 65.83 .01 .01 1898 46.80 .01 1888-1897 32.06 .004 Influenza 1899 53.34 .05 1898 28.70 .6i 1888-1897 59.27 .... .17 Dengue 1899 15.18 • • . . 1898 1.68 .61 1888-1897 3.58 Mumps 1899 17.42 .... .... 1898 14.04 .01 1888-1897 5.12 .... Diptheria 1899 .55 .05 1898 .40 ... .03 1888-1897 .53 .... .01 Typhoid fever 1899 20,69 .23 2.44 1898 141.59 .30 14.83 1888-1897 4.95 .01 .55 Yellow fever 1899 2.48 .52 1898 7.91 .97 1888-1897 .03 .01 Cerebro-spinal fever 1899 .61 .03 .39 1898 .95 .06 .53 1888-1897 .05 .004 .02 Malarial fever, intermittent. .1899 391.15 .04 1898 413.67 .01 .06 1888-1897 62.76 . . . . . . . . Malarial fever, remittent 1899 162.98 .07 .15 1898 172.98 .17 .91 1888-1897 14.19 .... .07 106 TABLE III.-Continued. Malarial fever, pernicious.... 1899 1.42 .55 1898 3.33 .03 1.25 1888-1897 .07 .03 Malarial cachexia 1899 18.86 .99 .19 1898 21.80 .22 .14 1888-1897 2.68 .06 .004 Fever, undetermined 1899 25.48 1898 28.09 .01 1888-1897 12.03 . _ _ . Erysipelas 1899 .87 .04 1898 .64 .01 1888-1897 1.77 .06 Septicaemia and tetanus.. . 1899 .24 .bi .08 1898 .15 11 1888-1897 .04 .04 Rheumatic fever 1899.... 6.61 .09 .03 1898.. .. 4.55 .09 .01 1888-1897 4.78 .05 .01 Consumption 1899 3.98 1.80 54 1898 3.70 1.12 .26 1888-1897 2.72 1.50 .52 Cancer 1899 .22 .04 .03 1898 .14 .01 .04 1888-1897 .20 .03 .11 Syphilis and results 1899 13.98 1.94 1898 10.33 .66 .03 1888-1897 14.18 1.43 .03 Gonorrhea and results 1899 80.23 .55 .01 1898 51.99 .32 .01 1888-1897 44.79 .22 Chancroid and results 1899 38.79 .12 1898.... 19.72 .07 1888-1897 11.63 .01 Infections, others 1899 2.69 .06 .04 1893 2.86 .05 .05 1888-1897 2.30 .08 .05 Total infectious diseases.. ..1899 952.70 6.01 6.27 1898 1,026.94 3.19 19.94 1888-1897 285.62 3.41 1.68 107 Cuba. Porto Rico. Pacific Islands. United States. Mean Strength: Regulars ) 1898 3.810 1.930 2 .903 37 .992 Volunteers J 4 .535 3 763 7 .004 85 .269 Regulars andVolunt's. .1899 20.051 3.727 39 .280 42 .192 Causes of Admission. Admissions. Discharges Deaths. Admissions. Discharges Deaths. Admissions. Discharges Deaths. Admissions. Discharges Deaths Smallpox: Regulars ) 1898 I .... • • • • «... • * «... . . Volunteers j .22 1.33 .. .27 8.42 .. 2.14 .05 • • . . Regulars and Volunt's. . 1899 .25 .15 1.88 .. 6.80 .. 1.99 1.59 .07 Dengue: Regulars ) 18q8 1 .... .... .... Volunteers f 8.82 .44 2.92 .. .57 1.85 Regulars and Volunt's. .1899 4.19 19.59 .. 36.18 • • , • .57 Typhoid Fever: Regulars 1 18q8 58.01 .. 14.17 240.41 .. 22.80 68.21 .34 7.58 85.46 .47 8.79 Volunteers [ 95.48 .. 22.05 322.62 .. 40.66 90.23 1. 9.28 169.34 .2016.59 Regulars and Volunt's. . 1899 39.40 .10 4.24 15.03 .. 2.68 21.95 .23 3. 10.85 .31 1.07 Yellow Fever: Regulars ) . 151.18 .. 17.57 .... .... .74 .08 Volunteers ) 121.72 .. 15.88 .53 .. .... .06 .01 Regulars and Volunt's. . 1899 12.32 2.54 .... .33 .07 Malarial Fever, Intermit- tent : Regulars 1 i qqq *1,174.54 .. *13.12 *909.33 *.52*5.70 *429.56 *.34*1.72 *655.82 *.37 *2.24 Volunteers J i8yo 1,974.42 .22 .. 385.06 .. 165.33 323.57 Regulars and Volunt's.. 1899 729.94 .10 .. 345.85 .. ' 388.82 .05 . . 237.84 .. PQ a M O z < g < E §. a Z a sS Ph to o< 3g Sg g£ r E si §s <£ wg O h ll u u z§ s< is S3 <3 Ph o § b < £ N ra < b tn n .2 ~o Q g •rM 73 'K aS 75 8 75 o H * 108 Cuba. Porto Rico. Pacific Islands. United States. Admissions. Discharges Deaths. Admissions Discharges Deaths. 