THE AT THE JOHN W. TRASK Medical Director, U. S.P.H. S. , in charge of the Boston Maxine Hospital. THE UNITED STATES MARINE HOSPITAL, PORT OF BOSTON An Account of Its Origin and Briefly of Its History and of the Physicians Who Have Been in Charge by John W. Trask Medical Director, U. S. Public Health Service Federal Security Agency U. So Public Health Service 1940 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword v I. The Origin of the United States Marine Hospital, Port of Boston Beginnings of a Service and a Hospital 1 Why Hospitals for Seamen Were Established 2 Congress Acts on the Petit ion of the Boston Marine Society 9 The Hospital Situation at Boston in 1798 12 II. A Brief History of the Marine Hospital The Marine Hospital First Established at Castle Island 15 The Hospital Moves to Charlestown 20 The Hospital Goes Into Rented Quarters 31 The Hospital Moves to Chelsea 32 A New Building and a New Site in Chelsea 34 The Chelsea Fire, 1908 43 Hospital Burial Grounds 47 The Hospital Moves to Its Sixth and Present Home 48 Marine Hospital Patients 50 III. A Brief Account of the Lives of the Physicians in Charge of the Marine Hospital at the Port of Boston Thomas Welsh 51 Charles Jarvis 55 Benjamin Waterhouse 56 David Townsend 62 Charles Harrison Stedman . 64 George Washington Otis 65 George Bailey Loring 66 William Ingalls 67 Charles Augustine Davis 68 John Wheelock Graves 69 Amos Bigelow Bancroft 70 III TABLE OF CONTENTS--Continued John Brown Hamilton 71 John Vansant 72 George Purviance 72 Hiram W. Austin 73 Fairfax Irwin 73 Henry W. Sawtelle 73 Rell M. Woodward 74 Louis Laval Williams 74 Henry W. Wickes 75 Benjamin W. Brown 75 Henry S. Mathewson 75 Ezra Kimball Sprague 76 Julius 0. Cobb 76 Albert D. Foster 79 John William Trask 82 References 85 Appendix A.—Number of Persons Treated inthe Boston Marine Hospital, 1810-1939. Appendix B.—Full-time Staff of the Marine Hospital, Decem- ber 1939. Appendix C.—Consulting Staff of the Marine Hospital, Decem- ber 1939. IV FOREWORD The dedication of the new home of the United States Marine Hospital at Boston is a signifi- cant occasion for the Public Health Service. This new building is the sixth location of the "ti-F-s-t hospital fe-o—tre established by the United States Government, an institution which was the cradle of the Public Health Service. It is one of the last construction projects to be under- taken for the Service while under the adminis- tration of the United States Treasury Depart- relationship which the Service enjoyed for 141 years. And the opening of this building marks the close of the first year of operation of the Public Health Service under the Federal Security Agency--a relationship which in these transitional months already gives promise of a future of satisfying growth and increasing pub- lic service. We of the Service therefore feel fortunate that we are able to mark this occasion with the publication of this little pamphlet which briefly tells the story of the Boston Marine Hospital. The story is significant not only as a bit of Service history, but alsobecause it has a counter- part in the stories of other Marine Hospitals located at the important ports of the United States where the hospitals and the medical of- ficers in charge of them have played a not in- considerable part in the community life. It is particularly fitting that we should also have found in the person of the medical officer in charge of the Boston Marine Hospital an historian of diligence and imagination to tell the story for us. When Doctor Trask came to Boston 5 years ago, he was at once impressed with the need for V a new, up-to-date hospital and with the signifi- cance of the 142-year-old story of the old hos- pital at Chelsea. The fine building which we dedicate today answers the first need. The ex- ploration and expression in words of the tradi- tion of service which is the inheritance of the new hospital is a task which Doctor Trask under- took voluntarily. This booklet is the result of his pains- taking research. A large portion of the docu- mentary evidence which he presents is to be found only in original hospital records and official correspondence, yellow and faded with a century or more of time. Doctor Trask was also led to the numerous repositories of historical documents in and around Boston, to the old graveyards of New England beginning with the one on the Chelsea hospital grounds, and into many intriguing by- ways down the road of the Marine Hospital’s past to its beginning in 1799. To his indefatigable search for evidence and to his camera, we owe not only this interesting written account but also a collection of graphic material which makes vivid the hospital life of bygone years. Thomas Parran Surgeon General U. S. Public Health Service June 6, 1940 VI I. THE ORIGIN OF THE UNITED STATES MARINE HOSPITAL, PORT OF BOSTON Beginnings of a Service and a Hospital The early history of the Boston Marine Hos- pital is an essential part of the history of the United States Public Health Service which began as the Marine Hospital Service. The hospital was established in 1799 and was the first of such institutions to be created pursuant to the pro- visions of an act of Congress entitled, "An Act for the relief of sick and disabled seamen, n which was signed by the President in 1798. The establishment of the Marine Hospital Service was the first act of the Federal Government of the United States on behalf of the health of a civil- ian group of the population and was the result, in general, of growing concern among the States for the care of sick and injured seamen and, in particular, of the initiative and effort of a group of Boston ships’ captains known as the Boston Marine Society. The building completed in 1940 is the sixth which has housed the Boston Marine Hospital. Its first home, from 1799 to 1804, was in barrack buildings at Fort Independence; the second, from 1804 to 18 25, was a brick structure in Charlestown erected on land now part of the Navy Yard; the third, from 1825 to 1827, a rented building also in Charlestown; the fourth, from 1827 to 1858, a building constructed of stone in Chelsea, near where the Lighthouse Depot now stands; the fifth, 1858 to 1940, a brick structure in Chelsea on land adjoining the grounds of the Naval Hospital. The Marine Hospital is the oldest hospital in Massachusetts, and the fourth oldest in the United States. The three olderhospitals, accord- ing to Packard, (1) are the Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia which was opened in 17 5 2 arid with 2 the establishment of which Benjamin Franklin had much to do; the New/Hospital opened in New York City in 1791; and the Charity Hospital at New Orleans. Why Hospitals for Seamen Were Established The care of ill or injured seamen has always been aproblem, never quite satisfactorily solved. The men’s quarters aboard ship in the early days offered few of the comforts or facilities now considered by landsmen to be necessities in the care of the sick. If the sea were rough and the ship rolling or tossing, the situation was fur- ther complicated. With aphysician seldom avail- able, the captain of necessity took charge of the patient. He did the best he could, and it must be said he often did well. Much credit is due these masters of ships, not only for the breadth and versatility of their useful information, but for their resourcefulness and practical applica- tion of it under trying conditions. Having a seaman with a badly fractured leg, or perhaps a fractured skull or spine, or one seriously ill with a protracted fever, what more natural than for the captain to put the patient ashore at the first opportunity--ashore where presumably there were physicians who would know just what to do, nurses--or at least women used to the care of the sick--and beds in which the sick or injured one would not be forever rolling with the toss of the ship? What if the nearest port were not the sick man’s home? Would not someone probably take him in, and would he not be better off even among strangers than on the ship with its constant motion and lack of con- veniences? The captain had his choice, and in all probability the kinder-hearted masters put their more seriously ill men ashore, even if they had to go off their course to do it. 3 The records tell us that their reasoning was sound. The people ashore did take care of the sick men left behind--often at considerable inconvenience and some expense, but willingly if too many uninvited strangers from the sea were not left helpless at their doors. The situation as it existed in Am erica during the eighteenth century, and the attempts made by localities to furnish medical care to sick anddisabled seamen, are well illustrated by the early efforts of South Carolina, Virginia, and Massachusetts. On June 1, 1749, the 1egisi ative body of the Province of South Carolina passed a law entitled, "An act to prevent the Spreading of Infectious and Contagious Distempers in Charlestown. " It read as follows: "Whereas, the harboring and entertaining of great numbers of sick sailors and others, sent on shore either from his Majesty's ships of war or from merchant ships, in the several little punch houses, in the most crowded and confined parts of Charlestown, hathproved very offen- sive and injurious to many of the inhabitants of the said town, who either dwell in the neighborhood or are obliged to pass that way on thexr proper business, by reason of the noisome smells emitted from the said houses; and whereas, the bad attendance, nursing, provisions and ac- commodations those miserable objects generally find in such sort of lodgings, and the great mortality amongst them consequent thereupon, must necessarily tend to prop- ogate and increase all infectious, contagious and malig- nant diseases, as well such as may be brought in from other places as also those which may arise from a partic- ular constitution of the air inthis place, which epidemic distempers have often proved greatly detrimental to the trade and commerce of this Province, as well as highly destructive of the lives of many of its inhabitants and the generality of newcomers; for remedy and prevention whereof for the future, we humbly pray his most sacred Majesty that it may be enacted. 4 "I. And be it enacted, by his Excellency James Glen, Esq., Captain General, Governor and Commander-in-Chief in and over his Majesty's Province of South Carolina, by and with the advice and consent of his Majesty's honorable Council, and the Commons House of Assembly of the said Province, and by the authority of the same, That immedi- ately from and after the passing of this Act, the church- wardens and vestry of the parish of St. Philip, Charles- town, shall procure or hire some convenient house, in an open and airy place, and at a proper distance from the body of Charlestown, which house shall be deemed and taken to be a public hospital for all sick sailors and other transient persons, and shall be subject to such regula- tions and directions as the said churchwardens and vestry shall find necessary, and that the same be committed to the care and management of some sober, prudent and dis- creet matron, who shall have under her such assistant nurses, servants and others, as the necessity of the times may require. "II. And that the said hospital may be as Tittle burthensome and expensive to the said parish as possible, Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That the necessary and reasonable charges and expences of all such sick sailors as shall belong to any merchant ships, shall be paid and defrayed by the masters and commanders of such ships respectively; * * *. And all seamen, marines and others, who shall be sent sick on shore from any of his Majesty's ships, sloops, or other vessels of war, shall be lodged, nursed and attended in the said public hospital, and in no other house whatever, and the necessary and reasonable charges and expences thereof shall be paid and defrayed by the several captains, masters or com- manders of such ships, sloops or other vessels of war, respectively. * * (2) (3) In 1782, the Virginia Legislature passed an act providing that whenever a vessel entered or cleared from a port, 1 shilling for every seaman in the crew of the vessel should be collected from the captain and that the money so collected was to be used for the building and maintenance of a hospital for seamen (4). Five years later the fund was considered sufficient and an act was passed providing for the erection of a hos- pital (5). Then, in 1792, the general assembly passed a bill providing that if the master of a ship put ashore any sick or disabled seaman with- out making provision for his care and maintenance he should be fined 60 dollars and that the money should go to the overseers of the poor of the county where the seaman was put ashore (6). The next action was taken in 1794 when the assembly passed an act providing for the collection of a tax of 30 cents from seamen whenever a vessel returned from a voyage, the money to be paid by the captain or owner of the vessel at the time of making entry to port. This money, too, was to be devoted towards finishing and maintaining the "Marine Hospital," the construction of which had been authorized and begun some years previ- ously (7). This hospital was later purchased by the United States Government, used for a time, and then abandoned. In the absence of hospitals of any kind other than the "pest houses," there was a real humanitarian need for hospital facilities for sick and injured seamen. There was also a nui- sance need where helpless seamen were put ashore without provision for their care, and an economic need when the expense of board, nursing, and med- ical care fell upon communities to which the sea- men were strangers and upon which they had no claim. Then, too, there was--and is--the rela- tionship of the merchant marine to the country’s needs in time of war, and to prosperity in time of peace. Maritime nations have usually found that during periods of conflict their merchant marine was second in importance only to their 6 military forces and that at other times it had an important influence on their economic condi- tion. Therefore most maritime peoples foster their shipping and their seamen by subsidies and in other ways. The Boston Marine Society also had felt the need for a hospital in the vicinity of Boston where seamen from the ships in port could receive necessary medical care. This organization of ships’ captains had its beginning in June 1742 as nThe Fellowship Club." In 1754 the club was in- corporated by an act of the General Court of the Province of Massachusetts Bay under the name of the "Marine Society." The minutes of a meeting of the society held at the Bunch of Grapes Tavern, on October 12, 1790, contain the entry: "Voted. That a commit- tee be appointed to consider what spot of ground may be the most convenient for the erecting a Marine Hospital, the kind of abuilding that will be most convenient & its expence. Also to make a calculation of the annual income that will arise from a small tax on seamen for the support of said hospital & report at the next meeting. "The Committee. Cap. Mackay. Mr. Russell. D'r. Dexter. Cap. Deblois Mr. Tudor. Mr. Hodgdon. Dr. Scollay. "Voted. That the Secretary be directed to insert on the notifications that the business of the Marine Hospital ■will be taken up the next regular meeting " The Doctor Dexter on the committee was Aaron Dexter, professor of chemistry and materia medica 7 of the Harvard Medical School, who had been elected to honorary membership in the Marine Society in 1786 (8). JohnAdams, later President of the United States, was also a member of the society, elected tomembership March 3, 1769 (9). In succeeding meetings at the Bunch of Grapes Tavern, reports of the Marine Hospital committee were considered. Theminutes for the first Tuesday in November 1790 read, in part: "The Committee appointed at the last monthly meeting to consider what spot of ground may be the most convenient for the erecting a Marine Hospital take leave to report that from a variety of considerations they are of the opinion that some spot of the Heights of Charlestown, East of the Town, is the most eligible situation for such a building. The remainder of their commission they beg leave to refer until they obtain further information. "By order, Thos. Russell "Voted. That the Committee be further instructed to draw a petition to Congress, setting forth the utility of a Marine Hospital & pointing out the means of supporting one". And 2 months later, January 4, 1791, the foil owing entry appears: "The Committee on the sub ject of the hospital reported a petition to Congress & sundry letters, which were ac- cepted & ordered to be sent forward". It was 7 years before the continued efforts of the Boston Marine Society were rewarded by congressional action. 8 In the meantime, interest in the plight of sick and injured seamen arose in another quarter of the Commonwealth. On January 20, 1798, a del- egation of four residents of the Island of Martha’s Vineyard presented a memorial to the General Court of Massachusetts, setting forth the need for a hospital on the island for the care of sick sea- men put ashore by passing vessels. The memorial read: "To the the Senate and house of Representa- tives of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts now sitting in Boston the memorial of the Subscribers Justices of the Court of Common Pleas and General Sess.s of the Peace in Dukes County shews that they from a Sence of their Duty and out of Humanity to their fellow men think it Highly Necessary that a Hospitle should be built on the Island of Martha's Vineyard for the Reception of Such Sick Sea- faring men as frequently arrive at the harbour of Holms hole with the Small Pox and other Contagious Distempers who Cannot always git received on Shore by reason of the great Difficulty in gitting houses therefor. We would further suggest that the West Side of Holms hole Harbour would be much the most convenient place for Such a Building. "Martha's Vineyard January 20th 1798 James At beam Sbubael Cottle (Signed) Benj. Basset Beriah Norton" In response to the memorial, the General Court in the following month directed that a hos- pital be built on Martha’s Vineyard at or near the harbor of Holmes Hole for the reception nof such sick persons as might arrive there from the 9 sea" (10)* Seven hundred dollars were appropri- ated for the purpose and agents were appointed to see to the construction of the building. The hospital was completed by the end of 1799, and in February 1800 a resolve was passed by the General Court authorizing the Governor to appoint a "suitable person to be keeper of the hospital” and an agent to supply the necessary furniture. This building was used as a hospital for several years, then abandoned. Congress Acts on the Petition of the Boston Marine Society That the "petition to Congress and sundry letters" forwarded in 1791 by the Boston Marine Society soon bore fruit is evidenced by early congressional records. The Second Congress, which convened inOcto- ber of that year, appointed a committee to take up the matter of a bill for the relief of sick seamen. The Annals of the Congress contain a record in the Proceedings in the House on Janu- ary 2 1, 1793, to the effect that "Mr. Williamson, from the committee appointed, presented a bill for the relief of sick and infirm seamen which was read twice and committed" (11). The Proceedings in the House of the Third Congress (1793-95) show that it was "Ordered, that a committee be appointed to prepare and bring in a bill for the relief of sick a..d dis- abled seamen; and that Mr. Goodhue, Mr. Watts, Mr. Nicholas, Mr. Winston and Mr« Malbone be the said Committee" (12). The chairman of the com- mittee, Benjamin Goodhue, was a Congressman from Massachusetts. 