PSYCHOANALYSIS AND 
GLAND PERSONALITIES BOOKS BY ANDRE TRIDON 
PSYCHOANALYSIS, ITS HISTORY, THEORY AND 
PRACTICE 
PSYCHOANALYSIS AND BEHAVIOR 
PSYCHOANALYSIS, SLEEP AND DREAMS 
EASY LESSONS IN PSYCHOANALYSIS 
PSYCHOANALYSIS AND LOVE 
SEX HAPPINESS 
PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
PSYCHOANALYSIS AND MAN’S UNCONSCIOUS 
motives (In preparation) PSYCHOANALYSIS AND 
GLAND PERSONALITIES 
BY 
ANDRE TRIDON 
Late Member of “The Medico-Legal Society of New York 
City,” “The Society for Forensic Medicine of New York 
City,” and “The International Association for 
Individual Psychology of Vienna, Austria.” 
NEW YORK 
BRENTANO’S 
PUBLISHERS Copyright, 1923, by 
BRENTANO’S, Inc. 
All rights reserved 
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS 
CHAPTER I. 
PAGE 
The Internal Secretions and the Glands . i 
The Theory of Glandular Activity. The Glands 
and Their Functions. Personality and the Glands. 
Psychoanalysis and Personality. Psychoanalysis, 
Personality and the Glands. 
CHAPTER II. 
The Gonads or Sex Glands 17 
The Male Gonads or Male Sex Glands. The Fe- 
male Gonads or Female Sex Glands. The Relation 
between Menstruation and Ovulation. Pregnancy, 
Child-bearing and the Development of Character in 
Women. Pathological Deviation and Eunuchs. 
The Glands and the Hermaphrodite or the Man- 
Woman. 
CHAPTER III. 
Gonads and Virility 31 
Brown-Sequard’s Experiments. Voronoff’s Experi- 
ment on the Ram. Steinach’s Experiment on the 
Rat. Criticism of Steinach’s Operation. The 
Gonads of Sex Glands in Plants. Lichtenstein’s 
Operation on the Human Being. Stanley’s Treat- 
V CONTENTS 
PAGE 
ment by Injection. The Effects of X-rays on the 
Gonads of Women. The Suppression of Menstru- 
ation by Mental Factors. Psychic Impotence. 
CHAPTER IV. 
The Thyroid Gland or the Gland of Emo- 
tion 47 
The Location and Structure of the Thyroid. The 
Thyroid as the Human Accelerator. Hyperthyroid- 
ism and Personality. The Goetsch Test for Hyper- 
thyroidism. Hypothyroidism. Cretinism or Curable 
Idiocy. Myxedema and the Hypothyroid Personal- 
ity. Thyroidism and Psychoanalysis. Thyroidism 
and Insanity. 
CHAPTER V. 
The Pituitary Gland or the Gland of 
Growth . 64 
The Pituitary,—What It Is and What It Does. 
Hypopituitarism, Dwarfism and Infantilism. Hy- 
perpituitarism, Acromegaly and Gigantism. Dys- 
pituitarism. The Pituitary Headache. The Pitui- 
tary Personality and Psychoanalysis. 
CHAPTER VI. 
The Adrenals or the Glands of Pugnacity 78 
The Form and Functions of the Adrenals. The 
Adrenals and the Child-Woman and the Boy-Man. 
Virilism or the Male-Woman. The Adrenals and 
the Brain. The James-Lange Theory of Emotion. 
Cannon’s Experiment on Emotion in Cats. The 
Nervous Generation and Adrenal Degeneration. 
The Adrenal Personality or the Neurasthenic. 
VI CONTENTS 
PAGE 
Shock, Collapse and Restoration. Asthma and the 
Adrenals. The Adrenal Personality, Neurasthenia 
and Psychoanalysis. 
CHAPTER VII. 
The Thymus, the Parathyroids and the 
Pineal Gland 95 
The Thymus or the Gland of Youth.—The Thymus 
and the Gonads. Gudernatsch’s Experiment with 
the Tadpoles. Sciplades’s Experiments with Dogs. 
The Blue Baby. The Thymus and Growth. Status 
Lymphaticus. The Thymus Personality or the 
Angel-Type. 
The Parathyroids or the Glands of Equilibrium.— 
Tetany and the Parathyroid Glands. The Treatment 
of Parathyroid Deficiency. 
The Pineal Gland, the Seat of the Soul.—The 
Pineal Gland and Its Activity. Foa’s Experiments 
with Roosters. 
CHAPTER VIII. 
Diet and the Glands 109 
Food and Its Relation to the Glands. The Hor- 
mones, Vitamines and Enzymes and What They Do. 
The Kinds of Vitamines: Vitamine A, Vitamine B, 
Vitamine C. The Tomato, the Ideal Food. Mal- 
nutrition and the Glands. The Lack of Vitamines 
and the Glands. Goitre and Onions. The Effect of 
the Lack of Vitamines A, B and C. Vegetarianism 
and Animal Foods. 
CHAPTER IX. 
Glandular Interaction 128 
The Glands in Harmony. The Glands in Discord. 
Affinities and Antipathies or Attraction and Repul- 
VII CONTENTS 
PAGE 
sion. The Adrenals and the Thyroid. The Pitui- 
tary and the Thyroid. The Pituitary and the 
Gonads. The Thyroid and the Gonads. The Thy- 
mus and the Thyroid. Dysfunction, or Perverted 
Activity of the Glands. Glandular Interrelation and 
Psychoanalysis. 
CHAPTER X. 
Temperament and the Glands .... 144 
The Old Conception of Temperament. Our Con- 
ception of Temperament. The Types of Tempera- 
ment. The Hypertemperament. The Pituitary and 
the Hypertemperament. The Adrenals and the Hy- 
pertemperament. The Thyroid and the Hypertem- 
perament. The Hypotemperament. The Pituitary 
and the Hypotemperament. The Thyroid and the 
Hypotemperament. The Adrenals and the Hypo- 
temperament. The Dystemperament. 
CHAPTER XI. 
Psychoanalysis, Coueism and the Glands . 161 
Modern Psychology. The Conscious and the Sub- 
conscious Mind. Psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis 
and the Glands. Psychoanalysis and Repression. 
Autosuggestion and Coueism. The Coue Method. 
General and Specific Suggestions. The Mind and 
the Glands. 
CHAPTER XII. 
How the Glands Affect Appearance . . . 177 
The Doctors of Matrimony. The Various Physiques 
and Their Mental Significance. Physiognomy. The 
Eyes. The Teeth and What They Tell. The Thy- 
roid and the Teeth. The Pituitary and the Teeth. 
The Adrenals and the Teeth. The Thymus and the 
Teeth. The New Dentistry. The Skin. The Ap- 
VIII CONTENTS 
PAGE 
pendages of the Skin. Psychoanalysis, Endocrinol- 
ogy and Appearance. 
CHAPTER XIII. 
Feeblemindedness and Delinquency . . . 194 
The Types of Mental Defectives. Curable Mental 
Deficiency. Voronoff’s Cure of Cretinism and 
Myxedema. Mental Retardation and Mental De- 
ficiency. The Mentally Deficient Criminal. The 
Sexually Delinquent Mental Defective. The Men- 
tally Defective Sexual Pervert. The Androgyne 
Pervert. Clothes Fetishism. Climate, the Glands 
and Murder. 
CHAPTER XIV. 
Danger Ages 213 
Puberty. The Phenomenon of Puberty. The Dan- 
gers of Puberty. The Dangers Incurred by Girls 
at Puberty. The Adolescent Youth. The Adoles- 
cent Girl. Sweet Innocence and Boarding School 
Filth. Dangers Confronting the Adolescent Girl. 
The Climacterium or Change of Life in Women. 
When Does the Menopause Occur? Insanity at the 
Dangerous Age. Complexes and Insanity. The 
Dangerous Age in the Middle Life of Man. Psy- 
choanalysis and the Climacterium in Man. 
CHAPTER XV. 
The Glands, Longevity and Death . . . 234 
Man’s Normal Span of Life. Longevity in Man and 
Animals. What Causes Longevity? Life and 
Death. The Glands and Longevity. Rejuvenation of 
the Aged. Difficulties Encountered in Gland Ther- 
apy. Glandular Extracts and What They Do. Gland 
Extracts in Goiter and Senility. Psychoanalysis 
and Endocrinology. 
IX PSYCHOANALYSIS AND 
GLAND PERSONALITIES 
CHAPTER I 
THE INTERNAL SECRETIONS AND THE GLANDS 
Every age brings its own discoveries, its own 
inventions, its theories, philosophies, morals and 
ethics. Sometimes these products possess the per- 
manency of truth, but more often they are only the 
fads of a moment, the fancies of an unbridled im- 
agination. Medicine is not alien to these influences: 
through every age it has had its period of colorful 
hopes, created only to perish shortly afterwards in 
the light of fact and experience. In its evolution 
it has had, first, its periods of magic and incantation, 
where a mandrake root tied about one’s waist or a 
spider shut up in a nut-shell and worn as an amulet 
was a cure-all, both for the melancholy of love and 
the throes of labor. From this period of supersti- 
1 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
tion medicine advanced to those elementary curative 
measures as blood-letting and cupping. Blood-letting 
was already established at the time of Hippocrates 
who although a very keen observer, and supposedly 
a direct descendant of vEsculapius, the god of medi- 
cine, firmly believed that opening a vein let out the 
disease. This bloody procedure gradually gave way 
to dry-cupping and the application of leeches, 
methods still employed in hamlets and villages 
throughout the world. 
The explosion of these theories in medicine came 
with the discovery of the microbe as the cause of 
disease, but new hordes of empiricists arose who 
heralded countless drugs, each of which was sup- 
posed to be a panacea in itself. As a reaction to 
this drug period, we have to-day an age of therapeu- 
tic nihilism, the characteristics of which are an in- 
veterate iconoclasticism toward the methods of the 
previous schools and the advocating of mechanical 
methods such as chiropractics, osteopathy, electro- 
therapy and mechanotherapy. Another branch 
springing from the same stem is composed of auto- 
suggestionists and mind-healers, who leave drugs 
and mechanical methods alone and rely solely upon 
the omnipotence of the subconscious mind to per- 
2 THE INTERNAL SECRETIONS AND THE GLANDS 
form cures. Although it is undeniable that much 
pain and physical wretchedness are mental, too 
great a task is often imposed upon the unprotest- 
ing “unconscious.” Sometimes success is achieved, 
giving rise to hysterical acclamation on the part of 
an ignorant public and undue self-assurance on the 
part of the suggestionist in charge. With the dis- 
semination of undigested scientific half-truths mis- 
understanding is bound to occur, resulting in the 
destruction of many a sound theory. 
Out of this Pandora-box of chaos comes forth 
the hope of a new therapeutic measure, evidenced 
by the discovery of glandular activity. Exhaustive 
research work has been accomplished by various 
scientists, and many an interesting fact on the sig- 
nificance and function of glands heretofore ignored 
has been brought into the light from the limbo of 
the unknown. The glands and the internal secre- 
tions have now become subjects of burning issues 
in the medical world. It is the task of this generation 
to wrest from the jealously guarded secrets of na- 
ture the knowledge of such facts as will give man 
more dominion over himself and the forces within 
him and about him. 
3 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
The Theory of Glandular Activity 
The first definite work on the internal secretions 
was done in the eighteenth century by Theophile 
de Bordeu, a French physician. Attracted by the 
sexual side of men and women, he studied the char- 
acteristics of eunuchs, capons and spayed female 
animals. These observations led him to believe that 
there were certain gland secretions into the blood 
which determined the sexual qualities of the indi- 
vidual. The studies of Bordeu were corroborated 
by the experiments of A. A. Berthold, of Goettingen, 
who found that when he separated the duct of the 
male sexual gland or testicle of a rooster from the 
body of the gland itself there were no changes in 
the male characteristics. The voice, the fighting in- 
stinct, the desire to reproduce and the comb and 
wattles remained the same. However, when he re- 
moved the gland entirely, the male traits disappeared. 
Berthold concluded that there was an internal se- 
cretion in addition to the external secretion and that 
this internal secretion determined the secondary 
sexual characteristics. This Goettingen investigator 
was the first to prove the existence of a gland with a 
true internal secretion. 
4 THE INTERNAL SECRETIONS AND THE GLANDS 
In the middle part of the nineteenth century 
Claude Bernard, professor of physiology in the Col- 
lege de France, coined the term “internal secretion” 
and showed that the blood was the transporting me- 
dium for these secretions. 
Thomas Addison was the first Englishman to do 
any effective work upon the glands. He described 
a fatal disease characterized by weakness and bronz- 
ing of the skin, and found that this disease was 
due to tuberculosis of the adrenal glands. This 
malady has since been known to science as Addison’s 
disease. The work of Addison stimulated Brown- 
Sequard, the American Frenchman to experimenta- 
tion. He removed the adrenal bodies in animals 
and found that after a period of from twenty-four 
to forty-eight hours they died of weakness. If 
only one adrenal gland was removed there was no 
change in the animal, but upon the removal of the 
other gland, death intervened. He thus proved that 
the adrenal glands gave forth an internal secretion 
essential to life. 
The work of Brown-Sequard spurred many scien- 
tists to further research. Friedleben described the 
action of the thymus gland; Moritz Schiff of Ger- 
many, Curling of England, and Gull and Ord of 
5 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
London revealed the importance of the thyroid 
gland; while Kocher and Reverdin were the first 
surgeons, who, when operating upon goiter found 
that the removal of the thyroid gland produced defi- 
nite symptoms. Since then investigations have 
been carried on regularly throughout the civilized 
world, and our knowledge of the action of these 
glands has increased to such an extent that there 
has been established the science of Endocrinology, 
which deals exclusively with the anatomy, physi- 
ology, pathology and therapeusis of these glands. 
The Glands and Their Work 
We have been familiar with the function of the 
glands but it has not been until very recently that 
we have grasped their full significance in the body 
economy. Roughly speaking, glands are organs that 
might be termed the factories of the human or- 
ganism, for they are instrumental in manufacturing 
the products that are of vital importance to the 
well-being of the body. The glands are many and 
variously located, as for instance in the lining of the 
wall of the stomach, the abiding place of the gastric 
glands, or in front of the ears or between the lower 
jaw and the floor of the mouth, the site of the sali- 
6 THE INTERNAL SECRETIONS AND THE GLANDS 
vary glands. Though the glands are similar in 
function, that is, though they exist for the purpose 
of converting raw material from the blood into 
juices essential to the body, they differ in the means 
of transmitting the products they manufacture. They 
may be divided into three classes: the glands, like 
the salivary glands, possessing ducts or tubes which 
connect them with an outer surface such as the 
mouth; the ductless glands, or glands of internal 
secretion which pass their converted products di- 
rectly into the blood-stream without the medium of 
a tube; and the glands typified by the ovary and 
testicle which reveal both an internal and external 
secretion. Of the three kinds of glands the last two 
have offered in the past few decades the most en- 
grossing material for study. It is with them, chiefly, 
that the science of Endocrinology deals, for, as the 
name itself implies, it is the study of the glands of 
internal secretion. 
As we have noted before, the glands of internal 
secretion produce the substances necessary to the 
correct functioning of the body and transmit these 
substances directly into the blood without the in- 
tervention of a connecting duct. The most fre- 
quently recurring in science, and one that is of the 
7 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
utmost importance in determining the various charac- 
teristics of the individual, is the thyroid gland, 
situated in the neck and closely allied with the para- 
thyroid bodies. The pituitary gland, lying at the 
base of the skull, is a tiny mass that has within it 
the power of creating giants or dwarfs, besides ex- 
erting great influence upon the brain functions and 
life itself. The pineal gland, located behind and 
above the pituitary, is an even smaller organ than 
the other two, and like the thymus, whose internal 
secretion has not yet been definitely discovered, 
seems to have a marked effect upon the development 
of the individual in the early stages of life. There 
are still two other glands belonging to the endocrine 
group, the adrenals, sometimes called supra-renals, 
which, as the name denotes, are located above the 
renal bodies or kidneys. They were discovered in 
the sixteenth century by the anatomist Eustachius, 
and though research has been carried on in minute 
detail, they still baffle science as to their true func- 
tion. There is another group of glands which may 
be admitted into this category, for in all probability, 
they too produce an internal secretion, although it 
has not been positively ascertained. They are the 
thymus, which has already been mentioned, the 
8 THE INTERNAL SECRETIONS AND THE GLANDS 
tonsils, the lymph glands, the lymph follicles, the 
spleen and the bone marrow. 
Of the glands that produce both an internal and 
an external secretion, we shall treat later in de- 
tail, but suffice it to mention here, that the secretions, 
though closely related, serve different purposes. For 
instance, whereas the external secretion in the gener- 
ative glands influences reproduction, the internal 
secretion is active in determining male and female 
characteristics. The generative, or sex glands, are 
known as the gonads, or interstitial glands, and are 
the testicles in the male and the ovaries in the female. 
Other glands belonging to this group having two 
secretions, are the pancreas, the small intestine and 
the stomach. All these glands are factors in the 
differentiation of personality. 
Personality and the Glands 
What is personality? Berman says of it, “Per- 
sonality embraces much more than the psychic at- 
tributes. It is not the least important of the lessons 
of endocrine analysis that here is no soul and no 
body either.” Endocrinology, in other words, is a 
weighty consideration in the modern definition of 
personality. Yet it is not, after all, such a new as- 
9 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
sociation between physical factors and the make-up 
of the individual, for Burton, copying the ancients 
in his Anatomy of Melancholy categorized men into 
types according to their humors or secretions. To 
this day we still speak of individuals as choleric, 
sanguine, phlegmatic or bilious. 
Among contemporary scientists personality is 
more accurately classified through the study of 
glandular functioning, and the old nomenclature has 
given place to the more modern and scientific terms 
based upon close gland study. Where Burton would 
have called a type phlegmatic, we say to-day that 
he has an insufficient stimulation of the thyroid 
gland; a sanguine, aggressive person has active ad- 
renal glands and is therefore largely influenced by 
them in his behavior, while the slow, bilious, fear- 
haunted, weak-willed personality is the product of 
adrenal insufficiency. 
It is not only temperamentally that an individual 
is affected by the proper or abnormal functioning 
of his glands. His physical peculiarities are to a 
very great extent not only the result of his being 
created in the image of God, but more so the sum 
total of glandular activity. These tiny bodies, some 
of them no larger than a pea, out of which may re- 
10 THE INTERNAL SECRETIONS AND THE GLANDS 
suit either a Colossus or a Tom-Thumb, are the 
sculptors of humanity. A giant and a dwarf, in 
these terms, are nothing more or less than the 
capricious expressions of the pituitary gland. The 
fat and the lean, the freaks that are the chief at- 
tractions at the circuses and curiosity shows, are 
not the products of predestination, but the result of 
the disturbance of some internal secretion. 
Psychoanalysis and Personality 
Freud, Jung, Adler and their disciples attribute 
the personality of an individual solely to his psychic 
make-up, disregarding completely the part played by 
physical factors. No mention is made in any of their 
works of the role which the glands of internal secre- 
tion enact in building up personality. The endo- 
crinologists go to the other extreme, and unmindful 
of the psychoanalysts believe that personality lies in 
the glands. Both views are only half-truths, and 
the solution lies in the thorough comprehension of 
the reciprocal influence exerted by the mind on the 
glands and by the glands on the mind. Overdevelop- 
ment of the sexual glands causes a predisposition 
to sexual overactivity and arouses eroticism, but 
sexual thoughts will also arouse sexual activity and 
11 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
eroticism. Therefore it is evident that the person- 
ality as evidenced by such sexual manifestations 
may be influenced either by the glands or by the 
mind. 
Disturbances of the internal secretions may give 
rise to certain phobias, obsessions and inferiority 
complexes. These mental derangements may be re- 
moved by psychoanalytic treatment. The cure may 
be either temporary or permanent. The failure of 
a complete removal of the symptom is due to the fact 
that the underlying cause, mainly, the disturbance 
of the internal secretion, has not been attacked. To 
bring about a complete cure, the psychoanalytic 
treatment should be followed by glandular therapy. 
Dudley Ward Fay reports a series of twenty-two 
cases upon which a diagnosis of dementia prsecox 
was made. All of these cases showed disturbances 
of the endocrine glands. Fourteen of them had a 
diminished thyroid activity, while in five of them 
the thyroid activity was increased. Two had a 
marked decrease of adrenal secretion, and one re- 
vealed a perverted pituitary function. Fourteen of 
these cases were improved by glandular therapy. 
Three showed no improvement. Most of the pa- 
tients gave indications of a struggle with perverse 
12 THE INTERNAL SECRETIONS AND THE GLANDS 
impulses of the creative instinct, that is a sexual 
conflict which the Freudians believed to be psycho- 
genetic. The feeding of thyroid glands reduced 
the introversion and caused the patient to adjust 
himself to his surroundings. 
Barham describes a case of insanity with decreased 
thyroid activity. After the thyroid derangement 
had been regulated by glandular therapy and the 
mental symptoms had subsided, the psychic disturb- 
ances broke out anew when the patient returned 
home. This demonstrates that gland therapy in it- 
self may be insufficient and should be supplemented 
by psychoanalysis. 
Psychoanalysis, Personality and the Glands 
The correlation between the glands and person- 
ality has already been shown. The correlation be- 
tween personality and psychoanalysis has also been 
demonstrated. It now remains to prove the inter- 
relation between psychoanalysis, personality and the 
glands. 
Jelliffe says: “Variations in the actual endocrine 
organs undoubtedly alter the reactivity of the indi- 
vidual so that certain complexes, always difficult in 
themselves, even under the best of circumstances, are 
13 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
not as well dealt with by reason of this (for lack 
of a better term) what may be called ‘sensitiveness.’ 
We know that complexes are a necessary part of 
everyone’s evolution. Why should fixation and re- 
gression occur with greater intensity in some people 
than in others? Does a defective hyper-thymus- 
gonadal group handle an incest complex more inade- 
quately because of the early appearance of the crav- 
ing, thus forcing a repression before its time, with 
its consequent readjustment to a narcissistic libido 
fixation? What does a thyroidal-adrenal group do 
with the same situation? If the psychical factors, 
and the knowledge of the accidents, traumata, etc., 
can be integrated with the constitutional factors, 
I feel sure we will be on our road to a real psychiatry. 
“For the present all we can hope for is to indi- 
cate the lines along which the correlations can be 
made. The real indices of endocrine adjustments 
are far from being well-known. We have a few 
facts bearing on extremes, the means are in a jumble. 
Psychoanalysis also is in a similar situation. But 
it does deliver definite qualities, ... as for quantity, 
that is, the force behind the wish,—that is still an 
important problem. Two patients may deliver us 
two similar incest dreams. On the face of them, 
14 THE INTERNAL SECRETIONS AND THE GLANDS 
they have come through the censorship with quite 
similar distortions and displacement,—yet they may 
have behind them dynamic intensities of great 
variation. . . 
Two subjects may present themselves with similar 
inferiority complexes. The analysis of both cases 
may reveal the same psychic conflict. One may be 
cured, while the other may fail to be relieved. A 
thorough physical examination will reveal different 
physical personalities. The latter may show signs 
of adrenal insufficiency, and we know from experi- 
mental evidence that fear is due to the disturbance 
of the adrenal secretion. In this case the inferiority 
complex springs from the fear, which, in its turn, has 
been caused by the disease of the adrenal glands. 
Psychoanalysis in such cases may temporarily re- 
move the complex, but there will remain a marked 
tendency toward recurrence, due to the fact that the 
cause has not been treated. In such instances glandu- 
lar therapy must be used in conjunction with psycho- 
analysis. 
On the other hand glandular inferiority is some- 
times used as an excuse for complexes that have 
no relation whatever with the internal secretions, 
but are purely psychogenetic. Even as the glands 
15 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
may affect the mind, so reciprocally may the mind 
affect the glands. This fact may be well illustrated 
by the phenomenon of impotence. Impotence may 
be either psychic or glandular in origin. The eunuchs 
whose testicles have been removed, are examples 
of the latter. An example of the former is the 
young man about to be married who looks forward 
with expectation and vivid imaginings to the first 
sexual embrace, and who finds, upon being brought 
face to face with actuality that he is unable to per- 
form the sexual act. For the cure of the impotence 
in this instance glandular treatment would be use- 
less, and psychoanalysis would be in order. How- 
ever, as a rule, treatment is unnecessary. 
In order to represent graphically the intimate rela- 
tion existing between psychoanalysis, personality and 
the glands, the following triangle has been devised. 
Personality 
(Patient 
(ifftertriUl by 
physical ani mpto) 
e*o.minationj 
[ Cause 
Effect 
CrfaMak disturbance 
CCujedbyglondular therapy) 
Psychic CompTxW 
(Cured by psychoanalyst CHAPTER II 
THE GONADS OR SEX GLANDS 
To the newspaper-reading public glands mean 
solely (if they would speak their minds frankly) 
the male gonads or testicles. Organically they are 
not essential. Men and animals can live long lives 
without their gonads, whether the latter are con- 
genitally missing or removed in later years. Other 
glands, like the parathyroid or the adrenals are ab- 
solutely necessary to the life of the organism, and 
their removal means death. Public curiosity, how- 
ever, is not whetted by them. 
The various glands found in the human body 
determine by their normal or abnormal behavior the 
health or sickness, the growth or the stunting, the 
pleasing or loathsome appearance of the human body. 
The gonads, especially the male gonads, determine 
the virile or womanish, aggressive or supine physi- 
cal and mental attitudes of the male human animal. 
Upon them depends the attaining of the goal toward 
17 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
which the great Viennese analyst, Alfred Adler, has 
beheld all human energies striving, “Complete man- 
hood.” 
No medical discovery, however important it may 
have been for the welfare of the human race, has 
ever supplied one-tenth as much matter for news- 
paper headlines as Brown-Sequard’s injections, 
Lydston’s and Voronoff’s gland transplantation 
methods, and Steinach’s latest operation. Other 
reasons for the attention paid to gonads is the fact 
that they are the only exterior glands of the body 
in the male, and that the relations of reciprocal ac- 
tion between the gonads, the outward appearance 
of man and his mental condition are intimately as- 
sociated. We shall, therefore, place them at the head 
of the list and proceed with our readers from the 
moderately well known to the less familiar. 
The Male Gonads or Male Sex Glands 
The male gonads or testicles are made up of two 
different glands, the seminal and the interstitial, 
whose tissues, however, are so closely interwoven 
that only recently were they differentiated. The 
seminal gland produces the semen, and is made up 
of small tubes that are lined with minute round cells 
18 THE GONADS OE SEX GLANDS 
which gradually transform themselves into sperma- 
tozoa and pear-shaped cells. The spermatozoa are 
the reproductive cells, but the function of the pear- 
shaped cells has not been established. The inter- 
stitial gland is made up of small islets of large cells 
held together by connective tissue and found between 
the seminal tubes. These cells are known as the 
cells of Leydig. 
Sperm, which is the secretion of the seminal gland, 
flows out of the body by way of the genito-urinary 
tract. The unknown secretion of the interstitial 
gland is poured out directly into the blood stream. 
Although reproduction would be impossible with- 
out the seminal gland, sex, in every sense of the 
word, seems to be completely dominated by the inter- 
stitial gland. The interstitial is endowed with a 
stronger vitality than the seminal gland, for though 
exposure to X-rays kills the seminal gland it does 
not affect the interstitial gland. The tying or cutting 
of the sperm vessels causes the seminal gland to de- 
generate, but does not affect the interstitial gland 
harmfully. Finally, the interstitial gland seems to 
insure the nutrition of the seminal gland, and to 
protect it by neutralizing the various poisons likely 
to affect it. 
19 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
The masculine sexual traits of the individual are 
retained when the seminal gland is removed, ob- 
literated or deprived of an outlet, but they disap- 
pear when the interstitial gland is no longer active. 
The Female Gonads or Female Sex Glands 
Much less is known about the female, than about 
the male gonads, perhaps because of the respectively 
quiescent and aggressive roles played by woman and 
man in their sex life. Man, having to enact the ac- 
tive part in love is soon driven to seek help when 
unable to assume the masculine attitude. Woman, 
on the contrary, though ignorant of sex facts, may 
go through life without suspecting her deficiency, 
or may maintain an obstinate silence caused by ex- 
cessive modesty. 
In order to appreciate the part played by the female 
gonad in woman’s sex life, it is necessary to under- 
stand the structure and function of these glands. 
The female gonad or ovary is much more compli- 
cated in its structure than the male gonad. It con- 
sists really of three glands, the Graafian follicle, the 
yellow body and the female interstitial gland. 
The Graafian follicle produces the human eggs 
which pass into the womb by way of the Fallopian 
20 THE GONADS OR SEX GLANDS 
tubes, and out of the body, if not fertilized, within 
a few days. Besides that function, the follicles 
produce a secretion which flows directly into the 
blood stream. The yellow bodies develop in the 
small cavity left in the ovary whenever an egg has 
been let out. 
The interstitial gland develops from yellow bodies 
growing where an egg, instead of being let out has 
been reabsorbed. Much less is known about the in- 
ternal secretion of the various gland tissues compos- 
ing the female gonad than about their equivalents in 
the male gonad. It has not been ascertained to what 
extent the yellow bodies and interstitial cells control 
the sexual characteristics. For instance, exposure 
of the gonad to X-rays causes the Graafian follicle 
to degenerate, while the interstitial cells, on the con- 
trary, grow larger and more numerous. The Graa- 
fian follicle in the female seems much more necessary 
to the conservation of sex organs than the seminal 
gland in the male. 
The Relation between Menstruation and Ovula- 
tion 
The relation between menstruation, the periodic 
discharge of blood from the uterus of woman, and 
21 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
ovulation, the release of a mature egg by the Graafian 
follicle, is thus far very vague. In the majority of 
cases ovulation and menstruation are simultaneous. 
Menstruation may take place without ovulation, 
while ovulation may continue after menstruation has 
ceased. 
Experiments upon apes, as well as upon human 
beings, have shown that the removal of both ovaries 
is followed by the complete stopping of menstruation. 
The transplantation of part or of a whole ovary un- 
der the skin reestablishes it. However, if this trans- 
planted ovary is again removed, menstruation ceases 
once more. Pflueger believes that the reason for the 
usual interrelation between ovulation and menstrua- 
tion is due to the fact that the congestion of the 
ovary leading to ovulation as well as the congestion 
of the uterus causing menstruation are both the re- 
sult of reflex action brought about by the enlarge- 
ment of the yellow bodies in the ovary. The general 
assumption is that the ovaries produce an internal 
secretion which is transmitted to the blood or lymph, 
and which, when it reaches the tissues in the uterus 
stimulates the mucous membrane to activity. Fraen- 
kel expounds this view fully, and attributes the 
manufacture of the internal secretion to the yellow 
22 THE GONADS OR SEX GLANDS 
cells of the ovary. In addition, he holds the opinion 
that ovulation occurs normally about two weeks be- 
fore menstruation, and that the secretion furnished 
by the yellow cells causes the enlargement of the 
uterus that takes place shortly before the monthly 
discharge of blood. 
That the ovaries and the uterus are closely related 
and that therefore the function of ovulation is as- 
sociated with menstruation, investigation has shown. 
If the ovaries are removed in the young the normal 
development of the uterus is interfered with, while 
their removal in the adult causes its degeneration, 
which may be averted by transplanting ovarian 
tissue. 
Many views have been held as to the significance 
of menstruation, some of them claiming that it is 
a process of periodic purification, and others that 
it is a means of removing excessive nutriment from 
the body. Modern science favors the views that 
menstruation is Nature’s way of preparing the soil 
for the reception of the fertilized ovum or egg, but 
the view varies with the opinions held as to whether 
ovulation precedes, occurs simultaneously, or fol- 
lows menstruation. That it is often a determining 
factor in ascertaining pregnancy is expressed in the 
23 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
words of Powers when he says: “Women menstruate 
because they do not conceive.” 
Pregnancy, Child-bearing and the Development 
of Character in Women 
In the fulfilment of woman as a normal individual, 
pregnancy and child-bearing play no insignificant 
role. Pinard has said that women who conceive and 
nurse their children go through a rejuvenation of 
the organism, have a stronger character, greater 
resistance to suffering and at the same time reveal 
more kindness and abnegation. There are many 
grounds for this statement, the most tenable of 
which would be that since pregnancy and child-bear- 
ing are natural functions in woman, their accom- 
plishment is only the correct expression of the laws 
of nature. A woman who is physically fit to bear 
children is in most cases willing to let Nature have 
her way. The woman who looks upon motherhood 
with dread is either physically or mentally unwell. 
Concerning the attitude of woman toward child- 
bearing, the glands are an essential consideration. 
In the healthy, robust woman the thyroid, pituitary 
and adrenal glands are stimulated to normal ac- 
tivity. When she is pregnant she regards her con- 
24 THE GONADS OR SEX GLANDS 
dition optimistically and looks forward with happy 
thoughts to the advent of her child. The neurotic 
woman, on the other hand, suffering from abnormal 
functioning of her glands is mortally afraid of preg- 
nancy and child-bearing. She is selfish, self-centered 
and panic-stricken in the presence of suffering. 
Pinard may be correct in his statement, yet one 
is tempted to ask whether the stronger character 
and greater resistance of the child-bearing woman 
are the cause or the effect of her condition. Preg- 
nancy and suffering do not make stronger and kinder 
women; rather, the stronger and kinder woman will 
be more willing because of those characteristics to 
bear and rear children. 