'Admissions Discharges Deaths. Admissions Discharges Deaths Malarial Fever, Remittent: Re£ulars 1 lags • • . • • • . . . . .... Volunteers f lby8 493.94 5.95 312.78 .80 1.86 255.14 .14 1.14 141.65 .21 .38 Regulars and Volunt's. .1899 332.51 .20 .25 100.62 216.45 .05 .20 38.37 .02 .07 Malarial Fever, Pernicious: - Regulars ) i qqq IT .... ...» • • • • • • . . • • • • • • Volunteers j 16.98 8.16 1.59 1.06 .57 .29 1.38 .06 .73 Regulars and Volunt's.. 1899 3.94 1.75 1.07 1.15 .46 .50 .12 Malarial Cachexia: Regulars 11 qqq IT .... . . • . • • • • . • * • Volunteers j 69.68 .22 .66 2.66 1.43 • . 9.05 .20 .15 Regulars and Volunt's. . 1899 32.07 .50 .50 11. 17.95 .36 .23 14.17 1.92 .02 Fever Undetermined: Regulars 11898 IT .... • • • • • • • • • • .... • • • • • • • . Volunteers f ioy6 43.22 51.82 • • 58.68 25.88 .01 Regulars and Volunt's.. 1899 41.75 12.07 37.04 * . 8.34 • . Syphilis and Results: Regulars 1 i qqq 4.20 • • .52 16.58 • . 5.51 * • .34 10.69 0 • • • Volunteers f loyb 11.25 .88 6.91 .80 6.42 10.92 1.06 .01 Regularsand Volunt's. .1899 16.56 2.04 . • 30.59 4.29 • • 11.74 1.09 • • 13.49 2.49 • • na 3 .9 § u I £ M S3 109 Cuba. Porto Rico. Pacific Islands. United States. Admissions. Discharges Deaths. Admissions Discharges Deaths. Admissions Discharges Deaths. Admissions Discharges Deaths. Chancroid and Results: Regulars 1 iqqr .... • • * . • • • • • . • • .... • • Volunteers f isy8 25.80 .44 14.35 73.10 16.34 .09 - . Regulars andVolunt's. .1899 44.39 .20 85.06 44.65 .03 26.57 .19 Gonorrhea and Results: Regulars ) 1898 9.97 • . 54.40 • • 36.86 • • 50.40 .03 Volunteers ) 39.03 .22 30.83 • . 76.96 51.67 .53 .01 Regulars and Volunt's. . 1899 87.92 .45 .05 170.64 1.34 60.39 .15 87.29 88 Total Infectious Diseases: Regulars ) Volunteers ) 1,595.54 • . 45.93 1,345.08 1.04 30.05 837.07 4.13 12.74 978.14 2.26 12.53 2,957.22 3.30 56. 1,173.52 2.66 44.65 880.62 3.13 14.56 927.57 3.75 19.54 Regularsand Volunt's. .1899 1,450.77 5.78 10.93 894.57 6.70 4.55 943.44 3.64 7.23 732.67 8.22 3.29 Diarrheal Diseases: Regulars 1 1 Volunteers f 314.17 • • 9.97 1,200. 1.04 2.07 431.97 1.03 1.72 247.39 .16 1.39 352.59 .22 8.60 545.84 1.06 386.21 2.43 2.86 430.65 .42 .60 Regulars and Volunt's. . 1899 434.35 .50 1.45 542.80 1.61 2.68 642.80 1.58 4.58 95.45 .40 .17 Exhaustion from Exposure and Fatigue: Regulars 1 i rqr Volunteers f ibyb .... • • • • • . « • • • • , . , • • 19.19 .22 42.78 .27 2.71 .29 9.73 .07 .01 Regulars and Volunt's.. 1899 2.29 •. 1.34 ■ • 33.89 .08 2.18 *6 a _g a o U I £ 110 Cuba. Porto Rico. Pacific Islands. United States. Admissions. Discharges Deaths. Admissions Discharges Deaths. Admissions Discharges Deaths. Admissions Discharges Deaths. Wounds - Contused, Lacer- ated and Punctured: Regulars Iiqqq Volunteers f lbyb I .... 9.26 .44 5.31 13.28 11.05 .02 .01 Regulars and Volunt's, .1899 31.77 . - 32.20 A . 12.12 .05 .03 27.45 .02 .02 Wounds-Incised : Regulars 1 i rqq Volunteers f ibyb **9.71 **19.17 **25.84 **.34 **35.38 **.08 **.13 5.95 A A 3.45 7.14 .14 7.02 .01 .07 Regulars and Volunt's. .1899 18.10 .05 .20 13.15 .80 8.91 .03 .36 13.04 .09 Wounds-Gunshot : Regulars 11 qqq Volunteers j 289.24 33.33 10.36 1.04 10.33 3.10 8.03 2.53 1.21 58.22 11.91 9.04 1.86 14.14 1.14 2.86 2.37 .12 .43 Regularsand Volunt's. .1899 2.99 .80 .80 5.37 • • .54 52.26 3. 12.60 3.37 2.18 .59 Totals for Injuries: Regulars 1 i qqq Volunteers f lbyb 401.57 37.01 146.11 2.59 2.07 156.39 .69 4.13 197.20 4.95 2.69 151.05 1.98 12.35 116.93 .53 2.66 112.36 2.71 3.43 105.71 2.33 1.11 Regulars and Volunt's. .1899 211.76 3.99 1.94 266.43 3.22 2.15 189.16 4.66 15.28 180.67 4.67 1.33 Total for Diseases and Injuries: Regulars 1 iqqq Volunteers f ibyb 2,631.76 98.16 3,350.78 6.74 41.45 2,070.62 11.37 22.74 2,043.01 13. 