10 The Annals of Congress contain no further record of action on the matter of the relief of sick seamen until February 28, 1798, when it was recorded in the House Proceedings and Debates that "Mr. Livingston from the Committee of Com- merce and Manufacturers reported a bill for the relief of sick and disabled seamen'1 (13). The record shows that 8 days later, on mo- tion of Mr. Livingston, the House resolved itself into a Committee of the Whole on the bill for the relief of sick and disabled seamen. After some conversation on the subject of the Marine Hospital, it was proposed to enact nthat every owner or master of a vessel arriving from a for- eign port into any port of the United States, shall, before the vessel is permitted to be en- tered, pay cents per month ♦ ♦ * for every man whom he has on board his vessel, which he shall be authorized to retain out of their wages." The Committee then rose, and the bill was recom- mitted to the select committee to make it con- formable to this principle (14) . It is recorded that a month later (April 9, 1798), on motion of Mr. Livingston, the House went into a Committee of the Whole on the bill and agreed to it, after adopting some amendments. The bill proposed the payment of 20 cents a month by every seaman toward the support of hospitals for those sick and disabled (15). The bill was debated on April 10 (16), and 2 days later it was put to a vote. On April 12, 1798, the bill establishing the Marine Hospital Service was passed by the House, 59 votes being cast in its favor (17). After passage in the House the bill was sent to the Senate where it was immediately referred 11 to a committee composed of Messrs. Goodhue, Langdon, and Read for consideration and report (18). Mr. Goodhue, chairman of the Senate com- mittee, was the same Benjamin Goodhue, Represent- ative from Massachusetts in the first four Con- gresses (1789-1797) and Senator in the next two (1797-1801), who had been chairman of the com- mittee on the bill before the House in the Third Cong ress (19) . The bill, which was entitled nAn Act for the relief of sick and disabled seamen," was reported back with amendments to the Senate from committee on the 19th of June (20). On July 14, 1798, the Senate resumed its consideration and passed the bill (21). Two days later the act was signed by the President, John Adams, and by its terms went into effect on September 1, 1798. The act provided that the masteror owner of any United States ship coming from a foreign port, before being admitted to entry at aUnited States port, should pay sums to the collector (of cus- toms) at the rate of 20 cents per month for each seaman employed on the vessel since the vessel was last entered at a port of the United States. The act further authorized these sums to be deducted from the wages of the seamen. The collectors made returns to the Secretary of the Treasury of the amounts collected by them and the President was authorized to use the money for the temporary relief and maintenance of sick or disabled sea- men, with the proviso that the moneys collected in any district were to be expended in that dis- trict (22). The act established essentially a form of compulsory sickness and accident insurance, ad- mi n i s t e re d b y t he Treasury Department, to furnish medical care and hospitalization for seamen. 12 The following March an act was passed di- recting the Secretary of the Navy to deduct 20 cents a month from the pay of officers, seamen, and marines of the Navy, beginning September 1799 (23), and to pay the sums thus collected to the Secretary of the Treasury, to be applied to the same purposes as the moneys collected from the merchant vessels. The officers, seamen, and marines of the Navy thus became co-beneficiaries of the hospitals and medical facilities estab- lished under the act for the relief of sick and disabled seamen. This arrangement was continued until February 1811 when an act was passed auth- orizing the Navy to establish hospitals and med- ical facilities for its own personnel (24). The Hospital Situation at Boston in 1798 When the act providing for the establishment of Marine Hospitals was passed by Congress in 1798, there was no general hospital in or near Boston (25). The public hospitals then in exist- ence provided only for the isolation and care of persons affected by contagious diseases (26). There was an almshouse for paupers, most of whom undoubtedly had chronic illnesses of one kind or another or mild mental defects. Thus, when the Marine Hospital was established at Castle Island in 1799 for the care of sick and disabled sea- men, no hospital was available for other sick or injured persons unless their need for hospitali- zation was due to the much dreaded "contagious” diseases, chief of which was smallpox. In 1716 a quarantine hospital had beenbuilt on Spectacle Island for the "reception of such as shall be visited with contagious sickness. " In 17 37 the institution was transferred to Rains- ford Island where it remained until 1849, during which time it seems to have been used principally 13 for isolation of cases of contagious diseases brought in on ships (27). At one time patients were charged at the rate of 6 shillings 3 pence per week for care in this hospital (28). Public hospitals, where people could be inoculated with smallpox virus and repiain until convalescent from the ensuing attack, had been maintained at various times. In 1764, during an epidemic of smallpox, inoculation hospitals were established at Point Shirley and at Castle William (Castle Island). The hospital at Point Shirley was established by the Province. At Castle Wi11iam,unused barracks buildings were repaired and opened to physicians having patients to in- oculate. During the epidemic there were accom- modations for 480 patients (29). For many years Dr. William Aspinwall maintained a private hos- pital in Brookline for inoculation with smallpox virus. Probably no physician in New England in- oculated as many persons as he and none had a better reputation for the work, which he carried on until the introduction of vaccination. The use of vaccine was introduced in Massachusetts by Benjamin Waterhouse shortly after the announce- ment of Jenner’s contribution in England, and Aspinwall quickly recognized it to be a safer agent for use in establishing immunity to small- pox (30). On February 12, 1760, the General Court of the Province of Massachusetts Bay passed a "Re- solve" empowering the Province treasurer to pur- chase a "Messuage" and land for a hospital. The land purchased was situated in the westerly part of the town of Boston and was for the reception of persons "sick of infectious diseases" (31). In the minutes of the Boston Selectmen’s meeting, June 12, 1769, there is reference to "the Pro- vince Hospital at the West endof the Town" (32), 14 and at a meeting held June 21, 1769, reference is made to sending a case of smallpox to the hospi- tal at New Boston (33) . Evidently all these ref- erences relate to the- same hospital. There are later references in the selectmen’ s minutes to the "Province Hospital at New Boston," to cases of smallpox sent to "the State Hospital at the West part of the Town or to Rainsford Island." The "New Boston" and the "West end of the Town" mentioned were apparently located in the region now known as the Back Bay. Prior to the building of the hospital for contagious diseases on Spectacle Island in 1716, cases of these diseases were handled according to the provisions of an act passed June 25, 1701, which stipulated that the selectmen of towns should provide for persons sick with contagious diseases by putting them in separate houses with nurses and attendants or by putting them in house- holds of persons who would care for them. 15 II. A. BRIEF HISTORY OF THE MARINE HOSPITAL The Marine Hospital First Established at Castle Island Apparently no action was taken to establish a Marine Hospital in accordance with the act for the relief of sick and disabled seamen until 8 or 9 months after it became effective. From that date (September 1, 1798) the 20 cents per month per seaman was collected from the masters of vessels, but presumablyit was necessary to allow these moneys to accumulate so as to provide a fund from which expenditures could be made. On May 2 9, 1 799, the Secretary of the Treas- ury wrote a letter to Benjamin Lincoln, Esq., Collector at Boston, inviting his attention to Castle Island as being a proper place for the establishment of a temporary Marine Hospital, and mentioning that Doctor Thomas Welshhad been par- ticularly recommended as a "Gentleman well quali- fied for the appointment of Physician to the Hos- pital." The collector was asked to ascertain under what conditions Doctor Welsh would serve and to arrange the terms of compensation. Castle Island, now known as Fort Independ- ence, is reputed tobe the oldest fortified place in the United States, a small fort having been erected on the site in 1634. During the reign of William and Mary the fort was rebuilt, its batteries were strengthened, and it was given the name of Castle William. At the time of the Rev- olutionary War the fort was manned by British troops who blew up the citadel and magazine, spiked the guns, and burned the building when they abandonedthe site in 1776. The Commonwea1th rebuilt the fort and garrisoned it (34) until the 16 General Court of Massachusetts ceded it to the United States in an act passed June 25, 1 79 8 (35 ). At that time Castle Island was said to have con- tained twenty buildings (36). Major General Daniel Jackson, of the United States Army, took over the fort on October 2, 1798 (37). Thomas Welsh was appointed acting surgeon of the garri- son and resided at the fort (38). The rate of pay of the officers on duty at Castle Island (Fort Independence) in 1798 before its cession to the Federal Government is of in- terest incomparison with present salaries. Cap- tains received $35.0 0 permonth, first lieutenants $19.00, chaplains $22.00, and sergeants $9.33. They were paid every 3 months (37). On June 14, 1799, Thomas Welsh advised the collector that he was willing to attend the Ma- rine Hospital. He agreed that Castle William (Castle Island) was the most suitable place for a temporary hospital and pointed out that it would be necessary to repair a barrack then in use, to construct one or more other buildings, and, in the meantime, to provide a steward, nurse, beds, bedding, and utensils. Doctor Welsh further stated that he had been assured in a letter from the Secretary of War that if any place on the Castle was found suitable for the purpose of the hospital, Maj or General Hamilton wouId be advised, and suggested that it might be expedient to have the Secretary of the Treasury take the matter up with the War Department. On June 22, 1 799, the Secretary of the Treas- ury advised the collector that he had written to the Secretary of War requesting him to give di- rections for erecting a barrack on Castle Island and making the proposed repairs. He discussed the matter of equipment and the securing of the 17 services of a steward and a nurse, adding that he would take up with Doctor Welsh the matter of his compensation. On June 25, 1799, the Secretary of War wrote to the collector at Boston stating that he had received from the Secretary of the Treasury a letter regarding the building of a new barrack and the making of certain repairs at Castle Is- land for the purpose of a hospital for sick sea- men, and that he had given orders to Jonathan Jackson, Esq., to make the repairs and build the barracks according to the collector’ s directions. He added that it would be necessary to erect the new barrack at a distance from the barracks oc- cupied by the garrison, and in a situation which would not create any obstruction to the defense of the place. The Secretary of the Treasury wrote to the collector at Boston on March 11, 1800, acknowl- edging the receipt from him of regulations pro- posed by Doctor Welsh for the Marine Hospital. The letter and regulations follow: "Treasury Department March 11, 1800. Sir: Your favour of the 21st 1800 has been received with the Regulations proposed by Doctor Welsh for the Hos- pital at Boston. These have been submitted to the Presi- dent, and are approved by him as temporary regulations. They are annexed to this Letter, and for the present are to be acted upon, and considered as binding in the govern- ment of tlie Hospital. I am with consideration Sir your m.s serv. 0. W. Wolcott. Benjamin Lincoln Esquire Collector of Boston 18 "Regulations for the Hospital for the relief pf sick and disabled seamen in the harbour of Boston. "The Steward of the hospital shall be charged with the procuring of such Supplies as may not otherwise be furnished, and with the safe keeping and issuing of all supplies, and shall preserve order in the hospital. "The principal nurse shall take care that the wards, beds, bedding and cloathing of the patients, and the uten- sils, be kept in neat order, and that the most exact econ- omy be observed in her department. "A nurse will be allowed to assist the principal nurse to every ten sick or wounded patients, and shall be under her direction. "Whenever there are men in the Hospital in that state of convalescence as in the opinion of the Surgeon to ad- mit that they may be employed, such men while they remain in the hospital shall perform such reasonable service as the surgeon shall direct, and all who have recovered and are waiting for orders to go on board some ship or vessel, shall perform such service as may be directed. "All officers of the Navy and of the Marines and all seamen and marines in the public service of the United States, and all officers and seamen in the merchant serv- ice, may be admitted into the hospital whenever from wounds, sickness or infirmity it may become necessary, unless the disorder with they are visited is contagious or ma- lignant and they shall obey the orders and regulations thereof. "No gambling of any kind is to be allowed in the hos- pital. "No patient shall pass beyond the limits marked out for the accommodation of the hospital without leave ob- tained therefor. 19 "Diet Table for the Hospital for the relief of sick and disabled seamen in the public and private service of the United States in the harbour of Boston, by which the Steward is to regulate his issues. "Per day Full. 1 pound fresh meat, 2 gills rice or 4 gills Indian meal, 1 gill molasses, or 8 gills milk, 1 pound bread. Per day Half. 2gills rice, 4gills Indian meal, 1 gill molasses or 8 gills milk, l/2 pound fresh meat, 3/4 pound bread. Per day Low. 1 gill rice, or 2 gills Indian meal, l/2 gill molasses, 1 gill milk, l/2 oz. coffee or chocolate or l/4 oz. tea, 2 oz. sugar and 1 pound bread. Per day Milk. 2 gills rice, or 4 gills Indian meal, 3 pints milk, and l/2 pound bread. Per day Fever. Water gruel, Panada, herb tea, as may be ordered by the surgeon according to circum- stances. Nurses & orderly men to draw a full ration. Soap, salt, candles, vinegar, spirits, vine, vegetables and wood, as much as axe necessary to be sup- plied, shall be directed by the Surgeon." 20 The Hospital Moves to Charlestown The hospital at Castle Island (Fort Inde- pendence) was considered a temporary arrangement to be used only until a suitable building could be erected in a locality more convenient for sea- men. With this in mind, Congress passed the leg- islation necessary to make funds available for a permanent establishment. In a letter dated May 6, 1802, the Secretary of the Treasury advised the collector that Con- gress had directed that $15,000 of the hospital money was to be applied to the erection of a hos- pital in Massachusetts. Since the vicinity of Boston was the best place for it, the collector was requested to report on the best situation and the probable expense of ground and buildings to enable the President to take the steps necessary to carry the law into effect. In a letter of June 21, 1802, the Secretary of the Treasury forwarded to the collector at Boston a copy of a letter from the Secretary of the Navy to Samuel Brown, Esq., directing him to designate the ground, not exceeding 5 acres, which was to be appropriated for a Marine Hospital out of the land in Charlestown purchased for a navy yard. At the same time, the Secretary requested the collector to insert in one of the newspapers an advertisement offering a "premium'' of 50 dol- lars for the most approved plan of a hospital of 4,000 square feet area, two stories of 10 and 8 feet high with cellars below, the rooms for the sick to be well aired and of varied sizes from 12 to 20 feet square; and stipulating that the convenient distribution of the rooms, and econ- omy of space and construction, would be important factors in determining the relative merits of the plans and in making selection, and that all plans 21 were to be transmitted to the Treasury Department on or before the 15th of the following August. Up to October 11, 1802, only one plan for the building, submitted by Asher Benjamin, had been received by the Treasury Department. Being the only one offered, the plan was accepted and was used after a number of alterations had been made. The collector was instructed to advertise for proposals for construction of the hospital, and its completion not later than December 1, 1803, and to forward all proposals to the Treas- ury Department with his opinion regarding them. The contracts for erecting the new hospital in Charlestown were finally let to Joseph Eaton, Ward Jackson, and Thomas Huns table. This was to be the second home of the Marine Hospital. The temporary hospital at Castle Island was still in use. The steward lived at the hospital and placed orders for needed supplies through-- or with the approval of--the collector, who paid all bills from the moneys collected from seamen. His accounts were forwarded quarterly to the Treasury Department for audit and approval. A letter dated July 12, 1803, to the collector from the Treasury Department advised him that his ac- count as agent for the Marine Hospital at Boston had been suspended for want of the necessary vouchers and that the bills for articles pur- chased by the steward should always be transmit- ted with the steward’s account. On October 7, 1 803, the Secretary of the Treasury wrote the collector that he was pleased to learn that the construction of the Marine Hos- pital had progressed so favorably and agreeing that it was the proper time to provide a supply of wood and vegetables and authorizing the col- lector to get them, if it was thought that the 22 patients could be moved with safety to the new hospital that season. After having been at Castle Island (Fort Independence) for over 4 years, the hospital was moved early in January 1804 to the new building in Charlestown, which had been erected at a cost of $14,842.34 (39). When the hospital was moved from Castle Island, Charles Jarvis (see page 55) was appointed to succeed Thomas Welsh as physi- cian in charge. According to Thacher (40), Jarvis died at the hospital of ’’lung fever” November 15, 18 07 . The records relating to the period 1 80 4 to 1808 have not been found. Some say they were burned in a conflagration in an appraiser’s stores building. The early relationship of the Marine Hos- pital to the training of physicians and the sta- tus of medical education in the United States at the beginning of the nineteenth century is re- flected in the following passage f rom Harrington’s History of the Harvard Medical School (41). The letter is addressed toBenjamin Lincoln, Collector of Customs at the Port of Boston, by Benjamin Waterhouse, Professor of the Theory and Practice of Physic at the Harvard Medical School. "The necessity for hospital facilities in which to give the students the advantages of wider and more sys- tematic training than could be obtained under the appren- ticeship method, was early considered by the college au- thorities. The following letter from the "Professor of Theory and Practice" is especially interesting, there be- ing at that time no public hospital in New England, and only three in the country; i. e., the Pennsylvania Hos- pital in Philadelphia, the New York Hospital in New York, and the Charity Hospital (established 1784) in New Orleans. The first two were part of medical college establishments. 