Pathological Deviations and Eunuchs 
In man, as in woman, it is the positive, autonomic 
or involuntary nervous system which sustains life 
and builds up the body. These nerves are responsi- 
ble for sex desires and actuate the interstitial gland. 
The negative autonomic nerves are the emergency 
danger-signals that precipitate the emission of 
spermatozoa and terminate the erotic desire. In 
woman the innervation is practically the same except 
that the action of the emergency nerves causing an 
25 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
unconscious fear of consequences makes the woman 
draw within herself, and though the eroticism is 
not ended and .gratification is not produced, a pro- 
tective mechanism of frigidity is projected. 
There are many departures from the normal in 
the innervation of the gonads of both male and 
female, some congenital, and others brought about 
by artificial means. Individuals with rudimentary 
gonads are examples of the congenital type, while 
castrated men or eunuchs illustrate the artificial type. 
To quote the Bible, Matthew XIX, 12: “For there 
be some eunuchs that were so born from their 
mother’s womb, and there be some eunuchs which 
were made eunuchs of men: and there be eunuchs 
which have made themselves eunuchs for the king- 
dom of heaven’s sake.” 
The eunuchs that are so born from their mother’s 
womb are peculiar for their lack or for their barely 
accentuated male characteristics. Their generative 
organs are either rudimentary or atrophied. Their 
skin is smooth and hairless, their bodies are rounded 
and curved, and they speak with high-pitched voices. 
The pubic hair shows the female distribution char- 
acterized by its horizontal boundary line instead of 
26 THE GONADS OR SEX GLANDS 
the hair reaching the navel in the usual masculine 
triangular fashion. 
“The eunuchs which are made eunuchs of men,” 
that is, the eunuchs that result from castration, or 
the removal of the testicles are effeminate in type. 
If a man is castrated before puberty the generative 
organs do not develop, the hair on the body remains 
scanty, the voice does not assume the masculine bass, 
the beard does not appear, and obesity with flaccidity 
of the muscles sets in. If a female is castrated or 
spayed, that' is, if her ovaries are removed, the 
opposite phenomenon takes place. The breasts do 
not become rounded, the pelvis does not acquire the 
normal feminine structure, the legs are longer and 
the voice is deeper. In both cases, whether in the 
castrated male or the spayed female, the mentality 
if not dulled is apt to assume the characteristics of 
the opposite sex. 
Zambacco Pasha who has made a special study of 
eunuchs says that they are generally typified by 
mental inactivity, timidity, lack of enterprise, selfish- 
ness, envy, fanaticism, mysticism,—a mixture of 
feminine and childish traits. 
27 PSYC HO ANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
The Glands, the Hermaphrodite or the Man- 
Woman 
Another gonado-centric type of individual is the 
hermaphrodite, androgyne or man-woman. Again, 
as in the case of the eunuchoid personality, gland 
deficiencies are the cause; these need not necessarily 
be irregularities of the sex-glands alone, as with the 
eunuchs, but instabilities of the whole endocrine 
system. In the majority of pathological deviations 
one gland alone is not responsible for the resulting 
individual, but the entire gland system, or a large 
part of it. 
Again in males the physical characteristics are 
feminine. The breasts are rounded with pronounced 
nipples; the hands and feet are small and shapely; 
the muscles, soft, and devoid of masculine strength. 
The distribution of fat is generous as in woman. 
As for the sex organs, they are generally undersized, 
like those of a little boy; though they may reveal 
abnormalities in shape and size. The hair-growth is 
scant and the texture finer. In fine, the feminoid 
type is a man with very pronounced feminine traits, 
both physical and mental. 
Homosexuality is not infrequently associated with 
28 THE GONADS OR SEX GLANDS 
the hermaphrodite. Sometimes it is a natural ten- 
dency, but in many instances it becomes a cult, 
whether to afford new pleasures or to meet religious 
needs. Artists are often homosexual, not through 
innate desire, but to experience emotions out of the 
run of the ordinary. Among the Aztecs normal men 
were made into homosexual, or eunuchoid types by 
subjecting them to strenuous horseback riding. 
Their generative organs weakened and atrophied, 
feminine characteristics set in, and they became 
Mujerados, or women-men. (Mujer—woman.) 
From that moment they assumed female garb and 
mannerisms, and were consecrated in the religion 
of the country. The ancient Phoenicians, also, prac- 
tised eunuchoidism, and the men who were thus ren- 
dered feminine later indulged in all kinds of sexual 
perversions with either sex. This artificial femi- 
noidism was not the product solely of barbarous 
nations. In the Middle-Ages and earlier, “for the 
kingdom of Heaven’s sake” many a monk castrated 
himself. St. Francis, it is well known, was one of 
these self-made eunuchs. It was also a common 
practice to emasculate the choir-boys of the chapels, 
so that they might retain their tenor voices for the 
glory of heaven. 
29 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
Introversion, or shutting of the individual within 
himself, is characteristic of eunuchoidism. He 
isolates himself from the world and lives in his own 
desires. The mentality of the eunuchoid ranges 
from that of a low type to that of a high order. 
There have been generals, artists, scientists and men 
of all orders within the ranks of the hermaphrodites. 
In Turkey there have been eunuchs who have risen 
from their rank of harem-keepers to men of im- 
portance in the army. 
The male woman of history is the Amazon. 
Though born with feminine qualities, when she 
reached maturity her breasts were torn off, and her 
female traits were suppressed. From then on she 
went into the battlefield together with the men, 
fought side by side with the bravest of them, and 
distinguished herself by feats of valor. 
30 CHAPTER III 
THE GONADS AND VIRILITY 
As we have seen before, sexual potency or virility 
is intimately related to the proper functioning of 
the gonads and the rest of the gland system. Realiz- 
ing this fact many scientists, among them Brown- 
Sequard, Voronoff, Lichtenstein and Steinach have 
performed experiments giving conclusive proof. 
Brown-Sequard’s Experiments 
In 1889 Brown-Sequard began making experi- 
ments with extracts from the gonads of various 
animals. These experiments when first tried upon 
animals gave such interesting results that he decided 
to see their effect upon himself. 
In May of that year he removed one gonad from 
a healthy two-year-old dog, chopped it up fine, 
ground it in a mortar with a little water and then 
squeezed out the fluid. He obtained about four and 
a half cubic centimeters of extract. He injected one 
31 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
cubic centimeter of it under the skin of his own leg. 
He repeated the injection five times at intervals of 
from five to ten days. Then he made a similar ex- 
tract from the gonads of male guinea pigs and gave 
himself five injections of it under the skin of his 
abdomen and his arm. 
At that time Brown-Sequard was 71 years old 
and very feeble. Laboratory work exhausted him 
very quickly. He ate little and had to retire early 
although he usually was unable to sleep. 
The day after the first injection he noticed amaz- 
ing changes in his condition which improved very 
rapidly with each new injection. He could stand 
up for hours in his laboratory instead of being com- 
pelled to sit down every few minutes. He was even 
able to work once more in the evening. His arms 
and legs showed renewed vigor. By the dynamom- 
eter his biceps registered an increase of strength of 
twenty-five per cent. Whereas he had had to creep 
up the stairs previous to his injection, clinging to 
the railing, he could afterwards run up and down 
with the nimbleness of a young man. For twelve 
years he had never had a natural movement of the 
bowels. Two weeks after the treatment began he 
32 THE GONADS AND VIRILITY 
could discard both purgatives and enemas. In addi- 
tion, he was able to do intellectual work with less 
effort. 
Voronoff’s Experiment on the Ram 
Spurred by the spirit of research, Voronoff per- 
formed some experiments of his own. He took a 
ram between twelve and fourteen years of age, 
which corresponds to eighty or ninety years in man. 
It was very unsteady on its legs and suffered from 
inability to hold back its urine. On May 7, 1918, 
Voronoff grafted immediately above the goat’s right 
testicle, the testicle of a young ram. Two months 
later the animal was entirely transformed. The 
incontinence of urine, the weakness of the legs, and 
the general lassitude ceased. The carriage became 
proud again. The old ram looked young and vigor- 
ous. A young ewe placed with him in the stall was 
impregnated and bore in February, 1919, a vigorous 
offspring. Then the gland which had been implanted 
in the rejuvenated ram was removed and once more 
senility set in. In June, 1919, a new graft was per- 
formed, and youth returned to the ram once more. 
Under the influence of this second grafting he 
fathered a new offspring in February, 1920. 
33 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
Steinach’s Experiment on the Rat 
Steinach used for his experiments old rats seven- 
teen to twenty-three months of age. The signs of 
senility in an animal are evinced in various ways. 
The hair is lost. The scrotum is the first to become 
denuded, then the throat and the thighs. Vermin 
accumulates and the animal no longer cleans himself. 
Emaciation sets in, and every particle of fat disap- 
pears. The organs become shriveled up and anemic, 
the appetite decreases, the animal is easily tired, he 
no longer fights, the head droops, and the eyes are 
watery and half-closed. Sexually he manifests in- 
difference to the female. 
The rejuvenation process depends upon the age 
of the animal. If the rat is not very old the sperm 
duct is cut on one side; if the rat is very old the 
sperm ducts are cut on both sides. If these pro- 
cedures fail, the gonads of a younger rat are im- 
planted under the skin of the old one. 
Paul Kammerer, Steinach’s co-worker states: 
“As the first result of the operation, as soon as the 
wound has healed, the animal abandons its drooping 
attitude. It straightens itself out, opens its now 
clear eyes, develops a new interest in its environ- 
34 THE GONADS AND VIRILITY 
ment, above all for the female, becomes once more 
active and displays a strong appetite. After three 
or four weeks, the beneficial effect of the functional 
activation becomes apparent; the animal takes on 
weight, a new fat layer forms, the muscles are like 
newly-oiled machines and no longer colorless but 
red, owing to the good blood stream they receive. 
It would be a great mistake to think that the re- 
juvenation by the interstitial gland merely causes 
a new flare-up of sexual lust. It has a chemical in- 
fluence on the entire organism. For instance, the 
thyroid and pituitary glands, which in all animals are 
withered regain after rejuvenation their size and 
consistency. Finally, our rejuvenated rat grows new 
hair on his bald spot, the entire fur becoming thicker 
and smoother, and as the animal now cleans himself 
carefully, freer from parasites. The seminal 
vesicles and the prostate gland, which in old rats 
are empty and wrinkled, are now well developed and 
full of secretions. The scrotum which was shrunken 
and hairless is now covered with hair. Our rat is 
now ready to fight any male and conquer any 
female.” 
The Steinach operation on rats not only increased 
their sexual power and improved their general 
35 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
health, but also lengthened their span of life. The 
rats he used lived from twenty-seven to thirty 
months. Paul Kammerer writes : “This is the more 
important, as when the second senility is reached the 
animals can be rejuvenated anew if the operation 
was performed on one side by operating on the other 
side, and when both sides have been operated upon, 
by implanting young gonads.” 
Criticisms of Steinach’s Operation 
Many criticisms have been leveled at Steinach’s 
latest operation for the rejuvenation of males. It 
has been pointed out that in drunkards and in those 
infected with venereal disease or tuberculosis, the 
seminal glands atrophy, while the interstitial glands 
hypertrophy. Nevertheless, the patient is not rejuve- 
nated. As Paul Kammerer answers: “We can 
hardly expect a gradual poisoning of the organism to 
lead to any form of rejuvenation, whatever its local 
influence may be.” 
The startling results of the Steinach operation are 
still a puzzle. Were it not that other observers have 
rejuvenated animals by that method, we would sus- 
pect that its beneficial effects were due to suggestion. 
After certain diseases, the spermatozoa are no longer 
36 THE GONADS AND VIRILITY 
able to escape from the gonads. Nevertheless, no 
improvement has been observed in the sexual and 
organic conditions of such patients. Perhaps im- 
provement might be noted if these cases were to be 
carefully followed up after recovery. In venereal 
diseases and tuberculosis when inflammation closed 
up the tubes of the seminal vesicles, one may very 
often observe a great increase in sexual desire caused 
undoubtedly by the fact that both the internal and 
the external secretions have no outlet and are both 
discharged into the blood stream. 
The Gonads or Sex Glands in Plants 
Experiments in plants show that the gonads exert 
a similar influence upon their lives. Budding, 
blooming, growth and reproduction are the results 
of plant procreation. Certain plants may be made 
to live several years longer, if their flower buds are 
cut off as soon as they appear. The century plant 
lives to a very old age in cold climates where it does 
not bloom for many decades. In Mexico, it blooms 
after ten years or so and then dies. From these ob- 
servations it may be deduced that if the reproductive 
mechanisms of plants are destroyed there is a pour- 
ing in into the plant of some vitalizing agent, prob- 
37 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
ably an internal secretion which is conducive to 
longevity. This is similar to the results obtained in 
animals by the experiments of Steinach. 
Lichtenstein’s Operation on the Human Being 
One of Dr. Lichtenstein’s patients, a man seventy- 
years old, who did not realize what operation had 
been performed upon him, nine months after the 
operation writes as follows: “After my wound 
healed I went to a sanitarium to regain my strength. 
To my great astonishment I had erotic dreams dur- 
ing the night. My appetite became ravenous. 
Instead of being deeply depressed I now enjoyed 
life. I look healthy and am quite elastic for my age. 
People take me for a man of about sixty years, and 
cannot believe that I have passed the seventy-one- 
year mark. My difficulties in breathing have about 
completely disappeared and I often take walks of a 
few hours’ duration. Instead of going to the bar- 
ber’s once in two or three weeks, I must now have 
my hair and beard trimmed once every week. I 
have found complete sexual gratification. My hands 
no longer tremble.” 
A year later at the age of seventy-two the man 
was still enjoying the benefits of his rejuvenation. 
38 THE GONADS AND VIRILITY 
Lichtenstein mentions that not only the body hair 
had increased, but that some of it that came out 
was actually dark. 
Stanley’s Treatment by Injection 
Dr. L. L. Stanley, resident physician of the Cali- 
fornia State Prison in San Quentin has developed 
a new and simpler procedure of rejuvenation than 
those previously employed. He takes the gonads of 
rams, goats or boars and cuts them into very small 
strips. With these strips he fills up a syringe with 
a needle of very large caliber, holding about sixty 
grains and used for injecting paraffin. He inserts 
the needle under the skin of the abdomen and using 
only one point of entrance injects one-fourth of the 
contents of the syringe, in four directions. This 
injection, if done carefully, may be painless. 
The Stanley treatment was first given to a few 
volunteers. After twenty or thirty of them had 
reported to their fellow-prisoners the good results 
obtained, many applications were received. Up to 
the summer of 1921 over three hundred of them 
had been treated. Some of them even asked for a 
second and third injection, feeling that if one did 
good more would do better. 
39 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
Eight cases of asthma were treated. Four were 
improved and four were cured. In four young men, 
ranging from eighteen to twenty-five years of age, 
who suffered from facial eruptions, marked im- 
provement was noticed. Eleven tuberculous patients 
showed a temporary gain in weight, appetite and 
sexual activity. The improvement in the tuber- 
culous patients was probably due to the psycho- 
logical effect of a new mode of treatment. Any 
new treatment at first helps the consumptive. Six- 
teen mental cases treated by Dr. Stanley showed im- 
provement. One paranoiac obsessed by an idea of 
persecution improved physically and became able 
to work. 
The Effects of X-rays on the Gonads of Women 
Dr. Halzknecht of Vienna treated women in the 
throes of a stormy climacterium or change of life 
by submitting their gonads to X-ray exposure. The 
results were gratifying. Experimenting with 
Steinach on female guinea pigs he discovered that 
when the ovaries of the little animals were submitted 
even to moderate X-rays the eggs were destroyed and 
transformed into “yellow bodies.” This process 
makes the rejuvenation of woman simpler, for it 
40 THE GONADS AND VIRILITY 
does not require the opening of the abdomen in order 
to remove the ovaries. French investigators (Bouin, 
Ancel, Villemin), on the other hand, report that ex- 
posure to X-rays works like castration, causing the 
follicles to atrophy, preventing the formation of 
“ydlow bodies” and bringing about the degenera- 
tion of the entire sexual apparatus, including the 
breasts. Though the rejuvenating influence of the 
X-rays is still a mooted question, there is no doubt 
that the X-rays cause sterility both in the female 
and the male. Because of the sterility produced, 
the use of X-rays has been advocated by some as a 
method of birth control. X-rays have also been 
used with success to check severe bleeding from the 
uterus. The rays discovered by Roentgen have a 
selective action upon the female sexual apparatus 
and it remains for the future to definitely determine 
just what this action is. 
The Suppression of Menstruation by Mental 
Factors 
On two occasions we have been able to observe 
what seemed to be the suppression of menstruation 
by mental factors. Two women, one thirty-four, a 
widow, who at the time had a lover, the other, 
41 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
twenty-two, unmarried and a virgin, found them- 
selves forced by circumstances to step into commer- 
cial positions which are seldom, if ever, entrusted 
to women. Their sex was a definite handicap to 
them and their neurotic make-up caused them to 
feel that handicap very keenly. 
For several months they struggled bravely with 
complications, which were of a nature that can- 
not be described here. Both finally succeeded in 
winning the respect of their male associates. Dur- 
ing the period of storm and stress, when they were 
constantly on their guard against the sexual ad- 
vances of the men about them, their menstruation 
entirely ceased. In the case of the older woman 
who had taken drugs to bring on the flow, there may 
be some doubt as to what brought about the return 
of the gonadal functions. In the case of the virgin, 
no doubt was possible. In both cases the menstrua- 
tion promptly returned and was firmly established 
immediately after the business conferences which 
both women had dreaded, were successfully termi- 
nated. During these conferences one woman was 
told that she had “done as well as any man would 
have done.” The other was told that her invest- 
42 THE GONADS AND VIRILITY 
ments were as well protected as though she were a 
man. 
Adler would certainly recognize in both of these 
cases his “masculine protest” or craving for virility, 
which for three months in one case, and for four 
months in the other, had eliminated the function 
whereby woman differs radically from man. 
Psychoanalysis also reestablished menstruation in 
a girl of twenty years, who at the age of eighteen, 
which was about the time of its appearance, had 
been subjected to a brutal assault which she had 
never revealed to any one and which had filled her 
with a panicky fear of all sexual phenomena. In 
this case the family physician administered large 
doses of thyroid, pituitary and ovarian extracts, 
which probably helped. The gland medication was 
stopped when the function of menstruation was 
established. 
In all of these cases, which have been selected 
because they are characteristic, the mental factor 
became so obvious, in the course of the analysis that 
there was no need of conjuring up an organic in- 
feriority. Fear simply dammed the mental flow. 
43 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PEKSON ALITIES 
Psychic Impotence 
One of the best examples of the influence of 
psychogenetic factors on the gonads is the fact that 
a man’s sexuality may be very low with one woman 
and very high with another, who is in no visible 
way superior physically. In the latter case fetishes 
denoting peace and safety prevent the sympathetic 
system from causing impotence. In the former case 
those fetishes once present have been destroyed by 
age or replaced by fetishes of the disquieting kind 
which set the body’s safety appliances working. All 
talk of gonadal insufficiency in cases of marked 
fetishism is absurd. Feeding powdered gonads or 
injecting gonadal extract, or performing the Voro- 
noff or Steinach operation on a man who, totally 
frigid in the presence of an attractive woman, grows 
wildly erotic when kissing a pair of female slippers, 
would be simply asinine. 
Some men are made partly or completely impotent, 
or incapable of gratifying their wives by their lack 
of sexual endurance, by either actual memories of 
incest in childhood or by repressed incest wishes 
which transform a perfectly attractive female into 
a source of paralyzing, unconscious fear. 
44 THE GONADS AND VIRILITY 
Then there are the processes so well described by- 
Adler in his monumental work, The Neurotic Con- 
stitution, which drive the neurotic along the path of 
negative safety, make him anti-social, anti-biological, 
anti-sexual and cause him to protect himself against 
woman, “the temptress,” “the domineering one,” 
“the extravagant one,” “the passionate one.” 
Then again a secret sense of sin, based upon for- 
gotten childhood experiences, perhaps cruel punish- 
ment for sexual curiosity or indiscretion, will assail 
an otherwise perfectly potent man. A man seduced 
by his aunt at the age of sixteen was almost com- 
pletely impotent with every woman until he married. 
From then on lawful intercourse no longer evoked 
the squeamishness which used to overcome him 
whenever he approached a woman. 
In homosexualism we must draw a very definite 
line between neurotic men and women who seek their 
own sex for safety, convenience, fear of defeat, of 
expense, entanglement or exposure, and the physical 
misfits who have either an indefinite sex, or the sec- 
ondary sexual characteristics of the opposite sex, 
men with breasts or hairy women. Experiments 
made upon animals by Steinach and others show 
clearly that the implantation of testicles into a 
45 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
female make her appear like a male, and the im- 
plantation of ovaries into a male make him act like 
a female. The testicle graft caused a female deer 
to grow horns. The ovary graft made the breast of 
a male deer to develop, and prevented the growth 
of antlers. 
46 CHAPTER IV 
THE THYROID GLAND OR THE GLAND OF EMOTION 
The thyroid gland, the source of emotions, the 
regulator of energy, the builder of character, the 
fountain-head of activity was among the first of the 
glands of internal secretion to be studied. The first 
definite work was done by Curling, an Englishman, 
who in 1850 while studying the idiots of Salzburg, 
discovered that their deficient mentality was asso- 
ciated with an absence of the thyroid gland. To 
this condition, when occurring in children, the name 
cretinism was given; when occurring in adults it was 
known as myxedema. Theodore Kocher, the great 
surgeon, while operating upon goiter, a chronic en- 
largement of the thyroid gland, particularly common 
in Switzerland, in the Pyrenees and in the moun- 
tainous regions of Germany, Austria and France, 
found that a complete removal of the gland was 
followed by certain symptoms. Schiff demon- 
strated that these symptoms could be prevented by 
47 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
injecting thyroid juice into the blood or grafting a 
piece of the gland under the skin. Thus was estab- 
lished the fact that the thyroid gland had an internal 
secretion. To use Schiff’s own words: “We may 
wonder if the thyroid body produces in its interior 
a substance which it delivers into the blood stream 
and which constitutes a nutritive element for an- 
other organ (nervous), or whether it act mechan- 
ically by its anatomical position. To decide between 
these two alternatives, it is necessary to find a means 
of transplanting it by grafting it into some other 
part of the body. If, after this has been done, the 
accidents resulting from its removal are avoided or 
reduced to a minimum, it is evident that the action 
of the thyroid is due to its composition and not to 
its anatomical relations; this will prove the thyroid 
to have a chemical function.” 
The Location and Structure of the Thyroid 
The thyroid gland is in the neck, astride the wind- 
pipe. It consists of two lobes or portions, a right 
and a left, connected by a middle part known as the 
isthmus. It is usually one of the lateral lobes that 
enlarges, but at times the gland as a whole may in- 
crease in size. In close relation with the thyroid 
48 THE THYROID GLAND OR THE GLAND OF EMOTION 
are the parathyroid glands, very important struc- 
tures that will be taken up later. 
Comparative morphology, or that study which 
treats of the anatomical structures in man and ani- 
mals, reveals that in the higher invertebrates and 
the lower vertebrates the thyroid is a sexual gland, 
intimately connected with the uterus. It is indeed 
strange that this seat of energy and emotions should 
be located near the region where the ancients judged 
the affections and soul to be. Does not the Bible 
speak of “the bowels of compassion” and does not 
Shakespeare mention the bowels as the seat of the 
passions? As we go higher in the scale of evolution 
we find that the thyroid ascends until it reaches the 
throat, and remains as a relay station between the 
passions and the intellect. Similarly we find that 
in, literature the supposed seat of the spirit, the affec- 
tions and the soul travels from the bowels to the 
liver, from the liver to the heart and from the heart 
to the pineal gland, a small structure in the brain. 
The fact that the thyroid gland is a sexual organ is 
evidenced by its enlargement at puberty, during 
menstruation, during pregnancy and at the change 
of life. 
49 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
The Thyroid as a Human Accelerator 
Even as the accelerator regulates the speed of the 
automobile, so does the thyroid regulate the speed 
of human activity. When the accelerator is pressed 
and the internal secretion of the thyroid gland is 
increased the condition is known as hyperthyroidism. 
A deficiency of the secretion is known as hypo- 
thyroidism. Hyperthyroidism is a common dis- 
ease, particularly in its milder forms. None of us 
can escape sorrow, joy, disappointment, nervous 
jolts, shocks, anxiety, anger, grief, or sexual experi- 
ences ; and any one of these will stimulate the thyroid 
to hypersecretion. Nine patients out of ten with 
Graves’s disease (an aggravated form of hyper- 
thyroidism) reveal such a factor as a starting point. 
In an even greater percentage of patients the predis- 
posing soil is an hereditary taint in one form or 
another. As a rule, the patient’s family history 
points to the existence of bronchial asthma, diabetes, 
epilepsy, insanity, neurasthenia, Raynaud’s disease, 
angioneurotic edema, Graves’s disease, or just plain 
“nervousness” in blood relatives. A type of nervous 
and endocrine instability is inherited as a predispos- 
ing cause. It requires but the impetus of a subacute 
50 THE THYROID GLAND OR THE GLAND OF EMOTION 
or an acute emotional strain to develop hyperthy- 
roidism. Intensive study, sexual repression, obses- 
sions, incompatibility, griefs, shocks, risky adven- 
tures, accidents, fires or other conditions where the 
instinct of self-preservation overwhelms the indi- 
vidual, produce within a short time, or sometimes 
at once, typical hyperthyroid personalities,—a 
trembling creature with bulging eyes, rapid heart, a 
moist skin, and an emotionally unstable nervous 
system. 
Hyperthyroidism and Personality 
An increase in the internal secretion of the thyroid 
gland produces such a distinct change in the be- 
havior, temperament, character and modes of ad- 
justment of the individual that he may be distin- 
guished as an entity,—the hyperthyroid personality. 
This type is the one that rises to heights of elation 
or sinks into depths of despair. He is irritable, 
peevish, easily upset. He is never satisfied. He is 
in other words, the chronic kicker, who finds the 
summer too hot and the winter too cold, the days 
too bright and the nights too dark. He is wide- 
awake, rapid in action, fantastic in imagination, at 
once the dreamer, the planner and the doer,—a defi- 
51 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
nite motor type, ever restless, seeking that he may 
find, knocking that it may open, and looking that he 
may see. 
To hyperthyroidism corresponds a great mental 
activity which is often coupled with too much of a 
critical tendency, not infrequently directed against 
oneself. The mental processes are extremely speedy 
and the perceptions and associations are as rapid as 
lightning. We find an increased sensitiveness and 
a capacity to visualize the feelings of other people, 
and to sympathize, which sometimes imparts to the 
r 
hyperthyroid man a sort of feminine touch. This 
sensitiveness may be converted into touchiness, sud- 
den changes of mood, optimism, despondency and 
outbursts of anger. 
The degree of emotional instability depends upon 
the degree of hyperthyroidism. It reaches the maxi- 
mum in the condition known as exophthalmic goiter, 
which is due to an increased secretion associated 
with bulging eyes and an enlarged thyroid gland or 
goiter. This disease is also known as Parry’s Dis- 
ease, after Caleb Hillier Parry who in 1825 wrote a 
description of eight cases of “Enlargement of the 
Thyroid Gland in connection with Enlargement or 
Palpitation of the Heart.” At times it has been 
52 THE THYROID GLAND OR THE GLAND OF EMOTION 
called Graves’s Disease after another Englishman 
who in 1835 first definitely described the ailment. 
The Germans have named it “Basedow’sche Krank- 
heit” after Basedow who differentiated the condition 
in 1840. The Italians maintain that Flajani de- 
scribed the disease in 1800 but their claim is unsup- 
ported by the evidence. 
Knowing what we do about the causes and effects 
of hyperthyroidism, it is not surprising to find this 
condition to be common among those leading emo- 
tional lives. Pende observed that many actresses 
and actors present thyroid hyperactivity. Patrizi 
adds that it is frequently found in many musicians 
and poets. All of them are irritable, and emotional 
and subject to moods. Singers surely are not im- 
mune, and many an altercation between the prima 
donna and her impresario is due to too much thyroid. 
But hyperthyroidism is not solely the malady of 
emotional aristocrats, for it is commonly found in 
the lower class of farmers, women who have raised 
large families on slender incomes, among poorly 
paid teachers and struggling students. Nurses in 
training may suddenly develop goiter, while many 
men develop it when confronted with the hardships 
and dangers of army life. 
53 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
Worry about the future which creates an abnor- 
mal mental activity, restlessness, sleeplessness, lack 
of concentration often translate themselves into a 
morbid overdevelopment of the thyroid resulting in 
high blood pressure, palpitations of the heart, con- 
stipation, impotence and frigidity. Fatigue and 
great strain produce hyperthyroidism. 
The Goetsch Test of Hyperthyroidism 
A big neck or an enlarged thyroid does Tiot al- 
ways mean hyperthyroidism. In fact there is a form 
of goiter, the colloid, which indicates a decrease in 
the thyroid secretion. This condition is treated by 
the administration of the thyroid gland itself. On 
the other hand, exophthalmic goiter always means 
an increase in the thyroid secretion. 
Sometimes hyperthyroidism is mistaken for 
psychoneurosis, hysteria, asthenia, mental insta- 
bility, or tuberculosis. In order to distinguish 
hyperthyroidism from these conditions and from 
simple goiter Goetsch has devised a test. He injects 
one half of a cubic centimeter of a solution of one 
in one thousand of adrenalin chlorid. If the pulse 
or blood pressure, or both, rise ten points, for in- 
54 THE THYROID GLAND OR THE GLAND OF EMOTION 
stance, the pulse rising from 72 to 82, the blood 
pressure from 150 to 160, there is hyperthyroidism. 
Hypothyroidism 
Hypothyroidism is the reverse of the condition 
we have been discussing. Instead of an increase in 
the internal secretion we have a decrease. When 
the thyroid gland is removed in an animal, the skin 
becomes thick and dry. There is a gain in weight, 
the muscles become weak and growth is slow. The 
blood becomes poor in quality and quantity; the 
temperature is subnormal; the pulse is slow and 
weak; activity is lessened, and the actual sexual de- 
sire is diminished. Examination of the tissue shows 
that the cells have diminished in size. 
In 1859 Schiff was the first to note that the re- 
moval of the thyroid gland in a dog was followed 
by the symptoms described. Gull and Orde differen- 
tiated this condition in adults and called it 
myxedema. In children it is known as cretinism. 
Horsley showed that these symptoms could be re- 
moved in animals by the transplantation of other 
thyroid glands. Murray and Howitz used thyroid 
extract by mouth and cured the disease. Other ex- 
55 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
periments showed that this gland is essential for the 
growth of the body and brain in childhood. 
Jacques Loeb of California found that by feed- 
ing very young tadpoles with thyroid very diminu- 
tive frogs could be produced. Allen observed that 
if a young tadpole was deprived of its thyroid gland, 
it was unable ever to become a frog. 
The axolotl is a salamander whose habitat is 
Mexico. The strange thing about this salamander 
is that throughout its life it exists in the tadpole 
form, unable to undergo complete metamorphosis. 
Feeding the axolotl with thyroid gland causes it to 
throw off its gills, change its skin and tail, thus com- 
pleting its metamorphosis and attaining full develop- 
ment. 
Cretinism or Curable Idiocy 
The cretin from time immemorial has been a sub- 
ject of interest to society. Paracelsus was among 
the first to describe this condition in more or less 
scientific terms. The cretin has played an important 
role in literature, art and social intrigues. The 
buffoon, the clown, the court-jester with his cap and 
bells, was very often a cretin. Some of the mal- 
formed dwarfs painted by Velasquez were cretins. 
56 THE THYROID GLAND OR THE GLAND OF EMOTION 
In intrigues the poor cretin, born fool that he was, 
was used as a go-between and tool by the shrewd 
and unscrupulous. 
To be born a cretin was to be doomed to idiocy. 
The discovery of the action of the thyroid gland 
has meant the prevention of cretinism. Formerly 
cretins were quite common. To-day they are com- 
paratively rare. Success in the cure of this condi- 
tion can only be assured if treatment is instituted 
very early in infancy. 
The condition is rarely recognized before the 
infant is six or seven months old. It is then noticed 
that the child does not grow at the normal rate and 
is not bright mentally. The tongue is large and 
thick and hangs out of the mouth. Gradually as 
the child becomes older other signs are observed. 
The skin is dry, thin, rough, scaly, yellowish or 
waxy. The face is large and bloated; the brow is 
wrinkled; the eyelids are puffy and swollen; the eyes 
are bleary; the nostrils are wide; the nose is flatly 
depressed giving it the name of saddle-nose; there 
is drooling about the mouth. The ears are large, 
outstanding and erect. In short, it is the picture of 
the comic-tragic idiot. 
Professor Falta describes a four-and-a-half-year- 
57 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
old cretin as follows: “Head at birth already large. 
Speech up to second year of life consisted of the 
simplest words only, such as Ta-ta, Ma-ma; and 
since this time the child has not spoken much other- 
wise. Head extremely large. Very low forehead, 
eyes standing wide apart. Saddle-nose; thick broad 
tongue that protrudes from the mouth. Cheeks very 
thick, throat also very thick and stubby. Thyroid 
not palpable. Thick hair on back. Skin of the body 
springy, elastic; hands and fingers chubby. Abdomen 
much distended. The child often stares into space 
for a long time, but at times is lively and cries loudly. 
No trace of speech. Puts all objects into his mouth. 
Impressions of hearing entirely absent; no reactions 
of the eyelids to sound.” 
