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A MEDICAL ESSAY ON DRINKING
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A MEDICAL, ESSAY
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BY THOMAS J. O'FLAHERTY, M. D.
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ON
DRUTKIXG,
BY
THOMAS J. O'FLAHERTY, M. D.
What does not drink effect? Horace.
Do not require that things should be as you would like, but rathfcr
  wish them to be as they are, and your mind will be at rest.
                            Epictetu*,
      HARTFORD:

Hudson and Skinner, Printer;*?.
*828- 

            DISTRICT  OF  CONNECTICUT, ss.

        Be it remembered, that on the twenty-seventh day of December in
I  »i    the fifty-third year of the Independence of the United  States of Amer-
 J'' *   ica,  Thomas J. O'Flaherty of the said District, hath deposited in this
office the title of a Book, the right whereof he claims as Author in the words
following, to wit: "A Medical Essay on drinking, by Thomas J. O'Flaherty,
M. D.
  " What does not drink effect ?  Horace."
  " Do not require that things should be as you would like, but rather wish them
to be as they are, and your mind will be at rest   Epictetus."
In conformity to the act of Congress of the United States, entitled, " An act for
the encouragement of learning, by  securing the copies of Maps, Charts and
Books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein
mentioned."—And also to the  act, entitled " An act supplementary to an act,
entitled ' An act for  the encouragement of learning,  by  securing  the copies
of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies during
the times therein mentioned,' and  extending the benefits thereof to the arts of
designing, engraving,  and etching  historical and other prints."
                             CHARLES A. INGERSOLL,
                                    Clerk of the District of Connecticut.
    A true copy of Record, examined and sealed by me,
                             CHARLES A. I\(i' RSOLL,
                                   Clerk  of the District of Connecticut. 
i'REFACR TO THE  LATIN AND ENGLISH  EDITION.
TO  THE  READER.
   Medical Institutions have established, time immemorial, the necessity on the
 part of the Candidate for a Degree, of writing on some subject connected with
 the Profession.  A salutary requisite no doubt.  Independently of this exercise
 furnishing presumptive evidence of his attainments, it affords  his genius  an
 opportunity of contributing his mite towards the elucidation,  or decision of
 Moot points in the various departments of Medical Science.   Looking into the
 numerous branches of the Sanative Art, and the multiplied ills with which poor
 humanity is beset, I selected a subject with which unfortunately the Civilized
 world has become too well acquainted.   I  have  no  pretensions  to originality,
 or superior information.  The expression " what have we that we have not
 received, and if so  why  should we glory,"  is strictly  applicable  to  every
 descendant of Adam.   Yet how many  modern  Professors do we meet, who
 under the imposing influence of their accidental elevation, too often  dupe the
 generous and confiding Pupil into a belief of their substantial claims to discove-
 ries, or inventions,  which as frequently as justly, when published, expose the
 fraudulent impostors to contempt and chastisement ? The annals of Literature
 never produced  a more disgusting and heavy Calendar of Plagiarism than the
 present age.   At no period have the sons  of men been more remarkable for
 their pretensions to  pre-eminence, and  more ambitious of employment for
 which they are,  if at all, but slenderly qualified.  How many  Sciolists does
 not every Profession holdup to  the  public  eye? Our  Classical Instructors in
 general are satisfied with knowing how  to translate a Greek,  or Latin Author,
 without being able to retranslate it into the original Language.   How  can such
 Individuals fashion the youth of this generation into profound, critical and
finished  scholars ?  No wonder that owing to this lamentable cause,  and tho 
4
short time allowed to the pupil for the supposed completion of his Academic
and Collegiate course,  so many superficial scholars are to be found among us.
Our National and  State Legislatures ought certainly to do something for the
radical cure of this evil.  It is their province.  But it may be asked, why if I
could not introduce  original matter into  so hackneyed a subject as Intemper-
ance, should I have chosen it as a Theme for an Inaugural Dissertation, and
why have I written in Latin ? This is my answer.   There  is not a  day in
which taking the whole mass of the human  family into account, thousands do
not fall victims to the  besetting,  besotting  and bestial  vice of Drunkenness,
but as  the observer with a transient  glance only ascertains the stupefaction,
and the universal  prostration of the Toper's energies, and from the reiterated
representation of such  a scene  passes by him with a kind of apathetic shrug,
merely as a monument of misfortune, it  is with the  hope of exciting a more
vivid, efficient and solemn impression on  such a beholder that I presume to
publish this little treatise.   I accordingly lay open the subject, shew the interior,
detect  the desolating ravages of this monstrous and unnatural  propensity, and
describe the  Physical, Moral, Intellectual  disorganization  and wreck of the
metamorphosed creature.
   I have written in  Latin,  because the  Faculty and Trustees of my Alma
Mater laudably hold  out to her Alumni, as an inducement to their cultivating
an intimate acquaintance  with the learned  languages, a Premium of Ninety
Dollars to the Author of the best Latin Thesis, which should at the same time
be conspicuous for the manner,  and style  in which the subject was  treated.
I contended for the prize, and they have unanimously thought proper to adjudge
it to me.  The Records of my college, the Prints of that day and the subjoined
Certificate amply testify  the assertion.  Many of the  Trustees and  all  the
Faculty were anxious to see the work published.  Wishing to gratify them, my
numerous friends, and several Medical Students, who are not acquainted with
the Latin, but are desirous  to know  the  contents of this Essay, I resolved to
translate the original.  Scholars experience the difficulty, the  impracticability,
and occasional impossibility of infusing the spirit and character of one language
into another.  I endeavoured, as well as I could, to " hold the mirror up to
nature."
   Happy shall I  feel if this humble effort be in any way  instrumental in
dragging  from the awful precipice the deluded votaries of Bacchus, or in hold-
ing  out a plank to such of  them as have fallen into, but are not irrecoverably
ingulphed in that  abyss, from which, but few return..  I am fully aware that 
.)
ii large volume could be written from the text, I could not, however, consistently
exceed the prescribed limits of a Medical Dissertation.
  For the rest the Poet's remark shall plead my apology.
                    Whoever thinks a finished work to see
                    Thinks what ne'er was, nor is, nor e'er will be.
  Reader, I now bid you farewell, but before I leave you, do allow  me  to
introduce this little work to your attentive perusal.  May you well weigh, and
be deeply impressed with  the importance of the observations contained  in it
so that your conduct may ensure you peace of mind in this life, and an ever-
lasting load of glory in the  next.
                      Yours Respectfully,
                                       THOMAS J.  O'FLAHERTY. 
6
SCALE OF TEMPER VNCE, AND EXCESS IN DRINKING.
         LIQUORS ;  AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES.
TEMPERANCE.
Spring water, 1

and Milk,

Table beer,
Health, Riches.

Evenness of mind, Reputation.

Longevity and Happiness.


Cheerfulness, strength

and Nourishment


when used  only at meals

and in moderation.
EXCESS.
Murder or
Suicide.
    Diseases.
Sickness, Vomiting.
Morning nervous tre-
  mors,  Bloatedness,
  Fiery eyes.
Red nose and Face.
Svvoln and ulcerated
  legs.
Jaundice, Pains in the
  limbs.
Burning heat in the
  palms of the hands
  and soles of the feet.
Dropsy,  Epilepsy, Mad-
    ness.
Palsy, Apoplexy.

Haemorrhage from stom
  ach or bowels.

Death.
 Punishments.
Debt

Black eyes,
torn clothes.

Ragged appa-
  rel,
wretched diet.

Starvation.
Infirmary.

Poor-house.

Penitentiary.

Branded with
  hot iron.

Gallows. 
H HAT DOE8 NOT DRINK EFFECT!
   Every kind of Being formed by the hand of Deity ha*
 peculiar functions, or powers, which are termed Physi-
 cal.   Even the vegetable  family exhibit the various
 phenomena of life.  They are generated, supported by an
 accession of new and reviving particles, and feel the ben-
 eficial,vigorous  impulse imparted  to  them  by a  fluid
 circulation.  By means of a truly wonderful, secretory
 process they evolve a peculiar substance which  may be
 considered  the maximum point of vegetative  perfection.
   They finally  droop their  heads, when a spontaneous,
 or inherent change commonly called death, puts an end
 to those operations, by  which alone they had  been pre-
 served.
   Such a connexion can be maintained without a nervous
 system, which when present gives rise to another order
 of Beings of an  extremely, essentially different character.
   This class comprehends Sensation,  Thought, Appe-
tency,  Volition, Passion and  Intellect.
   Even worms and the  Moluscous Tribe which shew in
their conformation the mere elements of a nervous struct-
ure give indications of such a course of operations, which 
                           8