20.14 4,070.34 10.14 86. 2,175.92 5.05 52.09 1,832.10 19.56 24.70 2,071.65 15.19 24.41 Regulars and Volunt's. .1899 2,749.74 20.25 18.30 2,522.40 19.85 11.27 2,315.52 17.82 30.58 1,677.51 26.95 7.89 00 o 00 <2 s <s % 3 M <D o tn o CK o tJ V fl 3 al fl o 'So o fl tn £ fl o TJ TJ fl fl tn <D ba fl O 01 vT fl o tn 01 8 'fl . o A ,fl O 01 tn fl fl 3 tn ba fl ■' © - .fl'S rj fl t* fl <2 | in 0 O S) o « £ « ba fl to « « □ o cnp< 1 I o U £ Bl I b 111 I gE § & 8 g Sb $ w < 5 h Q Q ~ E<^§ Z§|~ & c o 00 E u P5s§ d 2 _ u S°g8 < <! M 3 § w £ y 5; u D w 2^ ZtL^ < § S P „ a <Z> u U 00 > 8b|^ OfX>g >;£§* %z<% ^2" a§§8 3s£P ?§s< M & g O < < a E u cp «< O^ co o4 b < b Mean Strength. 1899. 1898. Decade 1888-1897, inclusive. 105,546 147,795 27,117 Cause of Admission to Sick Report. Admissions. Discharges. Deaths. Admissions. Discharges. Deaths. Admissions. Discharges. Deaths. Drowning 94 .01 24 53 Exhaustion from exposure and fatigue 13.98 ... .03 9.54 .06 .07 1.11 01 Heat stroke 1.93 .02 8.68 .08 .06 1.93 .03 .02 Lightning .07 .01 .02 .22 03 .01 004 Venomous bites, stings and wounds 7.90 3.04 .01 1.88 .01 Abrasions, blisters, burns and scalds 16.17 12.99 .01 18.65 .01 Compression and concussion of brain .38 .01 .05 .59 .01 .04 .60 .03 .06 Contusions and sprains 67.82 .10 50.15 .22 .01 123.71 .23 .01 Dislocations 2.30 .04 1.83 .07 .01 2.54 .10 .004 Fractures (not shot) 6.36 .36 .13 5.35 .19 .12 6.55 .47 .14 Herniae 7.63 1.18 .01 7.10 1.16 .01 2.42 .90 .004 Wounds, contused, lacerated and punctured Wounds, incised .02 22.68 .03 12.46 .06 .20 14.17 .05 .02 8.06 .01 .07 31.50 .14 .02 16.34 .08 .03 Wounds, gunshot 21.56 2.14 5.10 13.92 .77 2.04 2.94 .58 .97 Secondary results of injury.... 3.47 .35 .01 1.24 .14 .01 2.29 .29 Other injuries 7.76 .17 .17 8.50 .10 .28 26.11 .24 .38 Totals for injuries 192.48 4.47 6.67 140.38 2.88 3.02 238.57 3.09 2.19 112 TABLE VL-A TABULATED STATEMENT OF THE STATUS OF SIXTY-FOUR AMERICAN LIFE INSURANCE COMPANIES ON MAY 1, 1901, IN THE MATTER OF ARMY AND NAVY RISKS, AND RESIDENCE OR TRAVEL IN THE TROPICS. Companies Location Conditions as to Service by Present Policy-holders in Time of War Without Permits Residence or Travel in the Tropics with- out Permit. How Restricted? Prohibited ? How Prohibited Value of Policies in Event of War Service Without Permit In Policies? By Warranties? Aetna Hartford, Conn... Permanently Yes 44 No mention ** xFour months American Central.... Indianapolis, Ind. Greenfield, Mass.. 44 Yes 44 ** No restriction Atlantic Mutual 44 Two years Baltimore Baltimore, Md.... 44 Yes No mention Actuaries' Re- |_ No restriction Bankers Lincoln, Neb 44 44 Yes I serve at ) ♦♦ Bankers* New York City... Pittsfield, Mass. .. For two years 44 No mention ? ** Two years Berkshire Permanently 44 ** Brooklyn New York City... Toronto, Ont 66 Yes Reserve by Newt U Canada For two years Permanentl y No restriction 44 No mention 44 ( Yorkbtanaara ) ** 44 Colonial Jersey City, N. J.. Toronto, Ont 44 Combined Ex. Re-1 No restriction Confederation No restriction NTn mAnfinn No restriction serve at 4% J Unimpaired * 44 Connecticut General. Hartford, Conn... Permanently 44 Yes •> Two years Permanently No restriction Connecticut Mutual.. Des Moines Des Moines, la.... New York City... Des Moines, la.... Philadelphia, Pa.. Springfield, Ill.... New York City... Winnipeg, Man... Hartford, Conn... Yes 44 No mention Yes American Re-1 serve at 3% j One-half face of i policy j Reserve Equitable* 44 44 No mention One