^H£aiJcW4^Mj^ "-h k vtl '* 3W0SG3M 1(1 Y»A*H3iJ JAMOjTAH .0 Q ,K0TQWH2A\V SURVEY OF HATIORAL IHSTITUTBS OF HEALTH UHRART Bethesda, lid. *y Estelle Bro-tean Chief Koferenoe Division Amy Medieal Library Washlnrt r, D. ?. January 1961 iol5. M4 195"/ NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEWCINE WASHINGTON, 0. C. TABLb u/ COHT&NTS Page PHOBLLM........................• 1 HISTORY C* MATIOMAL INSTITUTE OF HFALTH LIBRARY .... 2 LIBRARY USLRS .................. .... 3 ^THODOLOGY OF PURVEY.................. ** FlKDIKfc Collection ..................... 6 Periodicals .................... Monographs ..... ......... • ..... Government Documents...............^ (Back files)...................1° Budget.......................u Binding......................12 laoi^ax^efi .....••............••13 Equipment & Facilities ................ U Chemistry reading room...............I* 1 m , i * Photostats..............15 Reading space ................... 16 Current periodical reading rooju..........17 Services.......................18 Centralisation ve. decentraliiation ........ 1^ Bibliographic smv.,^i..............22 Cfitttlog................•.....*k Reference work..................2o SUmARX Technical y pmiaLv Overall impression of library •..........28 >*. J..U **3em ioaem 'C. . . xwiuZ iUiavR lo e&iu«?ivtani. lonoxliiid ni imm^-. enoLtsojj' SURVEY OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HhALTH LIBRARY Problem A library has three main parts to iti its mm; ? i-r ; its equipment, and its services. Each of these three parts is intimately ceum i with the adequacy with which the library serves its readers, while the inter-relationships of the three parts have an important 5«tri s om any use mi.--u. of tae library. Concrete examples of thie i. be fm in libraries which have grown beyond a certain size. In t.i;<.-as libraries services which had boon offered freely when the library was ^*«.u be- come bmbinm to the library when large; while conversely record: not needed when the library staff was small must be ad led when the LUff grows. It is valuable, therefore, for a library to stop now and then I- evaluate its position in respect to its t^i.i*ction, its equipment, and i * services, and to make plans for the future. The library of the Rational Institutes of Health had reach* a logical point for such an evaluation by the fall of 1950, for the re- tirement of the librarian who had been •„.■ ,. for many years ..v, the ap- pointment of a new librarian from another library were accompUshed facta, while a move to newer *< rf more commodious quarters was in the near offing. At till Juncture the '' , ,< 1 Institutes of Health invited the Chief of the Reference Di>, n of the Arsgr Medical library to assist t:.e new librarian of the Institutes in conducting a survey of the library. This is a report of the survey, ahd it is divided into two partsi the general report ana a technical appendix for th* use of the librarian. -J ui-tory of the National institutes of Health Library The present librer/ of the National Institutes of Health is composed of two libraries which had originally been •ste.-Usned to aid Uo groups of peoplei the oil Institute of Health (formerly the Hygienic Laboratory) and the Public Health S -rvice. Because the work being carried on by these two jroups was different, the library collections and services were also different. Fver since its foundlig in 1901, the Hygienic Laboratory- National Institutes of Health have been interested in research in the basic medical sciences, bacteriology, pathology, chexulstry, physics, and the like. The library collected for workers in this field was, therefore, logically iven over to works in these fields, with emphasis on long runs of journal titles. The Public Health Service, on the other hand, has always been in- terested in the application of basic Knowledge in medicine to the problems of people in the realm of health and disease. The beginnings of l.,c Public Health Service go bac* to the earliest days of the country's existence in the establishment of marine hospitals, paid for out of the monthly wages of the seamen themselves. The Public Health Service has been placed under two divisions of the federal government since its founding, the Treasury Department from 1789 to 1939 and the Federal Security Agency since 1939, but it has always had as its primary object the health and well-being of the entire country. As a result of this emphasis, the library collected for the use of the staff of the Public Health Service was strong in ad- ministrative preventive medicine, and in statistical works, both official and non-official, dealing with the health of groups of people. -2- v. . J: i' 4 These two libraries were housed in two different places until "Vorld War II. Tho National Institutes of Health Library was situated at 25th and E Streets in Washington, while the Public Health Service Library had just moved into a new building on Constitution Avenue and 19th Street when the war gave such space a premium value. In 1938 the first buildings of the National Institutes of Health had gone up in Bethesda, a suburb of Washington, so that by the time the space occupied by the Public Health Service Library was needed for war work, it •■£?* -^possible to move the Public Health Service Library into the same building in Bethesda in which the National Institutes of Health Library had been placed. Although these libraries were placed side by side in the building, they were not entirely integrated. In addition, certain services were continued to the members of the Public Health Service situated in the sain Washington government area on a "remote control" basis. These facts have importance in all aspects of the present National Institutes of Health Library problems. Library Users The users of the library are of three kinds, each one of which uses the collections in a different way. The scientists in the basic sciences are intensely personal users of scientific literature, who searcn in the pertinent literature themselves, who have use for a relatively small number of journals, and want nothing of the library staff except map- liKe directions about the whereabouts of material in the library. The second group are the clinical or quasi-clinical ussrs of literature, who range over a wider field than the first group, who do not Know much about indexing and abstracting tools, and who are willing to let the library -3- r'jfj -, a mim'*'- " rUIaeh -j *mJ evriu ;o .:lt*m staff do some of their searching for them, if the library staff can show competence within a short time. The final group are the non-sci:r, ific users of the library, the Titers, the publiciaers, the edi- ** xl assist- ants, who do not know the technical subjects about which they v. rite ex- cept as laymsn, and who are delighted to make use of tl i librar./ iff in an/ way. .at:tQ;ioio_>* m. .,u.rv«^ The surveyor came to the kationai institutes of Health Library before the survey was undertaken, looked over the physical layout, spoke to the 1 rary staff, and discussed with the Librarian the problems ho n?d al- ready encountered and the questions he wc.i. like to have answered. Then the surveyor and the Librarian mapped out a tentative plan for the survey, which was submitted to the Library Committee on 13 November 1950 for ap- proval by them. The actual survey took approximately four >.