23 "Cambridge Feb.’ 9th 1803. "To Gen. Lincoln. Dear Sir: "Since conversing with you on the subject of the Marine Hospital about to be erected in this neighbor- hood, I have thought it would afford you an opportunity of considering the matter to more advantage, in all its relations, were I to express my Ideas on paper. About twenty years ago a medical school was annexed to this university. A course of lectures is given annually, in six branches of medicine, by the three professors. We have however, felt and lamented the want of a hospital to which our pupils might repair to see our doctrines reduced to practice. This defect has been particularly felt in that branch which falls to my lot, viz the theory and practice of Physic, and in that of Surgery. Many and various have been the attempts to supply this deficiency but they have all failed and left only the distant hope of a marine hos- pital for seamen in general, or a particular one by our National Government. When President Washington visited this university, in the course of his tour through these Northern states, President Willard conversed with him, in my hearing, on this very subject and suggested the great public utility of an hospital in the single point of med- ical instruction, and particularly as it regarded surgeons for the Army and Navy; Gen. Washington coincided with Dr. Willard in the opinion, and said that he thought it highly probable that our medical school would enjoy that advan- tage. The late Mr. Russell declared repeatedly, to me, that he would give more than merely the ground on which to build an hospital on two conditions; 1st, that it should be erected in his native place, Charlestown; 2nd, that it should be extended to the instruct ion of medical students, especially for the navy; his idea however extended beyond seamen in the service of the Government. I will relate a few facts to show how much we need the privilege of such a hospital to complete our medical instruction. A few years since, when we were arranging our military matters 24 and of course appointing surgeons for the Army and Navy, a very considerable proportion applied to me for certif- icates of recommendation for these stations. Most of the applicants were young men who went from school into the colledge where, in the last part of their last year, they read a few books on medicine and attended a course of our lectures, then lived perhaps a year or two with some coun- try practitioner; but most of them never saw an amputa- tion, the operation of trepanning, and some of them not even the reduction of a broken or dislocated bone. As to fevers and the common diseases of seamen and soldiers, was a knowledge they had yet to acquire; they and their connections were nevertheless much disappointed and hurt at my hesitating to declare in writing that I deemed them qualified to take the charge of the health of two or three hundred men at sea - in this state of things I visited Pres. Adams, at Quincy, and acquainted him with the slender qualifications of the medical candidates in general, and as I found I must give letters of recommen- dation, I explained that such recommendation only meant the best we had - but that the very best was, in my opin- ion, inferior to a surgeons mate in a British Frigate. I thought I could speak with decision on this head having been two years in one of their marine hospitals, previous to our revolution, it is well known howT our poor seamen suffered for w’ant of proper medical assistance a few years since. In Philadelphia and New York medical instruction is on a better footing than it is with us in this quarter, for the obvious reason they have hospitals for the admis- sion of pupils to see the course of diseases as well as surgical operations. In those cities they, in imitation of our elder brethren in Europe, make their hospitals answer two very important purposes; viz, the relief of the sick and the education of Physicians and Surgeons. With this plan, in view of making the marine hospital an- swer the purpose of medical instruction as well as the primary one of comforting and healing the sick and wounded, I have it in contemplation to apply for the appoint- ment of Physician of it; as my view in conducting it, the general idea is, 1st. To fulfill every thing required by 25 its institution respecting the sick and wounded. The rules and orders respecting them to be considered as su- perceding all others. 2nd. To introduce pnpils of physic and surgery to the bedside of the sick and to all impor- tant chirurgical operations subjected to all those good and wholesome rules established in European hospitals. 3rd. To give a set of clinical lectures comprehending what may be called extemporaneous practice of physic and surgery, and also a short course of lectures on the most approved mode of preserving the health of seamen, with other matters, that may arise out of existing circum- stances which cannot at present be foreseen. I have com- municated my ideas to but one member of Congress, Dr. Mitchell, who is so well pleased with the design that he advised me to lose no time in making my application. I therefor send you this sketch of my plan but shall wait for your further opinion upon it, and will act accord- ingly. In the meantime I remain with high respect and esteem, "&c. &c. Benj'n Waterhouse. "To Gen. Lincoln Boston." After the death of Doctor Jarvis in 1 807, the Secretary of the Treasury advised the col- lector that the President had directed that Doc- tor Benjamin Waterhouse be appointed physician of the Marine Hospital and asked him to please so notify Doctor Waterhouse. With characteris- tic energy and common sense, the new physician in charge proceeded to carry out the ideas he had expressed on paper 4 years before. The hospital at Charlestown was the first constructed under the Treasury Department and those who planned it overlooked the need for storage space. When Doctor Waterhouse took charge, he found that the chapel, a "large handsome room" in the center of the hospital, had been converted 26 into a "lumber-room" containing bed frames and various utensils used in a hospital. He at once urged and secured the erection of an auxiliary wooden building to be part barn and part store- room and lumber-room. Then, having an eye to appearance, he planted trees and shrubs on the grounds--quick-growing trees as a windbreak, aca- cia trees as a screen to the burying ground, and poplars, cherry trees, and apple trees elsewhere on the grounds. With an ever-lively interest in the hospi- tal and his work, Waterhouse drafted regulations regarding the conduct and privileges of the pa- tients. These did not replace, but were supple- mentary to, the regulations prepared by Thomas Welsh and approved by the President in March 1800 for the government of the hospital. He started an out-patient service so that minor ailments and injuries could be treated with- out taking the seamen into the hospital, thus filling up the beds needed by the more seriously ill, Du ring the 3 months ended June 30, 1808, 143 patients were treated in the hospital. This figure undoubtedly represents an average daily census of between 40 and 50. Doctor Waterhouse kept na senior pupil, or a wel1-instructed medical young gentleman, con- stantly residing, night and day in the house. " After the wooden store room wa s erected, the chap- el was cleared, the walls whitewashed, and divine service was held weekly by neighboring ministers. Waterhouse refused to admit insane seamen to the hospital on the grounds they disturbed the other patients. This, he said, "excited the attention of the Overseers of the Almshouse." 27 In 1809 a new President, James Madison, had come into office succeeding Thomas Jefferson, and a new collector at the Port of Boston had been appointed to succeed Benjamin Lincoln. In April of that year, the Secretary of the Treasury wrote to instruct the new collector as to his duties. He explained that the superintendence of the Bos- ton Marine Hospital was vested in the collector and would so continue until revoked; that the provision in the law for the appointment of di- rectors of the Marine Hospitals by the President had never been carried into effect; that the hos- pitals were conducted for only the temporary re- lief of seamen; that the Boston hospital was under the exclusive superintendence of the collector; that the President had reserved to himself the appointment of the physician, but that all other officers and personnel were to be appointed by the collector, who was also authorized to pre- scribe necessary rules for the admission of pa- tients and for the conduct of the hospital. The Secretary added, however, that he presumed it would always be found desirable to give to the physician such control over the "House, " its sub- ordinate officers, and other details as would se- cure obedience to his directions, and as was the usage in other hospitals. At that time, hospi- tals were few and there was little In the way of precedent upon which to determine methods of man- agement or direction. Correspondence between Doctor Waterhouse and the new collector, Henry Dearborn, further illus- trates the relationship of the hospital and the physicians to the collector of the port, now us- ually known as the "Collector of Customs." In a letter dated June 7, 1809, Waterhouse remarks that June is the time when the hospital’s yearly supply of wood could generally be purchased at 28 the cheapest rate and be delivered most conven- iently. Therefore, he has instructed the hospi- tal steward to secure the collector’s authority for the purchase of 80 to 100 cords of wood to be paid for on delivery "rather than to waite for the quarter." This purchase would supple- ment the supply of 40 cords left from the last season, and would probably meet the usual need for 125 to 130 cords a year. In November 1809 Benjamin Waterhouse, the friend of Jefferson, was succeeded as physician of the Marine Hospital by David Townsend, ap- pointed by President Madison. Townsend was in charge of the hospital during the War of 1812, at which time the Marine Hospital was still the only Government hospital at Boston and the only hospital for other than contagious diseases in Massachusetts. As a result of the war new problems arose. In September 1812 the collector of the Port of Bristol wrote co the collector at Boston asking whether he collected hospital money from the of- ficers and crews of privateers, the same as he did from merchant vessels arriving from foreign ports; also how he determined the duties on ton- nage as regards prizes taken from the enemy. During this period of war, as during peace, the sick and injured from naval vessels, as well as from vessels of the merchant marine, at the Port of Boston were brought to the Marine Hos pi - tal. The wounded in the famous engagement of the U. S. Frigate "Constitution” and the British "Guerriere," both Americans and British prison- ers, were cared for here, as were also the sick and wounded from other engagements and a number o f Ame rican prisoners, returned in exchange from imprisonment by the British at Halifax, Nova Scotia 29 The following note is entered on the back of the front cover of volume 2 of the "Prescrip- tion Books" of the Marine Hospital: "Remarks. The extra number of patients in 1812 was in conse- quence of wounded prisoners from the British Frigate Guerriere, and great numbers of seamen from our returned public ships, with inveterate scurvy. In 1813 from the wounded of the Chesapeake returned from captivity. In those years extra assistance was indispensable and from the rare opportunity of acquiring practical knowledge in such 'cases, adequate assistance was easily procured. The returns for the remaining years shew the gradual in- crease in ordinary times." In the spring of 1818, the hospital was dam- aged by fire necessitating apartial new roof and other repairs. The building, however, seems to have been continued in use. At the time the re- pairs were undertaken, Doctor Townsend tried with- out success to have the building enlarged to ac- commodate a greater number of patients. Prompted apparently by the damage done by the fire, the trustees of the Massachusetts General Hospital, in a letter to Collector Dearborn, stated their intention to make application to the Government to take care of the Marine Hospital patients on such terms as might be mutually beneficial. They did not expect to have their buildings ready for occupancy until the following year, however, and therefore no immediate arrangement could be made. Their buildings, in fact, were not opened for use until 3 years later and the matter seems to have been dropped. The letter was signed by I. Lowell and Josiah Quincy. From 1 807 to the opening of the Massachu- setts General Hospital in 1821, the Marine Hospi- tal was one of the sources of clinical material 30 for the students attending the lectures at the Harvard Medical School, then known as the Massa- chusetts Medical College of Harvard University. The announcement of the college for the year 1818, which seems to have been the first printed an- nouncement issued, consists of a four-page pam- phlet in which it was possible to list the mem- bers of the faculty, the names of the students attending the lectures for that year, and the following description of the course of study, facilities, and fees: "Medical Lectures. "The lectures will commence annually on the third Wednesday in November, and continue without any unneces- sary omission for three months. "During their residence in Boston the students have opportunities of seeing actual practice, either by enter- ing their names with some physician of the town, or by attending the Alms House, which is usually accessible for a small fee. The physician of the Marine Hospital* has also very liberally invited such as desire it, to attend the practice of that place. "The fees for attendance on the lectures are as fol- lows, Viz:- For the course on Anatomy and Surgery, 20 dollars — Chemistry, and Theory and Practice of Physic, each 15 dollars. Materia Medica and Midwifery, each 10 dollars. Tickets entitling to perpetual attendance may be obtained, by paying in advance for two courses. The Medical Library contains about 5000 vols. U" expect that the Massachusetts General Hospi— tal will be opened before the Commencement of another course, by which the advantages for students will be very much increased. *David Townsend, M. D. Boston, December 1, 1818" 3 1 In those days there was kept at the Marine Hospital a book record known as the "Prescription Book." The book contains a day-by-day record of the names of patients, the diagnoses and the med- icines prescribed. It has also a record of the daily patient census which was between 40 and 55 from the first of August to the end of February and from 30 to 40 in the other months. In the back of the book is an index making possible easy reference to the records of the individual pa- tients. The title page of the "Prescription Book" for the year 1 8 20 is inscribed at the bottom, "Vol. 5th D. Townsend, Phys., S.D.T. Assistant." "S.D.T." was Solomon Davis Townsend (1793-1869), son of David Townsend, who for a number of years served at the Marine Hospital as assistant to his father. These record books through the year 1827 have similar title pages showing Solomon D. Townsend as assistant physician. In April 1825, the grounds,and buildings of the Marine Hospital in Charlestown were turned over to the Navy Department, which paid to the Seamen’s Fund $12,875.00, the estimated value of the buildings. The land became part of the navy yard and the buildings were torn down and quar- ters for officers erected on the site. The reason for this action does not appear in the records of the collector of customs or of the hospital. The Hospital Goes Into Rented Quarters in Charlestown To serve as a temporary hospital for use until a new site could be purchased and the nec- essary buildings erected, a building in Charles- town was rented and the patients were moved into it on April 22, 1825, a few days before the hos- pital building and grounds were turned over to 32 the Navy, This rented building was the third home'of the Marine Hospital, and was in use from April 22, 1 8 25 , to October 4, 1 8 27, two and a half years. The Hospital Moves to Chelsea The site purchased for the new hospital was in Chelsea, and was made up of two equal sections from the adjoining farms of Thomas Williams and Doctor Benjamin Shurtleff. This tract, described as "The land between the Creek and Park Street, and a line from angle of Park and Hawthorn Streets to Maverick, Pearl and Shurtleff Streets," was ceded to the Federal Government by the State in 1 826 . The only plan received by the Treasury De- partment, following the customary announcement in the "Public Prints," was submitted by a Mr. Paris. The advertisement stipulated that the plans were to be such that the hospital could be enlarged at a future time if the need arose. The Paris plan was therefore accepted and bids for construction were solicited. The contract wa§ awarded to Joseph D. Emery for the sum of $23,500.00. Mr. Paris, the architect, was paid $1,000.00 for superintending the construction of the stone building. One thousand nine hundred and seventy-three dollars ($1,973.00) was allowed for the erection of outhouses and the purchase of necessary furniture. The total cost of the land was $4,068.00 and the final cost of the building $27,603.39 (42). The Prescription Book for the year 1827 con- tains the record of the patients and their medi- cation for the last 9 months in Charlestown and the first 3 months in the new building in Chelsea, the fourth home of the hospital. On page 89 of 33 the book appears this entry: "October 4th, 1 8 27. The patients of the U. S. Marine Hospital at Charlestown removed this day to the U. S. M. Hos- pital at Chelsea.” The entry for the last day of the year, December 31, concludes with these words: wSi c transit Gloria anni." It was probably writ- ten by Solomon D. Townsend, then about 34 years of age. The fourth hospital, the first erected in Chelsea, was occupied for 30 years. It was sold to the city of Chelsea in 1857, together with about an acre of ground. The city used the build- ing for school purposes, first naming it the Haw- thorn School and later theShurtleff School (43). In 1908, it was destroyed in the great Chelsea fire. The deed of sale of the hospital with 16,060 square feet of land, being lots numbered 34, 35 and 40, gave the sale price as $6,432.55 and was recorded in Suffolk deeds, Lib. 7 22, Fol. 137, on August 8, 1857, at Boston. A second deed was executed by the Secretary of the Treasury, April 25, 1867, conveying tothe city of Chelsea in consideration of the sum of $18,000.00 deposited in the Treasury of the Uni ted States, that part of the "United States Marine Hospital Estate" consisting of three parcels of land known as lots numbered 46, 47, and 48, con- taining 43,416 square feet andthe said lot, num- ber 48, having the old Marine Hospital building the reon (44). As of relative interest and to maintain a proper perspective, it may be mentioned that the first sewer was built in Chelsea in 1846; gas was first used for lighting in 1852; a public water supply was first made available on November 21, 1867 (45). 