year Equitable, of Iowa... Fidelity 11 44 44 44 Yes No mention = Net Reserve ' Scaled according) ;to Comp'y's rules j Two years Permanently No restriction Franklin 44 44 Germania 44 44 No mention ° Actuaries' Re-) One vear Great West 44 44 serve at 4^ j Legal Reserve * No restriction Hartford II 44 44 Yes Two years No restriction Home|| New York City... Chicago, Ill 44 44 Combined Ex. Re-) Illinois 44 44 No mention serve at 4% j 'Less extra pre-) mium with inter-? One year Inter-State Indianapolis, Ind. U 44 Yes est at 5% ) John Hancockll Boston, Mass Topeka, Kas 44 No mention Yes Legal Net Reserve Actuaries' Re-) serve at 4^ . J Adjusted in pro-) portion to pre- > miums paid ) Actuaries' Re-1 serve at 4% j * No restriction Two years Permanently Two years a Kansas Mutual! 44 44 Life Ins. Co. of Va .., Manhattan* Richmond, Va.... New York City... Baltimore, Md.... 44 44 4 4 No mention No mention Yes Marylandll. 44 Yes No mention Mass. Mutual^ Springfield, Mass Indianapolis, Ind. New York City... Detroit, Mich 44 44 Y es Reserve by Mass. 1 n Meridian 44 44 44 ( ^tanaara ) ** 64 Metropolitan* No restriction No restriction Unimpaired * No restriction 46 Michigan Mutual Mutual Benefit Permanently For two years No restriction Permanently 4 4 For one year Permanently No restriction Vee * Newark, N.J ** Two years No restriction Two years No restriction Mutual of Kentucky. Mutual of New York. Louisville, Ky.... New York City... Chicago, Ill Montpelier. Vt.... Boston, Mass No restriction Vas No restriction Yes Unimpaired ** National of U. S. A... National of Vermont. No mention 44 44 (Actuaries' Re-1 1 serve at 4^ J ** New Englandg.. Yes 44 ** Two years No restriction One year Two years No restriction 44 New York§§ New York City... Toronto, Ont No restriction No restriction Unimpaired * North American Permanently For two years No restriction * Northwestern Milwaukee, Wis.. Yes ** Ontario Waterloo, Ont.... No restriction Yes No restriction Unimpaired ' Combined Ex. Re-I i serve at 4# j Unimpaired American Re-) Pacific San Francisco,Cal. Philadelphia, Pa.. Hartford, Conn... Philadelphia, Pa.. New York City... Newark, N.J. Permanently No mention Penn Mutual No restriction No restriction o mention Yes No restriction 46 Phoenix§ For two years Permanently No restriction N Yes Two years 44 Provident L. & T ( serve at ) ** Provident Savings*§. Prudential*§ No restriction Yes Yes Reserve Unimpaired Legal Reserve Return of pre-) miums paid f Actuaries' Re-| serve at 3% ( , Less extia pre-) mium with inter- > u No restriction Two years No restriction Permanently One year No restriction Two years 44 Royal Union Des Moines, la.... Permanently No mention Security Mutual Binghamton, N.Y. Philadelphia, Pa . Richmond, Va.... 44 44 46 Security T. & L.ll South Atlantic 44 44 4 4 44 '< Standard Montreal, Ont. No restriction No restriction Yes No restriction Yes est at 6% ) Unimpaired * State Indianapolis, Ind. Worcester, Mass.. Permanently * State Mutual 44 44 Sun Louisville, Ky.... Montreal, Ont No restriction 44 No restriction No restriction Unimpaired No restriction Sun Travelers Hartford, Conn... Permanently Yes ** Two years (American Re-) Union Central,....... Union Mutual Cincinnati, O Portland, Me No restriction No \ es restriction Vas ( serve at 4$ J Unimpaired (Return of pre-) No restriction 44 United States New York City... 46 u For one year No mention One year 44 Washington Permanently 44 Yes t miums paid | ** Western & Southern. Cincinnati, O Yes No mention ** No restriction (Pages 