THE WAY OUT OF WAR TO-MORROW'S TOPICS SERIES 
MICROBES AND MEN 
A surgeon's PHILOSOPHY 
DOCTORS VERSUS FOLKS THE WAY OUT 
OF WAR 
Notes on the Biology of 
the Subject 
BY 
ROBERT T. MORRIS, F.A.C.S. 
Author of "To-Morrow's Topics Series" 
GARDEN CITY 
DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY 
1918 
NEW YORK Copyright, 1918, by 
Doubleday, Page & Company 
AU rights reserved, including that of 
translation into foreign languages, 
including the Scandinavian PREFACE 
Sociology has failed in its attempt at bring- 
ing the subject of warfare down to satisfactory 
conclusion. Psychology then took up the task, 
as a specialist, but without practical result. The 
reason for this is because sociology and psychol- 
ogy belong largely to educational conviction. 
Warfare as an expression of natural law cannot 
be examined critically excepting from its funda- 
mentals in natural history. 
It is to be the jurist or the biologist who will 
finally construct the Magna Charta of peace for 
to-morrow's nations, but the jurist must draw 
his plans of natural equity from a basis of nat- 
ural law as set forth in Darwin's principle of 
interdependence. 
In connection with these notes the author 
would suggest that the student of the subject of 
warfare consult "Is War Diminishing?" by 
Woods and Baltzly and "A Mechanistic View 
of War and Peace" by Crile. 
V VI 
Preface 
When the War material for the third edition 
of Microbes and Men was being prepared, the 
only space at the author's disposal was that oc- 
cupied by the notes written in 1915. Instead of 
replacing the original notes with the new text, 
it has seemed best to allow them to stand, a bit 
changed, and to enlarge upon certain selections 
from the notes in the form of this small book, 
which constitutes the fourth volume of the To- 
morrow's Topics series. CONTENTS 
PAGE 
Preface v 
Record of Instances 3 
Warfare and Human Development ... 41 
Nations 55 
Concerning a Basis for Peace .... 87 
The Great Double Invasion War . . . 109 
Summary 161 RECORD OF INSTANCES THE WAY OUT OF WAR 
NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE 
SUBJECT 
RECORD OF INSTANCES 
History in the past has been written largely 
from the subjective point of view and not im- 
personally in terms of science. When Napoleon 
wished to consult any given history he had a 
way of saying, "Bring me the liars for that 
period." 
Social methods in the past have not succeeded 
in ensuring any very durable periods of peace 
and the sociologist has nothing new to offer for 
the future beyond metaphysical conception. 
In this part of the present century we may 
approach the subject of warfare along an un- 
tried path with a guide of modern science. 
We shall be enabled to enter into warfare or 
to retreat from warfare in the future under 
direction by the intellectual set of faculties in- 
3  The Way Out of War 
4 
stead of as formerly by the emotional set of 
faculties. 
Biologists who understand the essentials of 
the entire subject are not quoted in the news- 
paper press and yet it is not improbable that 
some young people would really like to know 
something about the natural history point of 
view. 
The civilised world quite as well as the un- 
civilised world has consisted so far in what we 
may call a sort of wild growth of nations. Cul- 
ture has lengthened peace intervals in a pro- 
gressive way on the whole since the days when 
no man's life or property could be protected 
very securely. 
This lengthening of peace intervals, however, 
has been done only as a rather ignorant farmer 
manages to improve his crops year after year 
as a result of observation of salient mistakes. 
Not much has been done as yet toward sys- 
tematic avoidance of warfare-by-arms and the 
reason for that is because data relating to the 
subject have not been examined critically in a 
search for first principles. The vast literature 
of the subject has been mainly sociologic in its 
nature. Sociologists occupy themselves largely Record of Instances 
with non-essentials. They take up the subject 
of warfare very much as a botanist might at- 
tempt to make an elaborate classification of 
plants from fruits alone. Warfare-by-arms is 
only one kind of fruit of social plants under- 
going rapid evolution changes, man being one 
of the social phyletic primates, as compared 
with the unsocial gorilla and orang-outang. 
Why is it that the public does not care to 
make itself familiar with fundamentals of any 
sort, including those belonging to warfare? 
This particular question belongs to the phase of 
natural history of man known as his psychology. 
It is rather well understood by the public that 
technical knowledge of high degree is required 
for the thorough knowing of any subject. Peo- 
ple in general are conscious of their lack of train- 
ing in scientific method and of memories not 
loaded with full equipment of facts which may 
be brought to bear. For that reason they pre- 
fer to put faith in experts, and to leave technical 
questions for settlement by such authorities. A 
biologic conception of warfare does not appeal 
deeply to the average man's daily or weekly 
mind for the reason that the philosophy of the 
subject cannot be made promptly effective in a 
5 6 
The Way Out of War 
pragmatic way. When a subject like that of 
warfare-by-arms arouses an intense interest, 
there is a rapid general grasping for means and 
measures for settling each question as it appears 
in turn. During times of peace, on the other 
hand, the whole subject of warfare is put aside 
as irrelevant to the affairs of the day. 
Idea constitutes a separate unit in conscious- 
ness, and most people are concerned with idea 
belonging to the intellect in the course of ordi- 
nary procedure. Feeling constitutes another 
separate unit in consciousness, and during times 
of stress of war, idea becomes transformed into 
feeling. It is very much like the transformation 
of a solid substance into a gas, the gaseous form 
occupying larger space but at the same time los- 
ing that force of momentum and velocity which 
would belong to a solid substance. Hocking 
believes that idea and feeling may be made a 
double unit in consciousness, but for war pur- 
poses this would be something like a solution of 
gun-powder in water to be hurled at the enemy 
along with appropriate epithets. 
The public apparently does not care to make 
itself familiar with the fundamentals of a sub- 
ject like that of war in the abstract because of Record of Instances 
these two chief reasons. During times of peace 
it prefers to leave the subject to experts as a 
technical matter, not intimately connected with 
practical affairs. During times of war the pub- 
lic rapidly transforms idea into feeling, a sort 
of mental gaseous state incapable of moving 
basic problems into alignment for immediate re- 
sults. The immense destruction belonging to 
warfare is due to conduct under the actual in- 
fluence of feeling. Construction after the war 
is left to political experts rather than to biologic 
experts. We have experts enough in every field 
of human activity, but up to the present time the 
public has not learned how to use the experts 
which are at its disposal. The subject of war- 
fare-by-arms has been discussed at length by 
military and political experts at The Hague, 
but these men did not care very much about 
questions of natural fundamentals. They have 
proceeded minus consultation with biologists. 
The biologic standpoint is the only fundamen- 
tal one and consequently the only one upon 
which a constructive criticism relating to war- 
fare may be made. Let us then examine the 
natural history of warfare. This will not only 
be a record of expressions of warfare begin- 
7 8 
The Way Out of War 
ning in the inorganic world and continuous with 
the appearance of organic life up to the present 
time, but it will include an account of the func- 
tion of warfare in human development and the 
natural basis for peace. 
Inorganic warfare occurs between different 
natural elements, oxygen and hydrogen for ex- 
ample, which struggle for advantage of position 
according to the code of periodic law. Certain 
ones among the inorganic elements away back 
in the past succeeded in forming the organic 
cell as a result of their struggle. The organic 
cell consists of protoplasm and protoplasm is 
the fundamental unit of all organic life. A low 
form of organic cell, the amoeba, found itself 
promptly engaged in struggle with another pro- 
toplasmic object, the microbe. The amoeba acts 
in the capacity of nature's constructive agent in 
organic life, the microbe acts in the capacity of 
nature's destructive agent against organic life. 
This general statement without qualification 
may be allowed to stand for picture purposes 
while drawing our architectural plans for a 
peace edifice. 
The amoeba or simple cell makes up social 
colonies by aggregation for purpose of nutri- Record of Instances 
9 
tion, protection, and propagation. Such social 
colonies of amoeba? are called "a plant" or "an 
animal," and the social habit is extended to in- 
clude combinations of plants and animals in 
what we call pure stands of plants, herds of 
sheep, and nations of men, for example. The 
evolution of apple trees, sheep, and men has 
been social rather than individual. 
A man is nothing more than a vast colony of 
amoebae or simple cells arranged in groups for 
purposes of mutual benefit. The groups of cells 
form the various tissues and structures of his 
body. Nature's agent of destruction, the 
microbe, is persistently engaged in attempts at 
breaking up all aggregations of amoebae (ani- 
mals and plants) for its own food purposes. 
Consequently every living animal and plant is 
engaged in persistent struggle with its heredi- 
tary enemy, the microbe, in the same way as 
the primitive simple cell was obliged to enter 
into warfare with the microbe. Warfare 
against the microbe belongs wholly in the de- 
fensive phase, excepting where the introduction 
of the physician and surgeon may be called also 
nature's plan. From the fact that every living 
thing is an object for unrelenting offensive on  The Way Out of War 
the part of the microbe we may deduce a be- 
lief that man is the highest organism from the 
observation that he has more microbic enemies 
than any other known animal or plant. A man 
consisting of cell structures, in other words of 
colonies of amoeba?, is not only an object for at- 
tack by the microbe, but there are jealousies be- 
tween his different cell colonies, very much like 
the political differences within a state, or very 
much as in a newspaper office each editor makes 
claim for a disproportionate amount of space in 
the interest of his respective department. 
The very lowest organisms, even simple cells, 
develop defence measures and their weapons 
are chemical in their nature. Higher up in the 
social scale, aggregations of simple cells develop 
structures like teeth and claws which are suit- 
able for purposes of offence and defence. Man 
by means of his intelligence extends his teeth 
into the form of a sword, and his claws into the 
form of a gun, and consequently can reach out 
farther than the lower animals reach, obtaining 
an advantage in range of action. 
Nature has conducted evolution and the regu- 
lation of population according to certain plans. 
She sets the microbe at work against man's en- 
10 Record of Instances 
tire group of cell structures, places his different 
structures in competition with each other, and 
finally sends whole men into conflict with each 
other along lines of competitive might, in order 
to allow the mightiest to win. These three 
points now require elaboration. 
(a) Concerning the microbe. Microbes kill 
more people than are killed in warfare by arms. 
When the returns of the Battle of Bull Run 
were reported to Lincoln, he burst into tears 
of sorrow and chagrin; but two or three cen- 
turies may perhaps elapse before any statesman 
will burst explosively into tears of sorrow and 
chagrin over the loss of life from preventable 
microbic attack. In some parts of South Amer- 
ica, the death rate in native villages from the 
microbes of smallpox and typhoid fever amount 
to about thirty per cent, of the entire death rate 
year after year. When we consider the large 
number of species of microbes which are repre- 
sented in the different contagious and infectious 
diseases, it is probable that microbic warfare 
takes practical charge of the questions of over- 
population in all parts of the world. In Africa, 
where warfare between tribes is now prevented 
by European rulers, this former employment of 
11 12 
The Way Out of War 
the best men has been banished, but with an in- 
creasing population the microbe in some parts 
of Africa is now carrying off more people than 
were formerly killed in the process of warfare- 
by-arms. The question is merely one of com- 
parative cruelty, allowing people to be killed 
by the microbe, or allowing them to be killed 
by force of arms. There is perhaps less phys- 
ical suffering in frank military warfare than 
when the surplus of people is carried off insidi- 
ously by the microbe; excepting for the fact that 
a mental and moral feature, destructive in 
character, is introduced in the course of war- 
fare-by-arms. In wars of the past, so far as the 
death rate is concerned, the microbe has killed 
more soldiers than were killed by weapons. In 
the Spanish-American War the microbic deaths 
of our soldiers as compared with those of death 
from weapons were something like twenty to 
one. 
The microbe not only attacks a single cell and 
all subsequent combinations of cells, but it is in- 
fluential in some of its activities toward setting 
the various organisms into conflict with each 
other. Thus the dog becoming old with senility 
of protoplasm is irritated by toxins of the colon Record of Instances 
bacillus in such a way that he loses character. 
A noble dog, magnanimous because of fine 
breeding, will then attack a pup in the same 
spirit in which von Clausewitz bombed babies. 
This cross old dog flies at other dogs larger 
than himself without regard for consequences. 
In man the colon bacillus, when acting as an 
agent for producing the phenomena of gout, 
leads men to act as the old dog acts, and for the 
same reason. They mistake the irritation affect- 
ing their personal cenesthesia for that of gen- 
uine purpose. 
The microbe is not only more potent than 
warfare in conducting the evolution of nations 
but it exerts increasing influence upon the life 
courses of all individuals within a nation. The 
bacteriologist is familiar with that fact-but the 
public is by no means ready to give consideration 
to a question which interests it so fundamentally 
and vitally. 
Nature is presumably quite as much inter- 
ested in the welfare of her microbe agents as 
she is in man, both being natural objects. This 
feature of warfare between the two is com- 
monly overlooked because Theology as an influ- 
ential instructor has been anthropocentric in its 
13  The Way Out of War 
14 
teachings. The naturalist on the other hand 
perceives that warfare between microbe and 
man has farther reaching influence than war be- 
tween men. 
(b) In relation to conflict between different 
cell structures of an athlete known as his 
muscles, which are in conflict with the cell struc- 
tures of which his brain is composed, one group 
will have a tendency to win over the other dis- 
proportionately in the course of his life work. 
Not only is there competition between a man's 
muscles and his brain, but different sets of cell 
structures throughout the body are engaged in 
ceaseless struggle for supremacy over each 
other. A fairly good "diplomatic" physiology 
maintains a balance between the claims of the 
different cell structures in such a way that no 
one set is allowed to preponderate greatly over 
another set, under ordinary conditions of health 
in man. 
(c) In reference to the conflict of men with 
each other along lines of competitive might, we 
need at the outset a definition of might. It may 
be given as follows: The development of any 
peculiar natural attribute by an animal or plant 
to the point at which that particular attribute Record of Instances 
allows the animal or plant to defy enemies. Ex- 
amples: rose's thorn, goat's horn, man's moral 
reasoning. The winning men in nature's final 
programme will not be those who are mighty 
after the manner of brutes, but those who are 
mighty after the manner of men, if we may 
judge from the fact that man advanced beyond 
the brute proportionately to the degree in which 
his moral reasoning carried him beyond the 
brutes. Among the primates, man as a social 
animal, developed the defensive armament of 
moral strength at the same time that he extend- 
ed his teeth and claws into the forms of sword 
and gun. In the contest between men, the win- 
ners according to natural law should logically 
be those who possess the greater degree of that 
moral reasoning attribute which is the peculiar 
characteristic of the evolution of the social pri- 
mate, man. That at least seems to be the direc- 
tion in which nature is working if we may take 
testimony from the witnesses of human prog- 
ress since the days when extended tooth and 
claw are known to have been the winning attri- 
butes. 
Historians like to go back to some one objec- 
tive point, and to say that the causes for any 
15 16 
The Way Out of War 
given war date from that time. This idea is 
academic and according to tradition among his- 
torians. Tradition is the greatest of guides for 
minds of the mean type, and the meanest of 
guides for minds of the great type. A transcend- 
ent mind finds no beginning of causes for war. 
The meaning of warfare appears to be clear 
enough. Nature is playing a game in which the 
strongest and best regulated animals and 
plants are to win. The strongest and best reg- 
ulated are those which overcome their cell en- 
emies, and their own faulty "political" combi- 
nations of internal cell structure, and then make 
successful application of a superior attribute 
like that of a long thorn, a long horn, or moral 
reasoning. 
In what way do plants conduct offence and 
defence? Insectivorous plants catch insects. 
There are parasitic plants which send their 
roots through the bark of a victim and suck its 
juices. A plant which runs its roots below those 
of other plants may deprive competitors of wa- 
ter and food. Many plants secrete chemical 
root enzymes which poison the soil against 
competitors. Some plants outshade their rivals 
and thus deprive them of light. For the most Record of Instances 
17 
part plants content themselves with the devel- 
opment of defence measures against enemies, 
and almost every part of a tree or of a simpler 
vegetable organism carries armament which is 
recognised as such by the botanist. 
What happens to winning plants and ani- 
mals? Why will they not over-populate the 
earth? One natural phenomenon stands in the 
way and this is known as the senescence of pro- 
toplasm. In a simple cell protoplasm is con- 
stantly in a state of flux, being built up and 
broken down simultaneously in the course of 
life processes. This same procedure is occur- 
ring in all combinations of cells known as plants 
and animals. The time comes when any cell or 
aggregation of cells reaches old age, and the 
nutritional building up process is less than the 
breaking down process. All varieties and spe- 
cies of animals and plants, and all of their com- 
binations are subject to the law of senility of 
protoplasm, and when any variety or species 
has reached its limitations of development, that 
species or variety of animal or plant must pass 
out of the struggle. Culture hastens the devel- 
opment of species or varieties of animals or 
plants, so that in the end all must reach cultural 18 
The Way Out of War 
limitations and then decline. The logical end 
of culture is the elimination of a race. 
When the biologist speaks of senility of pro- 
toplasm and its consequences, the general pub- 
lic looks upon the question as one of too great 
profundity for its comprehension. If we con- 
dense the idea and then shorten up the phrase 
"protoplasmic senility," and call it "prosen ill- 
ness" and state that such an illness comes to all 
organisms the subject will be brought within 
the reach of sociologists who may make use of 
it as a factor in their new computations. 
Primal warfare between amoeba and microbe 
was chemical in its nature, and fought with 
weapons known as enzymes. These enzymes 
continued to be secreted by all aggregations of 
amoebae from the simplest to the highest animals 
and plants. Consequently all warfare is still 
enzymic in its nature. The idea of methods 
and weapons of man remaining under the di- 
rection of his enzymes cannot be fully under- 
stood fundamentally unless we keep clearly in 
mind the fact that man with his weapons and 
his sociology is actuated in warfare by a chem- 
istry which subtends all of his policies. 
According to the older physiology, an enzyme Record of Instances 
is an organic chemical secretion which produces 
changes in other organic matter, in the interest 
of digestive and assimilative processes. 
A newer physiology extends the meaning of 
the term to include in a general way the active 
chemical secretions from any one cell or any ag- 
gregated mass of cells of an organism. Work- 
ing from this conception, we may deduce the 
conclusion that all organic activities are enzymic 
in their nature. Warfare represents one phase 
of natural organic process. An orderly view 
of the phenomena which end in warfare may be 
obtained by placing in alignment certain facts 
seriatim. 
When we look at some one who has the good 
luck to be eating a juicy orange our own salivary 
glands are stimulated into activity. When a 
man believes that he perceives the need for 
movements of offence or of defence, two glands, 
situated just above the kidneys, and known as 
adrenals, are stimulated into an increased rate 
of production of their secretion, very much as 
salivary glands are excited by external impres- 
sion. Adrenal secretion enters the blood cur- 
rent at once and is carried to the thyroid gland. 
The thyroid gland is whipped up by the adrenal 
19 20 
The Way Out of War 
secretion into the production of an excess of 
its special secretion of iodin. An excess of thy- 
roid iodin in turn increases the permeability of 
cell membranes of the entire body, and this 
leads to an increased degree of cell activity in 
general. 
Increased cell activity of a man means that 
he is prepared to respond promptly to any given 
emotion by going into the sort of motion for 
which the emotion gave primal direction. Vari- 
ous chemical by-products result from enzymic 
action and act as poisons until they are elimi- 
nated from the system of an individual. Thus 
an individual who is jealous (primal emotion) 
is injuring himself chemically unless he elimi- 
nates by-products safely. Under the influence 
of a prolonged strain of jealousy, the individual 
loses his or her red cheeks and becomes pallid. 
