■I--*
j ipiHJtk

i-l:U'.:; 
WY 100 S734t 1920
NLM D5E6SM5T  fi
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE
SURGEON  GENERAL'S OFFICE

    LIBRARY.

ANHEX      -----       INBBX

Section---------------------------
  No. 113,
W.D.S.G.O.
3-513
NLM052854598 
 
 
TALKS TO NURSES 
 
Talks  to  Nurses
       THE ETHICS OF NURSING
BY
  HENRY S. SPALDING, SJ.
Professor of Ethics in St. Xavier College, Cincinnati,
Ohio; formerly Lecturer on Social Science in Loyola
      University, Chicago, Illinois.
    New York, Cincinnati, Chicago

BENZIGER  BROTHERS
  PRINTERS TO THE   I   PUBLISHERS OF
 HOLY APOSTOLIC SEE  I BENZIGER's MAGAZINE
            1920
 
wv
S73'fi
 19 2,0
Smprtmi potest,
              FRANCIS X.  McMENAMY,  S.J.,
                           Praep. Prov. Missourianae.
Jitijtl #b*tat.
              ARTHUR J. SCANLAN, S.T.D.,
                                   Censor Librorwm.
Smprtmatur.
                4-PATRICK J. HAYES, D.D.,
                             Archbishop of New York.
New Yore, March 22, 1920.
COPYRIGHT, 1920, BY BENZIGER BROTHERS
©CLA571277  ' 
CONTENTS
CHAPTER                                     PAGE
   I  Guiding Principles ...................   7
        Ethics and Other Sciences.  Four Truths
        Which are taken for Granted.  A Right.
        A Duty.  Rights and Duties Compared.
        Animals Have no Rights.  Rights not the
        Outgrowth  of  Customs.   The  False
        Theory  of Dewey, Aikens and Robb.  In-
        alienable  Rights.   Life  is from  God.
        Necessity of these Principles.

  II  Guiding Principles (continued).........  19
        Direct and Indirect  Killing.  Killing as
        an End  or a Means.  It is never Allowed
        to Kill an Innocent Person Directly either
        as an End or a Means.   Killing an Un-
        just Aggressor.  Killing Child to Save
        Parent—Czar of Russia.  An Example
        from English  Law.   Principles  Re-
        stated.  Ethics  Denned.   Human Acts.
        Moral Law and Ten  Commandments.

  Ill  Euthanasia ..........................  33
        Meaning of Euthanasia.  Application to
        the Hopelessly Sick.  Not Kindness.  The
        Committee on Euthanasia.  Advocates of
        Euthanasia.  Werner's "American Chari-
        ties" Quoted.  Mistakes of Werner.  Ap-
        plication in Public Hospitals. Baby Bol-
        linger Case.   The Nurse and Euthana-
        sia.   Application to the Hopelessly In-
        sane.   The Insane  in the Past.   The
        Rights  of the  Insane.  Is It Mercy to
        Kill the  Insane?   Application  to the
        Hopelessly Criminal.  Results  of  this
        Terrible Doctrine.  Vasectomy is Illicit.
iii 
iv
Contents
chapter                                     page
  IV  Rights of the Unborn Child...........  51
        The Physician and Craniotomy. Crani-
        otomy  Always  Wrong.  The Church's
        Teaching on Craniotomy Upheld.  Abor-
        tion Always Wrong.   The Physician and
        Abortion.   Nurse Cannot Assist Physi-
        cian  in  Abortion.   Sympathy  in the
        Above Difficulties. Pernicious Vomiting
        or Eclampsia. When  Life Begins.   Diffi-
        cult Cases. Mistakes of Physicians. Twi-
        light Sleep Morally Wrong.

  V  Birth Control .......................  65
        The Teaching of  Malthus.   The  Right
        Use of the Appetites.  Convincing Argu-
        ments. Why the  Old Puritan is no longer
        with Us. Bird  Coler Quoted.  Compli-
        ment of Dr. Knopf.  How the Theory
        Worked  in  France and Germany.   The
        Empty  Cradle in England.  Conclusions
        of Dr.  Hamilton Contradicted.  Survey
        at the Guardian Angel Settlement.  Study
        of Alexander Graham  Bell.   Domestic
        Relations Court  in Chicago.   The Prob-
        lem  and the Nurse.

  VI  The Nurse Herself...................  87
        Trials and Hardships.  Dangers of Drink
        and  the Drug Habit.  Consult your own
        Physician.  Willingness to Work. Source
        of Temptations.   Prudence with Interns
        and  Physicians.  The  Private Home and
        the  Office.  The Nurse as  a Student.
        What Kind  of Books to Have and Read.
        Personality  and  Development  of Charac-
       ter.  Gossip  and Gruesome Talk. Friend-
        liness but not Fellowship.  Patience in
        Sickness. Suffering with Christ. 
Contents
v
CHAPTER                                     page
 VII  Professional Duties..................  103
        Choosing One's Cases.  Special  Cases.
        Giving  the very best  Service.  Experi-
        menting  with  Patient.   Withdrawing
        from a  Case.   Limitations  of Psychic
        Powers.    Professional Secrets.   Self-
        Pity.  The Nurse and the Attending
        Physician.  Holding Physicians  in  Re-
        spect.  When  the Physician is at Fault.
        Inspiring  Confidence in regard  to  the
        Physician. Assisting the Patient  Spirit-
        ually.   Administering  Baptism.   "The
        Correct Thing for Catholics." "The Way
        of Interior Peace."

VIII  Practical  Tests:   In   the  Training-
             School.........................  125
        Borrowing. Obeying the Rules. Deceiv-
        ing  One's Parents.  Tardiness.   Fault-
        finding.    Discouragement.   Studying
        Hypnotism.  Seances.  Helping to Steal.
        Restitution.  Helping  to Steal  (No. 2).
        Imitating   Thieves.   A  Bad  Temper.
        Keeping a Promise.  A Practical Case in
        Euthanasia.  Stealing  a Formula.  Duty
        of Reporting.   Temptation.  The Head
        Nurse.    Colored  Patient.   Falsifying
        Records.   Intern  and  Physician.   Ex-
        perimenting.

  IX  Practical Tests:  The  Graduate-Nurse  151
        Professional Secret.   Professional Eti-
        quette.   Careless  Doctor.  Other Work
        with Nursing.  More Prudence. The Bor-
        rowing Habit. Who was Careless? Using
        Hypnotic Power.  Conditional Baptism.
        Abortion.   Carelessness.   Illicit  Opera-
        tion.  Illicit Operation and the Hospital 
vi
Contents
CHAPTER                                     PAGE
        Authorities.  Reporting a Case of Syphi-
        lis.   Abortion—Parents  of  the  Girl.
        Advice about Surgeons.   Illicit Opera-
        tion.  Secrecy.  A Superintendent's Dif-
        ficulty.  Dangerous Drugs.  Dying Pa-
        tient.  Eugenics.   Teaching  Sex  Hy-
        giene in the Schools.  Your Patient is a
        Child of God.

   X  The Church and Nursing in the Past. .  175
        Nursing in  Pagan  Countries.   Care of
        Sick in Pagan Countries.  Nursing and
        Christianity.  Early Rise of Hospitals.
        Nursing  a  Life  Work.  Testimony of
        Dr. Cabot. Receiving the Patient. Archi-
        tecture of Ancient Hospitals.  Works of
        Art  in Ancient  Hospitals.   Pope Inno-
        cent III the Founder of a Model Hospital.
        Testimony of Luther. Destruction of An-
        cient Hospitals. Dark Period of Nursing.
        Miss  Nightingale  and  Modern  Nur-
        sing.   Catholic  Hospitals and  Modern
        Movements.
Alphabetical Index
191 
TALKS TO  NURSES
              CHAPTER I
            GUIDING PRINCIPLES
TJIT'hen you began the study of geography
 * * you did not prove the existence  of cer-
tain rivers, mountains and cities. You had not
seen the Congo or the Amazon, and yet you
studied about these rivers; you had not  crossed
the Rocky Mountains, the Andes, or the Alps,
and yet you talked about them and described
them;  you had not visited  Paris,  Rome,  or
Constantinople, and yet they seemed  as real
to you as your own native town or city.  Were
you foolish when you believed  in the  reality
of these rivers, mountains and cities, although
you had never seen them?  No, you were not
foolish. You took the testimony of others who
had seen them; for human testimony, under the
proper conditions, can give  us certainty,  not
only in regard to things of the present but also
of the past.  Again, when you studied algebra
you took certain things for granted.  You did
not prove that the shortest  distance between
two points is a straight line, or that the whole
                    7 
 8           Guiding Principles

 is larger than a part, or that a part is smaller
 than the  whole. You  took  these things for
 granted and called  them  axioms.   In fact,
 every study and every science takes a number
 of things for granted, either because they have
 already been proved, or they  are so evident
 that they do not need a proof.
   In these talks I must take certain things for
 granted.  I could prove them, but I have not
 time to do so; the proofs belong to other treat-
 ises—to works on philosophy and revealed re-
 ligion.  These proofs have  stood the test of
 time; I am just as sure of them as I am of the
 existence of Rome, the Congo or the Rocky
 Mountains.
  The truths which I here  take for granted
 are:
   (1)   God exists.  He is the creator of man,
 and his final arbiter. He will reward the good
 works of man and punish his evil deeds.
   (2)   Every human being is in this world
 for a definite purpose,  namely to know and
 serve God, and thus to work out his eternal des-
 tiny.  The soul of man  is immortal.
  (3)   Each of us is endowed with a free will.
We are free  beings; we have it in our power
to do good or do evil. 
             Guiding Principles           9

   (4)   By nature man tends to live in society,
in interrelation with his  fellow  man.
  All  men have certain rights and  certain
duties.   I have here  introduced  two  words
which  are all-important  for our future con-
sideration.  In fact, we  cannot come to  any
conclusion in regard to the ethics of the nurs-
ing profession until we agree on the definition
and application of  these two words—rights
and duties.
  What is a right ?   A right is a moral  power
belonging to one person which  all other per-
sons have to respect.  You notice that we call
it a moral power;  that  is,  we  distinguish  it
from a physical power.   One may have the
physical power or the strength to hold up a
man and take his money.   But this physical
strength does not give him the moral right to
rob. Again, one may have the right to certain
property; this requires that others do not tres-
pass upon the property.   The mere fact that
one owns a piece of property keeps all  others
from using it. If I have a right to a watch or
a sum of money, does not this imply that no
other may take this watch or money?  Would
it not be a contradiction to say that I owned a
watch or had a right to it, and at the same time 
10          Guiding Principles

that any other person was free to take it from
me? This brings us to the second word—duty.
  What is a duty?  A duty is a moral obliga-
tion or  bond by which one person is obliged
to respect the rights of others.  You will notice
that wherever there is a right there is a duty on
the part of others to respect that right.  As
soon as you can claim a right  to any object,
all others must have the duty of not interfer-
ing with the right by taking the  object from
you.  If you have established  the  right to a
piece  of property, immediately  there  is the
duty of others not to build upon that property.
When you graduate from school you get your
diploma.  You have a right to it.  Does not
this impose upon others the duty of not taking
it from you?  These ideas are  so simple that
you may wonder why I insist upon them.  I
reply that if you agree with me upon these and
a few other fundamental  principles, we shall
have little difficulty in our ethical teaching or
practice.
  From what I said, it follows that rights and
duties are correlative and inseparable.  Of
their very nature they refer to each other and
are related to each other.   They cannot be sep-
arated.  You cannot have a right without im- 
            Guiding Principles           11

posing a duty on others; and you cannot have
a duty unless it in some way refers to a right.
  "Of duties, some are positive,  which bind
always, not for always, as the duty of adoring
God.  We are always bound to adore, we are
not bound to be always adoring.  Other duties
are negative, and bind always, for always, as
the duties of sobriety and chastity.  The for-
mer class of duties we may more easily be ex-
cused from, because they can be deferred, and
it is at times morally impossible to take them
up.  But negative duty, as Mr. Gladstone has
finely said, 'rises with us in the morning, and
goes to rest with us at night: it is  the shadow
that follows us wheresoever  we go, and only
leaves us when we leave the light of life.'
  "Only a person has rights, as appears by the
definition of a right.  Again, only persons have
duties, for they only have  free will.   No one
has  duties  without rights, and  no man has
rights without duties.  Infants and idiots, in
whom the use of reason is impeded,  having not-
withstanding rights, are said to have duties also
radically. Hence it is wrong to make an idiot
commit what is in  him a material breach  of
some negative duty, as of temperance.  Posi- 
12           Guiding Principles

tive duties he is excused from."   (Moral Phi-
losophy, by Rickaby, p. 247.)
  "Brute beasts, not  having  understanding
and therefore not being persons, cannot have
any rights.  They are of the number of things,
which are another's: they  are chattels, or cat-
tle. . . .  We have, then, no duties of charity,
nor duties of any kind, to the lower  animals,
as neither to stocks and stones.
  "Still  we have duties about  stones, not to
fling them through  our neighbor's windows,
and we have duties  about brute beasts.   We
must not harm them, when they are our neigh-
bor's property.  We must not break  out  into
paroxysms of rage and impatience in dealing
with them.  It  is a miserable way of  showing
off human pre-eminence, to torture poor brutes
in malevolent glee at their pain and helpless-
ness.   Such wanton cruelty is  especially de-
plorable, because it disposes the perpetrators
to be cruel also to men.
  "Brutes are as things in our regard: so far
as they are useful to us, they exist for us, not
for  themselves; and we do right in using them
unsparingly  for our need  and convenience,
though not for our wantonness.   If then  any
special case of  pain  to  a  brute creature  be a 
             Guiding1 Principles          IS

fact of considerable value for  observation in
biological science or the medical art, no rea-
soned considerations of  morality can stand in
the way  of man making the experiment, yet
so that even in the quest of science he be mind-
ful of mercy.
  "Altogether it will be found that a sedulous
observance of the rights and claims of other
men, a mastery over one's own passions, and a
reverence for the Creator, give  the best assur-
ance of a wise and humane treatment of the
lower animals."  (Op. cit., p. 248.)
  In the above explanation of rights and duties
I disagree with the theory of Professor Dewey
and others who consider that rights and duties
are the outgrowth of customs.   According to
them there was a time when men considered it
right  to  kill each other; but it was found  by
experience that it  was better not to kill.  It
was more pleasant to feel safe; to live and  let
others live. Men agreed, therefore, not to kill
each other.  Such a practice became a custom
and finally developed into a law. But I have
a serious objection to such an explanation.  If
killing has its foundation only in a custom, it
cannot bind me. Customs change with the pass-
ing years; they are different in New York, 
 14          Guiding Principles

 Paris and Berlin.  It was formerly customary
 for men to rise and give their seats co ladies in
 street cars; such a custom has been all but abol-
 ished.  In this country we decry the Spaniards
 for their bull-fights; but we permit prize-fight-
 ing, which is far more brutal and repulsive.
 Rights and duties, then, must be grounded on
 something more solid than mere customs. They
 do not change with time; they are the same in
 every country and in every age.
   I  opened  a recent book on the  ethics of
 nursing  (Studies  in  Ethics for  Nurses, by
 Aikens) and read the following: "The mean-
 ing of the  word ethics covers custom, usage,
 habits, and its application commonly refers to
 personal characteristics or to the traditions of
 a  community.  As related to nursing, ethics
 has to do with the ideals, customs and habits
 which the members of the profession are ac-
 cumulating around the name and character of
the trained nurse."  The author is but repeat-
ing the definition given by Dewey.  I am not
condemning the whole book; in fact, it seems
to be the work of a teacher. I am sure that
nurses will profit much by reading these pages.
However,  very little in the book can be clas-
sified under  ethics.   The  writer  deals with 
             Guiding Principles          15

hints, suggestions, advice; she talks from ex-
perience.  Occasionally duty and religion are
mentioned,  but  no  fundamental reason  is
given why the nurse should be guided by eth-
ical principles.
  I took  up an older book (Nursing Ethics,
by Elizabeth Hampton Robb) which is still
used as a text in some training-schools.  This
little volume, too, abounds in practical advice
and common sense.  It gives most wholesome
admonitions to the young nurse in regard to
her duties to her profession, the  patient, the
doctor and the public.  Every nurse who  reads
this book will profit by the lessons  which it
contains.  The writer insists on the necessity
of ethical principles.  "Even when the ethical
traditions of her school have been good and the
teaching  of  ethical  principles has not  been
neglected, I  have known nurses—thoroughly
well trained in other respects —to go out into
private practice  and commit the most flagrant
breaches in  the  ethics and etiquette  of  their
work."  But when we seek for the underlying
principles of right and duty the author dis-
appoints us.
  Rights  are alienable  and inalienable:  that
is, some rights belong to our very nature and 
16          Guiding Principles

some do not.  I can give away my watch or
sell my property.   They belong to  me  as
alienable rights, they are not  a  part  of my
nature, they can be separated from me, or they
can be given away, sold or exchanged.  At one
time they  were not mine; they came into my
possession.  I can use them or dispose of them
in any way I wish.  But inalienable rights are
different.  They cannot  be separated from me.
They are a part of my nature.  A real injus-
tice is done me if I am deprived of any in-
alienable right. In fact, since these rights are
a part of  our nature, we cannot deprive  our-
selves of them.  We cannot give them away
or sell them or exchange them for other rights.
We  get these  inalienable rights from God.
The first of these  rights is the right to life.
  When the framers of the Constitution of the
United  States assembled to  draw  up  that
memorable document they wrote in the  pre-
amble: "We hold these truths  as self-evident
—that all  men are created equal, that they are
endowed by their Creator with certain inalien-
able rights; that among these are  fife, liberty,
and the pursuit of happiness."  I wish to call
your attention to this fact: that the founders
of the Constitution were men of different re- 
             Guiding Principles          17

ligious beliefs, and yet they took it for granted
that all men would agree on the fundamental
principle that every man had a right to fife,
that this right came from the Creator, and that
it is inalienable.  Again you will say that all
this is so very easy and simple that you wonder
why I insist on it.  Yes, these truths are simple.
I do not see how any thinking person can deny
them.
  In these talks I must frequently refer to the
first of all rights—the right to life.   Life is
God's  first gift.   It is an inalienable  right;
no  one may presume to deprive another of
life. "Thou shalt not kill" is  not only one of
the commandments of God, but reason tells us
that we cannot usurp the place of God and take
away that inalienable gift of life.  Throughout
your course you nurses are warned that you
are to  follow the  directions of the physician.
If the  doctor should tell you  to administer a
drug the object of which is to kill a suffering
patient, must you  obey the order?  Has the
physician the right to kill?  He has not.  His
profession  does not give him any special right
over life; he is not to decide who is to live and
who is  to die.  He became a physician with the
intention of saving life and not of taking or 
18          Guiding Principles

destroying it.  I shall treat of this later and
am simply referring to it now to impress upon
your minds this one fact, that neither the doc-
tor nor the nurse has any right over human
life.  That life is sacred; it comes  from God,
and only He has power over life. 
              CHAPTER II
     guiding principles (continued)
T wish to repeat here what I have said about
*  one's right to life.  Life comes  from God,
who  places us in this world to work out our
final destiny.  Neither the physician nor any
other person is  justified in depriving one of
the inalienable possession which  we call life.
He is not to decide who is to live or who is to
die.  His profession requires him to lessen hu-
man misery and to save life.  There his power
ends.  The  same applies  to the nursing pro-
fession.  Its object is to lessen human suffer-
ing and to save life.  It can go no further, and
to do  so is to infringe upon the  God-given
rights of humanity.
  To bring out this  important teaching it will
be necessary to explain something about the
ethics of killing.  When I use the word ethics
of killing I mean that killing which is prohib-
ited by the law of reason.  My reason tells me
that  I have no right  to kill.  Here,  as in  every
other teaching,  reason  and revealed religion
give  us the same answer:  Thou shalt not kill.
  Let me explain direct  and  indirect killing.
                     19 
20          Guiding Principles

Direct killing is the taking of the life of an-
other either as an end or a means.  Killing as
an end is had when only the life of the person
is sought.  For instance, I know of a case of
enmity which sprang up between two farmers.
They quarreled  about the stock  getting into
each other's fields and about the fences which
separated their estates.  Bitter feeling grew
into enmity and hatred.  One of the farmers
brooded over  his true  or  imaginary wrongs
until in his anger, without any seeming provo-
cation, he  shot his neighbor.   That was  an
instance of direct killing as an end.  The mur-
derer sought the death of his enemy and noth-
ing more.  He did  not wish the man's money
or his fields.  He was satisfied to know that his
rival was dead.
  Killing as  a means is causing the death of
another to get possession of some desired good.
For instance, a miser is known to have in his
possession a tempting sum of money.  A rob-
ber enters the house to get the hoarded wealth.
He has nothing against the miserly man; he
would prefer not to kill him; but he fears that
the miser will recognize him or  that he will
later report the deed.  He, therefore, first kills
the miser and then takes the money.  He re- 
Guiding Principles          21
grets the killing, still he does it as a means of
getting the coveted wealth.   This is  an ex-
ample of direct killing as a means.
  Indirect killing is the taking of the life of an
innocent person neither as an end or a means,
but the kilhng is a circumstance connected with
some other lawful act. Again let us illustrate
this  definition by an example.  No one  will
deny that during war one of the belligerent
parties has a right to destroy the ammunition
supplies of the enemy.  Let us suppose that an
aviator is sent to drop an explosive bomb upon
a supply station.  He succeeds in passing the
opposing aeroplanes  and gains his objective
just above the desired place.  Below are hun-
dreds of  soldiers guarding the  ammunition.
Just as he is about to release the deadly bomb,
he  observes  a dozen women  and children,
who have for some reason come to visit the
soldiers.  In killing the guards and destroying
the ammunition the aviator realizes that he will
also kill the women and children.  His mission
is all important for the success of his army.
He cannot wait; he must act instantly.  He
lets go the deadly missive, the ammunition is
exploded, the soldiers on guard are killed, but
the innocent women and  children also perish. 
22          Guiding Principles

Is this allowed?  Certainly it is.  It is a case
of indirect killing.   It is an unfortunate cir-
cumstance.  The innocent lives were in no way
sought. Killing them was only a circumstance
connected with an act which was lawful in war.
  But I hear you ask:  What has this to do
with my profession as a nurse?  I am not en-
gaged in warfare and I  do not intend to kill.
I must ask you to be patient, for later I shall
come to the practical application; but, before
doing so, I must ask you to listen to a further
explanation of principles.
  It is never allowed to kill an innocent person
directly either as an end or a means.  You will
notice that I have used the word innocent per-
son; for it is allowable to kill one who is seek-
ing to take your life. Such a one is called an
unjust aggressor.  He  is not innocent; he is
guilty.  He seeks to kill.  The right to life
supposes the right to defend that life against
an assailant.  Even if the assailant is not  in
the act of kilhng, but does something that ex-
poses my life to peril I can kill in self-defense.
For instance, a sleeping man is awakened  at
night by  some noise in  his  room.  He  looks
toward the dresser and sees a robber taking his
watch and pocket book.   He reaches under his 
             Guiding Principles          23

 pillow, seizes a revolver and shoots the robber.
 Is he justified in his action?  I answer in the
 affirmative.  That  robber is an  unjust ag-
 gressor; by coming  into the house at night
 he has exposed the sleeper to the danger of
 losing his life.  Robbers are generally danger-
 ous men; they usually come armed and kill if
 thwarted in their evil designs.  The innocent
 sleeper is not required to take a risk.  If he
 moves, or calls out  or makes any noise he will
 probably be shot  by the intruder.   In self-
 protection he is justified in killing the man
 who has broken into his house.
  Let us modify the  circumstances somewhat.
 Let us suppose that the robber takes the watch
 and  money, raises  the window, leaps to the
 porch and escapes.  But, in doing so, he awak-
 ens the sleeper, who seizes  his weapon  and
 rushes to the window.  He sees the  robber run-
 ning across the yard.  Can  he shoot  at  him
 with the intention of killing him?  The answer
 in this case is in the negative.  Circumstances
 have changed  and the life  of the innocent
 sleeper is now no longer in danger. I take it
 for granted that the  robber is running away.
 It is true that the innocent sleeper  has lost his
watch  and money.   But you cannot weigh 
24           Guiding Principles

human life against watches and money.  You
can kill an unjust aggressor only when your
own life is endangered.  There are some things,
however, that are commensurable with life; for
instance, a woman may  kill one who is seeking
to violate her chastity, when there is no other
means of escape from her pursuer.

One Innocent Person May Not Be Killed to
       Save  Another Innocent Person
  After  defining rights and  duties and ex-
plaining the  difference between direct and in-
direct  killing, I now approach another ques-
tion.  I must get a definite answer to it. The
question is this: Is it ever lawful to kill one
innocent person to save the life of another in-
nocent person?
  A writer on this subject has made use of the
following  example, although  the  illustrious
personage referred to is  no longer living. The
Czar of Russia goes sleigh riding and with him
his three  sons, the  elder  being heir  to  the
throne.  Far out in a lonely forest the party
is attacked by wolves. Closer and closer comes
the hungry, howling pack.  His imperial high-
ness is convinced that all four will perish. What
is he to do? Would it not be better to sacrifice 
             Guiding Principles          25

one of the sons by throwing him to the wolves?
While they are devouring him, the others may
escape.   Is it not better for one to die, than
that all four  should perish; and is not the life
of the Czar more valuable  than that of one of
his sons ? It is a terrible sacrifice. The young-
est of the sons is hurled from the sleigh. The
beasts devour the child, then start in pursuit
of the others. A second and a third son is cast
to the wolves, which stop to feed upon them,
and  the Czar rides in safety into the imperial
castle.  Has  he  done wrong?  Is he guilty of
murder?  Was it better to save one  life, and
that a valuable one, rather than to sacrifice all
four lives?  What is your  answer?  Will you
dare to  justify the action of the Czar?  I have
given this example to hundreds of students of
every nationahty and every  form of  religious
belief.  I have not found one who would coun-
tenance the action of sacrificing the three chil-
dren to save the  father.
   Let us go further and seek for the  reason
for our conclusion.  Why was not the Czar
justified in saving his life by deliberately sac-
rificing his sons?  Because he had no right over
their fives, those lives which came from God,
those fives which were inalienable rights. When 
26           Guiding Principles
two innocent persons are in danger, one cannot
be sacrificed to save the other.  This principle
admits of no exception of time, place or cir-
cumstance.   It was true  before the advent of
Christianity, it is confirmed by Christian teach-
ing; it is true in New York, Paris or Pekin;
it holds not only in the profession of medicine
and  nursing, but wherever human life meets
human life.
  Moreover, the conclusions which I have just
pointed  out find their confirmation  in legal
practice.  I have heard it said that England
has the  best  criminal laws in the world; for
that reason she  has not one-sixth of the mur-
ders committed in the  United States.  English
law recognizes that one innocent person cannot
be killed to save another, as will be seen from
the following example :*
  Some years ago an English sailing vessel was
wrecked off the  coast of  Good Hope.  Three
of the crew drifted for many days in an open
life-boat without food or  water.  Certain  star-
vation seemed to await them.  Two of the sail-
ors were married men  and had families in Eng-

 • This incident is taken from Moral Principles and Medical Practice,
by Rev. Charles Coppens, S.J.  If your physician friends ask you for
a book in which the ethics of medical practice is well explained, refer
them to the above volume., 
             Guiding Principles          27

land; the third was a boy of seventeen.   The
two men held a consultation and argued that
it was better for one to die than for all three
to perish; and, furthermore,  that  their lives
were  more valuable  than the  fife of the boy,
since  they had  dependent families.  If they
killed him and lived upon his flesh, they might
possibly be saved.  If they did not do so, all
three  would die.  In either case the boy could
not be saved.  Acting upon this manner of rea-
soning, they killed the lad, ate his flesh, and
after  some days were rescued by a passing ship.
  The two sailors were taken to England and
tried  for murder.  They pleaded that their ac-
tion was necessary to prevent all three from
perishing of starvation,  that their  lives were
more  valuable than that of the boy,  that it was
simply a matter of expediency.   What was the
decision of the court? The two men were con-
victed of murder and sentenced to death. [Lord
Hale, who presided over this court,  denied ab-
solutely that one innocent life  could be sacri-
ficed  to save another innocent life, or that a
married person had a greater right to life than
one who is single.  An inalienable  right does
not change with conditions and circumstances
of age or position.  The child has the same 
28          Guiding Principles

right as the parent, and youth has the same
right as old age.
  I wish to pause here and ask whether we are
agreed on this all-important principle.  If not,
it is useless for us to proceed.  Without guid-
ing principles  we can  reach  no conclusions.
Moreover, when we come to the application of
principles we must not begin to question them.
In algebra, for instance, when  you came to
make use  of the maxim that:  If from equals,
unequals are taken,  unequals  remain, you do
not go back to question the maxim.  You may
recall it or reconsider it, but  it  is one of the
accepted maxims in  algebra and must remain
throughout the treatise.  It would be impos-
sible to complete a course in any subject if one
were required  to prove  everything over  and
over again.  With principles, as  with maxims,
once they  are established and accepted it is un-
necessary  to prove them again.
  I  take it for granted then that you accept
this principle: that one innocent person cannot
be killed to save the life of another innocent
person.  You  are  safe  in  admitting it, for
reason teaches it.  You may meet, and prob-
ably will  meet, physicians who do not accept
these conclusions—physicians who have no re- 
            Guiding Principles           29

gard for the sacredness of human life. Whom
are you to follow?  It is for you to take your
choice.
  Recently I read the address of a famous sur-
geon, given to  his  fellow  physicians.   The
speaker, who was rounding out a long and suc-
cessful scientific  career, claimed that there was
one thing  which, above all else, gave him peace
and consolation  at  the  close of life.  It was
not the fortune that he had accumulated, it was
not the honor bestowed by the public, it was
not his  standing in the  professional world; it
was the fact that he had lived up to the stand-
ards of his profession, that he had never stained
his hands  with the blood of an innocent person.
May you be  ever guided  by the  same high
ideals; may you ever respect the sacred rights
of others; may you say,  at the termination of
your career as a nurse,  that you  have never
knowingly assisted at an operation the object
of which was to  destroy innocent life.
  Permit  me at  the close of this second talk to
give you  a definition of ethics and to  sum-
marize what I have said in regard to the guid-
ing principles  of your profession.
  Ethics is the science of right and wrong of
human  acts.   By human acts we  mean those 
30          Guiding Principles
which one performs of his own free will and
with full knowledge.  Suppose,  for instance,
that you should by a mistake administer the
wrong medicine to a patient.  You have in no
way been careless; but another party, unknown
to you, has changed the bottle containing the
drugs. You are not responsible; you did not
perform a human act.   No court would con-
demn you for  such an act, nor would you be
guilty in the sight of God.
  Let us briefly reconsider the origin of rights
and duties.  In this world there  must be law
and order.  The heavenly planets move by the
laws of attraction and  repulsion,  which the
Maker of the universe ordained  for  them.
Plant and animal life is subject to laws.   Con-
sider the  delicate plumage of the egret  or the
wondrous forms and tints of the orchids. Man,
like every other  creature, is in need of laws;
but as a free being he must have laws suited to
his nature. These laws are  moral and not
physical; that is, man is commanded to do cer-
tain things, but he is left free to do them or not
to do them. These moral laws are summarized
in the ten commandments; and hence it is said
that the commandments are at the bottom of
all moral order. 
            Guiding Principles          31

  From these moral laws arise our essential
rights and duties.  When  God gives to one
man the right to fife, He at the same time lays
upon all other men the duty of respecting that
life. Rights and duties, then, come from the
very nature of things.   They are not the out-
growth of customs; they belonged to man be-
fore any customs arose.  They  do not change
with customs; they are  a part of our nature.
These rights existed  before any treatise on
ethics was written or any medical or nursing
code was  framed; they  will  exist  when the
writers on ethics and framers  of codes have
passed away. 
 
CHAPTER III
                EUTHANASIA
\7ou may have read the poem of William
 ■*■  Cullen Bryant entitled Thanatopsis.  It
is derived from a Greek word meaning a vision
of death; and the poem consists of a series of
reflections on this subject.   Euthanasia is de-
rived  from two Greek words, the first of which
means well, and the latter, death.  You will
admit that it is a harmonious word; it is de-
fined  as  a  good death, a painless death or a
peaceful death. I  regret to say that  its ap-
plication in medicine has a far different mean-
ing.  Sometimes when a person takes a small
amount,  the act is called stealing; but when a
man by unfair methods succeeds in robbing the
public of thousands of dollars, the dishonesty
is referred to as a successful business specula-
tion.  We cover the evil of the deed by the ap-
plication of a rather large word, wrongly used.
The same can be said of this harmonious word,
euthanasia   It is  used  to hide and conceal
acts that are in reality  killing.   Let me say
frankly that euthanasia is only a new word for
murder.
                    33 
34
Euthanasia
  The advocates of euthanasia would apply it
to three classes of persons: (1) The hopelessly
sick, (2) the  hopelessly insane, and (3)  the
hopelessly criminal.
  Let  us begin with the first class: the hope-
lessly  sick.   In  our  country,  and  in  every
country of the world, there are thousands of
sick people who have no possible hope of recov-
ery.  Some are maimed and mutilated, some
suffer from internal complications of the most
severe  nature. Take, for instance, the syphil-
itics.  I know of no sight more disgusting and
revolting than a syphilitic ward, where men
and women are literally rotting away.   Re-
covery is impossible in the advanced  stages of
this terrible affliction.  Many sufferers may be
innocent; they may have caught the disease by
coming into contact with others who were af-
flicted.  I need not explain the many possible
ways by which this scourge can be passed from
the guilty  to  the pure  and chaste.  What a
dreadful outlook these poor victims have!  Not
a day or night can they ever hope to be with-
out suffering.
  There are other forms of sickness, too, that
leave no ray of hope.  There is the tubercular
patient; day after  day he feels  his strength 
Euthanasia
35
slipping.  He can  almost  count the  number
of days he is to live.  As  the  sun rises each
morning he mutters to himself that it will rise
for him only a few times;  when it sets, it re-
minds him of the darkness  of the grave which
will soon embrace him.
  The advocates of euthanasia say that it is
useless for these poor sufferers to live.  They
have no hope of recovery, they are in continual
pain, they are a useless expense and a source
of worry  and suffering to  their relatives and
friends.  Why let them five? Is it not mercy
to close their lives of suffering?  Why not give
them some merciful opiate,  which will not only
end their agony, but which will end life as well?
Is this not kindness?  Is this not mercy?
  How would this  be done?  Committees of
physicians would be appointed to visit hospital
wards and pronounce on the fate of those who
were to die.  Let  us suppose  a ward with
twenty  beds.  The committee begins with bed
number one. The patient  is found in intense
suffering, and there is no possibility of recov-
ery.  The sentence is pronounced; and a drug
is given to number one, who dies in a few hours.
Number two is resting quietly, there is no suf-
fering and at least some faint prospects. Num- 
36
Euthanasia
ber two is given a chance.  Numbers three and
four are  drugged.  Number five's case is re-
ferred to the meeting next week.  Numbers
six, seven,  eight  and nine are condemned to
die by the  visiting physicians.  Some of the
others are spared and some are doomed.  This
is  euthanasia in  its  application to the hope-
lessly sick.   Its  advocates  are men who have
a materialistic view of life.   They do not be-
lieve that rights come from God. You will ob-
serve that  they  are  opposed to the essential
teaching  contained in the preamble of the Con-
stitution  of the United States.  They have set
themselves  up as the  arbiters of life. They are
to decide who are to live and who are to die.
  But you will ask me: Are there any physi-
cians who  teach euthanasia?  Can a doctrine
so revolting be seriously advocated by  men of
reason?  I  regret to say that there are physi-
cians who  have publicly  advocated the uni-
versal application of euthanasia.
  "Euthanasia is just now being made the sub-
ject of nation-wide  discussion among physi-
cians, ministers,  philanthropists and criminol-
ogists. Efforts are being made in New York,
Massachusetts, Ohio and Missouri, to  have  it
legalized by law.  Many  physicians favor it. 
                Euthanasia              37

Many lawyers believe that as a legal issue the
state  possesses the moral  and constitutional
right to practise euthanasia."  (Chicago Inter-
Ocean, March 16, 1913.)   Several well-known
physicians  and writers, among the latter be-
ing John Burroughs and Jack London, are
quoted in the above article as favoring eutha-
nasia.  Dr. Frank Lydston, of Chicago, who
at one  time advocated euthanasia, later de-
nounced it, "on the grounds of religion, the fal-
libility of science, and the possible  erring judg-
ment  of the men who  should determine those
who should die."
  You will find out by experience that physi-
cians frequently err in regard to the possibility
of the recovery of a patient.  Only a few years
ago, prominent physicians of Philadelphia pro-
nounced that a certain woman had no chance
of recovering  from an intestinal  tumor from
which she was suffering.   The fact that the
decision was reached on a Christmas Eve and
that the papers gave notoriety  to  the  case
aroused the pity and interest of many. A noted
surgeon interested himself in the matter and
set  to work.  When the  following Christmas
came the lady was entirely cured.  This woman
tti her despair had asked for some one to end 
38
Euthanasia
her suffering.  Many sick people make like re-
quests ; and if euthanasia were permitted hun-
dreds would  perish who, under ordinary cir-
cumstances, would recover.
  I  could  quote other  physicians and  social
workers who favor euthanasia, but I shall con-
tent myself with the following rather long ex-
tract from a recent book.  (Werner's Ameri-
can Charities, revised edition, p. 26.)
  "As the author has stood by the beds of con-
sumptive  or  syphilitic children, he has  won-
dered if it were kindness to keep fife in the
pain-racked body.  Cure was out of the ques-
tion so far as medical science now knows, and
one wonders why days of pain should be added
to days of pain.   The same questions recur as
one passes through the incurable  wards of an
almshouse, especially as one  studies the  cases
of the cancer patients.  The answer of religion
to such questions is easy.  It seems very sure
that without religious incentive we should not
have entertained our present views  regarding
$xe  sanctity of human fife.
  "But  now  that this  feeling is developed,
even science can  explain in some sort how it is
expedient that it should exist.  We cannot ex-
tinguish or in any way connive at the extinc- 
Euthanasia
39
tion of human life without injury to all the in-
stincts and sensibilities that render it possible
for us to live together with our fellows in civil-
ized society.  . . . Frequently physicians and
matrons and superintendents of institutions be-
come so callous to suffering, and so worn  out
by  overstrain, that they almost connive at  the
extinction of human life.  In one instance, in
the case  of  a child suffering  from hydro-
cephalus and  beyond hope  of cure,  only  the
most  constant attention could keep him alive;
the matron finally somewhat relaxed her vigi-
lance in seeing that he was  cared for, and in-
digestion carried him off.  This failure to do
all that is possible to combat disease is common
in many institutions, usually without any con-
sciousness of a willingness to facilitate death,
but none the less with a latent feeling that pos-
sibly those that die are happier than those that
five.
  "All such neglect of duty is coming short of
the highest ideal  of philanthropy, no less than
that of religion.   While physicians may be jus-
tified  in  chloroforming  a  monstrous birth,
and while far-off philosophers think they  see
the coming  of a day when we  may  have
legal suicide,  and when we can take human 
40
Euthanasia
life because we are pitiful, and not because we
are selfish, yet for the present it is safest not
to judge—the  risks are too  many.   Science
justifies and philanthropy corroborates Chris-
tianity in holding that each spark of human
fife must  be conserved in  all tenderness and
with all care."
  Permit me to make some remarks in regard
to this quotation  from  Mr.  Werner's  book.
Any one who reads the volume  carefully will
be convinced that the writer  was thoroughly
acquainted with the workings of hospitals  in
the United States. Yet, this able authority in-
forms us that euthanasia is common in these
hospitals.   He does not use the word eutha-
nasia and he explains that death is brought on
by  neglect  rather  than by administering a
drug; but in either case the guilt is the same.
While he  dissents from the practice he seems
to think that it is more a matter of religion and
sentimental civilization than of reason.  We
have already pointed out that  in these  matters
reason and revealed religion  reach the same
conclusions.
  But the conclusions in the last  paragraph
are absolutely false.  He claims that it is wiser
not to kill the helplessly sick and  suffering; but 
Euthanasia
41
 he grants that a later and more scientific ethics
 may find a reason for the opposite practice.
 Again I wish to remind you that the principles
 of ethics do not change.  What is essentially
 wrong now was ever wrong and must ever be
 wrong.  No development of science will ever
 make it lawful to kill an innocent person, and
 if laws should be enacted  legalizing such ac-
 tions, the laws would be wrong and should be
 disregarded.    He  is  strangely  inconsistent
 when he advocates  chloroforming  a monster
 birth and would not justify killing the help-
 lessly crippled and  suffering.  The so-called
 monster child  is a real child,  a living being
 with the same rights to life as a grown man.
 It is just as wrong to  kill it as it would be to
 shoot down a pedestrian. Because it is a weak,
 little helpless  creature and its little body can
 be hid away and no one will know of the deed,
 these things in no way justify taking its life.
  You may remember the instance of the Bol-
 linger  baby in Chicago a few years ago.  A
 physician permitted  it to die on the plea that
it would be grown up a deformed monster.  I
listened to three physicians who examined the
body of the infant and heard them  say that  it
would have grown up a normal child. 
42
Euthanasia
  While I  was writing this chapter  1 saw
on the first  page of a Cincinnati paper (The
Commercial Tribune, July 3, 1919) the fol-
lowing  headlines:  Living  infant  cast  into
pit  by physician.  The baby Bollinger case
outdone.  The physician  who  delivered this
child claimed  that  it was a monstrosity
and  at the  request of the mother offered to
dispose of it. Wrapping the little body in an
old newspaper  he threw the package  into a
rubbish dump.  When the package was found
and opened the child was still alive, although it
had rolled some fifty feet to the bottom of the
dump.  The physician, who was guilty  of this
act of cruelty or attempted murder, showed no
remorse when  interviewed.   He simply  re-
marked :
  "It is a very deplorable case, but one that I
have come in contact with several times, and
during my term as County  Health Officer I
often advised other physicians  to  dispose of
these monstrosities in a similar manner."
  You may meet men  of this type, men who
have no regard  for weak human life.   Will
you be a party to their crimes ? About the only
thing the physician regretted in the above case
was that he  had been caught in the act.  He 
Euthanasia
43
had  done away with  other  helpless infants.
Unfortunately for him, but  fortunately for
the public, he was at last brought before the
civil court.
  Have I convinced you that you  can take no
part in kilhng the helplessly sick  and suffer-
ing?  Let me point out where this revolting
doctrine would lead.  There are tens of thou-
sands of soldiers in  the world today who are
so horribly maimed  that they are objects of
pity to the members  of their own families.
Many of  these soldiers will remain a useless
expense to the country.  Many of them will
be subject to pains of a lifetime.  Now, apply
to them the teaching of the materialistic philan-
thropists.   According  to such men these sol-
diers should be killed.  Yes, they fought for
you  and me,  for their country, and is this the
price physicians would pay them?   Is this the
gratitude  they would show?  No  doubt  these
physicians would cry out at once and disclaim
any  intention of applying this teaching to the
maimed and suffering soldiers.  Then why ap-
ply it to the little innocent child,  to the  aged
parent?  Do you not see how revolting this
euthanasia is when put to the test?
  Finally, you may ask whether  in practice 
44
Euthanasia
you will meet this question.  I reply that you
will  probably  be confronted with  it  many
times.   Even when  physicians wish to make
use of euthanasia they shirk the responsibility
which may follow.  They leave it to the nurse
to minister the  fatal  drug.  They explain that
it is to quiet the  patient: and yet, from their
words and actions, it may be evident to the
nurse that the dose is intended to hasten death.
In this  case  the  nurse  cannot follow  the di-
rections of the physician.
  I  hear  you  object  at once  that  you are
always  to  follow directions,  and that  there
is a special emphasis on the word always.  But
if the doctor told you to cut the throat of a
patient  would  you  do it?   You  would not.
To cut a child's throat with a knife or to give
it  a drug to kill it  is  murder.  The  crime is
the same, only  the methods differ.  In neither
case can you obey the physician.  You will
notice that the nurse  cannot administer the
drug when it is evidently intended to  shorten
life. In extreme cases, if the  medicine is given
to relieve the sufferings of  the patient, even if
there is  danger of death coming sooner, it may
be administered.
  I said that the advocates of  euthanasia would 
Euthanasia
45
apply it to the hopelessly sick, insane and crim-
inal.  I have treated it in reference to the for-
mer, and  must now examine this teaching in
the latter  cases.
  However,  since the same principles apply
to the insane and  criminal as apply to  the
sick, I need  not make this explanation long.
Moreover, as nurses you will meet with fewer
cases of the insane and criminal.
  There is something pathetic indeed in re-
gard to the insane.  In past ages, when most
charitable work was under the direction  of
the Church,  the insane were objects of spe-
cial care.  Dr. James Walsh has pointed  out
that the .very best  methods of modern times
in the treatment of the insane were anticipated
by more than six hundred years.  (Popes and
Science, p. 363.)   The great English institu-
tion for the insane at Bethlehem, later called
Bedlam, in England, was in many respects a
model of its kind; although there was an abuse
of allowing visitors to amuse themselves at the
expense of the inmates. When, under Henry
VIII, it was turned over to the secular authori-
ties, official investigations proved that it soon
became a neglected and filthy place.   For the 
46
Euthanasia
next two hundred years the treatment of the
insane was most pitiable.   The poor inmates
of asylums were kept in dungeons and were
loaded with chains. C. W. Page, in his book,
"Care of the Insane," writes:   "It  is  not
more than a  century since  satisfactory  re-
sults  were  obtained by  managing the insane
without restraining their actions  through the
use of mechanical apparatus."   The  author
evidently knew little of the treatment of the
insane during the Middle Ages, and concluded
that the terrible suffering  inflicted  on them
during the seventeenth and eighteenth cen-
turies had ever been their lot.
  Advocates  of  euthanasia in applying it to
the insane  seem to regard these  unfortunate
persons as  without any rights.  They would
appoint a commission to examine all the in-
mates of the various institutions and kill those
who have no hope of recovery. I  know an in-
stance of a mother of a large family who, from
overwork and anxiety, lost her mind. She was
a victim  of devotion and sacrifice; and these
advocates of euthanasia would kill her.  What
a terrible doctrine! And there are thousands
of soldiers who lost their minds under the strain
of the trench work.  As a reward of their hero- 
Euthanasia
47
ism they, too, would be killed!  What has be-
come of the hearts and  consciences of men
when they advocate such  a practice?
  They claim that it is mercy to kill these poor
sufferers.   It is well  known that the insane
have lost their reasoning powers only in regard
to one or more subjects.   Very few of them
are totally bereft of reason.  It would be im-
possible to keep it secret if this brutal practice
were  once  accepted and adopted.   What an-
guish it would bring to the mentally afflicted!
The thought of  being killed would ever  be
before them.  They would  suspect every vis-
itor to the  asylum.  Day and night the dread
of death would be  before them.  This practice,
then,  instead of being a means of relieving the
sufferers would only add anguish and fear to
their  already pitiful lot.
  But the principal reason for not killing them
is that they are innocent persons.  They have
done no harm; they are simply afflicted.  They
have not lost their rights to fife and no one has
the  right to deprive them of life.  To do so is
murder.
  Finally, there are some who would apply the
principles of euthanasia to confirmed criminals.
I shall quote but one authority.  George Ives, 
48
Euthanasia
in his "History of Penal Methods," concludes
that: "All (criminals) who cannot ultimately
lead useful,human, tolerably happy lives should
be  destroyed  as  soon as their  condition has
been determined."   What a terrible and  re-
volting doctrine this is.  Remember that these
inmates of prisons are not to be killed on  ac-
count of their crimes, for the state has a right
to execute those  who are guilty  of  murder.
They are to die  because they cannot become
useful members of society or because  they are
unhappy; and, in the mind of certain self-
styled experts, have no  chance of becoming
either  useful or happy.   How  these tests of
utility and happiness are to be made is not
explained; but this  much is evident, that a
certain number of men appointed by the state
will have the right to enter prisons and con-
demn to death inmates of the institution. With
such a practice prisons would  become places
of unceasing mental  anguish, for no one would
know when his time  would come. Doubt, dis-
trust and uncertainty would make the lives of
these poor wretches one long agony.
  While speaking here of the  application of
euthanasia to criminals, we wish to add a few
words  in regard to sterilization of the  criminal 
Euthanasia
49
class  through  vasectomy  and  fallosectomy.
Several states  have passed laws authorizing
these operations on confirmed criminals, idiots,
and weak-minded.
  While the state has the right to punish crim-
inals,  it has no authority to mutilate them by
means of  vasectomy.  "The operation is not
a punishment to the men upon whom it is done,
but it is an unnecessary deprivation of an es-
sential right  of these  men, an  excessive, ill-
ordered attack on a primary right of man, and
an act of violence against human nature and its
Author without adequate reason. .  . . Vasec-
tomy  does not remove venereal desires, but
gives opportunity to lust; it turns the conjugal
relation into mere onanism and degrades mar-
riage  into a crime."   (The Ethics of Medical
Homicide  and  Mutilation,  by  Dr.  Austin
O'Malley,  p. 265.)
  Physicians may not sterilize women who ask
for the operation  simply  because these latter
may not wish to bear children.  If any parts of
the human system become diseased, such parts
may be removed by surgical operations, even
if sterilization follows.  "The removal of the
uterus or ovaries  for sterilization is not only 
50
Euthanasia
immoral, but altogether unjustifiable scientific-
ally."  (Op. cit.,p. 252.)
  Nurses should refuse to take part in these
operations.  It is sufficient for them to know
that the operations are immoral. 
CHAPTER IV
        RIGHTS OF THE UNBORN CHILD
Qome day one of you may receive an urgent
^  call from a physician, who asks for a nurse.
You go to a  home or hospital,  not knowing
the nature of the work awaiting you; but on
arriving at the  place you  are told that an
operation  in  craniotomy is  to be performed.
Either the head  of the child is abnormally
large or the pelvis of the mother is too small,
or for some other reason the child  cannot be
delivered in the natural way.  You are given
directions  to assist at the  operation and to
take care  of  the case.  What  are you to do?
You are to tell the physician, or the members
of the family, or the hospital staff that you
did not become a  nurse to assist in murdering
innocent and helpless babies.  The physician
may urge  that if you  do  not take the  case
some one else will; that he will report you to
the nurses' association; and that he  will see to
it that your name is dropped from the list; he
may explain, too, that this is the only method
of saving  the life  of  the expectant mother.
You  have  but one answer—you will not be
                     51 
52      Rights of the Unborn Child
a party to an act which is murder.  That child
is a human being, with a fife given it by the
Creator.  It has just as much right to five be-
fore birth as it has after birth.  Even human
laws recognize this,  for the unborn  child can
inherit property.  It is through no fault of the
child that its head is too large or the pelvis of
the mother  too small; nor can it  be held re-
sponsible for any  other defect of  itself or its
mother.  It  has  just as much right to life
as has any man or woman.
  The physician may turn  to  you and ask
you what you would do.  But you are not a
physician.  Neither can he require you to give
an answer  to some complicated physiological
case.   It is his duty and not yours to know
what operation or process to follow which will
have for its object the saving of both child and
mother.  All that you have to know is that it
is morally wrong to kill this unborn child. Tell
the physician this plainly and leave the house.
If the  physician carries  out his threat and re-
ports  you to the nurses' association, and you
lose your standing in the association, you have
suffered for a good cause. But the probability
is that the physician will think all  the  more
of you for  the stand that you have taken and 
        Rights of the Unborn Child       53

for your courage in living up  to what  you
know is right.   Once  the mother has under-
stood that the operation is illicit, she may side
with you, and in that case you have gained a
great moral victory.
  The Catholic Church has stood out as the
one great  champion of  the  right  of life of
the unborn child, and the unceasing denouncer
of those who  teach or  practise craniotomy.
This criminal operation was much more  com-
mon twenty  years ago than it is at  present;
for not only  has medical science and surgery
found other  means  of saving the  child, but
there has been  a revulsion of feeling against
this terrible killing of helpless, innocent chil-
dren.  Many physicians say that it is no longer
permissible, since the child can be delivered by
the Csesarian or some other operation. I wish
to call your  attention, however,  to this  fact,
that  the principal reason for  not performing
craniotomy is  that  it is an act  essentially
wrong.  It is murder.
  Your duty in regard to this  operation  is
evident.  There  may  be many different cir-
cumstances in  which you are called to  take
part  in the  operation; but  your answer to
any  such  request or  demand is  always the 
54      Rights of the Unborn Child

same:  Craniotomy is murder and I can have
no connection whatever with it.  I  have al-
ready given the reasons against this operation
in one of the previous chapters, wherein it was
explained that one innocent person cannot be
killed to save another innocent person.  I wish
to suggest that you read this chapter again.
  In the work of your profession you will have
more difficulties in regard  to abortion than
craniotomy. You will probably never be asked
to perform craniotomy,  as it  is  a surgical
operation; but you will no doubt be requested
many times to administer drugs which  will
cause abortion.  The inexperienced physician
and the nurse are frequently approached in
this regard.
  Here, too, you  will meet with many sad
cases which appeal to your sympathy.  It may
be the  case of a young girl who has been se-
duced.   In  her innocence she may not have
known of the results of her fall.  She  pleads
that her  family will be  disgraced;  that her
parents will cast  her from the home; she
threatens to commit suicide; every appeal is
made to your feehngs.  She is fully convinced
that a trained nurse knows the drugs that will
bring about abortion. Although the case is sad 
Rights of the Unborn Child      55
indeed, there is but one answer:  To administer
a drug or perform such an operation is mur-
der, it is the kilhng of an innocent being.
  However, you are not to turn the suffering
creature  away in a heartless manner.  Many
a girl is helpless on such occasions.  You must
be able to direct her to some home where she
can remain until the child is born.  Keep in
touch with this suffering sister.  Take an inter-
est  in her case.  Visit her and  show that you
are interested in her and that you do not de-
spise  her for her  fall.  This  is the nurse's
chance to do good to others. Do not let  such
an opportunity go by.
  Some day you may be visited by a married
woman.  She may say that she has several
children  and cannot  afford to have  another
baby in the house.  She is  in the family way,
and wishes to know how she may be rid of this
unwelcome burden.  Do not show her the door,
but sit down and explain her duties to this un-
born child.  Tell her that it is  a real human
being, that it has a right to five and be born,
that it is just as  great a crime to kill it now as
it would be to murder it after its birth.  It is
altogether probable that you can dissuade her
from  carrying out  her resolve.   Later when 
56      Rights of the Unborn Child
this child is born the grateful mother will come
to you and with tears in her eyes thank you
for preventing her from  committing such a
crime.  But she may be obstinate and may in-
sist that, if you do not help her, others will.
Then tell her that you, too, have heard of mur-
derers, but that you  do not  wish to be clas-
sified with them; that you are not a criminal,
that because  others  do wrong  is no reason
why you should imitate them.
  It is well for you  to know when the soul
enters the body and  when therefore the fetus
is a real, living, human being with all the rights
of other human beings.  In  the old English
law it was considered murder to kill the child
after quickening, that is after the mother could
feel  the living child within her womb.   But
biology has been able to assign an earlier date
to the living child.  I wish here to quote the
words of an eminent physician on this subject.
"When  we  began to vegetate," writes Dr.
Austin O'Malley,  "our life  began;  we were
human beings; we had a soul; and this as soon
as the pronucleus  of  the spermatozoon  fused
with the pronucleus of the ovum, and made the
first segmentation-nucleus.   Before  the first
fission of that segmentation-nucleus was com- 
Rights of the Unborn Child      57
pleted into two distinct cells  the  soul  was
present,  for that fission was independent life;
and any life is  impossible without a soul, or
what is the same thing, a vital principle. Since,
moreover, the soul with  the body is the man,
and the process in our present state is identical
with the first  cell-fission, this  splitting  pri-
mordial cell is a human being. . . . This split-
ting cell  has an  absolutely independent life; it
is feeding itself  from the ovum, as later it will
feed itself from placental blood, and later still
from the parental milk,  and yet later with a
knife and a fork.
  "We are to  bear in mind that the  human
embryo in the womb, no matter how young it
may be,  is as much a  child as  the  week-old
babe; and because it is a human being it has
all the rights of a human  being to its fife."
  Often  when women and girls  approach you
for help  in procuring abortion they are doubt-
ing in their own minds  about the nature of
the crime which they contemplate. A word of
advice will in most cases  be followed.  I recall
an instance where a young physician was sent
for and  on his arrival  the husband,  a very
prominent  member of society, explained that
he and his wife had arranged for a long sum- 
58      Rights of the Unborn Child

mer trip and that quite unexpectedly she had
become pregnant.  The physician was asked to
relieve her so that  she  could accompany  the
husband on the tour.  The young doctor  not
only refused to perform the operation, but ex-
plained the guilt of the action which the two
contemplated, and pleaded with them so ear-
nestly that they abandoned their sinful design.
Later the wife gave birth to a fine boy who
proved  to  be the  joy  of the  parents.  The
physician was ever afterward held in high es-
teem by those who  had solicited his co-opera-
tion in murdering their own child.  Often with
tears of gratitude they have thanked him for
having the courage of his conviction and for
saving them from such a disgraceful act.
  But you may ask: Will these parties come
to a nurse?  Will they not rather go to a phy-
sician or druggist?  Rightly or wrongly, most
people think that a trained nurse is  famihar
with the methods  of procuring an  abortion,
and that she will be able and willing to look
after the patient and safeguard her from the
evil consequences which may follow.  Be as-
sured that you will  be approached often, very
often, about this delicate and important mat-
ter.  Talk to the unfortunate people, be kind 
Rights of the Unborn Child      59
to  them, advise  them;  if  necessary, even
threaten to report them to the civil authorities,
if they  dare  become murderers of their own
offspring.
  Thus far we have referred to abortion when
the operation is in no way connected with the
health of the pregnant woman.  We shall now
consider the question  in relation to the health
or life of the prospective mother.  Pregnant
women  at times suffer from pernicious vomit-
ing or eclampsia.   In many of these cases phy-
sicians  hold  that  the  only  way to save  the
mother's life is  to empty the  womb.   They
argue that if  the fetus is not expelled both the
mother  and child will die, and that it is better
to save one  fife.  We have already pointed
out that you cannot kill one innocent  person
to save  another.  This living fetus is a  human
being; it has as much right to life in its present
condition as it would have after birth or ma-
turity.  No one is justified in  administering
a drug or performing an operation the object
of which is to kill the living fetus or eject it
from the womb.  In cases of this nature if a
very strong  and  dangerous  drug  is needed
to counteract the poison which is proving fatal
to the mother, such a drug may be given, even 
60      Rights of the Unborn Child

if there is danger of killing or  expelling the
fetus.  You  will readily see the distinction
here.   To administer a  drug, the object of
which is to kill the fetus, is wrong; to admin-
ister a drug, the object of which is to save the
mother, although there is danger to the fetus,
is allowable.  If death came to the fetus in this
last case it is indirect killing; that is, the kill-
ing follows as an accident or circumstance, but
was not intended or sought for in itself.
  I wish to point out to you that physicians are
often too hasty in emptying the  womb where
there is pernicious vomiting.  The writer had
an experience in this matter which he will never
forget.   He  was  called to  a sick-room  one
day and found a young married woman in a
state of complete exhaustion. The mother of
the sufferer explained that the family physi-
cian had decided that an operation was neces-
sary to save the daughter's life.  The latter
had not  been able to retain  any food for a
week and was suffering from violent vomiting
attacks.  She was in the early stages of preg-
nancy.  The  only way to save her life, in the
opinion of the  doctor, was to expel the fetus.
I explained to the mother and daughter that 
Rights of the Unborn Child      61
the operation was sinful, in fact, that it was
murder.
  "What am I  to  do," asked the  mother;
"must I  let my daughter die?"
  While we  were discussing  the matter  the
physician with a companion entered the room
and began  to unpack his grip in preparation
for the operation.  I went up to him and re-
peated what  I had  already explained to  the
mother.  He wanted to know whether I was a
physician and what I knew about these matters.
I replied that I knew  that the operation was
taking the life of an innocent being, that it was
murder.
  Leaving me he went  over to the mother
and asked her whose advice she was to follow—
the physician's,  who had a scientific  knowl-
edge,  or the priest's, who knew nothing of these
things.   The  mother replied  that she would
not permit  anything  to be done against the ad-
vice of the  priest.  The physician was furious.
He predicted that the  patient would  be dead
before morning and  that I would be respon-
sible.  I can see him now  as he paced the room
nervously rubbing his  hands.  I can  see him
as he  tossed his instruments into his case.   I
can see the  look of contempt as he took his hat 
62      Rights of the Unborn Child
and left the room. When he was gone I turned
to the sick daughter and exhorted her to have
confidence in God, who was the author of fife
and who would not forsake those who trusted
in Him.  That  night the patient called for
some chicken broth.  The following day she
was decidedly improved and in a few days she
was out of all danger.  Later she gave birth to
a fine boy, and has since become the mother of
a large family.
  I am well aware of the fact that some die
of the effect of the toxic poisoning when preg-
nant; but it is better to die and be a martyr
of duty than to live with the guilt of murder
on one's soul.  The soldier on  the battle-field
dies for a principle; and the mother who re-
fuses to allow a sinful operation and gives up
her life rather than be a party to a crime, also
dies for a principle. She is a real heroine.
  If you should meet with any of these  cases
your duty is plain.  You can have no part in
them.  You can in no way encourage them.
"Thou shalt not kill" is true not only for the
human being who has been born into this world,
but also for the human being yet unborn.
  I wish to  add  a  few words about a medical
practice which was highly lauded some years 
         Rights of the Unborn Child      63

ago.  I mean childbirth in twilight sleep, in-
duced by means of morphine and other drugs.
It was heralded in popular magazines as a new
and wonderful discovery; it was to contradict
the words of Scripture: "I will multiply thy
sorrows, and thy conceptions: in sorrow shalt
thou bring forth children."   Many professors
advocated it,  among  them  Dr.  Charles  M.
Green, of Harvard; but the  latter  soon with-
drew his approbation,  as did many other men
of undoubted ability.  While there are physi-
cians who still favor this practice, it has been
largely abandoned by men of any standing in
the medical profession.  It is absolutely wrong,
since it risks the life of the mother to avoid the
pains of childbirth.  It also jeopardizes the life
of the child.   (The Ethics of Medical Homi-
cide and Mutilation, by Dr. Austin O'Malley,
c. 22.) 
 
CHAPTER V
               BIRTH CONTROL
"VTou may have heard of the  English socio-
 ■■■   logical writer Malthus (born 1766), who
advocated birth limitation on the plea that if
the human race continued to develop in the
same proportion as it was then developing, the
earth would not be able to support the teem-
ing millions who would soon swarm upon its
surface.  He was ignorant both of human in-
genuity and of the earth's productivity. Look-
ing back  at the question calmly and scientifi-
cally, it is strange indeed to see how his false
teachings were  snatched up and  propagated
by  the leading social and  economic  writers
of the day.  Men were frightened  into the be-
lief that the gaunt  specter of hunger was al-
ready at the door.  Catholic social thought was
never drawn into the vortex of Malthus' teach-
ings.   It  has long  since lived to  see its  own
vindication.
  But the teaching of Malthus has again ap-
peared—neo-Malthusianism.  Again it advo-
 Note—A part of this  chapter appeared in The American Journal of
Sociology, Vol. xxii, No. 5, March, 1917, under the title of:  Ethics and
Neo-Malthusianism.
                     65 
66
Birth Control
cates the limitation of the birth-rate, not be-
cause the earth cannot support a more numer-
ous human  race, but because it seeks  for a
healthier race, a more  perfect  race, a more
fit race.  When families  reproduce many of
their kind, the children do not reach full physi-
cal development.  Fewer children and stronger
children is its claim.  Reduce the family to
three or four and let these three or four be
better cared for, better educated.  This is neo-
Malthusianism.  It agrees with the old Mal-
thusianism in the restrictions of the family, but
it holds out different motives.
  We might approach this question from many
viewpoints.  What are the obligations of men
and women to assume the duties of married
life?  Once married, is there any obligation
to raise a family?  Do economic conditions or
ill-health excuse them from these obligations?
However, we shall  here  consider  one  phase
of the subject: When husband and wife make
use of their marital rights, is it morally wrong
by any means whatever to prevent  conception
or the birth of children?
  The  Creator has  put within human beings
certain tendencies  and  appetities for their
good and  preservation.   The  cravings of the 
Birth Control
67
appetite for food have their normal place.  If
properly  satisfied,  they  give  strength and
health to the body; if abused, they injure the
body.  Will anyone hold that  gluttony is in
no way a moral question, or,  being a  moral
question, that it is right?  Will anyone  assert
that the old Romans were right when, at their
oigies, they went from the banquet and vom-
ited what they had eaten and returned to gorge
themselves with peacock flesh and other dain-
ties?  Such a practice had become a custom
with the wealthy patrician families.  Its very
recital is disgusting.  Was it simply a matter
of health or a revolting practice ?  No, it went
deeper.  It was wrong because it was an abuse
of nature.   Nature intends hunger and appe-
tite to rebuild the ever-weakening system; the
glutton makes use  of the satisfaction of the
appetite for mere sensual enjoyment.   Glut-
tony may be wrong for secondary reasons.  It
destroys health and brings on bodily pains and
hastens death. All these things it does;  but it
is wrong and morally wrong because it is a
misuse of nature. It takes the  appetite  which
nature has put there for a wholesome purpose
and abuses the appetite for sensual enjoyment.
  Nature,  too, has implanted  the  feeling of 
68
Birth Control
thirst.  Like that of hunger, it is intended for
the rebuilding of the body. Is it wrong to make
it a means of sensual pleasure?  Will anyone
say that drunkenness is not an evil?  Will any-
one say  that it is perfectly licit  for a  man
to shut himself up within his own home and get
beastly drunk, and remain so for days, provided
that he  does not come forth and  interfere
with others?  Will anyone say that he  has a
right over his own body and may  abuse  it as
he wishes, and that it is no one's business? Does
not the drunken man do something that is in-
trinsically wrong—wrong whether  he is alone
or with others, wrong whether he is seen by
others or not, wrong in itself? He is acting
against  nature, abusing  nature,  taking the
thing which nature intended for one purpose
and using it for another.
  Why is self-abuse wrong?  Why is prostitu-
tion wrong?  Is it simply a custom to call them
wrong?   Can they ever be right?  We dissent
entirely from those pragmatists who hold that
there  is  no intrinsic  evil, that morality and
goodness are matters of custom, that what is
wrong today may be right fifty years from
now.  Self-abuse and prostitution have always
been wrong,  are wrong, and  always will  be 
Birth Control
69
wrong.   They are wrong from their very na-
ture.  Why?  For the same reason that glut-
tony and drunkenness are wrong.  They are
against nature.  They take those feehngs or
passions which nature has implanted in the
human species for a good and holy purpose,
namely, the procreation of the race, and they
debase these passions to mere sensual pleasure.
Herein lies the  fundamental  wrong in these
two curses of humanity—self-abuse and pros-
titution.  It is true that they bring on sickness,
insanity, and mental sufferings,  they  propa-
gate the most horrible and loathsome diseases;
but these are  secondary consequences of the
evils.   Primarily and fundamentally they are
wrong because they are a misuse of nature.
  Why is  an  artificial restriction of birth a
moral wrong? For the same reason that drunk-
enness is wrong, and gluttony is wrong, and
self-abuse and prostitution are wrong.   It is
the same kind of evil, but it is a  greater evil,
for its relationship is more sacred.  It is  an
abuse of nature, it is taking  an action which
nature meant for the propagation of the hu-
man  race and degrading it to  an action below
the brute;  for the brute never makes use of
such an action except for producing its kind. 
70
Birth Control
This  artificial restriction happens between
those who should have only the holiest respect
for each other's person.  Dire indeed are the
consequences which nature demands of those
who thus abuse her gifts and blessings.  These
consequences  are  moral  and physical.  The
moral outcome is the loss of conjugal love,
the breaking of family  ties,  want of respect
for each other in the consciousness that they
are the willing participants in a heinous crime.
The physical  consequences fall hardest upon
the female sex, leading gradually to a com-
plication of evils and ending in sterility.
  Advocates of neo-Malthusianism cannot es-
cape these arguments.  In fact, they do not
attempt  to meet them.   The reasons which
they bring forward are based upon selfishness;
and their assertions are untried and unproved.
We hear of mothers  of fourteen or more mis-
erable children of whom only one or two sur-
vive.  There are no doubt such instances, and
there  are just  as many instances of weaklings
in famihes of  the rich.  Reference  is often
made to the foreign-born. But let me ask:
Who  are doing the manual labor in our coun-
try?  Are there any signs of degeneration
among these foreigners?  Their ways may not 
Birth Control
71
be our ways—many of them are aliens among
us—but they are strong of  limb and muscle.
Hughes, in his "Tom Brown at Rugby," turns
aside from his interesting story to tell the Eng-
lish people that they need the Browns.  So do
we need the Italians, the Poles, the Russian
Jews—we need all those who have come from
large  families.   Why  is the old  Puritan no
longer with us?  Because he practised birth
restriction  and  disappeared from the land
which should have been his. In that thoughtful
book,  "Two and Two Make Four," Bird Coler
writes:  "A century and a  half  of  eugenics
would leave the Catholic Church alone in the
field." (Preface, p. 12.) He might have added
that a century  and a half of birth restriction
has left the Cathohcs in possession of the larger
part of the New England colonies.
   In referring to the Catholic Church in con-
nection with birth control, I  wish to point out
again that  I have not made use'of any dog-
matic teachings, although they are convincing
and in  harmony with sound  deductions of
reason.   Others have given  the  Catholic
Church the credit for being the chief opponent
of this social movement. Writing in the "Sur-
vey"  (November  18,  1916, p.   165),  Dr. 
72
Birth Control
Adolphus Knopf says: "I must not fail to say
a word about our Catholic friends and those of
other faiths who are so  strongly  opposed to
any teaching or making  public the means of
contraception and  limiting  family  increase.
Let us have no word of reproach because mil-
lions of Catholics hold these views."
  We accept the compliment from Dr. Knopf;
and  it is  a real  compliment.   We Cathohcs
are opposed  to this social movement  of birth
restriction.  We  believe that it is against the
natural law, and, being so, has no further claim.
Not only will it not give us a healthier, a bet-
ter generation, but it will be a slow suicide for
the generation that advocates it.   What would
you think of the  man who sought to build up
the name  of  his family and its  position in so-
ciety by stealing an immense  fortune.   He
succeeds; he is honored; his family is honored!
Would you praise his success?  And  will  you
praise those  who seek to elevate the human
race by doing violence to the sacred  instincts
of nature?  Woe to the  nation that attempts
it; for strangers will come in and fill the empty
houses.
   Australia and New Zealand are pointed out
as countries where the experiment of  birth re- 
Birth Control
73
striction is successful.  But the practice there
is far from being universal; moreover, they are
comparatively new countries, and the warm
blood of other lands is flowing into them.  It
is too soon to pronounce upon the experiment
there, and the same must be  said of Holland.
Better  examples are France and Germany.
Fifty years ago the two countries had about
the same  population.   Birth restriction  has
been practised in France, but not, at least to
the same   extent,  in Germany.   The latter
country has about  twenty-five million  more
people than France.  Have the Germans de-
teriorated  in physical strength?  Are  there
any marked changes for the better in the moral
or physical status of the French?  Had other
nations not rushed to the aid of France, the
Germans  would long ago have  been  masters
of Paris.  No one can deny that if birth restric-
tion  is practised in France  for  another half-
century, the nation will take its  place  as  a
second-class power.  Has it  a single definite
gain?  Are not its losses such as  to  bring a
curse upon it?
  In an article in the "North American Re-
view" (March, 1918, p. 392), Emile Boutroux,
of the French Academy, made the following 
74
Birth Control
specific statement:  "A decreasing birth-rate,
the stagnation of the French population, is ex-
tremely serious.  'How can France,' wrote a
German, 'continue to play a part in the world?
She is committing suicide; within  a measur-
able time she will be non-existent.  Nature
abhors a vacuum.  It is but natural and right
that the four sons of Germany  should  seize
upon the place usurped by the one son of a
Frenchman.'
  "The problem is as difficult to solve as it is
important.   The evil is profound; a low birth-
rate springs from that egotism  and love  of
pleasure which causes children to be regarded
as an encumbrance.   A child,  it is urged,  is
desirable as  an heir, but one only that the for-
tune may not be split up; so that the future is
gaily sacrificed to the present, the race to the
individual, the country to money."
  Such terrible havoc has birth control wrought
in France that Dr. Edward Toulouse has pro-
posed to make all childless women work two
years for the state, those with one child to work
a year, those  with two children  to work six
months, and those with three children to  be
excused. The object of this legislation would
be to drive  women to maternity; a sad com- 
Birth Control
75
ment, indeed, upon the effects of race suicide.
(Journal of Heredity, Oct., 1919.)
  England, too, is facing the danger of a low
birth-rate.   Father Bernard Vaughan,  the
great English preacher, put this matter vividly
before his  people in an article  (Nineteenth
Century Magazine, Oct., 1916) entitled "The
Menace of the Empty Cradle."  "Unless the
English  nation,"   writes  Father  Vaughan,
"wakes up  to the menace of the empty cradle
and  resolves to do its duty, there awaits in
the near future a  calamity irreparably worse
than utter defeat by land and sea—the calam-
ity of self-extinction through race suicide."
  But not only does race suicide bring a curse
to a nation; it also brings untold suffering and
anguish to  the individual who practises it.  "I
have no doubt that the prevention of maternity
by artificial methods invariably produces physi-
cal, mental and, I think, moral harm  to those
who resort to it . .  . the nervous system suffers
enormously from  it if the habit is continued
long."   (Dr. Routh in the article by Father
Vaughan.)
  I could give  you many more opinions from
physicians  to  show the  effects  of  the  crime
against  nature.  When women  come to you 
76
Birth Control
for advice on this matter you should be able to
point out to them that it is morally wrong and
to show them that the practice will bring end-
less suffering and sickness.
  After giving authorities who favor birth con-
trol, Dr. Knopf concludes his article  as fol-
lows: "If  we but use our God-given sense to
regulate the affairs  of the  government  and
family  wisely  and  economically,  this great
world of ours will be one of plenty and beauty,
where the  good will predominate over the evil
and women only a little lower than the angels
—i images of their creator."
  Let us not confuse the issue.  This neo-Mal-
thusianism advocates  artificial prevention of
and the children born  of  it will become men
conception while man and wife are making use
of marital rights.  Married people can  refrain
from the use of these rights, and in that sense
there is no ethical objection to family regula-
tion; in that sense they may decide when to
have a child.  They should restrain themselves
in conjugal relations.1 This is in keeping with
 1 Thomas J. Gerrard, Marriage and Parenthood—the Catholic Ideal.
Chapter vii, on  "Conjugal Restraint," deserves careful reading.  Also:
Marriage and the Sex Problem, by Dr. F. W. Foester, of the University
of Vienna.  Although not a Catholic, he holds the Catholic view on
matters of sex.  I  consider this one of the very best books  on the sex
problem. 
Birth Control
77
the mandates of nature and the Creator.   In
this  way children  born to them will be little
less  than angels.  But if these  same parents
make use of their marital rights, and, at the
same time, by contraception prevent conception
or bring about an abortion, they are sinning
against nature.  The husband is no better than
the man who frequents the brothel to satisfy
his lower appetite, and the wife is no better
than the prostitute who sells her body for im-
moral purposes.  Man and wife are here imi-
tating the most  degraded actions of depraved
society.  Wedlock in no way gives them the
privilege of abusing nature and frustrating the
essential end of matrimony.
  In his paper Dr. Knopf refers to the infant
mortality among children of the poor at Johns-
town, Pennsylvania.  To the  disgrace of  our
civilization be it said that the toiling classes
of Johnstown and elsewhere in the United
States have been  overworked and underfed.
And they  have  been underfed  because they
have been underpaid.  We  do need a propa-
ganda for the poor man, but it is not a propa-
ganda to restrict his  offspring, but a propa-
ganda to give him a decent wage—a wage that
will enable him to  have a home, to clothe and 
78
Birth Control
feed his family; we need  social insurance  in
its best forms; we need co-operation and profit-
sharing—all these things we need to give the
toiler the just reward of his labor.  Then will
infant mortality, tuberculosis, and poor hous-
ing  disappear.   Neo-Malthusianism  has no
solution  for  the complex  social evils of the
poor man.  It is a  doctrine that is  ethically
wrong and will  come as a  curse to the nation
that adopts its false and misleading principles.
  Birth  restriction will never meet  the ap-
proval of the Catholic Church.   Individuals
in that  Church  may be misled by those  who
advocate it, but it can  never become general
within the Church.   If then those  who are
without the Church  should adopt this ethical
code,  and if it  should  become general with
them, they will be the losers.  Their  progeny
will gradually disappear from the face of the
earth, while other and  more fruitful nations
will possess the  land.
  I wish to add a few words about the statis-
tics quoted in Dr. Knopf's article.  He refers
to a study, made by Dr. Alice Hamilton, of
the child mortality among the  families in the
neighborhood  of the Hull House,   Chicago.
In fact, these statistics  of Dr. Hamilton have 
               Birth Control             79

been published all over the country as an evi-
dent plea for birth control.   They are as fol-
lows:
  Deaths per thousand births in:
  Famihes of four children and less.. 118
  Famihes of six children........... 267
  Famihes of seven children......... 280
  Families of eight children......... 291
  Famihes of nine children and more.. 303
  For the last two years the Guardian Angel
Settlement, which is quite close to the Hull
House, has been making a survey, and has col-
lected data that absolutely contradict the fig-
ures given by Dr. Hamilton.
  The Guardian Angel Survey is as follows:
  Deaths per thousand births in:
  Famihes of two children........... 250
  Families of three children.........  28
  Families of four children..........  49
  Famihes of five children...........  43
  Famihes of six children...........  125
  Families of seven children......... 137
  Families of eight children......... 120
  Families of nine children..........  238
  Families of ten children...........  134
It will be noticed here that the highest death- 
80
Birth Control
rate occurs in families of two children, and
that families of ten children have a lower death-
rate than those of seven children.  No doubt
if another  survey were  made these figures
would change  considerably.   While  they  are
not  conclusive, they  absolutely destroy  the
claims of Dr. Hamilton that the death-rate is
in proportion to the size of the family.
  But I am not the first to call in question the
conclusions  of Dr.  Hamilton.  Writing in
the "Journal  of  Heredity"  (July,  1917, p.
391), Alexander Graham Bell, after studying
two  thousand  nine  hundred and  sixty-four
cases, concludes: "The child with nine brothers
and  sisters  (statistically  speaking) has just
about twice as good a chance of living to old
age as has the child with only a single brother
or sister in a normal healthy  population. . .  .
If child mortality  is eliminated and only those
individuals are studied who live to  the age of
twenty or longer,  the small  families are still
found  to be handicapped; but, in general, it
may be  said that  the larger  the family, the
longer a member of it has to five."
  The principal argument of  the so-called re-
formers  in regard to birth control and birth
restriction is that  the  working classes cannot 
Birth Control
81
support a large family.  They absolutely ig-
nore the providence of God, who will provide
for  those  who  keep  His  commandments.
Theirs is a doctrine not only of irreligion but
of selfishness.  "Avoid the trouble of big fami-
hes," they  say.   "Have one or two children
and your means will enable you to raise these
children and educate them to be worthy mem-
bers  of society."  Such  is the theory.   Let us
consult some facts.
   Is it true that there is less trouble in families
of one or two or three children?   Is  it true
that  large famihes face the question of non-
support?
   On March 15,  1917, the daily press of Chi-
cago printed some figures from the court of
domestic relations.  We wish to note in pass-
ing that the  papers have given ample space
and  heavy headlines to discussions favoring
birth control, but that the telling figures quoted
below  received but scant notice.   Yet these
figures throw more  light upon the question
than all the sensational speeches and articles
yet given in its favor.
   We wish to add further that we have writ-
ten to the  Chief Clerk of the Court of Do- 
82
Birth Control
mestic Relations, who informs us that the fig-
ures are authentic and correct.

  Wife and no children  ........... 130
  Wife and one child ............. 147
  Wife and two  children  .......... 118
  Wife and three children —......  50
  Wife and four children..........  23
  Wife and five  children  ..........  15
  Wife and six children...........   8
  Wife and seven children.........   3
  Wife and eight children.........   2
  Wife and nine children..........   1
  Wife and ten children...........   1
  Wife and twelve children........   1
  Wife and thirteen children.......   1

  If  the theory of the birth control propa-
gandists were true, mothers of large families
would troop  to court  in  numbers.  But  the
figures  show that it is the childless  wife,  or
the mother of one or two children, who comes
to the state for aid.   Domestic troubles  de-
crease in  proportion  to the number of  chil-
dren.
  Those who keep the commandments of God
and rely on  the  providence of God will  be 
Birth Control
83
blessed with  contentment  and  with  ample
means of a livelihood.  We Catholics are not
surprised at such figures; we would be sur-
prised at the opposite.   We know  that the
doctrine of birth control  is essentially wrong
and  that  it  is  opposed   to  the  teach-
ing of the Church.   But it is well for us to
know that the scientific investigation of con-
ditions in American families bears out the con-
clusions.
  A large family is a blessing of God.  This
family becomes a school where love and char-
ity  are taught and practised by both parents
and children.   Where there are  only one or
two children they are apt to become selfish.
In  cases  where  it  is not  the fault of the
parents, and where they would welcome more
children if God sent them, love, sacrifice and
resignation will reign in a family; but, where
birth control is practised, selfishness  will fol-
low  and  the  ties of love will be  gradually
broken.
  Children  then  are the  bonds  which unite
parents.   These advocates of birth control are
the  unknowing agents who would wreck homes
and separate wives and husbands.
  Parents should have faith and trust in God, 
84
Birth Control
and believe that  He who  clothes the lily of
the field and cares for the sparrow will look
with a benign providence upon the children of
large families.   ILet  us  not  be disturbed or
misled by the false teachings of those who have
little or no religion, and who would govern this
universe as if God were not the author of life.
  But I hear you object: What has the nurse
to do with this matter of birth control? Does
it not pertain rather to the field of the clergy
or the social worker?  In reply I wish to re-
mind you that you are a social worker and that
your  duty  calls you  in many cases to assist
the clergy.   It is all important for you to know
that birth control is wrong and why it is wrong.
I have not  only given you the teaching of the
Church in this matter, but I have pointed out
the arguments  from  reason.   I wish  you to
know, too,  that there are physicians and  uni-
versity  professors  and  social workers   who
have openly advocated birth control.  The sub-
ject received considerable  notoriety through
the arrest of Mrs. Sanger, who attempted to
teach the methods of birth  control in a public
clinic in New York.   Many people, then, have
heard of this new teaching.
  As many women may approach you for ad- 
               Birth Control             85

vice in regard to abortion, they will also come
to you for  directions about  contraception.
They will wish to know how they may safe-
guard themselves against becoming pregnant.
They will ask you about the physical instru-
ments used for this purpose or about drugs
and douches.  As in the case of abortion, they
will appeal to your  sympathy; they have too
many children already; the husband's salary is
not sufficient to support a larger family, or the
physician has warned them that they will as-
sume the duties of childbirth only at the risk
of their lives.  You  should not only refuse to
co-operate  with them but be able to point out
the evil of  the act.   Let them know that you
are a nurse and not a vile practitioner in things
that are wrong.  But again be kind  and pa-
tient.  Try to win the unfortunate person to
see the wrong of her  action.   Later  she will
return to thank and  bless you for your advice. 
 
CHAPTER VI
            THE NURSE HERSELF
HP he object of these talks has been to help
 ■*■  you  in  your  chosen profession.  What
could be more appropriate than some kindly
words'of advice?  One day, when I mentioned
to a physician that I was preparing these talks,
he became interested at once.  "There is a
great need of such a  book," he said, "and do
not fail to give them some advice, for they are
exposed to many temptations of soul and many
trials and hardships."
  Nursing is a great  strain upon the physical
strength of  the  body.  The  long, irregular
hours soon begin to make inroads upon one's
natural powers of endurance.  Want  of suffi-
cient  exercise and  relaxation add to the evil,
from  which often  follows a loss of appetite,
and   consequently  an  additional  loss   of
strength.  Here comes the source of  tempta-
tion to make use of artificial  stimulants. Al-
cohol is near at hand  for medicinal purposes;
and there is a tendency to take it to  bolster up
one's state of lassitude. There may even be the
suggestion to  take morphine  or some other
                     87 
88          The Nurse Herself
drug to bring rest and sleep, which refuse to
come when hours of relaxation are offered.
  Do not say that for you there is no danger,
that you have sufficient strength of  will and
character to use these stimulants with modera-
tion, that you can discard them at any time.
Such self-confidence has been the  cause of the
ruin of many a nurse.  Your hope lies in self-
distrust and  fear of your own weakness and
inability to break off a habit if it should un-
fortunately be formed.  Do not imagine that
the use of alcoholic drinks or drugs will never
become a habit.  I simply ask you to heed the
advice  of physicians who have had  long ex-
perience in this matter.  Ask some of the oldest
among them whether they think there is much
danger, and you will find that they will be the
first to warn you against danger of this nature.
  My advice  to you is never under any condi-
tion to touch alcoholic drink or strong wine,
and, above  all, never to take morphine or any
other  narcotic drug.  If you are not feeling
well you have the physician to  consult any
day.  Let him prescribe  for you, and do not
take any medicine of  any  kind  without his
advice and  direction. If it is always  wiser for
physicians to consult their co-workers in case 
The Nurse Herself           89
of sickness and not to prescribe for themselves,
much more is it advisable for a nurse not to
treat her own case.  I cannot insist too much
upon  the importance  of  this advice.   Your
knowledge of drugs and medicine will always
be a temptation for you. Do not reply that I
am wasting my time giving such advice, that
nurses have no weakness in this  regard, that
there is no danger for them. There is danger,
great danger, frequent danger.
  "When one leaves the  training-school and
new conditions have to be met, habits are more
or less disturbed and discipline is relaxed. This
is a time in which a nurse especially needs to
be on her guard, lest the good  habits she has
formed slip  away  and bad habits  take their
place.
  "One  of  the  essentials to success  in any
branch of nursing is industry—willingness to
work.  It makes  little difference  how capable
and skilled a nurse may have become during
her training, if she is not wilhng to work;  if
she is continually looking out for the easiest
cases  and  places  and  refusing  those  which
would probably mean serious or hard work,
she can never be  a successful  nurse.   Quite
frequently a nurse who is a habitual  shirker 
90          The Nurse Herself

may be able to get through a training-school
because some  one constantly  supervised her
and kept her up to the mark, but when she be-
comes an independent  worker, her habitually
lazy habits reassert themselves.   This type of
nurse does more  to  create prejudice against
trained nurses than any other type.  A train
of complaints follow such nurses wherever they
go.   They are unaccommodating in private
homes, and always fearful lest they will be im-
posed on by being asked to do something which
is not directly connected with the patient. They
apply for hospital positions and often secure
them, but fail to measure up to the opportun-
ity that is theirs. They make frequent changes
and usually have nothing good to say of those
who have employed them.   Their habitual un-
willingness to work shows up more plainly in
private homes than anywhere else, for under
those conditions there is no one whose duty it
is to keep them up to the mark."  (Aikens, p.
225.)
  Many  serious temptations of a moral char-
acter  arise from  too much familiarity with
physicians  and interns.  In every profession
there are men unworthy of their high calling,
and medicine is no exception to the rule. There 
The Nurse Herself          91
are men who prey upon the innocent fives of
nurses who have taken up the profession with
the highest and holiest of motives.  Of very
necessity nurses must be with doctors in pri-
vate offices and must meet  them in  private
homes.  Avoid the beginning of any undue
familiarity when alone with them!  Take any
unbecoming word or suggestion as an insult!
Do this at the outset of any approach on their
part!  Do this and they will  respect  you as
a young woman of honor, as one above all re-
proach!  If you yield to anything that has
even the appearance of wrong, they will press
the matter further and will make insinuating
remarks about you to their companions.  Your
good name and your honor are at once  tar-
nished.
  I do not wish to horrify you by the rehearsal
of morbid tales; but I  know whereof I speak.
I know that there is danger, especially for the
nurse who trusts herself  in such a way as to
begin anything which  has the appearance of
wrong, and believes that  she has the strength
of character to turn back whenever she wishes.
The only safeguard in the matter of morality
is prudent conduct  from the very beginning.
Immorality  begets distrust and a loss of all 
92          The Nurse Herself
respect.  I know of an intern who boasted of
his disgusting conduct and held up  the com-
panion of his guilt to scorn and ridicule; and
yet she—poor, deluded thing—believed that he
loved her and  would  eventually marry her.
   One of the saddest  incidents in the life of
Florence  Nightingale  was  the immorality
which she witnessed while serving in Crimea.
She saw young women who had gone into serv-
ice with  high ideals only  to be  deceived and
dragged  to the level and beneath the level of
the woman of the street.  Be  prudent; do  be
prudent.  If I must say it:  Be over-prudent
in your dealing with physicians and especially
with interns.
  Again you must nurse  married  men and
young men.  You must be with them alone
through the long hours of the day and night.
Your kindness and attention will of their very
nature cause a certain attachment.  In the be-
ginning it may be only a natural gratitude and
perfectly proper.  Here comes the danger, for
this feehng grows and, before either party is
fully aware, there has sprung up an affection.
This,  too, in the  beginning  seems perfectly
harmless  and proper, and may in reality be so.
Either of you would be insulted if there was 
The Nurse Herself           93
any suggestion of impropriety  from a third
party.  Familiar words  are exchanged, gifts
are bestowed for acts of kindness and atten-
tion; familiarity  follows.  When the patient
has recovered, presents are sent to the nurse,
invitations also come.  No one will deny that
it takes extreme prudence on the part of  a
nurse to distinguish between good and evil and
to safeguard herself  from serious deception.
   When you are nursing mothers and children,
the father of the house  or the grown son is
often in the sick-room.  You must converse
with them and meet them under circumstances
of unusual familiarity.  In  this respect  the
nurse is in greater moral danger than the young
woman in an office  or factory, for in these
buildings  the great  safeguard is  publicity.
Doors are opened, crowds come and go.  If
a young lady wishes, she can easily safeguard
herself in most of our modern offices.  But the
nurse is in a private home, doors are  closed,
and observation by  the  public is impossible.
Do  not  resent  my  putting  this matter so
bluntly!  If you think that such advice is  not
needed, then I am convinced that you, in your
goodness and simplicity, need the very sugges-
tions that I am offering.  Be sedate, be pru- 
94          The Nurse Herself
dent, be a lady; and above all rely on prayer
and the  sacraments.
  Those who would succeed in any profession
must be students; this applies to the teacher,
the lawyer, the physician; it also applies to the
nurse. Professional studies extend over a few
years; they  give only the  groundwork  of
knowledge, but they do not form the rounded
or perfect scholar.  Those years of study must
be  followed by many  more years of private
endeavor.  If after leaving college the physi-
cian gave up  his books he could  never hope
to attain eminence. To his practice he should
join hours of theoretical work, he should fre-
quently refer to his books, should consult other
books, should keep in touch with the latest in
medical  magazines, should  attend  medical
meetings and discuss difficulties with his co-
laborers.
  The nurse,  too, should be a  student.  So
much was required of her  in the  three years
of her training that but little  time was left
to her for study.   She was able to hear but
few lectures and  these  in the evening, when
she was tired after the day's work.  But once
she has  entered  upon private  cases she has
ample time for further self-improvement.  In 
The Nurse Herself          95
fact, during long hours of watching, time may
hang heavy on her hands.   There is only one
escape from this  situation: let her cultivate
studious habits.
  Text-books and hterature on nursing are
now extensive.  One American firm has a list
of some twenty-five books for nurses. In every
hospital there will be a choice selection of such
books. During the training-school, the nurse
will probably have time to read and study only
a few of these volumes; but she  should in-
quire about those of most value, and should
make herself acquainted with the titles  and
authors, and, as far as possible, with  the con-
tents.  A few dollars  spent on books will be
a wise and sensible investment.  Whenever you
go out for a private case take one or more of
these books with you, and make a careful study
of them.   See whether there is not something
in them that  will apply to the present  case.
In  this way you will  form habits  of careful
study which will repay you many times.
  If you are not interested in serious reading
you will dissipate your energy by reading the
light hterature which you find handy.  A few
years of this desultory reading will incapaci-
tate you for all future work as a real  student. 
96          The Nurse Herself
This practice of study must be begun immedi-
ately after you leave school; if it  is not ac-
quired then it will not come in later years.
You  can become  just  as  interested in  such
reading as others become in devouring pages
of fiction. Do not misunderstand me; I would
have you enjoy good fiction, good poetry and
good  literature of any  kind; but  with them
there will be time for self-improvement in the
knowledge that is part of your profession.
  Take  pride  then in  having  a number  of
books, read them, study them; they will be-
come your friends, friends in many a long and
lonesome hour; they will enable you  to become
a more scientific and  efficient nurse.
  "A nurse's personality is a factor that can
never be disregarded, owing to its  influence
upon the patient. Moreover, the possession of
the attributes that make up our personality—
rendering it pleasant or the reverse—depends
largely upon ourselves.   Certain quahties  of
mind and body may be born in us, but it is al-
ways in our power to modify or increase their
significance.  For all of us it is desirable  to
improve  our natural gifts,  but in the case  of
a nurse  it is  absolutely necessary  that she
should have under her control such character- 
             The Nurse Herself          97