--■■■... from then to 22 December, with the surveyor on the reservation on a half-time basis. The survey was broken up into throe parts, corresponding to the three areas of the library. The resources of the Ubrary were tested by having standard Usts of books ana Journals in some of the particular fields covered by the library chocked against the Ubrary1 s holdin-s, to determins the Ubn i\:'b strengths and weaknesses. The opinion of tne expert- was also sought, by qusstioning those who were interviewed abou gaps in their field encountered in use of t*;e Ubrary. In faciUtios anu equipment, the emphasis of the survey was not on the facilities and equipment of the present Ubrary quarters, since it was known that the Ubrary was about to -4- move, but in 1) deter»uining from users what equipment they would Uke to see in the now library, and 2) drawing up plans for tne use of the architects of the new building, based on users' wishes as web J as on standards of library architecture. The services which were given or should be given by the Ubrary were determined by interviewing members of the staffs of the various Institutes on a repres. ince the surveyor tooK notes during the interview, no time was needed for writing down the results after speaking to individuals. Occasionally, also, the person being interviewed would ask if he might bring in one or two other people from his division for tue interview, since they too ware interested in the problem. Indeed, at one time the surveyor conducted what would be more adequately described as a round table, rather than an interview, since there were five people engaged in talking to her at one sitting. Findings The librai. contains a weU-selectod group of periodicals in many of the fields cjv.reu by investigations at the National Institutes of Health. It ia, perhaps, a Uttle weak in some of the newer fielda of investigation, such as statistical mathematics, certain areas of pnysics, ana physical chemistry; but this ia to bo expected in view of the short time in which research in these fioMs bas been conducted at the i-mtional Institutes of Health. The purchase of a smaU number of journals, *hose ntles have alre^uy been given to the Ubrary, wiU probably bring these fields to the level of the others in the Ubrary. CUnical journals, however, are another matter, v.ith the advent of the r*v» clinical center, the needs of clinicians, nurses, internes, and other workers with the patient wiU have to be met by the stocking of -6- a whole new series of clinical journals, for it is unfortunately true that basic clinical journals a e entirely missin^ from the National Institutes of Health collection m are present only in .b^c, with serious gaps. It must also be expecteu that a different set of criteria will be needed in choosing cUnical journals, since cUnicians (as opposed to scientists working in the basic sciences) tend to use many different journals at comparatively rare intervals each. A large number of different titles are therefore necessary, though in shorter runs. As shown by Fussier 95 percent of the journal articles used .c cag- ists are dated from the previous fifty years, and 90 percent of the rtmcj .m used by physicists are dated from the previous twenty-five years. It is probable, therefore, that in the field of chemistry and physics ibrst pur- chase should be of sets from lv^o on, with files mrov.ous to 1900 being acquired later as funds permit. Siiax r figures for clinical and quasi- clinical subjects, however, are much smaller, with the ten-year file being entirely adequate for first purchase in cUnical medicine, physiology, bacteriology, and the Uke. The Library of Congress oiassific ui schedules used in the National Institute of Health Library call ^r the classification of aU periodical literature and shelvin by class!fieation number. The trend in specialized libraries today is away from the compartmentaUnation ot periouicals and toward the establishment of one long array of all the journals, arrange; in ?. abetical order. Tnia has been done on the a priori Knowledge of librarians that readers very frequently cut across library subjects in their use of the technical Utorature. Tids knowledge has been borne out by (l) Fussier, H. H. Characteristics of the research literature used by che;lets and physicists i- the United States. Lib. ^uart. 19:19-35i U9-U3, 1949. -7- the studies of Brodraan ' and especially by Fussier ' who showed that only 40 percent of the periodical titles used by chemists and *--j „ixc..-. of these used by physicists were classified by Ubraries under cwe-nistry and physics. In view of these facts, it is recommended Umt the serial coUection «r the National Institutes of Health be *u m»wn into one long alphabetical array for the greater ease of use by both readers and staff. Monographs It appears, both from the remarks of the sci*.mists being interviewed and from the checking of standard Usts, that the liurary has not made a successful systematic attempt to keep its monographic resources at an adequate level. The majority of the textbooks and ^ncycxo,>edias in the library are in superseded editions, and many new titles have .wjv been acquired. The result of this, as well as its cause in eoae cases, has been the building up of small departmental and institute coUections; by a vicious circle such divisional coUections cut down on the pressure put on the central library to acquire these works. It is a truism among librarians of scholarly collections that the excellence of the collections of many of the large college ana university libraries is due not to the excellence of the subject mo, mmige Of the Ubrary staff, but to the willingness of the members of the faculty to act as book selection advisors to the library in tne areas of their special ^,lroLmm. fchere for any reason the "specialists" have not aided the Ubrary, the library11> coUections have shown the effect. In the case of the National Institutes of Health, for whatever r. ason, the special staffs (1) Brodman, E. choosing physiology journals. Mas bar's essay, Columbia University, 1943. (2) Op. cit. .1) of the various institutes have not become a part of the ac ui&ition process in the central Ubrary, and both the Ubrary and the research workers have suffered as a result. In order to bring the monographic coUections of the Ubrary up to standard, two things are necessary: older, but stiU rmmi^u.., works must be acquired, and' some method must be worked out to see that the present situation does not recur in the future. Lists of the stmiderd monographs can be made up from jaulbshers' catalogs and from rcc^amendea standard Usts of scientific and professional associations, as well as from sug- gestions from users, a careful scanning of interlibrary loan requests, and the like. The c, c ase of these -nono^ratj»".s in one year would probably be impossible, bw to budgetary restrictions and the difficulty of locating out of print works. If it is not possible for the library to get an extra emergency budget for the acquisition of these works, it is recommended that lists of desiderata be set up with priorities, so tnat the ^L ati * ,it to inform che library of new works in his fidld, aau on whom the x-^orary can call for aaviee about individual purchases. ice noi>~-scientific users of the batiotial Institutes of Health Ubrary, discussed previously, have need for scientific literature written at a x .y or seiid-popular xmv m . Up to now the National Institutes of Health Ubrary has not attempted to stock much of this Uterature, lith the increasing numbers of such workers in Bethem a, especially with the establishment al of the CUnic^ Canter, more effort, space, and money must be given to ac- juirin^, quasi-scienUfic wonts. Inadequate Usts of such works exist and should be carefully scanned by the librarian. -9- »o Government Documents With the transfer of the PubUc Health Service i ibrary, the uatios.ai Institutes of health collection cotdma a large number of government statistics and doc ix.,^ .its, both Anuirican and foreign, rex mlng to public heaxth. ^inca Uttle use is made of the foreign f>mmic . collection in Bethesda, with most of is use being in the nature of interUbrcry loan to other amotions of the PubUc Health Service in Washington proper, it is recommended that the entire coUection of foreign documents be es- tablished closer to the actual users, either s of Health for the use of the control programs. Back files of books and journals Before ' orld Wsr II it was noted that in the past y. to 100 years scholarly Ubraries in America had tended to double in size every l>-20 y^ars.