We can treat the effects of jealousy by ad- 
ministration of alkalies and water, combined 
with vigorous exercise for oxidation purposes? 
An actress who plays a strongly emotional part 
in a play may at that time be giving herself ne- 
phritis. A man who becomes angry injures him- 
self chemically unless he takes steps for dispos- 
ing of poisonous by-products. He should fol- Record of Instances 
21 
low some such daily formula as this methodical- 
ly: "Mad from ten to eleven A. M. A full 
glass of alkaline water and a vigorous walk 
from two to three P. M." if he wishes to con- 
form to our present knowledge of the subject. 
This bit of digression from the main scheme is 
for the purpose of fixing a mechanistic pattern 
in mind. 
When responding to the feeling that is called 
patriotism whole nations go into a state of en- 
zymic preparation for offence or for defence. 
Patriotism is a primal prejudice, flatly opposed 
to the intellectually conceived ideal of brother- 
hood of man. It was apparently given to man 
for the purpose of keeping him well assembled 
in herd form (nations) in order that he might 
struggle along lines of evolution in group units. 
When a country is deeply impressed by an 
aroused feeling of patriotism the adrenal glands 
of its people pour out an excess of adrenalin, 
in the same way as their salivary glands would 
pour out an excess of ptyalin if they were watch- 
ing somebody eating oranges. The free flow 
of adrenalin in the people in a nation causes 
the production of an excess of thyroid iodin, 
and this thyroid iodin opens up the entire cellu- 22 
The Way Out of War 
lar system for new activation on the part of 
these individuals. 
A similar enzymic process occurs when two 
lower animals which are enemies are brought 
face to face with each other. A similar process 
occurs when the lowest of organisms inimical to 
each other are brought together. The lowest 
organisms have no tangible weapons with 
which to fight, but they secrete enzymes which 
are poisonous to each other. Higher animals 
have claws and teeth with which to carry out 
the biddings of enzymes from the cells of cer- 
tain glands, each cell corresponding to a lower 
organism. 
Although the highest animal through the aid 
of his intelligence makes an extension of claw 
and tooth in the form of gun and sword, he 
acts only in response to enzymic prodding from 
his whole mass of cells, just as the lowest or- 
ganism acts with its single cell. 
Some one will reply that in the case of the 
highest animal we are dealing with a question 
of the mind rather than with a question of body 
chemistry. That takes us back to look around 
the room for a good definition of chemistry, 
which has been described as "everything that is Record of Instances 
going on." For an understanding of the mind 
and its expression in thought let us postulate a 
process similar to X-ray action. 
The X-ray is nothing but an ether impulse 
caused by the whacks of an atomic cathode ray 
upon the ether, yet this impulse is in itself 
potent. We may postulate that when the cells 
of which a man is composed feel the need for 
movements of offence or of defence, his entire 
nerve system sends a neuricity impulse (a phase 
of electricity) toward headquarters in the brain 
cells. Each brain cell consists of a mass of 
protoplasm surrounded by a membrane which 
is less permeable than the central mass of the 
cell. A difference in electrical potential results 
because of the way in which ions become as- 
sembled on opposite sides of the cell mem- 
branes. 
I need not go into what sounds technical be- 
yond stating the hypothesis that this difference 
in potential causes a neuricity impulse to be sent 
out along the nerve fibres to those organs which 
will make particular note of the need for offence 
or defence (eye and ear, for example). An 
atomic impulse of any sort cannot be sent any- 
where without beating upon the ether which 
23  The Way Out of War 
24 
responds and reacts upon a brain cell which has 
sent out a neuricity impulse. The central mass 
of the brain cell becomes conscious of this ether 
wave beating. In addition, eye and ear, which 
have been ordered to make a report, send back 
messages to brain cells. These reports are 
stamped upon cell protoplasm. 
In order to carry some sort of plain picture 
of a complex process we postulate that the ionic 
atomic impact from a stimulated brain cell upon 
the ether gives rise to an ether impulse which 
on the rebound possesses potency for stimula- 
tion of the brain cell. The cell responds to 
messages received from eye and ear as well as 
from the rebound of the original ether impulse. 
The conscious and well informed brain cell now 
sends a message along its wires (nerve fibres), 
and these messages go to the muscles and other 
organs which take part in the motion of offence 
or of defence, including the adrenal glands, 
which are ordered to whip up the whole organ- 
ism. 
Here, then, we have a simple postulate pic- 
ture of what is called mind and thought, and 
their influence upon muscle movement. 
Having proceeded thus far with the "first Record of Instances 
25 
primer" part of the question, let us take it into 
more elaborate relations with other questions. 
We may say that feelings like those belonging 
to sympathy, justice, and revenge belong to the 
ether brain-cell retroactions. During times of 
so-called peace, warfare is spread evenly over 
a large field of activities in any given nation, 
but does not lose its cubic contents, if we may 
employ a physicist's expression. It finds ex- 
pression in business competition, in politics and 
in the shop, where there is endless fuss, jeal- 
ousy and confusion, excepting as a manager is 
cruel enough to exercise effective control. The 
manager is moved by fear of cruelty aimed 
toward himself on the part of his employer. 
Warfare, without changing its cubic contents 
during times of "peace," busies itself until such 
time as a nation feels the need for offence or 
defence against some other nation. When this 
time for special action has been announced, the 
minor wars, from those of kitchen maids to 
those of socialistic debaters, are lost sight of, 
and the contending individuals and factions 
unite as brothers, combining their little war 
spirits for the purpose of putting conflict energy 
into one large war. 26 
The Way Out of War 
We are to hope that socialism and capitalism 
will never gain any great number of points over 
each other, because they represent two neces- 
sary opposing forces, belonging to the "war- 
fares of peace." We must be allowed to read 
our newspapers and smoke our pipes comfort- 
ably while finding interest and amusement in 
the hot words which pass between fairly well 
balanced forces of socialism and capitalism. 
Nations which are dominated by men of 
some one varietal hybrid type (Hohenzollern, 
Guelph, Romanoff, Hapsburg) develop ideals 
in nationalism which cement all ethnic factors 
in that nation into a group unit that is extremely 
strong for purposes of offence or defence. Each 
strong group unit develops ideals which are 
characteristic of the sort of mental expression 
belonging to the physical type of the dominant 
family in that group unit. Ideals belong so 
largely to the emotional set of faculties that 
conflict of one sort or another between group 
units (nations) is inevitable and belongs among 
the workings of a natural law. 
Whenever a strong nation develops it de- 
pends upon the dominance of a varietal hybrid 
group. The formation of such groups occurs Record of Instances 
among other animals and among plants. When 
the dominant varietal hybrid group reaches cul- 
tural limitations, it falls apart and the remnants 
of the variety make further varietal combina- 
tions. From among these fragments of dom- 
inant types arise various new combinations, 
some of which may represent closely the orig- 
inal dominant group. Eighteen hundred years 
ago the Roman Empire was characterised by its 
solidity and its universality. Eight hundred 
years later the rulers had failed to maintain 
unity and that great civilisation was lost in a 
large number of small separate domains. Here 
and there larger, stronger herds appeared, the 
larger ones tending to absorb the smaller ones 
until the Napoleonic Wars and the series of 
modern wars beginning in 1848 had a tendency 
to mold into shape modern Germany as a result 
of internal cohesive force aided by external 
coercive forces. The original unity of the 
Roman Empire was due to the conquest of other 
states by a single state of the group, this single 
state possessing military and political efficiency 
in higher degree than had been developed by 
the other states. Among the present varietal 
hybrid groups history has been repeated by the 
27 28 
The Way Out of War 
conquest of various German states by what wc 
call the Prussian State. Various elements 
forced under the rule of the Prussian State 
have been rather more rebellious than those 
which were grouped together under the Roman 
State. Those of us who have had the privilege 
of enjoying close social contact with the people 
in Austria, and in Hungary and in South Ger- 
many are fully aware of the inimical feeling of 
these groups toward their master. One reason 
why the Roman State was more successful in 
this respect was because of a greater generosity 
of government which resulted in better affilia- 
tion after conquest. Roman methods of affilia- 
tion with vassal states did not arouse the antag- 
onism which Prussia has aroused by severe 
martial methods which have been employed for 
holding vassal states in chain, and which have 
sent German emigrants to generous govern- 
ments in preference to their own colonies. At 
the time of the formation of the Roman Em- 
pire through force applied by a single state, 
there were no other competing civilisations like 
those which surround the Prussian autocratic 
state and its vassals to-day. In Greece the high 
development of different cities did not result in Record of Instances 
the abolition of warfare and there was con- 
stant warfare between the cities. The time 
came when barbarians in mass force with tre- 
mendous onslaught could break up civilised 
Rome when it began to disintegrate as a result 
of senility of protoplasm and the approach 
toward cultural limitations. At the present 
time a number of high civilisations are uniting 
as the Greeks or Egyptians never could have 
united, and it is this union of powerful civilisa- 
tions which desires to unseat the protoplasmi- 
cally senile German government while retaining 
as fully as possible that part of the highly 
valued German people which retains a magnifi- 
cent charge of potential energy. 
I do not know which one of the Romans 
first picked up the idea that Rome had Divine 
Mission, but in Germany it was Frederick the 
Great who first seized upon the idea for his 
country. This curious phase of psychology be- 
longing to the synap head* among rulers, also 
to a few very successful business men, and with 
an occasional neurotic religionist at the present 
time carries a considerable degree of weight 
among uneducated people. From medieval 
29 
♦See page hi.  The Way Out of War 
30 
times up to the present day, the church when 
seeking temporal power or working for politi- 
cal ends has made a point of dickering with 
kings in such a way as to make them divinely 
appointed, provided that they behaved well in 
the presence of the Pope. 
Dante in the Fourteenth Century, and Gio- 
berti in the Nineteenth Century declared that 
the Romans and their descendants were chosen 
people, consecrated by divine decree. Condi- 
tions are very different in these modern times 
when an individual like the Kaiser chooses to 
declare himself consecrated, while surrounded 
by thousands of German materialistic mockers 
and by rival consecrated states. This digres- 
sion into sociologic comparison of Rome with 
Prussia is not in truth a digression because 
sociology is a phase of physiology, physiology 
depends upon protoplasmic integrity, protoplas- 
mic integrity depends upon the comparative 
degree of vitality in any varietal group. 
The decline of nations is marked by a sign 
which we may call for convenience "the apaedion 
index." There is a lessening of the birth rate 
commonly ascribed by sociologists to social 
causes. The biologist understands the index as Record of Instances 
having a deeper meaning, something more fun- 
damental. It relates to the physical inability 
of a people to bear fully normal families of 
children. Kaiser Wilhelm read the sign aright 
several years ago. He proposed artificial meth- 
ods for opposing the working of a natural law. 
We know about Teutonic cultural limitations. 
The Maximilian Harden disclosures and the 
falling birth rate of Germany clearly indicate 
to a biologist what is now happening to that 
state. 
A sapient world reading of these disclosures 
and of corroborative testimony in German 
medical literature made very little response. It 
compared notes with what it already knew of 
other capitals, past and present, and put the 
question down as sociologic without special sig- 
nificance. The question was protoplasmic and 
significant as handwriting upon the wall. The 
naturalist recognised it as meaning prosen ill- 
ness of a state the protoplasm of which was 
becoming senescent. 
The disclosures relating to perversions in 
upper social circles were simply a record of what 
the naturalist already knew. When highly cul- 
tivated pheasants approach cultural limitations, 
31 32 
The Way Out of War 
the sexes sometimes approach each other in 
type, even to the point of the female adopting 
the plumage of the male, a more violent change 
than that of adoption of the plumage of the 
female by the male. The same thing occurs 
when cultural limitations are approached among 
the people of nations. Men become more like 
women, and women more like men, even to the 
point in some instances of adopting the dress of 
the opposite sex, in the same way as the sign 
occurs among pheasants. Sex warfare and the 
cessation of breeding as a logical consequence 
occurs among human beings as it does among 
pheasants. I mention the pheasants particu- 
larly because Nicholson has recorded this par- 
ticular feature, although it is not different from 
similar demonstrations of cultural limitations 
throughout all animal and plant life. 
The naturalist knows that Prussia need not 
be feared after the war, as the sociologist fears. 
The apaedion index associated with other phe- 
nomena of decline give testimony showing that 
Prussia in the centres of population had reached 
cultural limitations about the beginning of the 
present century. When decline is under way 
in the representative centres of any nation the Record of Instances 
33 
movement is rather steadily downward. His- 
torians will write of Prussia that was, in the 
same way as they write of Rome that was. 
When there is a rapid increase in the wealth 
in any country and corresponding financial abil- 
ity to raise children and when this movement 
is accompanied by an actual decrease in the 
birth rate, a wealthy country then begins to 
follow Rome in decline as a natural phenome- 
non. The expression "fewer and better chil- 
dren" does not represent a logical sequence. 
Taken in the meaning of a systematic elimina- 
tion of the unfit there would be a movement 
toward a higher plane in citizenship on the part 
of the few. Practically, following the law of 
cultural limitations, the few are actually now 
in evidence with too many decadent features of 
the sort belonging to cultural limitations. Brill 
has furnished important data bearing upon this 
point. The apaedion index does not mean that 
high mental gifts are to disappear, on the con- 
trary a nation might go down with all of its 
best mental flags flying. A parallel is found in 
the rose which becomes more beautiful when it 
"doubles" by increase of petals at the expense 
of stamens.  The Way Out of War 
34 
The student of the subject of warfare will 
observe that the desire for warfare appears to 
be so fundamental that men are prone to take 
up arms for slight cause or for no well defined 
cause. This morning's newspapers tell of the 
advance of soldiers upon Petrograd, and of a 
large number of armed Bolsheviki who have 
gone out to meet them. The shooting has not 
as yet begun because neither side understands 
just whom it is to shoot or why. 
Let us remember that because of the nature 
of man, he is continuously engaged in warfare. 
Sociologists tell us that warfare is due to state 
nature, rather than to man nature, but man 
makes the state and allows it to give expression 
to his own nature. The state is a corporation 
to be sure, and corporations are said to have 
no souls. 
Frederick the Great said that wars would 
occur about once in five years. He probably 
referred to wars of European interest only. In 
the past fifty years of my own observation they 
have occurred rather more frequently than that. 
If the sound of all wars were brought within 
one hearing distance, they would make a con- 
tinuous hum like the droning of a great wheel Record of Instances 
35 
in a shop. My own memory of conflicts ex- 
tends back clearly for about fifty years only, 
but during that time we have seen our Civil 
War, the German-Austrian, Franco-Prussian, 
Servo-Bulgarian, Turco-Russian, Spanish-Amer- 
ican, Anglo-Boer, Greco-Turkish, Russo-Jap- 
anese, Italo-Tripolitan, Balkan, and the present 
European war. That would make the incidents 
rather less than five years apart, and would 
leave out of our calculations a much larger num- 
ber of lesser wars belonging to more distant 
countries. 
The doctrine of struggle belongs then to the 
philosophy of one side of the question. 
Opposed to the doctrine of struggle in na- 
ture, we have the other doctrine, that of de- 
pendence of one organic form upon another 
organic form. These two doctrines represent 
forces which are observed to be everywhere 
opposed to each other, in accordance with the 
method of court procedure under the codex of 
natural law. 
During times of peace politicians do not gen- 
erally approve of each other. Women do not 
generally approve of each other. Would there 
be less of warfare with women in charge of na- 36 
The Way Out of War 
tional affairs? Women are prompt at going 
into action in the interest of justice and right. 
Acting from such conviction women are now 
expressing intensity of feeling in a correspond- 
ing degree of work, but upon both sides at 
once. They are eagerly taking part in practi- 
cally every feature of the war, from the skilful 
promoting of propaganda to zestful overtime 
labour in munition factories, and upon both 
sides at once. Irrespective of the question if 
there would be less war with women in charge 
we may remark that women deeply convinced 
of the validity of their premises in any subject 
are more indignant than men are when com- 
promise is proposed-women are inclined to 
look upon compromise as being dishonourable, 
a descent from principle. During times of 
peace army officers have to challenge each other 
to duels, and to swing violently about the peri- 
phery of scandals in garrison towns in order to 
give expression to their internal feelings. The 
term "peace" is a colloquialism relating to the 
subject of intervals between warfares-by-arms. 
Mr. Ford gave the world a kindergarten object 
lesson worthy of its cost, and a lesson which 
will serve for all time, when he shut up a lot of Record of Instances 
37 
pacifs on shipboard for a week where they 
could not escape from each other. Pacifs not in 
close contact with each other, but united in senti- 
mentality, make warfare upon braver people 
who are trying to protect them and their homes. 
In America, they have done their best to serve 
the purpose of Germany from a pulpit that is 
standing upon the wrong side of the world. 
Their views would be very acceptable to Ameri- 
cans were they to bring their warfare against 
the American home to bear upon the vital Prus- 
sian end of the question, and not upon the home 
defender end. 
Assuming that warfare of one sort or an- 
other has been and always will be continuous 
in one form or another because of evolution 
urge, we may note with satisfaction that prog- 
ress is actually inherent in human society. Since 
mediaeval feudal days when no man's property 
or life was secure we have learned with satis- 
faction that the periods of peace are becoming 
longer under conditions of civilisation. That is 
our hope and our inspiration. Nowadays with 
greater degree of security for life and prop- 
erty, nations will be allowed longer and longer 
periods for reaching cultural limitations and 38 
The Way Out of War 
then going into decline finally, according to the 
laws of protoplasm. 
In advance of the Great Double Invasion* 
German women in every little town were say- 
ing against each other what they are now say- 
ing en masse against the enemy. In France 
politicians were accusing each other of about 
as much knavery as they now apply en masse to 
Germany. There is a somewhat increased ex- 
penditure of force when the warfares of peace 
cease and the people become united against a 
common enemy. The reason for that is be- 
cause under the stimulating influence of a great 
fear more of the internal secretion of the adre- 
nal glands is poured out, stimulating the thyroid 
gland which in turn activates the muscles and 
sets into motion the complicated machinery be- 
longing to body processes generally. 
* See page 117. WARFARE AND HUMAN DEVELOP- 
MENT WARFARE AND HUMAN DEVELOP- 
MENT 
Treitschke says that wars "will ever recur as 
a dreadful medicine for the human race." This 
is true from a sociologic point of view in the 
sense that it relieves a race which has been re- 
trograding in its germinal inheritance from the 
burden of its social inheritance. The natural- 
ist replies that war dosing will continue until 
such time as preventive state medicine takes its 
place. War medicine will then fall behind the 
times, very much as dosing against microbic 
warfare (ordinary illness) is now falling be- 
hind the times, being replaced more and more 
by preventive medicine. We shall exterminate 
"microbic governments" or render them harm- 
less-this last we are now doing to Germany. 
The Hague is to be the wise old doctor. 
What have wars really accomplished up to 
the present time? The earliest wars in history 
did two things. In the first place they pre- 
41 42 
The Way Out of War 
vented overpopulation of the earth before in- 
tensive cultivation of the soil had prepared the 
way, and had made the world ready for a larger 
population. Incidentally, it may be well to note 
that China had better agricultural plans in some 
ways during and since the time of the Emperor 
Yu, three thousand years before Christ, than 
Germany or Great Britain have to-day. 