34 The Hospital Moves to a New Site in Chelsea After 28 years of use, the fourth hospital building became too small to meet the increasing need, and since the existing site interfered with the extension of certain streets desired by the city, it was decided to change the location. By an Act of March 3, 1855, Congress provided for the sale of 10 acres of the 75-acre tract belong- ing to the Naval Hospital, as a new site for the Marine Hospital. For this land the Treasury De- partment paid the Naval Hospital fund the sum of fifty thousand dollars ($50,000.00), The new hospital, erected on the land pur- chased from the Navy at an aggregate expenditure of $393,452.48 (46), was completed in December 1857 as shown by the following letter from the Secretary of the Treasury to the Collector at Bo s t on: "Official Treasury Department Office of Construction Washington, D. C. 14th Dec. 1857 Sir "You are hereby notified that the New Marine Hospi- tal, will be ready to be turned over for its proper uses on the 25th inst. upon which date you will receive it 35 from the Superintendent, (a) and take it under your charge for occupancy "I am very Respectfully Your Obedient Servant Howell Cobb Secretary of the Treasury To A. W. Austin Esqr Collector Boston Mass" (d) Superintendent of Construction. Doctor Charles Augustine David was the physi- cian in charge of the hospital from 1853 to 1862 when he resigned to become surgeon to a Massachu- setts Volunteer regiment. He was succeeded by James W. Graves, who remained in charge until 1 869. It seems that regular accounting for Govern- ment property was not instituted at the hospital prior to December 1859, as indicated by the fol- lowing letter of instructions from the Secretary of the Treasury to the Collector at Boston: "Treasury Department December 14th 1859 Sir "The Department deeming it necessary that a x>roperty account should be kept, at each of the U. S. Marine Hos- pitals, you will cause an Inventory, of all articles be- longing to the Hospital at your port, to be made on the 31st December inst, and quarterly thereafter, which will 36 be forwarded to the Department at the periods Stated, You will also direct, the Steward of the Hospital to keep a property account, charging the property on hand, on the 1st day of January next, the cost of each article, so far as known, and quarterly thereafter, adding the articles purchased with their cost. -The deficiencies found to ex- ist, on taking quarterly inventories, to be accounted for, by the Steward, in the quarterly inventory, transmitted t „ this Department, with explanations respecting, the value and condition of the property on hand, conformably to the following form "I am very respectfully, Howell Cobb Secretary of the Treasury Arthur W. Austin f)sq Collect or Boston Mass" During the Civil War, all available space in the Marine Hospital not required by seamen was devoted to the care of sick and injured of the naval forces as prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury in the following letters to the Collector at Boston, dated April 11, 1862, and July 18, 1864: "Treasury Department April 11th 1862 Sir "You are hereby instructed to Set apart, for the use of the U. s. Naval forces, all that portion of the Marine Hospital at Chelsea, not absolutely required for the ac— commocation of Mercantile Seamen, and to furnish all nec- essary medical attendance and supplies, If any addition to your official corps should be required it will be fur- nished by the Navy Department, It is proposed by that 37 Department to pay 40 Cents a day for each patient; and you will report whether that amount would meet the requi- site outlay, If you consider it inadequate, you will sug- gest the proper allowance, The entire supervision of the building will continue, as usual, in yourself, and you will report its condition, from time to time as you may deem advisable, Dr Graves will exercise general control over all sani- tary arrangements, after consultation with the Naval Sur- geon, You will keep a separate account in triplicate of the expenditures growing out of this arrangement, and submit, monthly, triplicate statements setting forth the names of the patients, of the vessels whence received, number of days in the hospital, and amount due in each case, one of these statements to be transmitted to the Secretary of the Navy, and another to the Treasury De- partment. These statements are to be Jointly certified by the Naval Surgeon and yourself All expenses growing out of or attendant on this transfer will be paid by the Navy Department, In all things relating to this Joint occupancy you will consult with the Naval Surgeon, and promote harmonious Co-operation You will report the date on which the arrangement is Consummated "I am Very Respectfully Geo Harrington J. Z. Goodrich Esq Collector & C Acting Secretary of the Treasury Dost on Mass11 "Treasury Department July 18 - 1834 Sir "The great increase in the number of Naval Seamen in the Marine Hospital, may encroach perhaps a little too much on the comfort of those legitimately entitled 38 to accommodation, but the Secretary, desires you to ex- tend every facility in your power to Seamen of the Navy as well as of the Marine, The expenditures rendered nec- essary by these arrangements, you will keep an accurate account of, with Vouchers, and you will be duly reimbursed therefor by the Navy Department, You will, however, al- ways present estimates for required outlay before making any purchases which must previously be Authorized by the Secretary, Your recommendations of the purchase of 100 Sheets is approved by the Secretary, provided the cost thereof does not exceed, Two Hundred and fifty dollars. "I am Respectfully, M. B. Field Asst Sec Treasury J. Z. Goodrich Esq Collect or Boston" According to Austin, (47) the total number of Army and Navy sick and wounded cared for in the Boston Marine Hospital between 1862 and 1865 was 648. Over one-third of these casualties were admitted at the Marine Hospital between July and October 1864, thepeak months being July and Sep- t embe r. While the money collected from seamen was at no time sufficient to pay the expense of med- ical care given them and had to be supplemented constant 1y by funds appropriated by Congress, the money collected was always considered as a trust fund and this point of view, expressed in the foil owing circular letter, was the one maintained from the beginning: 39 "Marine Hospital Circular Treasury Department, July 1, 1863. Sir: "The Marine Hospital Fund is a trust fund, and it ought to be expended with the most careful economy and strict accountability. "With this end in view, the Secretary directs you to send to him, at the close of every month, a form report of the hospital relief administered under your superin- tendence, in the following form: Number of Patients remaining in hospital on the first day of Jan. Number of Patients admitted during Number of Patients discharged during Number of Patients deceased during Number of Patients remaining on the last day of Aggregate number of days relief during Expenditures during Salaries, Wages and Compensation $ Board, medicines, and nursing Burials Furniture Fuel Miscellaneous To which is to be added: Amount of hospital money in hands $ Amount expended during showing the debit or credit balance of your hospital ac- count the last of each month. "The Secretary further directs that, unless reports, in accordance with the above form, are sent to him at the 40 end of every month, no requisition for money to defray the hospital expenses during the ensuing month willhe approved. Assistant Secretary of the Treasury" Geo. Harrington The following memorandum from the files of the collector at Boston referring to the pay of the hospital employees is of interest, when com- pared with present rates of pay. At first the physician in charge received $1,000 per annum. The rates of pay are probably not as low in com- parison with present wages as they seem, when one takes into consideration the increase in cost of living. "Treasury Department October 18, 1864. Sir: "I am directed by the Secretary, to Authorize the increase of Salary as designated in the annexed list of employees in the Marine Hospital at your port, in accord- ance to your recommendation in letter of the 15th instant, Said increase to commence on the first day of October 1864. "I am Respectfully Geo. Harrington Asst. Secretary J. Z. Goondrich, Esq. Collector Boston" "List of Employees in the Marine Hospital at Boston, whose Salaries have been increased from October 1- 1864, - - - Annual Salary John W, Graves J. F. Barnes F. Herlihy Physician Head Nurse Nurse $1,800.00 360.00 216.00 41 Lois S. Sherman - Nurse - 168.00 James W. Burns - Engineer - 720.00 Charles Morse - Laborer - 300.00 M. McLaughlin — Laborer - 360.00 Robt. McKenzie — Porter - 276.00 Betsy Belcher - Matron — 180.00 A.M.A. Graves — Directress - 180.00 Bella Hanna - Cook — 168.00 Cath. Carney - Cook — 144.00 Sarah Carney — Cook - 144.00 Alba Turner - Waiter — 144.00 Rose McEnally - Servant - 144.00 Cath. Haley — Laundress - 144.00 Rose Hanlon - Laundress - 144.00 The Gardner, increased from $25. to $30. per month" The Marine Hospitals formerly had honorary boards of visitors, usually composed of local practicing physicians and others having the re- spect and confidence of the community in which the hospitals were located. In the following letter the Secretary of the Treasury advises the collector at Boston of recent appointments to the board: "Treasury Department August 12 - 1868 Sir: "In accordance with the recommendation contained in your letter 10th instant, the following named gentlemen are hereby appointed honorary Visitors to the Marine Hos- pital at your port, without compensation, "Viz" Joseph H. Chadwick, Henry S. Clarke, M. D, and David Thayer, M. D. and you are requested to inform them of the fact. am Very Respectfully H. McCulloch Thomas Russell, Esq. Secretary of the Treasury Collector of Customs Boston Mass• " 42 By an act passed and approved June 29, 1870, (48) authorization was given to the Secretary of the Treasury to appoi-nt a surgeon to act as "Su- pervising Surgeon of Marine Hospital Service, the Secretary, to supervise all matters connected with the Marine Hospital Service, and with the disbursement of the fund provided by this Act, at a salary not exceeding the rate of $2,000 per annum and his necessary traveling expenses, who shall be required to make monthly reports to the Secretary of the Treasury," Until this time the collectors of customs at the ports where Marine Hospitals were situated handled the business matters with the aid of stewards placed on duty at the hospitals, while the physicians were responsible for general su- pervision and the medical care of patients. The physicians in charge, with their families, usually lived in quarters provided for them in the hos- pitals, as did also the stewards. After 1873, medical officers were required to pass medical examinations to qualify for appointment and they were appointed to the general service, not to a particular hospital as formerly. They seldom remained on duty at any one hospital for more than 4 years. In 1 874 there were only seven Marine Hospitals in operation, although at an earlier period there had been a greater number. The first supervising surgeon was John M. Woodworth, who published his first annual report for the year 1872. He was interested in hospi- tals, having had experience with them in the Army, and in his report showed an awareness of the es- sentials. In referring to the second Marine Hos- pital building erected in Chelsea, the one aban- doned in 1940, he stated: "The hospital build- ing, which is one of the largest of its class, is finely located, and is imposing in appearance, 43 but was badly planned, both for health and eco- nomical management. The ventilation is poor and the floors are made of inferior material, full of cracks and difficult to cleanse.” In discuss- ing the construction of hospitals he expressed the thought that: "The prime object to be at- tained is to secure favorable results in the treatment of diseases and injuries, an object which has been in the past subordinated to archi- tectural design” (49). Up to 1878 all contracts for supplies and services for the hospital were made by the col- lector of customs. From 1.87 8 on they were made by the medical officer in charge. In the journal of the medical officer in charge, under date of July 8, 1878, appears the entry, "Annual con- tracts were this day completed. The Surgeon was for the first time authorized to enter into con- tract with the parties supplying the hospital, instead of having this done by the Collector of Customs.” As during the wars of 1812 and 1861-65, sick and wounded of the military forces we re sent to the Marine Hospital during the Spanish American War. On August 23, 1898, thirty-two soldiers from Santiago were admitted with malaria and dys- entery, and on September 13, 1898, 50 imore were transferred on a hospital ship from Montauk Point to the Marine Hospital at Boston. The Chelsea Fire, 1908 The hospital records show that during and following the fire of April 12, 1908, which de- stroyed a large part of the city of Chelsea, many sick and injured people of Chelsea, includ- ing maternity cases, were cared for at the Marine Hospital. Some were in the hospital to the end 44 of April 1909. One hundred and seventy-nine pa- tients in all were given 2,393 days of hospital care as a result of the fire. The journal of the medical officer in charge of the Marine Hospital under the date April 12, 1908, contains the entry: "The great fire in Chelsea occured today, the Marine Hospital being opened for patients from Forst Hospital and else- where. " The entry for April 14 reads: "By au- thority of the Bureau the isolation ward was opened today for maternity cases, two female nurses be- ing furnished by Chelsea Relief Committee." The report of the officer in charge to the Surgeon General follows: "PUBLIC HEALTH AND MARINE HOSPITAL SERVICE Port of Boston, Massachusetts. (Chelsea Station) April 18, 1908. The Surgeon General Public Health and Marine Hospital Service, Washington, D. C. Sir:- "I have the honor to submit herewith a brief report on the great fire of last Sunday which laid waste nearly half of the City of Chelsea and rendered homeless prob- ably ten or twelve thousand people. The fire started about 11 A;M. near a dump heap on the West side of the city and spread entirely across the city, crossing Chel- sea Creek into East Boston, spreading out laterally as it advanced. A heavy gale was blowing and new fires would start nearly a quarter of a mile in advance of the main blaze. Thirty or more fire engines were in use but 45 nothing could stop the advance. We received word that the Frost Hospital of Chelsea was about to take fire and an urgent request to save their patients. The ambulance was hastily hitched and the Senior Pharmacist and the two Internes went with it. Automobiles and express wagons were pressed into service, and we received eleven patients from that institution. One woman was in a junk wagon with some bundles of clothing, furniture, etc., and had nothing on but a night gown and sheet. The ambulance made a second run, got shut off by the fire, and did not return for about three hours. It was utilized in the meantime at the request of various doctors to remove sick persons from buildings to supposed places of safety. One old lady was moved four times, each house taking fire, and finally she was left in East Boston. One of the in- ternes had to stand in the back of the ambulance and throw out coals of fire -to save the ambulance and the patients. "We had in the hospital at the time sixty-two sail- ors, and among them we had isolated one case of measles, one of erysipelas and one of mumps. Among those who came in was another case of erysipelas in a woman, a case of scarlet fever in a man, and a case of diphtheria in a woman. It was a hard proposition to isolate them all, but this was finally accomplished. We had twenty two patients the first night and the next day the Boston City Hospital took the women and children and the case of scarlet fever at my urgent request. The Naval Hospi- tal and the Soldiers Home were equally busy and did good work. Dr. and Mrs. Salmon took into their own quarters two little babies and one little boy with pneu- monia. They now have two other children in their quar- ters, one being an infant about six weeks old whom no one has yet claimed. A lying-in hospital was urgently needed. Two women were reported to have been confined in open lots and one in a church where a great crowd was gath- ered. We opened the isolation ward for this purpose by authority of the Bureau, and the relief committee furnished two good female nurses. We have four patients 46 there now. I delivered one woman yesterday, but the child was premature and died this morning. The mother is doing fairly well. The chief danger now is from a typhoid epi- demic. The pumping station connected with the sewerage system was burned and the sewage from sixteen towns is said to be spreading itself out on the flats between Chel- sea and East Boston. I hope it will not contaminate the water supply. They are hastily reconstructing the pump- ing station. The night of the fire we had no electric light, current for the elevator, gas, telephone or water. We are on a hill and the engines diminished the pressure so that no water reached us. If the wind had carried the fire this way we would have been entirely helpless. As it was it missed us about as far as from the Bureau across the Capitol Grounds. For light we used candles, and for water we opened