istics of body and mind as may affect or in-
fluence for good or bad her patient's condition.
This is particularly true in reference to the
expression of the face, the quality of the voice,
the character of the touch  or footstep, and to
the carriage of the body in general. There is
always a spiritual,, or  mental development or
change taking place within us that is shown
to the outside  world through the medium of
the  body,  the  inward workings  of the mind
being rendered visible through the various mo-
tions consciously or unconsciously employed.
It is difficult to realize at first how  susceptible
a patient is to the various expressions which
may appear in the faces of the physician and
nurse; how closely he  watches their every ac-
tion, in the hope that he may gain a  clue as
to what they really think of his condition, and
how much he is encouraged or cast down by
what he thinks he reads there.  Hence, it is all
important, from  the very outset, to study to
keep well in  hand one's various  modes of ex-
pression and to  watch them with unceasing
diligence, until the habit of self-control becomes
second nature and the chances of being caught
off one's guard are  reduced to a minimum."
(Robb, p. 72.) 
98          The Nurse Herself
  "Beware of being egoistic; do not talk about
your own private affairs.   Here, again, tact
will often be necessary to parry many curious
inquiries, although at  other times  the nurse
may be filled with the desire to impress the
patient with the importance of her family, as
regards social distinction or intellectual quali-
ties.  I know of nothing more wearisome, even
to a well person, than to have to sit and listen
to eulogies on people she has never seen and in
whom  she has no possible interest.  Better to
be left in peace to die of one's disease than to
be driven insane by thoughtless chatter.
  "But although the ethics of the sick-room,
as well as common sense, are opposed to any
form  of  gruesome talk  and to all gossip,  it
is very necessary that a  nurse should be able
to talk pleasantly and intelligently at the
proper time, and  in this connection  she  will
find a broad general knowledge and education
of the  greatest value.  Friendliness and good-
fellowship between patient and nurse should
never be allowed to degenerate into a familiar-
ity that allows of jokes  which are not con-
venient, or crude personal criticisms, that soon
do away with the mutual respect which should
exist between them.  It is rarely, if ever, ad- 
The Nurse Herself          99
visable for the nurse to try to control her pa-
tients by means of sarcasm, or holding them
up  to  ridicule  in  the eyes of their  friends.
Children in  particular are  very  sensitive and
are very liable to resent such treatment by sul-
lenness and obstinacy."  (Robb, p. 234.)
  Finally, I wish to offer you some considera-
tions from the  little book of Father Deshon,
entitled "Guide for Young Women":
  "Sickness, like everything else  which  God
allows to  befall us, is intended for our good.
If we  take it in the right  spirit it will prove
an immense advantage to us.
  "Sickness affords us an opportunity to prac-
tise many virtues in a high degree, particularly
those most excellent ones of humihty  and pa-
tience.  When stretched upon the bed of sick-
ness, we feel how helpless we are of ourselves,
and how  completely  we depend on  God for
health and strength, and every breath we draw.
We cry to Him and He hears us, and helps
us.  Sickness is a time of grace.
  "What an opportunity it gives us for pa-
tience  amid so many pains  and privations and
wants.
  "If  we did but know, it  is just  the time to
be like Our Lord Jesus Christ as He was hang- 
100         The Nurse Herself
ing, so racked with torment and so afflicted,
upon  His cross  for  our redemption.
  "Now is the time for patience, to keep down
all murmuring and dissatisfaction.  No doubt
there  will be temptation to murmur, but put
it all  aside,  for God is  as good now as ever,
and it is wrong  now as ever to complain of
what you cannot help and He has allowed.
  "Some people, when they get sick, particu-
larly if they are not used to it, show a deal of
impatience; they give a great deal of unneces-
sary trouble, and show an unthankful spirit in
regard to what is done for them.  This is cer-
tainly quite the wrong spirit, and one that ren-
ders such a girl very  unhappy herself and dis-
pleasing to God.
  "But, on  the contrary, I must say  the ex-
ample of holy patience and peace under af-
fliction, on  the part  of  others, is  oftentimes
most beautiful; all who witness it are charmed
and edified by it.  What stores of merit such a
girl lays up  for herself and for others!
  "She really preaches the Gospel of Our Lord
Jesus Christ, and does much to save souls; for
her example is more effectual than perhaps the
words of the most eloquent preacher can be.
  "You  cannot  do  much in sickness in the 
The Nurse  Herself         101
way of set prayers and devotions, but you can
do a great deal in the way of patience  and
resignation.   You can do a great deal in the
way of short, fervent ejaculations, such as,
'Thy holy will be done';  'Grant me patience';
'Praise God for His goodness,' or many others
of the same sort.
  "You can offer yourself to God entirely,
giving up your life, if it be God's will, cheer-
fully into His hands.  For the rest, keep as
quiet and cheerful as possible, putting away all
temptations and troubles of whatever sort they
may be, and trusting entirely to God and Our
Lord  Jesus Christ, just as  an infant reposes
with confidence in the arms of its mother.
  "So, if it be God's will, this blessed time of
sickness will land you safe on the shore of
eternity, to  enjoy forever, and with joy un-
speakable, the  sight  of  God,  the  society of
Jesus Christ, of the Blessed  Virgin Mary, and
of all holy saints who have 'fought the good
fight of faith* and received the immortal crown
of victory." 
 
             CHAPTER VII
            PROFESSIONAL DUTIES
Tn the  preceding talks I  have already ex-
A  plained many of the duties of your profes-
sion; still, there remain some very important
topics  upon which I wish to insist.  I shall
here treat of your duties to the patient and to
the physician.
  After  you have graduated from the train-
ing-school and are "on call" for service, do not
be too particular in choosing your cases.  In
fact, you should make it a rule not to refuse a
call.  Perhaps  it would  be better not to ask
any questions when a call comes. If  you be-
gin to inquire  about the nature of the case,
the conditions and circumstances of the fam-
ily, the locality, the name of the physician, the
probable fee or the possibility of no  fee, all
this will leave the impression that you are look-
ing for the easiest and the best-paid work.  If,
after  you have had considerable experience,
you wish to hmit your work to  special cases,
you are perfectly free to do so.  You can then
leave the proper directions  with the  nursing
agency or the  hospital or the physicians for
                    103 
104         Professional Duties

whom you have handled cases.  But you should
enter upon this special service only after suf-
ficient  experience and  after consultation with
those who have observed  your work.
  Once you have undertaken a case, it is your
duty to give the best service of which you are
capable.  There is at least a tacit agreement
between you and the patient.  You promise on
your part to render the service of your profes-
sional calling, and the patient promises to give
you a certain fee or remuneration. While your
primary object may not  be the remuneration,
it is yours by right;  and,  in accepting it or
agreeing to it, you assume the duties and  re-
sponsibilities connected with the case.  If you
are remiss in the performance of your duties
you do a real injustice to the patient.
  Again, you are not permitted to experiment
with your patient.  If there  are two or more
methods of carrying out the  directions of the
attending physician, you are bound in con-
science to use the one which in your opinion is
the safest.   Experimentation should be left to
experts and schools, and should be carried on
under the proper safeguards.   All people have
rights, even sick people.  One may experiment
upon an animal to discover the effects of drugs 
            Professional Duties          105

or operations, but never upon human beings.
There may be exceptions to this rule, as when
all known remedies have failed in an extreme
case and when a chance is  taken as a last re-
source.  All  such  experiments  pertain to the
work of scientists.  You will probably not meet
a case in which you are justified in making ex-
periments with your private patients.
  How long does  your obligation exist, or, in
other words, is the nurse ever justified in  giv-
ing up a case? Certainly she is.  Both physi-
cians and nurses are allowed to withdraw from
cases under certain conditions.  I have known
an instance where a patient refused to take the
medicines prescribed and to follow dietetic  reg-
ulations, and where the attending  physician
simply informed the party that he  would not
return.  He  was justified in so doing, for he
felt that the  patient could  not  improve under
the  unfavorable  circumstances, and that he
would later be held responsible.  In the same
way a nurse may withdraw from a case where
the patient stubbornly refuses to do what she
knows are the directions of the physician.  In
all such cases, however,  the greatest tact and
patience should be exercised.  There should be
private consultations between the  physician 
106         Professional Duties

and the nurse; members of the family, too,
should be instructed in regard  to their duty
and their co-operation with nurse and  physi-
cian.  Troubles of this nature often arise from
the meddlesome interference of relatives and
visitors, who make the work of the nurse if not
unbearable at least ineffective.   They  should
be kept from the sick-room when their presence
is  injurious to the sufferer.  If after patient
action and warning on  her part, the nurse is
so hampered that her ministrations  are fruit-
less, she may give  due notice and  withdraw
from  the case.  But let me repeat  that she
should first exercise every  reasonable duty of
patience and forbearance.
   Again, the nurse should understand the lim-
itations of psychic effects.   She should  not be
deceived by the vagaries of Christian Science,
nor should she participate in spiritism  or oc-
cultism of any kind.  Whatever may be their
claims, they have no part in the nursing pro-
fession.  While  the will is a potent factor in
regaining health, there are numerous occasions
where the  exaggeration of  its power may do
much harm.
   "It should be well understood from the be-
ginning just what the will can do in the mat- 
^Professional Duties         107
ter of the cure or, to use a much better word,
the relief of disease, not  forgetting that dis-
ease means etymologically  and also literally
discomfort rather than  anything  else.  The
will cannot cure organic  disease in the ordi-
nary sense of that term.   It is just as absurd
to say that the will can bring about the cure
of Bright's disease as it is to suggest that one
can by will-power replace  a  finger that has
been lost.
  "There are, however, a great many organic
diseases in which the will may serve an ex-
tremely useful purpose in the rehef of symp-
toms and sometimes in producing  such a re-
lease of vital energy previously hampered by,
discouragement  as will enable the  patient to
react  properly against the disease.  This  is
typically  exemplified  in  tuberculosis of the
lungs.   Nothing is so important in this dis-
ease as the patient's attitude of mind and his
will to get well. Without  that there is very
little hope.   With that strongly aroused, all
sorts of remedies, many of them even harmful
in themselves, have enabled  patients to get
better merely because the taking of  them adds
suggestion after suggestion of assurance of
cure."   (Health Through Will-Power, by Dr.
James Walsh, p. 102.) 
108         Professional Duties

  No doubt you have often been reminded of
the necessity of keeping professional secrets.
When sickness comes into a family there is at
once introduced an abnormal condition.  Some
are frightened  and  some are perturbed.  The
nurse becomes the confidant of all. She learns
secrets of that  family which are known to no
other living being.   She hears of infidelities,
of discriminations, of suspicions, of mis judg-
ments.  Even  under ordinary circumstances
one is not allowed to tale-bear in regard to a
neighbor; but the nurse has an added  obliga-
tion to remain silent.  She has obtained her in-
formation in connection with her professional
duty; like the priest or the lawyer, she must
keep that information as a sacred charge. There
may be exceptions to this, as, for instance, pub-
lic good may require the nurse to reveal a case
of contagious disease which a family has suc-
ceeded in concealing.
  "Too great intimacy between patient  and
nurse is inadvisable and should never be en-
couraged. But when it happens that a patient,
in her weakened state of health, that has  left
her nerves beyond her control, has confided to
the nurse secrets of her own or of others, these
confidences should always be held sacred  and 
Professional Duties         109
inviolable; furthermore, the whole conduct of
the nurse should be such as to assure the pa-
tient that her moments of weakness will never
be blazoned abroad.  Nor does this obhgation
to secrecy end with the period of professional
services; none of the privacies  of personal or
domestic  hfe, no infirmity of  disposition or
little flaw of character, observed while caring
for a patient, should ever be divulged by the
nurse, unless circumstances arise which render
such a course an imperative duty.  The same
rule holds good also with respect to the actual
bodily or  mental ailments.  Patients and their
affairs should not be made a subject for con-
versation  or discussion between nurses; silence
is  even more binding upon the nurse than
upon the physician, inasmuch  as  the  oppor-
tunities of the former for  knowing her  pa-
tient's affairs  are generally far greater than
those of the latter."  (Robb, p. 234.)
  Much has been written of late about the in-
fluence of the mind on the body.  No one  can
deny the interdependence of the physical  and
spiritual parts  of man.  You  should  under-
stand well how much you can  accomplish by
inspiring  patients with confidence.  Do  not
let  them  become despondent, or even brood 
110         Professional Duties

over their ailments, or imagine that they are
carrying more than their share of human suf-
fering.  Self-pity  is never to be encouraged
or even tolerated.
  "The worst brake on the will to be well is
undoubtedly the habit that some people  have
of pitying themselves and feeling that they are
eminently deserving of the pity of others be-
cause of the trials, real or supposed, which they
have to undergo.   Instead of realizing how
much better off they are than the great major-
ity  of  people—for most of the typical  self-
pitiers  are not real subjects  for  pity—they
keep looking at those whom they fondly  sup-
pose to be happier than themselves  and  then
proceed to get into a mood of commiseration
with themselves because of their  ill-health—
real or  imaginary—or  uncomfortable  sur-
roundings. Just as soon as men or women as-
sume this  state of mind, it becomes extremely
difficult for them to stand any real trials that
appear, and above  all, it becomes even more
difficult for them to react properly against the
affections  of one kind or another that are al-
most sure to come.  Self-pity is ever a serious
hamperer   of  resistive  vitality."    (Health
Through Will-Power,  by Dr. James Walsh, 
Professional Duties         111
p. £9. Nurses will find this a most useful book;
it explains in a simple yet  scientific way the
influence of the mind over the body.)
  Let us now briefly consider the relation of
the nurse to the attending physician. In most
of  our  American medical  schools there are
bright young women with the laudable ambi-
tion to become doctors.  The medical  profes-
sion offers a wide field for women physicians.
If you so desire you can get your diploma and
license, and enter upon the  work with all the
rights of those of the other sex.  But if you
become a trained nurse you must recognize the
fact that you are not a physician, that,  it mat-
ters not what  knowledge of the healing art
you may possess, you have no right to practise
medicine.   You are to assist the physicians.
You will not be held responsible for the fail-
ure of any particular  case as long as you have
strictly hmited yourself to the work assigned
you.  If you overstep your position and as-
sume responsibilities  which  do not belong to
your profession, you  will get but little credit
for any success which may follow, but will, at
the same time, be the object of criticism for
failures that may ensue.
  In the first place, you must hold the physi- 
112         Professional Duties

cian in  respect.  If you should meet one of
the profession for whom you have no respect,
or in whom you have no  confidence, do not
allow yourself to be associated with him.  To
do so would be to court certain failure. There
may be members of the profession who have
slight defects  in methods  and manners,  and
who, nevertheless, are men of real worth.  In
this case, it is your duty to overlook the defects.
There are physicians who are punctilious in
prescribing the most minute details, who insist
that their  cases  be handled in strict accordance
with their wishes. It is your duty to carry out
the wishes of such doctors.  Even if you should
think that you are capable of improving on
their methods, it is not for you to decide.  You
may be  mistaken in your judgment about the
matter; but even if you  are right  and the
physician  is wrong,  he  is to be the judge in
the case.
  There may be occasions when it is the duty
of a nurse to report a physician for  want of
attention or skill in his treating a case.  Such
occasion will rarely occur.  Before taking any
action,  the nurse should consult with  some
companion of her profession on whose tact she
relies or should lay  the case  before a physi- 
            Professional Duties         113

cian.   She should not act  in haste   Let her
weigh every circumstance and look at the mat-
ter from every angle.  Let her consider that
her action will seriously injure the professional
standing of the physician  in the community.
It may bring a relapse to the patient, owing to
the information and the change of doctors.  It
is  impossible to set down any definite regula-
tions for action under such circumstances; but
I know of no more difficult problem for a nurse
than that of bringing a complaint  in regard
to the attending physician.  This general rule
should be followed: she should not take any
action  unless there is  certainty about the mat-
ter.  As long as  there is  doubt,  the doctor
should have the benefit of it; and in the mean-
while the nurse should keep a respectful si-
lence, but should  use tact  and observation in
arriving at a conclusion.
   The medical profession is made up,  as a
whole, of thoughtful and tactful men; but, like
every other calling, it has among its members
those who are wanting in that delicate feeling
and right  interpretation of what  is proper.
Hence, at times,  we  find  a physician boldly
and loudly reprimanding a nurse in the pres-
ence of patients and visitors.  Such an action 
114         Professional Duties

on the part of the doctor is absolutely unwar-
ranted unless, indeed,  he has  already spoken
to the nurse about evident defects in her work,
and she has shown  no improvement or, what
is worse, no inclination to improve.  Certainly,
the proper mode of procedure would be to talk
things over in private with the nurse. In case,
then,  the  attending physician so far forgets
himself  as to deal out  criticism in public and
before a patient, the nurse is justified  in re-
senting  any such conduct. I am not referring
to minor  matters,  nor is it  my wish  to, in
any way,  encourage insubordination.   I  am
only referring to those extreme occasions where
a physician goes clearly beyond his power in
giving public reprimands.   Under these  cir-
cumstances the nurse is justified in dropping
the case; not, however, until she has given the
physician  and patient time to get a substitute.
While she remains, she should  exercise  the
utmost  care,  and should make it plain to  all
that it was a sense  of  honor and professional
duty that  moved her to take such an action.
  "But it is not so much through any  actual
words of the nurse that she inspires the patient
and friends with confidence in the  physician;
her manner, the way in which she receives his 
             Professional Duties         115

orders and her readiness in cariying them out,
her professional attitude to him, always most
respectful and attentive, never showing by the
least  sign  any doubt in his  ability,  will be
readily interpreted by anxious watchers.  No
matter how trying the occasion, a nurse should
never show by her manner toward the doctor
any  shadow  of  rudeness, even although she
may have but little respect for him or his ways.
If for any cause she is obliged to oppose him,
she should guard against doing so in the pres-
ence of a third person, but make her oppor-
tunity away  from the patient's room.
  "If an opinion is asked the  nurse regarding
the relative merits of two physicians, she should
frankly decline to pass judgment; she should
never compare one physician's treatment with
that of another; in fact, she should remember
that all such discussions are out of her prov-
ince, except  at such times as  she is receiving
instruction.  Physicians are naturally irritated
when they find that the nurse  has been telling
the patient or friends  of the wonderful  sayings
and doings of her own pet doctor.  Nor is  it
for the nurse even to  make  any suggestion
as to the calling in of  any particular physician,
when a consultation  has  been decided upon. 
116         Professional Duties
This is to be left entirely in the hands of the
attending physician and the friends.
  "Again,  not  infrequently  the  patient  or
friends are so impressed  by  the nurse's skill
and  wisdom, that instead of consulting the
doctor, they may come to her for advice about
the ailments  of  some  member of  the family
who  may be feehng  unwell.   This insidious
form of  temptation,  to assume the  doctor's
duties and to make a display of her  knowledge,
is constantly occurring, but any yielding to it
constitutes  a grave ethical offence committed
against the doctor and society at large.  Ajna-
teur  doctors, as well as amateur nurses, some-
times do more harm than good.   She should
be most careful not to talk about or show  off
her technical knowledge before the patient or
the friends, while,  as  regards the physician,
she will best deserve his confidence  by keeping
strictly within her own limits, by watching for
symptoms of any complications that may arise,
by sending for him only  when necessary,  by
her discretion in interpreting his orders with
regard to medicines to be given in an emer-
gency, and by keeping him in touch  with  all
the facts relating to his patient."   (Robb, p.
253.) 
            Professional Duties         117

  Your profession requires you to assist your
patients spiritually.  As these talks were orig-
inally given in hospitals under the care of Cath-
olic sisterhoods, suggestions have dealt largely
with Catholic practices.  But I would not have
you give a narrow interpretation of your ob-
ligations to the sick.  Into whatever homes
you are called, always respect the religion of
the patients.  Try to ascertain what they want
in this matter, and consider it your duty to
deal with people of every religious  denomina-
tion, as you would wish them to deal with you
under similar circumstances.
  You should know how to administer bap-
tism,  for most Christian mothers  wish their
children  to receive this sacrament.  The cere-
mony is  extremely simple.  Take  a glass of
water, it may be either cold or lukewarm, and
while pouring it over the child's head, pro-
nounce the words: "I baptize thee in the name
of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy
Ghost."  To baptize means to wash, and there-
fore the words  "I baptize"  should be pro-
nounced  while the water is  being poured.
  If it should happen that a child is in danger
of dying before being delivered, baptism should
be performed  by causing water to reach the 
118         Professional Duties
little body by means of some instrument.  It
will not do to simply have the water touch the
cyst which encloses the body, but it must touch
the body  itself.  While baptism is  adminis-
tered by pouring water upon the head of the
child, still if  the water reaches an arm or leg
it is probably sufficient.  If afterward the child
is born and an occasion arises, the priest should
be informed of what has been done.
  In case  of  abortion, or the death of a preg-
nant woman, the fetus should be carefully re-
moved from  the sack and baptized.   If the
fetus  is very small,  the  sack  containing it
should be  opened and the  whole sack with the
fetus immersed in water  while at the same time
the words  are repeated:  "I baptize thee in the
name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the
Holy Ghost."  On the death of a pregnant
woman, where there is reason to believe that
the fetus is still alive, the  attending physician
should be asked to perform laparotomy and to
remove the fetus. Baptism should then be per-
formed as indicated above.
  An author of considerable experience  has
put down  the following  suggestions in regard
to the  sick-room.  It is the correct  thing: 
Professional Duties          119
   To send for the parish priest as soon as a
person becomes dangerously ill.
   For the nurse or some member of the pa-
tient's family to place a chair for the priest
by the side of the bed, raise the patient to a
comfortable posture, inquire of the  priest  if
he desires anything, and then withdraw whilst
the confession is being heard.
   To keep  everybody from intruding in the
sick-room whilst the priest is hearing the con-
fession and giving spiritual consolation.
  When the priest is  expected with  the holy
communion, to have the room put in order and
everything made ready.
  To have a  table prepared,  covered with a
clean white cloth,  and upon  it at least  one
candlestick  holding  a  blessed  wax  candle
lighted, a crucifix, two small glasses,  one con-
taining holy water and  the other pure fresh
water (for the ablution after communion), and
a tablespoon.
  For some one holding a hghted candle to
meet the  priest at the door when he arrives
with the Blessed Sacrament, and to precede
him to the place prepared.
  For all in the room to kneel when the priest
enters with the Sacred Host. 
 120         Professional Duties

   After the priest has sprinkled the bed with
 holy water, repeated the antiphon, "Asperges
 me,"  "Thou shalt sprinkle me," etc., and said
 the prayer, "Exaudi nos, Domine," for an  at-
 tendant to recite the Confiteor, if the patient is
 too weak to do so.
   To have the hair combed, the face washed,
 the mouth rinsed out, and the bed of the sick
 person made tidy before the priest arrives.
   For one who suffers a  prolonged illness to
 receive   holy   communion  frequently,  even
 though not in danger of death.
   To know that the receiving  of  holy com-
 munion,  even  as  Viaticum, will not hasten
 death.
   To know that a sick person need  not  be
 fasting in order to receive the Holy Viaticum.
   For a person who is dangerously ill to  at-
 tend to all worldly matters the first thing, so
that there will be nothing to distract the mind
from spiritual concerns.
  To  receive Extreme  Unction whilst the pa-
tient still has the use of his senses.
  To sponge off the parts  to be anointed—the
eyes,  the ears, the  nostrils, the mouth,  the
hands, the feet—before the arrival of the priest.
  To  know that Extreme Unction can be re- 
Professional Duties         121
ceived only once in the same sickness, unless
there is a partial recovery and then a serious
relapse, in which case it may be received again.
   To know that only those in danger of death
by sickness can receive this sacrament; that sol-
diers going into battle, persons in a storm
at sea, criminals about to be executed, cannot
receive Extreme Unction.
   To know, however,  that soldiers who  have
been wounded, persons  dying from an accident,
those washed  ashore in whom life  is not yet
extinct, can and should be anointed.
   To know that infants and born idiots can-
not be anointed, since they cannot commit sin.
   To know that those dying impenitent, or
in a state of mortal sin—as a drunkard in his
drunkenness, or in the commission of a crime—
as a man shot in a duel—cannot receive this
sacrament unless there  is some reason to think
that at  the moment of death there is sincere
penitence.
   For all present at the administration of the
last sacraments to join in the prayers for the
dying.
   If  the  patient be a woman,  for another
woman to make the sign of the cross upon her
forehead, mouth, and breast, if she is unable to 
122         Professional Duties

do so herself at the proper time in the prayers
for the dying.
  For  a patient to  accept the illness  as com-
ing from God, and to  bear  the suffering in
union with the sufferings and death of Our
Lord.
  To be patient and resigned.  To take the
medicine and  nourishment prescribed.
  To have a crucifix, a  rosary, and some holy
water constantly within reach.
  For relatives and friends to be as calm and
composed as possible. To exclude  all worldly
considerations  from the chamber of the dying.
  For  some one of those  in  attendance on a
dying person to keep reciting suitable prayers
until the soul has left the body.
  To have one or more blessed candles lighted
near the bedside.
  To press the crucifix  to the dying lips and
to sprinkle the bed repeatedly with holy water.
  To know that candles  are  blessed in all
churches on Candlemasday,  and  that every
Catholic should provide himself with  some.
  To know that the candles should be wax.
  To know that  all members of a parish,
whether they go to the  parish church or not,
can only be attended in case of sickness by the 
Professional Duties         128
priests belonging to the parish, unless in spe-
cial cases permission is obtained from the par-
ish rector to have a priest from another parish
who may have been the confessor or the life-
long friend of the person who is ill.
  To always provide  a companion or attend-
ant when sending for a priest after dark.
  To abstain from conversation if the priest
is carrying the Blessed Sacrament, and to ac-
company with prayer.  (The Correct Thing for
Cathohcs, by  Lelia  Hardin Bugg.)
  I am tempted to quote at length from a book
entitled "The Way of Interior Peace," by
Rev. Father de  Lehen, S.J., but I shall not
give any extracts, as I wish you to secure the
volume and to read every chapter.  You will
find in it many wholesome reflections, which
will be a great help to you and will suggest
words  of advice to patients. 
 
CHAPTER  VIII
PRACTICAL TESTS: IN  THE  TRAINING-SCHOOL
"T^OR eight years I have been giving these talks
A to nurses in  several of the large training-
schools of the Middle West.  At the close of
each lecture a few practical cases would be as-
signed for discussion; each of the topics would
then be considered and explained in the next
class.  Many of the  tests used here were pro-
posed to the author by directors of training-
schools.
  In studying these tests or cases it  is sug-
gested that the  student  first read over the
statement and try to reach a conclusion. After
she has determined on the answer, let her con-
sult  the book for verification of method and
fact.
       Case I—Borrowing Too Much
  Statement:  Miss Agnes, a prospective nurse
for a training-school in New York, is from
a small town  in Pennsylvania.  She talks to
her friends  of the  amount  of money that  a
nurse makes,  and explains  to them that she
will have an income  of thirty or forty dollars
a week, and that her board and lodging will
                    125 
126
Practical Tests:
cost her nothing.  She figures out that her in-
come will be equivalent to about  seventy-five
dollars a week.
  A merchant in the town, hearing of the won-
derful prospects of the future nurse, gives Miss
Agnes unlimited credit.  She buys foolishly
and extravagantly,  until  her account at the
store is four hundred dollars.
  She has been in the school for only a few
weeks when she receives a  letter from the mer-
chant demanding  part payment on the  bill.
She writes to explain that she does not receive
any fee  during the three years of training.
The merchant  sends a letter to the hospital
authorities, who reply that they can do nothing
in the matter. Then the merchant tries through
the courts to force Agnes' father to pay the
bill. The court decides that  the father is not
responsible for the debt, as his daughter is of
legal age.  After  leaving the  training-school
Miss Agnes is  most successful and in  a short
time accumulates six hundred dollars.   What
are her obhgations ?
  Reply: Miss Agnes is held responsible for
the debt.  Her obligation was  simply sus-
pended  while  she  was in  school.  If  she re-
quires some of the money for  immediate needs, 
           In the Training-School        127

 she should send at least a part of the payment
 to the  merchant, promising to  remit the re-
 mainder as soon as she can earn it.

 Case II—Obeying  the Rules in a Training-
                   School
   Statement: Miss  Isabel, a pupil in a nurses'
 training-school,  has but little regard for the
 school's regulations. She invites another nurse,
 Miss Esther, to slip away in the evening, and
 explains that they are not bound by the rules
 of the institution.  For some weeks Miss Es-
 ther yields to the solicitations of her compan-
 robbing her of her ideals, her respect for the
 institution and her interest in the  work.  What
 is she to do?
  Reply:  Miss Esther has been deceived by
 Miss Isabel.   It  is not true that pupils in an
 institution are not bound to follow the rules.
 As long as they  remain in the school there is
 at least a tacit agreement between the authori-
 ties and pupils,  and the latter are under  the
 obhgation of carrying out local regulations.  If
 these regulations are too difficult or are un-
reasonable, the nurse has the right to leave the
place, but as long as  she remains she is subject
to the disciphne of the house.   Moreover, if a 
128
Practical Tests:
nurse will not follow the regulations, which
must of necessity be made for every training-
school, she has not the  strength  of  character
necessary  for success  in  her  profession.  I
would not exaggerate the matter of small fail-
ures in keeping rules;  but if in her heart a
nurse despises regulations, breaks them with-
out remorse, and inculcates in  the  hearts of
others that all such rules are foolish and not to
be obeyed, she should get out of the training-
school.  Such an individual should go into the
office of some large business concern, where
she will soon learn that rules and regulations
are necessary.
     Case III—Deceiving  One's Parents
  Statement: A pupil nurse, who is anxious
to have a new dress, knows that her parents
will not send her the money for this purpose,
as they provided liberally for her. To deceive
her parents she sends for money  to buy books
and medical  instruments,  explaining that she
will need these later for her private cases after
her graduation.  The parents send on a hun-
dred dollars for the  books and equipment.
What  must be thought of the  action of the
nurse?
  Reply:  She is certainly getting a bad start 
In the Training-School        129
in practising such deception with her parents.
If she is untrue to them, can she later be trusted
when dealing with others?  Her conduct, then,
is  altogether  reprehensible.   The  question
arises about  the obhgation of returning the
hundred dollars to the parents.   Is the nurse
obliged in conscience to return the money?  If,
later on, the nurse  gets the hundred dollars
and  can  afford to  make  payment  to her
parents,  will she be obliged in  conscience to
do so?   In answering this we must  look at the
matter from the point of view of the parents.
They would certainly be grieved if they knew
of the action of their daughter; still, it is not
probable that they would wish to insist on res-
titution from their  own child.  Viewing the
matter in this way  and  interpreting the will
of the parents, the nurse is not obliged in con-
science to return the money, even if she could
easily do so.
            Case IV—Tardiness
   Statement:  Miss  Julia, a  pupil nurse,  is
frequently tardy  for the various  exercises.
Above all, she does not rise promptly and gives
much trouble to the  cook when she comes late
for breakfast.  The  cook has strict orders not
to serve breakfast after nine o'clock.  Miss 
130
Practical Tests:
Julia becomes furious one morning when the
cook insists on the school regulations and re-
fuses breakfast to the nurse after the assigned
time.  In retaliation Miss Julia brings  false
charges against her and thus causes her to be
discharged.  After some weeks Miss Julia rec-
ognizes the evil of her action  and wishes to
know what are her obhgations toward the cook.
  Reply: Miss Julia is bound in conscience
to undo the wrong.  It is her duty to lay the
whole matter before  the authorities and to seek
to have the cook reinstated. She is also obliged,
as far as in her hes, to make up for any finan-
cial loss which the cook  may have  incurred.
Suppose, for instance, the cook has been unable
to secure work for two weeks and has lost fifty
dollars on that account.  Miss Julia is bound
in conscience to give her fifty dollars.  The loss
of this money on the part of Miss Julia will
be the best lesson that she could get.  It will
probably be the means of bringing to her mind,
in a forcible way, the evil  results of her habits
of tardiness, and will in the end make of her a
more efficient nurse.
           Case V—Faultfinding
  Statement:  Miss Emily, a pupil in a nurses'
training-school,  is  continually  finding  fault 
In the Training-School       131
with the local regulations.  She cannot see the
reason for so many rules; she  calls the school
a reformatory, and the head nurse the prison
warden.  Above all, she is very outspoken with
her companions, among whom,  unknown to the
authorities, she is  spreading a spirit of discon-
tent.  Should she  remain in the school?
  Reply:  It is difficult to give a brief answer
to this question.  Miss Emily is certainly inex-
perienced; she is  probably wanting in judg-
ment.  The question is:  Will she improve?
Can she be made  to see  things in their proper
light?  She  may  have enjoyed unusual free-
dom at home; she may have  been pampered
and partly  spoiled.   This spirit  of  criticism
may be the result of a sudden change of life.
Some young people fret and chafe under dis-
cipline, and  yet they have qualities which will
in the end win success for them.
  What Miss Emily needs is a sincere friend;
one who is older and more mature, and who in-
stead of being influenced by such thoughtless
criticism, will do her part to correct the fault-
finding.  It may  be that the  pupil has many
excellent qualities; she may be quick  in learn-
ing, eager to succeed, and winning in manners.
There should be  someone to  understand her 
132
Practical  Tests:
difficulties; to point out that order and dis-
ciphne are necessary parts of one's training;
that, where a number of people  are working
together, there must be authority and enforce-
ment of rules.  It will all depend, then, on the
other characteristics of the pupil.  The proba-
bility is that the faultfinding is only a tempo-
rary mood and can be corrected.
         Case VI-—Discouragement
  Statement: Miss Margaret, a pupil nurse,
has been deprived of her free day for the third
consecutive time.  She has violated some rule
each week and must pay the penalty.  Feeling
that she needs the day of rest and change, she
remonstrates with the directrix and head nurse.
She does not object to rules and regulations,
but  she pleads  that the  authorities  are too
severe.  They  should be more tolerant and
should overlook an occasional fault.
  Reply:   To be the directrix or head nurse
of a school is a responsible position.  It is not
easy to keep the  golden mean—to be  just
strict enough and  not too strict; to enforce
disciphne and yet to know where to relax  when
regulations become too irksome; to train the
young pupil and yet to keep her friendship and
esteem.  Probably it is better for the authori- 
In the Training-School       133
ties to err in  being too  strict rather than in
being lax.  As the period of training is not
long,  even if it is over strict, it can be borne
for a  while; whereas laxity in rules and want
of order will leave traces which will work un-
told harm.
  The directrix in a training-school should be
a woman of unusual experience and capability;
she should be one who quickly discerns char-
acter; she should  be esteemed  rather  than
feared; she should rule by example rather than
by  commands; she  should be  firm,  but her
firmness should  be tempered  with  sympathy
and love.  She must gain the confidence of the
pupils, for without it there can be but little co-
operation  and direction.  Every pupil in the
school must feel that she can go to the office
at any time, and that she  will be welcomed;
that the directrix has a personal interest in her
and her success.   When  mutual trust and af-
fection exist, if it should be necessary to give
a reprimand, the pupil will be in a frame of
mind  to take it in the right spirit.
      Case VII—Studying Hypnotism
  Statement:  Miss Mary, a pupil  in a train-
ing-school, induces  Miss  Nora, another nurse,
to  go with her to a private family where 
134
Practical  Tests:
hypnotic  exhibitions  are  frequently  given.
Miss Mary explains that nurses should know
all about this matter as it is a part of their
professional education.   After  several  ex-
periences  Miss  Nora  doubts  whether  she
should  continue  the visits  with her friend.
What is she to do?
   Reply:  It will depend largely on the na-
ture of these hypnotic exercises.  If they are
conducted by unscientific persons and merely
for  entertainment  they should  not  be  en-
couraged, and both nurses should remain away.
The reason for this advice is that hypnotic
states bring many evils upon those who sub-
ject themselves to such influences.  If the ex-
ercises are conducted by scientific  men there
would be less objection; but even here it would
probably be more prudent for nurses not to
dabble  in   hypnotism.   Experts  may  for
science's sake practise hypnotism, and  for the
same reason a person may subject  himself to
the hypnotic state.  Under no condition what-
ever should hypnotism be used as a means of
amusement.
            Case VIII—Seances
  Statement:   Miss  Maria,  a pupil in  a
nurses'  training-school,  is frequently  invited 
In the Training-School       135
by  another  pupil,  Miss  Agnes,  to  attend
seances, in which crystal gazing is the principal
method of trying to learn about future events
or absent friends.  Miss Agnes explains that
nurses should be acquainted with all such mat-
ters; in fact, she insists that it is a necessary
part of a nurse's education.  Miss Maria is not
altogether convinced by her friend's explana-
tions and doubts about attending the seances.
What  is she  to do?
  Reply:  In the first place, we may regard
these seances as foolish amusements in which
the participants  do not believe in  any pre-
ternatural power to assist them in obtaining
secret  knowledge.   However, such meetings
should  not  be  encouraged.   Many  weak-
minded people are  injured by  these experi-
ences ;  others are gradually led on by curiosity
until they take the affair seriously.  Even in
jest we should not be seeking to know the fu-
ture.  Future events are known to God alone.
We should trust  in His providence and leave
ourselves in His loving hands.  No good what-
ever can  come  from  these  crystal gazings,
while much harm both for ourselves and friends
may result.   Keep away from all clairvoyants
and fortune tellers.  Even if they do not de- 
136
Practical  Tests:
ceive you, they are encouraged and partly en-
abled to live  by your  contribution,  and are
aided in deceiving others.  In the second place,
these seances  and crystal gazings may be of
a serious character, and those who take part
in them may be  really seeking information
through occult powers.  As such they are dis-
pleasing to God, for  they are acts of divina-
tion forbidden by the first commandment.  It
is not true that such exercises are necessary for
a nurse's training.  They will be of no use to
her. Miss Maria should not be deceived by her
friend and should  refuse to accompany her to
the seances.
        Case IX—Helping To Steal
  Statement:   An intern comes to a nurse,
a few days before he finishes his course in a
hospital, and asks her to help him to supply
himself with material for his new  office.  He
explains that other interns on leaving the hos-
pital have  taken drugs,  bandages,  etc.,  and
that he  intends  to do the same.  The nurse
assists him in getting the things from the stock
room, although she realizes that she is acting
wrongly in the matter.  Afterward she figures
out that the intern through her co-operation
has taken fifty dollars worth of materials.  She 
In the Training-School       137
is unable to locate the intern.  Is she obliged
to reimburse the hospital for the loss?
   Reply:  The nurse is a real partner or co-
operator in the theft; and, since the other party
cannot be found, she is obliged to pay back to
the hospital the full amount.
            Case X—Restitution
   Statement:  A modification of  case nine.
Let us  suppose, in case nine,  that the nurse
has no  money to pay for the  stolen articles.
About five years later she accumulates several
hundred dollars and can well afford  to reim-
burse the hospital for its loss.  Is she obliged
to do so?
   Reply:  The nurse  is certainly  obliged to
pay for the stolen articles.  Her duty in this
regard was only suspended because  she  had
not the means to pay.  Once  she comes  into
possession of sufficient means  the  obligation
returns.   At least  she is bound to inform the
hospital authorities and if they insist on her
paying she must do so.
        Case XI—Helping To Steal
   Statement:  Miss Agnes, the head  nurse in
a training-school, is dishonest.  Having charge
of the books, she puts down certain items for
supplies,  which are  not  ordered,  and  the 
138
Practical  Tests:
amount for them she takes in money.  Miss
Ruth, a pupil in the school and an assistant to
the head nurse becomes aware of the stealing.
The pupil has been keeping  company with a
young man, and in so doing has  violated the
rules of the school.  Although there has been
nothing morally wrong in this company, it is
of such a nature that it could easily be made to
appear wrong.   The head nurse, who knows
these delinquencies, threatens to accuse  the
pupil of  immoral conduct in  case she reports
the stealing.  Seeing her power over the pupil,
Miss Agnes  forces her to sign receipts  for
supplies, which have never been ordered, and
the amount for which  she keeps.  In this way
Miss Ruth assists the  head nurse in steahng
three hundred dollars  worth of supplies.   On
leaving the training-school Miss Ruth is wor-
ried about her obhgation to the authorities,
since she co-operated  with the head nurse in
steahng the money.  She  is well  able to pay
the entire amount.  What  are her  obligations?
  Reply:  Miss Ruth  did wrong in assisting
the head  nurse to steal. But since she did so
under  threats, it is to be supposed that  the
hospital authorities would not demand restitu-
tion from her.  If she wishes  she may make a 
In the Training-School       139
donation to the hospital  to this amount; but
she is not obliged in conscience to do so.
       Case XII—Imitating Thieves
   Statement:  Miss  Bessie, who is finishing
the last year of her course in a nurses' train-
ing-school, hears it whispered around that the
nurses are accustomed to appropriate to them-
selves certain little articles which will be serv-
iceable for private practice. She consequently
takes bandages, drugs, etc., to the amount  of
forty dollars.  After leaving the school she
doubts whether she has a right to these articles.
What should she do?
   Reply:  The duty of Miss Bessie is plain;
she must return the stolen articles or pay for
them.   We say stolen articles, for even  if
other nurses took  things  from  the hospital,
that did not excuse Miss Bessie.  Some people
make it a custom to rob banks, but that does
not give others the right to imitate  them.
   In this as in  other cases of restitution the
nurse is not required to do  anything which
would injure her good name.   If she knows
the authorities well, she would be justified  in
writing  to them or calling on them and ask-
ing them to remit  a  part or all of the theft.
Or she is free to write to them, at the same 
140
Practical  Tests:
time  using an assumed name, asking their
pardon and offering to pay a part or the whole
of the amount.
  Let us compare this case with cases nine and
eleven. In case nine a  nurse  helps an intern
to steal and is held responsible for the theft.
In  case eleven she helps the head nurse  to
steal but does so under pressure.   This does
not excuse her from the wrong that  she has
done, but it does lessen the guilt.   When we
come to restitution we must look at the case
from the point of view of the hospital authori-
ties.  In case nine, we have no reason to think
that the hospital  authorities  would condone
the act of the nurse; whereas in case eleven we
believe that the authorities would not wish to
force their rights, and  hence  that  the  nurse
is not  bound in conscience to  make good the
loss.
        Case XIII—A  Bad Temper
  Statement:  Miss  Mary,  a student nurse,
has a violent  temper.  One day when  she was
reprimanded  by the  head nurse,  and shortly
afterward by a physician for whom she  had a
strong dislike, she was so angry and irritated
that she deliberately dashed a microscope  to
the floor and  injured it so much that it was 
In the Training-School        141
useless.   No one saw  Miss Mary break the
instrument,  which was valued at a  hundred
dollars.   On the  following day she felt very
much humihated, and wanted to know whether
she was  obliged to pay the hospital for the
microscope.
  Reply:  Miss  Mary is certainly  obliged
to pay for the broken instrument.  She did the
act freely and had every reason to believe that
a dehcate instrument, like a microscope, would
be damaged beyond repair.  Probably the loss
of the hundred dollars will be the most ef-
fectual means of taming the violent temper.
      Case XIV—Keeping a Promise
   Statement: A nurse hastily contracts mar-
riage with a  young army  officer of a medical
corps, who has come to the hospital for a short
term as an intern.  He leaves her a few days
after the ceremony; but before going gets from
her a promise that  she will turn over to him
five thousand dollars, as soon as he completes
his service in the army.   During his stay in
the army the officer unfortunately contracts
the habit of drink.  After returning  home he
insists on his wife giving him the money as she
had promised.  What is she to do?
   Reply:  Although  the  nurse  made the 
142           Practical Tests:
promise to her husband in good faith and was
bound by such a promise, still,  owing to the
changed conditions, the husband has forfeited
his right  to the money.   Evidently  it was
originally intended that the money should be
used by the  physician to start his business; as
things now  stand, the money will  be  squan-
dered. Under these circumstances the wife is
released from her promise.
Case  XV—A Practical  Case in Euthanasia
   Statement:  A patient, who is dying, is in
severe physical  suffering.    The  physician
arrives and orders the nurse to administer mor-
phine in such quantity as to cause entire stupe-
faction and to keep the patient in this condi-
tion until the end comes.  May the nurse fol-
low the directions?
  Reply:   The  nurse  is not allowed  to  ad-
minister the morphine  under these conditions.
The  patient has  the right to the use  of  the
normal faculties at the approach of death;  no
one may deprive the patient of  such a right.
If it were intended to  produce temporary re-
freshing sleep it could be given.
      Case XVI—Stealing a Formula
   Statement:  Miss May, a trained nurse who 
          In the Training-School       143

possesses exceptional laboratory technique, is
employed for six months in the office of a drug
firm  which  specializes  in cough medicines.
While working there in her official capacity
she learns the formula for the medicine and
sells it to a  rival firm for a thousand dollars.
The rival firm by the use of this new formula
makes five  thousand dollars.  What are the
obligations of the nurse in the matter?
  Reply: It is as wrong to steal a patent as
it is to steal a watch or an amount of money.
If the nurse has or ever should have the means
she is obhged to restitution.   Through a third
party, who does not reveal her name, she may
offer a compromise to the first firm.  She
should do all in her power to prevent the
second firm from  continuing the use  of the
formula.
      Case XVII—Duty of Reporting
  Statement:  On entering a training-school
for nurses Miss Florence is horrified to find
among the pupils a girl of evil habits.  Miss
Florence discovers that the girl is not  only
consorting with certain  interns,  but that she
is  acting as an  agent to lure others  of the
school into the same immoral life. Miss Flor-
ence is simply a student  with no official con- 
144
Practical  Tests:
nection with the school.  Is she obliged to re-
port the matter to the school authorities?
  Reply:   The common good and the protec-
tion of innocent pupils require Miss Florence
to report the matter. If she is afraid of having
her name  connected with the affair she may
send a letter to the authorities with the proper
proofs.
        Case XVIII—Temptation
  Statement:  Miss Lillian, a virtuous young
lady and pupil, is wholly without experience
and knowledge  of  sex questions.    In the
nurses' training-school, while  listening to the
lectures of physicians  and attending  upon
male patients, she finds that she is harassed by
evil temptations and imaginations.  Since the
work is a cause of uneasiness and  a temptation
to her, she doubts whether  she should give up
the nursing course.  What is she to do?
  Reply:   A normally constituted person is
subject to such evil suggestions.   While it is
sinful to place oneself in the way of tempta-
tion without a proportionate cause, in the pres-
ent case Miss Lillian may remain in her place
in  the training-school.   She  should  rely on
prudent conduct, and especially on prayer and 
In the Training-School       145
the reception of the sacraments, to offset the
temptations.
       Case XIX—-The Head Nurse
  Statement:  A pupil nurse learns from her
patient  that  she has deceived  the attending
physician and in consequence is not receiving
the proper treatment.  Should  the  pupil in-
form the  hospital  authorities  or the  head
nurse?
  Reply:  It must be remembered that the
head nurse is a real official and  as such should
be reverenced and obeyed.  She, on her  part,
should be careful not to go beyond the powers
delegated to her by the hospital  authorities.
Tact and patience in dealing with pupils will
do much to preserve harmony  in  the institu-
tion.
  If it  has been explained  to the pupil that
all  matters are  to be reported to  the  head
nurse, who in turn is to confer with the  phy-
sician and the authorities, then the pupil has
simply to carry  out instructions.  If there is
any  doubt in the pupil's mind, it would prob-
ably be  wiser to bring the matter to the  head
of the hospital.  It would then  be the higher
official's duty to instruct the pupil how to act
in the future. 
146
Practical  Tests:
  Head nurses should not resent any action
on the part of pupils in going to authorities.
It is a principle of government that a subject
may always  consult a  superior,  and  appeal
from a lower to a higher official.
        Case XX—Colored Patient
  Statement:  A colored female  patient was
admitted to a hospital and, owing to the seri-
ousness of an operation, was assigned a private
room and a special nurse.  Three nurses re-
fused to take the case because the patient was
colored.  Were they justified in their action?
  Reply:   The nurses  were not justified in
their  action.  After their graduation  they
would be free to hmit their services; but while
in the hospital they should have carried out
the assignments of the authorities.
      Case XXI—Falsifying Records
  Statement:   Two nurses  from the same
school had  charge of a patient on twenty-four
hour  duty.  It was known to the day nurse
that the  night nurse falsified the records, in
important matters,  in regard to medicine and
treatment; but she failed to report this to the
proper authorities.  Were both nurses equally
culpable?  How should they be dealt with?
  Reply:  The nurse who falsified the records 
In the Training-School       147
was  far  more  culpable  than the nurse who
failed to report the matter.   The first nurse
should be discharged by the physician or the
hospital authorities.  An investigation should
be made in regard to the action of the second
nurse.  As  the facts are presented here she
appears guilty of serious neglect of duty; but
there may have been extenuating circumstances
which would lessen her  guilt.  For instance,
the falsification of the records,  although  in-
excusable, may not have  been such as to really
alter the  nature of the  nursing, or may not
have brought any danger to the patient.
     Case XXII—Intern and Physician
   Statement:  A newly arrived intern gives
orders to a nurse in the presence of a patient.
The treatment ordered by him conflicted with
the directions of the surgeon on the case.  In
this instance the nurse carried out the orders of
the surgeon.  What are  the obligations of  the
nurse in this matter to  both patient and  in-
tern?
   Reply:  The intern goes altogether beyond
his power and his position.   His orders under
the circumstances should be entirely ignored.
The nurse should act with prudence; she might
appear to hsten to  the order, and then quietly 
148
Practical  Tests:
carry out the wishes  of  the surgeon.  Later
she should report the matter to the surgeon.
       Case XXIII—Experimenting
  Statement:  A nurse has an overpowering
desire to assist at operations.  She informs a
surgeon that she is an expert in giving anaes-
thetics : whereas, in fact, she has had but little
practice.   Owing to her action a  patient dies
on the operating-table.  What is she to do?
  Reply: Of course the nurse has committed
a grave offence. There may be nothing for her
to do except to  be  careful about the future.
If she is not detected she is not obhged to con-
fess her guilt in the matter.
  Many  a time, in  your profession, you will
fight with death and lose the  battle.  If you
have done your  duty, and have made use of
the most approved methods as  you  learned
them in the training-school, you will have no
remorse.  You did your best; and no one can
do more.  But if you have experimented; if,
as in the case above, you have taken chances
when there was no real call for a risk of any
kind, then you can never undo the wrong and
the injustice.  You may weep tears of bitter
remorse, but such tears will not recall the dead 
In the Training-School       149
or bring back the missing one to the home that
is desolate.
  Remember this lesson!  You have no right
to experiment with human beings, it matters
not how poor or sick they may be.  You owe
it to every patient to use the  most approved
methods.  There was absolutely no excuse in
this instance for the nurse's taking  a chance
in administering the anaesthetic.  If she de-
sired to work in an operating-room she should
have applied herself  to  become an  adept in
giving an anaesthetic.  Only after her instruc-
tors told  her that she was proficient should
she have undertaken the work.
  Again, I say, remember this advice!   Do
not go on making mistakes, only to bring re-
morse when it is too late I 
 
CHAPTER IX
   PRACTICAL TESTS: THE GRADUATE NURSE
T t will not be possible in the solution of each
•*■ of the following cases to point out all the
duties of the nurse.  I wish, therefore, to call
attention to the fact that in giving an answer
I suppose that the  nurse  will, in almost all
instances, consult with the attending physician
before she takes any action.  The reason for
such a supposition is evident.  The nurse is
working for the doctor and, since  she  is  his
assistant,  he has the right to know what is
done.  Let the nurse remember her relation to
the physician and she will  be spared  many
mistakes and troubles.

        Case I—Professional Secret
  Statement:   A nurse learns  that a con-
valescent patient has for years held a respon-
sible position as signalman at a railroad  cross-
ing.   During this time he has been  subject
to fits and swooning.  Should he be in one  of
these unconscious states at a critical time it
might  lead to  a serious accident  and loss  of
fife.  As he has a large family to support  he
                    151 
152
Practical  Tests:
is anxious  to return to work.   What should
the nurse do?
  Reply:   The  railroad officials must be  in-
formed of  the condition of the patient.  The
fact that he has  a large family and is anxious
to work should not enter into the solution of
the question.  Probably the railroad will be
able  to find a  less responsible  position for
him.
  It may not be necessary for the nurse per-
sonally to  take  up this matter with the rail-
road officials.  She may be timid or may not
know how to reach the parties.  Again, if the
patient is in a hospital, the nurse will satisfy
her obligations by  informing the authorities.
If it is a private case the nurse should certainly
consult with the attending physician.  If he
promises to bring the information to the rail-
road  managers, the  nurse  need not worry
longer about the affair.  She may talk with
the physician, and then send a letter to the rail-
road headquarters with the request that  some
representative come to the hospital or house to
consult about an important matter; or she may
write the full information in a letter, adding
that she is most willing to give further evidence
should such be needed. 
The Graduate Nurse         153
      Case II—Professional Etiquette
  Statement:  A nurse is called in on a case
by Dr. Jones who is  a stranger to her.  She
has no complaint whatever  in regard to this
physician; but she is  under  obligation to Dr.
Smith, for whom she has worked.  She talks so
much to the patient about the splendid quah-
ties of Dr. Smith that he is called in on the
case and Dr. Jones is dismissed.  Is the nurse
justified in  thus showing her loyalty to Dr.
Smith?
  Reply:   The  nurse certainly deserves a re-
buke  for her lack of prudence; she is equally
blameworthy for  her thoughtless  loquacity.
Probably such a nurse has missed her vocation;
she should have been a  salesclerk with ample
opportunity to  chatter  away with customers
to her heart's  content.   However, since  she
did not intend to injure the  reputation of Dr.
Jones and did not  foresee that her talkative-
ness would cause him to lose the case, she has
not committed  an act of injustice; nor is she
bound to repay him for the fee which he lost
in the case.
  The nurse is  certainly in a dilemma.   By
rights she should apologize to both Dr. Smith
and the patient; but as this will embarrass Dr. 
154
Practical  Tests:
Jones, it will probably be best to let the matter
go with a resolution to be more discreet in the
future.
        Case III—Careless Doctor
  Statement:   Dr. Jones has a practice in a
very large city.  It is absolutely impossible
for him to attend to all his patients.  A nurse,
who  is assisting him, notices this, and is sure
that  the want of attention is endangering the
fife of the patient.  She feels that it is useless
to speak to Dr. Jones; and, furthermore, that
he has  power to have her dismissed.   What
should the nurse do?
  Reply:    The  nurse  should  inform  the
patient of the actual state of affairs,  and ad-
vise  the family to call in another physician.
She  may suffer from the wrath of Dr. Jones;
but her duty requires her to report the matter
to the family even though she should suffer.
    Case IV—Other Work With Nursing
  Statement:   Miss Regina, after entering
upon a case of nursing a sick mother, finds that
she is expected to do cooking for two children,
to keep the house clean and perform other
household duties.  Should she continue on the
case?
  Reply:  This  is an occasion that  requires 
The Graduate Nurse         155
great prudence and patience.  It is certainly
within the strict rights of the nurse to inform
the family that she has  not come for  house-
hold duties.  But, if she has the strength for
the extra work, it would be better for her to
remain upon the  case.  Above all, she  should
not act in haste.  She should weigh the matter
carefully.  It certainly will not injure her to
do this extra work for a few days, and it is a
great work of charity.   If she feels that the
work is too much for her to bear, she  should
quietly inform the family and give them ample
time to get a substitute.
          Case V—More Prudence
  Statement:  This  is a continuation of case
four.  The nurse, under  the circumstances,
goes at once to the sick woman,  informs her
that she  is  not a servant and leaves the house
immediately.
  Reply:  The nurse  here is guilty of great
imprudence and also  offends against charity.
She  should bring  the matter  before   the
mother and give her ample time to secure an-
other nurse or to  get help from the neighbors.
      Case VI—The Borrowing Habit
  Statement:  Miss May  is repeatedly  bor- 
156
Practical  Tests:
rowing things from her friends  and patients.
She got the bad habit of borrowing when she
was in the training-school and took it with her
into professional life.  While nursing a rich
lady she is captivated  by a beautiful electric
car belonging to her patient.  As the lady is
under special obligation to the nurse for her
excellent service she feels that she cannot re-
fuse when Miss May asks her for the use of the
car.  Miss May meets with an accident which
practically demolishes the machine.  What is
the obhgation of Miss May  in paying for the
car?
  Reply:  Miss May does wrong in making
use of her professional work as  an excuse to
borrow the car from her patient.   In giving
excellent service she has only done what her
profession demands of her.   She has no ex-
cuse  for imposing upon her patient.  How-
ever, once the car is loaned  to her, the owner
cannot claim  any payment for  the damage.
A car in use is always  in danger; an accident
may happen at any time.  The patient should
have thought of this contingency when she al-
lowed her private car  to be used by another
party.  Miss  May, therefore, while  she  is to
be reprehended for her action in making such 
The Graduate Nurse         157
a request of the patient, is under no obligation
to pay for the loss of the car.
       Case VII—Who Was Careless?
   Statement:  A nurse is asked to substitute
for half a day and to administer medicine to
a patient every hour.  When she comes into
the room she notices that there are two bottles
on a table.  The nurse, whose place she takes,
carried away with her one of the bottles.  At
the  assigned  time the  second  nurse gives
medicine from the bottle which has been left.
It proves to be the wrong bottle, the right one
having been removed by mistake.  Is the nurse
who gives the medicine responsible?
  Reply:  The first nurse, who took away the
bottle  by mistake, is probably more to blame
than the latter one who really administered the
drug.  But this latter should have looked at
the label and  should have been sure that she
was giving the right dose; she is also to blame
for the accident.
    Case VIII—Using Hypnotic Power
  Statement:  A nurse finds that she possesses
hypnotic power.  In dealing with her patients,
especially  with  those  subject  to nervous
trouble and drink, she has had some wonder-
ful results and has brought about cures which 
158
Practical Tests:
she was unable to obtain by any other treat-
ment.  May she continue the use of hypnotism ?
  Reply:  In deahng with patients of this kind
the nurse should at first make use of all known
and  tried methods of the  profession.   She
should not have recourse to hypnotism without
the express permission  of the physician  for
whom  she is taking care of the case.  In  ex-
traordinary cases  and with the consent of  the
physician  she  may put the  patient  in a
hypnotic state. She should not lose sight of
the fact, however, that  she is using  a power
that has dangers both for herself and for  the
patient.   Once she feels any debilitating or
nervous effect from the application of hypno-
tism she should desist from it at once.
      Case IX—Conditional Baptism
  Statement:   A  nurse  is taking care of a
mother and baby three days old.  The  baby,
which  seems to be in a  normal condition, is
suddenly taken with convulsions and dies. The
nurse knows that the baby has not been bap-
tized and that its  parents would desire it to
receive the sacrament. She has also heard that
it is very doubtful just when real death comes,
and that the soul may be in the body some time
after apparent death.   Although the  baby 
The Graduate Nurse        159
seems  to  be already dead, the nurse pours
some water on its  forehead  and pronounces
the words: I baptize thee in the name of the
Father, and of the  Son,  and of the Holy
Ghost.  Was the nurse justified in baptizing
the baby under these conditions?
  Reply:   Yes, the nurse did what was right,
even if some few minutes had elapsed since the
child's death.   There has  been considerable
study in this matter of late; and some eminent
physicians are  of the opinion that  the  soul
remains in the body for an hour after apparent
death.  The nurse was justified, therefore, in
giving the doubt to  the  baby, which had the
right to baptism.  Since there was  reason to
doubt about the fife of the baby, it would have
been better for  the nurse to have administered
conditional baptism.   That  is, she should have
said:   If  thou  art  still ahve, I baptize  thee
in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and
of the Holy Ghost.
            Case X—Abortion
  Statement:  A young girl who has been led
astray by  a man who promised to marry her,
comes to a nurse to ask assistance in procuring
abortion.  The nurse points out the evil which
the girl contemplates, but  cannot induce  her 
160
Practical  Tests:
to desist from her design.  After  trying  in
vain to find any relatives of the girl, the nurse
informs the  health department  of  the girl's
evil design.  The girl is arrested  and taken to
the city hospital where she is guarded until
the child is born. Did the nurse act rightly in
reporting the case ?
  Reply:   Of course  it was the duty of the
nurse to keep the matter as secret as possible,
since she knew of it through her professional
work.  She also acted prudently in first try-
ing to find members of the family or friends  of
the girl.  As a last resort she was justified  in
bringing in public authority to prevent the girl
from   committing abortion.  Those  of the
medical or  nursing profession who  do not ac-
cept the writer's explanation of the origin  of
rights  and duties and responsibility to God
may not agree with this explanation; however,
it is  the only correct one.   The unborn child
had a right to life, and the nurse was justified
in protecting that life.  However,  the nurse
need not give her own name; she could send
the information through a third party.
          Case XI—Carelessness
  Statement:  After an operation,  a nurse by
carelessness permits a water-bag seriously  to 
The Graduate Nurse         161
burn a patient, who on that account is obliged
to remain in a hospital for two weeks  extra.
The patient, who is a poor laboring man and
a father of a family,  must pay fifty dollars
extra at the hospital.   Is the nurse obliged to
refund the fifty dollars to  the patient?
  Reply:   Although this  was owing to the
carelessness of the nurse she is not obliged in
justice to pay for the extra two weeks.  If the
nurse has the money,  charity should prompt
her to pay the hospital bill.
        Case XII—Illicit  Operation
  Statement:  A nurse is called to assist at an
operation.   It was explained  to  her, before
coming to the operating-room, that the patient,
a married woman, was  suffering from an in-
ternal infection, which made it necessary to re-
move  the  ovaries.  Before the operation the
nurse learns that there  is no infection of any
kind.   The woman is  having the ovaries re-
moved because she does not wish to bear chil-
dren.   May the nurse assist at the operation?
  Reply:   The nurse cannot, in conscience,
assist  at such an operation. It is illicit, for it
is a mutilation of the human body, and that in
a serious manner without a sufficient reason. 
162
Practical  Tests:
   Case XIII—Illicit Operation and the
           Hospital Authorities
  Statement:  This is only a modification of
case twelve. A physician sends a patient to a
hospital and explains  that  infectious  ovaries
are to be removed.  Later the authorities learn
that there is no infection, but that the  woman
is having  the  operation to avoid the troubles
of motherhood.   May the authorities  permit
the operation?
  Reply:   The  authorities  cannot  allow the
operation  to take place; for, while the surgeon
is primarily responsible for the act, the authori-
ties in this case  are co-operators in what is
wrong.
  Case XIV—Reporting a Case of Syphilis
  Statement:  Miss Agnes, a trained nurse,
learns that her patient,  a young man, has a
severe case of syphilis, and moreover  that he
is soon to be married.  She speaks to the par-
ents of the young man and explains that they
are doing a great injustice to the young lady
by permitting the marriage.  She is severely
reprimanded by  the parents and is given to
understand that  they  will  tolerate  no inter-
ference  from a nurse.   The date of the wed-
ding draws near.  What is the nurse to do? 
The Graduate Nurse         163
  Reply:  This is a difficult case.  The laws
of countries differ and writers are not unani-
mous.  However, the most reliable authorities
insist that the nurse may not only tell, but that
she is  bound in duty to  do so.  This  is my
opinion.   The nurse should inform the future
bride or her parents of the nature of the disease
from which the young man is suffering.
  We  are supposing here that the nurse has
a private case.  If she has been called in by a
physician it is her duty to inform him of the
facts.  It  then devolves  upon the  doctor to
bring the information to the prospective bride.
If he refuses to do his duty, she is obliged to
act as  directed above.
  Case XV—Abortion—Parents of the  Girl
  Statement:  A nurse is called in on a case,
and finds that a young girl of seventeen has
been deceived by  a soldier friend,  who had
promised to marry her.  The parents urge the
nurse to perform abortion so as to protect the
good name of the family.  After vainly plead-
ing with the nurse the parents ask her at least
to give them the name of some drug which will
bring  about the  desired effect.   The  girl
threatens to commit suicide.  What is the
nurse to do? 
164
Practical  Tests:
  Reply:  This whole matter was thoroughly
discussed in the chapter on: The Rights of the
Unborn Child.  The principles which should
guide you were  explained  in  the first two
chapters.  If you have any doubts about this
matter,  read these chapters  carefully.   The
duty of the nurse is plain; she cannot perform
the operation  nor recommend any drug.  In
the latter case,  by assisting the  parents  in
securing a drug, she would be responsible for
the death of the  fetus.   She should  put  the
whole affair  clearly before  the parents.   If
she cannot bring them to a sense  of duty, she
should threaten to report them to the public
authorities to prevent the death  of an innocent
being.
    Case XVI—Advice About  Surgeons
  Statement:   A patient asked  a nurse  her
opinion of the ability of the surgeon who was
to operate.  In the nurse's judgment the sur-
geon  was not capable of doing  this special
work.  Should the nurse  have  given this in-
formation to the patient?
  Reply:  How did the nurse  know that the
surgeon in question was not capable of per-
forming this special operation?  Is she certain
about the matter, or is it simply her opinion? 
The Graduate Nurse         165
If there is any doubt in her mind, she should
give the surgeon the full benefit of the doubt
and remain silent.  But  if from undoubted
evidence she knows that the surgeon is incom-
petent she should inform the patient.
       Case XVII—Illicit  Operation
   Statement:   The only nurse available in a
rural district is called to attend a patient on
whom an operation of an illegal nature is about
to be performed.   Following the operation the
patient will need a nurse.  Is  the nurse justi-
fied in attending the case?
   Reply:   No, the nurse is not justified in at-
tending upon this  case simply  because there is
no other to help.  The operation is wrong, and
one can never assist  another  to  do a wrong
action.  However, if the surgeon persists and
performs  the operation, and if later he or the
patient should send for the nurse  the latter
may go.  She has done all in her  power to
prevent the evil deed.  She is now free to help
one who needs nursing.
           Case XVIII—Secrecy
   Statement:   A nurse is called to  care for a
young woman with septicemia following self-
inflicted abortion.  The patient deceives the
doctor,  so that he has not made   a  correct 
166
Practical  Tests:
diagnosis, and is not giving the proper treat-
ment.  The patient has  made  a confidant of
the nurse and told her the true conditions of
the case.   What is the nurse's duty?
  Reply:  The nurse is not bound by secrecy
in this case.  In fact, the good of the patient
requires  that the  attending physician be  in-
formed at once  about the real nature of the
trouble.  However, the nurse should first en-
deavor to persuade the  patient to confide the
secret to  the doctor.
 Case XIX—A Superintendent's Difficulty
   Statement:  At the request of a patient the
superintendent in a hospital promises to secure
a certain graduate nurse for special duty.  It
is later learned that the physician in attendance
has found fault with the nurse's work and has
requested that she never be put on duty with
any of his patients.  What is the duty of the
superintendent in this matter?
   Reply:  The  superintendent should deal
frankly with both the physician and patient.
If the matter cannot be adjusted harmoniously
the wish of the  physician should be followed,
as he is responsible for the treatment and has
the right to choose those who are to assist him.
If  the patient insists on having this special 
The Graduate Nurse         167
nurse, the physician may either yield or with-
draw from the case.
        Case XX—Dangerous Drugs
   Statement:  As a neurotic  patient cannot
sleep without the aid of drugs,  a nurse admin-
isters a placebo tablet which produces the de-
sired effect.  The doctor does not express any
disapproval of same.  Is it wrong for the nurse
to continue such medicine,  since its use may
lead to the drug habit?
   Reply:  The nurse should not have given
the tablets  without  consulting the attending
physician. If with his consent she continues to
administer  the  drug, the  patient need  not
know  what  is  being given,  and will thus
be safeguarded against any use of the tablets
in the future.
         Case XXI—Dying Patient
   Statement:  A  nurse knowing  that  her
patient will  not recover from a serious opera-
tion, wishes to  tell him  so; but,  fearing this
information  might hasten his death, hesitates
to do so.  What would be the proper course
to take in this case?
  Reply: There are many ways of bringing
information  to a patient who is very sick.  In 
168
Practical  Tests:
the first place the immediate relatives  should
be informed, or a consultation about the matter
should be arranged with the attending phy-
sician and friends of the patient.  The religion
of the patient should enter into the decision.
As Catholics wish to know about the approach
of death, it is wrong to deceive them by with-
holding the information.  We beheve that in
most  cases the information should be  given;
the manner of giving it  will depend on  the
prudence and judgment of the nurse and  the
physician.
  It would be well for the nurse on such an oc-
casion to ask the relatives whether the  sick
person had made a will.  Justice to the family
requires that a will be made.
          Case  XXII—Eugenics
  Statement:  Miss Ruth, a graduate  nurse,
has been elected secretary of the local Eugenic
Society.   The president  of  the society is a
certain Mrs. Lonely, who, having no children
of her own, has taken it upon herself to direct
those  who have or may have children.  Great
results  are  foretold  ot  che  work of   the
eugenists.   Miss Ruth,  as secretary,  is  re-
quested to get as many names as possible  for
the association.  She approaches  two of  her 
The Graduate Nurse         169
friends, Miss  Agnes, a  pupil  in  a training-
school, and Miss Julia, a graduate nurse, and
urges many reasons why they should be mem-
bers of the society.  What action should they
take in the matter?
  Reply:   Miss Agnes  should certainly  not
become a member of the society.  It should be
her endeavor  first to learn  the essentials of
her  chosen  profession.   If  later  she wishes
to join scientific associations let her connect
her name  with those which are  thoroughly es-
tablished.
  Our advice to Miss Julia would be  to re-
fuse the request of the secretary; for so little
is known  of the laws of  eugenics that it were
wiser to leave investigations to  a few experts.
"Eugenics"  means  good breeding.   As  a
science it  is defined  by the Eugenics Educa-
tion Society to be "the study of agencies under
social control  that may improve or impair the
racial  qualities  of future generations  either
physically or  mentally."  The  analogy  of the
racehorse  is freely used to illustrate the  end
proposed  and the means of attaining it.  Just
as the animal can be improved  by attention to
heredity and environment, so also can man be
improved.  This is an accurate statement of 
170
Practical Tests:
the views of most eugenists.  They entirely
ignore the higher and spiritual part of man.
They  would  have  him propagated  as  an
animal.
  Nor should Miss Ruth be deceived by the
vague theories of such women as Mrs. Lonely,
who,  while  probably knowing little  of the
science of eugenics, is simply using the society
as a means of cheap notoriety.

  Case XXIII—Teaching Sex Hygiene in
               the Schools
  Statement: Miss Julia,  a graduate nurse,
is approached by Mrs. Lonely, a society leader,
and asked to join an association  to promote
the teaching of sex hygiene in the schools. Mrs.
Lonely explains that people have made a mis-
take these hundreds of years by being silent
upon matters of sex, that the remedy for moral
evil is information.   "Teach sex relationship
in the schools and vice will disappear."  Should
Miss Julia become a member of the associa-
tion?
  Reply: The teaching of sex hygiene was
attempted in the  schools  of Chicago  some
years ago and was  abandoned after  a few
weeks.  The stenographic copies  taken were 
The Graduate Nurse         171
 so vile that they were excluded by law from
 the United States mail.
   Even  an  elementary knowledge  of psy-
 chology should be enough to deter the advo-
 cates of sex hygiene from bringing this delicate
 subject before the minds  of children.   Psy-
 chology is a study of the  nature of the soul.
 It explains the inter-relation of the soul and
 the  senses—the ministers  or instruments  of
 which the mind makes use in acquiring knowl-
 edge.  The mind is simply  one of the  faculties
 of the soul in operation.
  Once we have understood this dependence
 of the soul upon the senses for its knowledge
 we are in a position to study sex hygiene from
 the  psychological viewpoint, and from this
 viewpoint we have a most serious objection to
 the teaching of sex hygiene to the young. For
 in so doing we must necessarily fill the  minds
 of the young with sensuous objects.   We im-
 press upon the mind these pictures which re-
 present the physiology of the sexes, and these
pictures, by their very nature, reacting upon
the soul, must inflame the  passions and be a
cause of temptation.
  Miss Julia should not join the Sex Hygiene
Society. 
172
Practical Tests:
Case XXIV—Your Patient Is a Child of Gal
   Statement:   It is very  difficult to pick a
flaw in regard to the work of Miss  Julia, a
graduate nurse.  She is tactful, sympathetic,
careful; she never tires  or relaxes  in adminis-
tering to all the wants of her patients.  If her
record were tabulated point for point, it would
seem to approach one hundred  per cent in pro-
ficiency.  And yet there is something want-
ing—something that cannot be measured or
weighed  or tabulated.   It  is  the soul of the
work.  Her patients are just sick people to
he cured and  there the matter ends.   Is the
experience  of  Miss Julia exceptional in the
nursing profession?
  Reply:   Miss   Julia represents  a  type.
There  are nurses  carefully  trained, exact and
all  but perfect in the  art  of administering
things that are external.   But do they  look
upon  their patients as  suffering children of
God?  If they do not beheve in the higher na-
ture and destiny of man, they can never bring
to the  profession  that love  and devotion that
has ever characterized nursing in  the history
of the  Church. Why was it that St.  Francis
bent down and kissed  the  leper?   Why did
Queen Maud  of England live among lepers, 
The Graduate Nurse         173
washing their wounds and kissing their feet?
She washed, dried and kissed their feet, be-
cause in so  doing she was kissing the  feet of
the  eternal King.  St.  Hugh,  of Lincoln,
would dwell among the lepers eating with them
and administering to them,  saying that  he
was inspired by the example of the Saviour,
and by His teaching concerning the beggar,
Lazarus.  On one occasion, in reply to a re-
monstrance  from a friend, he said that those
afflicted  ones  were  the  flowers of paradise,
pearls in the coronet of the eternal King.
But I need  not go back to medieval times for
examples of heroism.   One  of the brightest
hghts  is  that  of  Father Damien  and  his
labor among the lepers of Molokai.  But there
are tens of thousands of other heroes who have
striven with the high ideals  of Queen Maud
and St. Hugh.   Men and women of this type,
inspired by the teachings of Christianity, have
been the great social workers of the past. They
succeeded because their whole souls and hearts
were in the work.  They were not ministering
to men and women only, but to children  of
God. If Miss Julia failed, it was because she
did not understand this  high  ideal, did not
realize that she was ministering to children of 
174
Practical Tests
God, and that her reward would be, not the
fee for her services, but the beatitude promised
by Him who would repay even a glass of cold
water given in His name. 
CHAPTER X
   THE CHURCH AND NURSING IN THE PAST
 A mong a  quantity of papyri  recently un-
***■ earthed at Fayum, in the Lybian Desert
east  of the Nile, were a number of nurses' re-
ceipts.  The discovery has added another proof
to the long contended theory that the profession
of nursing is very ancient. It may be of interest
to you to learn that the nurses of those days
were paid for their services, as were the store-
keepers  and  court officials.   These  special
nurses not only  performed their allotments,
but were remunerated and gave receipts.  By
a strange coincidence these  receipts were left
in a stone house, were covered by the warm, dry
sand and were recently  dug out and deciph-
ered.  Even if other evidence  were wanting,
these  recent  discoveries  would  give  ample
proof that nursing was a profession centuries
ago in Egypt.
   There are  evidences of the care of the sick
among all ancient people. However, we must
not conclude that this solicitude was as uni-
versal as it is today. By far the greater num-
ber of the human  race in pagan times, even
                    175 
176      The Church and Nursing
among the most civilized, were in slavery. The
slave had absolutely no rights. The master had
complete control over him, and  could put him
to a cruel death for the merest trifle.   If  he
was fed and clothed it was  because the slave
was useful;  he was treated  like the master's
dog or ox.  He could not work  unless he were
fed and clothed, therefore the master fed and
clothed him.  In sickness he was cared for  as
a matter of business. But when he became old
or useless he was cast aside and left to die  as
were the animals.   No  doubt there were ex-
ceptions to these terrible customs.  In ancient
times, then, and under pagan civilization nurs-
ing was a luxury reserved  for the few.
  The universal care of the sick is  a Christian
institution.  It came as a  result of the teach-
ing of Christ, that all men  are children of God
and heirs of heaven; that He would reward a
cup of cold water given in His name; that He
would  accept as  done to Himself whatever
was done to  the least of His brethren.  In this
teaching of Christ we find  the principles which
have guided mankind for  twenty centuries  in
the care of  suffering humanity.  Christ did
not lay down any set program or method  in
regard to the treatment of the sick; had He 
In the Past
177
done so His teaching would have soon grown
antiquated. But once He taught the brother-
hood of man and the equality of man, of very
necessity came the application which included
tender solicitude for all who were in suffering.
  Hence we find that hospitals and care of the
sick progressed wherever Christianity was in-
troduced.    As early  as  the  fourth  century
there were  large hospitals in Caesarea,  Con-
stantinople, Rome and other cities.  It was at
this  time that Fabiola, a Roman matron con-
verted to Christianity, turned  her house into a
hospital and sent her servants throughout the
city to bring in the  sick that  she might nurse
them.  With the conquest of Christianity went
the building of hospitals, until literally thou-
sands of these institutions dotted the countries
of Europe.
  Let me  tell you briefly something about
those who  did the  nursing, something about
the  patients,  and then something about the
hospital buildings.
  For centuries all  charitable  work was under
the  direction   of the  Church.   Those  who
wished to dedicate their lives to the care of the
sick  entered a religious association especially
devoted to this work.  After  an examination 
178       The Church and Nursing
by the hospital authorities as to their physical
and mental fitness, they were received with a
religious ceremony. For years they served under
experienced nurses  of  the association  until
finally they could be entrusted with separate
work.   If  the remedies  were  simple  and
methods far from scientific, the nurse brought
that  skill that comes only  with life  service,
and that love that prompts one to regard the
sick as the suffering child of God.
  In a very recent work, "Doctor and Social
Worker," by R. C.  Cabot, the author makes
this rather candid statement.  "With the ad-
vancement of modern medical science there are
left now but very few physicians who believe
that disease can often be cured by a drug.  It
is recognized by the better element of the pro-
fession all over the world that only in  seven
or eight, out of about one hundred and  fifty
diseases  clearly  distinguished in our  text-
books of medicine,  have we a drug with any
pretension to cure.   *  *   *  *  At present
the best that we  can do for most patients is
to explain what the trouble is, let them know
what is going to happen, to preach some good
hygiene, and above  all to make them realize
that we care and suffer with them.  This is the 
In the Past
179
essence of medical work and of the social as-
sistant's work in the dispensary and in the
home."  I have read of  no outcry against this
work of Dr. Cabot, who is a physician of long
and  varied experience in this country and in
the hospitals of France. Yet he tells us that
we can do little more for the sick than to love
them and suffer with them.  This is what the
medieval nurses  did; they loved and suffered.
Many of them like St. Catherine of Sienna and
St. Odile so loved the suffering lepers that they
reverently stooped and kissed their ulcers.
   The patient was  received with every mark
of tender solicitude.  Often the superior  or
chaplain went  to the door  accompanied by
acolytes with lighted tapers.  An invoice was
taken of his clothes  and  other belongings, just
as is done in a modern hospital.  He was then
given  an outfit—a  robe and slippers.  If  he
recovered all that he brought was returned to
him.   If he died in the hospital, and no one
claimed what he  had brought, it became the
property of the institution.  He was required
to hsten to the rules.   Everything was free.
Sometimes the hospitals were endowed by the
nobility and sometimes by the municipality.
   It may surprise you to know that many of 
180      The Church and Nursing

these hospitals were of wonderful architectural
beauty.  In  fact, some of them rivaled  the
Gothic churches of medieval times.  Moreover,
the greatest  artists  were called to embellish
these hospitals.  For instance, in Spain seven
of the finest paintings of Rubens were in a hos-
pital in Toledo, and eleven of the works of art
of Murillo were in the Hospital of Charity in
Seville.  A special hospital for women in that
city possessed Murillo's classical picture of the
Immaculate Conception.  The Hospital of the
Five Wounds had a frontage of six hundred
feet and a depth of five hundred and fifty feet.
In Genoa  the  vast hospital  was like a royal
palace. There were the sublimest paintings and
imagery in marble and one of the masterpieces
of Michael Angelo.   Hundreds of the most
wonderful  paintings  of Venice  were in her
hospitals.
  Writing in the "Mail  and Express," May 7,
1904, Mr.  Arthur Dillon, an  architect, thus
described the hospital built in the thirteenth
century by Marguerite, the sister of St. Louis:
"It was an admirable hospital in every way,
and it  is doubtful if we today  surpass  it.   It
was isolated,  the ward was separated from the
other buildings, and it had the advantage we 
In the Past
181
so often lose of being but one story high, and
more space was given to each patient than we
can now afford.
  "The ventilation by the great windows and
ventilators in the  ceiling was excellent; it
was cheerfully hghted, and the arrangement of
the gallery shielded the patients from the daz-
zling light and from draughts from the win-
dows, and afforded  an  easy means of super-
vision,  while the division by the roofless,  low
partitions isolated the sick and obviated the
depression that comes from the sight of others
in pain.
  "It was, moreover, in great contrast to the
cheerless white wards of today. The vaulted
ceiling was very beautiful; the woodwork was
richly carved, and the great windows over the
altars  were filled  with  colored glass.   Alto-
gether it was one of the best examples of the
best period of Gothic architecture."
  The above extract is taken  from  a book by
Dr.  James  Walsh,  entitled  "Popes   and
Science."  I wish  to recommend this book to
you. Fully half of it is devoted to an account
of the  care of  the sick  in the Middle Ages.
The writer does not  deal in vague generalities
but gives the names and work, the  physicians 
182       The Church and Nursing
and  surgeons of  those  times.   For  several
centuries Italy had the greatest medical schools
of Europe, and no physician considered  his
education complete until he had studied under
the masters in southern Europe.  Pope In-
nocent III did more than any other individual
for the foundation of hospitals—his own insti-
tution in Rome, the Hospital of the Holy
Spirit, being a model for others.
  When Luther went to Rome he found fault
with many things,  but he  had only words of
praise for the hospitals.   He wrote: "The hos-
pitals are well provided and well built, the best
food is given, there are  attentive  servants  and
skilled physicians, the beds are very clean  and
the interior of the buildings are adorned with
fine pictures.  When a sick man is brought
in his clothes are  taken from him before a
notary, who writes  down an exact description
that they might be restored to him. He is then
given a white dress, and is placed in a well-
made bed  in white sheets.  Two physicians
visit him.  He is  also visited and served by
ladies of honor,  who  come wearing veils that
they may not be recognized."
  In  Italy, as in many other Catholic coun-
tries, ladies of high rank considered it an honor 
In the Past
183
to wait upon the sick.  They did not wear
veils because they were ashamed of the work,
but because they did not wish to attract atten-
tion.  In  this they were in strange contrast
to many of the social workers  of our day who
make use  of such work to gain prominence in
society.
   You will ask:  What became of these won-
derful institutions for the  sick?   They were
swept away in that religious upheaval of the
sixteenth  century,  commonly known  as  the
Reformation.   A recent Protestant writer of
note has called it the "Grand Pillage," and
pillage it was.  What he says of the religious
institutions of England can justly be  said of
the hospitals of central and western Europe.
He writes:
   "When  I talk about the Great Pillage,  I
mean that horrible  and outrageous looting of
our churches other than conventual, and the
robbing of the people of this country of prop-
erty in land and movables, which property has
actually been inherited by them  as  members
of  those   organized   religious  communities
known as  parishes.  It is necessary to empha-
size the fact that in the general scramble of the
Terror under Henry VIII, and of the anarchy 
184      The Church and Nursing
in the days of Edward VI, there was only one
class that was permitted to retain any  large
portion of  its endowments.  The  monasteries
were plundered even to their very pots and
pans.  Almshouses,  in  which  old  men  and
women were fed and clothed, were robbed to
the last pound, the poor almsfolk were being
turned out  in the cold at an hour's warning to
beg their bread.  Hospitals for the sick and
needy, sometimes magnificently provided with
nurses and  chaplains, whose very raison d'etre
was that they were to look after and care for
those who  were past caring for  themselves,
these were stripped of all their belongings, the
inmates sent out to hobble into some conven-
ient  dry place to lie down and die in, or to
crawl into  some barn  or  hovel, there to be
tended not without fear of consequences by
some kindly man or woman who could not bear
to see a suffering fellow creature drop down
and die at their own doorposts." (Parish Life
in England Before the Great Pillage, by A.
Jessopp, D.D.)
  Luther bore the same testimony  in regard
to the evils that befell the hospitals.  He be-
moaned the fact that those who had followed
him  in his  religious teaching no  longer con- 
In the Past
185
 tributed to hospitals as they did in  Catholic
 times.  From the middle of the sixteenth cen-
 tury there was a general deterioration in hos-
 pital  service in England and Germany,  while
 in  those  countries  which remained Catholic,
 especially in Spain, France and Italy,  there
 was a gradual improvement over past methods.
   This statement about the deterioration of
 hospitals  is borne out by Nutting and Dock
 in their recent work, "The  History of Nurs-
 ing,"  and also by Miss Minnie  Goodnow in
 "Outlines of Nursing History."
   "The dark period  of nursing  began about
 1675 and  continued until recent times. There
 was a complete and lasting  stagnation, and it
 was forgotten that a refined woman could be a
 nurse  except perhaps in  her own  family.
 Nursing in any real  sense of the term prac-
 tically ceased to exist.  Solely among the re-
 ligious Orders did nursing remain an interest
 and some  remnants of technique survive."
   Space will not permit me to enter into  an
 account of the hospitals which  are at present
 conducted by the Catholic Sisterhoods. Their
 popularity with the people and with the  lead-
ers of the medical profession  is a  sufficient
proof of their excellence. 
186      The Church and Nursing
  You may  remember  that  in the Crimean
War the wounded of the French army were
far better provided for than those of the Eng-
lish, because in the former the Catholic Sister-
hoods did so much of the nursing.  In fact, it
was the accounts of the  terrible suffering and
neglect among the English soldiers that  first
awoke the sympathy of Florence Nightingale,
and the call for volunteer nurses gave her the
opportunity which she had long sought of de-
voting  her life to suffering  humanity.
  Florence Nightingale has left us her impres-
sions of  the effective  methods of the Sisters
of Charity in Paris, where she sojourned for
some months previous to her departure for
Crimea, and where she had every opportunity
of studying the efficiency of the work.  "If any
one,"  she writes,  "has ever  been behind the
scenes, living in the interior of the Maison Mere
of the Sisters of Charity at Paris as I have—
and seen their counting-house and  office, all
worked  by women, an office  that has twelve
thousand officials  (all women) scattered all
over the  known world, an office to compare
with which in business habits I have neyer  seen
any, either Government or private, in England
—they will think like me that it  is the mere 
In the Past
187
business power which keeps these enormous re-
ligious Orders going."   (Life  of Florence
Nightingale, by E. T. Cook, vol. i.)
  However, Miss Nightingale  did not fail
to appreciate  the strength of  religion  in this
work for the sick, for among  her letters to a
friend we find the following statement:  "I  do
entirely  believe  that  the  religious   motive
is essential for the highest kind of nurse. There
are such disappointments, such sickenings  of
the heart, that they can only be borne by the
feeling that one is called to the work by God,
that it is a part of His work, that one is a fel-
low worker  of God."   (Cook,  vol. ii.)
  Listen to another quotation from the same
pen:  "The  Catholic Orders offered me work,
training for that  work, sympathy and  help in
it such as I had in vain sought in the Church
of  England."  (Cook,  vol. i.)  Finally, she
attributed the larger part of her success in the
Crimean campaign to the help rendered by the
Sisters of Mercy, "without whom," she writes,
"it  would have been a failure."  (Cook, vol.  i.)
  You will  no doubt read with interest "The
History of Nursing," by Nutting and Dock,
and the  "Outlines  of  Nursing  History,"  by
Miss Minnie  Goodnow.   These authors have 
188       The Church and Nursing
endeavored  to  be fair in their treatment of
nursing under Catholic auspices.  However, I
do not think that the former have given due
credit to the Catholic Sisterhoods and their in-
fluence upon the life of Florence Nightingale.
Miss Goodnow is inaccurate when she states that
the Ursulines and other nursing Sisterhoods
were founded in the sixth century.  Her pity
for the nursing Orders banished from France
is misdirected.  The good nuns were not driven
from their institutions for any incompetency
on their part; they were simply victims of a
persecution  of  everything connected with  re-
ligion.   It is with hesitation that I refer to
such persecution here, for there is at present a
broad and unselfish co-operation between the
various  religious denominations in this coun-
try.  Protestant physicians  have been valued
patrons and generous benefactors of hospitals
under the  Catholic Sisterhoods.  We should be
thankful that such a spirit does exist,  we should
do  all in our power to encourage  it; but
on the other hand, we should not be blind to
the  fact  that  Catholic  hospitals and  other
charitable institutions of  the  Church  have
suffered   undeserved persecutions  and  even
suppression at  the hands of religious fanatics, 
In the Past
189
acting under  the  egis of  so-called  progress
and  liberty.   It is well for you  to  remem-
ber this when reading the histories  of  nurs-
ing referred to above.
  From this talk on "The  Church and Nurs-
ing in the Past" I would have you carry away
one thought:  The work  of your profession
has been closely connected with Christianity
from its foundation, and its Divine Founder
by word and work taught us kindness and sym-
pathy toward the sick.  Model your lives upon
the life of Christ and you will be in every re-
spect model nurses. 
 
INDEX
             A
Abortion, a case in, 163.
  duty of nurse in, 57.
  practical case  in, 159.
  reporting, 163.
Accident, restitution in  case
    of,  156.
Acts, human,  30.
Administering baptism,  118.
Advice, accepting, 93.
Affection, danger of, 92.
Alcoholic drinks, danger of,
    88.
Alienable rights, 16.
Anaesthetic,    experimenting
    with, 149.
Animals have no  rights, 12,
    104.
  instinct of, 69.
  our duty in regard to, 12.
Architecture  in  early  hospi-
    tals, 180.
Authority, deal  with public,
    160.
  in training-school, 127.
Authorities, 133.
  hospital, and illicit opera-
    tion, 162.

              B
Baptism, administering,  118.
  after apparent death, 158.
  conditional,  158.
Bell,  Alexander Graham, on
    birth control, 80.
Birth control, 64.
  and Dr. Knopf, 76.
  and family  support, 82.
  and wages,  77.
  Australia  and  New   Zea-
    land, 72.
  Bell on, 80.
Birth control, church  oh,  72.
  Coler on, 71.
  Dr. Knopf on, 72.
  England, 75.
  France and Germany, 73.
  Malthus on, 65.
  misleading figures, 79.
  Mrs. Sanger,  84.
  New England  colonies,  77.
  physical and mental  effects,
    76.
  why wrong, 69.
Body,  influence of mind  on,
    109.
Bollinger  baby,  42.
Books and  reading, 94.
Borrowing,  125.
  habit, 155-
Breaking  rules,  128.

              C
Candles, blessed, 122.
Careless doctor, 154.
Carelessness  after operation,
    160.
  responsibility,  and,  157.
Case, giving  up a, 105, 114,
    155-
Cases, choosing, 103.
  method  of  sttjdying, 125.
  special,  103.
Catholic  Church  and  birth
    control, 71.
  and craniotomy, 53.
Chance, taking a, 149.
Character, 91.
Charges, false, 130.
Children,  bond of  unity, 83.
Clairvoyants,  135.
Commandments,  81.
Communion,  Holy, and  the
    sick, 119. 
192
Index
Companion,   reporting   evil,
    143-
Conduct, prudent, 91.
Confidence, 109.
  inspiring, 114.
  in the physician, 114.
Conjugal relations, 76.
Constitution of the U. S., 16.
Contagious disease,  conceal-
    ing, 108.
Correct thing  in  helping  the
    sick, 118.
Cradle, empty, 75.
Craniotomy    and   Catholic
    Church, 53.
  and  the  nurse, 54.
Creator, the right to life from
    the, 52.
Criminals and  euthanasia, 34.
Crucifix, 122.
Crystal gazing,  dangers  of,
    135-
Customs and  morality,  68.
  and  rights, 14, 31.

             D
Danger  of  artificial  stimu-
    lants, 88.
  of narcotic drugs, 167.
Death, baptism after apparent,
    158.
Debts, 126.
Deceiving,  128.
Destruction of  early hospitals,
    183, 184.
Direct and  indirect killing, 19.
Direct killing, 60.
  of innocent  never  allowed,
    22.
Directrix,  quality of,  133.
Discouragement,  132.
Disease, will-power over, 107.
Dishonesty, 137.
Doctor, see physician.
Domestic  relations, Court of,
    82.
Domestic troubles, 82.
Drug habit,  danger  of, 88.
Drugs, use of dangerous, 167.
Drunkenness,   why   it   is
    wrong,  68.
Duties, Aikens on, 14.
  arid rights inseparable, 10.
  Gladstone  on, 11.
  idiots have no,  11.
  laws governing, 30.
  origin  of,  30.
  positive and negative, 11.
  Robb on,  15.
Duty, definition of, 10.
  in abortion cases, 57.
Dying patient, informing, 167.
  rights of, 167.

             E
Eclampsia,   see   pernicious
    vomiting, 60.
Egotism, 97.
Ethics, definition  of, 29.
  its  relation  to   other  sci-
    ences, 7.
Etiquette, professional, 153.
Eugenics, and nurse, 168.
  should not encourage, 169.
Euthanasia,   and   Bollinger
    baby, 42.
  and crirriinals, 47.
  and syphilis, 34.
  and the insane,  45.
  and the nurse, 43.
  and the physician, 36.
  anguish caused  by, 47.
  a pathetic case, 38.
  a revolting custom, 43.
  application   to   hopelessly
    sick,  hopelessly  insane,
    hopelessly  criminal, 34.
  as practised, 39.
  definition,  33.
  George Ives on, 47.
  impractical, 36.
  opinion of Werner, 38.
  principles  cannot   change,
    40. 
Index
193
Euthanasia,   the  committee
    on,  35.
  the physician  and,  142.
  where introduced, 37.
  who advocate, 38.
Example of  direct killing, 20.
  of indirect killing,  20.
Experimenting,   results  of,
    148.
  with patient,  104.
Experts  and experiments, 104.
Extreme Unction, 120.

              F
Failure in nursing, 90.
Fallosectomy unlawful, 49.
False charges,  130.
Falsifying records, 146.
Familiarity, 93.
  danger of, 90.
Families, large, 70.
  large,  and mortality, 80.
Family,   support  and  birth
    control,  82.
  the large, 83.
  united by children,  83.
Faultfinding,  130.
Fortune  telling, 135.
Free will, 8.
Friend, need  of a gobd, 131.

              G
Gluttony, why it is wrong, 67.
God, existence of, 8.
Good habits, 89.
Goodnow's "Outlines  of Nur-
    sing History," 185.
Gossip,  98.
Guardian  Angel  Settlement
    survey and birth  control,
    79-
             H
Habits,  studious, 95.
Hamilton, Dr., and birth con-
    trol,  79.
Hardships of nursing, 87.
Head nurse, 132, 137-
Head nurse, informing, 145.
  qualities of,  145.
Health   department, inform-
    ing, 160.
Helping to steal,  136, 137.
History of nursing, 185.
Honor,  91.
Hospital authorities, 145.
  and  illicit operation, 162.
Hospitals,  claims  of,  140.
  destruction  of,  after  the
    Reformation,  183.
  early,  177-180.
  nursing  in early, 178.
  in Rome, Luther's account,
    182.
Human acts, 30.
Hypnotism, dangers of,  134.
  evil effects of, 158.
  power in using, 157.

              I
Illicit operation, 161,  162.
Inalienable rights,  16.
Indirect killing, 60.
  when allowable,  21.
Indirect and direct killing, 10.
Industry, necessity  of,  89.
Insane,  and euthanasia, 34, 45.
  bedlam, 45.
  killing the,  revolting doc-
    trine,  46.
  Page  on, 46.
  treatment in the  past, 45.
  under Henry VIII,  45.
Intern,  and nurse, 92,  147.
  and patient,  147.
  and physician, 147.

              J
Judgment,  good, 131.
Justice,  130.

             K
Keeping a  promise,  141.
Kill, physician  has  not  the
    right to, 19. 
194
Index
Killing, a robber, 23.
  as a means  and an end, 20.
  companions, 26.
  direct, 26.
  direct  and indirect,  19.
  direct  as  end  or   means
    never allowable, 22.
  English law on,  26.
  his own sons, Czar,  24.
  indirect, when allowable, 21.
  in war, 21.
  of innocent never allowed,
    22.
  one to save another, 24.
  by the state, 48.
  the innocent,  no exception
    to, 26.
  to protect one's  life, 23.
  to recover  property, 23.
  unjust aggressor, 22.
Kindness, 85,

              L

Laxity, 133.
Lepers,  Fr. Damien  nursing,
    173-
  kindness to, in the past, 173-
Life from God,  17-19-
Light in early hospitals, 181.
Limiting services, 146.
Love,   conjugal,  destroying,
    70.
  in large  family, 83.


              M

Malthus, 78.
  and birth control, 65.
Man, a social being, 8.
  end of, in this world, 8.
Method  of  studying  cases,
     125.
Mind and body,  109.
Misjudging physician,  112.
Morphine, danger  of, 87.
Mortality, 80.
             N
Name, good, 91.
New  England and birth  con-
    trol, 71.
Nightingale,  Florence, on re-
    ligious motives in nurs-
    ing,  187.            ,
  testimony  to  the efficiency
    of  Catholic Sisterhood,
    186.
Nurse, and abortion cases, 57.
  and birth  control,  84.
  and craniotomy,  51-54-
  and industry,  89.
  and patient, 90.
  and pernicious vomiting, 62.
  and physician, 44,  52,  91,
    104, in,  147-
  and social  work,  55.
  and superintendent,  166.
  attending  an   illicit  opera-
    tion, 165.
  consulting the, 116.
  duty to colored patient, 146.
  graduate,  and the  doctor,

  head, responsibility  of, 132.
  prescribing, 116.
  professional duties  of, 103.
  pupil,  and school  regula-
    tions, 127.
  reprimanding,  113.
  should   consult  physician,
    88.
  spiritual help  of, 117.
  the, as a student, 94.
  the graduate,  151.
  the, herself, 87.
  use of artificial  stimulants,
    87.
Nurse's,  advice  about  sur-
    geons, 164.
  personality, 96.
Nurses, are  not  physicians,
    in.
  duty   toward  each other,
    146. 
Index
195
Nursing,   and  Christianity,
    176.
  Catholic  Sisterhoods  and,
    186.
  dark  period  of, 185.
  history of, 185.
  in ancient times,  175.
  in the Crimean War, 186.
  its  religious import,  172.
  without a heart,  172.
Nutting and  Dock, "History
    of  Nursing," 185.

              O
Operation, attending a patient
    in illicit, 165.
  illicit, 162.
Ovaries, removing,  illicit, 161.

              P
Patience, 106.
  during  sickness,  100.
  in handling  cases,  155.
Patient, colored, duty to, 146.
  deceiving physician,  145.
  duty  to,  104,  105.
  experimenting  with,  104.
  friendliness  with, 98.
  in illicit operation,  165.
  kindness  to, in early hospi-
    tals, 179.
  prudence with, 97.
  religious  duty  toward, 119-
    122.
  rights of, at the  approach
    of  death,  167.
  your, child  of God,  172.
Patients,  secrecy  with,  109.
Paying in  case  of careless-
    ness,  161.
Peace, interior, 123.
Pernicious  vomiting, 60.
Personality, nurse's, 96.
Physician, and craniotomy, 51.
  and  intern,  147.
  and  hursd,  44.  88,  91.  m.
    147, 151.
Physician  and  nurse,  diffi-
    culties between, 114.
  and  priest,  61.
  and  social work, 178.
  and  twilight sleep, 62.
  duty toward, 105.
  has not the right to kill, 17.
  inspiring confidence in, 114.
  misjudging,  112.
  mistake  of,  in  pernicious
    vomiting, 61.
  nurse's respect for, 112.
  overlooking  small  defects
    in, 112.
  professional standing, 113.
  recommending, 115.
  reporting,  112.
Pictures  in  early  hospitals,
    180.
Pity,  self,  110.
Pope, and early hospitals, 182.
  and nursing in the past, 176.
Prayer,  during  temptation,
    144-
  in the sick-room, 121.
Priest and the physician, 61.
  parish, and sickness,  122.
  preparing for, 119.
  sending for, 119.
Professional attitude, 115.
Promise, keeping a, 141.
Prostitution, 68.
Prudence,  108, 153.
  in giving up case, 155.
  in handling cases, 155.
Principles, necessity  of, 28.
Psychic powers, 106.
Psychology and  sex hygiene,
    171.
Pupil nurse, 127.
  duty to parents,  128.

              R
Reading, 94.
  serious, 95.
Receiving  the sick in  early
    hospitals, 182. 
196
Index
Records, falsifying, 146.
Reformation,   the,  and ^ de-
    struction   of   hospitals,
    183,  184.
Regulations and faultfinding,
    131.
Relatives,   consulting  with,
    160.
  of patients,  106, 115.
Religion and  nursing, 187.
  respecting one's, 117.
Reporting   careless    doctor,
    x54-
  case of syphilis,  162.
  evil  companion,  143.
  physician, 112.
Responsibility for debts,  126.
Restitution, 129, 130,  I37i  139,
    141, 143-
  for  broken car,  156.
Rights, Aikens on, 14.
  and  customs, 31.
  and  duties  inseparable,  10,
  brute  beasts have  no, 12.
  definition of, 9.
  inalienable   and  alienable,
     16.
  laws governing, 30.
  not  outgrowth of  customs,
     14-
  of the unborn child, 51.
  origin of, 30.
   origin as explained  in  the
     Constitution, 14.
  positive and negative, 11.
   Professor  Dewey  on, 13.
   Robb on,  15.
 Rudeness,  115.
 Rules, 132.
   in  early hospitals, 179.
   in  training-school, obeying,
     127.
Sacrifice,  in  large  families,

School of training, 125.
Seances, dangers  of, 135-
Secrecy, professional, and pa-
    tient, 165.
Secret,  manner of  revealing,
    152.
  professional,  in   case  or
    syphilis, 162.
  professional, revealing,  151.
Secrets, professional, 108.
  professional,   and   conta-
    gious diseases,  108.
  professional, reporting, 166.
Self pity, 110.
Services, limiting,  146.
Sex hygiene, and psychology,
    171.
  teaching in the  schools, 170.
Shirker, the, 89.
Sick, and euthanasia, 34.
  -room, 119.
  suggestions for the, 99.
Sickness from God, 101.
  sanctificatiori of, 99.
  seeking  God  during,  100.
Sisterhoods, expelling Catho-
    lic,  187.
Sleep,  twilight, 62.
Social  work, and the doctor,
     178.
  and the nurse,  55.
Social  worker, 84.
Soul, when it enters body, 56.
   when it  enters  body, Dr.
     O'Malley quoted,  56.
Spiritual help,  117.
 State,  the,  and killing, 48.
 Stealing,  136.
   a formula, 143.
 Sterility, 70.
 Sterilization not licit, 49.
 Studious  habits,  95.
 Studying,  necessity  of,  94.
 Surgeon, and illicit operation,
     165.
   deceiving, 148.
   duty of  nurse to,  148.
 Surgeons, advice about, 164. 
Index
197
Superintendent,  and   nuree,
    166.
  difficulty of a, 166.
Sympathy, 85.
  and the nurse, 55.
Syphilis, and  euthanasia, 34.
  reporting  case of, 162.

              T
Tact, 98.
  of head nurse, 145.
Tardiness, 129.
Temper, a bad,  140.
Temptation, 90, 144.
  to" use artificial  stimulants,
    87.
Thieves,  imitating,  139.
Threats,  stealing under, 138.
Talking,  indiscreet, 98.
  imprudent,  153.
Training-school, 89,  125.
  obeying rules in, 128.
  temptations in,  144.
Trials of  nursing, 87.
Tuberculosis,    will-power
    over,  107.
Twilight sleep, 62.
             V

Vasectomy,  Dr. O'Malley on,
    49-
  not a punishment, 49.
  unlawful,  49.
Ventilation in early hospitals,
    181.
Viaticum, 120.
Visitors  of  patients, 106.
Vomiting, pernicious, 60.


             W

Wages and  birth  control,  77.
Wards in early hospitals, 181.
Will-power  over  disease, 106.
Work, too  much  demanded,
    154-
Working class  and birth con-
    trol, 81.


             Y

Young  physician   and abor-
    tion, 38.
PRINTED BY BENZlGER BROTHERS, NEW YORK 
 
 BOOKS OF  DOCTRINE,  INSTRUCTION,

    DEVOTION,    MEDITATION,   BIOG-

    RAPHY, NOVELS, JUVENILES,  ETC.
                       PUBLISHED BY

             BENZlGER  BROTHERS
 Cincinnati:               NEW YORK:           Chicago:
343  Main St.            36-38 Barclay St.   214-216 W. Monroe  St.
  Books not marked net will be sent postpaid on receipt of  the advertised
 price.  Books marked net are such where ten per cent  must be added for
 postage. Thus  a  book advertised  at net $1.00 will be sent postpaid  on
 receipt of $1.10.
         DOCTRINE, INSTRUCTION, MEDITATION, ETC.
 ABANDONMENT;  or  Absolute Surrender of Self  to  Divine
    Providence.  Caussade,  S.J.                           net, 0 75
 ALL  FOR JESUS.  (See our  Prayer-Book Catalogue.)
 ADORATION OF THE  BLESSED SACRAMENT, THE.  Tes-
    niere.                                              net, 1 00
 AMERICAN PRIEST.  Schmidt.                          net 1 25
 ANECDOTES AND EXAMPLES ILLUSTRATING THE
    CATHOLIC CATECHISM. Spirago.                   net 2 25
 ANGELS OF THE SANCTUARY.  Musser.                 net, 0 25
 ART  OF  PROFITING  BY OUR FAULTS.  St. Francis de
    Sales.                                              net, 0 75
 AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF ST. IGNATIUS  LOYOLA.   O'Conor.

 BEGINNINGS  OF CHRISTIANITY.  Shahan.              Vet. 2 50
 BLESSED  SACRAMENT BOOK.  Lasance.                     2 00
 BLOSSOMS  OF THE CROSS. Giehrl. 12mo.             net, 1 50
 BOOK OF THE  PROFESSED.  3 volumes, each            net, 1 00
 BOY-SAVERS'  GUIDE.  Quin, S.J.                       net, 2 00
 BREAD OF ANGELS.  (See our Prayer-Book Catalogue.)
 BREAD OF LIFE.  Willam.                             net, 1 00
 CAMILLUS DE LELLIS.  By  A Sister of Mercy.            »w l 25
 CASES  OF CONSCIENCE. Slater, S.J.  2 vols.            net, 5 00
 CATECHISM EXPLAINED, THE.  Spirago-Clarke.          net, 3 50
 CATHOLIC BELIEF.  FaX di Bruno.   16mo, paper, net, 0 26,
    cloth,                                              net, 0 75
 CATHOLIC CEREMONIES. Durand.  Paper, *0 40;  cloth,        0 75
 CATHOLIC GIRLS' GUIDE.  Lasance.                         1 25
 CATHOLIC HOME  ANNUAL.                                0 25
 CATHOLIC  PRACTICE AT  CHURCH AND AT HOME.
    Klauder. Paper, *0 40: cloth                          net, 0 60
 CATHOLIC'S READY ANSWER.  Hill, S.J.                net, 2 00
 CATHOLIC'S WORK IN THE WORLD.  Husslein,  S.J.     net, 1 25
 CEREMONIAL  FOR ALTAR BOYS.  Britt, O.S.B.          net, 0 50
 CHARACTERISTICS AND RELIGION OF MODERN SOCIAL-
    ISM. Ming, SJ.                                    net, 2  00
 CHARACTERISTICS OF TRUE DEVOTION.  Grou, S.J.     net, 1  00
 CHARITY  THE ORIGIN OF EVERY BLESSING.           net. 0  75
 CHILD OF MARY.  (See  our Prayer-Book Catalogue.)
 CHILD'S PRAYER-BOOK.   (See our Prayer-Book Catalogue.)
 CHILD  PREPARED FOR  FIRST  COMMUNION.  Zulueta,
    S.J.  Paper,                                            *0 08
CHRIST'S  TEACHING  CONCERNING  DIVORCE  IN THE
    NEW TESTAMENT.  Gigot, D.D.                     net, H2 25
CHRISTIAN  APOLOGETICS.   Devivier-Messmer.            net, 3 00
CHRISTIAN EDUCATION. O'Connell.                    net, 0 76 
net,	0	60
net,	0	60
net,	3	00
net,	1	00
net,	I)	35
net,	1	75
net,	1	50
CHRISTIAN FATHER.   Cramer-Lambert.
CHRISTIAN MOTHER.  Cramer.
COMMENTARY ON THE PSALMS.  (Ps.  I—L.)  Berry.
CORRECT THING FOR CATHOLICS.  Bugg.
COUNSELS OF ST. ANGELA.
DEVOTION TO THE SACRED HEART OF JESUS.  Noldin-
    Kent.
DEVOTIONS AND  PRAYERS BY ST. ALPHONSUS.   Ward.
DEVOTIONS AND  PRAYERS FOR THE SICK-ROOM.  Krebs,
    C.SS.R.                                              net, 1 00
DEVOTIONS TO THE  SACRED  HEART  FOR THE FIRST
    FRIDAY OF EVERY MONTH. Huguet.                 net. 0 50
DEVOUT CHILD.  (See our Prayer-Book Catalogue.)
DIVINE GRACE.  Wirth.                                 net, 1 00
DOMINICAN MISSION BOOK.  By a Dominican  Father.       0 75
ECCLESIASTICAL  DICTIONARY.  Thein.                  net, 6 50
EDUCATION OF OUR GIRLS. Shields.                    net, 1 25
EUCHARISTIC CHRIST.  Tesniere.                        net, 1 75
EUCHARISTIC LILIES.  Maery.                         net, fll 00
EUCHARISTIC SOUL ELEVATIONS.  Stadelman, C.S.Sp.   net, 0 60
EXPLANATION OF BIBLE HISTORY. Nash.               net, 2 00
EXPLANATION OF CATHOLIC MORALS. Stapleton.      net, 1 00
EXPLANATION OF BALTIMORE CATECHISM.  Kinkead. net, Hi 25
EXPLANATION OF THE COMMANDMENTS.  Rolfus.          0 75
EXPLANATION OF THE CREED. Rolfus.                    0 75
EXPLANATION OF GOSPELS AND  OF  CATHOLIC  WOR-
    SHIP.  Lambert-Brennan.  Paper,  *0 40; cloth,               0 75
EXPLANATION OF THE HOLY  SACRAMENTS.  Rolfus.      0 75
EXPLANATION OF THE MASS.  Cochem.                  net, 1 00
EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PRAYERS AND  CEREMONIES
    OF THE MASS.  Lanslots, O.S.B.                      net. 1 00
EXPLANATION OF THE  SALVE REGINA.  St.  Alphonsus
    Liguori.                                              net, 0 76
EXTREME UNCTION.  Phillips.   Paper,                      *0 12
FIRST SPIRITUAL AID TO THE SICK.  McGrath.          net, 0 60
FIVE O'CLOCK STORIES.  By a Religious.                  net, 0 60
FLOWERS OF  THE PASSION. 32rno.                      net, 0 60
FLOWERS OF  PIETY.  (See our  Prayer-Book  Catalogue.)
FOLLOWING  OF CHRIST.  Thomas  a Kempis.  Edition  de
    Luxe.  Leather,                                        net, 1 50
FOLLOWING OF CHRIST.  Thomas  a Kempis.  Plain Edition.   0 55
FOR FREQUENT COMMUNICANTS.   Roche.   Paper,           *0 12
FUNDAMENTALS  OF THE  RELIGIOUS  LIFE.  Schleuter,
    S.J.                                                net, 0 75
FUTURE LIFE, THE.  Sasia, S.J.                          net, 2 50
GARLAND OF PRAYER, THE.  32mo. American seal,           2 00
GENERAL CONFESSION MADE EASY.  Konings, C.SS.R      *0 20
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE  STUDY OF THE HOLY
    SCRIPTURES.  Gigot.                               net, 113 50
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE  STUDY OF THE HOLY
    SCRIPTURES.  ABRIDGED EDITION. Gigot.         net, 112 25
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF RELIGIOUS LIFE.  Verheyen,
    O.S.B.                                                net3 0 60
GENTLEMAN,  A.  Egan.                                  net 1 00
GIFT OF THE  KING.  Religious H. C. J.                    net 0 50
GLORIES AND TRIUMPHS OF THE CATHOLIC  CHURCH,  net, 3 09
GLORIES OF MARY.  St. Alphonsus  Liguori.                net 1 00
GLORIES OF THE  SACRED  HEART.  Hausherr, S.J.        net, 1 00
GOD, CHRIST, AND  THE  CHURCH.  Hammer, O.F.M.      net, 3 00
GOFFINE'S DEVOUT INSTRUCTIONS.                    net, 1 35
GOLDEN KEY  TO HEAVEN.  (See our Prayer-Book Catalogue.)
GREAT ENCYCLICAL LETTERS OF POPE LEO XIII.        net, 3 00
GREETINGS TO THE CHRIST-CHILD.                     net, 1 00 
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CATHOLIC SCHOOL
    SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES.  Burns,  C.S.C.     net, 2 00
GUIDE FOR SACRISTANS.                                net, 1 25
HANDBOOK OF THE  CHRISTIAN  RELIGION.  Wilmers.
    S.J.                                                  net, 12 00
HARMONY OF THE RELIGIOUS LIFE.  Heuser.            net, 1 50
HEAVEN  OPEN TO SOULS.  Semple,  SJ.                   net, 2 50
HELP FOR  THE POOR SOULS.  Ackermann.                  0 75
HELPS TO  A SPIRITUAL LIFE.  Schneider.               net, 1 00
HIDDEN  TREASURE.  St. Leonard.                        net, 0 60
HISTORY OF ECONOMICS.  Dewe.                        net, 1 50
HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE IN  ROME.
    Brann.                                              net, ||2 00
HISTORY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH.  Alzog.  3 vols,  net, 12 00
HISTORY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH.  Businger-Brennan.
    8vo.,                                                  net, 3 00
HISTORY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH.  Businger-Brennan.
    12mo.                                                net, JO 75
HISTORY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH.   Brueck.  2 vols,  net, 1t* 50
HISTORY OF THE MASS.  O'Brien.                       net. 1 75
HISTORY OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION.  Gasquet.
                                                         net. 1 00
HOLINESS  OF THE CHURCH  IN THE  NINETEENTH
    CENTURY.   Kempf-Breymann.                          net. 2 50
HOLY BIBLE,  THE.  Large type,  handy  size.  12mo.  cloth,       1 50
HOLY HOUR, THE. Keiley.                                *0 12
HOLY HOUR OF ADORATION.  Stang.                      0 60
HOLY MASS.   St. Alphonsus Liguori.                      net, 1 50
HOLY VIATICUM OF LIFE AS OF DEATH. Devkr.  Cloth, net, 0 75
HOW TO  COMFORT THE SICK.  Krebs, C.SS.R.            net. 1 00
HOW TO  MAKE THE MISSION.  Dominican Father.  Paper,   *0 12
IMITATION OF  CHRIST.  See "Following  of Christ."
IMITATION OF THE SACRED HEART.  Arnoudt.          net, 1 50
INCARNATION, BIRTH, AND INFANCY OF JESUS CHRIST.
    St. Alphonsus Liguori.                                 net, 1 50
IN HEAVEN WE KNOW OUR OWN.  Blot. S.J.             net, 0 75
INDEX TO WORKS OF ST. ALPHONSUS LIGUORI.  Geier-
    mann, C.SS.R.  Paper,                                  net, 0 10
INSTRUCTIONS ON THE COMMANDMENTS.  St.  Alphonsus
    Liguori.  Cloth,                                       net, 0 60
INTERIOR OF  JESUS AND MARY. Grou,  S.J.  2 vols.      net, 2 50
INTRODUCTION TO A  DEVOUT  LIFE.  St.  Francis  de
    Sales                                                 net 0 75
KEY OF  HEAVEN.  (See our Prayer-Book Catalogue.)
LADY, A.  Bugg.                                         net, 1 00
LAWS OF THE KING.  Religious H. C.  J.                  net, 0 50
LEGENDS AND STORIES OF THE HOLY CHILD JESUS.
    Lutz.                                                 net, 0 60
LESSONS OF THE SAVIOUR.  Religious H. C.  J.           net, 0 50
LETTERS OF  ST. ALPHONSUS  LIGUORI. Grimm, C.SS.R.
    5 vols., each,                                          net, 1 60
LIFE OF  MOTHER GUERIN.                             net,  ||2 00
LIFE OF BLESSED MARGARET MARY  ALACOQUE.
    Bougaud.                                             net, 1 00
LIFE OF  THE BLESSED VIRGIN.  Rohner-Brennan.       net, 1 00
LIFE OF CHRIST.  Businger-Brennan.  Half morocco,  gilt
    side, gilt edges; profusely illustrated.                     net,  12 00
LIFE OF  CHRIST.  Cochem-Hammer.                       net, 1 00
LIFE OF CHRIST.  Businger-Mullett.                     net, 3 00
LIFE OF  HIS  HOLINESS POPE  PIUS  X.                  net. 3 00
LIFE OF  MADEMOISELLE LE GRAS.                     net, 1 00
LIFE OF  ST. CATHARINE OF SIENNA. AymI.              * 111 00
LIFE OF  ST. IGNATIUS LOYOLA. Genelli, S.J.           net, 1 00
                                3 
LIFE OF SISTER ANNE KATHARINE EMMERICH.
    Wegener-McGowan.                                    net, 2 50
LITTLE ALTAR BOY'S MANUAL.                             0 40
LITTLE COMMUNICANT'S  PRAYER-BOOK.  Sloan.            0 25
LITTLE LIVES OF THE SAINTS.  Berthold.                net, 0 75
LITTLE MANUAL OF ST. ANTHONY.                         0 20
LITTLE MANUAL OF ST. JOSEPH.  Lings.                    0 20
LITTLE MANUAL OF ST.  RITA.  McGrath.  Cloth,             0 60
LITTLE MASS BOOK.  Lynch.  Paper,                        *0 08
LITTLE MONTH OF MAY.                                net, 0 50
LITTLE MONTH OF THE SOULS  IN PURGATORY.         net, 0 50
LITTLE OFFICE OF  THE  BLESSED VIRGIN  MARY.  Edi-
    tion in Latin and English.  Cloth, net, 1.00. Edition in Latin
    only, cloth,                                            net, 0 80
LITTLE  OFFICE OF  THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION.
    Paper,                                                   *0 08
LITTLE PICTORIAL  LIVES OF THE SAINTS.             net. 1 50
LIVES OF THE  SAINTS.  Butler.                          net. 1 00
LOURDES.  Clarke, S.T.                                  net, 1 00
MANNA OF THE SOUL.  Lasance.  Thin Edition.  Im. leather,   1 00
MANNA OF THE SOUL.  Lasance.  Thin Edition, with Epistles
    and Gospels.  Im. leather,                                   1 25
MANNA OF THE SOUL.  Lasance.  Vest Pocket Edition.         0 45
MANNA OF THE SOUL.  Lasance.  Extra Large Type  Edition.    1 25
MANUAL OF MORAL THEOLOGY, A. Slater,  S.J. 2  vols,  net, 7 00
MANUAL OF SELF-KNOWLEDGE  AND CHRISTIAN PER-
    FECTION, A. Henry, C.SS.R.                          net, 0 60
MANUAL OF THEOLOGY  FOR THE  LAITY.  Geiermann,
    C.SS.R.  Paper, *0.40; cloth,                             net, 0 60
MANUAL OF THE HOLY  EUCHARIST. Lasance.          net, 1 00
MANUAL OF THE HOLY NAME.                              o 60
MANUAL OF THE  SACRED HEART.                          0 55
MANUAL OF ST. ANTHONY, NEW.                           0 75
MARIAE COROLLA.  (Poems).  Hill.                      net, 1 26
MARY HELP OF CHRISTIANS.  Hammer,  O.F.M.           net, 3 00
MARY THE QUEEN.   Religious H. C. ].                   net, 0 60
MASS AND VESTMENTS OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH.
    Walsh.                                               net, 2 25
MASS DEVOTIONS AND READINGS ON THE MASS.
    Lasance.                                              net, 1 00
MEANS OF GRACE.   Brennan.                             net, 4 00
MEDITATIONS  FOR  ALL  THE  DAYS  OF  THE YEAR.
    Hamon, S.S.   5 vols.                                   net, 7 50
MEDITATIONS  FOR  EVERY DAY  IN THE YEAR.  Baxter.
    S.J.                                                  net, 1 75
MEDITATIONS  FOR  EVERY DAY  IN THE YEAR.  Ver-
    cruysse, S.J.  2 vols.                                   net, 4 00
MEDITATIONS  FOR  EVERY DAY IN THE MONTH.  Nepveu-
    Ryan.                                                net, 1 00
MEDITATIONS  FOR  MONTHLY RETREATS.  Semple, S.J.  net, 0 75
MEDITATIONS  FOR  THE  USE OF SEMINARIANS AND
    PRIESTS.  Branchereau,  S.S.  5 vols., each,            net, ||1 00
MEDITATIONS  FOR  THE USE OF THE SECULAR CLERGY.
    Chaignon, S.J. 2  vols.                                 net, 6 00
MEDITATIONS  ON THE LAST WORDS FROM THE  CROSS.
    Perraud.                                             net, ||0 50
MEDITATIONS  ON THE LIFE, THE TEACHING, AND THE
    PASSION OF JESUS CHRIST.  Ilg-Clarke.  2  vols.     net, 4  50
MEDITATIONS ON THE MYSTERIES OF OUR  HOLY
    FAITH.  Barraud, S.J.  2 vols.                          net, 4 00
MEDITATIONS ON THE PASSION OF OUR LORD.        net, 0 60
MEDITATIONS  ON THE SUFFERINGS OF JESUS CHRIST.
    Pminaldo.                                            net, 1 00
MIDDLE AGES.  Shahan.                                 net, 2 60
                                 4 
	0 60 0 60 0 60
net,	0 60 0 60
net, net, net,	1 25 2 00 0 60
net, net,	1 00 1 00 1 25
net, net,	1 00 0 75 1 75
MISCELLANEOUS  WRITINGS OF ST. ALPHONSUS
    LIGUORI.                                             net, 1 50
MISSALS.   (See New Missal for Every Day,  Sunday Missal.)
MISSION BOOK FOR THE MARRIED.  Girardey C.SS.R.
MISSION BOOK FOR THE SINGLE.  Girardey, C.SS.R.
MISSION BOOK OF THE  REDEMPTORIST FATHERS.
MISSION REMEMBRANCE OF  THE  REDEMPTORIST
    FATHERS.  Geiermann, C.SS.R.
MOMENTS  BEFORE  THE  TABERNACLE.  Russell, S.J.
MORAL PRINCIPLES AND MEDICAL PRACTICE.  Coppens,
    S.J.  l2mo.
MORALITY OF  MODERN SOCIALISM.  Ming, S.J.
MORE FIVE  O'CLOCK STORIES  By  a Religious.
MORE SHORT  SPIRITUAL READINGS FOR  MARY'S
    CHILDREN.  Madame  Cecilia.
MOST BELOVED WOMAN, THE.  Garesche, S.J.
MY PRAYER-BOOK.  Lasance. Imitation  leather,
    (For  finer bindings see our Prayer-Book Catalogue.)
NAMES THAT LIVE IN CATHOLIC HEARTS.   Sadlier.
NARROW WAY. Geiermann, C.SS.R.
NEW MISSAL FOR EVERY DAY.  Lasance.  Imitation  leather,
    (For  finer bindings see  our Prayer-Book Catalogue.)
NEW TESTAMENT.  12mo. Edition.   Large Type.  Cloth,     net, 1 00
    32mo.  Edition.   Flexible cloth.                            net, 0 35
    32mo.  Edition.   Stiff cloth.                               net, 0 60
    32mo.  Edition.   American seal,  gold edges.                 net, 1 25
    (For  finer bindings see  our Prayer-Book Catalogue.)
NEW TESTAMENT AND  CATHOLIC PRAYER-BOOK  COM-
    BINED.  Cloth, net, 0.45; Imitation leather, khaki or black,  net, 0 90
OFFICE  OF HOLY WEEK.  Cut  flush,  net,  0.35;  Silk cloth,   net, 0 50
OUR  FAVORITE DEVOTIONS.  Lings.                     net, 0 85
OUR  FAVORITE NOVENAS.  Lings.                       net, 0 85
OUR  OWN  ST.  RITA.  Corcoran, O.S.A.                    net, 1 00
OUTLINES OF  DOGMATIC THEOLOGY.  Hunter,  S.J.
    3 vols.                                                 net, 6 75
OUTLINES OF JEWISH  HISTORY, from  Abraham to Our
    Lord.  Gigot.  8vo.                                    net, II2 25
OUTLINES OF  NEW TESTAMENT  HISTORY.  Gigot.    net, 1J2 25
OUTLINE MEDITATIONS. Cecilia.   Imitation leather,  8vo.   net, 1 50
OUT  TO WIN.  Conroy, S.J.                                net, 1 25
PARADISE  ON  EARTH OPENED  TO ALL.  Natale,  S.J.   net, 0 60
PASTORAL LETTERS.  McFaul.                           net, 2 00
PATRON  SAINTS  FOR CATHOLIC YOUTH.  Mannix.
    3 vols., each,                                           net, 0 90
PICTORIAL LIVES OF THE SAINTS.                      net, 4 50
PIOUS CHILD.   (See our  Prayer-Book Catalogue.)
POCKET  COMPANION. A Prayer-Book.  Cloth.                 0 12
POCKET  MANUAL.  (See our Prayer-Book  Catalogue.)
POCKET PRAYER-BOOK WITH  EPISTLES AND GOSPELS.
    Cloth, red edges,                                           0 35
POLICEMEN'S  AND FIREMEN'S  COMPANION.  McGrath.
    Cloth,                                                     0 35
POLITICAL AND MORAL ESSAYS.  Rickaby, S.J.         net, 2 00
POPULAR LIFE OF ST. TERESA.   Porter.                 net, 1 00
PRAYER-BOOK  FOR  RELIGIOUS.   Lasance.  Im. leather,   net. 2 00
PRAYERS FOR  OUR DEAD.  McGrath.  Cloth,  0.86;  Imita-
    tion leather,                                                0 60
PRINCIPLES, ORIGIN,  AND  ESTABLISHMENT OF  THE
    CATHOLIC  SCHOOL SYSTEM.  Burns.                net. 2 00
PRISONER OF  LOVE, THE.  Lasance.  Imitation leather,        1 25
PRIVATE RETREAT FOR RELIGIOUS.  Geiermann, C.SS.R. net, 2 00
PRODIGAL SON, THE.  Muller, C.SS.R.  12mo.            net, 111 60
  8UEEN'S FESTIVALS,  THE.  Religious H. C. J.          net, 0 60
  UESTIONS  OF MORAL THEOLOGY.  Slater,  S.J.        net, 2 50
                                 S 
RAMBLES  IN CATHOLIC LANDS.  Barrett, O.S.B.        net,  3 00
REASONABLENESS  OF  CATHOLIC  CEREMONIES AND
    PRACTICES.  Burke.  Cloth,                          net,  0 50
RELIGIOUS STATE.  St. Alphonsus Liguori.              net,  0 60
ROMA.  Pagan, Subterranean, and Modern Rome in  Word and
    Picture.  Kuhn.  Cloth,                               net. 12 00
ROMAN CURIA AS IT NOW EXISTS.  Martin. S.J.       net,  2 00
ROSARY, THE, THE CROWN OF MARY.  Dominican Father.
    Paper,                                                  *0 12
RULES  OF LIFE FOR THE PASTOR OF  SOULS. Slater-
    Rauch.                                              net,  1 60
SACRAMENTALS OF THE CHURCH. Lambing.  Paper, *0.40;
    cloth,                                                    0 76
SACRED HEART BOOK.  Lasance.  Im.  leather,            net,  1 00
SACRED HEART STUDIED  IN THE SCRIPTURES.  Sain-
    train, C.SS.R.                                       net,  1 00
SACRIFICE OF THE  MASS  WORTHILY  CELEBRATED.
    Chaignon-Goesbriand.                                 net,  2 50
ST. ANTHONY.  Keller.                                 net,  1 00
ST. ANTHONY.  Ward.                                  net.  1 00
ST. JOAN OF ARC.  The Life Story of the  Maid of Orleans.
    "By Rev. Denis Lynch,  S.J. Illustrated                 net,  2 50
SAINT  FRANCIS OF ASS1SL  Dubois,  S.M.              net,  1 00
SAINTS AND PLACES.  Ayscough.                       net,  2 50
SANCTUARY BOYS' ILLUSTRATED MANUAL. McCallen.  net, II0 75
SCAPULAR MEDAL.  Geiermann, C.SS.R.   Paper,              *0 08
SECRET OF SANCTITY.  Crasset, S.J.                    net,  1 00
SERAPHIC GUIDE.                                          0 75
SHORT CONFERENCES ON THE SACRED HEART.  Brink-
    MEYER                                              net  1 00
SHORT COURSE IN CATHOLIC DOCTRINE.  Paper,          '*0 12
SHORT HISTORY OF MORAL THEOLOGY.  Slater,       net,  0 75
SHORT LIVES OF  THE SAINTS.  Donnelly.                  0 75
SHORT MEDITATIONS FOR EVERY DAY. Lasausse.     net,  1 00
SHORT STORIES ON CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE.  McMahon. net,  1 50
SHORT VISITS TO THE BLESSED  SACRAMENT.  Lasance.
    Cloth,                                                    0 20
SOCIALISM AND CHRISTIANITY.  Stang.                net,  1 25
SOCIALISM: ITS THEORETICAL BASIS AND PRACTICAL
    APPLICATION.  Cathrein-Gettelmann.                 net,  2 25
SODALIST'S VADE MECUM.                                 0 65
SOLDIERS' AND SAILORS' COMPANION.  McGrath.  Silk
    Cloth or Khaki,                                           0 35
SOUVENIR OF THE NOVITIATE. Taylor.               net,  0 60
SPECIAL INTRODUCTION TO THE  STUDY  OF THE OLD
    TESTAMENT.  Gigot.  Part I, net, H2.25. Part  II,      net, «]2 75
SPIRAGO'S METHOD OF CHRISTIAN  DOCTRINE.  Mess-
    mer                                                yiet  2 00
SPIRIT' OF SACRIFICE,  THE, AND  THE  LIFE OF SACRI-
    FICE IN THE RELIGIOUS STATE.  Giraud-Thurston. net,  2 50
SPIRITUAL CONSIDERATIONS.  Buckler,  O.P.           net,  1 00
SPIRITUAL DESPONDENCY AND TEMPTATIONS.  Michel-
    Garesch£.                                           net,  1 50
SPIRITUAL  EXERCISES  FOR A  TEN DAYS' RETREAT.
    Smetana, C.SS.R.                                    net, 1 00
SPIRITUAL PEPPER AND  SALT.  Stang.  Paper, *0.40,
    cloth,                                               net, 0 75
SPOILING  THE DIVINE FEAST.  Zulueta, S.J.  Paper,        *0 08
STORIES  OF THE MIRACLES OF OUR LORD.  Religious
    H. C. J.                                             net, 0 60
STORIES  FOR FIRST COMMUNICANTS.   Keller.        net, 0 60
STORY OF JESUS SIMPLY  TOLD FOR THE YOUNG.  Mul-
    holland.                                            net, 0 75
STORY OF THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES.  Lynch, S.J.  net, 2 50
                                6 
STORY OF  THE DIVINE CHILD.  Lings.                  net, 0 51
STORY OF  THE FRIENDS  OF JESUS.  Religious  H. C. J.  net, 0 50
SUNDAY MISSAL, THE.  Lasance.  Imitation leather,            1 25
SUNDAY-SCHOOL DIRECTOR'S GUIDE.  Sloan.            net, 1 25
SUNDAY-SCHOOL TEACHER'S  GUIDE.  Sloan.             net, 1 00
SURE  WAY TO A HAPPY MARRIAGE.  Taylor.            net, 0 60
TALES AND LEGENDS OF THE MIDDLE  AGES.           net, 0 60
TALKS TO PARENTS.  Conroy,  SJ.                        net, 1 25
TALKS WITH THE  LITTLE ONES ABOUT THE APOSTLES'
    CREED.  Religious  H.  C.  J.                            net, 0 50
TEXTUAL CONCORDANCE  OF THE HOLY SCRIPTURES.
    Williams.                                             net, 5 00
THINGS, IMMORTAL, THE.  Garesche, S.J.                net. 1 00
THOUGHTS AND  AFFECTIONS  ON  THE  PASSION  OF
    JESUS  CHRIST  FOR EVERY  DAY  IN  THE  YEAR.
    Bergamo, O.M.Cap.                                     net, 2 50
THOUGHTS ON THE RELIGIOUS LIFE.  Lasance.         net, 2 00
TRAINING  OF CHILDREN  AND OF GIRLS IN THEIR
    TEENS.  Madame Cecilia.  Cloth,                       net, 0 75
TRUE POLITENESS.  Demore.                             net, 1 00
TRUE SPOUSE OF CHRIST.  St. Alphonsus Liguori.  1 vol.
    edition,                                                net, 1 00
TWO SPIRITUAL RETREATS FOR  SISTERS. Wirth.     net 111 25
VENERATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN. Rohner-Brennan. net, 1 00
VEST-POCKET  GEMS OF DEVOTION.   (See  our  Prayer-Book
    Catalogue.)
VICTORIES OF THE MARTYRS.   St. Alphonsus Liguori.  net, 1 50
VIGIL HOUR.   Ryan, S.J.   Paper,                              *0 12
VISITS  TO JESUS IN  THE TABERNACLE.  Lasance.          1 75
VISITS TO THE MOST HOLY SACRAMENT. St. Alphonsus
    Liguori.                                               net 0 50
VOCATION. Van Tricht-Conniff.   Paper,                      0 12
VOCATIONS EXPLAINED.   Cut flush,                         *0 12
WAY OF INTERIOR PEACE.  De Lehen, S.J.               net, 2 00
WAY OF SALVATION  AND OF PERFECTION.  St. Alphonsus
    Liguori                                               ftct, l ou
WAY OF THE CROSS.  Illustrated.  Paper,                     *0 08
WAY  OF THE  CROSS, THE. Large-type edition.   Method  of
    St. Alphonsus Liguori.  Illustrated.  ,,-„,.,,        .*? |°
WAY OF THE  CROSS.  Euchanstic Method.  Illustrated.         0 <J0
WAY OF THE  CROSS.  By  a Jesuit  Father.   Illustrated.        *0 20
WAY OF THE CROSS.  St. Francis of Assisi.  Illustrated.        0 20
WAY OF THE CROSS.  St.  Alphonsus Liguori.  Illustrated.      0 20
WAY  TO HEAVEN.  (See our Prayer-Book  Catalogue.)
VVH\T CATHOLICS HAVE DONE FOR SCIENCE.  Brennan. net, 1 25
WHAT THE CHURCH  TEACHES.  Drury.  Paper, *0 40;
cloth,
net, 0 75
WHAT  TIMES!  WHAT  MORALS!  Semple,  S.J.  Cloth,    net, 0 60
WITH CHRIST, MY FRIEND.  Sloan.                      net, 1 00
WITH GOD.   Lasance.  Imitation leather,                        1 50
WOMEN OF  CATHOLICITY.  Sadlier. .   .                  net, 1 00
YOUNG MAN'S GUIDE.  Lasance.  Imitation leather             1 25
YOUR NEIGHBOR AND YOU.  Garesch£, S.J.  With Frontis-       qq

YOURCINTERESTS ETERNAL.   Garesche, S.J.              net 1 00
YOUR SOUL'S  SALVATION.  Garesche, S.J.               net, 1 00

                             NOVELS.
AGATHA'S HARD SAYING.  Mulholland.                  net, 1 25
ALBERTA: ADVENTURESS.  L'Ermite.                    net, 1 75
BACK TO THE WORLD.  Champol.                        net 1 75
BALLADS  OF CHILDHOOD.  (Poems).  Earls,  S.J.        net 1 00
BARRIER,  THE.   Ren£ Bazin.                              *Jt. 1 35
BLACK BROTHERHOOD, THE.  Carrold, S.J.             net, U 75
                                 7 
BOND AND FREE.  Connor.
" BUT THY LOVE AND THY GRACE."  Finn, S.J.
BY THE BLUE RIVER.  Clarke.
CARROLL DARE.  Waggaman.
CHILDREN OF EVE.  Clarke.
CIRCUS-RIDER'S  DAUGHTER.  Brackel.
CONNOR D'ARCY'S  STRUGGLES.  Bertholds.
CORINNE'S VOW. Waggaman.
DAUGHTER OF KINGS, A.  Hinkson.
DEEP HEART, THE.  Clarke.
DION AND THE SIBYLS.  Keon.
ELDER MISS AINSBOROUGH. Tagqart.
ELSTONES, THE.  Clarke.
EUNICE.   Clarke.
FABIOLA.  Wiseman.
FABIOLA'S SISTERS.  Clarke.
FATAL BEACON,  THE.  Brackel.
FAUSTULA.  Ayscough.
FINE CLAY.  Clarke.           „  .,
FLOWERS OF THE CLOISTER.  La Mottb.
FORGIVE AND  FORGET.   Lingen.
GRAPES  OF THORNS.  Waggaman.
HEART OF A MAN, THE.  Maher.
HEARTS  OF GOLD.  Edhor.
HEIRESS OF CRONENSTEIN. Hahn-Hahn.
HER BLIND FOLLY. Holt.
HER FATHER'S DAUGHTER. Hinkson.
HER FATHER'S SHARE.   Power.

i^OR^I  ESE?RETW0? THE  RUE  CHAUSSEE
    D'ANTIN.  Navery
IN GOD'S GOOD TIME.  Ross.
IN THE  DAYS  OF KING HAL.  Taggart.
IN SPITE OF ALL.  Staniforth.
IVY HEDGE,  THE.  Egan.  _tt,^   tt
KIND HEARTS AND CORONETS.  Harrison.
LIGHT OF HIS COUNTENANCE.  Harte.
"LIKE UNTO A MERCHANT."  Gray.
LINKED  LIVES.  Douglas.
LITTLE  CARDINAL, THE.  Parr.
MARCELLA GRACE. Mulholland.
MARIAE COROLLA.  (Poems). Hill, CP.
MARIE OF THE  HOUSE D'ANTERS   Earls, SJ.
MELCHIOR OF BOSTON.  Earls, S.J.
MIGHTY FRIEND, THE.   L'Lrmite.
MIRROR OF  SHALOTT.  Benson.
MISS ERIN.  Francis.
MONK'S  PARDON, THE.  Navery.


NOT A JUDGMENT.  Keon.
ONLY ANNE.  Clarke.
OTHER MISS LISLE, THE.  Martin.
OUT OF  BONDAGE.  Holt.
OUTLAW OF CAMARGUE.  De Lamothe.
PASSING SHADOWS.   Yorke.

PERE MONNIER'S WARD. Lecky.
PILKINGTON HEIR, THE.  Sadlier.
PRISONERS' YEARS.   Clarke
PRODIGAL'S DAUGHTER, THE.  Bugg.
PROPHET'S WIFE  THE  Browne.
RED INN OF ST.  LYPHAR.  Sadlier.
REST HOUSE,  THE. Clarke.
                               o
net,	0 76
	1 00
net,	1 76
net,	1 25
net.	1 75
net,	0 90
net,	0 90
net.	1 25
net,	1 35
net,	1 75
net,	0 90
net,	1 25
net.	1 76
net,	1 76
net,	0 76
net.	0 90
net,	1 25
net.	1 76
net,	1 75
net.	1 50
net,	0 90
net.	1 25
net,	1 75
net,	1 25
net,	0 76
net,	1 26
net,	1 36
net,	1 25
net,	0 90
net,	0 90
net,	0 75
net,	1 25
net,	1 25
net,	1 75
net,	1 25
net,	0 75
net,	1 75
net,	1 75
net,	1 35
net,	0 90
net,	1 26
net.	1 75
net,	1 25
net,	1 75
net,	1 75
net,	0 90
net,	0 90
net,	1 35
net,	0 75
net,	1 35
net,	1 75
net,	0 75
net,	1 25
net,	0 90
net,	1 35
net,	1 75
net,	1 35
net,	1 25
net,	1 75
net,	1 00
net,	, 1 25
net,	1 25
net,	, 1 75
 
ROAD  BEYOND THE TOWN, THE,  AND OTHER POEMS
    Earls, S.J.
ROSE OF THE WORLD.  Martin.
ROUND TABLE OF AMERICAN CATHOLIC NOVELISTS.
ROUND TABLE OF FRENCH CATHOLIC NOVELISTS.
ROUND TABLE OF GERMAN CATHOLIC NOVELISTS.
ROUND TABLE OF IRISH AND ENGLISH  CATHOLIC
    NOVELISTS.
RUBY  CROSS,  THE.  Wallace.
RULER OF THE KINGDOM, THE. Keon.
SECRET CITADEL, THE.  Clarke.
SECRET OF THE  GREEN VASE. Cooke.
SHADOW OF EVERSLEIGH,  THE.  Lansdowne.
SHIELD OF SILENCE, THE.  Henry-Ruffin.
SO  AS BY FIRE.   Connor.
SOGGARTH AROON, THE.  Guinan.
SON OF SIRO.  Copus, S.J.
STORY OF CECILIA.  Hinkson.
STUORE.  (Stories.)  Earls, S.J.
TEMPEST OF THE HEART, THE.  Gray.
TEST OF COURAGE,  THE.  Ross.
THAT  MAN'S DAUGHTER.  Ross.
THEIR CHOICE.   Skinner.
THROUGH THE DESERT.  Sienkiewic«.
TIDEWAY, THE.  Ayscough.
TRAINING OF SILAS.  Devine.
TRUE  STORY  OF MASTER  GERARD.  Sadlim.
TURN  OF THE TIDE. Gray.
UNBIDDEN  GUEST.  THE.  Cooke.   ^^   ^
UNDER THE CEDARS AND THE STARS.  Sheehan.
UNRAVELLING OF A TANGLE.  Taggart.
UP IN  ARDMUIRLAND.  Barrett, O.S.B.
VOCATION OF EDWARD CONWAY. Egan.
WARGRAVE  TRUST,  THE.  Reid.
WAR MOTHERS.  (Poems.)   Garesche, S.J.
WAY THAT  LED  BEYOND,  THE.  Harrison.
WEDDING BELLS OF GLENDALOUGH.  Earls, S.J.
WHEN LOVE IS STRONG.  Keon.
WHOSE NAME IS LEGION.   Clarke.
WOMAN OF  FORTUNE.  Reid.

                          JUVENILES.
ADVENTURE WITH THE APACHES. Ferry.
ALTHEA. Nirdlinger
AS GOLD IN THE FURNACE.  Copus.
AS TRUE AS GOLD.   Mannix
AT THE  FOOT OF THE SAND-HILLS.  Spalding, SJ.
BELL  FOUNDRY.  Schaching.
BERKLEYS, THE.  Wight
BEST FOOT FORWARD, THE.  Finn.
BETWEEN FRIENDS.  Aumerle.
BISTOURI.   Melandri.          „,„„  _,
BLJSSYLVANIA POST-OFFICE, THE.  TAggart.
BOB O'LINK.  Waggaman.
BROWNIE AND I. Aumerle.
BUNT AND  BILL. Mulholland.
BY BRANSCOME RIVER. Taggart.
CAMP  BY COPPER RIVER.   Spalding, S.J.
CAPTAIN TED. Waggaman.
CAVE  BY THE BEECH FORK.  Spalding, S.J.
CHARLIE CHITTYWICK. Bearne.
CHILDREN OF CUPA. Mannix
CHILDREN OF THE LOG CABIN.  Delamare.
CLARE LORAINE.  " Lee."
net, 1 35
net, 0 90
net, 0 90
net, 0 90
net, 0 90

    0 90
net, 1 25
net, 1 35
net. 1 75
net, 0 75
net, 0 75
net. 1 75
    0
net,
net,
net,
net,
net,
net,
net,
net,
net,
net, U 75
net, 1
net, 1
net, 1
net, 0
net, 0
net, HI 75
 net,
 net,
 net,
 net,
 net,
 net,
 net,
 net,
 net,
 net,
net,
net,

net,

net,
net, 0 50
    1 26
net, 0 60
net. 0 50
net, 0 50
net, 0 50
net, 0 60
net, 0 50
net. 0 50
    1 26
net, 0 60
    1 25
    1 26
net, 0 50
net, 0 60
net, 0 60 
CLAUDE LIGHTFOOT.  Finn.                                1  26
COLLEGE BOY, A.  Yorke.                                  1  25
CUPA REVISITED.  Mannix.                            net, 0  50
CUPID OF CAMPION. Finn.                                1  25
DADDY DAN.  Waggaman.                               net, 0  60
DEAR FRIENDS.  Nirdlinger.                            net, 0  60
DIMPLING'S SUCCESS.  Mulholland.                     net, 0  60
ETHELRED PRESTON.  Finn.                                1  25
EVERY-DAY GIRL, AN.  Crowley.                        net, 0  60
FACING DANGER. Finn, SJ.                               1  25
FAIRY OF THE SNOWS, THE.  Finn.                        1  25
FINDING OF TONY, THE.  Waggaman.                       1  25
FIVE BIRDS IN A NEST.  Delamare.                     net, 0  60
FLOWER OF THE FLOCK, THE.  Egan.                       1  25
FOR THE WHITE ROSE.  Hinkson.                       net, 0  60
FRED'S LITTLE DAUGHTER.  Smith.                     net, 0  60
FREDDY CARR'S ADVENTURES.  Garrold.               net, 0  60
FREDDY CARR AND HIS FRIENDS.  Garrold.             net, 0  60
GOLDEN LILY, THE.  Hinkson.                          net, 0  50
GREAT CAPTAIN, THE.  Hinkson.                       net, 0  50
GUILD BOYS'  PLAY AT RIDINGDALE.  Bearne.               1  25
HALDEMAN CHILDREN, THE.  Mannix.                  net, 0  50
HARMONY FLATS.  Whitmire.                          net, 0  60
HARRY DEE.  Finn.                                        }  25
HARRY RUSSELL. Copus.                                  1  26
HEIR  OF DREAMS,  AN.  O'Malley.      n ,              net, 0  50
HELD IN THE EVERGLADES.  Spalding, S.J.                 1  25
HIS FIRST AND LAST APPEARANCE.  Finn.                 l  26
HIS LUCKIEST YEAR.  Finn.                             ^  1  26
HOSTAGE OF WAR, A.  Bonesteel.                       net, 0  50
HOW THEY WORKED THEIR WAY.  Egan.               net, 0  60
IN QUEST OF  ADVENTURE.  Mannix.                   net, 0  50
IN QUEST OF THE  GOLDEN CHEST.  Barton.           net, 0  60
JACK.  Religious H.  C. J.     w ^  „                   net  0  60
JACK  HILDRETH ON THE NILE.  Taggart.              net, 0  60
JACK-O'-LANTERN.  Waggaman.                          net, 0  50
JUNIORS OF ST. BEDE'S.  Bryson.                      . net, 0  60
JUVENILE ROUND TABLE. First Series, Second Series, Third
    Scries each
KLONDIKE PICNIC, A.   Donnelly.                       net  0  60
LITTLE APOSTLE ON CRUTCHES.  Delamare.            net, 0  50
LITTLE GIRL  FROM BACK EAST.  Roberts.              net, 0  50
LITTLE LADY OF THE HALL.  Ryeman.                 net, 0  50
LITTLE MARSHALLS AT THE LAKE.  Nixon-Roulet.     net. 0  60
LITTLE MISSY.  Waggaman                             net, 0  60
LOYAL BLUE  AND  ROYAL SCARLET.  Taggart.              1  25
LUCKY BOB.   Finn.                                         *  25
MAD KNIGHT, THE.  Schaching.                        net, 0  50
MADCAP SET  AT ST. ANNE'S.  Brunowe.                 net. 0  50
MAKING OF MORTLAKE.   Copus.                            1  25
MAN FROM NOWHERE, THE.  Sadlier.    ^ t                1  25
MARKS OF THE BEAR CLAWS.  Spalding, S.J.               1  25
MARY  TRACY'S FORTUNE.  Sadlier.                     net, 0  60
MELOR OF THE  SILVER  HAND.  Bearne.                   1  26
MILLY AVELING.  Smith.                              net, 0  60
MIRALDA.  Johnston.                                  net, 0  50
MOSTLY BOYS.   Finn.     „                              x *  |5
MYSTERIOUS  DOORWAY.  Sadlier.                      net, 0  50
MYSTERY OF  CLEVERLY.  Barton.                      net, 0  60
MYSTERY OF  HORNBY HALL.  Sadlier.                  net, 0  60
NAN NOBODY. Waggaman.                             net, 0  50
NED RIEDER.  Wehs.  ^^                           net. 0  60
NEW BOYS AT RIDINGDALE.  Bearne.                       1  25
NEW SCHOLAR AT ST. ANNE'S.  Brunowe.               net, 0  60 
 OLD CHARLMONT'S SEED-BED.  Smith.
 OLD MILL ON THE W1THROSE.  Spalding, S.J.
 ON THE OLD CAMPING GROUND.  Mannix.
 OUR LADY'S LUTENIST.  Bearne.
 PANCHO AND PANCHITA.  Mannix.
 PAULINE ARCHER.  Sadlier.
 PERCY WYNN.  Finn.
 PERIL OF DIONYSIO,  THE.  Mannix.
 PETRONILLA, AND OTHER STORIES.  Donnelly.
 PICKLE AND PEPPER. Dorsey
 PILGRIM  FROM IRELAND.  Carnot.
 PLAYWATER PLOT, THE.  Waggaman.
 POLLY DAY'S ISLAND.  Roberts.
 POVERINA. Buckenham.
 QUEEN'S  PAGE, THE.   Hinkson.
 QUEEN'S  PROMISE, THE.  Waggaman.
 QUEST OF MARY SELWYN.  Clementia.
 RACE FOR COPPER ISLAND.  Spalding, S.J.
 RECRUIT  TOMMY COLLINS.  Bonesteel.
 RIDINGDALE  FLOWER SHOW. Bearne.
 ROMANCE OF THE SILVER SHOON. Bearne.
 ST. CUTHBERT'S.   Copus.
 SANDY JOE.   Waggaman.
 SEA-GULLS' ROCK.  Sandeau.
 SEVEN LITTLE MARSHALLS.  Nixon-Roulet.
 SHADOWS LIFTED. Copus.
 SHEER PLUCK.  Bearne.
 SHERIFF  OF THE BEECH  FORK.  Spalding,  SJ.
 SHIPMATES.  Waggaman.
 STRONG-ARM OF  AVALON. Waggaman.
 SUGAR CAMP AND AFTER.  Spalding,  S.J.
 SUMMER  AT WOODVILLE, A.  Sadlier.
 TALISMAN, THE.  Sadlier.
 TAMING OF POLLY, THE.  Dorsey.
 THAT  FOOTBALL GAME.  Finn.
 THAT  OFFICE BOY.  Finn.
 THREE LITTLE GIRLS, AND ESPECIALLY ONE. Taggart.
 TOLD IN THE TWILIGHT.  Salome.
 TOM LOSELY:  BOY.  Copus.
 TOM PLAYFAIR.  Finn.
 TOM'S LUCK-POT.  Waggaman.
 TOORALLADDY.  By Julia  C. Walsh.
 TRANSPLANTING  OF TESSIE.  Waggaman.
 TREASURE OF NUGGET MOUNTAIN.  Taggart.
 TWO LITTLE GIRLS.   Mack.
 UNCLE FRANK'S MARY. Clementia.
 UPS AND  DOWNS OF MARJORIE.  Waggaman.
 VIOLIN MAKER, THE.  Adapted by Sara Trainer Smith.
 WAYWARD WINIFRED.  Sadlier.
 WINNETOU, THE  APACHE KNIGHT.  Taggart.
 WITCH OF RIDINGDALE.  Bearne.
 YOUNG COLOR GUARD.  Bonesteel.


           FATHER LASANCE'S PRAYER-BOOKS

 MY PRAYER-BOOK.  Imitation  leather, red edges,  $1.25,  and
    in  finer bindings.
 THE YOUNG  MAN'S GUIDE.  Imitation  leather,  red edges,
    $1.25,  and in finer bindings.
THE  CATHOLIC GIRL'S  GUIDE.  Imitation  leather,  red
    edges, $1.25, and in finer bindings.
net,	0 50
	1 25
	1 25
	1 25
net,	0 50
net,	0 50
	1 26
net,	0 60
net,	0 60
	1 25
net,	0 50
net,	0 60
	1 25
net,	0 60
net,	0 50
net,	0 60
	1 25
	1 25
net,	0 50
	1 25
	1 25
	1 25
	1 25
net,	0 50
net,	0 50
	1 25
	1 25
	1 25
net,	0 60
	1 25
	1 25
net,	0 50
net,	0 60
	1 25
	1 25
	1 25
net,	0 50
net,	0 60
	1 25
	1 25
net,	0 50
net,	0 50
net,	0 60
net,	0 60
net,	0 50
	1 25
net,	0 50
net,	0 50
	1 25
net,	0 60
	1 25
net.	0 50
 
THE  NEW  MISSAL FOR  EVERY DAY.  Imitation  leather,
    red  edges, $1.75, and in finer bindings.
THE  SUNDAY MISSAL.  Imitation leather, red  edges, $1.25,
    and  in finer bindings.
THE  PRISONER OF  LOVE.  Imitation  leather, red  edges,
    $1.25,  and in finer bindings.
MANNA  OF THE  SOUL.   Thin  Edition.  Imitation  leather,
    red  edges, $1.00, and in finer bindings.
MANNA  OF THE  SOUL.   Thin  Edition,  with  the Epistles
    and  Gospels.  Imitation leather, $1.25.
MANNA  OF THE  SOUL.   Vest-pocket  Edition.  Silk  cloth,
    45 cents,  and in finer bindings.
MANNA  OF THE  SOUL.   Extra-Large-Type  Edition.  Imi-
    tation leather,  red edges,  $1.25,  and  in finer bindings.
Complete  list of Father  Lasance's  prayer-books sent  on  appli-
    cation.
A/JR

                BENZIGER'S MAGAZINE
                   THE CATHOLIC MAGAZINE

          Subscription price,  $2.50 a year.  Three years, $6.00

                              Novels
  Benziger's  Magazine has long been pre-eminent  as THE magazine of
Catholic fiction.  It offers its subscribers four  long novels a year  (each
being completed  in three  issues).  These novels  when issued in book form
sell for  $1.75  net.   With every  year's subscription  to the  magazine,
therefore, the subscriber gets four novels sold for $7.00 in book  form.

                          Short Stories
  The best Catholic  authors are engaged to  write and are writing  short
stories  for  Benziger's Magazine.   Our  subscribers get  about fifty  such
stories with every  year's  subscription.  They  would make several volumes
published in  book  form selling  for  $1.25 each.

                          Question Box
  This  department has  always  been very popular with  our subscribers
and it will continue to be of great help to them.
T3 
! 
 
.J
£
<V
/
t 
WY 100 S734t 1920
54210950R


NLI1  D52flSM51  fl
    NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE
NLM052854598