Secondly, in the early wars in which individ- 
ual combat and individual endurance were the 
important factors war had a eugenic effect in 
that the weak and unfit were eliminated and the 
more vigorous protoplasmic elements were 
given greater advantages of development. 
In modern wars this is not the case. On the 
contrary we have mass destruction of the most 
fit in the combatant class, and an impoverish- 
ment of stock due to poor nutrition of large 
numbers in the civilian groups. Because of 
those who acclaim war as a biologic necessity, 
as the great inhibiting influence of decay and as 
an important factor in the development of man, 
let us ask this question which is basic: can any 
phase of warfare, which destroys the best breed- 
ing material, be found to result in any muta- 
tional or revivifying stimulus upon the germ Warfare and Human Development 
plasm? With the mechanism of heredity in 
mind no answer is needed. In modern warfare 
there is not even the elimination of the unfit to 
be considered as a matter of negative eugenics, 
on the contrary, through the rigours of war, 
mass accidents, and extravagant tissue waste 
resulting from abnormal oxidation due to an 
excess of thyroid iodin poured out for purposes 
of increased fighting motion, the previously fit 
are rendered less valuable for breeding ma- 
terial. If anybody feels that any survival of 
the fittest is to be looked for as a result of this 
present war, he may go to Flanders and there 
find the fittest-underground. 
War should be properly classified with those 
extrinsic factors of development of the individ- 
ual which can in no way alter the race. Wars 
may change and even destroy the social, re- 
ligious, and moral inheritance of a race, but this 
affects the development of the individual, a phe- 
nomenon which does not modify the develop- 
ment of the germ plasm. 
The social evolution of the race with its in- 
creasingly complex demands may so far out- 
strip the germinal inheritance of any group that 
such a group may find reaction to these complex 
43  The Way Out of War 
44 
stimuli becoming a burden. War may then 
appeal to this group as a remedy. It may be 
assumed that such was the case with Prussia. 
Prussia is now going the way that all previous 
great civilisations have gone. They were for- 
merly destroyed by barbarians after the influ- 
ences of decline had made themselves manifest. 
Not enough united barbarians were left in the 
world to deal with Prussia, excepting in Russia. 
Russia made its threat. Prussia, frightened, 
then committed suicide, a favourite method with 
the coward and with the ill who have delusions 
of persecution like those of the Crown Prince. 
Prussia now floundering about in death throes 
is upsetting other civilisations, by scattering 
their social inheritance and bringing the terrible 
dysgenic factor of reversal of selection as a re- 
sult of modern warfare into play. 
Physical decline and its corollary moral de- 
cline occur rapidly under conditions of peace- 
yet still more rapidly under conditions of war. 
The pragmaphile squarely facing this fact 
and standing erect without dodging in its pres- 
ence will remark that if physical and moral 
decline are bound to come to every nation any- 
way in obedience to laws of protoplasm it will Warfare and Human Development 
45 
be well to ask modern science to move up the 
top weight of the metronome. 
Wars have aroused the spirit of race con- 
sciousness in such a way as to bring about co- 
hesion of race elements, thus allowing each 
variety or subspecies of man to proceed along 
its lines of evolution in more compact form. 
There has been better natural selection by each 
group of well developed "state organs" which 
are continuously being added to the "organism" 
that we assume will eventually become the 
United States of the World. Warfare has 
condensed varietal groups for better mass unit 
work, but chiefly because these had been pre- 
viously disjointed by warfare. Left to itself a 
varietal hybrid group of man would remain as- 
sembled for the reason that a kind of deer or 
a kind of grape remains within certain natural 
bounds. A nomadic Arab tribe undisturbed 
would have no desire to make its way to Siberia. 
Depending upon wars for the purpose of ob- 
taining the spirit of race consciousness is very 
much like the quaint legendary Chinese method 
of burning a house down in order to secure the 
delicious roast pig. Only a poor appreciation 
of values would espouse a cause which arouses  The Way Out of War 
46 
consciousness of itself (race) by a method 
which would impoverish and even destroy it. 
Wars have spasmodically advanced civilisa- 
tion by allowing superior intelligence to win 
over barbarian influence, and then imposing the 
superior social inheritance upon the conquered. 
Barbarian influence has taken its turn at win- 
ning from time to time, but chiefly over states 
or tribes that reached cultural limitations and 
were showing moral decline, moral decline be- 
ing a sort of index of physical decline and to be 
differentiated from low original standards. 
The immediate effect of warfare upon the 
individual may be tonic. Psychologists tell us 
that ordinarily a civilised man does not employ 
more than from one-tenth to one-third of his 
brain capacity in daily affairs. Under stimula- 
tion of any sort, he may increase this up to full 
capacity without doing himself any harm. Dur- 
ing times of stimulation by active warfare, the 
people of all interested countries employ more 
of their brain capacity and consequently more 
work of many kinds is actually accomplished, 
the new inventions in particular remaining as 
permanent assets. 
When warfare-by-arms is under way, a re- Warfare and Human Development 
47 
versal toward primitive conditions leads to at- 
tacks by the people of any country upon their 
own people, very much as minor discharges of 
electricity take place between different metallic 
objects in the presence of a thunderstorm which 
causes electric instability of neighbouring ob- 
jects. Thus the commercial war profiteers prey 
upon the people of their own countries and this 
process is not confined to large conspirators. 
The smallest retail dealers become involved in 
the spirit of attack upon their customers. If 
the price of a whole side of leather goes up a 
dollar or two, a shoemaker adds a dollar or 
two to the cost of a single pair of shoes, on 
the excuse of justification based upon the in- 
creased cost of leather. One of my acquaint- 
ances at a railway station in Arizona in 1917 
found that Indians were charging twice as much 
as they had previously charged him for pine 
nuts. He asked an Indian the reason for that, 
and the Indian replied, "Wah!" As the nuts 
were collected chiefly by pack rats, which are 
not drafted, and then stolen from the pack rats 
by Indians of a tribe not subject to draft, this 
Indian explanation may stand as an object les- 
son on the point that warfare-by-arms excites 48 
The Way Out of War 
attack between individuals who are not directly 
concerned in the war. 
One of the truths which Treitschke missed 
by an inch, relates to his statement: "More fre- 
quently to be observed in modern history are 
the momentous consequences of an exclusively 
social existence. A nation that lives for nothing 
but these social desires, that wishes only to be- 
come richer and to live more comfortably, falls 
a complete victim to the baser natural in- 
stincts." He recognised a fact, but was not 
student enough to trace the fact back to prem- 
ises leading toward a right conclusion, and to 
observe that he was speaking of the law of 
cultural limitations. 
Treitschke believed that the world would be 
deprived of its heroes, excepting for war. He 
does not know of the heroism displayed by the 
scientist who comes forward with a new idea 
and withstands the attack of thousands of his 
peers single-handed. He apparently does not 
know of the heroism of the firemen or of the 
policemen in their daily rounds. Galileo was a 
greater hero than the German officer who 
cleaves the head of the father of five dear little Warfare and Human Development 
49 
girls, because that man does not agree with him 
in politics. 
Treitschke says: "The second essential func- 
tion of the state is to make war. That we have 
so long failed to appreciate this is a proof how 
effeminate the science of the state as treated by 
civilians has finally become. In our century, 
since Clausewitz, this sentimental conception 
has disappeared; but its place has been taken 
by a narrowly materialistic one, which looks 
upon man, after the manner of Manchesterdom, 
as a two-legged being whose destiny is to buy 
cheap and sell dear." 
From the biologist's point of view, this "nar- 
rowly materialistic view of man" was giving 
Germany billions of dollars worth of property 
in South American countries, to say nothing of 
other countries. And these billions of dollars 
were for what purpose? Among other things 
they were employed freely for the purpose of 
developing German science about which there 
was nothing effeminate or sentimental, but 
which was placing the golden statue of German 
science in the social parks of the world. 
Materialistic occupation is precisely the sort 
that has conducted the plant from a single cell  The Way Out of War 
50 
to become the grand sturdy oak, with its sap 
channels ensuring mutual interdependence be- 
tween all organs, with defence measures for pro- 
tection of the zygotes within its nuts, and de- 
fence measures for the protection of the hearts 
of its winter buds. It is devotion to material- 
istic occupation that has conducted man from 
the single cell up to the formation of man 
equipped with his intellectual defence mechan- 
ism. When offence mechanism is employed by 
preference, in response to synap head biddings 
man loses, for the reason that he is playing a 
Jack when he should play his Ace. 
The statement that war is an "essential func- 
tion of the state" must be carefully considered. 
Is it really a function of the state as purpose or 
only as defence? We have a parallel from 
which to form judgment. The naturalist, fa- 
miliar with the plant world and with the animal 
world, finds himself replying that war as an 
aggressive purpose is by no means a function 
of any state, unless a given state openly acknowl- 
edges classification among predaceous organ- 
isms. In that case it will be treated as the 
gamekeeper treats vermin. When considered 
in the light of defence, war does become a func- Warfare and Human Development 
tion of the state. Predaceous individuals and 
predaceous tribes abound in the world, but the 
only predaceous state at the present time is the 
one admitting that it holds Treitschke's license 
to lie and to say that it instituted a war of 
"defence," planned to begin in 1913, but finding 
better opportunity in 1914. 
Treitschke received profound attention in 
Prussia for the reason that he taught what the 
people of Prussian temperament wished to hear, 
and not because he gave good information. 
As a final consideration in this relation we 
may assume that warfare which kills does not 
belong to man as a persistent or final method. 
The naturalist would base that belief upori the 
fact that man is the only mammal engaged in 
killing his own kind. The frankly predatory 
animals prey upon other species. Were they to 
prey upon their own kind, it would be against 
laws relating to preservation of the kind in 
nature's struggle between competing kinds of 
animals and plants. 
51 NATIONS NATIONS 
A nation represents some one variety of ani- 
mal in particular, although that nation may 
contain several racial elements. Some one 
racial element constitutes the dominating va- 
riety. We are to remember that when any 
variety of animal or plant is subjected to cul- 
tural processes it finally expends its protoplas- 
mic energy and goes into decline. For object 
lessons let us take the Wilson Strawberry, an- 
cient Greece, the Morgan horse, Rome, the 
peachblow potato, Egypt, and the Newfound- 
land dog. Here we have a definite object les- 
son relating to varietal organisms which have 
reached cultural limitations and then declined. 
In accordance with the law of continuity ap- 
plied to everything in nature, nations are sim- 
ilar to varieties of plants. Nature retains her 
great vested fund of protoplasmic energy in a 
race. Mutant forms emerging from any race, 
from time to time, expend their special loans of 
55 56 
The Way Out of War 
protoplasmic energy rapidly and then disappear, 
while the racial mean type persists. Protoplas- 
mic energy runs out of a species more rapidly 
than it runs out of a genus, and a variety loses 
energy more quickly than it is lost to a species. 
Nature places many checks against the exhaus- 
tion of race energy, but she allows nations 
(varietal hybrids) springing from any one race 
to make cross combinations exhibiting various 
degrees of power. Durable nations are com- 
posed of varietal hybrids. Specific hybrids on 
the other hand populate the turbulent states. 
Mexico is largely populated by specific hybrids: 
Aryan (Spanish) x Mongolian (Indian). In 
the absence of an external compelling force we 
may anticipate that a series of short, sharp 
revolutions will occur for centuries to come in 
Mexico, excepting when some remarkable mu- 
tant like a Diaz executes aspirants for domina- 
tion who ask questions, and then makes inquiry 
into the nature of questions subsequently to the 
execution of questioners. Specific hybrids of 
Homo sapiens have been under observation by 
biologists for a long time in the examples fur- 
nished by Eurasians. Specific hybrids among 
men do not appear to carry a "cenesthesia of Nations 
57 
similarity" which allows them to unite well for 
purposes of mutual protection in established 
government. As violent variants, they expend 
protoplasmic energy individually, explosively 
or indolently, and not according to durable 
mean-type method. The educated men of Mex- 
ico are as brilliantly and charmingly civilised, as 
the uneducated classes are indolent in the other 
extreme. A strong dominant mean type of citi- 
zen does not belong in biologic category to 
Mexico. The desire of individuals to conquer 
will be stronger than the desire of a whole peo- 
ple to govern. 
A varietal hybrid type of man, on the other 
hand, and his prototype congeners (Guelph, 
Hohenzollern, Hapsburg, Romanoff), form 
dominant groups of people for the brief period 
of a few centuries, and having engaged success- 
fully in struggle, pass on to the period of se- 
nescence of protoplasm and then disappear, to 
be replaced by other strong varietal types which 
have sprung from racial protoplasm. We are 
to keep in mind the difference between varietal 
and specific hybrids when anticipating the life 
history of any cultivated plant or animal includ- 
ing man. 58 
The Way Out of War 
A nation of people fitted for civilisation 
passes through Eras of Three E's, correspond- 
ing to the development of a variety of culti- 
vated plant. The first E stands for establish- 
ment (force of arms or of diplomacy). The 
second E stands for expansion (analysis and 
development in science). The third E is that 
of exhibition (art and literature). Then comes 
decline. The history of a cultivated plant may 
similarly include establishment after struggle 
with competing plants, and aided by the gar- 
dener. High degree of development of the 
plant comes next, and finally there may be ex- 
hibition of double flowers, and the lineage of 
that plant is ended. The reason why cultivated 
nations come and go like varieties of cultivated 
plants is because both are composed of proto- 
plasm and must follow the inexorable laws of 
protoplasm. 
The nature of decline has been fully revealed 
in natural history. Each varietal type of man 
assembled in social aggregation in the herd that 
we call a nation goes on to cultural limitations 
and declines, to be succeeded in turn by new 
varietal types thrown out from the main stock 
of racial protoplasm. The soil occupied by any Nations 
one varietal type is successively occupied by 
waves of nations following one upon another, 
each in turn rising and falling like waves upon 
a beach in response to the working of the laws 
of juvenility and senility of protoplasm. 
Schiller with the vision of a poet looked over 
the head of selfishness and in one of his letters 
written in 1789 states: "The most powerful 
nation is but a fragment and thinking minds will 
not grow warm on its account, except in so far 
as this nation or its future have exercised influ- 
ence on the species." 
The German government did exercise marked 
influence on the progress of the specie?, and 
thinking minds were growing warm on its ac- 
count, until the unequal expansion of the mili- 
tary clique in the fragment burst it apart, caus- 
ing a pitiful loss of momentum and velocity. 
The great intact fragment which had been 
travelling through the high skies was the Ger- 
many of Goethe. The meteoric dust is the 
Germany of William the Second. What the 
world willingly mistook for a star was only a 
meteorite after all; a fragment travelling at 
high speed in the great cosmos of civilised na- 
59 60 
The Way Out of War 
tions of to-day, and containing its own element 
of disintegration. 
At this point we may ask, of what use is a 
nation anyway? Apparently nations represent 
nature's effort at trying out different varieties 
of organisms in order to establish certain types 
best fitted for conducting evolution. Nature's 
eventual purpose belongs to the great purpose 
question which is out of our reach. Because of 
the gregarious nature of man he assembles in 
herd form, calls his herd a nation and then for 
purposes of expediency experiments in various 
kinds of government. Governments are all ex- 
perimental and like other educational problems, 
not static. Furthermore a government that will 
satisfy one herd of subspecies of man will not 
do at all for another herd. American Indian 
tribal government could not be adapted for 
Tokio, Japan. 
Certain leaders stand guard instinctively over 
any national herd, very much as one crow re- 
mains on watch while the other crows are feed- 
ing. Kings, queens, and presidents are guardian 
crows. The reason why sovereign queens have 
made such a good showing in comparison with 
kings furnishes an argument in favour of demo- Nations 
61 
cratic rule by numbers. By that statement, I 
mean that the sovereign queen has commonly 
surrounded herself with a number of well se- 
lected advisors who have unitedly given direc- 
tion in the interests of the state. The king, on 
the other hand, has commonly been under the 
domination of some one irresponsible woman. 
The idea of a sovereign being under divine 
guidance is not laughable to those of us who 
are familiar with the methods of educational 
development of the poor devil of a prince. His 
footsteps are dogged by tutors, his thoughts are 
checked up in squares to fit the conventions, and 
later on he is surrounded by men who fawn 
upon him for reasons of personal profit to them- 
selves. It really is a depressing spectacle. 
Gregariousness in its phase of requirements 
for leadership is expressed in different degrees 
by different kinds of birds and animals includ- 
ing man. A flock of wild geese immediately 
acknowledges a leader when starting off in 
flight. A flock of sheep without a leader begins 
to disintegrate and individuals soon go astray. 
A flock of starlings on the other hand goes 
about in loose socialistic form; the same is 
true of a family of chickadees, yet each mem- 62 
The Way Out of War 
ber of the family seems to know where all of 
the others are when travelling in one general 
direction, more or less widely separated in the 
woods. Among herds of men the German herd 
has shown in highest degrees a trait that is 
common to all men, even in nomadic tribes, a 
desire to lean upon authority and leadership. 
Infant individualism, avoiding leadership, sel- 
fish in its nature and belonging to a certain phase 
of socialistic thought, finds the world unpre- 
pared to accept that single unit power for good. 
Among people who are dissatisfied with their 
leaders, there is the forlorn resource of depend- 
ing upon themselves or upon some sort of a god. 
The Germans made a god of their Kaiser by 
metaphysical process and then idealised him for 
the same reason that heathen people make a 
wooden god and then aim all of their best in- 
stincts at what the wooden god is supposed to 
represent. The German herd has been notable 
for its dependence upon learned authority when- 
ever that was procurable, or for leadership in 
any event. A group of twelve German families 
settling in colony form upon a western prairie 
immediately proceed to elect one man as leader 
and to obey him, even though he may not be Nations 
63 
superior to other men in the colony. This Ger- 
man fondness for moving by authority consti- 
tutes one point in the psychology belonging to 
the present war. The Germans were rapidly 
on the way toward gaining control of the entire 
world because of their methods in commerce, 
but these methods in commerce depended upon 
individuality. The Germans were dissatisfied 
with this variety of success, and wished to suc- 
ceed by authority because that belonged to their 
habit-thought; habit-thought being one of the 
most powerful influences of individuals sep- 
arately or in mass unit formation. 
The question often arises, "Why are the 
hereditary rulers of a people so different from 
their people?" We know that Czars have not 
furnished those great Russian minds which the 
human world has eagerly claimed for its own. 
We know that despots among nobles of the 
Polish Kingdom were not the Poles who have 
warmed the earth with their talents. We know 
that the Hohenzollerns have won the sort of 
respect which belongs to the thorns of a rose, 
while the beautiful flowers of Germany were 
unfolded to an admiring world by other Ger- 
mans. The sociologist has answered the ques- 64 
The Way Out of War 
tion at great length including various documents 
relating to decadence due to inbreeding, but he 
always leaves us with the sort of undefinable 
feeling that he has not explained satisfactorily. 
The naturalist replies by saying that the answer 
includes three separate and distinct factors in 
the problem: 
(a) Crosses between the members of ruling 
families of different varietal hybrid types take 
place for political reasons. 
(b) Members of the ruling class belong to 
families which have approached cultural limita- 
tions. 
(c) The politician with a type of mind dif- 
ferent from that of the scientist or of other 
elements among the people has exercised his 
peculiar function. This latter factor is not 
peculiar to hereditary ruling groups, but simply 
intensifies the influence of factors "a" and "b" 
which are fundamental to a knowledge of the 
subject. 
Factors "a" and "b" would suffice for plac- 
ing the hereditary ruling class quite apart from 
the normal mean-type people of any nation. 