an old well in the back court and used a bucket and rope. The water was carried up stairs to flush the closets and some was boiled for drinking purposes. Twelve bodies have been recovered from the ruins and fifty to seventy-five people axe yet unaccounted for. "I appreciate the thoughtfulness of the Bureau in sending Surgeon McIntosh to my assistance, but as his services were not required he returned home. Every mem- ber of the hospital staff including the attendants did hard and faithful work and I take this occasion to com- mend them. "We now have fifteen in the hospital as a result of the fire, two burned, one injured by a falling wall, and various other troubles. Unless a typhoid epidemic ap- pears, it is thought that the matter will soon straighten itself out and we will again settle down to a normal con- dition. Our prompt action and the approval of the Bureau have made many warm friends for the Service in this com- munity which will certainly do us no harm in the future. Respectfully, /s/ R. M. Woodward Surgeon." Second home of the Marine Hospital, the Building in Charles town, 1804—1825. From a painting now at the Naval Acad emy at Annapolis. Photographic copy furnished by the su- perintendent of the Academy, who in sending it stated: "A the photograph shows, the paper is very old with the usua stain marks which our phot ©graphic staff did not think bes* to take out." The original is believed to have been paintei by a member of the family of David Townsend and given tt someone at the Navy Yard after the hospital moved to CheL sea. The second Chelsea Hospital building as it appeared afte the fourth story was added. The fourth home of the Marine Hospital, the first Chelsea site, 1827 - 1858. The Marine Hospital as it is today. The sixth home of Mas- sachusetts' oldest hospital, completed in March 1940. The grave in King's Chapel Burial Ground, Boston, of Thomas Welsh, the first physician in charge of the first Marine Hospital operated by the United States Government, Castle Island, 1799 to 1804. Title page of the Marine Hospital "Prescription Book" for the year 1823, showing Solomon Davis Townsend as Assistant Physician, his father, David Townsend, being in charge. Facsimile of the "Rules and Orders" drafted by Waterhouse, and mentioned by him in the preceding letter as having been placed in every room. Table 6. - Showing as regards the patients in the Marine Hospital from January 1, to February 12, 1813, their names, source, "when entered, " and dates of discharge or death. (From "The Prescription Book. ") David Townsend, student of and officer under Joseph Warren, Physician in Charge of the Marine Hospital for a longer time than any other man, 1809— 1829, consulting Physician on first staff of Massachusetts General Hospital. Benjamin Waterhouse as a young man. Copy of a portrait by Gilbert Stuart who was a friend and classmate of Water- house, kindly furnished by Frances Hubbert, Librarian, Red- wood Library and Athenaeum, Newport, Rhode Island, which possesses the original. George Washington Otis, M. D., in charge of Marine Hospi- tal, 1841 to 1843. John Wheelock Graves, M. D., in charge of Marine Hospital 1862 to 1869. Julius 0. Cobb, M. D. , in charge of Marine Hospital, 1922 to 1928. Albert D. Foster, M. D., in charge of Marine Hospital, 1928 to 1935. 47 Hospital Burial Grounds Presumably there was a burying ground at Castle Island where seamen dying at the Marine Hospital were buried when relatives did not pro- vide for burial elsewhere. When the hospital; was moved to its new building in Charlestown in Jan- uary 1804, provision was made for a cemetery on the hospital grounds. In 1827, the remains were disinterred and taken from the Charlestown burial plot to a bury- ing ground prepared at the new site in Chelsea. Again, when the hospital was moved in 1 85 8 to the new building, its fifth home, the accumulated re- mains of the preceding 54 years were disinterred and moved to the new hospital grounds where an area had been set aside as a cemetery. In this plot, bodies of those dying in the hospital and not claimed for burial by relatives were buried up to June 30, 1904. Beginning July 1904, con- tracts were made annually with local undertakers for burials in public cemeteries. Austin states, "The hospital records prior to 1809, and those from 1836 to 1851, together with other valuable records, were destroyed by fire in the 'State Street Block' in Boston about two years ago, and I have been unable to find them elsewhere" (50). The "State Street Block" referred to is a stone building located across the street from the Custom House. At the time of the fire, May 17, 1794, the building was leased to the Treasury Department and was in use for appraiser’s stores purposes. Although Benjamin Waterhouse gave out-pa- tient treatment while he was the physician in charge (1807-09), out-patient care seems not to 48 have been given regularly until 1878. Table 1 in the Appendix shows out-patient service from that date. The cost per diem per patient for the year ended June 30, 1855, for the Boston-Marine Hospi- tal was $0,873 and the average per diem cost for all the Marine Hospitals was $0,952 (51). The per diem cost for the Boston hospital for the year ended June 30, 1938, was $4.00. The medical staff of the hospital in Decem- ber 1 93 9 consisted of 1 full time medical of- ficers, I full time dental officer, 5 medical in- ternes, 2 dental internes, 23 nurses, and a nu- merous consulting staff. The activities for the year ended June 30, 1939, were: Patients admitted to hospital 2,087 Daily average of patients in hospital 167 Total patient hospital days 60, 908 Patients treated as out-patients 13,592 Out-patient treatments 35,423 Physiotherapy treatments 16,941 Patients X-rayed 4,715 Dental patients treated 3,194 Dental treatments 6,479 The Hospital Moves to Its Sixth and Present Horae And now again for the fifth time in its his- tory, the oldest hospital in the State of Massa- chusetts has had to move. This time it leaves the home in which it has been housed for over 80 years--the home of which every brick and stone could tell an interesting story. A larger build- ing that would accommodate a greater number of 49 patients was a necessity. A 13%-acre site was selected in Boston with frontage on Commonwealth Avenue and on Warren Street. It is situated 4 miles from the State House, and is easily acces- sible by the Commonwealth Avenue streetcar to downtown Boston in 15 t'o 20 minutes. In the early days before there were street- cars or other means of rapid transportation, Ma- rine Hospitals were always located on the water front because the sick and injured seamen from ships were usually taken to them in boats rowed by members of the ships’ crews. With modern transportation, and with water fronts many miles in extent, hospitals located at central points on streetcar lines are far more accessible to the seamen and others. Those needing special transportation are now carried in ambulances. The new building is planned to have a capac- ity of 336 beds. It is built of reinforced con- crete with brick facing and is fireproof, and there is ample space for enlarging the building should the need ever arise. With the addition of extensive and varied functions to the original function given to the Public Health Service--that of carrying on the Marine Hospitals--and with the rotation of as- signments of commissioned officers, the members of the staff of the Marine Hospital are contin- ually changing--the older officers approximately every 4 years, the younger officers more fre- quently. The changes in personnel of the full- time staff are accompanied by variations in ex- perience and training. But back of the regular staff, and supplementing it, stands a capable consulting staff that does not change and is an ever-present source of strength and assurance. 5 0 The first nine men whose names appear on the list of consultants (see Appendix C) have been on the staff for 15 to 20 years. Those Who Are Treated in the Hospital Seamen--the original beneficiaries for whom the Marine Hospitals we re estab1ished--sti11 con- stitute well over half of the patients admitted to the hospital; but by acts of Congress, others have become eligible for treatment during the last 50 years. At the present time those entitled to the services of the hospital, as in-patients or out-patients, are : 2. Officers and enlisted men of the Coast Guard and dependent members of their f ami lies. 3. Commissioned officers, ships officers, and members of the crews of the vessels of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, and dependent members of their f ami lies, 4. Officers and crews of vessels of the Bureau of Fisheries. 5. Persons detained under immigration laws and regulations, 6. Seamen from vessels of the Army Engineer Corps and Army transports and other ves- sels belonging to the Army. 7. Seamen from vessels of the Mississippi River Commission, 8. Government employees injured in the per- formance of duty, beneficiaries of the Employees’ Compensation Act. 9. Patients of the Veterans’ Bureau. 10. Officers and field employees of the Pub- lic Health Service, 11. Officers andenlisted men of the Army and Navy may be admitted as pay patient and so may seamen from foreign vessels. 1o Am erican seamen. 51 III. A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THE LIVES OF THE PHYSICIANS IN CHARGE OF THE MARINE HOSPITAL AT THE PORT OF BOSTON THOMAS WELSH (1751-1831) Physician in Charge of the Marine Hospital, June 1799 to January 1804 Thomas Welsh was born in Charlestown, Massa- chusetts, June 1, 1751} graduated from Harvard College in 1772, being honor man in a class of 4-8 members. He studied medicine under Doctor Isaac Foster, of Charlestown, and was present at the battles of Lexington and* Bunker Hill. At the latter he was stationed with Lieutenant Colonel Brickett in a house under the western side of the hill where the first of the wounded were treated. He served with the Revolutionary Army in New York and New Jersey and at the close of the war settled in Boston (52). Doctor Welsh was a member of the Boston Med- ical Society whose members planned and organized in 1781 the Massachusetts Medical Society. In this Welsh took part and his signature was one of the 14 on the original bill of incorporation and one of the 31 on the final bill. He was the first treasurer of the Massachusetts Medical Society, holding that office for 16 years (1782-1798); corresponding secretary for 10 years (1805-1815); and vice president for 8 years (1815-1823). He was a member of the committee of physicians ap- pointed in 1802 to observe the experiments as to the efficacy of vaccination as a protection against smallpox carried out under the direction of the Board of Health of Boston at Noddle’s Island (now East Boston). 5 2 He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and its treasurer from 1796 to 1798. He is said to have been a member of the Boston School Committee from 1789 to 1796. With Doctor Appleton, he wrote the preface, read the proofs, and put the first volume of the "Medical Communications" of the Massachusetts Medical So- ciety through the press (53). On March 5, 1783, Doctor Welsh delivered the annual oration to commemorate the evening of the fifth of March, 1770, when a number of citizens were killed by a party of British troops, the in- cident now commonly called the "Boston Massacre." Some of the rae-n who had given the oration before him were: James Lovell, 1771; Dr. Joseph Warren, 1772, 1775; Hon. JohnHancock, 17 74; Peter Thacher, 1776; Thomas Dawes, Jr., 1781; George Richards Minot, 1782 (54). . Doctor Welsh was employed from time to time by the Boston Selectmen as evidenced by an exam- ination of the minutes of their meetings (55) in which the following notations are found: March 17, 1790, Doctor Welsh was requested by the selectmen to make inquiry and examination relative to certain seamen who had had smallpox by inoculation 2 months before. December 12, 1791, Doctor Welsh was directed to examine the sloop "Dove" because of seamen aboard with smallpox. February 21, 1792, Doctor Welsh was re- quested to visit and report on a woman reported to have smallpox. February 27, 1792, selectmen passed upon Doctor Welsh’ s State account for attendance upon the sick at the hospital at West Boston, amount- ing to £7 Is lOd. 53 January 30, 1793, Doctor Welsh was ttdesired to examine" into a case of smallpox in a man on a vessel from Charleston, South Carolina. The seaman was sent to Rainsford Island and the ship was "smoked and cleansed." February 20, 1793, selectmen passed upon Doctor Welsh’s State account. Doctor Welsh’s varied interests, especially in matters relating to civic affairs and social betterment, is shown by his being one of seven incorporators of a public bathing house in Bos- ton in 1805. The other incorporators were Aaron Dexter, Stephen Codman, Sylvannus Gray, John C. Howard, Richard B. Tucker, and Allen Pollock. The incorporation was accomplished by an act en- titled "An Act to incorporate the Proprietors of the Public Bathing House in Boston, " approved January 24, 1805 (56). Welsh received the honorary degree of Doctor of Medicine from Harvard Medical School in 1811 and was elected consulting physician on the first staff of the Massachusetts General Hospital (57). When he died at the age of 79 he was said to be the oldest physician in Boston and the last sur- vivor of the founders of the Massachusetts Medi- cal Society (5 8) . The notices of death for February 16, 1831, in the "Daily Evening Transcript" of Boston con- tained the following: "In this City, Thomas Welsh, aged 79. He acted as surgeon to the Revolutionary troops at the battles of Lex- ington and Bunker Hill; and was afterwards attached to the American Army when in New York and New Jersey. He was for several years surgeon to the U. S. Marine Hospi- tal, and quarantine physician to this port." 54 Under the headline, "Another Patroit of the Revolution has departed", the "Independent Chron- ical and Boston Patroit" in its issue for Febru- ary 19, 1831, page 3, says: "Died on the 9th inst., Dr. Thomas Welsh, 79. Dr. W. was born at Charlestown; was taught the rudiments of classical education at Byefield by Master Moody * * *. Dr. W. received his degree at Harvard University in 1772, to whom was accorded the first honor, although his class was distinguished for sound scholarship * * "At the conclusion of the Revolutionary War he com- menced the practice of medicine in Boston, where he soon acquired an extensive business. When the Government es- tablished the Marine Hospital at Charlestown Dr. Welsh was appointed physician and surgeon to the institution, which office he retained and whose duties he discharged with credit to himself and advantage to all concerned, until party spirit displaced him. Dr. W. was afterwards Health Physician to the Port of Boston, for quite a num- ber of years, until the conscious infirmity of age in- duced him to decline a reelection * * *. During many years he was an active member of the School Committee * * *. It is no mean praise to the deceased that Gov- ernor Brooks, the Adamses, the Otises, the Warrens, the Gorhams, and other champions of the liberties of their country were among his fast friends." The Registry of Deaths for the City of Bos- ton contains the record that Dr. Thomas Welsh, aged 79 years, died of old age on February 9, 1 8 3 1 > and was buried at "9 Chapel, E. S.," meaning that he was buried in tomb number nine in King’s Chapel Burial Ground on Tremont Street in Boston. On the gates of the burial ground opening into Tremont Street is the following inscription: 55 "King's Chapel Burying Ground 1630. "Here were buried Governors of Massachusetts John Winthrop 1649, John Endecott 1665, John Leverett 1679, William Shirley 1771; Lieut. Governors of Massachusetts William Phillips 1827, Thomas Lindall Winthrop 1841; Gov- ernors of Connecticut John Winthrop 1676, Fitz-John Win- throp 1707; Judges of Massachusetts Wait Still Winthrop 1717, Adam Winthrop 1743, Oliver Wendell 1818, Thomas Dawes 1825; Ministers of Boston John Cotton 1652, John Davenport 1670, John Qxenbridge 1674, Thomas Bridge 1715; William Dawes Jr. , Patriot and Son of Liberty April 6, ‘1745 - February 25, 1799; Jacob Sheafe 1658, John Winslow 1674, Mary Chilton, 1679, a passenger in the Mayflower and wife of John Winslow, Major Thomas Savage 1682, Lady Andros 1688, Captain Roger Clap 1690, Thomas Brattle 1713, Pro- fessor John Winthrop 1776, James Lloyd 1831, Charles Bui- finch 1844, Captain Robert Keayne, First Commander of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company 1638. " CHARLES JARVIS (1748-1807) Physician In Charge of the Marine Hospital, January 1804 to November 15, 1807 Cha ties Jarvis was born in Boston, Octobe r 26, 1748. He attended the Public Latin School of Boston, entered Harvard College when 14 years of age, and received the Bachelor of Arts degree in 1766. He began his study of "physic" under Dr. Nathaniel Perkins, "a learned and distinguished physician" of Boston, and continued his studies with Dr. Joseph Gardner, after which he went to England "where he was thoroughly prepared by lec- tures and practical courses inphysic and surgery for the duties of his profession." When he re- turned from England he commenced practice in Bos- ton. Thacher says that in the year 1773 Dr, Jar- vis married the sister of Sir William Pepperell and grand-daughter of Sir William Pepperell, who 56 took Louisburg in 1756, and that he was a member of the State convention that adopted the Federal Constitution and was for several years a member of the State legislature. nOn the accession of Mr. Jefferson to the Presidency, Dr. Jarvis was appointed Physician and Surgeon to the Marine Hospital at Charlestown.” (59) Like Thomas Welsh, he was one of the incor- porators of the Massachusetts Medical Society and also of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Burrage states that he was one of the commission- ers on the part of the Town of Boston to convey the Governor’s Pasture, as it was called, a part of the Hancock Estate, to the Commonwealth as a site for the nBullfinch Front of the State House” in 1795. He was also one of the first censors of the Massachusetts Medical Society (60). According to Thacher, Doctor Jarvis died of ”Lung fever” at the Marine Hospital on November 15, 1807 (40). BENJAMIN WATERHOUSE (1754-1846) Physician of the Marine Hospital, November 27, 1807, to July 18, 1809 Benjamin Waterhouse was born March 4-, 1754, at Newport, Rhode Island; son of Timothy Water- house who was judge of the Court of Common Pleas for Newport County. At the age of 16 he began to study medicine underDr. John Halliburton of New- port. Five years later he went to London, Eng- land, to study with Dr. John Fothergill, a prom- inent English physician and his mother’s cousin. In the autumn of 1775 he entered the medical school at Edinburgh and studied under William Cullen, Joseph Black, and Alexander Munro, all distinguished physicians. In 1776 he returned 5 7 to London to work and study under Doctor Fother- gill„ In 1778 he enrolled as a student at the University of Leyden, from which he received in 1 7 8 0 a diploma awarding to him the degree of Doctor of Medicine. In his courses of study he had