are developed  in proportion as animals rise on the scale
of hfe, until they all meet and are concentrated in Man,
the great focal  point  of Heaven's creative power.   On
Him alone of all the  animals formed of the dust of the
earth was speech bestowed.
   Many of the brute and feathered tribe have been taught
to imitate this glorious prerogative to a certain  degree,
yet they never could, and never can make  a rational use
of it.
      Who taught" Poor Pol" the favourite words, " good day?"
      Why does Poor Mag, our very words essay ?
      Art's own instructor,  the great spring of Mind
      Hunger, thus prompts to imitate mankind.
   They feel  not the  powerful stimulus of the  Divine
Mind, which  Man received, when he became transform-
ed  into a living soul by means of
      The vital  spirit sent  from Heaven's high throne
      To live in Him and  reign in Him alone.
By means of this Principle  we can distinguish every
object,  that  comes within the range  of  consciousness;
yet  owing to the inexplicable   tie between  Mind  and
Matter, the operations  are permitted to go on through a
Nervous medium, and depend upon it to a certain extent.
They have been therefore called in the latitude of lan-
guage,  the functions  of the  Nervous,  Animal  or  Vital
System.  That there exists in us a Principle, sentient,
percipient and rational, entirely distinct  from  matter,
and different  from any  nervous operation, but which,  in
strict accordance with  the established  laws of  Nature,
has a peculiar connexion with the nervous class, can  be
fairly inferred from the different  states or conditions  of
our system.*   The mind of a Patient,  who has suffered,
  * Now all our powers are lodged in our mind and body; the former we hold
in common with the Gods, the latter with the brute creation.----Sallust.
  Ovid closely imitates Moses' history of Man's formation, thus 
9
  (tor instance) the amputation of a leg, or arm, continue?
  as  sound and vigorous, as when the body enjoyed  per-
  fect symmetry  and health.   We  are here naturally in-
  clined  to adopt  the opinion  of Cicero,  the  enlightened
  Philosopher of Antiquity.
    " It is sufficient for us," says he, " if we  understand
  what is done, altho' we be perfectly ignorant of the cause,
  or manner."   To  expatiate  on the nature  of the Soul
  would  be as useless, as it is foreign  to our present  pur-
  pose.   Is there an  honest, upright man, who, on appeal-
  ing to his conscience,  can  for a moment  doubt  that the
  tide of sensation flows from  the ocean of Deity ?
   The explanation of human  actions,  (so far  from  its
 being the  province of the Physician) comes not within
 the  limited compass of ignorant,  though  arrogant hu-
 manity.
   Now how truly lamentable is it to see Min !, that brill-
 iant  emanation of the Divinity,  immersed in  the mire of

       Than these a Creature far more  glorious still
       Whose holy soul  none but a God could fill
       \\ as wanting yet—empowered with sovereign sway
       The Man was made, a spark of Heavenly ray
       Impressed by  Him, whom Heaven and Hell obey.
  He introduces Pytlwgoras discoursing in the following manner:
       The deathless soul in  varied form  abides
       Ts fond of change, in Protean shape  it hides.
              When horrid death frowns out the lamp of life
              The numerous sins to which poor flesh is heir
              Attend us to  that land where ends all strife,
              And many crimes by fire are purged and clear.
                     Each undergoes his punishment.       Virgjl.
  Pr.Aro looked upon the body as the prison of the soul.  He records this saying
sf Socrates.  I will no longer remain With you, but shall set out for the regions
of the Blessed.
  The body serves as a punishment and clog to the soul.----Seneca's letters.
  Unhappy I, who will free me from the body of this death ?----St. Paul.
  We could,  if requisite, cite an innumerable band of Sacred and Pagan \Wi
fers on this subject
                            2 
10
bestial dissipation, (uncongenial no doubt to its etherial
essence) and nearly  extinguished by the noxious miasms
of the deadly bowl!
   As no Individual  ever became in  a single day,  a sys-
tematic Toper, and  as every disease  may be traced to a
predisposing cause, it may not be considered out of char-
acter and place, if we here detail the symptoms  of the
beastly   vice of Intemperance.   We shall previously,
however, attempt  a brief sketch of  the effects,  which
Alcohol  produces, and the  difference  between  them,
and the power, which Opium exercises, over the human
body.*
    Alcohol equally  spreads the work of deadly devasta-
tion over the brute and human family.  Injected into the
Cellular Membrane, its  effects are  not as powerful, as
when it is  taken into the stomach.   When forced into
the Jugular veins, it most violently disturbs the fountain
of life.   It throws the Cerebral mass into inordinate and
tumultuous action.   A comatose  state ensues.   The ex-
treme filaments of the  nerves  are  first  affected, and
owing to the sympathetic links of the Stomach and the
Brain,  many Physiologists  believe  that  the revolutioni-
zing power of Liquor, and the propagation of its effects
originate  rather in the  absorption,  than in the electric
and stimulating principle of this  fluid.
    OpiUMt shews not its  narcotic effects  until absorption
  * All kinds of intoxicating liquor (Brandy especially) are included, in this
Es.say, under the general term Alcohol.  Chemists are in the habit of viewing
this word as Arabic.  May we not ascribe its etymology to two Greek words
Aiken olein, which signify to destroy strength ?
   t Opium is the inspissated juice of the White Poppy; it is also extracted
 from the black species of the plant.  It is derived from  Ops Opis, who was
 considered by the Poets the same as Cybele, or the (ireat Parent, Earth, or
 as synonymous with fruit, bread, or corn, which gives strength to man.  Hence
 Virgil calls it " the poppy fit for bread."  Cakes composed of it and flour were
 served up at the tables of the Ancients. 
II
 has taken place ; but when injected into the  absorbent
 system, its properties are much more suddenly developed,
 than when it is introduced into the stomach.
    Alcohol  displays its phenomena in a more prompt
 and  active manner.' It is a certain stimulus, and  the
 manifestation of its power is almost instantaneous.  Its
 effects vary in different persons.  A general torpor, and
 stupidity, however,  are its faithful concomitants.  Opium
 induces immediate  somnolence.  It throws the  inferior
 extremities of the  body into unnatural  spasms, induces
 paralysis, and inflicts on its victims, when launching into
 the sea of untried being, the most excruciating tortures.
 Alcohol excites a violent, gastric inflammation.  Opium
 acts differently.
    Many  suppose that  Alcohol operates on the  brain,
 not by absorption, but by mere sympathy.
   The following may be regarded as the most prominent
 proofs of the tenability  of  their doctrine.
   1st.  Animals killed by Alcohol are found on post mortem
 examination to  have their  stomach in a state of high in-
 flammation, and the liquor acts so promptly,  that there
 can be scarcely any time given for its absorption.
   2d.  A  vomit  often removes a fit of intoxication.
   3rd.  On analysing the urine of persons, after death,
 who drank  the  tincture of Rhubarb, there is no Alcohol
 detected in  it.
   4th. By adding the Carbonate of Potash to the Rhu-
barb conveyed by the Circulation, and  Ureters into the
bladder, a precipitate of Rhubarb is thrown down.
   Compression,  Concussion and Alcohol affect the brain
in  a somewhat similar manner. 
12
                   l\TO\K ATIOIN

         MAYBE DIVIDED INTO THREE STAGES

                         FIRST.
   The face becomes red; the  eyes sparkle;  mirth and
hilarity expand  the countenance.   The contracted soul
now  opens  to  the genial influence  of the  merry God.
Eloquence  pours  forth its electrifying flood.   Care van-
ishes.  Merriment,  friendship and  love succeed.  Pro-
found silence, or the  revelation  of  one's own, or of a
neighbour's secret now takes place.   The conversation
of the votary becomes tiresome.   His  tongue falters.*

                THE SECOND  STAGE

is marked by savage yells, or monstrous  laughter.   Con-
versation  becomes  insipid.    Obscene  and  disgusting
songs assail the ear, or (what is extremely  rare)  hymns
and  prayers are  addressed  to  the  throne  of  Grace.
Oaths are  thundered forth in wild profusion.
              Now the Coward  for battle arms
              Careless of life, or war's alarms.
   The  bowl, the bottle,  glass,  or chair, or  whatever
infuriate anger meets  on the way, serves as  an  instru-
ment of vengeance.
  * It is supposed that the Vertebral Artery when  preternaturally  distended
presses upon the Ninth Pair or Lingual Nerve; and that this gives rise to the
stammering, or paralysis of the tongue, of the Drunkard, of those,  who are
affected with an inflammation of the brain, or are under the confounding influ-
ence of fear.
             Aghast I stood, with hair on end
             My tongue its office would not lend.
   When this Artery collapses, for want of the natural and efficient stimulus of
the blood, the tongue is relaxed.  The loss of voice accompanies any serious
injury offered to the Cervical portion of the Spinal Marrow, connected with this
 nerve  The sense of Taste is not thereby necessarily destroyed.  It comes
 from the third branch of the Fifth pair of Nerves, 
13
   The bacchanalian champions accommodate each other
 with black eyes, and the " claret" flows from the capital.
             Now the unmanly tears run down
             That shew the beast, the wretch, the clown.
 The eyes look wild;  the vision is double ; the pupils
 are much  dilated.  The lower lip  protrudes ;  the jaw
 falls ;  the mouth foams.
           Rer.son flies off, and Madness holds the reins.
   The Radial and Carotid Arteries are quicker and more
 voluminous than natural.   The face, which is now of ver-
 million hue, becomes bloated.  The Cervical veins arc
 turgid.  The breath emits an intolerable, mephitic odour.
 Headache, acid eructations,  nausea,  giddiness, stumb-
 ling, falls and insensibility succeed.
   The face now becomes pale and contracted.  A vomit-
 ing of acid fluid occurs ;  the muscles become  relaxed.
 The sphincters  no longer  act as bars to the  waste-gates
 of the system.   The headache is intensely  severe ; the
 senses  are  suspended.  Sleep seems, through  pity,  to
 visit the wretch, and bathes him in profuse perspiration.
   This  untoward son  of  Bacchus  at  length opens his
 blood-shot eyes;  his head is racked  with  pain.   His
 tongue and throat are coated over with a slimy mucus;
 his thirst is  incessant;  a total loathing  of  food, and a
 sense of universal lassitude  supervene.  The voice  is
 hoarse ; yawning frequent ; a  cough  and vomiting ensue.
 The hands tremble; lowness of spirits ; deep-fetched
sighs.   The poor being  feels an internal commotion, and
is  disconsolate  until  he grasps  again the Hell-brewed
bowl.  His bodily powers depressed by  the preceding
debauch involve the mind,  and prostrate in the dust this
precious ray uivine.