For that reason either democrats or interna- Nations 
65 
tional socialists will represent the real people in 
a country of the civilisation of to-morrow. 
There are dangers in leaving the manage- 
ment of affairs in any country to leaders. The 
reason for that is because responsibility rests too 
often with busy men who have no time to look 
after their leaders. If the latter are politicians 
of the irresponsible sort, they may lead the 
country where it would not wish to go, and 
where it would not represent the real feeling of 
the people. When we broke our treaties with 
the Indians, it was not because the people of the 
United States wished these treaties broken; as 
a matter of fact there was very violent objec- 
tion on the part of our best people. The Indian 
treaties, however, were managed by the politi- 
cians. After experience with autocracies in 
which an autocratic ruler may run amuck among 
other countries, after experience with democ- 
racies in which substantial business men leave 
their affairs to scheming politicians, we may 
eventually have a series of world governments 
with a trained business man at the head of each 
nation. Originally, teachers found themselves 
rather helpless when managing education ques- 
tions of a large number of people. After that 66 
The Way Out of War 
the method of employing clergymen, working 
with the help of the Lord, made one step in ad- 
vance. Now we have arrived at the stage 
where a business man is the one best equipped 
to manage the affairs of a university. As a uni- 
versity represents in miniature the social method 
of a country, so various socialistic groups repre- 
sent various governmental methods. In each 
socialistic group there is a leader surrounded by 
ambitious other men who wish to take his place 
and become leaders. Internal warfare is there- 
fore going on between members of each group 
and furthermore various socialistic groups come 
into conflict with each other. 
Modern governments are big business cor- 
porations. Armies have become the guardians 
of economic corporations of the state very much 
as a miner sits upon his heap of nuggets holding 
a revolver in each hand. Every business cor- 
poration known as a trust, of the sort that is 
built up in democracies, would be gratified to 
have at its disposal an army and navy. Trusts 
often have at their disposal certain legislators 
occupying high position. In a concrete autoc- 
racy, and in a discrete autocracy as well, poets 
like to speak of industrialism as peacemaker. Nations 
67 
As a matter of fact there is warfare between 
the workmen and the floor boss, between the 
floor boss and the superintendent, between the 
superintendent and manager, between the man- 
ager and owners, between the owners of that 
corporation and of other corporations, between 
these corporations and the laws of the state, 
between the laws of one state in conflict with 
the laws of another state, and between a coun- 
try like Germany in a competitive struggle with 
Great Britain. Industrialism instead of being 
a peacemaker is an enterprising war maker in 
every important phase of its presentation and 
in harmony with the laws of evolution. The 
state which maintains an army for offence is not 
different from the corporation which engaged 
the gunmen to kill Baff, the rival poultry dealer 
in New York. Kaiser Wilhelm is a murderer 
in the same class with the men appointed by a 
combination to employ the gunmen for killing 
the poultry dealer. 
Nationality as representing herd instinct of 
racial origin with the dominant people of a 
nation may at times be less powerful than cer- 
tain external influences. The Swiss, for exam- 
ple, with tripod racial feet standing upon social 68 
The Way Out of War 
history and natural history, are deeply imbued 
with historic sense and with a romantic degree 
of attachment to the mountains reaching to 
heaven and to the sublime beauty of their rivers. 
They will have a tendency to remain durable as 
a nation, firmly attached to their soil and fruit- 
ful in the pride of their achievements. 
The ideals of a nation like those of the 
United States are of little avail unless they are 
adaptable to the full needs of the time. When 
predatory nations are still about, the people 
which inefficiently carries out means of defence 
will eventually acquire one of the stern lessons 
of history. England, Spain, and Prussia from 
1804 to 1812 with their fine aspirations were 
in danger of complete submersion until the 
times developed Wellington, Scharnhorst, 
Gneisenau, and Blucher. Until these leaders 
were given position, the fine aspirations and en- 
thusiasms were unprotected and of little avail. 
At the moment of writing, Russia torn 
asunder by conflicting socialistic groups, is likely 
to split into separate states along lines of racial 
instinct unless the combination of a Victor Em- 
manuel, a Cavour, and a Mazzini is brought 
about for the purpose of making the sentiment Nations 
69 
of nationalism stronger than the pull of racial 
herd instinct. Various Slav peoples possess the 
natural trait of lack of interest in firm cohe- 
sion. From the standpoint of natural history, 
we might readily enough assume that Great 
Russia will never again be Great Russia, be- 
cause of the injury caused to nationalism by the 
faults of Czarism. A free Russia will prob- 
ably mean a Russia of smaller states free to 
attack each other until some one dominant 
group succeeds in uniting the people of the sep- 
arated Russian states, and assisting them toward 
the great sap-channel organisation of the world 
state. The constructing of a constitutional mon- 
archy would apparently make a good inter- 
mediate step, but at the present moment there 
is some danger of Germany taking charge of 
Russia due to vulnerability caused by Maximal- 
ists. 
During the course of experimentation in 
methods of government man has developed 
two distinct types, autocracies and democracies. 
One has about as many virtues and faults as the 
other. In democracies, power is commonly 
given over into the hands of politicians who are 
not responsible in more than a nominal way to 70 
The Way Out of War 
any one guiding head in the course of daily af- 
fairs. Politicians set up clan plans of their own 
and frequently defeat the wishes of the public. 
This political method of discrete autocracy is 
quite as divine in origin as the divinity of the 
concrete autocratic ruler, if we observe that God 
created a devil capable of thwarting His own 
wishes. The democratic republic really con- 
sists of a large number of discrete political au- 
tocracies as opposed to the idea of concrete 
autocracy demonstrated in a government like 
that of Germany. One striking difference be- 
tween autocracies and democracies is this; in a 
discrete autocracy the people do not unite 
readily for offensive and defensive warfare-by- 
arms; they do, however, remain rather free to 
overthrow the leader of whom they disapprove 
at almost any time. This may be true of con- 
crete autocracy as well, witness the Russian 
revolution. For the most part, however, a sin- 
gle autocratic ruler is given dangerous power 
to precipitate offensive and defensive warfare, 
and this marks an important difference between 
autocracies and democracies. 
The chief difference fundamentally between 
the structure of autocracies and the structure of Nations 
democracies is the difference in their construc- 
tion of ideals. In a democracy the ideals of 
freedom, of laws and of justice are elevating, 
even when one is living in a fool's paradise, and 
where people turn their affairs over to discrete 
autocracies, representing smaller mass unit 
forces. Such forces are commonly opposed to 
each other and to the interests of the state, 
which represents a single unit of power. On 
the other hand any one who has lived in Ger- 
many has become familiar with the undercur- 
rent of disapproval of autocratic government. 
The autocratic state may do about what it 
pleases with its slaves. Because of the funda- 
mental difference in ideals between concrete and 
discrete autocracies, the two cannot exist to- 
gether in harmony. The world has experi- 
mented abundantly with autocracies. It is now 
putting democracies through the laboratory for 
the purpose of weeding out their synap head in- 
consistencies, and we cannot foretell what forms 
of government will be under way in the next 
century. 
71 
"L'etat cest moi" said Louis XIV. 
"The state is We" said the anarchists. 72 
The Way Out of War 
The conception of the state as representing 
social order belongs naturally to a gregarious 
species. The idea of sovereignty of the state, 
however, according to biologic laws, will grad- 
ually disappear in accordance with the sap- 
channel idea. 
German collectivism and American individ- 
ualism are opposed to each other. The first is 
corrected by other nations when it oversteps 
bounds. The second is corrected by competing 
individuals. The president of a great trust 
company might administer American affairs 
better than they are administered by city politi- 
cians, who so frequently consist of discards from 
other employers. Under present method in 
this stage of experiment with government there 
will be continually the same struggle between 
state versus the individual or boss versus the 
individual. 
There is much to be said for a concrete autoc- 
racy like that of Germany as opposed to a dis- 
crete autocracy like that of our United States. 
There is no doubt that the welfare of the in- 
dividual is better served by other individuals 
under an efficient controlling government like 
that of Germany, provided that the controlling Nations 
73 
element is guided by the right spirit. In our 
United States political bosses often arrange dis- 
crete autocracies under supervision by men who 
are not representative of all that is best for 
Chicago or Philadelphia for example. 
Democracy has always meant less interest in 
foreign policy, but in times of stress it has 
adopted autocratic methods for the purpose of 
self-defence. Autocratic diplomacy has led 
Germany into a war in which she is faced by 
some three-fourths of the whole civilised world. 
Theoretically, democratic diplomacy places all 
responsibility where it rightly belongs-with 
the people; practically, everything else relating 
to public interest has been discussed in the open, 
but up to the present time, foreign policy has 
not been placed before the people of discrete 
autocracies more freely than it has been placed 
before the people of concrete autocracies. 
During a period of forty years, the German 
autocracy devoted so much time, heart, thought, 
and money to the development of its army that 
more than three years were required by the 
Allies for developing a better one. In all prob- 
ability the Allies would never have developed a 
better one, excepting for the reaction aroused 74 
The Way Out of War 
by German law-breaking, on the ground that 
might physical was a greater force than might 
moral. It was not law-breaking according to 
the German idea of sovereignty of state, but 
law-breaking according to the higher moral pur- 
pose of the sovereign group of United World 
Families. An outlaw receives treatment as 
such, no matter whether it be an individual, a 
business corporation or a state. 
Our family of nations on this earth contains 
an outlaw member. Can we repress that out- 
law member who holds that no morality can be 
higher than the interests of its own arrogant 
state. If might is right, I shall take my neigh- 
bour's farm away from him when God helps 
me to become strong enough for that, and when 
taking his farm away, I shall exclaim in the 
words of Kaiser Wilhelm, "Forward with 
God." 
This idea carried to its logical conclusion 
would result in there being but one man left in 
the world, and he with a wife who would re- 
quire to be killed in the interest of permanent 
peace. 
Instead of the Treitschke idea, we may incul- 
cate the Darwinian principle of mutual depend- Nations 
ence, when it comes to a question of prognosti- 
cation concerning man's destiny and a peaceful 
world state. 
Some of the neutral peoples of Europe, neu- 
tral by painful force of circumstances, offer as 
an excuse the idea that some neutral countries 
must be left to take charge of mediation for 
peace when the time for mediation comes. 
From the American viewpoint, there is perhaps 
the feeling that very little mediation will be re- 
quired when an outlaw government is forcibly 
placed in chains. 
In order to meet conditions of warfare, a 
successful democracy is now obliged to. put its 
affairs into the hands of leaders who are also 
autocratic in their methods. If an autocratic 
government becomes an outlaw because its lead- 
ers have reached cultural limitations and exhibit 
phenomena of decline, the people who are sub- 
ject to that government may be injured tem- 
porarily by a sort of catalysis. The German 
people excepting in their centres of population 
are still ascendant in a protoplasmic way, and 
we shall anticipate their return to normal activ- 
ity when the morbid spell has been relieved by 
the unseating of their decadent leaders. 
75 76 
The Way Out of War 
A faithful shepherd dog, kindly and efficient, 
sometimes comes under the influence of other 
dogs in such a way as to revert to primal in- 
stincts. He harks back to the jackal ancestor, 
and becomes a sheep killer because of the in- 
fluence of propinquity, propinquity being one of 
the three greatest social forces. Even the Ger- 
man socialists became yellow sheep killing 
jackals through their affiliation with leaders 
bent upon illegal procedure. They responded 
to the call of the atavistic Kaiser. The nat- 
uralist realises the helplessness of these people 
under the influence of awakened primal instincts 
and his feelings are more of pity than of blame. 
Perhaps his feelings toward the Kaiser are 
more generous than are those of the sociologist. 
He knows that Kaiser Wilhelm has anatomical 
stigmata of decadence for which he is in no 
way responsible. Notwithstanding hereditary 
physical defects and their mental accompani- 
ments, the Kaiser as a versatile genius had been 
so magnificently constructive that all Germany 
knew who had carried the Empire toward a 
place in the Sun. When the moment of weak- 
ness came and the Kaiser yielded to the asso- 
ciated moral degenerates who forced his hand, Nations 
77 
the German people followed their idol from 
perihelion to aphelion, because he had pre- 
viously justified his position as an idol. 
Frederick the First picked up the old jewel 
of an idea that he was divinely appointed, and 
this idea was handed down along with the tapes- 
tries and crown jewels to successive heirs to the 
crown. The humour of the situation likely 
enough appealed to the angels and they doubt- 
less have had many moments of merriment 
when observing German materialism playing 
shuttlecock with the divinity idea, assuming that 
the angels are no longer finprods,* even though 
their wings are shown by artists to spring 
anatomically from their scapulae. 
In relation to divinity of the Kaiser, Del- 
briick is reported to quote Harnack as saying 
that one of his minds told him that the idea 
was nonsense. The other mind told him that 
if the Bible was inspired, the Kaiser might 
readily be inspired from the same source, and 
it would be well to act upon that assumption. 
The idea of divinity of kings causes lines of 
demarcation to be made personally by certain 
kings who do not approve of other kings. This 
* See page 113. 78 
The Way Out of War 
divinity idea is an interesting bit of psychology 
and we see it demonstrated sometimes among 
successful business men, particularly among 
those who have not had a liberal education. 
The man who makes a great fortune sometimes 
gets to feel that he must be under the guidance 
of some higher power, having little trust in the 
capabilities of one whom he knows so well per- 
sonally. He gets to feel that some unseen hand 
has guided him toward success, and arrives at 
the conclusion that he is probably under divine 
guidance. I have observed this attitude of 
mind in two or three of my acquaintances and 
presume that it is not very different from the 
feeling that comes to some very successful 
rulers. The question as to whether this feeling 
is apropos of the selling of large quantities of 
something to eat, or of the shooting of a lot 
of competitors has no bearing upon the final 
crystallisation of the gem of the divinity idea. 
German professors winked one eye at the divin- 
ity idea and said, "Never mind, it serves a pur- 
pose." The Czar of Russia was arranging a 
divine mission camouflage at the same time. 
These two divine agents came into violent con- 
flict with each other, thereby presenting an ob- Nations 
79 
ject lesson that physicists had told us could 
never be presented, namely an irresistible force 
coming into conflict with an immovable body. 
The German philosophical teaching that might 
is right had captured the imagination of the 
war clan which had not fully realised that if 
might is right one must be mighty careful to 
apply it to the right victims. The group of 
Allies decided that right was might. This re- 
quired a definition. The definition of right 
from the anthropocentric standpoint may prop- 
erly include the idea of interest to mankind as 
opposed to the interests of any one state. The 
democracies are now fighting for the conception 
of right for mankind. I would not go so far 
as to say that the democracies now fighting for 
this ideal under the influence of evolution urge 
have always been very good morally. They 
have tacitly put up with corrupt governments of 
their own which have in turn protected corpora- 
tions and politicians engaged in lawless rivalry. 
England will go down in history carrying the 
disgrace of the opium war. Brave Belgium will 
not emerge from the shadow of its rubber scan- 
dal. France must ever remember that the 
Jacobins in the French Revolution were French 80 
The Way Out of War 
people. Our United States has taken the lead 
in the breaking of treaties. We have broken 
something like four hundred Indian treaties, to 
say nothing of the Canal Zone affair. The his- 
tory of our own Southwest is not detailed in 
school histories. We all know official corrup- 
tion to be a synonym for Russia. Let us quote 
a line or two from Milton concerning Italy: 
"Slain by the bloody Piedmontese, that roll'd 
Mother with infant down the rocks. Their moans 
The vales redoubled to the hills." 
This, however, all relates to past social his- 
tory and not to the natural history of progres- 
sive development of man's special attribute, his 
moral reasoning. 
Nietzsche's doctrines of the Superman and 
the Will of Power end logically in the German 
adoption of another metaphysical system, that 
of the militarism of Treitschke and von Bern- 
hardi. This in natural sequence of events came 
into conflict with those laws of morality which 
stand higher than obedience to a sovereign 
state. 
Treitschke says, "The state has no higher 
judge above it, and will therefore conclude all 
its treaties with that silent reservation." This Nations 
81 
gives diplomats a license to deceive. They may 
trick and lie as they please upon a treaty basis. 
It was Machiavelli who first expressed the 
idea that when the safety of the state was at 
stake, the purity of the means employed for 
action need not be called in question and moral- 
ity should be trodden under heel. As a matter 
of choice the German diplomats selected this 
kind of testimony from past history as a basis 
for present day action. 
As opposed to the state of Treitschke, the 
state of Kant is one in which the selfishness of 
individuals is to be suppressed and they are 
compelled to work for the general welfare in 
the interest of order which is the aim of the 
state. Individual whims must submit to the 
will of the community. The state must be pre- 
pared for the expression of force, but it does 
not exist for the expression of that force. The 
state of Fichte is one in which all citizens in- 
cluding their rulers are obliged to construct an 
artistic institution which raises men above their 
natural level in order to fulfill the destinies of 
the race. 
England includes the idea of sovereignty of 
state because that form is convenient as a hat  The Way Out of War 
82 
rack for purposes of hanging up useful things. 
England is charged with saying one thing and 
doing another. This relates to ideals rather 
than to hypocrisy. It means that English peo- 
ple do not as a whole approve of all acts of 
their rulers. England as a sovereign state is 
different from Germany in that she keeps her 
sovereign ruler on public exhibition, but immo- 
bile like an inspiring statue of Helios. 
All states which rise like the Roman and 
German states must fall like these and for pro- 
toplasmic reasons. In regard to later civilisa- 
tion we anticipate that decline will be conducted 
by microbic influence more than by arms. Per- 
haps in future civilisations other states which 
admire and appreciate some one highly devel- 
oped state will not be surprised at its downfall. 
The reason why they are surprised nowadays 
is because the billions of dollars expended upon 
arms are not expended instead upon the giving 
of every man in the civilised world a propor- 
tionate number of thousands of dollars which 
would allow him to equip himself in science. 
Intensive agriculture and collateral sciences 
which are grouped about that one basic study 
lead naturally toward avoidance of warfare-by- Nations 
83 
arms. Up to the present time in this Great 
Double Invasion War, the money expended for 
purposes of destruction if apportioned evenly 
would allow every man in the civilised world 
several thousand dollars which might be used 
for purposes of instruction. The reason why it 
is not used for construction instead of destruc- 
tion is because of man's synap head. 
Had any one told the Romans that Rome 
was to fall he would have been looked upon 
very much as the Germans now look upon the 
naturalist engaged in telling them that their 
government is falling because of the working of 
the law of cultural limitations. 
Manifest destiny may be viewed in two ways, 
as it was viewed by the Romans, and by the 
Germans of 1914, and as it is viewed by the 
biologist. The destiny of Prussia at least is 
clearly manifest to the student of natural 
history. CONCERNING A BASIS FOR PEACE CONCERNING A BASIS FOR PEACE 
Let us stop for a moment in order to ask 
how a state which calls itself sovereign can 
break any law. The idea of state expresses the 
belief that a state can make laws sufficient unto 
itself; furthermore, that service to the state 
represents the highest morality, and that the 
question between states can be settled only by 
warfare or by diplomacy (which leads either to 
or from warfare). Let us go back for a mo- 
ment to fundamentals again, and remember that 
according to the laws of continuity civilisation 
is developing in the same way and for the same 
reasons that sap channels in plants developed. 
This statement is not to be viewed carelessly 
as a mere picture. It is to be taken seriously 
into mind as a principle of biologic significance. 