devoted considerable time to experimental philosophy, mineralogy, and botany. While a stu- dent at Leyden, he met John Adams and his two sons and for a period during his sojourn on the continent, he lived with them (61). Viets (62) says that when he returned to Newport in 1782 Waterhouse was probably the best educated physi- cian who had ever come back from Europe to this country. In the same year that Waterhouse returned from Europe, the corporation of Harvard College took the first step toward the establishment of a medical school. On November 22, 1782, the corporation voted to establish three professor- ships: One of anatomy and surgery, one of the theory and practice of physic, and the other of materia medica and chemistry. John Warren was elected to the professorship of anatomy and sur- gery. On December 24, 1 7 82 , Benjamin Waterhouse-- then not quite 29 years old--was elected to the professorship of the theory and practice of physic. On May 22,1783, Aaron Dexter was elected profes- sor of materia medica and chemistry. It was not, however, until October 7, 1783, that Warren and Waterhouse were inducted to office with all for- mality (63 ) . Besides his medical lectures given at Cam- bridge, Waterhouse began to lecture on mineralogy and botanyat Brown University (Rhode Island Col- lege) where he was professor of natural history from 1784 to 1791). These were apparently the first lectures on the subjects to be given in 58 America. In 1 7 8 8 , he began to give these lectures also in Harvard College andcontinued to give them until 1809 (64). Viets says of Doctor Waterhouse: "His real interests were more in Botany and Natural History than in medicine. While in Europe, he had met John C. Lettsom, who became Dr. Fothergill’s suc- cessor in London. From Lettsom, Waterhouse re- ceived a splendid collection of minerals and other natural history specimens which formed the basis for the Natural History Museum at Cambridge. Waterhouse also established the Botanical Gardens. All his work up to this time, however, seems to have been relatively insignificant compared with his vaccination experiments begun in the very last year of the century." (65) Martin states (66) that early in 1799 Water- house received from his old friend, the great Quaker physician and philanthropist, Dr. Lettsom, of London, a copy of Jenner’s now famous "Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vac- cinae or Cow-Pox." Reading that work, Waterhouse was struck with the remarkable advantages that might accrue to America, as well.as to the whole human race, from Jenner’s discovery. He perceived the great value to mankind if a mild affection existed which could be acquired at will and would then serve to protect one from a much more serious disease such as smallpox. Believing that Jenner’s work would be of great interest to physicians and the results of possible importance to the community, he published an abstract of it, under the title "Something Curious in the Medical Line," in the Columbian Centinel, a semiweekly Boston newspaper. In June 1800 he received some of the cowpox matter from 59 another friend in England. To test its worth, he vaccinated his 5-year old son, Daniel Oliver Wat- erhouse, on July 8, 1800. Then, when the sore on the child’ s arm followed the course as described by Jenner, he vaccinated a servant boy (67). Later he vaccinated other members of his household, among whom were his children aged 1, 3, and 7 years. The cowpox "took” in six of these family subjects. Later, when they were exposed to small- pox, they proved to be immune (68). The 5-year old Daniel Oliver has t he distinction of being the first person vaccinated in Am erica. On Dec. 1 , 1 80 0, failing to get full coopera- tion from the physicians of Boston, Waterhouse wrote to Thomas Jefferson, then Vice President and candidate for the Presidency, enclosing an account of the use of cowpox as a preventive of smallpox. The Vice President replied on Decem- ber 25, 1800. Thusbegan an historic correspond- ence which lasted a year and in the course of which Waterhouse sent to the Vice President (later President) repeated lots of cowpox matter with instructions for its use, until the cowpox had become established in Virginia and further importations were unnecessary (69) (70). The medical profession in Boston, in gen- eral, did not take kindly to the use of cowpox. Some of the younger men used it, but apparently not many. On the other hand, many of the laity were using it in their anxiety to escape the smallpox which was a present menace much of the time. Finally, May 31, 1802, Waterhouse appealed to the Board of Health of Boston to make a public experiment of the merits of vaccination under their own supervision. The board accepted and the experiment was begun in August 1802. The Board appointed 10 physicians who, with Doctor Waterhouse, were to observe the experiment. Nine- teen boys were vaccinated with cowpox on August 16. 60 On November 9, 12 of these boys, and 1 other who had been previously vaccinated, were confined in a hospital prepared for the purpose on Noddle’s Island (now East Boston) in Boston Harbor, and were inoculated with fresh smallpox matter. As a control, two other boys who had not been pre- viously vaccinated with cowpox were also inocu- lated with smallpox matter. The 13 previously vaccinated boys remained well. The 2 controls developed smallpox. On November 21 the 13 vac- cinated boys who had remained well subsequent to inoculation with smallpox matter, and the 7 boys of the group who had been vaccinated with cowpox but not inoculated with smallpox, were inocu- lated with fresh matter from the 2 unvaccinated controls who had developed smallpox. The exper- iment established beyond dispute the value of the cowpox vaccination as a protection against smallpox and the physicians appointed by the board so reported. The Board of Health of Boston is- sued a broadside* December 16, 1802, describing the conditions of the experiment and giving the report of the physicians appointed to observe it. To Waterhouse must be given the credit for the introduction of vaccination in this country. Many cities and towns obtained their first viable virus direct from himj many others obtained it from the strains Waterhouse had sent to Jefferson. An account of Doctor Waterhouse’s activity as physician in charge of the Boston Marine Hospital (1807-09) is given in a foregoing section. During the same period he served as physician to the navy yard. That Waterhouse felt bitterly *A facsimile of the broadside and an editorial explaining its origin and purpose and giving an account of the events that led up to its publication is found in the New England Journal of Med- icine of September 23, 1937. 61 about his displacement as physician to the Marine Hospital for political reasons is shown in the following letter (May 8, 1810) to his friend Lett- s om: "I am ashamed to tell Dr. Jenner how I have been treated by our legislature respecting remuneration. I have received nothing but abuse, nay, more, I have been intrigued out of my place as Physician to the United States Marine Hospital, with 500 sterling a year, and given me by Mr. Jefferson as a reward for my labors in vaccination, and this merely in consequence of his going out and others coming in, so that, at 56 years of age I have now to con- trive and execute some new plan to supply this deficiency." (71) In 1812 Waterhouse resigned the chair of Hersey Professor of the Theory and Practice of Physic which he had held at Harvard since 1783. After resigning from the Harvard faculty he was appointed medical inspector of the military posts in the New England Area by President Madison, which position he held from 1813 to 1 820 (67) . He died in his home on Waterhouse Street, Cambridge, on October 2, 1846, at the age of 92 years. His remains are buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery, Wat- ertown, Massachusetts. Doctor Waterhouse had been Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciehces and member of the American Philosophical Society (72). Welch speaks of Waterhouse as the ablest of the many disciples of Jenner, and the life- long friend and correspondent of Jenner, Lett- sora, Ring, Hunter, Fothergill, and others. The London Medical Society gave him the complimentary title of "The Jenner of America." (73) 62 DAVID TOWNSEND (1753-1829) Physician in Charge of the Marine Hospital, July 18, 1809, to May 1, 1829 David Townsend was born in Boston, Jurre 7, 1753, graduated from Harvard college in 1770, and received an honorary M. D. degree from Harvard in 1813. He studied medicine under Doctor Joseph Warren whom he accompanied at the battle of Bunker Hill as surgeon of Warren’ s regiment. He was com- missioned surgeon to the sixth regiment of infan- try commanded by Col. Asa Whitcomb, January 1, 1776} was senior surgeon to the General Hospital of the Northern Department in March 1777} and was with the Array under Washington during the winter at Valley Forge. He was an active member of the Massachusetts Medical Society from 1785 to 1824 and a charter member of the Society of the Cin- cinnati, being secretary of the Massachusetts Chapter from 1817 to 1821, vice president from 1821 to 18 25 , and president from 1 825 to 1829. He was a Mason and was buried according to their rites in Revere Beach at low tide (74). Doctor Townsend, as did Doctor Waterhouse before him, extended to the students of' the Har- vard Medical College the privilege of using the clinical facilities at the Marine Hospital for the observation and study of cases. There is in the Boston Medical Library a patients’ account book kept by David Townsend during the early years of his practice. The charge for house visits was 4 shillings. The charges for medicine varied and were in addi- tion tothe visit. There are entries for "Cath., 2 shillings”; ”Emet. 2 shillings;” "Extracting tooth, 3 shillings”; ”mist. diaphoret., 1 shil- ling”; "Dressing sprained thumb. 2 shillings.” 63 One account, dated 1786, is headed, "His Excellency Governor Hancock." Among the items in the Governor’ s account is: "Decern 7th. to delivery of child bed attendance on his servant Eunice, 48 shillings." Another entry is for pre- scribing for Mrs. Hancock. There is an entry in another account reading, "To arising in the night and emet. 12 shi11ings. " In Mr. Samuel Appleton’s account appears the item, "Toinoculating and at- tending three of his family during the smallpox in July (® 28/- 4 pounds 4 shillings." The account of Mr. Nathaniel Prime is kept in pounds, shillings, and pence and paid in dol- lars and cents in 1790 and 1791, at the rate of 5 dollars equivalent to 1 pound, 10 shillings. Doctor Townsend’s son, Solomon Davis Town- send, (1793-1869) was his father’s assistant at the Marine Hospital for nearly 10 years (1818- 1827). He received his M. D. degree from Har- vard in 1815 and then served 3 years as a medical officer in the Navy. As a member of the surgical staff of the Massachusetts General Hospital--a post which he held for 34 years (75)--Dr.Town- send was among those present when Morton gave his demonstration of the anesthetic properties of ether in 1846. He was for several years presi- dent of the Board of Directors of the Massachu- setts Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary, and when the Boston City Hospital was opened he was made a member of the consulting board and consulting surgeon (76). During the year 1 875 , the Massachusetts Gen- eral Hospital erected anew isolation ward of the pavilion type containing 20 rooms for patients and named it the "Townsend Ward" in recognition of the services of Solomon D. Townsend, and in the Treadwell Library of Massachusetts General Hospital there is a marble bust of him. 6 4 CHARLES HARRISON STEDMAN (1805-1866) Physician In Charge of the Marine Hospital, May l, 1829, to June 30, 1841 Charles Harrison Stedman was born June 17, 1805, at Lancaster. He received the medical de- gree from Harvard in 1828 and the next year was appointed physician in charge of the Marine Hos- pital, He revised and edited an American edition of Spurgheim’s nAnatoray of the Brain With a Gen- eral View of the Nervous System. In the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal (vol. XV, number 16, pp. 245-251) appears a "Re- port of Cases in the U. S. Marine Hospital, Chel- sea" by Charles H. Stedman, M. D., in which are enumerated 175 cases treated at the Hospital be- tween July 1 and September 30, 1 836 . The cases and their treatment are discussed. Doctor Stedman left the Marine Hospital in June 1841, and the next year was appointed physi- cian and Superintendent of the "Boston Lunatic Hospital," which position he held until 1851. He practiced in Boston and specialized chiefly in medico-legal cases. Stedman was elected State senator in 1 855 and was on the Governor’s Council in 1856-57. He was visiting surgeon to the Boston City Hospital from 1864 to the time of his death in 1866 (77). He is buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery, Watertown, Massachusetts. *The volume has 244 pages. By J. G. Spurgheim, M. D. of the University of Vienna and Paris, Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians in London, translated from the unpublished French manuscript by R. Willis, member of the Royal College of Surgeons, London, with an appendix and eighteen plates. March, Capen and Lyon, Boston, 1834. The preface is signed "C. H. S. U. S. Ma- rine Hospital, Jan. 13, 1834." 65 GEORGE WASHINGTON OTIS (1798-1872) Physician in Charge of the Marine Hospital, June 30, 1841 to August 15, 1843 George Washington Otis was born in Boston, August 2, 1798. He received the A. B. degree from Harvard in 1818 and the M. D. degree in 1821. He was a member of the Massachusetts Med- ical Society, its librarian (1838-1840) and its recording secretary (1840-1842) (78). He prac- ticed in Chelsea and died there August 6, 1872. His appointment to the Marine Hospital was noted in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal* un- der the heading nU. S. Marine Hospital, Chelsea”: "On Saturday last George W. Otis, Jr., M. D. of Bos- ton received the appointment of Surgeon of the Chelsea Marine Hospital in the place of Doctor Stedman and will very speedily enter upon the responsible duties of the office. Doctor Otis is well known to this community: his professional attainments are of an order to warrant the highest expectations of those who have at heart the med- ical and surgical character of New England, By education at home and all the advantages to be derived from visit- ing the great hospitals of Europe, together with the ex- perience acquired in the former capacity of Assistant Surgeon in the Massachusetts General Hospital, we feel sure that he will sustain the place with satisfaction to the public and the best interests of the institution. It would be an act of injustice toward Doctor Stedman, not to speak of those professional qualifications which have enabled him, during the twelve years that he has been in office, to establish a reputation that will command the sustaining influence of a discriminating public, wherever he may go. In both of these gentlemen, the Government has been exceedingly fortunate." *Vol. 24, 1841, June 30, p. 349 66 GEORGE BAILEY LORING (1817-1891) Physician In Charge of the Marine Hospital, August 15, 1843, to August 23, 1850 George Bailey Loring was born November 8, 1817, at North Andover, Essex County, Massachu- setts; attended the Franklin Academy at Andover; and received the A. B. degree from Harvard in 1838 (he was a classmate of James Russell Lowell) and the M. D. degree in 184-2. He practiced medi- cine at North Andover and in 1843 was appointed physician in charge of the Marine Hospital at the Port of Boston, located in Chelsea, which position he held for 7 years. From 1842 to 1844 he was surgeon of the Mas- sachusetts Seventh Regiment Volunteer Militia. After leaving the Marine Hospital in 1850, he returned to Salem and held the position of postmas- ter from 1 85 3 to 1 8 5 8. Abandoning the practice of medicine, he divided his time between politics and practical and scientific agriculture. In 1864 he estab1ished the New England Agricultural Society, and served as its president until his death. He was a member of the Massachusetts House of Rep- resentatives (1866-1867); president of the State senate ( 1 8 7 3 - 1 8 7 6); Membe r o f Cong r e s s (1 877- 1 88 1); United States Commissioner of Agriculture (1881— 1885); U. S. Minister to Portugal (1889-1890); delegate to the National Republican Conventions of 1868, 1872, and 1876; and Chairman of the Mas- sachusetts State Republican Committee (1869-1876). He died at Salem, September 13, 1891, and was buried in Harmony Grove Cemetery (79). 