Myxedema and the Hypothyroid Personality 
Myxedema, as has been stated before, is a disease 
of adults. Women are more frequently attacked 
than men, the ratio being about six to one. The 
condition has been found in several members of one 
family. Sometimes it is the end result of a previous 
hyperthyroidism. The thyroid having been over- 
worked degenerates, and instead of oversecreting 
produces a secretion poor in quality and less in 
58 THE THYROID GLAND OR THE GLAND OF EMOTION 
quantity. Cases of myxedema in one sister and 
exophthalmic goiter in another sister have been 
reported. 
Ord described this myxedematous condition as 
characterized by a marked increase in the general 
bulk of the body, a firm, inelastic swelling of the 
skin which does not pit on pressure; dryness and 
roughness which tend with the swelling to obliterate 
in the face the lines of expression; imperfect nutri- 
tion of the hair and local tumefaction of the skin. 
The physiognomy is altered in a remarkable way; 
the features are coarse and broad; the lips thick, the 
nostrils broad and thick, and the mouth is enlarged. 
Over the cheeks, sometimes the nose, there is a 
reddish patch. There is a striking slowness of 
thought and movement. The memory becomes de- 
fective, the patients grow irritable and suspicious 
and there may be headache. In some cases there are 
delusions and hallucinations, leading to a final con- 
dition of dementia. 
Thyroidism is not a static condition, but variable 
in character. The hyperthyroidism of to-day may 
change into hypothyroidism to-morrow. It is there- 
fore not surprising to find that the personality of an 
individual will reveal the signs of a decreased secre- 
59 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
tion engrafted upon those of a former increased 
secretion. Thus we will have these individuals in 
transports of joy or in the throes of gloom. Osier 
reports a case of a young man in whom both dis- 
eases existed at the same time. This man became 
bloated and increased in weight enormously during 
three months (signs of hypothyroidism), then had 
rapid heart with tremor and active delirium (signs 
of hyperthyroidism) and died within six months 
of the onset of the symptoms. 
Thyroidism and Psychoanalysis 
Jelliffe reports the most illuminating case of goiter 
caused solely by an internal conflict of fear, worry 
and indecision. A young woman, married to a 
rather weak husband, had an affair with her family 
physician and became pregnant. She began to worry 
as to whose child it was, and especially whom it 
would look like when it grew up, what her husband 
would think, whether he'd drive her out of the home. 
Right then and there she had her first slight attack 
of goiter and tonsillitis. She was like all hyper- 
thyroid individuals extremely agitated and nervous. 
When the child was born, and it proved to have 
[6o] THE THYROID GLAND OR THE GLAND OF EMOTION 
blond hair and blue eyes, like her husband, the goiter 
slowly disappeared. 
Four or five years later, the goiter returned. 
Jelliffe, who treated her at this time, psychoanalyzed 
her and found that for a time she had been in a 
quandary. A lawyer she had met socially was 
making ardent love to her, begging her to let him 
secure a divorce so that he might marry her. Her 
dreams revealed that she did not have implicit faith 
in him, had doubts about his generosity and real 
intentions, and wondered whether after parting from 
her husband he would not leave her stranded. The 
result was a derangement of the energy gland of the 
organism, and the consequent development of hyper- 
thyroidism. 
In summing up the case Jelliffe says: “Many 
human beings are caught in just this kind of a 
dilemma, yet hyperthyroid reactions do not develop 
at all. I can only say, So be it. Is this hyper- 
thyroidism alone conditioned by the factors I have 
hurriedly sketched? I do not think so. There are 
constitutional factors which are a part of the struc- 
tures. The patient wants, and yet does not want to 
run away with the dark-haired, brown-eyed man and 
sacrifice the husband and the daughter. Can she 
61 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
stand it? She cannot. Her physical disease is her 
conscience. ... We must straighten out her moral 
conflict. Removing her thyroid does not do this. 
. . .” The cause of the hyperthyroidism is psycho- 
genetic and the only way to relieve the condition is 
by psychoanalysis. 
Another example of psychic thyroidism is a case 
which came under our observation. At thirteen the 
patient who was then an only child felt that life was 
not worth living because her mother gave birth to 
a baby girl. Until then she had been the center of 
interest. Now the baby monopolized the attention 
of the doctor, the parents, the visitors and the serv- 
ants. She suddenly developed mumps and soon 
after a swelling of the neck in the thyroid region. 
Gradually these conditions subsided. At the age 
of twenty-six this same girl, upon discovering that 
her husband had deceived her, reacted with another 
attack of mumps followed by a goiter. 
Analysis showed that she was suffering from a 
feeling of uselessness and of the futility of life. 
She was discouraged and incapable of making any 
effort to adjust herself to her environment. Her 
goiter persisted until she secured a divorce and then 
the swelling disappeared without any medication. 
62 THE THYROID GLAND OR THE GLAND OF EMOTION 
Thyroidism and Insanity 
On visiting the wards of the Belle Air Asylum 
near Geneva, Switzerland, N. R. Phillips was im- 
pressed by the great number of patients suffering 
from goiter. There were thirty-six per cent for both 
sexes. Upon his return to England he made a 
survey of all the patients in St. Andrew’s Hospital, 
Northampton. The result was that one patient out 
of every eight showed a thyroid enlargement. His 
series of cases showed that the type of psychosis or 
insanity is influenced to some extent by the form of 
the disturbance in the thyroid gland. For example, 
hyperthyroidism is usually associated with states of 
excitement and agitation, such as manic-depressive 
insanity; whereas hypothyroidism is more often as- 
sociated with states of apathy and indifference, such 
as dementia prsecox. 
The treatment of the psychoses associated with 
goiter depended upon the type of disturbance in the 
internal secretion of the thyroid gland. If there 
was a decrease in the amount of the secretion thyroid 
extract was administered. If there was an increase 
in the amount of the secretion psychotherapy was 
employed. 
63 CHAPTER V 
THE PITUITARY GLAND OR THE GLAND OF GROWTH 
Galen in the second century believed that the 
pituitary gland separated the phlegm from the brain 
and discharged it through the nose. This theory 
was accepted until Scheider in 1662 showed that the 
nasal secretion was not discharged by the pituitary 
gland. The first real work was done by Marie in 
1889, who associated an enlarged pituitary with 
acromegaly, a disturbance of growth characterized 
by an increase in the size of the trunk, face and 
hands which may lead to gigantism. Previous to 
this time the pituitary was considered a rudimentary 
organ, a vestige, a non-functionating cerebral ap- 
pendix. In 1898 Howell extracted an active secre- 
tion from the posterior part of the gland. The 
anatomy of the pituitary was worked up by Swale 
Vincent who found in it structures similar to those 
found in the thyroid, the thymus, the adrenals and 
the gonads. Schafer added to the anatomical knowl- 
64 PITUITARY GLAND OR THE GLAND OF GROWTH 
edge, and especially showed the great blood supply 
possessed by this organ. To this was added the 
work of Tilney in 1911, which gave a clear insight 
into the minute and detailed structure. However, 
it was Harvey Cushing of Boston who, in 1910, pro- 
duced the epochal study on the pituitary. In this 
work he gave us the modern conception of the 
physiology and the clinical manifestations. 
The Pituitary—What it is and What it does 
The pituitary is a small gland, the size of a pea, 
weighing one-sixtieth of an ounce and located in the 
sella turcica or Turkish saddle, a bony conformation 
at the base of the brain. The pituitary has been 
called a brain within a brain, with a miniature skull 
(the sella) of its own within the skull. The pituitary 
consists of two portions, an anterior and a posterior. 
These two parts are different in development, in 
structure and in function. The anterior part is de- 
veloped from the same root as the mouth; the pos- 
terior, from the nervous system. The anterior lobe 
affects growth and development and is necessary to 
life; the posterior lobe is concerned with the assimi- 
lation of starches, sugars and fats, influences fat 
65 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
formation and affects the development of the sexual 
organs. 
Complete removal of the pituitary in dogs and 
cats is followed by death within from ten to forty- 
eight hours. Incomplete removal prolongs life any- 
where from one week to one year, depending upon 
how much of the gland is left behind. The removal 
of the anterior lobe is as fatal as the removal of the 
whole gland. The partial removal of the anterior 
lobe gives rise to hypopituitary symptoms, demon- 
strated by a deposition of fat in the body, falling 
of the hair, an interference with growth, an atrophy 
of the testicles or ovaries and a decrease in the libido 
From the posterior lobe a substance known as 
pituitrin is obtained. The injection of pituitrin 
under the skin causes a rise in blood pressure, in- 
creases the flow of urine from the bladder, stimu- 
lates the uterus to contraction and increases the 
flow of milk from the breasts of nursing mothers. 
At the International Congress of Medicine in 1913 
Sir Edward A. Schafer of Edinburgh staged an in- 
teresting experiment. He brought a lactating cat, 
cut off the nerves leading to her mammary glands 
and injected the posterior pituitary extract (pitu- 
itrin) into a vein of the ear. Within a few seconds 
66 PITUITARY GLAND OR THE GLAND OF GROWTH 
milk spurted from the teats of the cat. This does 
not prove that the pituitary has anything to do with 
the secretion of milk, but it does show that pituitrin 
contracts the muscles of the breast as it contracts the 
uterus in delayed labor, or the muscles of the in- 
testines in certain cases of intestinal paralysis. 
Hypopituitarism, Dwarfism and Infantilism 
A deficiency in the secretion of the pituitary gland 
produces incomplete development. The figure of 
the resulting individual may be that of a child, but 
when stripped, the outlines are those of an adult. 
The head is small, the trunk is well-formed and the 
skeletal structure is in proportion. There may be 
no growth of facial or abdominal hair and the arm 
pits may be bare. The sexual organs, though small, 
are in proportion to the size of the body. The men- 
tality is normal. In short, these are the miniature 
men or women, the freaks of nature without whom 
no circus is complete. 
Another result of decreased secretion is the hiber- 
nating fat boy so often seen in the type that just lives 
to eat and sleep. He is slow physically and mentally. 
The body is obese, the fat being distributed over the 
lower abdomen and the lower extremities. The 
67 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
sexual organs are rudimentary. The skin is fine, 
smooth and hairless. The temperature is subnormal, 
the pulse low, and there is a general state of inertia. 
If the disease sets in after the child has grown up, 
there is a reversion to infantalism, the patient be- 
coming fat and the sexual organs diminishing in 
size. 
In the female the external sexual organs are small, 
while the internal organs, the ovaries and uterus 
may remain undeveloped and even absent. Some- 
times the uterus cannot be felt at all upon examina- 
tion, and there may be no menstruation. Irregular 
menstruation is very common. The pubic hair may 
change from the characteristic female type bounded 
by a horizontal line and limited to the mons veneris, 
to the male triangular type ascending on the abdomen 
toward the navel. The voice becomes harsher and 
harsher, the libido is decreased and frigidity may 
develop. 
In the male the penis, the testicles and the scrotum 
remain small. Sometimes the scrotum may hang 
in folds resembling the female vulva. The pubic 
hair, if at all present, shows the characteristic female 
distribution. The voice does not change and re- 
mains effeminate in tone. The breasts become en- 
68 PITUITARY GLAND OR THE GLAND OF GROWTH 
larged; the hips and thighs are curved in the female 
manner. The sexual craving may disappear and 
impotence may develop. Quite often these indi- 
viduals become passive homosexualists, or males who 
play the female role in fellatio. Mentally they are 
retarded and present inferiority complexes. 
Hyperpituitarism, Acromegaly and Gigantism 
Berman in describing the individual suffering 
from an excessive amount of pituitary secretion 
states: “If the overaction of the gland happens after 
puberty when the long bones have set, and cannot 
grow longer, a peculiar diffuse enlargement of the 
individual occurs, especially of his hands and feet 
and head. The nose, ears, lips and eyes get larger 
and coarser. As these people are rather big and 
tall to begin with, the effect produced is that of a 
heavy-jawed, burly, bulking person, with bushy, 
overhanging eyebrows, and an aggressive manner. 
For there is, too, something distinctive about their 
mentality which has been as often portrayed as those 
of the pathologic giant. Rabelais’ most famous 
character, Gargantua, belongs to the group. We 
recruit more drum-majors than prime-ministers 
from among these people. They often suffer much 
69 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
from torturing, boring headaches, and a consequent 
despondency and feeling of hopelessness which 
colors gray the entire spiritual spectrum.” 
Acromegaly and gigantism are very similar in 
nature, the former occurring later, while the latter 
earlier in life. The difference between the two is a 
matter of degree. The tall men of the circus side- 
show all show enlarged pituitary glands, which can 
be determined by X-ray pictures of the base of the 
skull. Unusual rapidity of growth in the young, 
with a customary startling strength, should be looked 
upon with suspicion. Many a youthful Goliath de- 
velops later into a weak, helpless epileptic, for often 
pressure from the enlarged gland causes convulsions. 
Dyspituitarism 
The terms hyperpituitarism and hypopituitarism 
were employed because they were convenient, but a 
strict differentiation between the two is often im- 
possible. Sometimes the one is the cause of the 
other and both may exist together in the same in- 
dividual at the same or different times. Further- 
more, at times there is no over or under secretion, 
but a perverted one. To this condition the name 
dyspituitarism has been given. This term is an ex- 
70 PITUITARY GLAND OR THE GLAND OF GROWTH 
cellent one and may be adopted for the inclusion of 
both hyperpituitarism and hypopituitarism, using 
as limitations, acromegaly or gigantism on the hyper 
side, and infantilism and drawfism on the hypo 
side. The limits themselves should be excluded. 
The importance of defining and limiting the range 
of the term dyspituitarism is of great therapeutic 
significance, for if only those cases are included 
which come within the suggested field, therapeusis 
will be beneficial. It is only these middle cases which 
can be helped by gland therapy. When a case has 
gone as far as gigantism or marked infantilism, 
not much can be done in the way of cure. 
It must be understood that a case of dyspituitarism 
is rarely one of pure hyperpituitarism or hypopit- 
uitarism alone, but rather a combination of the two, 
usually in addition affecting other endocrine glands, 
often producing a pluriglandular disturbance. Dys- 
pituitarism is dynamic. The usual course is an initial 
enlargement of the gland, accompanied by the con- 
sequent signs of hyperpituitarism. The signs of 
the hyper stage remain, though the hypersecretion it- 
self may cease, due to ensuing destructive changes 
in the enlarged gland. This degenerative process 
will now give way to hypopituitarism and the signs 
71 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
of decreased function will supersede. Therefore 
we will have cases of hypopituitarism displaying 
symptoms of a bygone hyperpituitarism. It is truly 
these dynamic conditions that should be termed 
dyspituitarism. The terms hyperpituitarism and 
hypopituitarism should be relegated to the static ex- 
tremes of gigantism and infantilism. 
The Pituitary Headache 
Headache is an ailment common to all mankind. 
The causes are numerous and varied. In the March 
15, 1922, issue of The New York Medical Journal, 
Dr. John A. Glassburg describes the pituitary head- 
ache and reports two cases which were referred to 
him for treatment of the nose and throat, one in 
a child and one in an adult. In both cases the nose 
and throat were innocent and the pituitary was at 
fault. 
The case of the child was a girl, thirteen years old, 
who complained of headaches for the last two years. 
The patient complained of headaches located over 
both sides and over the front of the head. There 
was no pain on pressure. In addition she complained 
of shooting pains in the ears. Upon questioning it 
was discovered that she felt very sleepy most of the 
72 PITUITARY GLAND OR THE GLAND OF GROWTH 
time, being overcome every afternoon with a feeling 
of lassitude, that she became markedly fatigued on 
slight provocation, and her school work was not up 
to the mark. In addition she had gained thirty 
pounds in the last eighteen months. She was very 
shy, blushed easily, and was very sensitive about her 
weight. 
“She began school at six and reached the 6A 
grade at twelve with no difficulty, but with the onset 
of her headaches her school work became poor and 
she was demoted twice. As yet she has not men- 
struated. Examination of the nose and throat 
showed nothing wrong. Physical examination re- 
vealed a girl five feet in height, weighing 145 pounds, 
the adiposity being relatively well-distributed. The 
skin was smooth, delicate, puffed and somewhat dry, 
with a slight loss of elasticity. The complexion was 
of the peaches and cream variety. The hands and 
feet were rather small, the fingers pudgy, and the 
nails thin and small. The pulse was 62 (low), the 
temperature 98 (low), and the blood pressure 104 
(low). In summary, the case presented the typical 
symptomatology of a perverted pituitary secretion, 
frontal and temporal headache, general lassitude, 
muscular weakness, small stature, adiposity, delayed 
73 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
menstruation, lymphoid overgrowth, mental re- 
tardation, low temperature, low pulse, low blood 
pressure, poorly developed teeth, bones and nails, 
and an enlarged sella turcica (as shown by X-ray).” 
The adult was a woman of thirty-five. She had 
complained of headache for the past six years. Hop- 
ing to obtain relief she had undergone about six 
nasal operations but they proved unavailing. “The 
patient complained of headache which was referred 
to both temporal regions and was keenly felt as a 
constant, boring dull pain in the mid-region of her 
forehead. Upon questioning it was brought out 
that she suffered from drowsiness, numbness of the 
hands and feet, backache, muscular weakness, loss 
of strength, marked fatigue on slight provocation, 
fainting spells and a rapid gain in weight, amount- 
ing to thirty-five pounds in the past year. She had 
begun to menstruate at thirteen years of age, flowed 
from four to five days at a time, and was markedly 
irregular in her periods. At times the flow was 
scanty, just spotting, and at other times it was 
copious. Examination of the nose and throat showed 
no cause for the headache. The teeth were small, 
grooved, and spaced. The woman was five feet 
three and a half inches in height, and weighed 190 
74 PITUITARY GLAND OR THE GLAND OF GROWTH 
pounds. The eyebrows were bushy and the eye- 
lashes were thick. There was a slight amount of 
hair on the upper lip. The chest and abdomen were 
covered with a fuzz of hair. The pubes showed the 
masculine vertical distribution, the hair extending 
to the navel, forming a pyramid on the lower abdo- 
men instead of the female distribution limited to 
the mons veneris. The hands and feet were small, 
the fingers short and stubby. The sexual apparatus 
was normally developed, but the patient revealed a 
lack of erotic emotionalism, taking no interest in in- 
tercourse, participating in the act out of marital 
duty.” 
The treatment of the headache in both of these 
cases was a simple matter, for the treatment of 
dyspituitarism is specific, and the specific is the 
pituitary gland. Both of them were given pituitary 
extract by mouth. In a short time the headache 
disappeared, and there was a reduction in weight 
and an increase in activity. 
The Pituitary Personality and Psychoanalysis 
Hypopituitary persons when the deficiency begins 
in infancy never seem to emerge from that period 
of their life. They are childish, capricious, lacking 
75 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
in inhibitions. They pass readily from periods of 
torpor into periods of mental excitement, and not 
infrequently exhibit signs of what various authors 
have called “moral obliquity.” In addition, not a 
few have epilepsy or epileptoid disturbances. Dr. 
Tucker, in summarizing 200 cases of epilepsy, found 
that 63 showed some pituitary disturbances, while 
28 of them inclined toward the hypo type. He adds 
that feeding these patients with the pituitary gland 
extract “resulted not infrequently” in a cure. The 
male hypopituitary type usually is the congenial 
homosexualist or androgyne who is proud of his 
body devoid of hair, his face that needs no shave, his 
large breasts, his curved hips and shapely ankles. 
Sometimes they dress in the garb of the opposite 
sex and are known as transvestities. The female 
tries to preserve her babyhood. When she finds that 
she is developing into a woman, she puts forth a 
strenuous effort to keep what she believes to be her 
childish charms. Other hypopituitary females who 
possess the secondary male features have inferiority 
complexes. This sense of inferiority is probably 
due to the growth of hair on the upper lip, the chin 
and body. Woman may admire the manly chest of 
the hairy ape, but she does not care to possess it. 
76 PITUITARY GLAND OR THE GLAND OF GROWTH 
Even the normal woman, no matter how beautiful, 
particularly if she is a brunette, has distributed here 
and there a few stray hairs, usually placed at a 
site where they can be easily detected. To remove 
these she is willing to suffer the pain of epilation, 
and expense is no object. Because of this female 
sensitiveness “beauty specialists” and “beauty par- 
lors” do a thriving business. 
77 CHAPTER VI 
THE ADRENALS, GLANDS OF PUGNACITY 
Near the kidney, and slightly above it, two small 
bodies weighing about one-seventh of an ounce each 
are found. They are small, it is true, smaller than 
some of the other glands of internal secretion, and 
yet they, with all their diminutiveness, are responsi- 
ble for the success or failure of an animal or human 
being in combat against equal or superior opponents. 
To see a dog with its paws and haunches firmly 
poised ready for action, ears sensitive to every 
sound and eyes fixed with the intensity of defensive 
or offensive attention, as the case may be, is to 
observe an animal whose adrenal glands have mo- 
bilized him for attack. To watch a cat with its fur 
on end, its tail erect and nervously quivering, its 
back arched and its chest convulsed with a volley of 
hisses, is to look upon an animal whose defensive 
mechanism, centered in the adrenals, has prepared 
it for action,—to fight, if sufficiently stimulated, to 
78 THE ADRENALS, GLANDS OF PUGNACITY 
flee if the adrenal secretion of the glands inspires 
it with fear. Perhaps, to a great extent, the adrenals 
in primitive man were responsible for his pugnacious 
nature, and their efficient functioning for the per- 
manence of the race through its age-old vicissitudes. 
Form and Functions of the Adrenals 
It was in the sixteenth century that the great 
anatomist Eustachius discovered the adrenal bodies. 
In composition each adrenal gland is a double gland, 
so that we might say that the adrenal bodies are 
composed of four parts. Each gland has the shape 
of a minute cocked hat, and it is yellowish in color, 
like fat. For a long time science looked upon the 
adrenal glands as a part of the fatty sheath of the 
kidneys, and it was recently, comparatively, that 
their function and importance were determined. The 
two parts of the adrenal glands possess two different 
secretions: one, the medullary or marrow-like body, 
secretes adrenalin, while the cortex, the other part, 
has a vitally necessary secretion that so far has not 
been definitely ascertained. 
In the eighteenth century Cassan, while studying 
the adrenal glands found that those of the negro 
were larger than those of the European, and be- 
79 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
cause the cells were colored brown with chromic 
acid he came to the erroneous conclusion that they 
controlled the pigmentation of the skin. Recently, 
when Cassan’s view was discussed at the Interna- 
tional Congress of Eugenics, another observer, 
whose research substantiated the fact that the glands 
of the negro were really larger, concluded therefrom 
that relationship did not exist between the color of 
the skin of the dark and the white man, but rather 
between their respective genital organs. 
The Adrenals and the Child-Woman and the 
Boy-Man 
The size of the cortex of the adrenal glands varies 
in animals as well as in human beings, according to 
their sexuality and pugnacity. The reader may 
ask, “Why with the sexuality, and what relation 
is there between the adrenals and the sex glands?” 
There is a very intimate relation between them, for 
close study of the origin of the adrenal glands in 
vertebrates demonstrates that the cortex of the 
adrenals springs from the same patch from which 
are derived the ovaries in the female animal, and the 
testicles in the male. What is more, if there is any 
abnormality, whether prenatal, or after birth, in the 
80 THE ADRENALS, GLANDS OF PUGNACITY 
adrenal glands of an individual, inversions and per- 
versions result. In certain cases there are processes 
involving the adrenal cortex that bring about almost 
miraculous changes in the being thus affected,—so 
removed are these changes from the natural course 
of things. Little girls of from two to four years 
whose adrenal cortices function abnormally in cer- 
tain directions will manifest a precocious puberty 
that is astounding. Their little breasts swell and 
become rounded, hair springs under the armpits and 
in the pubic region, menstruation sets in, and in the 
course of an incredibly short time they will develop 
into miniature women. Boys whose cortices are 
thus affected evince symptoms of manhood. Their 
mustache and beard sprout, they become stocky 
and resemble little men in physique. Their sexual 
power develops accordingly, and at the age of seven 
a boy may have the virility of a man in his prime. 
What causes these remarkable changes, this prema- 
ture bursting into the realm of manhood? It may 
be partly explained by the knowledge that the cortex 
of the adrenal glands produces an internal secretion 
that is influential in bringing about maturity. Such 
phenomena as the child-woman and the boy-man 
81 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
may be due to too early a pouring of the secretions 
into the fluids of the body. 
Virilism or the Male-Woman 
If the function of the adrenal cortex is disturbed 
when complete maturity has been attained, changes 
of a different order take place. If a tumor of the 
adrenal cortex is developed in a woman, virilism 
is the result. Virilism means the conversion of a 
woman, physically and mentally, into a man,—that 
is, as far as secondary characteristics are concerned. 
Her body becomes covered with hair, a mustache 
and beard appear, her muscles lose their softness 
and become strong and hard like those of a man, 
her voice changes,—in short, she looks and behaves 
more like a man than a woman. Psychologically, 
also, she is not the same. No longer is she occupied 
by the beauty problems of femininity. She goes for 
her daily shave, if necessary, with the matter-of- 
factness of a man, and is not at all concerned with 
the anomaly of a beard on a feminine face. Her 
new temperament renders her immune to the aesthe- 
tic sufferings that would otherwise have resulted 
from her new condition. 
82 THE ADRENALS, GLANDS OF PUGNACITY 
The Adrenals and the Brain 
An important function of the adrenal glands is 
their control of the complexity and number of the 
brain cells in the human being. Again, it is the 
cortex that controls the brain potentialities. Before 
the birth of a child, when it is still in its mother’s 
womb, the adrenal glands of the human embryo are 
very large. In the second month they even exceed 
the kidneys in size, being twice as large as the latter. 
This disproportion is due to the enlargement of 
the cortex beyond the size of the medullary portion 
of the adrenals. It occurs only in human beings 
and not in animals. Were this increase in the 
growth of the cortex not to occur, the result would 
be a brainless, mentally deficient being. 
So much for the function of the cortex section 
of the adrenal glands. The medulla, the internal 
secretion of which is called adrenalin, is of vast 
import in the human mechanism. It is this part 
of the adrenal glands that gives them the name of 
glands of energy or pugnacity. It is to the medulla 
that we owe the survival of the fittest, for it is 
the action of adrenalin upon the blood that arouses 
the powers of resistance and mobilizes the human 
83 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
organism to confront odds. The upshot of ex- 
periments made on the medullary section and its 
secretion has been that blood pressure is controlled 
by the discharge of adrenalin into the blood. Dur- 
ing an emotion such as fear, rage or pain, the me- 
dulla pours its secretion into the blood-stream, caus- 
ing an immediate tension in the nervous system. 
Other secretions are stimulated to action. The liver 
discharges more sugar into the blood which ascends 
from the vital organs to the brain and the muscles. 
The whole organism is keyed up to the highest pitch. 
Every sense is sharpened. The eye is more discern- 
ing, the ear more alert, the pulsations of the heart 
are stronger and more rapid. The advantages of 
the action of adrenalin are obvious. 
The James-Lange Theory of Emotion 
Almost simultaneously, and in recognition of the 
part played by internal secretions in emotion, both 
James and Lange, though separated by miles of 
ocean, formulated theories of emotion that coincided 
to a remarkable degree. In brief, they were of the 
opinion that it is not, let us say, the emotion of 
fear that causes the discharge of internal secretions 
into the blood-stream, but that it is the functioning 
84 THE ADRENALS, GLANDS OF PUGNACITY 
of the glands, dpon being stimulated by an unex- 
pected event that causes fear. In other words, a 
frightened cat does not hiss and spit because it is 
afraid; it fears because the discharge of adrenalin 
keys up its organism and causes it to react as it does. 
That adrenalin is instrumental in endowing an 
animal with courage has been determined by the 
curious fact that pugnacious, aggressive animals 
have a greater supply of adrenalin than timid, 
shrinking ones. 
Cannon’s Experiment on Emotion in Cats 
Professor Walter B. Cannon of Harvard Uni- 
versity has done comprehensive work on the ac- 
tivity of the adrenal glands in emotional excitement. 
He made use of the natural enmity between two 
animals, the dog and the cat. He placed the cat in 
a holder near a barking dog, repeating the experi- 
ment with various cats. Some of the cats showed 
no reaction at all, being entirely indifferent to the 
presence of the dog. Others, on the other hand, 
evinced the typical feline fear. Samples of blood 
were taken from the cats before and after fear had 
set in. The sample taken before was known as 
“quiet blood.” The sample taken after the emotion 
85 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
was labeled “excited blood.” Upon examining the 
specimens it was found that there was an increase 
of adrenalin in the “excited blood.” As we have 
seen before, the adrenal glands discharged their se- 
cretion into the blood of the cat confronted with 
the inimical stimulus of the dog, mobilizing the 
former for action. 
The Nervous Generation and Adrenal Degen- 
eration. 
In our hectic age the adrenal glands are called 
upon to function at every step we take, at every 
task we accomplish. Take, for instance, such a 
simple thing as paying a friend a visit a few blocks 
away from one’s dwelling. If we live on the top 
floor of a modern apartment, we take the elevator 
to lower us to the street, and we have our first shock. 
At the rapid descent of this modern contrivance our 
heart beats faster; we feel a strange, unpleasant 
sensation in the lower region of the abdomen; we 
experience a sort of sinking fear. The adrenal 
glands are at work. Then, as we cross the street, 
the angry honking of an automobile horn threatens 
us with death under the wheels of the machine un- 
less we are immediately prepared to avoid the im- 
86 THE ADRENALS, GLANDS OF PUGNACITY 
pending danger by the correct functioning of the 
adrenal gland. Our senses are sharpened, and be- 
fore we know it we have reached the haven of the 
sidewalk in all safety. The adrenals have con- 
quered. As we walk placidly, perhaps glancing into 
the pages of a magazine or contemplating the dis- 
play in the shop-windows, we are suddenly jolted 
violently by some individual who, in the stress of 
hurry, disregards the rights of his fellow-beings. 
At first anger seizes upon us. The adrenals prepare 
for the onslaught. The blood surges to the face, 
the temples throb, the heart palpitates, the fists 
clench, the teeth are set . . . we are ready to at- 
tack. The adrenals have poured their secretion into 
the blood. So it is with the life of the gregarious 
modern, blessed with all the conveniences of civili- 
zation. 
The demands put upon the adrenals are so many 
and so varied that it is to be expected that a de- 
terioration will follow. When too great a stress 
is laid upon any organ of the body it is overworked, 
and as a result, first there is hyperactivity, then 
decreased activity, and ultimately degeneration, with 
no activity at all. Although it is true that the cave 
man had to be on the alert every moment of his 
87 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
time, whether to keep himself from the toils of a 
wild beast, or to protect his mate from the advances 
of rival men, he was equipped for all emergencies 
by his natural, unspoiled state. He was free in his 
physical and mental life. He had no inhibitions in- 
culcated by education, no repressions of natural 
needs caused by the demands of morality or religion. 
With the modern matters are very different. To- 
gether with the artificiality of his surroundings he 
has a host of codes, ethical and moral, to observe, 
many of which are distinctly against his natural in- 
clinations. With every desire that he has to leave 
unfulfilled, an internal combat takes place,—a strug- 
gle between his natural wishes and the legitimate 
gratifications allowed him by society. Is it any 
wonder, then, that all this fighting against external 
odds, as well as with oneself, results in cowed, 
craven individuals, fatigued at the slightest exertion, 
sensitive to all changes of the elements and fearful 
of enterprise? 
The Adrenal Personality or the Neurasthenic 
To such products of our modern age the name of 
neurasthenics has been given. Their description is 
that of those men or women who suffer from ad- 
88 THE ADRENALS, GLANDS OF PUGNACITY 
renal insufficiency or degeneration. They cannot 
be called truly ill, and yet they are not well in the 
full sense of the word. Physically, the blood pres- 
sure is low, the heart is subject to palpitation, and 
the hands and feet are always perspiring. They 
are also the victims of hysteria, and are otherwise 
marked by emotional instability. At night they 
cannot sleep. A ruthless insomnia pursues them, 
and yet, when they are awake, they are never devoid 
of a languid, weary feeling. They are wrecks caused 
by the conditions of to-day. Scientific investigation 
came to the conclusion that neurasthenia is the 
malady of modernity, and, indeed, that conclusion 
may well be substantiated. There are more neu- 
rasthenics in those countries most advanced in mod- 
ern methods and luxuries than in those marked by 
almost primitive conditions. As a cure for neu- 
rasthenia change of climate, rest, and absence of 
excitement are advised. 
Shock, Collapse and Restoration 
It has been determined in many cases that neuras- 
thenia, often culminating in nervous breakdown, 
is really caused by insufficiency of the adrenal sup- 
ply. In an experiment Crile subjected nine normal 
89 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
cats to continuous exertion for long periods, after 
which four of them were killed immediately, three 
were allowed a period of rest, one was anaesthetized 
for two hours, and one was given gas-oxygen. 
Upon examination, lesions in the brain, the supra- 
renal glands and the liver were discovered. Thus 
we see that prolonged fatigue causes a change in the 
activity of the adrenal glands. Comparing the fa- 
tigue of the cats to the daily exhaustion of a human 
being in present-day environment, we may form an 
idea of its effect upon his adrenal glands. 
According to Crile: “The man in acute shock 
or exhaustion is able to see danger, but lacks the 
normal muscular power to escape from it; his tem- 
perature may be subnormal, but he lacks the normal 
power to create heat; he understands words, but 
lacks the normal power of response.” In other 
words, he cannot transform thought into action; 
he cannot transform potential into kinetic energy. 