At first small herds of men were constantly en- 
gaged in conflict with each other and with their 
various enemies. Gradually they became united 
in larger and larger aggregations and estab- 
87 88 
The Way Out of War 
lished more complete sap channels of trade. As 
civilisation advances we may assume that great 
civilisations will consist of many assembled 
states dependent upon the sap channels of trade. 
Up to the present time the sovereignty of states 
has represented a primitive conception of the 
needs of human society, but we have now ar- 
rived at a period in the world's history when 
the state which sets itself above international 
law on grounds of sovereign expediency will be 
treated as an outlaw by other states. Historians 
seem to choose the year 1453 as a sort of divid- 
ing line between mediaeval and modern history. 
The year when this G. D. I. War ends will 
likely enough mark another dividing line, that 
between democracies and autocracies, and the 
establishment of an international police which 
will prevent a state which dreams of sovereignty 
from becoming an outlaw. A morality, higher 
than that of service to the state is a morality 
of service to the species. Germany was finely 
equipped for developing that point, but Prussia 
diverted attention and an opportunity was 
missed. Service to the species will eventually 
be more fully under the guidance of inter- 
national law. Concerning a Basis for Peace 
89 
In what way could naturalists render service 
at The Hague? Mainly in the way of furnish- 
ing information of the sort upon which people 
have already agreed, and which would serve as 
a basis for the use of the intellectual set of facul- 
ties. They would show that some questions of 
justice and honour and revenge and reparation 
are brought forward in the interest of the emo- 
tional set of faculties, and the consideration of 
such material has in the past failed to prevent 
the recurrence of wars, with only five or six 
years of intermission in Europe alone. They 
would show that according to the laws of con- 
tinuity, the development of various organisms 
relates to team work, and that team work on 
the part of the states would be on the basis of 
object lessons already available in organic life. 
A colony of ants with different functions belong- 
ing to different members makes such a harmoni- 
ous whole that a colony of ants has been spoken 
of as one organism. Man did not become a 
supremely successful organism until his various 
cell colonies worked harmoniously in the form 
of organism. Different states in different parts 
of the world, according to the laws of conti- 
nuity are progressively engaged by mutual inter- 90 
The Way Out of War 
dependence in forming an organism like a col- 
ony of ants or a colony of cells which form one 
man. Perhaps the most impressive lesson for 
Hague purposes will be the one to which pre- 
vious reference has been made. Plants begin- 
ning from simple cells became higher and higher 
plants in proportion as they developed sap chan- 
nels carrying nutrition prepared by one set of 
organs for the development of another set of 
organs in the interest of the entire plant. These 
sap channels correspond practically to the chan- 
nels of trade between different countries. A 
civilised world prospers and develops into one 
great organism just in proportion as it develops 
sap channels of trade between harmoniously 
working members of the organism, near and 
distant. There seems to be such a well defined 
system in nature, regulating the development of 
organisms through team work, beginning with 
the first combination of simple cells, and extend- 
ing through all of their combinations and rela- 
tions with each other and with their internal 
products that the natural history of peace ap- 
parently belongs definitely to the natural history 
of the human race. 
May the law of mutual interdependence be Concerning a Basis for Peace 
91 
employed as a weapon in a defensive way? If 
the chambers of commerce of different nations 
were to unite in such a way as to secure control 
of the boycott, refusing raw materials to a 
country which refused to recognise this law, we 
would have in that fact a concrete example of 
legitimate warfare for defence purposes in the 
interest of the species. The employment of such 
a boycott weapon would take the place of bleed- 
ing quite as successfully as the employment of 
aconite in medicine has now taken the place of 
old-fashioned bleeding for certain kinds of ill- 
ness. 
Biologists would finally explain the nature of 
senescence of protoplasm, showing why nations 
come and go like the cells of a single organism. 
They would describe the peculiar nature and 
varieties of man in different nations in such a 
way that the actions of any one nation might 
be clearly anticipated, and placed in orderly 
position for the making of deductions in rela- 
tion to procedure. 
May the actions of any one nation really be 
anticipated? Goethe said that the Prussian was 
born a brute, and civilisation would only in- 
crease his ferocity. This does not fit my good 92 
The Way Out of War 
Prussian friends but it has been demonstrated 
as a natural feature of Prussian politicians. 
The gentle South German Catholics are devoted 
to peaceful occupation, yet both belong to the 
same nation. This requires a knowledge of the 
different races constituting a nation, so that we 
may more properly say that The Hague biol- 
ogist would describe a nation of races and then 
deduce the probability of action of a nation by 
the degree of domination exercised by people of 
some one race in that nation. 
Naturalists have known for some time that 
crosses between subspecies of homo resulted in 
the formation of hybrids lacking in cenesthesia 
of race gregalism. Such people are prone to be 
actuated by individualistic rather than by gre- 
galistic struggle urge. The object lesson offered 
by Eurasians has not to my knowledge been 
carried to an inclusion of Mexicans, Aryan 
(Spanish) x Mongolian (Indian). 
The naturalist of the future will be obliged 
to note the effect of hybridisation between varie- 
tal types of man quite as well as hybridisation 
between specific types of man. 
He might state that the turbulent Nordic x 
Mediterranean South Irish and the docile Al- Concerning a Basis for Peace 
pine x Nordic Bavarians are equally fine people 
in all features of civilisation excepting in their 
different kinds of response to pressure exerted 
by authority. That one difference, however, 
gives them different values for respective places 
among the interdependent organs of a world 
state. 
The charming, imaginative, and wasteful 
South Irish will always remain in conflict with 
the canny, practical and thrifty North Irish and 
with other people of Great Britain. The reason 
for that will not be sociologic, but biologic and 
relating to the natural history of differing varie- 
tal types among primates. Without speaking 
seriously we may remark that the Irish question 
will forever remain unsettled unless Great 
Britain makes a trade with Prussia, exchanging 
South and Middle Ireland with its Nordic x 
Mediterranean hybrids for an equal area of 
Germany populated chiefly by the Nordics or 
Nordic x Alpine hybrids. 
The naturalist would explain that people of 
one variety throw out thyroid iodin more 
promptly than do people of another variety for 
the same reason that a mimosa moves its leaves 
more promptly than does a kalmia when motion 
93  The Way Out of War 
94 
is suggested by their respective enzymes. The 
nature of enzymic response characteristic of 
any given variety of people in the presence of 
an irritating question will be employed in the 
computations of The Hague debaters of to- 
morrow. For example, we know that the prod- 
ucts of one Mediterranean cross are people 
with the characteristic of knocking down an ad- 
versary with a shillalah to-day and shaking 
hands with him to-morrow. The products of an. 
other Mediterranean cross have the character- 
istic of waiting for months or even many years 
for the opportunity to slip a stilleto into the 
back of an adversary who has given offence. 
This is a matter of natural history and to be 
given value as such in relation to varieties of 
men. 
The Germans are perhaps the most studious 
people of any in the world. They tell of the 
German doctor who turned over two leaves of 
his book by mistake for one leaf and killed his 
patient. Treitschke, physician to the Prussian 
government, turned over two leaves by mistake 
for one leaf and killed his patient. A page 
which remained unopened was one which dealt 
with natural history. Treitschke read history, Concerning a Basis for Peace 
but it was social history. He mistook it for all 
history and decided that if nothing in history 
had been shown to be greater than the state, 
the idea of looking for something higher must 
be nonsense. Natural history, however, teaches 
that a world state would represent the outcome 
of efforts toward order as exemplified in the 
associated members of an oak tree. The con- 
ception of state since earliest history has been 
a constantly and logically widening conception 
of the idea of association of states. Treitschke 
says that the idea of a world state is ludicrous 
when we think of the different peoples who 
would have to be assembled in that one state. 
He does not stop to remember that the acorn 
of the oak and the rootlets of the oak belong 
to "one state" although they are about as dif- 
ferent from each other as the Malayan and 
Aryan people in the single organism or world 
state of united sap channels, according to the 
vision of the naturalist. Treitschke came near 
to the discovery of a number of great truths but 
he missed these by the proverbial inch. He was 
in the predicament of a man who jumps almost 
over a brook but not quite over, because he mis- 
95 96 
The Way Out of War 
took social state history for social natural his- 
tory. 
The clear reasoner will say that we are deal- 
ing with ultra rational sanction rather than with 
established fact when postulating the existence 
of a power higher than that of physical might. 
There seems, however, to be a rational basis 
for our assumption, in the fact that man has 
actually developed moral reasoning as a peculiar 
attribute, and this peculiar attribute has allowed 
him to postpone warfare-by-arms over progres- 
sively lengthening periods since the days when 
physical might alone conducted evolution. 
Patriotism as a prejudice opposed to the ideal 
of the brotherhood of man, is obliged to take 
its place temporarily as a force for the securing 
of order. The "international mind" of Presi- 
dent Butler is related to the "universal will" of 
Kant, and the "general will" of Rousseau, ex- 
cepting that Kant and Rousseau were speaking 
only of the establishment of a state, while But- 
ler enlarges the idea to a point which includes 
a federalistic grouping of all states. The Butler 
idea is the most modern, looking toward the 
sap channel idea. Mazzini in his "College of 
Intellectuals" sought to guide the democrats of Concerning a Basis for Peace 
many lands toward what I call the sap channel 
principle. The champions of Internationalism 
up to the present time have been found chiefly 
among international socialists, exerting their in- 
fluence at the wrong time. They have a good 
idea but have crudely chosen times of distress 
in their respective countries when making an 
attempt at disposing of the whole world idea 
for the purpose of bringing about a communis- 
tic revolution. Such a movement strikes chiefly 
at a country that is down and always plays 
directly into the hands of the enemy which holds 
other ideas. 
After the civilised world has become demo- 
cratic as a result of the present moral evolution, 
it might remain democratic for a very long time 
excepting for the birth of a certain number of 
politicians every year. It cannot become demo- 
cratic unless politicians change along with it. 
While the public is awake to its own great in- 
terests it dominates the politicians. Gradually, 
however, when a sense of peace and security 
once more pervades the great public, world af- 
fairs will be turned over to politicians who will 
shortly begin methods leading to warfare again. 
One may ask what will take the place of war- 
97 98 
The Way Out of War 
fare by arms as an outlet for pent up emotions. 
Many things might take the place of warfare- 
by-arms, but the public is not yet ready. Civil- 
isation has not reached a point where it may 
take up with enthusiasm the subject of contest 
with nature, in intensive agriculture for exam- 
ple. The increase in games and out-of-door 
sports has been a marked feature of American 
life, at least since the latter part of the Nine- 
teenth Century. These two features which 
form a positive outlet for combative energy 
cannot be prescribed for a people who have not 
cultivated a taste for them. We cannot oblige 
men, women and children of a nation to play 
football or even golf. We cannot oblige all of 
the men, women and children of a nation to go 
into the exciting out-of-doors game of intensive 
agriculture, because that includes the idea of a 
high degree of scientific attainment beyond the 
plan of our present day public schools. 
The matter of intensive cultivation of the soil 
is to become the chief reliance against war in 
the future. The American Indian required 
something like nine square miles of land per 
Indian in order to live according to his way of 
living, while the Chinaman at the same time Concerning a Basis for Peace 
99 
had learned how to live at the rate of three to 
an acre. German science and philosophy in 
relation to agriculture is detailed in tons of 
books, but, practically, Germany had not ad- 
vanced up to date in the practical application of 
agricultural science. America has taken the 
lead in nut crops, yielding the largest percentage 
of nitrogen, fats, and starch per acre. The 
amount of money which Germany has expended 
on this war, if applied to the education of its 
peoples along lines of intensive agriculture of 
the soil, would have removed the longing for 
more room which is said to have been and 
doubtless was a basic 'vis a tergo among funda- 
mentals of the present German eruption. 
The naturalist is alarmed at the dangerous 
tendency of the public to drop warfare ques- 
tions as soon as war is over, in order to hurry 
and make money enough to pay for the next 
war. Every one of the great wars of the past 
hundred years was spoken of as "the last war" 
in its contemporary literature. Every one of 
the great wars of the past hundred years was 
studied by military and political experts for the 
express purpose of making ready for "the next 
war"-something which always came in due  The Way Out of War 
time as it will come again to-morrow and again 
after that. We may at least assume that such 
will be the case because people are not as yet 
far enough along in civilisation to make con- 
certed effort toward removing a basic casus belli 
-the one relating to food supply. This cause 
for war is readily removable by way of inten- 
sive agriculture. 
I have said that "we cannot oblige people to 
interest themselves in the matter of intensive 
cultivation of the soil." How about that? In 
other countries military service leading toward 
destruction is obligatory and paid for by the 
state. May the state not oblige people to be- 
come trained in constructive service, and pay 
such bills as freely as it pays the bills of the 
other sort? My proposition would be this: 
conscription for the purpose of compelling 
young people of both sexes to devote two years 
of their lives to service for the country. This 
would constitute a step forward in development 
of the ideal citizen of the world state of to- 
morrow. Each national member of the world 
state would claim two years out of the lives of 
its young people in return for high class protec- 
tion given during the rest of their lives. Young 
100 Concerning a Basis for Peace 
101 
men and young women would be taught obe- 
dience to authority in civic duty as soldiers are 
now trained in methods o£ discipline. The prin- 
ciples of intensive agriculture would be an es- 
sential part of the curriculum. One of the two 
years would be devoted to study conducted in 
another country in order to widen the horizon 
and dispose of that narrow valley view which 
allows individualism to sink down into cramped 
position. Compulsory training which included 
intensive agriculture would give each one of the 
young people opportunity to at least know how 
to make a living as a constructive producer even 
though he or she did not wish to make extended 
application of the knowledge in further study. 
According to the sap channel idea in the de- 
velopment of associated nations there is always 
the idea of substituting juridical for military 
settlement of dispute between nations. The 
basis of fact and the object lesson from which 
we have the right to foresee this kind of juridi- 
cal settlement is found in the history of the 
federal organisation of our thirteen original 
states. These states were almost as jealous 
over their respective sovereignties as are the 
large nations of Europe to-day. Through sue- 102 
The Way Out of War 
cessful diplomacy our thirteen states disarmed 
and agreed to carry all of their disputes to the 
high tribunal of the new federation. With this 
example in mind we may suppose that when the 
present German government with its idea of 
ruthless sovereignty has been disposed of, the 
rest of the civilised world may be ready to fol- 
low the system adopted by our thirteen original 
states, a system which has been growing success- 
fully. The German government was the only 
one at The Hague conference which was unwill- 
ing to join with other nations, preferring to 
live up to its expensive theory of might, ex- 
pressing in the meantime perfectly open con- 
tempt for other nations. When in our country 
we had secured peace by referring interstate 
disputes to federal tribunal we next urged the 
same kind of settlement of international affairs. 
A permanent world court was what we had in 
mind, and we had signed arbitration treaties not 
only with the great powers but with weak neigh- 
bours in order to show good faith. In the piracy 
without mercy of the U-boat attacks, the Ger- 
man government from its standards of morals 
believed that it was acting morally when making 
an agreement not to sink neutral vessels, em« Concerning a Basis for Peace 
103 
ploying this ruse for nearly a year in order to 
gain time for building more U-boats. From the 
American standard this was simply a matter of 
bad faith on the part of the Imperial German 
Government. From the German standard of 
morals the German agents were honestly at 
work, with applied psychology in Latin America, 
Japan, Cuba, Haiti and San Domingo for the 
purpose of sowing seeds of dissension and stir- 
ring up one nation against another, and the 
whole against the United States. German agents 
for applied psychology were engaged in hunt- 
ing up all the elements of unrest, financing and 
capitalizing them in different countries. Ger- 
man diplomats in high position were acting as 
spies in violation of our hospitality, in other 
words, from the German standard of morals, 
nothing in the way of trust should be allowed to 
stand in the way of the German offensive in 
America and in other countries. On December 
12, 1916, the German government sent a note 
to the government of the Allies proposing nego- 
tiations for peace. The note was sent in terms 
boasting of German conquest and carrying the 
threat that unless neutrals used their influence 
to end the war on terms dictated by Berlin, Ber- 104 
The Way Out of War 
lin would consider itself quite free from any 
obligation to respect the rights of neutrals. The 
threat included warnings that if the German 
peace movement were not to be successful we 
would have to beware of the consequences and 
that the U-boats would be sent on their errands 
of unlimited destruction. This was a synap head 
misunderstanding of other peoples. American 
Allies arose to the bluff with dilated nostrils, in- 
spired and exhilarated with the promise of sport 
with big and dangerous game in prospect. Ger- 
many had supposed that they would run away 
at the sound of a funny noise. 
Peace like the reputation of a bank is based 
upon good faith only. History is the Bible of 
politicians. Germany reading history back- 
ward found brutality and bad faith recorded 
everywhere. Reading of a past and forming a 
basis for action upon that past becomes esoteric 
reasoning. It does not look exoterically to that 
great future of advancing civilisation which is 
evolving as plants evolved with armed protec- 
tion, while establishing more and more sap 
channels of trade, and good ligneous union of 
parts. The world soon learned better than to 
take the word of Germany and she lost her rep- Concerning a Basis for Peace 
105 
utation. The lower a woman, the less the pity 
when her reputation is lost. The more culti- 
vated the woman the greater the pity. This 
applies to nations as well as to individuals. 
When Germany failed to borrow money from 
Holland on Treasury bills at 15 per cent, inter- 
est it was due to Holland's later estimate of 
German reputation quotations in the market. 
During this time of warfare, when there is a 
reversion toward primitive instincts on the part 
of all in any way engaged in the contest, we 
must force ourselves to remember that Heine, 
Goethe and Schiller were not the Germans who 
are now cynically leering with blood smeared 
visages over a devastated civilisation. In the 
course of reconstruction, when international or- 
der will be the order of the day, the good that 
is in Germany, the wonderful good that we all 
know, love and respect, will do its share toward 
the development of international order. 
Neither poets nor clergy, nor any other meta- 
physical cohesive force has sufficed for harmo- 
nising mankind. Rome planned the essential 
unity of mankind in a supremacy of law and 
proposed the Pax Romana. Locke, Montes- 
quieu, Rousseau, and Kant sought to place the 106 
The Way Out of War 
foundation of the state in international law 
rather than in military power about the begin- 
ning of the Nineteenth Century, but tribalism 
up to the present time has interfered with such 
efforts very much as the municipal politician 
brushes aside laws of civil service reform in the 
interests of his clan. When the municipal poli- 
tician in a democracy is successful, he and his 
clan treat the city like a conquered province, wit- 
ness the history of Tammany Hall. 
Tribalism or herd instinct, basic in the nature 
of a gregarious species, felt that progress had 
been made when it agreed in the Peace of West- 
phalia that sovereignty is supreme power re- 
gardless of any principle of right. 
Paleozoic remains are strewn over many 
waste places in the world and the sovereignty 
idea will some day be discovered by men en- 
gaged in uncovering the fossil remains of past 
governments. They will find that the slogan 
fka Pia ^ta^rat had resulted in placing gov- 
ernment remains only a stratum or two above 
the bones of the allosaurus. THE GREAT DOUBLE INVASION WAR THE GREAT DOUBLE INVASION WAR 
Before taking any question of countries into 
consideration we must first obtain a pretty clear 
view of man himself at this stage in our partic- 
ular zeon. 