113-114-"Tropical Hazards.") ** No provision made in either policies or warranties for any payment on policies thus voided ; x July 1 to November 1; * insures commissioned officers in U. S. Army or Navy on certain conditions ; || insures officers and privates in U. S. Army and Navy on certain conditions ; +insures commissioned officers in U. S. Army in time of peace without extra charge ; ITinsures officers of Ordnance Department and Signal Corps not below rank of captain, and commissioned, warrant and petty officers of U. S. Navy ; § Naval risks considered ; §§ commissioned and warrant; officers in Navy, and commissioned and non-commis- sioned officers in Army insured ; *§ officers and privates in Army and officers in Navy insured ; = Net reserve, if so voided after being in force two years ; absolutely void if death so occurs within two years ; °no value, if so voided before three full annual premiums have been paid. c^aims t° be an original paper, and one of the very best insurance monthlies. It is not one of the scizzors and paste-pot variety. It aims to be newsy, breezy, and helpful to agents, in the way of hints and suggestions as to what to do and what not to do, based on field-men's actual experiences. If you don't think twelve issues of it would be worth $2 a year to you, don't subscribe for it. If you do think you could get two dollars' worth of news, ideas and enter- tainment out of twelve numbers, we should be glad to have your subscription. THRIFT PUBLISHING COMPANY 141 Broadway, New York City PROVIDENT LIFE AND TRUST CO. OF PHILADELPHIA N. W. Cor. Fourth and Chestnut St. (Nos. 401-409) Insurance in Force - - $136,000,000.00 Assets ----- 43,009,633.21 Evidence of the skillful and faithful management of the Provident is found in its exceedingly low expense rate, and the remarkably favorable rate of mortality. For the whole period of its existence its death rate has been lower than that of any other American company. "THE BEST ACCIDENT INSURANCE //v the WORLD" United States Casualty Company 141 BROADWAY, NEW YORK The Security Trust Life Insurance Company President ROBERT E. PATTISON, Ex-Governor of Pennsylvania Vice-President THOMAS BRADLEY Second Vice-President and General Manager GEORGE B. LUPER, Ex-Insurance Commissioner of Pennsylvania THE FOREMOST AMERICAN LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY WRITING SUB STANDARD RISKS Net Assets, July i, 1901 = = $1,670,000 Insurance in Force = about $18,000,000 Death Claims paid since organi= zation = about $1,000,000 Security Trust and Life Building BROADWAY AND 26th STREET NEW YORK CITY HEREDITY, ENVIRONMENT: These are said to make up the constitution of man; to determine what he is and what he shall be. Knowledge, however progressive, has not thus far enabled any man to select his immediate progenitors, nor their ancestors, nor in any way to control at their sources, or later, the inherited tendencies which will largely influence his life. Environment will temper, modify, in some degree direct, make better or worse, an inherited tendency; keep it in subjection, or in partial disuse, until through the lapse of time and through succeeding generations, like an aborted muscle, the tendency d sappears. It is equally true of good tendencies as of bad; cultivation and use are quite as necessary to perpetuate good as evil. Moral and spiritual progress are discouragingly slow. We can't reform ourselves very greatly; the will to will it and to do it is absent, weak, or very far from adequate. We