^ Although the war nas temporarily changed t^is.pace, the growth (l) Rider, Fremont, kmncim.r ana. Future of Research Library... N.Y., Hadham Press, 1944. p*-« 3-8. -lu- of libraries continues at an astonishing rata, and it is as true of Ubraries as it is of biological organisms, that they grow fastest when they are youngest and s aUest. The relevance of this to the problems of the National Institutes of Health library is obvious. No matter how adequate is the space now being set aside for the new ..*m-..-..L m stitute of Health Library, it will aoon be too small. The question of devising some method of taking care of the overflow must therefore be " - • One method woulu be to get rid of books and journals on some auto- matic scheme—say age of volume. It is obvious that the rate of ob- solescence varies from book to book and that some use is always oiade of a scientific periodical. Although this drastic measure may eventually become necessary in the Natior^al Institutes of Health, it is not rec- ommended now for many reasons, prl.mrii/ because of ease of use, but rilso because of the need to preserve as many copies of the records v - our civiUzed heritage as possible, now that war and bombing seem probable with ashington IIksI/ to become a prime target for such onslaughts. For the same reasons it is not recommended that the books and Journals be put on microfilm and the originals destroyed, given away, or soIa*. In- stead, it is recommended that older works be wit:.drawn from the main col- lection when the shelves become too full lover 60^ full; and that they be rjsnelved in Ubrary order in a storage space which will permit of ease of handUng and obtaining them when caiieu for. If possible, shelf space adequate ibr the tjtal present collection of the National institutes of Health should be provided as storage. This does not wean that space equivalent in size to tae entire nev< library be seu aside, bat only space equivalent to the shelf space. Nor dot a this recoiai&endation envisage upsetting previous decisions to keep the Ubrary a working collection of -11- not mora than 100,000 volumes. It is felt, however, that the present weeding of any collection in a geographical section likely to become a bombing target must be ione with care, and this takes more time th*m the Ubrary staff can reasonably give to it now. Budget The library's budget, outside of salaries, is inadequate for the purchase of the necessary books and Journals, and its binding funds are pitiful indeed, as well as being uncertain. A comparison of some of the similar non-governmental Ubraries in respect to site of staff and budget ia given in Figure 1. Proa this it wUl be seen that the library wiU need mora money to keep up with sLailar Ubraries elsewhere, and especially to make up for its lean years and the monographs it lacks. If possible, provision should be made for an increase in the regular budget. The binding budget might well be doubled to provide for the many Journals not yet bound and to preserve the journals for future use at a smaller cost than re- purchase, a Ukely necessity where journals are left unbound for any length of Lii-10' Binding In the question of binding it is also recommended that a serious at- tempt be male to have the Ubrary binding dona by commercial binders, rat -r than by the Government Printing Office as at present. The charges of the buvernment Printing Office are extremely high as compared *.iti. the costs of commercial binderies doing similar work, and the proviaion of the rules of the Government i rinting office that Ubraries prepare more letailed instructions tnan are required by commercial binders maxes for Idden coats in personnel time of the library. In addition, the Govern- at rinting Office requires rfhat no commercial firm woulu dare to require, t binders' errors be paid for by the Ubrary. -12- *> * Library Total number of Budget for Number of Number of staff (Professional purchase of books journals received bound volumes staff) and journals currently National Institutes of Health Library 90,000 -----------------------------------------■— i ——— 17 (8) /8,000 950 Array Medical Library 650,000 200 (69) /200,000 7,428 : 204,000 11 (6) /38,561 795 Boston Medical Library University of Chicago Biomedical Library 116,700 (hooks 15 (3) /9,941 only) 3,850 College of Physicians of Philadelphia Library 171,275 11 (6) /16,000 1,346 ....■■■ ' Columbia University Medical Library 155,000 22 (8) ^20,000 1,750 University of Illinois Medical Library 95,000 13 (6) /22,000 1,000 John Crerar Library 700,000 70 (41) Not given 4,100 Johns Hopkins University Medical Library 156,764 12 (7) /31,500 650 University of Minnesota Medical-Biological Library 104,591 6 (4) /20,000 979 New York Academy of Medicine Library 267,190 50 (24) ^40,000 2,249 Stanford University Medical Library 117,000 9-1/2 (4-1/2) /20,000 746 Tulane Univ. Med. School and Orleans Parish bled. Sch.Lib. 80,445 8 (4) /13,000 832 \ii SM mwl 1 157,000 13 (8) /17,880 800 Figure 1. Kelative standings of important American Biological and Medical libraries. From figures in Directory of Medical Library Association. Ealtimore, Ytaverly Press, 1951. I"X *•- The importance of binding to the smooth running of a Ubrary cannot be overeatimated. Unbound Journals are difficult to arrange, shelve, obtain, and use. They get worn out more quickly than bound journals and uust be replaced. I ages become loose and are lost, indexes stray from the original iss^-s matcing their use difficult. Special shelving arranga- uenus must bo made which require special equipment or extra personnel time. All in all it has bean found cheaper ana more satisfactory for Ubraries to bind all journals widen they intend to keep. On the basis of this, the National Institutes of Health Ubrary has indeed been a stepchild. Exchanges Libraries with small budgets have bean known to eke the., out by resorting to exchanges. These faU into two clashes: the exchange of substantive publications of the institution with which the library ia affiliated for substantive publications of other institutions (for example, the exchange of the National Institutes of Health Bulletin series for the edicfil Research Council's Special Report Series), and the exchange of duplicate and unwanted journals and books with other Ubraries. "hile both of the--- methods have been used by the National Institutes of Health library, they have not been pursued with as much zeal as they might, and it is therefore recomaended that a more dynamic iitrary policy of exchanges be followed. For this it would be necessary Um> a definite number of the serial publications of the .Lire Institutes be turned over to the Ubrary for distribution, and tiiat the staff take more time to foster library-to-library exchan,/-> alon^ the Unes of the Medical Library Assoc! moxw Exohangs and the U. 3. Book Exenan&o. -13- jb ASod riJlseH a tirf*la / nmioxa lo HiS \o iedm-un \isidJLI arii oi dJ-X.iaidll ia^so? gnedoxa nolisloose equipment and faciUtles No attempt was made in this survey to consider the present facilities of the Ubrary, except in the case of those faciUties which were to be transported to the new Ubrary. A detailed report on the spacs and equip- ment needs of the Horary in its new quarters was prepared by the Librarian, and forms an Appendix of this report. In calculating these items, much weight was given to the statements of the scientists interviewed as to the faciUties they desired in a research library. Chemistry reading room. Over and over again the chemists and phys- icists complained about the fact that the books and journals they desired to consult were circulating from the Ubrary when needed and not easily obtainable from tne individuals who had withdrawn the volumes from the Ubrary. Just aa insistent on the other side ware those who felt that books and journals should be allowei to leave the library to be used in the places where they were most useful to the soientist consulting t> literature. The latter group consisted almost entirely of the scientists in the quasi-clinical fields—microbiology, pathology, eaneer, and the Uke. In order to satisfy, both groups it is recommended that a special ^iiiig room be set up in the new Ubrary to house the indexes and ab- stracting tools in chemistry and physios as well as an array of pertinent journals x.. these fields for the last fifty years. These works should ..,m be allowed to circulate at any time whan the Ubrary staff is on duty; they should perhaps be aUowed to leave the Ubrary at five o'clock with the provision that they be returned by 9*30 the next morning. In this reading room the indexes and abstracts should be arranged as the chemists and physicists use them, and the journals should be alphabetised b the title of trie journal. Monographs should * kept at a minimum, generally -14- >b \,eiU .