Why does man invest in the wrong financial 
enterprises, marry the wrong wife, and vote for 
the wrong political candidate with a frequency 
that would shock the instinct centres of an old 
four-footed rat? We may stop for a moment 
in order to give consideration to this four- 
footed question, which is basic in understanding 
our whole subject of warfare. The rat which 
has remained upon his four feet in the course 
of his evolution has been guided safely by his 
instincts which belong to a brain following a 
normal course in appertaincy, to paraphrase 
Lamarck's "appetency." Man's brain, on the 
other hand, seems to have followed an abnormal 
course. Apparently as a result of some acci- 
dent or of an evolutionary course not planned 
109 110 
The Way Out of War 
by nature, he began to arise upon his hind legs 
in the hyrax stage of development and he con- 
tinued to become more and more erect when 
passing the lemur stage and the anthropoid ape 
stage as a phyletic cousin of these primates un- 
til he arrived at the condition known as man. 
The reason why we postulate that man's aris- 
ing upon his hind legs was due to some accident 
not foreseen by nature is because of the fact that 
so many structural defects appeared in connec- 
tion with the erect posture. There are imper- 
fect muscle bearings, weak walled inguinal 
canals, and badly placed stresses in joint action. 
The physical defects of a man as compared with 
those of a rat are at once apparent to an engi- 
neer, and they need not be mentioned here, ex- 
cepting for quotation of a few examples which 
will suffice for indicating that man's brain was 
obliged to develop unexpectedly by appertaincy 
in order to keep pace with the newly acquired 
freedom of his fore-legs. If he became an ar- 
boreal primate still further adjustments not con- 
templated by nature had to be made later. 
Man's brain developed remarkably well in the 
presence of physical defects of structure for the 
same reason that his muscles and bones devel- The Great Double Invasion War 
111 
oped as well as they did in the presence of faulty 
structure-a structure not originally adapted to 
the erect posture. Structure and function are 
closely allied. Assuming that the cell construc- 
tion of man's brain went wrong when trying to 
follow other faulty anatomic processes, we may 
deduce the conclusion that his mind acts in 
faulty ways as a natural consequence. We may 
condense the idea of man's mind acting along 
with anatomic appertaincy, and then coin the 
word "synap head" for purposes of brevity in 
description. This offers explanation for man's 
devotion to funny religions, for example, and 
for the absurd choice of leaders in literature 
and in art which is displayed by so many indi- 
viduals. We may assume that man must con- 
tinue to be his own worst enemy for mechanistic 
reasons which he cannot avoid for awhile. He is 
the only animal capable of developing a philos- 
ophy which can make him unhappy, and he abets 
this sort of philosophy through choice of food 
and of daily habits which further interfere with 
the normal action of brain cells. He forms the 
only animal group in which individuals are per- 
sistently engaged in trying to fool each other, 
spending millions of dollars for this purpose 112 
The Way Out of War 
annually in printed advertising alone. He is 
the only animal which constitutes an epidemic 
against others of his own kind. Man is not 
only an epidemic against nature's resources, de- 
stroying the forests and wasting the land, but 
in frequently occurring wars becomes an epi- 
demic against his own kind. During times of 
warfare-by-arms, when man reverts to primal 
instincts, mutual recrimination between combat- 
ants makes nuptial arrangement giving birth to 
a voluminous spawn of falsehoods. These are 
in part based upon misapprehension belonging 
to defective brain action. Warfare falsehoods 
belong also in part to military and in part to 
political policy. The schoolboy said to his 
teacher: "A lie is an abomination unto the Lord 
and an ever present help in time of trouble." 
People engaged in warfare are in trouble. 
Biology then looks upon man as being a very 
defective primate, an offshoot from the primi- 
tive simian group, which gave collateral de- 
scendents better anatomy. Sociology takes a 
different view. Sociology in its upper levels is 
represented by theology. Theology assumes 
that man is a finished product. In order then 
to make a compromise when discussing warfare The Great Double Invasion War 
113 
questions I shall consider man to be an imper- 
fect simian, and shall make polite compromise 
with theology by naming him a "Finished Prod- 
uct." For purpose of brevity, we may shorten 
this compound word into the single name of 
"Finprod." 
The young finprod has a natural tendency to 
develop along ideal lines. He eagerly learns 
about fair treatment of his neighbour, about de- 
velopment of the intellect, about cultivated en- 
joyment of the emotions, and about the value 
of justice. Because of defective mechanism of 
the brain structure, he runs into knots when 
making personal lines of cleavage into the struc- 
ture of society. Some finprods are deflected 
downward to join the criminal class, others are 
deflected upward toward the class which is en- 
abled to make good social adjustment. Still 
other individuals deflected upward out of the 
normal course become the higher minds in fanat- 
icism, genius and spiritual expression. With 
advancing years many finprods develop the 
characteristic mental type which includes an at- 
titude of supercilious arrogance and cynical dis- 
regard for the rights of others. In times of 
warfare mutual recrimination charges this at- 114 
The Way Out of War 
titude upon the enemy, but it belongs in fact 
quite as well to some Britons as it does to some 
Prussians. 
Let us now observe what the finprods are 
about when responding to evolution urge in its 
bearing upon warfare questions. 
Sometimes when we are confused by the glare 
of the sun, certain points of the compass may 
be comfortably obtained from the moon with 
its reflected light. In this connection the letter 
of a Prussian school-girl to a young friend in 
Switzerland, quoted from the Scotsman in The 
Literary Digest for August 18, 1917, gives a 
remarkably concise statement of the Prussian 
point of view. 
Frankfort-on-Oder, 20th July, 1916. 
My dear Louise: 
The contents of your last letter would have 
hurt me had I not known that your thoughts of 
our glorious war resulted from sheer ignorance. 
You are in a country rendered effeminate by 
the influence of old-fashioned ideas of liberty, 
a country which is at least two centuries behind The Great Double Invasion War 
115 
ours. You are in need of a good dose of Prus- 
sian culture. 
It is evident that you, a Swiss girl, with your 
French sympathies, cannot understand how my 
heart, the heart of a young German girl, pas- 
sionately desired this war. Speaking of it some 
years ago, my father said to us: "Children, 
Germany is getting too small for us: we shall 
have to go to France again in order to find more 
room." Is it our fault if France will not un- 
derstand that more money and land are neces- 
sary for us? 
And you reproach us that our soldiers have 
been very cruel to the Belgian rabble, and you 
speak also of the destruction of Rheims, and 
of the burning of villages and towns. Well, that 
is war. As in every other undertaking, we are 
past masters in the making of war. 
You have a great deal to learn before you 
can come up to our standard, and I can assure 
you that what has been done so far is a mere 
bagatelle compared with what will follow. 
As a matter of fact, there is but one race 
worthy of ruling the world, and which has al- 
ready attained the highest degree of civilisation. 
That race is ours, the Prussians; for though we 
Germans in general are the lords of the world, 
the Prussian is undoubtedly the lord par excel- 
lence among the Germans. 
All other nations, and among thefti, unfortu- 116 
The Way Out of War 
nately the Swiss, are degenerate and of inferior 
worth. That is why I have always been so 
proud of being a true Prussian. 
Yesterday, again, our pastor explained to us 
convincingly that our first parents, Adam and 
Eve, were also Prussian. That is quite easy to 
understand, because the Bible tells us that the 
German God created us all after his own image. 
If, then, all men are descended from Adam and 
his wife, it follows that only Prussians, or at 
least Germans, ought to exist in the world and 
that all who push on and prosper ought to be- 
long to us. You must admit that that is logic, 
and that is why our motto is, "God with us, 
Germany above everything." 
You know now why we wished this war. Is 
it not shameful that other nations, who have no 
right to existence on the earth, wish to diminish 
our heritage! We are the divine fruit, and the 
others are only weeds. That is why our great 
Emperor has decided to put an end to all these 
injustices, and to extirpate the weeds. Do you 
understand that now? 
I remain, your school friend, 
Katie Hamel. 
{Daughter of the State Councillor of Archu 
tecture.) 
Right here we must remember, on the other The Great Double Invasion War 
117 
hand, that Germany possesses an abundance of 
sane men trained in the ways of clear and right 
thinking, and who educate their children in the 
highest of principles. No friend of Germany 
could have written better and with so little 
prejudice as did the authors of "I Accuse" by a 
German and "Because I Am a German" by Her- 
man Fernau. Such books will go down in his- 
tory alongside of the books of Treitschke and 
Nietzsche in relation to the Great Double In- 
vasion in the year 1914, although it is punish- 
able by death to have one of the first named 
books in possession in Germany to-day. 
By "Great Double Invasion" we mean the 
Prussian Invasion of Europe plus a Prussian 
Invasion of the German people themselves by 
its military caste, including large commercial in- 
terests. This war is marked by a curious mix- 
ture consisting of a combination of old virile 
and new decadent phenomena. The will to win 
is a virile conception. Decadent features are 
exemplified in the military employment of gas 
and flame, disregard of the lives of women and 
children, and the breaking of international law 
by means of the sneaking U-boat. The mali- 
cious destruction of fruit trees while serving the 118 
The Way Out of War 
Prussian conception of military purpose, be- 
longs more properly to Prussian self-expression. 
Prussian self-expression is also exemplified by 
the bombing of babies in air raids upon unde- 
fended towns. The German knight of old, der 
Edie Ritter, stood erect when donning his shin- 
ing armour. He engaged the enemy heroically, 
actuated by the accepted finer martial motives. 
The German knight of to-day crawls upon his 
belly dragging a gas tank behind him. This 
may stand as a picture of a soldier born of Kul- 
tur with its great resources of scientific chem- 
istry, the product being a Gasknight character- 
ising the German hero of to-day. Who pro- 
poses a toast for the Gasknight? "More than 
one sovereign ruler has gone down in history 
carrying an appellation distinctive of some one 
activity. The present ruler of Germany may be 
allowed three such nomenclature decorations: 
Kultur limitations, will to power, gas innova- 
tion. These will make him historically, not 
Kaiser Wilhelm der Gasser simply, but "Kul- 
tur Will der Gasser." 
The German government while invading its 
own people informs them that other countries 
will furnish indemnities and will pay debts. The The Great Double Invasion War 
American government tells its people that such 
indemnities will not be paid. Confiscation of 
property and repudiation of debts will have to 
be "made in Germany" in order to balance the 
German government accounts, if we guess right. 
The German government has said nothing 
about "no indemnities and no annexations," but 
as one of its legitimate ruses, legitimate in con- 
sequence of warfare, it has allowed its oracles 
to carry the flag of no annexations and no in- 
demnities into Russia with the effect of causing 
tremendous internal dissensions. The reasons 
why the Russian and the Italian Socialists did 
not understand that such a slogan did not really 
emanate from the German government which 
was laughing up its sleeve is because of the 
working of the synap head in Russia and Italy. 
The Great Double Invasion was dependent 
partly upon the fact that the Hohenzollern, 
eagle found its wings being clipped by the So- 
cialists. It was in danger and for that reason 
planned to strike out in desperation, but the 
Hohenzollern eagle had passed its days of great 
usefulness and was brought down to roll in its 
own blood and dirt when engaging in war prac- 
tices which brought about reprisals in kind. 
119 120 
The Way Out of War 
The war will perhaps not be brought to a 
close until Germany is completely exhausted. 
When two individuals are fighting they do not 
stop because one of them suddenly begins to 
reason. Very much the same sort of psychology 
belongs to nations. We all know individuals 
who would die rather than give up an idea. The 
Germans with their fixed habit-thought of mil- 
itarism which has been successful for forty years 
as a guiding motive formulated by their philos- 
ophers would probably die rather than be free. 
Ninety-three wild geese majestically swinging 
along their high road in the sky furnish inspira- 
tion for all men who look upward. Imagine 
a bolt of Jove frightening them until their free 
wings become locked en masse. They would 
tumble like a pumpkin from heaven. Ninety- 
three German professors did just that at the 
crack of the Hohenzollern whip reminding them 
of their slavery. They fell in a tangled mass of 
human wreckage after combining in morbid ef- 
fort to mislead an alert world that had been 
previously looking up to them with a feeling 
akin to that of reverence. The spectacle gave 
us a sensation of relief in a way. We all 
breathed a bit easier in the knowledge that pro- The Great Double Invasion War 
121 
fessors were really very human. Germany 
made a synap head blunder in buying up her 
professors, tying them together in a bunch and 
offering them to the world at a marked down 
price. The world looked at them as being 
cheap, but refused to accept damaged goods. 
The noise of the 1914 explosion sent teachers 
and preachers scurrying with the agility of 
squirrels to the cover of their financial protec- 
tors in each one of the warring countries. Hard- 
ly a single teacher or preacher remained with 
his head an inch above the level of the ground 
of his own country. These people are now en- 
gaged in applying skill to methods for giving 
out information, and after the war they will 
write histories. 
Why do historians of two countries write 
about one event in two different ways and al- 
low the student to write about the same event 
in a third way? This is a matter of pure psy- 
chology belonging to our rather primitive stage 
of human development, and one which will pre- 
sumably be improved upon during this zeon or 
the coming one. Up to the present time human 
testimony has been selected through a mental 
process known to us under the name of choice. 122 
The Way Out of War 
The selection of data has been made in response 
to feeling and is therefore unconscious in its 
nature. Historians are perhaps unconsciously 
rather than consciously unreliable when placing 
facts in position, and giving them the best light. 
Successful newspapers make headlines of what 
the public wishes to hear rather than what it 
should know. The people in any one country 
quickly choose facts relating to primitive instinct 
for self preservation. Their actions are re- 
corded by historians more or less on the basis 
of the working and results of this instinct. Dip- 
lomats depend upon a certain phase of natural 
history which we call social history rather than 
upon basic natural history. Social history like 
all of natural history incidentally records bru- 
talities of the past. The dependence upon this 
part of past record as a basis for present action 
would be working backward according to the 
method of Chinese philosophy instead of look- 
ing forward to the kind of evolution that the 
German people were capable of making and in 
fact were making. Members of the German 
military staff then were esoteric Chinamen, far 
behind these exoteric times, when choosing their The Great Double Invasion War 
123 
brutalities from history and extending them as 
policy. 
During the days of German ascendancy she 
would not have adopted so largely the fixed 
policy of deceit with plans for making promises 
that were to be broken as soon as any one 
trusted her enough to get caught in the snare 
of her words. In those days Deutsche Ehre 
was a genuine force. Now in the period of her 
decadence she has adopted from her Oriental 
Allies the method of applied lying, not claim- 
ing it as a new discovery, but giving it precedent 
over Ehre and laughing up her sleeve cunningly 
when any victim approaches the bait of her 
word of honour. 
Because the world was simple enough to take 
the word of Germany, German philosophers 
promptly deduced a conclusion from these 
premises that the world was simple equally in 
other directions, and having come to this con- 
clusion played the game accordingly. 
Germany when adopting from history the 
fixed policy of duplicity deceived herself about 
the values involved in that policy. Much of 
deception is unintentional, and, furthermore, 
sometimes accruing to the advantage of the de-  The Way Out of War 
ceiver, but it cannot be capitalised as a fixed 
national policy in which are to be placed the 
vested national interests of a great people. 
German efficiency has included the idea of 
putting its diplomatic service in the hands of 
members of the nobility, while Great Britain 
on the other hand has employed trained dip- 
lomats, who have demonstrated their value be- 
fore being given position. The German method 
would be represented by a railroad, the em- 
ployees of which were political favourites, while 
British diplomacy on the other hand would be 
represented by a successful railroad in which 
men had been moved up to their respective posi- 
tions after proving their worth. At the outset 
of this war British diplomatic superiority was 
matched against superior German military 
power. We know from her own published rec- 
ords that Germany had planned to dominate the 
world, and had willed to carry out a definite line 
of procedure without regard for any law ex- 
cepting the law of the jungle. The planning 
was not even secretly conducted, because the 
intentions of Germany have been openly stated 
with ever increasing frequency of late years. 
We must keep in mind the fact that this move- 
124 The Great Double Invasion War 
125 
ment did not belong to the German people. It 
belonged to their slave masters. Politicians as 
a class represent a clan rather than a people. 
They make use of the people in the interest of 
the clan. The Hohenzollern clan descending 
from its place of nobility had included notable 
commercial individuals, and this blending 
promptly lowered the quality of the German 
dynasty. We may ask why the German people 
submitted so freely to their leaders. It is prob- 
ably because they had perceived the temporarily 
practical working of a religion in which no 
word of honour beyond the interest of the state 
belonged to that religion. We not infrequently 
observe the same pragmatic progress in a busi- 
ness corporation, until the time comes when an 
outraged public exerts mass force which de- 
stroys that kind of an edifice. 
When a banker goes to jail because of mis- 
deeds he whines and asks why he should be 
jailed for doing things that he learned from 
other bankers. The principle is this: A tol- 
erant public puts up with misdeeds, little by 
little, in very much the same way as a thunder 
cloud gains electrical energy. The moment ar- 
rives when a certain banker increases the ten- 126 
The Way Out of War 
sion of misdeeds up to the point where there 
suddenly occurs a flash and the discharge of his 
kind of energy. Equilibrium is then restored 
for awhile, between bankers as between thun- 
derclouds. When one country breaks laws along 
lines of suggestion made to it by successful law- 
breaking on the part of other countries, tension 
increases until the flash comes. Then follows 
readjustment of energies. That is the purpose 
for which other countries are now joining in ef- 
forts against the outlaw government of Ger- 
many which does not represent the German peo- 
ple as we know them under ordinary circum- 
stances. There has not only been strong disap- 
proval of the acts of the German government 
by officers of high rank, but lesser German offi- 
cers have committed suicide rather than carry 
out orders, and German soldiers and sailors 
have sometimes killed their own officers. We 
must always pause to think of this feature of 
the situation when holding the whole German 
people to account for the action of their rulers. 
Von Buelow and von Bethmann-Hollweg as 
wise men were always in a difficult position be- 
tween banks and military policies opposed to 
each other. The Great Double Invasion War 
When seeking to give true value to the finer 
side of the German people we must never for- 
get their creditable attitude in making strong re- 
sistance to the invasion of themselves by their 
government. The prosperous and happy Ger- 
man people were engaged in peacefully winning 
the world by means of superior skill and intelli- 
gence. Civilisation looked on admiringly and 
with kindly approbation. In the midst of their 
era of success they were invaded by a jealous 
military clique in its own interest. Application 
of force always entails its own natural conse- 
quences in accordance with Newton's Third 
Law. Plotters for the Great Double Invasion 
have now brought upon themselves the inevi- 
table reaction. A huge world is actively en- 
gaged in repressing them, and assisting the in- 
vaded German people who may be expected to 
strike as soon as they can go into action safely 
after the war. In the meantime the Prussians 
are following the tactics of the old-time Mis- 
sissippi steamboat captain racing with a rival 
captain. When getting out of fuel he would 
burn lard, flour, and other merchandise regard- 
less of expense, and obliged to pay the bill later. 
Prussia is now burning up her finest young men 
127 128 
The Way Out of War 
and her commercial resources regardless of ex- 
pense-the bill to be paid later. 
About thirty days before the war broke out 
it was resolved at the Potsdam conference to 
make use of the Austrian ultimatum to Servia, 
in order to force the "great reckoning" with 
Russia and therefore as a matter of course with 
France. The feeling of the German public to- 
ward the war clique was so intense that during 
the month of July, 1914, in advance of the war 
and at a time when pacifs imagined that no war 
could occur, more than twenty mass meetings 
were held in the city of Berlin alone for the 
purpose of protesting against the impending 
war. According to German press reports some 
seventy thousand men attended a single one of 
these meetings, all of them in advance of the 
war we must remember. Vorwdrts openly de- 
clared a fortnight in advance of the war that 
the camarilla of War Lords was absolutely un- 
scrupulous in its designs of precipitating an in- 
ternational conflict. This paper charged that 
the government policy was completely devoid of 
conscience. 
