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EXPLANATION  OF THE  PLATE.
  CLASS I.—PROPENSITIES.

1. Amativeness.
2. Philoprogenitiveness.
3. Concentrativeness or  Inhabi- /
  tiveness.                    (
4. Adhesiveness.
5. Combativeness.
6. Destructiveness.
7. Constructiveness.
8. Acquisitiveness.
9. Secretiveness.

  * Not established,  but supposed
by Dr. Spurzheiin  to be the organ
of the desire for food and drink, and
called Alimentiveness.
  CLASS II.—SENTIMENTS.

10.  Self-esteem.
11.  Love of approbation.
12.  Cautiousness.
13.  Benevolence.
14.  Veneration.
15.  Hope.
16.  Ideality.
17.  Conscientiousness.
18.  Firmness.
34.  Wonder or Marvellousness.
   CLASS III.—INTELLECT.

Part I.—Perceptive Faculties,
19. Eventuality and Individuality.
20. Form.
21. Si/,e.
22. Weight.
23. Colouring.
24. Locality.
25. Order.
26. Time.
27. "Number or Numeration.
28. Tune.
29. Language.

Part II.—Reflecting Faculties.
30. Comparison.
31. Causality.
32. Wit.
33. Imitation,
  N. B.  The organs are situated in this plate as in Dr. Spurzheim's, but they are numbered differently, to cor-
respond  with the arrangement of the present work.
S 
f 
              ALPHABET

                    or


PHRENOLOGY.

    A SHORT SKETCH OF THAT SCIENCE,

         FOR THE USE OF BEGINNERS.



     BY  H.  T.  JUDSCTlV,  M. D.
"The mind is nobler than the universe."
                          Charming.
CHARLES S. FRANCIS—252 BROADWAY.
   MUNROE & FRANCIS—T30ST(pr{.
icc/s. 

  Entered, according to»Act of Congress, in the year 1833, by
Charles S. Francis, in the  Clerk's Office of the  District
Court of the United  States  for the Southern  District  of
New-York.
Clayton & Van Norden, Printers
 49 William-street, New-York. 
A  VIEW
             OF


PHRENOLO  G Y.
   I DESIGN to present a general view of phre-
nology, its origin, nature, and progress.
   The literal signification of the term, is—a dis-
course concerning the mind.  By phrenology,
however,  is usually understood  that system of
mental and moral philosophy, which recognises
the brain as a congeries of organs, by which
the mental and moral faculties are manifested,
during  the  connexion of  the  mind  and  the
body.  It  makes  no pretension to ascertain  the
nature of the mind itself, nor to determine
whether it be material or immaterial, destined
to immortality,  or  to perish  with  the body.
Wisely does it leave these interesting inquiries
to be solved by knowledge of a different kind.
   As phrenology,  in connexion with  other
branches of science, such as those of insanity,
legislation, and  education, may be regarded
as the greatest and most  important discovery
of modern times, it  becomes us to attend to the
                   1*
vtof&z. 
6
A VIEW OF
history of its origin and  progress.   The ho-
nour of the discovery is unquestionably due to
Dr. Gall, of Vienna. Dr. Spurzheim and Mr.
Combe merit the praise of having been the most
successful cultivators of the science.
   Dr. Gall, from an early age, was disposed
to observation.   He noticed the fact, that his
brothers, and  sisters, and  schoolfellows, were
each  distinguished by some peculiarity  of ta-
lent or disposition.  He found that the schq-
lars with whom he  had the greatest difficulty
in competing, were those who learned by heart
with much facility ; and such individuals fre-
quently gained from him, by their repetitions,
the  places of honour   and commendation,  to
which he had justly gained a title by the merit
of his original  compositions.   His schoolfel-
lows so gifted were observed to possess pro-
minent eyes, and subsequently, in similar cases,
 he found this to be uniformly true.  This fact,
 we are told, suggested to him the propriety of
 looking to the heads around him for other or-
 gans, either of intellect or of sentiment.  From
 the first he referred the cause to  the brain, and
 not to the bones of the head, as it has been ab-
 surdly represented by the opponents  of the
 system.
    Dr. Gall  studied the  metaphysical  writers
 with  but little  satisfaction.  Being fully con-
 vinced there was a natural difference between
 
PHRENOLOGY.
7
individuals  as  to talents and dispositions, and
finding those writers  not acknowledging this
principle, but speaking of all men as born with
equal mental faculties and moral susceptibili-
ties, and  maintaining that  the differences ob-
servable between them were  owing  either to
education or to  accidental circumstances,  he
laid aside all reliance upon  their theories, and
devoted himself to the study of nature.  " He
visited prisons, and resorted to schools; he was
introduced  to  the  courts  of princes, to col-
leges,  and  the seats  of justice ;  and  wherever
he heard of an individual distinguished in any
particular way, either b_y remarkable endow-
ment or deficiency,  he  observed and studied
the developement of his head. In this manner,
by an almost imperceptible  induction, he con-.
ceived himself warranted in believing that par-
ticular mental powers are indicated by particu-
lar configurations of  the head."   Anatomical
investigations next occupied his attention, and
he made several important discoveries respect-
ing the structure of the brain and nerves. The
fibrous constitution of the brain  has by him
and Dr. Spurzheim been demonstrated  to the
satisfaction  of all anatomists, even of them who
continue opposed to  the peculiar doctrines of
phrenology.
   Dr. Gall  did not, as he has been falsely re-
presented, first map out a head and assign a fa- 
8
A VIEW OF
culty to each part, according to his fancy or
caprice; on  the  contrary,  he  remarked  an
agreement between  certain mental  faculties or
moral dispositions, and certain forms of the cra-
nium, and they were located one by one as they
were presented to his observation.
  Dr. G. Spurzheim began the study in  1800,
as a student of Gall, and has been an indefati-
gable labourer in the field of phrenological
investigation, and  a strenuous and successful
advocate of truth and  humanity.  He has lec-
tured  in France,  Great Britain, Ireland, and
the  United States.  He arrived in New-York
in July, 1832, and proceeded to Boston, where,
after lecturing several  weeks, he terminated his
valuable life.  Worthy of all eulogium and  of
all regret, he sleeps in  our land : but his works
survive, and may be considered as a valuable
bequest to  the  friends of wisdom  and virtue.
His powers of analysis were great;  and  much
of the order and harmony of the science may
be fairly attributed to him.  Nor were his mo-
ral  sentiments less valuable or endearing.  In
this country (and  I am proud to mention the
fact) he was  received  with  enthusiasm, enter-
tained with  cordiality, and lamented with sin-
cere esteem, as well as heartfelt sorrow. " Rg-
quiescat in pace."
  In 1816, Mr. George Combe became a con-
vert, and he has published  a treatise on  phre- 
THRENOLOGY.
9
nology, which is one of the best written and
most  interesting  books in  the English  lan-
guage.   The Phrenological Journal and Mis-
cellany has also contributed to the wide diffu-
sion of knowledge on this increasing, and, as I
firmly believe, enduring science.
  Dr.  Charles Caldwell,  of Kentucky, and
others  in this  country, have given it their de-
cided approbation ; and we  may confidently
say that the subject has received an  impulse
which will render its continuance perpetual,
its progress certain, and its triumph complete.
  When  we reflect upon the capacity and  en-
ergy  of the  mind;  when we  remember its
boundless range and high destiny; when we car-
ry our thoughts forward towards its nobler anti-
cipations and glorious endowments, and at the
same.time realize how unsatisfactory have been
the  speculations of metaphysicians, and  how
inadequate consciousness is to reveal its nature
and properties ; we cannot but highly value the
inestimable  benefits  which   phrenology  has
bestowed upon the  science  of mind,  and the
brilliant light which it has shed over the men-
tal, and  moral,  and physical constitution of
man.   The time of ridicule  has passed away.
A sneer is no shield for ignorance ;  and who,
[ inquire, is wise, that is ignorant of himself?
I have never known a person disparage the va-
lue of phrenology, who was not  unlearned in 
10
A VIEW OF
its principles,  or prejudiced against its truth.
All the writings of metaphysical authors, how-
ever valuable  they may be  as testimonies  of
the nicety of thought and of the power of the
human intellect, leave us almost in total dark-
ness  regarding the composition of the mental
faculties.  The perusal of these  authors has,
however, some advantage; and, at present, a
person who  has never turned his  attention  to
subjects of this kind, can hardly be regarded
as a  man of knowledge and learning.  Locke,
in my opinion, is decidedly the best  of these
writers  in  the English language, nor am I
conscious he has   any superior in any other.
Neither Reid nor  Stewart  has improved upon
him  on the whole, though in some particulars
of no  great importance  it  may  be  conced-
ed they  have  brought  forward   some useful
thoughts.  Brown was a man of greater depth
and  reach of thought  than either Reid  or
Stewart; but it may be doubted if he has es-
sentially improved the cause  of true know-
ledge.  These authors have all failed in their
researches,  because  they neglected the mate-
rial organization of the brain and  nervous sys-
tem.   They have merely drawn from the foun-
tain of their own consciousness, ai?d  such streams
can  never extend  to the real fertilization of the
mental field.  Phrenology, on the other hand
is founded upon the simple fact, now scarcely 
PHRENOLOGY.
11
denied or doubted, that the brain is the organ
of the mind, or, more correctly, that it is a con-
geries of organs, each one of which is subser-
vient to a particular function.
   Phrenology does not assert that the mind is
material, or that it cannot exist  and act sepa-
rate from the body. It only states, that, while
united with the body,  it employs material or-
gans for its manifestation.   It is impossible to
define the nature of the soul, or to decide upon
its duration by scientific  research.   Would we
know the truth on these  recondite subjects, we
must consult a higher  source; and by faith in
divine revelation, we have our desires gratified
in the most satisfactory manner.
   For my own part, 1 believe the soul and spi-
rit dwell in clay until the death of the material
frame, and then are not  found naked, but im-
mediately are " clothed upon" with a spiritual
body,  or  inhabit  a " house not  made  with
hands, but eternal  in the heavens," there to
abide, as enduring as the days of eternity, and
as blessed as the beatitude of God.   L speak,
of course, of those who are justified, sanctified,
and saved.
   We may then believe that the mind uses the
eye to see, the ear to hear, the hand to feel, and
the brain to think; and, if so, why not one
part of  the  brain  to  enjoy the pleasures  of
friendship, another part to raise the  emotion of 
12
A VIEW OF
benevolence, and still another  to quicken the
energy of resentment ?
  The brain is, therefore, a congeries of or-
gans:  these are numerous  and  multiform:
phrenology collects and arranges them in three
great classes.   The first class embraces those
organs which give rise to the animal propensi-
ties, and  are  nine  in  number.   The second
class  contains those of the  moral feelinp-s or
sentiments, nine or ten in number.   The third
class comprehends  the intellectual  organs or
faculties, which are subdivided into the know-
ing  and  the  reflecting  organs.   Generally
speaking, we say, the animal propensities  are
situated in the lower and posterior parts of the
head, the moral sentiments in the superior la-
teral parts, and the  intellect in front. All arise
from  the medulla oblongata at the base of the
scull, and are  mostly  extended  to  the surface
of  the  cranium.  Having indulged  in these
preliminary remarks, we shall now  proceed to
mention the various organs in their order, and
shall  briefly notice their functions and con-
nexions.  It should be remembered that  they
are all double, that is to  say, that one of each
name exists on either side of the brain.  The
brain is divided into  two  hemispheres by the
falx, and the opposite  sides are connected bv
commissures.
  But this  rather belongs to the anatomy of 
PHRENOLOGY.
13
the brain, of which we cannot  speak particu-
larly at present.


        CLASS I.—PROPENSITIES.

           No. I.—Amativeness.

   This is the organ of sexual love.  The cere-
bellum  is its seat at the lower  and posterior
part of the head.  It is very small in children,
attains its  full  size between the ages of four-
teen and twenty-four,  and in  old age  often
diminishes.   It is less in females than in  males.
Dr.  Spurzheim says, " It is impossible to unite
a greater number of proofs  in demonstration of
any  natural truth,  than  may be  presented to
determine  the  function  of the  cerebellum."
This organ exerts an influence manifestly be-
neficial, giving  rise to  politeness an 1 mutual
good feeling between  the sexes.  Like the
other faculties, it is  liable  to abuse.  There
is  a connexion  between this portion of the
brain and  the eyes, so  that these sometimes
convey all necessary intelligence from the lover
to the beloved object.

     No. II.—Philoprogenitiveness.

  This long name simply  imports love of off-
spring.   The attachment of several species, in-
                    2 
14
A VIEW OF
deed  of  most  species,  of  animals to  their
young, is worthy of admiration.   The instinct
of nature, as it has been  called in them, is
but another name for the  activity of this or-
gan.  The love of children is innate, arising,
not from reason, nor from a sense of duty, but
spontaneously.   It  is larger in  females than
in males, among  all classes of animal  exist-
ence.  It was  discovered and  established  by
Dr. Gall.   Sometimes it has been  deranged ;
and women under this derangement  have ima-
gined themselves mothers,  nurses, &c.   Were
it not for the exercise of this faculty, the con-
dition of helpless  infancy would  be truly de-
plorable.  It is situated in the posterior ex-
tremity  of the  cranium, above the  first-men-
tioned organ.

No. III.—Concentrativeness or Inhabi-
                 tiveness.

   Dr. Spurzheim observed this part  to be large
in those animals and persons who seem attached
to particular places, and hence named it inha-
biliveness,  or sense of habitation. Mr. Combe
observed that some  persons possess a natural
facility   of concentrating their  thoughts  and
feelings, without the tendency  to  distraction
by the intrusion of ideas, or emotions foreign 
PHRENOLOGY.
15
to the subject  under consideration;  and find-
ing this  portion  large in  such  persons, has
called  it  concentrativeness.   Dr. Spurzheim
does not admit this power of continued atten-
tion as a primitive faculty, but supposes each
organ to have the power within itself of direct-
ing its own attention.   The truth  may be, that
this  organ comprises  two faculties, and that
one part of it  is concerned  in inhabitiveness,
and is large in birds of several kinds, and also
in animals, while  another part is the source of
the power of intense attention, as  supposed by
Mr. Combe ;  and if this be true, the difference
can be readily reconciled.   Nothing but ob-
servation can  decide the question.   Abstruse
reasoning is not admitted as proof  in our sci-
ence, which is built upon induction.  It lies
above  philoprogenitiveness  and  between the
organs of adhesiveness.

         No.  IV.—Adhesiveness.

   When very large,  two   anular protube-
rances will be found above  philoprogenitive-
ness,  near the  lamdoidal   suture.  If the
neighbouring  organs  are large, then only a
general fulness will  be observable.   " This
faculty gives rise to the instinctive feeling of
attachment, and  causes us  to experience the
greatest delight in  a return of affection."  It 
16
A VIEW OF
prompts  to  attachment,   even to  inanimate
things;—hence the love  of the girl for  her
doll, and the devotion of the adult for his coun-
try and  familiar institutions  and  manners.
Patriotism  is a compound emotion, and  em-
braces benevolence, conscience, and fortitude.
Morbidly acute, it produces home-sickness  and
country-sickness in those who are  banished
from their native land and the home of their
youth.    The soldier on the field of battle dies
remembering his home,  and  sweet recollec-
tions of his distant country return to his mind,
with mingled sweetness and regret.  This organ
is  larger in women than  in men.   Those in
whom it is largely developed, become mutually
good friends, while those in whom it is deficient
may have many acquaintance, but they  will
never enjoy the delights of pure friendship.  In
the inferior "animals, as the dog, for instance,
it exists  oftentimes very strongly marked.   It
is the bond of union, and causes  animals to
herd together,  and maintains harmony  and
peace.

         No. V.—CoMBATIVENESS.

   This is the propensity  that leads to combat.
I think it can be better understood by viewing
it in relation with destructiveness.  It is placed
partly behind the ear and above  the mastoid
process. 
PHRENOLOGY.
17
        No. VI.—Destructiveness.

   Above the orifice  of the  ears, giving the
 disposition  to  destroy.  Combativeness in-
 spires courage,  and,  when  properly directed
 and  controlled  by the  moral  and  mental
 powers,  enables  us to maintain  the right and
 the  truth.  It  is  indispensable to the form-
 ation  of an energetic  character.   Its undue
 excitement leads  to war.  Warlike nations have
 combativeness and destructiveness large. Com-
 bativeness gives resolution to  meet  danger
 unappalled, and to resist it; destructiveness
 renders the onset perilous and terrible.  Com-
 bativeness enables us  to encounter difficulty,
 and, having overcome it, is satisfied ;  destruc-
 tiveness  prompts us to exterminate our adver-
 saries.   Destructiveness gives  energy to the
 will, and, if combined with firmness, results in
 persevering activity in  the pursuit of any ob-
ject.
   Children frequently exhibit the possession of
 destructiveness and of combativeness.  Their
 fondness  for   soldiers  and  warlike  display,
 and their tendency to destroy their playthings,
 are evidences of  the activity of these  organs.
 In men,  these faculties give  the propensity to
 witness battles, either of other men, or of the
 inferior animals.   To  destructiveness  must be
                   2* 
18
A VIEW OF
attributed the desire to.see a fellow being suf-
fer  the  extreme penalty of human law; and
I am sorry to add, this desire  is by no means
confined to the  stronger sex.   This has been
regarded as unaccountable.  Phrenology  re-
veals  the cause  of the fact, which is too  noto-
rious to be disputed.   Destructiveness is  large
in wilful murderers, and therefore was at first
called the organ  of murder.   Now phrenolo-
gists  ask for facts.  If the  science be not
true, certainly it would not be difficult to pre-
sent one  case  in which murder had wilfully
been committed by a person of comparatively
small destructiveness  and  large benevolence,
with  an  ordinary endowment of the mental
and moral faculties.  Such a case, however,
never has been adduced!   If  we compare the
head  of an herbivorous animal with that of a
carnivorous one, we shall at once perceive how
much the head of the latter exceeds in size the
head  of the former at this particular part of
the brain.
    The pleasure taken by the  ancient Romans
 in  gladiatorial games  depended  upon their
 large destructive organs.  The spectators were
 by no means the refuse of the people, but the
 intelligent  and the illustrious  composed no
 small portion  of the admiring and almost en-
. raptured assembly.   Even the vestal virgins
 had  their appropriate  seats,  and all classes 
PHRENOLOGY.
19
 seemed equally to enjoy the  bloody spectacle.
 The  agony and death both of men and beasts
 contributed to the general excitement.   Mo-
 dern  civilization  has  abolished  these cruel-
 ties.

      No. VII.—Constructiveness.

   This is the faculty of construction.  It is an
 essential ingredient in mechanical ingenuity.
 It gives birds the capacity for building nests,
 and beavers their  wonderful instinct  in  con-
 structing  their convenient habitations.  Com-
 bined  with  ideality and  causality large,  it
 bestows  the  taste for  ornamental  architec-
 ture.  Neither the hand nor the employment of
 any tool or instrument will supply the deficien-
 cy of size in this organ. They are not the pow-
 er, but simply the means  by  which architectu-
 ral designs, originating in this faculty, are car-
 ried into execution.  It seems to  be altogether
 wanting in such animals as make no attempts
 at building or  any kind  of  construction.   It
lies in front of destructiveness, and is covered
by a considerable mass of flesh or muscle, for
which due allowance should be  made in esti-
mating its size. 
20
A VIEW OF
       No. VIII.—Acquisitiveness.

  At first  this  was  denominated  the  organ
of theft,  or propensity  to  steal.   This being
only the  abuse of the faculty, the name was
changed  to  the  present very  appropriate  ap-
pellation.  The function of it is the desire to
accumulate.
  When properly restrained and directed by  *
the higher faculties,  it leads to frugality and
well-ordered economy.  When  uncontrolled
and of high activity,  it hurries its votary into
dishonesty  and  shame.  Some  persons have
almost an irresistible  propensity to  steal, even
when their  circumstances  and rank in  life
would seem  to preclude all possibility of such a
crime.   This organ  is large in misers, and is
apt to  increase with  increase  of  years.   For
the most part, it  should be repressed in chil-
dren, but, unhappily, some  endeavour to foster
selfishness,  and to smother all generous feel-
ings in their offspring. Phrenologically speak-
ing, such parents repress the action  of benevo-
lence, and  stimulate  acquisitiveness.  This is
the reverse  of what  ought to occur.  There
can be no danger that mankind should be too
much disposed to deny themselves  for the be-
nefit of  others.   Selfishness  will  grow  and
spring with sufficient luxuriance, uncultivated 
PHRENOLOGY.
21
and, like the poisonous upas, spread its baleful
vapour on all  around.   This organ  is found
in several animals, as in the  squirrel tribe, and
in monkeys, and also in some birds; hence do-
mesticated crows, he. are often found  to be ar-
rant thieves.  Drs. Gall and  Spurzheim present
us with  many  interesting anecdotes respecting
the organ under consideration.  It is placed
somewhat behind and   above  constructive-
ness and ideality.

        No.  IX.—Secretiveness.

   Immediately above destructiveness we  find
this organ, which bestows the instinctive feel-
ing  of desire  to  conceal  our  opinions, ac-
tions, and wishes.  When too  large,  it leads
to hypocrisy.   It is  the organ of what is com-
monly called  cunning.   It  contributes  to
form a prudent character, and is  an  essential
ingredient in the constitution of human nature.
" It prompts," says Dr. Gall, " the general of
an army to use stratagem to deceive  the ene-
my, while it leads  him  to  conceal his move-
ments and enterprises, to make false attacks
and  counterfeit  marches."  Manifestations of
the faculty in  the insane are described by au-
thors on that disease.  The cunning shown by
them in  concealing their  own state  is often
truly astonishing. 
22
A VIEW OF
        CLASS  II.—SENTIMENTS.

  This  class corresponds to the emotions of
metaphysicians.   Some  are common to man
with the inferior  animals, and others are pecu-
liar or proper to man.   These emotions or af-
fective powers are  numerous;—they  do not
form ideas or think, but feel; they are blind,
and require to be directed by the intellect en-
lightened by knowledge.

          No. X.—Self-esteem.

  It is  situated  at  the  summit  of the  poste-
rior  part  of the head :  it  inspires  the feel-
ing of self-esteem and  self-satisfaction,  and,
when in  excess, produces  pride and arrogance.
A due  endowment produces that degree of
complacency with our own character  and va-
lue, which leaves the mind open  to the enjoy-
ment of the bounties of  Providence,  and the
amenities of  life.  It aids in giving dignity in
the eyes of others, and restrains  from  low and
degrading vices, and thus is productive of ex-
cellent results.   It  is usually large  in states-
men  and  in conquerors.  In some  animals
such as  horses, turkey cocks, &tc., it is mani-
festly in operation.  The noble steed shares
with his  rider the pleasure and  the  pride as 
PHRENOLOGY.
23
Pope says.   When  this part of the  brain  is
disordered, men imagine themselves frequently
to be princes,  kings, he.   Some  even fancy
themselves angelic or superhuman  beings.   It
was under the influence of this infatuation that
Menecrates imagined himself the son of Jupiter,
and requested  Philip, King of Macedon, that
he might receive divine honours.  Philip, will-
ing to humour  him, invited him to a feast, and
placed him at  a table furnished with  incense
while the other guests  were entertained with
more substantial fare.   At first he was highly
delighted ; but, growing hungry, he felt himself
to be but  a man, and withdrew in his- right un-
derstanding.  Thus Philip became a judicious
physician.

     No. XI.—Love of Approbation.

  Placed  on each side of  number X., and dif-
fering from it  as vanity does from pride.   It
bestows the desire to please  and to be agreea-
ble.   It is large in females, and  is an ingre-
dient in an amiable character.   If too large or
too  active it occasions a fidgetty  anxiety  to
know what others will  think  and say of us.
Combined with  large secretiveness  it gives ori-
gin to unmeaning compliments.  It is possessed
by the lower animals, and several of them evince
tokens of pleasure when caressed. Children are 
24
A VIEW OF
commonly much influenced by it, and therefore
its proper direction and exercise require great
attention on the part of parents  and teachers.
It is a powerful motive of action, and should be
directed, therefore, to pursuits truly noble and
beneficent.    Never should  it be allowed to
supersede the dictates of reason  or the  appro-
bation of conscience.   Public applause  highly
gratifies this feeling in  those who have it large,
and some require no other reward for services
rendered to the public.  It is generally large
in popular public speakers, and  is  perhaps a
necessary stimulus  to  the orator.   It  affords
a means, of government in the  education of
children, and needs constant address on the part
of educators, lest, on one  hand, it be immode-
rately gratified, and be made to " grow on what
it feeds on," and, on the other, lest it be too much
crossed and outraged by injudicious treatment,
or unmerited reproach.

        No.  XII.—Cautiousness.

  This  lays  the foundation  of  the cardinal
virtue of prudence.   Sometimes it degenerates
into cowardice.  It is large in children • hence
their timidity, which is not unfrequently ag-
gravated by  the frightful tales  told them of
witches, ghosts, and robbers.  I  am confident
that I  have found this portion of  the brain 
PHRENOLOGY.
25
diseased,  and giving rise  to  melancholy and
low spirits,  attended  with an indefinable kind
of dread or  anticipation of evil.   It lies partly
over number V. and IX., and occupies the cen-
tre of the parietal bone.

         No. XIII.—Benevolence.

   Its name  indicates its  function.   Situated
at the upper part of the frontal bone, and form-
ing  the summit of the  forehead.   It is a
source of happiness  to the possessor—making
him realize the " luxury of doing good."  Li-
berality  of sentiment flows  from it, as  from a
fountain.    Adhesiveness  gives  us individual
attachments, but benevolence  binds us  to our
species, and  produces kindness towards all men.
It exists in the lower animals, and, when large,
renders them gentle and docile.   It can be re-
cognised in  the horse, by a fulness in the centre
of the forehead.   Horses which are  deficient
in this organ will  be ill-tempered  and vicious.
It is sometimes morbidly excited  in man, and a
wasteful expenditure and giving away of pro-
perty is often the first symptom of insanity.
3 
20
A VIEW OF
         No. XIV.—Veneration.

  At the middle of the coronal aspect of the
head.  It prompts to the feeling of reverence
towards superior beings.  This feeling is innate.
Nations  the  most savage and unenlightened
have some idea of a superior power, and fol-
low some form of religious worship.   " It is,"
as Dr. Gall observes, "an indirect proof of the
existence of God."  The Creator has bestowed
it, and is himself the proper object of its exer-
cise.   This organ also produces the feeling of
awe on viewing ancient majestic works  of art.
The lofty mountain, the deep  valley, the yawn-
ing  abyss, and  the mighty  cataract,  call it
into activity.  When  misdirected,  it leads to
superstition.  It is usually largest in females.

             No.  XV.—Hope.

  This is located  on each  side  of firmness,
and inspires delightful anticipation of the fu-
ture.  It  gilds  and  adorns  every prospect.
Large and active in youth, its possessors spring
forward  with vigour in  the  race of life, and
are  only repressed by the hard lessons of ex-
perience.  It has been sung by the poets, and
rejoiced  in by all.  Deprived of this faculty
life would be a blank,  and existence a curse. 
PHRENOLOGY.
27
          No. XVI.—Ideality.

  This is the  organ of poetry.  It  is on  the
side  of the  head  above  VII.   It  is found
large in  celebrated  poets, and in many  po-
pular orators.   Those  in whom it  is  small
can  scarcely form  any conception of its true
function.  It inspires enthusiasm and ardour
in pursuit of the  beautiful and romantic.   It
delights in imaginary excellence.
  Wonder  is in  the neighbourhood of the
above  organ, but  is not numbered in  Mr.
Combe's plates.   Dr. Spurzheim regards it
as established,  calling it  marvellousness, and
we have numbered  it XXXIV.  It  disposes
mankind to  admire, to be astonished, and to
believe in ghosts and supernatural events.   It
lies in front of hope, and obliquely above ideality.
Those who have it very large are disposed to see
apparitions.

     No. XVII.—Conscientiousness.

  Upwards  from  No. XII.  and  backwards
from No. XV.  The discovery of this organ
is  attributed with justice  to  Dr. Spurzheim.
It  is the  organ of  conscience.  When  mis-
directed, it  may make a  conscience  of unim-
portant matters, when very deficient,  honesty
and  fidelity  will  be wanting.   Philosophers 
28
A VIEW  OF
have been divided in opinion whether man has
anv conscience naturally, or moral sense at all.
Conscientiousness requires to be  enlightened
and  instructed.   It were as absurd to suppose
man destitute of a faculty to feel moral  differ-
ences, and then attempt instructing him  in mo-
rality, as to  endeavour to  impart a knowledge
of the various  colours of the rainbow to a per-
son totally destitute of eyes.

         No. XVIII.—Firmness.

   It is  at the  top  of the  head between self-
esteem  and  veneration.   It  bestows decision
of character.  Perseverance in enterprise and
coolness in  danger attend him who possesses
it large.  In excess, it  leads  to self-will and
obstinacy.   In deficiency,  it leaves  us  a prey
to circumstances, and renders us  fickle aud
changeable.
   Note.—The faculties ofveneration, hope, ide-
ality, with wonder and conscientiousness, have
been regarded as peculiar to man, and  as con-
stituting the superiority of his moral  nature.
Mr.  Combe says,  these  convolutions  of  the
brain are entirely wanting  in  the inferior ani-
mals. On this subject I entertain some doubts.
Do  not animals exhibit firmness ?  and is not
even " dogged obstinacy" a proverbial expres-
sion for unreasonable self-will? Does not the fear 
PHRENOLOGY.
29
of man arise in some degree from an  obscure
or rudimentary feeling of veneration  towards
the lord of creation, as his own pride has called
him ?  Does not  the dog hope for the appro-
bation of his  master,  and  the horse  for  rest
and refreshment after his  daily labour ;  or are
these the operation simply of fear and the result
of habit?  Is conscientiousness, or a  sense of
right and wrong,  altogether wanting ?  It seems
to me that it is chiefly, if not entirely, in the pos-
session of this  last faculty that  man  is distin-
guished from the brute. I am inclined to believe
that animals have much more  intelligence than
is usually attributed to  them.  But,  after all,
these are mere speculations, and  the  inquiries
can  be answered  alone by experience.

  CLASS III.—INTELLECTUAL FACUL-
                   TIES.

   Before I proceed to the enumeration and de-
scription of the organs which  compose this
class of important endowments, it will  be ne-
cessary to notice  the organs  of the senses,  as
they are called.   These are all external to the
brain, and  brought into connexion with it by
means of appropriate nerves.  External  objects
are  presented to these sensitive organs, and im-
pressions made upon thcfh, or  rather upon their
nerves,  are  transmitted to  the  brain, which
                     3* 
30               A VIEW  OF

forms ideas, or in other words perceives their
existence and properties.  The internal organs
in the brain  really take  knowledge  of these
external things, and reflect, or judge of their
relations—hence are subdivided into  knowing
and reflecting organs.
  The external senses  are the eye, the ear, the
nostril, the tongue, and the skin.  The eyes see,
the ears hear, the nostrils smell,the tongue tastes,
and the skin feels.  Thus, we have the sense of
sight—hearing—smelling—tasting—and touch,
or feeling.  All these are  capable of  improve-
ment, and are all instruments or means by which
we are brought into relation with the external
world.   These afford  inlets  for  knowledge,,
which is received, and digested, as it were, and
incorporated  by the brain ; and thus eternity is
impressed upon knowledge.   It becomes  part
and  parcel of the  soul, and is therefore more
precious than rubies.   '• Wisdom is the prin-
cipal thing."

PART I.  of CLASS III.—PERCEPTIVE FA-
                  CULTIES.

        No.  XIX.—Individuality.

   This organ  since its  discovery has been
 divided  into   individuality  and  eventuality.
 When the upper portion of it, or eventuality, 
PHRENOLOGY.
31
is large, it  gives  the  power  to observe  facts
and occurrences with  facility, and of remem-
bering them long and distinctly.  Individuality,
the lower portion, takes cognoscence of persons
and things.   Together they confer  a talent for
minute observation—hence their importance to
the natural philosopher, to the chemist and the
historian. They enable the counsellor or advo-
cate to apprehend the various topics of his argu-
ment, as well as to recollect the statements of his
adversary or of the witness. These organs ought
to be well developed in the physician ; accurate
observation  of symptoms, &c. is indispensable
to his success. Persons who have these organs
large, and the reflecting organs deficient,  may
acquire much learning, but will never become
profoundly wise. They may collect thethoughts
of others, but will not  be  deep thinkers them-
selves. They dwell on  small circumstances and
minute events, but do not form broad, and en-
larged, and  comprehensive views.   These  or-
gans are  situated in the middle of the forehead,
extending upwards from the root of the nose.

             No.  XX.—Form.

   This lies  between  the  orbits of the  eyes
at the root of the  nose.   It gives knowledge
of the configuration or  form of bodies.    It
is useful  in  the  arts, especially in engraving, 
32               A VIEW OF
painting, sculpture, &c.  Children whose eyes
are widely separated are  fond of drawing, and
often  show a talent for these  employments.

             No. XXL—Size.

   It takes notice  of the size and  proportion
of bodies, gives capacity for perspective, and
informs us of the relative distance of bodies.
It is a small organ.

           No.  XXII.—Weight.

   This gives the  sense  of  equilibrium, and
forms conceptions  of the gravity of things.
It is affected in intoxication, and probably  an
irritation  commenced here is the primary link
in the chain of nausea or sea-sickness.   With
the last it is a small organ, and lies in the vicinity
of the eyebrows, near the internal angle towards
the nose.

         No. XXIII.—Colouring.

    The eyes  do not conceive of  colours,  of
 their harmony or discord.   This organ views
 the glorious  spectacle  produced  by  the va-
 riety  and  arrangement  of  colours.'   Some
 people, with  no defect  in  their eyes,  cannot
 discern the differences between colours.  Mr. 
PHRENOLOGY.
33
Combe gives several cases, and I have heard of
a gentleman who purchased and wore  scarlet
pantaloons, supposing them to be drab. "The
faculty of colour is necessary to  painters, ena-
mellers, and to all who are in any way occupied
with colours.  It is through  its agency that we
are charmed with the beauty of the flower-gar-
den, and  the variously tinted landscape,  and
show  good  taste in the  choice of colours for
our dress,  and the  furniture of our houses."
Its seat is  about  the middle of the eyebrow.

          No. XXIV.—Locality.

  This imparts  the power of recalling places
to the  memory.   It is large in emiment  ma-
thematicians.  Where  it is deficient the person
is easily lost or  bewildered.  It is  possessed
by  the  lower  animals.   Sheep  and  dogs  fre-
quently return  to  their homes after  having
been carried a long distance.   The superior-
ity of one  of Dr. Gall's companions in find-
ing  places  and  remembering   localities  first
called his attention to this organ.  It produces
desire to travel  and see  distant places.   It  is
above  size,  and extends to  the  middle of the
forehead on either side.  It was very large in
Capt. Cook, the circumnavigator. 
34
A VIEW OF
           No. XXV.—Order.

  This gives  the  love  of arrangement.  It
is gratified when  every  thing is in its place,
and suffers when confusion reigns.  It is use-
ful to authors  and  orators.   It  is essential to
neatness.   When  too small, the affairs, the
clothes, and the furniture  are never as  they
should be-—hence its importance to the female,
and  to  the order and harmony of household
arrangements.   It lies next to colour, over the
orbit and under the eyebrow.

           No. XXVI.—Time.

  The ability  to conceive of time, and of re-
membering circumstances  connected by no
link but the order of succession, is  the proper
function  of this organ.   Time in music is
recognised by  the  same faculty.   The  deaf
and  dumb frequently can keep good   time
in  dancing, thereby proving that the hearing
is not the source of this power.   It is a special
organ.

        No. XXVII.—Numeration.

  The  organ  of  number  includes  whatver
relates to calculation, unity and  plurality  &,c. 
PHRENOLOGY.
35
Remembrance  of  dates  and  of chronology
depends upon  it.   Those who have it  small
cannot  call to mind numbers,  nor readily per-
form  the operations of arithmetic.   It  is si-
tuated at the external angle of the eye.

           No. XXVIII.—Tune.

   It  is  large  in  those  fond  of music,  espe-
cially in those skilled in the art of musical per-
formances.   The faculty of hearing in general
and this faculty are  distinct.   Those who can
hear  acutely often are  entirely destitute  of
any relish for music, and incapable of distin-
guishing harmony from discord.

          No. XXIX.—Language.

   This was  the  first  organ  discovered, and
its  history and location have been already
given.   It enables  us to express our  ideas
in words.  It  confers ability  to learn differ-
ent languages.   Those  who  are  deficient in
this organ, although  men  of talent and  of
information,  make  but a poor figure in the
world. Those, on the contrary, having it largely
developed with a good endowment of the know-
ing faculties,  often pass for men of greater abi-
lities than they really are.  It  is usually  large
in females. Dr. Spurzheim supposes it consists 
8«
A VIEW OF
of several portions, one of which is devoted to
proper names.

 PART II. of CLASS III.—REFLECTING FA-
                  CULTIES.

         No. XXX.—Comparison.

   It  gives  capacity for perceiving  resem-
blances,  similitudes, and analogies.  It takes
a wide range.  It is highly useful to  orators
and  authors, enabling  them to present  their
subject in an  attractive  form,  and to  embel-  I
lish  it with beautiful or splendid illustrations,
especially if ideality be large.   It is situated in
the upper middle  part of the  forehead.   It is
more rarely deficient than any  other of the re-
flecting  organs.   The Scriptures are replete  i
with comparisons,  figures, and  similitudes.   It
must have been large in the author of Pilgrim's
Progress.

         No. XXXI.—Causality.

   It prompts to  inquiry respecting the cause
of phenomena,  and thus  leads us to admit
 a great primary Cause or Deity.  The power
 of reasoning,  and  of drawing inferences, is
 possessed in very different  degrees by differ-
 ent individuals.  Individuality  and comparison 
PHRENOLOGY.
37
take cognisance of things, and causality searches
after the cause of their existence, relation, and
dependence.  It is large and active in men dis-
tinguished for great mental power.  Such were
Socrates, Bacon,  Kant.   This  organ is  the
fountain of resources.   It  enables us to apply
our knowledge, and confers the ability to think
deeply and to argue logically.   Causality, in-
dividuality, eventuality, cautiousness, and firm-
ness, form the stamina of true wisdom.
   Some, it is true, pass for wise men, in whom
this organ is not  very much  developed;  but,
when strictly examined, they will be found to
be men of information, having  large knowing
organs, rather  than men  of great sagacity.
They are clever and useful, but never give tone
to their age.   They acquire information, and
if language be  full, they can readily communi-
cate it to others, but are not original thinkers.
   If the animal propensities  are very large,
while the moral sentiments are deficient, and
causality  large,  the  person  so  constituted
probably will be a ringleader in iniquity.   If
the propensities are moderate, the  sentiments
small,  and this  organ full,  the man will be dis-
tinguished for mental ability, but his sincerity
and integrity may be questionable.  If the pro-
pensities be moderate,  the  moral powers large,
and  the knowing and  reflecting  organs  also
large,  the individual so endowed will, uhless 
38
A VIEW OF
circumstances be very unfavourable indeed, at-
tain the full perfection of his nature.  Moral
worth is as essential to true greatness as intel-
lectual ability.   Causality lies just outside of
comparison.

            No.  XXXIL—Wit.

   " Every body,"  says  Mr. Combe, " knows
what is meant by wit, and  yet  no word pre-
sents more difficulty  in  its  definition."   The
moderate  size and  exercise of  this organ in-
duces a current of pleasing thoughts through
the mind.  It was  first called "gayety," and
seems peculiar to man.   Dr.  Spurzheim re-
garded  it as  a moral feeling rather than an
intellectual faculty; but the Scotch phrenologists
have classed it with comparison  and causality.
By these  gentlemen,  especially  by Mr. Scott,
comparison is supposed to take notice of simi-
larities and resemblances, and wit  to be occupied
with differences and contrasts; while causality
lying between them, judges of connexion and
causation ; and thus collectively the  three are
considered the highest manifestation  of  intel-
lect.  Accordingly, in the busts  of celebrated
statesmen and philosophers, these organs occu-
pying the superior portion of the forehead, are
represented large.   Even the statues of heroes
and of the gods among the ancient Greeks and 
PHRENOLOGY.
39
Romans, possess this  configuration.  Whence
did this arise ?  Evidently from  the  study  of
nature.   Such  men as were distinguished for
intellectual power were observed by  artists  to
have  large  foreheads, and  as the gods  were
supposed to excel men in understanding, they
likewise were represented with ample  brow and
expanded front.

        No. XXXIIL—Imitation.

  Children  and the young  of many animals
are prone to imitation.  It is important, there-
fore,  that children  should  have good exam-
ples set before them.  This  organ  is large in
good  mimics and actors.   It is situated above
causality and next to benevolence externally.
When large, and benevolence  also large, the
upper part  of  the forehead will  be  full and
handsomely rounded.  This, in the monkey and
some  other  animals, appears as  a propensity
rather than an intellectual faculty; and in man,
perhaps, it ought not to be regarded as an attain-
ment of the higher order of excellence.

   .No. XXXIV.—Wonder, see page  27. 
USES OF  PHRENOLOGY.
   We have passed in review the several organs,
and  pointed  out  their specific functions—we
have seen that man  is a compound being, not
only composed of body of various parts  and
structures, and of mind in a mysterious con-
nexion, but also that the mind itself embraces
several classes of faculties, and  that  each of
these faculties has its appropriate seat in the
brain.    Such is phrenology!  Some  there
are who are ever ready to inquire, " what is the
use ? where is the utility ? &c."  To such,  and
all others, phrenologists reply, that TRUTH is
valuable  for its own sake, and ought always to
be so considered.   Knowledge of truth  is not   I
only power, but happiness,—not only a means,
but an end.   Here we might rest our  defence,
but we are not without an answer of a different
kind.  I  believe that the science is of immense
importance, and I will briefly point out  some of
its uses.
   Phrenology is of paramount importance in
its influence  upon medicine,  law,  education
and the general welfare of mankind.
   In the  treatment of the insane,  a knowledge
of phrenology is absolutely indispensable.  This 
            A VIEW OF PHRENOLOGY.         41

 is now beginning to  be understood.   In most
 forms of mania, one or more of the primitive
 faculties are diseased, and phrenology explains
 the seat of the lesion, and exhibits the nature
 and extent of the operation, whose result is erro-
 neous judgment or morbid  feeling.   Thus it
 unveils the true theory of insanity.   Is not this
 an important benefit ? Who  is there, having a
 friend, brother, parent,  suffering under  this
 dreadful  malady,  that could undervalue the
 light which phrenology sheds upon mind, in
 either its healthy or diseased  state?   Is it of no
 use to be put in possession of such a means of
 combating  mental disorder, and  of restoring
 the insane to  their friends, to their usefulness,
 to themselves?  Let the inmates of the lunatic
 asylum answer.  Imagine an interval in  their
 madness, in which  this question should be put
 to them,  and what think you  would be the
 reply ?
   Nor is phrenology less important in a legal
 point of view.   The question of insanity is of-
ten involved in criminal proceedings.   Surely,
every means of investigation, promising hope
of success, where the life of man is jeoparded,
should be hailed with joy,  and employed with
understanding and zeal. Some one faculty may
be diseased, while other faculties are in health-
ful exercise ; and we may be enabled, by an ac-
quaintance with this subject, to determine to
                    4* 
42
A VIEW OF
what extent such partial derangement ought to
be a shield from punishment for any crime com-
mitted in  such  circumstances.   To  deprive a
person of life, who is  a suitable inmate of a
lunatic asylum, is revolting to every feeling of
humanity.   Here, then, our  science appears
the friend of the most miserable and  pitiable of
the human  family.  But this is not all.  A
skilful phrenologist would  be able  to detect,
with a considerable  degree of certainty, any
imposition that a knave or criminal  might at-
tempt to make. Thus the ends of justice would
be  answered.   Not  only criminal legislation,
but  legislation  of every kind,  might receive
much assistance from a knowledge of the true
constitution of man.   Political  economy also
draws largely upon  the stores  of  phrenolo-
gical truth,  in  its endeavours to promote the
best outward interests  of man; but 1 cannot
dwell  upon this interesting  relation of two
sciences.
   Education will eventually owe much to phre-
nology.   Physical education, which prepares
the  body for activity and usefulness, demands
far more attention than It has hitherto received.
The  mental powers  should not be  too early
tasked.   Let the young enjoy the  springtide
 of life.  Exercise,  and sport, and play, com-
 pose not  merely their delight, but best good.
 By exercise, their forms  are expanded,  their 
iPHRE&OLOGY.
43
Organic structure developed^ and their muscles
strengthened.  Confinement to a sitting pos-
ture, and constant attention to books> are alto-
gether  wrong, and utterly injurious.   Moral
culture has not yet obtained that assiduous care
which its  importance demands*  Phrenolog}',
having discovered  the  mental and  moral or-
gans, and  having ascertained that they exist in
different relative proportions in different indivi-
duals, reveals the correct principle and plan of
education.  Every child should be educated in
accordance with his physical, moral, and intel-
lectual constitution.   Some  faculties require
restraint, others to be urged into action.   It is
absurd to  endeavour  to qualify children for
such  stations  in  society as  nature  never in-
tended  they  should occupy.   A uniform sys-
tem of education is as  ridiculous as it is  nuga-
tory.
   The knowing faculties  should be directed
to the acquisition of information, and the re-
flecting faculties be taught to compare, ana-
lyze, and determine.  A person of great mus-
cular   power  and  small  mental endowment,
ought to  be trained to hard  labour.   He is
fitted  for it.   It is  his  proper calling by the
voice  of nature.   He  who possesses superior
moral  worth,  or mental greatness,  with less
physical force, owes it  to himself and to man-
kind  to take the exalted place assigned him 
44               A VIEW OF   /
in the scale of being,  and to devote himself to
the cultivation and  improvement of his fellow
creatures, in some department of usefulness or
other.
   The present system of education often re-
verses all this; it is of course absurd and de-
trimental.  Phrenology  is destined,  soon"or
late, to   revolutionize the common course of
education, and to render man, physically, mo-
rally, and mentally  pre-eminent in  this lower
world.  Compared with the  present, of such a
consummation it may be said, that men will
become   wiser and  better—" No.\  doctior,
sed  imbutus meliora doctrina."
   In conclusion, we may say, that phrenology
has unfolded to man his true character  as a
moral and intellectual being, and has taught
him the  important truth, that his highest  hap-
piness, and best interest, as well as his reputa-
tion  and  consciousness of rectitude, lead  him
to repress the animal propensities of his nature,
and to cultivate those nobler faculties, which
give him the dominion over the creatures, and,
to a  considerable extent, the events which pass
before him.   The Creator intended the moral
sentiments and the mental powers should have
the supremacy, and  constituted man in such a
manner  as to  enable  him,  by the  exercise of
these talents, to enjoy himself, whilst he bene-
fits others.   This   is  the true, the only true 
rHEENOLOGY.
45"
theory,  of morality;  and when  it is well un-
derstood, and diligently practised, the rich and
glorious imaginations of the poet and the phi-
lanthropist will be literally realized.  Mankind
have hitherto supposed that their own  interest
was to be  purchased at the expense of the wel-
fare  of others, and  have acted accordingly.
What wonder,  then,  that violence, and strife,
and bloodshedr form so large a portion of the
history  of the  human race !  This  error has
been adopted by the governments of the earth,
and is as mischievous in national diplomacy
as in the social circle.  But a brighter dawn
has arisen  upon the destiny of man,  and he
will yet become wise  and virtuous, and there-
fore happy- 
DIRE C T1U«H
                 FOR

           SURVEYING

                 AND

MEASURING THE HEAD.
  As it is believed that  size bestows power in
proportion to its extent, it is  necessary that
the relative size of the organs should be known.
From  the situation  of the various organs, as
already explained, and especially from  a care-
ful examination  of the  plate, the  learner can
readily recognise, in the heads of  those whom
he may wish to examine, the proportion which
the animal propensities, the moral sentiments,
and  the intellectual faculties,  bear  to each
other.   If there is a greater quantity of brain
behind the ear than in front, and if the base of
the head is larger  than  the superior  part, it
may be  inferred that the lower  faculties  or
propensities predominate.   If, measuring from
the hole of the ear to the top of the head,  the
height be large, then the moral sentiments must 
47
be well developed.   If the space from the  ear
to the eye-brows be  long,  the  perceptive fa-
culties are large :  and if the  space from the
ear, not only to the eye-brows,  but  to the up-
per portion of  the forehead, is  large, and the
forehead broad, in this case the superior intel-
lectual faculties,—as comparison, causality, and
wit,—will be found in great power and perfec-
tion.  The orifice of the ear, therefore, may be
regarded as the point of  departure  in a gene-
ral survey of the head.  The absolute size of
the various  organs  may  be  ascertained by
means of calliper compasses, which will mea-
sure the  distances of them from  the  medulla
oblongata, or that part of the brain in the base,
from which they all originate.   The phrenolo-
gist also measures their width with a consider-
able degree of accuracy :—thus, if the organs
of ideality, for example,  measure, across  the
forehead, over  five  and a half inches, they may
be considered large, or rather large.
   The  following  expressions of size  are  em-
ployed,—viz. very  small,  small,  full, rather
large, large, very large, according to the size
of the organs respectively.
 
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