              THE THIRD STAGE,

though in point  of order the last, is by  no  means the 
14
least,  it is closely allied to Apoplexy.  The senses and
the mind are bewildered and obscured.  The face is livid,
or pale.   Respiration  becomes  stertorous.   JN'o longer
can the patient support himself on  his feet.  He foams
at the  mouth, and at this critical period perhaps  gives
up the ghost;  or  continues  for  several days in a total
ioss of voice, like  a dying, or a dead man, until the re-
active energies of Nature opposing, but in vain, the foul
invasion of the fell destroyer, eventually give way.

  CONSEQUENCES OF CHRONIC INTEMPERANCE.

  The miserable toper, who thus swills the  foaming
bowl, is peculiarly subject to attacks from " the unholy
alliance" of acute diseases, which prematurely embark
him on old Charon's tender; while his neighbour walks
down the long and peaceful valley of healthy  Time, and
happily enjoys the shade of his vine and fig-tree.
  Total want  of Appetite,  Heartburn, billious vomiting
and a hawking, morning cough attended by the expecto-
ration of frothy, viscous sputa are now observed as well
as hepatic  derangement, dropsy of the limbs, and of the
thoracic  and  abdominal  cavities—Diabetes;   hoarse-
ness, and  an  obstinate cough,  which  generally termi-
nates in a  fatal, pulmonary affection.   The rose, grog-
blossom, or a  leprosy like disease is occasionally seen in
full bloom on Bibo's nose, and it soon  pervades his  body.
Those who have run the course of Intemperance so far,
become bloated,  and  the Bardolphian  complexion now
yields  to a pale,  cadaverous hue.   The breath is ex-
tremely offensive.  It may  be compared to rotten meat,
strong cheese, or the  noisome odour, exhaled from a
whiskey barrel, which has been for some time emptied
of its contents.  Haller, and other  Physiologists main-
tain that the breath of such individuals is  highly inflam- 
15
 mable, and can be readily ignited, by bringing a lighting
 candle in contact with it.
   The hair becomes prematurely dry  and grey.  The
 mode of walking of these incurable Bacchanals is some-
 what remarkable.  They generally bring down the foot
 quite full, or flat to  the ground, as children do, from an
 apprehension of falling.
   Need we, in the enumeration of those ills to which the
 Drunkard seems an  heir, mention  Cholic, Gout, Palsy,
 Epilepsy, Apoplexy,  and, the most appalling visitation
 of all,  Mania,  which but too often brings up the rear of
 this  destructive band.
   In a word,  this  wretched creature suffers as much
 from this ungodly host, as did the Great Napoleon, the
 bright ornament of France, from the villainous alliance
 of his murderous tyrants.
   It may not be amiss to introduce here three instances
 of men, whose devotion to the bottle cost them their
 lives and four cases  of spontaneous, or  human combus-
 tion  which  occurred,  and are  recorded in the  annals
 of Medical  Science.

                  CASE FIRST.

  L.  M. aged twenty-seven years;  the  last three  of
 which were marked by the scrupulous manner in which
he offered  his libations to the rosy God.  He had been
long suffering  a  slow martyrdom from Acidity,  flatu-
lence,  vomiting and other gastric affections,  all which
were  aggravated in  consequence  of a three month?s
incessant  frolic, previous to his embarking  from  this
weedy shore of Time for Eternity's  haven.   His feet
and legs were  much  swoln.  He was twice  tapped in
the course  of a month.
  A  post mortem inspection revealed the following ap- 
10
pcarances.  The liver  was less  by half than what it
should have been ; it was quite indurated, and contain-
ed numerous patches  of dark  tubercles,  each of which
was  the  size of a garden pea.  The parenchymatous
substance was similarly  diseased.   The tubercles exhib-
ited no purulent tendency.
  The  Gall bladder   was contracted,   and  scarcely
presented the slightest trace of secretion.   The Pylorus
was  thickened, and much indurated.*

                 CASE SECOND.

  W.  X.  This son of  Misfortune, was  sixty-three
years old, and, although he officiated for the last fifteen
years,  as  the zealous  High priest of the blushing God,
he enjoyed a wonderful  share  of good health.  For the
last  eighteen months of his earthly career,  he felt  the
rude, combined and overwhelming assaults of Anorexia,
(total inappetency for  food) sickness of the stomach,
Indigestion, Waterbrash,  and Vomiting.  This  deadly
group daily gained ground upon  him.  Every  thing in
the  shape of  food  was no  sooner swallowed,  than
rejected  from his disordered stomach.   Pure Cogniac,
however,  and Wine were relished, and agreed tolerably
well with his morbid palate.   A band seemed as it were
to extend across the Epigastric region from  the right to
the left Hypochondrium.   His feet and legs  were tume-
fied.  Four days before  he visited the tribunal of Minos,
he  was assailed by a fatal lethargy ;  and during that
period, it  was extremely  difficult to perceive the least
arterial  action, or evidence of respiration.  He  at last
was numbered with the dead.  On cutting into the ab-
domen, a large quantity of effused serum  was  found.
The liver  was preternaturally enlarged,  especially the
    See First Volume of the Medical Transactions of the Dublin College. 
1"
left lobe, on  the surface  of which were seen  numerous
tubercles, as large as hazel nuts, of a yellow hue, made
up of granules, without, however, elaborating a puriform
secretion.  The parenchyma of the right lobe presented
a similar aspect.  The liver lay altogether in the left
Hypochondriac  region.   The  stomach  was  so  dimin-
ished,  that  it could  scarcely contain a hen's  egg ;  its
coats were much thickened.  It had completely  lost its
natural organization.  Its walls  were  generally three
inches thick.  Its structure resembled a schirro-cartila-
ginous substance.   The Pylorus would hardly admit the
introduction of the little finger.  The Gall bladder was
pale, contracted,  empty,  and only  half  its natural size.
When opened it presented no morbid derangement.

                   CASE THIRD.

  In the month  of March, 1826, I dissected a man, who
     about 40 years  old; he  had until the hour of his
dudth cultivated a most intimate acquaintance with the
bottle.  His  liver was enormously enlarged, and disfig-
ured by sehirrus and abscess.   The  Gall  bladder was
corrugated,  and contained reddish bile.  The stomach
was  larger  than  natural, and in  the highest state of
inflammation.   The Pylorus was contracted and indura-
ted.   The mucous  glands of Brunner were  tumified
and  hard,  and  had almost  entirely blocked  up  the
entrance into the  Duodenum.   A  puruloid matter flow-
ed from the urethra,  strongly resembling the  discharge
in  virulent Gonorrhoea.   I did not  dissect  the urethra.
The lungs were hepatized,  and the  bronchial vessels
much contracted.  The Spleen  embedded in  disease
was twice its healthy size.  The Pancreas  was consid-
erably enlarged, and nearly in a state of solution.   The
intestinal tube was in  several places marked by a chronic
                           3 
13
inflammation.   The left Kidney near its concave arch,
abounded  with small ulcers.  I did not open the brain.
as I intended to save the  bones of the skull.*

  SPONTANEOUS OR HUMAN COMBUSTION.
                  FIRST CASE.

  A woman of the low class,  who for three years had
used  spirituous  liquor to  such excess  that she had
scarcely taken any other nourishment, having sat down
to sleep one evening,  on a  straw chair, was consumed
in the night  time.  The next morning, no  part of her
was found, except the skull, and the extreme joints  of
the  fingers.  The  rest of her body was  reduced  to
ashes.t

                 SECOND  CASE.

  The  Countess Cornelia Bandi of Cesena in  Italy,
aged (52 years, and in good health, was accustomed  to
bathe all  her body in Camphorated  spirits of Wine.
Having experienced a sense of drowsiness, one evening,
she retired to rest; and her  maid remained with her,
Until  she  fell asleep.   Next  morning, when  the girl
entered to awake her mistress, she  found  nothing but
the remains of  her  body in the most  horrible condition.
At  the distance of four feet from the bed was a heap of
ashes, in  which the legs and arms were alone  un-
touched.  Between the legs  lay the head.   The brain
with half of the posterior part of the Cranium, and the
whole of  the  chin  had been  consumed.   Three of the
fingers  looked like burnt coal; and the rest  of the body
  "The brain of Drunkards is often  found uninflnmed.
  t See Transactions of the Medical Society, Copenhagen,  Denmark, A. D
1092. 
19
was reduced  to  ashes, whiHi  when touched left on the
fingers, a  fat, fetid  moisture.   A  small  lamp, which
stood on the floor was covered with ashes, and contain-
ed no oil.   The  candles  on  the  table  were  melted.
The bed was uninjured; the bed clothes were raised up
and  thrown  on  one side.  The furniture  and tapestry
were covered with soot which insinuated itself  into the
drawers, and soiled their contents.*

                   THIRD CASE.

  Grace Pett, wife of a fishmonger in  Ipswich, Eng-
land, aged about 60, had contracted  a  habit, in which
she  long continued, of leaving her bed to smoke a pipe.
On  the 9th of April  1744, she got  up as usual.  Her
daughter, who slept with her, did not perceive her ab-
sence, until next  morning ; she  goes down  stairs,  and
finds her mother dead, in the kitchen with her head near
the urate.   Her body resembled a  burnt  log of wood.
Tin; girl ran in great haste,  and poured  water on  the
body to extinguish the fire.   The  peculiar odour which
exhaled  from the mother's corpse almost suffocated the
neighbours, who ran to her relief.   The trunk resembled
a heap of coals covered with white  ashes.  This woman
it is  said,  drank a large quantity  of liquor on  having
heard the joyous news of her daughter's safe return from
Gibralter.  There was no fire in the grate.  The candle
had  burned down to the socket of the candlestick which
stood near her.   Close to the consumed  body  lay the
clothes of  a  child,  and a paper screen which sustained
no injury from the fire.t
  Her dress consisted of a cotton gown.
  * See Bianehini and others.
  t Vide Transactions  of th<> London Philosophical Society.   Vol, 4'i
Page 463. 
20
                 FOURTH CASE.