Publication of the secret documents of Rus- 
sia indicates that in the last days of July, 1914, The Great Double Invasion War 
the German government deliberately planned 
and played a game with Petrograd in very much 
the same way as Bismarck played the same 
game in 1870; for the purpose of forcing Petro- 
grad into a step that would precipitate the war 
and allow Germany to say that Russia began it. 
Any whole subject is more easily understood 
if divested of its non-essentials when these are 
nothing more than large social incidentals ob- 
scuring our view. The Prussian girl's letter 
gives us one clear and simple view of a very 
large subject. Another one relates to the famil- 
iar toy of a monkey on a stick which moves its 
arms and legs in response to a pull upon the 
string. The Prussian vassal states are monkeys 
upon a stick. Whenever, for example, Prussia 
pulls the string, Austria-Hungary moves its 
arms and legs in response. Keeping this picture 
firmly in mind we may dispose of the more elab- 
orate features of the dual monarchy, thus 
avoiding profoundly philosophical explanation. 
Suffice it for our fundamental study to say that 
when Berlin pulls the string, Vienna moves its 
arms and legs up and down. 
This war is not the only thing we are in. It 
is well to recognise that fact distinctly. We are 
129 130 
The Way Out of War 
in a stage of active evolution of human adjust- 
ments and of governmental experiments. This 
great war represents only one incidental phase 
of that evolution. It is very much like a contro- 
versy over the modification of the Federal Con- 
stitution, but on a larger scale. The contro- 
versy now deals with a larger federation-the 
federation of sovereign states under one consti- 
tution. 
United Germany from its Fichte phase 
moved sidewise to United Germany in its 
Hegel, Bismarck, and Treitschke phases. Then 
came the logical ending of that experiment. 
Methods that had served for construction 
passed the pivotal stage and came into conflict 
with the law of diminishing returns when 
Germany in mass force attempted to apply Prus- 
sian method to peoples not adapted to the terms 
for her experiment in the great laboratory. 
One country is as good as another, if not a 
little better. The fact that the French Revo- 
lution did occur belongs with the fact that prac- 
tically the same movement is under way in some 
other countries, and we shall have in the evolu- 
tion of civilisation a repetition of the history of 
Eohippus, Mesohippus, Meryhippus, Hip- The Great Double Invasion War 
parion, and Equus from the condylarth which 
represents the government of to-day. In other 
words, human needs may be counted upon to 
slowly look after their own interests with a con- 
stantly increasing degree of utility success. 
Were all nations to consist of botanists, of 
engineers, of astronomers, there would be no 
warfare-by-arms. Does any one inform us that 
botanists, engineers, and astronomers are effem- 
inate or selfishly material in their desires? In 
every large lot of human beings born there will 
be found a small percentage of politicians. 
Their honour shortly is to become injured. The 
honour of a botanist, an engineer, or an astron- 
omer does not become injured. It is the injured 
honour of the politician for which the botanist, 
engineer, and astronomer must pay out his 
financial competence and for which he must send 
his children to face the cannon, to suffer, and to 
be slain. 
If this war lasts into 1919 we may have in- 
ternational Socialism instead of a world democ- 
racy that is possible in 1918. The reaction to- 
ward Socialism would probably be too violent 
for the best interests of the world. It would 
be temporary, however, because Socialism in- 
131 132 
The Way Out of War 
eludes all human elements. That means the 
inclusion of the politician. The politician 
among the Socialists will act there as he acts 
elsewhere because of his nature; he will estab- 
lish discrete autocracies and these will then pro- 
ceed to repeat the history of autocracies. 
When psychology had been promoted to the 
rank of a science, psychologists took up a num- 
ber of human problems as belonging to their 
special province. Having perceived that sociol- 
ogists could not write war history correctly, and 
not realising that this was due to the synap 
head of man, they applied their own methods. 
War problems remained unsolved for the rea- 
son that psychology itself came at times under 
the influence of the synap head, and it was not 
fundamental as a basis for studying warfare 
questions. While the psychologists were learn- 
ing that they could not prevent warfare 
through practical application of their science, 
they incidentally observed that warfare could 
obtain new resources through application of cer- 
tain principles of psychology. 
The German General Staff appreciating the 
importance of this feature of applied psychol- 
ogy raised the psychologist to high rank as mil- The Great Double Invasion War 
133 
itary adviser. He advised the Staff about the 
way in which dissensions might be brought 
about successfully between neutral or enemy 
countries and between political parties within 
countries. 
The psychologist said to the General Staff, 
"You must make Jahzorn Ingrates out of 
American Germans, persuade them to believe 
that America does not amount to much and lead 
them to forget that your telegraph, telephone, 
submarine, and aeroplane came from the coun- 
try in which they have prospered because of a 
generous government. Head off the tremendous 
power that these democrats will immediately 
place at the disposal of the democrats in Ger- 
many unless you really would have great Ger- 
many march straight along to fulfil a glorious 
destiny which leaves out the Hohenzollerns and 
the Junkers. 
"In the first place there is German blood to 
deal with. Inject into it insidiously the idea 
that the fatherland is in danger instead of al- 
lowing the blood to imbibe the wholesome truth 
that no one but the Hohenzollerns and the 
Junkers are really in danger. Spare no expense 
when getting that idea about danger to the 134 
The Way Out of War 
fatherland instead of danger to the Hohenzol- 
lerns well fixed by means of well paid German 
agents in America. When that idea is circulat- 
ing and causing the first symptoms of fever to 
appear, transform the idea into feeling by 
means of a host of other German agents under 
the direction and leadership of our authorities 
in psychology. Having brought about mental 
derangement with its illusions and hallucinations 
you will then avoid the danger of German- 
American democratic influence being brought 
to bear upon your democracy at home. Further- 
more you will cause such a degree of disturb- 
ance, such a dislocation of social adjustment in 
America that the United States will be delayed 
in bringing her millions of men and money into 
effective position. 
"If you fail to deceive the German-Ameri- 
can, America will wish to dress him in the 
clothes in which he came, put the original 
amount of money in his pocket, and send him 
back to the fatherland (Gerard). When you 
establish a propaganda newspaper in America, 
be sure to call it Der Vaterland instead of Die 
Hohenzollern." 
At the time of the Russo-Japanese War, pre- The Great Double Invasion War 
135 
ventive medicine was for the first time in his- 
tory raised to the rank, of a first-class military 
resource. Every great upheaval of any sort 
allows some one subject that was struggling for 
release to come to the surface like this one of 
psychology in relation to the present, and bac- 
teriology in relation to the Russo-Japanese 
War. 
The thoroughness of Prussian application of 
principles of psychology in preparation for the 
Great Double Invasion is nowhere better dem- 
onstrated than in the heartless trick of secur- 
ing pitifully little bits of gold in the wedding 
rings of women, on the cruelly deceitful plea 
that it was the gold instead of women's souls 
that was wanted. The appeal for wedding rings 
was made at the very outset of the war. The 
tokens of affection were removed with sobs and 
tears from fingers from which they had never 
been removed since the wedding day, while grin- 
ning ghouls at Berlin cold-bloodedly reckoned 
the effect. I know of one remote farming dis- 
trict in New England where German-Americans 
were so few and far between that the local post- 
master who knew even the name of the cat in 
many of the houses in the township had forgot- 136 
The Way Out of War 
ten about the German-Americans because they 
received so little mail. Promptly with the out- 
break of the war letters were sent from the Ger- 
man Consulate in New York to every one of 
these German-American families asking to have 
wedding rings exchanged for iron rings. Ger- 
man agents presumably had gone through the 
country so quietly securing names and addresses 
that no one suspected their mission, and that is 
saying a good deal for a New England country 
district. 
After the first appeal was made letters be- 
longing to the follow-up system were systemat- 
ically sent to these German-Americans some- 
thing after this manner: A leaflet would be re- 
ceived containing a picture of the Kaiser and 
Kaiserin standing together and under it a de- 
scription saying that he called her his "Little 
Rosebud" and she had always been "Little 
Rosebud" to him since the day when he first 
saw her cunningly curled up asleep in a ham- 
mock on the verandah of her father's castle. 
After that would come another leaflet indicating 
that America was a crude and unimportant 
country as compared with the lovely cultured 
fatherland that was now in danger. All of The Great Double Invasion War 
137 
this was done with such foxy craftiness that dif- 
ferent kinds of men received propaganda lit- 
erature adapted to their special callings. 
Prussian effort at shifting blame for the G. 
D. I. War belonged in classification with psy- 
chologic ruse. That feature, however, was not 
new to the awareness of the human mind, and it 
did not catch people off-guard as did the more 
modern resources adopted by the Prussians di- 
rectly from their laboratory of psychology at 
the university. The Crown Prince is quoted as 
saying that Germany was surrounded by an iron 
ring of enemies. Every pale clerk in the shop 
feels the same way about himself. If he lacks 
intelligence sufficient in degree for meeting com- 
petitors, he must then revert to more primitive 
methods and fight with his fists. Every plant 
and every animal finds itself surrounded by an 
iron ring of enemies. It resorts to internal re- 
sources of making up defence attributes. One 
reason why Prussia felt itself to be weak in de- 
fence attributes belonging to cultivated man was 
because of the synap head plan of choosing dip- 
lomats from among families of the nobility, al- 
lowing other qualifications to stand in secondary 
role. The natural antagonists of Germany, 138 
The Way Out of War 
having advanced farther along in some lines of 
culture, chose men of special fitness and train- 
ing for diplomatic service, irrespective of orig- 
inal social position. This point of vulnerability 
in German development has proved to be a heel 
of Achilles in the Great Double Invasion War. 
Prussia, unable to meet other countries on a 
full even plane of intelligence in diplomacy, 
felt obliged to resort to primitive brute 
methods. 
This war is one of applied chemistry, physics, 
and engineering so faf as even competition be- 
tween the Central Powers and the Allies is con- 
cerned. The Central Powers by adding applied 
psychology to their special armamentarium, se- 
cured at first the sort of advantage that be- 
longs to the possession of some one powerful 
resource not employed by antagonists. This 
advantage of applied psychology will be offset 
in natural sequence by bumptious and lively 
American inventiveness coming into the field 
later as a powerful special resource. 
Excepting for the military policy of frightful- 
ness, it would have been difficult for Great Brit- 
ain to have gotten together for purposes of 
team work the diverse opinions which interfered The Great Double Invasion War 
139 
with the solidity of mass unit force. In Amer- 
ica there were loud impatient outcries against 
President Wilson because he did not sooner de- 
clare war; but President Wilson waited until 
the policy of frightfulness had so shaken Amer- 
ica to its centre that a readjustment for mass 
unit force purpose became possible, with a solid 
country finally behind the President. The Ger- 
mans were given to understand that the policy 
of frightfulness as an applied resource of psy- 
chology would produce one kind of effect, they 
did not understand that it would have a diamet- 
rically opposite effect, which it proved to have. 
They seemed incapable of learning from the ob- 
ject lessons which rapidly accumulated, prefer- 
ring to adhere to the original German theory. 
Facts seemed to make little or no impression 
upon them. 
Germany read history in a scholarly way. She 
found a record of savagery and trickery in all 
countries. She found also a record of truth and 
justice in all countries. Whirling her mind 
around in order to allow it to come to rest upon 
a winning number, she allowed it to rest upon 
trickery and savagery as national policy and 
then proceeded to make this a matter of choice 140 
The Way Out of War 
to be tried out as the winning number. It lost. 
The German people are still on earth, brimful 
of qualities for another intellection spin, with 
the chance of coming to rest on a winning num- 
ber before Christmas in 1918. 
One feature that has been overlooked in Ger- 
man-American psychology is a very potent one. 
Millions of Americans looked upon an equal 
number of German-American personal acquain- 
tances with admiration for their civic worth, 
before the latter became insidiously infected by 
the psychologic propaganda. So many of the 
German-Americans who had prospered under 
democracy after their escape from autocracy 
expressed sentiments in favour of the Hohenzol- 
lern after the propaganda had misled them that 
all men of German name were looked upon for 
awhile with a certain degree of suspicion. One 
of my German-American friends said to me: 
"You cannot know what it means to be looked 
upon with suspicion from morning until night. 
Perhaps ten times a day, every day in the week, 
I am looked at askance by people who do not 
realise the impression they are making upon me. 
I know where there are plenty of friends of 
German-American origin who will greet me The Great Double Invasion War 
141 
with open arms and it is human nature for every 
man to seek, friendship that he knows is secure.'' 
I have observed with keen interest the change 
in attitude of German-American citizens since 
the outbreak of the Great Double Invasion 
War. In advance of the disturbance the Ger- 
man-American group had constituted one of our 
very best elements in American civilisation- 
thrifty, law abiding, companionable, home-lov- 
ing, in fact presenting characteristics which led 
us all to hold them in affectionate regard. They 
or their progenitors had escaped from Ger- 
many to a land where they could breathe freely 
and develop their ideals of individual action. 
At that time they did not despise the freedom. 
In conversation there were constant expressions 
of disapproval if not hatred of the government 
in the fatherland. At the very beginning of the 
war they exclaimed almost in one voice, "Um 
Gottes Widen, this is an officer's war, a Krupp's 
war, a diplomat's war, it has nothing to do with 
us or with the real German people at home." 
Like all of the first impressions which leap out 
uncorrected from the subjective mind, their 
view of the situation was presumably quite right 
as judged by the American people in general. 142 
The Way Out of War 
At that time the German-Americans remem- 
bered the reasons why they or their fathers 
came to this country in order to escape the re- 
sults of efficiency. They knew that in southern 
Germany cockroaches were called Preussen and 
that in northern Germany cockroaches were 
called Schwaben. They knew what the Mag- 
yars, the Bohemians, and the Austrians thought 
of Prussians. They knew that members of dif- 
ferent political parties called each other by 
names that the whole world now applies to all 
Germany and its sympathisers. They did not 
realise that for primal racial reasons many of 
them were still tubers upon the tenuous roots of 
an autocratic plant that had projected long sto- 
lons under many seas. It was because of this 
racial stolon connection that the expensive prop- 
aganda involving millions of marks was effec- 
tive in the first months of the war. 
Because of the working of well planned Ger- 
man propaganda external influence hastened the 
pro-Germanism of men and of women who had 
formerly been good Americans. External pres- 
sure consisted partly in expressions of fear and 
suspicion aimed at everything German. This 
external pressure produced more or less un- The Great Double Invasion War 
143 
happy impression upon German-Americans 
who had not been pro-German, and they 
felt themselves gradually being pushed 
away from other Americans who had 
formerly held them in wholesome and re- 
spectful regard. We then observed the second 
stage of German-American feeling which be- 
came more or less unified because of the appli- 
cation of two forces, an internal cohesive force 
of fatherland love and an external compelling 
force of inimical pressure. Many German- 
Americans forgot that their love for fatherland 
had previously increased relatively as the dis- 
tance from that fatherland. They did not really 
wish to go back home mentally or physically ex- 
cepting for vacation visits. From August to 
November, 1914, the German-Americans were 
largely in the state of mind expressed by the 
belief that the Great Double Invasion was an 
officer's war, a Krupp's war, and a diplomat's 
war. After November, 1914, up to the time 
when the order for unrestricted submarine war- 
fare was sent out German-Americans were 
largely in the second phase of feeling which was 
an unconscious response to the combined co- 
hesive force and the external compelling force 144 
The Way Out of War 
that had been brought about mechanistically by 
the use of vast propaganda funds having that 
object in view. A certain number of German- 
Americans remained as wide awake as did the 
wiser, more knowing Germans at home, the 
ones who at no time have approved of the war. 
These wide awake elements which had not been 
deceived at any time by the propaganda sent 
out from Wilhelmstrasse eventually succeeded 
in exercising catalytic influence until the Ger- 
man-Americans entered upon the third phase of 
mental attitude toward the government in the 
fatherland. By the summer of 1917 a correct 
view of the entire war had pretty well pervaded 
German-American sentiment and we were ready 
to take back most of our old friends into the 
folds again. It is not difficult for those of us 
Americans who have observed the course of 
events to understand and to take a bird's-eye 
view of the entire German-American question. 
It was somewhat difficult for us for awhile to 
understand why the German-Americans had re- 
sponded so quickly to the trick of the psychol- 
ogists. Teachers are aware of the fact that 
most people are pragmaphobic and do not like 
to bother with fundamental facts, leaving that The Great Double Invasion War 
145 
duty to the professors who know that the hu- 
man mind brings many resources to bear against 
the introduction of knowledge into itself. 
Treitschke made the mistake of believing 
what the German government appeared to be- 
lieve, that Germans moving out of the father- 
land were lost to that fatherland. At the be- 
ginning of the war when agents were sent out 
to German fraternal societies in order to give 
the false cry of "Wolf, wolf,'' their voices were 
paid for like those of opera singers. The Ger- 
man-American mass in America arose confused- 
ly like a sleeping giant to the call and made us 
great trouble with its awkward half-asleep 
flounderings. These agents were not sent away 
from the fraternal societies. The case was dif- 
ferent from that of Norman Angell who went 
to Germany before the war for the purpose of 
applying principles of psychology in the inter- 
ests of peace. Mr. Angell was promptly dis- 
missed from Germany on the ground that he 
was poisoning minds of influential people and 
was probably in the pay of perfidious Albion. 
In order to keep the people of a warring 
country heartened, it is necessary for the news- 
paper press to deceive them about facts which 146 
The Way Out of War 
depress and to overstate encouraging material. 
This is required in order to appeal to the brain 
in such a way as to cause the secretion of the 
right sort of enzymes in proper degree. It is 
necessary at the present time in this Great Dou- 
ble Invasion War for the German press to keep 
the people deceived and the feature is arranged 
systematically by way of lynx-eyed censors who 
would lose their positions were the truth to be 
told. Some years ago when one of our Presi- 
dents was shot, the newspapers reporting the 
case from his bedside day by day stated in both 
morning and evening editions that he was every 
day a little better. The statement that he was 
a little better every day and the news more en- 
couraging continued up to the moment of his 
death, and in some papers for a few hours after 
his death. In the same way the German news- 
papers are reporting day by day that the Em- 
pire is a little better off and this will probably 
continue until the hands of the Prussian gov- 
ernment corpse are folded over its breast and its 
eyelids closed, sometime after the Ides of 
March. 
The rapidly recurring instances of the appli- 
cation of the policy of frightfulness, and the im- The Great Double Invasion War 
mediate response, showing that the effect is ex- 
actly opposite from that intended, would lead 
one to ask in wonder why it is the Prussians 
continue in a method which has been extremely 
successful in the interests of the Allies, through 
stiffening the backbone of resistance. The ac- 
tual effect of the frightfulness policy is so clear- 
ly in evidence whenever it has been applied that 
we are left with one conclusion: it is apparently 
another method of Prussian self-expression. 
This method of Prussian self-expression, re- 
gardless of its consequences in reaction, is ex- 
plained by the synap head theory. 
The German staff reckoned that Belgium as 
a small country would know better than to show 
bravery enough to stand against the German 
armies. That idea belonged to the psychology 
of physical force. Belgium was the David 
W'hich caused the downfall of a Goliath German 
Army. The downfall of the great German 
Army, caused by the Belgians, will be found to 
represent the psychology of moral force. Per- 
haps no more valuable object lesson of the rela- 
tive value of these two forces could be found in 
all history. 