67 WILLIAM INGALLS (1813-1903) Physician In Charge of the Marine Hospital, August 23, 1850, to June 25, 1853 William Ingalls was born in Boston, Janu- ary 12, 1813. He received his A. B. degree from Harvard in 1835, and his M. D. degree in 1 836. He practiced in Boston, Mass.; Laurel Hill, La.; Winchester, Mass.; and after 1865, again in Bos- ton until he retired in 1891. He was a member of the Massachusetts Medical Society, the Suf- folk:, Di.s t rict Medical Society, the Boston Obstet- rical Society, and the Boston Society for Medi- cal Observation. In 1870, he was made a member of the surgical staff of the Boston City Hospi- tal, and in 1885 consulting surgeon; was also on the surgical staff of the Children’s Hospital in Boston; surgeon of the Fifth Massachusetts Volun- teer Militia from October 8 , 1 862, to July 2, 1 863, and surgeon of the Fifty-Ninth Massachusetts Vol- unteer Regiment October 13, 1863. He held other assignments in the Army, among them surgeon in chief of the Third Brigade, Third Division of the Ninth Army Corps; and was mustered out June 12, 1865. Harrington states that Doctor Ingalls was probably the first American surgeon to do a neph- rolithotomy (80). Ingalls died in Boston, Decem- ber 1 , 1903, and was buried in Mt. Auburn Ceme- tery, Watertown, Mass. 68 CHARLES AUGUSTINE DAVIS (1823-1863) Physician In Charge of the Marine Hospital, June 25, 1853—February 6, 1862 Charles Augustine Davis was born at Concord, New Hampshire, February 17, 1823. He received the A. B. degree from Dartmouth in 1845 and the M. D. degree from Harvard in 1848. He practiced in Lowell and Chelsea, Massachusetts, and was commissioned surgeon of the Thirty-Second Regi- ment of Massachusetts Volunteers in February 1862 (81). In 1858 there appeared in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal* a communication discussing a suit entered by W. T. G. Morton against Doctor Davis as surgeon of the Marine Hospital for dam- ages of $5,000. The suit was brought because of the use of ether as an anesthetic by Doctor Davis at the hospital, and was apparently friendly lit- igation, probably begun with Doctor Davis’ con- sent, to establish Morton’s rights, if any, to the disputed patent on ether as an anesthetic. Doctor Davis died April 9, 1863 at Derry, New Hampshire, according to a notice in the Bos- ton Medical and Surgical Journal of April 16, 1863. It is said that he had spent some time in Virginia the preceding year "during the Peninsular Cam- paign as a volunteer surgeon, returning in fail- ing health, from which he never recovered.” Up to this time the pay of the physician in charge of Marine Hospital was $1,000, as shown by the following letter from the Secretary of the Treas- ury to Doctor Davis advising him of his appoint- ment: »Vol. 59, p. 139- 69 "Treasury Department, Office of the Secretary, Washington, D. C. June 25, 1853 "Dr. Charles A. Davis, Lowell, Massachusetts. Sir: "You are hereby appointed Physician and Surgeon for the relief of Patients admitted to the U. S. Marine Hos- pital at Chelsea, Massachusetts at a salary of one thou- sand dollars per annum. Very respectfully, Your ob't servant, (Signed) JAMES GUTHRIE Secretary of the Treasury" Doctor Davis was in. charge of the Marine Hospital when, in 1858, it moved from its fourth home in Chelsea to the building whichwas tohouse it for more than 80 years (1858-1940). JOHN WHEELOCK GRAVES (1810-1873) Physician In Charge of the Marine Hospital, February 6, 1862» to August 1,' 1869 John Wheelock Graves was born at Deerfield, New Hampshire, January 7, 1810. His academic education was received at Exeter, New Hampshire; when he was 16 years old the family moved to Lowell, Massachusetts. He studied medicine with his father, William Graves, who was a practicing physician, and "attended lectures at the Medical Unive rsity at Washington. M He practiced in Lowe 11 until his death except for the time he was phy- sician at the Marine Hospital. He is said to have had a large practice and to have been prominent in local affairs in Lowell, where he served on the school committee from 1833 to 1 83 5 , was a 70 member of the board of aldermen in 1842, and a State senator (1850-1851). Graves was appointed by the Governor to the commission to locate and erect the "Lunatic Asylum" at Taunton in 1852. He was also a member of the convention to revise the State constitution in 1853 and city physician in 1850, 1859, and I860. After the termination of his appointment at the Marine Hospital in 1869, he returned to Lowell and assumed charge of the Lowell Hospital. He was a member of the Massachusetts Medical Society and of the Middle- sex North District Medical Society. He died at Lowell, November 28, 1873, and was buried in the family lot in the LowellCem- ete ry (8 2). AMOS BIGELOW BANCROFT (1811-1879) Physician In Charge of the Marine Hospital, August 1, to June 30, 1877 Amos Bigelow Bancroft was born at Groton, Massachusetts, April 3, 1811} received* the A. B. degree from Harvard in 1831, the M. D. degree in 1 834} practiced inGroton, then in 1 853 inCharles- town. After he left the Marine Hospital, he moved to Boston. He was a councilor of the Massachu- setts Medical Society and was physician to the Massachusetts State Prison at Charlestown for 10 years (83). In the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal for the year 187 1 (vol. 84, p. 104) appears a ref- erence to Doctor Bancroft’s report to the Secre- tary of the Treasury on the work of the Marine Hospital for the year 1870 inwhich the number of patients treated during the year given as 7 95 and the number of patients in the hospital atthe end of the year as 104. Doctor Bancroft died November 8, 1879, in Florence, Italy (84). 71 JOHN BROWN HAMILTON (1847-1898) Medical Officer In Charge of the Marine Hospital, June 30, 1877, to April 4, 1879 John Brown Hamilton was born in Jersey County, Illinois, December 1, 184-7; son of Benjamin Brown and Martha Chandler Hamilton. He received the M. D. degree from Rush Medical College in 1869; practiced at Kane, Green County, Illinois; in 1871 married Mary L. Frost; in 1 874 passed ex- amination and was appointed assistant surgeon in the U. S. Army with rank of first lieutenant, serving in western posts for 2 years; then passed the entrance examination and was appointed assist- ant surgeon in the U. S. Marine Hospital Service, October 31, 1876; served at New York to June 27, 1877; ordered to Boston and promoted to surgeon, June 29, 1877. After his tour of duty as Officer in Charge of the Marine Hospital at Chelsea, Hamilton was appointed supervising surgeon gen- eral of the Marine Hospital Service succeeding General John M. Woodworth. He held the chair of professor of surgery at Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. , from 1883 to 1892 when he took charge of the Marine Hospital at Chicago. In Chicago he was appointed professor of the prin- ciples of surgery of Rush Medical College and the Chicago Polyclinic and was visiting surgeon to various hospitals. For 1 year (1896-97) he was superintendent of the Northern Illinois Hospital for the Insane at Elgin. From 1893 until his death, Hamilton was ed- itor of the Journal of the American Medical As- sociation and a trustee of the American Medical Association from 1890 to 1896. He was a member of the British Medical Association, the American 72 Public Health Association, the Illinois State Medical Association, and, while in Boston, of the Boston Medical Library Association. In 1889 he received an honorary LL. D. degree from Georgetown University. He died at Elgin, Illinois, December 24, 1898 (85). JOHN VANSANT (1831-1902) Medical Officer In Charge of the Boston Marine Hospital, April 26, 1879, to December 1881 John Vansant was born in Alexandria, Vir- ginia, August 6, 1831. He graduated from Jef- ferson Medical College in 1855; was an assistant surgeon in the United States Navy from Ma/ 1, 1855, to June 22, 1860; entered the United Staces Army as an assistant surgeon June 23, 1860; was promoted to brevet lieutenant colonel, March 13, 1865, and to major, July 28, 1866; resigned from the Army on May 1 , 1 867; appointed surgeon in t he United St ates Marine Hospital Service on May 8, 1875; and died at Charleston, South Carolina, December 12, 1902. GEORGE PURVIANCE (1841-1904) Medical Officer In Charge of the Boston Marine Hospital, December 1881 to November 24, 1884 George Purviance was born May 8, 1841, at Butler, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Jeffer- son Medical College in 1867; was appointed sur- geon in the United States Marine Hospital Serv- ice September 8, 1873; died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, October 20, 1904. 73 HIRAM W. AUSTIN (1850-1932) Medical Officer In Charge of Marine Hospital, November 24, 1884, to February 3, 1888, and November 18, 1894, to July, 1898 Hiram W. Austin was born at Canfield, Ohio, on June 2, 1850; graduated from the Medical De- partment of the University of Michigan in 1875; appointed medical officer in the United States Marine Hospital Service in 1876; died at Wash- ington, D. C., June 20, 1932. FAIRFAX IRWIN (1854-1936) Medical Officer in Charge of Marine Hospital, February 3, 1888, to July 1891; July 15, 1898, to July 1902; and May 14, 1913, to December 1913 Fairfax Irwin was born March 13, 1854, at Washington, D. C. He graduated from the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania Medical School in 1877 and was appointed medical of ficer intheUnited States Marine Hospital Service on May 5, 1879. He died October 27, 1936, at Washington, D. C. HENRY W. SAWTELLE (1841-1921) Medical Officer in Charge of Marine Hospital, July 18, 1891, to November 18, 1894 Henry W. Sawtelle was born March 19, 1841, at Sidney, Maine; graduated from the Georgetown University Medical School in 1868; appointed med- ical officer in the United States Marine Hospi- tal Service November 29, 1873. He died at Wash- ington, D. C., on August 19, 1921. 74 RELL M. WOODWARD (1862-1915) Medical Officer in Charge of the Boston Marine Hospital, July 28, 1902, to November 5, 1908 Rell M. Woodward was born July 4, 1862, at St. Paul, Indiana} graduated from the Miami Med- ical College at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1887} on May 20, 1887, appointed a medical officer in the United States Marine Hospital Service} died on July 16, 1915, at Rochester, Minnesota. Woodward was in charge of the Boston Marine Hospital at the time of the Chelsea fire in 1908. LOUIS LAVAL WILLIAMS (1859-1939) Medical Officer In Charge of the Marine Hospital, November 5, 1908, to August 7, 1912 Louis Laval Williams was born October 26, 1859, at Georgetown, South Carolina} graduated from the South Carolina Medical College in 1880} and was appointed assistant surgeon in the United States Marine Hospital Service February 6, 1885. He was promoted to passed assistant surgeon Feb- ruary 23, 1888} to surgeon March 30, 1899} to Senior Surgeon of the U. S. Public Health Serv- ice May 8, 1916 (86)} to Assistant Surgeon Gen- eral at large March 11, 1920 (87)} and retired January 9, 1924. During his active service he was in charge of various hospitals and other sta- tions of theUnited States Public Health Service. He died September 17, 1939, at Asheville, North Carolina. 75 HENRY W. WICKES (1869-1926) Medical Officer in Charge of the Marine Hospital, August 1912 to May 1913, and December 1913, to June 1914 Henry W. Wickes was born May 22, 1869, at York, Pennsylvania. He graduated f rom the Medic al School of the University of Maryland in 1 892; ap- pointed a medical officer in the United States Marine Hospital Service May 25, 1894; died at Astoria, Oregon, July 20, 1926. BENJAMIN W. BROWN (1861-1935) Medical Officer In Charge of the Marine Hospital, June 4, 1914, to February 1917 Benjamin W. Brown was born in Virginia, April 12, 1861; received his medical degree from the University of Virginia in 1886; appointed a medical officer in the United States Marine Hos- pital Service June 23, 1 890; died October 25, 1935, at Charlotte, North Carolina. HENRY S. MATHEWSON (1867-1927) Medical Officer in Charge of Marine Hospital, 1917-1919 Henry S. Mathewson was born February 27, 1 867, at Pomfret, Connecticut. He was a graduate of Columbia University in 1893 and was appointed a medical officer in the United States Marine Hospital Service in 1896. He died May 8, 1927, at Pomfret, Connecticut. 76 EZRA KIMBALL SPRAGUE (1866- ) Medical Officer In Charge of the Marine Hospital, 1919-1922 Ezra. Kimball Sprague was born May 26, 18 66, at Milo, Maine} son of Seth Billington and Maria Edgeworth Kimball Sprague} received the A. B. degree from Bates College, Lewiston, Maine, in 1 887 and the M. D. degree from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Boston, Massachusetts, in 1890} did postgraduate work at the Post Grad- uate Medical School, New York City, and at Har- vard Medical School. He was appointed assistant surgeon in the United States Marine Hospital Service April 19, 1893, and promoted to higher grades in the reg- ular course. He served at Antwerp, Belgium, and at Calcutta, India, where he made a study of bubonic plague. From 1925 to 1928 he was chief medical officer at Ellis Island and Director of the North Atlantic District of the United States Public Health Service in 1928. During the World War he was in charge of extra-cantonment zone sanitation, Camp Dodge, Des Moines, Iowa, and Camp Devens, Ayer, Massachusetts. JULIUS 0. COBB (1863-1935) Medical Officer in Charge of the Marine Hospital, January 8, 1922, to August 25, 1928 Julius O. Cobb was born February 26, 1863, in Pickens County, South Carolina; graduated from the Medical College of the State of South Caro- lina in 1883} took his internship at the Charles- ton City Hospital, and was appointed Assistant Surgeon in the Mari ne Hospital Service February 2 1, 1 8 88. His first assignment was to the United 77 States Marine Hospital at Chicago. In September 1897 yellow fever broke out in Mississippi and Doctor Cobb was one of the medical officers sent there for epidemic duty. While in Mississippi he contracted yellow fever and thus became "an immune.” In August 1 89 8 he was placed on detached duty to accept a commission as Major on the staff of the Governor of Michigan and was ordered to Santiago, Cuba, for special duty in connection with the control of yellow fever, withthe Thirty- third and Thirty-fourth Michigan regiments, then at San Juan. In 1 893 while on duty at the Marine Hospital at Port Townsend, Washington, Doctor Cobb had made a report tothe Surgeon General pointing out the advisability of establishing sanatoria for seamen with tuberculosis, one in the East and one in the West. In 1 89 8, after his duty in Cuba and a second brief tour of yellow-fever duty in Mississippi, he was ordered toWashington to per- fect the plan for sanatoria for tuberculous sea- men, with the idea of using abandoned Army posts in the arid Southwest. His report on the subject is contained in the Supervising Surgeon General’s Annual Report for the year 1898. In December of the same year, he made a tour of inspection of abandoned Army posts inTexas, Colorado, New Mex- ico, and Arizona, and recommended Fort Stanton, New Mexico, as being the best location for a sana- torium. The fort, then a reservation under the jurisdiction of the Interior Department, with about 38 square miles of land, was transferred to the Marine Hospital Service, and in April 1899 Doctor Cobb was detailed to put the place into condition to receive patients and to take charge of it. In 1911 he was placed incharge ofthe Marine Hospital at Chicago, and while there made a study 78 of the drinking water usedonvesse1s sailing the Great Lakes. As a result of what he found, he drew attention to certain objectionable practices and the frequent use of sewage-contaminated water. He played a prominent part in organizing the Public Health Service Sanitary District of the Great Lakes, with headquarters at the Chicago Marine Hospital, where a laboratory was estab- lished for the study of water samples from ships and from sources of supply, so that vessels might be instructed where and how to get their drinking water and how to keep it from contamination. In 1919 Doctor Cobb was placed in charge of Public Health Service activities inNew York City in the hospitalization of the sick from among the ex-service men recently discharged from the mil- itary forces. In 1922 he was put incharge of the Marine Hospital at Boston and in 1928 was trans- ferred to duty at Los Angeles. Doctor Cobb was a man thoroughly alive to his environment, always interested in the things about him. He landscaped the hospital grounds at Port Townsend, Washington, andplanted trees and orna- mental shrubs. He also made a survey of health conditions and quarantine uniformity at the ports in Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca. At Fort Stanton, while preserving historic land- marks, he repaired and reconstrueted the buildings, built ditches and flumes many miles in length to carry water f o r irrigat ion and for household use, planted hundreds of trees, established avegetable garden for the hospital and a farm to produce fodder for the horses and the herd of milk cows, secured the donation of many hundreds of books and established a reading library for patients. 79 In the same way and for the same purpose, he se- cured a piano, phonograph, records, games, and subscriptions to magazines. While at the Chicago Marine Hospital he greatly improved the appearance of the grounds by planting trees and ornamental shrubs, and did likewise at the Boston Marine Hospital when in charge there. Wherever Doctor Cobb was stationed he improved the grounds, repaired buildings, and improved methods of administration. A station was always the better forhis hav- ing been in charge of it. He was not a drifter. Alert-minded, always interested, his thoughts on his work rather than on himself, he resembled in some ways Benjamin Waterhouse, His recreation was playing tennis, of which he was very fond. He died March 26, 1935, at Los Angeles, Cal i fornia. ALBERT D. FOSTER (1875- ) Officer In Charge of the Marine Hospital, August 25, 1928, to August 5, 1935 Albert D. Foster was born February 13, 1875, at Detroit, Michigan, and received his M. D. de- gree from the University of Michigan in June 1899. He took postgraduate work in bacteriology under Dr. F. G. Novy at the University of Michigan until December 1, 1899, when he was appointed intern at the U. S. Marine Hospital in Cleveland, Ohio. On June 2, 1900, he was appointed acting assistant surgeon in the Marine Hospital Service and remained on duty until July 31, 1902, when he resigned} he was commissioned as assistant surgeon in the U. S. Public Health and Marine Hospital Service, November 17, 1902, 80 Like most young assistant surgeons, Doctor Foster spent the first few years of his Service life in assignments tomarine hospitals and quar- antine stations, each of which lasted only a few months. In 1904, however, after having been on special duty at Baltimore and Ellis Island to study methods of examination of aliens, he re- ceived his first assignment to an American con- sulate and spent the greater part of the next 6 years in foreign ports. From October 1904 to September 1907 he was on duty in the office of the American Consul at Naples, Italy. During that period, he spent 2 months (September to Nov- ember 1905) inthe consulates at Trieste, Austria, and Fiume, Hungary, on account of cholera in nearby districts. From September 1907 to April 1908 he was on immigration duty at Ellis Island, and from April to November 1908 he served as medical officer on the Revenue Cutter "Thetis" during a cruise in Alaskan waters and the Arctic Ocean. After a few weeks at the Angel Island, California, Quarantine Station, Doctor Foster sailed for Amoy, China, January 5, 19 0 9 > where he had charge of Service activities. While on duty at Amoy, Foster was appointed American vice and deputy consul, serving in that capacity until January 22, 1910, Fromthat date until July 1910 he was on duty inthe office of the American con- sul general at Hong Kong, Foster returned to the United States and from August 1910 to November 1913 was on duty at the U. S. Marine Hospital, NewOrleans, Louisiana. He was then engaged in field work in the mountains of North and South Carolina, studying the preva- lence of trachoma, and in an investigation relating to the migration of tuberculous persons in in- terstate traffic. He was on duty in the Division of Scientific Research of the U. S. Public Health Service from June 1914 until November 1915 when 8 1 he was assigned to duty at the Hygienic Laboratory to take the course for student officers. From March 9, 1916, until July 29, 1921, he was on duty at the U. S. Marine Hospital, Stapleton, New York, as chief of medical service. From there he was transferred to the U. S. Public Health Serv- ice Hospital at Biltmore, North Carolina, where he was chief of the medical service until the hospital was closed in December 1921. On leaving the latter station, he was chief of the medical service at the U. S. Marine Hospital at Norfolk, Virginia, until August 31, 1924. For the next 4 years he was in charge of the same hospital. Then, from August 1928 to August 1935, he served as medical officer in charge of the U. S. Marine Hospital, Boston (Chelsea), Massachusetts. His next transfer was to the U. S, Marine Hospital, Portland, Maine, as medical officer in charge of hospital and quarantine activities until he was placed "on waiting orders” March 1, 1939. Doctor Foster is a member of the medical staff of the Edward Mason Memorial Clinic; sec- retary of the Tumor Clinic at the Maine General Hospital, Portland, Maine; member of the American Medical Association, American College of Physi- cians, Cumberland County Medical Society, Port- land Medi c al Club , andMaine StateMedical Society. 