Hemorrhage is the surgeon’s bugbear. It is the 
most important factor in producing what is known 
as surgical shock. Crile found that the injection 
of adrenalin caused a contraction of the blood- 
vessels and checked the flow of blood. If injected 
before the operation, it gave “a clear field of 
90 THE ADRENALS, GLANDS OF PUGNACITY 
operation,” that is, a clean, bloodless area. In ad- 
dition, adrenalin quickens the heartbeat, thus tend- 
ing to overcome collapse and restore the human be- 
ing to normal. 
Asthma and the Adrenals 
Asthma is a distressing ailment. Any measure 
that may relieve the attacks is well worth studying. 
It is well known that physical and mental fatigue 
influence asthma. The attacks occur as a rule in 
the evening or during the night, when the work of 
the day is over. Fright has been reported to re- 
lieve attacks of asthma. Hurst of London reports 
the case of a man who while driving an automobile 
downhill was seized by a severe attack of asthma. 
The brakes refused to work. A stone wall was 
ahead. At the very last moment he succeeded in 
gaining control of the car, and when he drew up 
he found that he was breathing with perfect free- 
dom. The attack of asthma had been cut short. 
This was probably due to the stimulation of his 
adrenal secretion caused by the fright. 
The use of adrenalin in the treatment of asthma 
is not a new procedure. Many an attack can be 
91 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
alleviated by the injection of from five to ten drops 
of a one in one thousand adrenalin chloride solution. 
Exercise also helps to relieve attacks of asthma, 
for with exertion the adrenal glands are stimulated 
to pour adrenalin into the blood stream, thus creat- 
ing greater energy. 
The Adrenal Personality, Neurasthenia and 
Psychoanalysis 
Individuals suffering from adrenal disturbances 
present characteristic psychic symptoms, the most 
common of which are fear, depression and obses- 
sions. The depression may become so severe as to 
lead to suicide. The fear not infrequently mani- 
fests itself in physical symptoms. People afflicted 
with this kind of fear complain of various bodily 
ailments and have a great dread of disease, par- 
ticularly of paralysis and insanity. They worry 
themselves into moods and foresee cerebral hemor- 
rhages and lives spent in insane asylums. Psycho- 
analysis alone in these cases is insufficient, for 
though it may explain the symptom, it does not touch 
the endocrine base. 
Helen A. was nineteen years old. She felt de- 
pressed and afraid when in crowds. Tired physically 
92 THE ADRENALS, GLANDS OF PUGNACITY 
and mentally, she wanted to withdraw from the 
world and attempted to enter a convent. However, 
she did not qualify. This brought about an even 
greater depression and she attempted suicide by 
drinking tincture of iodine. 
Examination revealed nothing particular except 
low blood pressure, low pulse, and a temperature 
slightly below normal. Her appetite was poor and 
she was subject to attacks of diarrhea, a symptom 
of adrenal insufficiency. There was a feeling of 
weakness, malaise, and general debility. She lacked 
confidence, and when speaking would turn to her 
mother for approval. 
A diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency was made 
and an adrenal extract was administered. Gradually 
her depression subsided, suicidal tendencies disap- 
peared, and she gained in strength and weight. 
Henry G., twenty-eight years old, suffered from 
a pronounced inferiority complex. In his office he 
thought that people looked down upon him for in- 
efficiency, when, as a matter of fact, he was doing 
good work. Among his friends he was reticent and 
anti-social. He was always considered delicate, 
refined, and in youth had been held forth as a model 
for the other boys. 
93 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
Psychoanalysis effected a temporary cure. When 
analysis failed to help any longer adrenal extract 
was administered. There resulted a marked im- 
provement in his carriage, the tone of his muscles 
heightened, and there was a self-assertiveness that 
had not previously existed. 
Both cases quoted above showed a marked de- 
gree of garrulousness. This is typical of neuras- 
thenia and as a rule is attributed to self-love on the 
part of the patient. However, it is only the desire 
to discuss and interpret the ailment with the object 
of getting rid of them. 
Once more we have a vivid example of the inter- 
relation existing between the glandular personality 
and psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is useful in ex- 
plaining the psychic complexes, and glandular 
therapy is necessary in correcting the endocrine dis- 
turbance which is responsible for the mental aber- 
ration. 
94 CHAPTER VII 
THE THYMUS, THE PARATHYROIDS AND THE PINEAL 
GLANDS 
There is not one of the endocrine glands that has 
been so much shrouded in mystery as the thymus, 
not because it has sought to conceal itself, but be- 
cause, by its capricious variability it has played so 
many pranks with the scientist that even to this day 
its exact functions have not been definitely deter- 
mined. Some anatomists claim that it is most essen- 
tial prenatally, and therefore dub it the “gland of 
childhood”; others claim that it fulfils its function 
with the onset of puberty, and therefore apply to 
it the name of “puberty gland”; still others claim 
that it is active throughout life. Most of the evi- 
dence, however, seems to support the second of these 
views. 
The Thymus, the Gland of Youth 
The thymus gland is a brownish mass, soft and 
spongy, situated in the chest, covering the upper 
95 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
portion of the heart and overlapping the vessels at 
the base. Microscopically examined, it contains cells 
similar to the white corpuscles found in the blood, 
while scattered among these white cells there are 
staining cells somewhat similar to the colored bodies 
in the adrenal glands. These corpuscles discovered 
by Hassal and therefore named after him Hassal’s 
Corpuscles are more numerous in the foetus and the 
infant than in the child or adult. They are believed 
to be the source of the internal secretion of the 
thymus. Besides being more numerous in early life, 
it seems that they also preponderate in carnivorous, 
rather than herbivorous animals. 
The Thymus and the Gonads 
All glands are more or less interrelated, and most 
of them seem to show a close association with the 
gonads, which act as a pivot about which all the 
other glands circle. It has been shown that the 
thymus dominated childhood, its chief function being 
that of retarding the activity of the testes in the 
male and of the ovaries in the female. When the 
thymus function decreases, the gonads have the as- 
cendancy in the dominion of the human being. 
Castration gives the thymus a longer lease of life. 
96 THYMUS, PARATHYROIDS AND PINEAL GLANDS 
It does not atrophy readily. On the contrary, the 
effect seems to be greater growth. If the thymus is 
removed, the gonads develop more readily. There 
seems to be also some verity in the claim that it is 
the thymus that makes the child retain its childish- 
ness. The more developed and active the thymus 
the less the gonadal function and the development 
of the individual into maturity; the smaller and 
more passive the thymus, the greater the sex activity 
and maturity. Prenatally the thymus is very large 
in proportion to the other organs of the foetus. In 
childhood between the ages of one and five it is 
approximately thirty-three grams in weight; between 
eleven and fifteen its weight rises two or three 
grams; but from then on there is a continued de- 
crease. At the age of twenty it dwindles to about 
twenty-five grams, while in old age its weight is 
no more than about six grams. 
Gudernatsch’s Experiment with the Tadpoles 
The importance of the thymus in development 
and maturity may be shown by quoting the experi- 
ment made by Gudernatsch. He found that by feed- 
ing thymus extract to young tadpoles, their growth 
was increased to such a degree that they attained 
97 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
the size of the adult frog, although they still re- 
tained their tadpole appearance. It is interesting to 
note that the feeding of thyroid extract to tadpoles 
has the opposite effect. The tadpoles shed their 
tails, grow their hind legs; in other words, become 
full-fledged frogs, though their growth is retarded. 
For this reason it has been maintained that for a 
time in the period of development of the individual, 
thyroid activity is closely related to the thymus. 
The thymus, besides being instrumental in the 
phenomenon of puberty, is also a potent factor in 
the building of the bones. Though life will con- 
tinue upon the removal of the thymus in infancy, a 
rachitic child will result, for the skeleton is retarded 
in its normal growth. 
Sciplades’ Experiments with Dogs 
In order to find out just what relation there exists 
between the thymus and bone growth Sciplades per- 
formed an experiment with young dogs. He re- 
moved their thymus glands completely and noted 
results. After a short period a disease typified by 
softening of the bones resulted. In human beings 
osteomalacia is the name given to this malady, the 
98 THYMUS, PARATHYROIDS AND PINEAL GLANDS 
cause of which is improper functioning of the 
thymus. The administration of thymus extract does 
not cure osteomalacia. 
Another disease called “mors thymica” or “thymic 
death” is caused by the thymus. The organ en- 
larges, causes difficult breathing, and sometimes 
terminates in death. This disease is often found in 
infants. 
The Blue Baby 
Causes of thymic enlargement or hyperactivity 
of the thymus gland sometimes are found in the 
new-born child. If prenatally, the thymus is too 
greatly enlarged, great difficulty is experienced by 
the new-born infant in inhaling. The effort causes 
a blueness in the appearance of the child. These 
children when born are known as “blue babies.” 
Sometimes the breathing may continue with diffi- 
culty for a few days, swaying from normal to 
breathlessness, until the attack may be so acute that 
death ensues. It is not only a new-born baby that 
is subject to thymic enlargement, but sometimes it 
may occur in late childhood in an apparently healthy 
child. 
99 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
The* Thymus and Growth 
In the middle of the nineteenth century Fried- 
leben, one of the first to study the function of the 
thymus, found that it controlled the nutrition of the 
body. He discovered that underfeeding for a period 
of time would reduce the size of the thymus. Pro- 
longed diseases that weaken the physique also cause 
a diminuation in the size of the thymus gland, so 
that the facts point to the conclusion that there is 
a very close relation between growth, nutrition and 
the thymus. In France four hundred feeble-minded 
children were examined. They were malnourished 
and weak. Although they all had normal thyroids, 
three-fourths of them had no thymus at all. 
The muscles, too, are under the dominion of the 
thymus. In cases where there is a degeneration of 
the gland substance or where tumors are formed in 
the thymus the muscles of the body weaken, while 
the muscle cells atrophy. There are often cases 
where a person is fatigued at the slightest exer- 
tion. The muscles ache and are cramped. The nerve 
endings are easily excited. Though many reasons 
may be found for this state of affairs the root of it 
may often lie in malfunctioning of the thymus. 
100 THYMUS, PARATHYROIDS AND PINEAL GLANDS 
Status Lymphaticus 
A condition often connected with hypertrophy of 
the thymus gland, that is, with its enlargement, to- 
gether with overgrowth of the whole lymphatic sys- 
tem, is Status Lymphaticus. Those persons who 
are afflicted with this disease are subject to the least 
harmful influences and may die from the most simple 
causes. 
The cause of the disease is the supply of an ab- 
normally large amount of secretion by the thymus 
gland. Sometimes it is claimed that the adrenal 
glands are intimately related with the thymus in the 
causation of this malady. Whatever the cause may 
be, it is certain that an enlarged thymus exists in 
status lymphaticus, for a number of cases have re- 
vealed that death is caused by the compression of 
the windpipe by the thymus, causing suffocation. 
The individual with an enlarged thymus is usually 
taller than the average for his age. The bones are 
more fragile and the heart is small. The brain, on 
the contrary, is larger than ordinarily. Examina- 
tion by the X-ray shows a shadow over the upper 
part of the heart and covering the blood vessels at 
101 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
the base. This shadow is caused by the persistent 
thymus gland. 
The Thymus Personality or Angel Type 
The flaxen-haired angels represented in the 
medieval German paintings, the tall, wistful 
damozels of the pre-Raphaelite canvases belong to 
the thymus personality. Because of their delicate 
physique they may be called the angel-children. 
In the male the thymo-centric personality is mani- 
fested in slenderness and gracefulness of body. The 
chest is long and the waist-line slender. The pelvis 
is feminine in form. The complexion is soft, the 
skin smooth to the touch and pleasing to the eye. 
There is an absence of the male hair on the face and 
body, and what little of it there is is soft of texture 
and inclined toward the blond. Because of the 
thymus’ influence on the skeletal bones, there are 
often cases of double-jointedness and flat feet among 
the thymo-centric beings. 
Psychically they are prone to suffer from com- 
plexes of inferiority. Aware of their physical weak- 
ness and delicate frame, they are weighed down by 
the thought that they are not equal to the endurance 
of the normal type. During puberty and adolescence 
102 THYMUS, PARATHYROIDS AND PINEAL GLANDS 
their trials are greater, for their resistance is weaker. 
Like other glandular personalities they are emo- 
tionally unstable and plunge from one emotion to 
another within a short period of time. 
The Parathyroids or the Glands of Equilibrium 
The Parathyroid glands are four in number, 
measuring about two to four millimeters in width 
and thickness and three to fifteen millimeters in 
length. They are imbedded in the tissue of the 
thyroid gland, two in the upper portion and two in 
the lower pole. They are located on the back part 
of the thyroid and sometimes when this gland is 
removed the parathyroids are apt to be taken off,— 
an accident to be avoided. Some observers have re- 
garded them as accessories to the thyroids, without 
any definite function. Gley, the French physiolo- 
gist, and Halstead, the Englishman, have demon- 
strated that the parathyroids have an important 
internal secretion of their own. 
Tetany and the Parathyroid Glands 
The removal of the parathyroid glands in a dog 
or a cat is followed by a definite group of symptoms 
103 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
to which the name of tetany has been applied. There 
is a period of from twenty-four to seventy-two 
hours, during which the animal is quiet except for 
unusual thirst. Gradually twitching of the muscles 
of the head, face and tail occurs. The temperature 
rises and the muscular twitchings increase in fre- 
quency and severity. The paws become contracted 
and the spasm of the muscles spreads through the 
whole body. The heart beats faster, the respiration 
is shallow and frequent and the animal turns over 
on its side and dies in a convulsion. If the animal 
is sufficiently strong to successfully fight off the 
attack, there is a temporary relief, followed in one 
to forty-eight hours by other convulsions. The 
animals lose weight and die in from ten to fourteen 
days. 
In man tetany has been produced when the para- 
thyroids were accidentally removed in operating for 
goiter. There is an immediate increase in the cere- 
bral excitability and a loss of muscular and nervous 
equilibrium. The least noise throws the individual 
into a spasm. There is an acute increase in the sensi- 
tiveness of the brain and spinal cord. The nutrition 
is interfered with, particularly that involving the 
bone. The teeth do not develop normally, the hair 
104 THYMUS, PARATHYROIDS AND PINEAL GLANDS 
falls out, the nails become brittle, the bones weaken, 
and general wasting sets in. 
The Treatment of Parathyroid Deficiency 
The implantation of parathyroid tissue has suc- 
cessfully relieved the tetany. However, after a few 
months the grafts degenerated and the symptoms 
of parathyroid insufficiency reappeared. The im- 
plantation of the thyroid gland has also been em- 
ployed with a varying degree of success. The ad- 
ministration of the extracts of these glands by mouth 
or by injection has at times decreased the hyper- 
excitability and restored the equilibrium. 
Various nutritional disturbances respond well to 
parathyroid therapy. Observers have reported im- 
provement in varicose and intestinal ulcers, in 
chronic rheumatism and in arthritis or inflammatory 
enlargement of the joints. The parathyroids, in ad- 
dition to regulating the nervous responses, seem to 
be useful in warding off disease, and they may be 
considered defensive mechanisms. 
The Pineal Gland,—The Seat of the Soul 
At the base of the brain the pea-sized gland that 
Descartes called the seat of the soul is situated, and 
105 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
like the thymus its greatest importance is during the 
infancy and childhood of the human being. In the 
former, as in the sheep, it is round; in cattle, oval; 
in human beings it is three-sided in shape. Some 
zoologists maintain that the pineal gland is the rem- 
nant of a primitive eye. In some animals the evi- 
dence is such as to be convincing. There is a species 
of lizard called the Hatteria, on the head of which 
a scale is painted to resemble an eye. Baldwin 
Spencer showed that it is situated exactly over the 
pineal body and revealed the vestiges of a retina. 
The Pineal Gland and Its Activity 
There are many theories as to the activity of the 
pineal gland. Some investigators believe that it has 
an internal secretion which, like that of the thymus 
gland, inhibits the growth of the body and develop- 
ment of sex phenomena until the normal time for 
their manifestation. These investigators came to 
this conclusion because when the pineal gland is in- 
vaded by neoplasms or tumors, the oncoming of 
puberty is accelerated, while precocity in other 
physical events is also observed. Hyperpinealism, or 
overactivity of the internal secretion of the pineal 
106 THYMUS, PARATHYROIDS AND PINEAL GLANDS 
gland, also causes premature bursting of a human 
creature into sex life. 
Another group of scientists showed that by feed- 
ing a substance found in the pineal gland to tadpoles 
the color cells were affected. Thus they came to 
the conclusion that the pineal gland also controls 
pigmentation. 
Still other investigators maintain that the pineal 
is not an endocrine gland. Indeed, Gley, who has 
done exhaustive research work on the glands, does 
not include the pineal in his book. As in the case 
of the thymus and the parathyroids, it is not yet 
possible to arrive at any definite conclusion as to 
the classification and functional activity of this group 
of glands. 
Foa’s Experiment with Roosters 
Extirpation of the pineal gland does not lead to 
fatal results, therefore it is not vitally necessary to 
the organism. Yet Nature seems to do everything 
advisedly. Every hair of her creatures is there for 
some reason; every dimple serves its purpose. A 
gland, no matter how small and insignificant it may 
appear, cannot be removed from a body without 
causing some change. 
107 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
Foa, an Italian investigator, was curious to know 
what effect the extirpation of the pineal gland would 
have upon roosters. Accordingly, he performed 
the operation and awaited results. Soon the testicles 
of the birds enlarged. 
Horrax of Chicago performed a similar operation 
upon guinea pigs and obtained the same results. 
The testicles of the guinea pigs were accelerated 
in their growth. Both experiments indicated that 
the relation between the pineal gland and the gonads 
is close. 
In human beings abnormalities of the pineal gland 
give rise to interesting developments. Zandren 
quotes that in seventy recorded cases of pineal tumor 
in human beings, most of them occurred in adults, 
while only ten were found in boys below the age 
of puberty. All of the boys showed premature de- 
velopment of primary and secondary sex charac- 
teristics, as well as precocity of mind. 
108 CHAPTER VIII 
DIET AND THE GLANDS 
The importance of food upon the health'and well- 
being of the body has become more and more a 
matter of interest to the public in general as well 
as to the medical profession. It is recognized that 
if more attention were given to one’s daily diet, far 
greater enjoyment would be derived from life, and 
less, if any disease would occur. Proper nourish- 
ment of the body, with generous amounts of bene- 
ficial elements and less of the injurious, would do 
much toward preventing those maladies that are 
caused by improper nutrition. Its action would then 
be preventive, rather than curative. It is a well- 
known fact that if the body is well supplied with 
energy and tissue-building material, it is fortified 
against the invasion of inimical microbes carrying 
dangerous and pernicious diseases. Its resistance is 
increased, and in the battle 4hat follows between 
the attacked organism and the attacking germs the 
109 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
former will carry off the victory. Once this truth 
becomes ingrained in the public brain, greater at- 
tention will be paid to an item of daily life that is 
indeed the primary factor in maintaining it. 
Food and Its Relation to the Glands 
The importance of the endocrine glands as vital 
organs of the body has been demonstrated. Their 
perfect coordination and harmony result in good 
health. Once the slightest jolt occurs in the smooth- 
ness of their function, ill health is the result. As 
health depends upon the proper nourishing of the 
body, and as the glands are among the most im- 
portant organs of the human organism, food is 
bound to affect them, either beneficially or detri- 
mentally, according to the presence or absence of 
health-giving elements. It has been shown by some 
investigators that the glands have their favorite 
foods upon which they thrive, and their unpalatable 
ones which act harmfully upon them. The value of 
the various foods depends upon the presence of 
vitamines, hormones and enzymes, factors so‘essen- 
tial in maintaining the life and well-being of the 
body and its organs that extensive research is still 
being carried on about them. 
110 DIET AND THE GLANDS 
The Hormones, Vitamines and Enzymes and 
What They Do 
Most of the glands,—the gonads, the thyroid, the 
pituitary and the adrenals,—possess a form of chem- 
ical energy known as the hormone. No definition 
has as yet been formulated. Some call the hormones 
a form of energy; others have been able to ascer- 
tain the composition of those found in the thyroid 
and in the adrenals by taking simple elements and 
building them up into the hormone. On the whole, 
however, the knowledge that science has been thus 
far able to obtain about them is meager. It is defi- 
nitely known, though, that the hormones are vitally 
necessary to the glands, and that in cases of glandu- 
lar deficiency the administration of an infinitely 
small amount of hormone is enough to bring the 
gland back again to normal. 
Vitamines are elements found in foods and are 
absolutely essential to the maintenance of life. A 
very small amount of vitamine does very much for 
the organism, and, like the hormone, while it is in- 
strumental in hastening the chemical action of the 
body, it does not itself undergo any appreciable 
change. 
111 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
Vitamines vary in amount in the various kinds 
of foods. In some, they are found in large quan- 
tities. In others, they are present in such small 
amounts that they are negligible. Partaking of 
foods that do not contain vitamines is injurious to 
the body, causing disease, and as a result, death. 
In studying the malady known as beriberi it was 
found that absence of vitamines in food caused it. 
Those suffering from it had partaken exclusively 
of polished rice, that is, rice which had had the 
vitamine-containing husk removed. When un- 
polished rice was given them the patients recovered. 
Enzymes are also factors in chemical action. 
Their chief function is fermentation. Buchner, an 
investigator, discovered that enzymes may be 
squeezed from yeast cells. Very often “ferment” 
and “enzymes” are used synonymously. Hormones 
have been compared to vitamines, but they are dis- 
tinctly different, the former being able to withstand 
heating, whereas the latter are destroyed by such 
heat. The hormones, the vitamines and the enzymes 
are all similar in being activating substances. The 
hormones stimulate the endocrine glands, the vita- 
mines, the nutrition, and the enzymes the digestion. 
112 DIET AND THE GLANDS 
All of these three together influence the character 
of the internal secretions. 
The Kinds of Vitamines 
There are three kinds of vitamines in all, one 
kind prevailing in some foods, another in other 
foods, and the three sometimes occurring in consid- 
erable quantities in certain nutrients such as the 
tomato. Just what constitutes the vitamines? 
Professor Hopkins of Cambridge took two sets 
of rats of the same age and weight and subjected 
them to the following feeding experiment: the first 
set he fed with extracted constituents similar to 
those found in milk—fats, proteins, sugar and min- 
eral salts. The second set he fed with the same 
substances, adding a small quantity of fresh milk. 
The first set of rats lost in weight and showed symp- 
toms of disease. The second set thrived and gained 
in weight. On the eighteenth day the diets were 
reversed, whereupon the first set began to gain, and 
the second to lose, in weight. The conclusion to be 
drawn is that there must be something in fresh milk 
other than fat, protein sugar and mineral salts which 
influences the nutrition and development of the in- 
dividual. This something is the vitamine. 
113 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
In order to understand just where the vitamines 
are found, it is necessary to go into detail about 
foodstuffs and their supply or lack of these nutritive 
principles. The vitamines may be classified into 
Vitamine A, the anti-rachitic, fat-soluble; Vitamine 
B, the anti-neuritic water-soluble; Vitamine C, anti- 
scorbutic water-soluble. 
Vitamine A 
Vitamine A, the anti-rachitic, bone-hardening 
vitamine, is found to a large extent in raw milk, 
animal fats, the yolks of eggs, and the growing parts 
of plants. It is also present in animal tissues, such 
as the liver, the heart and the kidneys; in fat fish 
like herring and salmon, and in animal brains, sweet- 
breads and roe. 
The quantity of vitamine in raw milk is deter- 
mined by the supply of green fodder contained in 
the cow's diet. McCarrison found that the milk 
given by cows in summer when they fed in the pas- 
tures was richer in vitamines than that furnished 
in winter. The same principle would apply to nurs- 
ing mothers. The greater the quantity of fresh 
greens eaten during the period of lactation, the richer 
in vitamines the milk. 
114 DIET AND THE GLANDS 
In fats and oils vitamine A is also present. Cream 
possesses less of it than butter. Crude cod-liver oil 
is very rich in it. Olive and other vegetable oils do 
not contain it, and if it is present, it is only in small 
quantities. 
Fresh vegetables, such as spinach, lettuce and 
brussels sprouts, are very rich in it, and the fresher 
the vegetable the more vigorous the vitamine. In 
maize, linseed and millet it is also present, though 
in the resting tissues of plants, unlike vitamine B, 
it is absent. 
Tomato is a very rich source of vitamine A. In- 
deed, it is a source of all other vitamines. Even in 
canning it does not lose much of its original value. 
Fruit juices in general should be had by both old 
and young, as they contain the three kinds of 
vitamines. 
The properties of vitamine A are many and 
varied. Vitamine A is soluble in ether, alcohol and 
benzine, and is oxidized under the influence of light 
and air. Though it is destroyed at a temperature of 
one hundred degrees or higher, it resists heat more 
effectively when it is present in the vegetable. Vita- 
mine A is stored in fats and it is more necessary 
115 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
to young and growing animals than to full-grown 
ones. 
Vitamine B 
Vitamine B, the anti-neuritic, or nerve-disease 
curing vitamine, is present in natural foodstuffs, 
germs of seeds, eggs, yeast, wheat, rice, bran, peas, 
beans and lentils. Cellular organs like sweetbreads 
and the liver also possess it. Fish and meat contain 
but little of it, though vegetables and fruits are richly 
endowed. 
In eggs and seeds vitamine B seems to be stored 
for the purpose of supplying food for the young. 
In cereals the embryo contains the greatest quantity. 
The endocrine bodies, the thyroid, the thymus 
and the pituitary possess a great amount of vitamine 
B, but, strange to observe, when the glands are dried 
for the purpose of making commercial extracts, they 
lose much of their vitamine value. 
Very often yeast and vitamine B are associated, 
for yeast is a valuable source of it and acts upon 
the body by stimulating the appetite. 
Fruits, such as bananas, oranges, lemons, grape- 
fruit, and many others of similar nature contain 
much vitamine. In fruits it is not destroyed by 
116 DIET AND THE GLANDS 
drying. Vitamine B is associated with beriberi, a 
malady common in Asia and Africa and charac- 
terized by dropsy, anaemia and paralysis. If vita- 
mine B is lacking in the items of one’s daily food 
beriberi may develop. Vitamine B is soluble in water 
or alcohol but not in fats. Slow heating to ioo de- 
grees destroys it and higher temperature accelerates 
its deterioration. 
Vitamine C 
Feeding guinea pigs with a mixture of soja bean 
flour, whole milk, dry yeast, paper pulp and mineral 
salts causes them to develop scurvy. Scurvy is a dis- 
ease characterized by spongy gums, hemorrhages 
from beneath the skin and painful contractions of 
the muscles. Upon adding a little orange juice to 
the diet the scurvy rapidly disappears. The flour 
and milk are rich in protein, fats and sugar. The 
yeast contains the B vitamine and the milk the A. 
It is obvious that there was some other factor neces- 
sary to prevent the scurvy, and that this factor was 
contained in the orange. This agent found in orange 
juice is also present in many fruits and fresh vege- 
tables. It has been named the water-soluble vita- 
mine C or anti-scorbutic (anti-scurvy) vitamine. 
117 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
In living tissues, the waste and repair processes 
of which are still continuing, vitamine C is to be 
found. It is low in quantity in raw milk, but lower 
still when the milk is pasteurized. When such milk 
is given to babies it must be supplemented by tomato 
or orange juice, to supply the vitamines that are 
destroyed through excessive feeding. Vegetables 
and fruits possess vitamine C in generous quantities, 
together with vitamines A and B. Tubers and roots 
have it least of all. Again, upon the freshness of 
the fruit or vegetable depends the vigor of the vita- 
mine. The soil in which the fruits or vegetables are 
grown is also an important factor, as is also the ripe- 
ness. Perhaps this latter consideration is due to the 
effects of sun-rays upon growing things. The riper 
the product, the richer it is in vitamines. 
When fresh foods containing vitamine C are 
heated, cooked or dried, the vitamine is lost, though 
in acid fruits, because of the action of the acid, the 
vitamine is preserved, even after heating. In most 
cases quick heating is less destructive than slow. 
The Tomato, the Ideal Food 
A tomato a day, not an apple keeps the doctor 
away. The apple is one of the poorest vitamine 
118 DIET AND THE GLANDS 
carriers. It has traces of A, B and C, but compares 
poorly with the orange and especially with the 
tomato. The old slogan of an apple a day is a thing 
of the past, and though it may have served as a good 
advertising catch phrase, it has no scientific basis. 
Celery is another vegetable vaunted for its great 
nutritional value and tonic effects. As a matter of 
fact it is of very little worth and its popularity is 
due to its pleasing flavor. Celery has no A vitamine, 
no C vitamine and only traces of B. 
From the viewpoint of vitamine content the apple 
is a useless expenditure. Furthermore as a food its 
nutritional value is very low. It contains one per 
cent of protein, five-tenths per cent of fat, and three 
and nine-tenths per cent of sugars, whereas milk con- 
tains two to three per cent of protein, three to four 
per cent of fat, and six to seven per cent of sugars. 
As a body fuel or heating agent it again fails, pos- 
sessing one hundred calories per pound, whereas the 
orange has two hundred and thirty calories per 
pound. The apple just supplies the roughage and 
is useful in promoting intestinal movements, but the 
tomato furnishes the life-giving vitamines, the nour- 
ishing food compounds and the requisite calorific 
energy. 
119 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
The tomato should be more frequently served as 
entree and it would not be amiss to finish the meal 
with it in the form of jam or preserve. The Italian 
method of employing tomato sauce for spaghetti, 
ragouts and meats in general could well stand imita- 
tion. Especially should tomatoes be eaten during 
the years of growth. It would not be an unwise 
procedure to forget the apple and adopt the tomato. 
Malnutrition and the Glands 
Perhaps one of the most disturbing factors influ- 
encing the normal functioning of the glands is the 
amount of vitamine furnished them by food. It 
has been found that if the body is not well-nourished 
most of the endocrine organs atrophy, while the 
adrenals undergo an unhealthy enlargement. In the 
thyroid gland the effect is most noticeable. After 
continued starvation the gland decreases so much 
in weight that it is no more than one-third its nor- 
mal size. In the adrenals, on the contrary, the 
change in weight is two-fifths above the normal, and 
is caused by a hyper-secretion in the medullary sec- 
tion. The increase in weight varies with the animal. 
It has been found that a dog that has been subjected 
to a period of underfeeding of fifteen days or more 
120 DIET AND THE GLANDS 
undergoes an increase of the adrenal glands equal 
to once their normal weight. In rats the gain in 
weight of the adrenals is even greater, even when 
the underfeeding lasts a much shorter period. Ob- 
viously there is a close relation between nutrition 
and the glands. 
Lack of Vitamines and the Glands 
The results of lack of vitamines in the human 
organism are the same as the effects of lack of food. 
All the glands are affected in the same way, most 
of them atrophying, while the adrenals enlarge. In 
the male organisms an increase of the pituitary 
bodies is also noticed. McCarrison in his extensive 
research on the effect of vitamine deficiency upon 
the glands found that the same results as produced 
by starvation were obtained, even when only vita- 
mine B was lacking. In monkeys it is different, for 
while the adrenals enlarge whenever any one of the 
vitamines is omitted from their diet, the pituitary 
bodies increase in weight only when vitamine B is 
absent. 
The adrenal glands do not undergo so great a 
change if the food deficient in vitamines is supplied 
with elements approximating them. In pigeons, 
121 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
rats and monkeys the increase of the adrenal medulla 
is accompanied by a similar increase in the medul- 
lary secretion, while the cortex, on the other hand, 
is almost wholly devoid of lipoid or fatty secretion. 
The thyroid gland in animals is very much 
affected by fat excesses and undergoes enlargement 
during a protracted fatty diet. When McCarrison 
fed some semi-wild pigeons on a generous diet of 
grains liberally buttered, the thyroid gland increased 
in almost sixty-five per cent of the cases. The 
adrenals dwindled in size to below normal. The 
result is the obverse of that remarked in underfeed- 
ing. The less nourishment is given the body, the 
greater the enlargement of the adrenals and the 
atrophy of the other glands; the more generous the 
food eaten, the smaller the adrenals and the greater 
the size of the other endocrines. 
Goiter and Onions 
When McCarrison added chopped onions to the 
diet of the pigeons which he had fed on grains and 
butter, he found that the enlargement of the thyroid 
gland was not so pronounced, nor was the diminu- 
tion of the adrenals as noticeable as before. This 
result was due to the presence of the vitamines in 
122 DIET AND THE GLANDS 
the onions, which tended toward lowering the 
thyroid enlargement. The fat of the butter was 
active in aggravating thyroid increase, and, as was 
remarked in the case of the pigeons that had par- 
taken solely of butter and grains, it acted in sixty- 
five per cent of the cases toward bringing about 
goiter. The addition of onions counteracted the 
effects of thyroid enlargement, thus obviating its 
occurrence. It has therefore been shown that the 
onion is a valuable food because of its vitamine con- 
tent. Particularly is it of use in the prevention of 
thyroid enlargement. 
Vitamines, Cod-Liver Oil and Iodine 
In experiments on young tadpoles it was found 
that the excess of fats in their food caused a delay 
in their development. While the normal change was 
retarded by all fats that were given, harder fats, 
such as butter, were not so effective as the fluid ones, 
such as cod-liver oil. The delay in the meta- 
morphosis of the young tadpoles was associated with 
retarded growth of the thyroid gland. When one 
milligram of iodine was administered, it compen- 
sated for the delay in the thyroid development in 
those cases where the tadpoles subsisted only on but- 
123 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
ter and fluid, oily acids. It was of no effect in the 
delay of thyroid growth caused by excessive feed- 
ing of cod-liver oil. It may be concluded, therefore, 
that a diet of fats, together with a proportionate 
amount of iodine, will preserve the normal balance 
of growth of the body, as well as of the thyroid 
gland. If too much iodine is taken, the meta- 
morphosis of the tadpole into a frog is greatly ac- 
celerated, especially when butter is added to the diet. 
Iodine is very commonly used as a tonic for grow- 
ing children, usually in conjunction with iron in the 
form of syrup. 
The Effect of Lack of Vitamines A, B and C 
Each class of vitamine is of specific value to the 
human body, and with the absence of any one of 
them for any length of time detrimental results may 
be observed. When vitamine A is lacking from 
the diet, growth is slow, if it occurs at all. The 
eyes become diseased. The enamel of the teeth is 
poorly calcified. Rickets may intervene. In Vienna 
children and young adults are very often afflicted 
with this disease, owing to an insufficient supply of 
vitamine A. In animals, its lack is manifested in 
sores, bushy fur and scabbiness. They are not 
124 DIET AND THE GLANDS 
vivacious and go about with a sort of hang-dog 
demeanor. With the proper supply of the necessary 
vitamine the abnormal conditions may be improved. 
Vitamine B feeds the cells of the body. Its ab- 
sence starves them, especially the nuclei, or vital 
parts of the cells. The first symptoms of vitamine 
B starvation are loss of appetite and diarrhea. There 
is a difficulty of swallowing and breathing. The 
nervous system is impaired. The transportation of 
the food along the alimentary tract is not done 
efficiently. The digestive secretions also fail in their 
normal functioning. The whole organism is de- 
prived of the protective means that ward off infec- 
tion from without. In human beings, when the cor- 
rect food is given the nervous system responds 
readily. 
When vitamine C is lacking in the diet, growth 
ceases, though the joints of the bones and the rib- 
junctions enlarge. There is also present a marked 
fragility of the bones, which fracture easily at the 
slightest provocation such as a hurt or a fall. The 
teeth are loose and hemorrhages are frequent. In 
order to correct the disorders that ensue from the 
want of vitamine C in the daily food, various fruit 
juices should be added. Tomatoes, oranges and 
125 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
lemons are rich in vitamine C. Fresh vegetables 
such as cabbages, lettuce, rutabaga and carrots con- 
tain it in generous quantities. Cooking and heating 
undermines the beneficial value of this class of vita- 
mine, therefore, whenever possible, raw fruits or 
vegetables should be eaten. 
Vegetarianism and Animal Foods 
Meat is considered by many to form the best diet 
for the animal organism. It is a builder of muscle, 
and stimulates the increase of blood corpuscles and 
the growth of fibrin. Though a vegetable diet also 
strengthens and hardens the muscles, it does not do 
it as effectively as animal meats. 
Meat contains fewer vitamines and less proteins 
than milk and eggs. It is poor in calcium, a mineral 
salt necessary for bone-formation, but it stimulates 
the appetite. In a dog that was fed on porridge for 
some time, the gastric juice was scanty and viscous. 
When meat was given to it, the juice was plentiful 
and fluid. 
Carnivorous animals seem to find in meat all the 
vitality they need, and their vigor, activity and 
agility are not equaled by any of the herbivorous or 
plant-eating animals. In Mesopotamia the white 
126 DIET AND THE GLANDS 
troops resisted disease better than the Hindoos, who 
subsisted only on a vegetable diet and refused to 
partake of carnivorous foods. 
There is undoubtedly something in meat, some 
energy-giving element that has not yet been dis- 
covered. The fact remains that as a rule meat-eat- 
ing races are much stronger than those whose food 
is solely herbivorous. 
127 CHAPTER IX 
GLANDULAR INTERACTION 
From the foregoing chapters the reader may have 
gained the impression that each gland gives char- 
acteristic symptoms, and that upon examining the 
individual the guilty endocrine organ can be de- 
tected. This is not so simple, for although each 
gland produces its own disturbances, the effects are 
so far-reaching as to involve the whole endocrine 
system. The human organism is a whole consisting 
of interrelated parts. The affection of one throws 
the entire body out of gear. There is really no such 
thing as a disease pertaining to one gland exclu- 
sively. The disease of one gland means the involve- 
ment of many or all the glands forming the 
endocrine chain. 
The Glands in Harmony 
When the body is in a state of health, the glands 
are in harmony. The secretions are neither too 
128 GLANDULAR INTERACTION 
great, nor too little. There is no perversion in any 
of their functions. That health does not depend 
upon the physical alone is well demonstrated by the 
diseases of the internal secretions. We have already 
shown that grief, pain, sorrow, anger, hunger, fear, 
unrequited love and unfulfilled sexual craving affect 
the glands and their secretions. As far as the mind 
is concerned, the effect is crystallized in the form 
of psychological or mental aberrations, complexes 
and phobias, and often when psychoanalysis fails 
in touching the root, glandular treatment is of great 
value. This is so because physical health depends 
upon the normal activity of the glands. If the func- 
tioning of the glands is dependent upon mental 
stimuli, as has already been seen, the influence.of 
the mind upon disease is self-evident. 
We are living in a psychological age, and the 
progress made in science as well as in art has been 
along the lines of the psyche. Let us take literature 
as an instance. At first it was exclusively devoted 
to mythology and legendary heroes endowed with 
immortal traits. Then came the days of chivalry 
and knight-errantry. Eventually, the lower and 
middle-classes found their place. All ranks and 
stations of society were represented, but represented 
129 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
as puppets controlled by the strings of plot and story. 
They were types, embodiments of theories, but sel- 
dom individuals. To-day the narrative has given 
way to introspection and we have the psychological 
novel, which is only an expression of the universal 
recognition of the importance of the mind. In 
science we have had a similar evolution. The scalpel 
of the anatomist is being supplemented by the 
psychoanalytic methods of the Freudians and by 
the intelligence tests of the psychiatrists. 
The Glands in Discord 
A stimulus affecting the function of an endocrine 
gland does so in one of two ways, either by increas- 
ing or decreasing the amount of internal secretion. 
True as this may be in a great many cases, it is not 
always so, for at times the secretion is neither in- 
creased or decreased, but the character of it is 
changed, perverted or vitiated. Furthermore, the 
affection of one gland influences the others so that 
the whole endocrine system suffers and we have a 
pluriglandular disturbance. It is commonly found 
that when the thyroid gland is enlarged, there is a 
corresponding diminution in the size of the adrenals, 
130 GLANDULAR INTERACTION 
and vice versa. Certain glands are antagonistic to 
others that may be situated near them. For instance, 
the thyroid and the parathyroid often seem to be 
inimical, while the pineal and the pituitary glands 
are seldom in accord. Not only does one gland act 
contrary to another, but it may carry on an in- 
ternecine war between its various parts. The medulla 
and the cortex of the adrenals sometimes become 
antagonized and work against each other. In the 
gonads a similar internal warfare is at times carried 
on between the sperm or reproductive cells and the 
somatic or tissue-building cells. In some cases the 
antagonism is necessary to maintain the equilibrium 
of the organism, but most often it upsets the balance 
and creates the pathological conditions, the study of 
which has given rise to the comparatively new 
science of Endocrinology. 
Affinities and Antipathies, or Attraction and 
Repulsion 
We have observed that certain glands act antag- 
onistically toward each other; that is, they have a 
certain antipathy of function that is not always in- 
jurious to the normal equilibrium of the body. 
131 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
There are glands, on the other hand, which cooperate 
with neighboring glands that act as their affinities. 
Should one of them fall into a state of abnormal or 
diseased activity, its affinity temporarily assumes 
the responsibility of performing the work for which 
the former has been incapacitated. Such an affinity 
exists between the pituitary, the thyroid and the 
adrenals. A decreased efficiency of the thyroid 
gland causes symptoms that have been described 
under cretinism and myxedema. The individual be- 
comes apathetic, slow and lethargic. He seems pos- 
sessed by an overwhelming torpor. His face, ab- 
domen and limbs swell. His growth stops and we 
may have an undergrown, underdeveloped, puny 
being. The thyroid gland being diseased, the pitui- 
tary takes up the work, attempting to overcome the 
symptoms produced by the lack of thyroid secretion. 
The torpor decreases, the swelling tends to disap- 
pear, and there is an acceleration which may go to 
the other extreme of gigantism. When the pituitary 
gland, which influences the contraction of the uterus, 
bladder and intestines, and affects the tone of the 
brain and sex cells, stops functioning, the adrenals 
undertake the task. 
132 GLANDULAR INTERACTION 
The Adrenals and the Thyroid 
The adrenal glands influence practically all the 
endocrines. This is due to the effect of adrenalin, 
which, coursing through the blood stream, stimulates 
the circulatory and muscular as well as the nutri- 
tional state of the human organism. The adrenals 
are most easily affected by external stimuli, as shown 
by the fear experiments of Cannon on cats. An 
overstimulation of the adrenals means a decrease in 
the rate of circulation, the tone of the muscles and 
the state of nutrition, with the consequent develop- 
ment of the well-known condition of general debility. 
This deficiency affects all the other glands, and we 
have a lessened activity of the whole endocrine 
system. 
The thyroid and the adrenals have a very close 
relation. Often, in a diseased condition of the body 
caused by either too great or too little a secretion 
of the adrenals, an improvement may be noticed 
when the thyroid is acted upon, whether surgically 
or by means of glandular treatment. Removal of 
the thyroid impairs the normal functioning of the 
adrenals. The reintroduction of the thyroid secre- 
tion by transplants or injection of the extracts re- 
133 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
establishes the normal activity of the adrenals. 
Hyperthyroidism increases the amount of adrenalin 
in the blood and hypothyroidism has the opposite 
effect. It is therefore to be concluded that the 
thyroid and the adrenals work in sympathy, stimu- 
lating each other’s activity. 
The Pituitary and the Thyroid 
The pituitary and the thyroid glands act in ac- 
cordance with each other. This is particularly true 
in their effect upon the gonads or sex glands. The 
extirpation of the pituitary gland is followed by in- 
crease in weight, and decrease in size of the sex 
glands. The mental development is arrested. The 
same results are observed when the thyroid gland is 
excised. Rats whose thyroids had been removed, 
upon being fed with pituitary extract showed a rapid 
gain in weight. Cretins undoubtedly improve under 
thyroid medication, but sometimes there is a halt in 
their progress. If the pituitary gland is then ad- 
ministered in addition to the thyroid extract the im- 
provement continues unimpeded. These favorable 
results can be explained by the fact that there is a 
sympathetic relation between these two glands, so 
134 GLANDULAR INTERACTION 
that the disease of one may cause a similar condition 
in the other. 
The Pituitary and the Gonads 
The influence of the pituitary on the sex glands 
has already been described, but this influence is par- 
ticularly exemplified by the pituitary headache. This 
headache is frequently wont to occur prior to the 
oncoming of menstruation and is relieved by the 
taking of the pituitary extract by mouth or injection. 
During the period of menstruation there is a dis- 
tinct action of the ovaries which causes the pituitary 
to overact and increase in size. This enlargement 
causes pressure symptoms and the consequent head- 
ache. In addition there probably is a change in the 
quality of the secretion which is corrected by the 
ingestion of the pituitary extract. 
Scanty secretion of the pituitary gland causes a 
partial absence of the secondary sex characteristics. 
In the man the voice may remain high pitched, the 
face smooth and hairless. In the woman the breasts 
may not develop and there may be no pubic hair. 
Conversely, removal of the ovaries or testicles causes 
an enlargement of the pituitary gland and the de- 
135 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
velopment of the secondary sex characteristics of 
the opposite sex. 
The Thyroid and the Gonads 
The removal of the ovaries causes an enlargement 
of the thyroid gland. Perhaps this is the reason 
that goiter is often developed at puberty, at the 
menstrual period, during pregnancy and at the meno- 
pause, climacterium or change of life. Gley and 
Champy have noted that the removal of the thyroid 
in the rabbit is followed by an increase in the size 
of the ovaries. On the other hand, Von Eiselsberg 
demonstrated that the removal of the thyroid causes 
a decrease in the size of the sexual glands. The re- 
sults of these experiments are diametrically opposed, 
but nevertheless they prove that the removal of the 
thyroid does affect the generative organs in some 
manner, the exact nature of which has not as yet 
been conclusively determined. 
The Thymus and the Thyroid 
The thymus has been described as the gland of 
youth. The thyroid is the gland of energy, progress 
and growth. A persistent thymus tends to increase 
the period of infancy and delay the awakening of 
136 GLANDULAR INTERACTION 
maturity and sex life. The thyroid, on the other 
hand, is its natural antagonist and accelerates growth 
and tends to precipitate an early puberty. The 
thymus is still a mystery, and to the future belongs 
the exact determination of its raison d’etre. 
Dysfunction or Perverted Activity of the Glands 
For the most part we have spoken of the secretions 
in the terms of quantity. However there are dis- 
turbances which are very common and affect the 
quality of the secretions only. In these instances 
the secretion is neither increased nor decreased but 
the character of it is changed or perverted. The 
gland remains the same in size, but there are changes 
in its interior, its structure, chemistry and physi- 
ology. To this form of disturbance the Greek pre- 
fix of dys, meaning bad, has been applied. There 
are various kinds of dys affections; indeed, any one 
of the endocrine glands may be dys affected. The 
most important of these affections are dysthyroid- 
ism, dyspituitarism and dysovarianism. 
Harvey Cushing of Boston was the first to use the 
term dyspituitarism. This condition, which we have 
already described in detail, is characterized by the 
137 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
presence of both hyper and hypo symptoms in the 
same individual at the same time. 
Henry J., twenty-eight years of age, was built on 
a gigantic scale. He was six feet and one inch tall, 
powerful, and of large bony structure, particularly 
about the hands and feet. His skin was smooth, 
delicate and practically hairless. He had made sev- 
eral unsuccessful attempts to raise a mustache. 
Otherwise he was a normal male. He came under 
our observation eight months after an attack of 
encephalitis lethargica or sleeping sickness. His 
complaint was inability to engage in the sexual act. 
Upon questioning we ascertained that there had been 
a great increase in weight, the adipose tissue being 
deposited about the abdomen, chest and thighs, a 
distribution similar to that found in women. The 
pulse was low, the temperature subnormal and he 
was very sensitive to cold. He was still lethargic 
and would fall asleep on the slightest provocation. 
The external genitalia were normal in size but erec- 
tion did not occur. 
An analysis of this case shows that originally the 
man was inclined toward the hyperpituitary type, 
as demonstrated by his large hands and feet and 
the powerful skeletal structure. The encephalitis 
138 GLANDULAR INTERACTION 
produced a series of symptoms typical of hypopitui- 
tarism. Examination revealed that at the present 
time the patient had symptoms of a decreased secre- 
tion superseding an old hypersecretion. The patient 
illustrated the usual symptoms of dyspituitarism. 
Dysthyroidism or Perverted Activity of the 
Thyroid 
Dysthyroidism is quite common, but passes by 
unnoticed as it frequently manifests itself at puberty. 
A girl may be below the average height, have a sal- 
low complexion, scanty eyebrows, irregular and 
carious teeth and cold extremities. She may show 
both physical and mental retardation. Of her it 
may be said that she is ever “early to bed and late 
to rise.” She is neglectful of her clothes and un- 
mindful of personal appearance, going through her 
daily tasks half asleep and half awake. With the 
approach of puberty and the oncoming of adolesence, 
this insipid bit of drabness changes and blossoms 
forth into colorful womanhood. She becomes rest- 
less, active, no longer one of the herd but on the 
contrary is the dominant spirit in home and public 
life. Physically, however, she may still retain the 
139 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
corpulency of the hypothyroid type. Mentally she 
is the typical hyperthroid personality. 
Dysovarianism or Perverted Activity of the 
Ovaries 
Dysovarianism displays functional, physical and 
psychic disorders. Among the functional symptoms 
are hot flushes of the face, spells of perspiration, 
head pains, dizziness and various aches all over the 
body. The most common physical disorders are 
increased blood pressure, dryness of the skin and 
goose-flesh. Psychically these patients show neu- 
rasthenia, nervousness and a morbid degree of 
emotion. Worry and anxiety are common. They 
are unstable and depressed, and suspicious of every 
one about them. Sexually they may express their 
eroticism in various indiscretions, or sublimate their 
desires into religious mysticism. 
Glandular Interrelation and Psychoanalysis 
As the glands are interrelated and their perfect 
coordination leads to the health of the body, so the 
health of the body has as a correlative the health of 
the mind. Mens sana in corpore sano. ... A 
healthy mind in a healthy body. . . . This truth is 
140 GLANDULAR INTERACTION 
not of recent discovery, but existed long before 
psychoanalysis and endocrinology were ever thought 
of. If the human organism is in a state of well 
being, it means that every organ, to the most minute, 
is doing its work normally and well. The heart is 
pumping the blood so many times per minute, the 
lungs are inspiring the air, the endocrines are re- 
sponsive to every stimulus from without; in fine, 
the body machine is running smoothly to the most 
apparently insignificant organ. What is the result? 
The individual goes about his duties seeing life 
through the proverbial rosy colored glasses. Noth- 
ing is too difficult for him to undertake, nothing too 
far removed for him to attain. He is active and 
aggressive. His mind works quickly and efficiently. 
Fatigue is out of the question. In short, every- 
thing, due to the healthful state of the mind, is 
interpreted optimistically. 
The man whose physical organism is deranged 
forms quite a different picture. Let us say that his 
adrenals are suffering from decreased activity. No 
sooner is that the case than everything about him 
becomes somber and gloomy. Each ant-hill be- 
comes a labor of Hercules. Every one about him 
turns into a conspirator to make life wretched for 
141 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
him. In every new acquaintance he sees an added 
enemy, a stronger superior being whose main pur- 
pose seems to be to remind him of his own inferi- 
ority. Existence becomes impossible. Not infre- 
quently suicide is the ultimate conclusion. 
Edward B., twenty-four years of age, tall, well- 
built and fine-complexioned, came to us at the out- 
break of the war suffering from acute melancholy 
and suicidal tendencies. He complained of pain in 
the muscles and inability to perform any physical 
labor. He had been drafted, and whenever he com- 
plained of his excessive fatigue he was not believed. 
His fellow-soldiers laughed at him and called him a 
slacker and a malingerer. Physical examination 
showed thymic involvement, which accounted for 
his fine, healthy complexion and smooth skin. His 
blood pressure was low, the pulse beat below normal. 
Upon being examined for adrenal insufficiency the 
typical white line of Sargent appeared upon the 
abdomen. There were also signs of hyperpitui- 
tarism, manifested by his great height and over- 
development. 
His melancholy and suicidal thoughts were found 
to be due to the feeling of inferiority. He was 
treated psychoanalytically and readily responded. 
142 GLANDULAR INTERACTION 
The various glandular disturbances that had caused 
the psychoses were regulated by the administration 
of glandular extracts. In a comparatively short 
time Edward B. was cured of his mental condition, 
and when he was eventually sent to France he dis- 
tinguished himself by the ardor of his work and 
the stoical resistance to the hardships he encoun- 
tered. 
143 CHAPTER X 
TEMPERAMENT AND THE GLANDS 
Pope says, “The proper study of mankind is 
man,” and to study mankind has always been man’s 
ambition. To know man as a species is a compara- 
tively simple matter, but to know him as an indi- 
vidual is a master task. The outstanding char- 
acteristics which distinguish one individual from 
another are character and temperament. Touching 
as these subjects do the very fundamental differ- 
ences between human beings, they have been in- 
vestigated by the scholars of all ages, from antiquity 
to modern times. Character and temperament affect 
the very essence of existence, and are probably the 
most important factors in what spells success. To 
achieve success has ever been man’s endeavor. Lit- 
tle wonder, then, at the universal interest evinced 
in the study of these attributes. 
The sum total of all the work and study of the 
thinkers on man is briefly summarized in the con- 
144 TEMPERAMENT AND THE GLANDS 
elusion that character is what one is. It is a stamp 
impressed by environment and heredity. Education 
is included under environment. Some exclude 
heredity, but surely it cannot be denied, for to a very 
great extent we are what we are because of what 
our ancestors have been. To accentuate this factor, 
there need only be mentioned the relatively new sci- 
ence of eugenics, which devotes itself to the improve- 
ment of the human or animal stock through the 
selection of the fittest parents. 
The Old Conception of Temperament 
Temperament is authoritatively defined as the 
physical and mental character of an individual. This 
definition is very vague, ambiguous and practically 
meaningless. It is a galaxy of words with no signifi- 
cance. Temper, which is the base or root of the 
word temperament, is given a much more elucidating 
meaning as the state which results from the mixing 
of various ingredients. This definition gives a 
clearer conception and describes the cause. As com- 
monly accepted, temper is a temporary, transient ex- 
pression of the more permanent, constant tempera- 
ment. Therefore, temperament may be defined as 
145 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
the permanent or temporary physical and mental 
state of an individual, which results from the com- 
bination or mixture of various ingredients within 
the body. 
The ancients realized that temperament was not 
simply a mental manifestation, but was constituted 
of the mental and physical expressions of internal 
organic components. Erroneously, they divided the 
body into four fluids or humors; blood, yellow bile 
or choler, phlegm and black bile. The variations in 
the relations and proportions of these fluids caused 
the various temperaments, and so they had the 
biliary or choleric temperament, the sanguine tem- 
perament, the phlegmatic temperament, and the 
melancholy temperament. In this fantastic em- 
piricism, they have handed down to us the nucleus 
of our present knowledge of the internal secretions 
and their effects upon the temperament and character. 
Our Conception of Temperament 
Though there is no phlegm to produce the phleg- 
matic disposition, endocrinology teaches us that the 
disturbance of the internal secretion of the thyroid 
gland, known as hypothyroidism, will produce simi- 
146 TEMPERAMENT AND THE GLANDS 
lar symptoms. Though there is no black bile to 
give melancholy, there are hypoovarianism and hypo- 
pituitarism with their mental pictures. Though there 
is no yellow bile to give rise to the choleric tempera- 
ment, and though the blood does not make one san- 
guinous, hyperthyroidism can well do both and more. 
Therefore, in the light of the recently acquired 
knowledge in the field of endocrinology, we propose 
a new definition for temperament. Temperament 
is the temporary or permanent physical and mental 
state of an individual which results from the activity 
of his internal secretions. 
The Types of Temperament 
The type of temperament depends on the type of 
internal secretion. We have shown that there are 
three principal varieties of secretions: hyper or in- 
creased, hypo or decreased and dys, or perverted 
secretions. Accordingly, we may divide tempera- 
ment into three distinct forms, which may be termed 
the hypertemperament, the hypotemperament and 
the dystemperament. Irrespective of which gland is 
involved, if it is stimulated to hypersecretion the 
symptoms are all productive of an increased activity 
147 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
of the physiological functions. If the secretion 
reaches too excessive a point the normal becomes 
abnormal, the physiological becomes pathological, 
and we then have the recognized endocrine hyper- 
secretory disturbances, as hyperpituitarism, acromeg- 
aly and Basedow’s disease. 
If the organ is insufficiently stimulated, hypo- 
secretion results and the symptoms are those of a 
decreased activity of the physiological functions. If 
the secretion is very markedly diminished the normal 
again becomes the abnormal and we then have the 
recognized endocrine hyposecretory disturbances, as 
infantilism, cretinism and myxedema. Very often 
it is not purely a hyposecretion or a hypersecretion, 
but a perverted secretion. The functions of the 
body become accelerated or retarded, dependent upon 
the character of the perverted secretion. The symp- 
toms may at one time be those of a hyper type and 
at another time those of a hypo type, the condition 
varying from month to month, week to week, day to 
day and even hour to hour. The temperament varies 
accordingly. When the perversion of the secretion 
is persistent or very marked, we have the production 
of disease entities such as dyspituitarism, dysthy- 
roidism and dysovarianism. 
148 TEMPERAMENT AND THE GLANDS 
The Hypertemperament 
The hypertemperamental individual is the hope 
and worry of humanity. He is the Light of the 
World and the Prince of Darkness. He is the leader 
or the misfit. He is the brilliant success or the 
glorious failure. He is the straight-jacketed, one- 
track-minded conservative, or the wild-eyed, long- 
haired radical. He is the typical man of action, fear- 
less in the struggle of life, the hero of mankind, and, 
strange to say, the coward at home. Powerful as he 
may be, this is the type of man most easily fooled by 
women, henpecked by wives, deceived by sweethearts, 
domineered by mothers-in-law and taken advantage 
of by children. Men of genius, men of power and 
men of talent belong to this category. Samson the 
Strong, betrayed by Delilah, and Antony, the lover 
of Cleopatra, were hypertemperamental. History 
shows that it is not unusual for men of brain and 
brawn to become the so-called weaklings in the power 
of women. The ability to withstand physcial and 
mental hardships and the ready yielding to sex seem 
irreconcilable, but it is only a paradox. Hypertem- 
peramental men are full of energy. They are the 
mental and sexual marathon runners, and even at an 
149 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
old age they preserve their virility. The ordinary 
marital bonds, though fully fulfilled, are not suffi- 
cient, and it may be safely said these men have more 
than one love, more than one mistress and more than 
one home. To understand this paradoxical behavior, 
it is necessary to describe the effects upon tempera- 
ment of the hyperactivity of the various glands. All 
the endocrine glands exert influences, but the most 
important ones from the standpoint of character 
are the pituitary, the thyroid, and the adrenals. 
The Pituitary and the Hypertemperament 
Hypersecretion of the pituitary gland activates 
the mental and physical processes. These are the 
precocious children, the infant prodigies and the 
star-pupils. The intellectuals, the thinkers, the phi- 
losophers, the creators, in short, the men of brain, are 
of the pituitary type. Genius is found associated 
with pituitarism, but it is a theoretical genius. 
These men possess self-control and will power, 
especially in sex matters, but are the submissive 
slaves of their mothers, wives or mistresses. 
Shakespeare, the super-giant among the giants of 
literary creative ability, was the henpecked husband 
150 TEMPERAMENT AND THE GLANDS 
of Anne Hathaway, while Nietzsche was dominated 
by his sister. At times mingled with these traits, 
especially in women, there develop certain dare-devil 
desires resulting in pleasure-seeking, drinking, card- 
playing, smoking and swearing. These are the ad- 
venturous, thrill-seeking women. 
The Adrenal Glands and the Hypertemperament 
Hypersecretion of the adrenal glands gives symp- 
toms which on cursory examination appear similar 
to those produced by an overacting pituitary gland. 
However, on close analysis, it is discovered that the 
symptoms differ, those due to the pituitary being 
more of a mental and theoretical nature, and those 
due to the adrenals being of a practical physical 
nature. Increase in the secretion of the adrenal 
glands produces vigor, energy, progressiveness, pug- 
naciousness and rapid action. The bosses of men 
and the drivers of slaves belong to the adrenal 
group. Geniuses are not uncommon, but they are 
of a practical nature in contradistinction to the theo- 
retical genius of the pituitary. The adrenals produce 
the fighting men, the men who know “aut vinci aut 
mori.” 
151 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
The Thyroid Gland and the Hypertemperament 
Hyperthyroidism produces its own train of symp- 
toms. The hyperthyroid individuals are the “live 
wires”; they are full of vim, vigor and vitality but 
these qualities are of an unstable nature. They 
bubble over with enthusiasm, present a magnetic 
personality and are the center of attraction. They 
are very impulsive, free with their plaudits and just 
as free with their censure. They make friends 
easily, and lose them just as easily. As children they 
are subject to tantrums, and as adults they develop 
hysterics and psychic storms. Sexually they exhibit 
an eroticism which is difficult for them to control. 
Restlessness and sleeplessness are common. The 
insomnia is mingled with numerous dreams due tt> 
unsatisfied sexualism. 
The hypertemperamental personality is composed 
of a mixture of the symptoms of all the glands de- 
scribed. There is no such thing as a clear-cut indi- 
vidual gland personality. As a rule, in a person 
belonging to this hypertemperamental type, there 
are evidences of the involvement of all the endocrine 
glands, and we may therefore have an adrenal- 
pituitary genius like Leonardo da Vinci, at once 
152 TEMPERAMENT AND THE GLANDS 
genius of theory and practice. Or we may have the 
pituitary-thyroid woman, a mixture of brain and 
emotion, not uncommonly found among the great 
actresses, like Sarah Bernhardt, and the pituitary- 
thyroid-adrenal individual, endowed with a brain to 
think, emotions to feel and the power to do. 
The Hypotemperament 
The hypotemperamental individual is the backbone 
of the country and the bulwark of society. He does 
not believe in hitching his wagon to a star, but has 
his feet solidly planted on the ground. He is the 
easy-going, steady, safe and sure citizen. He is the 
dutiful son, the provider of the family, the good 
father and the loving husband. He does not build 
castles or wander to strange shores. To him belongs 
the making of homes. Sound judgment, shrewd 
analysis, clear vision, unruffled poise and a refresh- 
ing equanimity mark him a man of reliability. Such 
individuals do not soar to Elysian heights, nor do 
they descend to Stygian shores; theirs is the middle 
road of virtue, conventionality and safety. They 
are born to follow, and reversing Caesar’s maxim 
they would rather be “second in Rome than first in 
153 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
an Iberian village,” not because Rome is great but 
because it is not within them to be first. 
Among this group belong the plodders, the men 
of detail, the statisticians, in short, all those whose 
work requires painstaking effort and great patience. 
The hypertemperamental individual may be brilliant 
in flashes, but to the hypotemperamental character 
belongs the distinction of being able to carry a diffi- 
cult task to completion. Life is not made up of 
Hadley’s comets or of shooting stars, wonderful as 
they may be. The progress of civilization depends 
to a great extent upon continued and persistent 
effort. The English are noted for their bull-dog 
tenacity and the Germans for their heed of the 
minutest details; and both of these nations, hypo- 
temperamental in type, have contributed a great deal 
toward the welfare of humanity. 
The Pituitary Gland and Hypotemperament 
Even as the endocrine glands give symptoms 
which produce the hypertemperament, so also are 
they responsible for the hypotemperament. A de- 
crease in the amount of the secretion of the pituitary 
gland retards the mental and physical processes. 
Depending upon the amount of the insufficiency of 
154 TEMPERAMENT AND THE GLANDS 
the secretion, the individual may be phlegmatic, 
apathetic, slow, dull, backward, and even mentally 
deficient. If the decrease of the internal secretion 
is very marked, the person may become a moral de- 
linquent, a pathological liar, a hobo or a prostitute. 
Of course, the latter are abnormal cases and really 
disease entities. 
The Thyroid Gland and the Hypotemperament 
Insufficiency of the thyroid gland gives symptoms 
which are not unlike those produced by the pituitary. 
The hypothyroid personalities are steady, sure and 
calm. They are not readily frightened, nor are they 
emotional. As a rule they sleep well and are not 
bothered by dreams. If the hyposecretion becomes 
very marked there may be mental retardation. It is 
interesting to note that these individuals, in spite of 
their balanced emotions, are very susceptible to 
disease, particularly to colds and tonsillitis. 
The Adrenals and the Hypotemperament 
Adrenal insufficiency produces a fairly well bal- 
anced individual. There is no tendency to fight, and 
there is a respect for law and order. If the insuffi- 
ciency becomes abnormal, the healthy, peaceful atti- 
155 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
tude becomes one of submission. If the condition 
progresses, the individual develops into a neuras- 
thenic, tires easily, likes to sleep in the afternoon, is 
always seeking vacations, and lacks initiative. He 
is subject to various moods and is apt to be easily 
upset to such an extent as to require rest in bed. 
This type is considered nervous and inadequate. In 
school he is backward; in business, lazy; among 
friends, weak. Sometimes in a moment of inde- 
cision and excitement he will stake all on a gamble 
and lose. 
A peculiarity of the adrenal hypotemperament is 
a desire for education. This class of individual is 
never satisfied with the standard form of education 
(probably because he is unable to grasp it), and 
seeks various new-fangled cults. It is amusing to 
note their desire to know “big words,” without 
knowing simple ones. In arithmetic they want to 
know all about fractions when they are even unable 
to add or subtract. They become atheists, but pray 
to God in secret. They are radical among radicals, 
and conservative among conservatives. They are 
very easily led and are the personification of in- 
decision. 
Fortunately for humanity the hypotemperament 
156 TEMPERAMENT AND THE GLANDS 
does not reach the low degree which we have de- 
scribed except in diseased conditions. The adrenal, 
or the marked hypothyroid types are comparatively 
infrequent to so marked an extent as to cause the' 
deleterious effects we have discussed. 
Even as the stimulation of an individual gland 
does not cause a clear-cut hypertemperamental per- 
sonality, so, too, a deficiency in the amount of the 
internal secretion of one gland does not affect the 
character without affecting the secretion of the other 
glands. We may have a hypotemperament caused 
by the combination of the thyroid and the adrenals; 
or the pituitary, in conjunction with the other glands, 
may produce such a hypotemperamental personality 
as typified by the low-browed sons of toil. 
The Dystemperament 
There are individuals who fit in neither of the two 
classes described, and others that show the charac- 
teristics of both groups. They are the exceptions to 
the rule and very often, as is true of many excep- 
tions, they are more usual than the rule itself. Such 
people may at times be hypertemperamental and at 
other times hypotemperamental. The hypothyroid 
girl who in puberty develops an increased secretion 
157 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
of the thyroid gland acquires the hypertemperament, 
and may alternately display the traits formed by an 
increased or a decreased secretion. An historical 
example of this type of temperament is that of 
Napoleon. 
Napoleon was the plaything of his glands. His 
physical as well as his mental traits reveal that at all 
periods during his life he was the victim of his in- 
ternal secretions. Undoubtedly, he was primarily a 
pituitary type, showing the mental symptoms of a 
hypersecretion and the physical ones of a hyposecre- 
tion. He was the supreme egotist, the daring ad- 
venturer, the ruthless destroyer, the brilliant leader, 
the shrewd plotter, the clever intriguer, the unscru- 
pulous climber, the most hated and the most admired 
man of his age. This tornado of force was encased 
in a puny body of five feet six inches, a hypopitui- 
tary body. Reenforcing the pituitary was an in- 
creased activity of the thyroid, manifested by brain- 
storms, emotional outbursts, and an uncontrollable 
eroticism. To Napoleon all women were created 
for the sexual gratification of man. He was in- 
tensely sensual and undiscriminating in his choice. 
A woman was a woman. The overactivity of his 
adrenals was shown physically by his dark skin, low 
158 TEMPERAMENT AND THE GLANDS 
pulse and low temperature, and mentally by his 
pugnacity and military genius. In other words, in 
early life Napoleon possessed a hypertemperament. 
To this hypertemperament, some of the symptoms 
of which lasted until his death, were gradually added 
the signs of a hypotemperament. With the advance 
of years Napoleon grew fat. The elasticity of his 
step disappeared; he moved slowly and deliberately. 
At about this time his judgment began to fail and he 
invaded Russia to his great misfortune. It was the 
beginning of the end. He began to complain of 
bladder symptoms, and we know that the pituitary 
stimulates the muscles of the bladder to contraction. 
Napoleon had always suffered from irritability of 
the bladder, but as he grew older it became worse, 
until at the battle of Waterloo he could hardly sit 
astride his horse. The animalism of his youth gave 
way to impotence, and he became lazy, easily tired, 
phlegmatic and inclined to drowse away,—signs of 
a combined decrease in the secretions of the pituitary, 
the thyroid and the adrenals. At times there would 
be spurts of thyroid energy, and he would ride his 
horse for hours at a time or plot to escape. 
Dr. Henry, who performed the autopsy on 
Napoleon, gives the following account which sup- 
159 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
ports our belief that the First of the Bonapartes was 
possessed of a dystemperament. “The whole sur- 
face of the body was deeply covered with fat. . . . 
There was scarcely any hair on the body, and that of 
the head was thin, fine and silky. The whole genital 
system (very small) seemed to exhibit a physical 
cause for the absence of sexual desire, and the 
chastity which had been stated to have characterized 
the deceased during his stay at St. Helena. The skin 
was noticed to be very white and delicate, as were 
the hands and arms. Indeed, the whole body was 
slender and effeminate. The pubes much resembled 
the Mons Veneris in women. The muscles of the 
chest were small, the shoulders were narrow, and the 
hips wide.” This well demonstrates that not only 
was Napoleon dystemperamental in emotion, but 
that physically he had reached the abnormal extremes 
of the perverted secretions. 
160 CHAPTER XI 
PSYCHOANALYSIS, COUEISM AND THE GLANDS 
Man has always evinced an insatiable curiosity in 
the mind and its work, but certain knowledge re- 
garding this unseen tenant of our brain is of com- 
paratively recent date. That the ancients knew of 
the mind and its powers is easily ascertained by 
studying the works of the early Greek philosophers. 
Heraclitus, the pessimist of antiquity, endowed man 
with two means of attaining knowledge in this ever- 
changing world, the senses and the reason or mind. 
The senses, however, give us a knowledge only of 
that which is transient and immediate,—the mind, on 
the other hand, the measure of things both finite and 
infinite, reveals to us our intimate selves and inter- 
prets for us everything, both human and divine. 
Indeed, as he later expressed himself with mystical 
reverence, the human mind is part of godhood, only 
in a less perfect, less ultimate form. Compared to 
the all-embracing divine mind, the human mind is as 
161 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
imperfect as the ape with respect to man. Until 
about a century ago, certitude regarding the mind 
and its activity had not progressed far beyond 
Heraclitus. Everything had been speculative, and 
what psychological truths were discovered were part 
and parcel of philosophy proper. It was only in the 
nineteenth century that the study of the mind, or 
psychology, broke loose from the mother-stem of 
philosophy and took root as a recognized science. 
Modern Psychology 
Before attaining its present status, psychology un- 
derwent an evolution that is still in progress. There 
are many angles from which the study of the mind is 
treated. Some psychologists take into account only 
stimulus and response in the animal organism, and 
conduct all research along those lines. They study 
behavior and thence derive their name of Behavior- 
istic Psychologists. Others, fully exemplified by 
Freud, Jung and their school, lay special stress upon 
the subconscious behavior of the individual, and thus 
the resulting science is the psychology of the uncon- 
scious. Since it is this latter attitude in the study 
of mind that is most closely related to psychoanalysis 
and auto-suggestion, we shall endeavor to elucidate 
162 PSYCHOANALYSIS, COUEISM AND THE GLANDS 
the reader on certain points that may have puzzled 
him. 
The Conscious and the Subconscious Mind 
The organism, whether waking or sleeping, is 
dominated by the mind. Early psychologists were 
aware of this, but while attributing the dominion 
of the body to the conscious mind they could not 
quite understand, how, in a state of sleep, when the 
individual simulates death, the functions of the 
body such as breathing and the beating of the heart 
are carried on as in the waking state. One is not con- 
scious of what happens during sleep, and yet one is 
alive. One goes through a series of mental adven- 
tures. Battles are fought, oceans are crossed, friends 
long dead hold communion with the speaker and 
appear in living flesh and blood. Frustrated hopes 
are often brilliantly accomplished in a state of sleep. 
A rejected suitor has the palpable feeling of his 
lady’s arms about his neck; he feels her warm lips 
against his; he hears her heart throbbing rapidly 
against his own. . . . He wakes up at the intensity 
of his feelings. ... It was a dream. That is not 
only the case with adults. What young boy has not 
dreamed that the coveted jack-knife that had been 
163 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
forbidden him in his waking state was given to him 
by some indulgent uncle? Not only one jack-knife, 
but hundreds and hundreds of them, barrels full of 
them, inviting his eager hands to play with them. 
. . . Again, the dreamer awakes ... to the reali- 
zation that the glorious wealth was only the product 
of his mind. 
Was it his conscious mind that played such tricks 
with his senses? No, for if that had been the case 
he would have realized immediately that it was a 
dream. There are times when an individual has 
what is known as a double-barreled dream. Even 
while going through wonderful adventures he has 
a sense that they are occurring only in imagination. 
What causes that phenomenon? 
Comparatively recent developments in the psycho- 
logical world have shown that there exist in the hu- 
man being two distinct selves—the conscious and 
the unconscious. The conscious self controls the 
human being in his waking state, helps him to inter- 
pret the things about him, aids him in forming 
opinions and guides him in his actions. It stores 
for him in the memory those facts that are essential 
for his individual life. It is also an essential factor 
in endowing man with moral and ethical concepts. 
164 PSYCHOANALYSIS, COUEISM AND THE GLANDS 
The subconscious self is not only active in the 
waking or conscious state, but also controls the 
human being during his sleep. It is an Argus-eyed 
vigilant, ever watchful, ever wakeful, and alert, 
observing everything, storing everything. It has 
an infallible memory. There is no event so insig- 
nificant of which it does not make a mental note; no 
adventure, however small, that it does not remember 
to the most trivial detail. It is an indestructible 
photographic plate, upon which all the deeds and 
thoughts of a human being are indelibly recorded. 
Besides keeping close watch upon all the thoughts, 
actions and observations of an individual, the sub- 
conscious mind has other no less important func- 
tions to take care of. When the conscious mind is 
asleep, what is it that supervises the vital functions 
of the body? What force sees to it that the blood 
circulates, that digestion is carried on normally, 
that the pulse beats regularly? The subconscious. 
Is one ever aware that the heart is beating, unless 
particular attention is called to that fact? No, for 
the conscious mind has other things to attend to. 
But the subconscious mind never forgets. It is the 
supervisor of the human factory, and all the respon- 
sibility of the health of the organism is vested in it. 
165 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
Psychoanalysis 
In the latter part of the nineteenth century, Freud 
coined one of the most-talked-of words of this cen- 
tury,—psychoanalysis, or the analytical study of the 
mind. He recognized the fact that the human being 
is governed by both his conscious and unconscious 
self, and constructed a system of psychology the 
basis of which is the subconscious or unconscious 
mind. Upon the importance of the subconscious in 
both physical and mental health Freud built a cura- 
tive system that yields more and more fruit with 
every passing year. 
An electrical current is continually produced by 
the brain, and when it flows freely and spends itself 
through the various organs the human being enjoys 
that agreeable state known as health. However, 
when the same method of expenditure is used for a 
long period of time, fatigue, which is only another 
name for monotony, ensues. Rest, therefore, or 
change of exercise is essential, and is most easily 
obtained through sleep, nature’s way of relieving 
weariness. All this is the normal process of gratify- 
ing normal wants. 
Whenever a bodily sense has a desire to expend its 
166 PSYCHOANALYSIS, COUEISM AND THE GLANDS 
allotted quota of electric current there is a craving. 
A gratification of this craving leads to the welfare 
of the organism. If, on the other hand, fear or 
some other repression prevents the electric current 
from flowing freely, tension follows. The tension 
in clouds loaded with electricity ends in storms. In 
the human body it results in outbursts of neurosis. 
Psychoanalysis and the Glands 
The man whose power cannot flow freely feels 
hampered and weak. He becomes unsocial, self- 
centered and egotistical. He feels that the whole 
universe is against him, and he therefore follows the 
line of least resistance which ultimately affects so- 
ciety. In such conditions as these psychoanalysis is 
a valuable instrument. The root of the repression 
is found, the energy is directed toward the correct 
channel, and not infrequently a cure is effected. 
However, Freudian treatment does not always 
lead to success. For instance, Freud often recom- 
mends sublimation of desires that cannot be grati- 
fied in their original form. In other words, he 
advises that the electric current toward the sex 
organs which, for some reason or other, cannot 
be allowed to flow freely in that direction, should 
167 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
be re-directed toward a different channel. Such 
advice is erroneous. Each sense organ can carry 
and utilize only its allotted quota of energy and to 
charge it with the energy rightfully belonging to an 
organ may prove disastrous. When the sexual 
power is turned off, that outlet is killed, the energy is 
not utilized elsewhere, and all the associated sense 
organs are injured as a result. The body is a com- 
plex of closely allied organs. We have observed that 
if the sexual glands are extirpated, the thyroid, the 
pituitary and the adrenals are at once weakened. 
Again, if one of the adrenals is removed, the sex 
glands, the pituitary and the thyroid are affected. 
For this reason, sublimation of one desire in another 
direction is inadvisable. 
Psychoanalysis and Repression 
Estelle, a young girl of seventeen, was brought to 
us for treatment. She was pale, sluggish, lazy, indif- 
ferent and self-centered. She was suffering from 
epileptoid fits followed by unconsciousness. 
Analysis revealed violent egotism, exhibitionism, 
unreasoning hatred of rivals in charms or accom- 
plishments and terrible fear of personal slights. 
Upon inquiring into her past history, it was found 
168 PSYCHOANALYSIS, COUEISM AND THE GLANDS 
that one year before her first fit her mother had had 
an attack of ptomaine poisoning during a picnic 
in the country. This attack was so severe that it 
almost caused her death. The dominating thought 
in the child’s mind at that time had been “Maybe 
mother will die!’’ It was an unconscious wish for 
her mother’s death followed by remorse and repres- 
sion. 
Estelle’s first fit occurred at a party when every- 
one was praising and pampering a child of four. 
Estelle stole the applause, rather, the attention of the 
guests from the child and transferred it to herself. 
The symptoms of the oncoming fit were nausea, 
accelerated heart-beating, dilatation of the pupils, 
contraction of the muscles of her fingers, hands and 
arms, and then complete unconsciousness. 
Psychoanalysis was tried and proved successful. 
Physical examination showed that Estelle had ad- 
renal hyperfunction, followed by adrenal depletion 
which brought about muscular weakness. As for 
the fits, they were caused as a reaction against her 
repressed anger at not being the center of interest. 
It is difficult to say whether the fits occurred because 
her adrenals were not adapted to a certain strain, or 
whether the strain resulted from unadapted 
169 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
thoughts. In any case, in order to effect a definite 
cure both the glands and the mind had to be treated. 
What is really necessary in modern curative 
medicine is a synthesis of what science, surgery, 
neurology, psychology and endocrinology have dis- 
covered on the subject of human thought and its 
mechanism. The sooner this is realized, the greater 
will be the advantages to the human race. 
Autosuggestion and Coueism 
It has been a source of wonder to the thinking 
public to determine the cause of Emile Coue’s cures 
by the simple process of autosuggestion. “What is 
autosuggestion and how is it practised?” are the 
most common questions of the day. 
Autosuggestion is as old as Adam. It has its 
root in the unconscious mind, and since the mind is 
as old as man, so also is autosuggestion as old as 
mankind. There have always been individuals who 
have practised suggestion. Christ may be mentioned 
as one, for how else could the modern world logically 
interpret many of His miracles? In the New Testa- 
ment St. Paul, in speaking of prayer, outlines very 
explicitly nothing other than the methods of auto- 
170 PSYCHOANALYSIS, COUEISM AND THE GLANDS 
suggestion. Throughout the course of civilization 
its principles have been used, in ignorance, it is true, 
but nevertheless with good results. When the Chris- 
tian martyrs met their doom in the arena in the 
toils of wild beasts, what was it that inspired them 
with fearlessness for their fate and with hope for 
the future? Autosuggestion. When, during the 
Inquisition other martyrs unflinchingly suffered the 
most atrocious tortures that fanaticism has ever 
devised, what was it that fired their courage and kept 
their faith alive? Again, autosuggestion. Of 
course, like everything else that is not understood 
and that is enshrouded in the black mantle of oc- 
cultism, autosuggestion has had its Cagliostros and 
its Svengalis. What was the wholesale burning of 
witches at Salem if not the protest of the uninitiated 
against the unfair usurpation on the part of the 
initiated, or witches? 
To-day autosuggestion is no longer an occult 
science to be used by those in league with the devil 
to the detriment of pious ignorant human beings. 
It is a convenient tool within the reach of all who 
care to use it, and it has been so simplified that as 
the disciples of Coue exclaim with pride, “Even a 
child can use it.” 
171 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
The Coue Method 
During this past year Coue’s method of autosug- 
gestion has swept Europe and America like wild- 
fire. What is there then in the method that meets 
such universal approval? Is it the excellence of the 
method itself, or is it a timely panacea to the needs 
of a gullible generation? The fact remains that 
millions are daily repeating Coue’s formula in the 
same breath as their Paternoster, and claim to de- 
rive great benefits therefrom. 
Like psychoanalysis autosuggestion lays its cor- 
nerstone in the lap of the unconscious. It is by 
using the unconscious self as an instrument that the 
soil for a good suggestion is laid, from which will 
be reaped the fruits of health and the strength to 
take part in the battle of life. 
To Coue the unconscious and the imagination are 
one and the same. Contrary to the view commonly 
held that it is the will, or the conscious mind that 
governs life, Coue maintains that the imagination or 
the unconscious will is the controlling force. To 
prove his point Coue gives a simple but convincing 
instance. 
“Suppose,” he says, “that we place on the ground 
172 PSYCHOANALYSIS, COUEISM AND THE GLANDS 
a plank thirty feet long by one foot wide. It is 
evident that everybody will be able of going from 
one end to the other of this plank without stepping 
over the edge. But now change the conditions of 
the experiment, and imagine this plank placed at 
the height of the towers of a cathedral, who then 
will be able of advancing even a few feet along 
this narrow path ? Could you hear me speak ? Prob- 
ably not. Before you had taken two steps you would 
begin to tremble, and in spite of every effort of your 
will you would be certain to fall to the ground. 
Why is it then that you would not fall if the plank 
is on the ground, and why should you fall if it is 
raised to a height above the ground? Simply be- 
cause in the first case you imagine that it is easy to 
go to the end of this plank, while in the second case 
you imagine that you cannot do so.” 
Taking the imagination as his point of departure, 
Coue impresses upon the mind of his subject a 
suggestion which, when given credence, will effect 
whatever is desired, within the limits of the possible. 
Thus, when a woman suffering from acute abdom- 
inal pains during menstruation, causes her imagina- 
tion to believe that the pain is going . . . going 
. . . going ... it will be gone in a few minutes. 
173 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
General and Specific Suggestions 
Coue impresses upon his subjects to begin and end 
the day by repeating twenty times the general sug- 
gestion, “Every day, in every way, I am getting 
better and better.” The charm of this formula lies 
in its inspiring the individual with faith in his pro- 
gressive improvement in every way. 
Besides this general suggestion, Coue has specific 
suggestions for various ills. If a patient suffers, 
let us say, from indigestion, Coue has him impress 
upon his imagination the suggestion that all the 
organs acting upon his digestion are doing their 
work well. He will have him recite something like 
the following, “My saliva is flowing normally; my 
teeth are masticating the food well, my stomach is 
working properly . . . etc., etc.” It is a principle 
of Coue’s never to allow his patients to dwell upon 
or discuss their symptoms, for it is his opinion that 
such talking only tends toward planting noxious 
suggestions. 
The Mind and the Glands 
It is well known that one’s attitude toward life 
insures success or failure. Just what effect auto- 
174 PSYCHOANALYSIS, COUEISM AND THE GLANDS 
suggestion would have upon the proper functioning 
of the glands cannot be exactly determined. Yet 
there is good reason to believe that since the glands 
are controlled by the sympathetic or involuntary 
nervous system and since the subconscious mind 
governs the latter, a specific suggestion rightly 
planted might lead to beneficial results. However, 
this method cannot always be employed with neurotic, 
fear-ridden subjects, for to begin with, they would 
not readily accept a suggestion, and secondly, too 
much depends upon the patient himself for any good 
result to be effected. 
Often in the case of impressionable patients, 
vicious circles have a tendency to establish them- 
selves. The organism falls easily into habits, habit 
being the line of least resistance. Let us say sick- 
ness has weakened a gland. Weakness develops and 
the patient broods over it. Discouragement and 
despondency in turn weaken the gonads and the 
adrenals even more, and bring about deficiencies 
which create a sense of inferiority. 
The inferiority soon becomes an article of faith 
in the patient’s mind, and the mental suggestion that 
he is continually offering himself, “I am weak,” only 
tends to prevent the normal exercise of a gland. 
175 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
Such are the cases of psychic impotence, for instance. 
Since fear in itself is a sufficient cause for impotence, 
the man who fears impotence is impotent from the 
very fact of his fear. In such cases the sowing of a 
correct suggestion will do much toward the removal 
of the fear and the inspiring of the individual with 
the confidence necessary for him to assert his man- 
hood. 
176 CHAPTER XII 
HOW THE GLANDS AFFECT APPEARANCE 
“Love at first sight” and “First impressions 
count” are colloquial expressions with which we are 
all familiar. What is it that draws or repels upon 
first encountering an individual? Surely it is not 
the spirit or the intellect. It is simply the physical 
appearance. We may admire brain but we love 
beauty. Woman is instinctively drawn to the strong 
and man is charmed by a pretty face and a graceful 
body. Irrespective of how much we try to suppress 
the physical it will out. Though beauty may attract 
and not be able to hold, even to attract is half the 
battle won. It may be safely said that the vast 
majority of marriages and practically all the mar- 
riages of youth are based on physical attraction. 
We may speak of the attunement of tastes, of har- 
monious dispositions, of kindred spirits, but these 
are only fine-sounding phrases. Youth, when he 
selects his mate, is not far different in his procedure 
177 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
from his ancestral ape. The veneer of civilization is 
rubbed off and he reverts to his instincts. He does 
not write odes to her intellect or to her spirit, but 
passionately eulogizes her “windows of the soul,” 
her shell-like ears, her pomegranate lips, her golden 
locks, her lily fingers and would fain gaze on the 
“round rising hillocks” of her breast. 
The Doctors of Matrimony 
Foolish indeed would it be to disregard the physi- 
cal when it plays such an important role in life. 
Until now we have described the relation between 
the glands and the mind, but even as the character 
of the internal secretions affects the temperament, 
it also affects the physical appearance. The height, 
the corpulence, the formation of the skeleton, the 
texture of the hair, skin and nails, the shape of the 
nose, the development of the teeth, the color of the 
cheeks, in short, the structure of the whole body 
depends upon the activity of the endocrine glands. 
Knowing as we do the temperamental characteris- 
tics associated with the various glandular disturb- 
ances, we have a guide by which to judge whether 
the individual we are to marry is compatible with our 
nature by determining the physical signs of the 
178 HOW THE GLANDS AFFECT APPEARANCE 
glandular disturbances. This opens a new field for 
social workers, and from this knowledge of the 
physical manifestations of the activity of the glands 
there may a rise a new profession,—that of the doc- 
tors of matrimony, who will examine those about to 
marry, diagnose the endocrinological status of each, 
and decide upon the suitableness of the union. 
The Various Physiques and their Mental Sig- 
nificance 
The stature of the body is determined by the rate 
and the extent of growth. It has already been 
shown in a previous chapter that growth is de- 
pendent upon the pituitary gland. The giant of 
hyperpituitarism and the dwarf of hypopituitarism 
have kbeen described. However, there are many in- 
termediary types which come within the range of 
normalcy and pivot about the same fulcrum, the 
pituitary. 
The tall type, strong, muscular, thick-skinned and 
large of hands and feet; the toughened, hardened 
veteran of the outdoor, with hairy hands, chest and 
legs, a prominent nose, a square, somewhat pro- 
truding lower jaw, thick, bushy eyebrows, an oval 
face and a square head is the product of too much 
179 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
pituitary secretion. This type is sagacious, intelli- 
gent, self-willed, self-controlled and prudent. The 
prudence may go so far as to become sordid cal- 
culation. 
The lean type, clean cut, smooth-faced, with thick 
hair, long eye-lashes, sinuous eyebrows, glittering, 
prominent eyes, sparkling white teeth and a sensi- 
tive mouth is the product of too much thyroid. This 
type is unstable, impulsive, restless, emotional, lack- 
ing in tenacity and endurance and suffering from 
insomnia. He may also suffer from exaggerated 
cerebral excitation which keeps him up at night plan- 
ning and scheming. 
The slender type, fair of face, delicately tinted, 
with a narrow waist-line, rounded limbs, a curved 
outline, a long chest, white, hairless skin, soft, silky 
hair, small, pearl-like teeth, and usually knock- 
kneed or flat-footed, shows evidence of involvement 
of the thymus gland in addition to the others. This 
type is easily led and becomes a cat’s paw for others. 
He is frequently the passive or submissive pervert. 
He is weak, irresponsible, peevish and often dis- 
honest. In the hands of a Fagin he becomes the 
pickpocket, the petty thief, the drug addict, and if a 
180 HOW THE GLANDS AFFECT APPEARANCE 
woman, the enslaved prostitute bandied from brothel 
to brothel, unable to extricate herself. 
The short, sallow type, stout, with pudgy hands 
that are cold and blue, with a high forehead and deep- 
set colorless eyes, slow of mind and slow of move- 
ment, is indicative of a decreased activity usually 
of the thyroid and the pituitary. This individual 
is apathetic, listless and easily influenced. 
The types we have described are more or less 
clear-cut, and point to the involvement of a particu- 
lar gland; but there are numerous combinations and 
shadings giving rise to mixed appearances. We 
may have pituitary-adrenal types, thyroid-thymus, 
or pituitary-thyroid-adrenal types. However, as a 
rule, even in the most complex make-ups we are 
able to determine the symptoms of a predominating 
gland. 
Physiognomy 
Each glandular or pluri-glandular personality has 
individual peculiarities that differentiate it from the 
others. Every face, besides the lines of age and 
vicissitudes, has the stigmata of the endocrine 
glands. We have the thyroid physiognomy, the 
pituitary, the adrenal, the thymus, in the various 
181 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
degrees of hypo, hyper or dys. We said before that 
the glands are the sculptors of the organism. More 
so does this apply to the modeling of the face, as 
well as its color and tint. They are not only the 
sculptors, but the artists as well. 
A long, somewhat oval face with pronounced 
bone structure, straight nose and strongly marked 
eyebrows, tranquil in expression and intelligent in 
the tout ensemble, marks the hyperpituitary type. 
Hypopituitary faces show the opposite, both in shape 
and expression. 
Adrenal faces, denoting a hyperactivity of the 
glands, are often of a pronounced brunette complex- 
ion or generously freckled. There is also a bounti- 
ful growth of hair in the hair areas, as about the 
brows and on the upper-lip and cheeks in males, 
sometimes the hair extending even over the cheek- 
bones. In form the face is broad and somewhat 
heavy. 
Hyperthyroid and hypothyroid individuals we 
have already described. Suffice it to say that to the 
hyperthyroid belong such spiritual faces as that of 
young Raphael, while hypothyroidism is material- 
ized in the well-known type of the cretin and the 
myxedematous types. 
182 HOW THE GLANDS AFFECT APPEARANCE 
The Eyes 
The eyes by their structure and expression reveal 
the emotional occurrences within the body. We are 
all acquainted with the startled eye that portrays 
fear, and know that fear is caused by over-stimulat- 
ing adrenals. The dilated pupil of relaxation is part 
of the symptomatology of lessened glandular ac- 
tivity, whereas the contracted pupil is found when 
the glands are hyper-secreting. 
The most distinct types from an endocrinological 
viewpoint are the pituitary and the thyroid eyes. 
Hyperthyroidism produces the bright, luminous, 
large emotional eye, commonly found among artists. 
The prominence of the eye is dependent upon the 
amount of excessive secretion. From the attractive 
large eyes to the repulsive bulging eyes of exophthal- 
mic goiter is simply a question of how much thyroid 
hormone is poured into the blood-stream. An ab- 
normal amount of white about the pupil indicates a 
passionate nature, emotional instability and lack of 
depth. A decrease in the thyroid secretion is apt to 
give a dim, deep-sunken, cheerless, dull eye. The 
curving of the upper and lower lids is imperfect and 
sometimes the eyeball is obliquely located, giving the 
183 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PEBSON ALITIES 
impression of cat’s eyes. This type is frequently 
found in congenital criminals. 
The pituitary is met with in observers, truth 
tellers and thinkers in general. Their eyes are wide 
apart, sunken but distinct, set off by eyebrows which 
tend to be bushy and meet over the bridge of the 
nose. Associated with this type there is a high fore- 
head, all of which put together give the appearance 
of sagacity, erudition and loftiness of mind. 
The relation between sex, the eyes and the glands 
is worthy of note. “To eat with one’s eyes” and 
“to look through one” are popular expressions that 
seem to have a scientific basis. The perspicacious 
eyes are characteristic of the hyperpituitary per- 
sonality, and passionate eyes are associated with 
hyperthyroidism. Colorless, dry eyes that do not 
show any sparkle or quickening upon sex stimula- 
tion are found in eunuchs, cretins and some types 
of dwarfs. The oblique, slanting eyes of polyga- 
mous nations are well-known. Eunuchs in polyga- 
mous countries often do not show these typical eyes. 
On the other hand there are individuals born in 
monogamous lands that show just this form. Which 
of these individuals are polygamously inclined we 
are unable to tell, but whatever the case may be 
184 HOW THE GLANDS AFFECT APPEARANCE 
there does seem to be a correspondence between the 
structure of the eyes and polygamous personalities. 
The Teeth and What They Tell 
We have learned that the bony development of the 
body is dependent upon the proper functioning of 
the endocrine glands. The teeth are also bony struc- 
tures and are necessarily influenced by the glands. 
In fact, the normal growth and health of the teeth 
is directly governed by internal secretions. Too 
long have dentists been treating the teeth with no 
relief, not understanding the underlying endocrino- 
logical disturbances. This lack of knowledge is 
well-known in the treatment of pyorrhea alveolaris, 
a disease of the teeth and gums. The teeth are 
scaled, scraped, scalded, scoured and filled, crowned 
and extracted. The dentist admires his fine work- 
manship, and patting himself on the back sends 
the patient home cured, only to have him return 
later with a new attack. What is at fault? The 
glandular disturbance has not been regulated. The 
teeth of some people will decay in spite of all the 
care that may be given them, and the teeth of other 
people will be clean and healthy without even ever 
using a tooth brush. What is the explanation ? The 
185 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
glands of internal secretion have endowed these peo- 
ple with a different quality of bone, and one is able to 
ward off the disease, while the other is not. 
It has been experimentally shown that the glands, 
particularly the thyroid and the pituitary, govern the 
calcium quotient of the body, and it is also known 
that bone formation depends upon the amount of 
calcium or lime. Soft bones are deficient in lime. 
If there is not sufficient calcium produced the acids 
in the foods are not neutralized and the teeth are 
eaten away. This is particularly true in children, 
therefore, in order to safeguard the teeth thyroid 
medication in children is indicated. Women who 
have had repeated pregnancies are apt to lose their 
teeth. The old saying “For every child a tooth” 
is not far from right. The explanation for the loss 
of teeth with pregnancy is that the thyroid and the 
pituitary overwork until exhaustion sets in. Con- 
sequently there is a lack of secretion and a shortage 
of the calcium necessary for the teeth. 
The Thyroid and the Teeth 
The teeth of the thyroid personality are slender, 
thin, glistening, transparent, small, regular in align- 
ment, pearly or bluish-white in color. When such 
186 HOW THE GLANDS AFFECT APPEARANCE 
teeth are found, dental treatment alone is insuffi- 
cient. The administration of thyroid gland is 
necessary to prevent their decay and decomposition. 
The Pituitary and the Teeth 
The pituitary teeth are large and square. The 
inter-dental spaces are marked and the middle in- 
cisors are prominent. Sometimes the teeth are the 
only sign of a beginning gigantism. The use of 
glandular therapy at such an early time may prevent 
the development of gigantism. 
The Adrenals and the Teeth 
Even as the adrenals are the glands of pugnacity, 
so the canine is the tooth of strife. Upon the 
sharpness of the canine teeth depends the ferocity of 
the animal, and, strange to say, the development of 
the canine depends upon the activity of the adrenals. 
An increased secretion is associated with large, 
powerful canines, and a deficient secretion results 
in short, stumpy, dull ones. In addition, it has 
been discovered that the adrenal type of teeth show 
a reddish-brown coloration, and though compara- 
tively soft in texture have a great power of endur- 
ance. It is not uncommon to find old people with 
187 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PEBSONALITIES 
their teeth well-preserved. However, if these are 
examined, they will be found to be short and brown- 
ish,—the typical adrenal teeth. This is the type that 
exists in spite of tartar, dirt and neglect. 
The Gonads and the Teeth 
The upper middle incisors are affected by the pitu- 
itary but their neighbors, the lateral incisors, seem 
to be under the domain of the gonads. Congenital 
abnormalities in the sexual glands are associated 
with abnormalities of the lateral incisors. The re- 
lationship is supposed to be crossed, the right ovary 
or testicle being affected simultaneously with the 
left upper lateral incisor. Cases have been reported 
where a woman having an atrophied or absent ovary 
on one side was found to have a small, or no lateral 
incisor of the opposite side. Kaplan states that 
“The ovary should always be suspected where pelvic 
pain is manifested in a patient whose lateral incisors 
are abnormal. In the male, small stumpy laterals 
bespeak sexual impotence on a physical basis.” 
The Thymus and the Teeth 
The thymic type of tooth is, like the thymus 
gland, found in the young. The thymic teeth are 
188 HOW THE GLANDS AFFECT APPEARANCE 
the baby teeth. They are usually of the pituitary 
or thyroid type, with the addition that they are 
milky-white or bluish in color, translucent and very 
thin at the grinding edge. The presence of the thy- 
mic teeth signifies underdevelopment which may be 
mental and physical. Infantile complexes and rever- 
sions may be among the psychic manifestations. 
The New Dentistry 
With the fuller understanding of the influences of 
the internal secretions upon the teeth, a new dentistry 
will develop. When a child presents twisted, ir- 
regularly placed teeth, instead of harnessing up the 
mouth in metal frames a possible underlying glan- 
dular cause should be sought. If found, the dentist 
should give way to the endocrinologist. When a 
youngster’s teeth have a tendency to crumble and 
decay, they should not all be extracted, leaving the 
poor fellow toothless like an old man. He should 
be put on glandular therapy and the results observed. 
Chayes, summarizing the relation between the 
glands and the teeth, concludes that the time of den- 
tition is a thymo-pituitary function, that the posi- 
tion of the teeth depends upon the thymus, the 
pituitary and the gonads, that the quality of the teeth 
189 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
is dependent upon the thyroid and the pituitary, and 
that the resistance of the teeth against decay and 
infection is a thyroid function. 
The Skin 
The glands determine the quality of the skin. 
Color, which is the most striking characteristic of 
the skin, is dependent upon the activity of the ad- 
renals. The bronzing of the skin found in Addison’s 
Disease is an example. The famous liver spots are 
probably of adrenal origin. 
An increase in the secretion of the thyroid gives a 
moist, warm, smooth skin, due to the stimulation of 
the sweat and wax in the skin. The same effect is 
accomplished by a decrease in the adrenal secretion, 
which does this by reducing the tone of the muscles 
and allowing an overflow of moisture. People suf- 
fering from adrenal insufficiency perspire freely, 
and this excessive perspiration may be considered 
indicative of weakness. Hypothyroidism and hyper- 
adrenalism, on the other hand, produce a dry, thick, 
rough, course and cold skin. The thymus lends the 
soft smoothness of youth. 
The fulness of the skin depends upon the under- 
190 HOW THE GLANDS AFFECT APPEARANCE 
lying- strata of fat, and the amount of fat present 
depends upon the activities of the internal secretions. 
The hypertemperamental personalities, irrespective 
of which gland is involved, are devoid of embon- 
point, whereas the hypotemperamental individuals 
are usually obese. A persistent pineal also tends 
toward obesity. 
The health of the skin can well be gauged by its 
elasticity. The flabby, inelastic skin hanging in 
folds, is characteristic of the declining years of life. 
Experimentally, removing the thyroid gland has 
been followed in a comparatively short time by a loss 
in the elasticity. This has conclusively proved that 
the internal secretion of the thyroid is instrumental 
in maintaining the resiliency of the skin. 
An interesting property of the skin is its reaction 
to external stimuli. Stroking it gently will produce 
either a red or a white line, depending upon whether 
the individual is of the hyperthyroid or the hypo- 
adrenal type. The red reaction is known as der- 
mographia, and the white one as the “white line of 
Sargent.” Similar color changes are found upon 
emotional disturbances. Some people turn a blood 
red, while others a livid white when subjected to the 
same excitement. 
191 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
The Appendages of the Skin 
The appendages of the skin are the hair and the 
nails, both of which are markedly influenced by the 
internal secretions of the endocrine glands. Prac- 
tically all the glands, the pituitary, the thyroid, the 
thymus, the pineal, the adrenals and the gonads fre- 
quently affect the growth and distribution of the 
hair. Each endocrine organ tends to give features 
peculiar to it, but as a rule the intermingling of 
the various secretions produces a balanced result, 
so that it is difficult to determine without close ob- 
servation which gland is the predominating factor. 
The adrenal glands are to a marked degree the 
controlling agents in hair distribution, especially of 
the hair of the abdomen, back and chest. We have 
already spoken of the hairiness and the general sex 
precocity that occurs when the adrenal glands suffer 
enlargement in childhood. In the adult the adrenal 
type is marked by a thick growth of hair on the 
chest in the male, and on the back in the female. 
Pituitary distribution is somewhat different, in 
that it is usually thicker and more generous upon 
the hands, arms and legs. Otherwise the adrenals 
influence hair growth more than the other endocrines. 
Besides exerting marked influence upon the body 
192 HOW THE GLANDS AFFECT APPEARANCE 
hair, the adrenals also act upon the sebaceous or oil 
glands. 
The chief influence of the thyroid gland manifests 
itself upon the growth of the head hair. In cretins 
and myxedematous individuals, the hair of the head 
is sparse, straight and brittle, and when thyroid treat- 
ment is given there is a pronounced change, the hair 
becoming thicker, finer in texture and more lustrous. 
Psychoanalysis, Endocrinology and Appearance 
The psychologists of the unconscious in treating 
pathological subjects always took the mind as the 
point of departure, disregarding the physical ap- 
pearance of the subject completely. To-day, in the 
light of new discoveries, the formation and struc- 
ture of the body cannot be cast aside so easily, for 
often, in an apparently trivial physical eccentricity 
may lie the germ of a serious complex. The physi- 
cal appearance of every subject presented for treat- 
ment must therefore be minutely examined. The 
pigmentation of the skin, a mole, an unusual forma- 
tion of the fingers, an extraordinary brittleness of 
the hair,—each phenomenon has a reason for being, 
and like the little flower growing in the crannied 
wall, it may contain within it a universe of things. 
193 CHAPTER XIII 
FEEBLEMINDEDNESS AND DELINQUENCY 
Since Lombroso with his types of congenital 
criminals, the medical, anthropological and socio- 
logical fields have been swamped with theories deal- 
ing with the criminal and the man of genius. 
Though Lombroso’s views are not given to-day as 
much credence as they received subsequent to the 
publication of his voluminous works, modern en- 
docrinology tends to demonstrate that many a struc- 
tural departure from the normal is to be found in 
individuals suffering from abnormal functioning 
of the glands of internal secretion. Lombroso 
claimed that criminals always revealed in their physi- 
cal make-up certain stigmata of degeneration. He 
painted accurate word-portraits of the congenital 
delinquent, and the remarkable part of his study was 
that upon being applied it worked. Nevertheless, 
universal application brought out its weak points. 
It was found that many of the so-called stigmata 
194 FEEBLEMINDEDNESS AND DELINQUENCY 
of degeneration, far from being peculiar to crimi- 
nals alone, were not infrequently found in the 
moral pillars of society. Every individual, no mat- 
ter what his stratum, possesses certain 
certain propensities, the exercise of which would lead 
to the foundation of many more anti-vice societies 
than those already in existence. Such potentialities 
do not necessarily brand him a criminal. When too 
many of them, both physical and psychic, are present 
in an individual, and when, far from being inhibited 
and remaining potentialities, they become too disas- 
trous actualities, to the detriment of society, that 
man is called a congenital criminal. 
The congenital criminal does exist. In the minds 
of man he is often judged on his face value. He is 
the submissive tool of the normal, thinking genius 
of crime,—the mind of noxious enterprises. Of the 
two types of criminals the former is the evil, though 
innocent caprice of Nature; the latter, the ingenious 
and culpable product of Society. 
The Types of Mental Defectives 
Mental defectives have been divided into three 
groups, the morons, the imbeciles and the idiots. 
The first are the most intelligent, the second, less so, 
195 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
and the third, hopelessly feebleminded. Binet and 
Simon, two French psychologists, devised a scheme 
of measuring human intelligence. This scheme con- 
sists of a series of questions graduating from the 
most simple to the most complex, proportionate to 
the age of the subject examined. According to this 
test the intelligence of an individual may be ex- 
pressed in terms of percentage. It has been found 
that the idiot possesses about twenty-five percent of 
the intelligence of a normal being; an imbecile is 
endowed with from twenty-five to fifty percent; 
while the moron’s intelligence ranges from fifty to 
about seventy-five percent or over. Those cases 
possessing a quotient of intelligence ranging from 
seventy-five percent to about eighty-five, have been 
designated as border-line cases, for while they show 
aberrations in certain respects they are normal in 
others. It is the borderline group that is the greatest 
problem of the psychologist and sociologist. The 
Binet-Simon test is undoubtedly of great value, but 
the criterion of normalcy is the reaction and adjusta- 
bility of the individual to his environment. 
The study of mental deficiency as a distinct entity 
is a matter of comparatively recent date. Formerly 
the feebleminded would either wander about the 
196 FEEBLEMINDEDNESS AND DELINQUENCY 
streets, the buffoons and targets of all about them, 
or be confined in asylums for the insane. To-day we 
consider the feebleminded as a class by themselves, 
and every country has built or is building special 
institutions for housing these poor victims. It is 
interesting to note that the female feebleminded 
manage to keep out of institutions longer than the 
males, perhaps because though deprived of mind 
they still possess a body that can be sold. 
Curable Mental Deficiency 
Of course it is folly to seek to apply curative 
methods in cases such as that of the Mongolian idiot. 
As successfully might one try to bring the genius 
down to the level of mediocrity. Both the genius 
and the idiot are what might be called biological 
sports. They occur without any raison d’etre, and 
any attempt to fit one or the other into the common 
mold results in failure. 
There are types of psychic abnormalities that are 
curable, for their root lies not in the mind but in 
the body. Cretinism and myxedema are derived 
from malfunctioning of the thyroid gland. Other 
forms of mental deficiency spring from oversecre- 
tion of the pituitary gland. Still others are caused 
197 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
by pluriglandular deficiencies. All such cases of 
mental deficiency respond to glandular therapy if 
preventive measures are taken before the evil have 
progressed beyond the bounds of treatment. 
Voronoff reports a case of cretinism which he 
cured by means of the transplantation of the thyroid 
gland of a monkey into a youth of twenty. Even 
though the boy was far beyond puberty, the results 
obtained were most encouraging. 
Voronoff’s Cures of Cretinism and Myxedema 
Georges P in his twentieth year was no 
more advanced in intelligence than a domestic ani- 
mal. He did not know how many fingers he had in 
his hand, nor could he speak in complete sentences. 
Whatever phrases he did utter were poorly articu- 
lated. Transplantation was performed in 1915. 
After the lapse of a few years he could write well, 
read with average ease and play the piano. He even 
helped to bear the expenses of the household by 
aiding his parents in their business of pastry-making. 
He no longer looked feebleminded, but was clear- 
eyed, intelligent and answered with common sense 
whatever questions were put to him. 
On another occasion Voronoff cured another boy 
198 FEEBLEMINDEDNESS AND DELINQUENCY 
suffering from an alteration of the internal secretion 
of the thyroid after measles. 
Jean J presented all the ear-marks of 
feeblemindedness. He was slow, dull, with a flabby, 
expressionless face. He spoke with difficulty and 
said little that could be understood. At school he 
did not keep up with the pace of the other pupils 
and soon ceased to make any progress at all. Several 
physicians were consulted, one of whom placed him 
under glandular treatment. He was given thyroid 
tablets at the rate of two a day, for the space of 
three months. The boy improved. The swelling of 
his face, abdomen and limbs, from which he had suf- 
fered, decreased. His hair, which had been thin and 
sparse, became more abundant. His intelligence, 
also, awoke little by little. However, when the 
treatment was discontinued for a fortnight or so 
the progress was arrested and there was a general 
regression to the former state. Voronoff came to 
the conclusion that a permanent cure could be ef- 
fected only through the grafting of the thyroid 
gland of a monkey upon the boy. 
At Nice, in the presence of several authorities on 
the subject of endocrinology, the thyroid lobe and 
199 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
the corresponding parathyroid of a monkey were 
removed and transplanted into the boy. When the 
thyroid and the parathyroids were completely re- 
moved from the monkey it died of tetany. As for 
the boy, the resulting changes were marvelous. His 
movements were no longer lethargic and dull, but 
became more and more lively. His intelligence 
awoke, and at school his teachers were unanimous in 
expressing their wonder at the vast change between 
the dullard of the past and the bright boy of the 
present. 
Mental Retardation and Mental Deficiency 
A survey of the schools of the United States 
shows an attendance of about 22,000,000 children. 
Examination of these children has shown that fifty 
to seventy-five percent are suffering from physical 
defects. Due to these causes fifteen percent drop 
out or are discharged from school before the end of 
their school career. About sixteen percent are 
demoted or left back, and seventeen percent more 
are retarded, making irregular and indifferent head- 
way. 
The relative frequency and type of defects found 
are best given in the following tabulation: 
200 FEEBLEMINDEDNESS AND DELINQUENCY 
Dental defects (decayed teeth) 5°~75% 
Nasal obstruction (chiefly tonsils and 
adenoids) 15-25% 
Malnutrition (undernourishment).... 15-25% 
Defective vision (poor eyesight) .... 25% and up 
Orthopedic defects (bone deformities) 10-20% 
Defective hearing 5% and up 
Heart diseases 5% and up 
Mental defects (idiots, imbeciles and 
morons) 1% 
From the above table it may be readily seen that 
an actual mental defect as a cause of mental retar- 
dation is rare, since it occurs in only one percent of 
the cases. On the other hand, physical defects are 
the common causes. In the tabulation given, no 
mention is made of glandular diseases, probably be- 
cause the children were not examined in a manner 
to bring out any such disturbances. However, we 
may rest assured that a goodly number of dental 
defects, orthopedic malformations and cases of mal- 
nutrition were due to an improper activity of the 
endocrines. In such cases the correction of the 
physical defect and the regulation of the disturbed 
glandular activity would undoubtedly remove the 
mental retardation, causing the dull and backward 
to become bright and proficient. 
201 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
Where there is an actual, innate mental deficiency, 
which cannot be accounted for by physical defects 
and glandular disturbances, no system of teaching, 
no psychological treatment and no endocrine therapy 
will be of value. 
The Mentally Deficient Criminal 
Not all feebleminded individuals are of criminal 
tendencies, nor are criminals necessarily feeble- 
minded. Indeed, many types of ingenious bank- 
robbers and forgers are very far from being defi- 
cient mentally, judging from their intricate plans. 
Yet there are types that are predisposed naturally to 
a career of crime, types that even in their physiques 
evince abnormalities. 
Let us take the man with an exaggerated skeletal 
structure, with a massive face, abnormally large 
hands and feet, thick, oily, hide-like skin and other 
characteristics of the hyperpituitary personality. By 
temperament, as we have already shown, he is dis- 
posed toward a certain type of behavior. Then 
again, let us revert to the hyperthyroid type. With 
his emotional, impulsive nature, due to the excessive 
functioning of the thyroid gland, he figures very 
often in crimes of passion. Patrizi, an Italian in- 
202 FEEBLEMINDEDNESS AND DELINQUENCY 
vestigator who has studied many notorious delin- 
quents of this nature, finds that the thick-browed, 
hairy, wide-eyed, hyperthyroid individual is accom- 
panied psychically by traits of emotional instability, 
unsteadiness of mind, impulsiveness and irrespon- 
sibility, all of which are instrumental in causing 
passionate reactions. 
The antithesis of this type is the hypothyroid, the 
dull, easily-led person, often the member of a gang 
because on his own initiative he could not accom- 
plish as much as with the aid of others. 
James G , fourteen years old, was arrested 
for breaking into a store, running away from home 
and sleeping in freight cars. He was a New York 
boy and was picked up by the police in North Caro- 
lina. He was sent to the New York Society for the 
Prevention of Cruelty to Children, where he was 
kept in custody until the day of his trial. 
His father and mother were sedate, respectable 
working people. The home was comfortable and 
well furnished. There was no want, and at no time 
had the boy been in need of any funds. At school he 
had made fairly good progress until he had reached 
the fifth term, when he could make no further head- 
way. At the present time, though fourteen years old, 
203 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
he was still in the same grade. He liked to play, 
but usually with children younger than himself. He 
was considered the booby of the neighborhood. 
The story of his escapades was that one day after 
school, at the instigation of two boys, he broke into 
a candy store which had been temporarily closed. 
He had taken a few dollars from the cash drawer 
(the exact amount of which could not be deter- 
mined), as well as candy, cigars and cigarettes. All 
of this loot he handed to his confederates, who gave 
him as his share some candy and half a dollar, telling 
him that “they would beat the life out of him if he 
would snitch.” In addition they had intimidated 
him by threatening to tell the police and inform his 
parents of the burglary. Afraid to go home, he 
made for the railroad station and jumped into a 
box car, which eventually landed him in North Caro- 
lina. 
Physical examination showed a poorly-nourished 
and underdeveloped boy. The skin was dry and 
coarse, and the hair brittle. The eyes were expres- 
sionless and there was a general lackadaisical air 
about him. Mental examination revealed an intel- 
ligence of about seventy-five percent, which defi- 
nitely placed him in the moron group. A diagnosis 
204 FEEBLEMINDEDNESS AND DELINQUENCY 
was made of myxedema, and thyroid extract was 
administered. At the end of six months he showed 
marked improvement. He passed his grade at school, 
his eyes gained luster, and in general he was brighter. 
The Sexually Delinquent Mental Defective 
It is well known that a great number of prosti- 
tutes are feebleminded. Women of this caliber who 
are normal become the madames, the leaders, and 
sooner or later leave for various public careers. It 
is an open secret that a great many women who are 
before the public eye have begun their career by 
leaving their morals behind. Of such we are not 
treating at present. We are interested only in 
those who because of their mental handicap are not 
aware of the true significance of their position. 
Rose D , seventeen years old, was a maid in 
a private home. She had left school a year previ- 
ously at the grade of 4B. Since that time she had 
had various positions lasting from one week to a 
month. She was a gaudy dresser and used all the 
cosmetics she could appropriate, though she was 
naturally pleasing to look at. On several occasions 
she had committed petty thefts. It was not unusual 
for her to receive as many as fifteen or twenty tele- 
205 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
phone calls a day, each from a different man. For a 
girl of her age she possessed too thorough a knowl- 
edge of sex matters. 
At the first glance one was prone to think her 
normal in every respect, but on speaking for five 
minutes with her one could easily detect that there 
was something wrong. A Binet-Simon test showed 
that she had a mental age of eight years and six 
months. She could do housework fairly well, but 
only under command. She had no initiative except 
when it came to dancing, going to Coney Island, 
buying silk-hose and baubles, going to the movies 
and eating candy and ice-cream. 
On a certain occasion she failed to appear for two 
nights in succession. Investigations were made, and 
it was found that she had been out in an automobile 
with four men, all of whom had assaulted her and 
then had threatened to have her put under arrest. 
Terrified, she ran away, and having been away one 
night, she was afraid to return the next, and there- 
fore slept at the home of a friend. 
She was brought to court as a morally delinquent 
juvenile, and because of her mental deficiency two 
experts in nervous and mental diseases advised her 
commitment to an institution for the feebleminded. 
206 FEEBLEMINDEDNESS AND DELINQUENCY 
The judge, biased probably by her physical appear- 
ance disagreed, and she was freed. Six months later 
it was learned that she had had a criminal abortion 
performed, and that she was joining the ranks of the 
filles de joie. At no time in her life had she ever 
received money for any of her indiscretions. An 
automobile ride, a box of candy, a trinket, or just 
sufficient coaxing was enough to gain her consent. 
To use her own words, “When a feller is nice to 
you, you gotta be a good sport.” 
The Mentally Defective Sexual Perverts 
Among the mentally defective are often found 
individuals suffering from sex aberrations. There 
are several reasons for this. To begin with, mental 
defectives are passive, docile and easily led. Rather 
than struggle, they follow the line of least resistance, 
and once they fall within the clutches of an un- 
scrupulous person, there are no depths of perver- 
sion to which they will not sink. Then there are 
types like the thymus personality, frail, weak-willed 
and effeminate. These are endowed by nature with 
psychic as well as physical peculiarities which are 
prone to lead them into the pathological paths of sex 
expression. Then, too, there is the androgyne or 
207 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
man-woman, often accompanied by hypo functioning 
of the pituitary gland. Such creatures are women 
with the generative organs and minor characteristics 
of man, but with the psychic make-up and secondary 
sex traits of woman. In their sex-life they do not 
exert masculine aggressiveness, but submit passively 
to the advances of vigorous males. In their dress, 
behavior and mannerisms, they have all the coyness 
and allurements of women. Indeed, they are women 
whom nature chose to mask in the external shell of 
man. Often perversions are nothing more than the 
persistence of infantilism, developing into complexes 
and expressing themselves sexually in abnormal 
ways. Such cases are not infrequent among mental 
defectives, for being infantile in mind they are also 
infantile in their sex expression. 
The Androgyne Pervert 
In the androgyne the propensities toward patho- 
logical sex expression are innate and not amenable 
to cure. Physically he presents all the peculiarities 
of the anomaly, being neither purely male nor com- 
pletely female. Psychically he is female. The an- 
drogyne is not necessarily mentally deficient, for 
there have been cases where a brilliant mentality ac- 
208 FEEBLEMINDEDNESS AND DELINQUENCY 
companied whatever defects nature may have en- 
dowed with him. 
R. T. was an androgyne. To all appearances he 
was a normal male, only that his voice was of 
feminine timbre and his mannerisms were not pe- 
culiar to the male. Since his early childhood he had 
had a desire for affection, and expressed it in un- 
common ways. His playmates, and later the young 
men who worked in the same garage where he was 
employed, discovered his peculiarity and often in- 
dulged him, more for their own sake than for his. 
Others of the more depraved type sought him out, 
and though he needed no coaxing, decoyed him with 
small presents of money, cigarettes and articles of 
apparel such as gaudy ties and clocked sox. 
One night, he and another garage boy were ar- 
rested in a park, and were brought to court on the 
charge of sodomy. The other boy was found normal 
upon examination. 
Physical examination of R revealed the 
usual hypopituitary personality, full-breasted, soft- 
skinned, round-hipped and with the female distri- 
bution of hair. The intelligence test showed him to 
possess the mental age of a boy of nine. Since no 
cure of the defect was thought possible in his case, 
209 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
he being a congenital pervert, he was committed to 
an institution for the feebleminded. 
Clothes Fetishism 
Jack R , thirty-two years old, was employed 
as a messenger by a well-known house. Though he 
had been employed for many years, and had been 
entrusted with articles of great value, he had never 
evinced the least signs of dishonesty. Once he was 
brought to court accused of having intentionally torn 
clothes that had been hung upon a line to dry. Upon 
being interrogated for the reason for his behavior 
he broke down and told the court that whenever he 
saw clothes hanging out to dry he was aroused to 
an uncontrollable pitch of excitement which did not 
subside until he had pulled them off or torn them. 
Upon being examined he showed a fairly normal 
masculine physique, though with some peculiarities 
of hair distribution and breast formation. He also 
revealed subpituitary and subthyroid activity. The 
Binet-Simon test gave him a mentality equal to that 
of a child of eight and a half years. He had never 
had sex relations of any kind, deriving all his grati- 
fication from destroying clothes. 
Psychoanalysis was tried upon him with slight 
210 FEEBLEMINDEDNESS AND DELINQUENCY 
success, for since he was feebleminded he could not 
offer the cooperation necessary for an effective cure. 
Gland therapy proved more successful, and had it 
been tried earlier Jack R might have been 
regenerated into a normal being. As it was, through 
instilling fear by threatening arrest at another at- 
tempt, his clothes complex was gradually removed, 
and he was able to resume his work. 
Climate, the Glands and Murder 
In studying the influence of climatic and environ- 
mental conditions, it has been found that they are in 
no small degree instrumental in molding the physi- 
cal and therefore the psychic make-up of a human 
being. It is well-known that warm climate, sunlight 
and the sea stimulate the thyroid gland to excessive 
activity. In southern climates the hyperthyroid type 
predominates, while in the north, among the moun- 
tains where the atmosphere is colder, the thyroid is 
not stimulated but on the contrary may undergo 
hypo- or dysfunctioning. With the difference in the 
glandular activity, there is also an accompanying 
difference in temperament. Niceforo, an Italian, 
observed that such endocrinological changes har- 
monize with the diverging character that he found 
211 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
between the Italians of the north and those of the 
south. For example, in the south, especially along 
the coast of Sicily, and even in the meridional coasts 
of Spain, the hyperthyroid type is very frequently 
met with. He is the active, agile thinker and doer, 
thick-browed and hairy, precocious of sex and in- 
telligence and emotionally irresponsible, impulsive 
and variable. In just such sections of the world 
crimes of passion and jealousy over sex matters 
occur, and what is more, they are perpetrated in 
primitive, barbarous ways. The northerners, as 
contrasted with the southerners, are more poised and 
balanced. We have in the North of Europe the 
phlegmatic Englishman. Crimes of passion of 
which Englishmen are guilty are less frequent. It 
is said that the English are as a rule hypothyroidal, 
because of their proverbial use of carnivorous food, 
which alters the internal secretion of the thyroid. 
212 CHAPTER XIV 
DANGEROUS AGES 
Life is a cycle of varied experiences, the greatest 
of which, because of its mystery, is death. Poets 
have sought similes and metaphors to express the 
wonder and beauty of life, when in an optimistic 
mood, and its emptiness and futility when the 
shadow of pessimism hung over them. Some have 
compared it to a long journey, the destination of 
which is the hereafter. Others, like the Mohamme- 
dans, looked upon it as a period of doubt, until the 
great Certainty of death seized them. Still others 
thought it all too brief, and like the French writer 
expressed in one bitter sentence the vanity of being 
brought into the world: “The instant one is born is 
a step toward death.” Then again, it has been com- 
pared to a game played by a cruel Fate: 
“ ’Tis all a checkerboard of nights and days, 
Where destiny with men for pieces plays, 
Hither and thither moves and mates and slays, 
And one by one back in the closet lays. . . 
213 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
The comparison of life which best suits our purpose 
is perhaps that of a long journey on an unkown 
ocean, full of dangerous reefs and swirling whirl- 
pools, many of which will have to be crossed before 
the opposite shore has been reached. There are at 
least four great danger points that have to be trav- 
ersed with safety before ripe age is attained,—the 
rocks of puberty, late adolescence, change of life, 
and the Charybdis of senility. 
Puberty 
The most significant change that occurs within the 
life of the human being is that of transition from the 
child to the adult, a change that in the past used to 
be celebrated with elaborate ceremonies, and which 
even to-day among contemporary barbarous tribes 
is accompanied by primitive rites. The ancient 
Romans, when their youths reached the age of pu- 
berty, had them don the purple-bordered garment 
of the adult. Among the Jews of to-day the confir- 
mation ceremony of their boys is nothing more than 
the survival of the ancient custom of initiating them 
into the new mysteries of manhood. None of the 
modern ceremonies, usually pertaining to religion, 
is, among the civilized nations, accompanied by 
214 DANGEROUS AGES 
bloodshed, although in South Africa there are still 
barbarous tribes that in the feast of the ghanza 
or initiation into adulthood circumcise their males 
and excise their females to the accompaniment of 
frenzied music. All this is done in public by the 
elders of the community. From then on the youths 
and maidens may indulge in all the privileges of 
adult life, for the ghanza ceremony has proclaimed 
them ripe men and women. 
The Phenomenon of Puberty 
Puberty is the period during which the maturation 
of the sex cells takes place, both in the male and the 
female. There occurs at the same time a change in 
the psychological attitude of boys and girls toward 
their opposite sex, rendering them more conscious 
of themselves and of each other. The consciousness 
that they may no longer behave toward one another 
as of yore is ever present in their minds. Young 
girls assume their role of feminine reticence and 
modesty, while boys, both in garb and manner, re- 
semble young peacocks at mating time. 
During puberty the body undergoes many changes. 
The ovaries in the female and the testes in the male 
215 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
secrete their respective sexual products. Glandular 
functioning takes on an increased impetus in some 
glands and decreases in the case of others. The 
thymus and the pineal gland, both of which are most 
active before sexual maturity, undergo an eclipse, 
so that the activity of the gonads may progress in 
full force. The other glands, like the adrenals, the 
thyroid and the pituitary, also assume a place in the 
background, for unless this were the case the gonads 
would not be able to function properly, thus post- 
poning, and perhaps preventing, maturity altogether. 
Besides endocrinological changes, the body under- 
goes changes in its external appearance. In the 
female the breasts develop, the hips become rounded, 
the pubic hair appears, the height increases, and the 
girl blossoms out into a young woman, full of charm 
and allurement for the opposite sex. 
In boys changes of similar nature take place. The 
shoulders become square and vigorous, the chest 
broad and hairy, the limbs firm and Colossus-like, 
the voice deep and masterly in timbre, while the 
whole psychic make-up turns confident and aggres- 
sive. Every obstacle is placed for the sole purpose 
of being overcome. All women exist to be wooed, 
and if love is intense enough, to be won. 
216 DANGEROUS AGES 
The Dangers of Puberty 
The dangers of puberty are psychic rather than 
physical, the physical existing only in pathological 
cases. It is during puberty that the seeds of the 
future man and woman are sowed, and unless they 
are well tended the fruits will be tainted. A young 
boy, living in immoral and perverted surroundings, 
cannot help being influenced by his environment, and 
when the incipient manifestations of sex present 
themselves, his first impulse is to imitate what goes 
on about him. These imitations soon become firmly 
rooted habits, difficult to eradicate. 
Study has shown that from the ages of about nine 
to eleven young boys are inclined to be homosexual. 
This is one of the gravest dangers attendant upon 
the awakening of sex. It is a subject to be treated 
delicately by the parents or guardians, for upon the 
eradication of this vice in its incipiency depends the 
health and sexual happiness of the future man. The 
following hints might prove useful. 
Don’t use any threats. Inspire the boy with con- 
fidence in you and assure him that you will listen to 
everything he has to say without ever punishing or 
scolding him. 
217 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
He must be made to realize the humiliation of 
such vices. Boys behaving as he does are like 
babies at the breast. Tell him that if people knew 
what he did they would laugh at him for being a 
suckling at his age. 
He should be impressed with the danger incurred 
in practising this vice,—danger of diseases that 
might destroy his mouth, teeth and throat. He must 
realize the foulness of it all and the injustice he 
does himself and his manhood. 
His generative organs are a sign of manhood. 
In ten or fifteen years he will have to marry and 
have children. If he continues in his vice he cannot 
marry, for he forfeits the respect of women, and thus 
he will be the laughing stock of the people with 
whom he is associated. 
He must respect girls, for a real man always wants 
one of them to be his wife so that she may bear him 
children. The function of procreation should then 
be explained to him. When a husband and wife 
want to have a child, the husband embraces his wife 
and plants seed which he possesses into her body. If 
seed is put into the ground it sprouts and grows. 
The mother is like a garden, the father like a gar- 
dener who plants and tends the seed. When the hu- 
218 DANGEROUS AGES 
man seed has ripened, that is, after a period of nine 
months, the child is ready to be born and comes out 
of the mother's body. 
When he was too small and could not understand, 
people told him fairy tales about storks and doctors’ 
bags. Now he is a young man and must know. 
Such a method of presenting the facts of life to 
a boy at puberty cannot fail to impress him with the 
importance of his mission in life. 
The Dangers Incurred by Girls at Puberty 
With young girls the problem is different. Though 
love for one another does exist, it has a more spirit- 
ual touch. It is more of the heart than of the 
flesh. The dangers that are really incurred among 
girls are in too early an exercise of the function of 
sex. Being in most cases ignorant of the conse- 
quences of their action they may step into mother- 
hood without realizing what they have done. 
It is for their elders to explain to them upon the 
appearance of menstruation just what this phenome- 
non means. The mother or some other adult rela- 
tive should take the young girl aside and tell her 
that now she is ready to carry on the work of life. 
Procreation should be explained in terms simple 
219 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
enough to be understood, and without any false 
modesty. It is best that the correct facts are learned 
from reliable sources than that the girl receive sur- 
reptitious information on only the sensational phases 
of sex life. 
The Adolescent Youth 
The period between puberty and maturity is the 
danger period of adolescence. In males it begins at 
about the age of fourteen and ends at twenty-five; 
in females it sets in at the age of twelve, ending 
at about twenty. 
As soon as puberty sets in the young boy is beset 
with a desire for sexual gratification. At times, 
unable to satisfy the normal desire in normal ways, 
he practises onanism, commits sodomy, or becomes 
the instrument of perversion in the hands of un- 
scrupulous adults. With the suppression of prosti- 
tution the increase in clandestine vice has become 
more marked. Those who are able to pay sooner or 
later learn the password to the sanctums of illicit 
joys, little realizing the dangers they are incurring. 
It is usually the novice who suffers most through 
infection, first, because of his deliberate refusal to 
employ any measure that will in any way mitigate 
220 DANGEROUS AGES 
sexual gratification. It is only after the novelty 
wears off that he learns to compromise. 
Venereal disease often attacks young blood. It 
seems that older men can withstand infection much 
more readily. This may be due to a certain degree 
of acquired immunity. The young, not having such 
immunity, must learn to use artificial devices, and 
observe absolute cleanliness to ward off the danger 
of infection. Social hygiene talks, health lectures, 
preaching of morality, faith in religion are undoubt- 
edly of value as admonitions, but adolescent males, 
when passionate, forget all about them and revert 
to an almost animalistic state with but one aim in 
view,—the pleasure of the moment. 
The Adolescent Girl 
Woman, by nature as well as by convention, is 
limited in the expression of her sex emotions. The 
adolescent girl developing into womanhood is im- 
bued with all the desires that are the natural conse- 
quences of sexual awakening. Like the male ado- 
lescent she, too, feels the urge, but because of age- 
old traditions of the sanctity of virginity, the purity 
of maidenhood and the beauty of virtue, she may 
221 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
not have any relations with the opposite sex unless 
they are sanctioned by the law or the church. 
Having no outlet for her normal emotions, she 
sublimates them into ideals and thinks of romance, 
gallant Launcelots, Prince Charmings who are 
coming toward her from the realms of dreams to 
impress upon her lips the kiss of legitimate love. 
The natural outlet for sex desire in young girls 
who are unable to actualize it in life is through 
erotic dreams, in which, whether shrouded in dream 
symbolism or expressed with realistic vividness, she 
is wooed or raped, as the case may be. Day dream- 
ing, too, plays a large part in compensating the 
unmarried girl. She may sit idly for hours think- 
ing of her future beloved, visualizing him, imagin- 
ing situations in which they both play an important 
role, and otherwise living in imagination what re- 
ality will not permit her to have. Some times when 
the desire is very strong, there is an unexpressed 
wish to be raped, to be seized forcibly, so that sex 
experience may be forced upon her without her in 
any way being culpable. This same subconscious 
force works also in those young girls who, when out 
with a young man, ask for intoxicating beverages, 
so that if anything violating the feminine code of 
222 DANGEROUS AGES 
virtue should happen, she would have the liquor to 
cast the guilt upon. 
Sweet Innocence and Boarding School Filth 
One of the worst things for the peace of a young 
girl’s mind is her seclusion with girls of her own age 
in one of those pernicious institutions,—the boarding 
school. Between the ages of twelve and sixteen 
young girls are most curious to learn what lies be- 
hind the mysteries of sex, and being alone and with- 
out clean sources of information, they conjecture, 
seek to put two and two together and obtain knowl- 
edge that is far from the truth. Moreover, since 
they must have a means of giving vent to their ero- 
ticism they tell doubtful stories which they must 
have gathered from their elders, and sometimes even 
go to the degree of onanism and lesbianism among 
themselves. There is only one remedy,—complete, 
frank sex information at the oncoming of puberty. 
Dangers Confronting the Adolescent Girl 
Onanism, lesbianism and other secret vices have 
already been mentioned. There is, however, one 
223 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
source of danger which has not been described. 