Belgium was a field for many impressive ob- 
147 148 
The Way Out of War 
ject lessons for the naturalist. When the tiger- 
ish fury of Germany flared up as a result of the 
impact of a huge military machine skidding up 
against Belgian resistance, sadism unbridled was 
at the same time given wine to drink and then 
turned loose. Shuddering neutrals ceased to be 
neutrals when they learned that satanic atroci- 
ties in Belgium were greater in degree than any- 
thing taught by honest Satan. The public could 
not understand how Kultur could commit acts 
more intensely beastly than those of any known 
beast; wilder than those of any wild tribe of 
man. The naturalist, on the other hand, knew 
that they belonged in the category with the with- 
ered left arm of the Kaiser and with his delu- 
sion of divinity. They belonged with the pub- 
lished accounts of homosexuality in the German 
Army. The naturalist understood that any ani- 
mal or plant raised to cultural limitations man- 
ifests freaks in the course of decline which be- 
long to disorganised adjustment of natural 
processes in the individual. The employment 
of gas and poisons in warfare meant to the nat- 
uralist what it meant to police officials in civil 
life. When a mysterious murder has been com- 
mitted police detectives have a systematic way The Great Double Invasion War 
149 
of beginning investigations from the character 
of the means employed for the crime. A re- 
volver bullet or a stab wound means in general 
that the assassin was a man. If some outrage 
is added to the employment of a stab or of poi- 
son the detectives at once assume that a mascu- 
line pervert is to be sought for. If we could 
obtain the personal histories of the knights who 
first proposed the employment of gas in this war 
it is to be supposed that a record of other acts 
belonging to decadent phenomena would be re- 
vealed. Furthermore, the actual adoption of 
gas proposals on the part of the German Staff 
could not have been anticipated by many people 
excepting naturalists, psychiatrists, and police 
detectives familiar with such data as had been 
already recorded by Germans themselves in re- 
lation to phenomena of decadence in Army cir- 
cles. When manifestations of natural law are 
so clearly exhibited, the biologist and the prac- 
tical stock farm man as well know that it will 
be in order for German officers to drink a toast 
to "Die Nacht" instead of "Der Tag," and 
"Deutschland, vorueber Alles!" will supplant 
the familiar slogan, in application to the pres- 
ent government at least. Prussia after a period 150 
The Way Out of War 
of remarkable development in culture reached 
cultural limitations in accordance with law. 
The German Army was a small, well organ- 
ised compact minority acting against the loosely 
organised majority of the Allied enemies. 
Hence the corroboration of political history in 
their successes during the first three years of the 
War. Gradually by means of the synap head 
policy of frightfulness and of lawlessness they 
assembled the large loose majority which is now 
at this time of writing nearly ready to dispose 
of the minority. The three chief advocates of 
the policy of frightfulness, von Clausewitz, von 
Hartmann and von Moltke and the one chief 
advocate of U-boat lawlessness, von Tirpitz, are 
perhaps the four men most responsible for the 
downfall of Prussia because of their effect in 
cementing the large inimical world into compact 
mass unit form. Many thousands of young 
Americans started out with mixed motives of 
a spirit of sport and adventure combined with 
deep moral conviction in the determination to 
get the pelts of these grizzly bears for trophies. 
These thousands of young Americans arose in 
a laughing and gay throng when Hindenburg 
and Ludendorf spoke contemptuously and cyn- The Great Double Invasion War 
151 
ically of our Army. Millions of older Ameri- 
cans arose in a spirit of grim determination in 
the interest of hearty and genuine humanity. 
At the outbreak, of the Great Double Inva- 
sion War a gasping world reached up for sup- 
port to its idols of teachers in Germany. These 
great teachers fell at the touch like hollow im- 
ages of clay. Even men like Harnack toppled 
over. They had not previously been found tot- 
tering by their peers, although Haeckel had 
shown human nature by publishing cuts of em- 
bryonic phenomena which did not really occur, 
because he felt so sure of himself, and Harnack 
had explained that he had one mind for himself 
and another mind for the serving of purposes. 
When stating that no one knew of the human 
weaknesses of the great German professors we 
must always exclude their wives and the servants 
in their houses, but the intellectual world which 
had placed dependence upon such great men did 
not believe them to be capable of getting down 
upon their knees in the dust and kowtowing to a 
dictator who asked them to be untruthful and 
ridiculous. An upstanding world lost no time 
in classifying them promptly. 
The answer to Treitschke is the entrance of 152 
The Way Out of War 
the United States into the War. German psy- 
chology seems not to explain why the United 
States came in. It tries to find personal ambi- 
tion on the part of President Wilson, and bases 
that idea, by analogy, upon the personal ambi- 
tions of the Kaiser. It tries to find commercial 
reasons, but is obliged to remember that it was 
commercial Germany blended with aristocracy 
which like the blending of whiskey consists in 
lowering the quality without changing the price. 
The blending of German plutocracy with its 
aristocracy lowered the quality without chang- 
ing the price. 
The history of our entrance into the war 
when illustrated by straight lines without shad- 
ing, and suitable for the child mind would give 
us a picture something like this: Every Amer- 
ican soldier is fighting for the civilians of 
Zabern. Every pacif is fighting for the officer 
who sabred the lame shoemaker of Zabern. 
Our pro-German citizens of German blood 
are less contemptible than the pacif because the 
pro-German is the victim of a trick so well 
played that all excepting the most intelligent 
were caught by it. The pacif, on the other 
hand, arrived at his craven position unassisted. The Great Double Invasion War 
153 
On the approach of Christmas in 1917 a Balti- 
more clergyman sent out a finely worded appeal 
for mercy toward Germany because she had 
been so fearfully chastened. The letter might 
have done much harm in America had not the 
Kaiser followed it up almost immediately with 
his proclamation to the effect that if the Allies 
did not take warning and accept his peace terms 
he would smash their doors with an iron fist 
and a gleaming sword. That eased the situa- 
tion at once. The Germans had been chastened, 
but they had not found out about it until the 
Baltimore pacif gave them the information. 
The entrance of our United States into the 
war demonstrated a significant fact. There 
had been some question if we possessed a na- 
tional soul. We have given evidence of own- 
ing a national soul of such pristine quality that 
it will furnish inspiring material for historians 
of the future. 
Germany made fearful blunders in connec- 
tion with Belgium, with unrestricted U-boat 
warfare, and frightfulness, while the Allies 
made equally fearful blunders in the Darda- 
nelles, in not holding the Danube front against 
the extension of German middle Europe to the 154 
The Way Out of War 
Persian Gulf, and in not helping Serbia and 
Italy at opportune moments. The Allies have 
allowed Germany to expend millions of marks 
systematically upon elements of unrest in all 
countries, in America alone leading to some- 
thing over five thousand strikes in 1917 as com- 
pared with only about fifteen hundred strikes in 
1916. If the Allies learning from Germany 
were to plan for sabotage and strikes in a 
dozen nations which stand ready to be freed 
from German bondage, and would not only 
state their aims but aim their states so as to 
make these millions of people secure against the 
German enemy the advice of Ovid would have 
been followed to good advantage in learning 
from the enemy. The Allies have wisely hesi- 
tated about reprisals for German fiendishness 
which lay outside of military advantage and 
which represented nothing more than Prussian 
self-expression. Even such a small matter as 
wanton destruction of fruit trees appeals to 
every American who has been brought up with 
trees as beloved companions of his youth. Thou- 
sands of young men reading of that form of 
Prussian self-expression clenched their fists 
and prepared to start off on a hunt in the spirit The Great Double Invasion War 
in which they would go after woodchucks that 
had caused damage in the garden. The lust of 
the chase in a spirit of sport was aroused against 
the Germans quite as much by this sort of dem- 
onstration of Prussian self-expression as was 
aroused among cultured people by the destruc- 
tion of the Cathedral at Rheims. The military 
advantage of injuring that cathedral redounded 
manyfold to the side of the Allies. But the 
German synap head has not as yet found out 
about that. 
Germany had an instinctive dread of Russia. 
This was well justified, but with her synap head 
she started in to control Russia by way of Bel- 
gium. The English government had been "dy- 
ing for a chance" to get at the German govern- 
ment, but had so little expectation of luck that 
England had not even made preparation. Ger- 
many threw the luck into England's hands. Even 
then the English people as a whole were so 
much opposed to war that for months there was 
a question if there could be union in support of 
the government. Germany with a synap head 
united all England by deciding to bomb babies. 
It would have been practically impossible for 
Germany to have brought peaceful and pros- 
155 156 
The Way Out of War 
perous America into the War had not Germany 
with a synap head decided upon a U-boat policy 
without mercy. 
Germany with her Berlin to Bagdad conquest 
would have retained tremendous strategic ad- 
vantage had she not with a synap head decided 
to massacre Armenians and to brutalise her 
agent, the Turk, as he had never been brutal- 
ised before, in order to bring about the result 
that united America in the belief that no such 
beast should be allowed at large over such a 
range. And now America will not allow Ger- 
many to maintain her position. It has aroused 
the sporting spirit which comes to men who go 
out to hunt bears. 
Defeated Germany deprived of Alsace-Lor- 
raine, deprived of her outlet toward the Orient, 
deprived of her commerce, and her colonies, and 
with underground Flanders filled with the youth 
and strength of Germany, will be convinced that 
her fears which had led to colossal armament 
were really valid. The German people will place 
the blame for their ruin upon the overwhelming 
superiority of numbers of her enemies. Ger- 
many will not be likely to ask why she commit- 
ted the blunder of giving all of these superior The Great Double Invasion War 
157 
numbers a chance to get into action at a time 
when she was winning without firing a gun. 
One feature worthy of note in America re- 
lates to the Jews and their attitude toward the 
war. We may divide them into several classes. 
First there were the great citizens of the sort 
famous in every country where the high intel- 
lectuality of the Jew has made him a most valu- 
able stone in the edifice of government. Then 
there were large numbers of Jewish immigrants 
not yet affiliated and wholly unfamiliar with the 
American spirit. Their traditions were noth- 
ing more than the desire for some quiet spot 
in which they might sit down and do business 
without much disturbance from any govern- 
ment. This group furnished a large proportion 
of slackers when the call to arms came. Lastly 
and very importantly the Jews who had been 
known as ultra Socialists and anarchists set 
about attracting much attention toward them- 
selves and making trouble for our government. 
It was difficult to understand why these Jews 
were turning to bite the hand that helped them 
to freedom of thought and action in a country 
where they were prospering. The explanation 
suddenly came to mind one evening when I was  The Way Out of War 
158 
attending an Emma Goldman meeting. Many 
of the Jews present possessed hair and eyes of 
colour suggesting that the men and women were 
not purely Semitic. Immediately there came 
the thought that these anarchists and ultra So- 
cialists were largely Eurasians, representing hy- 
brids of the sort which the naturalist already 
knew to represent an unstable element in all 
governments. If this view proves to be cor- 
rect on further examination of the subject it 
will allow us to make rational classification of 
Jews who do not add to that great credit which 
we freely give to the best and purest Semitic ele- 
ment. Because Trotzky and so many of his 
Bolshevik colleagues are Jews the question of 
their being Eurasian hybrids becomes important 
in a special way in relation to Russia. 
When biology, including its branch of an- 
thropology, is brought up to first rank position 
in the philosophy of government, it promises to 
introduce one of those new features which we 
may anticipate as properly belonging among 
various new features of progress in govern, 
ments in the future. SUMMARY SUMMARY 
A distracted world is groping about eagerly 
seeking the light and a way out of the warfare 
question. It paces back and forth, back and 
forth, but always within the confines of social 
history. It will find no outlet there. Natural 
history gives an outlook, it may not show a path 
devoid of thorns and rocks, but light and fresh 
air the world may have while on its way to 
cultural limitations. 
Warfare of one kind or another in one form 
of expression or another occurs throughout the 
inorganic world and throughout the organic 
world. We are to distinguish between warfare 
meaning struggle for advantage of position, and 
warfare which causes direct killing. Man is the 
only mammal that kills his own kind directly, 
and in that act indicates that he is working ab- 
normally in opposition to natural law relating to 
the preservation of a species. The reason why 
he works abnormally (normally meaning in ac- 
161 162 
The Way Out of War 
cordance with the history of evolution of other 
organisms) is because he has defective brain 
construction. We postulate that he has defective 
brain construction, basing the idea upon apper- 
taincy and upon our knowledge of the fact that 
man's anatomy is mechanically faulty. Its de- 
fects are apparently due to man having assumed 
the erect position-a posture which seems not 
to have been anticipated by nature. Function 
and structure are always closely allied and brain 
function following defective anatomical struc- 
ture has resulted in a condition which allows the 
psychologist to estimate that something like 
seven-tenths of all human action is based upon 
misconception. 
The natural history of warfare, beginning 
with the primal contest between amoeba and 
microbe, may be traced through all organic life, 
its demonstrations incidentally including the 
present war, and giving us a vista looking to- 
ward the nature of future wars. The expres- 
sion "war" is a colloquialism commonly signify- 
ing warfare-by-arms. Struggle is continuous 
through all phases of organic life, and the 
microbe finally destroys all plants and anima!.; 
which are not destroyed by some intercurrc Summary 
163 
accident. All organic warfare is fundamentally 
enzymic in its processes, not only between the 
lower organisms which fight with their secreted 
enzymic poisons, but also among plants and ani- 
mals, including man, man being activated in 
warfare by his enzymes. 
The relation of war to the species is that of 
a destructive process in all of its final phases. 
The reason for that is because it exhausts a 
part of the fund of vital energy which belongs 
by natural inheritance to germ plasm. 
All nations consist of hybrid groups. These 
hybrids are varietal as the result of crossing 
between closely allied varieties, or they are spe- 
cific, the result of crossing between sub-species 
of man. Varietal hybrid nations are prone to 
be durable of tenure, and stable under good 
leadership. The specific hybrid nations are 
prone to be turbulent under any leadership. 
All nations come and go like varieties of plants 
and animals and for the same reason, being sub- 
ject to the laws of protoplasm. The salient ac- 
tions in any nation may be anticipated by the 
naturalist who studies the particular habits of 
the hybrid groups representing that variety. 
Diplomats look backward to past history like 164 
The Way Out of War 
Chinamen when choosing data for action. The 
naturalist looks forward to the union of better 
and better elements forming the natural world 
state, basing this view upon his knowledge of 
the result of orderly processes of construction 
according to natural law. It is the diplomat, 
chief of the "political clan," who constructs 
policies from past history and precipitates war. 
This war is spoken of in these notes as the 
War of the Great Double Invasion in the mean- 
ing that the prosperous German people winning 
the world steadily by superior skill and intelli- 
gence were invaded by a military caste coinci- 
dentally with the invasion of Europe by this 
same caste, working in its own selfish interest. 
In this war applied psychology was for the 
first time in history raised to the point of first- 
class military importance by the Germans who 
thereby gained great advantage at the outset 
through having a new and important resource 
at their disposal. In the Russo-Japanese War 
preventive medicine was for the first time raised 
to first rank position, giving great military ad- 
vantage through that resource. 
According to natural history, the Belgian 
atrocities were notably the ordinary phenomena Summary 
165 
belonging in category with the Kaiser's withered 
left arm, and with the perversions described in 
the Maximilian Harden disclosures, also by 
German psychopathologists in recent years 
when decline was becoming a recognised menace 
in the capitals. The Prussian gas knight as an- 
ticlimax hero represents anticlimax in sexuality. 
Warfare-by-arms will continue for some cen- 
turies yet in all probability, but with ever length- 
ening periods of peace. According to the laws 
of continuity, order in nature indicates that in 
the end a world state will emerge, following the 
already accomplished union of states in larger 
and larger groups since the days of small tribes 
and clans. This will be similar to the way in 
which organs of a plant gradually developed 
and became united by mutual interdependence 
to form an organic whole in an oak tree. Neg- 
ative and positive pressures under varying con- 
ditions of light and of temperature serve to 
keep the nutrient sap flowing through the widely 
distributed channels of a plant; so among na- 
tions, the positive and negative pressures of 
debt and credit will serve to keep the "interna- 
tional mind" flowing freely through the trade 
channels of nations. The philosophy of 166 
The Way Out of War 
Treitschke mistook Darwin's idea of struggle 
as being more important than his theory of mu- 
tual interdependence, the latter being the one, 
however, which stands for victory as a result of 
struggle. Had the Prussians been better nat- 
uralists they would have perceived and em- 
ployed a philosophy of mutual interdependence 
with other nations which constituted their best 
"colonies." Autocracies have been tested out 
in the laboratory, and apparently democracies 
are now to take their turn in the laboratory for 
a fuller degree of testing. 
THE END MICROBES AND MEN 
A SURGEON'S PHILOSOPHY 
DOCTORS VERSUS FOLKS 
The three books of the To-morrow's Topics Series. 
Price, $2.50 each, net. Special rates for sets, to members 
of T. T. clubs formed for the purpose of discussing the ques- 
tions presented in these books. 
Author, Dr. Robert T. Morris, New York. 
Publishers, Doubleday, Page & Co., Garden City, New 
York. 
FOR SALE BY ANYBODY FROM WHOM YOU 
EVER BUY ANY BOOK 
What are these books? 
Running comments upon subjects that folks are all talk- 
ing about to-day and adventures into the topics of to- 
morrow. 
A broad-gauge interpretation of human life, with ques- 
tions placed upon their biologic bases. 
They are essentially browsing books, not to be read 
consecutively, but to be opened at any page for five min- 
utes of reading at any time. They are to be read piecemeal 
from the rear page index when one wishes to find material 
for clever conversation at short notice. 
They are loan books to be handed over to your friends 
who do not seem to understand clearly about feminism, 
genius, trees, warfare, the double standard, alcohol, prag- 
maphobes, music, potatoes, mysticism, Christian Science, 
politicians, futurism, eels, electrons, happiness, capitalists, 
insanity, Freud, emotions, ovisness, Jews, marital inamen- 
ity, and the natural limitations of culture. 
They contain brand new ideas, new words, and the latest 
information about the way in which microbes influence 
all of us in every-day affairs. That's the main theme in 
fact, and a recently developed subject that is to engage 
the deepest interest of people to-morrow. 
OVER COMMENT ON TO-MORROW'S TOPICS SERIES 
He goes out to the very verge ofc the present and sweeps 
the horizon of to-morrow.-New York Times. 
To our thinking, no other American writes so many un- 
usual things in such an unusual and attractive way as does 
Dr. Morris.-The Journal of Education. 
Unquestionably opening as original a line of cleavage 
in literature as Thompson Seton found with his addition 
of the human element to wild life.-Guide to Nature. 
Weighty with authority. An enrichment of our litera- 
ture, and an inspiring contribution to the advancing thought 
of the day.-New York Tribune. 
The work is fascinating in literary quality. Before the 
reader has turned a dozen pages he has the pleasant con- 
sciousness that comes of contact with a writer of original 
gifts.-Literary Digest. 
Broad foundations upon which whoever will may build. 
-Philadelphia North American. 
In many places his voltage is higher than Shaw's.- 
Medical Times. 
Mechanistic, but taking the work as a whole it seems the 
expression of an idealist.-Bryn Mawr Alumna Quarterly. 
These books will be read more ten years from now than 
they will be this year. They will go into permanent litera- 
ture.-Journal of the Agassiz Association.