82 JOHN WILLIAM TRASK (1.877 Medical Officer in Charge of the Marine Hospital, August 5, 1935, to John William Trask, son of William Henry and Ellen McKira Trask, was born in Bay City, Michigan, February 18, 1877. He received the degree of Doctor of Medicine from the Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Michigan, in 1901. Prior to his appointment in March 1902 as acting assistant surgeon in the United States Public Health and Marine Hospital Service, he was phy- sician and surgeon to the construction force en- gaged in the building of the Algoma Central Rail- road in northern Ontario. He was on duty at the Marine Hospital in Detroit as acting assistant surgeon until commissioned assistant surgeon in August 1902, and was then transferred to the tuberculosis sanatorium of the service in Fort Stanton, New Mexico, where he was on duty until 1904. The next year was spent at the Marine Hos- pital, Chicago, where he was in charge of the professional care of the patients, including sur- gery, most of the laboratory work, as well as morning sick call and ward rounds on all services. From 1905 to 1909, Dr. Trask was on duty at headquarters inWashington as chief of a division of the Bureau, the functions of which have since been incorporated with other administrative units. His principal duties were to supervise and edit the necropsy reports from the several hospitals; to examine the claims of certain beneficiaries of the Service for medical benefits; to have charge of the office copies of medical journals, classi- fying and abstracting the articles of interest therein; to have editorial supervision over the 8 3 many articles contributed by Service officers for the Surgeon General’s Annual Report and over the correspondence and reports of Service personnel detailed to make scientific investigations. This tour of duty, it will be seen, was excellent preparation for his next two assignments. From June 1 909 to February 1918 , Doctor Trask was Assistant Surgeon General in charge of the Division of Sanitary Reports and Statistics. In this position, he did much to stimulate more wide- spread and better morbidity reporting and to show the importance and relationship of vital statis- tics to public health administration. In addition to many other contributions in this field, he was the author of the chapter on "The Notification of Occupational Diseases” in the textbook, "Diseases of Occupation and Vocational Hygiene" edited by George M. Kober and WilliamC. Hanson, and is the author of the chapter on "Vital Statistics" in Milton J. Rosenau’s "Preventive Medicine and Hy- giene," editions of 1927 and 1935. On February 1, 1918, he was assigned Medical Director of the United States Employees’ Compen- sation Commission which at that time was being organized pursuant to the Federal Compensation Act of 1916. During his 4 years as Medical Direc- tor of the Commission, Doctor Trask established and organized the medical facilities for the pro- ■ vision of medical and hospital treatment to em- ployees of the Federal Government injured in the performance of duty. The employees covered under the act at that time numbered approximately 1 million and were engaged in work in every county, township, and borough of the United States, since postal employees, inc1uding Post Office personnel and letter carriers, both city and rural, were beneficiaries of the act. According to the pro- visions of the act, Federal hospitals and Federal 84 medical officers were used to provide the nec- essary services wherever available; Government medical and hospital facilities were available, however, for only a small portion of the bene- ficiaries. Consequently, 3,300 physicians were appointed throughout the country to form the field service for the Employees’ Compensation Commission. These physicians were selected be- cause of their special qualifications for the treatment of injuries, and included general, orthopedic, and industrial surgeons, ophthal- mologists, and--where necessary--general prac- titioners. In addition to the organization of the field service, Doctor Trask organized in the offices of the Commission a medical unit to examine into and pass upon the medical aspects of the claims made for compensation andother benefits of the compen- sation act. This responsibility carried with it the necessity of preparing regulations, providing for medical reports, anddrafting of the essential medical forms. In 1922, Doctor Trask returned to his first and lasting love--hospital duty. From 1922 to 1926, he was medical officer in charge of the Buffalo Marine Hospital; from 1926 to 1930, Med- ical officer in charge of the Baltimore Marine Hospital; and from 1930 to 1935, in charge of the Chicago Marine Hospital. On August 5, 1935, he was assigned medical officer in charge of the Marine Hospital at the Port of Boston, at which post he remains. 85 REFERENCES 1. Packard, Francis R. : 2. Statutes at Large of South Carolina. Vol. 3, p. 720, Act No. 771, June 1, 1749. 3. Waring, Josephloor: St. Philip's Hospital in Charles- town in Carolina. Annals of Medical History, New Series. Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 283-289. 4. Hening's Statutes at Large, Virginia. Vol. 11, ch. p. 161. 5. Hening's Statutes at Large, Virginia. Vol. 12, ch. 14, p. 494. 6. Shepherd, Samuel: Virginia Statutes at Large, New Series. Vol. 1, ch. 46, sec. 9, p. 146. 7. Virginia Statutes at Large, New Series. Vol. 1, p. 307. 8. Manual of the Boston Marine Society. Boston, 1938. P. 110. 9. Ibid., p. 107. 10. Acts and Laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1796-97. Resolves 1797, ch. 96, p. 573. 11. Annals of Congress, 2nd Congress, 1791-93. Vol. 3, Proceedings in the House, p. 830. 12. Annals of Congress, 3rd Congress, 1793—1795, 1st session. Vol. 4, Proceedings in the House, p. 142. 13. Fifth Congress. Vol. 1, House Proceedings and De- bates, p. 1098. 14. Fifth Congress. Vol. 2, House Proceedings and De- bates, p. 1245. 86 15. Ibid., p. 1383. 16. Ibid., p. 1386. 17. Ibid., p. 1402. 18. Gales and Seaton: The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States. 1851. 5th Congress, vol. 1, Senate Proceedings, p. 540. 19. White's Conspectus of American Biography. 1937. 20. Gales and Seaton: The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States. 1851. 5th Con- gress, vol. 1, Senate Proceedings, p. 583. 21. Ibid., p. 614. 22. Act, July 16, 1798, ch. 77, Stat. L. 605 23. Act, March 2, 1799, ch. 36. 1. St at. L. 729. 24. Act, February 26, 1811, ch. 26, 2 St at. L. 650 25. Green, Samuel A.: Memorial History of Boston. Vol. 4, ch. 10, p. 548. 26. Harrington, T. F.: The Harvard Medical School: A History, Narrative and Documentary, 1782-1905. Lewis Publishing Co., New York and Chicago, 1905. Vol. 1, pp. 441-443. 27. Green, Samuel A.: Memorial History of Boston. Vol. 4, ch. 10, p. 548. 28. 17th Report of the Record Commissioners, Selectmen's Minutes, p. 32. 29. Green, Samuel A.: Memorial History of Boston. Vol. 4, ch. 10, pp. 541-542. 87 30. Ibid., p. 546. 31. Acts and Resolves of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, 1757-1760. Vol. 16, ch. 335, p, 492. 32. 23rd Report of the Record Commissioners, Selectmen* s Minutes, p. 19. 33. Ibid., p. 20. 34. The Massachusetts Magazine or Monthly Museum of Knowledge and Rational Entertainment: Vol. 1., No. V. (May 1789.) 35. Laws of Mass., vol. 3, p. 217. 36.. Laws and Resolves of Mass. , 1802-1803. Ch. 50, p. 378. 37. Wright, J. P., Surgeon, U.S.A., and Gardner, W. H., Assistant Surgeon, U.S.A.: History of Fort Independ- ence, Boston Harbor, Massachusetts, pp. 9-13. (Writ- ten after 1869; photostatic copy furnished by the Surgeon General of the U. S. Army.) 38. Boston Town Records, 1799-1810. Selectmen's Minutes, p. 8. 39. Annual Report, Supervising Surgeon General, U. S.M. H. S., 1872. P. 81. 40. Thacher, James: American Medical Biography or Memoirs of Eminent Physicians Who Have Flourished in America. 1828. Vol. 1, p. 313. 41. Harrington, T. F. : The Harvard Medical School: A History, Narrative and Document ary, 1782-1905. Vol. 1, pp. 441-443. 42. Annual Report, Supervising Surgeon General, United States Marine Hospital Service, 1872, p. 81. 88 43. Municipal Register of the City of Chelsea, 1739-1883. Wright and Patten Printing Company, Boston, 1883. Pp. 142-143. 44. Suffolk Deeds, Lib. 900, Fol. 309. 45. Municipal Register of the City of Chelsea, 1739—1883. Pp. 148-149. 46. Annual Report, Supervising Surgeon General, United States Marine Hospital Service, 1872. P. 81. 47. Austin, H. W. : Historical Sketch of the United States Marine Hospital Service at Boston, Mass. Annual Re- port of the Supervising Surgeon General of the Marine Hospital Service of the United States, 1896. P. 275. 48. Act of June 29, 1870, ch. 169, St at. 16, L. 169. 49, Woodworth, J. M.: Annual Report Supervising Surgeon General, United States Marine Hospital Service, 1872. P. 14. 50. Austin, H. W. : Historical Sketch of the United States Marine Hospital Service at Boston, Mass. Annual Re- port of the Supervising Surgeon General of the Marine Hospital Service of the United States, 1896. P. 274. 51. Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the state of the finances for the year ending June 30, 1855. Beverly Tucker, Washington, 1856. P. 248. 52. Burrage, W. L. : History of the Massachusetts Medical Society: With brief biographies of the founders and chief officers, 1781-1922. Plimpton Press, Norwood, 1923. P. 32. 53. Ibid., p. 33 89 54. Orations delivered at the request of the inhabitants of the Town of Boston to Commemorate the Evening of the Fifth of March, 1770, when a number of citizens were killed by a party of British troops quartered among them, in a time of peace. Second Edition. Published by ¥m. T. Clap, No. 88 Fish Street, Boston. Breenough, Stebbins and Hunt, Printers, 1807. 55. Boston Town Records, Selectmen's Minutes 1787-1798, pp. 113, 166, 170, 171, 196, 197. 56. Mass. Laws and Resolves, 1804-1805. Ch. 47, p. 62. 57. Harrington, T. F. : The Harvard Medical School: A History, Narrative and Documentary, 1782-1905. Vol. 1, p. 53. 58. Burrage, ¥. L. : History of the Massachusetts Medical Society, 1781-1922. P. 33. 59. Thacher, James: American Medical Biography or Memoirs of Eminent Physicians who have Flourished in America, 1828. Vol. 1, p. 313. 60. Burrage, ¥• L. : History of the Massachusetts Medical Society, 1781-1922. Pp. 15, 16, 28, 40. 61. Halsey, Robert H. : Howthe President, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin ¥aterhouse Established Vaccination as a Public Health Procedure. Presented before the Section of Historical and Cultural Medicine, New York Academy of Medicine, March 14, 1934. Published by the Author, New York, 1936. Pp. 6, 7. 62. Viets, Henry R. : A Brief History of Medicine in Massachusetts. Houghton Mifflin Co. , Boston and New York, 1930. P. 111. 90 es. Harrington, T. F. : The Harvard Medical School. A History, Narrative and Document ary, 1782—1905. Vol. 1, pp. 11-12. 64. Lane, William Coolidge: Dr. Benjamin Waterhouse and Harvard University. Proc. Cambridge Historical So- ciety, vol. 4, Reprint, p. 6. 65. Yiets, Henry R. : A Brief History of Medicine in Massachusetts, 1930. P. 112. 66. Martin, Henry A., M. D. : Jefferson as a Vaccinator. Forth Carolina Medical Jour., vol. 7, No. 1, January 1881, pp. 1-34. 67. Yiets, Henry R., Dictionary of American Biography, vol. 19, pp. 530-532. 68. Halsey, Robert H., loc. cit. pp. 11—16. 69. Halsey, Robert H., loc. cit. pp. 17, 28, 47. 70. Martin, Henry A., M. D., loc. cit 71. Ibid., p. 29. 72. Harvard Quinquennial Catalogue, p. 933 73. Welch, W. M.: The Jenner of America. (Address de- livered before the Philadelphia County Medical So- ciety, January 14, 1885.) Reprinted from the pro- ceedings of the society. 74. Kelly, H. A., and Burrage, W. L.: Dictionary of American Medical Biography. 1928, p. 1221. 75. Card record, Treadwell Library, Massachusetts Gen- eral Hospital. 76. History of Boston City Hospital, 1906, p. 237 91 77. Harrington, T. F.: History of the Harvard Medical School, 1905. Vol. 3, p. 1460. 78. Barrage, W. L. : History of the Massachusetts Med- ical Society, 1781-1922, pp. 390, 465. 79. Biographical Directory of the American Congress, 1774—1927. House Document No. 783, p. 1239. 80. Harrington, T. F.: History of the Harvard Medical School, 1905. Vol. 3, p. 1467. p. 1467. 81. Ibid., p. 1480 82. Patterson, David N., M. D.; A Necrology of the Physi- cians of Lowell and Vicinity 1826-1898. Prepared for the Massachusetts North District Medical Society, 1899. 83. Harrington, T. F.: History of the Harvard Medical School, 1905. Vol. 3, p. 1465. 84. Ibid., p. 1465 85. Nat ional Cyclopedia of American Biography. Vol. XXIII, p. 245. 86. Who’s Who in America. Vol. 17, p. 2467. 87. Official List of Commissioned and other Officers of the United States Public Health Service, July 1, 1924. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1924. P. 2. Number of Persons Treated In the Boston Marine Hospital 1810-1939 APPENDIX A Table 1—The number of persons treated at the Marine Hospital at the Port of Boston, 1810-1896, with footnotes, as compiled by H. W. Austin in the Annual Report of the Supervising Surgeon General of the Marine Hospital Service of the United States, 1896. (See reference U7.) as compi Year In- patients Out- patients Year In- patients Out- patients 1810... 242 1855... 941 1811.. . 318 1856... 832 1812... 649 1857... 873 1813... 496 1858... 777 1814... 234 1859... 959 1815... 354 1860... 877 1816.. . 491 1861... 712 1817... 488 18622.. 519 1818... 494 18635.. 555 1819... 481 18642.. 455 1820... 545 1865 . 552 1821... 636 1866... 777 1822... 456 1867... 718 1823... 367 1868... 723 1824... 395 1869... 709 1825... 300 1870... 795 1826.. . 420 1871... 985 1827... 455 1872... 94,7 1828... 597 1873... 904 1829... 588 1874... 822 1830... 609 1875 3. . 707 30 1831... 563 1876... 779 1832... 693 1877... 558 1833... 730 1878... 416 271 1834... 790 1879... 401 448 1835 1880... 425 414 to 1881... 458 749 18511.. 1882... 492 750 1852.. . 351 1883... 472 1,072 1853... 832 1884... 528 1, 257 1854... 1,194 1885... 541 1,211 Table 1.—Continued Year In- patients Out- patients Year In- patients Out- patients 1886... 609 1,206 1892... 1,012 1, 680 1887... 744 1,104 1893... 1,087 2,045 1888... 894 1,146 1894... 1,070 2, 342 1889... 934 1, 374 1895... 896 2, 638 1890... 891 1,379 1896... 880 2,400 1891... 1,088 1,184 destroyed by fire. 9 Exclusive of sick and wounded soldiers, naval sailors, and aar1nes. 9 For the first half of 1875 there were 303patients admitted. Hereafter all records date from the fiscal year beginning July 1. Table 2.—The number of persons admitted to the Marine Hospital at the Port of Boston for treatment, the number treated as out-patients, and the number of seamen, pilots, civil-service applicants, and others given physical exam- inations, 1897-1939. Year Persons treated in hospital Persons treated as out-patients Persons given physical examinations 1897 861 2, 299 195 1898 774 2,129 474 1899 891 2,486 534 1900 806 2,501 257 1901 642 2,083 330 1902 631 1,860 308 1903 653 1,801 196 1904 730 1,934 217 1905 904 2,188 225 1906 757 2,136 285 1907 794 2,045 248 1908 846 1,977 221 1909 815 2,127 196 1910 925 1,858 199 1911 974 1,878 254 1912o 1,075 1,884 482 1913 873 2,139 546 1914 672 1,991 416 1915 639 1,943 402 1916 680 1,671 1,621 1917 854 1,617 1,553 1918 1, 172 1,570 1,388 1919 1,842 1,207 2,432 1920 1,378 2,291 2, 305 1921 917 4,932 1,592 1922 1,005 4, 678 1,073 1923 1,277 2,202 1,162 1924 1,311 2,508 2, 263 1925 1,464 2,894 2,800 Table 2.—Continued Year Persons treated in hospital Persons treated as out-patients Persons given physical examinations 1926 1,567 2, 964 3,233 1927 1,759 3,820 3,634 1928 2,021 4,619 3,713 1929 2,117 5,424 5,090 1930 2,135 6,027 3,970 1931 1,994 5,414 4,039 1932 1,810 6,170 4,197 1933 1,717 7,174 3,665 1934 1,562 7,071 3,457 1935 1,566 6, 373 3,885 1936 1,925 8,011 5,106 1937 2,135 9,737 8,627 1938 2,148 11,007 8,656 1939 2,243 13,980 10,675 APPENDIX B Full-Time Staff of the U. S. Marine Hospital at the Port of Boston, December 1939 Name Grade Hospital Assignment Trask, John W Medical Director Medical Officer In Charge Waugh, Richey L Senior Surgeon Chief, Surgical Service Marshall, Stanmore P... Dental Surgeon Chief, Dental , Clinic Watkins, Lee C Passed Assistant Surgeon Chief, Eye, Ear, Nose te Throat Clinic Meyer, William R Passed Assistant Surgeon (R) Chief, Medical Service Hathcock, Thomas A Assistant Surgeon (R) . Ward Officer, Surgery Williams, Thomas E Assistant Surgeon Ward Officer, Oenlto-Infectious Disease Service Ziegler, Edwin E Acting Assistant Surgeon Pathologist McOllllcuddy, James 0.. Acting Assistant Surgeon In Charge, Out- patient Office Custom House Kaufman, Abraham Acting Assistant Surgeon Ward Officer, Medical Service Ansley, Robert B Medical Interne Medical Service Wilkinson, James 8..... Medical Interne Medical Service Ferrazzano, Gabriel p.. Medical Interne Surgical Service Moore, Paul T Medical Interne Surgical Service Dane, Eugene M Dental Interne Dental Clinic Callar, Donald E Dental Interne Dental Clinic Moore, Raymond L Administrative Assistant Materiel Officer Pugh, Isaac S Administrative Assistant Chief Clerk and Registrar Goodwin, Minnie P Chief Nurse Chief Nurse Ernl, Ethel C Head Dietitian Dietitian APPENDIX C Consulting Staff of the U. S. Marine Hospital at the Port of Boston, December 1939 Consultant filial Other Affiliations Kimpton, Arthur R Surgery Boston City Hospital. Barney, J. Dellinger... Urology.. Harvard Medical School. Healy, Thomas R Roentgenology St. Elizabeth, Anna Jacques, and Anesbury Hospitals. Shattuck, George c Tropical Diseases Harvard Medical School. Rieraer, H. B. C Ophthalmology Harvard Medical School. Rogers, Mark H Orthopedic Surgery.... Tufts Medical School. Schall, Leroy A Ear, Nose and Throat.. Harvard Medical School. Sullivan, Charles B.... Neuro-Psychiatry Lawrence, Charles H.... Internal Medicine New England Med- ical Center. Chadwick, Henry D Tuberculosis Middlesex County Sanatorium. Keefer, Chester Scott.. Internal Medicine Boston University School of Medicine. Swan, Channlng S Cenlto-Urlnary Dis- eases Downing, John C Dermatology Tufts Medical School. Moore, Merrill Neuro-Psychiatry Harvard Medical School. Newton, Harlan F Thoracic Surgery Peter Bent Brig- ham Hospital. Daland, Ernest M General Surgery pondville State Cancer Hospital. Faulkner, James M internal Medicine Boston University School of Medic i ne. Merritt, H. Houston.... Neuropathology Harvard Medical School. Consulting Staff—Continued Consultant 0ther Affiliations Hahn, Myron J Genlto-Urinary Dis- eases Boston Dispensary. Davenport, Lowrey F.... Tuberculosis Smedal , Magnus I Roentgenology Faulkner Hospital. Flneslnger, Jacob Neuro-psychiatry Harvard Medical School. Nickerson, Donald A.... Pathology Boston University School of MedicIne. Scannell, David Surgery Boston City Hospital. Epstein, Samuel H Neuro-Psychiatry Boston City Hos- pital and Beth Israel Hospital. Casten, Virgil Ophthalmology Massachusetts Gen- eral Hospital and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary. Beetham, William P Ophthalmology Massachusetts Gen- eral Hospital and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary.