BROWN. K ^SI!?WI!*Sfl*HBSWr$HSe?J» 38fiBS4«i£r Bffli^ SSEkSkuK ''wiS aP Wtt.£M wi1^ SSlat&l ap ^^S^feg WM 270 B877a 1883 NLM DS22mi4 7 5 OF AMERICA r NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE #EB| FOUNDED 1836 WAS HINGTON, D.C NLM052241947 fran UB*A»Y wiQNAL INSTirtTfESOFHiALl^ Transferred from the Library of Congress nr Jer Sec. 59, Oopyrurht A«t of Mch. 4, 190S to :*? v ALCOHOL,: \^ 1- ITS EFFECTS ON BODY AND MIND. BY Eli F. ^rown, M. S., M. D., Professor of Natural Science, Ind. State Normal School. Indianapolis, Int>iana: NORMAL PUBLISHING HOUSE. J. E. Sherrill, Proprietor. 1883. 1«?3 tf w '* J m o 90 6153 ,1> Gopt^Mtjfvt, 18S3, &i£ &fo cF. SSfcovuii. PREFACE The following lessons have been prepared to present in brief form definite information concerning alcohol and other stimulants and narcotics. Much space is given to the effects of alco- hol on the blood and nervous matter of the body, since it is by the deterioration of these tissues that it is so intimately and directly concerned in producing diseased conditions of the vital organs, and in affecting the men- tal powers. Much is presented also concerning the re- lation of the use of alcohol to insanity and crime. Sufficient is given in this connection to show how closely alcoholic influence con- nects itself with these mental and moral evils. An appendix is added, containing many extracts and statistics, which present much matter that could not be introduced in the body of the lessons. The author has deemed it well for his statements to be accompanied 6 PREFACE. by these corroborative opinions from eminent sources. In the preparation of the matter presented in the text of the lessons free use has been made of the works of others. The author has had sufficient experience and observation to justify his issuing these lessons for teachers and students as a work of the heart as well as of the head. If it shall prove to be an aid to the faithful, and a friend to the needy, its mission will be ful- filled. CONTENTS. Page Introduction..................................... 9 Chapter I— General Character of Alcohol.................. 16 Definition and History......................... 16 Origin......................................... 17 Fermentation.................................. 18 Physical Properties............................. 21 Distillation.................................... 21 Spirituous Liquors............................. 22 Classification of Liquors........................ 22 Chemical Composition......................... 24 Its Use in the Arts............................ 26 Its Use In Preparation of Drugs............... 27 Its Use as a Beverage.......................... 28 Adulteration................................... 29 Chapter II— Action ot Alcohol on Living Animal Tissues... 31 Drink......................................... 31 Food.......................................... 36 Heat Producer................................. 37 Effects on the Blood........................... 41 Effects on the Nerves.......................... 44 Stage of its Effects............................ 48 As a Stimulant................................ 53 As a N arcotic................................. 54 Summary of the Action on Human Tissue...... 55 8 CONTENTS. Chapter III— Action of Alcohol on the Mind................ 58 Inter-Relation of the Nervous System and the Mind........................................ 58 The Mind Affected in all its Faculties.........60 The Will Especially Affected.................. 63 The Cumulative Habit.........................65 Summary of Action on Mind.................. 66 Chapter IV— Hereditary and " Moderate Use."............... 68 Dangers of Hereditary Transmission............6S Objections to Moderate Use.................... 73 Chapter V— Alcohol as Related to Insanity, Crime and Pau- perism....................................... 78 The use as Related to Insanity and Other Ner- vous Diseases............................... 78 The use as Related to Crime ................. 81 Practical Illustrations...........................85 The Classes who use it........................ 90 Some of the Remedies.........................93 Chapter VI— Other Stimulants and Narcotics................ 97 Tea........................................... 98 Coffee .......................................99 Tobacco.......................................102 Opium........................................104 Chloral......................................108 Appendix....................................."2 Introduction. In the following chapters the effects of alcohol and other stimulants and narcotics upon the human system are set forth quite fully in order that the teacher, the student, and the parent, may thereby be provided with the information necessary to enable them to speak and act with intelligence in respect to these important substances. The following remarks are addressed personally to the teach- er of the public school, but are quite as appro- priate for the consideration of any one who wishes to realize his own best interests, as well as to secure the greatest well-being of his fellows. Surely a matter that exists so widely in the human family, and affects all of its in- terests so profoundly, cannot fail to engage the thoughtful attention of every conscien- tious and earnest teacher wrho prepares for his life work that he may perform the greatest possible service to society. To the teacher are given such opportuni- ties for excellent work, such seasons for prac- tical and enduring instruction in the right as (9) 10 alcohol; are not afforded to any other individual in the community in which he lives. The parents, however good, can reach but few beyond the members of their own family; the minister usually reaches only those who are already quite within the folds of protection; the law- yer looks more to the punishment of the law- breaker than to the prevention of evil; the physician usually looks to the healing of the sick rather than to the preventing of disease. To the teacher of the public school pre-emi- nently is it given to educate all classes, by reaching through his wholesome and persist- ent influence the growing minds of the whole community. The children of the high and the low, of the good and the evil, assemble daily in his home, the school, to receive all that can be given of excellent import from the lips and character of him, the teacher, whom the law has chosen to stand in the place of the intelligent and good parent to them all. That the teacher may realize the fruitful- ness of the opportunities thus open to him, he needs to enrich his mind and endow his pro- fessional spirit with the force that comes from a careful study of the nature and manage- ment of the great evils that beset mankind, against whose dominion education must erect efficient barriers. It is not sufficient that he know the arithmetic, the reader, and the wri- INTRODUCTION. 11 ting, and that he teach these skillfully. He must teach the children how to live, and so interest them in all things that they may live well. In order to do this the teacher must be a conscientious example of excellency, and a forcible mouthpiece of correct precept. The teacher cannot do his full duty with- out exercising his influence in behalf of tem- perance, that he may protect the children un- der his care from the dangers and misfortunes of all who unwisely yield to the use of alcohol. How he may best perform this service is a question to be settled chiefly by his good sense, the character of his school, and all the eircumstances that attend his peculiar posi- tion. In any case, at such times as may prop- erly be taken therefor, in the opening, closing, arid general exercises, definite instruction may be given concerning the nature of alcohol, the forms in which it is employed, the character of its influence upon the human system, with the consequences attending its use. In these matters positive instruction may be presented that is equal in importance to any other that can be given in any respect, and for which it is right and proper that sufficient time be taken. Such lessons may be forcibly impres- sed and illustrated by means of a few well chosen examples of the misfortunes that fol- low the use of alcohol. In no case need the 12 alcohol; teacher give offense to any one in his school, and he certainly would be careful not to offend any whose children were under his charge. It is not to be expected that parents who are addicted to the use of alcoholic beverages shall be changed in their habits. It is almost a hopeless undertaking to eradicate such prac- tices. It is quite as difficult to impress them with any sense of impropriety in their course. When one has thoroughly formed the alcohol- ic or narcotic appetite, he feels in his inmost parts that " a little alcohol is a good thing," for it gratifies his craving, it makes him "feel better." He knows it has not already killed him, and he will attribute every pain and af- fliction that he experiences to something else than to his favorite beverage. He will seek in its torpor producing power, relief from every ill. The teacher will find that some very good and well meaning people use alcoholic bever- ages freely; physicians, too, who prescribe it. These persons may be careless or may be ig- norant of the consequences. However this may be, the teacher is not to reform the adult population, but the children of these people are to be taught better things and safer prac- tices. They are certainly to be taught the dangers that lie concealed in the seemingly harmless moderate employment of spirituous INTRODUCTION. 13 liquors, and the positive evils that ensue from their general and unenlightened use. The teacher needs to reach all classes. Th& child- ren of the temperate are with him, whose par- ents will gladly have him enhance their in- fluence for good; the children of the intem- perate may be with him, as objects upon whom he should exercise the most tender and judi- cious influence, that he may offset parental example, and turn the whole current of their lives into other and better channels; the child- ren of parents who think it a good thing to ''ake a little alcohol, who habitually drink ine and beer, and who openly advocate it, re with him; these, too, are to be reached and uarded. In all cases the teacher is to realize at he has before him the need to make such rcible impression as shall direct and protect e child through all the years to come. This ust determine for him that the instruction all be adapted to the children, and of such haracter as shall fix their attention sharp- lj The teacher must employ skillful and ra- cial methods in such efforts, else his labors not prove very successful. When men learn that the general tenden- f alcohol is only to produce diseased con- dions of the nervous system and of the vital o ;ans, they will look upon it with less favor, afl find less excuse for even its moderate use. 14 alcohol; When it is known that its stimulating ef- fects are but the first stage, to be followed nec- essarily by a season of depression and inflam- mation, its use by physicians will be more guarded. When the mistaken and misleading notion that it can act as "accessory food " shall be seen in the true light of obstruction to vital processes, and incipient paralysis, it will cease to be used so extensively upon invalids, or to bloat an otherwise healthy man by the reten- tion of his own imperfectly oxidized effete matter in the vital organs of his system. When it shall be known that the most painful of human afflictions — insanity anc idiocy—follow in its shadow, grow with it strength, and flourish in its devastation, an< that crime prepares itself for riot and murde by its inflaming the passions and dethronin; the intellect and will, those true physiciaB who would prevent disease, and those tre benefactors who would prevent the infractia of law by rational means will seek to contol its use both by proper legal enactment, and y the dissemination of needful knowledge cq- cerning its character. It will become a proii- nent feature of the problem of educationto control the use of alcohol. When the teacher shall know how far ie depraved appetites engendered by it in le INTRODUCTION. 15 human body determine a weakened state of the mental and moral part, he will do all that he can to remove this physical obstruction to the dominion of reason, and he will seek to establish in all of his teachings, both in intel- lect and in morals, that proper physical basis which is found in a healthy body. The teacher can have no fellowship with alcohol. He cannot afford to use it, nor to be Iseen in the company of such persons as do. His professional skirts must be clean. He needs only to teach the plain facts of the Uibject, and to do this in the same positive fanner in which he teaches other subjects tf importance. His success will be determin- |I by the good sense of his conduct, and le force of his character and precept. Chapter I. General Character of Alcohol. Lesson I. Definition and History of Alcohol.—For th past two centuries the popular term, alcoho has been applied to a liquid produced alor; with carbonic acid by the fermentation f sugar. It is the peculiar component of il fermented liquors, and gives to them th cases' of acute pain in the stomach or other organs frequently gives relief, it " cures the pain " by rendering the parts less sensitive to irritation. This relief from pain is readily mistaken for permanent cure, whereas it is but a tem- porary insensibility. The deadening effects of alcohol upon the extremities of sensory nerves is also shown in the blunted feelings ACTION ON ANIMAL TISSUE. 47 of those who are under its influence ; such persons are quite insensible to blows, bruises, burns and such other injuries as would prove extremely painful to them under other con- ditions. The primary effect of alcohol is therefore that of paralysis of nerve extremities. It lays hold of the nerves and suspends for a time the power to feel. The nerves distributed to the small blood vessels and capillaries are in like manner affected, so that these minute tubes become relaxed and fill with blood. This is shown in the flushed skin and rise of temperature upon the surface after taking al- cohol into the system. This action on the nerve extremities is ac- companied by undue excitement of the nerve centers, the effect of which is to cause a tem- porary exhilaration of mind so that the indi- vidual feels brightened and cheered. The nerves connected with the muscles are excited so that for a brief season there is an increased sense of strength and vigor. The heart beats faster and the whole circulation is quickened. This initiatory condition is most inarked and prolonged in cases in which the alophol that is taken is limited in quantity and is greatly diluted. 48 alcohol; QUESTION S . 1. What are the purposes of the nervous system ? 2. How are the nerves arranged ? 3. How is feeling performed, and how does motion take place ?' 4. Upon what does proper feeling and power to move the body depend ? 5. How | does alcohol affect nerve sub- stance ? 6. How does it affect the nerves in a living- body ? 7. How does it render any part of the body insensible ? 8. How may it relieve internal pain ? 9. What wrong conclusion may arise from the fact that alcohol relieves pain ? 10. Why are persons under the influence of alcohol insensible to blows and other in- juries ? 11. Why do such persons have red faces and move with unsteady steps ? 12. Why does alcohol produce excitement ? Les son IX. Stages of the Effect of Alcohol. — First Stage.—The action of alcohol described in the preceding lesson constitutes what mav be ACTION ON ANIMAL TISSUE. 49 called the first stage—stage of stimulation. It is temporary ; it is marked by loss of acute feeling, by increased circulation and flow of blood to the surface and extremities, by slight rise of temperature, muscular excitement and mental exhilaration. Second Stage.—The undue excitement of the primary action is early followed by the second stage—stage of depression, varying in degree of intensity. In this stage there is slight chilliness, a fall of temperature below the normal degree, which decline in warmth continues for several hours, indisposition to muscular exertion, irritability of temper, and lack of control over words and thoughts. This condition is the natural consequence of reaction from the stimulated state of the first stage. If the amount of alcohol taken is small, and the individual is healthy and strong, this condition may not be very notice- able. If, however, the person is weak, or the amount of alcohol taken is great, the effects become decided and alarming. It is the ap- proach of this season of depression that in- cites the victim of stimulating drinks to renew the amount, hoping thereby to regain the agreeable conditions of the first action, re- gardless of the inevitable consequences that must in the end follow. It is the occurrence of this period of depression and reaction that 50 alcohol; causes one of the great dangers in medication by alcohol, in which case the weak invalid suffers fatal relapse from the over stimulation and excitement of the first stage. Third Stage.—If the amount of alcohol bo sufficiently great, farther developments of abnormal condition will be produced, and what is recognized as the third stage—stage of intoxication—will appear. In it the effects manifested in the second are exaggerated, the organs become filled with blood, and the nervous system becomes more alarmingly de- ranged. The proper action of the brain is ob- scured and the animal instincts, uncontrolled by reason, assume dominion. The vital or- gans become enfeebled as seen in the ineffi- cient respiration, and the lessened power and frequency of action of the heart. The tem- perature is decidedly lowered. All the condi- tions show a great departure from health in both body and mind. Fourth Stage.—If the consequences are still farther developed, the fourth stage—stage of unconsciousness—appears, in which the in- dividual loses all power of control, and the activity of the nervous system seems almost wholly arrested. He can not see, or hear, or feel. He lies helpless. His limbs drop heavily if lifted. The action of the heart is extremely irregular, spasmodic and inefficient, ACTION ON ANIMAL TISSUE. 51 while the slow, clogged breathing shows that the activity of the respiratory process (the most tenacious of vitality of all the vital pro- cesses) is almost paralyzed. The individual is in the last stages of temporary paralysis of the whole nervous system, and borders close- ly upon death from the narcotic effects of al- cohol. Stimulant and Narcotic.—In the stages of alcoholic action as given above there are two conditions of marked difference representing the two phases of action known as stimula- tion and narcotism. In order to study further the action of alcohol it is desirable that the terms stimulant and narcotic be defined : A stimulant is such a substance as is cap- able of expressing itself in the system by in- creasing the action of the parts upon which it operates, by causing them to put forth their own forces more energetically without their receiving contributions of matter or force from the substance causing the excitement. This spurring effect of a stimulant is its pri- mary and characteristic action. Such an ef- fect can only be temporary, and is followed sooner or latter by corresponding depression of greater or less degree, caused by the undue excitement of energy by the parts affected. The number of substances producing this ef- 52 alcohol; feet is great. It is strictly the action of a poi- son, and all poisons act as stimulants. A narcotic is a substance which expresses its influence by causing or tending to cause paralysis of the nervous system, either tem- porary or permanent. It depresses that upon which it acts. Some elevation may attend its early manifestations, but its final characteristic is depression, stupor, paralysis, and death. questions. 1. What is the character of the first stage ? 2. By what other name is it known ? 3. What is the nature of the second stage ? 4. What other name is applied to the sec- ond stage ? 5. What relation does it bear to the first ? 6. Under what circumstances are its effects not very noticeable ? 7. What danger attends the second stage in the use of alcohol as medicine ? 8. What is the character of the third stage ? 9. What common term is used to name the third condition ? 10. What is the fourth stage ? ACTION ON ANIMAL TISSUE. 53 11. What indicates the extreme dangers of the third and fourth stages ? 12. What is a stimulant ? 13. What is a narcotic ? Lesson X. Alcohol as a Stimulant.—-The views of phy- siologists are somewhat conflicting concern- ing the influence of moderate quantities of al- cohol on the nervous system. It is true also that its influence is not uniform with different persons. There is little doubt, however, that usually it. does temporarily give additional tone and vigor, and acts as a stimulant to both the nervous and muscular systems; that it probably does this by no addition of matter or force from itself, but rather pro- duces this excitement by whipping into action forces already existing; 'that temporary mus- cular and mental vigor attend its action ; that there is for a short time increased circulation and added warmth of the surface ; that it ex- ercises a decided influence upon the nutritive processes, and a inarked effect on the disas- similation of tissues. To an individual in health there can be no doubt that the stimulating effects as here in- dicated are needless, and that they cannot in the end prove beneficial. 54 alcohol; Its influence as a stimulant is indicated only with invalids in such cases as those in which there is temporary nervous shock or exhaustion to be relieved, or acute and deplet- ing waste of tissue to be arrested. Its use is questionable even in these cases by reason of the reaction that may follow, and the inflam- mation of the nervous system that may ensue. Surely no one, save a very skillful and con- scientious physician, is competent to adminis- ter it in any case. Whether in health or in disease its action is deceptive, in that, the person subject to its influence thinks he is cured of his pain be- cause insensible to it, that he is stronger by reason of his borrowed stimulation, that he is happier and brighter by the inflammation of his nerve centers. " Whosoever is deceived thereby is not wise." Alcohol as a Narcotic.—The stimulating ef- fects of alcohol as just described are essential- ly the primary action of the substance, and are limited to its use in small quantities. Following stimulation there are narcotic in- fluences of greater or less degree. The use of alcohol in large quantity, or in small por- tions frequently repeated is invariably suc- ceeded by narcotic depression, tending to pro- duce inflamed nervous condition, mental and ACTION ON ANIMAL TISSUE. 55 physical torpor, low temperature, organic dis- ease, and death. The degree of such depres- sion is determined by the amount of alcohol administered, and the susceptibility of the in- dividual to alcoholic action. The use of alcohol in which the narcotic effect is in the least degree appreciable is un- questionably evil. There is no difference of opinion among physiologists on this point. SUMMARY OF THE ACTION OF ALCOHOL ON HU- MAN TISSUES. 1. In very dilute form and in limited quantity it usually acts as a temporary ner- vous and muscular stimulant. 2. In other than small quantities it speed- ily acts as a narcotic poison. 3. It fails to act as proper food or bever- age. 4. It holds tenaciously to the fluids of the body and affects most those tissues that are in large part of water. 5. It causes separation of the components of the plasma, and renders the corpuscles of the blood less efficient in conveying oxygen and carconic acid, thus reducing directly the oxidation throughout the body, and the prompt elimination of waste matter. 6. It primarily increases the flow of the blood to the surface and extremities and 56 alcohol; causes a slight rise in temperature, followed by long continued reduction in temperature. 7. Its use in health is at all times needless and non-beneficial. Its use in ill-health is rarely indicated, and is at all times highly questionable. 8. Its general effects are those of deterior- ation of blood, arrest of vital changes, obscur- ation of nervous and muscular action, and the establishment of positive morbid appe- tite. que stion s. 1. What is true of the views of physiolo- gists concerning small quantities of alcohol ? 2. How does it act in limited quantities ? 3. How does it cause stimulation ? 4. Do those persons who are in health need it ? 5. When may an invalid need it ? 6. Who should decide, and who adminis- ter it ? 7. In what respects are its actions decep- tive ? 8. When does it act as a narcotic ? 9. What do physiologists think of using it so that narcotic effects are produced ? 10. In summarizing its effects on the tis- sues when does it act as a stimulant ? action on animal tissue. 57 11. When is its action that of a narcotic? 12. What parts of the body suffer from its effects ? 13. How does it affect the blood ? 14. How does it affect the temperature ? 15. What is its general influence ? Chapter III Action of Alcohol on the Mind. Lesson XI. The Inter-Relation of the Nervous System and the Mind.—The relation of the nervous system to the activity of the mind is such that whatever affects the condition of one will produce corresponding manifestations in the other. In general it is true that when the nervous system is in its highest condition of healthfulness and vigor, then is mental action most clear and forcible ; it is then that right judgment and self-control exercise most nearly complete dominion. On the other hand, when the nervous system is deranged by disease, inflammation, or congestion, it fails to perform its delicate and complex functions, as a result of which men- tal activity is undecided, confused and unre- liable, while the power of right understand- ing and of self-direction are limited and in- adequate. (58) ACTION ON THE MIND. 59 The deranged physical conditions of the nervous system produced by the effects of alcohol, as set forth in preceding lessons, manifest themselves in well-marked mental obliquities, varying much in their peculiar form of expression in different persons, but agreeing in them all in the fact of general deformation. The stimulating effects heretofore men- tioned are due to an inflammation of the ner- vous centers, which produces mental excite- ment of undue and unreliable character. Under this exhilaration the individual may be buoyant and jovial ; he may imagine him- self strong or wealthy ; he may fancy himself agreeable, generous and honorable. It is usually painfully evident to all observers that he does not judge of himself correctly—that he is full of self-conceit. With some persons the primary effects are such as to render them ex- tremely silly ; with others to cause them to grow stupid ; while still others become furious and violent. In all cases there are unmistak- able evidences of confusion of intellect and loss of understanding. The degree of de- parture is necessarily dependent upon the pe- culiar constitution of the individual, and the amount and frequency of stimulation. The narcotic effects of alcohol usually show a corresponding mental depression and 60 alcohol; loss of control, productive of excitement or stupor. The Mind Affected in all of its Faculties.— Whatever may be the exact nature of alco- holic action upon the nervous system, or whatever may be the relation of the nervous system to the mind, the general effects of alcohol are such as are sooner or later seen in (1) a confused and faulty perception of sensa- tion, and the inability to think * rightly; (2) the memory becomes less clear and reten- tive ; (3) the imagination is unrestrained; (4) the grasp of the intellect and the power to reason are enfeebled ; (5) the finer sensibili- ties are blunted, (6) and there is less power of self-control, together with less expression of respect for self or for others. Under alcoholic influence complete inver- sion of mental action frequently occurs, so that those who, when free from its effects, are kind and gentle, become cruel and destruc- tive ; the tender and thoughtful turn cross and desperate ; the refined and delicate grow coarse and vulgar. The mental activity is in- variably abnormal in some degree or form, it is without exception ultimately weakened in force, and its manifestations are less refined. That the sensibilities of the mind are blunted is quite as evident and important as that the intellect is clouded and weakened. ACTION ON THE MIND. 61 As the sensory fibers of the nervous system are partially or wholly paralyzed, so the finer sensibilities of the mind are dulled, so that the individual fails to perceive the more deli- cate and refining influences that control him while free from the presence of alcohol, and in the degree that these lose their dominion he is given over to the sway of his animal in- stincts and passions. The finer feelings of body and mind are paralyzed together. The sensibilities first to be obscured are the last acquired by education and culture. The individual first ceases to be refined, polite, considerate and chaste. He then de- scends into selfishness, vulgarity and brutal- ity, until he is fully exhibited in his unculti- vated and savage form. This descending scale of degradation of feeling is evident to any one who will observe the steps of trans- formation as they are exhibited in a single case of intoxication in another. Watch how such a person passes from the kind friend or genteel acquaintance through the stages of silliness, rudeness, selfishness into the dis- gusting conditions of brutal gratification and drunken insensibility. The same degrada- tion is more widely illustrated in the changes that are shown in the transformation of the character of the habitually temperate and re- 62 alcohol; fined gentleman to the habitual and unre- strained drunkard. The deadening effects upon the sensibili- ties are likewise manifested in the conduct of the habitual, though "moderate" drinker, in his carelessness of consequences, his depre- ciation of personal example, his growing sel- fishness and disregard of family, his unrefined associations, his constant repetition of the act in seeking gratification of appetite behind screened doors and windows, his gradual loss of self-respect and confidence, and his ex- treme irritability at criticism and advice. QU E STIONS. 1. In what respect are the nervous system and the mind closely dependent and re- sponsive ? 2. What are some of the causes that ren- der the nervous system unable to perform its functions ? 3. How does stimulation by alcohol affect the mind ? 4. What are some of the evidences of ita influence ? 5. Upon what does the degree of effect de- pend ? 6. How do the narcotic effects of alcohol result ? ACTION ON THE MIND. 63 7. How fully and deeply is the mind affected ? 8. What are some of the radical changes that occur ? 9. How are the sensibilities affected ? 10. What forces are first to give way ? 11. HowT is the individual finally exhibited ? 12. How may one observe these changes ? 13. What changes of similar character are seen in the growing habits of the drunkard ? 14. How does the " moderate " drinker show lack of proper sensibility ? 15. Why does alcohol affect the whole mind ? Lesson XII. The Use of Alcohol Especially Affects the Will.—The most positive and alarming con- sequences of the demoralizing influences of alcohol on body and mind a*-e manifested in the dethronement of the will, and the direct tendency to establish a morbid and ungovern- able narcotic appetite. As already stated, the judgment and understanding are impaired, and the sensibilities are blunted by the action of alcohol. These influences determine that the will to direct and control must be weak- ened. In all moral action a clear knowledge 64 Alcohol; of what is right, and a keen sense of propriety and duty, have much to do in determining de- cisive action of the will. That the power of the will is diminished is indicated in the in- ability to control the voluntary muscles, in the ungoverned thoughts and words, in the unre- strained feelings, and the lack of strength to resist additional drinking. In connection with this tendency to weaken the mental powers, there is the ten- dency of alcohol, as with every other narcotic, to establish for itself an irresistible physical craving—the narcotic appetite. The constitu- tion of the body is such that it tends to adapt itself to the conditions imposed upon it, and the nervous system, once excited and nar- cotized, tends to seek such influence again. Repetition establishes such demand. Nothing is more certainly determined either in body or mind than the tendency to habit—the dis- position to act again as it has acted before under similar circumstances. Tendency to habit is in opposition always to the dominion and independence of the will, so that the user of alcoholic beverages, by successive drinking, more and more surely loses the power to con- trol himself through the activity of the will, and more certainly prostrates himself before a morbid and ungovernable appetite that is rapacious in its demands and marvelous in its ACTION ON THE MIND. 65 growth. Every narcotizer will realize this thraldom sooner or later and find his will hopelessly inadequate to express itself. The Cumulative Habit.—That the habit should be cumulative in character is evident from the nature of alcoholic action. That de- pression follows exhilaration, creates the temptation for the repetition of the stimulat- ing draught, while the benumbed condition of the nervous system demands that the second and subsequent amounts shall be greater and greater in order that the desired effects of stimulation shall be produced. The basis of cumulative habit is consequently dis- covered in the paralyzing influence of alcohol on the nerve extremities and centers. By de- grees the nerves thus affected become degen- erated in structure and inefficient in action, so that ultimately a permanent abnormal con- dition is induced. It is a well established law of the organism that it shall manifest this state by a physical craving for the usual lethal dose, which dose must be increased in quantity as the nervous structures grow less sensitive to its influence. It is by such action as is here indicated that the thoughtless drinker is unintentional- ly led from the first mild glass to the depths of a senseless drunken spree. It is by the growth of such habit that the moderate 5 66 alcohol; drinker usually goes on drinking oftener, drinking more, until he becomes hopelessly powerless to control the appetite that leads him to certain ruin. When to this physical degeneracy the cor- responding mental dethronement is added, which is seen in the impaired judgment, the unrestrained imagination, the blunted sensi- bilities and weakened will, the growth of the narcotic appetite as so familiarly manifested ceases to be marvelous and becomes a natural consequence of the most certain character. SUMMARY. 1. Alcohol acts as a foreign agent while circulating in the blood, paralyzing nervous sensibility, imparing muscular control, lower- ing temperature and diminishing atomic and molecular changes in the tissues. 2. It produces temporary mental exhilara- tion followed by depression. 3. It causes, without exception, loss of self- control, blunted sensibility, and weakened will. 4. If its effects are often induced it pro- duces a morbid or diseased organic condition, especially manifested in the nervous system connecting the stomach and the brain, so that by this derangement a narcotic appetite is en- ACTION ON THE MIND. 67 gendered, which by its demands often over- powers the strongest and most cultivated in- tellects and the most sacred and determined pledges. 5. Its derangement of the physical organi- zation and its dethronement of mind, result in the rapid development of the cumulative habit. QUESTIONS. 1. What are the most alarming effects of alcohol on the mind ? 2. What indicates its effects upon the will? 3. What tendency has every narcotic ? 4. What tendency have the body and mind as regards former actions ? 5. What is meant by narcotic appetite ? 6. What is meant by cumulative habit ? 7. What is the basis for cumulative habit ? 8. What causes the increased appetite with the " moderate " drinker ? 9. Why is not this increase in appetite strange ? 10. What is the summary of the action of alcohol on the mind ? Chapter IY, Heredity and "Moderate Use." Lesson XIII. Dangers of Hereditary Transmission of Alcoholic Tendencies.—From the most ex- tended observation it is evident that alcohol produces a diseased condition in the system of any person who frequently induces its stimulating and narcotic effects. This condi- tion involves the nervous system in particular, the vital organs, the character of the blood, the process of tissue building, and the elimi- nation of waste matter. These results, if fre- quently repeated, become chronic or perma- nent, and perpetuate themselves by reason of the craving that attends their existence. Intimately connected with these deeply seated physical derangements on the part of him who uses the narcotic, there is the ex- treme liability, if not the necessa/y tendency, (68) HEREDITY AND " MODERATE USE." 69 to transmission of such conditions from par- ent to offspring. The potent forces which in this manner warp the whole being of the par- ent can not prove exceptional in the action of the immutable pathological laws of genera- tion. It would seem of necessity to follow that the same tendency to reproduce its kinds, which through the selections governing the reproduction of the human family preserves the physical and mental characteristics that perpetuate race distinctions; which continue the marks of tribes and families; that deter- mine that the child shall be like its parents in form, complexion, tastes, mental traits, and characteristic tendencies to health or disease as notably seen in the hereditary tendency to scrofula, consumption, syphilis and other pro- found physical and mental deformities, must reproduce in the offspring of the habitual narco- tizer the hereditary tendency to narcotize. There is no possible escape from the universal law of generation of like kind, which determines the structure and character of every organism in existence, from the lowest vegetable to the highest animal form, and expresses with cer- tainty the conditions and nature of its origin. There can be no doubt that a physical state in the parent so marked as that induced by alcohol is sufficient to manifest itself in the offspring through the action of such law. 70 alcohol; The well-observed phenomena attending the production of children from parents dis- eased by alcohol are sufficient to prove the correctness of the conclusions stated above. It is an unquestioned fact that they do more frequently than other children manifest a dis- position to use narcotics ; that while this ten- dency may lie dormant or latent for a gener- ation or more it may break out with violence in subsequent generations ; that while it may not manifest itself in immediate inclination to the use of alcoholic drinks, it may alternate with consumption and insanity, which have their pathology determined by like condition of disease of nervous and vital centers; that at times it shows itself in proneness to crime by reason of inactive sensibilities, and in still other cases it takes the form of the most hopeless conditions of idiocy. Every experi- enced physician will confirm the statements here made, and can furnish cases which have come under his notice sufficient to establish their truthfulness. The statistics of reform schools and of institutions for feeble-minded children contribute evidence which goes far to establish the same truth by showing a large portion of their number to be the offspring of the intemperate. A single astonishing in- stance is here presented : In the examination of the parentage of three hundred idiotic HEREDITY AND "MODERATE USE." 71 children in Massachusetts a few years since, one-half the number were found to be the off- springs of parents, one or both of whom were intemperate. Of the other one-half the line- age was not certain. In one case there were seven idiotic children in a family in which both parents were habitually intemperate. It is not possible to recognize definite re- sults of transmission in every particular case. It must be true that every variety and degree of definition of expression will result from the infinitely different circumstances attend- ing the origin and subsequent development of such offsprings, and yet enough is derived in the aggregate to determine that such dan- gerous consequences are general, and that he who habitually narcotizes himself shall with- out exception shadow forth his habit both in his own physical and mental condition and in the constitution of his offspring. This transmission of evil consequences is not limited to the use of alcohol, the law is general and must prove true of every such substance as affects profoundly the constitu- tion of the body and mind. That the law, or tendency, is quite decidedly demonstrated in cases of other narcotics adds materially to the force of the conclusions as regards alcohol. The fact that the increased number and violence of nervous diseases that seem to be 72 alcohol; working the physical degeneracy of the race keep pace with the increasing general use of stimulants and narcotics of all kinds, lends added force and importance to the connection which the narcosis of parents bears to the production of enfeebled constitutions of off- springs. question s. 1. What is meant by hereditary transmis- sion ? 2. Why is it likely that diseased conditions by alcohol may affect the next generation ? 3. What does observation show to be true ? 4. In what various forms may the evils of transmission be presented ? 5. What do the statistics of reform schools and institutions for feeble-minded children show. 6' What astounding truth wras shown con- cerning idiocy ? 7. Why is it not possible to recognize the effects of transmission in every case in which parents are intemperate ? 8. What is stated as true of other nar- cotics ? 9. How is the increase of nervous diseases' related to the use of narcotics and stimu- lants ? 10. Other things being equally favorable heredity and "moderate use." 73 would you "expect the children of intemper- ate parents to excel in healthfulness and mental power those of the perfectly temper- ate parents ? Lesson XIV. Objections to the Moderate Use of Alcohol.— The greatest number of those who employ alcoholic beverages do so in what is popularly termed " the moderate use " of alcohol, that is in such limited quantities that the decided evidences of intoxication do not appear. These persons drink wine and beer, in which forms the alcohol is greatly diluted. It is -nevertheless for the sake of the alcohol that these beverages are used, and because, too, of the direct influence of this article on the ner- vous system. The evidences of morbid appe- tite and habit are manifested by the moderate drinker of spiritous liquors and the devotees of wine and beer. With many such persons, as are here indicated, the opinion prevails that a "little alcohol is a good thing." To him who has established the alcoholic habit in his system, even to a very limited degree, this notion is very forcible, since the alcohol grat- ifies his craving and produces the temporary pleasures he seeks. However impressive this idea may be to the mind of the moderate 74 ALCOHOL; user, and however loth he may be to grant the possibility of its incorrectness, it is one against which the determinations of science are directly opposed. The physiological objections to the habit- ual employment of alcohol in small quanti- ties have already been given. They are here explicitly re-stated that there may be no doubt as to their nature and their application. First.—Alcohol is universally classed as a poison, the effects of w7hich are, invariably, decidedly marked when it is used in large quantities. The " moderate use " is but the limited application of that which is poison- ous. A poison is such a substance as will, when introduced into the S3Tstem, produce, or tend to produce, conditions ultimating in dis- ease or death. The well-known tendency of alcohol to produce morbid condition of the vital organs, and especially to arrest the func- tions of the nervous system in every degree from incipient paralysis to death, places alco- hol in the list of poisons. Secondly. — By its disposition to cause morbid state of vital organs, notably in the structure of the brain, heart, arteries, kidneys and liver, the "moderate use" of alcohol con- tributes directly to the establishment of vari- ous chronic diseases that owe their existence to the physical degeneracy of one or more of HEREDITY AND "MODERATE USE." 75 these great organs. So intimately are inflam- mation and- organic derangement associated with the action of small quantities of alcohol upon these organs that it is an exceptional case in which the moderate drinker is a per- fectly healthy person. Not only are those who use alcohol regu- larly more subject to painful chronic diseases, but they are from the same physiological causes more subject to such diseases as pre- vail in epidemics. Zymotic diseases make their chief ravages among those whose sys- tems are under the influence of alcohol, even if the amount used be very moderate. The disorganization of the blood, faulty oxidation throughout the body, the weakened vital or- gans, the suppressed eliminations of waste matter, determine that such constitutions are less able to resist diseases than are those whose vital organs and processes are vigorous and effective. Thirdly.—The mental faculties are not permanently augumented by alcohol, but are in the end enfeebled, so that by the moderate use both the physical and mental powers of endurance and resistance are diminished. Fourthly.—The "moderate use" of alco- hol is but the first stage of morbid and cum- ulative habit. Fifthly.—From these consequences the 76 alcohol; moderate user may apparently escape injury to himself yet his offspring suffers the dangers of hereditary transmission of narcotic appe- tite, nervous weakness and organic disease. Added to these objections there is the plain truth that the " moderate " use if not injurious is needless, and the example is evil, since thereby others less prudent, or whose powers of resistance are less strong, may be caused to suffer. When to the dangers of cumulative habit, and liability to transmission to offspring, the moderate drinker adds his endorsement and example, the habitual use is inexcusable. QUESTIONS. 1. What is meant by "the moderate use" of alcohol ? 2. Why does the moderate user drink wine or beer ? 3. Why does the moderate drinker think " a little alcohol is a good thing ? " 4. What is a poison ? 5. Why is alcohol classed as a poison ? 6. Is it likely that the moderate use of a poison can be beneficial ? 7. How does the moderate use of alcohol lead to chronic diseases ? 8. Are the users of alcohol generally healthy persons ? HEREDITY AND "MODERATE USE." 77 9. How does the use of alcohol prepare the body for the inroad of zymotic disease ? 10. What objection to the moderate use of alcohol on account of the mental powers ? 11. Who usually have the strongest, clear- est minds ? 12. What is liable to follow the moderate use ? 13. What is true of the example of the moderate drinker ? 14. Whose children are safest ? * Chapter Y. Alcohol as Related to Insanity, Crime and Pauperism. Lesson XV. The Use of Alcohol as Belated to Insanity and other Nervous Diseases.—That alcohol acts in all cases as a brain poison, affecting the con- stitution of the matter of the brain, and pro- ducing diseased conditions of its tissues, re- lates its use closely with such physical' de- rangements and mental aberrations as consti- tute insanity. It is now generally believed by physiologists that insanity is in all cases due to diseased nervous conditions,-or to faulty cerebral nutrition, and that all nervous afflic- tion exhibits corresponding mental derange- ment. The mental defects heretofore stated as produced by the action of alcohol, namely loss of understanding, perversion of sensibil- ity, and most of all a weakening of the power RELATED TO INSANITY AND CRIME. 79 of self-control, are immediately in the direc- tion of insanity. There can be no doubt that persons whose nerves are partially paralyzed by its action, and whose vital processes are deranged by its presence, and whose minds exhibit the departures just stated as the re- sult of its force, are far more liable than oth- ers to be strongly affected by the causes, mor- al or physical, that serve as the immediate agents in producing insanity. Intoxication is, itself, temporary insanity, and so closely are the conditions of the origin and manner of manifestation of this tempor- ary and voluntary insanity akin to those of a permanent and involuntary character that it is not surprising that a confirmed state of mania frequently results from the repetition of the causes that produce intoxication. The statistics of the causes of insanity as exhibited by various asylums in England and America indicate that intemperance is one among the greatest. An examination recent- ly made by a Commission of Lunacy, in Eng- land, extending over a period of sixteen years, resulted in the judgment that sixty per cent. of the cases of insanity in that country are due to the intemperate use of alcohol. Ex- aminations made by various superintendents of asylums in the United States warrant the estimate that at least one-half of all the cases 80 alcohol; of insanity have their origin or predisposing cause in the influence of alcohol and other irritants upon the nervous system. In addition to the tendency of intemper- ance to serve as a cause of insanity, it is held by some of the most eminent students of ner- vous diseases that intemperance, insanity, and consumption may alternate with one another by transmission in the successive generations of a family ; the two first in such cases are due to inherited cerebral diseases, and the last to constitutional and organic weakness. It is also held to be true that insanity and consumption abound most greatly in those sections of country in which alcoholic bever- ages are most extensively used. It is certainly true from the vital statistics of the last half-century in the United States that the alarming increase of nervous and or- ganic diseases of every character, and their accompanying mental disorders of which in- sanity is one of the chief, is in direct ratio with the increased and more general use of the various stimulants and narcotics, of which alcohol is the most powerful. QUESTIONS. 1. Why is alcohol classed as a brain poi- son? 2. What is insanity? RELATED TO INSANITY AND CRIME. 81 3. What is the opinion of physiologists as to the cause of insanity? 4. Why does alcohol act as a predisposing cause of insanity? 5. How does intoxication resemble, in- sanity? 6. What condition frequently follows re- peated intoxication? Why? 7. What do the statistics of England show? 8. What is the estimate for the United States? 9. What diseases are related to insanity by transmission ? 10. What diseases are shown to be on the increase in the United States? 11. How is this increase in certain diseases related to the increased use of stimulants and narcotics? Lesson XVI. The Use 'of Alcohol as Related to Crime.— Every right action involves (1) a proper knowledge of what is required; (2) a feeling of obligation to perform ; (3) an exercise of the will in choosing and causing to do. These three elements are not necessarily consciously manifested, but close analysis may discover them in every right act. 6 82 alcohol; In all acts {that are criminal the absence of one of these elements is evident: (1) either he who commits the crime lacks proper intelligence of the relation that his action bears to others or to himself, or is willfully negligent in obtaining and exercising such knowledge, or, (2) he is wanting in the sense of duty to do what he knows is right ; or, (3) he fails in the essential force of will, neces- sary to his self-control and direction. This condition constitutes the negative basis of wrong action—that of ignorance, neglect, blunted sensibility, or impotency of will. The positive foundation of crime is found (1) in a knowledge that the act is wrong ; (2) in a desire to commit evil; or, (3) in the choice and exercise of will to do it ; in this case there is the decided intention to do wrong. In the light of this exposition of the na- ture of crime it is not difficult to ascertain how the influence of alcohol upon the human system leads, or tends to lead, directly to the commission of evil, and to account for the la- mentable truth that by its general and unen- lightened use it constitutes the greatest of all causes of crime. It is particularly noticeable that under its influence an individual loses his powers of judgment and understanding, so that he no longer appreciates the rightfulness or wrong- RELATED TO INSANITY AND CRIME. 83 fulness of his actions, nor the consequences that follow from his deeds. Although such a person may seemingly know what is right he ceases to care for it, and is indifferent to all appeals from others in this respect. The tendency of alcohol to paralyze the nervous system so that pain is no longer read- ily perceived, and to obscure the more deli- cate and refining sensibilities of the mental part, on the one hand, together with the in- flaming character of alcoholic beverages upon the animal passions, on the other hand, put the individual in the very condition that fa- vors evil action. Nothing is more potent to inflame the passions than wine and other alcoholic beverages, so that it is not an un- common thing for one who is kind when sober to be dangerous and vicious when in- toxicated. On the other hand the rough and brutal person is never transformed by their influence into a more gentle and amiable be- ing. In the ways just indicated alcohol helps men to be wicked. When to the obstructed intellect and excited baser propensities, there is added the serious consequences upon the will as seen in the inability for self-control, it seems to follow as a necessity, in the very nature of the case, that one who is under al- coholic influence would be more disposed to wrong than right action. 84 alcohol; This theoretical consideration is abundant- ly illustrated in the universally observed dis- position of the intoxicated man to commit evil, so that others need to be on their guard against his actions ; and in the generally con- ceded opinions of disapprobation and shame that attach to such indulgences. In the legal, as well as in the moral mind, drunkenness is itself a crime. Opposed to this general tendency to evil there are no exceptional cases of inclination to goodness. Men never ascribe their excel- lencies and virtues to alcoholic influences. Alcohol is never employed with the ends of virtue in view. While, as has been stated, the influence of alcohol is held by all experienced judges to be one of the chief causes of crime, the law recognizes intoxication as no excuse for crime, for if it did all crime might thereby prepare for its commission, and fortify for its defense. Hence the law holds the criminal responsible for his acts, though they are often committed without proper judgment as to the conse- quences, while under alcoholic influence. The crime is committed in the act of drink- ing, by which means the individual voluntar- ily sets aside the humanity of his nature and lets himself loose uncontrolled upon society with his intellect blunted and his passions in- flamed. RELATED TO INSANITY AND CRIME. 85 QUESTIONS. 1. What are the elements of right action ? 2. What is the nature of a wrong act ? 3. What constitutes the positive phase of wrong doing ? 4. How does the influence of alcohol rank among the causes of crime ? 5. How do the effects of alcohol upon the system prepare men to do evil ? 6. What is true of the effect of alcohol on the base propensities ? 7. What changes does intoxication invar- iably produce in a person ? 8. Why do others need to be on their guard concerning the behavior of one who is under alcoholic influence ? 9. How does intoxication stand before the law? 10. Why not excuse the intoxicated man for his criminal actions ? 11. In what does the real crime of the in- toxicated person consist ? Lesson XVII. Practical Illustrations of the Relation of Alco- holic Influence to Crime.—It is not necessary to enumerate many of the practical illustra- tions of the nature of alcoholic influence as 86 alcohol; related to crime, for they are usually painfully familiar to persons of even limited observa- tion. It is well known that those communities in which alcoholic liquors are freely consum- ed are comparatively riotous and disorderly, and that in them the institutions designed to exercise an elevating and refining influence on society are powerless and ineffective. Wherever and whenever intemperance pre- vails crime is most abundant. The most dangerous parts of a city are those portions in which alcoholic liquors are most used. In such parts life is not safe, nor is virtue esteemed. All police reports indicate that rows and riots are usually incited and perpetuated by intoxication. That the sale of alcoholic beverages is regulated by license, and made subject to cer- tain regulations, and that they are banished from orderly public assemblages, characterizes their nature as dangerous. There are no comprehensive statistics showing the proportion of cases of crime that are due to alcoholic influence, the following statistics, obtained from various sources, are, however, sufficiently suggestive: Of 14,315 inmates of the Massachusetts RELATED TO INSANITY AND CRIME. 87 prisons 12,396 are reported as intemperate, or 84 per cent. At Deer Island House of Industry (Bos- ton), of 3,514 committals 3,097 were for drunkenness, or 88 per cent. In the New Hampshire State Prison sixty- five out of ninety-one were intemperate, or 72 per cent. The warden of the Rhode Island State Penitentiary estimates 90 per cent, of the in- mates of his cells to be drinkers. The Philadelphia County Prison Report for 1871 states that of the 13,171 committals 9,038 were for intemperance, or 75 per cent. In the city of Philadelphia for the year 1870 there were thirty-four murders, each traceable to intoxication, and 121 assaults to murder, proceeding from the same cause. Of 38,000 arrests in the city for the same year 75 per cent, were for the same reason. The Citizens Association, of Pennsylvania, estimate two-thirds the cost of crime to be due to intoxication. The grand jury, of Philadelphia, after careful examination for one month, showed that nine-tenths of all the cases entered were due-to the use of alcoholic beverages. For the nine years extending from 1860 to 1869 there were 1,500 convicts sent to the Western Penitentiary of Pennsylvania, of 88 alcohol; which number 911 were users of alcoholic bev- erages. In the city of New York, for the year 1868, there were 98,861 arrests, of which number 50,844 were for intoxication and disorderly conduct. In 1871, out of 75,692 arrests, 34;694 were for the same cause. An extended summary, lately made by competent persons, covering all the states of the United States, places the cases of crimQ caused by the influence of alcohol at certainly not less than 70 per cent, of all cases entered for prosecution. In cases of murder the effect of alcohol is judged to apply directly in no less than nine- tenths of the cases. In the case of six murderers recently con- fined in jail, at Indianapolis, waiting trial, all were either habitually , intemperate, or wTere under the influence of alcohol at the time of the commission of their crime. In the Indiana Reformatory for Women a majority of the persons sentenced to the in- stitutions for crime have used alcoholic liquors, and of the girls admitted a majority are from families in which one or both of the parents are addicted to the use of intoxicating liquors. In the Indiana Reform School, for juvenile. offenders, a majority of the boys are from RELATED TO INSANITY AND CRIME. 89 homes in wdiich one or both parents are in- temperate. The items given in this lesson justify the statement that fully three-fourths of all the crime at present committed is due to the direct influence of alcohol on the human system. Many judges of long experience in criminal courts place the estimate at nine- tenths. QUESTIONS. 1. How generally does alcoholic intoxica- tion appear to be associated with commission of crime ? 2. Why are certain parts of a city more dangerous than other portions ? 3. Where does disorder abound ? 4. What do police reports indicate ? 5. Why is the sale of alcoholic liquors regulated by license ? 6. Why is their sale limited by certain re- strictions ? 7. Why is the free sale and use of such beverages not permitfed in public assemblies, on election days, and like occasions of public gathering ? 8. What do prison reports show ? 9. What do reform schools show to be true? 10. What conclusion is warranted by the statements given in the lesson ? 90 alcohol; Lesson XVIII. The Classes that Use Alcohol.—Connected with this undoubted relation which the use of alcohol bears to crime there are other consid- erations of importance. By examination it will be found that far the greater portion of the crime indicated as due to excessive use of alcohol, is committed by those who are illiter- ate, and whose associations are evil. Crime is not generally committed by the educated, nor by persons whose lives are cast in pleasant places. The intelligent persons who use alco- holic beverages are not so greatly disposed to the excesses that result in intoxication and violent disorder. A few years since an inves- tigation was made under the direction of the National Teachers' Association to determine the efficiency of education as a preventive of crime. The report states that in Pennsyl- vania one-sixth of the crime is committed by the wholly illiterate, who constitute one-thir- tieth of the population ; and that one-third of the crime is by the practically illiterate ; that the proportion of criminals among the wholly ignorant is ten times as great as among the classes who have been instructed in the elements of a common school education and beyond. While alcohol must bear its great burden of criminal offense, it is evident that it is the RELATED TO INSANITY AND CRIME. 91 use of it by the ignorant and uncultured that leads to its great production of crime. There is a large class of consumers of alco- hol who are intelligent and " well-to-do." They more frequently avoid the evils that en- sue from the use of excessive quantities; they are less often habitual drunkards ; with them insanity does not so frequently follow; they are not in so many cases led by its clouding and inflaming influence to commit crime. Their greater intelligence guides them in their pleasures and guards them against excess. At the same time their sufficiency of income usually enables them to sustain the expense of indulgence without suffering. There is another class of alcoholic con- sumers who are less enlightened, and whose lot it is to endure hard labor as the means of making a living. With some of these want and habitual drinking go hand in hand—their poverty a result of their intemperance and their immoderate habits, a result of the lack of those physical comforts and social pleasure that the more fortunate and cultivated class enjoys. With some of this class the truth is illustrated that when men fall below a certain point of physical comforts they grow more and more desperate, and as they find less of refining pleasures they seek chiefly sensual enjoyments; to them alcoholic stimulation 92 alcohol; affords a temporary season of exhilaration and excitement, so that habits of intemper- ance are frequently formed in seasons of want and distress, which the individual would not acquire under more favorable cir- cumstances, and which by reason of their wastefulness and degradation the more surely bind him down in misfortune. It is not unfrequently the case that the in- temperate person is one who is closely shut in for hours in the dark mine, or who wears out his nerve and muscle in the long day of the factory or shop, or who serves in the drudgery of unattractive day-labor. He finds alcoholic stimulation pleasant. It gives temporary re- lief to his worn system, and illumines his mind with fancy. It is not remarkable that some of these laborers are frequently disposed to spend their evenings or their holidays in the bright lights and convivial associations of the saloon and'the bar-room. The undue strain of brain and muscle caused by hard la- bor, and the lack of proper means of social enjoyment and rational amusement, impel them to seek relief under circumstances that too often induce intemperate habits. This class of persons are usually less intelligent in their use of alcohol. They are by the nature of the case more often led into excess. Dis- order more often results among them. The RELATED TO INSANITY AND CRIME. 93 waste of their hard-earned daily income keeps them ground down to relentless labor, with no hope of rising into the ranks wherein more sober and enlightened enjoyments minister to the desires. There is still another class of consumers. They are not intelligent; they do not work; they mingle the evils of ignorance, idleness, want, disease, intemperance and crime into such an inseparable association of dependence that it is impossible to recognize any one of these conditions as the cause of an other. It is with this class that society has most to do as paupers and criminals. They are the fre- quenters of the dens of vice, they are the loafers, thieves, and rioters of the street. They are the miserable beings whose ordinary abiding places are the saloons, the gutters, and the station house. By all of these unfor- tunate beings alcoholic drinks are sought for as the most desirable of all enjoyments, and they will spend their last cent for a glass of whisky or beer, while wife and children beg for bread or die of neglect. Some of the Remedies that May be Applied.— It may not be out of place to suggest some of the remedies that may be employed. For the last class of consumers the surest and most speedy relief for all parties concerned would come by legal prohibition and restraint from 94 alcohol; the use of alcohol, and the supply of reason- ably profitable labor to such as can not other- wise obtain it. The children among such classes unques- tionably deserve the protecting hand of the law to take them from such surroundings and influences, and to secure to them their right to the wholesome care of the enlightened and earnest teacher. Other places of entertainment and attrac- tion ought to be provided for them who are worn in body and mind, and who will leave their homes to seek amusement and relief, and who find the saloon and the " drinking garden " the most inviting places open to them for the evening or holiday. For this purpose the city or town needs the— Public library and reading room. Public night school and lecture. Public concert and drama. Public coffee-house. Public gymnasium and games. Public baths and parks. Places such as these ought to be open at the least possible expense, and at all times of evening and on holidays. They ought to be kept in the most inviting condition, and be administered in the most liberal and cheerful spirit. When public charities and temper- ance reform learn to adapt their efforts and RELATED TO INSANITY AND CRIME. 95 forces to the demands and tastes of the classes they would benefit, efficient means of prevention, substitution and gratification will be devised. For the rising generation among all these classes the things needed are protection of rights and an abundance of useful informa- tion. They need to be incited to live above evil, and especially need such instruction as shall guard them against the dangers of alco- hol. The hope of the future is in the educa- tion of the children of the present. If it is true that crime is committed in ten times as great a ratio among the illiterate as among persons having even elementary education, it would seem that the best way to rid society of criminals would be to cease to raise them. The most important problems of society are the ways and means of effective education of the masses. In the darkness of ignorance hide the most dangerous foes to human wel- fare. que stion s. 1. How is illiteracy related to crime ? 2. What ratio of criminals are illiterate ? 3. With intelligent persons what is gener- ally true of the effects of alcohol ? Why ? 4. Why is it different with the less intelli- gent ? 96 alcohol; 5. What seems to impel the worn laborer to seek pleasure in alcohol ? 6. Does he thereby make his lot better, or make it worse ? 7. What is the lowest class of persons who are addicted to the use of alcohol ? 8. How is alcohol esteemed by them ? 9. What is probably the best remedy for the last mentioned class ? Why ? 10. What right have the children of this class ? 11. What might be done to substitute more wholesome attractions to the second class mentioned ? 12. What attractions can you suggest that are not given in the text ? 13. What is the best thing to do for the rising generation ? 14. How is the best way to rid the world of criminals ? 15. What institutions beside the school are engaged in educating the masses ? 16. What plan have you for the suppres- sion of the evils growing out of the use of alcohol ? Chapter YI Ouier Stimulants and Harcotics. Lesson XIX. The effects of tea, coffee, tobacco, opium, and chloral upon the body and mind are in their true character so closely allied to the action of alcohol that it seems necessary to append to the foregoing discussion a brief statement of their nature. This examination seems needful since their use is so very com- mon, and so little attention is given to their influence other than to suppose that their ef- fects, if not beneficial, are at most so benign that they may be tolerated. All of these substances tend to produce a narcotic appetite showing that their true na- ture is not that of a proper food. To persons addicted to the use of alcohol any and all of these substances are grateful, and in them is found a partial substitute for alcohol. There (97) 98 alcohol; is little doubt that in their general and ex- travagant employment may be found one of the principal causes of dyspepsia, organic disease, irritability and mania. The alarming in- crease of apoplexy, paralysis, epilepsy, insan- ity, consumption,heart disease, and other grave disorders is in keeping with the increased general use of these substances, together with alcohol. In the appendix may be found a condensed statement of these parallel in- creases. Tea.—When taken in the mild form in which it is usually employed as a diet-drink, tea disturbs most readily those systems which are much reduced below the healthy condi- tion by fatigue or disease. Its immediate ef- fects are usually to produce pleasant exhila- ration and a sense of restfulness. This pri- mary stage is due to the stimulating influences of the active principle, thein, and the astring- ent property of the tannic acid, of which tea contains much. The action of each of these is that of a medicine, and not that of a food or drink. The first |stage is followed by cor- responding depression of the nervous system, and affliction of the mucous membrane of the alimentary canal. If an exceedingly strong solution of tea be employed it produces decided discomfort in the stomach, with intense craving and sense OTHER STIMULANTS AND NARCOTICS. 99 ot sinking and emptiness in that organ; pal- pitation of the heart is engendered; the action of the diaphragm is eufeebled, causing a sense of suffocation; the face is flushed; the eyes grow singularly brilliant; and the men- tal powers are confused. The whole condition shows an intoxication not unlike that pro- duced by alcohol. In the later stages the ex- tremities become cold and wet with clammy sweat, resisting all attempts to warm them, while chilliness invades the spinal region. Continued use of tea in strong solution causes violent headache, weakness of vision, un- steady gait, tendency to convulsions, craving and indigestion, with enfeebled action of the heart. The temper of the mind, in sympathy with the physical condition, becomes peevish and irritable. In ordinary doses tea has no appreciable effect on the amouut of carbonic acid exhaled, nor on the frequency of respiration and the pulse. When the diet is insufficient it limits the loss by weight. Tea diminishes the loss in urea, in foeces and in perspiration. Coffee.—The primary effects produced by coffee are very similar to the action caused by tea—increased exaltation of the nervous sen- sibilities and increased circulation. After continued use of excessive quantities the 100 alcohol; effects are sleeplessness, headache, coldness of extremities, indigestion and constipation. That coffee is a powerful narcotic is evi- dent by its universal use as an antidote to the whole list of vegetable poisons, including bel- ladonna, opium and tobacco. A strong solu- tion of black coffee is resorted to in all such cases. " The effects of coffee," says an eminent authority, " are such as to raise the action of the nervous and vascular systems, and at the same time to arrest the decomposition of tis- sue. Its stimulating effects and protraction of metamorphic destruction of tissue are due to the active principle caffein, and the essential oils of the beans. Caffein in excessive quan- tities produces rigors, derangement of the uri- nary organs, and a peculiar inebriation and delirium." " In the use of tea and coffee," says an- other, " we get the chief cause of the greater prevalence of the nervous diathesis, soured/ and peevish nature, and incompatability. Here, too, we see the parentage of organic headache, gastralgia, functional and organic heart disease,'the continued fear and fact of paralysis so frequently met with, and the in- ception of the tobacco and major appetites." Physiologists are agreed that it is needless to use either tea or coffee. They are gener- OTHER STIMULANTS AND NARCOTICS. 101 ally uniform in their opinion that their use is injurious. questions. 1. What substances of common use are in their nature allied to alcohol ? 2. What shows that they are not proper foods? 3. What afflictions are probably traceable to their action ? 4. How does tea affect the individual when it is taken in ordinary strength ? 5. How does very strong tea act ? 6. What are the effects produced by coffee ? 7. What is a sufficient evidence of the power of coffee ? 8. What is the opinion of physiologists as to the use of tea and coffee ? 9. Is it probable that substances possess- ing their properties can be beneficial as foods ? 10. Is it not probable that such substances by their general use will produce disease ? 11. May not the use of such substances pre- pare the way for stronger narcotics ? 102 alcohol; Lesson XX. Tobacco.—Medical writers without excep- tion designate tobacco as a poison. Its poi- sonous property is due to the active principle, nicotia, which in its free state is capable of producing death sooner than any other poison excepting prussic acid. Animals to which it is administered die of spasms in a few min- utes. Their blood after death is not coagula- ble, the same condition exists after death from other poisons. When tobacco is taken into the mouth the nicotia is absorbed by the mucous membrane and enters the blood, producing nausea, vomiting, prostration, fainting, and cold clam- my sweats. If it is smoked the same result ensues. If it is moistened and applied to the skin it produces like effocts. Children have been killed by its application to the head in diseases of the scalp, and by injection. By all physicians it is regarded in any of its forms as too dangerous a narcotic for common use. It is employed only in lock-jaw and a few other extreme afflictions. By its use in any of the ordinary forms in which it is so generally consumed the follow- ing evil effects are produced: 1. The alimentary canal suffers by the to- bacco that is swallowed with saliva, producing debility and loss of tone in the stomach, fail- OTHER STIMULANTS AND NARCOTICS. 103 ure of appetite, indigestion and constipation. 2. The heart, by its close relationship to the stomach and nervous system, is affected. Irregularity and palpitation are frequently produced. Twenty-four per cent of inveterate tobacco users show irregularity of heart action. The tendency with tobacco, as with alcohol, is to produce fatty degeneration of the heart. Tobacco is undoubtedly an active agent in causing the increase in heart and artery dis- ease. These cases are generally incurable and inevitably fatal. 3. The blood shows the effects of tobacco in its increased fluidity and resistance to coag- ulation. In this result the tobacco acts direct- ly toward killing the blood. 4. The brain and nerves are necessarily affected, when it is remembered that the con- stant flow of one-fifth the blood to the brain is required for its proper support. The vitiat- ing effects of so violent a poison as tobacco in the blood, together with the disorganized con- dition of the blood must be evident. By such injury to the healthful action of the brain the tobacco causes nervousness, languor, uneasy sleep, depression and debasement of intellect and moral energy. 5. Like alcohol it generates a narcotic ap- petite, before which the strongest wills give way and yield an absolute slavery, equalled 104 alcohol; only by that which drinkers yield to alcohol. Tobacco has the following therapeutic properties: "A powerful nervous and arterial sedative, rapidly producing in those unaccus- tomed to its use great nausea and vomiting, great muscular relaxation, feeble pulse, ver- tigo, stupor, cold clammy skins, convulsions, and death from syncope. A very dangerous remedy." que stion s. 1. How is tobacco classed by all medical writers ? 2. How does it rank among poisons ? 3. How does it affect the alimentary canal ? 4. What is its influence on the heart's action ? 5. How does it change the blood ? 6. What effect has it upon the brain and mind ? 7. What is true of the tobacco appetite ? 8. Can there be any doubt of the evils of its use ? Lesson XXI. Opium.—Opium has been used for hun- dreds of years to produce its peculiar intoxi- cation. The great increase in recent years in OTHER STIMULANTS AND NARCOTICS. 105 the habitual use of it by the people of this country, and the threatening character of its greater prevalence and alarming injury war- rant a brief examination of the article in this connection. Opium is the dried juice of the capsules of the white poppy. It is chiefly raised along the Ganges river, along whose banks, alone, a region estimated at 600,000 acres is devoted to poppy culture. In 1872 the value of the crude drug imported into the United States per an- num was $2,000,000. During the following ten years the importation increased, so that in 1882 it was near $4,000,000, while the pop- ulation increased in that time only about thirty-five per cent. This shows a decided in- crease in the general consumption of the article. The quantity necessary to supply the demand in 1882 was about 400,000 pounds. This amount is employed in two ways: (1) in preparation of medicines, some of which are almost invaluable, and (2) in the habitual use by chewing and smoking. Opium owes its intoxicating property to the active principles in its chemical composi- tion, the chief of which is the alkaloid—mor- phia. This element constitutes about ten per cent of the imported drug. The most com- mon medicinal forms of opium are: 106 alcohol; Tinct. of opium or laudanum, 13 mins.=i gr. of opium. Elixir, or deodorized tine. 11 " =1 " Wine of opium, 8 " =1 " Vinegar-opium,or black drop,6^" =1 " Camphor'd tine, of opium, or Paragoric elixir, 272 " =1 " The physiological and therapeutical effects of opium are represented by morphia. Its action on the system presents two stages: First.—Excitement and stimulation. Second.—Narcotism. Small doses produce slight mental exhila- ration, usually of a quiet and dreamy charac- ter, with increase of pulse and slight rise in temperature. This stage may last for several hours and pass into quiet sleep. The awaking is usually accompanied with headache, nausea and lassitude, varying with the dose and the individual. By increase of the dose the first stage is shortened and the subsequent sleep is more heavy, and it finally deepens into coma. The pulse and respiration grow slow and fee- ble, the face becomes pale, and the skin is wet with cold perspiration. If the dose is sufficient the sleep ends in death. It is impossible to state the fatal dose with accuracy, so wide are the limits fixed by age, habit and peculiarity of constitution. Chil- dren are particularly sensitive to the poison- ous effects of the drug. It is employed in medicine as a cerebral OTHER STIMULANTS AND NARCOTICS. 107 stimulant. Its paralyzing effects cause it to relieve pain. Neuralgia and spasmodic pain disappear by its influence even under very moderate intoxication. Its great value lies in its power to render the sufferer insensible to pain and to give such repose as may permit the recuperation of the body from intense in- flammation, or permit the performance of criti- cal surgery. In the hand of the conscientious and skillful physician or surgeon it becomes one of the greatest of blessings. The great evils and dangers that attend its use are found in its habitual employment by persons who seek its stimulating and narcotic effects as do the tobacco and alcohol devotees the influence of their articles. Its peculiar effects exercise such a seductive potency over the individual as to bind his will in the same abject slavery that marks the use of tobacco and alcohol. It fixes a narcotic appetite by rapid growth. So great is the danger of establishing the taste and habit that skillful physicians are careful with opium, as with alcohol, to disguise the drug and to limit its use to the least possible quantity. The evils that ensue from its habitual use are manifested upon the nervous system and the digestive apparatus. The symptoms of its poisonous effects are loss of appetite, vomit- 108 alcohol; ing, pain in stomach, obstinate constipation and diarrhea, loss of strength, unsteady gait, pain of limbs, sluggishness of mental action hallucinations, and inebriation resembling de- lirium tremens. As a cerebral poison opium ranks next be- low alcohol. The scale stands in the follow- ing order : tea, coffee, tobacco, chloral, opium, alcohol. QUESTIONS. 1. What is opium ? 2. How great is its use in the United States ? 3. In what ways is it employed ? 4. How does opium affect the body and mind ? 5. If the dose be large what is the result ? 6. What gives it its value in medicine ? 7. What constitutes its great danger? 8. What is true of the opium appetite ? 9. How does it rank as a cerebral poison ? 10. Why do physicians disguise it ? Lesson XXII. Chloral—Chloral is derived from alcohol. It is produced either from alcohol or ether by oxidizing these substances so as to form aide- OTHER STIMULANTS AND NARCOTICS. 109 hyde, which is then treated with chlorine gas to form chloral. Pure chloral is obtained by treating absolute alcohol with chlorine. Chloral consists chemically of two atoms of carbon, one of hydrogen, three of chlorine and one of oxygen. Its symbol is C2 H Cl3 O. In the form of the hydrate, as used in medicine, it is a white, transparent, crystal- line, solid, very soluble in water. When it is added to an alkaline solution it is converted into chloroform, and a formiate of the alka- line metal present. Such is the chemical change that it is supposed occurs when chloral is introduced into the blood, by which hyp- notic action is produced. The most marked physiological property of chloral is its power to produce sleep, hence it is eagerly sought for by the sleepless, and the debauchees of narcotics fly to it for their desired nepenthe. It is quickly absorbed up- on being introduced into the system, causing profound sleep, which is often prolonged for hours. Like the narcotic effects of alcohol its influences are directed immediately toward suppressing the vital organs—the nervous sys- tem is paralyzed, the respiration and circula- tion are retarded and the temperature is low- ered, Under its influence victims may pass for dead and yet recover; the application of external warmth appears to be the chief care 110 alcohol; to be exercised for the recovery of those who are prostrated by its influence. In common with all narcotics it kills when it has full play. The same craving for it is readily engen- dered that marks the habitual use of the other narcotics and intoxicants. The classes who are the most disposed to form the habit are (1) persons who begin by taking it to relieve pam; (2) such as seek its effects to produce sleep; (3) individuals who are extremely nervous. The growing practice of its use on the part of these and other classes is proving injurious to their mental, moral and physical life. Its use leads to con- firmed disease as follows: the digestion is im- paired, the natural tendency to sleep is lost; the blood loses its plastic properties and its capacity for oxidation is reduced; the secre- tions are depraved; the nervous system loses its regulating power; the muscles become un- steady; the heart grows intermittant; and the mind excited, uncertain and unstable. So se- ductive are its influences, and so uncertain the fatal dose that suicide not unfrequently unintentionally occurs from its use. Certain it is that its influences are so decided and pow- erful that its habitual use is very dangerous. It is only a medicine, and has no safe use other than in the hands of a wise physician OTHER STIMULANTS AND NARCOTICS. Ill at whose command it may prove to be a bless- ing, whereas otherwise it may prove to be a curse. QU ESTIONS. 1. What is chloral ? 2. How formed ? 3. What is its action on the body and mind? 4. What danger in its use ? 5. How are persons led to form the habit ? 6. How does it resemble other narcotics and intoxicants ? 7. How does it produce confirmed disease ? APPEHDIX i. Dr. Austin Flint, Jr., of Bellevue Hospital Medi- cal College of New York, says: " Alcohol notably di- minishes the exhalation of carbonic acid and the dis- charge of the excrementitious principles, particularly urea. It diminishes the activity of nutrition, and if long continued, the assimilative power of the system becomes so weakened that the proper quantity of food cannot be appropriated and alcohol is craved to supply a self-gener- ated 'Want. The organism may in many instances be re- stored to its physiological condition by discontinuing the use of alcohol.....These effects are too well known to the physician, especially in hospital practice, to need farther comment, .... It is not proved that alcohol en- ables men to endure a very low temperature for a great length of time. This end can be accomplished only by an increased quantity of food." 2. Dr. Wm. B. Carpenter, Examiner in Physiology and comparative Anatomy in the University of London, says: "The use of alcohol in combination with water and with organic and 6aline compounds, in the various forms of fermented liquors, deserves particular notice, on account of the numerous fallacies which are in vogue respecting it. In the first place, it may be safely affirmed that alcohol cannot answer any one of those important purposes for which the use of water is required in the system; and that, on the other hand, it tends to antagonize many of those purposes, by its power of precipitating most of the organic compounds, where solution in water is essential to their appropriation by the living body. Secondly, the ingestion of alcoholic liquors cannot supply any thing which is APPENDIX. 113 essential to the due nutrition of the system; since we find not only individuals, but whole nations, maintaining the highest vigor and activity, both of body and of mind, with- out even employing them as an article of diet. Thirdly, there is no reason to believe that alcohol, in any of its forms, can be directly subservient to the nutrition of the tissues, for it may be certainly affirmed that, in common with non-azotized substances in general, it is incapable of transformation into albuminous compounds; and there is no sufficient evidence that even fatty matter can be gener- ated in the body at its expense. It is quite true that some persons who consume large quantities of fermented liquors become very fat; but the material for this fat is probably derived in part from the disintegration of the tissues; the hydro carbonaceous matter in the system being prevent- ed from undergoing the combusttve process to which it would otherwise be subject, by the superior affinity for oxygen, which alcohol possesses. Much of the fatty deposit in intemperate persons has the character of fatty degeneration; the tendency to which is very marked in persons of this class. Fourthly, the alimentary value of alcohol consists merely in its power of contributing to the production of heat, by affording a pabulum for the respira- tory process ;but for this purpose it would be pronounced on chemical grounds to be inferior to fat; and the results of tha experience of Arctic voyagers and travelers is most decided in regard to the comparative low value of alcohol as a heat producing material. Fifthly, the operation of alcohol upon tne living body is essentially that of a stimu- lant; increasing for a time, like other stimuli, the vital activity, and especially that of the nervo-muscular appar- atus, so that a greater effort may often be produced in a given time under its use, than can be obtained without it; but being followed by a corresponding depression of power, in proportion a6 the previous excitement has been greater. Nothing therefore is in the end gained by its use; which is only justifiable where some temporary emergencies can only be met by a temporary augmentation of power, even at the expense of an increased amount of subsequent 114 alcohol; depresssion; or where it affords aid in the introduction of aliment into the system which nothing else can so well supply. These exceptional cases, however, will be less numerous, in proportion as due attention is paid to those other means of promoting health, which are more in accordance with nature." 3. Dr. W. B. Carpenter states further: "The physi- ological objections to the habitual use of even email quan- tities of alcoholic liquors, rest upon the following grounds: First, they are universally admitted to possess a poisonous character, when administered in large doses; death being the 6peedy result, through the suspension of nervous power, which their introduction into the circulation in sufficient quantity is certain to induce. Secondly, when habitually used in excessive quantities, universal experience 6hows that alcoholic liquors tend to induce a morbid condition of the body at large, and especially of the nervous system......Thirdly, the frequent occurrence of chronic diseases of the same character, among persons advanced in life, who have habitually made use of alcohol- ic liquors in 'moderate' quantities, affords a strong proba- bility that they result from a gradual perversion of the nutritive processes, of which that habit is the cause. Thi perversion manifests itself particularly in the tendency to 'fatty degeneration' of the muscular substance of the heart, of the walls of the arteries, of the glandular substance of the kidneys and liver, and of many other parts; and this gives rise to a great variety of forms of disease...... Fourthly, the special liability of the intemperate to zymotic diseases, seems an indication that the habitual ingestion of alcoholic liquors tends to prevent the due elimination of the azotized products of the disintegration of the sys- tem, and thus to induce a fermentable condition of the blood. Fifthly, extended experience has shown that not- withstanding the temporary augmentation of power which may result from the occasional use of fermented liquors, the capacity for prolonged endurance of mental or bodily labor, and for resisting the extremes of heat and cold, as APPENDIX. 115 well as other depressing agencies, is diminished rather than increased by their habitual employment. On these grounds the author has felt himself fully justified in_ the conclusion, that, for physiological reasons alone, habitual abstinence from alcoholic liquors is the best rule that can be laid down for the great majority of healthy individuals; the exceptional cases in which any real benefit can be de- rived from their use, being extremely few. 4. Dr. Alden, of Massachusetts, says: "On every or- gan they touch, ardent spirits operate as a poison. No- where in the human body are they allowed a lodgment, until the vital powers are so far prostrated that they can- not be removed. They are hurried from organ to organ, marking their course with disturbance of function, until at la6t they are taken up by the emunctories of the system and unceremoniously excluded. * * * There is no such thing as a temperate use of spirits. In any quantity they are an enemy to the human constitution. Their influence upon the physical organs is unfavorable to health. They produce weakness, not strength; sickness, not health; death, not life." 5. Dr. B. W. Richardson, says: "Much craving for one thing is the most certain sign of a mad mind. When the physiological tr.'th is understood, that what is called 'stimulation' or excitement, is in absolute fact relaxation, a partial paralysis of one of the most prominent mechanisms in the animal body, the minute, resisting, compensating circulation, we grasp quickly the error in respect to the action of 'stimulants' in which we have been educated, and obtain a clear solution of the well-known experience, that all excitement, all passion, leaves after its departure, few- ness of heart, depression of mind and sadness of spirit. We learn, then, in respect to narcotics, that the temporary excitement they produce is at the expense of the normal animal force, and that the ideas of its being necessary to resort to them, that they may lift up the forces into true, firm and even activity, or that they may add something 116 ALConoL; useful to ihe living tissues, are errors as solemn as they are widely disseminated." 6. Dr. Felix Oswald says: "There is no bane in the South American swamps, no virulent compound in the North American drug stores, chemistry knows no deadliest poison, whose gradual and persistent obtrusion on the human organism, will not create an unnatural craving after a repetition of the lethal dose—a-morbid appetency in every way analagous to the hankering of the toper after his favorite tipple. Swallow a teaspoonful of laudanum or a few grains of arsenious acid every night; at first your physical conscience protests by every means in its power; nausea, gripes, gastric spasms, and nervous headache warn you again and again, and the struggle of the digestive organs against the fell intruder, convulses your whole system. But, you continue the dose, and Nature, true to her highest law, to preserve life at any price, finally adapts herself to an abnormal condition—adapts your system to the poison, at whatever cost of health, strength and happiness. Your body becomes an opium-machine, an arsenic mill, a phy- siological engine, moved by poison, and performing its vital functions only under the spur of the unnatural stimu- lus." 7. Dr. Hayes, the Arctic Explorer, says: " While fresh animal food, especially fat, is absolutely essential to the inhabitants and travelers in Arctic countries, alcohol is not only completely useless but positively injurious. I have known the most unpleasant consequences to result from the injudicious use of whisky for the purpose of temporary stimulation, and have also known strong, able-bodied men to become utterly incapable of resisting cold in conse- quence of the long continued use of alcoholics." 8. Dr. Frank H. Hamilton, in writing concerning an experiment in the army of the Potomac, in giving to each soldier one gill of whisky per day, because of the great hardship and exposure to which the army was at one time exposed, says: "It is earnestly desired that no such APPENDIX. 117 experiment will ever be repeated in the armies of the Uni- ted States. In our own mind, the conviction is established by the experience and observation of a life, that the regular routine employment of alcoholic stimulants by man in health is never, under any circumstances, useful. We make no exceptions in favor of cold, or heat, or rain, nor, indeed, in favor of old drinkers, when we consider them as sol- diers." 9. Dr. Wm. Jay Youmanssays : " It is to the nervous system and especia'ly to its great centre, the brain, that al- cohol is first attracted after it has entered the circulation. It is to all intents and purposes a cerebral poison." 10. Dr. Dodds, of England, says : "Writers on Medi- cal Jurisprudence rank Alcohol among narcotic-acrid pois- ons, of which small quantities, if repeated, always prove more or less injurious, and the morbid appearances seen after death occassioned by ardent spirits exactly agree with those which result from poisoning caused by any other substance of the same class." 11. Dr. Muzzey, of Ohio, says : "That alcohol is a poison to our organization, is evident from observation .....What is a poison ? It is any substance in what- ever form it may be, which, when applied to a living sur- face, disconcerts life's heal'hy movement .... Such a poison is alcohol; 6uch in all its forms, mix it as you may. It is never digested and converted into nourishment." 12. Dr. James Edmunds, of England, 6ays : " We have a great horror of arsenic and fifty other poisons ; while the fact is, that all these things are a mere bagatelle in relation to the most direct, absolute, immediate, and cer- tain poisonings which are caused by alcohol." 13. Dr. Yellowlees, Medical Superintendent of the Glamorgan County Asylum, England, says : "With the single exception of hereditary predisposition, intemperance is by far the most fruitful of all the causes of brain disease, and even hereditary predisposition is often but another 118 alcohol; name for parental intemperance.....It is surely within the truth to say that half the existing cases of insanity are due directly or indirectly to this social curse. . . . No vice is more hereditary than intemperance." 14. Dr. Shepherd of Colney Hatch Lunatic Asylum, Bays : " Forty per cent, of those who were brought into the asylum, during the year 1876, were the direct or indirect victims of alcohol." 15. Dr. B. W. Richards, says. "Not one of the transmitted wrongs, physical or mental, is more certainly passed on to those yet unborn than the wrongs that are in- flicted by alcohol." 16. Dr. S. Wilkes, physician to Guy's Hospital, Lon- don, says : "To my mind the most important question in therapeutics at the present day is the value of alcohol in dis- ease. If it be said that its frequent use is an evidence of its po- tency, this is the more reason why its administration should be watched with the extremest care. So wedded, however, are some to the idea of the absolute necessity of stimulants, that they have expressed almost incredulity when they have heard it stated that fevers terminate favorably without them. Young persons with typhus and typhoid fevers do far better, I believe,'without them. That they make good recoveries on simple milk diet, is a fact which my hospital cases prove, and which no argument can gainsay ; and on the other hand I have seen a marked improvement take place in some cases where a stimulant has been left off. It is also a fact that in bronchitis I have repeatedly seen improvement after stimulant have been omitted, and as regards heart disease, I am convinced that the; mountof mischief done is immense. In case of fevers and bronchitis the weak pulse is often but an indication of extreme capil- lary congestion, and a stimulus to the heart often aggra- vates the evil, and in case of a diseased and weak heart, when repose is indicated, a constant stimulation by alco- hol adds immensely to its trouble. APPENDIX. 119 It causes me daily surprise to observe that the effects of stimulation are overlooked. Often have I been called to see a patient apparently dying, some times of a nervous disorder, at another time of a liver complaint, and at another of heart disease. He lies on the bed where he has been for some time, kept alive (as it is said) by brandy ; the breath is abominably fetid ; the heart's action is so rapid that it is impossible to say whether the organ is diseased or not; the patient refuses food, or if this be taken, it is rejected, and so he is plied with brandy to keep him alive ; the body is, in fact, saturated with spirit or its elements. My first remark on seeing such a case is, that a man cannot live on alcohol; he must take some food or he will die. The correctness of such common-sense re- marks is admitted, but qualified with the statement that no solids can be taken, and that if stimulants be omitted it is feared that the patient will sink. It is assumed that the constant administration of brandy is necessary for tempo- rary maintenance of life, and the idea never seems to have been conceived that the stimulation of the heart causes the weak, fluttering pulse, and the stimulation of the stomach a subacute gastritis. Doyou ask mewhatmethod I adopt? The simplest possible. I withdraw every drop of the stimu- lant, and in a few hours the irritated stomach is partly res- tored to its normal condition, the nervous excitement abates, the patient takes a little food, and begins to mend. Doyou ask, again, whether I do not fear any frightful results from the sudden withdrawal of the stimulus? I say, not the least; I have no fear of the consequences. Not of delirium tremens? Not in the least. This is a disease not induced by the withdrawal of stimulants, but on the contrary, is produced by a recent debauch. For the production of delirium tremens, the patient must have been such an habitual tippler as to have weakened his brain, and must have had an over- dose of the stimulant to set up the disease. There are no facts to show that the withdrawal of the accustomed drink is attended with any evil results, although I know that an imaginary fear of this kind leads to an 120 alcohol; erroneous method of treatment—the plying the patient with a stimulant during the violence of the attack, the effect of which is to prevent or prolong the cure. Rest and repose, with the avoidance of stimulation, is the treatment which the patient requires. I repeat that there are no facts to show that delirium tremens is pro- duced by the withdrawal of stimulants ; whilst it is a fact, as I could illustrate by many cases, that nothing but ^ood, results from its absolute discontinuance in the desperate cases to which I have alluded. * * * \ nave seen repeatedly, where alcohol has induced palpitation, flut- tering, great distress, and constat t sleepless nights, but where, on the other hand, the withdrawal of the spirits has been of the most essential service. The administration cf a stimulus, in the attempt to overcome disease, in lieu of good and well-tried remedies, evinces the very worst form of medical scepticism with which I am acquainted." 17. Dr. Henry Maudsley, of England, says : "As phy- sicians we cannot afford to lose sight of the physical aspects of mental states if we would truly comprehend the nature of mental disease and learn to treat it with success. The metaphysician may, for the purpose of speculation, separate mind from body, and evoke laws of its operation out of the depth of self-consciousness; but the physician who has to deal practically with the thoughts, feelings, and conduct of men ; who has to do with mind, not as an ab- stract entity concerning which he may be content to spec- late, but as a force in nature, the operations of which he must patiently observe and anxiously labor to influence, must recognize how entirely the integrity cf the mental functions depend on the integrity of the bodily organization —must acknowledge the essential unity of body and jnind. To set forth this unity has been the chief end i"n these lec- tures, because I entertain a most sinoeie conviction that a just conception of it must be at the foundation of a real advance in our knowledge both of the physiology and pathology of mind." 18. Dr. N. S. Davis, of Chicago, says "The law must recognize the important fact that inebriation is tem- APPENDIX. 121 porary insanity, caused by the morbid effect of a physical agent on the brain and nervous system. Instead of arrests, petty fines, and temporary imprisonments in police stations, bridewells, etc., ending only in a further demoralization and speedy return to the dram shop, the law must provide well- appointed asylums, in which the victims of alcoholic disease can be legally placed, until, by the combined influence of correct instruction, abstinence, productive labor, and proper medication, the disease and morbid appetite are effectually removed. Such a change in the management of drunken- ness would speedilly work other changes of vital import- ance to society. Alcoholic drinks, becoming directly associated with the idea of disease and mental alienation, in the public mind, would speedily come to be universally regarded in their true light, as debilitating to body and mind, instead of tonic and life sustaining. This would necessarily be accom- panied by a corresponding change in the language of the physician at the family fireside, and in the phraseology adop- ted in the press and the current literature of the day. Such a change would do more to discourage dram-drinking, and all its direful consequence*, than all other measures combined. We hope, therefore, that all friends of the cause will give to this subject all that thought and patient inves- tigation which its importance demands." 19. Dr. Edward Jarvis, of Mass., in an article upon the relation of education to insanity, says: "Intemperance is another cause of much insanity. About 10 per cent, of all stated are said to arise from this vice. This happens more among the poor and ignorant in a civilized society. Savages are protected from this cause of insanity simply by their want of opportunity ; but in cultivated communi- ties the means of intoxication are more accessible and ob- tainable ; few are so poor as to be unable to obtain then., and it is noticeable that tlie poor are the most addicted to this indulgence, and furnish thereby a great portion of the victims of lunacy..... We are irresistibly drawn to the conclusion that insani'y is a part of the price that we pay for the imperfection of our civilization and incompleteness of 122 alcohol; our education. . . . Our children will be required to pay the same price until all men, women and youths shall be educated to know the law of their being, and to feel and sustain their responsibility for the faithful management of the brain and mind, and the other organs and functions intrusted to their care." 20. E. D. Mansfield, in an article on the relation be- tween crime and education, says : "The evidence upon the intimate relation of crime and ignorance is clear, complete and ample. It may be comprised in two general proposi- tions : First, That one-third of all criminals are totally uned- ucated, and that four-fifths are practically uneducated. Secondly, That the proportion of criminals from the illiterate class is at least ten told as great as the proportion from those having some education. * * * Against this fact some one will reply that a large number of crimi- nals are intemperate, and therefore we may attribute to in- temperance a large number of the crimes we now attribute to ignorance. True, if these were parallel cases, but they are not. In the first place, a large number of the intem- perate are such from want of education, and especially from want of moral and religious training. We see a great many educated people (that is commonly educated) who are intemperate, but they seldom commit crime. Secondly, many of those committed to prison have become intemperate on account of previous criminal and vicious habits. We give the following examples of the traits of prisoners in regard to temperance and intemperance, in some of the principal prisons, viz : Intitution. Temperate. Intemperate. Northern Indiana Prison....... 105 104 Iowa State Prison.............. 122 15S Minnesota State Prison ........ 41 46 Illinois State Penitentiary....... 672 743 Kentucky State Penitentiary___ 814 Ii<>33 Detroit House of Correction.. . .3,045 5>655 Total.....................4,799 7,739 APPENDIX. 123 SUMMARY. Temperate.................................38 per cent. Intemperate................ ...............66 per cent. 21. From the United States Census of 1870, and the reports of officers, the following points are selected to show the magnitude of the traffic in alcoholic liquors: Manufacture. No. of establishments. Product per annum. Distilled liquors......... 719 $36,191,133 Malt liquors............1,97- 55,706,643 Vinous liquors.......... 398 2,325,238 Total.............3,089 $94,223,014 Commissioner Delano in his report for 1869, says: "In the absence of reliable data to fix the annual con- sumption of distilled spirits, we are left to conjecture, Were I to express an opinion on this subject, I should place the amount at not less than 80,000,000 gallons." Dr. Young, Chief of the Bureau of Statistics, says: "In the absence of accurate data, the following is an esti- mate of the sales of liquors in the United States during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1871: Whisky.......60,000,000 gallons @$6 retail, $360,000,000 Imported spirits. 2,500,000 gallons @io retail, 25,000.000 Imported wine. 10,700,000gallons @ 5 retail, 53,500,000 Ale,beer, porter.6,500,000 barrels @2o retail, 130,000,000 Native wines, etc............................31,500,000 Total..................................$600,000,000 22. The following items derived from the vital statis- tics of the nation for the past thirty or more years, point to the existence of some great agency at work in the com- mon practices of the people that operates in producing tendencies to disease. From the nature of the maladies shown to be increased, it is altogether probable that this cause is discovered in the more general use of the va- rious stimulants and narcotics whose increased use is here given: 124 alcohol; In 1850 one insane person to every 1479 6ane " i860 " " " " " 1310 " " 1870 " *• " " " 1030 " In 1850 one death from consumption to every 692 deaths " i860 " " " " " " 640 " " 1870 " " " " " " 550 " In 18150 one death by apoplexy and paralysis to 5,000 deaths " i860 " " " " " •' " " 4,000 '* " 1870 " " " " " " " " 3,000 " In 1850 one death from heart disease to every 7,000 deaths " i860 " " " " " " " 4,000 " •' 1870 " " " " " " " 2,250 " In 1850 one homicide to every 102,000 deaths " i860 " " " " 31,000 " " 1870 '• " " " 18,000 " In i860 one suicide to every 31,000 deaths " 1870 " " " " 28,000 " In 1820 amount of tea consumed 6^£ oz. per capita '• 1850 " " " " 123^ " " " 1878 '• " " " 22 " " " In 1820 amount of coffee consumed, 2% lbs. per capita •' 1850 " " " " 9^ " " '• 1878 " " •' " n " " " In 1869 the amount of tobacco used in the United States equaled 4)^ lbs. per capita, per annum. In 1876 the amount of tobacco used was 15 lbs. per an- num for every man, woman and child. Within the ten years from 1870 to 1880 the consumption of opium in the United States increased 100 per cent. The amount of the crude drug consumed per annum in 1880 equaled 400,000 lbs. Within ten years, from 1870 to 1880, the amount of alco- hol and malt liquors used in the United States increased 200 per cent. CATALOGUE OF Normal Publications! Any book in this list sent to any address, postpaid, upon receipt of price. Address all orders to J. B. SHES.RXX.Xi, Proprietor Normal Publishing House, DANVILLE, INDIANA. --------o-------- The Normal Teacher. The most widely circulated school journal in America. In subscribing for a second journal please remember the Normal Teacher 1. Has the largest circulation of any school journal in the land, which is sufficient evidence that it is considered by teach- ers to be the best school journal. 2. It is by far the cheapest journal. 3. It is decidedly the most practical. Single subscriptions, $1; in clubs of 5 and over, 75c. J. E. SHERRILL AND R. HEBER HOLBROOK, EDITORS. Agents Wanted to Form Clubs. THE TEACHERS' EXAMINER A NEW SCHOOL PAPER, Devoted exclusively to the aid of teachers and others, preparing for examination, and to the practical work of the school- room. Will contain: Notes and queries, suggestive ques- tions and answers, courses of study for those prepar- ing for examination, practical lessons on the preparation of MSS., hints and helps for the school-room; in short, A Perfect Counselor and Aid to Every Applicant for License. All who are expecting to tench, or who are teachers, and are anxious to climb up in the profession, should subscribe for this paper. 2?riceT $1.00 JPex "STestr. Speak to your friends about it, aud secure their subscriptions. B6S-SAMPLE COPIES SENT FOR SILVER DIME.-«* Agents Wanted for the Institutes. EVERY MEMBER OF YOUR INSTITUTE CAN BE INDUCED TO SUBSCRIBE. Address TEACHERS' EXAMINER, Lock Box F. DANVILLE, INDIANA. etMs of Teacninff In Country Schools. PRICE, £1.25. By G. Dallas Lind, Professor of Natural Sciences in Cen- tral Normal College, and Author of a Series of Books. This work, which is having such an extensive circulation, em- bodies the practical ideas of a teacher whose entire attention for many years has been devoted to the elevation of the country teacher's work. It is intensely practical and to the point, being devoid of everything foreign to the subject. Though written mainly for the use of country teachers, the teacher in any school will find in it more that he can practically apply than can be found in any other work. Its hints are practical and can be taken hold of by anybody who has force enough to grasp a plain thing setbefore him. The discussion of the recitations is well worth the price of the book. —Troy Sentinel. One of the most important problems to be solved by educators of to-day is, how to make successful the ungraded country schools. The author's counsel in regard to methods of teaching is in harmony with that of the best educators of the country, and the book is calculated to do a vast amount of good to those for whom it is especially designed, and we advise all country teach- ers to secure a copy.—National Journal of Education. We could not help wishing, while reading this book, that it had been placed in our hands when we began to teach. Such a book should be welcomed, bought and studied by teachers.— Southern Educational Journal. 1922 CROSIERS Digest of Infinitives and Participles, AND AND TOPICAL ANALYSIS. If you wish to master Infinitives and Participles; if you wish over 800 choice selections for Analysis and Parsing: if you wish models for Parsing and Analysis; if you wish a variety of text- books to be an advantage; if you wish an Outline of a Method of Instructing Pupils in Analysis and Synthesis of the English sentence based upon the educational doctrine of such men as Wickersham, Kiddle. Schem and Whitney, from whom are quo- tations to show the soundness of the method: if you wish to arouse a spirit of investigation among your pupils, and develop in them the power to separate things important from things un- important, and to arrange the result of all investigation in sys- tematic and logical order, you can not afford to be without the above work. Revised edition now ready. Price, 40 cts. 83.80 per dozen. " This book contains, in addition to a digest of infinitives and participles, an outline of mathematical, physical and political geography, and English grammar. The author believes that teaching by outlines is the surest way of leading pupils to ac- quire habits of self-reliance in study, and the ability to use text books as a means of self-culture; that it arouses a spirit of inves- tigation; that it develops in the pupil the power to separate things important from things unimportant, and to arrange the result of all investigation in systematic and logical order. Teach- ers will do well to get the book and examine it. It will prove a valuable aid in school-room work."— The Teacher, Philadelphia, Pa. Outlines of United States lister;. By R. HEBER HOLBROOK, Vice-President National Normal University, Lebanon, Ohio. Price, 75 Cents. This work is the result of practical school-room tests, through many years, as to the best methods of teaching history. The methods generally in use make the study dry and repulsive. Memorizing dates and trying to answer certain questions are not all of the study of history. This book presents a logical, concise and complete classification of the whole subject. The knowledge of an event is of no im- portance unless taken in connection with other events. The events are here presented in their true relations, co-ordination and subordination, generalizing and particularizing, so that a view of the whole subject may be grasped by the mind and re- tained in the memory. It will be valuable not only in the school-room, but will answer a good purpose to the private student of history as a book of reference. " The purpose of this handy little volume is to help the reader of history to view particular events in their general relations. It appeals to the intelligence through the eyes. Its contents are not to be memorized, but to be used currently as an aid to the memorv. They are the result of practical experience in a teach- ing of ten vears. Its use will surely fulfill the author's declared purpose in freeing the delightful study of history from the dead- ness of chronological memorizing. It has already stood the test of experience in manuscript form. We can best commend it by saying it shall never be out of sight on the table of the editor of this Magazine. It will save many a search for the precise details of facts which everybody knows generally, but which, neverthe- less, are difficult to reach at a given moment."—Magazine of American History. "Normal Teacher^ Parsing Book. By P. P. ADAMS. This little book contains forty-eight blank pages ruled and arranged for written parsing lesions, and several pages reading matter, consisting of programmes and models for parsing every part of speech, and for the analysis of sentences. Rules for dis- tinguishing the different parts of speech in difficult cases, an ex- planation in the construction of Infinitives and Participles and the Relative pronoun. In short, a showing up, in convenient form, of the difficult points in Grammar besides the rules in Syn- tax ; explanations and models for diagramming sentences and other matter, all of which every teacher who knows anything about teaching Grammar will recognize at once as the most con- venient thing imaginable to have in connection with the exer- cise book for use in the preparation of lessons. Retail price, 20 cents; for examination, with a view to intro- duction, 15 cents; by the quantity, at the low rate of H% cents, either by mail or express, prepaid, or at the rate of $1.60 per doz. purchaser paying transportation charges. THE "NORMAL TEACHER" Diacritical and Blank Speller. By G. DALLAS LIXD. in addition to the ordinary ruled blank books for writing spell- ing lessons it contains the following valuable matter: 1. Dia- critical marks, their names and explanation of their uses. 2. The principal available rules for spelling, pronunciation, use of capi- tals and punctuation. 3. Hints in teaching spelling. 4. Model spelling lessons and directions for using the book. Price, 20 cents. Samples for examination, with view to intro- duction, 15 cents. Introductory rates by the quantity, six copies, V .00; 12 copies, SI.75. ---THE--- NEW METHOD; Or, School Expositions. The Key to the Whole System of Normal Teaching. By R. H. HOLBROOK. This book is a specific and complete guide in the preparation for School Expositions, now coming in vogue. Not only does it give directions and plans of procedure, step by step, for each term's work, but discusses and reveals the philosophy of them in a man- ner which makes the book altogether an exposition in itself of the philosophy and practical workings of our Normal Schools; in following which, intelligently, you can not fail to become a nor- mal teacher. It is also so simple and plain that it will commend itself to you at once. Especially will you be impressed with the wisdom of the work when, by application, you see how success- fully it may be carried out. The School Exposition is a grand thing for the reason that its preparation requires true teaching. It can not be produced ex- cept from the assimilated knowledge of your pupils from what has become a part of their being. It can not be produced ex- cept by a busy, thrifty, happy school, working and learning un- der natural plans. The plans given in this book, intelligently followed and applied, will make just such a school. The School Exposition is a far greater delight to the boys and girls of all sizes, to the teacher and to the intelligent neighborhood, than the dull, out-of-date, cut-of-tune public examination or exhibition, and ten-fold more profitable to all concerned than any other form of school enter- tainment. It imparts a living interest to the school work every day of the term, and promotes a wonderful growth, in the space of a term, through the work it calls forth and the industry it incites, and gives disorder in school no place for a foothold, as you will all say when you have read the book. Nearly 150 pages, with a fine frontispiece, showing a school room fitted out for the Exposition. Price, 81.00 by mail, postpaid. OUTLINE of ELOCUTION C And Comprehensive Manual of Principles.O By G. WALTER DALE. Do you want to learn how to read ? Do you want to learn how 9o speak? If so, this book] will put you on the right track and keep pou there until you learn both these difficult arts. This book is the enly thoroughly simplified and comprehensive self-instructor in elocution before the public. The exercises are copious and ex- plicitly illustrated by striking and pertinent examples. The out- line alone is worth the price of the book. The definitions given are models of text-book literature for conciseness and clearness. No one interested in this study can afford to be without this great work. It is certainly Par Excellence, the leading book of its class. The twelve brief Essays appended to the work are clear discus- sions, in short conversations, of subjects discussed nowhere else in print. Price, $1.50 by mail. " I can say that after having examined several works on the art of elocution, that Prof. Dale's work impresses me as being the most progressive and philosophic one that I have ever seen, and, there- fore, the best adapted to meet the wants of teachers.''—Prof. Long, of the University of Mississippi, at Oxford, Prof. Long demonstrates by practice what he says above, as he sends an order for 25 copies for use in his class. " This is a more serious and important work than many on the subject of elocution. Very great attention is paid to vocal gym- nastics, articulation, etc., and an unusually thorough and ex- tended series of exercises in all departments of voice culture is given. The last 200 pages of the book are filled with selections for practice and public readings. All of them are effective and many of them new—that is, in collections of this kind. On the whole, they constitute one of the very best bodies of selections for this purpose that we have seen."—Iowa Normal Monthly. REVISED AND ENLARGED. THE NORMAL QUESTION BOOK. A NEW EDITION. The finest work of the kind now published. Contains Ques tions and Answers on the following branches: Questions on Orthography. Answers to Questions on Orthography. Questions on Reading. Answers to Questions on Reading. Questions on Arithmetic. Answers to Questions on Arithmetic. Questions on Grammar. Answers to Questions on Grammar. Questions on I". S. History. Answers to Questions on U. S. History. Questions on Geography. Answers to Questions oil Geography. Questions on Mathematical Geography. Answers to Questions on Mathematical Geography. Questions on Physical Geography. Answers to.Questions on Physical Geography. Questions on Physiology. Answers to Questions oh Physiology. Questions on Theory and Practice of Teaching. Answers to Questions on Theory and Practice of Teaching, Questions on Civil Government. Answers to Questions on Civil Government. Questions on English Literature. Answers to Questions on English Literature. Questions on American Literature. Answers to Questions on American Literature. Questions on Penmanship. Answers to Questions on Penmanship. Questions on Parliamentary Law. Answers to Questions on Parliamentary Law, etc. With an Appendix, containing Outlines of Infinitives, Parti- ciples, Analysis in Grammar, Percentage in Arithmetic, Theory and Practice of Teaching, Map Drawing, A Scale of Criticism, A Programme of Studies and Recitations, Rules to be Observed During Examination, and Hints and Suggestions on the Prepa- ration of MSS., Topic List for the Study of Geography, etc. By far the most complete and valuable work of the kind ever issued from the press. Nicely and elegantly bound in cloth, with gilt back and side stamp, printed in superb style on heavy white book paper, and contains nearly 500 pages. Price only SI.50. NOEMAL OUTLINES -----OF THE----- COMMON fflOL BRANCHES. By G. Dallas Lind, Professor of Natural Sciences in Cen- tral Normal College. The subjects outlined are, U. S. History, Geography, Grammar, Physiology and Arithmetic, with an Appendix, giving a com- plete outline of Infinitives and Participles, with examples in ev- ery possible construction; Programme and Models for Parsing, Analysis and Diagramming; the use of the Dictionary; test words in Spelling, etc.; Order of Topics in the study of Natural Sciences, an Outline of Outlining, explaining the different systems in use; a list of books for the Teacher; Model Solutions in Arith- metic ; Methods of Teaching Beginners to Read, and other mat- ter of interest and importance. Price, $1.00. The author of this volume has gathered here the outlines of most of the subjects usually taught in schools. For instance, the Outline of United States History is gathered under sixty-eight heads, or chapters-"Discovery," '"Subsequent Discoveries," "The Aborigines," etc. The same method is employed in the Grammar,Geography,etc. The method is an excellent one and the subject is very ably treate 1. Mr. Lind has made a volume that will be of real service to the teacher who seeks for steady and systematic improvement. It will be found valuable to review any study with. We deem the volume worthy to be put in ev- ery teacher's hands not only, but all who desire thoroughness and independence in studies will do well to own.— New York School Journal, Oct. 16, 1880. TflE P WIL 3PE^KE1^. By E. E. PRIGG. A book suited to the wants of all, from the smallest school child to the oldest reader. Do you want the most eloquent passages ever delivered by our greatest orators? Do you want the most soul-stirring patriotism? Do you want the purest, tenderest, and most ennobling pathos? Do you want the most droll, eccentric and ludicrous descriptions, and characterizations?- Do vou want the richest, rarest and most side-splitting humor? Do vou want to arouse a new-interest in literature and elocution among your pupils? Do you want the selections recited by the most eminent elocutionists? Do you want the cream, the quintessence of all that is suitable for readingordeclaiming in schools, exhibitions, literary societies, picnics, or in the family or private reading room ? Buy the Normal Speaker and vou will be sure to find in it something that will supply your wants. Price, 50 cents. I like the Normal Speaker. My pupils like it.—Lamden Smith, ShotweU, Mo. THE NORMAL DIALOGUE BOOK. A collection of really choice Dialogues, Tableaux, Charades, Pantomimes, Shadow Scenes, etc., selected from the best in the land. In answer to the requests and inquiries of manv readers of the Normal Teacher, we have gathered together, from many sources, a fine collection of entertaining things. The number of dialogues presented are classified and graded, embracing the comic, humorous, sprightly, and those appealing to deeper feel- ings and common sense, and simpler, though equallv pointed ones, for the smaller members; even the Kindergarteners are by no means forgotten. Tableaux, charades, etc., have come to form the large part of modern school entertainment, and of these we have given a good supply. All our selections have been made with a view, 1st, To afford the teacher a variety of the verv best to choose from. 2d. With a view to suiting them with anv "grade of " talent," so far as age is concerned. 3d. With a view to fur- nishing for them something which may be played without ex- pense of time or money in the preparation of stage, costumes, etc. The best exhibitions that we have witnessed in the way of parlor or school entertainments were quite oft-hand, and altogether without expense. We give directions as to how many of these things may be arranged and gotten off with fine effect by the aid of a little spirit and zeal. Price, 50 cents. PLEASANT SONGS —FOR- PLEASANT PLACES! Edited by ADELBERT GARDENIER. Fact No. 1. Collections of day school music too often con- tain very little that is available for ordinary occasions of school life; often they are largely made up of elementary instruction, wholly ignored by teachers, who generally prefer to use original exercises, equally desirable, and teach from the blackboard. Fact No. 2. Nearly every school singer contains songs used not on account of their merit but put in merely to fill out space, and all such songs are lacking either in the sentiment of the words or in the life and spirit necessary to make the music suit- able for the school room, and although a large collection is pur- chased only a few are found worthy of use, and the remainder is paid for to no purpose. Pleasant Songs for Pleasant Places Has been compiled with the above facts in view, and will furnish at small price all the songs necessary for any school. No song has been used that has not been tested in the school- room and found to please the pupils and they are all character- ized by being " lively," and just suited to the day school singing class. No words have been used that are in any' way objection- able, and nearly every song teaches an important lesson on morals. A number of songs have been admitted that will be found "just the thing" for public entertainments and nearly all will furnish a pleasant entertainment for any occasion. It"is compiled by a practical teacher, knowing just what is needed in the school room and demanded by the children. The songs are such as children and grown people like to sing. ■-S Sample copy for examination sent on receipt of fifteen 1-cent stamps. $1.50 per dozen. "I received a sample copy of Pleasant Sonus for Plevsant Places a few days ago. I have examined it and think it is jusrt the book for Public Schools. Enclosed please rind order for 2V£ doze"-" W. H. Kemper Principal Pleasant Mount Schools, Mo. THE BOOK OPENED; OR, An Analysis of the Bible. By ALFRED NEVIN,D.D., Author of "Spiritual Progression," "Churches of the Valley," Etc. This is indeed a most valuable work, written especially for Sabbath-school and Bible-class teachers, scholars and all who feel the need, as it is believed many do, of a convenient and compendious volume, to which they can at any time turn for in- formation to aid them in understanding and defending the Word of God. It has been prepared to serve in this direction as a manual, to which recourse can be had with confidence and comfort, for explanations which might be found elsewhere, but only after research involving a great expenditure of time and means. A glance at the table-of contents will give the reader some idea of the scope and nature of the work. But the book must be read and studied to be fully appreciated. It is a book that gives just such explanations, etc., as every one wants. It is a book of 350 pages, bound in elegant cloth, and sold at the low price of $1.50. «fcg-A LIMITED NUMBER OF GOOD AGENTS WANTED. SEND FOR FULL DESCRIPTIVE CIRCULAR, GIVING TABLE OF CONTENTS, Etc Queer Queries." A BOOK FOR THE STUDENT. A BOOK FOR THE TEACHER. A BOOK FOR EVERYBODY. A Collection of Questions on Different Branches of Study. This system of teaching •' things not in the books" has been in use in many of the public schools for several years, and has met with almost unlimited success in being the means of inculcating facts and principles into the youthful mind which can hardly be im- pressed upon the memory in any other way. It will lead to investi- gations and researches on the part of the student which cannot prove otherwise than beneficial. Creates great interest in schools, at Institutes, wherever used. PREFATORY AND EXPLANATORY. Queer Queries were collected in the following manner, viz.: pupils were requested to bring any query which they thought would interest others, or which they could not answer themselves, to the teacher. The teacher then placed ten of the first queries found in this little book on the blackboard, and allowed them to remain there from Monday morning till Friday evening, when they were an- swered in a general exercise in which all the pupils shared equally. The result was that the school closed with a good understanding of whv the time in China and America are not the same, of why the feet of the Chinese point towar POSTPAID. This work explains the whole system of Diagramming and An- alysis used in the Central Normal College with such wonderful success. It is also the system, with but few changes, which is used in nearly all the independent Normal Schools and by about 100,000 successful Normal teachers. The explanations are so plain that those who have not studied the system can at once grasp the meaning and apply the marks used. Great pains have been taken to simplify the work and make it useful to those who have not studied Analysis. Those also who have studied Analysis a great deal will find it especially interesting, inasmuch as nearly all the sentences in Harvey's and Holbrook's grammars have been diagrammed, analyzed, and the peculiarities and difficulties explained. In addition, then, to its usefulness as a comprehensive treatise on the analysis of the English sentence, it is also a KEY TO BOTH HARVEY'S AND HOLBROOK'S GRAMMARS. Remember, this work contains a beautiful, simple and con- venient system of diagramming, and presents the analysis of all kinds of sentences from the simplest to the most intricate. e^Agents "Wanted."^ \ J . "jJivSS h 'T.Wyflgnpg£ ' *38$$ «IP vPJ^SaWCTB =lf "i§ ' -;'Ht^^^ ^:ir-*~ - 5"=; .--: -j.wicHfiual .„_ _ i:-.i:i:rStj|HS WM 270 B877a 1883 44120830R NLM DSEEMITM 7 NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE mmmmm £? :,r^-^M%RSi& Wlljaj