This is due to the suppression of legalized prosti- 
tution by the prudish laws which refuse to see the 
necessity of such institutions. We are not going to 
enter into the morality of the question, but as soci- 
ologists, economists and physicians we cannot deny 
that there is a definite necessity for a natural outlet 
of sexual emotions, and that under the present sys- 
tem of society the only solution is prostitution. 
Youths unable to marry because of their economic 
condition, or unable to obtain sexual gratification 
because of the infringement of the laws, are a source 
of menace to our young womanhood. Since nature 
must have her way, young men and women attending 
the same high-school or college enter into illicit rela- 
tions, often to the detriment of the girl’s health, who 
is forced into motherhood long before she is ripe 
enough for the experience. 
Moreover, since there are no longer the “red light 
districts,” known before to every adolescent, prosti- 
tutes establish themselves wherever they choose, so 
that frequently one’s next door neighbor may be a 
fille de joie. Contact with such women may demor- 
alize the young girls in their neighborhood, thus 
adding more followers to the ranks of folly. The 
224 DANGEROUS AGES 
solution again is the imparting of .sex knowledge and 
the enaction of sensible legislation. 
The Climacterium or Change of Life in Women 
The period in a woman’s life when youth and 
beauty have vanished and when on the plant of her 
life only the withered bloom remains, has been called 
the dangerous age. At that period woman seems 
to want to clutch at the last beams of her vanishing 
charm. There are sudden bursts of passion, unex- 
pected flashes of desire that die out just as suddenly 
as they are born. With some women sex emotion is 
persistent. A withered, sapless spinster who has 
never known love, or had any sex experience in her 
protracted virginity, may be seized by excessive 
desire for men verging on nymphomania. Many of 
the indiscretions that occur late in life, such as the 
marriage of a fifty-year old maiden to a youth of 
twenty, may be accounted for by taking into con- 
sideration the altered physical and mental state in 
woman, who is anxious to have at least an Indian 
Summer since she has irretrievably lost her Spring. 
The process of the change of life is the direct 
opposite of what occurs at puberty. The endocrine 
225 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
system is once again at work, but the gonads, instead 
of being the most vigorous as at the period of youth, 
fall into the background. The ovaries cease to ma- 
ture their eggs and dry up. At this juncture each 
gland seeks to gain dominion over the others, and the 
result is a physical as well as a psychic change in 
woman. If the pituitary gains the upper hand, the 
result is a development of male traits. At times the 
resulting changes are so great that an almost differ- 
ent personality seems to have taken possession of the 
former body. The latter, too, changes unrecogniz- 
ably. The breasts shrink, the womb dwindles in 
size, the voice sometimes changes and seems to ap- 
proximate that of man. As Lombroso expressed 
himself, in his “Fisiologia della Donna,” after the 
climacterium men and women seem to try to resemble 
each other as much as possible. In women facial 
hair appears, whereas it disappears in man. His 
voice becomes thinner, while hers grows fuller. 
Both suffer a loss of the hair of the head. Late in 
life, after the climacterium has established its 
changes, if man and woman were stripped and 
placed side by side, they might be mistaken one 
for the other except for the primary sex charac- 
teristics. 
226 DANGEROUS AGES 
When Does the Menopause Occur? 
The cessation of menstruation and the atrophy of 
the sex glands do not occur at the same time in all 
women. The life of the reproductive faculty is 
shorter in women inhabiting cold climates than in 
those living in warm countries. Married women 
who have led an active life have their menopause 
much later than others, while it is especially early 
in unmarried women. 
Gallant drew up a table illustrating the age when 
the climacterium should take place. 
Age at Which 
Age at Which the 
Menstruation 
Menopause Should 
Began 
Be Expected 
ii 
12 
48 50 
13 
44 46 
14 
42 44 
15 
.... 40 42 
l6 
38 40 
17 
36 38 
18 
34 36 
19 
32 34 
20 
30 32 
In other words, the later menstruation is in ap- 
pearing, the sooner it will cease. In some Afri- 
227 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
can races the menopause occurs as early as between 
the ages twenty and thirty, although menstruation 
began very early. Other factors also play a part in 
accelerating or retarding the oncoming of the meno- 
pause. In poor, overworked, undernourished women 
menstruation ceases earlier than in others. Such is 
the case also with stout women suffering from pitu- 
itary deficiency. 
Insanity at the Dangerous Age 
Change of any sort always brings disturbances in 
its wake. Just as radical changes in government 
bring about revolts and insurrections, so also tran- 
sition periods in the human being cause revolutions 
in the psyche. Insanity not infrequently seizes some 
women at this period, and like all forms of mental 
aberration, insanity of the menopause is more fre- 
quent in unmarried than in married women. In 
one-half of the cases of climacteric insanity, there 
were previous mental disturbances. 
In his book on the menopause Currier says that 
the menopause is particularly annoying to “shop- 
women, prostitutes, women of fashion, women who 
bring up large families of children on slender in- 
comes, women who are hysterical and with whom 
228 DANGEROUS AGES 
the affairs of life are constantly going wrong, and 
wives of farmers and mechanics who are frequently 
troubled to make ends meet.” This is practically the 
class of women who develop goiter. However, they 
are also disturbed mentally during the change of 
life. It is not so much the menopause as the fear 
of one more pregnancy when menstruation ceases 
that upsets the mind of the poor married women to 
whom one more child means an insufferable burden. 
Widows, unmarried women to whom pregnancy 
would mean exposure, and prostitutes to whom it 
would signify inability to earn a livelihood, are also 
mentally disturbed at this period. 
Some women have confessed that during the 
change of life they felt slightly homosexual. Their 
sex desires increased, and since cessation of men- 
struation deprived them of the chief certainty of 
pregnancy, they feared having relations with men 
because of the dangers entailed. In such cases psy- 
choanalysis had to be applied. 
Complexes and Insanity 
Novak of Johns Hopkins cites several cases of 
insanity occurring at the time of the change of life. 
A woman of forty-eight was convinced that she 
229 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
was pregnant because she had had one coitus many 
years before. Nothing could shake her conviction, 
even after her uterus had been removed owing to 
a tumor. 
A woman of forty-four who had recently passed 
through a severe attack of typhoid fever and who 
had previously exhibited signs of beginning meno- 
pausal disorder, believed that enemies were trying 
to steal her two children, whom she therefore kept 
under constant watch. She could even hear her 
supposed persecutors plotting under her window at 
night. 
A woman of forty-nine, a widow who had hitherto 
been temperate in her religious beliefs and practises, 
became quite maniacal. Hour after hour, day and 
night, was spent in loud prayers before images of 
the saints. 
The three cases quoted above are translatable in 
terms of psychoanalysis. The first woman had a 
subconscious desire to be a mother, which fear 
expressed itself in fear of pregnancy. The second 
woman, knowing that the menopause meant sterility, 
feared to lose the children she already had, because 
she could not bear others. The third case shows a 
sublimation of sex desires. Unable to express them 
230 DANGEROUS AGES 
in the usual normal way, she lavished her fervor 
upon saints and ikons. 
Smith, Macalister and Grimsdale cite another case 
which might be interpreted psychoanalytically. A 
woman of forty-nine with the delusion that she 
emitted a foul odor, was decaying and rotting with 
syphilis, asked her husband to shoot her. She 
finally committed suicide by hanging. There was 
evidently a complex there. She desired to be in- 
fected to prove that she was capable of having 
relations with men. 
Dangerous Age in the Middle-Life of Man 
When man approaches his fiftieth year there oc- 
curs in him a change equivalent to the climacterium 
in women. His gonads degenerate, and the prostate, 
an organ surrounding the neck of the bladder, loses 
its prominent position and recedes into the back- 
ground. The prostate has both an internal and an 
external secretion, and has been compared to the 
female uterus because of the cyclic changes it has 
revealed under the microscope. During the climac- 
terium, it retires from sex functioning, just as the 
uterus does in woman, undergoing shrinkage and 
231 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
withering. It intimates that the man is on the 
decline. 
The endocrine glands are also active in the middle- 
life of man. While the dominating glands of the 
particular personality gain the ascendency at this 
period, the sex glands recede and are scarcely active 
except by fits and starts. Like woman, man strives 
to keep his hold on sex life, and sometimes becomes 
a satyromaniac, or the vernacular “skirt-chaser.” 
His mental condition also deviates from the normal, 
and while he may previously have been a sober, quiet 
paterfamilias he may turn into a philandering Don 
Juan. 
Psychoanalysis and the Climacterium in Man 
It often happens that man, when he discovers im- 
potence coming over him, seeks to retain his vigor- 
ous manhood by having young girls stimulate him. 
A noteworthy case is that of old King David in the 
Bible, who had his wise men bring him a fresh young 
maiden, Abishag, to make him feel less old. The 
same feeling of old age is present in those men who 
are not aroused sexually by their wives but who are 
often seized by a violent desire that other women 
could gratify. Analysis in most cases has shown 
232 DANGEROUS AGES 
that a complex of impotence caused by old age ex- 
isted, which was aggravated by the wives who looked 
upon their husbands as old, spent, and physically 
unable to have coitus. With other women, who had 
not known them as long and as intimately, they felt 
young and powerful and could indulge in physical 
pleasures as well as earlier in their lives. 
Nations as well as individuals have their danger- 
ous ages. They have their puberty, their adolescence 
and their senility, all of which are best revealed in 
their social, cultural and artistic life. It is a danger 
sign of approaching senility and jadedness if too 
much stress is laid upon the physically young and 
immature. The childish pictorial art of the United 
States, for instance, that has neglected pure womanly 
beauty for the thymus type of young girl on maga- 
zine covers points with an accusing finger at physical 
surfeit and degeneration. 
233 CHAPTER XV 
THE GLANDS, LONGEVITY AND DEATH 
There are very few men who, if they were of- 
fered a lease of life equal to that of the venerable 
Methuselah, would not accept it with joy. Immor- 
tality, that is, immortality of physical being, might 
prove a burden, for even the deathless gods of 
Olympus sometimes envied man his supreme gift of 
death; and yet there are many who would prefer 
an interminable life of daily tribulations to a short 
span of intense enjoyment followed by the negative 
state of death for all eternity. The philosophers of 
the ancient world sought immortality of being, and 
when they could not attain it they found a death- 
lessness of another sort,—in ideas, to wit, Plato’s 
higher realm of the Universals. Yet though such 
abstract immortality satisfied the men of keener in- 
tellect, those whose feet were solidly planted upon 
the world of matter sought something more tangible 
—if not endless, at least long life. 
234 THE GLANDS, LONGEVITY AND DEATH 
In the course of scientific research we have had 
men seeking fountains of eternal youth, secret 
springs that would have him preserve his strength 
and manhood. Sex and vigor of procreating, in 
spite of what preachers and sublimated esthetes 
have said about them, have always been the primary 
considerations in man. His earths, as well as his 
heavens, have been peopled with virile and fertile 
womanhood. Did not Mohammed promise his de- 
votees that after death the worthy would go to a 
heaven where each man would find his mates in 
beautiful women whose virginity renewed itself with 
every coming night ? The thoughts that obtained in 
Mohammed’s day still prevail to-day, and any scien- 
tific discovery that hints at a greater lease of sex 
life is acclaimed with joy by the multitude. To-day 
endocrinology is promising longevity, and what is 
more, rejuvenation of procreative powers. 
Man’s Normal Span of Life 
The average length of a human being’s life is from 
ninety to one hundred years. As Buffon reckoned, 
man attains an age-limit equal to six or seven times 
the time required for mature development, which he 
235 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
placed at fourteen years. This would give an aver- 
age of about ninety years. Yet, as Voronoff asks, 
is a human being fully developed at fourteen, or 
does he attain full growth at a later period, say, the 
age of twenty? According to him Buffon’s method 
of reckoning is correct, but he finds that the result 
would be more approximating the truth if one took 
eighteen or twenty years as the normal period of 
maturity. The age-limit of man in this case would 
not be ninety, but from 120 to 130 years. Such ages 
are not impossibilities. In some rare instances men 
have attained the century and a half mark, and then 
died of natural causes. In one instance it is recorded 
that Kentigern, the founder of the Abbey of Glas- 
gow, reached the age of 165 years. Voronoff quotes 
other interesting cases of longevity. Drakenberg 
died at the age of 146 years, while Thomas Parr, 
buried at Westminster Abbey, attained the age of 
152 years and 9 months. It is known that a signifi- 
cant percentage of the population of France and 
Italy reaches a ripe old age, in the former country 
the yearly number of deaths occurring over the hun- 
dred year limit being 150 or more. Longevity is not 
solely peculiar to men, for there are also historic 
cases of women who lived to a hoary age. 
236 THE GLANDS, LONGEVITY AND DEATH 
Longevity in Man and Animals 
Study of natural phenomena indicates that the 
greater the perfection of the organism, the shorter 
the life-limit. In comparing the longevity of ani- 
mals with that of man, we are forced to admit that 
many of the inferior species are far more fortunate 
than man in this respect. Turtles and crocodiles are 
noted for their remarkable ability to withstand 
death, and some of them have been cited to have 
lived for centuries. Fishes also are long-lived, some 
carps attaining the age of 150 years. Next in line 
in longevity are birds. Parrots, eagles and crows 
often pass the century line. The many legends based 
on the periodic appearance of birds of evil omen 
may be accounted for by the fact of their long lives. 
Everyone is acquainted with the superstitions rela- 
tive to the gray raven of Versailles that appears in 
the royal gardens shortly before the death of the 
ruler. Every palace on the Rhine has its ancient 
eagle. We are inclined to scoff when the papers 
print amusing notices of peasants who have been 
terrified by the cawings of ill-omened ancestral 
crows. We look askance at their minute descriptions 
of the huge birds which their grandparents had seen 
237 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
before them. And yet, why not? If an eagle may 
reach the age of 118 years and a hawk 160, while 
man only in rare instances passes beyond 90, what 
is extraordinary in the event? 
When we reach the mammal scale in evolution, we 
find that the life span becomes more limited. With 
the exception of man only the elephant may be said 
to live beyond ten decades, the other animals, es- 
pecially those that have been domesticated, seldom 
reaching the half-century mark. 
What Causes Longevity? 
Just what quality or property in an organism 
causes a greater length of life than in another organ- 
ism of the same species? Is it inherited tissue, 
moderate living, regular habits? Though heredity 
does play a great part, there are too many exceptions 
to the rule for it to be given grave consideration. 
Moderate living and regular habits also are not posi- 
tive factors, in spite of the claims of certain cen- 
tenarians that they have never smoked, or drunk a 
cup of coffee in their lives. From their reports one 
might think they had lived a life as rigorous as that 
of an ascetic of the Middle Ages. On the other hand 
there have been cases of longevity in which the indi- 
238 THE GLANDS, LONGEVITY AND DEATH 
vidual had always been far from moderate, even 
going to extremes in carnal and material enjoyments. 
Voronoff quotes the case of the surgeon Politiman 
who lived to the age of 140 in spite of the fact that 
since his 25th year he had drunk heavily and had 
never gone to bed until quite intoxicated. There is 
also the case of the witty Irishman Brawn, also a 
follower of Omar, and who, at his death, had the 
following epitaph written above his grave, “He was 
always drunk, and when he was in this state he was 
so terrible that even Death feared him.” In the 
case of two women who lived beyond eleven decades, 
one had smoked since her early teens, while the other 
had been accustomed to drinking over forty cups of 
coffee each day. It is evident that longevity is not 
dependent upon moderate habits. 
Life and Death 
It is not for us here to go into detail on the origin 
of life and its evolution to the present state. Biology 
has long shown that the cell, that bit of protoplasm 
containing a nucleus, or vital center, was the first 
living organism. Darwin then, in his “Origin of 
Species” and the “Descent of Man,” traced its de- 
velopment until it “eached the highest possible ex- 
239 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
pression in man. In the human organism, indeed, in 
all living matter, the cell still plays an essential role. 
As we trace its development from its most elemen- 
tary form in the amoeba, a mere mass of protoplasm 
with a nucleus, to its evolution into fiber and muscle 
cells, we understand that after all man is nothing 
more than a complicated mass of cells, himself origi- 
nating from a microscopic ovule, or egg. 
The phenomenon of life is well-known to us. 
Death, too, as a physical fact, outside of the mystery 
it presents in its spiritual phase, is not a source of 
speculation. Everyone is acquainted with the results 
of death—the erstwhile thinking active organism 
ceases to function, and decay sets in. The simplest 
explanation of the result of death is the naive remark 
of the Robot in R. U. R. upon being asked what 
would happen to him if he died: “I would cease to 
move.” 
In one respect human beings are alike,—in their 
desire to postpone death as long as possible. 
The Glands and Longevity 
In studying the human organism we find that with 
the coming of old age there is a deterioration of all 
the organs of the body, as though the human ma- 
240 THE GLANDS, LONGEVITY AND DEATH 
chine were wearing out through long usage. As we 
have shown before, the endocrines undergo various 
changes, some of them accelerating their functioning 
and others atrophying. Among the endocrine glands 
that suffer diminished functioning when old age 
gains the ascendency are the very glands that are 
essential to procreation,—the gonads. There is no 
sexually potent man who ever feels old, even though 
he may have attained the age of gray hair and 
wrinkles. If he is still able to take part in the 
continuation of life, he is still young. 
It is, therefore, with increasing apprehension that 
a man or woman looks upon the diminution of sex 
potency, for that, in itself, proclaims advancing 
years, with the ultimate coming of death. Although 
all the endocrines at an advanced period of life un- 
dergo changes, the effect of the sex glands, because 
of their importance, is felt most of all. 
Endocrinologists have shown conclusively through 
their experiments upon human beings and animals 
that old age, that is, as far as sex potency and vigor 
go, may be retarded far beyond the normal period 
through consistent gland therapy. Rejuvenation is 
no longer the dream of a doting Ponce de Leon, but 
an established fact. 
241 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
Rejuvenation of the Aged 
When old age sets in and there is a lack of sexual 
force resulting in impotence, it is not because the 
individual does not possess perfectly healthy sper- 
matozoa, but because the atrophying of his glands 
of internal secretion prevent him from experiencing 
any sex appetite. Grafting vigorous young glands, 
or injecting glandular fluid, will in such cases be of 
inestimable value, causing rejuvenation and the 
reawakening of sex desire. A convincing example is 
that performed by Voronoff on the ram, quoted in a 
previous chapter. 
Though both the method of grafting and that of 
injection of glandular secretions produce beneficial 
results, the former method of rejuvenation is far 
more valuable, for when a healthy gland is incorpo- 
rated in the organism, it is continually pouring its 
secretion into the blood and works in harmony with 
the other organs of the body. 
Difficulties Encountered in Gland Therapy 
We have spoken before of the successful gland 
transplantations performed on cretins and myxe- 
dematous beings. In most cases monkey glands 
242 THE GLANDS, LONGEVITY AND DEATH 
were used for various reasons,—first, because it is 
difficult to obtain human glands except from near 
relatives, and secondly, because monkey glands are 
purer and freer of alcoholic degenerations, as is the 
case with human beings. 
Many ways have been suggested of obtaining 
glands for therapeutic purposes, the most recent of 
which was the proposal to extirpate the endocrines 
from prisoners condemned to death. However, for 
ethical reasons, it is a foregone conclusion that the 
bill will not pass the legislative bodies of France, 
where the proposal was made. Another way of 
obtaining glands was suggested by Voronoff. He 
claims that the glands, like some other organs of the 
body, are still active for some hours after death, and 
that therefore all robust individuals who die through 
accidental causes should have their endocrines extir- 
pated for the benefit of the ailing. Again, as in the 
former case, prejudices and ethical considerations 
will be instrumental in obstructing its execution. 
Glandular Extracts and What They Do 
We must not mistake the effects of some gland 
extracts with the specific action of the gland itself. 
The purpose of extracts is to supply any deficiency 
243 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
on the part of the gland caused by atrophy or func- 
tional inactivity. To illustrate, we have shown 
before that wherever there is a lack of thyroid secre- 
tion, resulting in myxedema and cretinism, the ad- 
ministration of glandular extract has remedied the 
deficiency, in most cases bringing the individual back 
to normal. 
The extracts made from an endocrine body exert 
upon the corresponding endocrine gland a more or 
less permanent influence, in most cases regulating 
the function of the organ, remedying the ailment, 
and restoring it to normal functioning. 
Sometimes glandular extracts are used as specifics 
in certain conditions of the human body. It has been 
found that the extract of the posterior lobe of the 
pituitary gland, pituitrin, exerts an influence upon 
the muscles of the uterus. In many cases of difficult 
labor, where the womb does not contract normally 
to expel the foetus, injections of pituitrin stimulate 
its activity and obviate the necessity of instruments. 
Glandular extracts are an extravagant way of 
effecting cures, for often, as in the case of thyroid 
disturbances, the grafting of a single gland does the 
work with far better results than continued injec- 
tions of extracts. Randall, who isolated the most 
244 THE GLANDS, LONGEVITY AND DEATH 
active principle of the thyroid, thyroxin, found that 
he had to use over 6500 pounds of thyroid glands to 
produce one ounce of extract. Nevertheless, the 
administration of thyroid, adrenal, ovarian and 
pituitary extracts usually obtained from desiccated 
animal glands, is of great therapeutic value and is 
used daily by physicians in their practise. 
Some authorities claim that there never was a 
uniglandular endocrine disorder, but that abnormal 
functioning of one gland usually brought about the 
same condition on one or more glands. From our 
previous study, we have found that the whole endo- 
crine system is closely allied, and that each gland has 
its sympathetic correspondent. Such being the case, 
it has often been found advisable to reenforce the 
effect of one glandular extract by supplementing it 
with others. It is not infrequently the addition of 
other glandular extracts that brings about success. 
Gland Extracts in Goiter and Senility 
Because of the relation existing between the thy- 
roid gland and the gonads, it has been found that in 
critical periods of a woman’s life, puberty and the 
menopause, there occurs in many cases a thyroidal 
enlargement. It indicates that it is due to the at- 
245 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
tempts of the thyroid body to meet the demands 
made upon it by the changes which the organism is 
undergoing. In such cases thyroid extract with the 
addition of ferrous iodide and other ingredients 
proves of great value. 
When the gonadal function is on the wane in men, 
at the oncoming of senility, glandular extracts com- 
posed of spermin and thyroid stimulate the sex cells 
and bring about a marked amelioration in the 
condition. 
Psychoanalysis and Endocrinology 
The aim of medicine has always been to prevent 
human ailments, and to rid humanity of them, once 
they have set in. Since upon the well-being of the 
organs of the body depends the health of the organ- 
ism as well as the proper equilibration of the mind, 
it is the ideal of modern therapy to bring about and 
maintain a state of bodily and mental health. It is 
for all men of science to work hand in hand for the 
common purpose of attaining the goal. We have 
seen before how psychoanalysis and endocrin- 
ology have together effected cures which either 
one individually would have found difficult of 
accomplishment. We have observed how both to- 
246 THE GLANDS, LONGEVITY AND DEATH 
gether have brought about the regeneration of sub- 
normal and abnormal individuals, making of them 
useful members of society instead of burdens. We 
have shown how health has been brought back in 
cases where no phobias or complexes were present 
through the administration of glandular extracts or 
the grafting of healthy glands to replace the dis- 
eased ones. We have demonstrated the earnest 
efforts of investigators the world over to wrest more 
and yet more secrets from nature for the purpose of 
alleviating disease and ameliorating the conditions 
of the human race. All this labor has borne, and is 
still bearing, fruit. 
Psychoanalysis as a science has been established 
beyond dispute. It is a recognized and a valuable 
factor in the diagnosis and treatment of mental dis- 
ease. In selected cases, it proves beneficial, but the 
indiscriminate use of this method as a panacea for 
all ills, irrespective of underlying physical causes, 
tends to put it into disrepute. In such cases, in order 
to prevent the failure sometimes met with where 
psychoanalysis alone is used, it is necessary to ex- 
amine the body as well as the mind. 
When psychoanalysis, endocrinology, and other 
allied sciences realize that in working in unison lies 
247 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND GLAND PERSONALITIES 
ultimate achievement, the problem of scientific suc- 
cess, and therefore the resulting welfare of the 
human being, will be headed toward a more certain 
solution. 
FINIS 
248 INDEX 
A. 
Addison, 5, 190 
Adler, 11, 18, 43 
Adrenalin, 54, 83, 91 
Adrenals, 8, 78, 133 
Adolescence, 220 
yEsculapius, 2 
Affinities, 131 
Ages, 213 
Allen, 56 
Androgyne, 28, 76, 208 
Ancel, 41 
Angel-type, 102 
Animal foods, 126 
Antipathies, 131 
Antony, 149 
Appearance, 193 
Appendages, 192 
Asthma, 40, 90 
Attractions, 131 
Auto-suggestions, 162, 170 
B. 
Barham, 12 
Basedow, S3 
Behaviorism, 162 
Behavioristic psychologists, 
162 
Beriberi, 112 
Berman, 69 
Bernard, 5 
Berthold, 4 
Binet, 196 
Birth control, 41 
Blue-baby, 99 
Bouin, 41 
Boy-man, 80 
Brain, 83 
Brown-Sequard, 5, 18, 31 
Buflfon, 235 
Burton, 10 
C. 
Calories, 119 
Cannon, 85 
Character, 144 
Cassan, 79 
Chayes, 189 
Child-woman, 80 
Cleopatra, 149 
Climacterium, 225 
Climate, 211, 227 
Cod liver oil, 123 
Collapse, 89 
Colloid, 54 
Complexes, 230 
Consciousness, 163 
Conservatism, 156 
Convulsions, 104 
Cooking, 126 
Coue, 170, 172 
Coueism, 170, 174 
Cowards, 149 
Cretin, 56, 84 
Cretinism, 47, 56, 198 
249 INDEX 
Crile, 89 
Crimes, 212 
Criminality, 194, 202 
Curling, 5, 47 
Currier, 228 
Cushing, 65, 137 
D. 
Day-dreaming, 22 
Death, 239 
Defective vision, 201 
Degeneration, 194 
Delilah, 149 
Delinquency, 194, 205 
Dementia praecox, 12 
Dental defects, 201 
Dentistry, 189 
Descartes, 105 
Diet, 109 
Discord, 130 
Discouragement, 175 
Double-jointedness, 102 
Dwarfs, 8, 10, 67 
Dysfunction, 137 
Dysovarianism, 140 
Dyspituitarism, 70, 137 
Dystemperament, 147, 157 
Dysthyroidism, 139 
E. 
Education, 145 
Emotional instability, 203 
Emotions, 84 
Endocrinology, 6, 193, 246 
Environment, 145 
Enzymes, ill 
Epilepsy, 76 
Equilibrium, 103 
Erotic dreams, 38 
Eroticism, 11 
Eugenics, 79 
Eunuchs, 4, 16, 184 
Eustachius, 79 
Exhibitionism, 168 
Extracts, 243 
Eyes, 183 
F. 
Fat boy, 67 
Fats, ns 
Fay, 12 
Fear, 91 
Ferment, 112 
Fetishism, 210 
Flajani, 53 
Foa, 108 
Food, no, 116, 126 
Fraenkel, 22 
Freud, n, 162, 166 
Friedleben, 5 
Frigidity, 26 
Fruits, 116 
G. 
Galen, 64 
Gallant, 227 
Gargantua, 69 
Gastric glands, 6 
Genius, 197, 150 
Ghanza, 215 
Giants, 8, 69 
Glandular inferiority, 15 
Glassburg, 72 
Gley, 103 
Goat, 33 
Goetsch, 54 
Goiter, 6, 47, 122 
Gonads, 9, 96, 135 
Graafian follicles, 19 
Graves’ disease, 50 
Growth, 64, 100 
Gudernatsch, 97 
Gull, 5, 55 
250 INDEX 
H. 
Hair, 192 
Halstead, 103 
Halzknecht, 40 
Harmony, 128 
Hassal, 96 
Headache, 72, 75 
Hearing, 201 
Heart, 201 
Hemorrhage, 90 
Henry, 159 
Henpecked husbands, 150 
Heraclitus, 161 
Heredity, 145 
Hermaphrodite, 28 
Hippocrates, 2 
Hobo, 155 
Homosexuality, 28, 69, 76 
Horrax, 108 
Horsley, 55 
Hovitz, 55 
Humors, 10 
Hurst, 91 
Hyperpinealism, 106 
Hyperpituitarism, 69 
Hypersecretion, 147 
Hypertemperament, 147 
Hyperthyroidism, 50, 152 
Hypopituitarism, 67 
Hypotemperament, 147, 153 
Hypothyroidism, 55 
I. 
Idiot, 196 
Imbecile, 196 
Immortality, 234 
Impotence, 16, 44, 176 
Infant prodigies, 69 
Infantilism, 67 
Inferiority complexes, 12, 15 
Innocence, 223 
Insanity, 63, 228 
Insomnia, 89 
Instability, 63 
Intelligence tests, 130, 142 
Interaction, 128 
Internal secretion, 7 
Interstitial gland, 7 
Introversion, 30 
Iodine, 123 
J. 
James-Lange theory, 84 
Jeliffe, 13, 60 
Jung, 11, 162 
K. 
Kammerer, 34 
Kentigern, 236 
Kidneys, 78 
Kocher, 6, 47 
L. 
Lange, 84 
Legends, 237 
Leonardo da Vinci, 152 
Lesbianism, 223 
Leydig, 19 
Liars, 155 
Libido, 66 
Lichtenstein, 31, 38 
Life, 239 
Lipoids, 122 
Liver, 84, 177 
Loeb, 56 
Lombroso, 194 
Longevity, 235, 240 
Love, 177 
Low-brains, 157 
Lydston, 18 
Lymph glands, 9 
251 INDEX 
M. 
Malnutrition, 120, 201 
Man-woman, 28, 182 
Marriage, 178 
McCarrison, 121 
Menopause, 227 
Menstruation, 21, 41, 227 
Microbes, 109 
Middle life, 231 
Mind, 164 
Modesty, 20 
Mongolism, 197 
Monkey glands, 242 
Mons veneris, 160 
Moral obliquity, 76 
Moron, 195 
Morphology, 49 
Mors thymica, 99 
Murder, 212 
Murray, 55 
Muscular twitchings, 104 
Myxedema, 47, 55 
N. 
Nails, 192 
Napoleon, 158 
Nasal obstruction, 201 
Neurasthenia, 88, 92 
Neurotic, 25 
Niceforo, 211 
Nietzsche, 151 
O. 
Obsessions, 12 
Oils, 115 
Omens, 237 
Onanism, 223 
Onions, 122 
Orange juice, 117 
Ord, 5, 55, 59 
Orthopedics, 201 
Osier, 60 
Osteomalacia, 98 
Ovaries, 9, 22 
Ovulation, 21 
P. 
Pancreas, 9 
Paracelsus, 56 
Parathyroids, 103 
Parr, 236 
Parry, 52 
Pasha Zambacco, 27 
Patrizi, 202 
Pende, 53 
Personality, 9, 75, 102 
Perspicacity, 184 
Perverts, 207 
Pflueger, 22 
Phillips, 63 
Phobias, 12 
Physical defects, 200 
Pysiognomy, 181 
Physiques, 179 
Pickpockets, 180 
Pinard, 24 
Pineal gland, 8, 105 
Pineal tumors, 108 
Pituitary, 8, 64, 134 
Pituitrin, 66, 244 
Plants, 37 
Plato, 234 
Politman, 239 
Pope, 144 
Precocity, 81, 108, 212 
Pregnancy, 24, 186 
Procreation, 218, 235 
Prostate, 231 
Prostitute, 155, 181 
Psychiatrists, 130 
Psychology, 162 
Psychotherapy, 63 
Puberty, 95, 214 
252 INDEX 
Pubes, 160 
Pugnacity, 78 
R. 
Radicals, 156 
Ram, 33 
Randall, 244 
Rejuvenation, 23, 89, 241 
Repression 168 
Repulsion, 131 
Reverdin, 6 
Rice, 112 
Rickets, 114, 124 
S. 
Saddle-nose, 57 
Salivary glands, 7 
Samson, 149 
Satyromaniac, 232 
Schaefer, 66 
Schiff, 47, 55 
School, 223 
Sciplades, 98 
Scurvy, 117 
Semen, 18 
Senility, 245 
Shock, 89 
Simon, 196 
Skin, 90 
Skirt-chaser, 232 
Soul, 105 
Sperm, 19 
Spermatozoa, 25 
Spinster, 228 
Stanley, 39 
Status lymphaticus, 101 
Steinach, 18, 34 
Sterility, 41 
Stigmata, 194 
Subconscious, 163 
Suggestions, 174 
Superstitions, 2 
T. 
Tadpoles, 56, 97 
Teeth, 185 
Temper, 145 
Temperament, 144 
Testicles, 9, 27, 40 
Tetany, 103 
Therapy, 242 
Thymic death, 99 
Thymus, 5, 95, 136 
Thyroid, 6, 47, 133 
Thyroidism, 59, 62 
Thyroxin, 245 
Tomato, 118 
Transvestities, 76 
Tubers, 118 
U. 
Universals, 234 
Uterus, 22, 231 
V. 
Vegetables, 115 
Vegetarianism, 126 
Velasquez, 56 
Venereal diseases, 37, 221 
Vice, 200 
Villemin, 41 
Virilism, 82 
Vision, 201 
Vitamine A, 114 
Vitamine B, 116 
Vitamine C, 117 
Vitamines, 111 
Von Eiselsberg, 136 
Voronoff, 18, 198, 236 
X. 
X-ray, 19, 40, 101 
Z. 
Zandren, 108 
253