  Madame Le Boisson at the mellow period of eighty.
had been long in the habit of sacrificing to  merry Bac-
chus alone,  totally regardless  (more shame for  her)  of
the other and better Deities, such  as Ceres, Minerva,
and Co.
  She was sitting at the  fire  in  her arm-chair.   The
servant  maid as she entered  the parlour, seeing her
mistress in a blaze immediately gave the alarm.
        Though long in stupid gaze, her hair erect,
        The horrid scene her powers of speech had check'd,
        At length the magic chain of silence broke
        Fire! Fire! she cries; and neighbours did invoke.
Many endeavoured to extinguish the fire with their hands;
but in vain,  for it adhered to them like so much oil,  or
bluzin.  brandy.  Water was thrown on the body, but
this only served to encrcase the fury of the flames.   Fi-
nally all she  flesh disappeared.   Her  skeleton was ex-
ceedingly black, and remained entire in the chair.   One
leg only, and the  two hands detached themselves from
the rest  of the body.   It is not  known  whether her
clothes caught fire from the grate.   She was  found in
her usual attitude  and place.*
   Some   writers  assert  that  there  is  an Alcoholic
impregnation or'  the  body,  and  that actual  contact
with  fire  is  then  necessary  to  produce   combustion:
others say  that it  is the result  of  the  electric fluid.
The probability is  that   several gases  are generated
in  the viscera of Drunkards,  (which   their  halitus
indicates,) by the  decomposition of  the Alcohol, which
they  are  continually swilling.   From the  preceding  in-
stances, we may form at least an idea of the lamentable
effects of this beastly propensity.
* Vide Le Cat 
21
   From such  premises wc may readily infer  the prom-
 inent  symptoms of

 MADNESS  FROM  DRINK,*  AND  DELIRIUM TRE-
                         MENS.

   This  foul fiend  frequently  attacks the  pertinacious
 toper.   A simple fit of intoxication will, at times, owing
 to  a peculiarity of  Constitution, induce these  diseases.
   The  Countenance  assumes a  strange  appearance.
 The blood-shot eyes exhibit less fierceness in this com-
 plaint than in Phrenzy.   (inflammation  of the brain)
 The  face  is  turgid  and  red.    The  Temporal   and
 Carotid  Arteries communicate  a  bold and impetuous
 pulsation.  The  skin  is  hot and dry: tongue parched:
 bowels irregular:  vomiting urgent.   The  malady now
 advances.  The  nerves are thrown  into wild  commo-
 tion;  the unhappy victim cannot  raise his  hand to his
 head.   An insusceptibility  to  the influence of  sleep—
 His Knees  tremble; and in  his delirium  he staggers
 and falls.   He  roars most lustily,   tosses about  the
 bed clothes, smashes the furniture,  and endeavours to
 fling himself from the window,  or house top.t  He often
 stoops to take up pieces  of Silver,  which he imagines
 he  sees  on the floor, or catches at flics and spiders that
 exist in the distempered  atmosphere  of his imagination.
 He  frequently changes  the position of  his bed.  His
 mind occasionally strikes alight, and pours forth a fiery
  "Well might the unfortunate Patient, exclaim  with  Hercules after ths
 death of his offspring—
                 With ills I overflow,
                 There is no room for more.
  tl have repeatedly seen such unfortunate men in the  Insane ward of the
 Alms House, Philadelphia. They fancied that a blood-thirsty foe pursued
 them, and they most lamentably injured their head,  hands and le»s in endeav-
ouring to break through the iroa grate of the window. 
22
flood  of  genius.*   He beholds,  or,  (what  is  the same
thing to  him) he thinks  he beholds an  armed  foe ad-
vancing,  and that  the whole  house  is tottering  about
his ears.   Fear  now seems to rivet him to  the wall,  or
bed.

          As when mad Pentheus sees the Furies' band
          The double Sun and Thebes twofold to stand
          Or, Agamemnon's Son, Orestes driven
          Across the stage by torments sent from Heaven
           Flies his mad  mother armed with snakes and fire
          The vengeful Three blockade his door with ire.t

          Such are thy works, thou certain curse of soul;
          Thou plague to health, thou deleterious bowl!   -

   Who  can supply Philanthropy with  a  fountain sufli-

           * Where is the man in whom the foaming bowl
          Inspires not genius and a flow of soul?
  But what a heart-rending reflection, that men of the brightest genius, un-
manned by grief,  ruined by hope,  or stript of their property should drain the
bowl, as a Panacea for all  their woes!!!  Can it remedy the  evil 1

  t Mantua's favorite bard probably had in  view the following passage of
Euripides', Orestes—
           Oh dearest Mother! hear a son's request;
           Drive off those bloody imps, this hellish pest;
           See !  See! they move, they strike, 1 am undone;
          Their aim is death, ah! whither can I run ?

  A similar vision is attributed to Alemaeon by Cicero in his fourth book of
Academic Questions.

           Whence comes this awful, this terrific flame?
           Fire { Fire! Here! Here! at me, at me they aim !
           Help! Help!  Great Jove! Oh! drive this plague away;
           Its gloomy power will quench the light of day.
           See how this  witching, fire-girt band advance!
           Their torches wield!—a death in every glance!—
           Oh! vice most dire, can Man thee clasp and love
           And laugh to scorn the wrath, the bolt of Jove
           Cannot Great Mars, and Time himself thee move" 
23
«iently large to pour a flood of tears on such scenes of
misery ?

                MODE OF CURING

  THIS FATAL MALADY MAY BE CONSIDERED

                  THREE FOLD.

  1st. To remove the drunken paroxysm.
  2nd.  To restore  the Patient  to reason,  when  he
labours under  Mania.
  3rd.  To destroy the unnatural propensity to Drink.

                  FIRST  STAGE.

  During the intoxication,  it will be  advisable to  ta'ce
off the  Cravat, Garters, Boots or Shoes of the  brutal-
ized being;  in  fact whatever is  calculated to impede
the regular  circulation of the blood must  be instantly
removed.  The head and shoulders must be raised, so
as to  free  the vessels of the brain from  their unnatural
congestion.  The stomach  should be evacuated by irri-
tating the  throat with the feather end of a quill, or by
means of  an appropriate  pump.*  If no relief can be
procured  by this  plan, it will be necessary  to suhj.vt
his  head  to  cold  water  pumped  upon him,  or poured
from  a vessel at a certain elevation.  Prudence should
regulate us  here, especially  if we  have to  deal  with
Cerebral  Congestion,  or  an Apoplectic Diathesis.
  Whatever can  make a  stronger  impression on the
patient, than the  Exciting cause, will often cut short
the paroxysm.  A pistol  fired off quite close  to the ear
of the stupified unfortunate has been known to revive
him.   Let him  be suddenly plunged into a cold bath.
  " A large dose of Vinegar, or Mustard and Warm Water will generally act
& a prompt emetic. 
24
A flagellation  with  nettles,  or thongs will be  apt  to
rouse  him.   Let  his  body  be well  rubbed  with a
flesh-brush, Brandy and  Red Pepper, or  Turpentine.
An elevated position of the Head is of primary impor-
tance.  A  perspiration  should be induced.  Whatever
can  rouse his  passion (thus creating  a new action in his
nervous system)  should  be put in  force.   Venesection
'regulated by the state of the case will at times be neces-
sary.
   This constitutes the general  treatment  of the First
Stage.

                 SECOND  STACE.
HOW TO RESTORE THE MANIAC TO HIS REASON.

   The pulse ought not to influence  our practice in this
stage:  for  by boldly  pushing  venesection, and other
depletory  measures, you will soon  send the wretched
sufferers across  the  Styx.   We should  ever bear  in
mind that the health and strength of such beings are in
a  large  majority of cases fairly broken  down.  Our
first object should be to administer  stimuli, and to see
that the stomach retains them.  Among the most val-
uable of these may be reckoned the Neutral Mixture,
Hot Brandy-toddy ;  Brandy  and Opium, Camphor and
Opium, Calomel  and the Acetate  of Opium,  an  old
opium pill, wine, wine whey, &c.  The torpid energies
of this viscus however will not  always respond to this
Class of Medicines.*  We then  should  have recourse to
external stimulation.   We ought to enlist  the greatest
discrimination in the use of  emetics.   Should prudence
recommend them, the stomach must  be  well  washed
out.  The brain being now the grand focal centre of
  * For all the nervous energies of the system seem now to be concentrated Ln
the brain. 
25
nervous  action,  and the former beimr  thus deprived  of
its  wonted susceptibilities, a  much larger  dose than
ordinary  will be required.  It not  unfrequently hap-
pens that you must repeat it twice, or three times.  The
ejection  of a liquid, pitch-like matter may in those cases
be  hailed as a favorable prognosis.   The stomach may
be  tranquillized by a  Decoction of the  Black  Snake
root, Porter,  Infusion  of Orange  peel  and Quassia.
The  Patient should be  confined to a dark chamber, as
the  sight of  objects  only irritates  and  distracts.  His
indulging in  sleep is  considered auspicious,  for  every
acute cerebral  attack,  but  especially  this  species  of
Mania,  is characterized  by an obstinate  and harassing
wakefulness.  The Tincture of Hops will occasionally
compose the stomach, and superinduce  a comfortable
sleep.   A single ounce  of blood drawn from the system
is  sometimes known  to  produce  Syncope.   Notwith-
standing, when the tide  of the circulation rolls impetu-
ously towards the head, we must recur to moderate de-
pletion.   Cupping  the temples, and blistering the nape
of the neck  will be very serviceable.*  We  must now
be  extremely  cautious,  lest  our  Patient  sink into a
typhoid state.   To meet this  indication, the exhibition
of Camphor and  Opium,  the Musk Mixture,  Wine
whey, and Ammonia will be indispensable.  Should  the
skin be hot and  dry, the tongue dry and coated, the eyes
wild, and the  tendons  be manifestly  convulsed,   the
Carbonate of Ammonia, and the more diffusible stimu-

   * The patient will occasionally tear or throw off the blisters. In such  case
 the concentrated oil ofllo.se Mint, or Nitric Acid diluted with an equal por-
 tion of water and applied to the nape of the neck are good substitutes.  To
 prevent the corroding effects of the Acid, it will be proper to dust the part
 with soda, or potash, and then to wash it freely with water.
                            4 
26
lants must be brought into immediate requisition.*   Wc
have stated, and  it cannot be deemed improper  (owing
to its importance) to repeat it, that Emetics  arc fraught
with danger, the jaded  powers  of  the  confirmed  sot
demanding rather a stimulating than a depletory mode
of  treatment.   In fact,  many after  having  taken  an
Emetic immediately  set  sail for  the  other  world.t   It
must of course be observed  that  those, who thus with-
drew  from this nether planet, and  are  now, I hope,
enjoying the  verdant lawns,   and  crystal  streams of a
blooming eternity, never spared the  bowl.
   Winn  Greece  scattered  abroad  on the  earth,   the
luminous  rays of  Virtue and  Glory,  nothing was more
abhorrent to  her  great  soul  than the beastly  vice of
drunkenness.   Her constant  care was to impress  her
sons with the  abominable loathsomeness of  this  crime-!

  '  When the delirium and a tendinous affection exist, Opium and  Camphor
may probably with greater safety be administered than the vinous prepa-
rations.
  tTake     Tinct. Asauetid, 1 ounce.
            Tinct. Opii, from 3 drams to 1 1-2 ounces.
            Comp. Sulphuric Aether, 3 drams,
            Comp. Spirit Lavend, 1 ounce,
            Spring water, 4 ounces.
  Of this Mixture a large table-spoonful should be given every two hours, or
oftener, until the Patient falls asleep.   The  laudanum must occasionally be
encreased. or two ounces of Paregoric substituted.   No feimented or distilled
liquors should be prescribed.  Large draughts of the decoction of Quassia
muy be taken.  The salutary effects of this formula have been satisfactorily
confirmed by the experience of Professor Barton. Jefferson  Medical College
Philadelphia.
  tThe Spartans were in the habit of ordering their slaves, whom they previ-
ously intoxicated for this purpose, to be brought before thei/ children, who had
thus an opportunity of witnessing the filth, folly and wretchedness of the poor,
degraded Helots.*  It is said that this custom originated in the following cir-
cumstance.  The  Philosopher Anachonis being  asked, how the vice of
Drunkenness may be avoided,  answered, by constantly bearing in mind the
 foul and indecent conduct of intoxication.
   * See Seneca relative to Alexander's death. 
27
In  the early days  of our Republic too, this vice  was
seldom  seen.   Industry  and  Justice smiled  o'er  the
land.   Our citizens just freed from the galling yoke of
English  Slavery enjoyed  the  first  fruits  of Victory,
Liberty,  and Life.   They no  longer  paid tribute to  a
Political Pharaoh.   In the  fervour  of gratitude they
unlocked their  hearts to Him, who safely  brought them
through  the  Red  Sea  of   Hyper-egyptian  Servitude.
Moderate in their desires, and habituated  to atmospher-
ic vicissitudes,  those sons of  Wisdom  were not easily
captivated  by  the  magic of  Luxury.   Their  fruitful
harvests were  to them  a rich source of pleasure  and
content.   Their  houses  shone  in all the  splendor  of
morality, and  exhibited  trophies  that  were gloriously
won from  the  proud, oppressive foe.  They  conscien-
tiously avoided  Idleness as  the pregnant  source of  ill.
The  Goddess  of  Plenty with  a becoming prodigality
poured from her Golden Horn, the  vivifying fruits of
Liberty  and Virtue upon this happy land.  Our Public
Councils  flourished.  No parliamentary  sophistry  was
then used  to cajole  the people.   Honesty had temples
erected to her  in public and in private life.
   At length the  sons  of our  Revolutionary  Worthies
  If we are justified in comparing the small with the great, it is really a source
of surprise that a certain  King in these days, another Nero, who never can
equal Alexander in  brilliancy of exploit,  or towering elevation of Intellect,
should far exceed him in fathoming the  Herculean bowl. The Capacity of his
stomach is unquestionably greater than that of his head:  although for Royal
Customs' sake " this dandy at sixty" and more, is dubbed the holy and venera-
ble head of the Church, and Defender of the Faith!  " Defender of the Faith"
reminds us of another equally appropriate expression, " Holy Alliance!"  How
long will Europe, the Mother of Arts, of  Science and of Heroes suffer such
barefaced impudence and impiety to go unpunished?  Rouse up, for shame!
The mouldering props on which Tyranny built her fortress are fast giving way,
and will, we hope, ere long, be forever prostrate in the dust.  Liberty Divino
frowns indignantly on those, who instead of striking for their rights, patiently
slumber in vassalage and chains. 
2S
entertained a somewhat different view of things.  Com-
ing into tiie immediate and comfortable enjoyments  of
their  paternal  estates,  they  emulously vied  with each
other  in  wantonly  dissipating  them.   Some  fired  by
Commercial lust, in order to  build up by a  single specu-
lation  a  Babel tower  of Wealth,  saw their  floating
Capital shivered by the Whirlwind, and sunk in Ocean's
furious deep.   Others,  whose pursuits were less lauda-
ble,  squandered away  the residue of  their  fortune  in
a  variety of ways.   They  built  Palace-like  houses,
bought up  lands  at  an unjustifiable  advance,  were
served  in Gold  and   Silver plate.    Their equipage
smacked more  of would-be Royalty, than resembled the
decent, uniform of Re  >u nicanism.  The most fashion-
able and expensive Coaches were now the  rage.   Inex-
tricable debt was the natural consequence.   Invitations
to the  Court  were now importunate. The  splendid
furniture  and enchased plate with the gaudy Ensigns
Ar norial  fell  victims   to the  auctioneer's hammer.
Perplexing cares ensue.  Frequent libations are offered
to the  rosy God to  avert  them.   Places of evil repute,
and  improper  society  are  now  eagerly resorted  to.
Cards and Dice are the order of the day.  A difference
arises; a fight ensues.*  What is more natural ? You
would almost  swear,  that the  Centaurs and  Lapithae
(those mutual and deadly enemies recorded by antiqui-
ty) had come to life again.
            For play begets mad ire and horrid strife,
            Ire  leads to hatred, and to loss of life.
   Such is the  course  in which  unfortunately too many
of our youth are engaged.
   Do  not some of the Fair sex also drink deep of the
Bacchanalian spring ?  In what age do we live ?  How
* "fivch strife 'midst men is bad, great Hesiod says. 
29
must Morality shudder ?   Can such  a deplorable state
of things be deniedt   Who is so  wilfully blind to such
a demoralizing scene  as not to acknowledge  it?   Who
will  set  bounds to this withering  evil, which saps the
very foundation of life, liberty and religion.
  As this Hydra-headed  monster attacks  every  class
and  age in our society, it becomes our most sacred duty
to put forth  every effort to crush  it.   The professional
man, the  Christian, who  presses  not into his service,
for the eradication of  this, and several other vices, the
combined  powers of  Medicine, Philosophy,  and  Reli-
gion, should have his  name expunged from the muster
roll of the Sanative Art, Philanthropy and Patriotism.
  A  vegetable and farinaceous diet, often  removes the
distressing thirst, which Animal food occasions, and fre-
quently restores the taste to its natural standard.  The
French nation are preeminently conspicuous  for such a
diet; and hence  probably  their  great longevity.   V
Mercurial salivation by renewing  the secretions of the
stomach and  tongue  often subverts this morbid relish
for the bottle.*  The  Circean bowl into which a certain
portion of  Tartar emetic  has been previously dissolv-
ed  may be  presented  to  the craving  toper.  A total
abstinence  from Tobacco  should  be  moet   religiously
enforced.    Tobacco and  the  Brandy-bottle  are often
inseparable  friends.   A confidential  companion should
at a seasonable time  blow the trumpet blast  of  Truth
into the miscreant's ears,  and fill  him with the horrors
of a  sudden death,  everlasting perdition, loss of happi-
ness, fame,  fortune, and family.
  * A purgative course persevered in for some time has succeeded in some
cases—Salts answer well. I have known them to remove in one instance, an
inveterate predilection for tobacco.  A similar effect may be produced by the
exhibition of Ipecacuanha, or Tartar Emetic, which enters in disguise into all
>hc Quack specifics for Intemperance 
-*j(J
    ft. is the sad lot  of some  to  indulge in a  carousing
 frolic on a certain hour, day, or month.  Such a disease
 does  not materially differ from those complaints, which
 assume a  daily,  monthly, or  periodical type.*   Those
 individuals ought to change their society, home,  and
, pursuits.   They  should hunt,  and take much exercise
 on foot,  or horseback.   A trusty friend ought to accom-
 pany  them,  and furnish a  supply of spiced  bread, or
 dainty food, and divert their minds  by pointing  out to
 them the varied scenery of Nature, A:c, until breakfast
 or dinner time.   Some  little luxuries  may  now be  ser-
 ved up ;  but let glasses, decanters, and even water itself
 be carefully kept  out of view.  Inveterate; Drunkards
 generally  have a  favourite  glass,  pitcher,  or  chair.
 Sneh articles should  be industriously removed, or as it
 were,  unintentionally  broken.   In a word, every link,
 which supports this morbid concatenation, should  be
 sundered.
    Some  physicians  recommend that a pipe of Cogniac
 should be  laid before the intrepid toper, as if it were
 calculated to strike  him with  a sense  of  shame,  and
 thereby excite his disgust.
    It possibly may remedy the evil.f   With due  defer-
 ence, however, to their superior judgment,  I  would say
 with the Poet
              Trust not, fair youth, too much,
 and with the Prince of Prudence and of Peace, I  would
 conclude thus,
       " Lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil."
 Fear, or  Shame  will now and  then  root up this moral
 Boa-upas.  In Ireland, my native country, several of the
 Common order, who, (as well as the Conscientious,  and
   " This has been noticed by Rush, and I have repeatedly seen  it in practice.
   1 See Rush 
31
higher patriotic classes) are  unjustly  scourged  by the
Draconian laws of  England, and goaded  into  crime,
(Heaven reward the oppressor) swear on the Evangelists
against  drink,  in presence of their Clergyman,  or  a
Magistrate ;  and the obligation often produces the  most
salutary result.
   A son of Bacchus once drank a tumbler of this Tofa-
na Water* (the name  is not  inappropriate):  a certain
quantity of Tartarized  Antimony  had  been designedly
thrown  into  it  by a  good naturcd friend;  A violent
vomiting  succeeded.   The morbid  relish  had  never
again returned.  Whenever he saw any fluid, that wore
the semblance of liquor, he was irresistibly reminded of
the dreadful nausea he once experienced.
   This  curative plan is  somewhat  like that pursued by
Moses, who weaned the children of Israel from the  irra-
tional crime  of Idolatry, by  forcing them  to drink of
their Golden God, or Calf, which had been  dissolved in
Nitro-muriatic, muriatic acid, or by means of a prepara-
tion of sulphur.t
   Into how many  calves,  hogs and asses are not  frail
mortals changed by Circe's magic bowlf! !
   A certain votary of Bacchus was in the habit of drink-
ing on a  very  large scale, (often had  he  been  nearly
within reach  of old Charon) and in his  revelry had  ever

  * An execrable wretch of this name, and inventress  of this diabolical mix-
ture, used to accommodate with it such virtuous, husband-loving matrons, as
grew tired of their ancient lords—she vended it under the imposing title of
" Manna of  St. Nicholas, Baris."  Haunted by her Demon conscience, she
entered a Convent to atone for her sins in sackcloth and ashes, but was fortu-
nately torn from it, and racked to death.
  t Consult the writings of Stahl and Bergmann.
  tMy worthy and learned friend Dr. Eberle of Philadelphia informs me that
he has known a few inveterate  cases of Intemperance to yield to the use of
Elicampane root, used as a Masticatory,  or drunk in  decoction.  The cure
was attributed to the nausea which the plant excited. 
32
made himself ridiculous.   His negro slave marked, and
successfully mimicked him.  The master having heard
an immense roar of laughter in the  kitchen, the door of
which  had been secured, slily creeps down stairs, peeps
through  the  key-hole, and perceives  Cu/jy imitating
Massa to the life.   With averted eyes he felt the virtu-
ous emotion of shame, and thus became totally reformed.
  A pet goat,  that was usually fed at the table of her
Master,  once followed him to  a tavern.  The latter
returned home with his clay well moistened, his custom
always at twilight grey.   Poor Jenny was on this occa-
sion in no  better plight.   I beg of you,  gentle  reader,
not to blame  the innocent creature, for I can assure you,
taking the  nature of the beast  into consideration, that
this naughty  trick  was played upon  her by some worth-
less wretches.  Nay more, I firmly believe that he, who
forcibly  intoxicates  even  a  goat,  commits as great
a crime,  as if had wantonly killed it.
           The Sun had now held forth his lamp of day—
           Earth shone resplendent from its brilliant ray;
          When lo!—the master towards the Inn did stray.
The faithful goat, notwithstanding her serious indisposi-
tion, attends  her unworthy lord.  Master goes  in, but
Jenny, as  far as  looks and attitude  could  justify an  in-
ference,  protested against doing likewise.   Was she not
right ? The Master  looking on  the animal and reading
his  own  condemnation  in the  eyes  of this  unshaven
philosopher, hurried out of the dramshop  and was thus
cured of his intemperance.
           " Thus ridicule shall frequently prevail,
           And cut the knot when graver reasons fail."
  Drunkenness, and the  other bad  habits of the rising
generation ought  not to  astonish  us,  when we behold
the  conduct, and  hear  the  admonitions of lathers. 
33
  Gambling is held up  to the view  of the  children by
day and night.   Immense sums are  staked.  The loser
thunders out ungodly oaths.   He becomes  frantic with
rage.  He drinks and invokes kind  Fortune's aid.   He
loses  again ; he storms, and raves ;  a loss ! then mends
his drink.   Buffctted by a sea of anger and  of Wine, he
at last  glides into the  harbour of a brief repose.   He
again sets sail, and carried down for a time on the full
tide of success,  an adverse gale assails him, and threat-
ens immediate ruin.  He is now driven and  dashed upon
the shoals of disappointment ; he is swept off and swims
in the overwhelming  waves of despair.
   What is to become of his children ? Are we to suppose
that they  can stem  the  strong tide of bad example, and
avoid a moral wreck ? The father now plunged into the
maelstroom of ruin, a bankrupt in hope, in fortune and
in fame, utterly disregards the education of his children.
To them, how glorious the  idea of being  emancipated
from Academic thraldom! !   They are now foi>ooth
their own masters.   They now  drown their moral pre-
cepts  in  the oblivious bowl.   Dogs and fine  horses
constitute their  amusement.   Having put on the man in
this semi-barbarous state of intellectual developcment,
they  know,  or  pretend to  know every thing.   They
sail  on their father's track, and are thus  ingulphed in
misery.
   A  melting source  of woe is this  indeed!  But what
shall we say of  parents, who are formed of better mate-
rials,
        Who know much better, yet much worse pursue 1
Who give their sons  most destructive counsel, contami-
nate  their minds with the love of mistaken freedom, and
loudly declare that the beardless boy of sixteen should
not be subjected to admonition, and  salutary discipline?
   Can good  arise from such a state of things ?   Pray. 
34
-lend me your ears," and from the following fact, judge
of the monstrous consequences of this doctrine.
  A school-boy,  not long ago,  in a sister state was cor-
rected by his teacher for some impropriety.  Fired with
indignation, at  the  thought  of having his honor  thus
wounded, he returns to the Academy the following day,
meets his Instructor, who was a Clergyman, discharges
a pistol at him, and inflicts a mortal wound on the un-
fortunate gentleman!!  A  jury of twelve men,  who
tried this sacrilegious murderer, (posterity will scarcely
believe it) acquitted  the criminal! !
  What  will  Men do, when boys commit  such  deeds ?
What prompted the wretched Desha to the double crime
of robbery and murder ?  Why does the infernal, cow-
ardly practice of  duelling so frequently  occur?   Why
does fraud, why does villainy so much abound?  Be-
cause parents do  not model the plastic minds of their
children  by precept and  example, into obedience and
virtue,  mistaking,  as unhappily  too  many  do,  mere
licentiousness for well regulated liberty.    Therefore
does the demoralizing spirit of desolation pervade the
land, for none there is, who will act righteously.
   Oh!   Legislators,  Parents,  Physicians,   Masters,
Teachers  of  youth, and  Expounders of the Word of
God, if  you will live acceptable to yourselves, to  your
Country and your God, you must  do something  to  im-
prove the morals of the rising generation.
   Let the  sot be degraded  from every kind  of  Office.
 Let his testimony be inadmissible in law.   Let the man-
 agement of his property be vested in his family.   Let
 him be denied the rights of suffrage and of citizenship—
 because
            He, that to Bacchus will his fame resign,
            A nation's cause to tyrants will consign.
 Let an  enormous tax be imposed on taverns.   Let an 
35
  insupportable duty  be  laid  on  Distilleries.   Let  bin,
  who is found drunk  in a Public  house,  or in  the street,
  be  thrown  into prison, and severely fined.*   Let those
  who are caught even drinking in  such a place  be equally
  punished.   In a word,  every measure,  which can  tend
  to purify the age, in  which we live, should be strenuously
  enforced.   Fathers,  the cause and origin of the vicious
  mind  emanate from  you.
            Why to the Healing Art is so much given ?
            O, wretches say, and know the views of Heaven;
            What is poor man? or wherefore into life
            Is  he thus flung?  To steer thro' waves of strife,
            What plan is best? Where Avarice check and bind!
            What use is Gold ?  What's lawful for mankind ?
            Your debt to country and dear friends well know,
            Hear God, act well your  part with man below.
            Most worthy Persius ! Good, would mankind be
            If such a code  in practice we could see.
  Let fathers  gather their families  around them, and offer
 up prayer,   morning  and night, to the throne  of mercy.
 In the husband's absence, the mother, or eldest  son should
 perform that most important duty. Every Teacher ought
 daily to commence the duties of his school by supplicating

  * Were all the drunkards of North America to enter the tented field, they
 would far outnumber the army which  Napoleon led  into Russia, and be more
 than sufficient to protect our shores from the  allied and despotic invasions of
 all  Europe.  According to an estimate, it appears that even a titlie of them
 if arrayed under the banner of Military Sobriety would annihilate the power
 of the Crescent^ and would throw around the Greek Cross a redoubt as form-
 idable as inaccessible to Mahometan infidelity and fury.   If reformed into
 Apostles they could shortly christianize the earth.
  We read in the Boston Medical Journal that ninety-five thousand paupers
 (the majority of whom were reduced to  such misfortune by the brandy
 bottle) were  admitted within the last five years into the Philadelphia Alms-
 house.   Four thousand gallons of Spirits, besides a proportionate supply of
 Wine, Porter, &c. (for without them,  life could not be prolonged) were con-
 sumed during that period.
          The Cask when new will long retain the scent
          Such  is the mind,  on vice or virtue bent.
  The city of New-York contains 3300 dramshops—What a source of mprfl
pestilence and death.'!! 
30
Deitv.  The New  Testament should be a text book in
every Institution, for
           In soil run wild the thorn and cockle rise
           Thus youth uncurbed in folly seek the skies.
It  is by perseverance alone that boys can become useful
and good.   Every  school, or Academy should give each
pupil a certificate, signed  agreeably  to  merit, without
which no  student  should  be allowed  to  matriculate in
any of our Colleges.  Let him also  be previously exam-
ined in the Twenty-four books of the Iliad and Odyssey,
the first five books  of Livy, as well as in the other princi-
pal prose,  and  poetic authors  of  Greece and Rome.
He ought to be acquainted with Mathematics or at least.
with  the  elements  of that Science.*
   This course should be  considered as essential for ob-
taining even an Honorary Degree.  If  justly expelled
from one College the student should ever after be inad-
missible into another.   Those, who aspire to the Profes-
sion of Law, Medicine, or Theology ought to pursue an
elementary course somewhat like tlns.t   Such a system
would be apt to limit the redundant numbers of Aspirants
to each of these Professions, and would eventually make
the successful candidate more respectable; especially if
 every State in the Union would silence, and morally bind
 up the hands of Quacks by a special  law.
    A man may here object—you thus shut  the door of
 preferment, and public utility against many sons of Ge-
 nius, and you provide only for the rich.
    I briefly answer—The present, is, to a certain extent
 a question of National importance : the morals, reputa-
 tion and salvation of the whole country are mainly con-
    ' We may fairly say that such a course of study would furnish youth with
 wisdom, the aged with comfort, the poor with riches, and the rich with appro-
 priate elegance, and ornament.
    tit is a well known fact that the Candidates for Holy Orders in the Catho-
 lic, English, and Presbyterian Church, are well educated 
37
 corned in  it.  It  is, moreover,  impossible  for any plan
 ol  reformation  to  meet  with  universal  approbation.
 Only  try  the plan,  and  how many excellent  citizens,
 fa nous physicians,  celebrated lawyers,  and  industrious,
 I hope, pious, and eloquent preachers shall we thus find
 within  our  confines?   Let but Quacks betake them-
 selves  to  something  else,  and encroach  not  on  the
 precincts of those  Professional Groves, which should be
 held sacred.*
   Let every youth  before  he  enters upon  the study of
 Pharmacy  undergo a  thorough examination before an
 appropriate College,  in the works of Horace,  Sallust,
 Virgil, Cicero's Orations,  first three books of Livy, Lu-
 cian's Dialogues, and three books of the Iliad. Let him,
 after  having served five years'  apprenticeship to  this
 branch of the  Profession  be  regularly examined  on it
 by the same College.
   Let Mechanics,  however well versed in their respect-
 ive  trades,  be  excluded  from   employment,  if  their
 conduct be marked by  immorality,  and a total disregard
 of the sacred injunctions of the Sabbath.   Let those who
  * The Sublime Ossian, Inspired Milton, Immortal Shakspear, Poetic Pope,
Melodious Moore, Great Byron and thousands besides kindled their Prome-
thean torch on the Splendid Altar of Roman and  Grecian Genius, and thereby
lit up a soul throughout Nature's works.  Need  I mention the salutary effects
of a classical education on those, who have been, and now are transcendently
conspicuous for their Morals, Piety,  Forensic, Medical,  Parliamentary, and
Pulpit Powers, not onlv  in this land of the Free, but in France, Spain and,
as it must be universally acknowledged, in Ireland " the Island of Saints and
of Scholars ?"
          How widely versed were they in Classic Song!
  Away then with the profane, the uncouth and illiterate, who wish  to re-
move from our affection, and the suitable recesses of Intellect, the sacred Nine,
and to have them slumber in the shade of Ignorance and would-be-philosophy.
  Such sticklers for a mere English Education shew their Beotian taste.
            I do not envy, but I must confess
            That their huge mass such  nonsense on us press. 
3?
behaved themselves  faithfully and soberly for a  certain
number of years, obtain an  honourable  and pecuniary
reward from their employers.  Such a provision ought
to extend to servants in general.  Let masters  and fa-
thers  suppress  every thing like  vanity,  or folly in the
presence of young persons.  Falsehood, Obscenity, or
improper language should never be mentioned before
them.  Their  youthful minds should be  regularly occu-
pied with the  best  histories of  Europe, of their  own
country, and with moral and  religious  works.  They
will thus insensibly acquire a taste  for  literature,  and
the Community may become eventually reformed  and
happy.  Remember,  that  domestic  examples   have a
pervading, and most impressive influence;  and  that
Nature  never  advises  one  measure, and  Philosophy
another.
  It may be proper to notice in this  place the various
kinds of Beverage, which are palatable,  and more salu-
tary than  Alcoholic preparations.
  In  this section of the  world,  the habit  of  drinking
generally  commences in Spring and  Summer, in conse-
quence  of the  excessive heat, it encreases in Autumn
and gradually becomes inveterate, until the poor victim
arrives at the  Winter, or  land's end  of life.
   Can any thing be  more absurd than  an  effort to ex-
tinguish fire with oil, or moderate  intense bodily heat
by the internal use of spirits ?   Do  we  not know  that
they contain no nutriment, and augment the irascibility
of  the  temper ?  The False staff  like  courage and
strength, which they inspire, are quite evanescent, and
uniformly succeeded by debility and  stupor.
    Their  judicious  administration is notwithstanding
 highly  beneficial, for, when our physical  energies are
suddenly oppressed, and there is a tendency to syncope,
 their salutary effects are sufficiently obvious. When the 
39
body has been long exposed to the combined action of
moisture and cold, the internal and external  exhibition
of Spirits will often break up the forming stage of fever.
The same end will be answered by Spirits of Turpentine,
Tincture of Red Pepper or Mint tea.   When these  arc
not at hand, the body should be well rubbed with a coarse
towel, or flesh brush.*  Europeans, who visit the West
Indies, and confine themselves  to pure water, know by
happy experience that they can by  this  prophylactic
means much  better obviate the oppressive heat of that
climate,  and are much less  liable to the diseases  pecu-
liar to it.
  Those who object  to its insipidity may improve it by
a dash of good cider.   This may disagree with some
constitutions,  especially where there is a Rheumatic, or
Gouty predisposition.   Immersing a red hot  poker,
or burnt toast in it will be  apt to diminish its offensive-
ness. Beer  is a good  succedaneum.   This however will
not keep in the summer for any length of time, owing
to the acetous fermentation, which is  then  so rapidly
evolved.
  This grateful  beverage   may be economically  made
 according  to the following formula.
    Take a bottle of  good porter—Treacle, or brown
sugar one pound—Spring water ten  bottles—Let them
be well mixed.  Then bottle, and after they have stood
in a cellar three or four days, loosely  corked, throw a
raisin, and a small spoonful of Ginger into each bottle.
They will  shortly be fit for use.   The Effervescing
Draught is a delicious refrigerant, and well  adapted to
remove sympathetic headache.
  Take  of Carbonate of Soda half a drachm—Tartarie
  11 We should have recourse to these first,  unless there be a crying necessi-
ty for the preceeding measures* 
10
Vcid  25 grains.—Dissolve each separately in about four
ounces of water; then mix, and take it during the effer-
vescence.   Take of Tartaric Acid 30  grains—Tartrate
and Carbonate of Soda,  each, 2  drachms—Water  S
ounces,  Mix as before.*   Take of Carbonate of Potash
half a drachm—Distilled vinegar enough to saturate it—
Spring Water G or 8 ounces—Mix them.
  Persimmon  beer  is both  pleasant and  healthy.   Wa-
ter, 3Iolasses and Vinegar constitute a palatable drink.
When the perspiration is profuse, and a sense of debility
exists, cold  water  is highly  dangerous: when  however
the thirst is distressing,  and the  skin is hot  and dry, we
may venture on a moderate use of itt   The face, hands,
and throat  internally  should  be first  washed  with  it.
When the Stomach is suddenly tilled with this fluid, im-
mediate death may  be,  and often is, the  consequence—
the tone and  strength of this  organ are  annihilated by
the direct, sedative influence of the cold liquid.  Cold
Camomile Tea is a good stomachic, and tends to allay
thirst.
         The tepid baths at night should be  our care,
         The cooling waves, at morn, our nerves repair.
         The more one drinks, the more he wants to swill
         Is true  as fate, as Jove's unerring will.
   The agricultural and labouring classes may conveni-
ently and profitably use some of these, or similar prep-
arations, all of which are much better than  liquor in its
various  forms.
   * If a second dose of this pleasant beverage,  be taken, about half an hour
 after the first, it will be sure to produce a Cathartic instead of an aperient
 effect unless indeed peculiar causes prevent such an operation.