-.-i-' 'n the latest editions only, but all necessary Handbucher or ions of numerical data should be shelved nearby. Microfilms and photostats. The present poUcy of the Ubrary is to issue books needed - micro filming or photostating to a user personally, and to have him make the necessary arrangc-aenta for the filming at the Institutes' centralized photcdupUcation service. Several sci* mists interviewed suggested th*it the Ubrary take over tne photoduplication of material needeu by readers. This is not recommended by the surveyor because of the expense involved in the purchase of expensive optical equipment, because it would maxe it necessary to install a laboratory ana darkroom for the processing of such photocopies, and oecause this would be an uneconomic way of providing the comparatively small number of photostats and microfilms needed. It is tempting to suggest that the library act as liaison between the reader wishing a photocopy and the Institutes' photoduplication service, but as long as it, is necessary for tne reque m to go thru individual institute channels to h*>ve his re- quest for photoduplication approved and the money obligated for its payment, it is difficult to sea how the library can act as middleman without a great deal of time-consuming bookkeeping. i a use the photodupUcatlon departments of the Army Medical Library and the U. r. Department of Agriculture are set up to mates photocopies at Y^ry Uttle cost, i \ it is recommended that more use be made of their services. Copies of all journal articles desired by a National Institutes of Health reader which are in the Ubrary of tne U. S. De- partment of Agriculture or at the Amy Medical Library snould be ordered directly from those Ubraries rather than having them made at the Nc.tional Institutes of health. This would take a large part of tne burien from the -15- overworked National Institutes of Health photographic department, more- over, since the small number of orders processed on the reservation (in comparison with non-library photography) pats these orders in the claso of custom work, and it is axiomatic that custom wortc is expensive .or t this buying of photocopies from other Ubraries woulor probably save the National Institutes of Health a fair sum eacn year. Reading space. Most scientists are intensely personal r^a-jare. For that reason large reading rooms with rows upon rows of forbi-m.-.^ desks f . incongruous in an institute library. What is needed, instead, are private reading spaces where the worker can leave his papers and m < j for several days if necessary; Preferably such reading spaces should be close to the particular literature which the individual worker uses regularly. Wtile it may not be possible to provide study rooaw and study desKs for all the users of the Ubrary, it is feasible and it is recommended that a large number of carrels and a few conference rooms of various sizes be provided in the stacks and along the edgee of the collections ©i abstracts and indexing tools. These decks and offices should be assigned for spe- cific periods, deper ding upon the particular piece of work on which the scientist is working at the time, and should be automatically vacated or renewed at the -n;-i of that period. Care must be taken, of course, that the workers to whom conference rooms are assigned do not make indefinite private offices of ism, to the deprivation of < m r . It is also necessary for tN Ubrary to be aware at all times of whatever material has been placed on these tables; standard library practice provides such controls, and the technical appendix to this report will have more definite suggestions in this field. -16- :1a Tha foregoing does * mean to imply that some general reading areas are not ntcoasary or desirable. The so-called physics-chemisti*/ reading room will need a reading area attached to it; a small general reading room will also be necessary in tha reference room or alcove, and some pro- vision must be made for reeaers consulting the currant Journals. Current perioaical reading room. Many of the individuals interviewed remarked that they dropped into the Ubrary at regular irb*rv?jle to bro-. se among the new journals. As a matter of fact, it wae this '- - c • ■ that was most frequently given for the establishment of .-i--bj.vi.iual institute librariesj namely, that it was useful to have a small collection in their own building in which scientiets could browse on their way to or .idvxuaal institutes, luls is a problem widen has faced American uni- veraitiaa for tha laat 25 years, and which is beginning to be felt in the European universities now. In general, those universities and research institutes which have seen their way fit to provide strong centralised over-all authority in the chief Ubrarian have become universities and research institutes with outstanding libraries. Thia hae been true, for example, of harvard and Columbia Univeraitiee, with their centraUsed library control while the lack of such control ia one of the reasons why in the 1920's and 1930's the Ubrary of Cornell University fell from its previous high eminence. Indeed, this fact has become so well &nownthat many university statutes now contain statements that all books, journals, pamphlets, etc., purchased from University funds shaU be a part of the University library and under the jurisdiction of tne librarian. (See the statutes of New fork University, Columbia University, ana University of Illinois, e.g.; New iork University; "There snail be a Director of Libraries appointed by the .,;;:«;_. ... All purchases of books for the various Ubraries siiall be approved oy him and he - ^i attempt to avoid needless duplication by defining ana limiting the sco:* of each divisional library... "All books, periodicals, and other reading matter purchased from University funds, or given to the University, which are used for reference by faculty or students shall be regarded as an integral part of the University libraries and subject to ths aduunistration thereof." -38- ..*n .. tdm:n, xi 10 \J ian^-r.rf. > Columbia University; "AU books, maps, charts, and oth-r prinieu matter given to the University or purchased from funds appropriated by the Trustees or given for that purpose stia^x be deemed a part of tne Libraries and shall be marked and catalogued as such; and all such purchases snail oe made by the Libraries ana shall be marked and catalogued as such; ant' all such purchases shall be made by the Libraries except that similar material needed continuoualy in administrative offices and laboratories may be deerH a part of the equipment of departments and purohaaed, id for, and carc-d for under the rules governing departmental equipment...11 University of Illinoiss "The Library includes all such books, pamphlets, periods is, maps music scores, photographs, prints, manuscripts, and other , - m *m as are commonly preserved ana used in Ubraries, purchased or ■.