can, however, start our children on a higher plane than ourselves by ameliorating or removing those con- ditions which have made us of the earth earthy. We can provide a happy childhood; we can thrust aside the temptations which spring from want and suffering; we can secure them education and teach them manlinesss, courage, honesty, and an intelligent perception of cause and effect which will not permit them to do evil. Thus can we make *• the child father to the man." This we will do-IF WE LIVE! This we do-those of us who are not neglectful of the means at our hands- THIS WE DO by making sure an inheritance for them, in the only certain way, by means of true life insurance. THE PENN MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY 921-3-5 CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA. . , . the . . . UNION CENTRAL LIFE INSURANCE CO. CINCINNATI, OHIO Assets, January 1st, 1901 - - - $26,440,297.28 Surplus - 3,693,343.46 NO FLUCTUATING SECURITIES LARGEST RATE OF'INTEREST LOWEST DEATH RATE Endowments at Life Rates and Twenty Payment Guaranty Policies, Specialties. Large and Increasing Dividends to Policy-holders. Desirable Contracts and Good Territory open for Live Agents. Address, JOHN M. PATTISON, President THE PACIFIC MUTUAL LIEE INSURANCE COMPANY OE CALIFORNIA INCORPORATED, 1666 Lirt /. HEALTH /. ACCIDENT EASTERN DEPARTMENT 174 BROADWAY ' NEW YORK «The Policies Issued by The Washington are non-forfeitable after three years, and incontestable after one year, except as specifically provided. ^Washington LIFE INSURANCE COM- PANY OF NEW YORK W. A. BREWER, Jr. E. S. FRENCH President Vice-President Board of Directors THIS COMPANY WRITES : Levi P. Morton W. A. Brewer Jr. Robert Bowne Interchangeable-Term Policies Charles H. Ludington Francis Speir affording reliable insurance at lowest cost; Benjamin Haxtun ChTrles P.''britton New Double Endowments; Francis G. Adams Frederic R. Coudert Loan and Term Extension Policies; David IhqmsoN Roland G. Mitchell Randolph F. Purdy AutO. Endowments; George M. Hard John Hopson Elisha S. French 5% Cold Bonds; John W. Brannan, M. D. Henry Meigs • t . 1 n r • E. V. Connett Continuous Instalment Policies; John Burling Lawrence Jord™\%o^ The Combination Annuity Bond; Israel C. Pierson Henri H. Cook. Annuities of all forms Lloyd B. Sanderson Annuities Ot all forms. 1850-1901 The United States Life Insurance Company IN THE CITY OR NEW YORK GEORGE H. BURFORD, President FINANCE COMMITTEE GEO. G. WILLIAMS, - - Presidetit Chemical Nat. Bank JOHN J. TUCKER, - - Builder E. H. PERKINS, Jr., Prest. Importers' and Traders' Nat. Bank JAMES R. PLUM, Leather Active and successful Agents who desire to make DIRECT CONTRACTS with this well-established and progressive Company, thereby securing for themselves not only an immediate return for their work, but also an increasing annual income commensurate with their success, are invited to communicate with RICHARD E. COCHRAN, 3d Vice-President, at the Company's Office, 277 Broad- way, New York City. Assets over $8,000,000 Insurance in Force, over $40,000,000 PROVIDENT SAVINGS LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY (INCORPORATED 1875) 346-348 Broadway, New York EDWARD W. SCOTT, President 1895 FIVE YEARS' PROGRESS 1900 THE COMPANY HAS NEARLY DOUBLED ITS INCOME HAS MORE THAN DOUBLED ITS ASSETS HAS MORE THAN TREBLED ITS RESERVE HAS MORE THAN QUADRUPLED ITS EXCESS OF IN- COME OVER DISBURSEMENTS Total Payments to Policy-holders and amount now held for their benefit $22,655,892.00