   t After washing the hands and face, it will be prudent to  gargle with the
 water for some time, in order to detach the thick and slimy mucus from the
 mroat;  a re-action being thus established in the secret;ng vessels, and the
 alimentary canal gradually accustomed to the impression of cold, we may
 with safety indulge in a small draught. 
41
   The following recipe makes a very palatable beverage
 known by the name of Cider wine.  Its cheapness and
 comparative innocence when regulated by prudence give
 it a decided preference  to many other of the  "thin
 potations."
   Take two gallons of Molasses—one pound of bruised
 Cinnamon, and  three ounces of Logwood.   Boil  them
 in a clean brass kettle  over a slow  fire for one  hour.
 When strained pour this fluid into a barrel, which con-
 tains seven  gallons of good  whiskey and twenty-two
 gallons of sweet cider.
   Let the whole be stirred  twice a day for eight or ten
 days, then beat  up eight  eggs in a quart of fresh  milk,
 and having poured this in, bung up the barrel.   Let  it
 not be moved for three weeks.   Adding three ounces  of
 powdered Allum to  it, when racked off', will impart an
 astringency and  tartness to the wine.
   Finally  our Yeomen ought to take a pride in imita-
 ting the hardy sons of old Rome and Carthage.  Braver,
 or better men than whom  the world never saw.   Every
 Scholar knows the astonishing marches they performed,
 and  the appalling fatigues they endured  under an op-
 pressive load of arms  and  equipage.    Their   usual
 drink was  vinegar and water.
        The one-eyed chief who rived the power of Rome
         Smote her proud heart, nigh brought her to the tomb
        Such drink had used—He, as Great Nap of late
        With magic speed, in spite of better fate
        The fiery mounts had cleared, though Nature frowned
        From hoary Alps, he yet maintained his ground.
      TO CONCLUDE,
  We must have recourse to Religion.  Many through
her powerful inspiration deserted the maddening orgies,
and brutal insignia of Dissipation, and  as valorous soldi-
                          6 
48
ers of the Cross  unfurled  the brilliant banner of their
Redeeming  King.   The  Preachers of the  Incarnate
Word by their morals  and exhortations powerfully co-
operated in this glorious revolution.  What arguments
against Drinking are more intelligible, and truly irresis-
tible than  those with which the Book of Life abounds ;
particularly the Epistles of St. Paul, the inspired Prince
of Orators.
         As when from Pindus' heights the torrent roars
         And rushes reckless through the plains—then pours
         The  mountain-rocks uptorn, which scatter wide
         The work of death, on Desolation's tide.
         Wild beasts and herds and woods ingulphed lie
         The foaming vale with shrieks confound the sky.
         So He, the thunders of his Christian King
         With might terrific, wields, and low doth bring
         The towering holds of Legion—in their stead
         The  Saving Cross erects its sublime head.
More  ruinous  in its effects  than  even the  mountain
torrent is  the  life-sapping  bowl.   Transient is  the loss
from the former, which  the hand of Time can cure: but
eternal reprobation will bind in chains of fire, if we be-
lieve in Truth Divine, the devoted and impenitent toper.
   You Ministers  of Christ, you  anointed of the  Lord,
throw open the Armoury  of Heaven, put on the breast-
plate of good works, the helmet of Salvation, the Light-
ening sword, the shield of Faith,  and beat off the fiery
darts of this  Arch-fiend from the human family.   Bring
forth  the banner of Israel's Great God.  Flinch not in
the ranks of sacred  duty.   The Lord will aid you, and,
while you point out the way the truth and  the light, by
your words and deeds,  HE by the  sanctifying influence
of His  Grace, in Siloam's sacred wave, will  heal the
lost children of Debauch.
   Where are those Drunkards ?   What are they ?   Are 
43
they not robbers and worse than Madmen ?  Have we
not seen that they destroy their resources, reduce them-
selves,  their wives and children to  ruin,  misery  and
starvation ?   Do they not forever blast  their own hopes
of a glorious immortality ?  Do they not invariably shew
forth a  total wrecklessnes of religion, attack Deity, and
pull down, as far as their blasphemous impiety enables
them, the Altar and the throne ?   Does not almost every
day's Gazette bring us the awful tidings of murder per-
petrated by those incarnate demons?  Why are such
monsters permitted to stagger about,  as so  many  per-
sonified  exemplifications of depravity and hell ?   Why
do not their neighbours, why do not  their fellow-beings
rise as an insulted, and justly infuriate mass, and drive
out from among them those scape-goats of the Congre^
gat ion ?
   To see a human  creature, Co-heir of the Crucified
Jesus,  a candidate for the imperishable enjoyments of
Heaven, in  spite  of such brilliant destinies  decreed by
the eternal Godhead, cruelly mar, and  annihilate  these
prerogatives is a tragedy revolting to Humanity,  deso-
lating to Christianity, and sufficient to start the ocean
flood  of affliction from  the  all-seeing  eye  of Divinity
himself.  No wonder that He repented to  have made
man.   No  wonder that the  loving, the divine Jesus
exclaimed to his  heavenly Father  to have the " bitter
cup''' pass away.
  When He was thus  outraged by the  impiety and im-
penitence of man, Universal Nature  shuddering at the
sight of beholding her God pouring out his heart's blood
from the dignified Cross of Calvary's Mount, shrouded
herself  up in nearly all the darkness and  Chaos that
preceded the creative fiat of Omnipotence.   When the
drunkard reflects that his conduct stabs  the life-pulse of 
41
Deity,  ought he  not  immediately to stop his career.'
But no, unfortunately for him,  like another Cain, or a
Jloa^, he believes his crime  too great even for Heaven
to forgive, and tortured and torn by the lashings  of  his
Conscience,  the final suicidal  act buries him in hell!
Awful  as is the Catastrophe,  as Christians  we  must
believe it.   Even the tender, amiable, broken-hearted
partner of this deplorable  being must acknowledge it;
and O ! Merciful God, when we contemplate the vicious
imitativeness of our Nature may we not cry out, where,
Oh! where, will this contamination end?
  For  what purpose do we  host  of an  imperishable
Magna Charta,  a matchless Constitution, if Liberty be
thus insulted,  Religion  profaned,  and  Licentiousness
triumphant ?
  But  to what congratulations and gratitude are not  the
Members of the Temperate Societies indebted !   Dissi-
pation will  not  presume  to  exhaust its  contemptible
quiver  on them, for their plans founded upon  the Ever-
lasting Rock proudly brave the impotency of the attack,
and  receive the strengthening  smiles  of an approving
heaven.   Go on in  this  blessed work  of  regeneration:
you  have the goodly fellowship of Church, of State, of
Medical Science, of the Moral World to  support you.
You have female beauty and  virtue to honor you.  Your
Cause is just, it is strong,  it  must prevail, and spread a
most salutary influence not only throughout the State,
but  eventually  tear  thousands besides  from temporal
and eternal death.   Yes,  Gentlemen, persevere to the
 end and  you will  not  only  save yourselves, but your
 neighbours  as yourselves.
   Cling to  that Religion,  which is rooted  in  glory,  the
 splendid  circle,  the  powerful  watchword of the Divin-
 ity—a religion, whose lustre takes  its rise in the obscu- 
15
rity of a  rude manager, and  which like  the  studded
brow of the firmament strikes the blind skeptic with the
constellated bands  of blood-stained Martyrs, immacu-
late Virgins,  learned  Confessors, sanctified Patriarchs,
inspired  Prophets,  and  blessed  Apostles—a religion,
whose symbol forms the towering apex on the crowns of
Emperors and of Kings,  and which without any arms,
any  assistance,  but by the mere  manifestation of its
inherent power  has triumphed over Superstition, with-
ered infidelity, torn  up  the  pillars of Paganism,  and
burst upon the empire of  Mind with the true light,  and
pure waters of everlasting life.
  If young Ladies would form a Society founded upon a
solemn  determination and mutual pledge  to  discard
every Suitor, who should betray  the slightest partiality
for the bottle or gambling-table, what a moral revolution
would then present itself!  What a rich  harvest of Vir-
tue and goodness  would  then smile  on thousands of
families!
  It was thus in the olden time of your Colonial vassal-
age that the  patriotic mind  of America, unclouded by
the paralysing miasms  of Intemperance estimated her
power,  roused into formidable  action her  mighty ener-
gies, called  forth her Washington,  Moses-like,  to  lead
her sons, through  the  hardships,  the  red waves  and
blaze of the  battle array,  and  crushed  the roaring lion
in this land  of promise.
  How truly numerous and matchless are the advanta-
ges you  enjoy! What a circle  of Fame from the day-
break  of National  Independence down  to  the  present
hour has surrounded  you !  What region on the map of
the world has raised so abundant a  crop of Political and
Social  happiness ?  What means are better calculated
to preserve  it, than Temperance and  her  kindred  vir- 
4ti
i uesr  Let  not  the toilsome exertions,  and brilliant
exploits of your  fathers be in vain.  Let you then, who
unfurled the star-spangled  banner of American  Might,
who trampled  upon an  oppressive foe,  who  dissipated
the foul  emanations  of a mouldering  Monarchy that
polluted the serenity of your national sky,  henceforward
arm yourselves  with spiritual patriotism  to  battle for
your privileges, as citizens in the honourable and happy
republic of Eternity.  You have twice shewn what you
could do against temporal powers, prove now  to  your
God, your  neighbour  and the world, what nerve you
possess  in your  spiritual combat against Dissipation.
Put  on the uniform of Christian comeliness,  gird up
your hearts and  loins with uncompromising  zeal, and
you  must come off victorious.
  Thus it  is that in  the  Universal review of Nations,
when the flag of each floats in the Judgement-hall of the
most high  God,  that of America will  throw an inex-
tinguishable halo around the republican army of its
supporters.  They  are freemen, and the terror  of  Des-
pots at the  present day, and in the hour of Universal
Retribution may they be honoured with the prize  of  a
glorious immortality. 
 
 
 
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