-.<*oulred in any manner by the University to aid students and investigators." The reason for this is eaay to find. In all large institutions it has been found that the provision of "a few books and j^-.i. .... in the office of a professor" has led to extreme dupUcation of purciu^cs without clear frequent use of the dupUcates. (This has happened in the National Institutes of health alreauy, where in 1949/50 seven tomes as *auch » »y w&8 spent on individual institute librariea as waa spent on puic cur. for the central National Institutes of Health Ubrary.) Moreover, thia Cut tly scattering has made it impossible to hire competent people to run the resulting smaU Ubraries. The draining off of much of the institution's book-purchasing power in smaU dribbles has usually resulted in the in- abiUty of the institution to purchase large or expensive works or col- lections when they are offered for sale. Here again a kind of vicious circle sets in, for unless there is a good Ubrary, weU-trained and alert scientists will not wish to come to the institution; without them good libraries wjn not be demanded. A poor library, in addition, cannot at- tract the best Ubrarians; with a poor central coUeotion *jnd a poor Ubrary staff the clamor for departmental libraries responsive to the needs of the more vocal members of the individual departments wiU become greater. o In addition to these Cv>nsiderations, it should be pointed out that dispersal of the resources of any institution can only be satisfactory if there is: 1) a knowledge of where the resources are stored, and 2) the ability to tap those resources when needed. The first impUes a union catalog of the holdings of all the institutes, which is impossible with the present National Institutes of Health library staff so long as the sum of the purchases of the individual institutes remains ~ cm times that of the central Ubrary. The second requirement means that it ia of no help to know where on the reservation a oook or journal ir- supposed to be if the reader desiring it cannot or wiU not be allowed to use it. In this connection it must be pointed out that losses from small, unsuper- vised coUections are large, and that many research workers t .,.< a pos- sessive air about books purchased for their use by the institution as a whole. The small departmental Ubrary was set up in America on the example of the German "seminary" Ubraries, which many post-graduate students had used in Europe in the 19th century. It has gradually been found not to fit the American research institutes and universities, and mott of its ikain features have been abandoned. What has survived, however, might well be taken as a pattern by the National Institutes of Health. If the pattern is accepted, it would mean: 1. All books, journals, and pamphlets purchased by the National Institutes of* health would be the property of the Ubrary and under the jurisdiction of the Ubrarian. 2. Small brancn Ubraries would be set up by the Ubrary wherever need was apparent. In the National Institutes of Health, this would probably mean one brandi in Building 6 or T-6, which is quite distant from the proposed main Ubrary, and one branch -20- located at Building 3 or T-3, both because of the distance from the main library and because of the subject matter being investigated there. These branch Ubraries would have an upper limit of size—possibly 1000 volumes—and the staff of the branches would be directly responsible to the librarian of the National Institutes of Health. The budgets for tnese libraries would be under the control of the Librarian. DupUcatus of all material in the branches would be acquired for the main Ubrary unless the Ubrarian decides otherwise, 3. AU books and journals needed by individual scientists as desk copies would be purchased out of equipment budgets of the individual institutes and would be accounted for on whatever scheme other equipment—such as centrifuges—are acepunted for. 4. All plans for Ubraries, reading rooms, study rooms, or sinilar feature by whatever name in the institutes now set up or planned for the future would be approved by the Ubrarian before being budgeted for. It is true, it seems to this surveyor, that the National msUtutea of Health is not yet ready fur this centraUzation. From the point of view of the Ubrary user, the present library is not adequate for one reason or another, and taking away hie inatitute Ubrary wiU only make the aeientiat's work more compUcated. There is, alao, a strong feeUng of ownership by the laboratory worKer in the inatitute Ubraries, and members of the various instituUs are naturally loathe to give up the control of their small ooUections for theoretical future benefits. -21- .- r' *rc.a the point of view of the 11 ;ate the Ubrary needs of the scientist or engineer. These staff members can caU attention to information pertinent to the wortt of particular scientists or engineers; they can catalogue and organize tne Ubrary collection to coincide with the subject interests of the organization; and they can pre- pare bibliographies and reading Uats in anticipation of projects requiring baom .munu stuxios of the technical literature. The concept of the size of a library, then, m.ciubms both the number and kind of professional services re- quired of the staff, as well as the amount and Variety of the Ubrary ^...teriais (Jorgenson, V". K. ani Carlson, I. G. Building an effective technical Ubrary. Scienoe, 112:736, Dec. 22, 1950.) -24- In view of the f*r sat expense which Ubr ry catalogs entail, and in view of the made uacy of the result to most of the ui^rs of tne MaWonaA Institutes of Health library, it is tempting to bring up tne uestion of the need for a subject catalog in this particular Ubrary. oince aU monographs are placed on tne shelves in claseified subject order according to the nibr ry of Congress classification scheme, and since the m^xvea are open to access of all National Institute of Health readers, there is, in effect, a rough subject classification a/atom even without a catalog. ^ould, perhapa, a simple author and title finding Ust be as useful to the pubUc as tne present dictionary catalog* is it perhaps true that the subject catalog is only useful to the Ubrary etaff, *nd might it *e that where it is of help to them it is not of help to readers? The surveyor has no way of telling, but suggests a step which might settle the question; namely, the spUtting of the catalog into an author-title section and a subject section. If the subject section were placed where users ^nda^ with it could be noted and tabulated, it would soon be possible to know how much use and what kind is made of that portion of the file. A divided catalog is not an innovation-the Anay Medieal Library and tne Ubrary of the New fork Academy of Medicine, to name just two in the field of med- icine, possess such catalogs and find the. useful. To divide tne National InsUtute of Health catalog would thua not mean returning it to aictionary form if it were finally decided to retain a subject tile. U has been pointed out already that with the advent of the cUnical center there will be an influx of new xinds of users to tne Ubrary— nurses, cUnicians, physical and occupational th.rapists, dieticians, aides, and the like. ith the growtn of the various institutes ,or, non-scit tiate .ill be using the library in order to answer questions from laymen anl in order to give out the correct information about the work being done at the National Institutes of Health. These people will use the Ubrary on a wider but shallower basis than do the present research workers, whose knowledge of the Uterature of tneir particular Si.AU salient of science is more profound, bor the non-scientists more help in tne use of the library must be provided tnan to tne scientists, and it is possible that a suoject catalog will fulfiU their needs. It should be pointed out, how- ever, that a catalog made for these people wiU have to be different from one made especially for tne research workers or for the Ubrary staff. It is not possible to make a eatalo.•; for aU three groups, and the particular group taken as the typical or ideal catalog user should be seriously con- sidered. im Terence or*.. The reference work done by the Ubrary (answering of questions for readers, locating of inforoiation, etc.; is not spoken of highly by most research workers on the reservation, though the non-scientific writers* praise it greatly. To tils surveyor it seems obvious that previous reference ork has not been up to standard for a library of the size and importance of tne National institutes of Health. This is partly due, it is beUevei, to the lack of definition of duties of the Ubrary staff, recently corrected. i.8 x result of ths lack of definition, everyone on the staff was doing ref- erence work, which meant no one was doing it. A more serious difficulty, however, is the lack of scientific training and standard experience of the lb; r } staff, mxcept for a few iaiiviauait,, the Ubrary staff has serious reaknesses in general college education, knowledge of the sciences urnUr investigation at National Institutes of Health, foreign Ixr. magjs, and previous experience in well-run Ubraries of similar scope elsewhere. -26- -o..- It is therefore recommended that new appointments to the library staff be made in Une with the need for better training in science and in foreign languages, as well as an awareness of the importance of previous experience. It should be pointed out here that all individuals who commented on the Ubrary staff, even those who criticii»«d it for its in< biUty to do high-grade professional work, praised the members of the staff for their wiUingness to do whatever they could, their pleasant iaanner, and their sincere interest in their work. These are valuable traits in any t :• -v coming in contact with research workers. Mettlcr, F. A. bhcrt does a research man want of a *e4ieal library". Bull. Med. bib. A. 36: 28-33, 1V Health was wade by interviews anrf by ohecing lists of books an<* journals. 2. It was decided that the collection needed strengthen?n,- in the field of monographs and textbooks of the la <■ twenty year? anb in all works in rone rabjeets recently added to the research work of the Netional Inatitutes of Health. Scattered journal titles and more wor'rs or. • lay -r semipopular oharaoter were also found to be needed. I'ethodi of enlisting. the aid of the National Institutes of Health specialists in build inn up the collection are suggested* . Gone general observations on the equ^pnsnt desired by the staff ef the National Institutes ef ^ealth in tti« new library are nade. 4. It was pointed cut that services of a hirfc order require a library staff and a budret of hifch order. Suggestions for raising the caliber of the staff and for eVeinr out the budget of the library are offered. The question of centra Illation vs. decentralization of library facilities, the usefulness of a dictionar:; catalog and bibliographio and reference service are * tsoussed. :*. A tochnioal supflement, will discuss the inter-a 1 workings of the library and male suggestions for a more economic use of the ov: liable man- power and budget. Technical Appendix verall impression of the library The surveyor was strucv by the evident enjoyment of the st f srabers for their worV rn>i by tte excellent esprit ds corps snd high morale. In praotioally every instanoe, also, the seienHsts and other library users -28- have preceded dw*y at the national Institutes of Health library."' This represents the Ideal background, and the closer the staff ap- proximates that ideal, the more likely it is to sive professional service of a high caliber, while it is not possible always to (ret this ideal, It is usually not necessary to deviate so mm fr<>*.* It in so many positions as doea the aiatioaal Institutes of Health library* The number ef librarians i /e the beginning professional (trade who do not * obsess college bacb- grounds or a sood knowledge of soienoe or foreign languages is abnormally t high, iiihether this is the cause for the inability of the staff gene mil ly to see alternative ways of dolnr things or to give high-pradc bibliographio and teo-tnioal assistance to the scientists is not known to this surveyor. but it seems a likfly explanation* Certainly the proportion of clerical to orofesclonal workers in the library is snailer than with most library staffs, which usually have l-l/* *° 2 clerical workers to aeon professional worJcr. Mmigl.m of >b;J Irs ! boreri s with snail staffs nay well £o alonr with little definition of the duties of individual Members of the staff, on the theory that all must take part in all parts ef the work* This lack of specialisation, how- ever, cannot be continued when the staff or the duties of the library become greater without a corresponding loss in effloieney* The National Institutes of Health library has lonjp; passed the smge when any staff member could do the work of any other staff member, yet little has been done until recently to di ide up the curies to be performed end to assign tbese duties to in- dlvicbul workers on the basis of special knowledge or previous experience. The most glaring examples ef this are in the field of olerioal work and in binding* (\) Jorgensen, ■'• E*, and Carlmm , I* '"., or. o^t. -30- To ay profeeslonal seleries for olerieal work is a waste of money. If there are enough olerieal tasks to Veep one or more peoplr bum- full tine, it is wise te extract thoee clerical ^obs from the duties of all the professional staff end have them performed by a clerk. In thir way the eost of frrforminr the tasks becomes less and the work Itself is done *nore efficiently bv people who ere trained to do it. In the National In- stitutes of Health library this would mean first of all surveyinr the wor-r of the entire stsff, extraetin fron each prefessionsl worker * duties r cl things as typinr rovtlne letters, making labels fbr the ' e t- ef the boe> . •wrapping packages, and the like, and assigning a olerieal worker to the tasVs. This might inv lve the hiring of another Imnist, which on the face of It would seem to be adding to the else ef the stafft aw* the ec rantages would come In that the professional staff would then be freed to add to their present work the professional tasks which they have not been e ie to the lack of do ano5 ebout/whleh the scientists on -tiic reservations -m plained. F*^r a time, the extra time night orofite&ly be spent In ooftgraduate education on sn individual basis on the ,1eb. Kven more unwieldy has been the solution worked out to the binding problem* Because each neraber of the staff hed more duties than ecu Id oonveniently be taken eare of la the normal workinp- time, it was considered impossible to assign any one individual to work with the binding* Instead, each ember of the staff las been asked to ^?id helf en hour each norrinr on collecting journels for the binder *, collating them, asaViiv the neo^-mir* records, ins-wjotinr: the volumes wien -they are returned, and seeinf them thro-afch all -the final steos back +o +'io shelves* It is not sur*orl sin? there- fore, that the-e is no binding program, that the records are in a si* oshod condition, or tret mien iitportar** binding is slaoly not done, yftmt is -31- io >Josl snV commented on the helmfulnrss and eager willingness of the libre*ry personn t. )n the other hand, the surveyor vp.«- nlro str-a"1' unfavorably by -the small results obtained for the greet amount of energy exnended by the staff. Although all worked hard and raooily at their tasvs, most did ro+ seem to be working at a high levol of efficiency* Too 'any times an outmoded or wore difficult method was used rarely beoause it hed always been used* Al- most no experimentation and little self-education was being undertaven. The general appearance of the library quarters was pleasant bet stodgyj the stocks gave the impression of oonsidereble disorder without much change from day to day and week to week* An Impression of starting several worth- while projects withoub finishing ^bem was HLven by the fact that shifts In stack shelving did not move nearer completion all the time the surveyor was on the reservation. biles of journals remained in tables and floors in stae - areas thru out the survey* Preperation o unbound journals for the bindery went on at so slow a pace, the stacks housing ^-'ese Issues ne^er looked any different. All this must have had important effeots on the feelings of frustretlon of the stmf". Staff : ac' ground end training* The ide*l background for a professional librarian at *he mHona! Institutes of Health library would be aeadeiric training in one of the subject fields under inveeti-ration on the reserva- tion, a reeding bnowledge of at least two foreign languages, and a degree in llbrariansblp from a school enphaslsing the training of socialised librari- ans* Knowledge ef -ttie literature of science in ^enera? or of a particular seienoe should have been acquired by formal eoursec or by muoh oraotical experience in a laboratory. In addition, for all ezocit the beginning positions, some experience in a well-run library of rr-blar aims should llATKWL LIBRARY Of MEDICINE u^rsTON, o. c -29- "■< .■» ■•.'-- c '**<*.«■ needed, it seems to this surveyor, is the assignment of one member of the library staff—and not neoeosar51y a professional member, though one with much experience or training—t.o be entirely in charge of the binding pro re...: under the direct supervision of the librarian* In connection with the problems of binding, it should be pointed out here that the records kept on this vital function are extremely poor. Wot only Is it true that the only reoord of the holdings of the library's bound Journals is on rather amateurish binding cards, but also tfre records of the wheroabomtt of the journals when at the bindery are also poor, with the re- sult that much time and effort are spent by the staff and readers in tracking do?m journals net in their correct pieces on the shelves. It is v;on- mended either that a copy of the binding instructions serve as a shelf charge for material at the bindery or thet a charge card be filed in the circulation flic as soon as the unbound Journal issues are collected for binding. Since the National Institutes of Health library uses book cards in all its bound volumss. It would be entirely possible to prepare this book card at the time the journal is collected, and to use this card both as a bindery ch-rce and ar the book card when the journal is returned bound. one of the more gratifying observations of the month this surveyor spent at National Institutes of Health Ubrary was the gradual definition / of the duties of the staff. While by no awa s complete, it has taken 'i- important stens forward. Figure t is a suggested organization chart for the library staff based upon the work being done at the llbrery and the qualifications of the staff now attaohed to the national Institutes of health. Two points should, perhaps, be noted. Although binding is now placed di- rectly under the Ubrarian, it is, of course, part of the processing of books and sho bb eventually return to that more logical po«m^ bm. This -32- Librarian ! Individual Institute Libraries Processing Binding Circulation iAcquisition 1 : Catalog i j Loan Desk Interlibrary' Loans l Stack Maintenance Preparation Figure 2 Suggested Organization Chart for National Institutes of Health Library dees not Rcen possible at this nomcnt becsuse of the tror.endous backlog of unbound nsterlal and because tbe> attesmt to get oermlssion t use a o roial binder will require the personal attention of the librarian himself* Similarly, acquisitions work is placed under processing, but the choosing of the books snd .Journals sfcould be done as such by the Librarian aa by anyone else. The Librarian, with the aid and adviee of the members of the various institutes, should select the books for the i'rooosslnfg staff to acquire, catalog, prepare, and send te the shelves. The excellence of the library will depend ultimately upon the caliber of the collection that is brought together, ©no the Librarian oar n t safely delegate this re- sponsibility to his present staff* Acquisitions Section In addition to those problems of the selection of materiel to be added te the library -which have already been discussed, there are the problems of the technical methods ay which the nsterlal is acquired. Order forms end blanks now used sre thoee set up by the b'ational Institutes of Health Purchasing Depsrtment and are not especially adapted to libraries. An attempt should be nade to see if forms idiloh are better adapted to the library*s use will be acceptable to the purehesing office. If this is not possible* then thought should be given to using duplicates (carbon oopiee) of purchasing forms for library uses to do away with the neeessity of tra* - scribing items from order blanks to other files. It is likely H.it the fan- folds used in many large libraries can be used et the national Institutes of Health. The library "urchaees most ef its current American works from the Cucumber Bookshop in Bethesda at a straight lOo/o discount. There is mueh -33- to be said, of co rse, for the employment of a local bookshop which can give immediate and personalised service; but It is questionable whether these advantages arc not erased by the fact that 1) the Cueunber TJookshop is not a store soecielliing in technical books or 8) the r-eUness of the discount allowed. A specialised medical or technical booketoro w&tld bo able to call to the attention of the library many newly published or>s in « its field, ,r even leave tvem for a week on approvalt snd it is posrlble that a discount somewhat lsrgar than lOo/e night be allowed. On the other hand, sueh a bookstore -would be further away t*hen ihe Cucumber Bookshop and proba- bly could not guarantee 84 hour service. A more complete eheofr of the two methods of acquiring books should be mode by the Librarian. Reference Tools The library neede a lsrgar collection cf reference to sis for t!e use of its staff and readers than it already has, but most of the stsff questioned seemed to be content with the ooUection already in the library. It th-re- fer e seems necessary to nrovide some extra education in reference tools and their uses for the entire professional steff. This might well take the fom of Informal discussions by the Librarian, of encouraging the staff to formal or individual education in oertair subject areas, ef surveys of the ooUec- tion by the staff (for example* one survey night be on the tools needed by a oatalo*er in name determination, or the pertinent collections of chemical c-nta needed by all chemists), or of any mm nation of these and other methods. At the tine thst such a collect-tan is built up at t *Honel Institutes of Health it would probably be profitable for the entire Institutes for the Librarian to talk to interested scientists onoe or twiee a year on standard and new bibliographie tools in their fields. It is suggested. However, -hat -34- * * •*m a good collection and real knowledge of "Bio tools be assembled first. ^ Circulation The National Institutes of Health library reports a circulation of over 50,000 a year. With so large a circulation it is necessary to have aocurate and easily locsted records, as well as a rood follov.-j system for material not returned on time. I+ is recommended that the present Netional Institutes of Health call slipa be redesigned 1 co ng in mind the possibility of using either marrlrally punched cards or multi-carboned forms or both. A tccII designed form is one tSet can be used not only for the circulation record, but can be turned into an overdue notice with no extra work. A sample of the Army Iledioal Library form is attached* Veadlnp desv pharos Many libraries have devised methods for accounting for bocks left by readers on carrel and study desks. Probably the simplest method is the double osrd shewn in figure 5, half of which is plaeed Inside the boo1: (•••nth a portion showing above the binding) and the other half of which Is used as a charge in the circulation file. When this card is used, ths reader merely reverses the card at will so that the sentence* "Return to shelves" is visible. A pa'-e roes past all the desks once daily to moke sure that all the books on the desk are properly charged and *hat the ones ready for shelving are removed promptly. I'ossenger service Thruout the Interviews there was heard a lament about the poor messenger service to and from the library. This Is not something about which the li- brary can do much, since the messenger eervioe is controlle4 centrally. In view of the Manage done to the library books by the rough handling accorded them \jy the messengers ss well as the library staff time which must be spor- -35- Figure 3. Carrel or Study desk charge .-**C»r- - ; •« C\_. •• .cm >'*^ '^-bkb -35a- b * TO: ARMY MEDICAL LIBRARY -,----. WASHINGTON 25, D. C. LOAN OF THE ITEM BELOW IS REQUESTED TITLE OF PUBLICATION CALL NO. Ox o > o = AUTHOR Q>- EDITION PUBLISHER ACCT. NO. ,0 o VOLUME PAGES (INCL.) YEAR 20 '"""""l 30 Q ^ TITLE OF ARTICLE Do 10 J ^J OL 20 W ?>° SIGNATURE 30 d 3- 10 O 20 | 30 V ADDRESS STATE O* CITY riHSdaaoav i% » ^— —* *&*' \ in wrapping tl ■- jAs individually before they oan be sent via messenger service, it seems fairly ebvious that the National Institutes of Health ss a whole would save ty detaching one messenger from ordinary service and assigning hjm to two runs a .ay-exclusively from the library to the othf>r buildings on the reservatior. Under these o editions, the library t would not have to wrap the booki, and th^re would be the ability to pinpoint responsibility for the deliveries or nondeliveries* "'erlat**** ""?eord Aerials received by the library are no?: cheeked in at several point., seeia-bngly w* thout too much logic as to wby individual se-ials are oheoVed at the points they are checked. In addition, some serials seem to be checked in twice. That is needed and recommended Is s centralised serial record which would contain cards for all the serials received in the library. These cards might well be kept in a 6x9 visible index rtilch would rive room for noting a large number of volumes on one card, especially important in the case of weeklies, as well as infor ation about title pages and indexes, binding rules, duplicate copies and their disposition, and any routing -which tc1 os place. This serials reoord should be the official record for the li- brary of all its current journals. As soon as the volume is oomplmb?, 1.:- forto*ion to 4bie effeot sho* Id be sent to the binding assistant who would take the necessary steps to see that the volume is bound. Yftiere issues are missing the binding assistant should inform tha eatalogers of ^b.is fact ao that they can enter the unbound issues on the library^ shelf lirt records. If thn visaing issues are later received, this shell1 list reoord sho- Id be changed to give the new inforraat'on. At the time that missing issues are located at the serial record, a note to that effeot should be sent to the Acquisition section and steps should be taker, to fill in the gaps. -36- UniUnr m the two libraries hie of the nost important steps which needs to be taken ic the inte- gration of the two libraries of the National Institutes of Beelth. This pro.ieot has been undertaker already, but it appears to be lagging behind original estimates of the time needed to do the job. Every effort should be made to have this task completed in the very near future. COICUJSXOKS Throughout this Technical Anpendlx the surveyor has been sternly oritioal. She has done this because she feels that intellectual honesty is one of the prime requisites for eny surve^mr, and also because she feels that the members of the s4--mb of the Nationel Institutes of Health librsry have so great an interest in their work that they wish to learn of the defects of the library in order to set about wiping out these defects. All through the report, rhe has tried to offer only helpful oritioism. For the same reasons, however, the surveyor has oorae away with a kind of envy for the library staff and a warm feeling for their honest desire to give the best return for the money, equipment, and truet given them ty the National Institutes of Health and all its -members. With such a background, with an adequate budget, and with good professional leadership the library of the National Institutes of Health oan certainly beccm, mm of the ' t- nta* d»ng research libraries in the United States. :vitho■■*■ the budget, but more especially without the leadership, the library may well quietly vegetate for years to come. -37- NATIONAL INSTITUTES l»F HbALTH STAFF MEMBERS INTERVI mlJ ABOUT LIBR.£f November-December 1950 ♦Barrett, M. K. NCI ♦Brackett, F. S. EBMI (LPB) *Brodie, B. B. NHI ♦Daniel, J. H. EBMI (LPB) ♦Davis, D. J. fcl-LID Doran, H. F. Nd ♦Dunn, T. B. NCI Fells, R. NCI ♦Fletcher, H. G. EB,J-LCC Heftmann EBMI Hoffman, E. NCI ♦Hottle, G. A. MI-LBC ♦Hueper, W. C. NCI Lester, B. B. i-itil ♦Marshall, Ti. H. NIMH Meadors, G. F. NCI -iossettig, E. EBMI-LCC ♦Richtmyer, u. A. EBMI-LCC Sapir, P. NJiiH *Shepard, C. C. MI-LID ♦Small, L. F. EBMI ♦Sollner, K. EBMI ♦Spccht, H. EBMI "Spicer, S. S. EBMI St,rom, C. R. NHI ♦Sweat, ". L. EBMI-LBN Titus, E. u NHI ♦Udenfriend, 5. NHI Van Steenberg, E. NHI ♦Von Qettingen, ?.. F. EBMI bright, W. MI ♦fagoda, H. EBLI-LPB ♦Research workers NJ...I Carr, L. R« Collins, A. P. Corcoran, R. J. Cramer, 0. M. Dixon, <■■'-. A. Fox, F. K. « INSTITUTE OF HEALTH LIBRART STAFF INTERVIEWED Hall, F. B. Huason, V. L. Johnson, M. E. Robinson, T. I . Smith, -. M. -38- -at- CUfcbiTOMS ASaXD lh HhUuuAL INSTITUTES Of h, .aLT*. SUE; I Users of iiorary. Use patterns. 1. How often do you use iior-.ryV 2. Yifhy do you use library? a. to Browne (books cr journals?) "keep up with literature.' '*>• To get specific work you Know of (* m did you get reference?) c. To answer specific question. 3* How do you use library? a. Look it up in catalog? o. Use indexes to literature? Which - rm m rit or occasionally'/ lour own or library's? c. ;'sk a librarian? k» bo you take material with you or do you read it in library? $• How much professional reading matter do you personally b*oy? Get thru department? 6. Do you follow (or use; foreign literature? l'm*t l*n ,uages will you tackle? 7* "here else do you get books and journals? How much use? Relation to National Institutes of Health library. 1. Do you generally find what you want in library? 1* not, is it out to another borrower? Missing? Now owned by library? (Do you use interlibrary loans?) 2. Ib library conveniently arranged for your use? b. Is library close enough to your laboratory*/ 4. Wh relations to others on staffs 3. Do you have adequate equipment to do your /.ork' 4. Is the National Institutee of Health library collection adequate fw the de&ands put on it? If not, what does it lack - a) indexes ^nci bibliographies, b) reference tools, c) journals, d) materials in specific fields, e) other ♦hK csV -39- -w:- .ULi'iij-NS ASKU) IN b TIORAL IhSTlVUTU OF HSALTh SUKV.r (Cont.) 5* *ho uses the library? 6. How do they use it? For what purpose? ;> what way? 7* hat tre the relations of library users and librarians? Including he* do you react to lack of booit or journal. 8. What is the library cow doing which you feel should not be done? fthy* ?. ?ihfct is the Horary not doing Widen you feel it shoux-? ' hy? -40- -0*i (_ ./ V